nvSi'Z^^i^^. ^^^^H J ^^^^^^p^^^H|n| €mtll mmvmxii^ f Utatg THE GIFT OF .^jjJMJi^<.,-yiBr\j^.. ..fi...^.5o^.53 ).?|.^]a\.... 975S-J DATE DUE m^^ !ILAP 3^ n tuf^-f ff^^ Iri ■tv k, M. U ' ■ ^, fNH^2 CAYLORO PRINTEOINU.S.A. Cornell University Ltbrarv BL2710 .N95 Views of religion, collected by Rufus K. 3 1924 029 088 593 olin Cornell University Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029088593 CU/K' va\x\vv. fH H H M % K < K t Oi V < fH ^ s g « 1 1 a> >- -M • •H >' tc • ^ s fl. r > 1^3 •H o p; ■H t^ 1— 1 l-i r-l a> ^ C c J-i (U o ■H o ^ tU f-l j:^ CO a- n -.. Pii E a- o t(-i o o ^ t-' P^ r- O .^ O t. «3 fd a- J^ PM ,C' o •»-l ^' l-l n fH r-J ,c o o •^^ •r-l o *i +J t!i o C •H •l-i -IJ xi 03 C C Qj c 0^ x:; F? n5 «3 • £ tt' p: o O 4' b. !^. •H Q- c— I «H ai O « ^ 1-^ O VIEWS OF RELIGION COLLECTED BY RUFUS K. NOYES, M. D. PUBLISHED BY L. K. WASHBURN BOSTON, MASS. 1906 / 7H^ ^"6^ Copyright, 1906, by RUFUS K. NOYES, M. D. Boston, Mass., U. S. A. PREFACE This book contains the views on religion of many great, good learned and wise persons. Among these are citizens, statesmen, presi- dents, kings, queens, emperors, philosophers, poets, physicians, lawyers, judges, theologians, ministers, authors, musicians and others. Many of these men and women have lived and died, or are stiU living, without rehgion, in any sense, or in its usual sense; and they are known to mankind, and their names and memories live, through their energy, character, views, deeds, morals and personal worth. The object of this book is to show that some of the best and most honorable men and women, as well as those most highly esteemed in public life, are on record as being either extremely liberal anti-relig- ious, or skeptical on religion. It win also show that goodness, rightness, truth and justice are things to be desired and attained for their own sake; that happiness and success in life do not depend upon having religion or upon going to church; that right conduct does not depend upon religion; that ethics have no natural relation to theology; that Bibles and so-called inspired books are not ethical guides; that morahty, therefore, has only a scientific basis; that ministers, priests and pious individuals are not the sole custodians of goodness ; and that religionists are not necessarily the ones to be followed, as to ways of thinking, modes of living or theories of dying. The emblem on the title-page represents the benign and malign elements of Nature; the germ of life is beset by the bacteria of dis- ease and death. R. K. NOYES. Oct. 24, 1906. Boston, Mass. Lowell Whatever we have dared to think, That dare we also say. Hooker Independence of mind, freedom from a slavish respect to the taste and opinion of others, next to goodness of heart, will best ensure our happiness in the conduct of life- Carlyle A man's honest, earnest opinion is the most precious of all he possesses : let him communicate this if he is to communicate anything. HiGGINSON Above all thought rises the freedom to think: above all utterance ranks the liberty to utter. Euripides Who dares not speak his free thought is a slave. heathen truth. 5 Burns. Here's a health to him that would read, ♦ Here's a health to him that would write; There is none ever feared that the truth should be heard But him whom the truth would indict. Antisthenes. The most needful piece of learning for the uses of Life is to unlearn what is untrue. Buddha. The Truth is not a matter of opinion, but can be investigated. Sir Isaac Newton. There cannot be better service done to Truth than to purge it of all things spurious. Montaigne. It is not so much things that torment man as the opinion he has of things. LuciAN. Never profess to believe what we know we do not believe. Goethe. Why is it that men are nettled on being shown the truth ? Shelley. Let us see the Truth whatever that may be. BULWER. One of the sublimest things in the world is plain truth. Benjamin Rush, M.D. Controversy is only dreaded by the advocates of error. 6 HEATHEN TRUTH. BUNDERLIN. Our only duty towards those who differ from us is to teach them gently. Michael Faraday. The philosopher should be a man willing to hear every suggestion, but determined to judge for himself. St. Jerome. If an offence come out of the truth, better is it that the offence come than the truth be concealed. Ralph Waldo Emerson. I do not fear skepticism for any good soul. A just thinker will allow full sway to his skepticism. CUVIER. The good that we do men, however great it may be, is but transitory; the truths we bequeath them are eternal. Theodore Roosevelt, Pres. U.S.A. In the long run the most unpleasant truth is a safer companion than a pleasant falsehood. Cicero. Before all things, man is distinguished by his pursuit, and investi- gation of truth. Milton. Let truth and falsehood grapple. Whoever knew Truth put to the worse in a free and open encounter ? Herbert. Dare to be true : nothing can need a lie ; a fault which needs it most grows two thereby. HEATHEN TRUTH. Voltaire. I believe it because I have said it, is the motto of manfeind. They repeat an absurdity, and by dint of repeating it, come to be persuaded of it. Plato. If I appear to say anything true, assent to it, but if not, oppose me, that in my zeal I may not deceive both you and myself and, like a bee, leaving only my sting behind. George Eliot. It is possible to have very erroneous theories and very sublime feelings. Richard Hooker, D.D. Being persuaded of nothing more than this, that whether it be in matters of speculation or of practice, no untruth can possibly avail the patron and defender long, and that things most truly are likewise most behoovefully spoken. Richard Steele. When one has no design but to speak plain truth, he may say a great deal in a very narrow compass. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. From Diognetus I learned to endure freedom of speech. Sir William Drummond. He who win not reason is a bigot; he who cannot is a fool; and he who dares not is a slave. Buckle. No man is true to himself who fears to express his opinion. Lowell. And for success, I ask no more than this, — to bear unflinching witness to the truth. 8 heathen truth. Oliver Wendell Holmes, M.D. Rough work, Iconoclasm, but the only way to get at Truth. Prop. Edward Clodd. As if any reform was ever instituted or abuse swept away without wounding some ignorant or bigoted person's susceptibilities ! Esdras. As for truth, it endureth and is always strong; it liveth and con- quereth forever more. Helvetius. If we would be sure of the truth of our opinions, we should make them public. views of religion. 9 John Stuart Mill. The world would be astonished if it knew how great a proportion ■of its brightest ornaments, of those most distinguished even in popular •estimation for wisdom and virtue, are complete skeptics in religion. Thomas Jefferson, Pres., U.S.A. The clergy live by the zeal they can kindle and the schisms they can create. William Pitt, Esq., Earl. The only true divinity is humanity. Jeremy Benthaii. Maximize morals; minimize religion. Prof. Goldwin Smith, D.C.L., LL.D. If mistrust of the Bible is infidelity, I must allow myself to be <:alled an infidel. Harriet Martineau. Christianity has not christianized the world, nor has it the slightest prospect of doing so. Seneca. As if nature and God were not both of them one and the same power. Xenophanes. Nature is one, eternal and without limit. Thomas Paine. Any system of religion that shocks the mind of a child cannot be a true system. Erasmus Darwin, M.D., F.R.S. Immortal matter braves the transient storm, Mounts from the wreck, unchanging but in form. lo views of religion. 1 John Meslier. J Theology is a continual insult to human reason. Confucius. Religions are various, but reason is one, and we are aU brothers. GOPAL ViNAYAK JOSHEE. Perhaps the Christian's forgiveness is as inconceivable as is their god, Jehovah. Hon. Peter Cooper. In their ignorance and fear, men built altars. ReHgion became J a trade. The preachers ate roast beef, and the people starved. This is religious history. Lucretius. All religions are alike sublime to the vulgar, useful to the politician,, ridiculous to the philosopher. John Adams, Pres., U.S.A. This would be a pretty good world if there were no religion in it. D'Alembert. It seems to me that we could inscribe upon the tombstone of this curate: Here lies an honest priest, who, in dying, asks God's- pardon for having been a Christian. Lucretius. Not they who reject the gods are profane, but those who accept them. Dean Farrar. The church of Christ has lost its hold on multitudes of men in our great cities, and many are persuaded that Christianity is a hostile and organized hypocrisy. J views of religion. ii Desideeius Erasmus. The Bible is like a nose of wax, which can be twisted in any direc- tion. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Our death and our birth are equally the mysterious work of nature. John Stewart. Nature, is the great integer of being, or matter and motion, without beginning and without end. Prof. Louis Agassiz. I confess that I was not prepared to see the Darwinian theory re- ceived as it has been by the best intellects of our time. Elihu Palmer. The child of God and the child of the devil are often involved in the same calamity. James Anthony Froude. Moral philosophy needs no God or voice of God in the conscience to explain its principles. Shakespeare. In religion what damned error, but"some sober brow will bless it, and approve it with a text, hiding the grossness with fair ornament ! Justice Stephen. The great difl&culty in the way of all religions is that mankind do not like them and do not want them. Robert Owen. Finding that no religion is based upon facts, and cannot therefore be true, I began to reflect upon what must be the condition of mankind trained from infancy to beUeve these errors. 12 views of religion. Alexander Pope. What can we reason but from what we know ? Richard Carlile. Not one single idea can be connected with those fictitious things called spirits. Justinian. To live honestly, to hurt no one and to give everyone his dues, embraces all the maxims of the law. Lord Byron. There's naught, no doubt, so much the spirit calms As rum and true reUgion. E. L. Merbill. Some dogs are moral without fear of hell or hope of heaven; and all people ought to be as good as the best dogs. E. L. Merbill. The most ignorant people have the strongest faith in Jesus. Percy Bysshe Shelley. There is no God; infinity within, infinity without, belie creation. C. Southwell. The Church and Throne are twin vampires. Elmina Drake Slenker. We should strike out the words God, religion, heaven, hell and devil from our language. M. GuizoT. Belief in the supernatural is the special difficulty of our times. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 1 3 W. A. Pryke. Christianity thrived on ignorance ; and that to-day is its principal food. More ignorance, more Jesus, and vice versa. Minnie M. Brown. Was ever a more untrue statement made or a baser lie printed than this : "Ask and it shall be given unto you." George Jacob Holyoake. Looking unto providence for protection against famine and epi- demics still leaves a good deal for physicians and for Poor Law Guardians to do. Buckle. A country which remains in its old ignorance will always remain in its old religion. James Anthony Froude. Society in its actual life has long been atheistic. Robert Buchanan. So far as our daily life and character are concerned, Christianity- is an extinct creed. Louis Levine. How the Orthodox who avow they have the truth, fear science, the truth -teller. Duke of Argyle. Nothing, however wonderful, which happens according to natural laws, would be considered by anyone as supernatural. J. Symes. Damnation is a New-Testament doctrine. It has been held by all sects of Christianity. To repudiate it is to repudiate Christi- anity. T4 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Ernst Haeckel. The enormous daily progress of natural science is irresistibly de- istroying the roots of all Church dogmas. Cicero. Time destroys the speculations of man, but confirms the judgments ■of nature. J. M. Wheeler. The rosary in one hand and the knife in the other is a good descrip- tion of many of the most pious people in Southern Europe. King Solomon. Man has no pre-eminence above a beast, as the one dieth so dieth the other. Prof. George Gerland. Man has developed from the brute through the action of purely natural mechanical laws. J. E. Hosmer. Think of the energy that has been wasted trying to prove ancient lies to be divine truths. ViCOMTE DE BONALD. Men have no need of masters to learn how to doubt. Prof. Daniel G. Brinton. No ghost has come from the grave, no God from on high, to help -man in the struggle for life. Ernest Renan. The idea of supernatural gifts being conferred upon men is the common error of mankind. Judge Parish B. Ladd, LL. D. All reHgions, as a matter of fact, are but myths. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 15 Oliver Wendell Holmes, M. D. The bigot is like the pupil of the eye — the more light you put upon it the more it will contract. Jean Meslier. We have every reason to believe that no religion has the advantage •of being true. Dr. Luck. I have no fear, because I've got No faith nor hope in Juggernaut; Nor Jah, Pope, Lama, Boud, nor Zend, Nor Bible systems without end; Nor Alcoran, nor Mormon's views. Nor any creed that Priests' dupes use; Each class self pure, condemns the rest; Enlightened minds the whole detest; In strongest faith no virtue lies. And unbelief no vice implies; A base opinion hurts no man; Then prove it hurts a God who can. To others do, to others give As you'd have done, or would receive. Sir John Lubbock. The ideas of religion among the lower classes of men are intimately associated with the ideas of sleep and dreams. Charles Bradlaugh, M. P. The Bible is the great cord with which the people are bound; cut this, and the mass will be able to appreciate facts instead of faith. Herbert Spencer. Your conception, O spiritualist, is far too gross for me. The idea of spirits was conceived by your ancestors, as it is still conceived by various existing savages. 1 6 VIEWS or RELIGION. E. C. Walker. The priest, as the mouthpiece of asserted divine wisdom, ever has been, is now and always will be, the enemy of mankind. Eliza Burt Gamble. Christianity has had a trial of more than 1800 years, but criminals, paupers, maniacs and outcast women testify to its failure. Rev. Octavius B. Frothingham. Christ is inaccessible to scientific research. A. Beyle. God's excuse is, that he does not exist. Huxley. The only question which a wise man can ask himself is whether a doctrine is true or false. Consequences will take care of themselves. Lord Byron. The menace of hell make.< as many devils as the severe penal codes of inhuman humanity make villians. Ernest Mendum. While poverty exists it is criminal to build churches. Rev. M. Balliet. The effort to apprehend religion intellectually results in dogmatic theology. McClintock-Strong. In the conflict between Christianity and reason, puritan theology holds Christ to be the very center of the system. That all lies in the question whether such a person, historically, be necessary. views of religion. 1 7 Lord Byron. It is unwise to tell me not to reason, but to believe. * J. yi. Wheeler. In Spain it is a crime to read books unauthorized by the priest, damnation to marry without his blessing and to bring up children without his baptism. J. Spencer Ellis. Religion has ceased to have any moral effect and stands in the way of progress. Robert G. Ingersoll. One blade of grass rightly understood destroys the orthodox creed. Ernest Renan. I was brought up by women and priest's and therein lies the whole explanation of my good qualities and of my defects. EiiiLE Reich. The Greek and Roman of Pre-Christian times was a citizen par excellence; the best part of his self was identified with his city-state. 'William Cobbett. Next to the devil, professional religionists dread men of under- standing. Ferdinand C. Baur. The Epistles to the Colossians and to the Philippians, as well as the Acts of the Apostles, are spurious and were written by the Catho- lic school near the end of the second century. Tao-Kwang. All religions are nonsense ; but the silly people have always believed in ghosts and in after life. l8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Giordano Bruno. Nothing appears to be really durable, eternal and worthy of the name of principle, save matter alone. B. F. Underwood. The clergy put the Christian label on everything which has received the approval of mankind. Mrs. M. C. Coomer. The churches are the estate of the priesthood, The laity maintain the heirarchy and the heirarchy teaches the laity. Thomas Carlyle. We must get rid of this Christ! We must get rid of this Christ ! ! Dupin. The word triad or trinity was borrowed from the pagans. Harriet Martineau. There is no theory of a God, of an author of nature, of an origin of the universe, which is not utterly repugnant to my faculties. MOLIERE. Hypocrisy has become fashionable vice and every fashionable vice passes for a virtue. Herbert Spencer. j The idea of disembodied spirits is wholly unsupported by evidence and I cannot accept it. Prof. John Fiske. One and all, the orthodox creeds are crumbling into ruins every- where. views of religion. 1 9 St. Paul. We are fools for Christ's sake. William Denton. The temporary nature of Christianity is plainly indicated by its endorsement of the Old Testament. Lawrence Oliphant. The only monopoly any church has a right to claim is a monop- oly of the errors peculiar to it. J. C. Morrison. Christianity must disappear from among the more advanced popu- lation of the Globe, for it is no longer tenable by educated people. Rev. Theodore Parker. Atheists are persons who aim to be faithful to their nature, and their whole nature. Prof. Tyndall. If I wished to find men who are scrupulous in their adherence to engagements, whose words are their bond; if I wanted a loving father, a faithful husband, an honorable neighbor and a just citizen, I should seek him in the band of atheists. Bishop of Carlile. I maintain that science is atheism ; that all physical science, prop- erly so-called, is compelled by its very nature, to take no account of the being of God. James W. Stillman. Diseases flourish in filth and in poverty; religion flourishes in ignorance. Schiller. Man paints himself in the gods. 20 VIEWS or RELIGION. M. D. Conway. The ideas of justice on which our laws rest are opposed to those of the Bible. Buddha. If they revile me, I will make no reply; if they strike me, I will not resent the injury ; and if they kill me, death is no evil, but eternal rest. MOSHEIM. It was an act of virtue to deceive and lie, when by that means the interests of religion might be promoted. P. J. Proudhon. The first duty of man, on becoming intelligent and free, is to con- tinually hunt the idea of God out of his mind and conscience. » P. \V. Baldwin. AMiat a divine bigot Christ must have been to damn people for unbelief. Martin Luther. God is a blank tablet, on which there is nothing save that which thou thyself hast written. Naguet. Wherever knowledge takes a step forward God recedes a step backwards. Canon Farrar. It was necessary for the sacred writers to speak of God as if he had a human body. King Angati. If you have come from the other world, lend me one hundred gold pieces and when I go to that world I will give you a thousand. VIEWS OF RELIGION. Andre Lefevre. Anthropomorphism was from the first, and still remains, the in- herent vice of thought. J. Wagner. So far as I am concerned the only God whom I know is Nature. Mrs. Browning. Science was thrust into Europe on the point of a Moorish lance. Diderot. Is there a sincere Christian? Angelus Selesius. God is a thing intangible, that has no connection with times or space. The more thou ^raspest at him, the more he escapes thee. Queen Isabella. In the love of Christ and his maiden mother, I have caused great misery. De Lauture. It is a remarkable error to suppose that all nations believe in a God. Sir John Lubbock. Those who hold that the lowest savages believe in a supernatural being are maintaining a theory which is in almost complete conflict with fact. Charles Darwin. There is ample evidence that numerous races have existed, and still exist, which have no idea of one God or more gods. Arthur Schopenhauer. The Chinese language has no words for God and creation. 22 views of religion. Burrows. The highly moral Japanese believe neither in God nor in immor- tahty; they are a nation of atheists. Lucretius. Nature is seen to do all things spontaneously of herself without the meddUng of the gods. LuDWiG Feuerbach. A God existing independent of and above man is nothing more than the external Ego considered subjectively by the subjective human mind. Xenophanes. It appears to mortals that the gods are like them in form, apparel and language. The negroes serve black gods, with flat noses ; the Thracians gods with blue eyes and red hair. If the oxen and the Hons had hands to fashion images, they would give the gods a bovine or leonine shape. CZOLBE. Have we got one step more ahead in the knowledge of the still excepted ideas of things supernatural than we were thousands of years ago? Prof. Ludwig Buchner. The Pantheistic or universal God is not one hair's breadth better than the personal God of the theist. N. Scott. It is five hundred to one but that everyone is damned, because everyone damns all but itself and itself is damned by four hundred and ninety-nine. Rev. T. Finch. With few exceptions religious sects manifest an ample portion of a savage spirit and endeavor to vilify and destroy one another. views of religion. 23 Lord Alfred Tennyson. Nature, red in tooth and claw, with raving shrieked against the creed. John Meslier. Every one makes his own God in his own way. Prof. Tyndall. Atheists are men to whom moral shiftiness of any kind is sub- jectively unknown. Archbishop of Canterbury. It is in the history of Rome rather than in the Bible that we find our models of precepts of political duty, and especially of the duty of patriotism. Charles Watts. Fortunately, as Secularists, we have a moral force which depends upon no God. Rev. Dr. Stalker. We have a hundred who can deliver the gospel to the barbarian and the unwise, to one who can win for it the attention of the great and the wise. Bishop of Herford. The principles of morality are founded in our nature, independ- ently of any religious belief, and are, in fact, obligatory even upon the atheist. John Milton. New Presbyter is but old Priest writ large. Mrs. Ernestine L. Rose. Whatever good the deist would do out of fear of punishment, or hope of reward, here or hereafter, the atheist would do simply be- cause it is good. 24 views of religion. Dr. E. B. Tylor. Animism is the ground work of the philosophy of religion. Spirit- ism is but a survival of old savage animism. Ernest Mendum. If reUgion is necessary to all men, it should be intelligible to all men. Beall. If anything whatever can be eternally self-existent, surely living matter can be. We have thus no need of a creator. John Wesley, D.D. The giving up of witchcraft is in effect giving up the Bible. Robert G. Ingersoll. Ministers put a monster in the sky and they warm their hands at the imaginary fires of hell. I show them that hell does not exist and they denounce me for destroying their consolation. Lord Alfred Tennyson. No sacrifice to heaven, no help from heaven ; that runs through all the faiths of the world. Grotius. He who reads ecclesiastical history reads nothing but the roguery and folly of bishops and churchmen. Buckle. The religion of mankind is the efifects of their improvements and not the cause of it. John Stuart Mill. It is historically true that a large proportion of infidels in all ages have been persons of distinguished integrity and honor. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 25 Dr. Ferguson. Theology, as embodied in the Christian church, w3s the first to estinguish the light of reason. Paul Carus. After a most careful examination, I came, against my inclination, to the conclusion that there is no God and no soul. Oliver Wendell Holmes, M.D. How can God bear it, this ball of anguish forever spinning around before him and the misery going up to his ears! HOBBES. Theology is the kingdom of darkness. Voltaire. To say that they change a piece of dough into a God! Francis William Newman. My prevalent belief is that our best state morally is simple un- certainity concerning the future life. When I see farther I will go farther. Rev. W. W. Evarts, D.D. Rationalism is destroying religion. Chrysologus. No man ought to employ human reason to discuss a heavenly mystery, nor weigh the word of God in the scales of common reason. Amianus Marcellinus. No wild beasts are such enemies to man as the greater part of Christians are deadly to one another. 26 VIEWS or RELIGION. Plato. No greater evil can happen to any one than to hatte reasoning. W. J. Fox. The destruction of bigotry is mental emancipation. Dr. Giebel. Whoever expects to find in nature nothing but wisdom and design^ let him study the natural history of the tapeworm. Francis William Newman. That God has existed from eternity is to the fool as incomprehen- sible as a world uncaused and existing from eternity. AuGusTE Comte. The heavens declare the glory of Kepler and Newton. Earl of Shaftesbury. God is an object unproportioned to our capacity. Sir Isaac Newton. The Father is the invisible God whom no eye hath seen, or can see. Michael Servetus. Judea has been falsely cried up for beauty, richness and fertility; since those who have traveled in it have found it poor, barren and utterly devoid of pleasantness. Dr. Bruno Wilde. Reverse all the idols before which you have too long bent the knee ; the universe needs no external deity to rule it. Gerald Massey. It cannot be too often repeated that the foundations of the Christian faith were laid in falsehood and in ignorance. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 277 Sir R. Button. The higher law of humanity bids us cast off the Plough of old creeds, especially the obsolete and debasing doctrine of degenera- tion, the fall of man, original sin, redemption, salvation. Von Humboldt. Revealed religions consist of three parts; a cosmogony more or less absurd ; a historical sketch more or less falsified ; a system of morality- more or less pure. Victor Hugo. There is in every village a torch — the schoolmaster; and an extin- guisher — the parson. Robert Browning. Who knows most doubts most ; entertaining hope in God means recognizing fear. John Wesley. The rays of philosophy begin now to pervade all ranks, rapidly- dispelling the mists of ignorance, which have been long in a great degree the mother of ignorance. Sir William Hamilton. The notion of a God is not contained in the notion of a mere first cause ; for in the admission of a first cause the atheist and theist are at one. Prof. Knight. Uncaused cause is inconceivable, it bids farewell to reason, the- being assumed to exist is, therefore, a blank essence, a mere zero, an everything nothing. Seneca. After death there is nothing! Rapacious Time swallows us up- and we merge into chaos. Thomas Carlyle. God does nothing. -28 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Men talk of "mere morality" which is much as if one should say, '"Poor God," with no one to help him. Tito Vignol. Science and freedom and not religion are the factors of civilization, in all kinds of conceptions, sentiments and social conditions. Rev. Dr. Lardner. The interpolation in Josephus aught, therefore, to be forever dis- carded from any place among the Evidences of Christianity. Seneca. Let the avaricious ones discard their hopes who would expect happiness after death ; and let anxious ones set aside their fears who would fear punishment after death. Ernest Renan. The part which God takes in any matter is greater in proportion .to the weakness of men. Socrates. To die is one of two things ; for either the dead may be annihilated ■and have no sensation of anything whatever, or, as is said, there is a certain change of passage of the soul from one place to another. Carrington Forster. The design theory is a chimera and equally futile is the popular idea of a directing intelligence over human affairs. Richard Jefferies. There is no God in nature or in matter anywhere. Universal force is absolutely devoid of consciousness. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 29 Le Brun. Vishnu was incarnate five hundred times ; while Christ is only in- carnate once. That is rather seldom certainly. Aristotle. Men create the gods after their own image, not only with regard ta their form but with regard to their mode of life. Plato. All these things, the arrangement of matter, naturally subsist from- necessity. Harriet Martineau. The best state of mind is to be found in those who are called philo- sophical atheists. Bishop Kidder. Were a wise man to chose his religion by the lives of those who profess it, perhaps Christianity would be the last religion he would choose. Ralph Waldo Emerson. An actually existent fly is more important than a possibly existent angel. Ingersoll. If the people were a little more ignorant, astrology would flourish ; if a little more enlightened, religion would perish. J. D. Shaw. A preacher who talks only of what he knows, shuts his mouth to all that is distinctly religious. Maimonides. We must not, like the vulgar, understand literally what is written in the book of Genesis. 30 views of religion. Harry Hoover. The very idea of worship implies abasement of the worshipper and is, therefore, incompatible with the true dignity of manhood. CoNrucius. Why worship the dead when you do not know the Hving? "Why talk of spirits when you do not understand men? J. P. Richardson. The religious nature of man originated in ignorance and it is destined to die by the increase of knowledge. Thomas Hobbes. Opinion of ghosts, ignorance of second causes, devotion to what men fear and taking of things casual for prognostics, consisteth the natural seeds of religion. Arthur S. Peake, D. D. As a rule, critical questions should be let alone in the pulpit. They may unsettle the faith of older Christians. Giuseppe Garibaldi. In the midst of Italy, at its very heart, there is a cancer called Popery, an impostor called Pope. This enemy, young man, is the Priest. I. Zanguill. At church, while the music and chanting appeal strongly to my senses, I am pained by the untruth contained in the words of the music. Hudson Tuttle. I hold the Christian God to account. I arraign him before the tribunal of reason. If perfect, I demand that his works be perfect. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 3 1 G. Barlow. Against the God who forged despair and thunder, I, Man, protest. Charles Knoll Laporte. The Christian God loves us, and the proof is, that we suffer so much. Frances Wright. The essence of religion is fear and its source is ignorance. James Cotter Morison. There seems to be no exception to the rule that the older religions -grow the more infirm do they become, the less hold do they keep •on the minds of well-informed and thoughtful men. Rev. John Macnaught, A. M. The notion of the Bible being an infallible teacher, even of religion, is contravened by scripture itself. Peter Bayle. You cannot put it out of a philosopher's head that the punishment of a creature being continued for an hundred thousand millions of ages successively is inconsistent with the infinite goodness of the creator. Rev. Samuel M. Jackson. The time has come for justice to be done to Thomas Paine. He -has been dreadfully slandered by the religious public. Jesus. I came not to send peace, but a sword. Cardinal Newman. The chief, perhaps the only, English writer who has any claim to '"be considered an ecclesiastical historian, is the unbeliever Gibbon. 32 VIEWS or RELIGION. Schiller. The decalogue did not come from Mt. Sinai. The precepts were those of Ptah-Hotep centviries before Moses. The Egyptian priests and men versed in statecraft aided Moses in claiming them. Ernest Renan. Religion is passing away. France is already for the most part without religion, and we can already imagine the time when Europe will be quite without it. Jeremy Bentham. The madman is one incomprehensible both in the ends which he seeks and in the means which he takes to attain them. Now both the ends which the Deity proposes, and the means by which he pur- sues them, are alike above the comprehension of our intellects. Robert G. Ingersoll. It is far more important to love your wife than to love God, and I will tell you why, you cannot help him but you can help her. Tiberius. No, let the gods defend their own honor. Frances Wright. It is not that religion is merely useless ; it is mischievous; mis- chievous by its idle terrors, by its false morality, by its hypocrisy, by its fanaticisim and by its dogmatism. F. J. Gould. The very obscurity of Jesus, and the very ignorance of his followers,, made all the more possible the growth of myth around his memory. Arian. I am a man, a part of the universe, as an hour is part of the day. VIEWS OF RELIGION. Herbert Spencer. What knowledge is of most worth? , The uniform reply is, science. This is the verdict on all counts. James Russell Lowell. Slowly the Bible of the race is writ, And not on paper leaves nor leaves of stone ; Each age, each kindred, adds a verse to it. Texts of despair or hope, of joy or moan. Richard Baxter. The Christian world was made as a cock-pit and the Christian religion made a scorn by the contention of its bishops. Jehovah. Come and see the works of God ; he is terrible in his doings towards the children of men. Prof. C. Toy. Little of Genesis can be accepted as history. Thomas Paine. Of all the modes of evidence of any system to which the name of religion has been given, that of miracles is the most inconsistent. Viscount Amberley. No amount of sophistry can ever justify the creation of beings whose lives are to terminate in endless suffering. Hon. George F. Hoar. Conduct and not speculation should be the main point of the preacher. Henry Thomas Buckle. History forces upon us the recognition of pious fraud as a principle which was by no means inoperative in the earliest days of Christianity. 34 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Bishop Ellicott. It is idle to attribute the destruction of superstition to the Reforma- tion. Protestants were as superstitious as Catholics. John Stuart Mill. The ne plus ultra of wickedness is embodied in what is commonly presented to mankind as the creed of Christianity. James Mill. Think of a being who could make a hell ! Ernest Renan. All the pretended miracles resolve themselves either into illusions or impostures. JORTIN. Piety, like the itch, could be catched by wearing another man's clothes. Strauss. Jesus should have given new life to a withered tree, rather than have made a green one wither. Origen. How in justice could Jesus say of the figtree, "Let no man eat fruit of thee, forever." Augustine. What fault was there in the infecundity of the figtree ? What had the tree done in not offering fruit ? Woolston. As to Jesus and the figtree, if a Kentish farmer were to seek for fruit in his garden in the spring, and were to cut down the tree which had none, he would be a common laughing stock. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 3$ LUCIAN. Whenever any crafty juggler, expert in his trade, werU over to the Christians, he was sure to grow rich, by making a prey of their sim- pHcity. Macassar. Your Christ, you say, has commanded you when smitten on one cheek to turn the other to the smiter. Do you do it? Have you ever done it, individually or collectively ? R. G. Gliddon. Every archaeologist knows that the square letter-characters of the Hebrew text were not invented by the Rabbis before the second cent- ury after Christ. • Edward Clodd, F. R. A. S. Jesus accepted the accuracy of the sacred writings of the people; he spoke of Moses as the author of the Pentateuch ; he referred to its legends as dealing with historical persons and as reporting actual events. All these beliefs are refuted by the critical scholarship of to-day. Celsus. The Christian wonder-workers were common cheats who rambled about to play their tricks at fairs and markets. Rev. Canon Isaac Taylor. Moslem morahty is better than our own. Islam has abolished drunkenness, gambling and prostitution — the three curses of Chris- tian lands. Montaigne. With most people nothing is so firmly believed as that which is least known. K. P. Faure. Our ideal women are no longer Jael and Deborah, Ruth and Esther Martha and Mary ; they are Miss Nightingale, Miss Dix, Miss Cobbe and their co-workers. 36 views of religion. Samuel Laing. The tide is already running breast high in the direction of angosti- cisms John Calvin. In brief, if all the pieces of the crucifix were collected together they would make a big ship load. Yet the gospel testifies that a single man was able to carry it. Archbishop Temple. All the countless varieties of the universe were provided for by an original impress and not by special acts of creation. Canon Farrar. Science has had a struggle for life against the fury of theological dogmatists, but in every instance the dogmatists have been igno- miniously defeated. W. Heaford. But the chief point of all is, was Jesus ever born — here, there, or anywhere? If he ever existed except as a myth, whence arise the silence of Philo and Josephus ? Matthew, Arnold. The theological faculty of the University of Paris, the leading mediaeval university, discussed seriously whether Jesus at his as- cension had his clothes on or not. If he had not, did he appear before his apostles naked? If he had, what became of the clothes? St. Paul. Him whom we ignorantly worship. Archdeacon Jortin. What tricks would not these monks have played if they had pos- sessed the secret of electricity ! VIEWS OF RELIGION. 37 Gerald Massey. It is just as easy to prove that a historic Christ never'existed, as it is to demonstrate that the mermaid or the moon-calf, the sphinx or the centaur never existed. George Eliot. Science is properly more scrupulous than dogma. Dogma gives a charter to mistakes. CoNAN Doyle. It isn't true that the laws of nature have been capriciously dis- turbed; that snakes have talked; that women have been turned into salt ; that rods have brought water out of rocks. Praetextatus. Make me a Bishop of Rome and I will turn Christian directly. Robert G. Ingersoll. Ministers do not know whether or not there is a heaven, or a hell, or a God, or anything after death; but they talk as though they were raised with God and had played marbles with Christ. Prof. Paul Haupt. A Babylonian tablet, giving an account of a deluge and an ark, was baked 2,500 years B.C. The book of Genesis was not compiled much earlier than 500 B.C. Lord Brougham. Let the priests of any religion have power, and let men speak for themselves in opposition to their doctrines, in this case persecution is sure to follow. G. J. Holyoake. Hell has been the terror, and prayer the bribe, which have won the allegiance of the timid and the needy. 38 views of religion. John Peck. The fertile field of Paganism contrasts in a telling manner with the desert of Christianity. Richard Carlile. In the beginning there was Reason, and Reason was with God, and Reason was God. Prof. Goldwin Smith, D.C.L., LL.D. No one who reads and thinks freely can doubt that the cosmogoni- cal and historical foundations of traditional rehgious beUef have been sapped by science and criticism. Bishop or Peterborough. It is not possible for the state to carry out all the precepts of Christ, A state that attempted to do so could not exist for a week. Rev. Charles Voysey. Christ could not have been God, because he was not a perfect man. He had faults which neither I nor my readers would venture to imi- tate without loss of self-respect. Florence Bradshaw. Enough for us that the remembrance of such men as Vanini, Gali- leo and Bayle shall out-live their foe and tyrant. Religion. Richard Carlile. No writer who wrote in the first century, or within one hundred years of the alleged birth, or within seventy years of the alleged death, has made any mention of such a person as Jesus Christ. Prof. Huxley. I am of the opinion that there is the gravest reason for doubting whether the Sermon on the Mount was ever preached, and whether the so-called Lord's Prayer was ever prayed by Jesus of Nazareth, views of religion. 39 Rev. Dr. Giles. There is good grounds for believing that such a coll^tive body of maxims as contained in the Sermon on the Mount was never, at any- time, delivered from the lips of our Lord. R. W. Mackay. It is a curious fact that the Lord's Prayer may be reconstructed almost verbatim out of the Talmud. Sir William Jones. The great maxim claimed as Christian, Do unto others as you would that others do unto you, is expressed in distinct phrases by Thales and Pittacus. Charles Darwin. I ought or I ought not, constitutes the whole of morality. Richard Carlile. The fable of a God or gods visiting the earth did not originate with Christianity. Rev. George Matheson. That Confucius is the author of the Golden Rule is undisputed, and therefore it is undisputable that Christianity has incorporated the article from Chinese morality. Dr. Grant. Perhaps the most remarkable feature of the moral code of Confu- cius is the distinct enunciation of the Golden Rule. Grant Allen. Religion is the shadow of which culture is the substance. The one pretends to be what the other is in reahty. 40 views of religion. Rev. Henry Frank. You ask me what God is. If I knew I would be God. Henry M. Taber. The basis-doctrine of the Christian religion, the fall of man, is utterly and absolutely false. Richard B. Westbrook, D.D., LL. D. As Uterature the Bible is invaluable; as dogma it is worse than useless. The Old and New Testaments which are treated as histori- cal are strictly allegorical. Karl Heinzen. If a God could exist without a cause, then the universe could also. If you can imagine a God to exist without the world from eternity, then you can much easier imagine a world to exist from eternity with- out a God. Rev. John Page Hopps. "The Bible and the child"; and "How to read the Bible", these two books absolutely surrender the whole position of ortho- doxy. Rev. R. Heber Newton. You cannot demonstrate God. Jortin. Hanging and burning for God's sake became the universal practice. Andrew Jackson, Pres. U. S. A. Thomas Paine needs no monument made by hands; he has erected a monument in the hearts of all lovers of liberty. VIEWS or RELIGION. 4 1 H. C. Lea. Religion may succeed religion; the sacred rites of the superseded faith becomes the forbidden magic of its successor, as the gods of Greece and Rome were the malignant devils to the Christian Fathers. Prof. John Fiske. The doctrine of hell-fire has almost become universally discredited throughout the more enlightened portions of Christendom. Cardinal Richelieu. The Church is a mere Society. Lord Bolingbroke. A great Prince has it in his power to punish ; he thinks fit to pardon ; but he orders his only and beloved son to be put to a cruel death to €xpiate man's sins. No man, except a parson, dares to say it would be wise, or just, or good. Schleiermacher. Religion belongs neither to the domain of science nor morals, is essentially neither knowledge nor conduct, but emotion and sentiment only. Gertrude Atherton. Men admire God because he made himself of their gender, and knew what he was about when he invented women. C. S. Horne. The Christian churches are not ashamed to trade on the credulity of the ignorant ; and often one is tempted to admire the honesty of the Mohammedan. Benjamin Jowett. I am afraid we fight the battle about the Athanasian creed in too gentle a manner. As Wesley says of predestination; if the damna- tory clauses are true, God is worse than the devil. 42 views of religion. Frederick Harrison. Humanity is the grandest object of reverence. Prof. Samuel Davidson, D.D., LL. D. If it be asked whether all the New Testament writings proceeded from authors whose name they bear, criticism cannot reply in the affirmative. Strauss. Original sin or total depravity transforms God from an object of adoration into a hideous and detestable being. George Eliot. The blessed work of helping the world forward does not wait to be done by perfect men. Hugh Mortimer Cecil. The theory of evolution having conquered the intelligence of the whole civilized world, even theologians have no longer the hardihood to deny its truth. James Chadwick. Few words of theological parlance have been oftener repeated than mere negation and the resulting ossification of clerical intelligence has been immense. William K. Clifford. No simplicity of mind, no obscurity of station can escape the universal duty of questioning all religious beliefs. Brooke Foss Westcott, D.D. The Epistle of the Hebrews cannot be shown to have been written by Paul. John Stuart Mill. The time appears to me to have come when it is the duty of all tO' make their dissent from religion known. views of religion. 43; John Burroughs. Walt Whitman turns his face to earth and not to heaven ; he finds the miraculous in the things about him, and gods and godesses in the men and women he meets. G. Santayana. But for Shakespeare, in the matter of religion, the choice lay be- tween Christianity and nothing. He chose nothing. J. M. Saunders, Ph. D., LL.D. If mankind are not suflSciently enlightened for that discrimination between good and evil in freethought then must they relapse under the guidance of religious systems which have made wars, persecutions, ignorance and world-wide suffering. Bronson C. Keeler. The Bible as we have it to-day is hardly more than three centuries old. The Protestant church is a book worshipper. It makes a fetish of a book. AUGUSTE COMTE. Re-organization without God or king, by the systematic worship of Humanity. Malcolm Quin. The worship of the God Christ is to-day as dead as was the worship of Jupiter when it was ridiculed by St. Augustine. ViRCHAUD GaUDHI. So long as a Hindu is true to his religion he will never eat or touch meat, wines, or liquors ; but as soon as he forsakes his religion and becomes a Christian he is at liberty to do all three and more. 44 views of religion. David Hume. If we take in hand any volume of divinity, or school of metaphy- sits, let us ask, does it contain any abstract reasoning concerning quantity or matter ? No. Does it contain any experimental reason- ing concerning matter of fact, or existence ? No. Commit it, then, to the flames, for it can contain nothing but sophistry and illusion. Prof. F. A. Lange. Enlightenment and education, as a rule, go hand in hand with a decrease of the clergy in relative numbers and influence. James Anthony Froude. Theologians no longer speak with authority. Doctrines once fixed as rock are now fluid as water. Truth is what men trow. What is generally doubted is doubtful. Ralph Waldo Emerson. The cure for theology is mother-wit. Forget your books and Bibles and traditions and obey your moral perceptions at this hour. GOTTHOLD EpHRAIM LeSSING. A heretic is a man who sees with his own eyes. E. Colbert, M. A. We cannot doubt that the earth has existed during many millions of years, instead of less than six thousand. Prof. Goldwin Smith, D. C. L., LL.D. Miracles are the offspring of a childlike fancy in a totally uncriti- cal age. Rev. Minot J. Savage. No behef at all is better than a belief that God is heartless and cruel. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 45 E. J. Paine. The general mark of advancement appears to be an endeavor to refer the phenomena of nature and of society to a rational basis instead of a traditional one. J. E. HOSMER. Atheism is founded on justice, on science, and on truth. Leslie Stephen. Theology of the .old stamp, so far from encouraging us to love nature teaches us that it is under a curse. Friederich Heinrich Jacobi. By my faith I am a Christian; by my reason I am a heathen. John Stuart Mill. I will call no being good who is not what I mean when I apply that epithet to my fellow-men ; and if such a being can sentence me to hell for not so calling him, to hell I will go. Dr. Ludwig Feuerbach. The purpose of my writings is to make men anthropologians instead of theologians; man-lovers instead of God-lovers; students of this world instead of candidates for another. Rev. Abner Kneeland. Like many others, I once thought that a belief in future existence was absolutely necessary to present happiness. I have discovered my mistake. George W. Foote. Every thinker is his own priest. La Place. The telescope sweeps the skies without finding God. 46 VIEWS or RELIGION. Hegel. Religion is a matter of imagination, of spirit. H. T. Buckle. Christianity, in common with Buddhism, teaches a thorough cult of poverty and mendacity; this is counteracted by intellectual culture proceeding from quite another source. George Jacob Holyoake. Replace the idea of the usefulness of piety, by, that of the piety of usefulness. Hugh Mortimer Cecil. A rational religion is a scientific impossibility. Herman Melville. Already we have been the nothing we dread to be. Hoffding. The aim of all physiology is to consider all organic processes as physical or chemical. Prof. Goldwin Smith, D. C. L., LL. D. We may bid farewell to Paul's doctrine of the atonement. Oscar Peschel. The worship of a Deity is extinguished the instant that it ceases to satisfy the requirements of causality. OUIDA. Dare is not a word to use in Rome. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 47 Samuel Bailey. No philosophical speculation should begin with a fiction; it is fic- tion to represent natural law, that is, the qualities of objects around us, as divine commands. Dr. Hardwick. The doctrine of the atonement is calculated to annihilate every spark of dignity and justice in man's nature and to utterly demoralize him. Lucy A. Malory. It is because so many are looking for some supernatural way in which the world is going to be redeemed from its evils that progress halts. Jesse Torrey. Religion, the grand farce of pulpit puppet-shows, imaginary gods, devils, hells and other cruel terrors has been adopted as the vast engine for the oppression of mankind. Voltaire. On religion many are destined to reason wrongly; others not to reason at all; and others to persecute those who do reason. Dr. Duyen J. H. Ward, Ph. D., B. D. ReUgion is almost the least clear of our ideas. One runs a mortal risk of dethroning a man's faith by the confusion one puts him to in asking him to define it. Bishop Butler. Reason is the only faculty we have wherewith to judge concerning things, even revelation itself. W. E. H. Lecky. Theology supplying all the images that acted most powerfully upon the imagination, most madness, for many centuries took a theological cast. 48 views of religion. Pascal. Blessed are the healthy, for theirs is the Kingdom of man. Charles Watts. Columbus was suf&ciently a freethinker to deny the church asser- tion that the earth is flat. Edward Clodd, F. R. A. S. Belief in miracles, the incarnation, the resurrection and the as- cension of Jesus, on which the fundamental tenets of Christianity are based, is slowly perishing. Buddha. All living beings resemble those lamps. They are lit and flicker for a while and then dark night reigns over all. I. K. Maagaaed. If there is a God all-wise and never trivial, he never could have designed me to say he is not — does not exist. John Locke. There is nothing in our intellect that has not previously been in our senses. Malcolm Dean Miller. An honest person must admit that there is no foundation in ab- solute truth for any religious beUef. Charles W. Eliot, LL. D., Pres. H. C. We do not claim that religious truth was revealed to us 4000 or 2000 years ago and is there fixed in the world for us to apprehend. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 49 William C. Sturoc. The aids to theological superstition in the shape of metaphysical disquisitions, or wanderings amid the mists of mere verbal confu- sions, have had there day. Hallam. All writers concur in stigmatizing the dissoluteness which prevails among the clergy. Baron D'Holbach. The beings which man pictures to himself as above nature, or distinguished from her, are always Chimeras. Rev. J. W. Chadwick. The Nicene creed, the basis of Christianity, is all theology, with- out a syllable of ethics. La Place. Far from me be the dangerous maxim, that it is sometimes useful to mislead, to enslave and to deceive mankind to ensure their happi- ness. Cicero. The principle that impells us to right conduct and warns us against guilt, springs out of the nature of things. John Emery McLean. Milton and Cowper in their later days disused religious offices as no longer subservient to their wants. Judge James G. Maguire. The Pope enjoys the unenviable, not to say, infamous, distinction of being dangerous only to those who confide in him. so VIEWS OF RELIGION. Edward Clodd, F. R. A. S. Freethinkers have an immense task to perform — namely, to destroy the power of priests and parsons, by ridicule, exposure and incessant attack. Judge Thomas Lumsiden Strange. It is impossible that the sin of one man can be imposed upon another, nor can blood of any sort wipe away sin. Prof. John Fiske. The thought of to-day will shortly reach a place where there will be no place nor use for orthodoxy. John Stuart Mill. The a priori arguments for the existence of God are unscientific ; the idea of God can only prove the idea of him. George Henry Lewes. If we are to select the theological mode of thought as our guide we must ignore all experience, sweep away all science, and apply to the Pope or to the Archbishop of Canterbury for answer to the questions in astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology and sociology. Is any cultivated mind prepared for it ? Prof. Boyesen. It is beyond dispute that Christianity has been the strongest of a number of co-operating factors to accomplish degeneracy. W. Symington Brown, M.D. We not only have no evidence that a personal God exists, but the mere statement is a contradiction. For a person is necessarily limited ; he must have bounds or outlines ; whereas God is always represented as being omnipresent. VIEWS OF RELIGION. SI HOBBES. Religions are like pills, which must be swallowed Whole without chewing. Epiphanius. Wickedness is the only heresy. Dr. Louis Buchner. As man has sprung from nature, he can have no other being than nature, and as there is no force without matter, and no soul without body, the personal mind of man returns after death again into the universal original force, that is to say, there is no personal immor- taUty. Henry Rowley. God exists only in the imaginations of his worshippers. You can find him nowhere else. Emmanuel Kant. Apart from moral conduct, all that man thinks himself able to do in order to become acceptable to God is mere superstition and re- hgious folly. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. I learned from Diognetus not to give credit to what was said by miracle-workers, and about the driving away of demons and such things. Otto Wettstein. It requires but a schoolboy's degree of discernment to discover that God does not exist. His non-existence is self-evident. Elmina Drake Slenker. All gods are man-made imaginings. A. Schopenhauer. Religions are like fire-flies; they require darkness in order to shine. 52 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. W. K. Clifford. Do I seem to say: Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die ? Far from it ; on the contrary, I say. Let us take hands and help ; for this day we are alive together. Wendell Phillips. The Bible is a poem, and God is a great poet ; and a poet has great license. Lalande. I have searched through the heavens ; and nowhere have I found a trace of God. Marquis De Lafayette. If ever the liberty of the American Republic is destroyed it will be the work of Roman Catholic priests. H. A. Taine. An EngUshman would be exceedingly mortified if he had no faith in another life. He has a sort of antique map, which is Christianity explained by a highly revered body of geographers, who are the clergy, and he never dreams of distrusting either his geographers or his map. Thomas Campanella. The ignorant call him a heretic whom they cannot refute. Arthur Schopenhauer. Whether one makes an idol of wood, stone, metal, or constructs it from absolute ideas, it is all the same ; it is idolatry, whenever one has a personal being in view to whom one sacrifices, whom one in- vokes, whom one thanks. Sterling. Experimental philosophy is the offspring of reason and nature; the empirical school of the Christian contains the pedantic sophisms and the barbaric jargon of theologians. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 53 Thomas Paine. If thou trustest to the book called the Scriptures, th6u trustest to the rotten staff of fables and of falsehood. Lord Alfred Tennyson. It is hard to beheve in God, but it is harder not to believe. I be- lieve in God, not from what I see in Nature, but from what I find in man. Prof. George D. Herron, D.D. There can be no rich Christians. Individual wealth is simply impossible to one who follows Christ. Major-General Forlong. All gods, being the work of men's minds, require to be kept up to their duties ; and only if our God never forsakes us do we praise his holy name. David Hume. If the religious spirit be ever mentioned in any historical nar- ration we are sure to meet afterwards with a denial of the miseries which attend it. C. C. Moore. The story of Genesis shows that it was not the original purpose of God to make any women. Theodore Winthrop. I was a radical in my day; be thou the same in thine. M. Paul Bert, M. C. D. It is one of the features of the Jesuistical casuistry to always take the part of the sinner. Ella Wheeler Wilcox. So many gods! So many creeds! So many paths that wind and wind — Whilst just the art of being kind Is all the sad world needs. 54 VIEWS OF RELIGION. J. W. Dean. If the Bible needs interpreters it is the surest sign that it emanated from no higher source than the human brain and hand. J. L. MOSHEIM. Ignorance and fear generate and nourish rehgions. W. H. Lamaster. Religions, like everything else in the world, are seen to undergo birth, growth, maturity, decay and, finally death. Rev. B. Fay Mills. Religion itself is called upon to show why it should any longer claim our allegiance. Rev. Lyman Abbott, D. D. A large and influential body of Christian scholars of orthodox standing do not believe in what is called the verbal or literal inspira- tion of the Bible. Gen. M. Boulanger. A true revelation, proceeding from a just and good God, and nec- essary to all mankind, ought to be clear enough to be understood by all the human race. Lecky. The fathers laid it down as a distinct proposition, that pious frauds are justifiable and even laudable. Thomas Scott. How the New Testament narratives, unhistorical as they have been shown to be, came into existence is not our business to explain. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 55 T. W. DOANE. The Christian story, as the Gospels narrate it, cannot stand the test of criticism. Sir William Jones. The whole crowd of gods and godesses of ancient Rome means only the powers of nature and principally those of the sun. Rev. S. D. McConnell, D. D. There is not a single confession of faith that is believed in, in its entirety, by even the most conservative members of the ministry of the church. James Bonwick. Our love for what is old makes us keep still in the church. Pliny. Behold that truly sacred thing, the universe, eternal and immense, which includes within itself everything ; it is all in all, or rather itself is all. It is the work of nature and itself is nature. Ocellus Lucanus. The universe, when considered in its totality, gives us no indication whatever which would betray an origin or portend a destruction. Charles Francis Dupuis. Because man is only an effect he wanted also the world to be one, and in the delirium of his metaphysics, he imagined an abstract being called God, and thus did man create God. Democritus. The world is managed by nature. Charlotte Baldwin. Bread is the God of the hungry. S6 VIEWS or RELIGION. Prof. Alexander \A'inchell, LL. D. I shall proceed to indicate the evidences which seem to sustain the opinion that the biblical Adam was not absolutely the first man. Charles Morris. It is being more and more widely held that no belief can be sacred. They who base their belief upon facts are far superior intellectually, and certainly equal morally, to those who accept dogmas upon author- ity. John M. Bonham. Nothing can be more of a fallacy than to suppose that Nature pursues one method in dealing with secular theory, and another in dealing with reverent theory. Louis Jacolliot. To religious despotism, imposing speculative theological delu- sions, may be attributed the decay of nations. LUCRETIA MOTT. Truth for authority and not authority for truth. Goethe. Living will teach you to live better than preacher or Bible. Abner Kneeland. What are meant by the terms God, devil, heaven, hell, angel, spirit ? Do they mean anything except what exists only in the imagination ? If so, why can they not be defined ? Thomas Hobbes. Immortahty is a belief grounded upon other men's sayings, that they knew it supernaturally; or that they knew those who knew them that knew others that knew it supernaturally. VIEWS OF RELIGION. S7 Arthur Collins. The day is rapidly dawning when our only deities willJpe the works of genius, and our only prayer the remembrance of our most illustri- ous chiefs. Gen. Ethan Allen. To make known our wants to God by prayer is impossible, since his ommiscient mind knows all things. CliftonN. Levy, A. B. The gods were men. Amelius' discovery carries history back to ten thousand years ago. Lord Bolingbroke. I do not say, that to believe in a future state is'to believe in a vulgar error; but this I say, it cannot be demonstrated by reason; it is not in the nature of it capable of demonstration. Benedict Spinoza. They say man was deceived and tempted by the devil. But who was it that led astray and tempted the devil himself ? Who, I ask, rendered this the most excellent of intelligent creatures so mad, that he wished to be greater than God ? Rene Des Cartes. I have always thought that the two questions of the existence of God, and the nature of the soul, were the chief of those which ought to be demonstrated rather by philosophy than by theology. M. De Voltaire. Speaking philosophically no person believes the Trinity. Prof. A. E. Dolbeare. The laws of Moses like the laws of Solomon were man made, and have no higher authority. s8 views of religion. John Toland. As vegetables and animals become part of us, we become part of them, and both become parts of a thousand other things, each turning into water, water into air. Seneca. Naught's after death, and death itself is naught; Of a quick race, only the utmost goal; Then may the saints lose all their hope in heaven, And sinners quit their racky fears of hell. COMPTE De Volney. It is in vain that nations refer the origin of their religions to heav- enly inspiration ; the original barbarous state of mankind, attested by their own monuments, belies all their assertions. Frances Wright D'arusmont. Theology — Theos — God: Logos — ^word, i-e — Talk about unseen beings or unknown things ! The idleness of the subject, and inutil- ity, nay absolute insanity of the occupation, smfl&ciently appears in the strict etymological meaning of the word. Ednah D. Cheney. The Sunday is a blessed day, but why should we call this day the Lord's day? Ernst Haeckel. The idea that a conviction of personal immortality has a specifically ennobling influence on the moral nature of man is not confirmed by the gruesome history of mediaeval morals. Matthew Tindal. Had the heathen distinguished themselves by creeds made out of spite to one another and mutually persecuted each other about the worship of their gods, they would soon have made the number of their votaries as few as the gods they worshipped. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 59 Andrew Dixon White. Belief in miracles, for more than twenty centuries lias been the main stumbling-block in the path of medicine. Wendell Phdllips. That which is fanaticism today is the fashionable creed tomorrow, and trite as the multiplication table a week after. Otto Wettstein. When atheism pays better than theism, theism will fail. Dr. W. O. Perkins. There is no such thing as sacred music, except by association. Abner Kneeland. Let us, then, throw away at once all our imaginary and visionary dreams ; all faith in things unseen, or in worlds unknown, and begin the world entirely anew. Ocellus Lucanus. The universe has been always ; so it is necessary that its parts should Hkewise always have existed. Epicurus. Whence came chaos ? Things can never spring from nothing. The universe always existed, and will always remain, for there is nothing into which it can be changed. James Madison, Pres. U. S. A. Governments have no right to dictate creeds. Dr. Conyers Middleton. If religion consists in depreciating moral duties and depressing natural reason then I declare myself an Infidel. ■6o VIEWS OF RELIGION. / David Hume. A miracle is a violation of the laws of nature. Thomas Burnet, D. D. If God had, a mind to make a woman start from one of Adam's Tibs, it is true it seems to be a matter not very proper, but what more perplexes me is, how, out of one rib, the whole mass of a woman's body could be built. Baron D'Holbach. The doctrine of spirituality, such as it now exists, offers nothing but vague ideas, or, rather, is the absence of all ideas. John B. Smith. There are bad atheists as well as bad Christians. Robert Taylor, B. A. Unbelief, and not belief, is the safe side, and a man is more likely to be damned for believing the gospel, and because of his having be- lieved it, than for rejecting and despising dt, as I do. Joseph Barker. We say that the Bible bears on its very face the marks of human imperfection and error. This is true of every Bible in existence. Ex. Rev. P. C. Marsh. Religion is a hallucination of the brain. Lord Byron. Even gods must yield — religions take their turn; 'Twas Jove's, 'tis Mahomet's — and other creeds Will rise with other years, 'tiU man shall learn Vainly his incense soars, his victim bleeds; Poor child of doubt and death,— whose hope is built on reeds. VIEWS or RELIGION. 6 1 Raynal. It is by the double abuse of credulity and authority* that all the absurdities in matters of religion have been introduced into the world. Sir James Mackintosh. It is time that men should tolerate nothing ancient that reason does not respect. Epictetus. Where are you going ? It cannot be into a place of suffering ; there is no hell. You are going to be again peacably associated with the elements from which you have parted. Rev. G. E. Fifield. This religious combination is dangerous; it is trying to drive the entering wedge which shall destroy the American spirit of toleration. Gen. Ethan Allen. "And these signs shall follow them that believe." Now if any of them will drink a dose of deadly poison and it does not hurt them, I will subscribe to their divine authority. WiNwooD Reade. It has been shown that this theory of a benignant God is contra- dicted by the laws of nature. Prof. Arnold Dodel, Ph. D. The antagonism between faith and knowledge seems to find no end. On the contrary the gulf between the two is gradually expanding. Plutarch. Ancient theology, not only of the Greeks, but of all nations, was nothing more than a system of physics — a picture of the operations of nature. 62 VIEWS or RELIGION. Edward Gibbon. The more learned ecclesiastics will indeed have' the satisfaction of reprobating in the closet what they read in the church. Oliver Cromwell. Go hence, the Lord has not been to my house for a good many years. John M. Bonham. All men stand as manifestations of nature. Napoleon. Imagination rules the world. Horace Greeley. Long slumbered the world in the darkness of error, And ignorance brooded o'er earth like a pall ; And the chains which bound nations in ages benighted, Were cast to the haunts of the bat and the mole. T. H. Huxley. Evolution excludes creation and all other kinds of supernatural interventions. John William Draper, M.D., LL. D. Religion must relinquish that imperious, that domineering, position which she has so long maintained against science. Feuerbach. As man is so is man's God. Max Nordau. No scientific or rational proof has ever been offered in evidence of the reality of God. VIEWS or RELIGION. 63 Ulrich Hutten. Untruth should be exposed, whether its teachers com*' in the name of God or of the devil. LUDWIG BOERNE. If any sect should ever take it into their heads to worship the devil, the catechism of such a religion could be found ready made in the code of several monastic colleges. Feldc L. Oswold., M. D. The root of all hypocrisy is the belief in the atoning efficacy of faith. Xenophanes. There is no such thing as passing from non-entity to entity or the reverse. R. SCHAMM, D. D. The scientific faith is grander than any that the religious world has yet attained. Joseph Barker. On looking back on the earlier periods of my hfe, I first see proofs that the orthodox doctrine of original sin is a falsehood. E. C. Walker. Religion fears inquiry. Religion averts her face from the dawn. J. P. Richardson. If there was evidence tending to prove the existence of God we should never have heard of the necessity of faith. Baltzer. Eternal nature, to thee my soul shall ding ! All that I am thou gavest me; Let me return to thee in death. 64 VIEWS or RELIGION. Martin Luther. As regards the Sabbath or Sunday, there is no necessity of keeping it; but if you do, it ought not to be on account of Moses' Command- ment, but because nature teaches us from time to time to take a day of rest. John Milton. The laws of the Sabbath being thus repealed, that no particular day of worship has been appointed in its place is evident. Grotius. These things refute those who suppose that the first day of the week was substituted in place of the Sabbath, for no mention is made of such a thing by Christ or his Apostles. Jeremy Taylor. The Lord's day is merely an ecclesiastical institution. Archbishop Whately. It will be plainly seen that Jesus did decidedly and avowedly vio- late the Sabbath. The dogma that the observance of the Sabbath is a part of the moral law is to me utterly unintelligible. Neander. The festival of Sunday, like all other festivals, was always a human ordinance. Benjamin Franklin. When I travelled in Flanders, in the afternoon on Sunday, both high and low went to the play or to the opera, where there was plenty of singing and dancing. I looked around for God's judgments, but saw no signs of them. Denis Diderot. The first step towards philosophy is incredulity. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 65 FiCHTE. The deity is not an object of knowledge, but of faifti; not to be conceived, but to be felt. Edward Gibbon. The evidence of the heavenly witnesses — the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost — would now be rejected in any court of justice. John William Draper, M.D., LL. D. Faith must render an account of herself to reason. Mysteries must give place to facts. Max Nordau. Religion is in fact a relic of the childhood of the human race; I go still further and say that it is a functional weakness, caused by the imperfections of our organs of thought. W. S. Bell. Theologians have taught for centuries that God created matter out of nothing. Enlightened people have to smile when they hear these stories repeated. Frederick Douglass. I prayed for freedom twenty years but received no answer until I prayed with my legs. Robert G. Ingersoll. Does God always do just what ought to be done ? Yes. Why do you pray to him ? Because he is unchangeable. Samuel Preston. The God-idea has been the foundation of all the superstitions in the world, when men have learned to dispense with it their emancipa- tion will be great indeed. 66 views of religion. Charles Stevenson. When man is powerless heaven cannot save. Hugh O. Pentecost. I want the idea of God entirely rooted out of the mind. P. T. Barnum. The orthodox faith painted God as a revengeful being, and yet people talk about loving such a being. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U.S.A. It does me no injury for my neighbor to say there are twenty gods, or no God. Montaigne. Men make themselves believe that they believe. Hon. John M. Thurston. Spain is a Christian nation. She has set up more crosses in more lands, beneath more skies and under them has butchered more people than all the other nations of the earth combined. Kersey Graves. An all-wise God would not let things get into such a condition as to require the murder of his only son from any consideration whatever. Trelevan. The devil is as necessary as the Almighty to the orthodox faith. D. K. Tenney. The Bible with its gods and the sacred books of all other religions with their gods, will, by-and-by, be relegated to the attic of ancient curiosities, where they belong. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 67 Charles Bradlaugh, M. P. Belief in God is not a faith founded on reason. * Elihit Palmer. The Christian world worships three infinite gods and one omni- scient devil. Thomas Herttell. All mankind have been at all times more or less engaged in the matter of superstition, called reUgion. Rev. G. H. Combs. Faith in theology has died out; faith in form, in ceremony, in in- fallible book, will not survive. Matilda Joslyn Gage. The Christian theory of the sacredness of the Bible has been at the cost of the world's civilization. Rev. a. H. Lewis, D. D. Immoral houses were licensed in London in the twelfth century, the Bishop of Westminster receiving the proceeds of such license. Rev. MmoT J. Savage, D. D. I would rather sweep away all belief in God, soul, and future life, than to keep the old beliefs of the last two thousand years. St. Augustine. The same thing which is now called Christian religion existed among the Ancients. Baron D'Holbach. The doctrine of spirituality affords nothing but vague ideas; it is rather a poisoner of all ideas. 68 views of religion. Hon. Thomas B. Reed. If I were to select the greatest triumph of the human race, I should select our victory over the fear of the unknown, over demons and witches and all the false gods. Schiller. O, mother! empty mockery, God hath not justly dealt with me; Have I not begged and prayed in vain ; what boots it now to pray again ? W. Stewart Ross. That there is anything divine or supernatural about the Bible, more than there is about the Vedas and the Koran and the Times Newspaper is an utterly untenable hypothesis. Dr. Engledue. If the sum of all bodily functions — ^life, be not an entity, how can the product of the action of one portion of the body — brain, be an entity ? Herbert N. Casson. The churches would not be attacked if it were not for their impu- dent and shameless pretentions. Samuel Taylor Coleridge. But as to creation, where there is no discontinuity there can be no origination. I Dr. Isaac Watts. The greatest part of the Christian world can hardly give any reason why they believe the Bible to be the word of God, but because they have always believed it, and as they were taught so from their infancy. Dr. Lyman Beecher. Females of education and refinement— females of respectable stand- ing in society, are made converts to atheism. VIEWS or RELIGION. 69 Dr. Joseph Priestley. It has generally been supposed that there are two distinct kinds of substance in human nature — matter and spirit, or mind. I maintain that there are not. The notion of two substances that have no com- mon property, and yet are capable of intimate and mutual action, is absurd. George Combe. I have known men in whom the reasoning organs were amply developed and well cultivated, who assured me that they could not reach the conviction of the being of a God. Lemuel K. Washburn. Religion is inherited fear. Elihu Palmer. The spiritualization of human existence has made man a fool. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U.S.A. Gouvemeur Morris has often told me that General Washington beheved no more of that system, Christianity, than he did himself. John Prescott Guild. To talk about reUgious truth is to talk pious rot. Religion is fable, the weaving and worship of myths. Voltaire. I am tired of having it repeated that twelve men were suflScient to tetablish Christianity. I feel hke proving to them that one man is enough to destroy it. Max Nordau, M. D. Every separate act of a religious ceremony becomes a fraud and a criminal satire when professed by a cultivated man of this nineteenth century. 70 views of religion. William Godwin. The system of religious comformity is a system of blind submission. Gen. Ethan Allen. Reason, therefore, must be the standard, by which we determine the respective claims of revelation. If reason rejects the whole of these revelations, we ought to return to the religion of nature and reason. RuDYARD Kipling. There is one creed, and only one, the common creed of common sense. Dr. Felix L. Oswold. If paradise can be regained we should try to enjoy it on this side of the grave. Lord Francis Bacon. Atheism leads a man to sense, to philosophy, to natural honor, to laws, to reputation, all of which may be guides to moral virtue, though religion were not. D. M. Bennett. The more the laws governing the universe are understood, the more apparent it becomes to observing minds that natural causes govern natural operations and produce natural results. John Meslier. Long enough have the instructors of the people fixed their eyes on heaven; let them at last bring them back to earth. Sir Isaac Newton. We are to admit no more causes of things than are sufficient to explain appearances. Shakespeare. Nature is made better by no mean — but nature makes that mean. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 7 1 Charles Bradlaugh, M. P. If God is afGxmed to represent an existence which is^istinct from the existence of which I am a mode, then I deny God, and affirm that it is impossible that God can be. Wordsworth. Come forth into the hght of things; Let nature be your teacher. Lord Alfred Tennyson. There lives more faith in honest doubt, Believe me, than in half the creeds. Martin Luther. There is something in the office of a Bishop which is dreadfully demorahzing. Jesus. How much then is a man better than a sheep, wherefore it is lawful to do well on the Sabbath day. Lucretius. Wherefore, as nothing nature's power creates, so death dissolves, but not annihilates. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. What is it to die ? We shall find it to be nothing but the mere work of nature, but it is a childish folly to be afraid of what is natural. Ellen Battelle Dietrick. Girls of Christian families are commonly inoculated in their ig- norant and, therefore, helplessly credulous youth, with unquestioning belief that the New Testament was written in the first century of our era. 72 views of religion. William Wollston. He who religiously regards truth and nature, will not only not be unjust, but more, not unmerciful, and much less cruel. Charles Bradlaugh, M. P. What effect is there which the forces of existence are incapable of producing ? Voltaire. Our priests are not, in truth, what a vain people see; Their craft is only born of our credulity. Zeno. Universal matter is necessarily eternal: there is no real existence which is not corporeal. Herbert Spencer. Over that art which you say adds to nature, is an art which nature makes. Dryden. All things are altered, nothing is destroyed. The shifted scene from some new show employed. Ralph Cudworth. The universe is always substantially the same, neither more nor less, but only proteanly transformed into different shapes. Dr. Cleig. None of the Philosophers of ancient Greece appears to have be- lieved a creation possible. Jeremy Taylor. Ignorance is the mother of devotion. views of religion. 73 John G. Whittier. The wolf's with the flock, And the fox with the fowl, \A'hen freedom we trust With the crozier and cowl. Montaigne. Diagoras and Theodorus flatly deny that there were ever any gods at all. Aristotle. No entity in nature could either be brought from nothing or re- duced to nothing. Sir Thomas More. The holiest and best rehgion in the world might be overlaid with so much foolish superstition that it would be quite choked with it. W. Stewart Ross. You created not these, O God; but we created you. You are made in the image of man ; in the image of man are you made. Max Muller. As regards the denial of a creator, I do not think that any one passage from the books of the canon, in any way, presupposes the belief in a personal God or a creator. John Locke. How many men have no other ground for their tenets than the supposed honesty, or learning, or number of those of the same pro- fession. Stephen Girard. Keep the tender minds of the orphans free from the excitement which clashing doctrines and sectarian controversy are so apt to produce. 74 VIEWS or RELIGION. Francis S. M. Fenelon. All is uncreated. God is no more spirit than body, nor body than spirit; to speak properly he is neither the one nor the other; for to say there are two sorts of substance is to express a precise difference of being, and consequently a hmit, which can never suit a universal being. Epicurus. All we are to ascribe to nature. Susan B. Anthony. The religious persecution of the ages has been done under what was claimed to be the command of God. Montesquieu. All pagans do not merit eternal damnation. Giordano Bruno. The foolish renounce this world and pursue an imaginary world to come. Buckle. The system of morals propounded in the New Testament contains no maxim which had not been previously enunciated. Hon. W. E. Gladstone. It may be that we shall find Christianity itself is in some sort a scaffolding, and that the final building is a pure and perfect theism. Dryden. A hapless babe, first he by instinct cries ! He next essays to walk, but downward prest. On four feet, imitates his brother beast. Now sapless, on the verge of death he stands, Contemplating his former feet and hands. views of religion. 75 Thomas Paine. The world is my country, and to do good is my religion, Voltaire. In reading the Bible, I am doing as the counsel in a law suit; I am examining the papers of the other side. Clara B. Neyman. The truth is that Christianity has in many instances circumscribed woman's sphere of action, and has been guilty of great injustice to- wards the whole sex. Antoninus. Nothing which now exists can proceed from nothing, nor be re- solved into non-existence. Selden. Searching the Scriptures has undone the world. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The real difficulty in woman's case is that the whole foundation of the Christian religion rests on her temptation and man's fall. Martin Luther. If men only believe enough in Christ, they can commit adultery and murder a thousand times a day without perilling their salvation. Jonathan Swift. Difference in opinions has cost many millions of lives ; for instance whether flesh be bread, or bread be flesh; whether the juice of a cer- tain berry be blood or wine. Jesus. In vain do they worship me, teaching for doctrine the command- ments of men. 76 VIEWS or RELIGION. Claude Adrian Helvetius. What is more barbarous than the institution of convents among the papists. J. J. Rousseau. There is an universal justice springing from Reason above. Xenophanes. The infinite universe cannot have emanated from nothing. Thomas Chubb. Religious institutions cannot possibly lay men under any reasonable restraint which natural religion does not lay them under. George Le Clerk Buffon. Death destroys the form but has no influence on the matter. Marie Corelli. The world is growing tired of monotonous sermons on the old doctrine of original sin and necessary sacrifice. John Stewart. Rehgion or priestcraft will probably maintain its ground longer in England than in any other country, notwithstanding the progress of its great enemy — wisdom. Thomas Paine. My own mind is my own church. William Pitt, Earl. Superstition, or what the world means by religion, is the greatest possible encouragement to vice, by setting up something as religion, which shall atone and commute for the want of virtue. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 77 O. B. Whitfoed, M. D. Now that there is no more a hell and that the devil is dead, what are we paying out millions of dollars to the clergy for ? Paemenides. No real entity is either made or destroyed Mary Wollstonecraft. Madame De Genlis affords some useful hints, but I shall pass over her vehement argument in favor of the eternity of future punishments because I blush to think that a human being should ever argue ve- hemently in such a cause. John Stewart. The philosophy of Theism assumes the opinion that aU organisms must be produced by one inteUigent mind; but if we examine the operations of nature, we find that each organism, each relation or analogy, contradicts this assertion. John R. Kelso, A. M. The first ten words of the Bible contain two assumptions and one assertion. Charles Morris. Mythology, however, occupies the most prominent position in the growth of religious beliefs. Rev. Mr. Geikie. No hint is given in the New Testament of Christ's appearance; and the early church, in the absence of all guiding facts, had to fall back on imagination. Mrs. Mary Lincoln. Mr. Lincoln had no hope and no faith, in the usual acceptation of the words. 7 8 views of religion. Tertulian. The origin of your gods is derived from figures moulded on a cross. Robert Park, M. D. Is not religion to this day at the bottom of most of the world's quarrels great and small? MiNUCius Felix. You it is, ye pagans, who worship wooden gods, who are the most likety people to adore wooden crosses. Matilda Joslyx Gage. The careful student of history will discover that Christianity has been of \-ery little value in advancing civilization, but has done a great deal towards retarding it. M. Chabas. In the Egyptian Book of the Dead, none of the Christian virtues is forgotten. Copernicus. Should there be any babblers who, ignorant of all mathematics, presume to judge of these things on account of some passages of Scripture, wrest to their own purpose, and dare to blame and cavil at my work, I will not scruple to hold their judgment in contempt. Erigena, I. A. G. True reason rests on its own strength and has no need of confir- mations by an authority, ^^'e should not fear to declare the truth re\ealed by reason, evem if it should seem contrary to the Bible. John M. Bonham. Whenever the personal devil goes out of theology, as he seems to be doing, he must take one half of theology with him, and indicate by his very going the departure of the personal God. views of religion. 79 Kepler. God has waited six thousand years for the true sciencg of the solar system to be discovered; and can I not wait one hundred years for it to be understood? John G. Whittier. The church beneath her trembhng dome Essayed in vain her ghostly charm. Sir Thomas Browne, M. D. There be not impossibilities enough in religion for a truly active faith. I think it no vulgar part of faith to believe a thing not only above, but contrary to reason. SWAMI ViVEKANANDA. My God is true and yours is not true ; let us have a good fight over it. Cornelius Agrippa. A certain prelate boasted openly at his table that he had in his diocese looo priests who kept concubines, and who paid him, each of them, a crown a year for their license. Chillingworth. Faith is not knowledge. Chrysippus. The fear of the gods is not the best restraint from sin. John G. Whittier. We must remember that one of the great causes of infidelity is the worldliness, selfishness, and evil dealings of professed Christians. John Meslier. God is an idle fancy. 8o VIEWS or RELIGION. Prof. Henry Maudsley, M. D. It is absurd to think that mankind will cease to feel emotion, even though it should say in its heart that there is no personal God. Lucretius. Besides were souls immortal, ne'er began. But crept in the limbs to make up man; AMiy cannot they remember what was done In former times? Empedocles. There is no production of anything anew, but only mixture and separation of things mingled. Lord Bolingbroke. The world is as well fitted for a dog as for man, with respect to physical nature. Richard Carlile. Sir Isaac Newton denounced the idea of a Heaven, and of a God whose being was limited to any part of space, or whose authority was circumscribed by the fictitious potent monarch of that fictitious place, hell. John L. Stoddard. I would rather associate with a nice wholesome sinner than with an uncleanly saint. Elihu Palmer. I know of but one remedy for the moral pestilence of superstition, which is, to assemble the inspired idiots of all countries, that reason would burst her sides with laughter. Buddha. The law of death is that among all living creatures there is no permanence. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 8 1 Rev. B. Fay Mills. By the great modern gospel brought to us by science wahave come to learn once for all the utter lack of foundation for any theory con- cerning the fall of man. John M. Robertson. The reconciliation of religion and science consists in religion, as such, disappearing. Prof. Henry Maudsley, M. D. Herein lies the imputable mischief of prayer, that it is an imbe- cility of will. M. De Montaigne. Of mean understandings, little inquisitive, and little instructed, are made good Christians. Vedas. The ignorant assert that the Universe did not exist and that it was created out of nothing. O Ye, whose hearts are pure! how could something arise out of nothing ? Heraclitus. The universe has been made neither by one of the gods nor of men, but it has been, and is, and will be eternally. John Gasper Spurzheim. It seems absurd that a particular profession should enjoy the privilege to establish religious opinions incumbent on all the rest of the community. Herbert Spencer. The cruelty of a Fijian God, who, represented as devouring the souls of the dead, may be supposed to inflict torture during the process is small compared with the cruelty of a God who condemns men to tortures which are eternal. 82 VIEWS OF RELIGION. William Lawrence. When shall we find proof of the mind's independency on the bodily structure ? Frederic Harrison. Although the unknowable is logically said to be something, yet the something of which we neither know nor conceive anything is practically nothing. Frances ^^'IUGHT. My friends, I am no Christian, in the sense usually attached to that word. I am neither Jew nor Gentile, Mohamedan nor theist; I am but a member of the human family. ViRCHOW. Life is a part of the sum total of matter. Xenophanes. It is impossible that anything should be made out of nothing. John A\'esley. They are well pleased that their parishioners grow more diligent and honest, but, the truth is, the Methodists know and teach that all that is nothing before God. Robert Owen. Men will no longer expend their time and faculties upon imaginary future existences which belong not to their nature. Mrs. Lynn Linton. God has been incarnate in man no more than in the Egyptian bull. John M. Bonham. The whole theory of theology is contradicted by its practice. VIEWS or RELIGION. 83 John Mason Good, M. D. Atheism is at this moment and has been for nearly \ thousand years, the established belief of the whole of the Burman Empire. SWAMI ViVEKANANDA. If God comes in the form of a dove it is the Holy of Holies. But if He comes in the form of a cow, it is heathen superstition ; condemn it. That is how the world goes. James Martineau. If we cannot think of anything as existing, then, surely, we have no right to assert its existence. Heinrich Heine. I shall turn Japanese. They hate nothing so much as the cross. I shall turn Japanese. Dr. William Henry Channing. Injustice to the sex reached its culmination in the enthronement of a personal God with a son to share his glory, but wifeless, mother- less, daughterless. Rev. Robert Collyer, D. D. Orthodoxy has exchanged the old fetters of iron for silken bands with an elastic base. The day is not far distant when the old belief will have rotted down. Michelet. The parson, being Lord, expressly claimed the "first fruits of the bride, but was willing to sell his right to the husband. Canon Charles Kingsley. The Christian church was swamped with hysteria from the third to the sixteenth century. 84 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Thomas Moore. Faith, fanatic faith, once wedded fast To some dear falsehood, hugs it to the last. Joseph Butler. Since consciousness is a single and individual power, it should seem that the subject in which it resides, must be so too. John Stewart. Religion, being divested of the grosser ceremonies, or proofs of its absurdity, leaves the mind fewer substitutes for real virtue, probity and sympathy. SoAME Jenyns. By what sure mark her essence can we trace, when each religion, age and place, sets up some fancy idol of its own ? Shadworth H. Hodgson. It is bad enough to be told by theologians, .... that there are noumena behind phenomena; but that this noumena is entirely unknowable .... would require a greater than Hegel to comprehend. John Ruskin. Surely our clergy need not be surprised at the daily increasing distrust in the public mind of the efficacy of prayer. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U.S.A. I believe I am supported in my creed of materialism by the Lockes, the Tracys and the Stewarts. Heber Newton, D. D. If mortality be a fact, it must be a material fact. We know nothing of life unclothed with organization. We know nothing of mind apart from matter. views of religion. 85 Euphrates. Praise and welcome that philosophy which agrees jvith nature, and shun that which pretends to be inspired by the gods. Parker Pillsbury. I studied the Trinity many weeks in two theological seminaries. Just one thing had been learned, and no more, and that was that nobody, not even the professors themselves, knew, or could know, anything about it. Jehovah. To what purpose is the multitude of your sacrifices unto me ? Confucius. Heaven is principle — is to be something, and not to go somewhere. Thomas Inman, M. D. Men can live peaceably together without religion, just as do the bisons, buffaloes, antelopes and even wolves. Joseph Henshaw. Man's life is like unto a winter's day; Some break their fast, and so depart away; Others stay dinner, then depart full-fed; The longest age but sups, and goes to bed. Lucretius. I give instruction concerning mighty things and proceed to free the mind from the closely-confining shackles of religion. Canon Farrar. A great Puritan divine said that he preferred to beheve the Holy Ghost rather than Newton, yet Newton was absolutely right, and the Puritan divine was hopelessly wrong. 86 VIEWS OF RELIGION. G. W. Brown, M. D. Is not the fact fully established, . . • that the character, Jesus, .... is wholly a creature of the imagination? Like all myths, he has faded from sight as the place and time of his birth have been approached. John R. Kelso, A. M. I have found Deity in all its forms a remnant of pagan mythology, founded entirely upon ignorance and superstition. Abraham Lincoln, Pres. U. S. A. I am not a Christian. John Locke. The Clergy are naturallymore eager against error than against vice. Reville. The Trinity does not transcend human reason; it contradicts and destroys it. Chrysostom. In my judgment you will want no oracle if you arrive at under- standing. P. Le Page Renouf. The triumph of right over wrong, of right in speech and in action, is the burden of nine-tenths of the Egpytian texts. Dean Mansel. The adversity of the good, the prosperity of the wicked, the tardy appearance of moral and religious knowledge in the world, are facts which no doubt are reconcilable, we know not how, with the infinite goodness of God. Max Muller. My interest in all religions is chiefly historical. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 87 Celsus. I could relate many things more concerning Jesus, all of which are true, but which have quite a different character from what his disci- ples relate touching him. Sir Henry Maine. No society which preserves any tincture of Christian institutions is ever likely to restore to married women the personal liberty conferred on them by the Roman law. Archbishop of York. Infidelity, which was once confined to a small class of thinkers, seems now to be spreading everywhere. Frederick May Holland. These precepts — toleration, family affection, charity, patriotism and philanthropy — will be seen to be older than Christianity. James Parton. Let us not forget, also, that the money expended in maintaining religion comes out of the most sacred part of the scanty earnings of man. Henry Fielding. I do not like a jure divino tyrant, who imagines that people are slaves or his commodity. Abraham Lincoln, Pres. U. S. A. What is to be, will be, and no-prayers of ours can arrest the decree. John Newton, C. C. The assumption that some form of religious faith is absolutely a necessity for man is only founded on the fanatics who know little of the world. 00 \'IEWS OF RELIGION. U. S. Grant, Pres. U. S. A. In 1850, I believe, the church property of the United States, which paid no tax, amounted to $87,000,000. In 1900, without a check, it is safe to say, this property will reach a sum exceeding $3,000,000,000. 1 would suggest the taxation of all property equally. Edward Clodd, F. R. A. S. Anthony Collins, the deist, caustically said that nobody doubted the existence of the deity till they set to work to prove it. Rev, N. a. Staples. About woman's treatment in the Bible, . . . it is a shameful book in some of its chapters on that subject. Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Through theological superstitions woman finds her most grievous bondage. J. Donaldson, LL. D. It is a prevalent opinion that woman owes her present high position to Christianity. I used to believe in this opinion. Neander. Christianity diminishes the influence of women. Stephen Gir.a.rd. I enjoin and require that no ecclesiastic missionary, or minister of any sect whatsoever, shall ever hold or exercise any station or duty whatever in said (Girard) college. Thomas Ho^bes. The opinion that spirits are incorporeal or immaterial could never enter the mind of an\' man 13^- nature. VIEWS or RELIGION. 89 Bishop Gilmoee. Religion is fast passing away. , Ephraim E. Hitchcock. That is what the churches are now-a-days, social clubs; and as social clubs they are well enough. Horace Scudder. We do not now learn for the first time that a man may be good without being religious. Goethe. He who rises not high enough to see God and nature as one knows neither. The Right Hon. R. L. Shiel, M. P. The Bible contains details of atrocity at which human nature shudders. Benjamin Franklin. When a religion is good I conceive that it will support itself. Prof. D. G. Brinton. They imagine that the primal man had fallen from some high estate ; we know beyond cavil or question that the earliest man was also the lowest man. Lemuel K. Washburn. Where religion is afraid of libert}-, Hberty should be afraid of religion. Susan H. Wixon. There is no evidence that Jesus went to church on Sunday. Zeno. Temples are not to be built to the gods. 90 VIEWS or RELIGION. Virgil. Mantura was my mother, Calabria took me hence, Parthenope is now my home ; I have sung of pastures, of the country and of chief- tains. Talleyrand. No! it is not man's fault, but the impostures of priests and kings, which have everywhere destroyed truth ; they alone have invented the worship of a God of Gods. Hon. George Boutwell. The intellectual world of to-day is drifting away from the religious belief of the past. Lord Macaulay. Men who would have been useful and honest as laymen are hypo- critical and immoral as churchmen. Dr. T. S. Bell. The British and Foreign Bible Society, after having circulated millions of copies of the King James Bible, doubts whether it can be truthfully called the word of God. Mary A. Livermore. The early church fathers denounced women as noxious animals, necessary evils and domestic perils. Gang,\nelli (Pope). A Pope is a mere shadow conjured up by a powerful body of men ; it is an idol they raise up to frighten a credulous and stupid populace. Rev. John W. Chadwick. The inconsistencies, contradictions, errors and blots, irretrievably demolish the supernatural idea of the Bible. VIEWS or RELIGION. 9 1 Bishop Faustus. It is certain the New Testament was written a long time after Christ, by unknown authors. Alexander Von Humboldt. Each rehgion fills some blank space in its creed with the name of a difierent teacher. Justin Martyr. As to Jesus Christ having been born of a virgin, you have your Perseus to balance that. Prof. John Fiske. The Hindoo sacred writings contain all the myths and fables found in the Christian Bible. George Eliot. I am influenced at the present time by far higher considerations and by a nobler idea of duty than I ever was when I held the Evan- gehcal belief. Kepler. When miracles are admitted every scientific explanation is out of the question. Prof. Proctor. Herbert Spencer shows abundantly the nothingness of the evidence on which the common behef in a future life has been based. Ernst Haeckel. We can as little think of mind or soul separated from our brain, as we can conceive of the circulation of our blood apart from the action of the heart. Matthew Arnold. All things seem to have what we call a law of their beings ; whether we call this God or not is a matter of choice. 92 views of religion. Bishop Warburton. Moses failed to teach belief in a future life. Prof. Lewis G. Janes. Doubt in miracles is faith in the eternal order of nature. Andrew Dixon White. Comparatively few thoughtful, intelligent beings beheve in a per- sonality called God. Sir William Hamilton. As a transcendental is an unconditioned being, God cannot be scientifically known. Bishop Gilmore. Religion is rapidly ceasing to be an integral part of our social life. Rev. Dr. Van Dyke, Jr. Why should we retain in our creeds what none of us believe ? Nicoli. God and the devil make the whole of religion. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. I do not find in our particular superstition, Christianity, any re- deeming feature. Rev. Dr. W. S. Rainsford. Rather than believe in the literal truth of the Bible, you might better throw it out of the window. Rev. W. H. Thomas, D. D. I question whether it is possible for the human intellect even to stand without the possibility of doubt with reference to God. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 93; Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. Question with boldness even the existence of God. ' Joubert. It is easy to beheve in God if you are not asked to define him. Rev. T. De Witt Talmage. If you ask me how I know about God I cannot tell you. De Foe. Where God erects a house of prayer the devil builds a chapel.. Robert Cooper. What, an omniscient deity the author of a book replete with more- contradictions, more immorahties and more absurdities than any book extant ! Prof. Briggs, D. D. It is sheer assumption to claim that the original bibhcal documents were inerrant. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. The God of the Bible is a moral monstrosity. Lange. Education and enhghtenment, as a rule, go hand in hand with the decrease of the clergy. Prior. The devil must be very powerful since the sacrifice of a God for men has not rendered them any better. Seneca. Perfect beings have no power to do harm. 94 views of religion. Michael Bakounine. If God is, man is a slave; now man can and must be free; then, God does not exist. Cicero. It is the universal opinion of philosophers that God never is angry nor does an)' harm. Rev. Dr. Behrend. Current orthodoxy does not teach verbal inspiration. Rev. Phillips Brooks. The minister should be the model of tolerance of what is honest doubt. Michael Bakounine. All religions, with their gods, their demigods and their prophets, their messiahs and their saints, were created by the credulous fancy of men. Rev. J.\mes Freeman Clarke. The Bible does not diifer from other sacred books in its method of production. Ernest Renan. Nearly everything in Christianity is mere baggage brought from the pagan mysteries. GUIZOT. The church always ranged herself on the side of despotism. William Lloyd Garrison, Jr. Human progress has always been advanced by the few laborers outside the church, than by the many professors within it. Annie Besant. While Christianity reigned supreme Europe lay in chains. ' VIEWS OF RELIGION. 95 CONDERCET. The triumph of Christianity was the first signal of tRe decUne of science and of philosophy. Ralph Waldo Emerson. When I speak of God, I prefer to say it. Alfonzo X., King of Castile. If the deity were now to reconstruct the world I could give him a few useful hints. Giordano Bruno. Monks are personages very ready to give away places in the king- dom of heaven, but incapable of earning an inch of ground for them- selves. De Mauvissiere. Mind is nothing else but nature come to consciousness of itself. Talleyrand. Spain is a land where two and two make five. Rabbi Charles Fleischer. There is never, whether in time of war or peace, any efficiency in a prayer, which we do not mean to "answer" ourselves. Under no circumstances do I believe that prayer has objective value. Henry George. On the land we are born, from it we live, to it we return again— children of the soil as truly as is the blade of grass or the flower of the field. SiGNOR CrISPI. It is the priests, who reign almost as sovereigns everywhere in Spain, who have ruined the country. 96 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Heinrich Heine. My religious convictions and views are still untainted by any tincture of ecclesiasticism. I have dallied with no dogma and I have not utterly renounced my reason. MONTERIO. Every thing is possible with God, even to the making of a valley without two hills, a straight stick without two ends, a world out of nothing. Victor E. Lennstrand. With regard to the infallibility of the Bible, there are no less than g,ooo mistakes in science, and double as many in history and chron- ology. Arthur Lillie. Buddha delivered a sermon on the mountain and taught in parables. The cases of Maya and Mary are quite similar. Buddha, too, had his fasting, baptism and temptation. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. It is wicked and t}'ranical to compel any man to support a religion in which he does not believe. Richard M. Mitchell. The voice of Christendom proclaiming that God was circumvented by an independent and inferior power, constitutes the greatest insult that man has ever offered to his Creator. William Penn. I abhor two principles in religion. The first is obedience upon authority, and the other, destroying them that differ from me, for God's sake. Captain Robert C. Adams. I. H. S. was a monogram of Bacchus. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 97 Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. There was never such a gigantic lie told as the fable of ^he Garden of Eden. Rev. W. H. H. Murray. Ancient legends which became hardened into modern dogma are now being relegated to the Hmbo, unto which are flung the cast-off garments of vagabond theories. Hon. Charles B. Waite. Many of the more prominent doctrines of the Christian religion prevailed hundreds of years before Christ. Lord Chief Justice Coleridge. The moment you come to distinguish between animals and man, you consent to Hmit the pursuit of knowledge to considerations not scientific. Lord Byron. A death-bed is a matter of nerves and constitution, and not of religion. Mosheim. As to when or by whom the books of the New Testament were collected in one volume, there are various conjectures of the learned. SCALLIGER. The Church Fathers put into the Scriptures whatever they thought would suit their purpose. Bishop Temple. The Bible is handed down from age to age and moulded by each in turn. Henry M. Taber. There is no rehgion but what is founded in superstition, with an understratum of ignorance. 98 views of religion. Prof. Smyth. The Bible is untrustworthy. Prof. Swing. The Bible has not made religion, but religion has made the Bible. Lord Francis Bacon. A Christian is one who believes things he cannot comprehend. Thomas Inman, M. D. I found, moreover, that the sharply defined line, commonly drawn between paganism and Christianity, is worthless — the doctrines of the latter being, in many respects, identical with or deduced from the former. Archbishop Tillotson. It cannot be denied, that the manner and circumstances of the Christian dispensation are full of condescension to the weakness of mankind and very much accommodated to the common and deeply radicated prejudices of men. Rev. Robert Taylor, A. B. Did the annals of human folly or madness ever record anything more extravagant, than that new-born children should be consid- ered to have offended God? Maximus. Christians are the votaries of execrable vanity. Henri Bayle. A dispute with divines serves as an amusement to me. Milton Woolley, M. D. Ignorance, let the reader remember, is the basis of all religion. views of religion. 99 Emperor Adrian. There is no presbyter of the Christians who is not eithir an astrol- oger, a soothsayer, or a minister of obscene pleasure. Cornelius Tacitus. Christians were odious to mankind and their religion a pernicious superstition. MOSHEIM. The wiser part of mankind, about the time of Christ's birth, looked upon religion as a just object of ridicule and contempt. James A. Garfield, Pres. U. S. A. If you exempt the property of any church organization, to that ex- tent you impose a tax upon the whole community. Francis Broussais. I have no fear or hope as to future life, since I am unable to con- ceive it. As to God, I cannot form any notion of such a power. Thomas H. Huxley. Extinguished theologians lie about the cradle of every science as the strangled snakes besides that of Hercules. John Baskerville. May the example contribute to emancipate the mind from the idle fears of superstition and the wicked arts of the priesthood. Ganganelli (Pope.) I have resolved to overthrow Christianity — that is to say, idolatry. Elizur Wright. Religion is dying, but humanity is taking its place. VIEWS OF RELIGION. Frances Wright. Religion as distinguished from morals may be defined thus : a be- lief in, and a homage to, existences unseen and causes unknown. Ralph Waldo Emerson. I do not fear skepticism for any good soul. A just thinker will allow full sway to his skepticism. SWAMI VrVIKANANDA. Our God is the cooking-pot and our religion is; Don't touch me I am holy. Buckle. For eight centuries there were not in all Christian Europe four men who dared to express an independent opinion. W. H. Burr. The Christian Sabbath was instituted, not in Judea, but in Great Britain; not in the first, but in the seventeenth century; not by Christ or his apostles, but by the Puritans. \A'illiam Penn. To call any day of the week a Christian Sabbath is not Christian but Jewish. Give me one scripture for it and I will give you two against it. Origen. For who that has understanding will suppose that the first, and second, and third day, and the evening and the morning, existed without a sun and moon and stars ? Viscount Amberley. Another weak point in the system of Jesus is his aversion to'wealth and to wealthy men. His conceptions of justice are not more perfect than his conceptions of social arrangements. VIEWS OF RELIGION. lOI Dryden. By education most have been misled; . We so believe because we so are bred; The priest continues what the nurse began, And thus the boy imposes on the man. U. S. Grant, Pres. U. S. A. No sectarian tenet should be taught in any school supported by state or national tax. Prof. Rossiter W. Raymond. If you have got an authorized revelation, why don't you give it to us? Prof. E. S. Morse. I have never seen anything in the discoveries of science which could in the slightest degree support a behef in immortality. Annie Besant. Where does Christ come from ? He comes from every place where superstition is stronger than science. Hugh Miller. The Scriptures have never yet revealed a scientific truth. Very Rev. Evan Davies, D. D., LL. D. Jehovah-worship was originally devil-worship. Cardinal Manning, The last act of reasoning precedes the first act of faith. GUIZOT. Morality may exist independently of reUgious ideas. i02 views of religion. Count Lyeff Tolstoi. I began to analyze the Christian doctrine, which serves as the foundation of the delusion of entire Christian humanity. Rev. George J. Mingens. Of the 40,000 people who die every year in New York City not ten per cent believe in God. Robert Burns. Try every art of legal thriving; No matter — stick to sound believing. Dean Stanley. Our present legal institution of Sunday was appointed by Con- stantine's authority, but not as a Christian Sabbath. President Harper, C. U. The Bible knows no science. The writer speaks of things as they appear to the untrained, unscientific eye. M. De Condorcet. ReUgion, far from acknowledging the power of reason, boasted of having subjected and humbled it. John M. Robertson. What good has religion, as such, ever done to science? Forced it to admit the final mystery of things ? Why, science never denied that at any stage and has been affirming it for centuries. Benjamin Gastineau. In the sphere of the philosophical there is absolute reaction against Christianity! Man is dependent only upon himself — upon the con- science and reason. views of religion. i03 Parker Pillsbury. The Christian system is burdensome, enslaving, exoensive, exclu- sive; .... it has utterly failed. Garibaldi. Man has created God, not God man. The priest is the personifica- tion of falsehood. Lucretius. Who and what are you that you dream of immortality ? Dean Dudley. It seems to me that faith and hope, which are considered the principal parts of religion, are peculiarly poetical themes. They are not scientific deductions, or historical facts. Etienne Dolet. Dolet himself does not grieve but the pious crowd grieves. AUGUSTE COMTE. Reorganize society without God and without King by the syste- matic cultus of humanity. John Meslier. All the gods are of a barbarous origin; all religions are antique monuments of ignorance, superstition and ferocity. M. Babcock. Any rehgion that is founded upon the doctrine of believe or be damned in my judgement is a false reUgion. Abner Kneeland. The Universalists believe in a God which I do not. 104 VIEWS OF RELIGION. G. W. Bar Ptolemy. It is safe to say that no one ever supposed a spirit to be made of absolutely nothing. Neither can they suppose God to be so con- stituted. So the universal belief is in a material God. Then if your God is mere matter, he is unworthy of worship. Madame Roland. To-morrow I shall cease to exist. Maimonides. This book of Genesis, taken according to the letter, gives the most extravagant notions of the Deity. Voltaire. I am to-day eighty-four years old. I have more aversion than ever to extreme unction and those who administer it. James Anthony Froude. Educated Romans had satisfied themselves that there is no here- after. Emperor Adrian. They have, however, but one God, and it is one and the self-same whom Christians, Jews and Gentiles alike adore, i.e. money. Lemuel K. Washburn. The entire New Testament is the work of CathoHc Churchmen. Milton \\'00lley, M. D. He who knows all religions believes none. Democritus. Every occurrence has its cause, from which it follows by necessity. VIEWS or RELIGION. I05 Emperor Constantine The Great. The events which befall men are consequent upon th^ tenor of their lives. Pestilence, sedition, famine and plenty are all regulated with reference to our course in life. Charles Darwin. I am aware that the assumed instinctive belief in God has been used by many persons as an argument for his existence. But this is a rash argument. LuciLio Vanini. Come, let us die cheerfully like a philosopher ! Ah, my God! No, that is a fashion of speaking. He, Christ, sweated with fear and weakness, and I, I die undaunted. Bishop Synesius. The people are desirious to be deceived; there is no acting other- wise with them. For my own part, to myself I shall always be a philosopher, but in dealing with the mass of mankind I shall be a priest. Herbert Spencer. We everywhere see fading away the anthropomorphic conception of the unknown Cause. Herbert Junius Hardwick, M. D. The popular theology, called Christianity, is not what we have hitherto beheved it to be. The Bible is not authentic. Nelson C. Parshall. Evolution sweeps into obHvion all the childish fables of the past. LiVY. Nothing is so apt to deceive, by specious appearances, as religion. Io6 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Abraham Lincoln, Pres. U. S. A. Both read the same Bible, and pray to the same God, and each invokes his aid against the other. Dean Alford. There is many a thing said in many a sermon that, should the preacher enter a room with an intelligent parishioner, eye to eye, he dare not stick to. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher. There is no other so bad as the government of an ecclesiastical class. Martin Luther. We see by experience that God does not take care of the temporal life. Lord Sherbrooke. Where has a nation been freed by submission and prayer? Prof. Henry Drummond. We have been accustomed to look for spiritual gifts to come in answer to prayer. They do not come in that way. M. M. Mangasarian. Theology is passing away and virtue is taking its place. Benjamin Kidd. A rational religion is a scientific impossibility. Virgil. Daphnis is now a God and, in the sheen of his divinity, looks for the first time on the threshold of Heaven and sees the clouds and stars beneath his feet. views of religion. 107 Prof. James Milleson. They twaddle about immortal minds and future existence. Leon Gambetta. I decline to be rocked asleep by the myths of childish religions. Prof. Richard A. Proctor. There is the old question always asked, whether by searching, we can find God; and science will give the old answer to this question: — We cannot find him out. President Patton, P. U. Christianity is not a life, but a dogma. Emperor Frederick The Great. The imbecile priests! The best destiny they can look for is that they and their vile artifices will forever remain buried in the darkness of oblivion. Rev. Dr. T. De Witt Talmage. It is easy to have one's faith destroyed. I can give you a receipt for it. Read infidel books. It is easy to banish soon and forever all respect for the Bible. TUTTLE. The utterance of prayer is like the dog baying the moon. Jean Jacques Rousseau. It is very strange that we should stand in need of any other than natural religion. Erasmus Darwin, M. D., F. R. S. In regard to religious matters, there is an intellectual cowardice instilled into the minds of the people from their infancy; to inquire or exert their reason is denounced as sinful. to8 VIEWS or RELIGION. Denis Diderot. Posterity is for the philosopher what the other world is for the devout. Ralph Waldo Emerson. What is called religion effeminates and demoralizes. The scien- tific mind must have a faith which is science. Let us have nothing now which is not its own evidence. Mohammed. There are two things which I abhor, the learned in his infidelities and the fool in his devotions. Peter Eckler. There is not a rite, ceremony or belief we now practice or profess that cannot be traced to its origin in Chaldean idolatry, in Assyrian, Egyptian or Roman Mythology. Prof. Smyth, D. D. Faith should be rational rather than Scriptural. Helen H. Gardener. The precepts of Jehovah are taught every week from the pulpit and carefully legislated against every winter in congress. Kant. The death of dogma is the birth of morality. Lord Francis Bacon. The trinitarian believes a virgin to be the mother of a son who is her maker. Rev. Howard Crosby, D. D. There is no safety in our country but in non-sectarian education. views of religion. i09 Lord Coleridge. Christianity is no longer the law of the land. • Horace. Thou dost govern because thou confessest that the gods are greater than thou. Henry Fielding. But to represent the Almighty as avenging the sins of the guilty on the innocent, was indecent, if not blasphemous. George Washington, Pres. U. S. A. The government of the United States of America is not in any sense founded upon the Christian religion. Rev. Henry M. Field. Four-fifths of the young men of the country are skeptics. Dr. Edward McGlynn. ReUgion is vanishing from nearly every part of the world. Richard Baxter. My certainty that I am a man is before my certainty that there is a God. Abraham Lincoln, Pres. U. S. A. The Bible is not my book, nor Christianity my profession. John Morley, M. P. Religious people who warn you most solemnly that man who is a worm, .... cannot possibly compass in his puny under- standing the attributes of the divine being, will yet tell you all about him, as if he were the man who lives in the next street. VIEWS OF RELIGION. Noah Webster. Many passages in the Bible are expressed in language which decency forbids to be repeated. Etienne Dolet. In all persuasions the bigots are persecutors. Jajies Anthony Froude. Scattering the Bible in all places, among all persons, is the most culpable folly of which it is possible for man to be guilty. Thomas Moore. Faith, fanatic faith, once wedded fast To some dear falsehood, hugs it to the last. Thomas \A'entworth Higginson. Zoroaster, Confucius, Osiris and Buddha have no human father, and between the lives of the last two and that of Christ an almost perfect parallel is shown. D 'HOLBACH. To practice the principles of morality men have no need of theology, of revelation or of God. Locke. I cannot be saved by a religion that I distrust and a worship that I abhor. Rev. James Freeman Clarke. No church is infallible; no creed is infalhble; no book is in- fallible. Anacharsis Clootz. Nature is a good mother; a work evincing the nullity of all reli- gions. All she includes is eternal, imperishable like herself. Now let me sleep. VIEWS OF RELIGION. in Charles Darwin. I do not believe in any revelation. . Heinrich Heine. I consider it a degradation and a stain on my honor to submit to baptism in order to qualify myself for state employment in Prussia. Bishop Colenso. Would it not be well to eliminate from the Bible whatever is un- truthful and immoral? Rev. Robert Taylor, A. B. We have looked for historical evidence which might justify a rational man to himself, in believing the Christian religion to be of God, and there are none — absolutely none. John De Ferreras. It was even Cyriac of Ancona who first foisted this bit of Christian evidence upon human credulity. Bishop Marsh. John, who was inspired as well as Matthew, Mark and Luke, had the advantage of having a better memory. Danton. My abode will soon be annihilation ; but I shall live in the Pantheon of history. Viscount Amberley. Intellectually Socrates' superiority to Jesus cannot be disputed. George M. Gould, M. D. Science will be the great peace-bringer of civilization. VIEWS OF RELIGION. Casaubon. It mightily affects me to see how many there were in the earliest times of the church, who considered it as'a capital exploit to lend to heavenly truth the help of their own inventions. Bishop Colenso. The statements in Genesis i., if regarded as statements of historical matter-of-fact, are directly at variance with some of the plainest facts of natural science. Prof. Henry Maudsley, AI. D. If the prime condition of true reUgion be to get rid of the belief of special supernatural interventions in human affairs, the maintenance of such belief cannot be a strength but a weakness to the mind. S. Baring-Gould. We find that a condition of the first importance to religions exal- tation of feeling is ignorance. Ammonius Saccus. Christianity and Paganism when rightly understood, differed in no essential points, but had a common origin. Homer. Who dares think one thing and another tell, My soul detests him as the gates of hell. Lord Byron. Man died calmly before the Christian era, and since, without Christianity. Judge Paul Dudley. The third lecture to be for the detecting and convicting and expos- ing the idolatry of the Romish Church. views op religion. ii 3 Talleyrand. Who gave you the privilege of calhng yourself amfeassador and vicegerent of a Ghost-begotten God ? Plutarch. The superstitious man vt^ishes he did not beheve in gods, as the atheist does not, but fears to disbeheve in them. George Washington, Pres., U.S.A. Rehgion is a matter which belongs to the church and not to the state. John Stuart Mill. The desire for future life is no more an argument that there will be a future life than is the desire for food an argument that we shall be fed in a future life. George Allen White. Soon, instead of religion ostracizing science, science will ostracize rehgion. Rev. James Freeman Clarke. It took the church three centuries to make up its mind what books ought to belong to the New Testament. Sir Charles Lyell. It would follow, if the claims of the Natchez man to have coexisted with the mastadon are admitted, that North America was peopled more than a thousand centuries ago by the human race. Rev. Mark Hopkins, D. D. The New Testament, which we now receive, was not, in all its parts, formally agreed upon till between three and four hundred years after the birth of Christ. Victor Hugo. God is behind everything, but everything hides God. 114 views of religion. Harriet Martineau. What an insult it is to our best moral faculties to hold over us the promises and threats of heaven and of hell. Charles Darwin. Science and Christ have nothing to do with each other. I do not believe any revelation has ever been made. Richard Carlile. Heaven is altogether a place of the fancy or imagination; it has no reality; and such is hell. Morris Einstein. Religion, thus originated, formed and developed by priests in their own interests, became, in their hands also, a most powerful instru- ment for the subjugation of the masses. Samuel P. Putnam. HaA'ing shown that religion is a curse and that religion is a disease, I now propose to show that religion is a lie. James Anthony Froude. Hume's essay on miracles threw into words a conviction which had been already formed in every logical mind in Europe. Mirabeau. If the sun is not God, it is at least his cousin-german. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. To say that the human soul, angels, God are immaterial, is to say they are nothings, or that there is no God, no angels, no soul. At what age of the Christian church this heresy of immaterialism or masked atheism, crept in, I do not exactly know. VIEWS or RELIGION. I15 M. LiTTRE. I find it impossible to accept the theory of the world which Chris- tianity prescribes to all true believers. Xenophanes. In nature there is no origin, either of mode or material. John Stewart. I have always observed that moraUty and religion were constantly in enmity; and where the one reigned, the other was exiled. David Hume. When two miraculous assertions oppose each other, beheve the least miraculous. Emperor Frederick The Great. M. De Voltaire: I will tell you the truth. I see in you the most beautiful genius the ages have produced. I admire your verses. I like your prose. Bishop op Ontario. Heads of families, who are church-goers and outwardly believe, are at heart agnostics. John E. Remsburg. A single atheistical society of Paris numbers twenty thousand. Thomas Carlyle. Just in the ratio that knowledge increases faith diminishes. Godfrey Higgins, F. A. S. The king and priest were generally united in the same person. The sole object of the initiated was, as it yet is, to keep the people in a state of debasement, that they might be more easily ruled. il6 views of religion. Francois Rabelais. Extreme unction greases the boots for the great journey. Henry Etherington. I calmly and deliberately declare that I do not believe in the popular notion of the existence of an Almighty, all-wise and benevolent God. Thomas Hobbes. They define God's nature as spirit incorporeal and then confess their definition to be unintelligible. Dr. Adam Clark. I have proved and so might any man, that no serpent, in the com- mon sense of the term, can be intended in the third chapter of Gen- esis. Godfrey Higgins, F. S. A. Modern divines, a very sensitive race, have been much shocked with the doctrine of the ancients, that nothing could be created from nothing. Roger Bacon. All religions have a suspicious origin. BOCHART. In memory of Samson's foxes there were let loose in the circus at Rome about the middle of April, foxes with firebrands. G. H. Toulmin, M. D. If something always has existed or must have been eternal, why not grant eternity to nature ? Hallam. Persecution for religious heterodoxy, in all its degrees, was, in the sixteenth century, the principle as well as the practice of every church. views of religion. i17 Proudhon. The Revolution can come to no terms with the Divifiity. Alexander Pope. Know then thyself, presume not God to scan; The proper study of mankind is man. Lord Shaftesbury. Solemnity is the essence of imposture. Walt Whitman. Why, who makes much of a miracle; as to me I know of nothing else but miracles. Lilian Leland. The monks still keep the Mission and exhibit some very old and correspondingly vile pictures and reUcs. Dean of Westminster. This is the earliest instance of the falsification of scripture to meet the demands of Science. Sir Joseph Norman Lockyer, A. R. G. B. Six thousand years ago the course of the sun through the year was practically very well known. CuviER. Among wolves one must howl a little. Archbishop Agobard. The wretched world lies now under the tyranny of foolishness; things are believed by Christians of such absurdity as no one ever could aforetime induce the heathen to believe. II 8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. William of Conches. You talk like one who says that God is able to make a calf out of a log. But did he ever do it? Sterzinger. Why should the almighty strike his own consecrated temples or suffer Satan to strike them? Luis De Leon. As theological and obscure as the most orthodox could desire. Cardinal Bellarmine. The doctrine of the incarnation depends upon the retention of the Ptolemaic astronomy. Tacitus. Christianity is a pestilent superstition. Prof. Canon Driver, Ox. Like other people, the Jews formed theories to account for the beginnings of the earth and man. Edward Clodd, F. R. A. S. Giving up beUef in the devil is, practically, giving up belief in the atonement — the central idea of the Christian faith. Edward Clodd, F. R. A. S. Modem science knows nothing of a beginning, and, moreover, holds it to be unthinkable. Senor Emilio Castelar. The Regent procured meditation by the Pope without ministerial authorization, creating a precedent fraught with danger to good government. views of religion. ii 9 Prof. Hitzig. Your bishops are making themselves the laughing-st(jck of Europe. Every Hebraist knows that the animal mentioned in Leviticus is really the hare; .... every zoologist knows that it does not chew the cud. COWPER. Some drill and bore the solid earth, And from the strata there extract a register, By which we learn that he who made it and revealed its date To Moses, was mistaken in its age. Bishop of Chichester. Some doubts were once expressed about the flood: Buckland arose, and all was clear as mud. Lamarck. Life is a purely physical phenomena. Von Baer. Fishes, lizards, lions and men, resemble one another so closely in the earlier stages of their development that no difference can be detected between them. BURtON. I see mimicry of the arch-deceiver in the strange sacraments, the priests and the sacrifices. MiDDLETON. The fopperies and ridiculous ceremonies of religion ! Lucretius. So loath to suffer mute, We, peopling the void air, Make gods to whom impute The ills we ought to bear. VIEWS OF RELIGION. Ferdinand Magellan. Though the church hath evermore from holy writ affirmed that the earth should be a widespread plain, yet in the eclipse of the moon the shadow cast of the earth is round. Peter Martyr. \\'rong opinions about the creation, as narrated in Genesis, would render valueless all the promises of Christ. Aristotle. Zeus rains, not that corn may be increased, but from necessity. Ren AN. A revealed dogma is always opposed to the free research that may contradict it. Montaigne. Nothing is so firmly believed as that which is least known. Bishop Tait. These things have so effectually frightened the clergy that I think there is scarcely a bishop on the bench, that is not useless for the purpose of preventing the widespread alienation of intelligent men. Socrates. I desire only to know the truth, and to live as well as I can and, when the time comes, to die. Sir Walter Raleigh. For in Abraham's time all the then known parts of the world were developed. Egypt had many magnificent cities, which magnificence needed a parent of more antiquity than those other men have sup- posed. VIEWS or RELIGION. Shakespeare. Even prayer itself, whence others gain comfort and relief in all manner of misfortunes, is that which most adds to our confusion and distress. Ovid. The existence of the gods is a matter of public policy, and we must beheve it accordingly. Huxley. Though science, like nature, may be driven out with a fork, ec- clesiastical or other, yet she surely comes back again. Archdeacon Wilson. The theory of evolution is indeed fatal to certain quasi-mytho- logical doctrines of the atonement which once prevailed, but it is in harmony with its spirit. Francisco Suarez. It is not probable that God, in inspiring Moses to write a history of creation, would have made him use language, the true meaning of which it was hard to discover and still harder to believe. Fairholme. There could have been no deluge before moral guilt could possibly have been incurred. SiMONIDES. The longer I consider the subject of God, the more obscure it becomes. Maimonides. Know that we shrink not from affirming that the world hath existed from eternity, because of what scripture saith concerning the world's creation. Thomas Hood. He thinks he's pious when he's only bilious. 122 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Benedict De Spinoza. Philosophy has no end in view save truth; faith, as we have abund- antly proved, looks for nothing but obedience and piety. Lord Beaconsfield. Ah! Mr. Dean, that is all very well, but you must remember, — No dogma, no deans. Dr. Arthur Stanley. There were, there are, perhaps, still, two modes of reconciUation of scripture and science, which have been each in their day attempted, and each has totally and deservedly failed. Alfred R. Wallace. Man's special creation is entirely unsupported by facts, as well as in the highest degree improbable. Prof. Canon Driver. Read without prejudice or bias, the narrative of Genesis creates an impression at variance with the facts revealed by science. Sir John Lubbock. How much Misery would have been saved to Europe if Christians had been satisfied with the Sermon on the Mount. Francis Bacon. They have endeavored to found a natural philosophy on the books of Genesis and Job and other sacred scriptures, so seeking the dead among the living. Dr. Temple. Many years ago you urged us from the uni\'ersity pulpit to under- take the critical study of the Bible. You said that it was a dangerous study, but indispensable. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 123 Bishop of London. What can be a grosser superstition than the theor)» of literal in- spiration ? Sir William Temple. When aU is done, human hfe is at the greatest and best but like a forward child that must be played with and humored a httle to keep it quiet tiU it falls asleep, and then the case is over. Melanchthon. As well as an ass's head is suited to a human body, so well is the Pope suited to be head over the church. Prof. Sayce. It takes us back to the age when the gods were believed to dwell in the visible sky, and when man, therefore, did his best to rear his altars as near them as possible. Leibnitz. There is as much reason for supposing Hebrew to have been the primitive language of mankind, as there is for adopting the views of Goropius, who pubhshed a work in Antwerp in 1850 to prove that Dutch was the language spoken in paradise. St. Francis Xavier. And I am said to have raised the dead ! What a misleading man I am ! Some men brought a youth to me as if he were dead ; who, when I commanded him to arise in the name of Christ, straightway arose. Hippocrates. Demoniacal possession is nowise more divine, nowise more infernal, than any other disease. Heraclitus. Man is kindled and put out like a Hght in the night-time. 124 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Lord Palmerston. Go home and clean the streets; fast days should not be appointed to ward off cholera. M. Bakounine. We are materialists and atheists, and we glory in the fact. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus. Nature, which governs the whole, will soon change all things thou seest, and out of their substance will make other things from the substance of them, in order that the world may be ever new. FONTENELLE. All nations made the astounding part of their myths while they were savage, and retained them from custom and religious conservatism. Emperor William II. Prayer-meetings for the cure of pestilence lead to neglect of prac- tical means of human help. Leibnitz. We care for science only because it enables us to speak with authori- ty in philosophy and religion. Spinoza. The free man thinks of nothing so little as death, and his wisdom is a meditation not of death but of life. Turcot. The root of most of wrong thinking that has been is a manacle to science. Thales. Nothing comes into being out of nothing, and nothing passes away into nothing. views of religion. 125 Grant Allen. If systems that be are a part of God, revolt is a partoof the order. Anaximander. Man is hke another animal, namely, a fish, in the beginning. Xenophanes. Homer and Hesiod have ascribed to the gods all things that are a shame and a disgrace among men. Courtland Palmer. A man should believe only what he can prove. Victor Hugo. Hell is an outrage on humanity. When you tell me your deity made you in his own image, I reply that he must have been very ugly. Bishop Stillingfleet. Christianity became nothing else but reformed Paganism, as to its divine worship. Pittacus. The Gods themselves cannot resist necessity. Thales. Necessity rules aU the world. Rev. E. H. Keens. When the young lawyer asked Jesus what to do to inherit eternal life, Jesus rephed, go sell all thou hast and give to the poor, a teach- ing which if obeyed to-day, by any man, would cause him to be adjudged insane. 126 VIEWS or RELIGION. Chilon. Providence of future things, collected by reason, is the virtue of a man. Xenophon. Man is the hardest of all animals to govern. Sir William Smith, LL. D. ' The flood of Noah extended only over a limited area of the globe. Hugh Miller. There are, then, it must be confessed, very strong grounds for be- lieving that no universal deluge ever existed. John Meslier. The dogma of another life is useful but for those who profit by it at the expense of the credulous public. SOSIADES. Be in childhood modest, in youth temperate, in manhood just, in old age prudent and die untroubled. Solon. Make reason thy guide. Madame De Stael. I assure you, general, that your mythological compliment is totally lost upon me ; I shall prefer that you judge me worthy to talk reason with you. Justin IMartyr. By declaring the Logos, the first-begotten of God, our master Jesus Christ, to be born of a Virgin, without any human mixture, we say no more in this than what you say of those whom you style the sons of Jove. views of religion. i27 Horace Seaver. He who does not believe in a God cannot injure hiift and cannot of course be impious. Otto Wettstein. Because nature is here and universal, a God cannot be here and universally present also. Thomas Stanley. As for the gods and their vt^orship Solon decreed nothing. Rev. Hugh O. Pentecost. I am not an agnostic. I believe there is no God. Strabo. Thales vifas the first of the Grecians to make inquiry into natural causes. Homer. . The ocean, whence all things receive their birth. Anaximander. The gods are native, rising and setting by long intervals. There are innumerable worlds. Xenophon. Death, in my opinion, is neither good nor ill, but the end of this life. Rev. Dr. William J. Long. The principal difference is that I disbelieve in eternal punish- ment. Milman. It was admitted and avowed that to deceive in Christianity was so valuable a service as to hallow deceit itself. 128 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Dr. Phillips Brooks. How many men in the ministry to-day believe in the doctrine of verbal inspiration which our fathers held ? And how many of us have franJcly told the people that we do not believe it ? Dr. Knappert. The account of the creation from the hand of the priestly author is utterly different from the other narrative. Horace Seaver. Philosophy depends on argument; religion, on credulity. Dr. Cooper. My opinion is that there would never have been an infidel if there had never been a priest. Grant Allen. Most people nowadays think that the highest and noblest thing in life is to dwell upon the attributes of imaginary beings. Lord Chief Justice Coleridge. The vast majority of men and almost all women in this age, as in every age, can hardly be said to think at all upon religion. Horace L. Traubel. Do not get between the four walls of a denomination, and close all the windows and ventilators, and lock the doors, and die from all human use to the chant of priests. A\'alt \\'hitman. Seeing, hearing, feeling are miracles, and each part and tag of me is a miracle; this head, more than churches. Bibles, and all the creeds. views of religion. 1 29 Matthew Arnold. Protestant ministers cried out against Galileo's assertion of the earth's movement just as loudly as Catholic priests. John Sterling. Not above one educated man in ten who has not very great doubts of the reality of any of the miracles of the Bible. Moleschott. Force is no impelling god, no entity separate from the material substratum. Emile Zola. In conclusion, gentlemen, I presume to offer you a faith; yes, I beseech you to put your trust and your faith in work. Dr. Cyrus Edson. As a little baby just born into the world is but a little animal, so the sage becomes but a dying animal at last. Charles Francis Adams. There are quite as many phases of reHgious belief in communities not, like Spain, still medieval, as there were altars in Athens. Emperor Julian. The savage beasts are not more formidable to men than the Chris- tians are to each other when they are divided by creed or opinion. Paine. Prophesjdng is lying professionally. Lady Florence Dixie. Well, this much I do know, that a man wrote the book of Genesis. 130 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Sir Thomas More. That the conceptions of God, or of gods, have no substantial reason for their existence, seems to be evinced by the fact that these ideals are always influenced by the character of the people that entertain them. Queen of Roumania. It is better to have a physician for a confessor than a priest. Prof. Lewis Janes. Christianity is no exceptional faith. Its claims of supernatural origin and attestation by miracle are unfounded and irrational. Lucretius Carus. Nature does all things by intuition and without the interference of the gods. Thomas Watson The finer our churches are the bigger Mr. Krupp makes his cannon. Juvenal. A sot Because into a gown and pulpit got, Though surfeit-gorged, and reeking from the stews, Nothing but abstinence for his theme will choose. COLTON. Men will wrangle for religion; write for it; fight for it; die for it; anything but — hve for it. Napoleon. I am surrounded by priests who repeat incessantly that their king- dom is not of this world and yet they lay hands on everything they can get. views of religion. i3i Henry More. Take away reason and all religions are alike true. Mme. du Chatelet. Nothing remains of those miserable times but convents founded by the superstitious. Robert Burns. AU my fears and cares are of this world ; if there is another, an honest man has nothing to fear from it. Napoleon. Instruction and history are the great enemies of religion. Baron Von Humboldt. Comprehend the phenomena of physical objects in their general connection, and represent nature as one great whole, moved and animated by physical forces. Shelley. ReHgion itself means intolerance. James Madison, Pres. U.S.A. Who does not see that the same authority which can establish Christianity in exclusion of all other religions, may establish, with the same ease, any particular sect of Christians in exclusion of all other sects? Andrew Lang. Then the burning of witches slowly dies out as the educated classes become skeptical. Sir Richard Steele. There is this difierence between the Church of Rome and the Church of England — the one professes to be infallible, the other to be never in the wrong. 132 views of religion. John Henry Mackay. God must fall in every shape. Prof. Le Conte. Evolution is the central idea of geology. Prof. Youmans. The creation of species was an office which theology had reserved for a supernatural being. Empedocles. None of the gods has formed the world, nor has any man ; it has always been. Voltaire. God is made the author of sin in all systems except in that of the atheists. Colton. There are only two things in which the false professors of all re- ligions have agreed ; to persecute all other sects and to plunder their own. Lydia Maria Child. If Christians habitually looked at themselves and at the followers of foreign religions, from the same point of view, there would be much less exultation over their own superiority. Thoreau. It is a sad mistake to acknowledge the personality of God. Prof. Youmans. Evolutionists are in the right path because they believe in the universality of natural causation. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 133 LuDwiG Feuerbach. If we are born for heaven, we are lost for earth. • Walt Whitman. Pointing to another world will never stop vice among us ; shedding light over this world can alone help us. Rabelais. Can there be any greater dotage in the world than for one to guide and to direct his courses by the sound of a bell and not by his own judgment and discretion. Heraclitus. The universe, that is the All, is made neither of gods nor of man, but ever has been an eternal Uving fire, kindling and extinguishing. Napoleon Bonaparte. Priests have everywhen and everywhere introduced fraud and falsehood. Goethe. Great powers the mountains boast; There nature works, omnipotently free — The priest's dull mind blames it as sorcery. Frederick the Great. There are so many things to be said against religion that I wonder they do not occur to everybody. John Wilson. The nations in which faith in theology remains the strongest at the present day are certainly not in the front ranks of civilization. Diogenes. How can death be an evil, as it is never felt when it is death ? 134 views of religion. Walt Whitman. What do you suppose I would intimate to you in a hundred ways, but that man or woman is as good as God ; and that there is no God more divine than yourself. Spinoza. The study of wise men is how to live, and not how to die. There is nothing a brave man thinks of less than death. Kant. Give me matter and I will show you how a world shall be evolved thence. Thoreau. There is more religion in man's science than there is science in his religion. Bret Harte. The creator who could put a cancer in a believer's stomach is above being interfered with by prayers. Pliny. The earth is a phenix, and remains once for all. Napoleon. All our religions are evidently the work of man. Lara. Man has done much to civilize and humanize God. Napoleon. I once had faith, but when I came to know something, I found my faith attacked. It is said that I am a papist; I am nothing. VIEWS or RELIGION. I3S Prof. W. B. Carpenter, F. R. S. When the doctrine of evolution is looked at in its morftl aspect, who shall presume to say that it is a fact of no account ? John Morley, M. P. There is no counting with certainty on the justice of men who are capable of fashioning and worshiping an unjust divinity. Grote. The clergy have the strongest interest in the depravation of the human intellect. Ivan Tourguenief. Whatever a man may pray for, he prays for a miracle. Every prayer comes to this: Great God, let twice two not make four. Ben Jonson. An ass is rev'rend purple. So you can hide his two ambitious ears, and he shall pass for a cathedral doctor. Thoreau. It must be submitted to the D. D.'s. I would it were the chickadeedees. Gregg. The doctrine that sins can be forgiven, and the consequences of them averted, has in all ages been a fertile source of mischief. Napoleon. It cannot be doubted that, as emperor, the rehgious incredulity which I felt, was favorable to the nations which I had to govern. Lord Salisbury. The cloud of impenetrable mystery hangs over the development, and stni more over the origin, of life. 136 ■ views of religion. Butler. What makes all doctrines plain and clear? About two hundred pounds a year. And that which was proved true before, Proved false again? — Two hundred more. Mazzini. Earth is the home wherein we are to strive towards the realization of that ideal of the true and just. Edgar C. Beall. Tc-day we know with as much certainty as we know anything, that force is not independent of matter. Alexander Bain. The special creation view is a phrase that nearly expresses our ignorance. Descartes. Give me matter and motion and out of them I will build the universe. Prof. Swing. The man is to be pitied who asks the temple of religion to teach him not to cheat or slander or destroy his fellow-man. Sir Charles Lyell. All changes in the crust of our earth have been brought about by causes that are still in action. Bishop Phillips Brooks. How many of us hold that the everlasting punishment of the wicked is a clear and certain truth of revelation ? But how many of us who do not have ever said a word? VIEWS or RELIGION. I37 Lord Chesterfield. If we know a man's religion we still enquire as to hiS morals; but if we know his morals, the question as to his religion seldom arises. Hudson Tuttle. If all sacred books were blotted from the earth this day not a single truth would be lost. Prof. F. A. Kidder. If the Church abandoned its outworn creeds, .... it could do far more good. Goethe. An able man, who has something to do here, leaves the future until it comes. J. S. Mill. God is a word to express not our ideas but the want of them. Friedrich Von Shiller. A healthy nature needs no God or immortahty. There must be a morality which suffices without this faith. J. A. Froude. What has ecclesiasticism to do with moral laws ? Oliver Wendell Holmes. It is less violence to our nature to deify protoplasm than it is to diabohze the deity. James Parton. The coming religion must induce a higher morality than the Christian religion has inculcated. 138 views of religion. David Atwood Wasson. Yet wherefore cry to Heaven? 'Tis the trick of craven souls to vex the gods with importunity. Alexander Pope. For modes of faith let graceless zealots fight, His can't be wrong whose life is in the right. AoNius Palearius. The inquisition was a poniard aimed at the throat of literature. I. D'ISRAELI. We have lost many good things of Cervantes and other writers because of the tribunal of rehgion and dullness. Felix Adler. If you tell me the morahty of the common people depends on rehgion, I deny it. John Burroughs. What remains, then, for those who cannot pray? This alone, To love Virtue, to love truth. Douglass Jerrold. There are a good many pious people who are as careful of their religion as of their best china. Andrew Marvell. Priests were the first deluders of mankind. Henry Maudsley, M. D., LL. D. The history of supernaturahsm in human beUef is a condemnation. VIEWS OF RELIGION. I39 William Lloyd Garrison. All Christendom professes to receive the Bible as the word of God, and what does it avail? Charles Sumner. I am convinced that Christ was commissioned to preach a revela- tion to men. I do not think I have a basis of faith to build upon. I am without religious feeling. Rev. Myron Adams. The time has come for personal convictions in place of priestly teachings. Haeckel. We know of matter which does not possess force and, on the other hand, we know of no forces which are not joined to matter. TiNDAL. Twenty doctors expound one text twenty ways, as children make descant upon plain song. Walt Whitman. Divine am I inside and out and I make holy whatever I touch or am touched from. Lord Salisbury. Whether you beheve that creation was the work of design or of inconscient law, it is equally dif&cult to imagine how this random collection of dissimilar material came together. David Hume. Why, then, eternal punishment for the temporary offenses of so frail a creature as man ? Stubbs. The past has no claim to infallibility any more than the present. I40 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Count Cavour. The educated classes of Europe and America are not believers in the doctrines of the church which they tolerate and support. Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes. The truth is that the whole system of beliefs which comes in with the story of the fall of man, .... is gently falling out of en- lightened human intelligence. James Russell Lowell. It seems to me that the bane of our country is a profession of faith either with no basis of real belief, or with no proper examination of the grounds on which the creed is supposed to rest. Louise M. Alcott. My parents never bound us to any church. Henry Ward Beecher. It is discouraging to see so many men religious without having morality. Prince Otto Von Bismarck. Men say they must have something to worship. Well, then, let them worship the State; let it be all in all. I have wished to crush Rome that I might crush Christianity. Sir John Frederick William Herschel, A. M. Abstract science is independent of a system of nature — of a crea- tion — of everything except memory, thought and reason. Felix L. Oswold, M. D. For fifteen centuries the pilot of the church lured our forefathers to a whirlpool of mental and physical degeneration. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 141 Ambroise Pare. The priest stayed with him till death and seized his purse, for fear another man should take it, saying he would say masses for his poor soul. Also, he took his clothes and everything else. BUCHNER. Long enough have we believed ; now we want to know. Jean Fontanie. The Jew marvelled greatly that the Christians were so greedy to eat the bodies of the dead. John Lothrop Motley, D. C. L. There are your true monks — none of your bare-footed, rosaried and roped friars, but jovial old gentlemen, living complacently on the fat of the land and at the peasants' expense. Ambroise Pare. The cruelty, avarice, blasphemies and wickedness of the Spaniards have utterly estranged the poor Indians from the religion that these Spaniards professed. William Hazlitt. Saint's days and festivals divert from labor and give an idle and disorderly turn of mind. Laurence Sterne. Our doctors say that the dead shall rise again with bodies. This notion appears to be an article of faith, agreeable rather to the doc- trines of a Mohammedan priest, than of a Christian divine. Walter Charles Lockyer, B. A. In space we see across milhons and millions of miles; in time we may travel back through millions of centuries. The moon is the world of yesterday; the earth is the world of today; Jupiter is the world of tomorrow. 142 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Edward Everett Hale, D. D. The monkish pictures of hell, the notion of God sitting as a judge, the Holy Ghost sitting over against him as another God. Dismiss all such imagery as so much heathenism. Henry Charles Lea. Under the guidance of a church such as this the moral condition of the laity was unutterably depraved. DuGALD Stewart. We may lay it down as a fundamental principle that our ideas of the moral attributes of God must be derived from our own moral perceptions. Sir William Herschel. We have thus pointed out to us, as the great and indeed only ultimate source of our knowledge of nature and its laws, experience. Shakespeare. Tongues in trees — books in running brooks — Sermons in stones — and good in everything. Stephen Paget, M. D. So long as the church forbade the shedding of blood to the phy- sicians, surgery was kept at the level of a low unorganized trade. John Keats. I have been astonished that men could die mart)TS for religion — I have shuddered at it. Ambroise Pare. By the light of God, Sire, I think you remember your promise never to commend these four things to me : To enter again into'my mother's womb, to look after myself in battle, to leave your service, and to go to mass. VIEWS OF RELIGION. I43 John Keats. Why did I laugh ? No voice will tell : • No God, no demon of severe response, Deigns to reply from heaven or from hell, Then to my human heart I turn at once. William Hazlitt. The creed of the Catholics absolve them from half their duties, atones for all sHps and patches up aU deficiencies. ; John G. Saxe. When Kepler, with intellect piercing afar. Discovered the laws of each planet and star. The doctors who ought to have loved his name, Derided his learning and blackened his fame. Henry Charles Lea. We have seen that the ages of faith, to which romantic dreamers regretfully look back, were ages of force and fraud. Archbishop William Paley, D. D. The Deity, it is true, is the object of none of our senses; but reflect what limited capacities animal senses are! Ambroise Pare. M. Pare. — Do you believe you will be saved in the next world? Queen mother of Francois II. — Surely, madame; for I do what I can to be a good man in this world. Archbishop William Paley, D. D. Of the origin of evO, no universal solution has been discovered. 1^4 views of religion. Francis Galton, F. R. S. A salutary change has come over the nation since the present leading men of science were boys, for education was at that time conducted in the interest of the clergy, and was strongly opposed to science. Rev. Charles C. Everett, D.D., LL.D. In these days of differing and changing beliefs it is not easy to define accurately the theology of any body of Christians. Rev. William Ellery Channing, D. D. Think no man the better, no man the worse, for the church he belongs to. Try him by his fruits. Rev. E. a. Horton, D. D. This struggling world of man is poorly aided by the Christian church. Laurence Sterne. The doctors of Sorbonne caused a priest to be deprived of his benefice for mispronouncing the words quisquis and quamquam, Which were the greater fools, they or the priest ? Wendell Philllps. If there is anything of value in the work I am doing, to-day, it may in an important sense be said to have had its root in Theodore Parker's heresy. Right Hon. John Morley, M. P. History will place your dogma in its class, above or below a hundred competing dogmas, exactly as the naturalist classifies his species. From being a conviction it will sink to a curiosity, from being a guide to millions of human lives, it vsdU dwindle down to a chapter in a book. VIEWS OF RELIGION. I4S Laurence Sterne. When a misfortune is impending, I cry . God forbid — but when it falls upon me, I say, God be praised. Mrs. Lynn Linton. My father's fellow-parsons were a very queer lot. Some drank and fought in public-houses and it was not uncommon to hear the officiating clergyman exclaim, when his Sunday's ministrations were over, "Gosh, that job's jobbed." Laurence Sterne. You may see what sort of reasoners priests must have been from the beginning. James Freeman Clarke, D. D. The sacramental motive to attend church has nearly gone out of Protestant churches. Frederic Harrison. We see here a new thing — a statesman (Leon Gambetta) of the first rank in Europe who formally repudiated theology in any shape — the first ruler in France in the century who has chosen to rule on purely human sanctions. LuDAViG Van Beethoven. When I regard myself as a part of the universe, what am I, what is he who is called the greatest? The Right Rev. Lord Bishop of Ely. I do not ask you to admit the truth of miracles, or the inspiration of the Apostles, or the genuineness of the fourth Gospel, or anything which any moderately reasonable man can doubt of. 146 views of religion. Frederic Harrison. For the first time in this century Europe looked on and saw one of the foremost men (Gambetta) laid in his grave by a nation in grief without priest or church, prayer or hymn. Beethoven. Bonaparte has concluded a Concordat with the pope — such a sonata? But good heavens! such a sonata, in this fresh dawning Christian epoch. No, No!— it won't do, I will have none of it. AUGUSTE COMTE. Towards humanity, who is for us the only true great being, we, the conscious elements of whom she is composed, shall henceforth direct every aspect of our life, individual or collective. Our thoughts will be devoted to the knowledge of humanity, our affections to her love, our actions to her service. Samuel Rogers, Poet. I believe in one God, no devil and twenty shillings to the pound. LiTTRE. The positive philosophy does not busy itself with the beginning of the universe, if the universe had a beginning, nor yet with what happens to living things, plants, animals, man, after death, or at the consummation of the ages, if the ages have a consummation. John G. Whittier. We are better than Adam and Eve, and if they fell, they fell up. Prof. Maria Mitchell. There is a God, and he is good, I say to myself. I try to increase my trust in this, my only article of creed. VIEWS OP RELIGION. I47 LuDwiG Van Beethoven. Sing daily the Epistles of St. Paul and daUy visit Father Werner who can show you in his little book how to go straight to heaven. See how anxious I am about the welfare of your soul! Martin Luther. To do so no more is the truest repentance. Rev. Sidney Smith, M. A. Among a hundred ploughmen, we shall not find one sceptic; among the same number of men of very cultivated faculties, we should probably find some who entertained captious and frivolous doubts against religion. Sidney Smith. In the church a man is thrown into life with his hands tied, and bid to swim; he does well if he keeps his head above water. Prof. George Rawlinson, M. A. According to the complaints of the German orthodox writers, no objective ground or standpoint is left on which the believing Theo- logical science can build with any feeling of security. Rev. Charles Row, M. A. The issues . . . involve the central position of Christianity; the all important question, whether Jesus Christ was an historical person or a creature of the imagination. James Anthony Froude. What has ecclesiasticism to do with moral laws ? It puts them all aside and puts its own creed and catechism in their place. Herbert Spencer. Whether wickedness can in any way affect the higher power, or whether we are punished after death for sins committed in this Hfe, are questions about which we are superlatively ignorant. 148 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. George Rawlinson, M. A. Questions as to the origin of man, whether by development or by direct creation, whether from one pair or from more .... lie beyond the domain of history proper. Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D. D. Unitarians worship God. They do not worship any son of God. They do not think that, in any fair use of words, the God of heaven, the present power who rules the universe to-day, walked from Caper- naum to Jerusalem. Mary E. Lease. When we have learned how to live we need no theology to teach us how to die. John William Draper, M. D., LL. D. The tutelar saints, who had worked so many miracles when there was no necessity, were found to want the requisite power when so greatly needed. Macchiavelli. For they (ecclesiastical princedoms) are acquired by merit or good fortune, but are maintained ivithout either. Frederic Harrison. There will be no complete religion until rehgious men have just as keen an interest in the progress of the commonwealth as they now profess in the welfare of the soul. M. Flourens. Either natural selection is nothing or it is nature, but nature en- dowed with the attributes of selection — -nature personified, which is the last error of the last century; the nineteenth century has done with personifications. Hegel. An animal is a miracle for the vegetable world. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 1 49 MOLESCHOTT. Without phosphorous there is no thought. * Prof. Charles Row, M. A. Let us not deceive ourselves, if the Gospels are not in their main outlines historically true, Christianity is no more divine than Shakes- peare. The Right Rev. Lord Bishop of Gloucester. Religion generally is accepted as a buttress to the rising edifice of morality, but is nothing more. Beethoven. To-day happens to be Sunday; so IwUl quote you something out of the Bible, — Love one another. Dean C. C. Everett, H. D. S. Man cannot be saved by any scheme for his salvation consists in the development of his best nature. Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D. D. If what you want is an old statement of duty, authorized by the traditions of many centuries, you had better go to the Greek Church. Macchiavelli. A prince should therefore be very careful that nothing ever escapes his lips which is not replete with .... mercy, good-faith, humanity and religion. And there is no virtue which it is more neces- sary for him to seem to possess than this last. Every one sees what you seem, but few know what you are. James Freeman Clarke, D. D. Books and lectures, schools and societies for study, have been so much multiplied that one whose aim is self -culture can often get more aid outside of the church than within. 1 50 views of religion. Denis Diderot. He is a good Christian, who proves to me every minute of the day how much better it would be to be a good man. Pascal. What is God ? A question that we put to children, and that phil- osophers have much trouble to answer. Pascal. The diversity of religious opinions has led the deists to invent an argument that is perhaps more singular than sound. Charles Dickens. The congregation fall upon their knees and are hushed into pro- found stillness as he delivers an extempore prayer, in which he calls upon the sacred founder of the Christian faith to bless his ministry, in terms of disgusting and impious familiarity not to be described. Francis, Duke of La Rochefoucould. Everything however has been written which could by possibihty persuade us that death is not an evil; nevertheless, I doubt whether any man of good sense ever believed it. Denis Diderot. I let the people see, that in such a collection as the Encyclopaedia, we ought to treat the history and experience of the dogmas and dis- cipUne of the Christian exactly like those of the religion of Brahma or Mohammed. Stanislaus, King of Poland. Too much devotion leads to fanaticism ; too much philosophy to irrehgion. views of religion. 151 Charles Dickens. And now they sit down to a cold and cheerless dinnor; the pious guardians of the man's salvation having, in their regard for the wel- fare of his precious soul, shut up the bakers' shops. Prop. Winslow Upton, A.M. The science of astronomy had its beginning in Chaldea and Egypt before historical annals were written. Dr. Edwin Grant Conklin. On the whole, the facts which are at present at our disposal justify a return to the position of Darwin. Charles Dickens. People have grown sullen and obstinate and are becoming dis- gusted with the faith which condemns them to such a day as this, once in every seven. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Prince Breiner and Count Arco stand in need of the Archbishop, but I do not ; and if it comes to the worst and he forgets all his duties as a Prince — a spiritual Prince — then come to me at Vienna. Ambroise Pare. I have things which I would communicate to God and to no one else. Dr. G. Stanley Hall, Pres. C. U. Evolution is the most precious thing we have. Religion of the best kind is often taught in the laboratory. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. We live in this world in order always to learn industriously and to enlighten each other by means of discussion and to strive vigorously to promote the progress of science and the fine arts. 152 views of religion. Prof. Maria Mitchell. I stayed five hours to-day to see the Pope wash feet, which was very silly ; for I saw mother wash them much more effectually twenty years ago. David Starr Jordan, LL. D., Pres. L. S. U. Darwin had felt that a crucial test of his theory would be his abUity to convince Lyell, Hooker and Huxley in England and Asa Gray in America. These four illustrious men were among his first converts. Denis Diderot. The revealed law contains no moral precepts which I do not find recommended and practiced under the law of nature; therefore it has taught us nothing new upon morality. Swift. As Rochefoucould his maxims drew From nature, — I believe them true. Moses Mendlessohn. I know that the lower orders of all sects are mighty fond of con- verting. The narrower the mind the more excluding the principles. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. If the Archbishop of Salsburg were to ofi^er me a salary of 2,000 florins and any other person 1,000, 1 would except the latter, because with the 1,000 I should enjoy health and peace of mind. Prof. Winslow Upton, A. M. Powerful telescopes bring to the observer a hxmdred million stars — that is, a hundred million suns similar to ours and surrounded by worlds counted by thousands of millions.j views of religion. 153 Pascal. We know the age at which a child ought to learn to read, to sing, to dance, to begin Latin or geometry. It is only in religion that you take no account of his capacity. Prof. Maria Mitchell. I am more and more disgusted with the preaching that I hear! Prof. G. H. Darwin. Fifty-four millions years ago the earth's day was only three hours long, and the constant increase due to tidal action wiU in 150,000,000 years give us a day seventy times as long as at present. Prof. Simmons, R. C. S. Ages ago the day was only three or four hours long and the tidal action of the moon has increased it to the present value. John G. Whittier. Annihilation is better for the wicked than everlasting punishment. Prof. Maria Mitchell. He said the unbeliever is already condemned. It seems to me that if anything would make me an infidel, it would be the threat lavished against unbelief. David Starr Jordan, LL. D., Pres. L. S. U. He was the faithful mirror of nature, and in all the years since then no important statement of fact admitted by Darwin has been cast aside as spurious. Prof. David Starr Jordan, LL.D., Pres. L. S. U. No man who has studied animal life would hold the old notion of the special creation of their species and look an animal in the face. 154 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Do not be uneasy, dear father, about the state of my soul. It is not true that I boasted of eating meat on fast-days ; but I did say that I cared httle for it and considered it no sin. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U.S.A. MilHons of men, women and children since the introduction of Christiaity have been burnt, tortured, fined and imprisoned; yet we have not advanced one inch towards uniformity. Prof. Maria Mitchell. On the whole, it is strange that people who go to church are no worse than they are. Caroline Lucretia Herschel. You have represented me as a goddess, whereas I have done noth- ing but what I believe to be right ; and wherever I did wrong, it was because I knew no better. Rev. George A. Gordon, D. D. Prediction is the word in any discussion or consideration of im- mortality. The event of death alone can furnish the utter refutation or the complete demonstration of the belief. Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy. We are surrounded here by disagreeable specimens of pastors who embitter every pleasure of their own or of others ; dry, prosaic pedants who declare that a concert is a sin, a walk frivolous and pernicious, but a theatre the lake of brimstone itself. Goethe. Men knew neither from God, nor from nature, nor from their fellows, how to receive wdth gratitude what is valuable beyond ap- praisement. views of religion. iss Lord Bishop Creighton, D. D. Persecution is supposed to be an iniquity peculiar to ecclesiastical institutions. Prof. F. Huberty James. The system of Confucius is, politically and ethically, one of the best that man has invented. No people have a clearer perfception of right and wrong than the Chinese. Theodore Parker. The Scriptures are no finality to me. I do not believe there ever was a miracle or ever will be. I take not the Bible for my master, nor yet the church, nor even Jesus of Nazareth for my master. Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy. If people, however, understand by the word "saint" a pietist, one of those who lay their hands on their laps and expect that Providence will do their work for them, .... such an one I am not, and hope never to become, so long as I live. Rev. Robert Stuart MacArthur, D. D., LL. D. We are better able to make creeds than were those who made the so-called ecumenical creeds of the church. Rev. Dr. F. A. Nobm:. Contractors when pressed never hesitate to complete their jobs on Sunday; even though it be the chapel of a Christian university. Epicurus. Fabulous persuasion in faith is the approbation of feigned ideas or notions; it is credulous belief in the reality of phantoms. Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy. But when people come, and talk at random about common-place matters, and of God and the world, my mood becomes again so unutterably mournful that I do not know how to endure it. 156 views of religion. Caroline Lucretia Herschel. Before the optical parts were finished, many visitors had the curi- osity to walk through it, (Telescope Tube) among the rest King George III. and the Arcbishop of Canterbury, following the King, and finding it difficult to proceed, the King turned to give him the hand, saying. Come my Lord Bishop, I wUl show you the way to Heaven. Feuerbach. Nature is deaf to the complaints and prayers of man ; she sends him back to himself without mercy. Hume. The intolerance of almost all rehgions which have maintained the unity of God is as remarkable as the contrary principle among Polytheists. De Montroui. The common appellation of Dii, Dei, Divi, given to all the beings who are the object of worship, come from the Sanscrit root Div, to shine, and signifies neither more nor less than the briUiant. Anaxagoras. If the birds made themselves a god, he would have wings; the god of horses would have four legs. Archbishop Anselm. I do not seek to understand in order to believe but to believe in order to understand. HUTTON. In the economy of the world, I can find no traces of a beginning, no prospect of an end. B. COTTA. Every miracle, if proved, would show that the creation does not deserve the veneration with which we regard it. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 157 ZiMMERMANN. Whence do animals come ? The idea that God created them by his will is not only unsatisfactory, it is unworthy of him. Edgar Sultus. Nature, which is unconscious in her immortality, entrancing in her beauty, savage in her cruelty, imperial in her prodigality and ap- palling in her convulsions, is not only deaf but dumb. Sainte-Beuve. The eternity of the world once admitted, all else follows. Alfred de Vigny. They talk of faith; what is it, after all, this rare thing? I have studied it in every priest who said he possessed it and have found but a fervent hope — certainty, never. Sainte-Beuve. Our desires, ephemeral and contradictory as they are, prove nothing. ESCHYLUS. Zeus is the earth; Zeus is the sky; Zeus is the whole world and yet more than the world. Louis Viardot. It is not my fault if these reflections have destroyed, piece by piece, all the edifices of ordinary belief, and have reduced me like Montaigne, to have nothing whereon to lay my head, but the pillow of doubt. Ella E.Gibson. There will never be any permanent progress until all authority in the Bible is destroyed. Israel Zangwill. Faith is belief in what you know is untrue. True religion in not a branch of Engineering. I $8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. M. Ernest Havet. The science of nature is essentially non-religious, since religion confounds itself with the supernatural. Laplace. Ah, God is an hypothesis of which I have no need. ESQUIROL. Mental alienation, which ancient nations regarded as an inspira- tion or a chastisement of the gods, in all its kinds, differs in nothing from other maladies. Rev. F. W. Robertson. The universal voice of mankind is not infaUible. It was the uni- versal belief once, on the evidence of the senses, that the earth was stationary; — the universal voice was wrong. The universal voice might be wrong in matter of a resurrection. Descartes. I confess that by natural reason alone we can make many con- jectures about the soul ; we have flattering conjectures, but no sort of certainty. Montaigne. Let us ingenuously confess that God alone has dictated it (im- mortahty) to us, and faith; for 'tis no lesson of nature and our own reason. Claude Bernard. When we inject oxygenized blood into the decapitated head of a dog, by means of the carotid artery, we see come back, little by little, not only the vital properties of the muscles, the glands and the nerves, but we perceive those of the brain also to return in like measure. Mohammed. Be just; justice is piety. VIEWS or RELIGION. 159 Emile Littre. The right is sought for itself, and with no other rewal'd than that of having practiced it. D'HOLBACH. If the soul makes my arm to move when nothing opposes it, it cannot make my arm raise a weight which is too heavy for it. Hume. The weakness of the body and that of the mind in infancy, are exactly proportioned; their vigor in mankind, their sympathetic dis- order in sickness, their common gradual decay in old age ; the step further seems unavoidable, their common dissolution at death. M. GuARiN de Vitry. I beg pardon of M.M. the Cardinals, but the human race, instead of having come down from heaven, seems rather to have risen from the earth and the monkeys are more nearly related to us than the angels. Hallam. If man was made in the image of God, he was also made in the image of an ape. Louis Viradot. A sun itself, if it can get on fire, can become extinct and in the universal and eternal life its existence of millions of centuries does not go for more than the life of a butterfly. Canon Pierre Charron. If religion were fixed by a divine tie, nothing in the world could shake it in us. Such a tie could never be broken. Buckle. To assert that Christianity communicated to man moral truths previously unknown argues on the part of the assertor either gross ignorance or else wilful fraud. l6o VIEWS OF RELIGION. Goethe. God — the watch-maker! Louis Viardot. So, Uke science and with science, let us resolutely put aside all that is supernatural, much more all that is divine. Lamennais. Why do bodies gravitate one towards another? Because God so willed it, said they of old. Because they attract one another, says science. Voltaire. I know a man who is firmly persuaded that at the death of a bee its buzzing ceases. Prevost Paradol. We may behold the wisest men, the noblest morahsts, the most generous martyrs, all of them persuaded that existence, even spiritual existence is an evil; we see them all longing for annihilation. Montesquieu. The religion of Confucius denies the immortahty of the soul and the sect of Zeno did not believe in it. Bayle. It is better to be an atheist than an idolater. It is less dangerous to have no religion at all than to have a bad one. Lord Brougham. The question conceives a perfectly good being and asks how such a being can have permitted any evil at all. VIEWS OF RELIGION. i6l Lyell. Professor Agassiz .... confesses that he cannot say in what the mental faculties of a child differ from those of a young chimpanzee. Montaigne. The saliva of a wretched mastiff touching the hand of Socrates might disturb and destroy his intellect. Denis Diderot. I have not the hope of being immortal, because the desire of it has not given me that vanity. Lord Bacon. Atheism did never perturb states ; for it maketh men wary of them- selves as looking no farther. Archbishop Whately. Moses thus represented the sanction of his law as consisting of temporal rewards and punishments only. Byron. I need not paradise but rest. Peter Eckler. If religions were founded on the demonstrated truths of science, there would be no mystery, no supernaturahsm, no miracles, no skepticism, no false religion. Sir E. L. Bulwer, Bart. Filled by the fear which believes, with the notion of superior powers, they assisted their ignorance by the conjectures of their superstition. 1 62 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Edgar Saltus. The best that we can do, the best that has ever been done, is to contemplate as calmly as we can the nothingness from which we are come and into which we shall all disappear. Shakespeare. We are such stuff As dreams are made of, and our little life Is rounded with a sleep. Lord Brougham. Evil arises, he says, (Archbishop King) from the nature of matter. Who doubts it? But is not the whole question, why matter was created with such properties as of necessity to produce evil ? '\.' Lord Brougham. Must the subject, (origin of evU) of all others the most interesting for us to know well, be to us always as a sealed book of which we can never know anything? i;; Goethe. The denial of the ordinary belief can only lead to good, when the thinking powers are strong. Reason alone is worthy to succeed to the religion of duty. E. LiTTRE. Mind is a property of matter, as gravitation is of every material particle. Byron. All that we know is, (of the soul) nothing can be known. Feuerbach. A God supernatural is nothing else than a supernatural ego: the being of man who has exceeded his bounds and raised himself above his being. ' VIEWS OF RELIGION. 1 63 M. Emile Burnouf. God ceases continually to renew or repair his works. Instead of being the workman, he becomes the model: the real workman is man; he who builds temples, raises altars, offers sacrifices, prays. Voltaire. If the soul were a separate being, thought would not only be its mode of action, but its essence ; it would always be thinking, which is far from the case. During deep sleep, lethargy, a fit, does man think ? Louis Agassiz. Most of the arguments of philosophers in favor of the immortality of man, apply equally to the permanence of the principle in other living beings. Richard Braithwaite. To Banbury come I, O profane one! Where I saw a Puritane-one Hanging of his cat on Monday For killing of a mouse on Sunday. Gen. Blanco. The supremacy of the priests is the real cause of the decline of Spain. Hon. W. E. Gladstone. Evolution, in the name of unchangeable laws discharges God from governing the World. Rev. Bishop F. D. Huntington, D. D. As it appears to me, the tendencies in reUgion in the present genera- tion . . . are largely towards indifference, . . unbelief, . . . . with a neglect of pubKc and household worship. William Jewett Tucker, Pres. Dart. Col. I call your attention to the very theories and doctrines which the church has tried to make itself believe. 164 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Dr. Alexander Bruce, D. D. I am disposed to think that a great and steadily increasing portion of the moral worth of society lies outside of the church. Roger Williams. An oathe is an act of worship and forced worship stinks in God's nostrils. Sblakespeare. I'll take thy word for faith, not ask thy oath; Who shuns not to brook one will sure crack both. Gen. a. W. Greely, U. S. A. There is no reUable evidence that he (Washington) ever took com- munion. Prof. William Denton. By fossils we learn that the earth has been inhabited by living beings for millions of years. Schlegel. Liberalism will never prevail with those who, in politics, are at- tached to monarchy and, in religion, to Christianity. Rev. T. De-Witt Talmage, D. D. All the leading scientists who believe in evolution, without one ex- ception the world over, are infidels. I say nothing against infidelity, mind you. Rev. James De Normandie, D. D. When I was a boy I had pointed out to me as a dreadful infidel and a very dangerous man one who in a small and church-going com- munity never went to church, but everybody added. He was the kind- est and most honorable and best man in town. views of religion. l6s John Stuart Mill. On reKgion in particular, the time appears to me to Cave come, when it is the duty of all who, being qualified in point of knowledge, have, on mature consideration, satisfied themselves that the current opinions are not only false, but hurtful, to make their dissent known. Rev. James Freeman Clarke. So ended the Roman religion; in superstition among the ignorant, and in disbelief among the wise. Omar Khayyam. Heaven but the vision of fulfilled desire, And hell a shadow from a soul of fire. Thomas Henry Hxtxley. There is no alleviation for the sufferings of mankind except veracity of thought and action, and the resolute facing of the world as it is, when the garment of make-belief, by which pious hands have hidden its uglier features, is stripped off. Prof. Maria Mitchell. The more I see and hear, the less do I care about church doctrines. Rev. Benjamin Fay Mills. The idea of a creator of something out of nothing is buried in the grave of the world's superstitions. James Monroe, Pres. U. S. A. To the welfare of Thomas Paine the Americans are not, nor can they be, indifferent. Napoleon. A statute of gold ought to be erected to you (Thomas Paine) in every city in the universe. 1 66 views of religion. Haeckel. No Other branch has been so wilfully obscured and mystified by priestly influence, as has the germ-history of man. PiTTACUS. The gods themselves, if gods there are, must be subjected to necessity. Grant Allen Christianity surged up from below, from the dregs of the world; it arose among an obscure sect of local fanatics. Hon. John Moriey, M. P. It is time that there should be an end of the cant which lifts up its hands at the crimes of republicans and freethinkers and shuts its eyes to the crimes of kings and churches. Bishop William White. General Washington never received the communion in the churches of which I am the parochial minister. Mrs. Washington was an habitual communicant. Robert G. Ingersoll. The foundation of superstition is ignorance, the superstructure is faith and the dome is a vain and foolish hope. Lemuel K. Washburn. Nature has no need of a Holy Ghost. A. De Musset. Every philosopher is cousin to an atheist. Matthew Arnold. Protestant ministers cried out against GalUeo's assertion of the earth's movements just as loudly as Catholic priests. views of religion. 167 Robert G. Ingersoll. This world was no more made for man than it was foe snakes and spiders. Robert G. Ingersoll. The inspired Bible has been and is the greatest curse of Christendom. Read the Bible as you would any other book. Robert G. Ingersoll. All progress has been due to the devil. He was the first investigator. Haeckel. These human embryos conceal a greater wealth of important truths than is afiEorded by the whole mass of most other sciences and of all so-called revelations. Schiller. Meanwhile, until philosophy Sustains the structure of the world, Her workings will be carried on By hunger and by love. Vanini. The devil wishes to have us go to hell; and most of us do. God's will is that all men should go to heaven, but scarcely any one does. The devil is stronger than God. Phyrro. Nothing is so favorable to happiness as to avoid taking sides with anyone in theology or metaphysics. Sir James Herschel. He must have studied astronomy to little purpose who can suppose man to be the only object of his Creator's care. 1 68 views of religion. Thomas Henry Huxley. Untiring opposition to that ecclesiastical spirit, that clericalism, which in England, as everywhere else and to whatever denominations it may belong, is the deadly enemy of science. Prof. Richard A. Proctor. Astronomy, first of all sciences, introduced doubts respecting the meaning at least, if not the truth, of portions of the Bible record. Prof. E. Colbert, M. A. We cannot doubt that the earth has existed during many millions of years, instead of less than 6000. Gen. Andrew Jackson, Pres. U. S. A. Thomas Paine needs no monument made by hands ; he has erected himself a monument in the hearts of all lovers of liberty. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. You ask my opinion of Lord Bolingbroke and Thomas Paine. They were alike in making enemies of the priests and pharisees of their day. Both were honest men. Prof. Thomas Davidson. Christianity is a mere tallow candle, rather making the darkness visible than expelling it. W. S. Bell. The corner stone of Christianity rests upon a dream! Take away this dream and Christianity has nothing left. Tertullian. I believe it because it is impossible. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 1 69 William Makepeace Thackeray. To my mind, Scripture only means a writing and Bible means a book. Edward Bellamy. Poor fellows, the clergy, theirs was indeed a trying business, lay- ing down laws of conduct which the laws of self-preservation com- pelled men to break . Sir Godfrey Higgins. Priests have been the curse of the world. William Makepeace Thackeray. Smith's truth being established in Smith's mind as the divine one, persecution follows as a matter of course — mart)rrs have roasted all over Europe, all over God's world, upon this dogma. Benjamin Franklin. The bell calls others to church, but itself never minds the sermon. Amelia E. Barr. Even the truth has now to depend on the currency and the most evangelical societies pay treasurers as well as missionaries. Rev. Joseph Blanco White. I come prepared to describe to you the character of the church of Rome ; and in the first place I am to prove that she exerts her whole power in making her members superstitious. Benjamin Franklin. The way to see by faith is to shut the eye of reason. Rev. Anthony Gavin. I say that the confessors, priests and especially friars, make good this saying: friar or fraud is the same thing. 170 views of religion. Benjamin Franklin. Here lies, who need not here be named; For theologic knowledge famed; To every heretic a foe, Was he an honest man? So, so. John G. Whitxier. Not vainly Roman hearts have bled To feed the crozier and the crown, If roused thereby, the world shall tread The twin-born vampires down. John G. Whitxier. Yet, scandal of the world! from thee One needful truth mankind shall learn: That kings and priests to Liberty And God are false in turn. Prof. Thorold Rogers. We do not owe them to the church, which has been, since the days of the first Edward, the willing servant of statecraft and has rarely raised its voice against wrong-doing. Gov. Brownlow (Tennessee). Here, as in all parts of the South, the worst class of men are preachers. Prof. Richard S. Ely (Universixy of Wisconsin). They, the clergy, have too often made themselves^he advocates of conservatism simply as conservatism, regardless of all abuses which it embraced. Thomas Carlyle. Speedy end to superstition, a gentle one if you can contrive it, but an end. What can it profit any mortal to adopt locutions and imagin- ations which do not correspond to fact; which no sane mortal can deliberately adopt in his soul as true ? views of religion. 171 Dean Farear. :d upon to belie garden, an actual talking-serpent and actual trees. Christians are not called upon to believe that there was an actual Origen. What man is found such an idiot as to suppose that god planted trees in paradise like an husbandman ? RuDYARD Kipling. Religion has no influence on conduct. Prof. William James (Harvard). The whole subject of immortality has its prime roots in personal feehngs. Thomas Babbington Macaulay. We know that the restraints which exist in Spain and Italy have not prevented atheism from spreading among the educated classes. Hon. Mr. Cooper, M. C. It is no part of the functions of the government of the United States to teach an Indian that the Pope is infallible. William Combe. That thankless parent, mother church. Has ever left me in the lurch; And when so many fools are seen. To strut a rector or a dean. Ambrose Bierce. Camels and Christians receive their burdens kneeling. Mrs. B. F. Mills. I know of no reason why we should conceive of a ready-made heaven any more than a ready-made hell. 172 views of religion. Frederick the Great. All religions must be tolerated, but none must make unjust en- croachments upon the others. In this country every man must get to heaven his ovsm way. Peter Bayle. I am a protestant, for I protest against all religions. Lemuel K. Washburn Worship is rendered unnecessary by living well. Miss M. T. Elder. Has Catholic New Orleans, after one hundred and fifty years of Catholicity, produced one great Catholic? No, not one! Maria Agnesi. Algebra and geometry are the only provinces of thought in which peace reigns. Phillip Grangeaud. Himian species had not yet appeared on the earth when the Pyre- nees, the Alps, the Carpathians and the Himalayas were formed. Dr. J. M. Taylor, Pres., Vass. College. In so far as they ground themselves in religion, morals should not be taught in the American public school. Heine. The human spirit has its right and will not be rocked to sleep by the lullaby of church bells. Jean de Riquetti. I am, or was, a merchant of police here, a high office eligible for the nobility alone, much in the same manner as my Lord the Bishop is a merchant of holy water. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 1 73 M. Paul Bert. Modern societies march towards morality in prop(5rtion as they leave religion behind. Monsieur Freret. This horrid and almost uninterrupted chain of religious wars for fourteen centuries never subsisted but among Christians; no people but themselves ever spilt a drop of human blood for theological disputes. M. Paul Bert. The conquests of education are made on the domain of religion. Hypatia. Why not, in an age when emperors and consulars crowd to the tombs of a tent-maker and a fisherman; and kiss the mouldy bones of the vilest slaves? Why not, among a people whose God is the crucified son of a carpenter? Dr. J. M. Taylor, Pres., Vass. College. The history of every union of church and state has been the history of a tyranny, even in England. Mirabeau. Is not a miracle a stick with only one end ? * MoNCURE D. Conway. Ethically, we are required to do evil that good may come; theologi- cally, to worship a deity who is doing just that all the time. Horace Greeley. Better tend to each world in its proper order. Ella Wheeler Wilcox. Rehgion should be regarded as the art of right living. 174 views of religion. Monsieur Freret. If God had deigned to make himself a man and a Jew and to die in Palestine by an infamous punishment to expiate the crimes of man- kind and to banish sin from the earth, there ought no longer to have been any sins or crimes on the face of it. ■ Rev. R. Heber Newton, D. D. Orthodoxy, in its creed, affirms the unity of God, but through its metaphysical speculation there came about a hopeless confusion of divine unity. Swinburne. O, gods dethroned and deceased. Cast forth, wiped out in a day! From your wrath is the world relieved. Redeemed from your chains, men say. Senor Montero Rios. There are, moreover, really no Carlists but the priests, who recall the gloomiest period of our history. Cu-su. There is no such thing as heaven. Every planet is environed by its atmosphere as with a shell, and rolls in space around its sun. Prince Kou. These are some, though a very small sample, of the reasons for questioning the soul's existence. Maniel Sands. The only authority is truth, the only word of God is fact, the only text-book is the universe. Rabelais. I am going in quest of a great Maybe. views of religion. 1 75 Rev. Dr. Plumb. It seems to me that the old ship of Andover is out on a very stormy sea. La Mothe Le Vayer. My friend, I have so much religion that I am not of your religion. Peter Bayle. See what that thing (Christianity) called truth is! Mademoiselle Hubert. The practice of the virtues can have no relation with the tenets of religious doctrines. MiRABEAU. Hell is the pet subject with these ministers, whose religious fury contributes, above a little, to fill bedlam, which lies closely contiguous to one of their conventicles. Ali Ben Abdallah, Basha of Cairo. Nothing, sublime Emperor, would be more advantageous than, if it were possible, to abolish and suppress our religion. Malancthon. The observance of the sabbath, nor of any other day, is necessary. BUCER. It is not only a superstition, but an apostasy from Christ, to think that working on the Lord's day, in itself considered, is a sinful thing. Erasmus. It is meet, therefore, that the keeping of the sabbath-day give place to the commodity and profit of man. Calvin. Christians, therefore, should have nothing to do with the super- stitious observance of days. 176 views of religion. Jehovah. For after that in the wisdom of God the world knew not God, it pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that be- lieve. Dr. Oscar Blumenthal. When the resurrection comes, I shan't get up. St. Paul. One man esteemeth one day above another: another esteemeth every day alike. Let every man be fully persuaded in his own mind. Calvin. The very church of God, which ought to please God, what does it but provoke him to anger? Martin Luther. The world grows worse and worse and becomes more wicked every day; less modest, and in fine, more wicked than in papacy. Macauley. It is an unquestionable and most instructive fact that the years during which the political power of the Anglican hierarchy was in the zenith were precisely the years during which national virtue was at the lowest point. C. Elton Blanchard. I ask you to remember that reverence is a fetish. Reverence noth- ing that reason cannot respect. Rev. Dr. Francis Wayland, Pres. B. U. The church has no claim on the state for the incidental moral in- fluence that it may exert. Max O'Rell. We have no particular respect for people who make a fat living by their belief. views of religion. 1 77 John Prescott Guild. Put logic in the school; put the Bible out. * Mayor Samuel M. Jones. I am excited to more reverence when I stand in the workshop or factory, watching the work of men's hands, than when I stand in the nave of the grandest cathedral. William Penn. To call any day of the week a Christian sabbath is not Christian but Jewish. Canon Barry. The notion of a formal substitution by apostoHc authority of the Lord's day for the Jewish sabbath has no basis whatever in the holy scriptures or in Christian antiquity. Archbishop Cranmer. The Jews were commanded to keep the sabbath-day, but we Christians are not bound to such commandments of Moses' law. William Tyndal. We be lords over the sabbath and may yet change it into Monday or into any other day, as we see need, or may make every tenth day holy. John Firth. We in manner are as superstitious in the Sunday as the Jews are in the Saturday; yea, we are much madder. Justin Martyr. You, because you are idle for one day, suppose you are pious. You see the heavens are not idle, nor do they observe the sabbath. St. Epiphanius. God regarded not outward cessation from works more upon one day than another. 178 VIEWS or RELIGION. St. Jerome. Considered in a purely Christian point of view all days are alike. Miss Mary Proctor. In the course of immeasurable time we see new worlds being cre- ated. Nature is engaged in adding new glories to the star depths. Rev. Dr. Van Ness. The spirit of truth, of evolution, of progress is leading away from Christ, as he is commonly conceived. Dryden. Priests of all reUgions are the same. Robert Burns. Oh Thou, wha in the Heavens dost dwell, Wha as it pleases best thysel'. Sends ane to heaven, and ten to hell, A' for thy glory, And no for ony guid or ill. They've done afore thee! Goethe. It displeases me to see children repeat the ten commandments. There is the sixth for instance : Thou shalt do no murder. As if men had the least desire to kill one another! But it is not a barbaric thing to forbid children to commit murder. MiRABEAU. I come not to preach tolerance; the most unlimited liberty in re- ligion is, in my eyes, a hght so sacred that the word tolerance, which is used to express it, appears to me a species of tyranny itself. views of religion. 179 Robert G. Ingersoll. The Spaniards sprinkled holy water on their guns,*then banged away and left it to the Holy Ghost to direct the rest. Pattison. The religion of uneducated persons is the same every where and has been the same since the foundation of the world. Peter Bayle. A great many rogues and scoundrels believe in the immortality of the soul, whereas many godly and righteous men do not. MiRABEAU. Religion is no more national than conscience. Who are they who demand from us with so much clamor and a bitterness so unchristian like an edict for making Christianity constitutional ? Lemuel K. Washburn. As well try to find sugar in a lemon as the love of God in a cyclone. The Right Hon. A. J. Balfour. Parliament is a mixed body containing some men who have no interest whatever in any form of religion. Rev. Dr. Thomas. I have no patience with that school of philosophers and theologians who would belittle human reason. Rev. Charles Buck, Theo. Dict. The propriety of discussion, however, will appear if we consider that every article of religion is denied by some and cannot well be believed without examination by any. l8o VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Dr. Watson, Lord Bishop of Landaff. Never can it become a Christian to be afraid of being asked a reason of the faith that is in him;nor a Protestant to be studious of enveloping his religion in mystery and ignorance. Prof. Hugo Munsteeberg, H.U. The churches cater to public taste instead of following an ideal and trying to elevate public taste. Prof. Edward S. Morse. The human race is unquestionably 100,000 years old, and may be older. W. M. Salter. An ideal perfection is the only ultimate reason for existence. Magistrate Joseph Pool. Take that Bible away from here, I am not going to use the Bible any more. There is no law compelling its use and hereafter I shall have all witnesses sworn by raising their right hands. Emerson. The new man must feel that he is new and has not come into the world mortgaged to the opinions and usages of Europe and Asia and Egypt. Robert G. Ingersoll. If the devil should die would God make another? Rev. J. E. Roberts, D. D. To the thoughtful mind there can be nothing more presumptuous than the assumption of finite man of having an accredited revelation of the infinite, the unknown. VIEWS OF RELIGION. l8l Rev. Nathaniel I. Rubinkam, D.D. Modem thought has left the church behind it and, if thff institution is to be perpetuated, it must keep abreast with the latest discoveries and beliefs. Heine. Christ rode on an ass, but now asses ride on Christ. Robert G. Ingersoll. Better to rest in eternal sleep than to be an angel and to know that the ones you love are suffering eternal pain. William Kjngdon Clieford. If there is one lesson that history forces upon us in every page it is this: Keep your children away from the priest, or he wiU make them the enemies of mankind. Nathan Haskel Dole. Probably no book is so universally read as the Bible and yet among all the persons who have written in the last two hundred years there are not more than one or two whose style is in any way an imitation of the Scriptures. Rev. Dr. William R. Huntington. Why is it that our young men and our young women can afford to take up this attitude of indifference towards organized reUgion? Prof. George A. Coe, Ph.D. Among women religion appears more as an atmosphere, it is taken for granted. Men display more doubts with points of belief, more tendency to resist conviction. Godfrey, King of Bouillon. May not the earth out of which we came and which is to be our dweUing after death serve us for a seat during life ? l82 VIEWS or RELIGION. Andrews. The festival of Sunday is more ancient than the Christian religion. Verstegan. Unto the day dedicated unto the especial adoration of the idol of the sun, they, the pagans, gave the name of Sunday. Dean Millman. The day of the sun would be willingly hallowed by almost all of the pagan world. DOMVILLE. Centuries of the Christian era passed away before the Sunday was observed by the church as a sabbath. KiTTO. Sunday does not seem at any period of the ancient church to have assumed the form of such an observance as some religious communi- ties have contended for it. Neander. The festival of Sunday, like all other festivities, was always like a human ordinance. Rev. J. N. Waggoner. There is no divine command for Sunday observance. Christ never changed God's sabbath to Sunday. He never observed Sunday as a sabbath. Dr. Hessey. Sabbatarianism of every phase was expressly repudiated by the chief reformers in almost every country. Dr. Paul Carus. Trust in the truth, for there is no other saviour. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 183 B. F. Underwood. Infinite personality is a contradiction as a square ciftle or a round triangle. John Ruskin. Incidents from the Iliad and the Exodus come within the same degrees of credibility. Rev. B. Fay Mills. In religion nine-tenths of the human race are under the despo- tism of the dead. Cardinal Gibbons. Read the Bible from Genesis to Revelation and you will not find a sirigle line authorizing the sanctification of Sunday as a sabbath. Alexander Campbell. There is no precept or command in the New Testament to compel by civil law any man who is not a Christian to pay regard to the Lord's day. It is without authority of the Christian religion. I write this from principle. Prof. H. W. Parker, Y. C. The Moody and Sankey hymns have worked much musical dam- age. The clergy think that church music is of the highest but the best of musicians deny this. Cardinal Richelieu. France is a great nation ; the church a mere society. Omar Khayyam. If I myself upon a looser creed Have loosely strung the jewel of good deeds, Let this one thing for my atonement plead ; That one for two, I never did misread. 184 views of religion. Dr. Horne. All which gave Seneca just occasion to say that immortality, how- ever desirable, was rather promised than proved by these great men. Montesquieu. The religion of Confucious denies the immortality of the soul. Frederic Harrison. To invoke the unspeakable is to reopen the whole range of meta- physics and the entire apparatus of theology will follow through the breach. Cardinal Du Perron. Luther held that the soul died with the body. Gibbon. We discover that the doctrine of the immortality of the soul is omitted in the law of Moses. Eld. D. M. Canright. Need I inform the reader that the New Testament is entirely silent with regard to the immortality of the soul, eternal misery, conscious state of the dead and the like ? Martin Luther. I permit the Pope to make articles of faith for himself and his faithful, with all those monstrous opinions, such as the soul is im- mortal. Averroes. I reject the doctrine of individual immortaUty. Bishop Stephen. God cannot give immortality, or incorruptibility, to mortal and corruptible creatures. VIEWS or RELIGION. 1 8$ Duns Scotus. The soul's immortality is not provable by the light of nature. Peter Pomponaticts. No rational arguments can demonstrate either that the soul is mortal or that it is immortal. Rev. Minot J. Savage, D.D. I do not believe in the deity of Christ, nor in miracles attributed to him that set aside natural laws. Tatian. Aristotle impugns the immortality of the soul. Alger. PUny in his natural history affirms that death is an everlasting sleep. Bishop Warburton. We know too, that the philosophical principles of the school of Zeno was that the soul died with the body. MOSHEIM. It is well known to the learned world that this sect (Stoics) denied the immortality of the soul. Alfred Austin, Poet Laureate. Think long enough, and all is mystery; Think longer still, and everything is doubt. Why not the sage solution, I beUeve, Because it is impossible; and thus Profess your faith, and stUl retain your doubts ? 1 86 VIEWS or RELIGION. JUSTAEO KOMURA. The constitution of Japan gives to every religion the Hberty to ex- ercise its functions so long as they do not interfere with, or disturb the peace, order and good morals of society. Norton. To deny human personality to God, or personality like that of man, is to deny a personal God. Hegel. God is conscious only in man. Karl Vogt. God is the unknown quantity. Goethe. Alas for the creed whose God lives outside of the universe and lets it spin around his finger. Goethe. My dear, who can say, "I believe in God?" Ask priest or philo- sopher and the answer is like mockery. Beuchner. The natural philosopher knows only, and knows beyond a doubt, that there are no forces in nature except the physical, chemical and mechanical. Diderot. The man who first pronounced the barbarous word God ought to have been immediately destroyed. Shelley. From an eternity of idleness, I, God, awoke; in seven days' toil made earth from nothing. views of religion. 187 Cousin. If God is not everything he is nothing. George Fox. Oh! the vast sums of money that are got by the trade they make of selling the scriptures and by their preaching from the highest bishop down to the lowest minister. Leigh Hunt. If men, in general, had ever seen a human being broiling in a good fire, writhing and groaning, men, in general, would fall on their knees to implore the quenching of hell-fire or would disbelieve its exist- ence. ZSCHOKKE. So long as our belief in religion is matter of memory, of rote and of blind reception, so long can we have no firmness, no truth, no rest, no blessing in the highest sphere of our capacity. Blanco White. Every church establishment is a mighty good joint-stock company of error and deception. Rev. Thomas Hill, D. D., Ex. Pres. H. C. If by science we understand physical science, the question of im- mortality is without her pale. Asaph Hall, LL.D. Science does not, I think, give a positive answer to questions con- cerning the immortality of the human soul. Bentham. There is no pestilence in a state like a zeal for religion, independent of morality. 1 88 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Fashionable religion visits a man diplomatically three or four times — when he is born, when he is married, when he falls sick, and when he dies and for the rest, never interferes with him. Meadows. All cultivated Chinese are intellectually at least, strict and con- scientious atheists. Arnold. The church, as it now stands, no power can save. Humboldt. The dogmatic opinions of former centuries live only in the prej- udices of the uneducated and in certain creeds, which are conscious of their weakness and gladly hide themselves in obscurity. Agassiz. It first becomes a brain resembling that of a fish ; then it grows into the form of that of a reptile ; then into that of a bird ; then into that of a mammiferous quadruped ; and finally it assumes that of a man. W. B. Carpenter, M. D. No reasonable ground has yet been adduced for supposing that if the chemist had the power of bringing together the elements of any organic compound in their requisite states and proportions, the results would be any other than that which is found in the living body. Samuel T. Coleridge. With regard to Christianity itself, I creep towards the Ught, even though it takes me away from the more nourishing warmth. Bishop Hampden. Christianity in fact leaves ethical science precisely where it found it. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 1 89 Voltaire. It profiteth the Jews little to be God's people ; if they had been the devil's, they could not have been more wicked or miserable. Sir James jMakintosh. Morality is usually said to depend upon religion ; but this is said in that low sense in which outward conduct is considered morality. Carlyle. A poor man in our day has many gods foisted on him and big voices bid him "worship or be damned.' ' John Adams, Pres. U. S. A. When philosophic reason is clear and certain by intuition or neces- sary induction, no subsequent revelation supported by prophecies or miracles can supersede it. Sidney Smith. If two men travel on the same road, the one to rob, the other to re- lieve a fellow- creature who is starving, will any one but the most fanatic contend that they do not both run the same chance of falling over a stone and breaking their legs ? Humboldt. There is a philosophical infamy in resorting to a supernatural cause to explain any natural phenomena. Carlyle. Adieu, Oh, church! Thy road is that way, mine is this: in God's name. Adieu! Bacon. The more contrary to reason the divine mystery, so much the more must it be believed for the glory of God. 190 views of religion. Robert Hall. The pretension to divine revelation is so urgent and commanding that when its falsehood is once discovered it is covered with all the ignominy of detected imposture. Gregg. Man has no rule by which he can distinguish between an idea re- vealed to him and an idea conceived by him. Cicero. When men became less credulous the power of the Pythian Oracle vanished. Macaulay. It not infrequently happens that a tinker or coal-heaver hears a sermon or falls in with a tract which alarms him about the state of his soul. HiTTELL. If He has spoken, why is not the universe convinced ? Morell. With few exceptions there is not an entire book in the whole of the Old Testament with respect to which we can determine with com- plete accuracy who was the author. J. J. G. Wilkinson, F. R. S. Theology has undertaken the impossible task of finding out God. FiCHTE. A personal God is not thinkable consistently with philosophical ideas. SCHELLING. A living God is not thinkable without a material basis. views of religion. 191 Spinoza. Final causes are nothing but human figments. Coleridge. He who begins by loving Christianity better than truth will pro- ceed by loving his sect better than Christianity, and end in loving himself better than all. Parker. Orthodox Christianity is unmanly and sneaking. It does not look reason in the face. Gregg. A ready-made creed is the paradise of the Christians' lazy dreams. The volume of nature, the volume of history, the volume of life appall and terrify them. De Wette. We must not imagine that after death we shall commence a new period of existence like the present, and still less, that we shall have a like or a more noble and splendid dwelling place. William Lavitrence. There is no thought without a brain. ElCHHORN. That the Old Testament is not the forgery of a single imposter is proved by every page. Hitchcock. Every event in the universe takes place according to fixed laws. Lord Gifford, Judge Sp. Court, Scot. The lecturers appointed may be of any religion or of no religion, or they may be skeptics, or agnostics or freethinkers. 192 views of religion. Lord Gifford, Judge Sp. Court, Scot. I wish the lecturers to treat their subjects without reference to or reliance upon any supposed special exceptional, or so-called miraculous revelation. Plato. If we examine we shall find in Egypt works executed ten thousand years ago. Hodgson. Buddhism is monastic asceticism in morals, philosophic skepticism in religion. Cardinal Wiseman. Krishna washed the feet of the Brahmins and preached the most excellent doctrines ; he was nailed to a tree by an arrow. John Adams, Pres. U. S. A. Where is to be found theology more orthodox, or philosophy more profound, than in the introduction to the Shasta ? Mencius. Let us vigorously exert ourselves to act towards others, as we wish them to do to us. Goethe. I shall be well content that after the close of this life we should be blessed with another, but I would beg not to have there for compan- ions any who have believed in it here. Bishop Ussher. The senseless antagonism of Christianity against the Hebrews is enough to make him that sitteth in the heavens laugh. views of religion. 1 93 Rabbi Charles Fleisher. There is nothing that will create a sentiment of rebelMon so much, perhaps, as the statement, "Thou shalt not." Pritchard. Let us know the truth though it send us to hell. Omar Khayyam. Do not don the cloak of hypocrisy for the love of God. Eternity is of all time, and this world is but a moment. John Adams, Pres. U. S. A. If believing too little or too much is so fatal to mankind, what will become of us all ? SCHLEIERMACHER. I prefer ancient Rome with all its multitude of religions to modern Rome and consider the latter as godless compared with the former. Sidney Smith. 1794, Jan. 26, Lord's day. Found much pleasure in reading Edward's sermon on the justice of God in the damnation of sinners. Theodore Parker. The Christians cannot trust God unless they have his bond in black and white, given under oath, and attested by witnesses. Palfrey. If we assume Moses to have been divinely instructed in what he records in Genesis, we do it altogether without authority from him. Omar Khayyam. With them the seed of wisdom did I sow. And with mine own hand wrought to make it grow ; And this was all the harvest that I reap'd — I came like water, and like wind I go. 194 VIEWS OF RELIGION. MOSHEIM. The greatest and most learned doctors of the fourth century were without exception, disposed to deceive and he, whenever the interest of religion required it. Rev. Stephen J. Cadman, D. D. Half the pages of the Old Testament are of unknown authorship and the New Testament contains innumerable contradictions. Adelung. The idea must be given up that language was communicated to the first men by their creator, or that they were taught the use of articulate words by angels, or superior intelligence. John S. Hittell. A divine revelation could contain no falsehood; the Bible is full of contradictions and falsehoods, and therefore it is not a divine revelation. Rev. Stephen J. Cadman, D.D. I said and I thoroughly believe that the absolute inerrancy and infallibility of the Bible are no longer possible of belief among rea- soning men. R. W. Mackey. The mind which has outgrown the idea of a God is expected to retract and submit to the vulgar opinion of those intellectual barbari- ans, who cling like children to the God whom they suppose to feed them, speak to them, and flatter them. Bartholomess. Frederick the Great nevertheless, together with Voltaire and D'Alembert, stands in the foremost rank of those who fought for reason and civilization, and who conquered forever liberty of con- science and of speech. views of religion. 1 95 Shelley. The genius of human happiness must tear every leaf from the ac- cursed book of God, ere man can read the inscription on his heart. Francis W. Newman. Jesus is anxious to have men believe without caring on what ground they believed. Luther. There is nothing more hostile to faith than reason. Kepler. In theology we balance authorities; in philosophy we weigh reasons. Locke. People who are born to Orthodoxy imbibe their opinions of their country or party and never question their truth. Galileo. O, my dear Kepler, how I wish we could have one hearty laugh together! Here at Padua is the principal professor of philosophy whom I have repeatedly and urgently requested to look at the moon and planets, through my glass, which he pertinaciously refuses to do. What shouts of laughter we should have at this glorious folly. Prof. Edward D. Cope, A. M., Ph. D. As to the nature of this supposed immortality, science can have little to say. As we change our personality in the course of time in this life, we cannot be sure of retaining it in another. John S. Hittell. Christianity is a superstition; and hostility to systems, believed to be superstitions, is a duty which every man owes to himself and to society. 196 VIEWS OF RELIGION. LOTZE. We surely know not the merits which may give to one being a claim on eternity nor the defects which would cut off others. Prof. T, Sterry Hunt, LL.D., F. R. S. I think the arguments from the facts of modern science are rather contrary than favorable to the doctrine of a future life. Benjamin Antheope Gould, LL. D. In my belief dogmatic theology has through all the history of science been its worst foe. For ages the doctrine has been instilled into Christians, with their mother's milk, that investigation into what were claimed to be religious matters was among the worst of crimes. Prof. Charles Leidy, M.D., LL.D. While I have no disposition to deny what we have been taught — the doctrine of the immortality of the soul — in my personal experi- ence I have not been able to discover the slightest natural evidence of its truth. Van Buren Denslow. No priest ever wrote a poem, invented a machine or shed any light on any problem of science. Strabo. Superstition or the fear of gods must be called in aid, the influence of which is founded on fictions and prodigies. Bayle. The Christian who allows himself to be bothered by the objection of a sceptic has already one foot in the grave of his fidelity. Prof. Jeande Brescain. The doctrines found heretical by the Bishop are not theoretically but only philosophically true. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 1 97 Lord Brougham. We owe to Voltaire the habit of scrutinizing, both in Sacred matter and profane. Nor can any one be named to whom the emancipa- tion from spiritual tyranny owes a more lasting debt of gratitude. Thomas Jefeerson, Pres. U. S. A. Question with boldness even the existence of a God ; because if there be one, he must more approve of the homage of reason than that of blindfolded fear. Bishop Law. \Mien it is said that the sacred scriptures are divinely inspired we are not to understand that God suggested every word or dictated every expression. Prof. Frederick Albert Lange, U. Z. Religion has its roots in the earliest crudely' inconsistent notions which are ever being created afresh in indestructible strength by the ignorant masses. Bishop William Lawrence. You enter the ministry with a clear knowledge that it is or ought to be a life of sacrifice ; before entering you count the cost .... social isolation, intellectual starvation these tests are as hard as martvrs' tortures. Macchiavelli. The belief in miracles has arisen, which are exalted by religion, yet the prudent magnify them, no matter what their origin may have been, and then the respect paid to them by those men secures their universal belief. Pexrus Pompon atius. As there are three laws — those of Moses, Christ and Mohammed, — they are either all three false and then the whole world is deluded, or two at least are false, and then the majority are deluded. 198 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Pope Leo X. As to Pomponatius' books on the mortality of the soul, the man is quite right if only it would make no scandal. Prof. Otto Pfleideree. Yet these partially retrograde currents could not keep back the new advance of non- theological secular science. Protagoras. As to the gods I do not know whether they exist or not. Schiller. Man paints himself in his gods. Zeller. How many theological doctrines have there not been believed by Christian philosophers, whose philosophical conclusions would be in complete antagonism with those doctrines. Prof. Frederick Albert Lange, U. Z. The creation out of nothing in the Christian dogma is scarcely ever the first stumbling block for awakening scepticism. Prof. Frederick Albert, Lange U. Z. The disappearance of the ancient civilization in the early centuries of the Christian era, is an event the serious problems of which are in great part still unexplained. Lucretius. And if any one thinks proper to call the sea, Neptune and corn, Ceres, and chooses rather to misuse the name of Bacchus than to utter the term that belongs to that liquor, let us allow him to declare that earth is the mother of the gods, if he only forbear in earnest to stain his mind with foul religion. VIEWS or RELIGION. 1 99 Lucretius. Human life lay foully prostrate upon earth, crushed«down under the weight of religion. Prof. Charles A. Young, LL.D. I think it must be frankly admitted that what is known about the functions of the brain, and nervous system, does, to a certain extent, tend to make it difficult to believe in the immortality of the personal consciousness. Prof. Joseph Leidy, M.D., LL.D. I know of no facts of modern science which make it otherwise than difficult to believe the persistence of personal existence. Simon Newcomb, LL. D. If we admit the hypothesis of immortality, it is difficult to see how we could ever reach any proof of it derived from experience. Prof. J. P. Lesley. The ideas of unchangeability and immortality are not only re- pugnant to physical science, but inconceivable by it. Alexander Graham Bell. The possibility of thought without a brain, whereby we think, is opposed to experience but the persistence of personal consciousness after the death of the body involves this assumption. Rev. Samuel J. Barrows, D. D. The doctrine of the literal resurrection of the body though long held on the supposed authority of an infallible revelation was inevitably doomed by the discoveries. Rev. James Martineau. The fear of doubt is already a renunciation of faith. 20O VIEWS or RELIGION. Alexander Graham Bell. To my mind the evolutionary hypothesis tends to weaken belief in the immortality of personal consciousness, by revealing a cause for the growth of such an idea quite independently of its truth. F. A. P. Barnard, LL.D. After mature reflection, it seems to me that science has nothing whatever to say to the question. The only basis of our faith in immortality must be found in Revelation. Prof. Joseph Le Conte, LL.D. Our boasted immortality resolves itself into indestructibility of matter and force, but not of form nor of consciousness and person- ality. PRor. Edward C. Pickering. Your note regarding the relation of science on the question of im- mortality is at hand. In reply, astronomy appears to throw no light on this problem. It does not seem probable that such questions would ever be included in its pale. Herbert Spencer. I am not aware of anything that can be regarded as satisfactory proof of immortality. Prof. T. H. Huxley. As to immortality, if any man can answer that question, he is just the man I want to see. Alfred R. Wallace, LL. D. I know of nothing in recognized science to support the belief in immortality. Rev. Theodore Parker. Of all the great philosophers of the day, I think no one takes any interest in the popular forms of religion. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 20I Dr. J. Pye Smith. A comprehensive germ which shall necessarily evolve all future developements is a more suitable attribution to the Deity, than the idea of a necessity for irregular interferences. Lord Bacon. In this universal insanity (Christianity) we must use moderation. Herder. None of the ancient philosophers conceived God as a being distinct from the world. Shelley. The wide-wasting earthquake, the storm, the battle and the tyr- anny are attributable to this hypothetical God in the same degree as the fairest forms of nature, sunshine, liberty and peace. John Adams, Pres. U. S. A. For anything I know this world may be the bedlam of the universe. SCHLEIERMACHER. The idea of a personal God is pure mythology. Protagoras. Man is the measure of all things. Benjamin Franklin. I imagine a man must have a good deal of vanity who believes that all the doctrines he holds are true. Harriet Beecher Stowe. Mrs. Nesbit looked upon religion in the light of a ticket to be pro- duced at the celestial gate and thus secure admission into heaven. 202 views of religion. Plato. Religion is a likeness to God according to our ability. Newman. Religion is a state of sentiment towards God. Lord Bacon. Experience demonstrates how learned men have been arch here- tics and how learned times have been inclined to atheism. John Foster. I fear it is incontrovertible that what is termed polite literature is for the most part hostile to the religion of Christ. Prof. Joseph Leidy, M.D., LL.D. I can conceive of no adequate compensation for an eternity of consciousness. Prof. Asa Gray, LL.D. It is not science that brings immortality to light and if that light were quenched I know not where in modern science alone is that Promethean heat that can that light relume. Prof. Edward S. Morse, Ph. D. I have never yet seen anything in the discoveries of science which would in the slightest degree support or strengthen a belief in im- mortality. Horace L. Traubel. The smile of Bruno is remembered by twenty generations of fanati- cism. Rev. C. C. Colton, D. D. In death itself there can be nothing terrible for the act of death annihilates sensations. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 2o3 Prof. Charles A. Young, LL.D. I lean strongly to the opinion that the question of immottality is out of the pale of science. Prof. Lester F. Ward, A. M. I certainly do consider the question of the continuous existence of a consciousness which began with birth, or at any point of time, as not only out of the pale of science, but as belonging to the limbus fatuorum of mythology and magic. Robert Browning. Ah, but religion, did we wait for thee To ope the book that serves to sit upon, And pick such place out, we should wait indeed. That is all history. John Stuart Mill. God is a word to express not our ideas but the want of them. Mansel. The infinite is not an object of human thought at all. Ellis Ethelmer. Truth, justice, good-will are not of ecclesiastical birth; they do not come and go with religion. John Prescott Guild. It was Jean Jacques Rousseau who wrote the democratic doctrines that have ever since been the downfall of divine despotism. Rev. Gavin Carlyle, M. A. All religions are being put to the test as at no previous period since the introduction of Christianity. 204 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Thomas Pearson. The press has long been the rival of the pulpit and is now if we mis- take not in the wide range of its influence far ahead of it. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Either the papists are guilty of idolatry or the pagans never were so. Priscilla E. Moulder. It appears that some of our Bible societies purchase their Bibles from firms who work on the sweating system, where women produce Bibles at wages from 4s to los per week. Statius. It was fear that first fashioned gods upon the earth. Augustus Radclitfe Grote. And thus, by giving the days to the miracles of a Creator and the nights to scientific men to lengthen as they please, science and the Bible text were reconciled. Prof. Timothy Dwight, D.D. You will be exposed to this danger from the arguments brought by philosophers against the scriptures. Infidels will probably triumph and you will be surprised to find arguments mentioned as a source of danger. Jane Austen. I hope your sorrowing party were at church yesterday and have no longer that to dread. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. The word sacrament is not to be found either in the Old or New Testament and one must be very ignorant not to know it is taken from the listing oath of the Roman soldiers. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 205 Adam Storey Farrer, M. A. Christianity offers occasion for opposition by its inhAent claims. Jane Austen. In the evening we had a sermon at home, but you will not expect to hear that they did not return to conundrums the moment it was over. Proe. James S. Stevens, A. M. If our belief in immortality is based upon communications relating to events which took place around the coffin of the dead, we can well afford to forego it altogether. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Transubstantiation, invocation of saints, adoration of the Virgin, and observation of Lent were not taught or practised by St. Peter or St. Paul. Hamilton Wright Mabie. Man is a part of nature and nature is a part of man. To nature, therefore, we turn as to the oldest and most influential teacher of our race. Prof. J. F. McCurdy, Ph. D., LL.D. The Old Testament is ancient in a sense in which the word cannot be applied to the New. Prof. A. H. Sayce, D. D., LL.D. The age of the Hebrew patriarchs is after aU not prehistoric, it does not even belong to the dawn of civilization. Rev. T. P. Boultbee, LL.D. The philosophers and theologians have often been in point-blank opposition. Scripture and science stand as they have ever done. Revealed truth and discovered truth either agree or at least run par- allel in their never opposing course. 2o6 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu. Can anything be more uncharitable than damning eternally so many millions for not believing what they never heard ? Hamilton Wright Mabie. Every bit of life is a bit of revelation; it brings us face to face with the great mystery and the great secret. Selden. It is not known why the ungodly reproached the ancient Christians and Jews as worshipping at one time an ass and at another time the head of an ass. Armstrong. It is further from prayer to philosophy than it is from monkeyhood to manhood. Selden. And yet by Christian emperors edicts were declared and enforced against persons called heaven-worshippers. Prof. J. P. Mahaffay, D.D. Our best authorities have declared that the Vatican manuscript of the New Testament comes from the earlier portion of the fourth century. Prof. W. M. Ramsay, LL.D. The very facts and words which stamp Acts as a genuine first century composition, when the travelers' journeys are supposed to be in one region, stamp it as inaccurate and out of harmony with the known facts, when his journeys are supposed to be in a dififerent region, according to the current view. Robert Burton. The Talmudists say that Adam had a wife called LUis, before he married Eve, and of her he begot nothing but devils. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 207 Prof. J. P. Mahaffay, D. D. These are the doubts and the difl&culties which I feel around me when I come to speak of the three famous manuscripts of our scrip- tures which are the basis of ahnost all our textual criticisms of the New Testament. Optatus. In the time of Moses the children of Israel worshipped the head of a calf. Austin. It was a fit thing that cities should be deceived by religion. If the world will be gulled, let it be gulled. Robert Burton. And first to begin of politicians, it hath ever been a principal axiom with them to maintain religion or superstition. They make religon mere policy, a cloak, a human invention. Robert Burton. Many of our great philosophers account no man a scholar that is not an atheist. Prof. Josiah Royce, Ph. D. Hence the deeply paradoxical character of Christian theology — a character always openly avowed but of a nature to insure endless controversy and heresy. Rev. John Hamilton Thom, D. D No fact can be more extraordinary than that a revelation from God should sxve rise to endless disputes among men. Matthew Arnold. So deeply unsound is the mass of traditions and imaginations of which popular religion consists, that future times wiU hardly com- prehend its audacity in calling those who abjure it atheists. 2o8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Gov. Johnston. It appears to me that it would have been dangerous if Congress •could intermeddle with the subjects of religion. Hon. Mr. White, M. C. We ought to be jealous of all rulers. All the godly men we have read of have failed. Benjamin Franklin. The convention except three or four persons thought prayers un- necessary. Hon. Stephen A. Douglass. I call the attention of the Senate and the country to the astounding fact that any body of men calling themselves clergymen or by any other name, in this age and in this country would presume to claim that they were authorized by the Almighty, and in his name, to pro- nounce an authoritative judgment upon a political question pending before the Congress of the United States. Robert Browning. God is in his heaven; All is well with the world. Euripides. Therefore what gods do man may criticise. Applaud, condemn — how should they fear the truth ? George Bancroft (Hist.). Religion was become avowedly the attribute of man not of a cor- poration. Jeremy Taylor, D. D. In this sad declension of religion, the Seers who are appointed to be the watchmen of the church, cannot but observe that the supplanters and underminers are gone and are digging down the foundations. VIEWS or RELIGION. 209 Prof. Josiah Royce, Ph. D. If it is worth while even to speak of God before the forum of philo- sophical reason, it is so because one hopes to be able, in a measure, to translate into articulate terms the central mystery of our existence. Euripides. I, untouched by one adverse circumstance, Adopted virtue for my rule of life. \\'aived all reward, loved but for loving's sake. And what my heart taught me, I taught the world. Sir William Hamilton. God is forever unknown and unknowable ; because to know is to think, to think is to condition, and to condition the unconditional is a self-contradiction. Prof. Sidney Edward Mezes, Ph. D. But what I miss is his promised proof that there is a real being worthy of the exalted name of God. Prof. Josiah Royce, Ph. D. I myself am one of those students whom a more modern and radical scepticism has indeed put in general very much out of sympathy with many of what seem to me the unessential accidents of religious tra- dition as represented in the historical faith. Matthew Arnold. Let it be understood then that when the Bishop of Gloucester or others talk of the blessed truth that the God of the Universe is a person, they mean to talk not science but rhetoric and poetry. Edward Clodd. Theologians desire to invest with obscurity the fate of the old claims on behalf of the Bible as a revelation. 2 TO VIEWS or RELIGION. Rev. George C. Lorimer, D. D. In my judgment all theories of Christian union that have at their base either a doctrinal or an ecclesiastical principle are destined to failure. Prof. John Fiske, Ph. D. Of the origin of evil, if the Creator is absolutely benevolent, then He cannot be omnipotent. Hegel. God is this well-known and familiar idea^ — an idea, however, which has not yet been scientifically developed, scientifically known. Hegel. The proofs of the existence of God are to such an extent fallen into discredit that they pass for something antiquated, belonging to days gone by. August Comte. Let there be an end now to theological entities, for all are alike the illusory products of abstraction and conjecture. Proi'. Basil L. Gildersleeve. Immortality of the individual soul has been found hard to reconcile with the very doctrine of ideas to which Plato held as our pillar and ground of the truth of immortality. Gov. Frank W. Rollins. The decline of the Christian religion, particularly in the rural communities, is a marked feature of the times. Prof. Jacob Gould Schurman, Ph. D. As we do not know that the world had a beginning and see no evidence to suppose it had, while the very thought is beset with inner contradictions, it is impossible to base on such a supposition our belief in the existence of God. VIEWS OF RELIGION. ■ 2II Hon. -Albert E. Pillsbury. There are ministers of the Gospel who support it, (kilhng FiHpinos) and wonder why more people do not attend their churches. Prof. G. H. Howison, LL. D. Has the meaning gone out of the word God, entirely ? Rev. James Martineau, D. D., LL. D. And so we see offended philosophy building its palace and setting up its separate establishment as far as possible from the church. Rev. James Martineau, D. D., LL. D. In so far as church belief is still committed to a given cosmogony and natural history of man, it lies open to scientific refutation. Rev. James Martineau, D. D., LL. D. The whole history of the Genesis of things shows that religion must unconditionally surrender to science. Prof. John Fiske, Ph. D. No religious creed that man has ever devised can be made to har- monize in all its features with modem knowledge. Charles Darwin. If I saw an angel come down to teach us good, and I was convinced from others seeing him that I was not mad, I should believe in design. Prof. Jacob Gould Schurman, Ph. D. What God did he was always doing. If you call it a creation, it is a continuous creation. Dr. Bender. The idea of God does not explain anything. 212 views of religion. Rev. Washington Gladden. For the first thousand years after Christ, the great majority of the theologians taught that Christ was a ransom deUvered by God to the devil for the deliverance of the human race. Charles Darwin. Where one would most expect design, viz., in the structure of a sentient being, the more I think on the subject, the less I can see proof of design. Prof. Jacob Gould Schurman, Ph. D. Modern science is fatal to those confessions of the Christian rehgion which have been embodied in an antiquated psychology, anthro- pology, cosmology, and history. Jane Austen. Likes best the prayers whose meaning least he knows, Lists to the sermon in a softening doze. And rouses joyous at the welcome close. Sir William Hamilton. Nature conceals God. Herbert Spencer. If it is from the creation of the world you argue to a first cause, I declare God unknowable, since creation is absolutely inconceivable. Prof. Jacob Gould Schurman, Ph. D. No simile can make intelligible to us the creation of matter out of nothing. Rev. Marcus Jastrow, D. D., Ph. D. This problem (immortality) has been raised since humanity entered upon the very threshold of thought, and its solution has not advanced one step during these thousands of years. Science says, "I do not know.' ' Religion says, " I believe in a hereafter." VIEWS or RELIGION. 2 13 Rev. Lyman Abbott, D. D. Immortality is not a demonstrated fact. * Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D. D. Easter morning does not prove immortality. It asserts it. Rev. Lewis Pyle Mercer. Science knows nothing of a spiritual world. Prof. Jacob Gould Schurman, Ph. D. I am anxious to emphasize that the principle of this agnostic faith is a maxim universally accepted by the thinking portion, if not indeed by all sane adults of the human family. Sir Archibald Geieie, F. R. S. The theological doctors of the Sorbonne compelled him (BuiTon) to publish a recantation even of the very guarded statements he had presented in his theory of the earth — statements which are now accept- ed among the obvious commonplaces of science. Lemuel K. Washburn. Jesus, as the Saviour of the world, is a theological creation and not an historical character. Sir Archibald Geikie, F. R. S. Many of these (geological) writers were divines, yet even when they were laymen they felt themselves bound to suit their specula- tions to the received interpretation of the books of Moses. Harry Thurston Peck. Thus the process of disintegration spreads and thus the teachers of religion are themselves unconsciously converted into mere assis- tant infidels. 214 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. Adolf Harnack. There was a time in fact, — the great public has not gone beyond it yet — when the oldest Christian literature, including the New Testa- ment itself, was looked upon as but a tissue of deceptions and falsifications. Charles Stevenson. Prayer, in theory, is based on the supposition of God's personal- ity; prayer, in practice, assumes that God is omnipotent. Dr. G. M. Twitchell. Men have been emerging out of the simple trust and belief in the tenets of the church and creed into the broader and clearer field where reason and judgment control. Hon. Thomas P. Cheney. If a person does not believe in the efficacy of prayer he should not be forced to pray, nor publicly advertised, criticised and anathe- matized by the governor if he does not pray. John Ruskin. Modern science has taught us that a wing cannot be anatomically joined to a human shoulder. WtJ Ting Fang. Without distinction of race, color, nationality or creed, China asks you to treat her in the same way as you would be treated. Rev. C. C. Colton, A. M. The three great apostles of practical atheism, that make converts without persecuting, and retain them without preaching, are wealth, health and power. Francis Ellingwood Abbott. Miracles vanish like frost-work before the light and heat of truth. views of religion. 215 Anna Jameson. Of all the personages in history, in poetry, in art, Maty Magdalene is at once the most unreal and the most real — the most unreal if we attempt to fix her identity. Rev. C. C. Colton, A. M. Those who would fain persuade us that they are quite sure of Heaven appear to be in no greater hurry to go there than other folks. William A. Hammond, M. D. Modern ideas as to hell are formed on the descriptions evolved by Milton's diseased imagination. Anna Jameson. The bodily forms assigned to angels are allowed to be impossible and merely allegorical. Anna Jameson. In the New Testament angels are much more frequently alluded to than in the Old ; more as a reality, less as a vision. Prof. A. M. Fairbairn, D. D. In Protestant countries the social development has outrun the religious. David Hume. Many take for granted that the Christian religion is not so much as a subject of inquiry, but is at length discovered to be fictitious. Rev. Thomas Starr King, D. D. The doctrine of the Trinity is not a doctrine of the New Testament. Christian Wolfe. Philosophy is the science of the possible, so far as it can be actual. 21 6 VIEWS or RELIGION. Rev. John Cuckson, D. D. The inconceivability of the doctrine of the Trinity is its most striking characteristic. Rev. John Cuckson, D. D. A false doctrine dies hard. This is especially true of the dogma of the Trinity, in the Christian form. Ernest De Bunsen. There is no biblical authority or any early church authority for the doctrine of three persons and one God. Miss Lou Lawrence. The God of Bible-fiction is the God who tortured his best friend to prove his loyalty. Albert Barnes, D.D. I see not one ray of light to disclose to me why sin came into the world. Prof. G. H. Howison, LL.D. Thus finally, let it not be overlooked, the belief of traditional re- ligion in the personality of God, was to disappear. Prof. William Wundt, Ph.D., LL.D. Christian doctrines and the ancient theory of the virtues are joined without any attempt at reconciliation. Rev. Roswell R. Hoes, U. S. N. You talk about hell. I used to preach it. I thought I knew what it was. William Jennings Bryan. I oppose Christianity fired out of a Gatling gun. The man who is hit does not need a gospel. views of religion. 217 Cicero. Philosophy! thou director of our lives, thou friencfof virtue and enemy of vice! What were we, what were the life of man at all, but for thee. Prof. Edward Caird, Ph. D., LL.D. Our ignorance of God is thus, in one aspect of it, the effect of too much knowledge. Prof. Oswald Kulpe, Ph. D. The necessity of the idea of God cannot be demonstrated by any theoretical argument and there is nothing in scientific investigation that necessarily takes us to it. Prof. Edward Caird, Ph. D., LL.D. The spirit of fetichism is the dark shadow which accompanies religion at every stage, from the savage who makes presents to the medicine man of his tribe up to the Christian. Prof. Edward Caird, Ph. D., LL.D. We are now shut up to the alternative, either that there is no God or no revelation or knowledge of Him or that the revelation of God must be sought in the whole process of nature and history. Prof. Johann Friedrich Herbart, Ph. D. The soul is simple essence, not merely without parts but also with- out any kind of diversity or multiplicity in its quality; hence it has no space relations. Rev. F. L. Phalen. There is no doubt to my mind that the modem world is turning away from the doctrines and customs that were once precious in the lives of our fathers. ^ Rev. Samuel A. Eliot. Theological dogmatisms and sacerdotal ordinances are out of place in the free democratic life of America. 2l8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. Oswald Kulpe, Ph.D. The final outcome of our discussion seems then to be a rejection of all the proofs for the existence of God, that is, an atheism. Prof. Edward Bradford Titchener, Ph.D. Although they are intrinsically different the religious sentiments are, in the civilized society of to-day, most intimately connected with the ethical. Prof. Johann Friedrich Herbart, Ph.D. Furthermore, the soul has no time relations. The soul has no innate natural talents or faculties whatsoever. The soul is totally unknown and will forever remain so. Prof. George Adam Smith, D.D. Christ was the first critic. The church has never renounced her liberty to revise the canon. Mrs. Elizabeth Barrett Browning. My own, my own, Who comes to me when the world was gone, And I who only looked for God found thee! I found thee; I am safe and strong and glad. Prof. Oswald Kulpe, Ph.D. In modern times, even down to our own day, the feeling has gen- erally been that judgments of religion must be made from the meta- physical standpoint. Prof. William Wundt, Ph. D.,LL.D. AU ideas and feelings are religious which refer to an ideal existence. Since experience can offer at most only distant approximations to this ideal, it remains an ideal, existing simply in the realm of ideas. It is a product of human feeling and imagination. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 219 Rt. Rev. Bishop James A. Healy. I think religion is languishing in rural New En^and, because Protestantism is languishing everyTvhere. Prof. Oswald Ktjlpe, Ph.D. No one of the five proofs of the existence of God deserves its title ; and the five together accomplishes no more than each can do alone. Tennyson. Are God and nature then at strife ? Hon. Andrew Dixon White. Just in proportion as the world has receded from that period when theology was all-absorbing and all-controlHng, plague after plague had disappeared. Rev. Richard Salter Storrs, D.D., LL.D. No more deference is paid to his (the preacher) teaching than there seems to be reason for in the listening mind ; and that is often very little. Rev. Richard Salter Storrs, D.D., LL.D. The modem rituaHstic fad is nothing in the world but a preten- tious superficial imitation of a profoundly false original. Prof. Edward Y. Hincks, D.D., LL.D. The sense of the value of a scientific representation of the contents of the Bible which has now taken possession of the mind of the church must sooner or later give birth to a biblical theology of a different type. Prof. William Wundt, Ph.D., LL.D. The question of the connection between religions and ethical con- ceptions is, as every one knows, still in dispute ; and there seems to be bu*^ small prospects of a reconciliation of the opposing views. 220 views of religion. Vassili Verestchagin. We shall search in vain for Christian states or communities where the precepts of Christ are really carried out. Vassili Verestchagin. The Christian churches at all the holy places — from Bethlehem where Christ was bom, to the temples of Golgotha and of the holy sepulchre, where he was crucified and buried, there is disputing, abusive language, and even fighting with swords and firearms. Vassili Verestchagin. One might be inclined to suppose that the bolder and more im- probable the hypothesis which underlies a religion the greater would be the forbearance which the unbelieving opponents might claim, but in reality nearly the reverse is the case. Swami Abhedananda. The miraculous resurrection of a single person is no longer enough to make a living hope in a future life. Julia Ward Howe. The new bible gives us vivid pictures of ancient times and manners Washington Irving. The Christians fought for glory, for revenge, for the holy faith and for the spoil of those wealthy infidels. The Moors fought for property, for liberty, for life. Diderot. What! Can a God of infinite goodness find any pleasure in bath- ing himself in tears ? Washington Irving. The good Count never set forth on a ravage without observing the rites of confession, absolution and communion. VIEWS OF RELIGION. Sir Thomas Browne, M. D. It is the promise of Christ to make us all one floci:, but how and when this union shall be is as obscure to us as the last day. Frederick Pollock, M. A., LL. D. The case of theological persecution is unanswerable if we admit the fundamental supposition that one faith is known to be true and necessary to salvation. W. Stanley Jevons, M. A., LL.D., F. R. S. It is impossible to see how any one can explain away the existence of pain and evil. Nobody has done this ; perhaps nobody ever shall do it ; certainly systems of theology will not do it. Democritus. Out of nothing rises nothing. Diderot. Considering the picture that is drawn for us of the Supreme Being, the most righteous soul must be tempted to wish that he did not exist. Frederick Wilhelm Storch. It is clear that the soul, or the spirit in itself, and of its own nature, is not immortal, and does not exist outside the human being. JuLiEN Offray De La Mettrie. A good prescription is still more profitable than an absolution. Marilla M. Ricker. We heard very little about Christians, nothing about Lent and Easter, and if I had been asked when a child about being christened, I should have consulted the dictionary before replying. I was taught to be honest and truthful and to pay one hundred cents on a dollar. 222 VIEWS OP RELIGION. Dr. Pancratius Wolee. The thoughts are not actions of the immaterial soul, but are mech- anisms of the human body, and, in species, of the brain. Julien Oefray De La Mettrie. Religious faith alone can confirm our belief as to the existence of a rational soul. Prof. William T. Harkis. The idea of self-activity is the source of our thought of God. If one lacked this idea of self-activity and could not attain it, ... . he could not form in his mind, .... . the essential characteristic idea of God ; he could not think of God as a creator of the world or as self existent, apart from the world. Sir Henry Maine. No society which preserves any tincture of Christian institution is likely to restore to married women the personal liberty conferred on them by the middle Roman law. Dr. Heenrich Ritter, Ph. D. The great influence of Christianity would be less questioned if it had not penetrated so widely and so deeply into our entire being; while if it had gained a complete supremacy, its power would be instantaneously and universally acknowledged. Lord Shaftesbury. Notwithstanding those infinite divisions caused by the interest of the priests and the ignorance of the people, all wise men are of the same religion ; of which wise men never tell. Pres. Samuel B. Thing. There is a marked decline in godliness to which we must not shut our eyes. There is backward movement in church life. The church of Christ is not meeting the crisis in any adequate way. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 225 Du Bois Reymond. We are all more or less Voltaireans, Voltaireans wfthout knowing it, and without being called so. Sir Is.\ac Newton. There is no force without matter. M. Paul Bourget. As for me, my position is that of absolute agnosticism. I am of the opinion that we cannot know of certain knowledge whether to take the simplest formula, there is a God ; or, if there is not, whether there is any good or evil, or not ; merit or demerit, or not ; another life, or not. Julien Offray De La Mettrie. The soul, then, depends essentially upon the organs of the body with which it is formed, grows and decreases. Abbe Pluche. What singular idea of Christianity should we have, if we were to follow reason! Prof. Frederick Albert Lange, Ph. D. For our peace of mind it is indifferent to know whether there is a God or not, whether he created matter, or whether it is eternal. Prof. Frederick Albert Lange, Ph. D. It is a narrow strip of land surrounded by the sea upon which the reformed theology tries to maintain itself against the waves of invading materiahsm. David Livingstone. When we kneel down and address an unseen being, the position and the act often appear to them so ridiculous that they cannot re- frain from bursting into uncontrollable laughter. 224 VIEWS OF RELIGION. AVERROES. The teachings of theologians are based upon fables. LuDWiG Feuerbach. God was my first thought, reason my second, man my third and last thought. Heinrich Czolbe. The moral feeling of duty towards the natural world, order and contentment with it, compels me to the denial of a supernatural soul. Du Bois Reymond. The anatomical knowledge of the brain, the highest knowledge we can attain, reveals to us nothing but matter in motion. Robert G. Ingersoll. The story of the creation is believed only by the provincial, the stupid and truly orthodox. Proe. Charles A. Briggs, D. D. We are obliged to admit that there are scientific errors in the Bible, errors of astronomy, of geology, of botany and anthropology. fix. Prime Minister Crispi. The clergy constitute the danger to the republic. Sir William Crookes. Everything is evolved from a primordial something. Prof. Alfred William Benn, Ph. D. After enjoying the benefits of Christianity for a thousand years the modern world had still to take its lessons in patience of observation, in accuracy of reasoning and in sobriety of expression, from such men as Thucydides, Hippocrates, Polybus, Archimedes and Hipparchus. views of religion. 225 Miss Anna Boyd Thompson. Existence cannot be proved to go beyond this world*. Robert G. Ingersoll. There is no God. Religion is fear. Religion is cowardice. Every God has been created in fear. The religion of the Puritan was an unadulterated curse. Shakespeare is worth all the Bibles ever written. Robert G. Ingersoll. Religion rests on the idea that nature has a master. Has nature a master ? Rev. Samuel M. Crothers. The Bible contradicts itself. Rev. Isaac Taylor, D.D. Is it probable that the world will become Christian ? For every Christian we have one hundred and eighty three additional heathens or Moslems. T. B. Macauley. That flashing eye blasted the conqueror's spear, The monarch's scepter and the Jesuit's beads. And every wrinkle in that haggard sneer Has been the grave of dynasties and creeds. Richard von St. Victor. I have often read that there is but one God, that this God is one as to substance, three as to persons ; that these three persons are not three gods, but only one God; but I do not remember ever having read how they are proved. Pierre Lombard. If God foresaw that he would create, then he had to create, and creation is not an act of freedom. If God did not foresee it, what became of his omniscience ? 226 views of religion. Admiral Sampson, U. S. N. I do not know but my great predecessor killed as many people with the jawbone of an ass as I have done with bullets. Prof. Frank Thilly, A. M., Ph. D. The modern theory of evolution has revolutionized the thought of our century. Balthaser Bekkar. Sorcery, magic, or spiritism, in every shape or form, is a detestable and ridiculous superstition. Prof. Alfred Weber, Ph. D. In the time of religious fervour, morality is identified with piety, ethics with theology, while enlightened and sceptical periods tend to separate them. Giordano Bruno. The infinity of forms under which matter appears, it does not receive from another and something external, but produces them from itself. Prof. Alfred Weber, Ph. D. Hence we may define rehgion as follows : Subjectively, it is the fear with which the givers of life and death, be they imaginary or real, inspire us ; objectively, it is the sum of ideas, doctrines, and institu- tions resulting from this feeling. Prof. J. Radford Thomson, M. A. How the moral life and habits of Christians have been affected by the priesthood and confessional, how casuisty became the most prom- inent development of ethics, this is known not only to the student of church history, but to the student of morals. Ernst Haeckel. The beautiful dream of God's goodness and wisdom in nature no longer finds credit, at least among the educated people who think. views of religion. 227 Pierre Lombard. Where was God before creation? He could not*have been in lieaven for heaven too was created. Rev. H. p. de Forrest, D.D. Supernatural authority is left to those to urge who need to support a teaching that does not appeal to the reason. Proe. J. Radford Thomson, M. A. Whilst there is among the educated very httle bare atheism, there are to be met with doctrines or rather theories regarding the supreme power or cause of every degree of divergence from the orthodox Christian faith. NiCHOLAUS DE AUTRICURIA. In the processes of nature, there is nothing to be found but the motion of the combination and separation of atoms. Rev. John Watson, D.D. A large number of Englishmen are neither high, low, nor broad. They do not trouble themselves about questions of either doctrines or ritual; they Uke a well-conducted musical service. Prof. Andrew Lang. But the peasant, if he thinks of the gods at all, thinks of them walk- ing the earth, like our Lord and the saints in the Norse nursery tales. Rev. J. M. Pullman. The new understanding is that man is a developing being who began low down but is slowly and steadily making his way upwards. Fontenelle. The gods known to Cicero are much better than those known to Homer, because better philosophers have had a hand at the making. 228 VIEWS or RELIGION. Rev. Louis S. Walsh. The state and country are no longer a church-going people. More than one-half of the children never go to church or Sunday school unless there be a minstrel show or candy distribution. Fontenelle. From the rough philosophy which prevailed in early ages were born the gods and goddesses. Prof. Benjamin Thorpe. Heathen religious usages gradually gave rise to Christian super- stitions. Prof. Benjamin Thorpe. Let it not excite surprise that in the popular stories and popular beliefs Christ and the saints are frequently set in place of old mytho- logical beings. Senor Don Emilio Castelar. Like Socrates, like Christ, like all redeemers, he (Lincoln) fell at the foot of his finished work. Thomas Paine. Any system of religion that shocks the mind of a child cannot be a true religion. Hon. Harrison Hume. I am surprised that these meek and lowly Nazarenes should preach . . . . . that the world must be covered first by bullets and bayonets. Little wonder is it that their influence on the com- munity is infinitesimal. Gov. Frank \V. Rollins. When it comes to religion, the less said the better. We do not enter into the religious life at all. ^\'e do not help the church by our presence; we simply contribute pew rent and feel ver)' well satisfied at that. VIEWS or RELIGION. 229 MOMMSEN. A wager might be laid that the more lax any woman was the more piously she worshipped Isis. Melancthon. Do we excel in intellect and learning, in decency and morals ? By no means. But we excel in true knowledge and worship of God. Moore. And many more such pious scraps, To prove, what we've long proved perhaps, That mad as Christians used to be About the thirteenth century, There's lots of Christians to be had In this the nineteenth, just as mad. Rev. Robert S. McArthur, D.D. We have not the right to subject atheists to taxation for the support of schools in which Christianity is taught. Rev. Dr. Parkhurst. The reading of the Bible in the public schools is more a fetich than a moral agency. U. S. Grant, Pres. U. S. A. . No sectarian tenet should be taught in any school supported by state or national tax. Gen. Charles George Gordon. Nothing can be more abject and miserable than the usual con- ception of God. Thomas Paine. The world is my country, to do good my religion. 230 views of religion. Sir Thomas Browne, M.D. I cannot conceive why the cross that Helena found, and whereon Christ himself died, should have power to restore others unto life. Sir Thomas Browne, M.D. There is no salvation to those that believe not in Christ, that is, some say . ... which makes me much apprehend the end of those honest worthies and philosophers which died before his incarnation. It is hard to place those souls in hell whose worthy lives do teach us virtue on earth. Giordano Bruno. The judgment which ye have pronounced upon me inspires fear in you rather than in me. Prof. B. C. Burt, A.M. Modem philosophy forms ... an awakening from a sort of dogmatic slumber in which human thought was wrapped up in the idea of a super-mundane world. Prof. Johann Eduard Erdmann. Christianity indeed no longer consists in being spiritually minded, that is, in enmity with the world. Bishop John Fletcher Hurst, A. M., D.D. Infidelity presents a systematic and harmonious history. Rational- ism now threatens the integrity of the domain of Anglo-Saxon theology. Bishop Venner. There is no tyranny so cruel, no yoke so intolerable, as priestcraft when invested with temporal power. Dr. Edward McGlynn. We do not wish to unite secular and religious education. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 23 1 Prof. Frederick Denison Maurice, Ph. D. I think men do suffer, suffer tremendously from tlie belief in a (divine) ruler, who enslaves their minds. Rev. Howard Crosby, D. D. There is no safety in our country but in non-sectarian education. Pres. Welling, C. U. The state cannot rightfully teach the tenets of any particular re- ligious creed, whether it be Jewish or Christian, Agnostic or Atheistic Hon. David J. Brewer, J. S. C, U. S. Differences of creed and forms of government and modes of worship will always continue. Christopher Marlowe. Moses was a juggler. Prof. Frank Byron Jevons, M. A. The art of life consists in paying attention to the right things and neglecting the rest. Here then, we have the explanation of that slow process of religious dogmatism due to prolonged and increasing dis- traction of attention. G. J. Romanes. A favorite piece of apologetic juggling is that of first demolishing atheism, pantheism, materialism, etc., by successively calling upon them to explain the mystery of self-existence, and then tacitly assum- ing that the need of such an explanation is absent in the case of theism. G. J. Romanes. Another argument, or semblance of an argument, is the very prev- alent one, our heart requires a God ; therefore, it is probable there is a God; as though such a subjective necessity, even if made out, could ever prove an objective existence. 232 views of religion. Rev. W. C. Haskell. How can I be Orthodox ? I do not believe the Bible is the word of God. I do not believe in the atonement. I do not believe in the doctrine of everlasting punishment. Epicurus. It is not profane to deny the existence of the deities of the vulgar; but to apply to the divinities the received notions of the vulgar is profane. St. Bernard. It is not for us now to say, " Like priest, like people,' ' for the people are not even so bad as the priests. Lord Bacon. The causes of atheism are divisions in religion, scandal of priests, and, lastly, learned times. Prof. St. George Mivart. It has long been painful to me to think of the teaching given in Catholic schools and often proclaimed from the pulpit. Prof. St. George Mivart. There need be small surprise at the opposition existing in France to the authoritative teaching of fables, fairy tales, and puerile and pest- ilent superstitions. Chancellor William Goddard. President Andrews drove out of our college all ideas of sectarianism and denominationalism. If he had accomplished nothing else that would be a great work. Prof. Hinckley G. Mitchell, D.D. The first chapters of Genesis are more or less legendary. views of religion. 233 Prof. Hinckley G. Mitchell, D. D. One can no longer require the observance of the S^bath as the festival of creation. Prof. Hinckley G. Mitchell, D.D. I have no hesitation in saying with many other scholars that I do not think that Jesus in his humiliation was omniscient. Prof. St. George Mivart. As you well know I was once an ardent advocate of Catholicism, but ultimately I came to the conclusion that Catholic doctrine and science were utterly at variance. Ellen M. Henrotin. The chief support of all the churches comes largely from women — both in a practical way and in the point of interest. Virgil. Happy the man who studying nature's laws through known effects, can trace the secret cause. His mind possessing in a quiet state, fear- less of fortune and resigned to fate. Rev. John Robertson, D. D. God will never allow faith to be propped up by sense. Rev. George C. Lorimer, D.D. How much confidence can any race have in religion in the face of the wars of inhumanity now in progress in South Africa and in the Phillipines. Prof. Henry Morton, Pres. S. I. T. What lines of study most tend to develop intellectual honesty? Those studies which involve the exploration of the laws and facts of nature. 234 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. W. H. Hodges, Dean H. D. S. Diversity under the name of denominationalism is at this moment dividing Christianity; it forfeits the respect of thinking people. Rev. E. Winchester Donald, D.D. I see in all of our contemporary religious spirit the forgetfulness of the energetic, vigorous Christian life. Samuel Pepys. Then to church again, where a simple bawling young Scot preached. To church alone, and after dinner to church again, where the young Scotchman preaching I slept all the while. Alexander Pope. Know then thyself, presume not God to scan; The proper study of mankind is man. Edward Bellamy. To tell farmers that personal religion will take the place of scientific agriculture would be a crazy economic system. Miss Caroline Hazard, Pres., W.C. We are confronted to-day by materialism on one side and by trans- cendentalism on the other, but the new psychology seeks to unite the two. Samuel Pepys. Another book I brought, which is good reading now, to see what they (preachers) did teach, and the people believe and what they would seem to believe now. Rabbi Charles Fleischer. It has long been a mystery to me how any intelligent person to-day can still be an orthodox religionist of whatever sect or denomination. views of religion. 235 Lessing. We modems do not believe in demi-gods. Rabbi Charles Fleischer. Darwinism has made impossible of belief, except, perhaps, in church and on Sundays, the Bibhcal story of special creation. Charles W. Eliot, Pres. H. U. The whole community is examining the grounds of its fundamental beliefs and the whole conception of the government of the universe has changed. Dean Swift. We have Just enough rehgion to make us hate, but not enough to make us love, one another. Lord Bacon. Divine history has this prerogative, that the narration may be before the fact as well as after. Horace Walpole. Dante is hke a Methodist parson in Bedlam. Voltaire. There are people to be found who force themselves to admire feats of imagination as stupidly extravagant and barbarous as those of the "Divina Commedia." Rev. J. P. Bland, B. D. It will be a long time before the many will be ready to receive a rational God or a rational rehgion. Robert Greene. I fear the judges of the Queen's Courts more than I fear God. 236 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. William F. Sumner. People have universally believed that marriage was a religious rite. The religious ceremony has nothing to do with it. Gov. Edward Curtis Smith. Of course the church ideas of a generation ago (Vermont) are not followed out, and there is a wide degree of toleration. John Lothrop Motley. Charles the Fifth was too good a politician not to know the value of broad phylacteries and long prayers. Prof. James Hirst Hallo well, D. D., LL. D. Sectarianism never built a post office nor a fleet. Rev. William F. Slocum, D.D., LL.D., Pres. C. T. C. The student of theology who expects to be a leader of men must become pre-eminently a thinker, rather than a mere asserter of theo- logical dogma. Prof. James Hirst Hallowell, D. D., LL. D. It is not the business of a free nation, or a legitimate apphcation of the public taxes to teach ecclesiastical specialties and differences. Rev. Prof. Williston Walker, D. D. In an age when the other honored professions are demanding more extended preparations of candidates for admission to their ranks, the cry is constantly heard for shorter cuts to the ministry. Robert G. Ingersoll. The hope of science is the perfection of the human race. The hope of theology is the salvation of a few, and the damnation of almost every body. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 237 Rev. W. De Witt Hyde, D.D., LL.D. The theological seminaries are at last making some attempt to cor- rect the suicidal policy of intellectual isolation that has brought them to the very verge of the grave. Editor J. W. Bennett. One's belief in the Nicean creed or the Westminster confession is not so essential as his living in his own life principles of morality. Rev. N. D. Hillis, D. D. One-half of the community never crosses the threshold of a church either Protestant or Catholic. Dr. Robert Macnish. Birth and death ^re the alpha and omega of existence, and life, to use the language of Shakespeare, "Is rounded by a sleep." Sir Robert Funk, D.D. It is a well-known fact that Christianity has altogether failed to become an educational power in the Orient. Mrs. Robert G. Ingersoll. My consolation is in memory. I know as much as they do about the hereafter. It is nothing. Rev. R. a. Green. That is what I have been preaching all along, and when Inger- soll's motives are spread out they will be a fountain garlanded with flowers. Prof. Katherine L. Bates, W. C. What impressed me was the sumptuous display of wealth in fooKsh and useless ways, as in extravagantly rich and grotesque robes for the virgins and saints on the floats of their religious pageants. 238 views of religion. Rev. T. De Witt Talmage, D.D. Religion has been chiefly associated with sick-beds and graveyards. Rev. D. M. Hodge, D.D. God's method with those who are yet unrepented will not be differ- ent from what it has been with those who have repented. Anson G. Osgood. While mystery envelops the absolute nature of things, the gods never did explain anything. Rev. Dr. Crowe. That Christ was punished for our sins was preached and prayed and sung in nearly all the churches when half of you were children. You must send your children to the frontiers to hear it now. Rev. Dr. Crowe. To-day there is no endless torment. Science and Kterature and common sense and morality have revolted from the doctrine of divine wrath. August Babel. According to Christianity woman is the unclean one, the seducer who brought sin into the world and caused the fall of man. Rev. Lyman Abbott, D.D., LL.D. I think I am representing liberal Congregationahsts pretty generally when I say that they have long since abandoned the belief in endless punishment. Sir John Bowring. Eternal misery is a doctrine more abominable than any that can be found in the whole of the records of heathenism. Rev. William F. Anderson, D.D. There are certainly two accounts of creation which do not agree. views of religion. 239 Zulu Boy. You tell us that God is all powerful, and that the angels were ex- pelled from paradise because they were deceived by the serpent. But why did the good God allow them to be deceived ? Rt. Rev. Bishop John William Colenso, D.D. The result of my inquiry is this, that the Pentateuch as a whole cannot possibly have been written by Moses, and further, that the Mosaic narrative cannot be regarded as histori- cally true. Rt. Rev. Bishop John William Colenso, D.D. It is generally taught upon Christian authority that the human race has degenerated and fallen ; but we know from undeniable testimony, that on the contrary it has risen in the social scale continually from the lower to higher. Le Sage. The Christian fathers were immediately followed by the hapless victims of the holy office, selected for this day's burnt-ofiering. Prop. George P. Fisher, D.D., LL.D., Dean Yale D.S. It is a gain to be spared the reproaches and the sneers of adepts in geology, philology and history, whether in scientific essays or in such prints as one depicting the polar bear making his way down to take his place in the ark. Rev. William A. Anderson, D.D. The church of the next generation will be as grateful for the con- structive work of the higher critics as we of this generation have been grateful for the pioneers against the insane theory of verbal inspiration. Rev. William F. Anderson, D.D. The dogmatic advocacy of the doctrine of the Trinity endangers the great fact of our Lord's humanity. 240 views of religion. Cardinal Gibbons. The world is governed more by ideals than by ideas. Dr. J. L. York. Spirit-mansions in the skies are illusions and fragments of super- stitions which have come down to us from the ignorance of the past. Rev. William Leechman, D.D. God is not wrought upon and changed by our prayers. Hon. Thomas B. Reed. It took four thousand years of Pagan and fifteen centuries of Christian civilization to produce a two-pronged fork and another century to bring it into use. Hon. Thomas B. Reed. The first thing which any large fundamental scientific or moral discovery has to meet is somebody's religious conviction founded upon his interpretation of a creed or a scripture. Lemuel K. Washburn. God is not a fact; nothing that can be seen, heard or felt, nothing that can be found out or in. God is a verbal content. Henry Rowley. God was merely a link in the chain of causation. Thus we again see the fallacy of theism in postulating an ultimate cause. Rabbi Charles Fleischer. The bumptious "Me and Gott" attitude of the Emperor of Ger- many is paralleled in passages of this proclamation (McKinley's) relating what God and our present administration have accom- plished in a twelvemonth. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 241 J. P. Richardson. The fact that the word " God' ' does not correspond«to any idea or fact within the whole range of human knowledge justifies me in deny- ing that a God exists. Prof. Earl Barnes. The whole world is now slowly acquiring freedom from church control in education. Prof. Earl Barnes. An institution Hke the church naturally likes to control education in order to assure itself a following of believers. Hon. John M. Robertson. Atheism is the psychological sense which began with the begin- ning of science. Rt. Rev. A. C. A. Hall, D. D. In the city there is a witness to rehgion ; in the country there is none. The Christian religion is exerting less and less influence in the country districts. Miss Effie Kelly Price. Many girls who enter college with a firm Christian foundation lose it in their last year. HoNORE DE Balzac. Thanks to the toleration preached by the encyclopedists of the eighteenth century, the sorcerer is exempt from torture. RuDYARD Kipling. Who's your financial friend with the figures at his finger's ends ? I asked. Missionary — Presbyterian Mission to the Japs, said the professor. I laid my hand upon my mouth and was dumb. The missionaries are perhaps the queerest portion of the cargo. Shelley. From an eternity of idleness God awoke! 242 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Miss Efeie Kelly Price. Girls have told me that their vacations were times of agony from fear their parents would find out they had grown to be girls without behef. Rev. H. H. George. We do not mention God in the Constitution, and we say that it is a government of, for and by the people, and then inconsistently turn about and open Congress with prayer and send chaplains with the troops. Rev. E. Benjamin Andrews, D.D. There are atheists among the Chicago taxpayers who might object to the poem's deep rehgious significance. Dr. Sprengee. During the Christian epoch nine millions of people were burned as witches and wizards. Rev. Edward Abbott, D.D. I wonder when I read in the papers of what the ministers have said from their pulpits that people go to church at all. Rev. Edward Abbott, D.D. The food that is set before the people in the house of God on Sunday is poor stuff to eat indeed. Hugh O. Pentecost. As to the word " God' ' it is a pestiferous word that breeds only con- fusion and strife and should be eliminated from aU rational discussion. Prof. George Nye Boardman, D.D. Though the existence of God is not called in question by those who write upon theology yet there is no theme in which there is less unanimity than theism. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 243 W. F. Jamison. The moment a God is described, he, she or it becomes a glaring absurdity. George E. Macdonald. The belief (in God) is not supported by facts enough to produce conviction in the mind when it has not been implanted by education. Prof. Francois Lenormant. I am a scholar and as such I do not recognize both a Christian science and a science of free thought. I acknowledge one science only, which leaves theological questions on one side as foreign to its domain. Rt. Hon. William Ewart Gladstone. Disintegration within the church which was an accident or an exception has become the rule. Prof. Alexander V. G. Allen, D.D. The traditional conception of God which has come down to us from the middle ages through the Latin church is undergoing a profound transformation. Prof. Francois Lenermant. That which we read in the first chapters of Genesis is not an account dictated by God himself. It is a tradition whose origin is lost in the night of remotest ages. Prof. Francois Lenormant. The inspired compiler of Genesis used in relation to the fall of the first human pair a narrative which has assumed an entirely mythical character among the surrounding peoples. HoNORE De Balzac. He had all the faith of a charcoal burner, he loved the blessed Virgin as he would have loved his wife. 244 views of religion. St. Augustine. God is nowhere and everywhere. Prof. B. B. Edwards, D.D. We speak of Biblical science. Perhaps the propriety of the term may be doubted. There may seem to be little of true science in a department which appears to run counter so often with the discov- eries of the naturahsts. Prof. B. B. Edwards. D.D. The positive declarations of the Bible come into direct collision with the unimpeachable testimony of sienite of the colored walls of a tomb. Either ethnography or Moses must be mistaken. Rev. Andrew Jackson Canfield, D. D. The living church which keeps pace with the intellectual spirit of our time must hold the verbal statement of its doctrines subject to perpetual revision. Melancthon. Good God ! What tragedies will be excited amongst our posterity by the question, whether the Logos and the Spirit are hypostases. Prof. J. A. Dorner, D.D. God is to be defined as good simply. Prof. J. A. Dorner, D.D. The idea of God-man is not one which belongs only to this or that religion ; rather may the germ of it be found in all. Prof. Lionel Smith Beale, M. D., F. R. S. The study of living beings is that which is calculated to exert the most serious influence upon religious thought. It is indeed, in con- nection with views concerning the nature of life that the most distinct antagonism between religion and science will be found to obtain. VIEWS or RELIGION. 245 Prof. J. A. Dorner, D.D. All miracles recorded in the Old and New Testamenfs have this in common, that they are done in the interest of rehgion. Prof. J. A. Dorner, D.D. The doctrine of angels or pure celestial spirits, attested by holy writ and accepted by the church, lacks complete dogmatic verifica- tion. Rev. Edward Beecher, D.D. In the writings even of some of the most Orthodox divines, there are the germs of a skepticism concerning the reality of our knowledge of God. Rev. Edward Beecher, D.D. There is nothing in the material world which can give a knowledge of God to a being who has within himself no intellectual image of God. Prof. J. Baker Greene, LL.D. God personally interposed for the guidance of the host by means of a pillar of fire by night and by a pillar of cloud by day. And yet in the same breath we are taught that this Heaven-guided people were led to and fro for nearly forty years in a region .... which they could at any time have quitted in less than a week. Prof. Alexander V. G. Allen, D.D. The traditional doctrines concerning the nature and method of divine revelation, the atonement and the final destiny of man, are called in question, not because they are irrational in themselves, but because they no longer spring by an inward necessity from that changed conception of God, which is consciously or unsconciously postulated by the mind. Prof. J. Baker Greene, LL.B. One of the results of modem bibUcal criticism has been to establish the non-Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch. 246 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. J. Baker Greene, LL.D. The pages of history furnish only too abundant illustrations of the evil consequences of presenting a cruel vindictive and treacherous Deity for the admiration and imitation of mankind. Prof. J. Baker Greene, LL.B. The champions of what passes for Orthodoxy must be well aware that the most deadly weapons employed against them are supplied out of their own armory. Prof. Samuel Ives Curtiss, D.D. For centuries it has been an interesting question to determine how far the scriptures have derived their facts and doctrines from other literatures. Prof. Samuel Ives Curtiss, D.D. We do not consider it a point of vital importance to defend the Mosaic authorship of the entire Pentateuch. Very Rev. Dean C. W. Stubbs, D.D. The ideas of the devil and the fall of man came more from John Milton than from the Bible. RuFus K. NoYES, M.D. I have no religion ; do not believe in religion ; shall live and die with- out religion ; and I would rejoice if the words religion, God, heaven and heU were forever blotted from the lexicon of human thought and speech. Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler, D.D. Brains and culture in our colleges are increasingly drawn into other pursuits than the pulpit. HoNORE De Balzac. Eve and her serpent are the everlasting myth of an hourly fact. views of religion. 247 Prof. W. T. Ashley. Extraordinary attention was once given to theological contro- versy ; Now the tendency is to relate church history to theo- logical seminaries. .Prof. James H. Robinson. A good part of the interest of the last five hundred years lies in the successful effort to substitute a secular system for the ecclesiastical control of the earlier period. John Ruskin. We cannot justly interpret the religion of any people unless we are prepared to admit that we ourselves as well as they are liable to error in matters of faith. John Clark Ridpath. Human society appeared on the earth, according to the best calcu- lations deduced from geology, archeology, anthropology, and tradi- tion hardly less than twenty-five thousand years ago. Prof. Hinckley C. Mitchell, D.D. No prophet of the Old Testament knew anything about the person of Jesus Christ. HoNORE De Balzac. Faith rarely survives when brought into close contact with its idol. Rev. George C. Lo rimer, D.D. You may read it (Bible) to all eternity and you won't be any surer of religious certainty. Rev. John Watson, D. D. The leaf which contains the fourteenth chapter of St. John's Gos- pel should be made moveable in our Bibles, in order that it be replaced every ten years. 248 views of religion. Buckle. When the Scotch Kirk was at the height of its power, we may- search history ui vain for any institution which can compete with it except the Spanish Inquisition. Prof. T. B. Wakeman. Every effort of heart, mind or will, and every dollar expended upon, or for, that God is robbery of man. Rev. James C. McInnis. The ministry is no place for a young man who wants his personal liberty. He must use too much hypocrisy himself and overlook too much hypocrisy in others. Sir Robert Ball. Millions of years ago the earth was an infant. Rev. David Watson, D.D. The great, the wise, the mighty are not with us. The best thoughts, the wisest knowledge and the deepest philosophy have discarded our church. Prof. John Fiske. As scientific generalization has steadily extended the region of natu- ral law, the region which theology has assigned to divine action has steadily diminished. Martin Luther. The Bible is now buried under so many commentaries that the text is nothing regarded. Rev. Samuel G. Shaw. The 25th of December has been fixed as the anniversary of Christ's birth by the Roman Catholic church, and we want higher authority than the Roman Catholic church for it. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 249 Benjamin Franklin. Twenty-four bishops make a dead majority that renders all de- bating ridiculous. Horace Walpole. I have been to one opera, Mr. Wesley's. The ^hapel is very neat, with true Gothic windows, yet I am not converted. Max Nordau. But rehgion also, which I distinguish from the church, is not in itself an ally of peace. Rev. Samuel G. Shaw. No one knows on what day our savior was born, and if anything at all is certain it is that his birth did not take place at this season of the year. Horace Walpole. Except a few from curiosity and some honorable women the con- gregation was very mean. Horace Walpole. Wesley is a lean elderly man, wondrous clean, but as evidently an actor as Garrick. Rev. a. C. McGiefert. The sacrament of the Holy Communion was not instituted by Christ himself upon the occasion of the last supper. Rev. John Cuckson, D.D. We have the laity with us at all times save on Sundays. Rev. George L. Perin. Merchants are better missionaries than professional missionaries. 250 views of religion. Rev. George C. Lorimer, D.D. The immaculate conception of the Virgin Mary was no more mi- raculous than the creation of Adam, and to believe one is to believe the other. Rabbi Moses Z. Margolies. There is a growing tendency among young people away from religion. Rev. Frederic Palmer. Creeds are dead. We have lost faith in religion. Rev. J. P. Bland. It is impossible to show that a man's body contains a spirit or a soul. Frederick the Great. Strike it out! Leave God out of that! Say, I did it. Ignace Paderewski. No Sundays. You see I was not an infant prodigy. Mark Twain. For ages and ages it (the lie) has mutely labored in the interest of despotism and religious slaveries, and has kept them alive. Edwest Maekham. I have nothing to say against the churches. I most respectfully decline to be labeled. I find they (clergymen) have sentiments and convictions in common with my own. Rev. Charles F. Dole. One sometimes wonders if as many think this is a somewhat prayer- less age. It is surely a time when the outward forms of prayer are much less common than formerly. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 25 1 Thomas A. Edison. The endeavor to change universal povt^er by selfiSh suppKcation I do not beUeve in. Rev. John Lindsay Withrow. The thought of the time is inclined to be sceptical on the subjects involved in the Christian faith. Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D.D., LL.D. The five great poets of America were all outside the pale of the orthodox churches. Rev. Robert E. Ely, D.D. Preaching is quite the same as it was one hundred years ago, and is not interesting. The workingman, too, feels that ministers and church members do not mean what they preach and teach. Oliver Cromwell. There are too many who think and act the sentiment "Our Truth or none." William C. Sturoc. All theological pretences have to be assumed. Thomas Wentworth Higginson. The first nation in Europe that abolished slavery in the colonies did in the same session abolish Christianity, and when Christianity was restored slavery came back also. Prof. Gold win Smith, LL.D. Science has put an end to the traditional beUef in the soul as a being separate from the body. Y. B. Du Bury. The soul is but an outcome of cerebral forces. 252 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Frederick Douglass. We have sold men to build churches, women sold to support the Gospel, and babies sold to purchase Bibles for the poor heathen, all for the glory of God. Prof. Hinckley C. Mitchell, D.D. Belief in the deity of Jesus Christ is not necessary to salvation. Lord Macauley. During the last three centuries to stunt the human mind has been her (church) chief object throughout Christendom. Huxley. Who shall number the patient and earnest seekers after truth, from the days of GaUileo until now, whose Hves have been embittered and their good names blasted by the mistaken zeal of BibHolaters ? Prof. Lombroso. The world is turning rapidly to positivism, to the negation of the influence of the church, on education and on politics. Lemuel K. Washburn. The doctrine of the atonement was invented by mighty mean men. Christianity is a tolerated hypocrisy. In the lexicon of Christianity there is no such word as unanimity. Rev. W. H. P. Faunce, D.D. I would rather be an agnostic and live a life of truly unselfish and Christlike endeavor, than sign all the creeds and attend a fashionable church twice every Sunday, and yet live a selfish and grasping life isolated from my fellow- men. Prof. Frederick Paulsen. Religion is not knowledge. views of religion. 253 Dr. Thomas. We must permit nothing, not even God, to come between us and reason. LuDwiG Feuerbach. Unbelief has taken the place of belief, reason the place of the Bible, politics the place of religion and the church, the earth the place of heaven, work the place of prayer, material want the place of hell, man the place of the Christian. Herbert Spencer. Ancestor worship is the root of every religion. LuDWiG Feuerbach. God has not created man, but man created God. Darwin. The old argument from design in nature, as given by Paley, which formerly seemed to me so conclusive, fails now that the law of natural selection has been discovered. Schxeiermachee. The common conception of God as a particular being outside of the world is not the alpha and omega of religion ; it is simply a mode of expression that is seldom absolutely pure and always unsatisfactory. Prof. Frederick Paulsen. The collective mind is the subject of the mythological conception of the universe ; the individual mind that of philosophy. Hon. Samuel Dickey. How can the preacher call things by their right names when he must put stained glass windows in with the fruits of stock gamblers' successful operations or the liquor dealers' profits. 254 VIEWS or RELIGION. Prof. Frederich Paulsen. The mythico-religious conception of the world is the product of poetic fancy. Mazzini. For six centuries, your (Pope) authority has neither generated, directed nor promoted life. Mazzini. Faith is dead. Your (Pope) authority is but the ghost of authority, and the terror inspired by the sceptre has been diminishing for four centuries. Mazzini. We believe that whosoever presumes at the present day to arrogate that revelation to himself, and declares that he is the privileged in- termediate between God and man is a blasphemer. Lessing. I can no longer accept the Orthodox notions of the Deity. I can't swallow them. Rev. Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler. The sermon that no sceptic can answer, is the sermon of a clean, vigorous, happy and useful life. Rossini. Greatness of soul is all very well, but it rarely gains the day in competition with a few round thousands. Lemuel K. Washburn. The presence of a hypocrite is a sure indication that there is a Bible and a prayer book not very far away. Rev. J. E. Roberts. No prayer was ever answered in all this world. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 255 ROSSETTI. Among the various writings of Shelley * . the only one having any moderate degree of literary merit is the "Necessity of Atheism." Prof. John Drysdale, M. D. In the interpretation of the Scriptures, science must be the final arbiter as to the meaning. Rev. I. A. Macdonald. The unprofitable questions with which this council (theological) has seemed concerned long lost every particle of interest for thoughtful men. Robert Louis Stevenson. To me morals, the conscience, the affections, and the passions are infinitely more important than the other parts of Ufe. Prof. Richard A. Proctor. Some say the weather may be changed in response to prayer. Let them try to think what they really mean by them and they will see what it amounts to. Lemuel K. Washburn. That God had to come to earth to find a mother for his son reveals the poverty of heaven. Le Sage. As the gentlemen of the sack and buskin are not on the best possi- ble terms with the church, they are not over scrupulous in their ob- servance of the rubric. Kenneth Lamar. They have stormed the stars with their passion cry, .... Plead that their darlings should never die: . . . . . And never an arrow was turned away Whether they prayed or scorned to pray. 256 VIEWS or RELIGION. Le Sage. To clear up my suspicions I opened my chamber door and called the religious rascal over and over again. His Excellency Gov. Roger Wolcott. I believe that in the deliberations and actions of Christians it is not of vast importance that they belong to this church or that church. Rev. James B. Angell, D.D., LL.D. Especially in our teachers and preachers we must not cripple their usefulness on the plea of preserving orthodoxy by binding them in the metaphysical or exegetical fetters. Theodore Roosevelt, Pres. U. S. A. The hideous tortures practised by the red men on their captured foes were such as we read of in no other struggle, hardly even in the revolting pages that tell the deeds of the Holy Inquisition. MOHAMMMED. One hour in the execution of justice is worth seventy years of prayer. George Allen White. The age of prayer in civilized countries, after its long night ascend- ancy, is almost in the throes of death. Dr. J. L. York. We are fully convinced of atheism, a complete denial of all the gods, ghosts, angels, and never dying souls. Pauline Bradford Mackie. The stern determination was bred in the very bone and blood of Puritans to meet Satan face to face and drive him from the land, even though dearest and best beloved were sacrificed. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 257 George Bancroft. Thus the lewd Lord Baltimore had more church patronage than any landholder in England ; and as there was no Bishop in America, ruffians, fugitives from justice, men stained by intemperance and lust, nestled themselves, through his corrupt and easy nature in the parishes of Maryland. Rev. R. F. De Costa. The phrase "Word of God" is now a phrase only; its meaning has been juggled away. Prof. Charles Mellen Tyler, D.D. Salvation is subjective. Fetichism and animistic elements still survive in Christianity. Frances Power Cobbe. There is nothing more futile and disastrous than to treat doubt as devil-bom. Cardinal Baronius. Scripture is not to show how the heavens go, but how to go to heaven. Lemuel K. Washburn. A male trinity is repulsive ; Father, mother, and child is the sacred triad. The Christian trinity is a monster. Victor Hugo. Yes, a society which tolerates misery, a reUgion which admits hell, a humanity which admits war, appear to me to be a society, a religion, a humanity of a lower order. Edward Eggleston. The great body of the Puritans seemed to have agreed with Bishop Hall that it was better to swallow a ceremony than to rend a church. 2s8 views of religion. Magistrate Pool. There will be no kissing of the Bible before me. Laura Jean Libby. There are so many things about religion that you cannot prove when it comes right down to it ; and in such instances your argument is apt to fall flat. Prof. Barton. Nature for thirty-five million years has written her epitaphs upon the slates of Boston basin. Rev. Newell Dwight Hillis, D. D. When people come to church after reading Carlyle, Emerson, and Browning it is hard to satisfy them. Rev. Newell Dwight Hillis, D.D. He rang the bell at church in the morning, then he prayed an hour by the hour-glass, then he preached three hours, then the people had a luncheon, and after that the minister preached till sundown; and all those who didn't die, grew up and became great. Now aU is changed. Thomas Chatterton. I leave to the Rev. Mr. Catcott some little of my free thinking, that he may put on spectacles of reason, and see how vilely he is duped in believing the Scriptures literally. Dr. Samuel Johnson. Whitefield's popularity. Sir, is chiefly owing to the peculiarity of his manner. He would be followed by crowds were he to wear a nightcap in the pulpit, or were he to preach from a tree. Ruskin. Thirty minutes on Sunday mornings to raise the dead. views of religion. 259 Cotton Mather. ^ Atheism is begun in Sadduceeism, and those that dare not openly say "There is no God," content themselves for a fair step and in- troduction thereto by denying there are witches. Prof. John M. Coulter. The claim that chemistry proves the existence of a supreme intel- ligence seems to be unfounded. Prof. Graham Taylor. Can a man love his neighbor as himself, and not be ruined in his business ? There is a great deal more talk about reUgion than there is religion itself. If we do not fill the old words with new meaning, the world will not long believe. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. I have recently been examining all the known superstitions of the world, and I do not find in our particular superstition, Christianity, one redeeming feature. They are all alike founded upon fables and mythologies. Alexander the Great. You have, it appears, only one ruler and lord and, therefore, from this day you see that you have only one name for him; Zeus is his name. Prof. R. G. Moulton. Is the Bible-narrative a story of history or romance ? When you come to the story of Joseph, much of it can be classed under romance rather than history. Lord Shaftesbury. Bishops, deans, men of science, the greatest minds in hterature, all avow infidel principles. Thomas A. Edison. Law, absolute law, holds everything in its grasp hke a vise. 26o VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. Caesare Lombroso. We find that there are fewer criminals where Atheists abound than where under similar conditions Catholics or Protestants are in the majority. Thomas A. Edison. If I could solve the riddle of this life, I might have some idea about the next. Thomas A. Edison. Nature doesn't spell creator for me, though it does spell mind. Thomas A. Edison. Why we come here, and where we are going is beyond my ken. Robert G. Ingersoll. I stiU beUeve that all religions are based on falsehoods and mistakes. Rev. Bishop Potter, D. D., LL.D. The time has come when the church and its teachings must vindi- cate themselves by something more than speech hardened into dog- matic terms. Prof. A. V. E. Young, No. W.U. I doubt if scientific learning, however extensive, would alone make a man prayerful. Rev. Cornelius Howard Patton, D.D. The Church has not been winning to its service, in as large nmnbers as might be expected, the flower of our youth. Lord Francis Bacon. If we were disposed to survey the realm of sacred or inspired the- ology, we must quit human reason; nor will the stars of philosophy be of further use to us. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 261 Sir Michael Foster. Outside a narrow circle the thoughts even of the educated about the history of the globe were bounded by the story of the Deluge. Bishop or Texas. We know that the young men are not in the churches, and the laboring classes are entirely alienated. Right Rev. Henry Codman Potter, D.D., LL.D. A modern fetichism which has dishonored the Bible by claiming to be its elect guardian has shut it up these many years within the iron walls of a dreary literature, robbing it thus alike of interest and of power. Rev. Dr. Paret, Bishop of Maryland. The church in this country has almost lost the idea of aggressive work. Bishop of Washington. Under the influence of the higher criticism thousands have lost their faith in the Old Testament as the inspired word of God. Right Rev. Henry Codman Potter, D.D., LL.D. A^'hat is heterodoxy today in one jurisdiction may to-morrow be pronounced by some other court to be Orthodoxy. Rev. R. F. DeCosta. The progress of doubt during the last few years is most notable. DTSRAELI. Where knowledge ends religion begins. Robert Louis Stevenson. We held atheism and sociology for gospel and an iron rule of life. 262 views of religion. Prof. Ernst Haeckel. The priests say God created man in his image. It should rather be man created God in his image; or as the poet expresses it — "Man paints himself in his gods." Prof. Claude Bernard. The brain is the organ of the mind, in the same sense as the heart is the organ of the circulation, or the larynx is the organ of the voice. Robert Louis Stevenson. This is Sunday, the Lord's day. The hour of attack approaches. I may yet be the subject of a tract. John M. Robertson. Dialectics is the test for other people's belief: neverfor the Christian. Prof. Ernst Haeckel. Not only the whole history of the popes with their endless chain of terrible crimes, but also the repulsive ethical code of the orthodox in all forms of religion furnish sufficient proofs on this point. Sir Isaac Newton. True religion can never be reached except through doubt and scepticism. Hon. Josiah Quincy, Mayor of Boston. One of the best signs of the times is the fact that to-day churches are more and more considering questions not of theology or of doctrine but of those great questions which are bound up in the world and in the future of humanit}'. Daniel K. Tenney, Miracles are purely imaginar\'. The kingdom of heaven no longer exists. Astronomy has consigned it to oblivion. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 263 Curtis Guild, Jr. Gov. of Muss. We trust in education as the safeguard of the republic and we carve the sentiment upon our libraries and monuments. T. W. DOANE, Many able v^riters have shown our so-called sacred Scriptures to be unhistorical, and have pronounced them largely legendary. Mrs. Schuyler Van Ransselaer. Even the farther end of 30,000 years is a geological yesterday. Lord Byron. I am surrounded here by parsons and Methodists, but as you will see, not infested with the mania. Lord Byron. Of religion I know nothing — at least, in its favor. John Stuart Mill. A large portion of the noblest and most valuable moral teaching has been the work, not only of men who did not know, but of men who knew and rejected the Christian faith. Lord Byron. We have fools in all sects, and imposters in most; why should I believe mysteries no one can understand, because written by men who chose to mistake madness for inspiration and style themselves Evan- gelicals ? Justin Martyr. As to our Jesus curing the lame and the paralytic and such as were crippled from birth, this is little more than what you say of your /Esculapius. 264 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. James B. Angell, D.D., LL.D. Men are asked to hold and apparently did hold a conception of God, which it would be ethically impossible for us now to cherish. Dr. Jules More. Rehgious education should be conducted with moderation, es- pecially with young children, boys as well as girls. Rev. Judson Tits worth. IntelHgent religious faith has learned the vital necessity of dis- criminating between form and reahty in its thought about verities. Thomas Scott. How these New Testament narratives, unhistorical as they have been shown to be, came into existence, it is not our business to explain. St. Augustine. The same thing which is called Christian religion existed among the Ancients. Prof. George H. Frever, Ph. D., D.D. To show the need of the Gospel of Christ is it necessary to disparage every other religion? No! No! Prof. Max Muller. The essence of all religions is, be good, my boy, for God's sake. Daniel Webster. Philosophical arguments especially that are drawn from the vast- ness of the universe as compared with the apparent insignificance of the globe have often shaken my reason for the faith that is in me ; but my heart has assured and reassured me that the Gospel of Jesus Christ must be a divine reahty. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 265 Thomas Wentworth Higginson. In all these faiths are the same alloy of superstition; the same fables of miracles and prophecy; the same signs and wonders; the same preternatural births and resurrections. Matthew Arnold. Religion is morality touched by emotion. Brugsch. Moses in compiling his code of laws did but translate into Hebrew the religious precepts which he found in the various religious books of the people among whom he had been brought up. Prof. Samuel Ives Curtiss, D.D. Scientific investigations in the departments of geology, ethnology, philology and history have all resulted in demanding a much larger chronology than we deduce from the Old Testament. DoMtNiCK McCausland, Q.C, LL.D. As secular knowledge has increased, our understanding has in- creased also. The Bible was not written to instruct us in the physical sciences. Prop. Francis Brown. The time has long gone by when the religious hfe could afford to look askance upon critical study of the documents from which it is itself fed. Prof. Abbe ^'igouroux, S. St. Sulpice. The author of the Pentateuch has included in his work, with few or no modifications, written or oral traditions handed down from ancient times. Thomas Wentworth Higginson. The sympathy amongst all these vast structures of spiritual organi- zations lies not in what they know ; for they are alike, in a scientific sense, in knowing nothing. 266 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Lecky. All religions which have governed mankind have done so by speak- ing to the heart and not to the intellect. DoMiNiCK McCausland, Q. C, LL.D. Before the creation of Adam, the previously existing races of men had no clearer union with the Creator than the untutored savages of Africa. Prof. George H. Frever, Ph.D., D.D. Rehgion has wrought both weal and woe for our race. It has brought freedom .... . but has also been a forger of chains for the mind of man. Prof. Charles Sprague Smith. The world is ceasing to ask what a man believes, but rather what does he do. Prof. Henry S. Nash, D.D. Theologians have formed a great school for mutual admiration, or a great institution for spiritual insurance. Editor Charles B. Spahr. The clergy have opposed nearly every great reform movement of the last century. Rev. Charles C. Earle. If you neglect or reject Christianity and salvation often it will probably continue forever. Rev. L. H. Dorchester, D. D. For the past few years the growth of the Methodist church has been barely perceptible. Gambetta. Clericalism; it is the enemy. views of religion. 267 Rev. George C. Loriiier, D.D. * We have now too many fads in religion that emanate from the heads of half-brained people. It is their antics that bring discredit upon Christianit}. Boston Herald. The full moon refered to in the prayer book is not the actual full moon, but a fictitious and statutory full moon, sometimes called the ecclesiastical fuU moon. Rev. Newell Dwight Hillis, D.D. The day the scholastics wrote that chapter (foreordination) in the confession of faith they got the devil confused with God. Prof. R. A. Fessenden. The age of the earth since life was possible on it is not less than 500,000,000 years. Rev. J. H. O. Smith. The church Uke other corporations should pay for the privileges of owning property and for protection by the state. Prof. St. George Mivart. Very many men and women are now anxious and distressed about their duty with regard to the Bible, ^^'hat good end can be served by telUng them that it "contains no errors" while a multitude of its statements are altogether false ? Rev. Howard N. Brown, D.D. The question "What would Christ do if He were here ?' ' must hurt more than it can help the growth and spread of his influence on the lives of men. Prof. George P. Fisher, D.D., LL.D. It is plain that dogmatic theology no longer maintains the pre- eminence which it formerly had in the circle of theological studies. 268 VIEWS or RELIGION. Rev. Franklin Hamilton. The church of to-day is trying to preach the gospel of humanity, while it practices a rehgion of ghosts. Rev. Franklin Hamilton. To-day the church is the bulwark of caste. Rev. Lawrence Phelps. No longer can men and women be driven to the cross of Christ by fear of eternal punishment. Rev. W. O. Conrad. If theology was preached to-day as it was in his time (Jonathan Edwards) the people would, hke the Arabs, fold their tents and silently steal away. Josephine K. Henry. I do not go to church because the Bible calls men the sons of God and the women the daughters of men, and classes women with goods and chattels, and even with the ox and the ass. London Globe. It will be an evil day when the hysterical rubbish which passes for religion in America, and to a lesser degree in England, ever has a large following. Tennyson. Are God and nature then at strife. That nature lends such evil dreams? So careful of the type she seems, So careless of a single life. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The memory of my own suffering has prevented me from ever shadowing one soul with any of the superstitions of the Christian rehgion. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 269 Hon. J. W. LoNGLY. Mr. McKinley and Lord Salisbury alike claim to b^ Christian men and yet is it not an unquestionable fact if either one of them undertook to shape a policy upon New Testament principles alone he would, within one week, be in danger of being clapped into a madhouse. Rev. David Gregg, D. D. The Presbyterian creed is dead. Two-thirds of the ministers of the Presbyterian church don't accept the Confession of faith. The other third have forgotten its dot^mas. Rev. Dr. Charles Parkhurst. We ought to have a new confession of faith. Better give it a dignified place in the museum for what it is, than hack it to pieces and revamp it for what it is not. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. When women understand that governments and religions are hirnian inventions; that Bibles, prayer-books, catechisms, and en- cycEcal letters are all emanations from the brains of man, they will no longer be oppressed by the injunctions that come to them with the divine authority of "Thus sayeth the Lord." Rev. a. a. Miner, D. D. It is a magnificent assumption on Mr. Moody's part to think he has the power of directing what the Almighty should do and that is what his statement amounts to. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Thus after many months of weary wandering in the intellectual labyrinth of "The FaU of Man," "Original Sin," "Total Deprav- ity," "God's Wrath," "Satan's Triumph!" "The Crucifixion," "The Atonement," "Salvation by Faith," I found my way out of the darkness into the clean sunlight of truth. 270 views of religion. Rev. Frank Hamilton. The flames of hell begin to bum low. BiPiN Chandra Pal. Although the civilization of India may be a primitive one it is easier for man to remain pure and temperate there than in England. They took to the Bible and bottle simultaneously. Margaret E. Sangster. The age is unfavorable to superstition. Prof. St. George Mivart. Is it true that the animals went up to Adam to be named ? It is not true. Prof. Edward S. Holden. He (Mivart) has found it impossible to retain a freedom in investi- gation and expression, which each one of us feels to be his birth- right, and still to remain a member of the church of Rome. Rev. Charles G. Ames, D.D. Let us frankly admit that much of our praying has no rational use or meaning. Prof. Richard A. Proctor. But prayer, proceeding on the assumption that in the natural order of things bad weather would continue, and that in response to prayer it will be changed, is improper. Orlando J. Smith. The universe has been and will be forever. There is in the uni- verse no creation and no annihilation. Rev. Edward McGlynn, D.D. We shall not accept our poHtics from Rome. views of religion. 271 Theodore Parker. The only prayer that amounts to anything is efiort. • Judge Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. I think " whatsoever thy hand findeth to do, do it with thy might," is infinitely more important than the vain attempt to love one's neigh- bor as one's self. Judge Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr, I do not seek to trench upon the province of spiritual guides. But from the point of view of the world the end of life is Ufe. Orlando J. Smith. Man is his own saviour and creator, and makes his own heaven and hell. Rev. Charles F. Thwing, D.D., LL.D. Sunday is becoming, has already become, a holiday, and has so far ceased to be a holy day. Rev. Charles F. Thwing, D.D., LL.D. I sometimes ask myself whether the American people are really aware how far the Bible has ceased to be a force in both their Uter- ature and their theology. F. D. Cummings. Where is the warrant for any religious instruction in the public schools ? Is it in the laws of the State, the United States, or in the Constitution ? Rev. W. S. Crowe, D.D. Ecumenical delegates are going to make plain the loving-kindness of Christianity by telHng about a God a million times more cruel than any earthly tyrant or ghostly demon the poor heathen ever heard of before. 272 views of religion. Benjamin Franklin. Serving God is doing good to man, but praying is thought easier serving, and therefore most generally chosen. Benjamin Franklin. Whitfield used indeed sometimes to pray for my conversion, but he never had the satisfaction of believing that his prayers were an- swered. Bret Harte. A creator who can fool around us in that style (devastating floods) is above being interfered with by prayer. Confucius. Honor the gods, but keep them far from you. Rev. Dr. Theodore Harnack. It was a woman, and not St. Paul, that wrote the Epistle to the Hebrews. Rev. Mr. Voorhees. While Jonathan Edwards' theological ideas were good enough for that time, the clergy would never go back to such absurd views. Rev. C. J. Cameron. Give us a creed that we can hold up so that God's sunlight will shine through it, that we can hold to and live by. Thomas A. Edison. By all means put on the lightning rods, you know Providence is sometimes absent-minded. Lord Salisbury. First the missionaries, then the consul, then the general. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 273 Prof. Grafton Gushing. The great social questions are largely solved outside of the church. The church thinks more of creeds than the things which come into men's Uves. Rev. W. W. Battershali,. No one will deny that there are features of the theology and religion of fifty years ago which have lost their hold. Prof. A. E. Dolbear. As to religion, the revising of creeds will continue until the final result will read: I believe in goodness, and so will order my Hfe. Von Gustave Louis. Bruno is the first modern thinker who decisively stood for the freedom and independence of reason as against all sorts of revelation. Zophar the Naamathite. Canst thou by searching find out God? Shakespeare. As flies to wanton boys are we to the gods ; they kill us for their sport. Grant Allen. If systems that be are the order of God, revolt is a part of the order. Prof. Edward Clodd. All noble acts lie outside the creeds. Miss Margaret Froude. In the last twenty years the strong current of scientific discovery has carried us beyond the sound of the old battle cries. It is the Bible itself which is on trial. 274 VIEWS or RELIGION. Miss Margaret Froude. What reason can they give for their belief that the facts recorded in the creeds actually happened. Rev. Arthur Galton. The Papacy has no more help than the newest and the crudest sect. Indeed it has less, because it is compromised by its own infamous past, and most of all by that process of chicanery and bluff and forgery by which its infallible coinage was uttered. Cardinal Wolsey. This printing will give rise to sects ; and besides other dangers the common people at last may come to believe that there is not so much use for the clergy. Rev. Jenkin Lloyd Jones. Sunday schools cause irreverence, and stand for incoherency, in- competency and illiteracy. Hammerton. We find the clergy, as a class, more anxious to discover aids to faith, than to simple scientific truth. Voltaire. Christians will not cease to be persecutors until they have ceased to be absurd. Woods Hutchinson, M. D. A triumphal upward march of evolution unbroken for fifty millions of years, and which still continues, is at least as worthy of our grati- tude, our worship, our trust as anything the supernatural can offer. P. J. COOLY, The Adam and Eve extravaganza is only taught by dishonest priests and preachers. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 275 S. WiER Mitchell, M. D., LL. D. A learned divine said a thing of extraordinary wisdom when he announced that no man, however secure he may be in mind as to his future life, ever dies a triumphant death with disease below the diaphragm. Hon. Michael Davitt, M. P. Godless themselves (the English) they are persuaded, nevertheless, that the world will become more godly, be better and happier, the more their godless rule is spread by wars, conquests, capital, Bibles, missionaries, and gin. Hon. Michael Davitt, M. P. Religion has become an item of social etiquette, or matter of Sunday mannerism. Lord Brougham. Man is no longer accountable to man for his belief. Abraham Lincoln, Pres., U. S. A. What is to be, will be, and no prayers of ours can arrest the decree. Omar Khayyam. And that inverted bowl we call the sky. Where — under crawling, cooped, we live and die, Lift not your hands to it for help — for it As impotently rolls as you and I. Rev. Dr. Van Ness, D. D. The spirit of truth, of evolution, of progress is leading away from Christ as he is commonly conceived. Pierre Boyle. A great many rogues and scoundrels believe in the immortality of the soul, whereas many goodly and righteous men do not. 276 views of religion. St. Basil, or Basil the Imbecile. I am idiotic for Christ's sake. Dryden. Priests of all religions are the same. Lyell. Geology has superseded Genesis. Byron. 'Tis strange— the Hebrew noun which means "I am ;" The English always use to govern damn. Prof. John Fiske. There can be no hypothesis of a moral government of the world, which does not impUcitly assert an immoral government. Otto Wettstein. Whatever is rehgious is not rational; whatever is rational is not religious. Prof. Thomson Jay Hudson, LL. D. In view of the discoveries of modem science the spiritist hypothesis is no longer tenable. Prof. Ernst Haeckel. In Jena one is free. It pleases us to have our Sabbath service in our tabernacle of science. G. W. Stevens. To vapor about the imperfections of this world and the tremulous hope of another — this is not the faith of which the healthy man is enamored. views of religion. 277 Duke of Argyle. , I do not believe in any existence outside of what we call nature. Par G. de Greef. Philosophy, logic, and ethics are necessary for all men at all stages of intellectual and practical development. Prof. W. G. Everett. Religion, with its belief in the transcendent, views the individual in his relations to an infinite power more or less completely manifested in the cosmic order. Morality, with no such transcendent reference, views him in relation to his fellows. Immanuel Kant. Himian reason was not given strong enough wings to part the clouds so high above us. I conclude with the words with which Voltaire, after so many sophistries, lets his honest Candide conclude, "Let us look after our happiness, go into the garden and work. " Hon. WtLLiAM Jennings Bryan. It is the Christian portion of the Phillipine Islands that is now in revolt against us, and it is the Mohammedan portion that is most friendly to us. Pope Leo XIII. Since 1870 the condition of the Papacy under Itahan rule (State rule) has always been growing worse. PfeRE DiDON. Science is one ; hke God, she is universal. She knows neither Alps, Pyrenees nor Rhine. Whoever serves her, labors for the evolution of human thought. Rev. D. Z. Sheffield, D. D. The highest officials, including the Empress Dowager, believe that Confucian civilization is Superior to Christian civilization. 278 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Oliver Cromwell. The mind is the man. If that be kept pure, a man signifies some- what; if not, I would very fain see what difference there be between him and a beast. Burns. But I gae mad at their (clergy) grimaces. Their sighin', cantin, grace-proud faces. Their three-mile prayers an' hauf-mile graces Their raxin conscience, Whose greed, revenge and pride disgraces Waur nor their nonsense. Wu Ting Fang. I have read the history of Europe during the middle ages, and the accounts there given of persecutions caused by differences in religious beliefs have filled me with horror. We have no such records in China. Rev. Joseph Parker, D. D. I cannot sing your doxology. I have not whoUy given up my faith, but it is staggering. I am drunk with unbelief. Canon Wilbertorce. Who knoweth that the spirit of man goeth up and the spirit of the beast goeth down? Canon Wilbertorce. There is not a single argument that can be brought forward for the immortality of man that does not hold good for all the brute creation . Lord Roseberry, Ex-Premier. If all men were like men of science, peace in this world should not be difficult to promote. Angelo's critic. Whoever saw an angel wearing sandals? VIEWS OF RELIGION. 279 Rev. William Newton, Canon of Saskatchewan. We are divided into a hundred jarring sects, and these conflict in every settlement, village, and city throughout the land. Rev. William Newton, Canon of Saskatchewan. Man in forming his own rehgion sees himself represented and worships his own creations, which ever tend to become more and more Hke himself. Rev. James Freeman Clarke, D. D. Sir Harry Vane was an ardent defender of civil hberty and advocate of free thought in rehgion. Dr. Percy Gardner. I cannot hope to escape the opposition and anger which have al- ways greeted any attempt to apply to Christian creeds the principles which are apphed freely to other forms of faith. John M. Robertson. The story of the birth of the God-child in a stable is as obviously unhistorical as the rest of that narrative. John M. Robertson. The Gospel narratives are a baseless fabric of myths of action and myths of doctrine. Rev. Mandell Creighton, Bishop of London. The profession of a clergyman is the most arduous and the worst paid in existence. Rev. Archimandrite Father Palladius. I have been in China forty years and perhaps I have converted one Chinaman. When missionaries tell you that they have done more than that, do not beUeve them. 28o VIEWS OF RELIGION. Michael Angelo. Whoever saw an angel barefooted ? POULTNEY BiGELOW. Those who know the mind of that strange celestial yeUow creature, consider him capable of pretending Christianity to the missionaries, just as long as he can draw a profit therefrom. PoULTNEY BiGELOW. The Chinese marvel at the lack of unity amongst Christians, par- ticularly when a CathoHc chapel opens its doors close to a Baptist meeting-house, and the ministers of each tell the Chinese that their particular faith only is efficacious. Erasmus. One may find enough of the true cross to build a ship. SiGNOR Crispi. The Christian missionaries are responsible for all that may happen (in China) and for all the outcome of present events. SiGNOR Crispi. Happily the missionaries are not emissaries nor dependents of the ItaUan government. The Pope and the French government must alone be responsible for the doings of the Catholic missionaries. Prof. Isaac Taylor Headland, Ph. D. The Chinese are adepts in the arts of peace. They conquer by the arts of peace. We must not conclude that they lack character. Rev. George C. Lorimer, D. D. The perils to Protestantism are from within. Its position doctrin- ally is full of peril. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 28 1 William J. Bryan. My country, tis' of thee, land of hypocrisy, of thee I sing. Count Tolstoi. Three things I hate: autocracy, orthodoxy, and militarism. Count Camillo Benso C^vour. A free church in a free state. Frtedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche. Christianity appears as a combination of the weaker to subdue the stronger. It is a slave moraHty against Greek moraUty, which re- placed it. Martin Luther. When I preach, I sink myself deeply down; I have an eye to the multitude of yoimg people, children and servants. Sydney Smith. Reading sermons is a practice that stifles every germ of eloquence. Wu Ting Fang. Our religion is reduced to a philosophy of hfe which the test of the last 2000 years has proved to be absolutely sound. Wu Ting Fang. We beheve in making the best of this life, which is the only one we know anything about for certain. Giordano Bruno. O saintly Asininity, O pious foolishness! Ah, what availeth the attempt Dame nature's ways to tell! The holy Asininity cares not for facts like these. 282 views of religion. Rev. Charles M. Sheldon. Less than one per cent of the business men here in Boston would wiUingly admit Jesus Christ as a partner. Christian Endeavor Societies will die and ought to die, if the members do nothing but speak in meetings of experiences they never have had. R. Brudenell Carter, M. D. On Sundays I enjoy staying in the house all day. William of Orange. Their yea (Anabaptists) is as good as our oath. Our pot has gone to the fire as often as that of our enemies. Francis Ellingwood Abbot, Ph. D. I impeach Christianity in the name of human intelligence be- cause it is the great organized superstition of the Western world, perpetuating in modern times the false beliefs, the degrading fears, -and the benumbing influence of the dark ages. James Buchanan, Pres., U. S. A. I have seldom met an intelligent person whose views were not marrowed and distorted by religion. Carlyle. Voltaire gave the death stab to modern superstition. Hon. John J. Ingalls, Senator U. S. A. As nations advance in intelligence and morals, gods are dethroned, •codes modified, and creeds abandoned. Dowsing. At Lady Bruce's home we broke down the pictures of God, of the Trinity, of the Holy Ghost, of Christ and the cloven tongues. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 283 Hon. John J. Ingalls, Senator U. S. A. Inasmuch as both force and matter are infinite and indestructible, and can be neither added to nor subtracted from, it follows that in some form they have always existed and will continue in some form to exist for ever. Galileo. Are these, (priests) then, my judges ? Rev. R. Heber Newton, D. D. The teachings of the church are for the most part far from following the teachings of Jesus. W. J. Johnston. As a matter of fact the missionaries are more unpopular in the Orient than any other class of foreigners. Robert Mackay. Christianity to the Chinese is a mere form of sentimentality. Robert Mackay. How, then, can the efforts of the missionaries be worth the cost? Why cannot these martyrs now in China see the fruitlessness of their labors ? Editor of the Boston Herald. Ethics, the science of human duty, is much older than Biblical Christianity. Mrs. Fannie Humphreys Gaffney, Pres. N. C. W. I believe there is a growing tendency among mankind towards a lack of faith in any religious system. AUGUSTE COMTE. The universe displays no proof of an all-directing mind. 284 VIEWS or RELIGION. Miss Gail Laughlin. The fact that the women no longer worship the minister as they once did is what cuts so deeply in many cases. Miss Gail Laughlin. I think the new woman is a menace to the dogmatism and bigotry of the past. Ernst Haeckel. Immortality is a dream and a delusion, full of absurdities in its orthodox presentation, and scientifically opposed to scientific an- thropology. Chancellor L'Hopital. The sword has no authority over the soul. God does not wish to have his cause defended by weapons. Prof. Theodore Christlieb, Ph. D., D. D. Often unbeHef results almost as a natural necessity from the whole spiritual and moral atmosphere of man's surroundings. Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone. Upon the ground of what is termed evolution, God is released of the labor of creation, and in the name of unchangeable laws he is discharged from governing the world. Right Hon. Joseph Addison. Supposing such things (miracles) had happened at this day in Switzerland, would they immediately be believed by those who live at a distance from them ? Pope Leo XIII. How painful is the condition of the head of the Catholic church who is constrained to behold the free and progressive advance of heresy in this holy city. views of religion. 285 Right Hon. Joseph Addison. We find many who lay so great a stress on faith that they neglect morality. Arthur Hugh Clough. Luther, they say, was unwise like a half-taught German, he could not see that old follies were passing most tranquilly out of remem- brance he must forsooth make a fuss, and distend his huge Wittenberg limgs, and bring back theology once yet again in a flood upon Europe. Michael Servetus. I am sure I shall die for this (denying the damnation of unbaptised babies), but I do not falter. Martin Luther. It is characteristic of a Christian's mind to delight in assertions. Take away assertions, and you have taken away Christianity. RUSKIN. And of all manner of debtors, pious people buQding churches they can't pay for are the most detestable nuisance to me. Can't you preach and pray behind the hedges, or in a sandpit, or in a coal hole first? Prof. Isaac Taylor Headland. It must not be supposed from what I have said of his Majesty (Chinese Emperor) that because he was studying Christian books he was therefore becoming a Christian. Rev. Edward H. Chandler. The theory of evolution has been accepted outside of the church and must be accepted inside. Rev. Dr. Parker. I want a thorough hoHday, a hohday even from prayers. 286 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. Edward S. Holden. The Heathen virtues come first in order. A child adjusts himself to gravitation before he adjusts himself to Christianity. Canon Newbolt of St. Paul's. The EngUsh people once firmly beHeved in three things — Sunday, the Bible, and hearing sermons, — but are now fast coming to dis- believe in all three. Lucretius. Learn thou, then, To what damned deeds religion urges men. William Hazlitt. If you ask the middle class Enghshman why he went to church, he would tell you in strict confidence he went because his wife took him. Rev. C. F. Aked. The Sunday schools of the land are too often the strongholds of obsolete ideas, of obscurantism, of reaction against progress and light, of cast-iron systems which have been repudiated by educated people outside the Sunday schools for fifty years. William Dean Howells. As to the notion of life after death, I incUne to the opinion that his (James Russell Lowell) hold upon this weakened with his years, as it is apt to do with men who have read much and thought much. Sydney Hall. I charge this society with the duty of counteracting as far as may be the greatest of all pagan delusions and upon which is founded all the great systems of error and superstition in the world, namely, the scrip- tural, unreasonable and pernicious doctrine of the immortality of the soul. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 287 Dr. Stanton Coit. To be upright and just is not diminished one whit by omitting the ideas of personal immortality and of a personal God. Madam De StaEl. When woman no longer finds herself acceptable to man, she turns to God. Dr. John Lord. The Declaration of Independence did not come from the Bible but from the French infidels and philosophers. Bernard Shaw. Emotional excitement reaches men through tea, tobacco, opium,^ whiskey and religion. Elbert Hubbard. Men whose lives are doubtful want a strong government and a hot religion. Carlyle. Deity to the average British mind is simply an infinite George the IV. Elbert Hubbard. Great sinners are apt to be very religious ; and conversely the best men who have ever lived have been at war with established religions. Rev. John Whdey, D. D. I do not beUeve in preterition. I have not believed in it for twenty- five years. I do not beheve one of the ministers who preach it beUeve in it. Senator Alfred Nicholas Rambaud. Any form of the Christian reUgion, whatever value it may have, makes its way among tribes that are pagan, Shamanist, Fetichist, or vaguely Buddhist. 288 views of religion. Dr. Herbert Allen Giles, Prof. Chinese, U. C. The cardinal virtues which are so much admired by Christians are fully inculcated in the Confucian Canon, and the general practice of these is certainly up to the average standard exhibited by foreign nations. Rev. Dr. Wareield. I think we may characterize the interpretation of ch. X, sect. 3 of the Westminister Confession as one of the most astonishing pieces of misrepresentation in literary history. Rev. Dr. Horace L. Singleton. As to the devise of the doctrine of infant damnation, not one of the other demoninations can point to the Presbyterian church and say "Thou didst it." Rev. Charles J. Cameron, D. D. I do not believe that my soul was foreordained to be damned as the creed now holds. I am ashamed to preach such a doctrine. ToAN Chen, Sec, C. L. Americans spend annually $200,000,000 in propitiating their gods and devils. China is able to do the same thing, just as effectively for a much larger population for less than half the sum. ToAN Chen, Sec, C. L. The Enghsh, in forcing their priests upon us, are doing what they would not like others to do to them. Consequently they are not only breaking the Golden rule, the fundamental principle of their own faith, but of our faith also. Hon. John J. Ingalls. The clergyman who should announce his beUef in the predestina- tion of sinners to perdition, or the eternal damnation of unbaptized infants, would be an ecclesiastical outlaw. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 289 ToAN Chen, Sec, C. L. Recall the missionaries and all will go well. Rev. Edward Cummings. If none but women wUl come to church, we will do the best we can without the men. Alexander T. Crane. If, as Dean Farrar asserts, there is no historical evidence worthy of credence concerning Christ, our sole dependence must be the four gospels, and as these did not appear until 150 years after the reputed authors of them were dead, they are evidently anonymous. Archdeacon Frederick William Farrar, D. D. It is Httle short of amazing that neither history nor tradition should have embalmed for us one certain or precious saying or circimistance in the life of the saviour of mankind, except the comparatively few events recorded in four very brief biographies. Rev. Paul Revere Frothingham, D. D. If our forefathers had loved golf as well as we do, and feared Hades as little as we do, I doubt if we would have any churches at aU. Ambrose Bierce. Theology is a thing of unreason altogether, an edifice of assumption and dreams, a superstructure without a substructure. Edward Atkinson. Creation is a continuous process of which man is a factor. Rev. T. a. T. Hanna, D. D. The Newton Theological Seminary and also the Baptist University at Chicago are beds of heresy. Their pupils become Atheists at heart, if they do not show their agnosticism outwardly. 290 views of religion. Sir John Millais. Behold I stand at the door and knock; if any man hear my voice and open the door, I will come in to him. A door all overgrown by vine branches and briars (Holman Hunt's painting) which will show how rarely it has been opened. Mrs. Fannie Humphreys Gaffney, Pres., N. C. W. Our churches are mostly Med with women as they always have been. Dr. Herbert Allen Giles, Prof. Chinese, U. C. We are confronted on the threshold of Confucianism by the dogmas that man is born good, and that his lapse into evU is whoUy due to his environments. Here Christianity would find a compromise im- possible. Dr. Herbert Allen Giles, Prof. Chinese, U. C. It must indeed seem strange to a Confucianist that with all of our boasted influences of Christianity it should be necessary, for instance, to organize a society for the prevention of cruelty to children, the ill-treatment of children being quite unknown in China. Elizabeth E. Evans. Science has already demonstrated that there never has been any revelation of Deity to man, and that man knows nothing about a God. Mr. Ivan Chen, C. M. in London. Before the missionaries visited our country there was less crime in proportion to the population than even in Protestant Prussia which is recognized as the most moral of European countries. Rabbi Gustav Gottsheil. It (the world) should not be spoiled for the poor by the teachings of mere men that, on the only day given them to enjoy it, the sanctuary is of more consequence than the fields. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 2 91 M. Victor Charbonnel. Note the signs of the moral and intellectual decay of the purely Christian elements in our social life. William J. Tucker, Pres. D. C. The modern man beset by materialism, as he is, is a greater man than any that has gone before him. Lord Elgin. The existence of profound divisions among ourselves is one of the first truths we Christians reveal to the Heathen. Thoiuas N. Hart, Mayor of Boston. In my boyhood days a minister was looked upon as better than anybody else. That is not the case today. Rev. V. E. Tomlinson. There are a vast number of well-meaning people who are not bad. They are not convinced of a personal God. Charles Watts. The story of Jesus Christ has long appeared to me to be a curious record of creduhty, perverted imagination and theological machina- tion. Rev. George Hodges, D. D. What we call success they call salvation. Salvation means sanity and strength. It is the good health of the whole man and it has to do with his present Ufe. Prof. J. Joly, B. D. An estimate of the geological age of the earth, a period of between 80,000,000 and 90,000,000 of years. 292 views of religion. Oliver Wendell Holmes. We are all tattooed in our cradles with the beliefs of our tribe. Hon. John J. Ingalls. Sermons that congregations heard a century ago with awe and reverence would now excite indignation and abhorrence. Wu Ting Fang. It is difficult for a man of education and reflection to give credence to all the Bible stories. Wu Testg Fang. The account of the creation of the world and the story of Adam and Eve and the garden of Eden seem to me funny. Confucius. If I do not know what will take place tomorrow, how am I to know anything about a more remote future. Emil G. Hirsch. Bigotry is among the lost arts. Men are not now classed according to their religious professions but according to their conduct and motives. PipiN Chardra Pal. Heathen means some one who is not a Christian, and I am not ashamed to confess that I am not a Christian. Rev. T. Murair. The Japanese demand a reasonable religion that satisfies the in- tellect and has ethical truths as a foundation. Hon. John J. Ingalls. He (Jesus) was poor, ignorant and of dubious origin. He lived on alms and led a harmlessly vagrant Ufe. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 293 Rev. v. E. Tomlinson. The world must come to understand that heaven is here and now, and that hell is kindled in the heart of him who departs from the paths of rectitude. Hon. John J. Ingalls. To assume, as many do, that those who do not accept the social and political ideas of Christendom are pagans, is, perhaps, a most im- pressive exhibition of intellectual arrogance. Rev. a. J. F. Behrends, D. D. Christian comity is a snare and a delusion. What is most needed is the power to put all creeds in a pile and set fire to them and bum up the dross. Abraham Lincoln, Pres. U. S. A. I have never united myself to any church because I found diflSculty in giving my assent without mental reservation to the long compHcated statements of Christian doctrine which characterize the articles of belief and the usual confession of faith. Rev. Heber Newton, D. D. Sabbatarianism is building very dangerous fires today. Pres. George Harms. Decrease in the numbers that go to church is supposed to signify religious decline. No one knows whether the decline will proceed further. Dean Dudley. If Jesus had lived longer he would have learned to love his parents, and even the poor devils who did not believe in his Messiahship. Dean Dudley. Lest some one should wonder what my religion is, I beg leave to say that I have no religion. 294 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Selden. There are some spiritual accounts of Jesus that are nothing but poetry and fiction, especially relating to another world of sunshine, flowers, golden palaces, winged seraphs, angels of light and other such wonders. Draper. The opinions thus defended by the Inquisition are now objects of derision to the whole civiHzed world. Rev. Merle St. Crodc Wright. We want to further the evolution of our life here rather than to ponder on a life to come. Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D. D. I deplore wrangles of denominations over creeds, which they have not the wit to give up or the wisdom to change. Sir Benjamin Brodie. The mind of animals is essentially the same as that of man. R. McLennan, M. D. Spirit is an impossibility. There is no force, no intelligence and no phenomenon apart from matter. David Starr Jordon, Pres., L. S. U. To live in two worlds at once is to unfit ones' self for Ufe in any world. Roger Williams. Forced worship stinks in God's nostrils. Pere Hyacinthe. God has no need of untruths, neither does he need half truths. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 295 Roger Williams. Neither heresy, blasphemy, nor Sabbath-breaking ought to be punished as crime. Elizabeth Starr-Martin. Alas! that the desire to damn doth still stand as a dominant in- fluence in Christian civilization. Pere Hyacinthe. None of these religions require that Armenians be massacred nor Jews be persecuted. Rev. Alexander McGaffin. We shall lose our identity if we tie ourselves to a creed formulated two hundred and fifty years ago. W. H. P. Faunce, Pres. B. U. The peril of finality! The church has often made that mistake and at its cost. All cure of souls is based on deep, persistent, constant education. John Calvin. It is truly a horrible decree, I confess. (The reprobation and damnation of infants.) Rev. Minot J. Savage, D. D. Scientific faith is grander than any that the religious world has attained. Davld Starr Jordon, Pres., L. S. U. If religious excitement is used as a source of pleasurable thrills it is as destructive to the nervous system as any other form of lying that may be forced upon it. Ulrich Von Hutten. With open eyes I have dared it (Freethought) and cherish no regret. 296 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. V. Vischer. Creed and religion are two things ; the former has done ever more harm than good. Anne Payson Call. Sham emotions torture, whether they be of love, religion or liquor. Rev. Hugo Radav, A. M. Civilization five thousand years before Christ was remarkable for its completeness and especially for its power of preserving the records of its greatness. Rev. Walter E. Bently. The play does more good than much of our preaching. Edward Waldo Emerson, M. D. Mr. Emerson (Ralph Waldo Emerson) left his pulpit as a matter of honor. Telesio. The construction of the universe is not to be sought after by reason- ing as men (Theologians) in former times have done. Matthew Arnold. The Bible is no longer dogma ; it is literature. Spinoza. Well and good, but this (excommunication) shall force me to nothing. Castelar. The church of Rome is the ghost of the Roman Empire sitting upon its tomb. Frederick May Holland. To insist on explaining everything as a part of the divine plan seems to be trying to glorify God by a lie. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 297 KiNGA RiNGA HULAI. Clearly, then, you must understand why narrow Orthodoxy, with its innumerable superstitions and its central truth hid beneath the debris of doctrine and dogmas has nothing in common with the best minds of my country. Ralph Waldo Emerson. Three thousand, five hundred people ; three thousand five hundred faiths in the village of WLUiamstown. OcTAVius Brooks Frothingham. I am perfectly willing to go through life as a Frothinghamian (and not a Christian.) George William Winterburn, M. D., Ph. D. The notion was universal that pestilence was sent as punishment for sin, and could be overcome by prayer. Clarendon. Clergymen know the least and take the worst measure of human affairs of all mankind that can write and read. Prof. Arnold Dodel, Ph. D. It is poor business to palm ofif for holy truth what science has shown to be error. Mrs. Edna D. Cheney. We used to feel that it was very proper and very right to love our fellow-Christians, especially if they were of our own sect; but as for loving a Jew that was very wicked indeed. Pomponazzi. I do not deny immortaUty as a Christian, I only deny it as a philosopher. 298 views of religion. Rev. Cyrus Bartol, D. D., LL. D. Emerson's exceeding spirituality was his only ecclesiastical sin. Graham Harris, Pres. C. S. B. The Bible has never been utiUzed as a moral educational factor. In the Chicago public schools, and by a vote of thirteen to six, the board decided that it would be improper to introduce it in this day. N. V. Rethven. Romish priests have ruled and ruined Spain. KiNGA RiNGA HiRAI. Confucianism, Shintoism, Christianity, Unitarianism, all narrow me, corraHng me at once as the impassable cordon were drawn be- tween me and my possibiUties of advance. Prof. E. D. Cope. Life is energy directed by sensibility, or by a mechanism which originated under the direction of sensibihty. Heine. A CathoUc priest walks as if heaven belongs to him; a Protestant clergyman goes about as if he had taken a lease of it. Canon Watson. I have come to the conclusion that there are mistakes historical and other in the sacred narrative. Richard Davey. The old French reUgion is almost gone. The intellectual scepti- cism of our time has spread even more widely in France than else- where. The peasantry are as deeply infected with a spirit of unbe- lief as the people of Paris. views of religion. 299 Kaeel Havlicek. Wanted, a God; an obedient God. Rev. Emil G. Hirsch, D. D. The best thing to do is to keep the Bible out of the pubhc schools. Hon. Charles Francis Adams. No scholar or man of reflection now believes that Moses was any more inspired than Homer, JuUus Cassar or Thomas Carlyle. Corp. Frank Keeler. If any one ever asks me again to help the missoniaries you can guess what I will say. Hon. George F. Washburn. With the gun in one hand and the Bible in the other, can we teach the dark races the way to God, by burning their villages, destroying their homes, and by robbing them of their liberty ? Sir. W. Crookes. I put a naturalistic explanation upon spiritualistic phenomena. Prof. Lester F. Ward. So far as science can speak on the subject, consciousness persists as long as the organized brain, and no longer. Prof. E. S. Morse. I have never yet seen anything in the discoveries of science which would in the slightest degree support or strengthen a belief in im- mortality. Talleyrand. All you have to do is this: get crucified, and rise again the third day. 300 views of religion. Henry C. Gabbett, M. D. All living things die, and return to the earth from which they are derived. Rev. J. M. Buckley. That the Methodist church should add less than 7,000 to its mem- bership in 1899 is startling. That in the same period it should show a decline of 28,595 in parishioners is ominous. Hon. Bourke Cockran. The divine power that creates a monarchy imposes a certain re- sponsibihty upon it and responsibilities are limitations. Prof. Dr. Grauert. Beyond the natural knowledge there is a sphere that belongs to revelation, which is a sealed world to the powers of the mind. Allgemeine Zeitung. Science is independent of an ecclesiastical or confessional bias or prejudgment and seeks truth for its own sake. Frederick William III. If he (Fichte) has offended God, God may deal with him. It is nothing to me. Rev. R. a. Torrey, D. D. Many Orthodox ministers are infidels. Many church members are just as eager as any in the rush to get rich. Many do not believe in the whole Bible. Dr. Fridjof Nansen, Ph. D. The moraUty of the heathen Esquimo stands considerably higher than that which one generally finds in Christian communities. Rev. George Hodges, D. D. But what is a spiritual body ? Nobody knows anything about it. VIEWS OF RELIGION. jOI CoNAN Doyle. Dogmas of every kind puts assertion in the place of reason and gives rise to more contention, bitterness, and want of charity than any other influence in huinan affairs. Miss Kingsley. The mission-made man is the curse of the coast and you can find him, in European clothes and without, all the way from Sierra Leone to Leonda. Rev. J. M. L. Babcock. Religion does not conquer nature. Canon Cheyne. It is indeed a pure hypothesis that any Solomonic element survives in the book of proverbs. Rev. W. H, Bennett. The contents of the Old Testament have been determined by a long process of careful selection. Successful editors excluded or eliminated what was inconsistent with a fuller revelation. Rev. E. p. Wise, D. D. The net result of the destructive higher criticism has been to destroy the divine element in the Book. Dr. H. K. Carroll. It is evident that all chturches are passing through a period of un- usual duUness. As a whole they are making progress but slowly. Hon. George F. Hoar. I have found in my experience that young men do not hke preach- ing. 302 VIEWS or RELIGION. George Herbert. Man is no star but a quick coal of mortal fire. Henry Wage, D. D. If you believe in the inspiration of the Bible and the divine nature of Jesus, you must believe these things (miracles and witchcraft) or make him (Jesus) out to be a har. Wordsworth. Nature — the anchor of my purest thoughts, the muse, The guide, the guardian of my heart, and soul of all my moral being. Samuel Laing. The motto of him who argues that there is no contradiction be- tween Luke's account of the ascension and that of the other evange- lists is, Believe if you can; if you can't. Can't. Professor Coe. The church looks at things with feminine eyes, and calls into exer- cise the faculties in which women excel men. Dean Farrar. We can no longer rest in schemes and systems which professed to speak of God as though He were a man in the next room. C. Barclay Bennett. Ethical training without religion has proved to be successful. James Russell Lowell. I am formulating no creed of my own. I have always been a liberal thinker. The language attributed to me in the extract is not mine. I cannot conceive who should have perpetrated the pious fraud. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 303 Arinori Mori, J. M. to U. S. A. The people whom we have to govern do not believe in their Bud- dist teachers; they laugh at our Shinto priests. They have, in fact, no religion at all. PRorEssoR Starbuck. The girls express a pleasure in religious observances more frequently than the boys by a ratio of seventeen to seven. Prof. George Willis Cooke. Women are more under the dominion of priests and preachers than men. M. DE Vogue. I am of the same opinion as you, that Protestant clericalism can become as dangerous as Catholic clericalism has been. Jules de Gaultier. Christianity is poison and a strong dose of it killed antique heathen- dom. Jules de Gaultier. The issue at stake is really only a dead reUgion, the decay of which will be followed by the supremacy of perfect freedom of thought. Shakespeare. Death is the undiscovered country from whose bourne no traveler returns. We are such stuff as dreams are made of and our little life is rounded by a sleep. Prof. Ernst Haeckel, Ph. D., M. D. This hypothetical "spirit world" is purely a product of a poetic imagination; the same must be said of the parallel belief in the im- mortality of the soul. Arinori Nori, J. M. to U. S. A. I do not want a religion; I read Confucius, and that suffices for me. 304 views of religion. Dr. Paul Carus. In the last chapter of Genesis Satan is the father of science; he induced Eve to taste of the fruit of knowledge; he is the patron of progress, investigation and invention. Capt. Alfred T. Mahan, U. S. N. The most conspicuous apostles in condemning war are not now Christian behevers. Capt. Alfred T, Mahan, U. S. N. I, therefore, should no more expect enhghtenment as to God's judgment upon the case by recourse to war than I should by tossing a penny. Bishop William W. Niles. When I was first appointed to the office of bishop, I did not want it, but I felt that I must take it or go to heU. B. F. Underwood. Is it not evident that these messages about the land of spirits are simply the vagaries of the medium's own brains? Leigh Hunt. Byron was a Christian by education ; he was an infidel by reading. He was a Christian by habit ; he was no Christian upon reflection. Lord Byron. Let bigots rear a gloomy fane, Let superstition hail the pile, Let priests still spread the sable reign. With tales of mystic rites beguile. Lord Tennyson. Death is a shadow clothed in black that holds the keys to all the creeds. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 305 Canon Driver. The historical books of the Old Testament are seen to be no longer, as was once supposed, the works of Moses, Joshua, or Samuel. Grant Allen. The most religious Ufe has been as a rule the lowest, the barest, the squalidest, the least beautiful. OoM Paul Kruger, Pres. S. A. R. England has earned a just punishment. If there is a God she will be punished. Cardinal Wiseman. I pronounce all this to be fish (a meat dinner which the Cardinal wanted to eat at a friend's house on Friday). Rev. William S. RAmsroRD, D. D. I, for my part, do not care to see the Bible read by teachers in our public schools and I should not vote for it. Kant. God, freedom, and immortality are untenable in the light of pure reason. Rev. Joshua Coit. These facts (decrease in church membership) are not peculiar to the Congregational denomination, but are apparent to all. Rev. R. a. Beard, D. D. In Massachusetts, in one year, with a congregational church mem- bership of 113,000 there was a net loss of 588. Rev. William T. McElveen, D. D. The situation (church membership) is far from satisfactory. 306 views of religion. Rev. Charles B. Rice, D. D. There has been to some extent a withdrawing in interest in religious things. Rev. Alan Hudson. Christianity is a faith of the affections and not the cultivation of the intellect. Dr. Conan Doyle. It will be obvious that my religious views are broadly tolerant, founded upon a reverent theism, rather than upon the special teaching of any particular sect. Prof. Graham. And now what is the scientific doctrine of the great theme of im- mortality? Is there any hope for man? In one word, No. Coventry Patmore. Poor Manning! (Cardinal M.) It is wonderful how he imposed on mankind by the third century look of him and his infinite muddle- headedness, which passed for mystery. Right Honorable Sir Edward Fry. The Old Testament is full of doctrines which are positively op- posed to our moral conceptions. Right Honorable Sir Edward Fry. Almighty God is represented in the Old Testament as tempting men to acts which he afterwards discovers or punishes. Prof. Ernst Haeckel. Shall the modern civilized state be spiritual or secular? Shall it be theocratic— ruled by the irrational formula of faith and by clerical despotism, or nomocratic — under the sovereignty of rational laws and civic right ? VIEWS OF RELIGION. 307 GUYAU. , Instead of damning those who have done wrong, God should ever- lastingly call them back to him. Rev. George Wolfe Shinn, D. D. The doctrine of hell has largely lost its terrors for the Protestant Christian, and only uncertain sounds proceed from the pulpit. Rev. C. W. Drees, D. D. Ever since Isabella signed away the liberty of Spain to the Pope there has been an illegitimate alliance between statecraft and priest- craft against liberty and human progress. Samuel Laing. Science shatters into fragments the scheme assumed to be taught historically by a miraculous revelation. Descartes. By natural reason we can make many conjectures about the soul and have flattering hopes, but no assurance. St. Athanasius. The Father is incomprehensible. Rev. Charles Haddon Spurgeon, D. D. Twenty years ago there was no question of fundamental truth; they (brethren) were at least agreed that whatever the Scriptures said should be decisive ; now however it does not matter what Scripture says; it is rather a question of their own inner consciousness. Geoffrey Chaucer. All die; all go the same way. A man is a fool who grumbles at that which is universal fate, and rebels against the law to which he is indebted for his own existence. 3o8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Dr. James H. Hoadley. I favor a new creed. The present creed has served its day. It is out of date. Rev. Dr. L. Mason Clark. I am in favor of laying the confessions aside and making a new and simple statement of belief. Rev. William S. Fritch. Hell means wickedness and remorse. Hell is a state, not a place. Heaven is a state, not a place. Her Grace (nee Helena Zimmerman) Duchess of Manchester. I believe the most rabid Christians do not believe in a burning hell now. Prof. Sell, D. D. Luther, Cromwell and Kant represented a free faith, the free state, and free science. Miss M. T. Elder. Oh ! shame, shame upon us. United States Catholics, that we are such pigmy children of so mighty a mother! Wu Ting Fang, C. M., U. S. A. Five hundred years before Christ Confucius had begun preaching the gospel of peace. Rev. George T. Perves, D. D. The Confession says that only elect infants d)ang in infancy are saved, thus carrying the implication that some infants are not elect. Prof. Adolf Harnack, D. D. In the three synoptic Gospels we have not enough reliable informa- tion concerning Christ and his Gospel that could be written on a single page. views of religion. 309 Bishop Huntington. , Christian Science is a bundle of thin abstractions. Prof. Kruger, D. D. No religious conception or idea, whether it be found in the Bible or in the confessions, can claim to be absolutely authoritative for all times, and, consequently, not for our age. Hon. Charles Denby. Happily we do not recognize any rehgion in our Constitution. Fortunately religious wars which have devastated the earth are unknown here. Samuel B. Capen. It is painful to note that the additions to church-membership is so few in proportion to the outlay. Prof. Christian Lassen. I can discover no vaUd ground for the conjecture that Christian legends had then already (to 300 A. D.) been transferred to Krishna. Tertullian. The Gospel which Mark published is affirmed to be Peter's, whose interpreter Mark was. Doellinger. Paul often gets more out of a passage than the words or historical sense convey. Rev. Dr. Davidson. Its existence (the Gospel of John) before 140 A. D. is incapable either of decisive or probable showing. Victor Hugo. Sacrificing the earth for paradise is giving up the substance for the shadow. 3io views of religion. Ralph Waldo Emerson. What ministers had assumed as the distinctive revelations of Chris- tianity theologic criticism has matched by exact parallelisms from the stoics and poets of Greece and Rome. Emperor William II. Herr pastor, please do not be offended when I tell you that your sermons are too long. Prof. Max Muller. If the battle of Marathon and Salamis had been lost, and Greece had succumbed to Persia, the state of the religion of the Empire of Cyrus, which was the worship of Ormuzd, might have become the religion of the whole civilized world. Theodoret. I find, myself, upwards of two hundred such books held in honor among your churches; and, collecting them altogether, I had them put aside and, instead, introduced the Gospels of the four Evangelists. Prof. Herrick Johnson, D. D. The popular vote of the Presbyterian church indicates that some change in our creed is demanded. Herr Von Brandt. The Chinese uprising is largely an uprising caused by a reaction against the activity of the missionaries and more particularly the Protestant missionaries. Sardanapaltjs. Sardanapalus built Anchiale and Tarsus in one day. Go, passen- ger, eat, drink and rejoice, for the rest is nothing. C. Edmonstone Ross. The Bible gravely teaches us that light was created before the sun. views of religion. 311 Ernest Howard Crosby. * Frederic Harrison, the positivist, Herbert Spencer, the agnostic, and John Merely, the atheist, oppose war, but the whole bench of bishops are on the side of bloodshed. Mirabeau. He picked up pilgrims where he could and once a year he took them to Rome, to Lourdes, not without protest of course. The pope did not see through it and religion triumphed. Prof. Sell, D. D. Italy averages forty-seven per cent who can neither read nor write ; Germany only one per cent. The real reason for this remarkable contrast lies in the religious status of the lands. George Jacob Holyoake. Agnosticism means discernment as to the extent of personal knowl- edge and veracity in stating it when discerned. George Jacob Holyoake. If men were to limit their words to what they know, three-fourths of all the literature of theology would have to be struck out. Victor Hugo. The clergy persecuted Harvey; in the name of Jesus, shut up GaUleo; and in the name of St. Paul imprisoned Christopher Columbus. Victor Hugo. You (clergy) came from gagging the Roman people. I understand. This attempt is still more fine, but take care ; it is dangerous. France is a lion and is alive. Edgar Mels. Christianity has received a severe blow in the far east where Japan and China have both repudiated the doctrine. 312 views of religion. John Stuart Mill. To find people who believe their religion as a person believes that fire will burn his hand when thrust into it, we must seek them in those oriental countries where Europeans do not yet predominate, or in the European world where it is still universally CathoUc. Dr. I. HOOYKAAS. The passage in the "Jewish Antiquities" by Flavins Josephus, that refers to Jesus, is certainly spurious, and was inserted by a later and a Christian hand. Ernest Howard Crosby. Can you recall a single sermon condemning war? The churches are the chief strongholds in Christendom of the spirit of warfare. C. Cohen. The churches are now seeking to make capital out of teachings they have striven in vain to crush out. MiRABEAU. Ah ! if that is not God (sun) it is his cousin-German. Rev. Peter Dean. The Christ of every one, the Christ of every church, the Christ of every sect, the Christ of every man, is a different Christ. How, then, is it possible to know which is the true Christ ? Rev. G. F. Terry. How shall the church preserve her own past, and yet, at the same time, meet the wants of the present ? Rev. G. F. Terry. ffistory and not authority, fact and not fiction, will determine the form of Christianity in the future. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 3 13 Lemuel K. Wasbcburn. The opinion of one philosopher carries more weight than the opinions of a thousand clergymen. John Clark Ridpath, LL. D. The inference might well be drawn from the astounding particulars of the creation, (world created Sunday, Oct. 23, and Adam and Eve created Friday, Oct. 28, 4004 B. C.) that Archbishop Usher had been a schoolmate and playfellow of the progenitor of the human race. Percy Bysche Shelley. The name of God has fenced about all crime with holiness. Prof. H. Oort, D. D. The composition of fictitious stories for the purposes of edification did not stop with Esther and Daniel. Prof. H. Oort, D. D. As a rule, they (writers of the Bible) concerned themselves very little with the question whether what they narrated really happened or not. This is why the Old and New Testaments are so full of legends. Lemuel K. Washburn. There is no truth in the dogma of the divinity of Jesus, no sense in it, no religion in it. It is the product of mythology and has no claim upon this age. Constitution of the United States. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion. William Duffney. What consolation does the faith of the believer in foreordination and predestination afford? 314 views of religion. Rev. Francis G. Peabody, D. D. Why do young men not enter the church ? It is because the young men of to-day demand a masculine and a heroic career. Lecky. In the whole feudal legislation (Christian) women were placed in a much lower legal position than in the pagan empire. Helen H. Gardener. It is always a surprise to me that women should remain forever subject to the dictates of ecclesiastical pretenders. Rider Haggard. Nothing in a missionary impresses the savage as much as to find himself equalled or surpassed in strength and agility by the stranger. Wu Ting Fang. Do good for the sake of good. Naturally, happiness comes to a man for being good ; but Christianity makes it a motive for being good. MoNCURE D. Conway. The Lentulus letter, describing Christ's visage, is one of the most successful "fakes" in the history of religious fraud. MoNCURE D. Conway. Not one scrap or sentence written in the lifetime of Jesus, by Jew or Gentile, contained any allusion to him whatever, or even to his existence. Prop. F. C. S. Schiller. A large proportion of sincere Christians regard the prospect of "heaven" without the slightest enthusiasm and even with secret aversion. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 315 Dr. I. HOOYKAAS. That it is a legend (story of the birth of Jesus) without even the smallest historical foundation, we must, of course, admit. Canon Driver. The historical books are seen now to be no longer, as was once supposed, the works of Moses or Joshua, or Samuel. John Carr. Christianity is a fabric without a foundation and therefore must collapse. Rt. Hon. Edmund Burke. Their God is their gold. Their country their invoice. Their desk their altar. Their ledger their Bible, Their church their exchange. And their faith is none but their banker. Aristophanes. Shrines! Shrines! Why, sure you don't beheve in the gods? What's your argument ? Where's your proof ? R. BoswoRTH Smith, M. A. Hospitals and lunatic's asylums owe their origin, not to the Chris- tian religion, but to the great heart of humanity. RUDYARD ELePLING. Beggars a plenty have I met, and holy men to boot. Daniel Webster. I cannot comprehend how Jesus could be both God and man. If I could comprehend him, he could be no greater than myself. 3l6 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Trevelyan. Every stoic was a stoic; but in Christendom where is the Christian? Rev. Levi Leonard Paine, D. D., Pres. Bangor T. S, The opening chapters of Matthew and Luke are spurious; the miraculous birth- story is a fable; and the doctrine of the divinity of Jesus is a piece of metaphysical speculation. Emmons. Eternal generation is eternal nonsense. Rev. Levi Leonard Paine, D. D., Pres. Bangor T. S. To define God as the "Absolute Spirit" is as much as to say "God is the unconditional conditioned," or the unlimited limited, or the unpersonal personality. Rev. John McGaw Foster. It would be fanaticism to assert that material prosperity is the result of Christianity. In intellectual activity, also, pagan civilizations have equalled ours. Amelia Chandler Rives. A little girl whom I know once asked her mother: " Mother, our Lord said to the thief, 'This day shalt thou be with me in Para- dise,' and then went down to hell for three days! Now please explain how that was." Rev. Dr. John Henry Barrows. No sensible man acquainted with the facts can fail to realize that the wide growth of toleration is one of the most important facts of the century. Rev.^ Thomas Starr King. Universalists believe God is too good to damn men and Unitarians believe men too good to be damned. views of religion. 317 Rev. Dr. W. S. Rainsford. « There is no terrible judgment ahead, no physically burning hell. Rev. George H. Schodde. In neither Old nor New Testament lines have Catholic scholars made more than timid attempts to reconcile their traditional views with some of the sure results of recent investigations. Rev. T. De Witt Talmage, D. D. AU the leading scientists, who beheve in evolution, without one exception the world over, are infidels. Prof. Edward L. Youmans. Darwin, Haeckel, Spencer, in common with a large and increasing body of scientific men, they are all agreed that evolution is the great established fact. James Grant Allen. In the last century Christians used to throw live snakes into the assemblies of other Christians of whom they disapproved. Snake throwing has disappeared. Prof. Bonet-Maury. Men's beliefs are the fruit of Uberty. The disposition to impose upon men by force any sort of faith is to attack the divinity of con- science. Hon. Chauncey M. Depew. No one outside the antiquaries and critical few reads the fathers of the church, the schoolmen, the leaders of the reformation. Hugh O. Pentecost. The world is not any better to-day by reason of the birth of Christ. We would be living in the same kind of a world to-day if Jesus had never been bom. 3l8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Tyndale. Twenty doctors expound one text twenty ways. Charles Bradlaugh. Every child is born into the world an atheist and, if he grows into a theist, his deity differs with the people among whom he may happen to be educated. Bishop Byle. The symptom I refer to is the increasing indifference to all distinc- tive doctrines and opinions in religion in every part of the land. COWPER. O, why are farmers made so coarse, Or clergy made so fine? A kick that scarce would kill a horse May kill a sound divine. J. A. Froude. Every advance in science, every step in political or social freedom has arisen in the first instance from an act of scepticism. John Ruskin. Christian creatures will not seriously and sufficiently spend money, except to find out the shortest ways of killing each other. Josiah Strong, D. D., Pres. U. T. S. The scientific habit of mind is fatal to credulity and superstition. It rests not on opinions, but facts. BOULANGER. It is thus that your predecessors have inserted in the Scriptures of our Lord many things which, though they carry his name, agree not with his doctrines. views of religion. 319 Sir Robert Hart. Christian missionaries were to ride in green chairs and be recognized as the equals of governors and viceroys. Gen. Charles George Gordon. If we could let them have four wives each, I verily believe that in half a century you could make the whole of Africa Christian. Chillingworth. Reason gives us knowledge, while faith only gives us belief which is a part of knowledge, and is therefore inferior to it. AuGUSTE Comte. The heavens declare no other glory than that of Hipparchus, of Kepler and of Newton. Diderot. Madmen! (ecclesiasties) tear down the walls that imprison your ideas. Rabbi Hirsch. The day of national religions is past. Mark Twain. There is no place where all people think alike — well, there is heaven, there they do; but let us hope it wont be so always. Mark Twain. Foreigners (Christians) are the cause of all of the trouble in China. My sympathies are aU with the Boxers. Prof. Dr. H. Oort. Our increased knowledge of nature has gradually undermined the belief in the possibility of miracles. 320 VIEWS OF RELIGION. W. E. Johnson. The new Christianity has put out the fires of tophet . Rev. Charles A. Briggs. The books of psahns, proverbs, ecclesiastes, Solomon's song, Job, Esther, Ruth, and Jonah are mere books of imagination. Prof. Edwin Johnson. The New Testament books are a literary round-table of Basilion and Benedictine monks of the sixteenth century. Prof. Howard Osgood, D. D. I have here an article ("Higher criticism") written almost one hundred years ago. I will read it and then tell you the name of the author. The author of this paper was Thomas Paine. Bishop Jacob or Edessa. Nobody knows the day of Christ's birth. Pope Greorgy the Great. The heathen festivals must gradually be changed into Christian ones, and the Christian festivals must imitate those of the time before Christ. Right Hon, William Pitt. Atheism furnishes no man with arguments to be vicious. Charles Bradlaugh. An atheist does not say, there is no God, but he says: "I know not what you mean by God; I am without an idea of God." Bishop Calloway. As surely as men stifle doubts, so surely will they rise up again to haunt them. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 3 21 Prof. Samuel Waddington. My own view is that the cradle of the human race probably hes to the north of Central Asia. Prof. Samuel Waddington. We are compelled to admit that long before the glacial epoch, which is said to have lasted from 240,000 years ago up to about 80,000 years ago, man was in or near the Arctic regions. Canon T. K. Cheyne. That portion of the Old Testament which is known as the book of Isaiah was, in fact, written by at least three writers, who lived at different times and in different places. Luther. I am more afraid of my own heart than I am of the pope and all his cardinals. I have within me the great pope, self. Prof. Edwin Johnson. Christianity is a system of mythical ideas, wholly derived from a capricious exegesis of the Old Testament writers. Prof. Baden Powell. At the present day it is not a miracle, but the narrative of a miracle, to which faith is accorded. St. Paul. If the truth of God hath more abounded through my lie unto his glory, why yet am I also judged a sinner? P. Shaughnessy. Did Christ ever live ? To put it plainly, the church created Christ; Christ never created the church. 322 VIEWS OF RELIGION. D'ISRAELI. The system which cannot bear discussion is doomed. Rev. J. W. Chadwick. Miracle is the negation of law. Dr. Whitby. Ireneus and Papias handed down the actions of the Apostles and their disciples from paltry rumors and dubious reports. They have scandalously deluded the world with fables and lying narrations. Hiram S. Maxim. The sending of missionaries to China cannot be defended on any system of reasoning or of ethics. Henry Ward Beecher. The hteral following of the Sermon on the Mount, would destroy order, morahty, law, and human nature itself. Henry P. Olin. That mythical record of absurd farces was first collected and printed by Robert Stevens in Paris 1551, under the title of "The Book" or "The Bible." Prof. A. E. Dolbear. Among all those who make up the great class of behevers in the spiritualistic theory of physical phenomena (as slate-writing, moving of matter without contact, etc.) there is not a single physicist. Rev. R. H. Charles, M. A. The poem of Job cannot be said to teach the doctrine of a future life. In the writings of Paul we find no single eschatological system. The Pauline doctrine of the "spirit" is difficult. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 323 Charles Stevenson. The praying man is the true sceptic and the infidel is the true believer. Rev. a. B. Bruce, D. D. These documents (gospels) are of varying value from a historical point of view. Prof. Paul W. Schmiedel, Zurich. It is probable enough that the name (Christian) came from the heathen themselves in the first instance. Dr. Donne. If God had not said it (Virgin birth) I would never have believed it. Cassels. The author of the Acts of the Apostle has been charged with having written the work with a distinct design to which he subordinated historical truth. Hon. Andrew Dixon White, D. D., LL. D. Christianity has delayed the advancement of science fifteen hundred years. Prof. Havelock Ellis, M. D. There is a very intimate connection between h)rpnotic phenomena and religion. Mark Twain. George Cable, inventor of the Creole, you keep your reUgion and be damned, and I'U keep mine. Huxley. Extinguished theologians lie about the cradle of any science as the strangled snakes beside that of Hercules. 324 views of religion. Chamfort. Providence is the Christian name for chance. Lemuel K. Washburn. A religious man is a man scared. Prof. Hallyman. As to the story of the Sermon on the Mount, it has been copied from a composition of Hebrew writings. Prof. Maspero. This system of triads (Trinity) began in primitive times and con- tinued unbroken up to the last days of Egyptian paganism. Prof. Heinrich Zimmern. Creation by the voice is also a specially characteristic idea of Zoroastrianism. Rev. T. K. Cheyne, D. D. To seek for even a kernel of historical fact in such cosmogonies (Genesiacal), is inconsistent with a scientific point of view. Fred G. Clark. The preacher in the pulpit does not originate an idea. Independent thinking is almost completely crushed in the church. Emerson. Her (Nature's) dariings, the great, the strong, the beautiful, do not come out of the Sunday school. Huxley. I confess I am unable to understand how grown men can lend themselves to such elaborate tomfooleries (papistical functions). VIEWS OF RELIGION. 325 RiVAROL. « Religion is not the perfection of morality. Laws are made to re- strain the wicked, while religion is for selfish souls and morality for consciences. Rurus K. NoYES, M. D. The wicked do not deserve the so-called consolation of reUgion and the good do not need it. Prof. Edward Clodd. There is no possible reconciUation between evolution and theology. Prof. Edward Clodd. There is not a dogma of Christianity, not a foundation on which a dogma rests, that evolution does not traverse. Prof. A. B. Bruce, D. D. Christ was probably the son of a human father and that was not Joseph. Celsus. The arts which you (Christ) there (in Egypt) learnt, you practiced when you returned to your own people and you thus persuaded them that you were God. Rev. R. H. Charles, M. A. The antique elements (of future Hfe) belong in all probability to the system of belief and practice known as ancestor worship. Rev. Minot J. Savage. His (IngersoU's) writings are pure as the lilies of the field. Charles W. Eliot, Pres. H. C. Ecclesiastical authority has declined in a still more marked degree. 326 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Richard Henry Stoddard. We should fear nothing but living well In the only life and world we know of. Charles W. Eliot, Pres. H. C. Barbarous conceptions of punishments after death have been every- where mitigated or abandoned. Rev. Manasseh Cutter, LL. D. Experience has demonstrated that religious establishments are not only unnecessary, but injurious to civil society. Controller Bird S. Coler. The absolute enforcement of the Sunday law is not desired by nine- tenths of the population. Julian Hawthorne. He (Sir Walter Besant) chose wisely in choosing literature instead of the church as his profession. Professor Thudichum. Paul was a priestly invention in aid of the general purpose to found a hierarchy. Lemuel K. Washburn. With the dying reverence for God, there is a growing respect for man. Prof. J. E. Burton, D. D. The simple fact of the matter is that all that has been thought to be due to Egypt and goes to make ancient civilization, belongs right- fully to the Chinese. Adam and Eve were Chinese. Harnack. Jesus Christ brought forward no new doctrine. VIEWS or RELIGION. 327 Rev. Marion F. Ham. He (higher critic) approaches it (Bible) precisely as he would ap- proach any other book, with his eyes open only to the evidence. Rev. Prof. Fr. Kerman I. Heuser, St. C. T. S. Reflection is but another word for religion. To the ancient coiners of words, these words were synonymous. Rev. Prof. Fr. Kermak I. Heuser, St. C. T. S. Religion means the control of self along the lines of a more noble pattern. Rev. a. Hales. The whole of sacred scripture comes to us on the recommendation of the sentiment and usage of the first four centuries of the Christian era. Gen. U. S. Grant, Pres., U. S. A. If this country is ever again plunged into another civil war, it will not be a fight over Mason's and Dixon's line, but will be patriotism and reason arrayed against ignorance and superstition. Erasmus. I myself once heard a great fool (a great scholar I would have said) undertake in a laborious discource to explain the mystery of the Holy Trinity. The auditors all wondered and some mumbled to them- selves that hemistich of Horace: Why all this needless trash? Rev. Henry Frank. They (churches) have become but little more than social clubs for the cultivation of prudency and pastime. Rev. Henry Frank. If it were not for social advantages, they (churches) would soon disintegrate. 328 VIEWS or RELIGION. Harnack. It is not diflScult to set against every portion of the utterances of Jesus an observation vsrhich deprives him of originality. Chambers Encyclopedia. Many of Christ's parables, or at least much of his parabolic imagery, are to be found in the writings of Hillel, Shammai and other great rabbis. Ella E. Gibson. In the volume called the "Word of God," woman is maligned, outraged, victimized, enslaved, chattelized, polygamized, scourged, crushed and brutalized. Max O'Rell. I don't want to have anything to do with angels — women are good enough for me. Harriett Martineau. If your faith is worth anything, it does not depend on me; and if it depends on me, it is not worth anything. Rev. Dr. Francis Clark. The narrow-minded members of any sect have been incKned to consign all besides themselves to the uncovenanted mercies of God. Desiderius Erasmus. All that final happiness which Christians, through so many rubs and briars of difficulties contend for, is at last no better than a sort of folly and madness. Rev. Robert McDonald. A profane man crossing the Atlantic Ocean in a good ship, stands better chances of mastering the rough waters than a prayerful man in an unsafe bark. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 329 Festus. St. Paul was beside himself. Judge Parish B. Ladd. Moses was a myth, an Egyptian God. The whole Pentateuch-story rests on no foundation whatever. Renan. The Bible has never stood the test of criticism. Plutarch. Bacchus was one of the gods worshipped by the Hebrews. Sir Henry Brugsch-Bey. Nowhere do the inscriptions (Egyptian) contain one syllable about the Israehtes. Rev. a. a. Sayce. Mosu (Moses) was deified as the Egyptian Sun-God. Capt. Alfred Dreyfus. How often there recurs to my mind that exclamation of Schopen- hauer, at the spectacle of human iniquity: If God created the world, I would not be God. Right Rev. Dr. A. F. Minnington Ingrame, Bishop London. Who can deny that miracles form to-day the greatest stumbling- block to the acceptance of Christianity. Hon. William E. Gladstone. The Creator, though not scientific, had, in describing his own creation to Moses, been acute enough nearly to anticipate the nebular hypothesis. 330 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Bishop Whipple. A fact which causes me the deepest concern is the great and steady decrease in the number of our candidates for holy orders. John Endicott, Gov., Mass. Whatever form of religion is marked by ceremony is superstition. Thomas Paine. I congratulate you on the birth of the new sun, now called Christmas day, and I make you a present of a thought on Louisiana. Dr. G. Segi, Proe. oe Anthro. U. R. A race of people originated in Europe in early quaternary, or possibly later tertiary, times. Locke. He that takes away reason to make room for revelation puts out the light of both. Canon Fakrar. To the conception of the unity of God nothing is added by Christianity. Ex-Mayor Perry. The missionary believes that conversion is adequate to take a dead Chinaman to heaven but not to bring a live one into the United States. Prof. Charles E. Fay. To proselyte is not to civilize, and to try to substitute Christianity for another religion is an impertinence bound to stir up trouble. Rabbi Joseph Silverman. Cursed be the man that invented missions. The missionary has been the cause of religious intolerance and prejudice. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 331 Pope Leo XIII. Public administrators prefer a purely secular system of government. John D. Rockefeller. I am not here to discuss theological questions, such as whether Jonah's relation to the whale was that of tenant or landlord. Rev. Roscoe Nelson. The fear of hell has gone from the minds of almost every one. Bishop Potter. I am at a loss to account for the disregard of customs of these for- eign countries by our missionaries. Herbert N. Casson. The trance of the Spiritualist is just as irrational as the convulsions of the fourteenth century peasants. Bishop Potter. We are hearing much of rescuing them (Chinese) from their ig- norance. Well, suppose we begin by emancipating ourselves from our own ignorance. Hon. J. H. Eckles. The outlook was despondent with the disparity between the membership (Y.M.C.A.) and the material from which they might draw. Tennyson. Election, election, and reprobation, it's all very well! But I go to-night to my boy, and I shall not find him in hell. And if he is lost — but to save his soul, that is all you desire; Do you think that I care for my soul if my boy be gone to the fire ? 33 2 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Charles A. Dickey, D. D. I believe that only elect infants are saved, but I want it written in the confession that all infants are elect. Tennyson. What! I should call on that infinite love that has served us so well? Infinite cruelty, rather, that made everlasting hell. Solon Chase. We put our trust in the Lord but depend on our artillery. Christian nations of Europe spend $750,000,000 annually on war. DTSRAELI. No, Lord Rosselyn, I can't give you the buckhounds, your language is too bad, — but we'll make you Lord High Commissioner of the Church of Scotland. Pres. William F. Slocum, C. C. Of the 740,000 young men in the several western states, less than 70,000 are members of any church. Bishop Marsh. If the original text of Matthew is lost, and we have nothing but Greek translation, then frankly we cannot ascribe any divine inspira- tion to the words. Dr. Davidson. The author, (of Matthew) indeed, must ever remain unknown. Li Hung Chang. A hatred (by Chinese) of the Christian religion lies at the bottom of the present trouble (war). views of religion. 333 Pres. Cyrus Northrop, U. M. Nowhere else (colleges) are young men more exposed to danger to their faith, as affected by modern thought, especially by science. Tolstoi. The Russians are the only people who preserve the naive beUef that the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke were written by the authors to whom they are ascribed. Prof. George H. Gilbert, D. D. The metaphysical union of Christ with God and the pre-existence of Christ are not plainly taught in the gospels. Rev. Everett D. Burr. Many men are confused by the serious divisions in the religious world. What shall we beUeve? Rev. Everett D. Burr. Is the Bible true ? It may be, but if it is, it is not because of its canonicity or its universal acceptance. Tolstoi. No one has ever seen, nor can know, an external God, hence the object of our Ufe cannot be to revere such a God. Rev. Prof. Edward I. Bos'worth, D. D. The word of God to-day is not reaUy understood by the great mass of men and women in the church. Rev. Daniel McGurk, D. D. The trouble of Dr. Tubbs is that he is an evolutionist. There are a lot of old fogies among the ministers of this conference who want to deny the right of a man to think for himself. 334 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Prof. Edward I. Bosworth, D. D. Many a young man has simply inherited religious opinions. Rev. W. W. White, D. D. The Bible, as we have it, is the product of a long period of time. Henry Goldberg. A spirit is a phanton of the imagination and belongs to the Holy Ghost variety. Rev. E. W. Hunt. The book of Genesis is not a work of historical truth written by Moses. Ritschx. Least of all in Christ's own words can we discover the doctrine of the godhead. William De Witt Hyde, Pres., B. C. Theological persecution we have whenever institutions are tied to creeds. Prof. Edwin Abbott, D. D. Four elements worked in the compilation of the gospels — history, prophesy, exaggeration and metaphor. Dr. Winfield S. Hall, Ph. D. The progenitors of man were probably not very unlike the anthro- poid apes of Asia and Africa. Rev. Dr. Francis L. Patton, Pres., P. C. The trouble with college men is that they are indifferent to religion. Tolstoi. According to all the Gospels, Jesus never aflirmed individual resur- rection and individual immortality. views of religion. 335 Rev. Dr. Herrick Johnson. I do not arraign the doctrine of divine election but to shut mercy up to the elect is to take away its glory. Judge Humphrey. The higher you raise your dam against the revision (Presbyterian Creed) movement, the worse will be the flood. Prof. Stewart, D. D. The movement for a new creed is growing. Erasmus. Jesus seems chiefly delighted with children, women and illiterate fishermen. Jesus. The Father hath hidden mysteries of salvation from the wise and revealed them unto babes. Erasmus. Children, women, old men and fools are always most constant in repairing to church. Erasmus. There are none more silly, or nearer their wit's end, than those who are too superstitionally reUgious. J. Vyrnwy Morgan, D. D. Eternal damnation is looked upon as spiritually unthinkable. Rev. Dwight L. Moody. It is not the authorship of the Bible that matters, but the contents. Dr. Preserved Smith. It is doubtful whether one (Psalm) can be ascribed to David. 336 views of religion. Dr. Preserved Smith. We should despair of the power of practical religion if, after giving any man wisdom to utter so many excellent maxims of life and con- duct, it should produce a life such as was led by Solomon. Rev. Dr. Charles A. Dickey. Is it more important whose sister a man should marry, or that infants should be saved? Gen. Frederick D. Grant. The friars are the stumbling-block in the Philippines. They are corrupt and immoral and trouble-breeders. Annie Besant. Scientific books will in fact replace the Bible. Lemuel K. Washburn. Imagine a church (Presbyterian) with a God who would damn a baby. Judge Blair. I don't think the counsellor could answer that question (Where is hell?) himself. Clarence S. Darrow. It is simply an effort (Sunday closing of Pan-American Exposition) of a certain class of people to force their own religious opinions on the great mass of citizens. Lemuel K. Washburn. Theology measures the circumference of a guess. Dr. Francis J. Barnes. Religious influences are waning; scepticism is taking the place of faith. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 337 Dr. Theodore N. Gill, S. J. It is not probable that the civilization of which we learn from the earliest record could have been attained until after man had been on earth more than one hundred thousand years. Lemuel K. Washburn. Superstition is nothing but a misplaced fear of some fancied super- natural phantasm of divinity. Tolstoi. The teaching of the church, theoretically astute, is a lie in practice and is a compound of vulgar superstitions and sorcery. Samuel P. Putnam. Manliness is something we can comprehend. But what is godli- ness? Does it mean anything more than manliness ? If so, what? Rev. Father Lafevre. At Fort McPherson, B.C., the people have no God and no rehgion. One convert to Christianity was made in twelve years. J. G. SCHURMAN, PrES. C. U. The friars own 400,000 acres, a fact which helps to explain why that province (Cavite) has been the hot-bed of insurrection since 1873. J. G. SCHURMAN, PrES. C. U. Manifestly, therefore, it is to our (U. S. A.) interest that the friars should leave the archipelago. SmoNDi. No nation, either ancient or modern, has ever produced a code of civil laws more wise just or perfect than that of the Arab nilers of Spain. 338 views of religion. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Our system of theology is based on woman's degradation. Washington Irving. At the time of its greatest civiUzation (Arab Empire) they (Arabs) diffused the light of Oriental knowledge through the western regions of benighted Europe. Mark Twain. I am not meaning to object to the substitution of Pagan customs for Christians, here and there, and now and then, when the Christian ones are inconvenient. Rev. a. C. Dixon. The boast of civilization is that it is mastering the forces of nature. This has a tendency to push God out of the world. John Ruskin. It is the blackest sign of putrescence in a national religion, when men speak of it as if it were the only safeguard of conduct. Buckle. We shall assuredly sink, if we imitate the crudeUty of our fore- fathers, by those pernicious notions which the clergy have in every age palmed off on the people. Herbert N. Casson. Mental Science, Christian Science, Spiritualism, Theosophy and all kindred occult, astrological and spiritual sects are nothing better than the recrudescence of medievalism. Ernst Haeckel. It is a great mistake to suppose that the religious notions of modern civilized peoples are on a much higher level than the crude spirit-faith of primitive savages. views of religion. 339 Herbert N. Casson. Christianity added to monasticism the most dreadful of all its horrors, the frenzied doctrine of a furious God and a blazing hell. Hon. Andrew Dixon White, Ex. Pres., C. U. Behef in miracles has been for twenty centuries the main stumbling- block in the path of medicine. Buckle. The only cure for superstition is knowledge. Lord Palmerston. In spite of prayers and fastings, insanitation breeds pestilence and death. Herbert N. Casson. There is no longer any scientific acceptance of the word "soul." This mystical nonentity, like the "resurrection bone," has now been labeled and shelved in the Museum of Myths. G. Stanley Hall, Pres. C. U. There is no system of rehgion that appeals to all classes. Herbert N. Casson. High mass may be a more cultured method of procedure than a Cherokee sun-dance but the net results of both ceremonies are pre- cisely the same. Elizabeth E. Evans. I own frankly that I do not and cannot beKeve in it (immortality) . John Jay, Chief Justice, U. S. I hope the day will come when the idea of establishing any kind of rehgious institution by force will pass away. 34° views of religion. Joseph Story, Chief Justice, U. S. It was largely due to the history and evils of bringing civil power and force to back reUgion in the old world that our fathers severed themselves from such oppression. Very Rev. Canon Bonney. The story of the creation in the Book of Genesis cannot be brought into harmony with what we have learned from geology. Rev. Frederick Myers, D. D. By whom the books of the Old Testament were collected into one volume and by what authority made canonical we do not know. Dr. Samuel Davidson. The conception of canonicity and inspiration attaching to the New Testament books did not exist till the time of Irenaeus. Sir Sydney Smith. Science is his (Dr. WheweU) forte; omniscience is his foible. Sir Sydney Smith. The love of ease is common to aged dogs, asses and clergymen. Andrew Carnegie. I will not give a cent of my money to any church that cannot meet its business obHgations. Rev. Lyman Abbott, D. D. The curse of the churches and the paralysis of the preachers is that we believe we believe. St. Paul. Ye see that by works a man is justified and not only by faith. views ojf religion. 34i Rev. Edward M. Taylor, D. D. The state has no right to prescribe religious tenets for the acceptance ■of her citizens. Schopenhauer. As God is creator of possibility itself, possibility should have been so ordered as to admit of something better than this world. St. Paul. It is not possible to eat the Lord's supper; one is hungry and another is drunken. Tolstoi. Church teachings are but fiction ; I have knowledge of their inanity Tolstoi. It is not true that man cannot find other convictions to transmit to Jus child but his faith in the dogma of positive reUgion. Schopenhauer. If God made the world, I would not be that God, for the misery of the world would break my heart. Confucius. No image-maker worships the gods; he knows what they are made of. P. Shaughnessy. The basis of Christianity is the existence of a personal Jesus. Yet it is certainly true that the Gospel-account of the life of Jesus is only a collection of myths. Philip D. Armour. I suppose they couldn't unite on baptism. I don't care whether ■converts are baptized in the soup-bowl, a dish-pan, or the "Chicago -river.' ' 342 views of religion. Bishop Callicott. History forces upon us the recognition of pious fraud as a principle by no means inoperative in the earliest ages of Christianity. Rev. Charles Tilton. In Salem (Mass.) only one young woman in five, between the ages of i6 and 36, is connected with the church. Rev. Charles Parkhurst, D. D. The church has pretty regularly evinced a suicidal genius for drying up its own resources and feeding upon its own brain. Senor Buencamino. Priests are white ants which eat the substance and leave nothing of value. Rev. John Bowe. Those who have thought things out for themselves are outside the churches. Fifty milhon heads in the United States remain unbap- tized. Vicar-General Bivot. French Catholics have not understood how to take part in the noblest movements of the century. Vicar-General Bivot. Modem society has come into existence without us and indeed in opposition to us. Thomas Jefferson, Pres., U. S. A. I was glad to find in your book(Cartwright's) a formal contradiction that Christianity is a part of the common law. Thomas Jefferson, Pres., U. S. A. ' The common law existed while the Anglo-Saxons were yet pagan and had never yet heard the name of Christ pronounced. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 343 M. D. BisBEE, Librarian, D. C. I beg to acknowledge in behalf of the library, the gift (by M. M. Ricker) of the handsome and valuable edition of the works of Robert G. IngersoU. You may be sure they will be appreciated and much used. W. J. Tucker, Pres., D. C. Time was when the ministry offered the field for the thinker; later the law, and now the world is opening through affairs. Lecky. The decay of dogmatic religion has been followed by a great out- burst of humanitarian philanthropy. Marilla M. Ricker. In my opinion there is no Bible extant so good as IngersoU's com- plete works. Archdeacon Sinclair. There are some portions of the contents (Bible) to which I must take exceptions. Dr. Channestg. The priesthood and the throne, in one night and day, shed more blood than was spilled during the whole French Revolution. Rev. Dr. Elijah Horr. A great many men now are unwilling that the theologues of the 1 6th century shall make their creeds for them. Sir Isaac Newton. When the adversaries of Erasmus had got the Trinity into his edi- tion they threw by their manuscript as an old almanac out of date. Thomas Jefferson, Pres., U. S. A. It is too late in the day for men of sincerity to pretend they believe in the platonic system, three are one and one is three. 344 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Socrates. The way to gain admission into the temple of science is through the portal of doubt. Socrates. Fancies beyond the reach of the understanding and which have yet been made objects of belief, — these have been the source of all the disputes, errors and superstitions that have prevailed in the world. Diogenes. When I look upon seamen, men of physical science and philos- ophers, man is the wisest of all beings ; when I look upon priests, prophets and interpreters of dreams, nothing is so contemptible as PiTTACUS. It is against nature to love an enemy. Rev. Dr. Abercrombie. Sir, Washington was a deist! I do not find an expression in which he pledges himself as a professor of Christianity. Benjamin Franklin. The convention, except three or four persons, thought prayers unnecessary. Huxley. Infinite benevolence need not have invented pain and sorrow at all. Right Hon. Lord Avebury, LL. D. I stood by Darwin and did my best to fight the battle of truth against the torrent of ignorance and abuse which was directed against him. Frances Wright. The essence of religion is fear and its source is ignorance. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 345 Huxley. Religion, first independent of morality, gradually took morality under its protection and the supernaturalists have ever tried to per- suade mankind that the existence of ethics is bound up with super- naturalism. I am not of that opinion. Gerritt Smith. The clergy should also frankly tell their hearers that they who undertook to make up the Bible widely differed among themselves in respect to what should go to make it. James Lane Allen. Such theology as the president (Pres. McGarvey, U. K.) has shown in his address helps to drive young men out of the church. Darwin. There is no evidence that man was originally endowed with the belief in the existence of an omnipotent God. Aaron Burr. Upon that subject (God) I am coy. 1 Herbert Spencer. Theological metaphysical behefs are not the basis of the philosophy of evolution. E. C. Reichwald, Sec. A. S. U. It was Thomas Paine who first penned the words: The United States of America. Dr. E. J. Dillon. Chinese women honestly believed that no more terrible fate could overtake them than to fall into the hands of Christians. It is to be feared that they were right. 346 views of religion. George Jacob Holyoake. The very idea of an originating deity has no place in the under- standing. J. McKeen Cattell. From the remote past, men have worshipped strange gods in strange ways (Christian Science), and that there should be survivals and avatisms is in no wise surprising. Peoe. Joseph Jastrow, U. W. Argument is impossible when people (Christian Scientists) do not speak the same language. Benedictus Levita. The same ministers who teach from the pulpit an undogmatic Christianity are compelled to pray to the Holy Trinity. Huxley. The problem of the ultimate cause of existence is one which seems to me to be hopelessly out of reach of my poor powers. SwAMi Abhedananda. The twentieth century needs a religion with no scheme for salvation and no need for heaven or hell. Locke. It is easier to believe than to be scientifically instructed. J. M. DORSEY. All religions eschew reason. Rev. Thomas Belshaw, D. D . I do not mean to say you will not be saved if you reject Christianity. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 347 J. M. DORSEY. They (clergy) are much further from being agreed now than they were a thousand years ago. But on one thing they have generally agreed — that is, in deceiving and swindling the mass of the people. Lord Bolingbroke. Formal prayers and solemn services are no way necessary to a Being Omniscient. GUICCIARDINI. As the priests were raised step by step to earthly powers, they cared less and less for reHgious precepts. Samuel Horsley, Bishop of St. Asaph. I quit that temple where philosophy once presided and where Newton was her officiating minister. Jesus. The Sabbath was made for man and not man for the Sabbath. Huxley. The church founded by Jesus has not made its way, has not per- meated the world but did become extinct in the country of its birth as Nazarenism and Ebionism. Judge Everett. The fact that the Sunday theatres may detract from attendance upon services of the church does not make it a violation of the law. Benjamin Harrison, Pres. U. S. A. It does seem to me as if the Christian nations of the world ought to be able to make their contact with the weaker peoples of the earth beneficent and not destructive. 348 views of religion. Bishop William Lawrence. Fewer are giving themselves to the church with the proper con- ception of its deep religious significance. Huxley. What has the success of Christianity to do with the truth or false- hood of the story of Jesus ? Prof. Max Muller. There are five countries only which have been the birthplace of sacred books: (i) India, (2) Persia, (3) China, (4) Palestine, (5) Arabia. Huxley. I know that I am, in spite of myself, exactly what the Christian would call, and, so far as I can see, are justified in calling, atheist and infidel. Huxley. I can not see one shadow or title of evidence that the great unknown underlying the phenomena of the universe stands to us in the relation of a Father, who loves us and cares for us as Christianity asserts. Prof. Herman N. Hilprecht. We have found the first Babylonian temple-library ever discovered. It was uncovered at Nippur. Some of the documents are supposed to be at least 9000 years old. Thomas Paine. Infidelity does not consist in believing or in disbelieving ; it consists in professing to beheve what one does not believe. Mark Twain. Would it not be prudent to get our civilization's tools together in the way of glass beads and theology, Maxim guns and hymn books ? VIEWS or RELIGION. 349 Wu Ting-Fang, C. M., U. S. A. Love your enemies is Christ's command, but at this moment some Christian missionaries are crying for vengeance and bloodshed. Ralph Washburn Chainey. The destruction of religions and superstitions means the upbuilding of charity and ethics. Ralph Washburn Chainey. The ignorance of the masses insures abundant contributions to the clergy and to rehgion. Harriet Martineau. I neither wish to live longer here, nor to find life again elsewhere. Harriet Martineau. The happiest day of my life was the day I gave up the charge of my soul. Lemuel K. Washburn. Think of the pope following Jesus! Jesus said, "My Kingdom is not of this world." The pope says, "Mine is." Lemuel K. Washburn. Faith is the cross on which man crucifies his liberty. Prof. John W. Draper. The extinction of religion is not the abrupt movement of a day. It is a secular process. Dissent ends in denial at last. Hon. John D. Long, Sec. U. S. N. The landing of the Pilgrims we always associate with a religious exodus, whereas, in fact, their venture was largely a commercial one and a merchant furnished the funds for the undertaking. 35° views of religion. Lemuel K. Washburn. Christianity is outgrown by the higher intelligence. Hell vanished when man became better than God. The greatest duty of man to-day is to kill the faith which makes bigots and tyrants of men. M. Waldeck-Rousseau. No interference on the part of the Pope will be allowed in the law of associations, when it is voted upon. M. Waldeck-Rousseau. The Pope has rights as the spiritual head of Catholics, but the state also has rights written in the Concordat, which it will see respected. Harriet Martineau. At length I recognized the monstrous superstition (of Christianity) in its true character of a great fact in the history of the race. M. Roland De Mares. The glory of the nineteenth century is the triumph of free thought over religious fanaticism. Queen Victoria. It is our royal will and pleasure that no man shall in any way suffer for his opinions, or be disquieted by reasons of his religious faith or observance. Vicar Isaac G. Smith, B. A. The history of monasticism is one of the strangest problems in the history of the world. Prof. A. E. Dolbear, Ph. D. It has been proved, that instead of the scant 6,000 years, then allowed to history, we must go back thousands of centuries to find the beginning of the human record. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 351 Macaulay. With respect to the doctrine of a future life, a North American Indian knows just as much as any ancient or modern philosopher. Harioet Martineau. The intellectual and moral judgment of priests of all persuasions is inferior to that of any other order of men. George Sand, Baroness Dudevant. I see no sin, but only a great deal of ignorance. N. Y. Journal. That which is reUgion when done in crowds is called insanity when done singly. Rev. Samuel Davidson, D. D. Judged in this way, solely by internal evidence, the Pentateuch was not written by Moses. Prof. Francois Lenormant. That which we read in the first chapters of Genesis is not an account dictated by God, but it is a tradition whose origin is lost in the night of the remotest ages. David Hume. Barbarity, caprice; these quahties, however nominally disguised, we may universally observe from the ruling character of the deity in all regular religions. Rev. W. W. Fenn, D. D. It is a general fact, that there are fewer strong, well-educated young men entering the ministry to-day than in the past. Her Grace, Duchess of Manchester. I am a liberal (freethinker) and I am glad of it. It is a luxury, a blessing. 352 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. W. W. Fenn, D. D. There are more attractive vocations (than the church) for young men. Changes in the ideals of a young man lead him from the ministry. Her Grace, Duchess or Manchester. Of course there is a great deal about Buddhism that sceptical people would be loath to believe, just as there is about Christianity. Charles Sparks. The baby will not be christened or baptised. She wiU be taught never to kneel or bow in prayer. WiNWOOD Reade. All doctrines relating to the creation of the world, the government of man by superior beings and his destiny after death are conjectures, which have been given out as facts, handed down with many adorn- ments by tradition and accepted by posterity as revealed religion. Lecky. We should hardly write over the savings bank, "Take no thought for tomorrow"; or over the Bank of England, "Lay not up for your- selves treasures on earth." Maori Chiee. The Christian missionary came along and taught us to look up, and when we looked down, we found all of our land was gone. Tyndall. We (scientists) shall wrest from theology the entire domain of cosmological theory. CONEUCIUS. With money you can move the gods, without it you can't move a man. views of religion. 3s3 Prof. Adeney. , Religion has been profoundly affected by science. Prof. Edwin A. Abbott, D. D. When we were children we could not stop short of desiring to be- lieve that the whole of the letters of the Bible was absolutely true. Now we must be content to accept part of the letters of the Bible. Dr. W. C. Gray. Among them (Protestant Reformers) he (Calvin) stands sohtary for acumen and malevolence. Rev. Charles Graves. They (old time ministers) sent people to simmer forever in hell or sing forever in heaven. But all this has passed. Prof. Herman Schultz, D. D. The first eleven chapters of Genesis are strictly mythical. Rev. Charles Graves. The minister to-day is treated with no more reverence than any other person and many who give him outward forms of respect, inwardly despise him. Pe:of. Herman Schultz, D. D. The stories about creation, the primeval condition of man and the fall are myths. Prof. Herman Schultz, D. D. Nowhere in the Old Testament is there found any doctrine of justification by faith. Cardinal Vaughn. It is not safe to pooh-pooh the methods of the higher criticism. 3s4 views of religion. Prof. Herman Lotze. The assertion that the content of rehgion is a "mystery" is not convincing. Prof. Herman Lotze. They (proofs of the existence of God) are all able merely to demon- strate our assumption of this existence. Dr. Von Hummelauer, Jesuit. These words (Pentateuch), though spoken "in the person" of Moses, were never spoken by Moses. Prof. Noldeke, D. D. The Book of Esther is perfectly unhistorical. Queen Victoria. You will have to go on with them (Nonconformists) in heaven, you know. Prof. F. Godet, D. D. I believe the divine conception of salvation to be more seriously threatened at this moment than ever it was before. Egbert Guernsey, M. D., LL. D. There is no enmity so bitter, no hate so relentless, as that found among the clergy. Rev. F. C. Pillsbury, D. D. The whole superstructure of theology has been reared upon certain presuppositions which can stand the test of neither science nor history. Pliny, From the moment of death onward, both soul and body feel as little as they did before birth. views of religion. 355 Albert Gibbs Gabrielle. What has heaven done for earth ? * Prop. Constantine Tischendorf, D.D. Unbelief is as old as Christianity; besides, it will never die out. J. Murray Mitchell, M.A., LL. D. Very few of the religions of antiquity have survived to the pres- €nt day. Prof. F. Godet, D.D. Doubts have been cast on the truth of the narrative contained in the Book of Acts. Prof. V. Rosanov, Ph.D. They (Jews) realize that behind the material substance is the liv- ing sacred vacuum and in that apparent vacuum is God. Rev. Dr. Edwin A. Abbott. Matthew's account of the resurrection has been modified so as to soften some of its improbabilities. Prof. Bruce, D.D. If Christ thought of himself as the Messiah, it was because to Him that word stood for an ideal. Prof. Schmiedel, D.D. Some doubts as to the accuracy of the narratives (Gospels) can not fail to arise in the minds of the stoutest believers in miracles. Ezra Cornell, C. U. One of its (Egypt's) sovereigns, Osymandius, is said to have founded the first public Kbrary known to history. The motto upon the building was, " Dispensary to the Soul." 35^ views of religion. Prof. Schmiedel, D. D. Are there any credible elements to be found in the Gospels at all ? Rev. J. S. Cutler. If Bob Evans goes to hell, I want to go too. Right Rev. Mgr. Thomas J. Conaty, D.D., Rec, C. U. A. ReUgion has lost its hold upon the people and the reason is that it has not been made the warp and woof of early instruction. HosEA Ballou, Pastor. True, many profess to believe it (hell) and many preach it; but they beUeve and preach it for somebody else, not for themselves. Servetus. Baptized infants do not believe in the Son of God, therefore, they remain in the death of Adam. That they cannot believe is plain, because faith cometh by hearing. Hon. Andrew D. White. The same squalid crowds crossing themselves at the street corners; the same throngs of worshippers knocking their heads against the pavements of churches. Hon. Andrew D. White. Science has done more than all else to bring us out of mediaeval cruelty. "Faith" has always been the most effective pretext for bloodshed and oppression. Benjamin Franklin. I said to Mr. Beatty (Rev.), "It is perhaps below the dignity of your profession to act as steward of the rum, but, if you were only to distribute it out after prayers you would have them (soldiers) all about you. VIEWS or RELIGION. 357 Tolstoi. That man (Raskolnik or Old Believer) is a hypocrite; he can't believe what he has said; he is a shrewd, long-headed man; how can he believe such trash? Impossible! Rev. John A. Hayes. I feel that all the so-called historical evidence for the miraculous birth of Jesus is gone forever. Rev. T. De Witt Talmage, D. D. Any creed that leaves in doubt the salvation of infants or prescribes them for damnation is defective. Rev. William J. Tucker, D. D. Missionary work is discredited in the eyes of the world, because Christian nations have sent out apostles to show that they themselves don't know how to keep the commandments. Rev. William J. Tucker, D. D. The church has been set back for generations by the behavior of Christian nations in China. Rev. John A. Hayes. I am convinced that we have here (New Testament) no collection of writings dictated by the Holy Spirit, but a collection of human writings of fallible men. Pasteur Gounelle. My Christian conscience has not for years given me any rest. Harnack. Christ has no social program and modern socialists have no right to appeal to him. 3S^ VIEWS OF RELIGION. M. Leon Bourgeois. The university (not the church) is the incarnation of a nation's conscience. Benigne Jacques Bossuet. I am against papal interference in temporal affairs. Rev. Prof. F. G. Peabody, D. D. Even if there is none (immortality of soul) it is better to be wise than foolish, better to do good than evil. Harriet Martineau. Christianity is dying out among the foremost people of the earth. Harriet Martineau. The Christian superstition, now at last giving way before science, of the contemptible nature of our body and its antagonism to the soul, has shockingly peverted our morals. Napoleon. Do you not know that Christ said, "My Kingdom is not of this world' ' ; and would not interfere with my concerns ? Napoleon. The popes set Europe in flames. Perhaps it is yours (clergy) to re-establish scaffolds and racks ; but it shall be my care that you do not succeed. Dr. Stanton Coit. They (the churches) must constrain a person to believe strange matters which nobody can understand and which, if understood, can have no moral significance. Rev. Dr. C. H. Parkhurst. We know naught of immortality. views of religion. 359 Rev. David Watson, D. D. « Why are they, the master minds and imperial leaders among men, the Comtes, the Carlyles, the Goethes, the Emersons, the Humboldts, the Tyndalls and the Huxleys, outside the pale of the Christian church? Napoleon. As for myself, I do not believe that such a person as Jesus Christ ever existed; but, as the people are inclined to superstition, it is proper not to oppose them. Prof. Carl Vogt, U. G. They (pietistic orators) feel surprised that people with such views (Darwinism and materialism) can be good citizens, honest men, good husbands and fathers. Dr. Carl Vogt, U. G. These remains (fossils) are very old, reaching far beyond the time assigned by traditions and legends concerning man and the creation of the earth. Dr. Carl Vogt, U. G. There exists not a single fact which in any way indicates a general flood, a deluge. Sir Walter Scott. Tell my gossip, joUy Father Boniface, that my brother- and sister and some others of my house are all dead and gone and I pray him to say masses for their souls as far as the value of these links (from chain) will carry him. Rev. David Watson, D. D. They, (the Comtes, the Carlyles, the Goethes, the Emersons, the Humboldts, the Tyndalls and the Huxleys), shun us because of our ignorant mi'soonceptions and our persistent misrepresentations of heaven, men and God. 360 views of religion. Huxley. Agnosticism simply means that a man shall not say he knows or believes that for which he has no scientific grounds for professing to know or believe. COMTE. Religion is an illusion of childhood, outgrown under proper educa- tion. Rev. Thomas Hill, D. D., LL. D., Ex-Pres., H. C. The truths of natural religion (not revealed) are impressed in in- delible characters on every fragment of the material world. Prof. Julius Wellhausen, U. M. As for most parts of the Old Testament, we have no express infor- mation as to the author and date of composition. Prof. Julius Wellhausen, U. M. In Genesis I and III man is virtually forbidden to lift the veil of things and to know the world. In Genesis II, this is the task set him from the beginning. Prof. Julius Wellhausen, U. M. \A'hat could be the sense of representing Adam and Eve as intent to know what was sin and what was virtue ? Rev. Dr. McAethur. No Christian ought to enter heaven during the next twenty-five years if he can help it; we are getting more heaven on earth now than we ever had. Joseph Howard, Jr. The man who argues that, because there is an immense crowd of church-goers on 5th Avenue (New York), every Sunday, it must be a religious town deserves to be embalmed and exhibited as a curio. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 36r Harriet Martineau. The best state of mind is to be found in those who %,re called philo- sophical atheists. Rev. Thomas Van Ness, D. D. Every man has religious rights; the Hindoo, the Confucian, the Parsee, as well as the Christian. Joseph Howard, Jr. I wonder how the "brethren" (ministers) who are unbrotherly will assimilate in the sweet by-and-by. J. M. Peebles, M. D. As a physician witnessing scores of death-bed scenes in this and in the pagan countries of the Orient, I know of no people so afraid to die as Christians. George W. Foote. The devil and hell are really the be-all and end-all of their (clergy) profession. Rev. Joseph Parker, D. D. Let any minister examine his people in Bible history or Bible doctrine and he will be simply astounded and ashamed at the miser- able outcome of his inquiries. Dr. Edward Caird, M. B. Aristotle was entangled in the illusive search for final causes. Selden. There is no hint in the Gospels that he (Jesus) had ever travelled abroad to get knowledge of other countries and religions. Selden. Let us be honest and tell the truth, not forge lies to exalt him (Jesus.) 362 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Duke or Argyle. We can not reach final causes any more than final purposes. Rev. Joseph Parker, D. D. Take the greatest city of all, London itself, and see what a vast amount ($5,000,000) of ecclesiastical property has fallen into desue- tude. Pope Leo XIII. Several states, widely separated but united by an identical desire, have entered into open war against religion. Rev. Francis H. Rowley. The world is none too greatly in love with our churches. Rev. Joseph Parker, D. D. There is a general impression, so far as I know the mind of England, that one creed is as good as another. Harriet Martineau. I have no personal expectation after death. Warbueton. Rulers have ever strenuously taught the people the doctrine of a future life, with rewards and punishments, without believing them. Lord Rosebery. In these days you can not drive people to church. James Lane Allen. The time is coming when the churches will be deserted by all think- ing men, unless they cease trying to uphold, as the teachings of God, mere creeds of their ecclesiastical founders. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 363 H. G. Atkinson. , I can now perceive no title of evidence for such a belief (the God- idea) but that all evidence, reason and analogy are against it. C. E. Plumbteee. It could hardly have been, save with her (Queen Victoria) per- mission, that the present King (Edward VII) publicly unveiled the statues of Darwin and Huxley. President Harper, C. U. The stories in Genesis are sisters of the same ones found in the literature of ancient nations. President Harper, C. U. It is wrong to make an effort to reconcile science and the Bible. Montaigne. Another religion, (not Christianity), other witnesses and like promises and threats, might by the same way imprint a quite contrary belief. JORTIN. Cardinal Baronius declares that kings and emperors are bound to execute with implicit faith all the commands of insolent ecclesiastics. Plato. To know God aright is difficult, to speak of him aright to others is almost impossible. Rev. James Freeman Clarke, D. D., LL. D. People do not go to church now as they formerly did. The sacra- mental motive to attend church has nearly gone in our Protestant churches. 364 views of religion. Lydia Maria Child. Theology is not religion. Joseph Howard, Jr. They (ministers) make rash assertions, meddle with public affairs and stir up more mischief and hatred than any other class of men. Archbishop of Dublin, 1850. Is our faith on the sand or on the rock? Is it too brittle to bear touching ? Hall AM. Descartes professed a belief in the motion of the sun to save himself with the priests. Plutarch. What signifies then the sacred institutions and setting apart these religious prophetesses, for the giving of answers ? Prof. Charles R. Barnes, C. U. The traditional origin of the world and man is scientifically absurd. Prof. Charles R. Barnes, C. U. Science, however, has determined the sequence of events and the laws of cause and efiect eliminate God from the operations of the universe. Abner Kneeland. Their God (Universalists) is nothing more than a chimera of their own imagination. Lydia Maria Child. The followers of all religions practice self-deception. Lydia Maria Child. I would candidly advise persons who are conscious of bigoted at- . tachment to any creed not to purchase this book. views of religion. 365 Harriet Martineau. The death-blow was given to theology when Copernicus made his discovery that our world was not the center and shrine of the universe. Gall. It is only the metaphysical theologians that have embraced the error that all activity and all action is owing to a spiritual being. Pherecrates. There is no such thing as the soul; it is merely an empty name. Prof. Henry Sidgwick, M. A. Some things are impossible to God ; as, for example, to change the past. Prof. Henry Sidgwick, M. A. I cannot find that there actually is a Supreme Being who will ad- equately reward for obeying this rule of duty or punish me for violat- ing it. Warren. He (Right Hon. Charles James Fox) never omitted saying the Lord's Prayer when he went to bed, late or early, drunk or sober. Charles Kingsley. Worship is a life, not a ceremony. Rev. Charles Cuthbert Hall, D. D., Pres., U. T. S. There is another ground on which we can reject the Bible atone- ment. Humboldt. Of actual creation, of origin, of beginning of existence from non- existence, we have no experience and can therefore form no concep- tion. 366 views of religion. Anaxagoras. Wrongly do the Greeks suppose that aught begins or ceases to be. Empedocles. Fools! who think aught can begin to be, which formerly was not. Heraclitus. The world was made neither by God nor man. ZSCHOKKE. The Christianity of our enlightened Europe is for the most part mere matter of ceremony and habit. Smee. The mind of man, of the dog and of all other animals is part of the vital actions; it is the result of the elaborate mechanism per- fected by nature. Gall. Many philosophers even furnished the brutes with a soul. The pious and benevolent Bonnet promised them immortality. Ralph Waldo Emerson. All religious history contains traces of the trances of saints; but what as readily comes to mind is the accompaniment of disease. George Washington, Pres., U. S. A. No pretext arising from religious opinions shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between two countries. David Hume. The Christian reUgion cannot be believed by any reasonable person without one (miracle). views of religion. 367 David Hume. By priests I understand only the pretenders to power and dominion and to superior sanctity of character, distinct from virtue and good morals. Charles Knowles Bolton, L. B. A. With the town church split into factions and disestablished, the clergyman as a central figure has ceased to exist. Rev. Dr. John White Chadwick. The most of us would infinitely prefer annihilation to the hell of Jonathan Edwards' Enfield sermon. David Hume. Our most holy religion is founded on faith, not on reason. George E. Belknap, Rear-Admiral, U. S. N. I beg you to bear in mind that the Orientals are brainy and astute people and that, in sending your missionaries into their midst, you need to choose your ablest and best. William Hickling Prescott, D. C. L. The most fiendish passions are those kindled in the name of re- ligion. Rabbi Fleischer. I do not believe that Jesus was of divine origin. I think that he was a Jew of the Jews. Rev. L. M. Powers. The man who does not beheve in the churchman's way of observ- ing Sunday has as good a right to his opinion as the churchman. Dr. Israel Aaron. I have seen no argument which could convince me that the Pan- American Exposition should be closed on Sunday. 368 views of religion Rabbi Joseph Krauskope. Jesus has not yet resurrected. He is still buried under the mythol- ogy and ecclesiasticism of a primitive, credulous, fanatical age. Lemuel K. Washburn. Christianity is only a bubble of superstition and Jesus is reduced to a toy-god of the Sunday school. Sir Thomas More. It (life as ambassador) is much fitter for you ecclesiastics, who have no wives and children or who find them wheresoever you go. Rev. T. DeWitt Talmage, D. D. There has been much destructive superstition abroad in the world -concerning possession of evil spirits. Prof. Dr. Kraus, U. F. Harnack's characteristic utterances constitute a complete break -with the whole structure of Protestant dogmatics. Rev. S. S. Mitchell. The first day of the week, considered as an institute of religion, is a debatable subject. Rev. L. M. Powers. I am in favor of keeping the Pan-American Exposition open on Sundays. Not days but souls are sacred. Rev. J. Lawson. Christian Science reminds me of a guinea-pig. It does not come from Guinea and it is not a pig. The Christian Scientists are not Christians and they are anything in the world except scientists. views of religion. 369 Archdeacon Diggle. The condition of the clergy is rapidly growing serious. Dorothy Dix. Common sense will do more to insure domestic felicity than tons of sentiment and a square mile of illuminated mottoes of " God bless our home' ' . Mark Twain. The morals of the act are Chinese, but are approved by the board (missionary) and by some of the clergy as being a valuable improve- ment upon Christian ones. George Lynch. When the soldiers were prohibited from looting, no such prohibi- tion seemed to operate with the missionaries. Lord Bacon. You may find all access to any species of philosophy, however pure, intercepted by the ignorance of divines. Mary Howitt. It is often said in Elfsborg (during the Preaching Epidemic) "such and such a person has begun to quake, but has not yet dropped down, nor has seen visions, nor has preached." Archdeacon Diggle. In former times the clergy were the recognized leaders ot luought ; if they fall from that position the church will suffer a great loss. Prof. F. W. Newman. Religious beggary, preached by Jesus, is extolled as divine wisdom and disobeyed. 370 views of religion. Cicero. The life of the dead rests in the remembrances of the living. Desiderius Erasmus. These absurdities (miracles, wax candles, shrines, images of saints, etc.) procure a comfortable income to priests and friars. Judge Lent. He sets up his religious views (Christian Science) against the laws of the state. They (views) lead him into violation of the law. M. Jules Legrand. We would allow no inquisition as to whether a man is a Catholic, Protestant, Jew or Freethinker. Rev. Dr. W. H. Ward. We would have in the universal church congregations that baptize infants and those that baptize nobody. Felix Pejat. London, said Voltaire, has one hundred rehgions and but one sauce ; Paris has one hundred sauces and no religion at all. Rev. Dr. Henry C. Minton. We Presbyterians forget that creeds are by no means all. Chris- tianity Uke Mohammedanism has its whirling dervishes. Rev. S. J. Elliot, D. D. Unitarianism has lifted us up out of our provincialism. Herbert N. Casson. Thus we see that rehgions are always based upon the unknown — upon the fear and ignorance of man. views of religion. 371 Desiderius Erasmus. Fools are not frighted with any bugbear stories of another world. Pres. Faunce, B. U. Science has transfigured the world. Evolution has been estab- lished. Pres. Faunce, B. U. Such religious afi&liation may of course lead in the same cases to a narrow sectarian spirit which is fatal to university life. Thomas A. Andrews, M. D. Jimmy Logue, the notorious burglar and criminal, told me, here in my oflSce, that a night never went over his head that he did not kneel down and say his prayers. Montaigne. After all it is setting a high value upon our opinions to roast men and women alive on account of them. Leckey. Montaigne was the first great representative of modern secular and rationalistic thought. Rev. Prof. Hodge, D. D. What a calamity! The only man (student who had forgotten the definition of eternity) in the universe who ever knew what eternity is has forgotten! Dr. Emil G. Hirsch. His (Jesus) precepts will be found to contain nothing that was new. Bronson. Catholic education is a foreign education and the Roman Catholic people are by it made a foreign people in a land wherein they live. 372 VIEWS or RELIGION. COMTE. Three reformers who were all living at the same time provided among them for the total demolition of Christianity — Luther having overthrown the discipline, Calvin the hierarchy, and Socinus the dogma. Charles Walcott Merriam, Y. C. Children in the Catholic schools are taught medieval ideas upheld by falsified history. Desiderius Erasmus. What shall I say of such as cry up and maintain the cheat of par- dons and indulgences? Harriet Martineau. I certainly had no idea how little faith Christians have in their own faith till I saw how ill their courage and temper can stand any attack upon it. Rev. Ida C. Hultin. The study of religion does not make a man religious. Rev. W. G. B. Pierce. Most students are doubters. The atmosphere of learning is the atmosphere of Unitarianism. Rev. R. F. Horton. They (the people) want to see, not only the show of nature but to see the master of the show. Cesare Lombroso. Jesus was one of the greatest geniuses, but he was somewhat unbalanced. Rabbi Dr. Kaufman Kohler. The true history of Jesus is wrapped up in myth. His life told in the Gospels is replete with contradictions. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 373 Prof. I. K. F. Hecker. « Of all enthusiastic infatuations, that of religion is the most fertUe in disorders of the mind as well as of the body. Herbert N. Casson. St. John caused the dancing mania and St. Vitus cured it. When the books are balanced, it will be found that faith has nothing to its credit. Charles Walcott Merriam, Y. C. The tendency of the confessional is to make forgiveness too Hght and trivial a matter. Lemuel K. Washburn. Great poets, great artists, great philosophers, great historians, were contemporary with Jesus, but not one of them refers to his exist- ence. Lemuel K. Washburn. If Jesus was not a man, then he is no model for men. We cannot keep step with gods. Rev. H. Astley Parris. There are now five distinct sects (Christian) in that district (Barbadoes). Each has a specially patented brand of the "truth" which the other does not possess. William Lloyd Garrison (1902.) Whatever reality there may be in the heaven pictured by devout minds, it is safe to say that no celestial city that bars out such souls as this (Dr. Zakrezwska) for unbeKef would be worth the seeking. Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, Ph. D. Man was not perfect on his appearance in the world. Man belongs to the earth (not heaven) as a portion of the earth. He is composed of earthy material. 374 views of religion. Dr. Marie E. Zakrezwska, M. D., Boston, Mass. That there can be no further Ufa (after death) is an immense rest and peace to me. I desire no hereafter. Rev. W. H. Roberts, D. D. Other churches in the United States than the Presbyterian report decided decreases in membership. Prof. Friedrich Ratzel, Ph. D. We are unable to form any conception of progress in the infinite. Prof. Johannes Ranke, M. D., Ph. D. The oldest documents affording us knowledge of it (History of the Human Mind) He buried in the geological strata of our planet. Prof. Konrad Haebler. Many could not imagine that a continent (America) should exist with countless different races for whom no place could be found in the genealogy of Genesis. Labotjchere. No him (h3Tnn) has helped me — only a her. Rev. Dr. Carroll. The Methodist Episcopal church was prosperous in everything in 1899, except in the most important item of all — increase of com- municants. Rev. S. p. Spreng. The increase in (Evangelical Alliance) membership is extraordinary- for its smallness. Rev. Dr. F. Coyle. The people of the West, I am sorry to say, are not very anxious to have any preaching at all. The people are irreligious. views of religion. 375 Rev. Dr. Beard. There is not (as to membership) a cheerful page in it (Congrega- tional Year Book, 1900). Rev. Dr. Carroll. The net gain of most of the churches, even the CathoHc, approached the vanishing point (1899). Prof. Goldwin Smith. Were Christianity and the behef in immortahty to be finally aban- doned the world would experience only a bad quarter of an hour. Judge Parish B. Ladd, LL.B. It has been admitted by all or nearly all ecclesiastical historians, that the so-called story of creation, of Adam and Eve, is but a bor- rowed legend. Frederick Lynch. Revivals (rehgious) seem to have had their day. Judge Parish B. Ladd, LL.B. Isaiah lived between 760 and 710 B. C. He had been dead nearly two hundred years when the book (Isaiah) was written. Judge Parish B. Ladd, LL.B. It is admitted by all the authorities that Philo (15 B. C.) never as much as heard of Christ. Judge Parish B. Ladd, LL.B. If such a man as Christ had then been known he would have found a place in Plutarch's Lives. William D. Gunning. Nature is one with rapine, a harm no preacher can heal. 376 VIEWS OF RELIGION Melito, Bishop of Sardis (A. D. 170). The Christian religion is not a new thing. It was imported from countries beyond the hmits of the Roman empire. Prof. James A. Harrison. The government (Arabian) was in the hands of men of the highest intelligence who treated both Christianity and Islamism as fitted only for slaves. Prescott. The crimes of the fanatical Mohammedans sink into insignificance when compared with the cruelties committed by Christians in the name of their reKgion. Rev. Robert Taylor, D. D. Not a single sentence can be found from any independent authority showing the existence of such a man as Christ or any one of his so- called disciples. Bayard Taylor. Pope Leo X, finding his income insufficient for his expenses issued, in 1517, a series of absolutions for all forms of crime. Rev. Robert Taylor, D. D. Every line of the Old Testament is pagan. Gordon Clark. The Church of St. Bunco is the name for the thing (Christian Science). Jeremiah Mason (1768-1848). Aha! we must subpoena him (Angel Gabriel) at once. University of Pennsylvania. Nippur (in Assyria) was a city with an enlightened population ten thousand years ago. views of religion. 377 Louis Mueller. That Indian and China were inhabited over eight thousand years ago by human beings has been proven by histories older than the Bible. Academy or Science, France. Karnak was an enlightened city thirteen thousand years ago. Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D. D. A theologian is one who devotes more attention to theories than to religious life. Proe. Morris Jastrow. Man's ethical sense exerts an influence upon his beliefs (and not vice- versa). Theodore Roosevelt, Pres., U. S. A. I realize that my plea for the spiritual rather than the material in a nation is remarkably like preaching but it is simply a political truism. Rev. Dr. Richard P. Williams. Gambling is an agreement to deliver to some one that which one does not own. If that is so, then all of us preachers are more or less gamblers. William R. Harper, D. D., LL. D. It is not an uncommon thing for college men to omit entirely their theological training in order to avoid what they fear will injure rather than help them. Herbert Spencer. There is no origin for the idea of an after-Hfe save the conclusion which the savage draws from the notion suggested by dreams. Herbert Spencer. With his last breath it becomes to each the same thing as though he had never Hved. 378 views of religion. Herbert Spencer. After two thousand years of Christian exhortation, uttered by a hundred thousand priests throughout Europe pagan ideas and senti- ments remain rampart from emperors down to tramps. Herbert Spencer. The most absurd dogmas readily find lodgment where no knowledge has been acquired of the order of nature. Prof. Harlow Gale, U. M. As to the wealth of biological evidence for this law (Evolution) scarcely any Yale student ever heard of it (before 1886). Prof. JJarlow Gale, U. M. The compulsory daily prayers with its parody on all spirituahty and the Sunday morning service with its desiccated sermon were a farce even to the best of us Christians. VossiscHE Zeitung. In common with every pope since Clement XII, Leo XIII has passed sentence of death upon a society (Freemasonry) including among its members authors, thinkers, sovereigns and statesmen. Independence Belge. Morality is the last of clerical (clergy) concerns. John Bunyan. I blessed the condition of the dog or the toad because they had no- soul to perish under the everlasting weight of hell. President David Starr Jordan, L. S. U. I dislike theosophy. Christian Science, socialism, anything based on sentimentalism, half-baked schemes of reforming the world. views of religion. 579 Rev. Dr. Burrows. The year 1899 has not been noted for any great increase in member- ship of the churches. Rev. Dr. Dunning. The denomination is making little progress, even in some respects is retrograding. Rev. Prof. James S. Riggs, A. S. Adam and several other Old Testament characters are allegorical. There are errors in the Bible. The evolution theory of creation is the correct one. Rev. Henry C. Minton, D. D. It is only a narrow, bigoted, selfish sectarianism that hampers its advance (the Presbyterian Church). Frederick Beck. The study of metaphysics (religion) is the dry-rot of the mind. Brooklyn Eagle. The people quite understand the possibihty of an unreligious morality. New York Independent. We venture to say that there is not a competent educated professor of biology or geology in the United States who beUeves that the Adam and Eve of Genesis were historical characters. Rev. Weeks M. Partridge. New England Protestantism is on the wane and is gradually going into oblivion. Sir Walter Besant. I believe that the whole of the ecclesiastical system, with the pre- tensions of the clergy, rites, etc. are foolish, baseless and to the highest degree mischievous. 380 views of religion. Rev. Dr. Leighton Parks. Are there women in childbed ? Send some soldier in- — and it has been done — to take them by the heels and drag them out and leave them in the fields, while we sing, "Nearer, My God, To Thee." Stockton. There was an old monk of Siberia Whose life it grew drearier and drearier, Till he broke from his cell With a h— 1 of a yell And eloped with the Mother Superior. Cecil Rhodes. I am agnostic. I don't know. It is but an even chance that God exists. Rev. Bishop Richard Watson, D. D. When I went to the university, I was of opinion, as most schoolboys are, that the soul was a substance distinct from the body. Peoe. M. Maurice Wilmotte. Unfortunately the relentless domination of the clergy in the country (Belgium) and the insufficient education (in consequence) render the Belgian people unfit as yet to express its will (vote). Gov. John P. Altgeld. I beHeve the intelligence of the world will endorse your book (Man- gasarian's New Catechism). Theodore F. Seward. The governments of so-called Christendom are not Christian; society is not Christian; business is not Christian; the organized churches are not Christian, if the life and teachings of the founder of Christianity be accepted as the standard. VIEWS or RELIGION. 381 Prof. Daniel G. Brinton, M.D., LL. D. Outside of this (thought) and its developments all that man has of soul-life is common to the brute. Rev. W. T. Hutchings. Jesus was not the founder of a church but of a racial rehgion. Rev. W. T. Hutchings. The greater part of the New Testament is mythology; and the Scriptures and the divinity of Christ are unauthentic. Rev. Dr. Talmage. You should either put more fire (hell) into your sermons, or more sermons into the fire. Prof. Albert Schinz, Bryn Mawr College. Their aim (theologians and pastors) is to confound religion and morals and to present the second under the name of the first. William Lee Howard, M. D. The religious masses have been purposely exposed to epidemics of sentiment, delusions, hallucinations and morbid observations. Lemuel K. Washburn. How does an angel go to work to deliver a revelation from God to man ? Did any one ever see the thing done ? Voltaire. Superstition sets the whole world in flames ; philosophy extinguishes it. William Lee Howard, M. D. For us the day has passed for mysticism and miracles. 382 VIEWS or RELIGION. Lemuel K. Washburn. If God respected manhood he would tell his worshippers to get off their knees. Lemuel K. Washburn. As there is nothing supernatural in nature, the divinity of Jesus rests upon falsehoods. Rev. E. S. Best. God deliver me from such bogus theology (as) "there is a fountain filled with blood." Prof. Albert Schinz, Bryn Mawr College. The church, in the United States, as a social institution, is steadily gaining ground upon the church as a religious institution. Jeremy Taylor. It is impossible all should be of one mind (as to religion) ; and what is impossible to be done, it is not necessary it should be done. Rev. George William Knox, D. D. If it be heresy to view the story of Adam and Eve as allegorical, then there are plenty of heretics preaching sermons in Presbyterian pulpits to-day. Rev. George C. Lorimer, D. D. Religion, especially evangelical religion, is to-day of very low vitality. Manilla American. The friars are themselves to blame for the bitter feeHng which pre- vails against them in these islands. They are arrogant, intolerant and tyranical. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. I know of no other book that so fully teaches the subjection and degradation of woman (as the Bible). views of religion. 383 Rev. M. W. Plummer. Mrs. Eddy's logical fallacies are more monumental than her theo- logical fallacies. Chief Justice Taft (Vermont). I want no prayers; there is nothing to pray to. Rev. Vincent Noll. I cannot accept Adam as a person of flesh and blood, as a historical Adam would have to be. Rev. Henry Ward Beecher, D. D. The story of the Garden of Eden is a parable. Prof. Edwin Johnson. There was no institution of Christianity prior to the revival of learning. Max Muller. Almost every word of the Fourth Gospel is of Greek workmanship. Judge Parish B. Ladd. It stands admitted by all scholars that Philo never heard of such a man as Christ. Charles Darwin. It is, however, impossible, as we have seen, to maintain that this belief (in God) is innate or instinctive in man. Rev. Augustus Blauvelt, D. D. The dogma of Biblical inspiration is an egregious Orthodox theo- logical absurdity. Prof. Edwin Johnson. Paul is the apostle of contradictions and mendacity. 384 views of religion. Strauss. There is little of which we can say for certain that it took place (about Jesus). William Henry Burr. The journey to Jerusalem, ending with a triumphal donkey-ride, is too absurd and foolish to be regarded as fact. Prof. Frederick Thudichum. Paul is a legendary person ; he had no historical existence but was a priestly invention in aid of the general purpose to found a hierarchy. Vincent Noll. I answered that in my opinion the chapter (Adam and Eve chapter) was purely allegorical. In a moment things were in an uproar. Prof. Francis Brown, D. D. A very large number of ministers now holding pulpits agree with the views expressed by Mr. Noll (a non-historical Adam). Hardouin. All the writings of the so-called Christian fathers were fabricated after the renaissance. Judge Parish B. Ladd. No one of ordinary sense beheves in the Christian doctrines as promulgated by the priesthood. Zimmern. The Catholic religion is an order to obtain heaven by begging. The priests are the brokers for this transaction. Prof. W. K. Clifford. Conscience is the accumulated instincts of the race (not religion). views of religion. 385 Max Muller. Whenever Plato and the author of the Fourth Gospel, St. Clement and Origen used the words, "The only begotten Son,' ' they were used in the Greek sense, ("wisdom as the virgin daughter of God begetting intelligence"). Epicurus. Death does not concern us, for where we are, death is not and where death is, we are not. Lange. Clergymen have followed the example of nurses who, to keep child- ren out of mischief, seek to allure them by teUing them many things which are not true. Hon. Brooks Adams. The power of the priesthood lies in submission of the people to a creed. Hon. Eugene F. Ware. For I don't beheve a thing Of the stories that are told Of the miracles of old. Rev. M. W. Plummer. It (Christian Science) seems to me the most arrant and arrogant nonsense ever penned and preached. Charles Kingsley. My brethren, have you ever noticed that the Bible says very little about religion and that it never speaks well of religious people ? William Henry Burr. There was no Jesus crucified under Pontius Pilate but there was a Jeshu, the son of Mariam and Joseph Panders, who was stoned and hanged for sorcery about 75 B. C. 386 views of religion. Theodore Tilton. Bishop Warburton said they (theologians) created God after man's image but selected the worst possible model, namely, themselves. Sir James Crichton Browne. Imbued with a beUef in miraculous interposition, it (Calvinism) was indifferent to the advantages of culture. St. George Mivart. The deluge as described in the Bible was impossible practically. W. Woods Smyth. M. D. Christianity is not a system of religion, as commonly understood. Prof. Walter A. Wyckoff, P. U. The church is a capitalistic institution. The body of wage workers are outside the church and completely indifferent to it. Shelley. Christianity peoples earth with demons, hell with men and heaven with slaves. LtJTHER. The Book of Job is a sheer argumentum fabulae. Prof. G. L. Duprat. The abyss which through the ignorance of man was placed between him and the brute world (by religion) does not exist. Prof. Andrew Dixon White, C. U. The theory of an evolution process in the formation of the universe and of animated nature is established and the old theory of direct creation is gone forever. views of religion. 387 Oeigen. There are three classes of Scriptures : the authentic, the unauthentic and the middle class. Prof. A. S. Peake. Nothing is so certain with respect to the authorship (Epistle to the Hebrews) as the negative conclusion that it was not written by Paul. Rev. Prof. Charles W. Pearsons. I write to substitute a larger and happier view of Kfe for the narrow and gloomy one of Orthodox theology. Lemuel K. Washburn. Christianity is a fraud, pure and simple; nothing less. It has no historical foundation. Josh Billings (Henry W. Shaw). The only spiritualism (Christian or pagan) that has succeeded yet is the kind that has got the most fraud in it. Pomponatius of Padua. As there are three religions — those of Moses, Jesus and Mohammed — they are all three false and then the whole world is deluded, or two, at least, are false and then the majority are deluded. Ralph W^aldo Emerson. If I go into the churches in these days, I usually find the preacher, in proportion to his intelligence, to be cunning, so that the whole institution sounds hollow. Diderot. Lost at nightfall in a forest, I have but a feeble light to guide me. A stranger happens along; "Blow out your candle," he says, "and you will see your way the better." That stranger is a theologian. 388 VIEWS or RELIGION. Rev. Proe. McMahon, D. D. I submit to you that the Catholic church is on its trial before the whole world. ROSSETTI. The "Divine Comedy" (Dante) was intended to show that tempor- al dominion is the bane of the papacy and of the world. Sir Pastor W. Fabee. Mohammedanism is nothing but a rationalistic type of Christianity in the form of a most unfortunate state of reHgion. Rev. E. L. Rivard, St. V. C. It is not heresy for you or I to believe the pope capable of various crimes. The pope, the infallible, is not impeccable. Judge C. B. Waite. When did Matthew, Mark, Luke or John ever claim to have written a Gospel ? Sir William Drummond. I cannot suppose the Deity first creating our little earth and then fretting because he had done so. Rev. F. W. Farsar, D. D. We know that there were those among heathen whose virtue and charity might put many a Christian i.o the blush. Rev. John Scully. We Catholics simply could not believe the Bible to be the inspired word of God, unless we had the authority of the church for it. James Martineau. In what way the washing of new-bom babes insures their salvation is still a subject of discussion in the churches. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 389 COMTE. Theology refers nature to the gods ; science refers nature to general laws and unknown causes. Jules Simon, Premier, France. John Calvin himself, in the name of the "Word of God," con- demned Servetus to the flames. John Morley. One reason why so many persons are really shocked and pained by the avowal of heretical opinions, is the very fact that such avowal is uncommon. Rev. Prof. McMahon, D. D. There is no such thing practically as higher education pursued by Catholics. Rev. Minot J. Savage, D. D. I cannot have any reverence, whatever, even for the far-famed and eternally exalted virginity of Mary. Otto Wettstedst. The higher we evolve in religion the less religious we become. Martin Luther. The Lord's Prayer is the greatest martyr on earth; it is enough to disgust any rational being. Rev. M. D. Kneeland, D. D. The tendency of our modern life is to neglect the Sabbath day. Rev. W. W. Denham. The ten commandments were never intended for the gentUe world, except as they might become proselytes to the Jewish faith. 390 views of religion. Hypatia Bradlaugh Bonner. The idea (immortaKty of soul) opens up possibilities from which even the hardiest might shrink. Rev. Frederick S. Boody. There is no scientific evidence for either view (life or death of the soul). Dr. Bury. Gibbon's success has in a large measure been due to his scorn for the church. Matthew Arnold. Our popular rehgion at present conceives the birth, ministry and death of Christ as altogether steeped in prodigy, brimfull of miracle, and miracles do not happen. Locke. How any man that should enquire and know for himself can con- tent himself with a faith or belief taken upon trust, is to me astonish- ing. Holmes. No reasoning natures find it safe to feed For their sole diet on a single, creed. J. D. Shaw. As the Kadish (prayer) is the older of the two, (Kadish prayer and Lord's prayer), it is clear enough that Jesus or his biographers pla- giarized it (the Lord's prayer). Lord Queensbury. That any human creature should be visited with pains and pen- alities because of his or her speculative opinions on a subject whereon but few, even among professed Christians, are agreed, is a bitter satire on your vaunted liberty. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 3 91 Prescott. « This word rebellion has been an apology for more atrocities than any other except the word religion. BUSTAMENTE. A monument should be erected to the eternal execration of this Christian banditti. Rev. W. Sherman Thompson. The idea of salvation as an escape from hell has done no end of evil. Prof. John Tyndall. I dare not, save poetically, use the pronoun "he" regarding it (powers of the universe). Rev. George Hodges, D. D. Christ did not meet Satan in the wilderness and there 'vas no prodigal son; there was no famine, no fatted calf, no elder brother. Rev. Dr. W. Robertson Nicoll. Christianity dies when it passes altogether into the philosophic region. Spurgeon. Nobody was ever converted when his feet were cold. Rev. Theodore L. Cuyler, D. D. The great Dr. Chalmer's "making the rafters roar" is as much a bygone tradition in many quarters as a faith in the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch. Prof. Hugo Winckler. David is a solar hero and his red hair is the image of the rays of the sun. 392 VIEWS or RELIGION. Prof. Hugo Winckler. Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Saul, David and Joseph and Jesus are lunar and solar heroes. Frederick Beck. The aim of the platonic philosophy (rehgious) was to raise us far above vulgar wants ; the aim of the Baconian philosophy was to supply our vulgar wants. Rev. a. a. Berle, D. D. Woman, love your home ; love your husband first ; love your children with all your might; glorify womanhood. That (not religion) is the best reform work in the world. Goethe. It is the highest tribute a man can render his ancestors to reproduce their best qualities and so help to give them an earthly immortahty. Albert C. Fisher. The Bible's teachings contradict the demonstrated facts of science. Rev. Prof. Chales W. Pearson. We still have a fading theology that makes Christ a mediator be- tween an angry God and a suffering race of men. But all this is passing away. Dr. Bury. The historical development of human societies since the second century after Christ was a history of retrogression for which Chris- tianity was mainly to blame. Kant. He who has made great moral progress ceases to pray. Lemxtel K. Washburn. Who first told Joseph's dream to the world? Did Joseph, who believed the lie, or the angel, who told it? VIEWS OF RELIGION. 393 Lemuel K. Washburn. No person need say a thing to prove his or her stupidity after con- fessing to faith in the miraculous conception of Jesus. Rev. Dr. W. Robertson Nicoll. No one argues against the right of philosophers to affirm that good- ness is everything, that miracles are impossible and that nothing in Jesus Christ has any importance, except his moral teaching. Huxley. In Japan, in China, in Hindustan, in Greece or in Rome, we find "underlying all other theological notions the belief in ghosts. Rev. Dr. Perrin. Let the boy sleep; perhaps he needs it. He isn't the first person who has been put to sleep by my preaching. Rowland Haynes. It (religious life of WiUiam's College) is more that of "I don't know" than "I don't believe." Pres. Rochester Theological Seminary. With most of my brethren who are engaged in instruction (theo- logical) I have my fears for the future. Rev. Jesse B. Thomas, D. D. During the last year of the century (19th) theology lost 252 students, while law gained 642 and medicine 1,435. Prof. Charles W. Pearson, D. D. If theologians wish to regain their lost intellectual leadership, they must throw aside the dogma of an infallible Bible as completely as Protestants have thrown aside the dogma of an infaUible Pope. 394 views of religion. Rev. Prof. Shailer Mathews, D. D. The churches are not sending men into the ministry, the colleges are not bringing the claims of the ministry to bear upon their students and well-to-do Christians are not anxious that their sons should be- come ministers. Rev. Prof. Ernest D. Barton. The men who are now pursuing a theological course (Baptist) are fewer in number than they were twenty years ago. Rev. Prof. Ira M. Price, D. D. The decrease in the number of students for the ministry in some of our institutions of learning is a fact. Prof. Edward Howard Griggs. Bruno died a martyr (1600) in defence of intellectual progress. Joaquin Miller. The Chinese (non-Christian) are by far the best foreigners we have in the republic. DuLUTH Herald. Boston was always addicted to exporting missionaries and Medford rum on the same vessel. Prof. Charles W. Pearson, D. D. If Christians were more ready to learn from infidels, when the in- fidels are right, there would soon be less of infidelity in the world. Rev. Dr. Edwin Parker. There are already too many pitiful ministers for whom the church has no need. Herbert Spencer. It is well for a savage man to believe in a savage God. views of religion. 395 New York Sun. As it is now, the pope is the sole bold, positive and uncompromis- ing champion of the Bible as the word of God. Rev. William W. Denham. It (Lord's Prayer) was never intended to stand as a model of prayer for the elect in the New Testament. Rev. William W. Denham. Not a single clause or petition in the Lord's Prayer contains the name of the Son of Man (Christ). Prof. Charles W. Pearson, D. D. The legendary element (Elisha and Jesus raising the sons of Nain's widow and the Shunammite woman) is as obvious and indisputable in the New Testament as in the Old Testament. Rev. George Willis Cooke. Sunday schools are hopeless, because of indifference of parents, conservatism of ministers and scorn of the intelligent public. M. Paul Argeles. If it is a fact that Christ spoke in the Aramean language, why is it that in the supreme crisis of his life he spoke in another language ? Mrs. Lenora F. Peper. I do not believe that spirits of the dead have spoken through me when I have been in the trance state. Mrs. Lenora F. Piper. I can not see how it can be scientifically proved that we can hold communication with the so-called spirit world. 396 views of religion. Charles H. Rose. Unless Jesus was the son of his mother's husband he was an il- legitimate child. Francis Gribble. They (the clergy) are afraid of giving offence by rebuking the imbecility of the pious. Morris Reiman. For the purpose of distributing Robert G. Ingersoll's lectures among Christians, in order to civihze them, I give and bequeath 4i,ooo. Gov. Wm. H. Taft. Nothing gives the Phillipinos so much trouble as the Friars. Edgar Allan Poe. I never knew anyone to entertain so singular a fancy as that the universe or this world ever had a beginning at all. Edgar Allan Poe. The pamphlet (An Essay on a Future State) proves nothing of course; its theorem is not to be proved. Lorenzo Valla. The Apostles' Creed post-dates the apostles by several centuries. Mark Twain. You know my weakness for Adam and you know how I have struggled to get him a monument and failed. Mark Twain. Look at Adam ! What have we done for Adam? Nothing. What has Adam done for us ? Everything. He gave us life, he gave us death, he gave us heaven, he gave us hell. VIEWS or RELIGION. 397 Celsus. Why had a God (Jesus) such reason to fear his enemies (man) as to be compelled to fly into Egypt? Robert Browning. I suddenly sprang up, dashed my arm across the table and took hold of — ^what do you think ? The scroundrel's foot — naked. (Mrs. Browning's dead child, materialized by Home). Hon. Chester Holcombe. The Chinese and the United States governments are similar. There is no hierarchy of religion in China. Pres. G. Stanley Hall, C. U. College students do not trouble themselves much about it (religion) > Celsus. Having learned some charms (in Egypt) he (Jesus) set himself up as a God. Celsus. If God would send forth a spirit from himself since he knew how to make men, he might have formed a body for this spirit and not have cast his own spirit into such filth. Mr. James Buckham. The worship of ministers is gradually dying out. The minister is presently to lose his status of man-among-sheep and become as he ought man-among-men. Rev. Charles H. Parkhurst. I had never taken the trouble to read this creed (Presbyterian); but now that I have, compel me to believe in it and you compel me to become an infidel. 3y8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. C. B. Moore. I believe all our consciousness ends with our breath; That we know before birth all we'll know after death. John Foreman. Priestly influence (in Spain) undermines all attempts at social progress. Prof. Milton S. Terry, D. D. God is not the only Creator. Congressman Lacey, Iowa. He (Thomas Jefferson) strips the Bible of all its miracles and leaves nothing but pure morals that he might compare the same with the morals of Confucius and other Pagan philosophers. Henry Frank. The Gospel of John was written loo or 125 years after the crucifix- ion of Jesus. Laing. The Swiss people are eminently moral in conduct, yet eminently irreligious. Gladstone. The supreme usefulness of the pulpit in English and American society is only equalled by its difficulties. Rev. Dr. Newell Dwight Hillis. When people come to church after reading Carlyle, Emerson and Browning, it is hard to satisfy them. William Eleroy Curtis. One of the most interesting objects in the Smithsonian Institute at Washington is known as Mr. Thomas Jefferson's Bible. VIEWS or RELIGION. 399 Whittier. Nothing can be good in God which evil is in me. Senorita Caroline Holman Huidobro. I do not advise leaning too much on the Lord; do something for yourself. Henry Frank. The Apostles' Creed is mythical in its origin; it dates centuries after the careers of the apostles. Neal. It was held that in 1648 all who taught Papist, Baptist or Quaker doctrines should be imprisoned for Hfe. Hon. Francis A. Lewis. There are too many ministers in the business who seem to be there because they are paid to "holler," Dean Stanley. The creed of the Roman Church came to be called the "Apostles' " Creed from the fable that the twelve apostles had each contributed a clause. Rev. Dr. Stephen H. Roblin. He (Lincoln) questioned current creeds and dogmas. Rev. H. W. Haynes. No preacher who thinks has escaped getting twisted up in his the- ology. Rev. Dr. W. C. Roberts. To construct a new confession with such doctrines as that of the trinity, election and even preterition left out, would endanger dona- tions and bequests amounting to millions of dollars. 400 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Dr. C. R. Blackall. The lesson-program (Sunday school) often puts an end to inde- pendence of thought in studying the Bible. Pres. Pritchett, M. I. T. Men may better be reached, perhaps, by efforts outside the ordin- ary church gatherings. New York Sun. Undoubtedly, if Christian theology is to stand at all, belief in the Bible as supernatural inspiration must continue. Cervantes. An ounce of mother is worth a pound of clergy. Arthur Hugh Clough. And almost every one when age, Disease, or sorrow strikes him. Inclines to think there is a God, Or something very Uke Him. Martin Hildebrandt. And when, O terrible delusion (i. e. Christianity) will time demolish thee? St. Augustine. The thing itself, which is now called the Christian religion, reaUy was known to the ancients. Hallam. If a man was made in the image of God, he was also made in the image of an ape. M. Ernest Havet. The science of nature is essentially non-religious, since religion confounds itself with the supernatural. N'lEWS OF RELIGION. 401 Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A.^ It does me no injury for my neighbor to say there are twenty gods or no God. Lafayette. If the liberties of the American people are ever destroyed, they will fall at the hands of the Romish clergy. Jacolliot. It is true that Jesus himself at no time gave any intimation that he was about to die for the sins of the world. Buckle. To assert that Christianity communicated to man moral truths previously unknown, argues on the part of the asserter either gross ignorance, or else wilful fraud. St. Paul. The devil is the God of this world. Huxley. ' 'Infidel' ' is a term of reproach which Christians and Mohamme- dans in their modesty, agree to apply to those who differ from them. Rev. Dr. Samuel D. McCornell. The clergy as a whole, the world over, are not sufl5ciently educated. Hon. Francis A. Lewis. The quality of much heard in the pulpit is dreary drivel. Dean Milman. The catacombs of Rome offer no instance of a crucifixion, nor does any allusion to such a subject of art occur in any early writing. 402 views of religion. Rev. Dr. C. R. Blackall. The jingles and jangles and puerilities of the average Sunday school song books have excited deserved contempt. Feuerbach. A God supernatural is nothing else than a supernatural Ego. Canon Pierre Charron. We are Jews, Mohametans, Christians before we know that we are men. Canon Pierre Charron. If religion were fixed by a divine tie nothing in the world could shake it in us. Fenelon. Man's heart is thunderstruck at the idea (everlasting damnation). Prof. Edgar Quinet. On the divine feudalism was built up a secular and visible feudalism — a few of the elect in heaven, a few of the elect on earth. Rev. George Willis Cooke. The Sunday school teachers are usually as ignorant as those who are to be taught. Rev. George Willis Cooke. All religious teachings and influence should be withdrawn from the public schools. Rev. Father Acosta. It is strange that the devil after his manner has brought a trinity into idolatry. M. L' Abbe Hue. "If we addressed to a Mongol or a Thibetan the question, "Who is Buddha?" he would reply, "The Savior of men." VIEWS Of RELIGION. 403 Waddington. , It has been the vice of Christians of the third century to involve themselves in metaphysical questions — too trifling to gain the atten- tion of reasoning men. Rev. Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst. There is no warrant from the Bible or from nature for supposing that a soul carries within itself a policy of insurance against its own eventual obliteration. Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott. There are some ministers who know some things they do not tell their people. They have one belief and give their people another. Prof. Charles W. Pearson, N. W. U. The Biblical stories of Christ bringing the dead to life, of his walk- ing on the waters, and feeding the multitude with loaves and fishes, are mere poetic fancies, incredible and untrue. Dr. Inone Tetsujiro. The different rehgions are crumbling and falling to the ground. Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott. If a Greek God came to Boston to-day you would not have him in your family. Rev. Joseph Henry Crocker, D. D. Young men shun the pulpit largely because it is not a place of intellectual freedom. Clemens Alexandrinus. Those who lived according to reason were really Christians, though accounted atheists — as Socrates and Heraclitus, and such as re- sembled them. 404 VIEWS or RELIGION. Prof. George Herbert Palmer, H. C. My impression is that the more we reflect the more we shall find ourselves compelled to own that at the heart of religion lies fear. Lucretius. What brought gods before us first was fear. Justin Martyr. If the death of our God, (Christ) is an offence to you, why do you make mention of the death of most of the sons of Jupiter ? Rev. James Freeman Clarke. Down to the time of the Synod of Nice — Anno Domini 325 — no doctrine of the Trinity existed in the church. Shakespeare. And this man is now become a God. Irenaeus. If it be asked in what manner the Son proceeded from the Father, this generation cannot be told. Dr. Priestley. However improbable in itself (Trinity) it is necessary to explain certain peculiar texts of Scripture. Pascal. Truth (religious) on one side the Pyrenees is error on the other. Lactantinus. The teachings of the heathen philosophers do not differ from those taught by us who are Christians. VIEWS or RELIGION. 405 Coleridge. I cannot find any such claim (inspiration of the New Testament) by these writers (New Testament writers) either explicitly or by implication. Lardner. It is an undoubted fact that the New Testament was not written by Christ himself nor by any of his Apostles. Prof. Edward Howard Griggs. His (Marcus Aurelius) was a noble character, and it was this with- out being made so by Christianity. Dr. W. a. Croffut. Agnosticism offers goodness without fear of God; happiness without heaven for a reward. De. Quincey. The materials of this imperishable book (Bible) are perishable, frail, hable to crumble, and actually have crumbled to some extent, in various instances. Henry Fraistk. Religions, like nations and the race, are born but to die. This sad fact is as true of Christianity as of all else human and earthly. Voltaire. They say it took twelve men to establish the Christian religion, but I am eager to show them that it takes only one man to destroy it. FORDYCE. Outside all churches we find the largest part of the population. Spinoza. Moses could not have written the Pentateuch. 406 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Dr. Thomas Arnold. I must acknowledge that the scriptural narratives do not claim this inspiration for themselves. Mary L. Dickinson. Extreme phases of religious teaching, every abnormal movement, have always found many devoted followers among women. ESQUIROL. Mental alienation, which ancient nations regarded as an inspiration of the gods, differs in nothing from other maladies. Diderot. I have not the hope of being immortal, because the desire of it has not given me that vanity. Louis VlARDOT. When Galileo said, "E pur si muove," he destroyed with a word all the theogonies which had prevailed among men. Rabbi Joseph Krauskopf, D. D. We owe it largely to such men as Voltaire that speech is free today ; that superstition's tooth is blunted and venomless. In his name (Voltaire) the revolutionists destroyed the Bastile. Prof. Troeltsch, U. H. All other beliefs as to Christianity, such as the conviction that Christianity will be invincible, are purely a matter of personal faith and not the subject of scientific certainty. Count Alfred de Vigny. They talk of faith; what is it, after all, this rare thing? I have studied it in every priest, who said he possessed it, and have found but fervent hope — certainty never. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 407 Rev. J. E. Roberts, Church or this World. No man ever lived who did more to make this era (era of intelli- gence, inquiry, and candor) than Voltaire. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. > God (of Christianity) is a being of terrific character — cruel, vindic- tive, capricious and unjust. Dr. Max Christlieb. The proposition that "everything in Christianity is true" can no longer be maintained. Tolstoy. I believe Christ was a man like ourselves ; to look upon him as God would seem to me the greatest of sacrileges and an evidence of pagan- ism. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. With such persons (believers in the trinitarian paradox, that one is three and three but one) guUibihty, which they call faith, takes the helm of reason and the mind becomes a wreck. Prof. George Willis Cooke. There is not one person in a hundred who has any real knowledge of the Bible, or who can state intelhgently the ground for their reli- gious belief. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. The day will come when the mystical generation of Jesus by the Supreme Being or his Father, in the womb of a virgin, will be classed with the fables of the generation of Minerva in the brain of Jupiter. Rev. Dr. McAllister. The banner of the church has stood for murder and plunder as often as it has for peace and security in the home. It has stood as often for the destruction of truth as it has for its defence. 408 MEWS or RELIGION Abraham Lincoln, Pres. U. S. A. I see a very dark cloud on our horizon, and that cloud is coming from Rome. J. B. Wilson, M. D. No being could live fifty years in the Christian heaven and not be come an idiot. J. E. Remsburg. If these genealogies (Matthew and Luke) run through Joseph to Jesus, then Joseph was the father of Jesus, and if he was the father of Jesus, the miraculous conception is a myth. J. E. Remsburg. Luke's angels are created out of the same stuff that Matthew's dreams are made of. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. This belief (Jesus believing himself inspired) carried no more personal imputation than the belief of Socrates that he was under the care and admonition of a guardian demon. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. It is not to be understood that I am with him (Jesus) in all his doctrines. I am a materialist; he takes the side of spiritualism. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. There is a groundwork (in Christianity) of vulgar ignorance, of things impossible, of superstitions, fanaticisms and fabrications. Montesquieu. It is better to be an atheist than an idolater. Real Christians could not form a state that would endure. Prof. Charles W. Pearson, N. W. U. Biblical infaUibiUty is a superstition and a hurtful tradition. \iews of religion. 4oq Prof. Charles S. Minot, M. D. , Telepathy is nothing more than a dream, purely a creature of the imagination. Prof. P. Wernel, U. B. Jesus died with full faith in his speedy return in Messianic glory. In embracing these ideals he did not only err in reference to the point of time, but the whole idea is fantastic. Agassiz. Most of the arguments of philosophers in favor of the immortality of man apply equally to the permanence of this principle in other living beings. Hume. Their (body and mind) common dissolution at death seems un- avoidable. Voltaire. I know a man who is firmly persuaded that at the death of a bee its buzzing ceases. Rev. Lyman Abbott, D. D. I deny that a knowledge of religious truth is the great desideratum of life. I deny that there is or can be any complete or comprehensive system of religious truth. John Ruskin. If you read it (Bible) with the real purpose of trying to understand it, you will find it, out and out, the crabbedest and most difficult book you ever tried, horribly written in many parts, totally unintelligible in others. Descartes. I confess that by natural reason alone we can make many con- jectures about the soul, and have flattering conjectures, but no sort of certainty. 41° views of religion Victor Hugo. In the twentieth century dogmas (theological) will be dead. Detroit Evening News. The American version (Bible) may disturb faith more than did the English version. It will stimulate criticism and criticism always results in breaking down faith. Baltimore American. They (American Bible revisers) made sweeping changes in the language of the Scriptures without any apparent reason. The Western Christian Advocate. He (Washington) belonged to no church, and was not, perhaps, a Christian in that experimental sense necessary, by the New Testa- ment standards, to constitute a child of God. Catholic World. In all the voluminous writings of General Washington the holy name of Jesus Christ is never written. Francis L. Patton, D. D., LL. D., Pres. P. U. As to the church, we find recrudescent CathoHcism baptized agnosticism, and evangelicism struggling and squirming. Rt. Rev. Henry Codman Potter, D. D., Bishop New York Christianity has utterly failed to control the vice of drunkenness. Mohammedanism in Oriental lands does control it. Rev. James Weller. The splendor of his (Milton) genius has done more to mislead the Christian mind on the sut^ject of angels and devils, heaven and hell, than any other known Christian poet. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 41 T Rev. Francis P. Duffy, Roman Catholic. How much the ordinary man is influenced by emotions, and how Uttle by logic, in reaching religious convictions. Rev. Dr. John Henry Barrow, Pres. O. U. Thousands and millions in our churches have scarcely learned the alphabet of Christian humanity. Lord Chesterfield. If we know a man's religion, we still inquire as to his morals, but if we know his morals, the question as to his religion seldom arises. Prof. George T. Knight, T. C. All the orthodox churches are filled with hypocrisy ; 'ministers are forced to subscribe to creeds and confessions of faith in which they do not believe ; and deception is carried out in the teaching of the congregations. Rev. George William Knox, D. D., Pres. U. T. S. The widening separation between traditional theology and the scientific culture of our times produces a semi-paralysis of faith. R. GUIERRIER. There are disintegrating elements at work in this typical Catholic country (France). WiLHELM SOLTAN. It wUl ever remain a marvelous thing that the tradition of the church has always ascribed the fourth Gospel to the Apostle John. Rev. Dr. Withrow. I do not believe that Christians in this country had any idea of prevailing on God, through prayer, to work a miracle even to save our president's life. 412 VIEWS or RELIGION. Rev. Lyman Abbott, D. D I decline to define what I mean by the divinity of Christ. It is a feeling, perhaps, not a strictly intellectual belief. Schopenhauer. When a Brahman or a Buddist has a slice of good luck, a happy issue in any affair, instead of mumbling a "Te Deum,' ' he goes to the market place and buys birds and opens their cages at the city gates. Rev. Peter MacQueen. Let us have few creeds, but abundance of deeds. Malcolm Dean Miller, M. D. Religion belongs to the period of infancy of the human race, is wholly sentimental, and generally pernicious; science, which origin- ated at about the same time, is far more advanced. Science and pure reason are the only saviors we need. Prof. Alpheus S. Packard. The life work of Lamarck and his theory of evolution are more durable than any monument of stone or of brass. Rev. Dr. John Henry Barrows, Pres., O. U. It is impossible that we should comprehend God. Rev. George Ferries, M. A., D. D. Christianity was, in the first instance, a development and modifica- tion of Judaism. Rev. Canon William Sanday, D. D., LL. D. It is more important for the great mass of Christians to have it brought home to them that God is love, than that the son is "Not made nor created, but begotten." VIEWS or RELIGION. 413 Rev. Prof. John Skinner, M. A., D. D. The word (holiness) is altogether uncertain. Neither etymology nor analogy has as yet thrown much light on the subject. WiLHELM SOLTAN. The fourth Gospel was the work of St. John, the presbyter in Asia Minor, but not the work of the apostle. Rev. Prof. Herbert Edward Pyle, M.A., D.D. The structure of the first six books of the Old Testament is a com- pilation from different literary sources. Rev. Prof. Herbert Edward Pyle, M.A., D.D. The early narratives of Genesis respecting the creation, the fall, and the flood are based upon myths and traditions. Robert Dale Owen. , It has been confidentially stated to me that he (Washington) actually refused "spiritual" aid when it was proposed to send for a clergyman. Joseph Addison, 1672-1719. Eternity ! — thou pleasing, dreadful thought ! But — when? — or where? I'm weary of conjectures. Prof. Herbert Edward Pyle, M.A., D.D. The writers and compilers (Genesis) appear to have made use of their materials in the same fashion as other writers of their day. Rev. Prof. James Denney, M. A., D. D. In all religions, of course, from the point of view of ethics, there is something paradoxical. Hence, moralists are the most severe critics of religion. 414 VIEWS or RELIGION. Rev. Prof. James Henry Thayer, M. A., D. D. Considerable ignorance still exists respecting sundry details be- longing to the New Testament language. Rochefoucould . Slowly the Bible of the race is writ, Each age, each kindred adds a verse to it. There is no religion higher than truth. Rev. Prof. James S. Candlish, M. A., D. D. Thus the Old Testament affords a rich variety of statements about the son-ship of God as ascribed to men. Rev. Prof. Herbert Edward Pyle, M.A., D.D. The Genesis account (creation) presents many insuperable objec- tions, if it was necessary to accept it as a literally accurate record. Rev. Canon William Sandy, D.D., LL.D. It would be an anachronism to expect a definition of the doctrine (three persons in one God) in the New Testament. SwAMi Abhedananda. There is no savior in the world except the truth. It is not in temples, churches, or mosques. Search within. RuFus K. NoYES, M. D. Is the cry from the cross," Father, forgive them, for they know not what they do," consistent with the idea that Jesus Christ wilKngly died to save the sinners of the world ? Would you ask forgiveness for a person if that person was going to do the precise thing you desired ? Professor Brinton. Beyond this point of getting and keeping a few primitive prayers take us. views of religion. 41s Stuart Robson (Actor). Nor have they (Jews) helped to burn the body of a Bruno, or ■defiled the graves of people who did not agree with them on points of theology. Ray Stannard Baker. It has been computed that this ancestor (man-like-ape) Uved some- where about the beginning of our last glacial epoch, some 270,000 years ago. WiLHELM Von Humboldt. All religion rests on a mental want; we hope, we fear, because we wish. Feuchtersleben. Hope preserves the principle of duration (in religion) when other parts are threatened with destruction. Rev. Prof. S.D. F. Salmond, M. A., D. D. Theology has sought to answer many questions relating to heaven which Scripture suggests, but which it does not itself follow to their •conclusion. Rev. Daniel G. Brinton, A. M., :M. D. If it (religion) overlive this day of crumbling theologies, whence will come its reprieve? Rev. Prof. James S. Candlish, M. A., D. D. The Bible contains no distinct doctrine about angels. Rev. Peter Cartwright. Unless he repents. General Jackson will go to hell, like any other sinner. Rev. Canon H. L. Liddon, D. D. A complete morality meets all the practical ends of reUgion. 4l6 VIEWS or RELIGION, J. MiLNER FOTHERGILL, M. D. We find that all religions have engaged and concerned themselves with the sexual passion. Rev. Frederick W. Robertson. The devotional feelings are often singularly allied to the animal nature. Rev. Frederick \\\ Robertson. They (devotional feelings) conduct the unconscious victim of feel- ings that appear divine into a state of life at which the world stands aghast. Rev. Canon Edward Russell Benard, M. A. Few chapters in the Bible have affected religious speculation more deeply than the chapter which records the temptation and weakness of primeval man. Cerinthus. The world was not made by the first God, but by a power separate from Him, and independent of Him. Cerinthus. Jesus was not born from a virgin, but was the son of Joseph and Mary like other men. Lord Bishop Joseph Butler, D. D. The general expectation of future happiness can afford satisfaction only as it is a present object to the principle of self-love. Sir Thomas Browne. As for the world, I count it not an inn, but an hospital; a place not to live, but to die in. Buddha. Self is the God of self; who else should be the God? views of religion. 417 Prof. T. Laycock, M. D. High religious culture and the intermarriages of religious families end in the production of children totally devoid of moral sense. WiLHELM Von Humboldt. Rehgion is altogether subjective, and rests solely on the conceptive powers of the individual. Sir Thomas Ball. The earth is 250,000,000 years old. Krishna. All beings fall into error as to the nature of creation. Prof. James Frederick Ferrier. Destroy it (unity of intelligence) and you destroy the very pos- sibility of rehgion. Hume. Many of the votaries (of rehgion) will seek the divine favor, not by virtue and good morals, but by frivolous observances, or by the belief of mysterious and absurd opinions. Prof. Daniel G. Brinton, M. A., M. D. Long before Christianity was thoiight of, the myth of the Virgin Mother of God was in the faith of miUions. Prof. Alexander Baest. It (rehgion) is an aSair of the feelings. Herbert Spencer. The transcendent audacity which passes current as piety Novalis. It takes a God to discern a God. 4l8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. L. J. M. Bebb, M. A. It is worth while to notice how many of our Lord's expressions resemble those found in John the Baptist's mouth. Antigonus. Be not as slaves that minister to the Lord with a view to receive recompense. Schleiermacher. Life to come, as popularly conceived, is the last enemy which speculative criticism has to encounter, and, if possible, to overcome. Lieut. -Col. Claude Regnier Conder, R. E., LL. D. The great pool of the Hinnom Valley (Jerusalem) did not exist till the i2th century, though called in the 14th, "The lower pool of Gibon. WiLHELM Von Humboldt. True virtue is independent of every religion, and incompatible with any which is accepted on authority. Jesus Christ. I am the^son of man. HiLLEL. What is hateful to thyself do not to thy fellow; this is the whole Torah, and the rest is commentary. Prop. Eduard Konig, Ph. D., D. D. The book (Jonah) may rest upon a tradition about Jonah. It (book of Jonah) belongs to the category of symbolical narratives. ' Rev. Prof. William Sanday, D. D., LL. D. There can be no doubt that Jesus himself shared the views of his contemporaries in regard to these cases (demoniacal possession). VIEWS OF RELIGION. 419 Rev. Prof. W. T. Davidson, M. A., D. D. * There is little or no external evidence of a trustworthy kind to ■enable us to determine either author or date (of Job). Rev. Bishop T. B. Strong, B. D. There is no part of the book (St. John) devoted to the exposition •of this doctrine, (doctrine of God). Rev. Henry Robert Reynolds, D. D. The most perplexing and debated apparent discrepancy between the first three Gospels and the fourth, turns on the day of our Lord's death. Rev. Vicar A. Lukyn Williams, M. A Nothing is said about Joseph's death. He is not mentioned with Mary and his brethren. Rev. Prof. William Sanday, D. D., LL. D. It is impossible for us to think of the Jesus in the Gospels as iorcing his claims upon the attention of the world. Rev. Prof. Wllliam Sanday, D. D., LL. D. To this day there is some difference of opinion as to the interpreta- tion of parables. Rev. Dr. A. E. Dunning. This age has given us a new Bible. J. M. Robertson. In Italy, the greatest modern poet, Leopardi, was an absolute unbeliever. Rev. Prof. William Sanday, D. D., LL. D. The truth is that the historian (theological) who tries to construct a reasoned picture of the life of Christ finds that he cannot dispense with miracles. 420 VIEWS or RELIGION. Rev. Prof. William Sanday, D. D., LL. D. In view of the difficulty of giving a rational version of a miracle it is not surprising that recourse should be had to critical expedients for explaining away miracles altogether. Major J. C. Grant. There is not, in my belief, a more shameless imposture than the papal interpretation of the text, "Thou art Peter, and upon this rock I will build my church." Gen. William Birney. Why adopt an expression (in Virginia Constitutional Convention) which will be claimed by the God-in-the-Constitution party as a sanction of their extreme views? Rev. J. A. McClymont, M. A., D. D. There is nothing to justify the assumption that we possess all the apostolic writings that were ever in the possession of the primitive church. Rev. J. A. McClymont, M. A., D. D. The extant writings of the next half century (5th^6th) are mainly defences of Christianity addressed to unbelievers. Canon Samuel Rolles Driver, D.D. The events of Joseph's life cannot be determined except infer- entially. Mark Twain. How is it that there are a thousand ways in which I may be per- mitted to damn my soul? Sir Thomas Browne. I confess there are, in Scripture, stories that do exceed the fables- of poets, and, to a captious reader, sound like Gargantua. VIEWS or RELIGION. 42 1 Prof. John Winthrop, 1714-1779. Earthquakes are neither objections against the order of Providence nor tokens of God's displeasure, but that they are the necessary con- sequences of general laws. Mme. Sarah Grand. It is one of the playful ways of man to call himself "miserable sinner" enthusiastically in church, but if you venture to agree with him, he will go to law about it. Huxley. Skepticism is the highest duty and blind faith the one unpardon- able sin. Haeckel. It is a great mistake to suppose that the religious notions of modern civilized peoples are on a much higher level than the crude spirit- faith of primitive savages. Arthur E. Bostwick, Ph. D. Those (believers in revelation) will, of course, condemn any attempt to show that Hfe is a natural, rather than a supernatural, phenomenon. Rev. Dr. Marcus Dods. We fear that the resulting impression on the mind of the reader (Rev. Prof. Menzie's work) will be uncertainty, if not hopeless un- certainty, regarding the truth of the Gospels. Christian World. The world contains no monument of Christ, no authentic picture. Rev. Prof. Frederick Henry Chase, M. A., D. D. Was the second book of Peter a forgery ? St. Peter was a Jew of lowly origin. 422 VIEWS OF RELIGION. E. M. Macdonald. The necessity that brothers and sisters should marry, which is involved in the Biblical story of creation, causes theologians not a little perplexity. Empress Frederick. No sermon is to be preached at my burial. Dr. Le Plongeon. The history of North America began one hundred and ten centu- ries ago. Prof. Nathaniel Schmidt, C. U. The Hebrew and the Christian Scriptures contain many myths, legends, and miraculous tales. Prof. Nathaniel Schmidt, C. U. We should not content ourselves with proclaiming the traditions of the fathers, or with defending a faith whose foundations we do not examine, in order to cause no offense. Rev. Edward Hartley Dewart, D. D. There is probably nothing so characteristic of the theological trend of the times as the rejeciton of authority in religion, including that of the Holy Scriptures. Professor Leuba, Br. Ma., Coll. Preposterous as it may seem, it is yet true that he cares very little who God is, or even whether he is at all. Professor Leuba, Br. Ma. Coll. Action in obedience to God's commands is out of fashion. The frequent inconsistencies, the unmeaning explanations given by people, indicate how little reflection is given to religion, and how much it is a matter of uncontrolled impulse. views of religion. 423 Prof. George R. No yes, H. C. ■\Miy should we seek to form an opinion where there is absolutely no data on which to ground it ? (Author, or date of the Book of Job). Rev. C. E. Davis. The chances are that Jesus was not a white man. Job. \\'hat ! shall we receive good at the hands of God, and shall not receive evil? Rev. Father \\'illiam Barry. Private judgement exercised on the Bible is dissolving it apace. W. H. Mallock. The second (crisis of Christianity) is the victory which the secular thought of the modem world has gained over Christian theology. Lemuel K. Washburn. We have chosen one evil to combat, that evil which springs from religious superstition. Rev. J. A. McClymont, M. A., D. D. A careful examination of the existing authorities has led to the discovery of about 200,000 various readings (New Testament). Charles Lamb. The impediments and the facilitations to a sound belief are various. Rev. Alfred Plummer, M. A., D. D. The two most reasonable objections to the narratives (raising of Lazarus) as a whole, are the silence of the synoptics and the amazing character of the miracle. 424 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Alfred Plummer, M. A., D. D. The apocraphal Gospels show us what kind of stories early Chris- tians could invent. Rev. Alfred Plummer, M. A., D. D. If any miracle is credible, raising a man (Lazarus) who had been dead four days is credible. Rev. Celia Parker Woolley. The phenomena of modern spiritualism, theosophy, hypnotism, Christian Science, the faith-and-prayer cure, all help to feed this love of the marvelous. Walter J, Baylis. Few competent authorities will be disposed to deny that a great deal of Christian theology, which was once firmly believed in, is now no longer tenable. Horace Smith. The good Christians never stick at confirming one another's lies against a common enemy, as they consider you (P. B. Shelley). Charles Lamb. Ought we to wish the character false for the sake of a hollow com- pliment to Christianity? James Mill. Compared with this (hell) every other objection to Christianity sinks into insignificance. New York Journal. Prayers for rain is an occupation for darkest Africa, not for civiliza- tion. Prof. R. W. Rogers, D. T. S. There was no deluge in Babylonian history and none in Babylon- ian myth less than 35,000 years before Christ. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 425 P. V. M. Benecke, M. a. The question is not whether a star can lead men and stand over a place, but whether it can appear to do so. The passage (Magi and Bethlehem) is undoubtedly of great poetical beauty. Rev. J. A. McClymont, M. A., D. D. Old Testament Scriptures continued to be for many years the only authoritative writings of the Christian church. Coleridge. All that was good in the teaching of Christ was to be found in Plato in Zoroaster, Confucius and the Gymnos. J. M. Robertson. It was a fact of the first significance for his age that the greatest man of letter in Europe (Goethe) was not a Christian. Rev. Prof. James Orr, M. A., D. D. It must, however, always remain doubtful, how this single idea of the "Kingdom of God" is fitted to serve as the principle of an ex- haustive system of theology. Canon Samuel Rolles Driver, D. D. The narratives (Bible) about Joseph are plainly not the work of a contemporary, but were in all probability only committed to writing 700 or 800 years afterwards. Dr. W. a. Croffut. Science is the sum total of what men know. Rehgion is the sum total of what men do not know. Gen. William Birney, U. S. A. The best publishers of the Bible have abandoned the Ussher Chron- ology. 426 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Lemuel K. Washburn. Miss Stone (kidnapped missionary) probably has been teaching the Bulgarians that God takes care of his children. Harbinger. The powerful machinery of the church wrings honest money from simple folks. Helen H. Gardener. "Vicarious Atonement" arranges for a man to be a criminal and to escape the consequences of his crime. Helen H. Gardener. The church never has been, and never will be, able to explain why a God should be forced to resort to such injustice (as vicarious atone- ment) to rectify a mistake of his own. Reade. The destruction of Christianity is essential to the interests of civiliz- ation. Schopenhauer. Any dogma, no matter how extravagantly absurd, inculcated in childhood, is sure to retain its hold for life. Rev. John Snyder. If Thomas Paine is in hell on account of his religious opinions, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson are in his company. Rev. Dr. Ashbel Green. He (Washington) had no belief in the divine origin of the Bible. Dr. Abercrombie. Sir, Washington was a Deist. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 427 Rev. Dr. Wilson. I think anyone who will candidly do as I have done will come to the conclusion that he ('\^'ashington) was a Deist, and nothing more. General A. W. Greeley, U. S. A. The effort to depict Washington as very devout from his childhood, as a strict Sabbatarian, is practically contradicted by his own letters. Prof. Karl Marti, U. B. The first third of the second century best suits the latest books of the New Testament — Matthew, the Pastoral Epistles, and James, all of them doubtless products of the Roman church. Rev. Prof. George F. Moore, D. D. That the authors of the primitive Deuteronomy freely used older collections of laws has been generally recognized. Robert Burks. To gull the mob, and keep them under, The ancients told them tales of wonder, A pious fraud, a holy blunder, A rainbow sign. An earthquake, or a blast of thunder. Were held divine. Albert Barnes. I see not one way to disclose to me the reason why sin came into the world, why the earth is strewn with the dying and the dead, and why man must suffer to all eternity. Rev. Benjamin Wisner Bacon, D. D. What we must guard against is the hasty assumption that Mark's work represents in the main original composition, rather than com- pilation and redaction. 428 VIEWS or RELIGION. Rev. John Wilfred Faulkner, D. D. The doctrine (hell) has worked havoc in turning those who other- wise might have been Christians into infidels. Rev. a. E. Dunning, D. D. If it (religious paper) is to exist at all, the day of the strictly religious paper which excludes so-called secular writings has almost ended. Rev. Benjamin Wisner Bacon, D. D. Of ancient external evidence we have nothing whatever pointing to the direct authorship of the book by the Apostle John. Rev. U. Dhammaloka. Christianity spreads in this country (Burma) not because it has any intrisic worth, for science has shown it has none, but because its missionaries are backed up by the powers of the purse. Prof. Wilbur F. Steele. Evidently every letter of the English Bible has not been miracu- lously watched over. Prof. Wilbur F. Steele. Four Bibles, all claiming to be the same, were carefuly compared throughout. The number of variations was about 24,000. Trench. It must always remain a mystery why this miracle (raising of Lazarus) should have been passed over by the three earlier evange- lists. Rev. Alfred Plummer, M. A., D. D. If one of the Gospels contained the Lord's Prayer in a shorter form than the others, nothing was so likely as that a scribe in perfect in- nocence would supply what he considered an undoubted defect. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 429 Spinoza. If I could be convinced of the truth of the raising of Lazarus I would become a Christian. Rev. Francis E. Gigot, D. D. It (Bible) is comparatively silent about the vast universe of which we form a part. Daniel Webster. All creeds are fallible and uncertain evidences of evangelical piety. Rev. Newport J. D. White, M. A., B. D. At some time, then, between A.D. 57 and A.D. 96, the term Lord's Day arose, and it was probably first used in the church which had to contend with Judaism. Rev. J. A. McClymont, M. A., D. D. The New Testament, in our sense of the term, was something which the Apostles never dreamt of. Rev. Dr. Watterman. A seminary (theological) must be at least as honest as a peanut stand. Rev. Dr. P. Moxom. This church (Congregational) has been tied too long to a dead hand. Rev. William Jewett Tucker, D. D., Pres. D. C. The Christianity of our generation has not mastered the city. We are advancing steadily from evangelistic to educational work. Rev. William Jewett Tucker D. D., Pres., D. C. This generation has allowed various Christianized communities to fall out of the grasp of the church. 43° views of religion. Kate Gannett Wells. The biblical prohibition of divorce is no more explicit than the command to give away both coat and cloak. Zion's Herald. Prayer never has caused, nor have we any sound reason to expect that it ever will, a stay of natural and mortal consequences. Zion's Herald. There is no justification in Scriptures, or in general history, for this impression (that God answers prayers). Rev. Prof. Archibald Henry Sayce, M. A., LL.D. Eden means "deUght" in Hebrew and the position of its garden has been assigned to various parts of the world. Even the North Pole and Australia have found advocates. Rev. Minot J. Savage, D. D. It is absurd and childish to suppose that there is anybody up in heaven who is going to be angry with you for doing anything on Sunday which it is right to do on any other day of the week. Sir Arthxtr Helps. He (man) will not listen with patience to any doubts upon a subject (religion) which he himself would be most unwilling to investigate. W. Symington Brown, M. D. According to theologians if Adam had not sinned he would have lived forever. This theory is false in every particular. Bernard Palissy. Forced ! Methinks that is a strange word for a king (Henry III) ; but they (priests) who can force you cannot force me. I can die. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 43 1 Rev. J. A. McClymont, M. A., D. D. Until the close of the eighteenth century, the Johannine authorship of the Fourth Gospel was never challenged. Daniel Webster. I beheve religion to be a matter not of demonstration but of faith, James Parton. Daniel Webster had no religion, not the least tincture of it. Norman Hapgood. Daniel Webster's religion had been a decorum, not a force. Rev. Canon Edward Russell Bernard, M. A. Striking parallels to Genesis 3 (fall) are to be found in the Zoroas- trian legends as to the beginning of man's career. Rev. Canon Edward Russell Bernard, M. A. The mythology of Babylonia and Assyria presents some curious parallels to the story of the serpent in the garden of which we read in Genesis 3. James Vernon Bartlet, M. A. Various other problems remain, e. g. as to the Pauline Pastoral Epistles, whose integrity is open to doubt. Rev. Thomas B. Strong, M. A. We are well aware of the importance and the difficulty of many of the critical questions which surround the books of the Bible. Rev. Canon Edward Russell Bernard, M. A. What may prove a more serious difficulty arises in connection with the origin of the human race from a single pair. 432 VIEWS or RELIGION. Rev. Thomas B. Strong, M. A. We can no longer take for granted the traditional order or date of the books (Old Testament). Rev. Dr. James Mudge. I see more and more clearly that the old ideas (religion) are un- tenable. Rev. Charles H. Stackpole. I no longer hold to Paul's dogmatic theology founded largely on an untenable view of Genesis. Rev. George S. Butters. The theory of the inspiration of the Scriptures which I once stead- fastly held, I have been obUged to discard. Proe. John Fiske, H. C. We can not directly base an argument sustaining man's immortal- ity upon the relation of consciousness to a certain phase of molecular action. Prof. Arthur S. Peake, M. A. The objections to the Solomonic authorship (of Ecclesiastes) are overwhelming. Rev. Thomas B. Kilpatrick, M. A., B. D. In point of fact spiritual reaUties cannot be reached by logical processes. Delitzsch. If the Book of Kings be of old Solomonic origin then there's no history of the Hebrew language. Carlyle. But whence? O, Heaven, whither? Sense knows not; faith knows not; only, that it is through mystery to mystery. VIEWS OF RELIGIOM. 433 Prof. Arthur S. Peake, M. A. ^ The same conclusion that Solomon cannot be the author (of Ec- clesiastcs) is shown by the language. Solomon can hardly have said, " I was King,' ' as if he had ceased to be so, for he reigned till his death. Rev. Prof. Sydney C. Gayford, M. A. At first the community (Christian) met for the purpose of worship- ping daily and we find no intimation or allusion that any day was marked with more solemnity than the other. Rev. Prof. Owen C. ^^'HITEHOUSE, M. A. There is clear proof that Bibhcal apologetics is proceeding on false lines when it seeks to constrain the Biblical narratives into harmony with the results of modern science. Rev. Prof. Owen C. Whitehouse, M. A. Two cosmogonies or narratives of creation confront us in the open- ing chapters of the Bible. Dr. J. E. Roberts. To threaten the poor ignorant man with leaving the soul of his dead in hell because he (priest) will say no more prayers for him without pay approaches an indictable offense ; I think it nears a crime. Rev. Stewart Dingvall Fordyce Salmond, M. A., D. D. They (Epistles of James, Peter, John, and Jude) have been and continue to be, subject to much debate with regard to their origin, date, authorship and claims. Prof. Garrett P. Serviss. If the flood in Asia commenced when the ice began to bury north- ern North America and northern Europe, and lasted as long as the age of the glaciers lasted, Noah's Ark would have had to remain afloat eighty thousand years. 434 VIEWS OF RELIGION. ZOCKLER. It is out of place, therefore, to insist on carrying out the parallell between the Bible and geology in any detail. P. V. M. Benecke, M. a. The attempt to use the date of the Magi's visit for establishing that of Christ's birth conies to very little. Rev. Prof. Alexander Stewart, M. A., D. D. How can the divine and authorative element (in the Bible) be separated from the human and fallible? Rev. Prof. Owen C. Whitehouse, M. A., C. C. H. Probably the most fatal objection (Genesis) is the creation of the heavenly bodies on the fourth day. Rev. Prof. Benjamin Wisner Bacon, M. A., D. D. Had the two Gospels (Matthew and Luke) been in agreement the record (Genealogy of Jesus) would perhaps never have been disputed, but the discrepancy was too glaring to be ignored. Rev. Prof. Edward Lewis Curtis, Ph. D., D. D. The genealogies (Twelve Tribes) are partially figurative and arti- ficial and partially genuine family records. The whole history be- hind these genealogies is very obscure. Rev. Vicar Francis Henry Woods, M.A., B. D. The diversity of the human race and of language aUke makes it extremely improbable that men were derived from a single pair. Rev. J. O. F. Murray, M. A. It is true that we can but dimly see why such a sacrifice as the death of Christ should have been necessary. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 435 Rev. Prof. Alexander Stewart, M.A., D.D. There can be no doubt that it (term Testament in the expression Old and New Testament) is due to an accidental mistranslation of the Greek word for arrangement. Robert G. Ingersoll. All cruelties of the Old Testament are absolute mercies compared with the hell of the New Testament. In the Old Testament God stops with the grave. Montague Rhodes James, M. A. It will be seen that there is here (Is. II-4) a considerable disagree- ment (as to Anti-christ) with the Apocalypse. Rev. Prof. Alexander Stewart, M. A., D. D. The Christian doctrine of Inspiration was largely an inheritance from the Jews along with the Old Testament to which alone it was first applied. Rev. Prof. Alexander Stewart, M. A., D. D. Christianity as a historical religion cannot be exempted from the application of the principles of historical inquiry. SOURY. In the eyes of his contemporaries and fellow-countrymen, He (Christ) was all that (fanatic, visionary, crazy) and he is the same in •ours. Rev. Vicar Francis Henry Woods, M.A., B.D. There is no evidence or scientific probability that the whole surface (earth) was ever so contracted or levelled as to admit of such a prob- ability (as the flood). NOVALIS. Prayer is to religion what thought is to philosophy. 436 VIEWS or religion. Proe. John Fryer, U. C. There is a Buddhist cross, or symbol of Buddha, carved on a pillar at Palengue. Richard Baxter. There are millions of prayers that will all be found answered at death and judgment, which we know not to be answered anyway but by believing it. Prof. Daniel G. Beinton, M. A., M. S. The root of t"he religious sentiment is a wish whose fruition de- pends upon an unknown power. Rev. Joseph Henry Crooker, D. D. Men are reluctant to pledge themselves forever to any set of specu- lative (religious) opinions, especially as the more they look into those opinions they find that they contradict modern knowledge. Apollonius or Tyana. Give me, ye gods, what I deserve. Rev. Canon Liddon, D. D. Importunity is of the essence of successful prayer. Confucius. .There is no present urgency about the matter (consciousness of the dead). If they have consciousness you will know it for yourself in time. Prof. Matthew Flinders Petrie. Egyptian civilization is at least 9,000 years old. Rev. Patrick Ford. As she (Ireland) ceased to be Irish her religion, her faith and her morals waned and decayed. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 437 Rev. Thomas B. Strong, M. A. , There is no ethical system, strictly so called, in the Bible at all. Rev. Prof. George Post, M. D. We will not dispute the possibility of finding a winter fig or two on a tree (Mark II-13) although during a residence of thirty-two years in Syria, we have searched and inquired in vain for them. Rev. Prof. Benjamin Breckinbridge Warfield, D.D.,LL.D. Certainly there is (in New Testament) a fatal doubt which vitiates with its double-mindedness every approach to God. Prof. Alfred Plummer, M. A., D. D. In Scripture every Christian is hypothetically a saint; and so my baptized person is hypothetically a regenerate. Rev. Prof. W. Adams Brown, M. A., D. D. The origin of crucifixion must be sought in the East, probably among the Phoenecians, from whom it passed to the Greeks and Romans. Cassels. The life and teachings of Jesus have scarcely a place in the system (theological) of Paul. F. C. S. Schiller. The fallacy that all men naturally crave immortality is identical with that of the proof of the efficacy of prayer by means of the votive ofiEerings in the temple of Poseidon. C. Edward Testers. The pamphlets (Common Sense and The Crisis) set the national heart on fire. Since the days of Peter, the wondrous hermit, no such words had been uttered in the ears of men. AU glory to the man (Paine) who uttered them. 438 views of religion. Don Sigismxtndo Peyordedc. Spain is the most unhappy land on earth because it is ruled by the Jesuit order. Rev. Prof. D. S. Margoliouth, M. A., The state in which the text of the Old Testament has come down to us renders it difficult to speak positively (as to interpretation). Rev. John Henry Bernard, D. D. Few words have been the source of so much confusion in theology as the word nature. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. I should as soon undertake to bring the crazy skulls of bedlam to sound understanding, as to inculcate reason into that of an Athana- sian. Keep me, therefore, from the fire and fagot of Calvin and his victim Servetus. Charles Dickens. Because they (Kirk's Lambs) bore a lamb upon their flag, as the emblem of Christianity, the atrocities committed by these demons in human shape are far too horrible to be related here. Pope Leo XIII. Catholics, as all other citizens, have full liberty to prefer one form of government to another (forms of government in France). Cuthbert Hamilton Turner, M. A. From the inaccuracy of some of the Biblical numbers it is not im- probable that the missing length of the reigns of some of the kings were supplied by conjecture. Cuthbert Hamilton Turner, M. A.. St. Luke's evidence, then, adds nothing trustworthy for the Chro- nology of the Nativity (of Christ). VIEWS OF RELIGION. 439 Rev. Arthur Cayley Headlam, M. A., B. D., The Acts could not have been written by Timothy, nor by Titus, nor by Silas. Rev. Arthur Cayley Headlam, M. A., B. D. The balance of argument is clearly, then, in favor of St. Luke as author of the Acts. Rev. Prof. Arthur Bruce Davidson, D. D., LL. D. The Old Testament conception of God is that of a person vfith. ethical attributes. God is nowhere called spirit in the Old Testament. Rev. Prof. Arthur Bruce Davidson, D. D., LL. D. The Old Testament belonging to the historical period, many questions now discussed in the history of religion lie beyond it. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The central falsehood from which all forms of slavery originate is the doctrine of original sin and woman as the medium for the ma- chinations of Satan. Rev. Prof. A. B. Bruce, D. D. The judgment of many critics is that it (Fourth Gospel) is the least trustworthy as a source whether for the words or for the acts of Jesus. Dr. Stanley Hall, Pres., C. U. As for religion, that should come through contact vsdth nature. I would not say the child should be told no word of Jesus, or of Santa Claus. Pres. Little, G. B., I. C. Colleges are no longer dominantly religious but scientific and literary. Mothers seldom consecrate their sons to the ministry as of old. 44° VIEWS or RELIGION. Rev. Prof. Arthur Bruce Davidson, D. D., LL. D. The use of "us" by the Divine Speaker is strange ASTRUC. Different documents have been employed in the composition of Genesis. Wong Chin Foo. Among 400,000,000 of Chinese there are fewer murders and rob- beries in a year than there are in New York state. President Stewart, A.S. Loss of prestige of the ministry and increase of materialism in society and in the church are causes of decline in the number of theological students. Archbishop Ireland. Religion is rapidly losing ground. Day by day science and philos- ophy are taking the place of religion. Grauret. We honor and venerate those scientific pathfinders and celebrities who, since the sixteenth century, have done such magnificent work and who are not of our faith and creed. Professor Grisor. Roman Catholics are allowed to believe many myths that cannot stand the test of fair investigation. Charles W. Eliot, Pres. H. C. After all the only religion worth having, either for nations or in- dividuals, is the religion of a soul that feels itself free. Don Sigismundo Peyordeix, The people (Spanish) are without faith. views of religion. 44 1 Charles W. Eliot, Pres. H. C. # When the priest or minister knows that his entire support is derived from the voluntary contributions of the people his whole attitude toward that people is changed. Emperor Frederick. Whence this pride and audacity of the Pope? Who presumes to disinherit a king who has ni superior among Christians ? Tolstoi. People (ministers and priests) assure children and simple-hearted people that if bread is cut into little pieces, while certain words are being pronounced, God enters into those crumbs and that persons who eat up one of these pieces will be visited by God himself . Rev. Prof. Joseph Bickersteth Mayor, M. A. Mary and Joseph were religious Jews. Rev. Prof. Henry Melvill Gwatkin, M. A., D.D. There is no clear trace of any apostolic ordinance that every church was to have its bishop. Rev. Prof. Vincent Henry Stanton, M.A., D.D. The Christian church adopted the Scriptures of the Jews as her own. Basil the Great. The belief in the virginity of Mary is not a necessary article of faith, but merely a "pious opinion". Rev. Prof. Joseph Bickersteth Mayor, M.A. Unless we are prepared to admit all the beliefs of the mediaeval church, we must beware of allowing too much authority to "pious opinions.' ' 442 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Prof. Joseph Bickersteth Mayor, M. A. Is there any extreme of superstition (religion) which cannot plead a pious opinion in its favor ? Rev. Prof. Joseph Bickersteth Mayor, M. A. I think that these facts prove that the belief in the perpetual vir- ginity was founded, not upon historic evidence, but simply on senti- mental grounds. John L. Stoddard. The childhood of the race was credulous, its youth intolerant and zealous, but its maturity is cynical through skepticism. Wong Chin Foo. The difference between the heathen and the Christian is that the heathen does good for the sake of doing good. William Rathbone Gregg. The tenet of the Inspiration of the Scriptures is baseless and un- tenable. William Rathbone Gregg. The Gospels are not textuaUy faithful records of the sayings and actions of Jesus. Spinoza. The "Will of God" is the refuge of ignorance; the true will is the spirit of right reasoning. William Law. I acknowledge myself a declared enemy to the use of reason in religion. Spinoza. From miracles we can neither infer the nature, the existence nor the providence of God. Miracles, as contrary to the order of nature, would rather lead us to doubt the existence of God. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 445, Prof. Daniel G. Brinton. M. A., , Fear is the most prominent emotion at the awakening of the re- ligious sentiments. Cassels. We have seen that for some century and a half, after the events re- corded in the work, there is not only no testimony whatever con- necting the Fourth Gospel with the Apostle John, but no certain trace even of the existence of the Gospel. Rev. Prof. James Henry Sharper, M. A., D. D. The language (Greek New Testament) in general would seem' strange to him (Greek scholar) by reason of its occasional outlandish and hardly intelligible phrases. Rev. Prof. D. S. Margoliouth, M. A. There is probably none (date of Old Testament) earher than iioo or later than 100 B. C. Rev. John Lightfoot, D. D. It is a disputable case, whether the Jewish nation were more mad with superstition in matters of religion or with superstition in curious arts. De Wette. The Apostle John, if he be the author of the fourth Gospel and of the Johannine Epistles, did not write the Apocalypse. EWALD. Above all should we be in error as to the descent of this work (the Gospel) from the Apostle (John) if the Apocalypse of the New Tes- tament were by him. Gerorer. How, then, could John with yerbal accuracy report the discourses of Jesus after fifty or sixty years ? 444 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Cassels. We do not find any real trace even of the existence of our Gospels for a century and a half after the events they record. Prof. William Henry Green, P. C. The Mosaic records do not fix and were not intended to fix the precise date either of the flood or of the creation of the world. Hall Caine. A book (The Eternal City) which pictures a pope abandoning the temporal claims of the papacy cannot be agreeable to Leo XIII. Rev. Dr. J. M. Buckley. Whether Christianity be true or false there is no way by which Mrs. Eddy can harmonize her theory with it except by reading into it the dreams of her heated fancy. Xenophanes. But vain mortals imagine that gods like themselves are begotten with human sensations and voice and corporeal members. Rev. J. H. Newman, D. D. The imagination, as is well known, is the fruitful cause of apparent miracles. Rev. W. J. Irons, D. D. If it be impossible to accept the literary method of dealing with Holy Scriptures, miracles done or prophecies uttered thousands of years ago must also be insufiicient. Cassels. Its (divine revelation) astounding announcements, if not demon- strated to be miraculous truths, must inevitably be pronounced the wildest delusions. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 445 Rev. J. H. Newman, D. D. It is doubtless the tendency of religious minds to imagine mys- teries and wonders when there are none. Canon J. B. Mozley. The pecuharity of the argument of miracles is, that it begins and ends with an assumption. Daniel Webster. One can live as a conqueror, a king, magistrate or a minister; but he must die as a man. Swinburne. The blood on the hands of the king, and the lie on the lips of the priest. Patrick Henry. Never have found time to read it (Bible). Rev. George Matheson, D. D. A h)rpnotist puts a man to sleep and says, "Believe whatever I tell you." And the man does. But we all deem him weak. I would not be that man even tho' the hypnotist were God Almighty. Cassels. The Gospels possess no value as evidence for the resurrection and ascension. Cassels. It (resurrection) comes to us as bare belief from the age of mira- cles, unsupported by facts. Rt. Rev. F. W. Faesar, M. A., F. R. S. If the resurrection be merely a spiritual idea or a mythicized hal- lucination then our religion has been founded on an error. 446 views of religion. Archbishop Trench. A miracle does not prove the truth of a doctrine or the divine mis- ion of him that brings it lo pass. Rev. Dr. Arnold. Miracles must be allowed to overrule the Gospel; for it is only through our belief in the Gospel that we accord our belief to them. Canon J. B. Mozley. The majority of mankind, perhaps, owe their belief rather to the outward influence of custom and education, than to any strong principle of faith within. Cassels. It (Christianity) is not a form of religion developed by the wisdom of man and appeaUng to his reason but a system miraculously com- municated to the human race, the central doctrines of which are either superhuman or untenable. Henry Labouchere. We trust that they (Sixty-five divines of King Edward VII) wiU never be called together to give advice to his Majesty, for in this case it is hardly probable that unanimity of counsel can be hoped for. Major General Arthur McArthur, U. S. A. The people (Fillipinos) are at liberty to reject by lawful means such (religious) teachings as they see fit. Percival Chubb. There is no such thing as a superhuman good for man. Haeckel. The direct descent of man from some extinct ape-like form is now beyond doubt. V^EWS OF RELIGION. 447 A. Henry Savage Landor. There is plenty of good work to be done in China, not so much in Christianizing the natives as in teaching them science, art and in- dustries. New York Sun. My flesh is meat indeed, my blood is drink indeed ! What reason is there for saying "food" instead of "meat" (Bible Revision, Ameri- can). This is poetry, not a catalogue of food products. Rev. R. J. George, D. D. The C. E. movement will result in an effort to bring the denomina- tions together on a false basis of church union. Major General Arthur Mc Arthur, U. S. A. No state church exists, no minister of religion will be forced upon them (Fillipinos), and no public funds will be devoted to ecclesias- tical purposes. Prof. Arthur S. Phelps, Y. C. Persons who would not be seen out of doors with their mother's bonnets will valiantly defend the superiority of their mother's Bible. Prof. Arthur S. Phelps, Y. C. The man who said he wanted the Bible for which the martyrs faced the stake would find the version of 161 1 too modern for him. Prof. Arthur S. Phelps, Y. C. There are three dozen verses and passages in the Authorized Ver- sion (Bible) that were not in the originals at all but have been in- serted by theologians more strenuous than honest. Goldsmith. It is unworthy of you (Sir Joshua Reynolds) to debase so high a genius as Voltaire before so mean a writer as Beattie. 448 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Dr. Howard Osgood. All Bibles, Hebrew, Greek, Syriac, Latin, German, French, Eng- lish are the results of many revisions. Dr. Howard Osgood. The revision under King James, 1611, followed a hundred years of repeated revisions. Prof. Rhys Rees Lloyd, P. S. If we insist on claiming that these epistles (Paul's) were penned "for the permanent instruction of the churches of the world," still their form and contents will show palpably their lack of fitness for such service. Israel Zangwill. Christianity has proved a failure. Look at the Christian nations to-day, warring against one another like savages. Dr. Francis Wayland Parker, C. I. It is folly for children to stand up and say or sing, "I want to be an angel.' ' Young persons should be taught more practical desires than to become angels. Prof. Rhys Rees Lloyd, P. S. The apostle (Paul) gives us no information respecting the place and the attending circumstances of this famous birth (Christ's). Rev. a. H. Lewis, D.D. If the Bible be accepted as the standard of religious duty, the seventh day alone is the Sabbath. Carlyle. He (William Johnson Fox) was a poUshed and powerful orator but he was appealing to a crowd of people on matters (rehgious) of which they are no judges at all. views of religion. 449 Peecival Chubb. His (Tolstoi) is a presence that disturbs the peace of Christendom. Harriet M. Closz. Time is now relieving us from the grip of the priesthood and its peculiar teaching. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The greatest block to-day in the way of woman's emancipation is the church, the common law, the Bible and the priesthood. John L. Stoddard. Most of man's former faiths are now regarded as fabulous. , Carlyle. It seems a curious thing that people should have believed that they were to be punished by fire. Carlyle. I observed some folk at the comer a Uttle more drunken than usual this morning. Then I remembered it was the birthday of their Redeemer. Carlyle. What can you do for a people whose God is a dead Jew ? A fair enough question. If I had my way, the world would hear a pretty stem command — Exit Christ. Edward B. Tylor, LL. D., F. R. S. Whenever a savage or barbarous system of reHgion is thoroughly described, great gods make their appearance in the spiritual world as distinctly as chiefs in the human tribe. Prof. Oscar L. Triggs. It would not be well if all men were Christians. 45° VIEWS or RELIGION. Rev. W. S. Fritch. Baptism is a mere form. I cannot believe that one fails to be saved because a little water is not sprinkled on his or her head. Edward B. Tylor, LL. D., F. R. S. The soul's place in modern thought is in the metaphysics of re- ligion and its especial office there is that of furnishing an intellectual side to the religious doctrine of the future life. Sir William Jones. The characters of all the pagan deities, male and female, melt into each other and at last into one or two. Sir William Jones. The whole crowd of gods and godesses in ancient Rome mean only the powers of nature and principally those of the sun. Rev. Dr. Cortland Myers. Christ founded no religion. Buddha, Confucius and Mohammed founded religions. Christ did not. Rev. Dr. Cortland Myers. The objection I have to Christian Science is that it is a lie in its •name. Rev. Dr. L. B. Bates. England and the United States are loudest in their professions of Christianity, yet both are at war. Emanuel Oscar Menahem Deutsch. Such terms as redemption, baptism, grace, faith, salvation, regen- eration, Son of Man, Son of God, kingdom of heaven, were not, as we are apt to think, invented by Christianity but were household words of Talmudical Judaism. views of religion. 4si Prof. Julius Wellhausen. At an early date doubts suggested themselves as to the Mosaic authorship but it was not tiU. the seventeenth century that these be- came so strong that they could not be suppressed. Jerome K. Jerome. Few things had more terrors for me, when a child, than heaven as pictured for me by certain of the good folks around about me. Rev. Marion Daniel Shutter, D. D. Science has taught us to push our investigations beyond the liter- ature of Genesis. Jerome K. Jerome. We grown-up folk do wrong to torture children with these awful themes. Eternity, heaven, hell are meaningless words to us. Brahmavadin. Modem politics and social movements in Europe give the melan- choly answer that Christianity has there proved a failure. Sir H. H. Johnson. They (missionaries) may have succeeded in turning their disciples into professing Catholics, AngHcans, or Baptists but the impartial ■observer is surprised to find that adultery, drunkenness and lying are more apparent among converts than among their heathen brethren. Rabbi Joseph Krauskopf. Not a precept had he (Jesus) ever uttered that had not proven him a Hebrew of Hebrews. Prof. Oscar L. Triggs. Our whole modem civilization is a mixture of Christianity and paganism. 452 VIEWS or RELIGION. M. W. S. Caine, M. p. Educated India is looking for a religion but turns its back on Christ and his teachings as presented by the missionary. Rev. Marion Daniel Shutter, D. D. We are still living in a myth-making and miracle-mongering age. Prop. Oscar L. Teiggs. The dime novel may become literature while the Sunday school book can never hope to be. "^ Prof.' Oscar L. Triggs. I take it for granted that there is not a member of this class who does not hold heterodox views. Rev. William Sanday, D. D. The Gospels are not the strongest evidence for the Christian mira- cles. Only one in four is claimed as the work of an apostle and of that the genuineness is disputed. Cassels. The author (of Acts) is unknown and it is no longer possible to identify him. Rev. E. B. Helms. There would be no occasion for such societies (fraternal) if she (church) were fulfilling her obligations. Rev. I. B. Scott. In the observance of the Sabbath we are losing ground. Reynold's Newspaper. Then it took two missionary agents and a sum of $500,000 to secure one "convert," babe oradult, in a year. What a farce (missionaries) ! ^ views of religion. 453 Prof. Oscar L. Triggs. The great bulk of church hymns is mere doggerel, pure and simple. Admiral Richards, H. M. N. It seems to be the special aim of missionary societies to establish themselves outside treaty limits and having done so they are loud- est in their clamor for gunboats. Little. In Ichang the Bibles that are distributed (by missionaries) are largely used in the manufacture of boot soles. Little. No respectable Chinaman would admit a missionary (Christian) into his house. Rev. Bishop John McKm, T. J. The religious awakening of which we in Japan have heard so much can hardly be regarded as of permanent benefit. Rev. Prof. A. B. Bruce, D. D. The words of Jesus concerning the future show limitations of vision. Resh Lakish. Job existed not, and was only a fable. Rev. Prof. A. B. Bruce, D. D. John, we gather, was a great man for him (Jesus). Rev. Prof. T. K. Cheyne, M. A., D. D. It is difficult to determine whether any historical event lies at the foundation of the narrative (deluge story) or whether we have to do with a mere myth. 454 VIEWS OF RELIGION. • Rev. Prof. T. K. Cheyne, M. A., D. D. The book of Job has no literary unity and cannot have had a purpose. Reynold's Newspaper. We have said enough to show how grossly deceived the public are with reference to the doings of the missionaries and the result of their missions. Rev. Monsignor Mignot, Archbishop of Albi. A Catholic theologian can err. The system of Copernicus had to wait long for adoption but is now generally recognized by Catholic exegesis. Prof. Morris Jastrow, U. P. Its points of contact (first creation story of Genesis) with both the Babylonian and Egyptian legends are too striking to be due to accident. Henry Hopkins, D. D., Pres. W. C. No decree of synod or bishop or council can here (Williams College) determine anything (as to religion). Prof. S. P. Langley. When the miracle has happened, then and only then it becomes most clear that it was no miracle at all. William Hayes Ward, D. D. Christianity may use days, places and rites but they are no part of essential Christianity. Prof. Dr. Kruger, U. G. No religious conception or idea, whether it be found in the Bible or in the confessions, can claim to be absolutely authoritative for all times and consequently not for our age. views of religion. 455 William Hayes Ward, D. D. Christianity finds use for the Sabbath but the Sabbath is not a part of Christianity. William Hayes Ward, D. D. Paul never speaks of the virgin-birth, perhaps never heard of it, as the Gospels had not been written in his time. Prof. Dr. Kruger, U. G. I confess that I regard my work as an academic teacher (theological) as unchurchly. Rabbi Emel G. Hdrsch. The Sabbath of the Jews is dead. God never ordained the Sabbath day. It is an institution of man. George Eliot. My childhood was full of deep sorrows, — colic, whooping-cough, dread of ghosts, hell, satan and a Deity in the sky who was angry when I ate too much plum-cake. Herbert Spencer. It needs but to glance over the world and contemplate the doings of Christians everywhere to be amazed at the ineffectiveness of cur- rent theology. Edward Clodd. Humanity has a terrible indictment against theology. Bishop White. In regard to the subject of your inquiry, truth requires me to say that General Washington never received the communion in the churches of which I am the parochial minister. James Anthony Froude. A miracle cannot be substantiated by human evidence. 4s6 views of religion. Dr. Jacob Hartmann. Two conditions are always necessary for any miracle — profound ignorance on the one hand, and a clever fraud on the other. Rev. Monsignor Mignot, Archbishop of Albi. Theology has not adjusted itself to the new ideals that prevail in contemporary scientific research. Dr. Little, Pres. G. B. I. It is true that Dr. Horswell (Prof. Charles) teaches "higher criti- cism." We are compelled to teach it. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. I know that Gouvemeur Morris has often told me that General Washington believed no more in that system (the Christian religion) than he himself did. Judge Simeon E. Baldwin, LL. D. We shall not, as did our forefathers, demand of all (in religious matters) what few can reach — few, that is, among educated men. Prof. Abbe Alfred Loisy, D. D. (Paris). The early chapters of Genesis — probably the first eleven — do not contain an exact and real history of the origins of the world or of man. Prof. Joseph Agar Beet, D. D. The natural immortality of every individual is not taught in the Scriptures and I can not find any evidence outside of the Bible to justify the assertion. Hon. Elihu Root, Sec. W., U. S. A. The complete separation of church and state, this principle is im- perative wherever American jurisdiction extends. views of religion. 457 Prof. Abbe Alfred Loisy, D. D. (Paris). The Pentateuch, as we now possess it, can not be the work of Moses. Rev. Dr. Charles A. Eaton. Peter of Galilee was a tough old nut, a lying old fisherman. Supreme Court Justice Gaynor. They used to stop ball playing on Sunday here once, but I am thank- ful to say they don't do it any more. Hon. Edwin Reed. The last in that country (England) to manumit their slaves were the clergy. Prof. J. Kohler. ReUgion is a thing of the emotions ; it has its origin (partly) in fear. Peter Eckler. RationaUsm seeks to free the human mind from the ignoble tram- mels forged by faith. Rev. Dr. Thomas. I have no patience with that school of philosophers and theologians that would behttle human reason. Paul. Not many wise; not many mighty; not many noble (adherents to Christianity). Prof. W. S. B. Mathews. There is no place where musical taste is at lower ebb than in our so-called evangelical churches in America. Sara A. Underwood. Man for man in larger sense does what heaven fails to do. 4s8 views of religion. Ralph Cudwoeth, Bishop of Ballarat. The faith which yields a blind assent to mysterious dogma — fanaticism ! There is an unbelief which is preferable to it. HrPPOLYTUS. O that, in return, Mankind could with their curses blast the gods ! Tolstoi. We have become so accustomed to the religious lie that surrounds us that we do not notice all the atrocity, stupidity and cruelty with which the teaching of the Christian church is permeated. Dr. G. M. Grant. Charlemagne's arms had more to do with the conversion of the Saxons than the preaching of the missionaries had. Renan. Christ had no knowledge of the general condition of the world ; he was unacquainted with science; he was harsh with his family; and he was no philosopher. Rev. Bernard J. Snell. Pulpits that sneer at evolution and the higher criticism are not the defenders of the faith that they would fain think themselves. Prof. Wilhelm Walther. On December 24, the feast of the Sigillaria, the pagans were wont to give the children dolls and images of wax or earthenware or dough, and the next day they kept the "birthday of the invincible sun." Prof. Wilhelm Walthers. The emperor Theodosius was obliged to forbid men by law to dig up the bones of saints and carry them away for sale. views of religion. 459 Rev. John S. Lindsay, D. D. Some have thought it (faith) to be the sum and substance of all virtues, but this cannot be. Bishop William Lawrence. Hebrew, the classics, the Scriptures, some philosophy and little else (studies in one of our colleges a century ago). Bradlaugh. I cannot follow you Christians; for you try to crawl through life upon your knees, while I stride through mine on my feet. Sir Henry Thompson, Bart., F. R. C. S. The astronomical discoveries which man's own unaided labors have achieved demonstrate beyond aR possibility of doubt that the so- called Mosaic records (of Genesis) are quite untrustworthy. Sir Henry Thompson, Bart., M. D., F. R. C. S. Among the rising and future generations of the educated classes many are certain to have their eyes opened to the fact that no super- natural revelation has been made to man. Rev. Dr. Rainy. If facts are facts (facts of higher Biblical critics) the ascertainment of them is pure gain ; never be afraid of such. Leroy Sunderland. The fundamental error of this epidemic (of Spirituahsm) is in taking things for granted which are not susceptible of proof. Rev. Amory H. Bradford, D. D. For many years to come it will be impossible to secure persons able properly to teach or to apply it (Biblical higher criticism) simply be- cause most teachers (of Sunday-schools) are themselves ignorant. 460 VIEWS or RELIGION. Luke. If thou be the Christ cast thyself down from the pinnacle of the temple. Ethel Shakeleord. Who named God? Leroy Sunderland. Mediums describe the trance as a "superior state." To this I reply: Mediums are not reliable authority on this subject. Rev. Camden M. Cobern, D. D. I am beginning to feel that there is a present need in Sunday school work of a greater utilization of the results of modem Biblical criticism. Paul. What advantageth it me if the dead rise or not ? Let us eat and drink, for tomorrow we die. Rev. W. C. Bitting, D. D. There is no remedy for the foolish religious fads that have sprung out of false methods of Bible study except such a process (as modem Biblical criticism). Augusts Comte. Humanity, enfranchised from all reHgions which in their time have helped to develop it, has no longer any other object of reHgious wor- ship than itself. Von Baer. There is nothing more attractive than an investigation of the sub- lime powers (nature) that urge man on in his development. Rev. a. E. Dunning, D. D. A widening chasm divides the teaching of the Bible in schools and colleges from its teaching in many Sunday schools. views of religion. 46 1 Rev. Paul Revere Frothingham. We ministers no longer pray in the face of natural law as was once a habit. Rev. Walter Laldlaw, Ph. D. The non-Christian population of New York has grown propor- tionately more in the past ten years than its Christian population, Huxley. The man of science has learned to believe not by faith, but by verification. Constance E. Plumptre. Geologists have shown how entirely unsupported by fact is the cosmogony of Genesis. Dr. South. Revelation is a book that either found a man mad or left him so. Luther. In the Revelation of John much [is wanting to let me deem it either prophetic or apostolical. Joseph Symes. No matter what piety or superstition may say, Christ is quite as impossible as Ariel or as the fairies in Shakespeare's plays. Prof. Richard Green Moulton, Ph. D. What has traditionally been called a book of Moses may turn out to be a fiction ascribed to Moses by a later age. DioNYSius, Bishop of Alexandria. Divers of our predecessors have wholly refused and rejected this book (Revelation) and by discussing the several parts thereof have found it obscure and void of reason and the title forged. . 462 VIEWS or RELIGION. Charles Mackay. Rulers, be wise, and priests and kings. Let us alone ! let us alone ! Grace A. Williams. Oh, we have had enough of feeble Christs ! — stoop-shouldered, worn-out-looking Christs, going about in rags or trailing gowns. Ida White. Christianity exceeds all other faiths in its power to deform and finally invert the mental processes. Tertullian. No man should be forced to say that he believes what he does not and cannot believe. It is contrary to religion. Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Mollendore. The jackal howls in Ephesus where Heraclitus and Paul once preached; the sands of the desert are blown about the gardens of the gods of Cyrene. William von Humboldt. The power of nature and of man (not God) is what we must recognize in history. Edward Count Wilczek. Both (natural sciences and history) renounce, consciously and voluntarily, the realm of the (so-called) supernatural. Boston Globe. If Adam had tempted her (Eve) to eat, she never would have blamed him as he did her. Huxley. The ecclesiastical spirit is the deadly enemy of science. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 463 Prof. J. Kohler Religion (finally) becomes science and — in so far as the science frees itself from the control of the emotions and at the same time from the dominion of tradition — philosophy. Rev. Charles A. Eaton, D. D. People no longer go to church. Here in Cleveland with a popula- tion of 400,000, scarcely 100,000 ever go to church. Prof. Charles F. Kent, Y. U. Most of the elements that enter into the story of the garden of Eden can be traced in the traditions of Semitic peoples long antedating the Hebrews. Prof. J. Kohler. The late appearance of ideas of morality proves that ethical con- siderations were originally foreign to the god-conceptions. Prof. Frtedrich Ratzel. Neither the garden of Eden nor the land of Eldorado belongs to reahty. Prof. Friedrich Ratzel. We surmise an eternal law of all things; but in order to know, as Lotze said, we should need to be God himself. To us only the belief in it is given. Lemuel K. Washburn. Think of straining at a fairy and swallowing a Holy Ghost. Belief in hell to-day does not spoil the appetite. Harper's Weekly. The church is founded on the spirit of words whose letter killeth. With Christ figuratively taken, Christianity gets on very well, while, with Christ taken literally, it bristles with apparently insuperable difficulties. 464 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. J. Kobxer. The spirits, fetiches and world-creators of different beliefs are at first neutral as far as morals are concerned. Sir Oliver Lodge. The general drift of modern science is adverse to the highest re- ligious emotion. Byron. Those who swallow their Deity really and truly, in transubstantia- tion, can hardly find anything else otherwise than of easy digestion. W. H. Mallock. In asserting the truth of reHgion, we must assert a doctrine ab- solutely opposed to the doctrines of science, which we are compelled to accept. Lemuel K. Washburn. Clergymen are good authority on what they do not know anything about. W. H. Mallock. Nobody disbelieves in the reality of the universe, though the ex- istence of it implies a cause and every cause we can imagine is un- thinkable. Mrs. Lynn Linton. Could all the authority of all the popes and cardinals that ever lived prove the truth of the incarnation ? Reville. The trinity does not transcend reason ; it contradicts and destroys it. Mrs. Lynn Linton. Your worship of Jesus of Nazareth, the son of Joseph and Mary, is pure idolatry. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 46$ Rev. Dr. E. G. Hirsch. Sunday school books are worse than any dime novel. Their theology is damnable and their morality is below the freezing point. M. Le Viscomte Robert De Humieres. Kipling is yet entangled with Christianity; the evangelical shroud wraps him even to his heart. M. Romero (Mex. Mm. to U. S.) These two laws (prohibiting church corporations from holding real estate and the clergy from special civil privileges) were the cause of two other insurrections promoted by the church. Benito Juarez, Pres. Mexican Republic. The law provides that the clergy shall be prohibited special civil privileges. M. Romero (Mex. Min. Republic Mexico). The clergy (Mexico) who obtained bequests from persons who were dying, owned two-thirds of the whole real estate of the country. Henry More. Take away reason and all religions are alike to me. Baxter. If people would agree to say that they do not know it would save much talk and many sermons. Huxley. The Bible account of the creation of Eve is a preposterous fable. Benjamin Franklin. The convention (U. S. Constitutional Convention) except three or four persons thought prayers unnecessary. 466 VIEWS OF RELIGION Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. I might defy the best read lawyer to produce another scrap of authority for this judiciary forgery (legal opinions that Christianity is a part of the common law). Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. Anglo-Saxon priests interpolated into the text of Alfred's laws, (from the Bible) . What a conspiracy this between church and state ? Sing Tautarara, rogues all, rogues all! sing Tautarara, rogues all! Harris Weinstock. He (Jesus) knew nothing about the trinity, vicarious atonement, election, predestination. (Miss) Prof. Vida D. Scudder, W. C. Even the Roman Catholic communion, the most democratic among us, with the possible exception of the Methodists, has its hold mainly on the women. W. T. Stead. The English people are interested in religious questions, not so much from any spirit of piety as from a spirit of controversy. Harris Weinstock. Paul, the Grecian Jew, conceived the idea of spreading Judaism among the Gentiles by preaching the God of Israel and the man Jesus, the son of God. I. W. De Caux. Science disproved the two contradictory statements respecting the creation of the earth, Adam and Eve and the flood. (Miss) Prof. Vida D. Scudder, W. C. The wanderer in Europe finds the church everywhere regarded as the bulwark of the privileged classes. VIEWS OE RELIGION. 467 Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. This (trinity) constitutes the craft, the power and profit of the priests (minister?). Sweep away their gossamer fabric of fictitious religion and they would catch no flies. New York Independent (1853). Among all the earnest-minded young men who are at this moment leading in thought and action in America, we venture to say that four-fifths are sceptical even of the great historical facts of Christianty. Dr. Inglesby. This (perpetual curse on woman in Genesis) is what the church calls "original sin ' ' and it is on this alone that the redemption scheme of Christianity rests. NUMA POMPILIUS. Not bloody sacrifices, images, and statues to the gods, but milk, corn, and simple fruits of the earth, are the offerings most suitable for the purposes of piety. Rev. Thomas I. Gasson, S. J. Is it any more a miracle for the divine power to resurrect the body from the ashes of cremation than to resurrect the body from the dust of burial? Thomas Winter. The power of priestcraft hath existed too long. It hath enslaved the minds of millions and robbed them of billions. Rev. W. S. Crowe, D. D. Constantine could easily be a Christian or heathen or both at once ; Apollo was the sun-god and Christ was the Son-God. B. W. Tinker, Supt. Pub. Sch. Conn. The Bible has no place in the public school system. 468 views of religion. Rev. W. S. Crowe, D. D. A priest or minister, as the custodian of the church ordinances, claims to speak and act as the ofi&cial representative of God. Prof. Hilprecht. The Assyrian city, Nipur, was built 3,000 years before Adam and Eve were created. Prof. S. A. Benign. Now, however, we have positive proof that a high state of civiliza- tion was in existence there (Nipur, Mesopotamia) 7,000 years before the time of Christ. Rev. Dr. George Harris, Pres. Am. Coll. There are, of course, parts of the great book(Bible) which should never be read to children. Simeon Palmer, M.D. If it (La Bible Folichonne) could be widely circulated it would open the eyes of many of the victims of the dominant superstition (Christianity). William C. Sttiroc. Our freethinking faith is founded on the rock of materiahsm. Ignace Matoushevski. In religion, the devil is believed to have lost caste. Every age has fashioned the devil after its own image. Bishop Kozlowski. Eighty-thousand Poles in the United States have seceded from popery. Signor C. E. M. des Planches, (Ital. Ambas.) When the reign of Victor Emmanuel (Anti-Pope, began 1870), Rome was in a bad state, morally, mentally and physically. ' ' VIEWS OF RELIGION, 469 Carducci. The devil is now the champion of progress and culture and inde- pendence. Prof. Merx, Heidelberg. Whatever materials the Pentateuch writers may have taken from Babylonian sources, they were entirely independent in the use they made of this. Whitman. Pointing to another world will never stop vice among us ; shedding light over this world alone can help us. Gabriel de Mortelet. During tertiary times there existed a being intelHgent enough to produce fire and to fabricate instruments of stone ; but this being was not yet a man. Karl Blind. Before the victim (Bruno) of priestcraft was sacrificed his tongue ■was torn with pinchers. Prof. Herman Brunnhofer. Unhke other great martyrs, Huss, Vanini, Servetus and others, Bruno turned his face from the crucifix and let agony close his life -without a cry. Church Quarterly Review (London). It is not unusual (in Italy) for a supplicant to apply the filthiest terms of contempt to the saint who refuses to help him. Church Quarterly Review (London). The Roman CathoHc prelates (France under Concordat) have for years past been chosen by a very elegant and agreeable atheist, M. Dumay, director of Cults. 47° VIEWS or RELIGION. Chillingworth. Faith is not knowledge; if he doth merely believe, he doth never know. Fortnightly Review (1883). Of all the strange games at which men play in the world, I think politics and religion are the strangest. Charles Bray. Ten thousand clergymen some years ago signed a declaration in favor of the eternity of punishment. Their heaven might not be everlasting if hell were not so. Samuel Edgar. Men believe as they do in religion because they are what they are, far more than because they have any conclusive evidence. Bishop of Carlisle. There are some who never, even in religious matters, were con- scious of a doubt. Mabillon (1632). Not one priest in a thousand in Spain could write a common letter of salutation to another. George Eliot. He (priest) languishes at once for immortal life and for "livings." Prince Maximilian (Saxony 1902). The holy church (Catholic) should confine itself to fighting for the faith, and abandon its aspirations for temporal power. Prof. Jean Jaures (Toulouse). The churches' croon which has so long rocked humanity to sleep, must be replaced by tangible joys of life. VIEWS or RELIGION. 471 Paul Courier (France 1774). « What a life is that of a priest ! Love and especially marriage are forbidden; yet women are given up to them. George Jacob Holyoake. After this (six months in gaol) I can only say that I ha^^ greater difficulty than ever in believing that humanity is the associate of piety. Prof. John Fiske (Harvard). The true lesson of Protestanism is that faith is not the afiair of society but the individual. Rev. James Stalker, D. D. (Scot.) It is hard to prove that a book (Bible) which exhibits a disregard of truthfulness as to fact and history is infallible in what it states about life and doctrine. Neue Zeit (Stuttgart). ClericaUsm, since the reformation period, has had its claws cHpped^ but its character remains unaltered. Mr. F. G. Kenyon, Officer Brit. Museum. When the early Christian missionaries wrote the books which now form our New Testament, they did not write them as sacred books on the same level as the Pentateuch or the Psalms.- Elizabeth Cady Stanton. I decline to accept Hebrew mythology as a guide in twentieth- century science. 472 views of religion. John M. Robertson. The Gospel story of Mary and Joseph going to Bethlehem to be taxed under the edict of Augustus is obviously myth; there was no such practice in the Roman world. Rabbi Solomon Schindler. It is a man's environment which makes his religion. Prof. Furneaux Jordan, F. R. C. S. The greatest (of marvels) does not call for supernatural explana- tion The expression "mind and matter' ' is no more reasonable than it would be to say "contractility and muscle." Maudsley. Some of the prophets of the Old Testament presented symptoms ■which can hardly be interpreted as other than the effects of madness {insanity) . M. Combes, (Premier of France, '02). There will be no modification of my attitude (hostile) towards the priests. Sir Isaac Newton. If the ancient churches in debating and deciding the greatest mys- teries of religion, (mystery of godliness: God manifest in the flesh) knew nothing of these two texts, (I John V. 7 and I Tim. III. 16) I understand not why we should be so fond of them now the debate is over. Prince Khilkoff. Because of the cynical way the clergy treat what they profess to behave, I do not go to church. John Kensit (Anti-ritualist). In God's name I denounce the idolatry (adoration of the Cross) in the Church of England, so help me God. views of religion. 473 Prof. Max Muller. These questions regarding the similarities between the Christian and any other religions are very difficult to treat, and unless they are handled carefully much harm may be done (to Christianity). Prof. Bhandarkar (Bombay). Not only was the story of Krishna and Kansa current and pupular in Patanjalis' time (200 years B. C), but it appears clearly that the former was worshipped as a God. U. S. Grant, Pres. U. S. A. If a sect sets up its laws as binding above the state laws, whenever the two come in conflict, this claim must be resisted and suppressed at whatever cost. Lafcadio Hearn. Between the disappearance of the dew-drop and man, what is there but a difference in words? Charles Stewart Parnell, M. P. They (IrishCatholics) will not allow any body of prelates, however numerous or high, to dictate to them one jot or iota in their political duty to their country. Charles Stewart Parnell, M. P. The thing (Papal poHtics in Ireland) has been tried from Rome over and over again, and ever since the Irish got their constitutional rights they have always defeated these attempts of the English Gov- ernment, by intriguing at Rome, to put fetters upon their hands. Abraham Lincoln, Pres. U. S. A. My earlier views of the unsoundness of the Christian scheme of salvation and the human origin of the Scriptures have become clearer and stronger with advancing years and I see no reason for thinking I shall ever change them. 474 VIEWS OP RELIGION. Abraham Lincoln, Pres. U. S. A. If it be probable that God would reveal his will to others on a point so connected with my duty, it might be supposed he would reveal it to me directly. Prof. Lucien Levy-Bruhl. The aim of the world is to make reason reign. To organize reason is the duty of mankind. Renan. We know of no higher form of reflective consciousness than hu- manity. Rev. George Clark Cox, (Ohio). I have on many occasions preached sermons in which the doctrine of the atonement, as it is manifestly set forth in the prayer-book, was questioned on Scriptural as well as on logical grounds. Daniel O'Connell. I care not what caste, creed or color, slavery may assume, whether it be mental or corporeal, intellectual or spiritual, I am for its im- mediate abolition. Victor Cousin. Man advances from the twihght of reHgious faith to the full light of philosophical truth. Daniel O'Connell. I am sincerely a Catholic, but I am not a Papist. I deny the doc- trine that the Pope has any temporal authority, directly or indirectly^ in Ireland. views of religion. 475 Rev. George Clark Cox, (Ohio). The doctrine of original sin, as set forth in the baptismal office, I have strenuously denied and tried to disprove. The whole of our theology is entangled with the supernatural, with the miraculous. Claude Bernard. I shall endeavor to clear physiology from all taint of metaphysics. U. S. Grant (West Point, 1839.) We are not only obliged to go to church, but we must march there by companies. That is not Republican. Abraham Lincoln, Pres. U. S. A. There is no hell. If God be a just God, all will be saved or none. Rev. Isaac Backus, (1806). I am an advocate of the complete separation of church and state. Lanterne (Paris, 1906). The pope's attitude as to separation of church and state is an insult to the French people. Voltaire. The Holy Roman Empire was so-caUed because it was neither holy nor Roman nor an Empire. Gilbert Patten Brown. The greatest benefactors of the American nation have been men who embraced no one of several creeds that enslave the human family. Prof. E. A. Ross, U. N. We need an annual supplement to the Decalogue. How often clean linen and church-going are accepted as substitutes for right-doing. 476 views of religion. Rev. Francis Crane. The spiritual conglutinate of the race is ignorance. Maxim Gorky. He (grandfather) knew to a dot everything that God wanted, but with all that he was greedy, malicious and lied constantly. Emanuel Joseph Sieves (1789). I objure the title of priest; my only worship is that of liberty and equality ; my only religion, love of humanity and country. Curtis Guild, Jr., Gov. of Mass. The Puritan uprising to New England had its origin in a moral and social rather than in a religious revolution. Samuel Pepys (Diary 1662). However, I used him (Rev. Mr. MiUs) civilly, though I love him as I do the rest of his coat. Carlyle. What if thou wert born predestined not to be happy, but to be un- happy ! Close thy Koran, open thy Goethe. Pascal. Truth on this side of the Pyrenees, and error beyond. Prof. W. B. Green, Jr., D. D. Some of the Biblical miracles, as they are ordinarily regarded, we have come to refer to it (nature) . Doubtless this will be the case with others. The powers of nature are far greater than we have supposed. Jesus. Father ! Father ! all things are possible for thee, take away this cup from me. views of religion. 477 Chrysostom, a. D., 347. The number of persons, however, in any congregation, who were capable of appreciating a really learned and powerful preacher, was very small. Rurus K. NoYES, M. D. Lent saves money for priests at Easter. Christmas bribes children to love Jesus. Religious music, holidays and picnics are bait to catch food for priests. Prayer deludes simple folk about God. Religion enables priests to exploit credulous people. George Darboy (Archbishop oe Paris, 1871). My influence is adverse to the jurisdiction of the Jesuits and to the dogmas of the infallibility of the pope. Mr. Jerome (Dist. Atty., N. Y., 1906). He (Mr. Hearst) has been habitually more like Moses, who, on a certain occasion, when he was irritated, broke them (Ten Command- ments) all at once. Paxil Harboe. Rasmus Nielsen was taming philosophy to serve theology. Pontifical Biblical Commission (Rome, 1906). Moses was essentially the author of the Pentateuch, but all the books were not inspired. Renan. Everything is possible — even God. Count Hoensbroech. The church is a structure of lies and it is maintained by lies at the present day. Dr. Richter, Bavaria. Public opinion is now too strong to permit an inquisition. 478 views of religion. Count Hoensbroech. The Roman church still holds the doctrine that heretics are to be given up to the " civil arm' ' for death or imprisonment if they remain recalcitrant. Prof. Edgar L. Larkest, (Astronomer). Anthropomorphic gods are pure fiction, and the idea is due to man's enormous egotism. Napoleon. If I had believed in a God who punished or rewarded us according to our deeds, I might have lost courage in battle. Prof. Edgar L. Larkest (Astronomer). That atrocity (confessional) is still on earth, and I will rage against it as long as I can hold a pen. It is the deadliest enemy of woman to-day. Temps (Paris, 1906). The pope's (Pius X) determination to harass all those who advocate religious peace is too apparent in this encyclical. Napoleon. A man may have no rehgion, but yet may have morality. He must have morality for the sake of society. MoraUty for the better classes ; the scaffold for "la canaille." Clarence B. Loud (Lawyer). The best sense and the highest reason of the best minds have pro- nounced all so-called revealed religion to be false and a hindrance to the unity, harmony and progress of the human race. Frederick W. Peabody (Lawyer). All the other falsehoods and all the other infamies of history will not exceed in number, nor excel in atrocity, the falsehoods that have been invented about, and the infamies that have been perpetrated in the name of God. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 479 Shelley. For when the power of imparting joy Is equal to the will, the human soul Requires no other heaven. Rt. Hon. W. E. Gladstone. BeKef in the holy Scriptures might be interpreted as implying the elevation of moral character in individuals, varied with and according to their dogmatic belief, a proposition which in my view is untrue, offensive, and even absurd. Richard Watson Gilder. Our bodies are of the same stuff as the stars, and between the earliest star and the first man lie uncounted milKons of centuries. Dr. Paul Carus. In primitive society religion is magic, and the priests are magicians. Plutarch, (A. D. 120). So true it is that, though disbelief in religion and contempt of things divine be a great evil, yet superstition is a greater still. Thales, (B. C. 640). Hope is the only God common to all men ; those who have nothing more, possess hope still. Napoleon. What makes me think that there is not a God who can take ven- geance is to see that good people seem always unfortunate in this world, and rascals lucky. You will see that Talleyrand will die in his bed. Dr. Paul Carus. The early Christian looked upon Christ as a kind of magician, and all his older pictures show him with a magician's wand in his hand. 480 VIEWS or RELIGION. Thales. All things are full of gods (i. e. forces, modes of motion). Prof. Charles Foster Kent. The church is passing through a revolution in its attitude towards the Bible, more fundamental and far-reaching than that represented by its precursor, the Protestant Reformation. Prof. Edgar L. Larkin (Astronomer). How is it possible for a man to look at this supernal splendor, (40,000 suns) and at the same time to have any trace or kind of religion ? Theognis, (B. C. 548). Hope is the only deity kind to men. The others have left and gone to Olympus. Meander, (B. C. 340). Where'er the sacred rays of reason shine. There dwells the God that utters truths dtvine. Heraclitus, (B. C. 513). When Homer prayed that strife might depart from among gods and men, he wist not that he was cursing the birth of all things; for all things have their birth in war and enmity. Porphyry, (A. D. 285). The philosopher carries within him an unwritten, but most divine, law. George Allen White. Theology of 1850 is dead; orthodoxy is a chameleon. Charles Francis Adams. No scholar or man of reflection now believes that Moses was any more inspired than Homer, Julius Caesar or Thomas Carlyle. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 48 1 George Eliot. I am influenced at the present time by far higher considerations and by a nobler idea of duty than I ever was when I held the Evangelical belief. Dr. Vescinus Knox. Many of the ablest and most learned men of modem times, who- were capable of understanding the historical, logical and metaphysi- cal defences of Christianity, have read them without conviction and laughed at their laborious imbecility. Trelawny. There were men and nations, before Christianity, not equalled even at the present day. RuFUS K. NoYES, M. D. Love and worship of God tend to diminish love and respect for parents and ancestors. Schiller. A healthy nature needs no God or immortality. Napoleon. In Egypt the sheiks greatly embarassed me by asking what we meant when we said "the Son of God." If we had three gods, we must be heathen. Napoleon. Bah ! Monsieur Gourgaud ! And do you think that the intelli- gence that regulates the movements of the planets (and this intelligence is only the product of matter) looks upon the actions of men, and takes account of them? Andrew Dixon White. The list of those who have been denounced as infidel or atheist includes almost aU great men of science, general scholars, inventors and philanthropists. 483 views of religion. Rev. John Watson (Ian Maclaren). The attendance on public worship is steadily decreasing, the grasp of spiritual realities is constantly relaxing, the enthusiasm for Christ's cross is fading, and the light of hope and triumph is dying from the brow of faith. Louis Tapia (Spain, 1905). The seven thousand Philippine monks bring with them seven thousand ropes — by which we shall hang them. Julius Caesar. That death is best which is least expected. We are not immortal. Edward von Hartmann. Human existence is attributed to the work of a blind will, the un- conscious — of which mind and matter are mere objectifications. Baroness von Zedtwitz. Men of learning in the Roman hierarchy are awakening from their •delusions. Edward von Hartmann. Mankind sought solace in three grand illusions. These are: (i) belief in wordly happiness ; (2) faith in a "hereafter' ' ; (3) trust in education and science as ameliorative agencies. Baroness von Zedtwitz. The standard of veracity in the church of Rome differs seriously from that used by moralists in general. Count Romanones, Minister of Justice, Spain, (1906). The concordat does not warrant these clerical restrictions, setting forth that civil marriages are within the prerogatives of the state, and forbidding restrictions upon burial in consecrated cemeteries based upon the civil marriage ceremony. views of religion. 483 Dr. a. M. Brown. UnKke the individual, humanity will have no heirs. Von Hartmann. Religion in any form hates and fears science. Max Muller. Men in all countries and all ages have been called atheists because they differed only from the traditional conception of the deity pre- valent at the time. George Washington, Pres. U. S. A. (1790). For, happily, the government of the United States, which gives to bigotry no sanction, to persecution no assistance, requires only that they who live under its protection should demean themselves as good citi7,ens. D' HOLBACH. Theology is but ignorance of natural causes reduced to a system. Andrew Dixon White. The warfare of religion against science is to be guarded against in Protestant countries not less than in Catholic. Thoreau. I will be slave to no God. John Burroughs. We are bom Calvanists or Methodists, or Catholics, or Whigs, or Tories. Spanish Minister (1906). The government has determined to defend the supremacy of the state. 484 views of religion. Hazlitt. The greatest hypocrites in the world are religious hypocrites. Hon. John D. Long. It's amusing to read of the loving and scriptural phraseology under guise of which a Pilgrim Father would thrust the knife of shrewd dicker under his neighbor's ribs. St. Augustine. God is unspeakable. Hon. John D. Long. The saints among the Pilgrim Fathers could be coxmted on their fingers. Leibnitz. This world is the best of all possible worlds. Coleridge. Christian theology has its own assumptions. Canon Freemantle. Theologians, in defiance of Aristotle's axiom, that you must not expect demonstrations from rhetoricians, have begun with axioms and definitions and proceeded to demonstrations. They have enslaved the Divine to their own puny conceptions. Descartes. By natural reason we can make many conjectures about the soul, and have flattering hopes, but no assurance. Huxley. Man shall not say he knows or beheves that which he has no scien- tific grounds for professing to know or believe. views of religion. 485 Kant. Reason can never prove the existence of a God. Rev. a. Smythe Palmer. Moses, or the compiler of the book of Genesis, whoever he may have been, manifests a familiar acquaintance with the reHgious epics of Babylonia, which go back to the twenty-third century, B. C., to ■date, i. e., about 800 years earlier than the reputed time of Moses. Voltaire. I am told that the justice of God is not the same as ours. It were just as well to tell me that 2x2=4 is not the same to God as it is to me. Papias (Bishop or Hieropolis, A. ,D., 160). There are only two written records which possessed any real authority, as to the Gospels. Prof. Samuel Laing. In private Ufe nothing can be clearer than that the Christian the- ory is, that it is better to be poor than rich ; while the Christian practice is, that it is better to be rich than poor. Voltaire. Philosophers (who are called unbelievers and Hbertines) have in all times been the most upright people in the world. Renan. God is the category of the ideal. Diderot. The Christian religion; the most absurd in its dogmas, the most unintelligible, the most insipid, the most gloomy, the most Gothic, th e most purile ! 486 VIEWS OF RELIGION. J. J. Rousseau. All you, (Archbishop of Paris,) can see is man in " the hands of the devil," but I see how he came there. Maine De Biran. I was at first rather inclined to mistake the inmost feeling of our individuality, or what I called the ego, for the very core of the sub- stance of the soul. But Kant has taught me better. Prof. H. W. Garrison. We neither affirm nor deny the existence of a supreme being, be- cause we have no definite and conclusive information on that subject. Professor Simmern. The stories of creation, of paradise, of the early patriarchs, and of the deluge, all rest alike on a foundation of Babylonian material adopted by the Israelites. Diderot. The Hebrews knew what Christian's term the true God, as if there were any false one. Prof. James. From the point of view of practical religion, the metaphysical monster which they offer to our worship is an absolutely worthless invention of the scholarly mind. RuFus K. NoYES, M. D. What motives but those of a charlatanical trade in ignorance have ministers and priests in adding to the mysteries of nature and the universe the mysteries and mummeries of reUgion ? RiTSCHL. The assumption of the idea of God is, as Kant remarks, practical faith, and not an act of theoretical knowledge. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 487 LuciAN Arreat. The traditional belief concerning the notion of a personal God rul- ing over the external world has lost power with philosophers, if not with theologians. Matthew Arnold. AU the biblical miracles will at last disappear with the progress of science. Dr. Brinton. The psychic origin of all religion is the assumption that conscious volition is the source of all force, and that man is in communion with it. Lord Brougham. Our civil laws for woman are a disgrace to the Christianity and civilization of the nineteenth century. The Very Reverend W. H. Fremantle, D.D., Dean of Ripon. The birth of Christ from a virgin seems to be a prodigy. Apart from the first two chapters of St. Matthew and the first two chapters of St. Luke, the virgin birth is non-existent. Bebel. Woman is held in greater contempt by church law and dogma than in any of the older systems. Canon Charles Kingsley. From the third to the fifteenth century Christianity was swamped by those nameless orgies which made a byword of Corinth during the first century, and every evil was traced to woman (fall of man). Charles W. Eliot, Pres. H. U. Yet not only the Scriptures, which Christianity has inherited from the Jews, but our literature is full of it (Church mihtant and blood or human sacrifice). 488 views of religion. Charles W. Eliot, Pres. H. U. The Bible represents labor as a curse, and it had a profound effect upon all Christian theology till one hundred years ago. Charles W. Eliot, Pres. H. U. The idea of a church militant, an idea repellant to me, arrays the church with the chief of the barbaric tribe. Sanford H. Cobb. No legislature can pass a law estabHshing a reUgion ; no person can be compelled by law to attend any form of rehgious service, or to con- tribute to the support of any such service or church. Rev. Dr. Charles Edward Locke. In this country of the 8,000,000 young men only five in a hundred are church members, and it is said that seventy-five out of a hundred do not attend church. Dean Dudley. Paul represented him (Jesus) as ''Christ the Messiah"; but this was Paul's great mistake. Julian the Apostate. My hour has come, and like an honest debtor I am not sorry to give back my life to nature. Lemuel K. Washburn. If our last words were to be written to-day we should say to the people of the United States: Carry the stars and stripes above your heads and put the cross beneath your feet. Mr. F. G. Kenyon, Officer Brit. Museum. The earliest extant manuscript of the Hebrew Old Testament is a copy of the Pentateuch, now in the British Museum, and assigned to the ninth century. views of religion. 489 Otto Wettstein. Life is a chemical process. Certain combinations of chemical elements in matter will produce water, fire, poison, dynamite; others protoplasm, mice and men. Hon. Mr. Underwood, U. S. Senator (1850). A national chaplaincy, no less than a national church, is considered by us emphatically an "establishment of rehgion' ' (unconstitutional). U. S. Grant, Pres. U. S. A. The contemplation of so vast a property ($3,000,000,000 church property) without taxation, may lead to sequestration, without con- stitutional authority and through blood. Don Romolo Murri (Italian Priest). A free church in a free state. Hon. Don Cameron, U. S. Senator. All property (church inclusive) ought to be taxed alike. Father Ignatius (British Monk). If the world had followed his (Jesus) example society would have ceased to exist. If his (Jesus) were the utterances of a man, they rank with the sayings of a lunatic. Catullus. Suns may set and rise again; but we. When our brief Ught has set. Must sleep through a perpetual night. Hon. M. Rice Garland, M. C. (1839). Does he make short prayers; the parson (Chaplain) making the shortest prayers being the greatest favorite. I trust that the House will dispense with the Chaplain. 49° VIEWS OF RELIGION. Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, U. S. Senator (1854). I cannot recognize in your (clergy) divinely appointed institution the power either of prophecy or revelation. Hon. Mr. Johnson, U. S. Senator oe Kentucky (1829). Extensive religious combinations to effect a political object are always dangerous. Hon. Stephen A. Douglas, U. S. Senator (1854). The preservation of our free institutions requires that church and state shall be separated. Hon. Mr. Cooper, U. S. Senator, Georgia (1839). It is not one hundred years since a man in this land of liberty dare not think religiously as he pleased. Hon. John Randolph, M. C. He (Patrick Henry) has added religion to the objects endangered in his conception. The general government cannot take away or impair the freedom of religion. Hon. Mr. Parsons, M. C. What security is it to government that every public officer should swear that he is a Christian. ? Hon. Mr. White, M. C. We ought to be jealous of all rulers. All the godly men we read of have failed. Hon. Mr. Johnson, U. S. Senator, Kentucky (1829). Our government is a civil, and not a religious, institution. It is not the legitimate province of the legislature to determine what religion is true or what false. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 491 Rev. Dr. J. E. C. Sawyer. There are millions of men in this republic who have no personal relations to Christian churches and no interest in them. Gregory Nazianzen. A little jargon is all that is necessary to impose on the people. The less they comprehend (in religion) the more they admire. Prof. James Harvey Robinson, C. U. They (clerg)Tnen) are particularly intolerant of those who differ from them. Rev. Dr. J. E. C. Sawyer. The average preacher goes along year after year preaching mainly to women. Abder-Sadek (Gov. Fez.) England (Christian) is a great country, but I am glad to be going back to civilization again (Morocco). Gregory Nazianzen. Our forefathers and doctors of the church have often said, not what they thought, but what circumstances and necessity dictated to them. Sanchoniaton. We endeavor to excite admiration by means of the marvelous, (mysteries and miracles). Elmer H. Capen, D. D., Pres. Tufts College. Interest is fast waning in the technicalities of the theological educa- tion. Plutarch. The ancient Cabalists, Religionists, Magicians, Orphies, ect., led into errors of considerable magnitude, not only individuals, but kings and nations. 492 views of religion. Bishop Synnesius. For my own part, to myself I shall always be a philosopher, but in dealing with the mass of mankind, I shall be a priest. Aaron Burr. Sir, he (Thomas Paine) dined at my table. Montesquieu. She (Judaism) is a mother who has brought two daughters into the world, (Mohammedism and Christianity) who have overwhelmed her with a thousand wounds, because in matters of reHgion the nearest are the greatest enemies. Rev. George A. Gordon, D. D. Theological opinions which had endured with only minor modifi- cations for 1500 years have become obsolete. Tertullian. Many suppose with greater probability that the sun is our (Chris- tian) God, and they refer us to the religion of the Persians. Rev. George A. Gordon, D. D. Within the last twenty-five years in Great Britian and in New England the traditional theology has passed away. Dr. Drummond. How shocking ! (evolution from apes). It seems to be true, but let us try to hush it up, said a pious lady. Sir William Blackstone, (Justice King's Bench, 1770). In the hands of such able politicians — the priesthood — marriage soon became an engine of great importance to the pope's scheme of universal monarchy over Christendom. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 493 Rev. George A. Gordon, D. D. In certain latitudes beliefs are embalmed in ignorance. King Alfonso (1902, Spain). Sensible men no longer beUeve in the stories of the miracles ; they were invented by the priests to humbug the peasants. Bishop Butler (1738). Reason is the only faculty by which we can judge of anything — even revelation itself. Prof. Warren Upham. Man in the Somme valley and other parts of France and in South- ern England, made good palaeoUthic implements fully 100,000 years ago. Prof. I. A. Udden. Man is shown to have Kved in this region (Council Bluffs, Iowa) from 10,000 to 15,000 years ago. Leo Tolstoi. The teaching of the church, theoretically, is an insidious and injurious lie, while practically it is a collection of the grossest super- stitions and sorcery. C. Cohen. It is the scientific atmosphere that is so fatal to reHgious beliefs. Sir Henry M. Stanley. The lot of the negress, in the African forest, is not, perhaps, a very happy one, but is it worse than that of many a pretty girl in our Christian capitol, London? Sir Oliver Lodge. Take a scientific man and place him in the atmosphere habitual to the churches and he must starve. 494 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Sir Henry Maine. No society which preserves any tincture of Christian institutions is likely to restore to married women the personal liberty conferred on them by middle Roman law. Hon. Thomas Burt, M. P. The state, as a state, has no religion. It is composed of many creeds and of none. Rt. Hon. Joseph Chamberlain, Col. Sec. I should be dehghted, if I thought that that (no religious teaching in public schools) were acceptable to the majority of the people. Pere Hyacinthe. Zola did not believe in God, I know, but he believed in justice, even so far as to sacrifice himself for it. Sir Oliver Lodge. Orthodox science shows us a self-contained and self-sufl5cient uni- verse, not in touch with anything above or beyond itself, nothing supernatural or miraculous, no intervention of beings other than our- selves being conceived possible. M. DE Dunois. The Abbe Liszt sought in the church a sure refuge from the women he had promised to marry. John Quincy Adams, Pres. U. S. A. I want to go to some church where I am not doomed every Sunday. Robert Burns. Why has a religious turn of mind always a tendency to narrow and harden the heart ? views of religion. 49s Queen Isabella. In the love of Christ and his maid-mother, I have caused great misery, and have depopulated towns and districts, provinces and kingdoms. Rev. Dr. Louis Albert Banks. The Christian Science healing humbug, and a more arrant system of humbug never was invented, is from beginning to end a money- making scheme. Andrew Lang. Were I a Chinese subject, I should certainly look on Christian missionaries as most impertinent beings. Robert Burns. All my fears and cares are for this world. Nathaniel Mather (Theologian). I was whittling on the Sabbath ; and for fear of being seen I did it behind the door. A great reproach to God ! — a specimen of that atheism I brought into the world with me. Benjamin D'Israeli (Lord Beaconseield). The honorable gentlemen (Daniel O'Connell) has seen fit to sneer at me for being a Jew. I do not know that I am very anxious to deny the charges when I remember that one-half of the Christians worship a Jew and the other a Jewess. St. Paul. If Christ be not risen, then is our preaching vain. Rev. Parker Stockdale. I do not believe in the fall of man. I believe in evolution. I do not believe in the doctrine of the trinity, nor in the dogmas of eternal punishment. 49 6 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Carlyle. It is not possible that educated honest men can even profess much longer to belief in historical Christianity. Horace Bushnell (Theologian, 1823). God is a willow bending to the breath of mortals. Prof. Samuel Laing. Now it is absolutely certain that portions of the Bible, and those important portions relating to the creation of the world and of man, are not true, and therefore not inspired. Horace Bushnell (Theologian, 1823). I will only say that the trinity, or the three persons, are given to me for the sake of their external expression, not for the internal in- vestigation of their contents, either for assertion or denial. Prof. Samuel Laing. It is certain that no universal deluge ever took place. Horace Bushnell (Theologian, 1823). The theory of two distinct subsistences, maintaining their several kinds of actions in Christ (human and divine) , only create difficulties a hundred fold greater than any it solves. King Henry VIII. The English church shall be declared free from Rome; feast days and saint's days aboUshed, the people not taking the opportunities of good and serene weather, offered upon the same in time of harvest. J. M. Robertson, M. P. Of all Christian miracles, this (the ascension) is perhaps the most obviously a fable, born of ignorance. views of religion. 497 Sir Marcus Samuel (Lord Mayor, London, 1902). I am not unmindful of the fact that it is not everywhere that mem- bers of my persuasion (Hebrew) enjoy the same liberty as prevails in England. George Eliot. God, immortahty, duty — how inconceivable the first, how un- believable the second, and how peremptory and absolute the third. J. Morrison Davidson. "Holy Willie's Prayer" (Burns) gave the death-wound to a far more baneful superstition (Calvinism) than the comparatively harm- less papal mass. Mogul Emperor Akbar. Doubt the divine origin of the Koran and of Christianity, but be- lieve in one God. Judge Cooper (1792). Paine's opinion on theological topics underwent no change before his death. Epictetus. You have committed to memory the words only, and you say, sacred are the words by themselves. Grant Allen. Corpse-worship is the protoplasm of reHgion, and folk-lore is the protoplasm of mythology, and of its more modern and philosophical ofif-shoot, theology. Lord Erskine. By his powerful arguments Thomas Paine prepared the minds of the American people for that glorious, just, and happy Revolution. Hon. Joseph Chamberlain (Col. Sec.) The Bible should be taken from the state schools. 498 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Thomas Campbell. I should be sorry if I could be blind to the services that have been rendered to the cause of truth by the shrewdness and courage of Thomas Paine. Samuel Adams. (1802). I have frequently, with pleasure, reflected on your (Thomas Paine) services to my native and your adopted country. Sir John Herschel. He must study astronomy to little purpose who can suppose man to be the only object of his " Creator's care.' ' Prof. Richard A. Proctor (Astronomer). The cruelties of the King of Dahomey scarcely surpass those com- mitted by Moses, claiming divine authority for his conduct. Capt. Robert C. Adams. He whose body Ues before you was for many years a devout Chris- tian, but the evidence against the claims of Christianity which he gained by travel, observation, reading and study of the facts of nature, compelled him to renounce the name of Christian. Maximin Isnard, (Girondist, 1791). The law is my God — I have no other ; the public good — that is my worship. BONWICK. These Egyptian pictures of Isis and the infant Horus, are the exact counterparts of the picture of Mary and her infant son, Jesus. Dr. Awdry (Bishop of South Tokio). The Japs are willing to admit that it (Christianity) is sometimes good for criminals and other low and debased sections of the com- munity. views of religion. 499 The Rev. Edgar Gibson, Prebendary of Wells, (Chaplain TO King Edward). The Bible is like Shakespeare's mythical character of Macbeth. Herodotus. The whole romance of the soul was invented by the Egyptians and propagated in Greece by men, who pretended to be its authors. State Constitution (Neb.) Bible reading, hymn singing and prayers to a deity are prohibited in any public school. James H. Waters. If Christ ever lived (which is a moot point) we should think he was a man who, like Mohammed, saw visions and took them for reahties. Strabo. The prohibition of certain kinds of meat sprung from superstition Senator Frye, U. S. And are you ready to meet this great change ? (Death). " I will be as soon as those damned witnesses (to his will) get here." Dr. Woodsworth (Bishop oe Saulisbury). All parts of the Bible are not equally valuable. Rev. Dr. King (Eng.) The Bible can no longer be regarded as the standard of morals. Sir a. Short (Master at Harvard). (Eng.) The majority of teachers (Biblical) adopt an uncandid attitude before their biblical classes. 500 VIEWS OF RELIGION. r Dr. Alexander (Bishop of Derry). All revelation is progressive. Ernestine L. Rose. Whatever good you are willing to do for the sake of your God, I am wiUing to do for the sake of man. Sir Walter Besant. To this day I can never listen to a sermon. I have not been to church except once or twice for more than thirty years. Hume. If there be a soul it is as mortal as the body. Dr. E. Benjamin Andrews Pres. U. Neb. Don't teach your children to fear God. Don't worry them about baptism. Don't muddle their brains with the theory of original sin. John Prescott Guild. The crime of the acknowledged atheist consists in speaking honestly in a world of make-beKevers. Professor Buddle (Strassburg). He (Jahveh) is the mountain God of the tribe in the midst of which Moses was a shepherd. Professor Hommel (Munich). The West Semitic moon godess, Ai, was by Moses transformed into Jahveh. Ernestine L. Rose. Though I cannot believe in your God, whom you have failed to demonstrate, I believe in man. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 50 1 London Outlook. As for the laws against blasnhemv we believe they arfe now a dead- letter. Orlando J. Smith, Pres. Amer. Press Assn. The argument that men have been given freedom by their Maker to choose between good and evil is not rational. Daniel Freeman (Gage Co., Neb.) I object (legally) to my children attending a school where religious exercises are taught or practiced. Orlando J. Smith, Pres. Amer. Press Assn. The whole theory of creation — the creation of the universe, of the race of men, is at variance with the demonstrations of modern science. Orlando J. Smith, Pres. Amer. Press Assn. . We can conceive of no time when nothing was and something was not. Rabelais. Men that are free (from religion) are naturally goaded to virtuous actions. Sir Charles Lyell. The human mind (by geology) is enabled to trace the events of indefinite ages before the development of our race. J. M. DORSEY. The clerical system claims the same authorship as does monarchical government. Michael Bakounine. There must have been an almost absolute poverty of thought to secure the acceptance of the Christian absurdity, the most monstrous of all absurdities. 502 views of religion. George Jacob Holyoake. The only Christians who are exempted from the horrible antici- pations of eternal torture are Unitarians. Horace Traubel. Man is not to be saved or damned — he is to be fulfilled. Plato. After your death (Socrates) you shall be nothing more. Bishop of Bangor (Eng.) Divine worship is neglected, and the day (Sunday) is turned into one of toilsome pleasure-seeking and excitement. King Edward VII. Whenever the court is at Windsor, in whatever month of the year, the bands of the two regiments will be required to play on the terrace on Sundays. Rev. M. O'Croly (R. C). No good argument can be deduced from the New Testament to prove that "Auricular Confession" was ever instituted by Jesus Christ. Rev. Mary Rice. Nearly all ministers are either scoundrels, fools or liars. J. M. Wheeler. In Spain it is a crime to read a book unauthorized by the priest. Blackie's Encyclopoedia. It was early maintained by theologians that in order to become the savior of the world, he (Jesus) must have been bom of a virgin, as otherwise he would have had the stain of original sin. VIEWS OP RELIGION. 503 HosEA (Bible). The prophet is a fool, the spiritual man is mad. Joseph Symes. Supposing your son should become a ruler, what sort of a ruler will he be if he follow the teachings and examples of the Bibles ?' MicAH (Bible). The priests teach for hire, and the prophets divine for money. Heinrich Von Treitschke. Cowardice and sensuaUty have hidden themselves behind that unctuous, theological fine talk which is to us free-thinking German heretics among all the sins of the English nation the most repugnant. St. Francis of Assisi. The lambs are our brothers, the larks our sisters, and the sun our father and mother. Rev. Arthur Galton (Eng.) Leo XIII is not imprisoned in the Vatican by the Italian govern- ment, but by the upholders of the temporal power, that is, by the heads of the religious orders. J. James Tissot. If I have painted Jesus in a flowing robe of white, it is because he could have worn no other color, and the aU-enveloping garb, tradition states, was necessary if the Christ was to avoid the sensation which his shining body (sun-worship) would have brought about. Justin Martyr. You Jews think that when you have passed a day in idleness that you are very religious. 504 views of religion. Prop. John Stuart Blackie, U. E. Christianity would do more good if its claims were a little less lofty. John Fiske. (Phil, and Hist.) Lydia Wardwell and Deborah Wilson considered it their duty to travel about the streets of Boston entirely naked, and called their conduct "testifying before the Lord." Constitution of U. S. No rehgious test shall ever be required as a ouaUfication for any office of public trust under the United States U. S. Congress. Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of rehgion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. Justin Martyr. There was no need of Sabbaths before Moses, and there is no need of them since Jesus Christ. Mrs. Edith Wharton. The band of new crusaders (the encyclopedists) set out to recover the tomb of truth from the forces of superstition. Marquis of Pombal (1759) It is forbidden that anv more heretics be burned without my express orders. W. H. Edwards. The Roman Catholic rehgion is solar and phallic, and is to this day. Lemuel K. Washburn A Roman Catholic will not eat meat on Friday that he stole on Thursday VIEWS OF RELIGION. 505 Lowell. To him (Voltaire) more than to any other one man we owe it that we can now think and speak as we choose. Voltaire. If there were only one religion in England its tyranny would be terrible ; if there were two they would cut each other's throats ; there are thirty, and all is peace and happiness. Frederick the Great. The study of history led one to think that from Contsantine to the date of the Reformation the whole world was insane. GiZYCK. By giving up the belief that a "Higher Power' ' embodies our ideals of justice our feeling of moral responsibility is not diminished, but augmented. *; Pope Leo X. And all these privileges (10,000,000 victims of the papal Christian Inquisition, and the victims of the Christian hell) have been secured to us by the fable of Jesus Christ. George Jacob Holyoake Were Christianity effaced the liberated forces of science and moral- ity would take its place. Michael Bakounine. They (some liberal people) turn up their noses at all the miracles, but they cling desperately to the principal absurdity, the source of all others, the existence of God. King James I. Sir Thomas Bodlev (Bodleian Library) should have been named Sir Thomas Godly. S06 VIEWS OF RELIGION. King Edwaed VI. Cull out (from the Bodleian Library) all superstitious books, as missals, legends and such like. Sir William Jones. Chrishna (3,000 B. C.) continues to this hour to be the darling God of the India woman. Kate Eunice Watts. The superstition of Christianity is implanted in the human mind (in children) before it possesses the power of reasoning. Prometheus. See what, a God, I suffer from the gods ! For mercy to mankind, I am not deemed Worthy of mercy; but in this uncouth Appointment am fixed here, (crucified) A spectacle dishonorable to Jove Michael Bakounine. All religions with their gods, their demi-gods and their prophets, their messiahs and their saints, were created by the credulous fancy of men who had not attained the full development and full possession of their intellectual faculties. O. B. Whitford, M. D. Prometheus was crucified as an impostor; so was Christ. Pro- metheus died game ; so did Christ, (with the exception of asking God why he had forsaken him). Von Sybel. Out of a yearly income of one hundred millions of francs from tithes, and sixty or seventy millions of francs from the produce of their estates, they (the French clergy) had hitherto paid a tax of from three to four millions of francs. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 507 O. B. Whitford, M. D. The superior antiquity of India to Egypt and the Mosaic period no well-infonned person will deny. Michael BAKOxraiNE. Religion is a collective insanity. Michael J. F. McCarthy, (Ire.) From the toil-worn hands of the Irish peasantry and the scanty coffers of the small traders of the towns, the money has been drawn which has covered Ireland with cathedrals and palaces for priests. Ezra Cornell (C. U.) I would found an institution where any person (Quaker, Jew Christian or Turk) can find instruction in any study. Rev. Arthur Galton, (Eng.) The English people and the Roman court are incompatibles. Professor Zoceler, U. G. The name " Jahve-Ilu,' ' or " Jehovah is God' ' is found (on Baby- lonian tablets) some six hundred years before the days when God in Exodus is said to have revealed this name through Moses to the people of Israel. Michael J. F. McCarthy, ( Ire.) It is the priesthood which is keeping Celtic Ireland poor, miserable, depressed and unprogressive. Rev. Arthur Galton (Eng.) The most prominent and abiding impression conveyed by the papacy, since the ninth Century, is that it has been a political and financial organization masquerading in a theological disguise for the attainment of wealth and of temporal domination. So8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Frank Hugh O'Donnell All over Ireland, not even wants, but mere caprices of the clergy are the excuse for costly outlay. Mademoiselle Lucie Felix-Faure. The man of our days is not often troubled by the voice of his soul. Hebert. The vi^orship of reason should be substituted for the Catholic worship. Robespierre. It (National Convention) acknowledges that the worship most worthy of the supreme being is the practice of the duties of man. Von Sybel. One-fifth of the landed property of all France (in 1 780) was in the hands of the clergy. Alison. The church lands (1789) were nearly one-half of the whole landed property of the kingdom (of France) Voltaire God to walk ! God to talk ! God to write upon a little moimtain ! God to become a man ! God-man to die upon a cross ! Ideas worthy of Punch ! To believe them, brutal stupidity ' Robert G. Ingersoll. Interpolations are the foundation-stones of every orthodox church. Robespierre. I ask you to see that no armed force may interfere with reh'gious opinions. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 509 Rev. Dr. Frank W. Gunsaulus. , By all means let us teach the children in our schools morals. But why teach them theology? The "39 Articles" are not religion or morality. Lecoute de Lisle. Andre Chenier was a pure atheist in thought and aspiration ; but nevertheless he has been the regenerator and the king of lyric form. Capx. Robert C. Adams. If the Bible does not teach it (the doctrine of hell) then God's word has misled his people for eighteen centuries. Andre Marie de Chenier. Everyone shall pay for the worship he prefers to adopt, and pay for no other. Are politicians theologians ? Capt. Robert C. Adams. Remember that character is above creed and that goodness is a matter of life, not of belief. Rev. John Watson, D. D. (Ian Maclaren). Separate secular from rehgious instruction. VOLUEY. Rosaries are found upon all the Indian idols, constructed more than tour thousand years ago. Herodotus. The Arabs shave their heads in a circle, in imitation of Bacchus (that is the sun). SVOBODA. It is clear that rehgious and philosophic mysticism flourish very weU together in the soil of illusions. SIO VIEWS or RELIGION. Henry James. Let me assure you my sleep is never disturbed about the destiny of the wicked ; I feel much more concerned about the future state of the righteous. Rev. James D. Mudge. Some of Wesley's (John) doctrines were a libel on God. His works ("Christian Perfection") were a mass of inconsistencies and con- fusions. Chassebeut de Voluey. Mediators with God and with the king ! Courtiers and priests, your services are too expensive ; we will henceforth manage our own affairs. Sargon I. (4000 B. C.) She (mother of Sargon I.) placed me in a box of reeds, and cast me upon the river. The Ishtar, the daughter of the King of Heaven, showed fondness for me and made me king over men. E. Reich. Small minds seek in vain to reconcile the ten-thousand-year old absurdity of theology with exact science, or to clothe children's fables with the garments of philosophy. Leo Berg. Once, in the days of Christian philosophy, it was said that the beggar is the true king. Deeper inquiry has taught us that the beggar is generally a scoundrel. Thomas Hobbes (1679). The word mind (soul) means nothing but an imaginary inhabitant of the brain. Thomas Hobbes (1679). The papacy is the ghost of the departed Roman Empire, sitting crowned on its grave. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 5x1 Prof. Ludwig Buchner, M. D. The belief in and worship of God and even religion itself came from the idea of souls of ancestors. Prof. Ludwig Buchner, M. D. The phantom of the soul, ghosts, spirits, visions, dreams, angels, and alleged doubles of the dead, and all such phenomena are purely subjective. Prof. Ludwig Buchner, M. D. There were in that early age (among primitive man) no gods, no temples, no priests, no odor of victims; nothing in short that bore the character of rehgious or pious usage. Darwin. I am not really an atheist. The name agnostic would be the best description of my mental condition. Prof. E. D. Cope, U. P. Nature (not God) in bringing forth all kinds of animals, has im- proved their organization gradually, and they were modified in form and habits by this influence (environment). Rev. Dr. R. S. MacArthur. Baptism never saved a human soul. This doctrine (baptism) is heathenism pure and simple. Prof. Friedrich Delitzsch, M. D. Many Babylonian features still cling, through the medium of the Bible, to our religious thinking. Benjamin Franklin (M. F.) My government (U. S. S.) has nothing to do with such a question {appointing of bishops). 512 views of religion. Prof. Friedrich Delitzsch, M. D. Is it not the very acme of likelihood that there is some connection between this old Babylonian picture (Babylonian tree and serpent) and the Biblical tale of the fall of man ? Prof. Friedrich Delitzsch, M. D. How absolutely futile all attempts are and will forever remain, to harmonize our Biblical story of the creation with the results of natural science. Prof. Franz Cumont (Belgium;. They (shepherds) had seen him (Mithra) issue forth from the rocky mass ("Generative Rock" — rock of St. Peter?); and although the shepherds were pasturing their flocks when he (Mithra) came, all these things came to pass before there were men on earth. Prof. Friedrich Delitzsch, M. D. All these fundamental postulates of the human instinct of self- preservation (commandments) are read in the Babylonian records the same as in the Old Testament. Prof. Edward Suess. The ark of the Babylonian Noah, Xisuthros, is described on a Babylonian tablet. Goethe. Dr. Jean Astruc, (Surgeon to Louis XV.) first submitted the Books of Moses to the probe and knife. Bruno. Matter is not that mere empty capacity which philosophers have pictured her to be, but the universal mother who brings forth all things. Peter Heylyn. In all this time, in twelve hundred years, we find no Sabbath. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 513 Prof. Albert J. Edmunds. After twenty centuries of Roman and Christian culture, they (Dhammapada-Buddhist Hymns) have won admiration in every seat of learning, from Copenhagen to the Cambridges, and from Chicago to St. Petersburgh. Robert Burns. Lo! Calvin, Knox, and Luther cry, I hae the truth and I and I. Puir sinners, if ye gang agley The deil will hae ye. Prof. Friedrich Delitzsch, M. D. From now to all futurity the names of Babel and Bible will remain inseparably linked together. Prof. Hermann Schaaffhausen, (Bonn). To leam the truth as to the origin of man is so pregnant a discovery for all human beliefs that future ages will probably regard this result of inquiry as the greatest achievement to which the human mind ever apphed itself. Robertson. As man has made his gods, so he has made his christs. , Archbishop Trench. Credulity is as real, if not a greater sin, than unbelief. , King Edward VI. (1547). All parsons shall teach their parishioners that they may, with quiet conscience, in time of harvest, labor upon Sundays. Lucretius. Nature is seen to do all things spontaneously of herself without meddling with the gods. 514 views of religion. Prof. Ludwig Buchner, M. D. It is clear from many passages in the Gospels that the founder of Christianity was an enemy of the family and a friend of celibacy. Robert Burns. But Hoolie! Hoolie! Na sa fast When Gabriel shall blaw his blast, The lang syne saints Shall find baith deil and hell at last Mere pious feints. Robert Bukns. The upright, honest-hearted man Who strives to do the best he can. Need never fear the churches' ban Or hell's damnation. Jeremy Taylor. Phalan roasted men in a brazen bull ; that was joy compared with the fire of hell; husbands shall see their wives, parents their children, tormented before their eyes. Rev. Dr. A. C. Dixon. Christian Science is a sort of patent medicine in which what they ■call God is an ingredient. Bishop Vincent. Sects are good things. They indicate that the church is at work seeking to know more of the truth. Judge Arnold (Phila.). This shows (sale of Eddy's books or expulsion from her church) that the so-caUed church is a corporation for profit, (the sale of books) which is a matter of business and not religion. VIEWS OF RELIGION. SIS Theodoretus. No other nation besides the Jews ever observed the Sabbath rest. MOLESCHOTT. The idea of a personal God vanishes in proportion to the develop- ment of the mind. Georg E. Forster. The noblest and most lofty actions we are capable of have nothing to do with the ideas we form of God, of the life to come, and of the spirit world. Nageli. We are ourselves a part of nature. Pliny. It is folly, downright folly, to pass out from the world, and, as if all it contained were sufficiently known, to go in search of what lies beyond. Professor Gunkel, U. B. The deluge stories (in Genesis) come from Babylonia, and many traits in the Hebrew story come from the same source. Grand Duke of Hesse, Ludwig III. And why shouldn't he (Liebig) be (a materialist)? His father was one before him. MOLESCHOTT. Then (when we begin to draw from the fountain of reality) shall we find ourselves equally remote from the mysteries of the church and from the dreams of idealists ! Lemuel K. Washburn. The so-called spirits of the dead, when caught, have had arms and legs, tongues and teeth. si 6 views of religion. Prof. Bronson C. Keeler. The only men distinguished for their learning who believe it (Bible) to be the inspired word of God, are the men who are, either directly or indirectly, making their living out of it. New York World. Another step in the progress of saving Sunday from its friends is marked by the Sunday opening of the Congressional Library. Smith's Bible Dictionary. The language of the apostles is intentionally obscure. Matthew Arnold. If Jesus Christ came now his religion would be rejected. Bishop Butler. The whole scheme of Scriptures is not yet understood, so, if it ever comes to be understood it must be in the same way as natural knowl- edge is come at. Lady Psyche. This world was once a fluid haze of light, Till towards the center set the starry tides. And eddied into suns that wheeling, cast the planets. Prof. Schmiedel. In the person of Jesus we have to do with a completely human being; the divine is to be sought in him only in the form in which it is capable of being found in a man. Ren AN. After having been for three hundred years, thanks to Protest- antism, the Christian doctor, par excellence, Paul is now coming to an end of his reign. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 517 Rev. F. R. Morse. * Every Romanist in America is a secret or avowed enemy to our institutions. Prof. Schmiedel. Baptism and the repetition, of the last supper were no ordinances of Jesus. Prof. Charles S. Minot, M. D. The biologist must never allow himself to forget that man is a part of nature. Spurgeon. Can we go to bed and sleep while China, Japan, India, and other nations are being damned? Calvin. I ask how it happened that the fault of Adam involved so many nations with their infant children in eternal death without remedy and that such was God's will? Dhammapada. Pious precepts, gentle friend, Never acted, wisely meant. Are like gay and coloured flames. Without fragrance, without scent. Lemuel K. AA'ashburn. We know of no history that contains an account of the life and deeds of the Holy Ghost. Rev. Dr. Pond. No less than six hundred millions of the inhabitants of the globe are heathen. Lady Florence Dixie. Unto the orthodox I will not bow. That which truth proves un- mistakably, I will obey. 5l8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. Ludwig Buchner, M. D. The platonic ideas, like everything metaphysical (religious) are phantasmata without objects, which serve so well the love of un- scientific fictions. Rev. Dr. R. S. MacArthur. The idea that God would forever condemn an innocent babe be- cause someone had not put a few drops of water on its head, makes God a tyrant, a monster, a demon. Statue of Neith. I (all-pervading and all-producing matter, the great mother-nature) am all that was, is, and ever will be ; no mortal has ever raised the veil that conceals my immortality. Gov. William Bradford (1621). My aime and desire is (in studying the holy tongue) to see how the words, and phrases lye in the holy texte. Gov. William Bradford (1621). England was ye first of nations whom ye Lord adorned thar with, after ye grosse darkness of popery which had covered and over-spread ye Christian woreld. Prof. John Stuart Blackie. I give my right hand to Protestantism, my left to Romanism, and my heart to both ; but my head I keep to myself. Prof. John Stuart Blackie. The world is too vast to be compassed by any of our creeds, and too complex to be squared by any of our theologies. Thoreau. The pine tree is as immortal as I am. One world at a time. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 5 19 Charles Kingsle\. Darwin is conquering everywhere, and rushing in like a flood by the mere force of truth and fact. Japan Weekly Chronicle. The strictly moral teaching of the Japanese schools is quite un- objectionable either to those with or those without a religious creed. Lord Palmerston. Diseases can be prevented very much better by sanitary measures than by prayer. MOLECHOTT The times are gone by in which man dreamed of spirit independent of matter. Empedocles (450 B. C). None of the gods has formed the world, nor has any man; it has always been. D'HOLBACH. Since man a material being (not spiritual) actually thinks, matter also enjoys the power of thinking. Leopardis. Yet O, nature, as I understand the world, thou troublest not thy- self in thy courses over our good or over our iU. Radenhausen. The more ignorant man is, the more miracles must there be for him. Carl Vogt. Physiology declares itself decidedly and categorically against in- dividual immortality, as against all theories in general which include the special existence of the soul. 520 views of religion. Broussais. The soul is the brain in action, and nothing more. Kaiser-i-Hind. The knowledge of Scripture is one thing and morality another. JOUVENCEL. I believe neither in chance nor in miracles, but only in phenomena regulated by laws. MOLESCHOTT. A force (God) unconnected with matter is an utterly empty con- ception. F. MOHR. Matter has existed from eternity ; it was neither created nor evolved. ViRCHOW. It is impossible to calculate faith scientifically; for science and faith exclude each other. Kepler. I am of the opinion that we should tr\- every other method of ex- planation first, before we take refuge in the admission of creation. LuDwiG Feuerbach. In practice all men are atheists; they deny their faith by their acts. Kepler. When once miracles are admitted, every scientific explanation is out of the question. Darwin. The belief in such terrible and malevolent spirits (devils) is far more universal than that in a good God. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 52I BURMEISTER. , Whatever may be said of the end of the world, it is as vague as the legend of the beginning, which the infantile minds of nations invented. Prof. Kirchoff. The substances and forces, (force and matter, not spirit) in the whole universe are essentially the same. OSCELLUS LUKANUS. The universe has always been and always will be. Luther. God is a blank tablet, on which there is nothing save that which thou thyself hast written. Naquet. Whenever knowledge takes a step forward, God recedes a step backwards. Luther. For we see by experience that God does not take care of this tempo- ral life. Petrus Pomponatus. It is utterly untrue that only base scholars have denied immortality. Frederick the Great. I do not believe in personal immortality. Mirabeau. I go into nothingness (after death). R. Voss. Man's body is dust, but his soul (mind) lives in his works. 522 views of religion. Schopenhauer. A God who has allowed himself to be changed into such a bad or imperfect world must verily have been plagued by the devil. Pliny. From the moment of death onwards, both the soul and the body feel as little as they did before birth. Andrea. This republic knows nothing of death, and yet indeed is it present with them; but they call it sleep. Schiller. Annihilation breathes on thee while thou art a solitary. Oh, feel thyself part of the All, which is indestructible. Bxjrmeister. Spirits and spirit manifestations have only been seen by sick and superstitious persons. Byron. Death is like sleep, and sleep closes our eyelids. BURMEISTER. That the soul (mind) of a dead person ceases to exist at the moment of death cannot be contradicted by sensible people. Chaumette (1792). Death is an eternal sleep. Bechnanas Chief. You say I am immortal; why not my ox and my dog ? What is the difference ? None, save that man is the greater rascal of the two. views of religion. 523 Charles Dickens. On the Protestant side (of the Rhone) — neatness, cheerfubiess, industry, education; on the CathoHc side — dirt, disease, ignorance squalor and misery. Petrus Pomponatus. If we assume the continued existence of the individual (after death) we must first of all prove that the soul can live without requiring the body as subject or object of its activity. Charles Dickens. I believe the dissemination of Catholicity to be the most horrible means of political and social degradation left in the world. Oliver Wendell Holmes. But does it not occur to you that one may love truth better than sleeping to the sound of the " Miserere' ' or listening to the repetition of an effete "Confession of Faith?" Rev. Prof. Charles H. Wright, D. D. Nominal Protestants and Christians know less of their Bibles than they know of the novels and novelties of the day. Prof. Lubwig Buchner, M. D. There is no real proof which should induce us to believe that the soul (mind) of a dead person Uves on in one shape or in another. Sir John Lubbock. Four thousand years before Christ the sphinx was suffering from age, for we possess a decree by which Cheops provides for its repair. John Walthoe, Jr. Here is the origin of those schools (Secret instruction of the Jesuits) wherein Garnet, John Chastel, and Plunket were educated. 524 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Diderot. All revealed or natural religions are only perversions of the religions of nature. Channing Severance. The trinity of names which will stand highest in human history are Voltaire, Paine, and IngersoU. Sir Henry Thompson, Bart., M. D., F. R. C. S. The religion of nature must become the faith of the future. Charles Dickens. I have a sad misgiving that the religion of Ireland lies at the root of all its sorrows. Anna R. Alex. IngersoU has done more good in the world than the myriad of priests that have hampered it. Prof. Ernest Abbee, Ph. D. The philosophical methodology of the present day will not permit us to thus invoke divine assistance to extricate us from speculative difficulties which we can avoid by the exercises of our natural reason. Kant. The death of dogma is the birth of morality. Sir Henry Thompson, Bart., M. D., F. R. C. S. Interference of a "supernatural" kind with man's doings would have marred the course of development during the past three centuries. Edgar Fawcett (Novelist). If he (the agnostic) leans toward absolute atheism he does so be- cause the vast weight of e\idence impells him in that direction. VIEWS OF RELiniON. 525 Max AIuller. No allusion to a deluge occurs in any of the Vedic Kymns. Thaddeus E. Peck. If we could have a pentecostal and penitential revival based on nature it would be a good thing. M. Genever. Now is there anything to account for the fact that all these beard- less portraits (of Christ) were only made previously to the first Chris- tian emperors. Thaddeus E. Peck. Christians are not yet educated to an understanding of scientific terms. M. Waldeck-Rousseau, P. M. A chemical analysis would either confirm or disprove the authen- ticity of the relic (Holy Shroud). Rev. Robert Morris Raab. Splendid churches, buildings, fine organs, cultivated voices, fault- less sermons, make up for the lack of religion among multitudes of Protestants. Edgar Fawcett (Novelist). Truly the most extraordinary idea which ever entered the brain of man is that of a personal overwatching Deity. Hon. Henry Labouchere, M. P. Strange is the grim satisfaction with which they (some religious sects) hug to themselves the most horrible hypotheses. Hon. Henry Labouchere, M. P. I am not of any particular religious sect. 526 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Byron. God save the king ! It was a great economy in God to save the likes (of George III). L. L. Dawson. Thus the Garden of Eden and paradise mean the same place, and paradise is said to be composed of two words meaning "among the stars." Thus the Garden of Eden is among the stars. GiACOMo Casanova. Truth is the only God I have ever adored. King Alfred. Scarcely a priest south of the Thames could translate Latin into his mother tongue. Hernando Talavera. The (Granadans) ought to adopt our (Christian) faith and we ought to adopt their morals. Erasmus. The age (Middle Age) is one of irreligious religion and unlearned learning. Hon. William Durban. They (reHgious orders) have aimed at the political capture of the country (France) through the private Catholic schools. Emperor William (1902). By religion I mean the personal relation of every man to his God. To quote the great king: "Everyone is entitled to obtain blessedness in his own fashion." Giacomo Casanova. The name of paradise is a name in Genesis which indicates a place of pleasure Qiev voluptueux) : this term is Persian. This place of pleasure was made by God before he had created man. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 527 LiEUT.-Gov. D. C. Coaxes (Colorado). You (ministers) know that you will be turned. out of the church for heresy if you dare speak the truth. Coleridge. I should have been a Christian had Christ never lived. John Peck. Why don't God kill the devil? Cheung se Ye. We do not as a rule trouble to examine the rehgion of the foreigners, and neither hate nor favor it. Carlyle. The " Grand Cross' ' would be like a cap and bells to me. Richard Wagner. All manner of means, direct and indirect, were tried to make us embrace the Court rehgion. Since then I have often thought of the true instinct of the child. William Ashton Ellis. As to Wagner's religious belief, like that of every master-mind in modem times, I should say that it stood unfettered by the forms of any church. Prof. Haverlock Ellis, M. D. There is a very intimate connection between hypnotic phenomena and the phenomena of religion. Lord Kelvin. The amount of matter in our universe is about equal in mass to one thousand million suns. 528 views of religion. Rev. M. Forbes Phillips (Vicar). Clergymen overdo the religious side of life. L. A. Maynard. Some of the redwoods (big trees) found here (in California) have an age estimated at 7,500 years. Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, U. S. A., S. C. The struggle for life is the order of the world. Law draws its postulates and its justification from science (not from religion). Bishop Ramatha, Vicar of Ava and Pegu. Most of the moral truths, prescribed by the Gospel, are to be met with in the Buddhistic scriptures. Buddha. Self is the lord of self. Who else could be the lord ? f Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, U. S. A., S. C. The joy of life is living, and to know that one's final judge is one's self. Bishop Bigaudet. In reading the life of the Buddha Gautama, it is impossible not to feel reminded of our Savior's life. Horace Smith (1813). The good Christians never stick at confirming one anothers' lies against a common enemy, as they consider you (Shelley). Charles Lamb (1825). The last sect with which you can remember me to have made pro- fession were the Unitarians. VIEWS or RELIGION. 529 Byron. The sillier satan is made the safer for everybody. Charles Lamb (1825). I do not know that I shall ever venture myself again into one of your churches. John Wesley. It does not appear that man has naturally any more idea of God than any of the beasts of the field ; he has no knowledge of God at all. Theodore Roosevelt, Pres., U. S. A. If there is any one quality which is not admirable, whether in a nation or in an individual, it is hysterics, either in religion or in any- thing else. Robert G. Ingersoll. If Matthew and Luke are both right Christ was taken to Egypt ten years before he was bom, and Herod killed the babies ten years after he was dead. T. B. Wakeman. Until the people are emancipated from the Catholic church, the Protestant Bible, and the belief in the supernatural (spirits), there is no hope for the world. BURMEISTER. The earth is entirely formed by forces which we find active in their fuU strength even at this day. LlEBIG. Out of nothing no energy can arise. Prof. Samuel McComb. When it was discovered that there was no uniform understanding of the Biblical contents, creeds and confessions were formulated which take the place of scriptures. S30 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Spiller. , The conception of heaven as a definite spot in space can be looked upon by science as nothing but a procreation of empty heads. Dr. Karl Freiherr Du Prel. Epicurus of old said: "The Gods dwell in the interspaces of our knowledge (ignorance) of the world. Laplace. O, philosopher (Newton) show me the hand (God) which has thrown the planets on the tangents of their orbits. Dr. Karl Freiherr Du Prel. There is struggle for existence in the heavens (space) . MoNS. Berthelot. Religion has outlived its day ; to believe in anything except science is ignorance. Aristotle. Man is a thinking animal. Tolstoi. The educated minority, though no longer believing in the existing reUgious teaching, still pretend to beheve. Coleridge. He who begins by loving Christianity better than truth will proceed by loving his own sect or church better than Christianity, and end by loving himself better than all. Tolstoi. One may say with one's lips: "I believe in the creation of Genesis, or that Jesus flew through the skies, or that God is one, and also three, but no one can believe it, because the words have no sense. VIEWS or RELIGION. 53 1 Prof. Samuel McComb. For centuries men believed that the church was an infallible au- thority ; but at the Reformation the conscience of Europe broke with this theory. Lord Acton, LL. D. I shun to speak of faith in connection with many characters in those days (pre-reformation times). Ranke. You are in the first place a Christian; I am in the first place a his- torian. There is a gulf between us. Theodore Mommsen. The reverence towards the letter of the holy scriptures rose to a giddy height of absurdity in the fetters of which all life and thought were benumbed. Lord Acton, LL. D. Beginning with the strongest religious movement and the most re- fined despotism ever known, it has led to the superiority of politics over divinity in the life of nations. Lord Acton, LL. D. Towards 1820 divines began to recast their doctrines on lines of development, of which Newman said, long after, that evolution had come to confirm it. Froude Creeds rise and fall — but the moral law is written on the tablets of eternity Lord Acton, LL. D. They (the middle ages) became content to be deceived (in religion). Capt. Robert C. Adams. Well is the pulpit named "coward's castle." 532 views of religion. Justus. Teach them (men) the laws of their own nature and of the universe and lead them to throw off the shackles of the church. Lemuel K. Washburn. A depopulated sepulcher is not proof that its former tenant has moved to heaven. It is merely proof that somebody has stolen a dead body. Thomas Paine. Paris, February 21st, 1802, since the Fable of Christ. Rev. L. J. N. Bebb, M. A. At no time till the seventh or eighth century do we meet with a complete manuscript of any versions of the whole Bible. Emerson. The cure of a bad theology is not another, but common sense. Oliver Wendell Holmes. It won't do long to call him (man in America) "heretic" and those other wicked names that the old murderous inquisitors have left us, to help along "peace and good will to men". Capt. Robert C. Adams. Thou shall have no other gods before men. Down with God and up with man. Huxley. At present he (geologist) wisely keeps both eyes on fact and ignores the Peutateuchal mythology altogether. Coleridge. Atheism cannot lodge but in a very strong and bold soul. VIEWS or RELIGION. 533 Pastor Hillmann, R. C. H. Paul offers a doctrine full of contradictions, and is not free from superstition. Rev. a. W. Leonard. Indulgences for one hundred days are granted by him (Pope Leo XIII.) to everyone who will offer a prayer to the "bambino," a wooden doll. Mr. St. John Broderick, (Sec. War, Eng.). Our duty and our good deeds will be our advocates with the great judge when he calls upon us for the tenor of our lives. Rev. Prof. Owen C. Whitehouse, M. A. Christ's sayings and deeds are necessarily colored by the human media through which they are conveyed to us. Rev. George Milligan, M. A., B. D. Notwithstanding the royal favor (of King James) bestowed upon it (the authorized version of the Bible) the actual work (of revision) was not commenced until 1607. Peter Charron (1660). To win them (religions) credit they (the priests) allege revelations, apparitions, prophets, miracles, prodigies and saints. Prof. Booker T. Washington (Story). O Lawd, de cotton am so grassy, de work am so hard, and de sun am so hot dat I b'lieve dis darky am called to preach. Voltaire. Henry IV., after his victories, caused a cross to be erected in Rome with the following inscription: "In hoc signo vinces." The wood of the cross was the carriage of a cannon. 534 VIEWS or RELIGION. Peter Charron (1660). They (Christians) acknowledge no other virtue and honesty but that which is opened with the key of religion. Brooks Adams. The horrors of the Inquisition, the massacre of St. Bartholomew, the atrocities of Laud, the abominations of the Scottish Kirk, the persecutions of the Quakers, had one object — the enslavement of the mind. Peter Charron (1660). They (Christians) desire that a man be religious before he be honest. Pastor Hillmann, R. C. H. Jesus was only a child of his time and subject to the errors of his contemporaries. KiiCHi Kaneko. The heaven of Christians is too mythological for a scientific mind. Mankind does not want Christianity, Islam, or Buddhism. Prof. \A'illiam James (Harvard). I have said nothing in my lectures about immortality or the belief therein, for to me it seems a secondary part. Prof. William James (Harvard). Facts are yet lacking to prove spirit return. Harnack. Christ has no place in the gospels. KiiCHi Kaneko. As long as people cling to the Bible (Christian), their God is not the God of the universe. VIEWS or RELIGION. 535 KlICHI Kaneko. The Bible of the new religion should be science. Astronomy, biology, chemistry, and psychology are the four gospels of the new religion. Brooks Adams. The power of the priesthood lies in submission to a creed. Lord Acton. I strenuously oppose the dogma of infallibility. Prof. Van Manen (Leyden). We possess no epistles of Paul; the writings which bear his name are pseudopigraphia. Tolstoi. We do not notice it, but children do, (religious lie) and their minds are irreparably mained by this teaching. W. Stewart Ross. (Saladin). The shorter earth the sooner heaven ; and who would keep himself an extra hour out of heaven by taking a dose of salts ? Who is he ? He is no Christian saint. Prof. Hoffding. As a method of natural science materialism is unanswerable. George Allen White. The old tenets (religion) are going or have gone. Prof. Hoffding. Homer and the earliest Greek philosophers (before Socrates and Plato) are materialists. John Wesley. He (man) is by nature a mere atheist. 536 VIEWS or religion. Sir George Frederick Watts, R. A. How many generations have lived and died in the belief that piety consists in spending many hours upon their knees crying to God to do this, that, and the other thing for them ? Prof. Lombroso. The people (negroes) turned again to their gambling and bickering and bino (rice whiskey), after reverently listening to the angelus, evidently without the faintest idea that there was any connection be- tween worship and conduct. Cicero. We know that everything relating to them (the gods) hath been delivered in the exact resemblance to human weakness. Bishop Farley. On the general subject of miracles in these days and cures by faith I prefer not to speak for publication. Sir Wilfrid Laurier, P. C. Well, did St. Anne help you ? Mahaffy. There is, indeed, hardly a great or fruitful idea in the Jewish or Christian system which has not its analogy in the ancient Egyptian faith. J. Spencer Ellis. No one knows whether he (Jesus) went to Egypt when he was a baby or went to hell after he was crucified. Ella Wheeler Wilcox. The belief that Adam was the first man ever created on this earth which science proves is billions of years old, is amazing to any thinking mind. views of religion. 537 Peter Charron (1660). They (Christians) say they believe it and they make themselves believe they believe it (Christianity. ) Rev. Dr. W. Robertson Nicoll. Christianity dies when it passes altogether into the philosophic region. (Bechuanas Chief.) If you (Moffat) really think that one being created all men, you must admit that this being gradually improved as he went on creating. Prof. Adler. For three days this man (A Hindustan man pinioned whom a priest stands ready to kill) has been worshipped as a God, and now the God must die. Goethe. I've often heard it said a preacher Might learn, had he an actor for a teacher. W. R. Sullivan. We look to the days when religion shall be purified of such concep- tions (dispensing of heavenly favors by priests). Charles Dickens. It is a good example of the superstitions of the monks that this missal was placed upon a tub, which, when Harold had sworn, was uncovered and shown to be full of dead men's bones — bones, as the monks pretended, of saints. J. P. Richardson. Religion is based upon faith; civilization upon knowledge. Knowl- edge is the antithesis of faith, and therefore civilization is the antithe- sis of religion. 53^ views of religion. Lemuel K. Washburn. We say: if Jesus got out of the grave alive he was put into it alive. BUFFON. The world could not have been created in six days. Emma Marie Gaillard. Our conception of immortality has filtered down to us through the dark ages. Prof. W. K. Clifford. If God holds all mankind guilty for the sin of Adam, then it is wrong to worship him. Priestly. The wisdom of one generation is the folly of the next. We have seen this verified in the history of near two thousand years (of Chris- tianity). Neckar. Reason ought not, like religion, to adorn herself with old parch- ments ; she ought to derive everything from herself, and be, if I may use the phrase, the contemporary of all ages. Buckle. That some of the most beautiful passages in the apostolic writings are quotations from pagan authors is well known to every scholar. Emma Marie Gaillard. Beyond (heaven) has no attraction for the young, the strong, the healthfully busy, the happy. George Dawson, M. A. To be an "infidel" to religion, to the vile doctrines of atonement and everlasting torments and to the exclusiveness that is practiced by those who call themselves religious — that is an honor. views of religion. 539 Sir John Lubbock, Bart. The denudation of the Wealden Valley (chalk beds) must have re- quired more than 150,000,000 of years (not 6,000). Prof. Cope. We (evolutionists) have the genealogical trees of the deer, the camel, the horse, etc., and the monkey, and have evidence (scientific) as to the origin of man. John Wilson, M. A. Morality is founded on the nature of things, and not on the many- shaped clouds floating in the theological imagination. Sir James Macintosh. Morality is usually said to depend on rehgion ; but it is more exactly true to say that religion depends on morality and springs from it. CONDORCET. The morals of all nations have been the same ; the religions different. Madame de Stael. Search for truth is the noblest occupation of man ; its publication a duty. Dr. Herbert Croft. Can you force a man to believe the scriptures? Nay, nothing more than his reason shows him, much less divine things. Mungo Ponton. The commencement of their (polyps and the coral reefs) labors can be traced back as far as 30,000 years (not 6,000). John Stuart Mill. Modem morality is derived from Greek and Roman sources, not from Christian. 54° views of religion. Richard Hooker. See we not plainly that obedience of creatures unto the law of nature (not religion) is the story of the whole world. Prince Albert. The difference between science and prejudice (religion) : the latter keeps stubbornly to its position, whether disproved or not, whilst the former is an unarrestable movement towards the fountain of truth. CORRIERA DELLA SerA (RoMe). Rampola, bent upon injuring Italy, has declared himself the enemy of the triple alliance and the friend of the dual alliance. Marilla M. Ricker. Isn't it strange that children should be taught all about the "resur- rection" before they can spell "cat". Thomas Kiewan. i They (clairvoyants and test -mediums) usually disgusted me with their baby babble, or their attempts to imitate the Indian method of speaking English. Charles Cattell. In my younger days there were two Sunday-school bogeys besides old Nick: Paine and Voltaire. Lemuel K. Washburn. A man (Jesus) was made "according to the prophets" to fit the requirements of faith. Mackay. Blessings on science ! When the earth seemed old, When faith grew doting, and our reason cold, 'Twas she discovered the world was young, And taught a language to its lisping tongue. VIEWS or RELIGION. 54I Confucius. A just and happy life may alone be realized as a result of obedience to true moral principles (not religion) . Lemuel K. Washburn. Dozens of gods were bom of virgins, but never a man. Rev. Dr. William Cleaves Wilkinson. The Christian church cannot afford to obey the call "back to Christ,' ' if that call be understood to mean back to the earthly Christ of the Gospel historian. Dr. John W. Draper. For her (science) the volume of inspiration is the book of nature. Marcus W. Robbins. The Jewish religion has transferred its egotism to Christianity with tenfold force. Arnold of Vilanova (1235). Works of mercy and medicine are more acceptable to God than the sacrifice of the altar. Peter of Abano (1250). A patient that lays in a trance three days explains miracles, includ- ing the raising of Lazarus. Sir George Frederick Watts, R. A. The church makes creeds as I make a picture. For the ordinary man who has had no vision (ideas) himself it suffices. O. J. Walker. A great many believe that a show of piety is a reflection of the gentleman, when in short it is but the gilded halo hovering o'er decay. 542 views of religion. Jonathan Edwards. In bliss The}' may not hope to dwell, Still unto them thou wilt allow The easiest room in hell. Thomas Paine. Jesus Christ wrote no account of himself. Not a line of what is called the New Testament is of his own writing. Dr. W. G. Ward. We should be under the indefeasible obligation of disobeying, defying, and abhorring (a God who made hell). Archdeacon Hales. The "sacred writings" (Bible) are simply the works of eminent churchmen in the first ages. Emperor William (1902). The German Empire was rooted in simplicity and the fear of God. Archdeacon Hales. The ancient Jewish Rabbi selected the writings of the Old Testa- ment which have been accepted by the Christian church. Prof. Albert Barnes. The Biblecamefrom a land undistinguished for literature. Chaldea had its observatories; Egypt had its temples; Greece its academic groves; but Judea had neither. Dr. Cabanes. If there was apparent death in the case of Jesus this was produced by (temporary) syncope. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 543 Rev. Hensley Henson, M. A., B. D., (Canon or Westminster). A genmne but unintelligent piety has too often fastened on specific passages of scripture. Canon Gore. It is of the essence of the Old Testament to be imperfect. Rev. Hensley Henson, M. A., B. D. (Canon or Westminster). The Bible (in parts) has been bent to the service of the most disas- trous fanaticisms which have cursed mankind. Keats. Philosophy will clip an angel's wings Prof. J. D. Logan. The old test of piety was "Are you willing to be damned for the glory of God?" Prof. John Fiske, (Harvard). The grade of intelligence which survives the grave (according to the pretended evidence of so-called disembodied spirits) is about on a par with that which, in the present life, we are accustomed to shut up in asylums for idiots. Rev. J. EsTLiN Carpenter, M. A.. It (Christianity) has, in truth, created more pain than it has soothed. Philadelphia Record. The one time in a man's life when he is satisfied to take a back seat is when he goes to church. St. George Mivart. A deity capable of instituting such a place of torment (as hell) would be a bad God. 544 VIEWS or RELIGION. Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The bishop has no right to dictate to -woman what she should wear. Rev. W. T. Huxchins. The myth of the virgin's birth will be more and more an insult to earth's holiest institution, (marriage) until it is forever blotted out of the creed of mankind. Rev. W. T. Hutchins. Why go on advancing an effete orthodoxy when there is no possible hope of ever bringing back the old superstitious faith of the authority of the scriptures ? Thomas Kirwan. If there is one thing more than another which I regret in my experi- ence with spiritualism it is the valuable time I have wasted in reading the unhealthy literature. Mary MacLane. I am conscious that it (the story of Christ) is a lie — a lie. Elehu Root, Secretary War, U. S. A. All monks, friars and priests shall be compelled to vacate the lands purchased (from them by the U. S.) and cease to exercise their in- fluence in municipal afl"airs as they have in the past. Dryden. The nurses' legends are for truth received, And the man dreams but what the boy believed. Prof. E. Colbert, M. A. The Bible is not in any sense a revelation from the God whom Christians prefer to worship. Gibbon. The first fifteen bishops of Jerusalem were all (orthodox) Jews. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 545 Lecky. It is not Christianity but industrialism that has brought into the world that strong sense of the moral value of thrift. Prof. E. Colbert, M. A. The Genesis story of the fall of Adam and Eve from a state of happy innocence to one of miserable degradation cannot be literally true. Prof. E. Colbert, M. A. We cannot doubt that the earth has existed during many millions of years, instead of less than 6,00c. Richard M. Mitchell. The fabulous character of the Bible account of Noah and the flood is now established beyond the possibility of doubt, yet Jesus believed it. Richard M. Mitchell. In just the degree that a Christian is a believer in Christ he is an unbeliever in God. In just the degree that Christ is a savior, God is a failure. Herbert Spencer. We everywhere see fading away the anthropomorphic conception of the unknown cause. Rev. Dr. William Eliot Griffis. The vast majority of converts thus made are women and girls. The crop of burnt-out or hardened fathers, who talk before their children in away that does not breed respect for the churches, is large. Prof. C. E. Stone. Of the volume containing the gospels we have at least four hundred and twenty-six different manuscripts, of which twenty-seven are uncials, or more than one thousand years old. 546 views of religion. Photius. He (Justus) makes not the least mention of the appearance of Christ, or of what things happened to him. Richard M. Mitchell. The high position given John the Baptist by Josephus makes Josephus evidently ignorant of the existence of Christ. Richard M. Mitchell. Paul knew nothing of the "ascension' ' ; it had not been thought of in his time. Richard M. Mitchell. The New Testament supplies evidence that Christ did not die upon the cross, but was taken down while yet alive. Sir Walter Scott. The banditti of the Appennines have among them persons acting as monks and priests, by whom they are confessed, and who perform mass before them. Richard M. Mitchell. Believing there is a God is not dependent upon the Bible, nor upon any part of the Christian system. The strength of the Christian position lies in the deification of credulity. Huxley. Religion ought to mean simply reverence and love for the ethical ideal, and the desire to realize that ideal in life. Rev. Dr. James Abercrombie. (1831). I cannot consider any man (George Washington) as a real Christian who xmiformly disregards an ordinance (Communion of Lord's Supper). views of religion. 547 Sir Henry Thompson, Bart., M. D., F. R. C^S. The papal church (as well as the Protestant) must eventually entirely disappear. Rev. Dr. Hyde, Pres. B. C. He (the scholar) is to find out and formulate the facts regardless of creeds. Sir Henry Thompson, Bart., M. D., F. R. C. S. All things proceed from infinite and eternal energy. Strabo (21 A. D.) The leaders and examples of every kind of superstition (religion) are the women. George W. Foote. It will yet be the proud boast of woman that she never contributed a line to the Bible. John E. Remsburg. I refuse to accept the Bible as a moral guide, because it has de- graded woman. " The holy offices' ' of wife and mother it covers with reproach. Sir Henry Thompson, Bart., M. D., F. R. C. S. My labor (in religious research) has at least brought me its own reward, by conferring emancipation from the fetters of all the creeds. M. GUSTAVE DE MeLY. During the first three centuries of the Christian era, Christ was invariably represented without a beard. Senor Canalejas, M. S. C. Clericalism is the foe to progress in Spain. Since the Spanish government let itself be ruled by the Vatican in clerical affairs, I could only resign. 548 views of religion. Sir Henry Thompson, Bart., M. D., F. R. C. S. A scientific man's religion is one in which a priestly hierarchy has no place. Independence Belge. It is certain that the Anglo-Saxons will not let the church (Catholic) play among them the part she played among the Latin peoples. Helen Keller. Who made God ? Rev. Dr. William Eliot Griffis. Preachers are no longer eminent scholars — pyramids of learning amid vast levels of ignorance. The brains are now in the pews. The Spectator, (London). The number of kings who have risked thrones for the sake of church is very few. Senor Canalejas, M. S. C. It behooves us (Spaniards) to imitate (America) in the complete separation of church and state. Mary MacLane. There are persons who say to me that I ought to think of God. These are persons who help to fill the world with fools. J. G. SCHURMAN. There are but two kinds of studies — those relating to man, which may be called humanistic studies, and those relating to nature, which may be called naturalistic studies M. Dastre. Theories (theological) have ceased to tyrannize our scientific re- search. views of religion. 549 Rev. John Bascom. No miracle is an esential part of religious belief. Boston Globe. Nothing hotter than the weather has been touched upon as yet at the Harvard Summer School of Theology. Prof. Charles Hallock, M. A. The primitive peoples of both North and South America occupied the sub-equatorial belt some 10,000 years ago. Rev. J. D. Jones. Of course it is idle to pretend that King Edward \TI is a religious man as Queen Victoria was a religious woman. Prof. George Edward Woodberry. The nearness of the devil was as natural as the nearness of God (to the Puritans.) Rev. J. D. Jones. It is hoped that as King he (Edward VII) will be more careful of the feelings (on religion) of his subjects than he was as Prince Prof. H. G. Mitchell. I would revolutionize Methodist theology. Verite Francaise (1902). France has become so anti-clerical that out of 11,000,000 voters, the church can rely for political support upon no more than 1,100,000. M. Combes, Premier of France (1902). We have a profound aversion for all that tends towards scrutiny or suspicion of the private beliefs (religious) of loyal servants of the state. 55° views of religion. Pope. All are but parts of one stupendous whole. Lemuel K. Washburn. A real king does not need to be crowned by a priest. Lemuel K. Washburn. We are ready to be convinced that a man (or God) can have a real existence who had a ghost for a father and a virgin for a mother. Hon. J. H. Bridges. It (Christian strife) extended across the threshold of home, setting the father against the son and the daughter against the mother. Rev. Dr. Samuel A. Eliot. I know it is quite impossible to take all the sayings of Jesus literally. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. I do not think it would be a good thing to abandon our pursuits and follow Jesus literally, because conditions are different. Prof. Logan A. Wood. More than six thousand years ago Egypt bursts upon the world in history a full-grown nation, with no evidence of rude beginning or infancy. Prof. Renouf. The extremely common Egyptain expression "Nutar Nutra" exactly corresponds in sense to the Hebrew "El Shaddai." Samuel Gompers, Pres. A. F. L. Churches are no longer in touch with their (workers and laborers) hopes and aspirations. views of religion. 551 Alexander Bain. The special creation view is a phrase that merely expresses our ignorance. Rev. Dr. Minot J. Savage. Most men take their religion by inheritance. Marconi. Lucky I didn't come here (Salem, Mass.) in witchcraft days. Moth- er wouldn't have done a thing to me. Prof. Henry J. Bigelow, M. D., LL. D. Man is but a parasite upon a speck of dust whirling in infinite space. Who will deny that in infinite space there are higher beings than man? John E. Remsburg. Paul and the writers of the New Testament do not claim that their writings are divine. Job. As the cloud is consumed and vanisheth away so he that goeth down to the grave shall come up no more. Euripides. We Cling to this life because we know no better life. Evangelical Messenger, (1902). We seem to be experiencing a decline in church attendance, es- pecially in the cities. There is a general lament over empty pews. Prof. Wilhelm Soltan, (Germany). The legend of the Conception of Jesus by the Virgin Mary through the agency of the Holy Spirit is an imitation of such myths as made Alexander the Great a descendant of Jupiter Ammon. SS2 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Stewart Culin, Curator, A. M. It (Christmas tree) comes from sun-worship. The revival of the sun after the winter solstice has ever been the subject of rejoicing. Lemuel K. Washburn. The love of amusement is planted deeper in the human heart than is the love of God. Rev. Dr. Albert Ehrhard. There is a growing estrangement of the educated classes from the Catholic church even in Catholic states and nations. Rev. Dr. Albert Ehrhard. Certainly, if all those who inwardly no longer belong to the Catholic church were stricken from the list of her members, the proud number of millions of Catholics would appreciably shrink. Hon. John Hay, Secretary of State (1902). And this was all the religion he had: To treat his engine well. He weren't no saint — but at judgment I run my chances with Jim (Bludso) 'Longside of some pious gentlemen That wouldn't shook hands with him. Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott. We are all of us, in the realm of religion, Anarchists. Prof. Wilhelm Soltan, (Germany). The Gospel of St. Alark is an evidence against the birth of Jesus in Bethlehem. Luther. He who will be a Christian must not ask how it can be that bread is the body of Christ. views of religion. 553 Henry Ward Beecher. The Bible God is a moral monstrosity. Thomas Bailey Aldrich. Men look to God for some mysterious sign ; For some unnatural symbol of His might: Come watch with me the shaft of fire that glows in yonder west , And the great cloud-continents of sunset seas. Old Father Taylor. O, Lord, deliver us from bigotry and bad rum; thou knowest which is worst. I don't. Rev. Dr. Parkhurst. There is more to be commended in a rational skepticism than in an irrational faith. Lemuel K. Washburn. Every step of human progress makes it incumbent upon the church to apologize for its God. William Dean Howells. One of our first publishing houses is about to issue an edition even of the Bible with those passages omitted which are usually skipped in reading aloud. Rev. Dr. R. P. Johnston. To make baptism essential to church membership is to emphasize ceremony rather than character. Monsieur Freret. I teach the adoration of one only God without the mediation of Jesus Christ. Hon. James A. Garfield, Pres. U. S. A. The divorce between church and state should be absolute. ss4 views of religion. Cardinal Wolsey (1471-1530). This printing will give rise to sects ; and besides other dangers the common people at least may come to believe that there is not so much use for the clergy. Senator William E. Chandler (N. H. 1902). I am unable to find a definition of "Evangelical," vi^hich is suffi- cient to warrant taking it out of the Constitution (of N. H.). Cardinal Gibbons. A close observer cannot fail to note the dangerous inroads (to re- ligion) that have been made on the Lord's day (priest day) in this country during the past thirty years. Monsieur Freret. This horrid and almost uninterrupted chain of religious w ars fcr fourteen centuries, never subsisted but among Christians. Imperial Arch-Duke Johann (Austria). The faith of Spiritualists is unchangeable, as every faith, even if it is erroneous. Imperial Arch-Duke Johann (Austria). At the same time the Crown-Prince seized Bastian (Medium) from the back, and pulled forth the exposed Medium's trembling figure, saying, "Now, that is the spirit." Dr. W. H. Freemantle, Dean of Ripon. As to miracles, is it irreverent to believe that our Lord himself could not have made a distinction between what modern science would recognize as death and the many forms of swooning, syncope or hysteria ? Garibaldi. Dear friend: Man has created God and not God, man. VIEWS or RELIGION. 555 Prof. Lucien Levy Bruhl (Sorbonne). What will guarantee the argument intended to prove the existence of God ? Prof. Lucien Levy Bruhl (Sorbonne). Prove divinity by the works of nature ! Why, such a proof has not validity except for those who have already looked upon nature with the eyes of faith. Pierre Bayle (i 646-1 706). Philosopher! Do not try to understand mysteries. Believe as Christian; but as philosopher, abstain. Denis Diderot (1713-1784). The discovery of germs in itself has dispelled one of the strongest objections to atheism. Pierre Bayle (1646-1706). Theologian ! Do not be so impudent as to try to justify your belief in the eyes of reason. Voltaire. I conclude that any sensible and righteous man cannot but abhor the Christian sect. The great name of Theist is the only name one should take. The only gospel we should read is the great book of nature. Hon. Andrew D. White (Ex. Ambass. Germ.). I have just received the (Christian) Roumanian Bulletin (Againsj the Hebrews, 1902). No document equals it in cruelty since the series of laws with which Louis XIV persecuted the Huguenots. George E. Macdonald. Ah, this is Italy, free at last From the curse of the sacerdotal clan ; Undoing the crimes of a brutal past, Lo, this is Italy under man. 55^ views of religion. Saint-Simon (1760-1825). Deism should be left to the people, while philosophers must rise to physicism. Hon. Joseph Chamberlain (Eng). In my mind this spectacle of so-called schools turned into private preserves by clerical (clergy) managers and used for the exclusive purpose of politics or religion, is one which the law ought not to tolerate. Prof. Lucien Levy Bruhl (Sorbonne). Ignorance, misery and theology; the whole of the middle ages is expressed in these three plagues. Shakespeare. Nature is made better by no mean But nature makes that mean; o'er the art Which you say adds to nature, is an art That nature makes. New York Herald. Orthodoxy made God a capricious tyrant and infidelity sought relief by abolishing him. Etienne Bonnot de Condillac. Go back to nature. Natilre has begun all things and always aright; this truth cannot be repeated too often. Destxitt de Tracy (1750-1800). We cannot know the beginning of anything, neither that of men, nor that of the universe. Bishop William Lawrence (Mass.). The great mass of hostility and indifference to the Christian church is due to the identification of the Christian faith with discarded ideals and out-worn teachings. views of religion. 557 Malebranche. God does not act through special voHtions. M. Renouvier. It is presumptuous to attempt to organize (together) science and reUgion. Ernest Renan. God is the category of the ideal. Bishop William Lawrence (Mass.). It is a long step forward to make the test of religion— not its ortho ■ doxy, but its truth. Dean Milman. That some of the Christian legends were dehberate forgeries can scarcely be questioned. H. D. Robinson. Every impostor has had recourse to miracles to give a supernatural foundation to his religious system. H. D. Robinson. The Mohammedans believe that their prophet spHt the moon in two, that from the tips of his fingers flowed springs of water and that stones and trees ran to meet and salute him. Talleyrand. It is not man's fault but the malice and imposture of priests and kings which have everywhere destroyed truth. Arthur B. Moss. Genesis and Exodus are regarded by all sensible men as earnest guessers after truth by our early ancestors. ss8 views of religion. Joshua F. Noyes. Neither you, nor anybody will ever see God or Jesus. George Otis Draper. As to the christening, it is a relic of mummery. It belongs to the past that sanctioned public washing of feet. George Otis Draper. The universe exists. This fact has actually suggested the ingenious theory that it must have been made. George Otis Draper. The idea that God thus seems to spring from early ignorance con- tinues through the force of heridity. George Otis Draper. Nothing in the experience of the ordinary mortal furnishes the slightest basis for the assumption (of immortality). Dean Milman. To deceive into Christianity was so valuable a service as to hallow deceit itself. Rev. J. P. Bland. Each protestor (Voltaire, Paine and Ingersoll) has presented to man a relatively higher and purer ethical faith (than Christianity). Lemuel K. Washburn. In just twenty-six words the author of Genesis relates all he knew about the origin of the sun, moon and the stars. Dr. Lyman Abbott. I no longer believe in one great first cause. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 559 Prof. Simon Newcomb. I am sorry to say that I have never been able to think out any satisfactory theory on the subject of the continuance of the conscious life of man after death. Darwin. There is no evidence that man was aboriginally endowed with the belief in the existence of an Omnipotent God. Darwin. Those who assert that even the lowest savages believe in a supreme Deity affirm that which is entirely contrary to the evidence. George Otis Draper. Materialized spirits appear only between meals in rather question- able localities. Prof. Ira W. Howerth, U. C. Of what value is a definition of religion which includes only Chris- tianity ? John Boyle O'Reilly. The sermon on the mount and natural justice can rule the world or they cannot. If they can, our present ruling is the invention of the devil. Prof. Levi L. Paeste. Franseus (Christian historian) displays again and again a wonder- fully childish innocence and credulity. George Otis Draper. His (Christ's) evident destiny — providing an intent is allowed — was to save the Jews. These Jews still scoff at him as spurious. The Jews. Let him who raised the dead deliver himself. 560 views of religion. Mark Twain. I bring you the stately matron named Christendom, returning be- draggledjbesmirched and dishonored from private raids with her soul full of meanness, her pocket full of boodle and her mouth fuU of pious hypocrisies. Boris Sidis. In 1800 a wave of religious mania passed over the country. The crying, the singing, the praying, the shouting, the falling in convul- sions made of the place (Sabin Creek) a pandemonium. Collins. Nobody doubted the existence of the deity till they set to work to prove it. XCVI— s Psalm. All the gods of the nations are demons. Marcion. If the God of the Old Testament be good, prescient of the future and able to avert evil, how came the devil, the origin of lying and deceit, to be made at all ? MiCHEALIS. If the original text of Matthew be lost and we have nothing but a Greek translation, then, frankly, we cannot ascribe any divine in- spiration to the words. Rev. Dr. Weatherby. A large number of evangelical ministers whom I have known during five years' pastorate in an Orthodox church declared to me that they did not believe what they were preaching. Rev. William P. Merrill. The facts are against such a statement that the Christian is always moral and the unbeUever always immoral. views of religion. 56 1 Rev. Amoey H. Bradford, D. D. Congregationalism is marking time rather than moving forward. Sir William Crooks. There is no bridge between the spiritual and the material world and I don't see how there can be. Rev. William P. Merrill. The church is a factor of lessening importance in the hves of good people. Martin Luther. Before I translated the New Testament out of the Greek, all longed for it; when it was done, their longing lasted scarce four weeks. Earl Russell (Eng.). There are really only two scientific explanations of alleged miracu- lous events, either that they did not take place or that they are not miraculous. Earl Russell (Eng.). This doctrine (Vicarious Atonement) has always seemed to me the most blasphemous and paralyzing conception that has ever been invented by any religion. Maurepas. The Abbe Terray (dissolute financier) always went to mass. Emperor William II (1903). The present version (Old Testament) will be positively and sub- stantially modified under the influence of research and through in- scriptions and excavations. Pope. Hell was built on spite and heaven on pride. S62 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Emperor William II (1903). It is to me self-evident that the Old Testament contains many sections which are of a purely human and historical nature and are not God's revealed work. Roger Williams (1636). Everyone should have liberty to worship God according to their own conscience. William Hazlitt. If a man does not have any religion at all — that does not hinder me from having any. Shelley (Age 18). Alas ! the crime of inquiry is one which religion never has forgiven. Implicit faith and fearless inquiry have in all ages been irreconcilable enemies. Dr. Thomas Cooper. If the people do not bring the clergy under control, they wUl bring the people into abject slavery and keep them there. Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln, his hand and pen. He will be good, but God knows when. Prof. A. E. Dolbear, LL.D. Life is but a physical and chemical phenomena of certain forms of matter. Dr. Jacques Loeb. Life can be created by chemical processes. Hon. Carroll D. Wright. It is perfectly evident that woman is in open rebellion against the traditional curse recorded in Genesis. views of religion. 563 Gerritt Smith. The way to get rid of the priesthood is to educate the people. Judge Gordon (Phila., 1903). No man can be pronounced insane merely because he believes in spiritualism. King Charles II (England). The death penalty shall no longer be inflicted on Quakers. Czar Nicholas II (1903). We have deemed it expedient to decree to all our subjects of other religions, and to all foreign persuasions, freedom of creed and worship. Professor Delitzsch. These laws — code of Hammurabi — reflect the same principles that are found in the Decalogue and, without doubt, Moses drew on these older sources for his code. Professor Delitzsch. , The worship of Jehovah was borrowed from the Babylonians. It is folly to ascribe any originality or divine source to the Decalogue. Rev. Mr. Deane. The life of Horus in every respect resembles the life of Christ. Francis Galton. Very devout people are apt to style themselves the most miserable of sinners and I think they may be taken at their word. Professor Delitzsch. There is no greater mistake that the human mind has made than to suppose that the Bible is the personal revelation of God. 564 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Kaiser William II (1903). Religion has never been the result of science. Schiller. A healthy nature needs no God or immortality. Burns. The dextrous feats ascribed to Moses Are proofs as plain Of slight-o'-hand as Norman Bozles' Legerdemain. Father Hyacinthe Loyson (Paris). In its present form, the church is condemned. It is in need of a profound, I had almost said a radical, transformation. Father Hyacinthe Loyson (Paris). Everything proclaims the fact that great Rome will serve as the Mausoleum of Medieval Catholicism. Charles Kingsley. Truth for its own sake has never been a virtue with the Roman clergy. Baron Kentaro Kaneko (Statesman). Our hearts (Japanese) beat just as much as Christian hearts — the civilized heart is the same the world over. The mere name Chrstian or pagan is a myth. Hon. John Alfred Fisher. The Bible has been set up as a fetish to be worshipped and yet the Lord Jesus Christ wrote not a line of it. Why then should we look upon it as a decree of the Most High ? VIEWS OF RELIGION. 565 Paganini. Vy, eef ze Sabbot mos be so holie that nosings be done at all, vy does Proveedence permit ze leetle birds to sing on zat day and ze leaves of ze forest to clap zere hand for joy, making ze rustling music ? Lemuel K. Washburn. Do we send our children to Jesus or to school to get an education ? Read in the light of science the New Testament is a volume of nursery tales. Sir Philip Sidney. How many intelligent men and women now-a-days read the story of his (Christ's) life as presented in the gospels in any critical spirit or without the critical faculties being altogether benumbed by un- reasoning faith? Rev. Dr. R. Heber Newton. The sacred symbolism through which art ministers to worship meets us in the temples of paganism as in the churches of Christendom. Herbert Spencer. It needs but to glance over the world and contemplate the doings of Christians every where to be amazed at the ineffectiveness of the current theology. Lydia Maria Child. If nothing worse than wasted mental effort could be laid to the charge of the clergy, that alone ought to be sufficient to banish it from the earth as one of the worst enemies of mankind. Oliver Wendell Holmes. Christianity may find itself put to shame by the gentle faith of more enhghtened, less brutally theologized-ecclesiasticized people. Lemuel K. Washburn. The real rejoicing at Easter is that Lent is over. S66 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Phineas T. Baenum The Orthodox faith painted God as so revengeful a being that you could hardly distinguish the difference between God and the devil CONDORCET. The triumph of Christianity was the first signal of the decline of science and of philosophy. Garibaldi. The priest is the personification of falsehood, the liar is a thief, and the thief an assassin. Goethe. Garlic, onions, bugs and the cross (Goethe's four hated things). Frederick the Great. The best destiny they (priests) can look for is that they will remain forever buried in the darkness of oblivion, while the fame of Voltaire will increase from age to age. Volney. It is then in vain that nations refer the origin of their rehgion to heavenly inspiration. Gerritt Smith. He (the preacher) saves his sanity only through his insincerity. Rousseau. And yet this same gospel is full of incredible things opposed to reason and which it is impossible for a sensible man to conceive or to admit. Voltaire. Religion raging with inhuman zeal Nerves every arm and points the fatal steel. Whatever names divine the pastors claim, In craft and fury they are all the same. VIEWS OF EELIGION. 567 James Buchanan, Pres. U. S. A. I have seldom met an intelligent man whose views were ftot marred and distorted by religion. Shelley. It is impossible to believe that the power that pervades this infinite machine (universe) begot a son upon the body of a Jewish woman. COMTE. So far from furnishing basis for morality, dometic or personal, religious convictions have long tended to its injury. Browning. I am no Christian. William J. Carroll. The accepted teachings of the church tell us that God is every- where. If this is so, God must be in hell as well as in heaven. Benjamin Franklin. So I thought this method (one-half gill of rum after prayers) pre- ferable to the punishment inflicted by some military laws for non- attendance at divine service. William J. Carroll. How did the devil come to sin ? There was no devil to tempt him, heaven was his abode and there was no evil in heaven. Wendell Phillips. When I die, I wish but two words written on my tombstone — "Infidel" and "Traitor." William Dean Howells. Rehgion is above all things, unscientific. S68 VIEWS OF RELIGION. M. Jean Jaures (Paris). For the last one hundred and twenty years the masses (in France) have been in coUision with the poHtical power of the church. Pres. J. A. Leavitt (Ewing College, III.). Every observant person has known of numerous instances of be- lievers who have had their faith unsettled by their scientific studies. Pres. David Starr Jordan (L. S. U.). Religious education should not be part of the required curriculum. Col. C. M. Strader. I shall pass away, believing in no other deity than that which is specified by Pope as being the first great cause, least understood. Pres. J. A. Leavitt (Ewing College, III.). Few men are converted (to Christianity) after graduation (from college). Col. C. M. Strader. If after this process (cremation) the angel Gabriel can with his trumpet arouse me from the dead, he is a darling. Rev. Dr. George A. Gordon. We ministers of the Lord Jesus Christ, know as no other persons in the community can what a paralysis has come over the intelligent and thinking people in regard to the reality of the other life. Rev. Dr. George A. Gordon. So many doubt it (immortality) ; so few have any strong confidence in regard to it ! J. M. Wheeler (London). Secularism is the philosophy of the things of time. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 569 Lemuel K. \\'ashburn. The man who is searching for God has a life job. You can never trust a Roman Catholic priest until he is in his coffin. Rev. Edward McGlynn, D. D. The pope will walk down Broadway in a tall hat when the church is really Americanized. William Dean Ho wells. The inconceivability of a cosmical Christianity must have had finally much to do with weakening the hold of a terrestrial Christianity upon some of the gentlest and finest spirits. John James Greenough, Brookline, Mass. (Age 95). There never was a supernatural revelation, miracle or other ab- normal manifestation from any superhuman entity or other source divine. Rev. Samuel D. McConnell, D.D., LL.D. Who by searching can find out God ? To the challenge of Job comes the reply of to-day: No one. M. Emile Vandervelde (Brussells). The alliance of priest and capitalist against Socialism and free- thought constitutes the most redoubtable threat against the immedi- ate future of European civilization. Rev. Samuel D. McConnell, D. D., LL. D. God in unknowable : — It is the deliberate conclusion of the earnest minded and best men. M. WoESTE (Belgian). The Roman Catholic church may gain voters but it continues to lose souls. 570 views of religion. Rector Beeby (Birmingham, Eng.). I repudiate the doctrine of the virgin birth of Christ. Haeckel. Belief in a "loving father" who unceasingly guides the destinies of one billion, five hundred million men on our planet and is attentive at all times to their millions of contradictory prayers and pious wishes, is absolutely impossible. Louis Blanc. The Redeemer has come but when will come the redemption ? Edward Carpenter (England). Plato says that this state of mind, in which divine beauty is seen, is a "mania" and that only in this condition of "mania" can the heavenly facts be perceived. Dr. Karl Mantyins. The sanctuary resembles a stage, on which the priest, robed in his chasuble, the deacon and choristers with censors, seem to act before silent audience of the congregation. Prof. Delitzsch. So the people, kept ignorant alike by pastors and teachers, are over- whelmed by the announcement of the results of biblical and Baby- lonian research. Alfred Stead. It (Bushido, the Japanese ethical code) gets beneath the various (Christian) creeds and dogmas to the fundamental truths necessary to the building up of fine characters. Gambetta. I shall oppose "woman suffrage" as long as the priest, an un- married man, continues to be the confessor of woman. views of religion. 57 1 Graduate Tokio University. The Japanese have unanimously rejected the religion of the Euro- peans as something which they do not want and do not need. Louise Chandler Moulton. Though we repent, can any God give back The dear, lost days we might have made so fair — Turn false to true, and carelessness to care And let us find again what now we lack ? Sam Walter Foss. What is the world's true Bible ? 'Tis the highest thought of man ; The thought distilled from ages since the dawn of thought began. Robert Louis Stevenson. God doeth all things well, though by what strange, solemn and murderous contrivances. Sam Walter Foss. A father's catechism never fits a father's son ! And where is hell? And where is heaven? In some vague distant dim ? No, they are here and now in you — in me, in her, in him. Rev. J. P. Bland, B. D. I would not miss this life for eternity. Edward Clodd. There is not a dogma of Christianity, not a foundation on which the dogma rests, that evolution does not traverse. Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott. If we are to have religion without humanity or humanity without religion, it is better to have humanity without religion. 572 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Shakespeare. I tell thee, churlish priest, A ministering angel shall my sister be, When thou liest howling. I. K. HUYSMANS. The worship of the devil is no more insane than the worship of God. Shakespeare. It's too much proved that with devotion's visage And pious actions we do sugar o'er the devil himself. Hon. Wm. E. Gladstone. No more cunning plot was ever devised against the intelligence, the freedom, the happiness, and virtue of mankind than Romanism. Dr. Aked (Changing Creeds). Ignorance has claimed the Bible for its own. In our day Bible — worship has become, with many very good but un thoughtful people, a disease. Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott. An infallible book is an impossible conception and to-day no one really believes that our present Bible is such a book. Prof. Julius Bohmer. Church teachings, sermons and religious books are as free from the results of the higher criticism as if scientific biblical investigation did not exist or were at least under the guidance of the devil. U. S. Senator Bailey (1904). For my part I don't have much faith in a doctrine that does not get a revelation commanding a change of conduct until there is a statute compelling it. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 573 Mr. Takahir.4 (Japanese Minister to U. S.). Freedom of religious belief is as firmly guaranteed in Japan as in any country in the world. Eliza Ritchie. Heresy-hunting is out of fashion. Dogma is indeed little heard from in the pulpits of American churches. Mr. Takahira (Japanese Minister to U. S.). We do feel that we have the right to expect exemption from nar- row-minded critisicm on the prejudices of race or of creed. Prof. Borden P. Bowne (B. U.). The traditional theological doctrine concerning sin and salvation has been largely built on metaphors. Sir Edward Russell (Editor, 1904). There is a considerable falling ofi in preaching and a still greater falling off in the demand for preaching. Prof. Andrew C. Lawson, U. C. Three million years have elapsed since the beginning of quarternary time. Watchman (Baptist). A nation which looks to an image (Russian virgin) for assistance in war certainly does not exempUfy a high type of Christianity. Rev. Russell H. Conwell, D. D. Pastors are growing indifferent and congregations are all the time becoming smaller. Prof. J. H. Muirhead (Birmingham, Eng.). There is a very wide-spread decay of Orthodoxy. 574 views of religion. Professor Budde. The connection of the Bible stories of the Deluge and Creation with Babylonian Myths are truths which have become part of our flesh and blood, but which are often tabooed as heresies by the ruling church circles. Prof. Richard G. Moulton, C. U. It (Bible) prints verse as prose. Its present form has been given to us first by the scribes, then the Hebrew Rabbis, then the mediaeval doctors and lastly the translators and commentators. Elmina Drake Slenker. When we try to look at God we gaze on vacancy ; when we try to touch a God we grasp empty air; when we try to read him we find legends, fables and myths. John William Draper. There is a great and rapidly increasing departure from public religious faith. Rev. Theodore Parker. There was more writing done in Boston in thirteen days than in all Europe in the first thirteen centuries of our era. Soc. British and American Missionaries (1904). The presentation of a purely educational system has charms for those Chinese who make little of all religion and really respect none. Pres. Elisha Morgan (American Writing-Paper Trust). They (Presbyterians) have decided to let out (of hell) all the little fellows they have been putting in for the last dozen centuries. Prof. Richard G. Moulton, C. U. The Bible is the worst printed book in the world. It presents the appearance of a divine scrapbook. views of religion. 575 Carrol L. D. Wright. Science has overthrown many dogmas. Prof. Zimmer (University of Leipsic). The mythology of the Babylonians goes to show that it abounds in parallels to both Old and New Testament conceptions. Herbert Spencer. I have nowhere suggested that anyone should worship the un- knowable. Professor Gunkel (Germany). On the whole the Christology and the eschatology of the New Testament are largely composed of Babylonian elements. Robert B. Martin. Man is not punished for his sins, but by them. God is indifferent to the mistakes of man. Lemuel K. Washburn. Great poets, great artists, great philosophers, great historians were contemporary with Jesus but not one of them refers to his e.Yistence. Turgenief. All prayers ask for miracles. Great God, let not twice two make four! Prof. Zimmer (University Leipsic). To Babylonian sources may also be traced the Christian mysteries of Baptism and the Lord's supper. Lemuel K. Washburn. There is never a great calamity but what religion is obliged to apologize for its God. 576 views of religion. Pres. Olmstead (Springfield Street Railway Co.). The Presbyterians have decided to send no more babies to hell. James Smithson (Smithsonian Institute). Increase and diffuse knowledge (not faith). Rev. Dr. McArthur. Baptism never saved a human soul. The idea that God would forever condemn an innocent babe because some one had not put a few drops of water on its head makes God a tyrant, a monster and a demon. Daniel O'Connell (1775-1847). Ireland can never prosper while she makes such a fuss about her damned soul. Salad in. Never till Christianity was invented did man really know hell upon earth. Bishop of Wakefield. The world was not created four thousand and four years before Chrisl . Algernon Sidney (1622). God helps those who help themselves. Voltaire. I am disgusted at the absurd pedantry which can consecrate the history of such a people (the Bible Jews) to the instruction of youth. Buckle. The clergy (17th century) interfered with every man's private concerns, ordered how he should govern his family and often took upon themselves the personal control of his family views of religion. 577 Chinese Proverb. No makers of graven images worship the gods; he knows what they are made of. General Gordon (Eng ). What a pity ! I might convert (to Christianity) all Africa if you (Archbishop of Canterbury) would allow that (three wives to each African) . Chinese Proverb. Respect the gods, but keep them at a distance. Jesuit Pardow. Remove the miraculous from Christianity and the whole structure totters. Rev. Dr. Weinel, Unlversity op Bonn. It is not altogether clear what significance Paul assigned to the death of the Messiah. His brief and often enigmatical statements on this subject sometimes mock all efforts of the exegete. George Francis Train. Your views are mine, in bigot creeds, Rejecting "gods," ghosts, devils, sects; And basing life on nobler deeds. Boycotting "theologic wrecks." No bogus saviors or divines. Accepting death as end of life. William Henry Burr. It is a suspicious circumstance that no record was ever produced, outside of the New Testament, of his (Christ) crucifixion. Prof. William North Rice (Wesleyan University.) The conclusion which seems forced upon us is that no reconcilia- tion between the geological record and that of Genesis is possible. 578 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Boston Globe. Russia's suggestive plea that it is a quarrel between a Christian nation (Russia) and a pagan power (Japan) comes a little too soon after Kishineff (Russian massacre of Jews, 1903). Chicago Citizen. We believe it would be a fatal mistake to have the American public schools run or controlled by ecclesiastics of any creed. M. Angelo Treves. That the personality of the pontiff has any influence whatever upon the direction given to Vatican policy may be current theory in Paris or in St. Petersburg, but certainly not in Rome. Rev. Abbe Alfred Loisy (Paris). The apostles did not suspect that they had bequeathed a master to Caesar, nor even that they had given a supreme head to the church. Prof. William North Rice (Wesleyan University). The man who believes that God will change His plan in obedience to prayer, and still dares to pray, must be possessed of sublime hardi- hood. New York Examiner. Archbishop Quigley makes it perfectly plain that the Roman hierarchy is antagonistic to our public school system and intends to overthrow it if it can. Theodore Parker. The miracles of the New Testament no longer heal, but hurt man- kind. Lecky. The domestic unhappiness arising from difference of belief was probably almost or altogether unknown in the world before the in- troduction of Christianity. views of religion. 579 Rev. Thomas Van Ness. Does anybody to-day fancy that he can change the laws of the universe (by prayer) ? Rev. William R. Harper (Chicago University). Religious denominationaHsm in universities is narrow mindedness and the fact that the University of Chicago has broken away from this is an evidence of its mental progress. South County News (R. I). Ten thousand idiots visited Boston last week to worship at the shrine of Mother Eddy, the founder of the Christian Science humbug. Rathbun. When natural science is taught in every school in the land, super- stition (religion) must cease. Guyar. Instead of damning those who have gone wrong, God should ever- lastingly call them back to him. St. George Mivart. There are stories (in the Bible) no more worthy of respect than the history of Jack and the Beanstalk. Renan. Judaism and Christianity will disappear. Jewish work will end, but Greek work — that is, science, rational and experimental civili- zation without charlatanism, without revelation, founded on reason and liberty — will, on the contrary, go on forever. Voltaire. The more reason is improved the more does it destroy the seeds of reUgious wars. 580 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. Among the clergy we find our most violent enemies, those most opposed to any change in woman's position. Robert G. Ingersoll. Ought the sailor to throw away his compass (reason) and depend entirely on the fog (faith) ? Frederick May Holland. During the nineteenth century the authority of preachers and pastors has diminished plainly. Archbishop Hugues (1841) If children are to be educated promiscuously, as at present, let religion in every shape and form be excluded. PRor. John E. McFadden (Knox College, Toronto). They (early Old Testament stories) were not recorded in writing but were handed on, as among other peoples, by tradition. Eleanor R. Sullivan. The door of the popish convent alone is closed and barred against all intrusion (public inspection). Are Americans aware of this? T. C. Widdicombe. Religion is the outgrowth of man's ignorance of nature. Imperial Archduke Johann of Austria. Spiritualism: the obscure nuisance, the wildest necromancy, the silliest spookery. Swinburne. O fools, he was God, and is dead. views of religion. 581 Imperial Archduke Johann of Austria. The danger resulting from Spiritualism is far more serious than is generally admitted. Buddha. Thou shalt not follow the doctrine of strange Gods. W. Mann. Science has pronounced the doom of Christianity. Rev J. P. Bland He (Herbert Spencer) wisely makes our supreme end to consist in increasing man's present happiness and well-being, and that without the slightest regard to the gods or devils, heavens or hells of the church's creeds. Professor Banks. I believe we underrate the force of scepticism which is spreading over all classes of society. Rev. B. L. Ottley. The higher thought of Europe as a whole is largely given over to materialism. M. ViZETELLY. In my own opinion, as in M. Zola's, France as a whole is lost to the Christian religion. Hon. Violet Stuart Worthley. Parents lend a silent acquiescence (before their children) to a great deal that they ha^ e ceased to take literally. Congregationalist. The stories of the Old Testament do not need to be labeled as parables. S82 VIEWS or RELIGION. Robert G. Ingersoll. Banish me from Eden when you will but first let me eat of the tree of knowledge. Frederick May Holland. The dinner (Sunday) has become the best, instead of the worst in the week. Robert G. Ingersoll. Religion has not civilized man; man has civilized religion. Thomas Wentworth Higginson. The first nation in Europe that abolished slavery in the colonies, (France, in 1793) did, in the same session, abolish Christianity and when Christianity was restored slavery came back also. Iris. I am all that has been, that shall be, and none among mortals has hitherto taken off my veil. John Morley. The state is concerned with secular things and has no concern with religious things. Rev. Helen Newton. Sabbatarianism is building many dangerous fires to-day. Channing. Man cannot unfold his 'highest powers until he has risen above the prevalent theology, which has come down to us from the Dark Ages. Professor Ladenburg (University of Breslau). The whole conception of creation, of its author and of men, as developed from Biblical premises, has been shown to be the fantastic work of imagination. views of religion. 583 •Hugh O. Pentecost. Jesus is but one of many December sun-gods. Emerson. We should not forgive the clergy for taking on every issue the immoral side. B. F. Underwood. Evolution disposes of the theory that the idea of God is innate. Rev. Dr. Chalmers. The Sabbath is an expedient for pacifying the jealousies of a God of vengeance. Garrison. The first day of the week is no hoHer than any other. Action (Paris). The Pope is only a sort of mannikin who is dressed up for benedic- tion and for ritual exhibitions. Within those limits he plays his part. Walter R. Cassels (Supernatural Religion). Christianity has become a mere reHgion of the heart and the imag- ination. Professor Ladenburg (University of Breslau). Just in proportion as men give up faith in the "beyond" will they labor for the good things of the earth. Harper's Weekly (1903.) Higher criticism of the Bible is taught at Smith and Bryn Mawr, as well as at Harvard and John Hopkins. Rev. Dr. Campbell (London). Evolution is truth. 584 VIEWS OF RELIGION. London Guardian. The two places in the world where the priest is best hated are Paris and Rome. Mrs. Humphrey Ward. In the breakdown of miracle and revelation the moral experience of man has become infinitely more important. The World To-day (Chicago). A man's judgment upon the religious, like that upon the political, situation depends upon the company he keeps. Bishop William Lawrence (Mass.). The whole realm of theology has until the present generation been interpreted to us by men. Elizabeth Barrett Browning. How many women do you know who are religious, who are religious and yet analyze point by point what they believe in. Pope Pius X. The changed political and religious conditions to-day render un- bearable the Veto (of Austria, France and Spain as states) which in the past, the church prudently tolerated. Rev. James Fox, D. D. Pope and council and inquisition have persecuted to the death men and women for daring to translate or to read God's holy word. Unity (Chicago's Religious Paper). Preaching is the art of hoodwinking the people in the pews into supposing that truth and the creed are identical, when they are, in fact, irreconcilable. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 585 McKinley's Philippine Commission. The hostility of the people to the friars was beyond doubt one of the causes of the rebellion. Rev. Theodore T. ]\Iunger, D. D. All churches are on trial, however permanent they may claim to be. Edward White (Life of Christ). Men of culture and science, in growing numbers, reject the Gospel as an oppressive delusion. Richard \A'agner (Musical Composer). What smote the church with spiritual bhght and led to Atheism was the conception which reduced the divine victim on the cross to the old Jewish conception of the "creator of heaven and earth." Dowie. I am either Elijah or a great imposter and should be punished. Canon Liddon. Never was Christian truth denied and denounced so largely as is the case at this moment in each of the most civilized nations of Europe. Bishop William Lawrence (Mass.). If in the past women's minds had been at work on the problem (of theology), would any man have dared to say that hell was paved with the skulls of infants ? Talleyrand. To found a new religion I would advise you to be crucified and to rise the third day. Taylor. The first martyrs for Jesus Christ were the Gadarene pigs. 586 views of religion. President Girard College (1903). The pupils (in Girard College) are to be morally trained but not religiously. Lord Bacon. You may find all access to any species of philosophy, however pure, intercepted by the ignorance of divines (ministers and priests) . Prof. Franklin H. Giddings (Columbia University). It is hard to find among theologians more than a few who do not word their discourses to practically confess Mr. Spencer's doctrine of the unknowable. Dr. Felix Adler. Half the churches in Christendom would disband if they should come to consider prayer inefficacious to change the laws of nature. C. Cohen (London, Eng.). To the zeal and enduring work of a scientist the religious press is usually blind. John Lloyd (Eng.). Practically everything recorded in the Four Gospels has its exact parallel or model in pagan religions. E. L. Mackenzie (Eng.). Forsake, O priests ! — from curates down to popes — Your shameful cash-down trade in heavenly hopes. Rev. David Morgan (St. Paul, Minn.). I acknowledge it. I am a pr.rasite on society. All minisers are parasites. William E. Barton, D. D. (III.). It is not very difficult to originate a religion and to secure for it somewhat wide acceptance. views of religion. 587 Lord Bacon. For certainly God works nothing in nature but by second causes; and to assert the contrary is mere imposture, as it were in favor of God. J. B. Wilson, M. D. People believe all the theologians tell them about the Bible who understand it so well that they continually divide up into sects and dispute about it. Harriet E. Noyes. I am not a member of, or connected with, any church organization and reside away from even the sound of the church-bell. Sheik Abdul Hack (Bagdad). Ye Christians can have no conception of the terror and disgust that overcome our souls at the very mention of the word Trinity. Hon. William Lloyd Garrison (1903). It is a delusion that a special providence is guiding the nation. National conceit and assurance of divine favor have marked every previous republic or empire which has gone down in blood and shame. Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott. Job, the only Bible agnostic and the first in human history, de- clared he could not find God ; he wanted to find God but could not. Hannah Lynch. In mediaeval times, with a proper amount of faith, one might with impunity, boil one's enemies or roast them before a fire and be duly canonized and offered to posterity as a saint and a just man. Dr. Martineau. We do not believe immortality because we have proved it, but we forever try to prove it because we believe it. 588 views of religion. Leonard Courtney (Eng.). Herbert Spencer knew nothing of individual immortality; yet he dedicated himself to truth, progress and humanity as truly and as bravely as any man enjoying the solace of a more definite creed. Signor Biancheri (Pres. Italian Chamber). The Italian Chamber has always deemed it an honor to do homage to genius and it pays reverent homage to Herbert Spencer's memory. Carl Vogt. Physiology declares itself decidedly and categorically against indi- vidual immortality, as against all theories in general which includes the special existence of a soul. Robert Burns. O ye wha are sae guid yoursel, Sae pious and sae holy, Ye've naught to do but mark and tell Your neighbor's fau'ts and folly. Rev. Dr. Hugh Price Hughes (London). Belgravia needs the Gospel as much as Whitechapel. J. E. Roberts, M. D. As for me, I cannot see why, if I should chance to meet the infinite, I should not say like a man, "Good morning, God," instead of su- pinely to fall and crawl in the dust. Shakespeare. The Prince of Darkness is a gentleman. Archbishop of York (1868). In Christian Europe, thousands of the most cultivated class are beginning to consider atheism a permissible, or even a desirable thing. VIEWS or RELIGION. 589 Paul Perez (Columbian). At the confessionals, (Columbia) mothers were denied absolution if they did not abandon their husbands and families rather than tol- erate the sending of their children to the public schools. Rev. J. P. Bland. We find these stories, (Bible Stories of Creation) written on the bricks of Babylon 1 500 years before the book of Genesis existed and before Moses. NUMMUS. Christianity is merely the idolatry of Augustus ; the grossest forgery, the most stupendous and shameful imposture ever saddled upon the credulity of man. Hannah Lynch. What a pity the Almighty did not consult the fathers before casting this fatal and corrupting instrument (woman) upon the world ! Lemuel K. Washburn. "Why does I call mine boy Hans ?' ' " Because dat ish his name.' ' Joseph called Mary's boy Jesus, because that was not to be his name ; because a "Virgin shall conceive and bear a son and shall call his name Immanuel." Rev. Dr. George C. Lorimer. The people have lost particular interest in the Bible. Prest. Lomas Estrada Palma (Cuba). Cubans are indifferent to all religion. I have my own religion. M. Combes (Premier France). You have to choose between the free government of the republic and the religious orders. S90 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Dillon Bronson. Prostestantism is damnable heresy to the Roman church, and Rome's teachings are so stigmatized by the Greek church, the oldest in Christendom. Acting Pres. Huntington, N. E. Methodist Conference. They (charges of heresy against Prof. B. P. Bowne, D. D.) seem to be foolish. Pres. King (Oberlin College). The one greatest road to character is through association with the best (not necessarily rehgion). Phineas G. Wright (Putnam, Conn.). Going, but know not where. Dr. Jonathan Hutchinson. Wherever Catholic missions are successful, there is increase of leprosy (through eating fish on fast days). Prof. J. P. Mahaffy, D. D. The importance of miracles, as a proof of divine power, cannot but wane and pass into the background, as being suited to a ruder age and less developed people. MiRZA Ghulam Ahmad. Dowie claims to have healed hundreds of sick men. But why did his healing power fail in the case of his own beloved daughter? Leigh Hunt. He wore a cowl, from under which there shone A face not of this earth, half veiled in gloom And radiance, but with eyes like lamps of doom; This (the priest) is the monster that I now declare. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 591 Prof. J. P. Mahaffy, D. D. When the faith in the one (hell) has faded ; the faith in the other (heaven) seems to be fading also. William S. \A'alsh. What is Kipling's ballad on the "White Man's Burden"but a poem to the "fittest.'"' What, indeed, is Roosevelt's appeal for the strenu- ous life but a summons to join in the struggle for existence ? Prof. Edward Clodd. Humanity has a terrible indictment against theology. Huxley called the ecclesiastical spirit the "deadly enemy of science." Rev. R. C. Tlllingham (Eng.). I will be ready to stir up the ritualists next February against idola- try. Prof. Doumergue (for Historical Society, Geneva). Here (near Champel, Switzerland) we have erected this memorial of Atonement (for the burning of Michael Servetus 1511) on the 27th of October, 1903. Prof. Henry Drummond. The real saviors of the world are men and women who have died at the stake as the enemies of church and society. Prof. A. L. Wright. The destruction of the republic of France has been the aim of the Court of Rome. Plutarch. Of all fears, none so dazes or confounds the mind as that of super- stiton. Dr. Felix E. Schelling, U. P. To-day the Elizabethan devil is unreal. 592 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. A. L. Weight. While his predecessors (Leo XIII) and himself were issuing en- cyclicals against secret societies, Roman Catholic laymen and lay- women have been corralled into secret associations. Prof. A. L. Wright. The only day of national importance to Irish Roman Catholics is the birthday of a priest. Rev. Dr. James Morris Whiton. No scholar of more than narrowly local repute now hesitates to acknowledge the presence of a legendary element both in the Old Testament and in the New. St. Augustine. A miracle is not worked against nature but against nature as it is known. Rev. W. J. Dawson. Even the most devout mind may be forgiven occasional pangs of incredulity (as to Lazarus). Dr. W. Hhl (Lancet, Eng.). Theology has no more to do with medical science than it has to do with mathematics. Prof. E. Ray Lankester, Director in British Museum. There is no relation, in the sense of a connection or influence, be- tween science and religion. M. Marcelin Berthelot, Hon. Pres., U. A. F. of F. Let us fight against all dogmatism and all intolerance, with the firm resolution never to give ourselves up to a new dogmatism or to a new intolerance. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 593 H. L. Green (Editor). We are engaged in the destruction of the superstitions in the Gospels which are followed by Christians more than the ethics. Robert Park, M. D. For the most part to-day the medical profession, in all its branches, discard and disown spiritism and occultism. Mr. W. H. Mallock. Lord Kelvin seeks to reinforce our confidence in rehgion, not by meeting our difficulties, but by ignoring them. Prof. James G. Carleton (Oxford). Their (revisers) work shows evident traces of the influence of a version not specified in their rules, the Rhemish, made from the Latin Vulgate, but by scholars conversant with the Greek original. Huxley. Five-sixths of the pubhc are taught this Adamitic monogenism, as if it were an estabhshed truth, and believe it. I do not. Rev. Dr. E. Winchester Donald (1903). She (the Christian church) used to threaten; now she pleads with us. Her power to enforce her commands has been taken away. Rev. Dr. Curry. We are standing on the eve of the most stupendous revolution in reference to the doctrines of the Bible that the church has ever known. James Anthony Froude. I think certainly that to send hawkers over the world loaded with copies of this book (Bible) is the most culpable folly of which it is possible for man to be guilty. 594 views of religion. Rev. Dr. E. Winchester Donald (1903). We are often puzzled and not seldom depressed at the apparently meager outcome of all our religious sacrifices. John E. Remsburg. The authenticity of the Bible must be abandoned. Charles C. Moore. The story about snakes and fish in the Bible are difficult of accept- ance by the unregenerate mind, as is generally true of snake and fish stories to this day. Wordsworth. To the solid ground of nature (not religion) trusts the mind which builds for aye. Henry D. Lloyd (Economist). Evangehcal alliances forbade young people to dance, but refused to declare it sinful for a bishop to hold slaves. Henry D. Lloyd (Economist). Churches come and go, but there has ever been but one religion. The life eternal is the life we are now living. Charles C. Moore. The Bible from Genesis to Revelation makes no mention of any woman ever having gone to heaven. Smith's Bible Dictionary. The language of the apostles is intentionally obscure. Charles C. Moore. The little amenities that religions show each other every time they get a chance is real touching. views of religion. 595 Dr. Isaac Watts. The greatest part of the Christian world can hardly give any reason why they believe the Bible to be the word of God, but because they have always believed it and they were taught so from their infancy. Lemuel K. Washburn. The next great moral revolution of the world will be a crusade against the Christian Bible. William Tyndale (Translator of Bible). Neither was there any cause to change it (Sabbath) from Saturday than to put difference between us and the Jews. Melancthon. They who think that by the authority of the church the observance of the Lord's day was appointed instead of the Sabbath, as if neces- sary, are greatly deceived. Calvin. Christians, therefore, should have nothing to do with a supersti- tious observance of days. Dr. Hessey (Bampton Lectures). Sabbatarianism which strains at a gnat to swallow a camel was repudiated by the chief of them (reformers) in every country. John Firth (Translator of Bible). We are as superstitious in our Sunday as they (the Jews) are in their Saturday — yea, we are much more mad. Charles C. Moore. Elijah and the Virgin Mary took off their clothes before they as- cended to heaven, but Jesus went to heaven with his clothes on unless he left them in a cloud. 596 views of religion. Theodore Beza. No cessation of work on the Lord's day is required of Christians. Thoreau. The preachers deal with men of straw as they are men of straw themselves. Lemuel K. Washburn. The Bible is a book of events that never transpired. Charles C. Moore. In Rome everybody is not dead-stuck on popery by a long jump. Dr. Heylin (Chaplain to Charles I). Take which you will, either the fathers or the modems, and we shall find no Lord's day instituted by an apostolic mandate; no Sabbath set on foot by them on the first day of the week. Charles C. Moore. Jerusalem is the best place to start a first-class hell that I ever saw. Grotius. These things refute those who suppose that the first day of the week was substituted in place of the Sabbath, for no mention is ever made of such a thing by Christ or his Apostles. Dr. Isidor Singer (Ed. Jewish Encyclopedia). Does Mr. Geer (Rev. Vicar Geer) know that men of science simply smile at the pretension of our theologians to teach "religion" in the schoolroom as geography, arithmetic and zoology are taught. John Morley. All religions die of one disease — being found out. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 597 Penn. To call any day of the week a Christian Sabbath is not Christian, but Jewish. Dr. Isidor Singer (Ed. Jewish Encyclopedia). Rabbis, priests and parsons whose brains are filled with confused notions about angelology, etc., leave the little ones to the modern priests and priestesses of poplar science — the school teachers! Martin Luther. As regards the Sabbath, or Sunday, there is no necessity for keeping it. G. W. FooTE (Ed. Freethinker, London). The problem of evil is the rock on which every ship of faith splits to pieces. Lemuel K. Washburn. We do not see how a man can read the story of the miraculous origin of Jesus and not wish that God had never become a ghost. Peter Burrowes. It is in vain for Ego to go into the business of architecting God. Centuries of such God-tinkering have brought us only idolatry and shame and folly. Lemuel K. ^^'ASHBURN. Every line written about God is a lie. Every word put in God's mouth is a forgery. Weekly Bulletin (Lodon, 1893). We have all been brought up in the strict belief that the Old and New Testaments, Domesday Book (1086), Magna Charta (1215), Battle of Hastings (io66), were truths, and as long as we continue in such belief, so long shall the priesthood fatten upon us. 598 VIEWS or religion. George Anderson (London). I view such teachings (R. C. book on "A Sight of Hell") with horror, for they frighten the little ones, stunt the growth of their in- tellects and fill our asylums with idiots. Church Standard (Eng.). Professor Huxley is amply justified in saying that the conception of demoniacal possession is fundamental for the authors of the Gospels. Rabbi Kaufman Kohler, Ph. D. Christianity presents itself as an orb of light, but not so central as to exclude Islam, nor so bright and unique as to eclipse Judaism, the parent of both. Rabbi Kaufman Kohler, Ph. D. His (Jesus) whole life was reconstructed and woven together out of Messianic passages of the scriptures. Gabriel Seailles (Paris). Science does not deny him (God), does not bother about him, yet little by little creates, through discovery, a world wherein this httle God (Jehovah) has neither place nor part. Abraham Lincoln, Pres., U. S. A. Both (North and South) read the same Bible and pray to the same God. Each invokes his aid against the other. Elias Hicks (1827). We deny the divinity of Christ and his atoning blood. Michael Davitt, M. P. The actual leaders of the riots (Kishineff) were students and sem- inarists from the Royal school and city religious colleges. VIEWS or iELIGION. ' 599 Rev. Peter MacQueen. The weather — we can pray about it till doomsday. It will rain when it will rain. We can no more legislate the weather than we can pocket the stars. Michael Davitt, M. P. What can be done to free the name of a great empire (Russia) from the reproach of such organized Christian barbarism (Kishinefif) ? Hon. Whitelaw Reid. Nothing is more noticeable to-day than the decay of faith. Boston Globe. Rain will always follow prayer, if only the prayer is continued long enough. Edgar Fawcett. Beyond our ken lies a vast expanse Which knowledge has never trod: The scientist calls it ignorance, And the pietist calls it God. Edgar Fawcett. The number of monarchs our world has seen — Is beyond conception prodigious; But, wicked or virtuous, all have been Irreproachably religious. Emil Zola. Has science ever retreated? No ! It is Catholicism which has always retreated before her and will always be forced to retreat. Nacquet. Whenever knowledge takes a step forward, God takes a step back- ward. • 6oo views of religion. Emerson. Prayer as a means to effect a private end is meanness and theft. Emerson. Nature as we know her is no saint. Douglas Jerrold. Dogmatism (religious) is puppyism grown to maturity. Herbert Spencer. How can infinite power be able to do all things and yet infinite goodness be unable to do evil? Bible. No man hath seen God at any time. Prof. Edwin Johnson (England). There is no more real and less spurious historical evidence for Paul than for Jesus. Sophocles. The race of mortals has forged images of God, of stone, wood, gold and ivory; we dedicate to them festival days and we call that religion. Herbert Spencer. With his last breath it becomes to each the same thing as though he had never lived. Mrs. Russell Sage. I know a girl with eight brothers and sisters who went out to teach the heathen. I think she should have stayed at home. E. M. MacDonald (Truthseeker, N. Y.). Jesus would have us to forgive our enemies, but he will damn his. views of religion. 60i Robert Burtox (1596). Where God hath a temple the devil hath a chapel. Church Standard (Eng.). If demoniacal possession was a delusion, and our Lord did not know it to be so, then he was ignorant of one of the spiritual facts of the universe. Boston Globe. Rain may keep people away from church, but never from a good circus. Huxley. I hold that the human body, like all living bodies, is a machine; all the operations of which will sooner or later be explained on physi- cal principles. Rev. Edward H. Hall (Cambridge, Mass). In our theological disputes it is the rarest thing in the world to find a brave-hearted acceptance of the results of knowledge. Emerson. Whoso would be a man must be a nonconformist. King Louis IX (St. Louis). No ! the state must revise all clericals; the final appeal must be made to the king. Professor Delitzsch (Berlin.) There is no greater mistake of the human mind than the belief that the Bible is a personal revelation of God. Bishop Frederick Burgess. Eddyism: the most absurd but perhaps the most profitable es- tablishment ! 6o2 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Emerson. To aim to convert a man by miracles is a profanation of the soul. Emerson. Nothing is at last sacred but the integrity of your own soul. Maxim Gorky. People who regard themselves as Christians, on the day conse- crated to the resurrection of their God from the dead, occupy the time in murdering children and aged people, ravishing the women and martyring the men of the race which gave them Christ. Algernon Sidney (1653). This hand, opposed to tyrants, (church and state) seeks with the sword peace and quietness under liberty. Emperor William II. (1903). Lucifer himself has been proposed (as a statute for Berlin Cathed- ral) only we do not know whether to place him in the pulpit or in the emperor's box. Voltaire. Study, to a profound theologian, consists in puzzling his brain and filling his pate with words to which neither himself nor anyone else can attach any reasonable sense. Voltaire. God is pure spirit but, nevertheless, he has an eye to the temporal blessings of this world, without which his spiritual ministers could not subsist. Michael Servetus. Did not the two hundred crowns and the gold chain you (Christian persecutors and murderers) took from me suflSce to buy enough dry wood (instead of green wood) to bum me ? views of religion. 603 Lemuel K. \\'ashbuen. . The Roman Catholic church to-day is pomp, pretence, parade, pagentry, paddy and papacy. Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, Pres. Inst. Tech. .Authority is less accepted in religious matters than it has been in the past. Senator Delpech (France, 1903). Long before the gospels were written Buddhist priests and Stoic philosophers had preached a morality based upon the idea of paternal solidarity. Dr. John Bascom (Bible Society). The test of revelation does not lie in itself. Lemuel K. ^\'ashburn. Christians act as if God had gone back on the world and that "Christ" was their only hope. Senator Delpech (France, 1903). That which is peculiar to primitive Christianity, as the Roman church still understands it, is a doctrine of despair, calculated to dry up the sources of all activity and all joy. Ella Wheeler Wilcox. It is time that outraged public sentiment cry out in detestation of the outrages committed in the name of religion. Senator Delpech (France, 1903). When young girls abandon father and mother to take refuge in the cloister, when !Madame de Chantel gives up her yoimg son to enter the convent, they are complying with the gospel injunction — ^who loves son, daughter, father or mother more than me is not worthy of me. 604 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Lydia Maria Child. More and more I feel that every sort of salvation we do attain to must be worked out by ourselves. Huxley. Orthodoxy is the Bourbon of the world of thought. It learns not, neither can it forget. Menander. Give me no God that strolls the streets, With women old and foolish — No deity that comes begging to my door. Huxley. The cosmogony of the semi-barbarous Hebrew is the incubus of the philosopher and the approbium of the orthodox. Rassegna Internagionale (Florence). Catholicism, once the faith of the great majority of the nation (Italy), is now professed by but a single (political) party. Senator Delpech (France, 1903). To its (CathoUc church) ideal of death we (Anti-clericals) oppose an ideal of life. Submit, says the church. We reply: Revolt. Goethe. Tell me what you do believe ; I have doubts enough of my own. Cardinal Gibbons. Our sense of justice revolts at the thought of persecution for re- ligion's sake. Emperor Joseph II (Austria). Your (the priests) gospel tells you not to lay up riches on earth, therefore, I, as Emperor, will take it and build for posterity. views of religion. 605 New York Journal. The Greek church (Christian) encourages the perseAition in the name of "God' ' and that very " God' ' is one borrowed from the Jews. Hindoo Priest. If you have the Koran in your hand, and no pig, you are forbidden to eat pork; but if you have the pig in your hand, and no Koran, you had better eat what Allah has given you. Labouchere. We know that Joe Smith did not move a mountain and the honest belief of thousands of persons that they saw him move one does not alter our absolute conviction that he did not. Rev. Dr. William Hayes Ward (Ed. Independent). There was a time when men thought that if one did not hold a particular belief as to whether the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father alone, or also from both the Father and the Son, he would without doubt perish everlastingly. We have all got over that cruel notion now. Sir Walter Raleigh. For in Abraham's time Egypt had many magnificent cities hewn of stone which magnificence needed a parent of more antiquity than these other men have supposed. London Times (1903). The chronology of Archbishop Ussher, still preserved in our author- ized version of the Bible, has been utterly discredited by modem discoveries. Judge Arnold (Supreme Court, Pa.). It would be injurious to the community to incorporate a group of citizens who would preach the doctrine that there is no such thing as a contagious disease or any disease and practice the art of curing of what are called contagious diseases by inaudible prayer. 6o6 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Gambetti. Catholicism and French patriotism are irreconcilable. Charles Bradlaugh, jM. P. I am unaware of any religion in the world which, in the past, for- bade slavery. James Anthony Froude. No ingenious reconciliations of religion and science, no rivers of casuistic holy water, can restore the ruined loveliness of traditionary faith. D'HOLBACH. If religion were necessary to all, it ought to be intelligible to all. Saladin. " Except ye eat the flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, ye have no life in you.' ' (John VI, 53) . Christianity is cannibal to the backbone. Lord Kelvin. No doubt the advance of science has upset, legitimately, many of our theological notions. George Jacob Holyoake. Perish the very name of God ! If Voltaire ever did say crush such a fiction, I will endorse the saying henceforth and forever. Rev. F. W. Robertson, D. D. If there should be no future life, it is better to be generous than selfish, better to be true than false, better to be brave than to be a coward. Archdeacon Farrar. We should consider it humiliating to try to shake it (Darwinian Theory) by platform appeal to the unfathomable ignorance and unlimited arrogance of a prejudiced assembly. views of religion. 607 Tennyson. We have but faith; we cannot know. • Police Magistrate Crane (N. Y., 1903). When I hear a sermon I often say to myself that the man who is dehvering it is trying to make me VeHeve something that he does not believe himself. La Peyrere. Man existed on earth before the time of Adam. Professor Driver. No reconciliation of the representation (Mosaic vegetation before the creation of the sun) with the data of science has yet been found. Dr. Arthur Stanley (Dean of \^'ESTMINSTER.) The first and second chapters of Genesis contain two narratives of the creation side by side, differing from each other in almost every particular of time and place and order. Dr. Arthur Stanley (Dean of Westminster). One mode of reconciliation of scriptures and science is the en- deavor to wrest the words of the Bible from their natural meaning and force it to speak the language of science. Max Muller. Materialists are mostly serious-minded and moral men, while the greatest amount of immorality meets us among those who are most orthodox in their religious opinions and most shocked at the teach- ings of Darwin and Huxley. Emperor William II. Regard me as the intermediary between you (German Bishops) and Germany's ancient God. 6o8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Wm. T. Stead. If every incident recorded in the gospels were to occur to-day in England or America the immense majority of our people would scornfully refuse to pay any attention to the man or his miracles. Rt. Hon. William E. Gladstone. Upon the grounds of what is termed evolution God is relieved of the labor of creation; in the name of unchangeable laws he is dis- charged from governing the world. Feed F. Ayer. Lawrence and Casandra Southwick of Salem, Mass., were im- prisoned, whipped, starved, despoiled, banished and persecuted to death (by Christians) for being Quakers (i6oo). Robert Buchanan. Are you not then a Christian? He (Robert Browning) immed- diately thundered "No." Andrew Carnegie. I have not bothered Providence with my petitions for about forty years. Dr. E. Petersilie. The forty-eight millions of Germans in 1888 sent 4,793 students of theology and the fifty-five millions of to-day send only 2,352. George Peabody (Philanthropist). I view all churches with equal indifference. Pierre Bayle. If we had a just idea of the universe, we should soon comprehend that the death or birth of a prince is too insignificant a matter to stir the heavens (as comets). views of religion. 609 Hon. Andrew Dixon White. « When Franklin showed that lightning is caused by electricity and Ohm and Faraday proved that electricity obeys ascertained laws, they ended the theological idea of a divinity seated above the clouds and casting thunderbolts. Henry IV. The public will remember one prophesy that comes true better than all the rest that have proved false. Francis Bacon. If science be little understood each single thing can be referred more easUy to the hand and rod of God ; this is nothing more or less than wishing to please God by a lie. Pope Leo XIII (Encyc. to Cuba). Let everybody in sacred orders wholly abstain from interference in political matters. No man being a soldier of God entangleth him- self in secular business. Francis Bacon. Those who have endeavored to found a natural philosophy on the books of Genesis and Job and other sacred Scriptures, so "seek the dead among the living." Lemuel K. Washburn. The resurrection of a body does not prove the immortality of a soul. Francis Bacon. The corruption of philosophy from superstition and theology in- troduced the greatest amount of evil both into whole systems of philosophy and into their parts. Lemuel K. Washburn. Criminals should make their confessions to the police, not to priests. 6lO VIEWS OF RELIGION. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. No man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, ministry or place whatever. Thomas Moore. Tell me not of joys above. If that world can give no bliss, Truer, happier than the love Which enslaves our souls in this. Lemuel K. Washburn. We ought to put behavior above belief, conduct above creed and duty above devotion. Lord Chatham. Atheism furnishes no man with arguments to be vicious ; but sup- erstition or what the world means by religion, is the greatest possible encouragement to it. Rev. Dr. W. E. Barton (Chicago). The spiritual period of girls is i6 years and that of boys is 17. There is little chance of converting any man after he has reached the age of 23. Living Church Annual (1903). The spiritual birthrate among our communicants (Episcopalians) has decreased more than 50 per cent, in 14 years. Hon. John D. Long. Creeds are found to vary according to the mental makeup of the individual. George Smith. The legends of Izdubar (Berosus, Chaldean historian) and the accounts of the flood may be placed about 30,000 years before the Christian era. VIEWS OP RELIGION. 6ll George Smith (British Museum). In the Jewish account of the flood, one God only is mentioned ; the cuneform inscriptions (Chaldean) mention all the principal gods of the eariy Babylonian pantheon as engaged in bringing about the flood. Henry Adams. Thomas Paine was admired and courted as the greatest literary genius of his day. Chambers Encyclopedia. He (Paine) was chosen by Napoleon to introduce a popular form of government into Britain. D'HOLBACH. Emperors and hangmen long supported the gods of Rome against the gods of Christians; then the latter destroyed the worship of the Roman gods. Hetty Green (Multi-Millionaire). My idea is if we could get rid of lawyers we would not want any heaven. Robert G. Ingersoll. In the vast cemetery called the Past are most of the religions of men, and there, too, are nearly all their gods. Rev. Dr. Charles Parkhurst. The old-time rehgious paper is certainly played out and has no place to-day. Walt Whitman (Poet). Paine was doubly damnably lied about. Hon. E. B. Washburne (Pres. Grant's Minister jo France). He (Paine) at once became a hero in France. He stood by the side of de Bonneville, Brissot and Condorcet. 6l2 VIEWS or RELIGION. Buckle. For eight centuries there were not in all Christian Europe four men who dared to express an independent opinion. Rev. MmoT J. Savage, D. D. Evolution has forever removed those stories (Garden of Eden, Adam and Eve and the Fall of Man) and kindred ones to the land of myth. Rev. MmoT J. Savage, D. D. There are thousands of churches to-day in which the Eden story is quietly referred to as though it were poetry or allegory; there are thousands of others where it is quietly laid to one side. Rev. Herbert S. Johnson (Boston, 1903). We should sweep the Bible from the public schools ; and let us have no public praying there. Rev. Edward Ctjmmings (Boston, 1903). The truth of evolution has brought us emancipation from super- stition, ignorance and fear. Rev. Edward Cummings (Boston, 1903). The sermons you stay away from on Sundays are influenced by Spencer's Synthetic Philosophy. George Smith. To him (Sisthrus) the deity Cronos foretold that on the fifteenth day of the month of Dsesius there would be a deluge (flood). Judge Thomas Hertell. No man in modem ages has done more to benefit mankind, or distinguished himself more for the immense moral good he has effected for his species, than Thomas Paine. VIEWS or RELIGION. 613 Lord Edward Fitzgerald. I lodge with my friend, Paine ; we breakfast, dine and sup together. I like and respect him. Rev. Dr. Minot J. Savage. The Bible should never be read at all in the public schools. Col. John Fellows. He (Paine) was a friend of Jefferson, Madison, Monroe and John Quincy Adams, under all of whom he had a responsible office. Rev. J. P. Bland, B. D. From whence came this God of the Bible? He came from the minds and hearts of the semi-barbarians who created him. Rev. MmoT J. Savage, D. D. Justin Martyr recognizes that the "eucharist" was invented by the devil before Christ. It was not original, then, with Christianity. Miss Helen Miller Gould (Philanthropist). There is very general ignorance about the facts concerning the origin and history of the different versions of the Bible used in the Roman Catholic and Protestant churches. W. K. Vanderbilt (Multi-Millionaire) . You are overburdened with churches ! I advise you to reduce the number of churches and cut down on the preachers' salaries and learn to be self-supporting. Lemuel K. Washburn. How have priests helped matters by substituting for inexplicable nature an inscrutable Providence, by putting God, who is past finding out, in the place of nature, which is past finding out ? 6l4 VIEWS or RELIGION. Matthew Arnold. Morality (not religion) constitutes three-fourths of life. Judge Lyman S. Burr. I have had the goodwill of man and I appreciate that more than any kindness of the higher power. Rev. William Chester. Of course the question of immortality is out of the realm of physical science. Desmond G. Fitzgerald. Instead of repeating a priestly lesson, and striving to believe that they believe it, men are learning the wisdom of saying " I do not know." Rev. Minot J. Savage, D. D. This teaching (the mass) of the Catholic church is gross, is materialistic, is utterly absurd, unthinkable, unprovable, degrading. Pope Pius X. I keep it (Mgr. Locamus' Life of Christ) next to my bed and I read some of it every night. It helps me with my French. Lecky. Professional theologians continually afl5rm as the truth whatever they wish to be true. Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch. God never descended to Sinai and Moses never ascended it. Rabbi Emil G. Hirsch. There never was a Garden of Eden. Adam and Eve as personal- ities never did exist. No tree of knowledge grew. Man has never fallen. views of religion. 6ls Chicago Tribune. If the pulpit is not more careful it will soon be supplanted by the press as a moral teacher. Thomas Moore. Leave points of belief to simpleton sages and reasoning fools. Supreme Court (Nebraska). Sectarian religious knowledge shall not be imparted in the public schools. Rev. George Campbell Morgan. It seems to be incontrovertible that there has been for many years a religious declension in the United States. Pius X (1903). Human society is now, more than in any past age, suffering from apostasy from God. Jeremiah. Harken not unto the words of the prophets. George Anderson (London). I believe you (Eng. clergymen) are better than your religion and I do not think you would burn me everlastingly if you had the power. Dr. M. D. Conway. The "Rights of Man" (Paine) is now the political constitution of England and the "Age of Reason' ' (Paine) is the growing constitution of the church. Prof. George Macloskie. Men trust for their souls to anything that is named reHgion. Neither sound reason nor Holy Scriptures indorses unquestioning faith. Science is an excellent detective of frauds spiritual as well as secular. 6l6 VIEWS or RELIGION. Margaret Deland. Congregations (church) seem to be made up of two classes: the conservative who scold the empty pews and the rebellious who promise themselves freedom the earliest possible moment. Prof. Franz Cumont (University of Ghent). From the third century, the Greek philosophers were wont to draw parallels between the Persian mysteries and Christianity, which were evidently entirely in favor of the former. Dr. Parker (City Temple, London). Genesis turns out to be mainly fable. MiCAH. The priests teach for hire, the prophets divine for money. Alexander Dumas. Catholics and Protestants while engaged (1567) in burning and murdering each other could co-operate in enslaving their black breth- ren. Petite Republique (1903). The anticlerical majority must proceed with the work of libera- tion, (which is separation of church and state). Major A. W. Black (Nottingham, Eng.). The thing that impresses me most of all in America is your ma- terialism. Lemuel K. Washburn. Stab the spirit and the medium would bleed to death. Maj. Henry L. Higginson (Boston). People go to church Sundays and hke to hear the golden rule but if they practiced it a little more we should be better off. views of religion. 617 Dr. Parker (City Temple, London). Tom Paine said, "Whoever wrote the Pentateuch, Moses had little or nothing to do with it. But some who say this very thing have orthodox chairs in English universities." Dr. Parker (City Temple, London). Tom Paine showed wonderful insight and in a manner anticipated all the "higher critics." Jeremiah. The prophets prophesy falsely and the priests bear rule by their means. HosEA. The prophet is a fool, the spiritual man is mad. Lord Bacon. There are two swords amongst Christians, the spiritual and the temporal ; and both have their due ofi&ce in the maintenance of religion Byron. Shall those who live for self alone. Whose years float on in daily crime — Shall they by faith for guilt atone. And live beyond the bounds of time? Thoreau. The sound of the Sabbath bell, melancholy and sombre, is as the sound of many catechisms and religious books twanging a canting peal round the earth. Prof. B. P. Bowne, B. U. No one would have the slightest interest in Balaam's ass, or Jonah's whale, or the talking serpent, or the rib that was made into a woman, unless it were thought that to question these things would lead to atheism. 6l8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Goethe. Voltaire will always be regarded as the greatest man in literature, of modem times and perhaps, even, of all times. James Parton. It was religion with the Bastile and the rack at its command which Voltaire wished to crush. Camille Flammarion. Men have had the vanity to pretend that the whole creation was made for them, while in reality the whole creation does not suspect their existence. Hume. Miracles are really cases of human ignorance rather than of divine interference. President Hyde (B. C). Such traditions (God-creation of Man, Atonement, Inspiration of prophets) are all a mass of nonsense and an absurdity which it is better to deny and to disbelieve. Action (Paris 1903). The monks and nuns want to roast all friends of freethought. Byron. The Mohammedans are devout to their God without an inquisition. Prof Syed Ali Bilgrami, U. C. Islam is the most tolerant faith of all. Frank E. Partin. Public funds can never be justly used to inculcate the tenets of any church. views of religion. 619 Angaeika Dharmapala (India). What Buddha wanted to do by his teachings was to induce people to devote less thought to another world, and more to this. DowiE. I've been to the university and the theological schools; and I've found the biggest fools in the family were sent to the ministry. Rev. Dr. A. C. Thompson. "Rev." is used only once in the "word" (Psalms III-9) and then is applied to the name of Jehovah only, and " D. D.' ' that is nowhere to be found there. Frank E. Partin. While religious instruction in American schools is out of the ques- tion, all can agree as to fundamental virtues. Hon. R. M. Morse (Lawyer, Boston). We all know that from the earliest times that it (religion) has been the source of most of the controversies that have taken place in the world. ^Maurice Allakd (La Raison, Paris). I have demonstrated many times that every religionist is an illusion- ist or a madman. John Boyle O'Reilly. There once was a time when, as old songs (Bible) prove it. The earth was not round, but an endless plain; But the schools must come, with their scales and measures, And circled the world in their parallels. G. W. FooTE (Ed. Freethinker). The blessing of "Almighty God' ' is asked on the work (anti-cruelty to animals). But what sort of a God is it that waits to be asked for his blessing on kindness. 620 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. In every country and in every age the priest has been hostile to liberty. Butler. What makes all doctrine plain and clear? About two hundred pounds a year. George Anderson (London). I read the Old and New Testaments long ago; found the former cruel and indecent, and the latter impracticable. I detest your faith (Christian). C. Cohen (London). Religious "mystery" is a mere jumble of words answering to no known fact, and corresponding with no definite idea. Rev. O. B. Frothingham. No private character has been more foully calumniated in the name of God than that of Thomas Paine. Rev. George L. Perin (Boston). The higher criticism has come to stay. Paul. The world by wisdom knew not God. It pleased God by the foolishness of preaching to save them that believe. Ernest Crosby (1903). Jesus was not a carpenter. We find not a single word (in the Bible) which points to either carpentry or to any handicraft whatever. C. Cohen (London). Upon this "mystery" (Trinity) all religion hangs, upon it all churches depend and upon it all the clergy live. views of religion. 62 1 Maurice Allard (La Raison, Paris). The priest who asks twenty-five sous from a simpleton, assuring him that by a "mass" he will release a "soul" from "purgatory," differs in no way from Mme. Humbert, (Parisian swindler, 1903). Rev. Dr, Buckley. If it (Roman CathoHc church) really raises this issue (state-re- ligious schools) the Protestant churches of this country will ally themselves at the polls with Jews and with Agnostics. Rev. J. N. Pardee. In the country religion is decidely rationalistic and it flows in the direction of ethical ideals. Prof. Andrew D. White The cardinal doctrine of a fanatic's creed is that his enemies are enemies of God. Jeremiah Quin (Pres. School Board, Milwaukee). Cardinal Gibbons pronounces the public schools vicious. If the pubUc schools, because of being secular, are vicious, then must our whole theory of government, being secular, be vicious also. Dhorna Vhegge. That ye may be one with me, even as I am one with my Father; this must have been taken from the Egyptian Book of the Dead. Jeremiah Quest (Pres. School Board, Milwaukee). Every true American will forever oppose such a movement, (state religious schools). Laetitia Moon Conard. These ideas of the deity (held by the Iroquois and the Hurons) as a great bird present striking analogies with Bibhcal ideas. 622 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Alexander D. MacKinnon. The Christian should be filled with doubt concerning everything that is presented in the name of Christianity. Max Muller. The man who knows only his Bible does not know his Bible. I Rev. George A. Gordon, D. D. (Boston). The ultimate demand is, whether God is, or not. The final duel in the world of thought is between theism and atheism. Bismarck. You (Princess Bismarck) probably think that if I had become a pastor I would have been a better man. Rev. Dr. Mahaffy (Trinity Coll., Dublin). There is hardly a great or fruitful idea in the Jewish or Christian system which has not its analogy in the ancient Egyptian faith. George W. Foote (Ed. Freethinker). AU religion has done for woman is to exploit her ; and aU the ex- ploiters have been men. George W. Foote (Ed. Freethinker). Not a line of the Bible was written by woman. Prof. Franz Cumont (University of Ghent). Like the Christians, they (Sectaries of Persian God, Mithra) also held Sunday sacred and celebrated the birth of the sun on the 25th of December (Christmas). Robert G. Ingersoll. Someone ought to tell the truth about the Bible. views of reugion. 623 Pastor Welker (Weisbaden). The state shall not contribute a single penny to the support of religion. Leipsic Volkszeitung. Every reasoning man knows that religion and scientific research are irreconcilable. Samuel Roberts, (Men's Club, Chicago). I believe that all religions are founded upon ignorance, miscon- ceptions and falsehoods and that superstition is the warp and woof of every creed. Pastor Welker (Wiesbaden). No religious instructions of any kind shall be given to children under the age of sixteen. Hamberger Nachrichten (1903). The relations between the Vatican and the Quirinal will continue strained. Mrs. C. K. Smith. A boy when questioned why he washed his hands so frequently rephed, "Because I want to be strong." The Bible says, "He that hath clean hands shall grow stronger and stronger." Huxley. I cannot see one shadow or title of evidence that the great unknown underlying the phenomena of the universe stands to us in the relation of a father — loves us and cares for us as Christianity asserts. Robert Blatchford (Ed. Clarion). Science has not proved that there is no God ; but science has made it, I think, impossible for any reasonable man to accept the account of God and of God's relations to man, given in any religion of which I have ever heard. 6Z4 VIEWS OF RELIGION. F. R. Guernsey (Herald). He (Benito Juarez) was taught his letters by a priest of the church to which he was to deal a staggering blow years afterwards. President Harper, C. U. Studies altogether devoid of religious character grow in favor (in Chicago University) and few of the students have interest in religious matters. Rev. Dr. Washington Gladden. The church should keep itself free from entanglement with practi- cal politics. Robert Blatchford (Ed. Clarion). The Bible, it appears, is only the "word of God" in so far as it is the word of good and wise men. M. Combes (Premier, France, 1903). The education of our children must be taken entirely out of the hands of the religious orders. William T. Harris, LL.D. The principle of religious instruction is authority; that of secular instruction is demonstration and verification. Robert Blatchford (Ed. Clarion). My contention is that any religion which teaches that God inter- feres in earthly affairs ; that God ever dictated any Bible to any pro- phet ; that Christ or any other Savior by his death removed that curse — any religion teaching any of these things is a delusion. Hon. Carroll'^D. Wright. The old doctrine of the fall of Adam has been eliminated from penological science and we are dealing with the criminal as a man normally diseased. VIEWS or RELIGION. 62$ Tennyson. What! I should call on that infinite love that has served «s so well ? Infinite wickedness, rather, that made everlasting hell. Hon. a. J. Balfour, (Premier.) The most hopeless feature of the Macedonian trouble is the dissen- sions among the Christians. George F. Hoar, U. S. Senator. The modem knowledge of the physical frame of man seems to establish the existence of physical causes for which our fathers were wont to consider purely spiritual manifestations. Edwin Carlile Litsey. To one who'd spent his life in mental gain. And learned the secrets of both sky and sod, A little child proved all his wisdom vain By asking simply, "Please sir, who made God?" Rev. Dr. Verschoyle (Eng.). The great majority of educated clergymen who recited these words (maker of heaven and earth) fifty years ago, believed that the "mak- ing" was a making out of nothing and was the work of six days of normal duration. Do any of them believe that now? Sir Roderick Impey Murchison, F. R. S. Natural knowledge has determined by absolute and tangible proofs the precise manner in which our planet has been successively develop- ed in separate creations, in divers cerements, each teeming with pe- culiar forms of distinct life. George Anderson, (London). Science is taking the place of Christianity and society is more humane. 626 views of religion. Lemuel K. Washburn. Father, Son and Holy Ghost are the high-low-jack of Christianity. Henry Drummond. Science meets the entire conception of immortality with a direct negative. Prof. Francis G. Peabody, D. D. Never was there a time when plain people were less concerned with the metaphysics or ecclesiasticism of Christianity. W. S. Godfrey (Eng.). If there were no evil in the world, I am free to confess that I should find it much less difficult to believe in a God. Charles C. Moore. One hundred picked Mohammedan soldiers stood around the tomb of Jesus Christ to keep the Christians from fighting over the grave of the "Prince of Peace." Robert G. Ingersoll. The climate is bad (in hell) ; but the society is good. Bishop William Lawrence (Mass). Few clergy have come from the laity. They have gone into medi- cine, law, business. Ernest Thompson Seton. We and the beasts are kin. Man has nothing of which the animals have not a least a vestige. Thoreau. What is it you tolerate, you church to-day ? Not truth but a life- long hypocrisy. views of religion. 6*7 Helvetius. Why do you make the supreme being resemble an Eastern tyrant ? Charles C. Moore. It seems strange that neither the New Testament nor anybody else knows anything of what became of the Virgin Mary. Robert Flint, D. D., LL.D., F. R. S. Agnosticism is not merely a kind of theorizing, but also a historical fact, and one of considerable magnitude, importance and interest. Schiller. A healthy poetic nature wants no deity ,^ no immortality, to stay and uphold itself withal. G. W. FOOTE. Christianity stiU lives amongst the ill-informed and the unintel- ligent. George Anderson (London). I reject your eternal hell-doctrine as an infinite cruelty. I also reject your virgin-bom son as a being contrary to all experience. Faraday. If we should carry the same common sense into religion that we do into science we should not believe. HosEA Ballou (1800). It is sin from which man is to be saved and not from the punish- ment of it. John Alexander Do\vie. What a snare, what a farce, what a delusion, these so-called churches too often are. 628 views of religion. Bishop Chauncey B. Brewster (Conn.). Religion in the rural districts is in a state of decadence. DUANE MOWRY. The church performs no public office or function known to the laws of the land which entitles it to this immunity (from taxation). Duane Mo wry. Exemption from taxation of church property involves a union of church and state at variance with the fundamental principles of our government. M. Yres Guyot (Publicist, France). Our proposal is to abolish the budget of public worship, denounce the concordat, and set the church wholly free from the central gov- ernment. Dr. George F. Moore (Prof. Theo. H. C). The universe, as science reveals it, cannot be construed on its (traditional theological dogmatics) premises or in its terms. Gabriel Seailles (Paris). The church is no longer what she was. She has more clients than believers. She is only requested to keep up a delusion necessary to the people. Art, science, morality develop outside of her. Lamarck, (1744). It is absolutely beyond the power of man to appreciate it (begin- nings of life on the planet) in an adequate way. M. DE Pressense (Member French Chamber, 1903). Another general election will not take place without republican France signifying in a manner to command obedience, that this great and urgent reform (divorce of church and state) must be consum- mated. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 629 E. A. Stevens. The Pope's legate no longer brings an emperor to hft knees, but the multitudes still wallow shamelessly at the feet of priests. Rev. Dr. Reginald J. Campbell (London). It has always been my experience that the worst behaved crowds were those in which ministers predominated. Attorney-General Webb (Cal.). There is no such book in existence as a universal Bible, which would appeal to all people, in all climes, at all times. Charles C. Moore (Editor). I saw Adam's grave and felt indignant as a woman 's-rights man that Eve was not buried by his side. Judge Parish B. Ladd. Stop, think, meditate ! Two hundred million worshippers of a trinity composed of wind, thought and expression — worse than sticks and stones. New York Times. Everywhere and by everybody, the devil is regarded as a comic personage, save only by persons of austere Puritan temper, who, never having had any fun themselves, are incapable of thinking the devil funny. Singleton Waters Davies. Shakespeare best defines theology: "It bodies forth the forms of things unseen and gives to airy nothings a local habitation and a name. Voltaire. Every desolator of the earth began his work of massacre and ruin by solemn acts of religion, and, while the ground still smoked with carnage, hastened to the temple to repeat those solemn acts. 630 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Abner Kkeeland (1833). I believe that the whole story concerning him (Christ) is as much a fable and a fiction as that of the God Prometheus. Max Muller. Almost every word in the Fourth Gospel is of Greek workmanship. Philo. That which imparts truth is good, which the ignorant call God. Rev. Abner Kneeland (1833). I believe that no individual life is, ever was, or ever will be, eternal. Voltaire. If you ask me to say exactly what the soul is, I answer you, what my friend has said so many times, we know nothing about it. Biblical World. A shadowy Jesus, known to us only through a few self-deprecatory sentences, or semi-mythical tent-maker, probably a Jew by birth, who made one journey, of which there is little or no record. William Henry Burr. Of what use were apostolic letters when there were scarce any readers save a few priests? Dr. Johannes Lepsius, D. D. Not one university man in Germany holds to the Mosaic authorship of the Pentateuch. VIEWS or EELIGION. 63 1 Sir William Vernon Harcourt. If you do not like interference (Church Discipline Bill 1903) in this matter, disestablish the church. Mrs. Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Lincoln had no faith and no hope, in the usual acceptance of those words. Herndon. The purpose of this book (Lincoln's book on the Bible) was to demonstrate, first, that the Bible was not God's revelation, and, second, that Jesus was not the Son of God. Trie UNA (Rome, 1903). The papacy owes, in truth, its purification to Italy (Italian State). Prop. Edward L. Larkin (Lick Observatory). Orthodox creeds will be relegated to the dark ages, and magnifi- cent, broad religious belief based on scientific facts will take their place. Lecky. It is not Christianity but industrialism that has brought into the world that strong sense of the moral value of thrift. Jesuit Father Clarke. Numbers (Old Testament) must be expected to be used Orientally; all these seventies and forties, as for example, when Absalom is said to have rebelled against David for forty years, cannot possibly be meant numerically. Professor Hitzig (Leipsic). Your bishops are making themselves the laughing-stock of Europe. Every Hebraist knows that the animal mentioned in Leviticus is really the hare; every zoologist knows that it does not chew the cud. 632 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Mark Twain. Christianity does not convert the Hindoos, because our Bible miracles are not so large as theirs. Bishop Colenso. My heart answered in the words of the prophet, "Shall a man speak lies in the name of the Lord ?' ' I determined not to do so. Renan. This (an hour's compulsory "Hail Mary") has now become very serious; it happens nearly every day, and, Mon Dieu, Monsieur, I cannot spend all my time saying "Hail Mary" before the statue of the Virgin. Longfellow. Rest ! Rest ! Oh, give me but rest and peace ! The thought of life that ne'er shall cease Has something in it like despair, A weight I am too weak to bear. Thomas Wentworth Higginson. The Roman Catholic church is founded on an absolute invention, an absolute falsehood. St. Paul. I am determined not to know anything save Jesus Christ and Him crucified. Seneca. You ask where you shall lie when dead ; Where lie those that ne'er were bred ? Senator M. Georges Clemenceau (France, 1903). The conflicts between the church and civil society have hitherto produced in every nation anxiety, agitation, perpetual instability, and the rebellion of the individual conscience against the theocratic power. VIEWS or RELIGION. 633 Jesuit Father Clarke. The Pope (Leo XIII) had not thought of denying that all after the ninth verse of the last chapter of St. Mark's Gospel is spurious. Count von Bulow. Religious struggles have always worked injury to both sides. Prof. Jules Eppert (Assyriologist, Paris). As against those who regard the Bible as literally inspired and as the dictation of God, Prof. Delitzsch has an easy task. Frankfurter Zeitung. Nothing is ever gained by yielding to the clericals because every concession is made the basis of new demands. Carlyle. If happiness was the purpose of creation, the creator was a great bungler. Abraham Lincoln, Pres. U. S. A. I am not a Christian. Rev. Dr. Mills (Eng.). It pleased the Divine Power to reveal some of the important articles of our Catholic creed first to the Zoroastrians and through their literature to the Jews and ourselves. Diego Canto. The Holy Saint Josaphat of India (St. of Roman Catholic Church) is identical with the story of Buddha. De Sauky. It was not Lot who wrote the book of Genesis. 634 VIEWS OP RELIGION. Rev. Francis Brown, D. D. The Accadian King, Sargon (1000 years before Moses) was bom in retirement, placed in a basket, by his mother, of rushes, launched on a river, rescued and brought up by a stranger, after which he became King. Le Clerc. The whole story (Mme. Lot) is due to the vanity of some and the credulity of more. Hon. Andrew Dixon White. Creation, Tree of Life, Eden, Sabbath, Deluge, Tower of Babel and much else in the Pentateuch were simply an evolution out of earlier Chaldean myths and legends. Rev. Prof. Sayce, Oxford. It is impossible to believe that the language of the Baylonian poet was not known to the biblical writers. Bishop Hopkins (Vermont). The Bible sanctions slavery? So much the worse for the Bible Bishop Ulrich (Augsburg). Press not the breasts of Holy Writ too hard, lest they )aeld blood rather than milk. Hon. James Monroe, U. S. Minister to France, (1794). The citizens of the United States can never look back to the era of their own revolution, without remembering, with those of other distinguished patriots the name of Thomas Paine. Justice Brewer, U. S. Supreme Court. Some people did not like his (Beecher) theology but we should not have to go far to find men of unorthodox religious opinions who are a comfort to all who know them. VIEWS or RELIGION. 635 Wequash (Com. Sachem). Our God (The N. E. Indians New Christian God) is a most dread- ful God. Cotton Mather. The Quakers were in the habit of alluding to the Bible as the word of the devil. Josephine K. Henry. No institution in modern civilization is so unjust to woman as the Christian Church. Caroline Hathaway (8i years). I believe in high morality and let religion go to the dogs. Rev. Dr. Dillon Bronson (Methodist). He (St. Patrick) makes no mention of pope, purgatory, etc., in his writings. Prof. G. E. Dawson. The average preacher has too little robust virility to attract young men. General Chaffee, U. S. A. I have never met an intelligent Chinaman who expressed any de- sire to embrace the Christian religion. Hon. Andrew Dixon White. As far back as the time assigned in Genesis to the creation a great civilization was flourishing in Mesopotamia. Russian Douma (Appeal to the people 1906). First of all, however, we wanted to bring out a law respecting the distribution of land to working peasants and involving the assignment to this end of crown appendages, monasteries and lands belonging to the clergy. 636 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Dr. Emil G. Hirsch. All nations have their idea of the creation of the world and, in every case, the creation has been ascribed to their favorite gods. James Monroe, Pres. U. S. A. The holy alliance proposes to react Poland and its partition over here. Rev. Dr. Emil G. Hirsch. We have long since ceased to teach that the Bible is a divine handi- work. Corneille (Dramatist). I am willing to own it, this news astonishes me. And I myself imagined in the divinity (God) much less injustice, and much more goodness. John Keats (Poet, 1795). The history of the latter (Jesus) was written and revised by men interested in the pious frauds of religion. John Keats (Poet, 1795). Jesus transmitted no writings of his own to posterity. New York Times. We remain of the opinion, long since reached, that every " Chris- tian Scientist" ought to be in a jail or a lunatic asylum. Rembrandt (1606-69). I am above all dogmatic prejudice in religion. I look for liberty. Rufus King Noyes, M. D. Fear, real or imaginary, of being injured financially or socially by not concealing their pious credulity, engenders hypocrisy and pre- vents people from declaring honestly their religious doubts. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 637 Herbert Spencer. We conclude, then, that for disciphne as well as for guidance, science is the chief est value. Beaumont and Fletcher. To heaven and all the bench of saints above, I vow henceforth not to enjoy anything proper to myself. Beaumont and Fletcher. Never again reproach your reverend night-cap ; 1 And call it by the mangy name of murrin ; Never your reverend person, more, and say. You look like one of Baal's priest in a hanging. Lemuel K. Washburn. The God in whom he (Jesus) believed deserted him. Baron Harden-Hickey. The followers of Christ seem to have forgotten that if the legend upon which their religion was founded were true, Christ would occupy a very prominent place in the annals of suicide. Boston Globe. Russell Sage's body has been put into a three-ton steel case with a burglar-proof lock and now the case will be buried in concrete, re- gardless of possible trouble on resurrection day. Pope Urban VIII. The dictum of a living pope is worth more than those of a hundred dead ones. Encyclopedia Biblica. We cannot perhaps venture to assert positively that there was a city called Nazareth in Jesus' time. 638 VIEWS OF RELIGION. RicciOTTO Canudo. When the venerable Bishop of Cremona (1906) issued his pastoral letter on the " Separation of Church and State' ' (in Italy) he gave the Catholic world a shock that it is likely to feel for some time to come. Amos De Vito. If the devil tempted Eve who tempted the devil ? Gilbert Patten Brown (Witchcraft in early Boston). There is no spot in the American Republic where religious bigotry was excited in so high a degree as in Boston. Mrs. Charlotte Perkins Oilman. Is it not a condemnation in itself that we must needs form clubs to study ethics and practical religion, because the church wiU linger forever over dogmas and theories ? Thomas Paine. All national institutions of churches, whether Jewish, Christian or Turkish, appears to me no other than human inventions set up to terrify and enslave mankind. Rev. David M. Steele (Phil.). When he (Washington) returned to Mt. Vernon we find that he spent most of his Sundays fox hunting. He had a worthy substitute for religion-patriotism. Rev. Adolph H. Biewend (Boston). I hereby state that I will not allow my daughter to accept a diploma (public school) at the hands of a clergyman of any denomination. Robert G. Ingersoll. " Science of theology' ' is the only science that dispenses with facts. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 639 Rev. W. D. P. Bliss. While our clergy preach and our people profess to 'believe the gospel according to Jesus Christ, we are living, in our economic political and social life, according to Adam Smith and J.J. Rousseau. 'Die Wahrheit (Munich). Tell them (parents and teachers) boldly that there is no God who exercises any providential care over people and turn your backs on the church and her creed. Samuel Pepys. I by coach to Greenwich church, where a good sermon, a fine church, and a great company of handsome women. Thomas Gray (Poet 1716). The boast of heraldry, the pomp of power, And all that beauty, all that wealth, e'er gave. Await alike th' inevitable hour. The paths of glory lead but to the grave. Die Wahrheit (Munich). Children, all that is taught in the name of religion is a falsehood, and the worst of the matter is, that your teachers know that it'is so. Henrik Ibsen (Dramatist). Seven more masses, I say — for sins I may commit to-night. M. Ameiteatroff (Russian Poet, 1906). The Volga weeps blood for the wrongs of the people ; Seek your salvation in mortal combat with the oppressors (Czar and his religion). Samuel Pepys (1641). I did not like that the clergy should meddle in matters of state. 640 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Lady Mary Worthy Montagu. It is in wonder that I see the most astonishing legends (Biblical) embraced as the most sacred truths. Amos De Vito. If according to gospel there is no sin in heaven, how did it happen that Satan sinned in heaven ? Thomas Paine. The book ascribed to Moses, Joshua and Samuel, etc., etc., proves that they were not written by Moses, Joshua and Samuel, etc. Thomas Paine. He (Man) takes up the trade of a priest for the sake of gain, and in order to qualify himself for that trade, he begins with a perjury. John Maddock. The "persecution" of Catholics by the French government con- sists in treating them justly by making them pay church taxes and by doing away with all class privileges. Sir William Blackstone (Jurist). Thus may I calmly meet my end, Thus to the grave in peace descend. Samuel Johnson. Year chases year, decay pursues decay, Still drops some joy from withering life away; Till pitying nature signs the last release. Matthew Prior (Poet, 1721). If his (Matt) bones lie in earth, roll in sea, fly in air, To fate we must yield and the thing is the same. VIEWS or RELIGION. 64 1 Edward Young (Poet, 1765). The man who consecrates his hours By vigorous effort and an honest aim, At once he draws the string of life and death ; He walks with nature, and her paths are peace. Edward Young (Poet, 1765). Each night we die — Each mom are born anew; Each day a life. Lorenzo ! more than miracles we want. Lorenzo ! O for yesterdays to come. Prof. Lionel Beale, Life exists only as bioplasm. Baur. Apart from philosophy (as to early Christianity) history seems to me eternally dead and dumb. Friedrich Nietzsche;. The "life after death" does not concern us any longer. Lemuel K. Washburn. It is time enough to believe in miracles when you hear a bronze statue laugh or see a stuffed bird fly. Mirza Ghulam Ahmad. We have proved beyond a shadow of doubt that the story of his (Christ's) ascension to heaven is a myth pure and simple. King Hammarabi. Hammarabi is a lord who is like a real father to his people. 642 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Elizur Wright. The highest priest, pope or pontifi Maximus knows no more of what is outside of nature than the babbling infant. Helvetius. Why do you make the supreme being resemble an Eastern tyrant ? Why thus put the name of the divinity at the bottom of the portrait of the devil ? J. K. Hayward, a. B. The Manicheans showed more sense when they refused to worship the cross. They asked, "Would a king love the club that killed his son?" William Henry Burr. There was no crucifixion on a Friday in the seven years from A.D. 29 to A.D. 35 inclusive. Voltaire. I am disgusted at the absurd pedantry which can consecrate the history of such a people (David, Soloman and Bible Jews) to the instruction of youth. Frederick Delitzsch. The nineteenth and twentieth verses of the fourth chapter of Deuteronomy annihilate at once the phantasm of an original reve- lation. Clement or Alexandria. Some say that it (crucifixion) took place in the sixteenth year of Tiberius, on the twenty-fifth of Phamenoth, and others the twenty- fifth of Pharmuthi ; and others say that on the nineteenth of Phar- mathi he suffered James Monroe, Pres. U. S. A. On those questions of the Holy Alliance and its proposed conquest for itself and Spain of the two Americas, we have this day nailed our glove to the gates of Europe. views of religion. 643 Friedrich Nietzsche. Let us never forget that it was Christianity which turned 'the death- bed into a "bed of agonies." Emerson. Who shall forbid a wise scepticism? J. K. Hayward, a. B. When the gods cease to exist, religion, properly speaking, will cease among men. Prof. G. E. Dawson. The general attitude of young men towards the church is indiffer- ence. Many absolutely despise the church. J. K. Hayward, A. B. Jahveh is only a fetish on a grand scale. His Excellency, Tuan Fang, Gov. Hupeh. Christians are removing the contents of my house (without per- mission). You have often talked to me about your religion. I have never agreed with you. I have saved all the lives of all the mission- aries in my province. I only wish you to realize what is the gratitude of Christians. Rev. Dr. Dillon Bronson (Methodist). The legend about St. Patrick, such as driving away all snakes from an island which never had any, are not to be believed. Cotton Mather. This sudden burst of wickedness and crime Was but the common madness of the time, When in all lands that lie beneath the sound Of Sabbath bells a witch was burned or drowned. 644 ^ VIEWS or RELIGION. Boston Globe (1903). We ought to be big enough in this age to accord full justice to the civil and political record of Thomas Paine. Josephine K. Henry. f They (clergymen) quiet the questionings of their female flocks by telling them that women that question are breaking God's law. Emperor William II (1903). It (Legislative act on Mt. Sinai) can be only regarded as symboli- cally inspired by God. Wycliffe. God ought to obey the devil. Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott. The Bible is merely a record of human religious experiences. Prof. Lankester. No sane man has ever pretended that we know or ever can know whence this mechanism (universe) has come, why it is here, whither it is going. Dr. R. W. Shufeldt, M. D. What the "laws of God' ' may be, no man knoweth, for we have no evidence of the existence of the framer of any such laws. M. Pelletan, Minister Marine (France, 1903). Naval officers are not to be taught by Dominican priests that their swords are at the service of clericalism against the Republic. Thomas Paine. The character of Moses as stated in the Bible is the most horrible that can be imagined. vtews of religion. 645 Locke. We see men dexterous and sharp enough in making a bargain, who, if you reason with them about matters of religion, appear perfectly stupid. Jesus. (As to miracles) the child is not dead, but sleepeth. Leipzig Chronick. Orthodox theology is based, on the one hand, on a certain theory of inspiration; and, on the other, on the Aristotelian philosophy. London Daily News (1903). About 840,000 persons attend church every Sunday out of a total population of 4,500,000. Leipzig Chrootce.. A greater number of Christians than ever before do not accept the teachings of orthodox dogmatics. Theodore Roosevelt, Pres. U. S. A. I do not want to see Christianity professed only by weaklings. Rev. Dr. Curry. We are standing on the eve of the most stupendous revolution in reference to the doctrines of the Bible that the church has ever known. Emperor Hadrian (134 A. D.). The worshippers of Serapis (in Egypt) are called Christians and those who are devoted to the God Serapis call themselves Bishops of Christ. Matthevi^ Arnold. Poetry wiU supersede religion. 646 views op religion. Bishop Johnson. The very citadel of our Christianity is being assailed by a scientific apparatus of destruction ; this apparatus is in the hands of the most subtle reasoners that the human race has ever produced. Dr. Mazzoni (Physician to Leo XIII). I am not a Catholic. Rev. Dr. McArthur. The doctrine of baptismal regeneration makes the minister of re- ligion a worker of magic, a fakir, a performer of ecclesiastical miracles. Voltaire. The more reason is improved the more does it destroy the seeds of religious work. It is the spirit of philosophy that has banished the plague of the earth. Editor Rathbun. Ten thousand idiots visited Boston last week to worship at the shrine of Mother Eddy, the founder of the Christian Science humbug. D. Webster Groh. Prove the existence of fairies, witches, ghosts or gods ! Mrs. Humphrey Ward. The Catholic who is in love with his church can not let himself realize truly what the Rome of the Renaissance meant. Action (Paris). The coming visit (1903) of President Loubet to Victor Emmanuel III is a lesson to old Pecci (Leo XIII). Melton. Myself am hell. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 647 Prof. H. D. Garrison. The evidence which has thus far been relied upon t» prove the existence of such a being (as God) is insuflScient and fallacious. Cardinal Oreglia (Rome, 1903). Some of the relatives of the Cardinal (RampoUa) have long fingers. Robert G. Ingersoll. Belief without evidence is not religion. Faith without fact is not religion. Herbert Spencer. If these agreements with Ass)Trian and Egyptian records tend to verify the Hebrew religion, then conversely, it might be held by Assyrian and Egyptian priests, did any now exist, that such agree- ments verified their religion. Schiller. To what religion do I belong ? To none that thou mightest name. And wherefore to none? For religion's sake. Prof. W. J. McGee. The age of the earth is fifteen billion years. M. T. Rush. Leave the priests alone; attack the institution they represent Pope Leo XIII. It is not my place to come between you and your God. Rev. Father Dolling (The Pilot, London). Religion has gone to pieces. God is not in any of our thoughts. Heaven has no attraction. Hell no terrors. 648 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Dhorna Vhegge. Why did he (Christ) not at least preach the gospel to the thousands who were dropping into hell at the rate of one per minute during all those eighteen years (from his 12 to 30 years of age) ? Chicago Times-Herald. It is a sad commentary upon the Christian church that the birth- place of its founder must be policed (as against the Greek and Roman Christian). Gregorio Aglipay, Archbishop of Manilla (1903). Anything to beat Rome. Rev. E. Snodgrass (15 years in Japan). In Japan the leading men and the educated classes are skeptical as to Christianity. Louis Blanc. The unknown; that is what frightens weak minds. Life. To the patience of Job a whole book is devoted; Of that of his wife not an instance is noted. Though heaven forbid that her griefs we should probe, To the rest of her troubles she also had Job. Rev. Chari.es Cuthbert Hall. You wiU find moral men who are absolutely without religion. T. Hara (Japanese Guard to McCullah). (Captured Correspondent with Russian Army). None of us Japanese believe in religion ; we believe neither in a God nor in a hereafter; no educated European or American believes in Christianity. views of religion. 649 Phellbp Gilbert Hamerton. Where scientific knowledge advances, just so far religion recedes. Rev. Dr. R. J. Campbell (Eng.). It is a rebuke to the pulpit to have so many different doctrines. There are more people outside of the churches than there are in them. William T. Harris, LL.D. The conceptions of the divine varies from that of the finite deities of Animism to the infinite deity of East Indian pantheism and the Holy Bible. Elbert Hubbard. It is the infidels outside the church who make the church progress — the people inside do not believe anything — they only think they do. Mrs. Agnes Boyle O'Reilly Hocking. (Daughter oe the Irish Poet-Patriot). Although I love my church, I love stiU more the man I have chosen to wed. My first duty is to the man I love. Baba Bharati. Millions upon millions of dollars are spent by these deluded Chris- tians to send missionaries for saving the souls of Asiatics, whom they call heathens, not knowing that Christian missionaries are regarded by these Asiatics as the biggest jokes. President I. Gould Schurman, C. U. Its facts (in Bible) are not history as they have been considered for the past 19 centuries. Prof. Edwin Johnson. Creation is a figure of speech; the event is merely in the dream life of the mind. 6SO VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. Charles Sears Baldwin. The English Bible is looser in this respect (composition) than the best modem prose. Lessing. Let us judge their followers by their lives and not by their creeds. Peary (Arctic Explorer). I can well imagine that hell, as described by an old-fashioned preach- er, would appeal to them (Esquimaux) as a most attractive place. Col. Ethan Allen. Anybody can have my chance (of going to heaven). Hon. John Hay (Sec. of State, 1905). I feel that to unite with it (church) formally, I should be in full accord with its methods, creeds and aims, and I cannot go that far. Carl Alexander, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar. My dear professor (Haeckel), people think those things (Monistic theory of the University) but they do not print them. V. B. Denslow, LL. D. It is needless to cite a single further text to prove that the God of the Old Testament directly sanctioned polygamy. Yves Guyot (Author). When the church (in France after separation of church and state) becomes a private institution, it will slowly but surely lose its follow- ers. Rev. C. S. Eby. The old religions are passing; the gospel to-day accepted in Japan is that of Herbert Spencer and Professor Haeckel. views of religion. 651 Lemuel K. Washbttrn. "Thou shalt have no other gods before me," has been interpreted in every age: Thou shalt have no other priest but me. Rev. Wm. E. Huntington, Pkes. Boston University. It will be a sad thing for the church if the learned youth who are growing up should find the church narrow, intolerant and ignorant of the great truths of science. Rev. Wm. E. Huntington, Pres. Boston University. The Bible conceals as well as reveals. Scientific knowledge illum- inates all things, especially the Scriptures. Lemuel K. Washburn. A holy mother would be better in the Trinity than is the Holy Ghost. Leslie M. Shaw (U. S. Treasury). Christ was sacrificed (crucified) at the demand of public opinion. Cromwell. Put your trust in God ; but mind to keep your powder dry. Rev. Wm. E. Huntington, Pres. Boston University. The church has not been without the fault of arrogance in the attempts to instruct the world. Robert Owen (1817). AH the religions in the world are in error. Michelet. No consecrated absurdity could have stood its ground in this world if the man had not silenced the objections of the child. 652 views of religion. Henry M. Rogers (Standard Oil). Everybody knows Dr. Gladden would not trust the Ten Command- ments for ten days with the deacons of his church. Geo. T. Angell (Dumb Animals) If we are all descended from Adam and Eve it is diflScult to say how one human family is any older than others. James Lick (Lick Observatory). I can't make them carry this picture (Thomas Paine on banner) but I'll be damned if they don't walk under it. Andrew Carnegie. While theologies are many, religion in its essence is one. Marilla M. Ricker (Lawyer). When a woman begins to run after God and his ministers she is neglecting far more important concerns. Premier Rouvier (France, 1905) The plot (1905) to overthrow the French Republic was of clerical origin. Rev. Algernon S. Crapsey, D. D. I deny the divinity of Christ. Marilla M. Ricker (Lawyer). Christianity has nothing to do with morality J. James Tissot (Artist). The Mount of Calvary was only 22 or 23 feet high. The Christian world has for a long time had its imagination misled by the fancies of painters. VIEWS or RELIGION. 653 POULTNEY BiGELOW (LECTURER). Missionaries do not do much good in China and the 6ther Eastern countries, from the spiritual standpoint. Jules Soury. Time knows naught of gods, nor of the dim and fallacious hopes of mortals. Rev. Dr. Washington Gladden. The mayor, police, legislature, city council or the school board is just as much a minister and servant of God as I am. Sir Leslie Stephen. We have not the courage to say that the Christian doctrines are false, but we are lazy enough to treat them as irrelevant. George Bernard Shaw. People view them (Shakespeare plays) as they view the Bible — that is to say,in the "proper spirit,"which means that the mind must be completely closed to everything they contain. Rev. Chas. A. Crane. There are one hundred and forty-two kinds of religions in Boston. Prof. Felix L. Oswold, M. D. The Christian dogma of the reformatory value of misery has been refuted by the most dreadful arguments in the world's history. The Grecian worship of joy favored the development of every human science, while the monastic worship of sorrow produced nothing but monsters and chimeras. Renan. I wish for all my brethren who have remained in orthodoxy a peace comparable to that in which I live ; there is no other star than reason and no other compass than one's own heart. 654 VIEWS or RELIGION. Lao-Tze (China, 700 B. C). Curses and blessings do not come through heaven, but man himself invites their arrival. Byron. When Bishop Berkley said there was no matter. Of course, it was no matter what he said. Dr. Jimeno (Minister or Education, Spain, 1906). The government (Spanish) requires a list of aU non-oflScial edu- cational establishments, in order to insure the secularization of education. Li Hung Chang. I have read your Bible, which you foreigners believe ; I have read your Golden Rule, which is the same as Confucius taught. Prof. Borden C. Bowne. We people of the West have nothing to be proud of in the record of Christian nations dealing with so-called heathen people. John James Greenough (Age 95). There is not a person in these times, having a knowledge of the admitted facts of science, who does not know that the account of the creation in Genesis is fabulous. J. B. Wilson, M. D. There is no doubt that the greatest means which the church of to- day employes in attracting sympathy and credit to itself, is that of the dispensation of charity, and it is by such means that it blinds the world to its own extravagances, vanities, falsehoods, mysticism and evasions of law and justice. Bentham. The spirit of dogmatic theology poisons anything it touches VIEWS or RELIGION. 655 John James Greenough (Age 95). But the superstition still lingers, that the "word of God," as the Bible is called, is of divine origin and is infallibly true; and for that reason must be believed, however much common sense rebels against it. John James Greenough (Age 95). The present civilization attained by modem culture is not, and never could have been, developed from Christianity. It is the out- come of independent thought bursting through the tramels of religious bigotry. Schopenhauer. Philosophy lets the gods alone, and asks in turn to be let alone by them. J. B. Wilson, M. D. I cannot see that in so far as their relations to the uplifting of humanity are concerned, the English and American Masons are any better for their belief in a God, than the French and Italian Masons for their disbelief in a God. HOLYOAKE. Religion poisons the fountain of morality. The people are too poor to have a God, and the Deity ought to be put on half pay. Thomas Mozley (1830). The majority of our liberal rulers believed neither in miracles, nor revelation, nor a personal deity, but believed the Bible to be a fabric of lies. Coleridge. One of the striking proofs of the genuineness of the Mosaic books is that they contain precise prohibitions of all those things which David and Solomon actually did. Angelus Sllesius. Man is as necessary to God as God is to man. 656 VIEWS or RELIGION. Coleridge. Satan is a mere fiction, at best, an allegory. The dogma of a personal Satan is an accommodation to the current popular creed which they (Peter and Paul) continued to believe. Marian Evans. My Evangelicalism was undermined by Scott's novels, and came down with a rush on reading Hennell's Origin of Christianity. Acacia (Paris, igo6). In these buildings (churches) which have been for centuries de- voted to religious superstition and the gratification of ecclesiastical ambition, we perhaps shall some day be authorized to preach Free- masonry. Caelyle. It is as certain as mathematics that no such thing (as a miracle) ever has been or can be. Bishop Thirlwall. The Nativity in the First and Third Gospels is irreconcilable, and both contain fabulous elements. M. Clemenceatt (Paris, 1906). We are asked to negotiate (church and state question). With whom ? A foreign power (Rome) ? On what ? On a French law. There is no foreign power on French soil. Alfred William Benn. The alienation (the EngUsh church from the silent multitude of Englishmen) as Hort observes, is mutual; and to set fact at odds with faith is to rationalize. Max Muller. He who knows only one religion knows none. views of religion. 657 Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott. The question is not, am I prepared to die, but am I prepared to live. The vivid imagination of a celestial home is fading away. Bishop Thirlwall. The books of the New Testament Canon are amenable to the same rules of historical criticism as any other historical composition. Macauley. Not two hundred men in London (1826) believe in the Bible. Thackeray. I see truth in that man, who, endeavoring to reconcile an irrecon- cilable book (Bible), flings it at last down in despair and declares with tearful eyes and hands up to heaven his revolt and recantation. Alfred William Benn. Lord Mansfield, who condemned Peter Annet to a year's hard labor for an anti-Christian publication, was currently reported to be an unbeliever. Alfred William Benn. The threadbare modern plea that the Bible was not intended to teach science is eminently applicable to any passage where the earth's immobility seems to be affirmed. Elsewhere the Bible, unfortunately for its infallibility, does mean to teach science, and teaches it wrong. Sir Edward Herbert. The dogmas of Christianity have no other origin than priestcraft. Graetz. Under Louis the Pious, the Jews could fearlessly give their candid opinion about Christianity, the miracles of the saints the relics and image-worships. 6s 8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Bishop Charles D. Williams (Michigan). Nowhere does the Bible declare itself the word of God. Yet we are told we must take it in its entirety. Voltaire. The Prince's (who had only forced death-bed religion) mind had grown weak like his body and nothing was left of the Great Conde, during the last two years of his life. Lord Mahon. Louis, Prince of Conde, was never seen near the altar; he took pleasure in scoflSng at the most sacred mysteries ; and wished to take the atheist, Spinoza, into his service. MONGE. In Egypt I was a Mohamedan. I must be a Catholic in France. I do not believe in religion, but in the idea of a God. Kossuth. Christian worship did not change the despotic habits of kings. Kossuth. There was, and there is, scarcely one single government entirely free from the direct and indirect influence of one or other religious denominations. Brandes. Veiling itself as vice does, it clings to the altars of the church, which have always been a sanctuary for criminals of all species. J. B. Wilson, M. D. By evading taxation, it (church) increases the burdens of the poor. In turn, the clergy beg to give to beggars. When they receive a loaf they give a crumb. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 659 Brander Matthews. Yesterday, they (reformers) revered the revelations of the spirit- rappers; tomorrow, they rely on absent treatment of chronic diseases; they vaunt themselves as Theosophists for a season only to appear next year as Christian Scientists. NOVALIS. Brave Fichte (atheist) is really fighting for us all. Spanish Proverb. Look for the devil behind the cross. Gerault Richard. This monument (Bruno) is an illustration of how the church, when it was master, understood and practiced liberty ; and to-day, it opposes those same ideas against democracy. Prof. M. Berthelot. The stake at which Bruno was burned smokes yet. The trial and pimishment of Galileo should never be forgotten, for that was the solemn condemnation, even of religion, in the name of dogma and the Holy Scriptures. Leon Fournemont (Roaie, 1904). If we are to think without restraint and to express freely our thoughts we are indebted to the martyrs, who, like Bruno, dared to brave the church and its fires. Prof. Guiseppe Segi (Rome, 1904). We unite only against the powers of darkness, against the alliance of religion and autocratic power. Ruskin. I believe simply nothing. 66o VIEWS or religion. Leon Fournemont (Rome, 1904). Humanity will accomplish its destiny without recourse either to priests, popes or gods. Leon Fournemont (Rome, 1904). Italy, in releasing Rome from the pope, declared before the universe the right and duty which the people should have to succor the poor from theocracy and religion. Prof. M. Berthelot. Witness the flags (freethought) that we raise in the face of the Vatican, seat of divine revelation and of the infallible pope. King Alfonso (1906). A civil marriage shall henceforth be as good as a religious one. Melquiades Alvarez (Madrid, 1906). I am in favor of civil marriage, secular education, secular ceme- teries, and the abolition of oaths in law courts. Mark Twain. The only two forces that can carry light to all the comers of the globe — only two — the sun in the heavens, and the Associated Press down here. Clough. The belief that religion is, or in any way requires, devotionality, is, if not the most noxious, at least the most obstinate form of irreligion. Ruskin. When I was a child I lost the pleasure of some three-sevenths of my life because of Sunday. Matthew Arnold. A personal God is a magnified non-natural man in the next street. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 66 1 Lord Aberdeen. There is more intense bigotry in England (1852) than in any other country in Europe. Olive Schreiner. What a man expends in prayer and ecstacy he cannot have over for acquiring knowledge. Thomson. Authentic word I bring, Witnessed by every dead and living thing; Good tidings of great joy for you, for all; There is no God; no friend with names divine Made us and tortures us; if we must pine. It is to satiate no beings' gall. G. E. Moore. There is not one atom of evidence that God exists or that he does not exist. Unless God is a natural cause, he is not a cause of any- thing at all. Browning. They desire Such heaven and dread such hell whom every day The ale-house tempts from one, a dog-fight bids Defy the other. RUSKIN. I could no more become a Catholic than I could become a fire worshipper, or believe in the living pope than in the living Khan of Tartary. De Musset. I do not know whether there is a providence but it is amusing to believe in one. Gen. D. Elroy Alfaro, Pres. Ecuador. It is my intention to close the churches and abolish Catholic worship. 662 VIEWS or RELIGION. Count Romanones (Spain, 1906). I was resolved on taking office (Minister of Justice) not to tolerate the intrusion of another authority (pope) in the legitimate functions of the state. NiEBUHE. Unless God sends us some miraculous help, we (France, 1830) have to look forward to annihilation of prosperity, of freedom, of civility, of knowledge. WiNWOOD Reade. Christianity ought to be destroyed. God-worship is idolatry. Prayer is useless. The soul is not immortal. There are no rewards and punishments in a future life. Bishop Charles D. Williams (Michigan). He (student) reads Genesis and finds impossible geology, astron- omy, and ethnology. His teacher says, "Manipulate (Genesis) until it fits your science ; but the student refuses to stultify his reason. Alfred William Benn. Convictions so strongly tinctured with hate and disgust (Sedgwick's abuse of Chambers' Natural History of Creation) are generally of religious origin. Olive Schreiner. Now we see what he was made of — the shadow of our highest ideal, crowned and throned. Now we have no God. John Morley. My object is to disband that sinister clerical army of 28,000 men in masks. Clough. Of all the creatures under heaven's wide cope We are most hopeless who had once most hope. And most beliefless that had most believed. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 663 W. G. Ward. There goes ^^'ard mystifying poor Clough, and persuading him that he must either believe nothing, or accept the whole of church doctrine. Clough. It is far nobler to teach people to do what is good because it is good simply, than for the sake of any future reward. Count Romanones (Spain, 1906). I feel that I ought not to be satisfied with merely preventing the clergy from invading the sphere of activity proper to the civil author- ity. I intend to recover also certain rights of the state which have been weakly surrendered to the church. Jowett. Such deities who prowl about at night in strange disguises and all that blasphemous nonsense with which mothers fool the manhood out of their children. William Kingdom Clifford. We must tell all kinds and conditions of men that if God holds mankind guilty of the sin of Adam, if he has visited on the innocent the punishment of the guilty, if he is to torture any single soul forever, then it is wrong to worship him. JOWETT. To beings constituted as we are, the monotony of singing psalms (in heaven) would be as great an infliction as the pains of hell, and might be even pleasantly interrupted by them. M. Bretton (Deputy, France, 1906). We propose the immediate confiscation of all church buildings and property; and any direct or indirect negotiation with the Pope will be considered to be treason. 664 views of religion. Huxley. The physical world is made up of atoms and ether, there is no room in it for ghosts. William Kingdon Clifford. Keep your children away from the priest or he will make them the enemies of mankind. Clemenceau (Minister Interior, France, 1906). Roman tyranny will be vanquished in France. Haeckel. Unfortunately, many German princes foster the ambition of the Roman clergy, making their " Canossa- journey" to Rome, and bend- ing the knee to that great Charlatan at the Vatican. Kalthoff. All Christian traditions are myths. Rev. Dr. Samuel T. Carter. The God of the Westminister confession is an idol of man's inven- tion as truly as any worshipped at Pekin, Delhi, or in Africa. Aaron Burr. Sir, he (Paine) dined at my table, (when asked about Paine's personal habits). Lemuel K. Washburn. Jesus never had a grandfather. This is his chief claim to divinity. Eliza Mowry Bliven. Every evil proves there is no God. A God would be responsible for every evil. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 665 Haeckel. The human soul has only reached its present height by a long period of gradual evolution; it differs in degree, not in kind, from the soul of the higher mammals, and thus it cannot in any case be immortal. Johannes Muller. We know nothing whatever about the origin of species (creation) ; but aU vertebrates seem to come from a common form. Haeckel. The most dangerous institutions of Romanism are the obligatory celibacy of the clergy, the confessional and indulgences. Von Zedlitz. The Breslau Consistory (1786) trrges that those who believe most are the best subjects, but His Majesty (Frederick the Great) is not disposed to rest the security of his state on the stupidity of his subjects. Laplace. Sire, (Napoleon) I have no need of that unfounded hypothesis (of God). Humboldt. The mysterious and unsolved problems of how things (universe) came to be does not belong to the imperial province of objective research. The Rev. Dr. R. S. MacArthur (N. Y.). The two phrases "he descended into hell" and "I believe in the communion of saints," recognized as part of the so-called Apostles ' Creed, were smuggled into it. President Wm. R. Harper, C. U. The training provided for the students in the theological seminaries does not meet the requirements of modem times. 666 views of religion. Rev. Dr. Fisher, U. K. (Germany). The religious consciousness of former generations was based on divine revelation. Often enough the revealed Book became itself almost a God. This whole conception of revelation has now disap- peared from' religious thought. Elbert Hubbard. When you do away with a personal God you necessarily do away with belief in a personal son of a personal God and a personal savior. Elbert Hubbard. When you do away with belief in a personal devil a personal God has no longer to stay. Carlyle. Personal God — Impersonal God — one — three. What meaning can any mortal attach to these in reference to such an object. Dr. W. a. Croffut. Savages in a pathless wilderness have a code of morals, at least as complete as the decalogue. Marilla M. Ricker (Lawyer). The mother who teaches her child to pray makes a mistake. Rev. James Roland Angell, U. C. Mesmerists, hypnotists, Christian Scientists, faith -curists, mental- healers, priests and saints, one and all succeed by playing upon the imagination. Prof. Gunkel (Berlin). Faith in the death and resurrection of God was an important part of the mythology of the Orient. The empty grave of Zeus in Crete is evidence of this faith. The idea of the resurrection of the gods was, no doubt, orginally suggested by nature. views of religion. 667 Rev. Dr. Donald Sage Mackav (N. Y., 1905). Twenty-four ministers stand to-day (in Scotland) with fifty-five million dollars behind them as representatives of that dreadful theology of a generation or two ago, which pictured God as seeking His own glory at the expense of His creatures' welfare. Andrew Carnegie. If we strive not so much to make heaven our home as to make our homes a heaven on earth we should do better. Eugene Hins (Belgium). At the period when these pseudo-genealogies (gospels) were cooked up nobody had yet thought of depriving Joseph of his fathership in order to promote Jesus from the rank of a prophet to that of God. Professor Harnack (University of Berlin). That the Christ as he appears on the face of the evangelical records is not the actual of fact admits of no doubt. Hon. Wm. J. Bryan. Religion consists more in kindness to fellow-men, more in charity for others and in personal purity than in dogma, ceremony or creed. Professor Gunkel (Berlin). The sacred Lord's day (Easter) on which the sun comes forth from its winter night, can be identified only with the old Oriental day of resurrection. Andrew Carnegie. Only such (colleges or universities) as are under control of a sect or which impose any theological test are to be excluded (from the ten million teachers fund). Rev. Lyman Abbott. We cannot follow Jesus Christ in life or example. 668 VIEWS OF RELIGION. John E. Remsburg. Like the Catholics they (certain Chinese) have monasteries and convents. Andrew Carnegie. If you are true to the judge within you you need have no fear of the judge hereafter. Prof. Jacques Loeb, M. D. We are now able to imitate the natural process of fertilization in the egg of the sea urchin completely by purely physical and chemical means. Prof. Montuci (Italian Philologist). No one who has read this book (Tao Teh King) can doubt that the Holy Trinity was revealed to the Chinese five centuries before the coming of Christ Wendell Phillips. The church, as such, gave us no help in the anti-slavery effort or in any other radical movement. Wendell Phillips. I began life with a most profound faith in the honesty and in the efficiency of church organization. I was bayoneted out of that con- viction by experience. John Hay (Secretary of State, 1905). I don't go much on religion, I never ain't had no show; But I've got a middlin tight grip, sir, On the handful o' things I know. Lemuel K. AA'ashburn. Religion is the distillation of every humbug. There is no evidence that God cares whether he is worshipped or not. The priest is the interested party. VIEWS or RELIGION. 669 Lemuel K. Washburn. * The chief industry of the Roman Catholic church is to rob servant girls and bamboozle the foolish wives of rich men. John Peck (Age 86, 1905). Devils are no worse than Gods ; and Gods are no better than devils. Like other spooks both are harmless. Rev. Dr. John Muller (Roman Priest). The writer would not say that all the clergy (Roman Catholic) should marry, but, in case of necessity, it should be permitted. Prof G. W. Kirchwy. The administration of justice has in a way taken the place of re- ligion as our chief concern. The decay of religious faith dethrones the minister of religion. Evangelist Dawson (Eng.). He (Christ) gave us no creed ; that is all the work of his followers. ;Mme. Katharine Breshkovskaya. She (mother) taught me Christ's command to give away all that I had and follow him, but when I went out and gave my handsome little cloak to a peasant child, she reproved me. Evangelist Dawson (Eng.). Boston, 1905. The church (Christianity) is dying of respectability; instead of going ahead it is only marking time. Professor Meinhold (Univ. Bonn). The story of the birth of Jesus, for example, has its parallels in well-known heathen stories concerning the fleshly connection between divinity and humanity. 670 VIEWS or RELIGION. Peof. Marcellin Berthelot (Chemist). Science will end by destroying all pretentions to mysterious beliefs and every form of superstition. Alleyne Ireland, F. R. G. S. The fact that a community is a Christian community does not prove that it is capable of independent self-government. Haeckel. No evidence of his (God's) existence is to be found; all that revela- tion is supposed to teach us on the matter belongs to the region of fiction. Haeckel. Every year increases my belief that the dualism of Kant and the prevalent metaphysical school must give way to the monism of Goethe and the rising pantheistic tendency. Haeckel. The maxim of modern hygiene is, God helps those who help them- selves. Haeckel. As Christianity depreciated this life and said it was merely a prepa- ration for the life to come, it led to a disdain of culture and of nature. Haeckel. Throne and altar support each other; both dread the advance of scientific inquiry. James John Greenough (Age 95, 1905). I have just completed a work on superstition. By superstition I mean the popular conception of the deity. I am an agnostic. I never could reconcile myself to the God whom the Christian world worships, or assumes to worship. V views of religion. 67 1 Prof. Meinhold (Univ. Bonn). The Christianity of the earliest period exhibits doctrines and practices which were derived not from Christ, but from the current religious thought of the day. Professor Gunkle. Christianity is a syncretistic religion. Senator Marcus A. Hanna. The Salvation Army is the kindergarten of Christianity. Rev. Gerald Stanley Lee. There is something rather sad and helpless about being a God — down on Broadway. Julia \\'ard Howe. There were Christians before Christ. Canon Hensley Henson. Educated men have at their disposal means by which to escape from the perplexities stirred in their minds by the incredible, purile, or demoralizing narratives which the Old Testament contains. Walter Savage Landor. The pope is a whit no more the successor of St. Peter in the bishop- ric of Rome than he is of Fo in the Foship of China. Bishop William Lawrence (Mass). It is certainly trying on the pastor to have someone inquire if Jonah swallowed the whale or the whale swallowed Jonah. Miss Grace J. White. Why do people have to have religion ? 672 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Hon. Albert H. Walker. I define religion as a belief in a God who cares, and atheism as lack of belief in a God who cares. Rev. Dr. Samuel McConnell (N. Y.). The moral ideals of men have overtaken and passed beyond and above those contained in the doctrinal presentation of Christianity. George Farquhar. The divine stands wrapt up in his cloud of mysteries and the amused laity must pay tithes and veneration to be kept in obscurity, grounding their hope of future knowledge on a competent stock of present ignorance. Prof. Louis Ginsberg, Ph. D. Of the New Testament writings the Pauline and Deutero-Pauline are especially full of allegorical interpretation. Prof. B. P. Bowne, D. D. We need the unifying effect of the public school. We lose it under any parochial system. Herbert Spencer. I spend my Sundays either in reading or in country walks. Rev. Thomas S. Robjent. Those who proposed the revision of the New Testament (1881), discovered 30,000 discrepancies, some of them extremely vital. Gibbon. Religion is a mere question of geography. Rev. Ford Fisher. To this (Is there a personal God?) I should most emphatically reply, "No" VIEWS OF RELIGION. 673 Justice John A. Aiken. Your (lawyers) office is your church. Your desk is your pulpit. Such an opportunity have no men — have no holy men of God — to be peacemakers and to work towards righteousness. Thomas Paine. For absurdity and extravagance it (the Christian fable) is not exceeded by anything that is to be found in the mythology of the ancients. Horace G. Wadlin, Librarian (Public Library, Bostoxv). Thomas Paine more than any other man created a public opinion that led to the Declaration of Independence. Rev. Julian C. Javnes. Thomas Paine's liberal religious ideas are often heard in orthodox pulpits to-day. RouviER (Premier, France, 1905.) All laws between the Pope and the French government relative to the public recognition of a religious (Catholic) denomination are abrogated. Rev. Dr. F. L. Patton, Pres. P. T. S. Most of the preaching of the present day is a mixture of sociology and sentimentality. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. It is a document (Morals of Jesus, by T. J.) in proof that 1 am a real Christian, that is to say, a disciple of the doctrine of Jesus (not a believer in the divinity of Jesus). \\. H. Mallock (Author). The most thoughtful and highly educated of the Anglican clergy have repudiated doctrines which all traditional orthodoxy regards as essential and fundamental 674 views of religion. William Sanday, D. D., LL. D. As to "casting out of devils" a nineteenth-century observer would have given a different account from that which has come down to us. Prof. Friez Schultze (Dresden). Fetichism, animism, worship of heavenl}- bodies; this the story of the evolution of religion. Napoleon. The Lord fights on the side of the heaviest artillery. Rev. Alfred T. Perry, Pres. Marietta College, 1905. There has been a great decline in the number of students in our Protestant seminaries. Haeckel. How can a just God condemn the criminal to the fires of hell when he himself has tainted the men with a hereditary bias? William Sanday, D. D., LL. D. The incidents of Christ's temptation are on the face of them not historical facts. Macaulay. If Sir Thomas More could ha\e believed in the nonsense of tran- substantiation, men may always believe in it. Horace G. Wadlin, Librarian (Public Library, Boston). Thomas Paine was not an atheist. He differed but little from Unitarians in his religious beliefs. RouviER (Premier, France, 1905). The state (France) henceforth neither recognizes nor contributes to any religious denomination. Public establishments of religion now existing are suppressed. VIEWS or RELIGION. 675 Rabbi Fleischer. Our larger silver coins proclaim: "In God we trust." Perhaps this is a curious survival of an age of faith. F. W. Newman. We must recognize that Jesus had an overweening estimate of himself and that when he was touched he was irritable and hard. Carl Nageli. On this planet life has a natural origin. Emerson. It (doctrines of the soul) dwells with noxious exaggeration about the person of Jesus. D. S. Cairnes. Jesus can be explained by the same principles as explain Zoroaster or Gautama or Mohammed. Emerson. Historical Christianity has fallen into the error that corrupts all attempts to communicate religion. Lemuel K. ^^■ASHBURN. A person who could not save himself from the cross cannot save anybody from hell. Haeckel. Those millions who have been robbed of their happiness by this degenerate religion (Roman Catholic) will help to give it its death- blow in the coming twentieth century. GuiLio Casalini. If a country (Italy) cannot afford to support more than 22,000 physicians for the care of the body, 116,000 religious quacks (priests, monks and nuns) are a little too much for the care of the soul. 676 views of religion. Lemuel K. Washburn. It is a pity the Bible is holy, it makes so much truth profane. Robert G. Ingersoll. If I were God I would make health catching instead of disease. Robert Burns. A fig for those by law protected! Liberty's a glorious feast! Courts for cowards were erected. Churches built to please the priest. GuiLio Casalini. In Italy, and especially in those parts where the priest is still the spiritual ruler, the jail is side by side with the church. Robert Edward Dell. The official church (Roman Catholic) is at present committed to a system of philosophy discarded by all philosophers (including Catholic) and to a view of history that cannot be supported by evi- dence. Scotch Toast. The new meenister; six days in the week he's inveesible, and on the seventh he's incompreheensible. Roland Hill. I pity priest-ridden people, but a people-ridden priest is a still greater object of compassion. Prof. John Quackenbos, M. D. I want to go on record as antagonistic to spiritualism, either as a religion or as a scientific fact. No man can long embrace its doctrine and remain sane. views of religion. 677 Clarence C. Yates. The day (of Genesis) could not have been a geological age, since God, who rested on the seventh, had resumed his activity within the time of Adam, who was less than 1 ,000 years old. Augustine Birrell (Eng.). To pin the church of 1904 down to the language of 1643 is ridiculous. "Creeds pass, rites change, no altar standeth whole." Robert Edward Dell. The present pope has plainly intimated that intelligence is not wanted among the clergy. Charles Bickersteth Wheeler. The Ten Commandments are woefully inadequate to the complex life of to-day. Rev. Dr. P. S. Henson (Tbemont Temple). Then (loo years ago) the people were rooted to their beliefs in the sanctity of the Sabbath ; we cannot deny that there is a decay of the old faith. Rev. Dr. C. W. Salesby. Those who decry Herbert Spencer to-day are the intellectual de- scendants of the men who called Socrates a corrupter of youth. Prof. Dr. A. P. Matthews (Chicago). There is no such thing as the divine origin of life; life is on a purely physical and chemical basis. Grover Cleveland, Pres. U. S. A. Nations called civilized and even Christian are liable to backslide to barbaric standards which permit war to count for a people's great- ness and conquest among glorious deeds 678 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Prof. George Albert Coe. Education based itself upon psychology and child-study not upon the Bible, church or creed. Dr. Togokichi Iyenaga. Buddhism in Japan was much like Catholicism, so the external features of Christianity were not new to Japan. Rev. Dr. C. W. Salesby. Every orthodoxy was once a heresy, non-conformity is better than conformity. PoMPONius Mela. So strong was their conviction of the future life in the planets, that it was customary among the Druids to lend money to be repaid in the next world. Rt. Rev. Charles H. Brent, D. D. The first religious work in the Phillipines is to reform the morals of the clergy. Patrick Murphy. Churches are as good for mankind as barnacles are to a ship's bottom. Prof. Giovanni Schiaparelli (Milano). The Hebrews knew of the other peoples of the earth only to the extent of about thirty degrees. Haeckel. Reason demands the liberation of marriage from ecclesiastical pressure. Haeckel. The soul of man is — objectively considered — essentially similar to that of all other vertebrates ; it is the physiological action on function of the brain. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 679 Haeckel. The belief in the immortality of the human soul is fn hopeless contradiction with the most solid empirical truths of modern science. Luther. Man cannot believe of his own reason in Jesus Christ. Romanes. To accept Christianity is to sacrifice the intellect. Haeckel. Mystic religious faith contradicts natural law. President Shurman, C. U. I do not think there is a bit of history in the Bible. Educated men no longer look upon the Bible as a text-book of physical science. Re\'. Dr. Lyman Abbott. I believe in a God who is in and through and of everything — not an absentee God, whom we have to reach through a Bible or a priest. Professor ^Iunsterberg (Harvard Coll.). Science opposes to any doctrine of individual immortality an un- broken and impregnable barrier. Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott. Science, literature and history tell us that there is one eternal energy; that the Bible no longer can be accepted as ultimate. Haeckel. There are very few experienced and thoughtful physicians who retain the conventional belief in the immortality of the soul and God. 68o VIEWS OF RELIGION. Haeckel. There are always thousands of credulous folks in educated coun- tries who are taken in by the performance of the spiritists and their media. Haeckel. The notion of this "Personal God" as an intelligent immaterial being, creating the material world out of nothing, is wholly irrational and meaningless. President Harper, University of Chicago. Not a single religious problem of any importance has been solved by the theological seminaries of the United States in fifty years. Pastor Hermann Wagner. The whole modern system of natural philosophy is a radical pro- test against Christianity. WooDRow Wilson (Pres. Princeton University). It is a futile hope that the world can ever be converted (to Chris- tianity) by knowledge. Rev. Dr. Minot J. Savage. It was many years after the birth of Jesus before anybody thought of his being other than ordinary man. Shelley (1812). I believe that "God" is another signification for the universe. How are we to arrive at a first cause ? Southey agrees with my idea of deity — the mass of infinite intelligence. Rev. Dr. Minot J. Savage. The whole idea of the virgin birth and the incarnation is pagan in its origin. VIEWS OF RELIGION- 68l Prof. Richard A. Rice, W. C. There is no word for bridge in the Bible. Pastor Andersen. The doctrine of verbal inspiration (Bible) is shown to be false by two undeniable facts ; the Biblical text has tens of thousands of vari- ants; the scripture is often so hidden as to admit of five, ten and even twenty explanations. Rousseau. Christianity breaks up the harmony and order of civil society by enjoining servitude. Phillip Sidney, F. R. Hist. S. An English-speaking pope would have to prevent poor people from being imposed upon by extortionate demands of money to deliver souls from the flames of purgatory. Sir Oliver Lodge (Eng.). Miracles lie all around us ; only they are not miraculous. Special providences envelop us ; only they are not special. Prof. L. H. Bailey, C. U. Science has no priesthood. Evolution is to emancipate religion. The idea of special creation is untenable. Prof. J. Holland Rose (Cam. U.). It is often a matter of great difficulty to ascribe any definite religious beliefs to many of the world's greatest men of action. Rev. Dr. David Schley Schaff (W. T. S., 1904). We may almost call the Roman Catholic the church of the Virgin Mary; not of the real virgin of the gospels, but the apocryphal virgin of the imagination. 682 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Napoleon. The Christian creed is hostile to the perfect polity; for by bidding men look forward to another life it renders them too submissive to the evils of the present. Haeckel. A ruler of the world who thinks, loves, creates, recompenses and punishes as man does, such an anthropomorphous God must be relegated to the domain of mystic ])oetry. Haeckel. All conceptions concerning the supernatural Avorld (spiritual) are founded on defective knowledge of reality and confused thinking, in ]jart also by mystified tradition. Haeckel. The contradiction of two worlds (material and spiritual) appear inconsistent to modern natural sciences. Rev. Dr. Edward Everett Hale (Chaplain U. S. S.) The American people have an immense respect for the announce- ments of the ecclesiastics, but hardly think of ever reading them, far less of governing themselves by their directions. Haeckel. This activity (brain action) of course, becomes extinct in death and, in our days, it appears to be perfectly absurd to expect a personal immortality of the soul. Edward Bok (Editor, Ladies' Home Journal). Christianity is not to-day a vital subject in the minds of men. Robert G. Ingersoll. Is there a God ? I don't know; do you? VIEWS OF RELIGION. 683 Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. * The great need of to-da}' is not a founder of a new religion, but some great man who would induce them all (religions) to fi.x their eyes on that broad basis of ethics. E. M. Macdonald. We should say that the Igorrotos (Philipinos) would make the finest sort of Roman Catholics. Hegel. So you (Heine) want a pour-boire (after death) because you have supported your sick mother and not injured your brother. Prof. Henry Churchill King, D.D. (Pres. Ob. Col.). Every attempt to preserve something as especially sacred (Bible) by setting it apart from all the rest of life, results inevitably in leaving it apart — out of vital connection with the rest of life. President Brown University, 1870. By the vear 2,000 no ecclesiastical organization now existing in America will retain its present form. ^^' right Lorimer (Actor). I am not what you call Christian. I don't care whether a thing is Christian, Pagan or Mohammedan, if it is noble. Marquise Des Monstiers (Caldwell) (Founder Roman Catholic University, Washington, D. C). A church which pretends not only to the privilege of being " the only true church," but of being alone able to open the gates of heaven to a sinful world! D'Holbach. Theology is but ignorance of natural causes reduced to a system. 684 VIEWS or RELIGION. Rev. Dr. Samuel T. Carter (Nassau, N. Y.). I have come to believe that the doctrine of the fall of man in Adam, upon which the whole scholastic theology depends is a blunder fraught with the most disastrous consequences. Rev. Dr. David Schley Schaff (W. T. S., 1904). The seminary (W. T. S.) has discarded the Westminister Confes- sion. M. Combes (Premier, France, 1904). It is, too, under the influence of the same sentiment, (social peace and religious liberty) that the chamber wiU approach the question of separation of church and state. Abbe Alfred Loisy (Priest, Paris, 1903). They (Trinity and Incarnation) are religious dogmas, which owe to philosophy only certain theoretical elements. Pres. David Starr Jordan, S. U. (Cal.). The true glory of life lies in its wise conduct; in the daily acts of love and helpfulness, not in the vagaries fostered by the priest. M. Berthelot (Paris, France). Theology deduces its conclusions a priori from imaginary dogmas revealed by divine inspiration — pure scholasticisms empty of all reality. Israel Zangwill. I have no Christian name ; my other name is Israel. Rev. James Hervey Hyslop (Columbian University). The struggle of modern philosophy to make its peace with both orthodoxy and skepticism is one of the most amusing and at the same time one of the most irritating and exasperating incidents in the history of thought. views of religion. 685 Prof. Elie Metchnikoff (Director, Pasteur Inst.). If it be true, as has been asserted so often, that mail can live by faith alone, the faith must lie in the power of science. Professor Traub (Germany). Christ regarded sickness as a result of demoniac forces — as a sad and bitter reality; "Christian Science," on the other hand, regards sickness only as a self-deception. LArcADio Hearn. Japan has nothing to gain by conversion to Christianity. Emperor William (1904). You have asked for an audience, bishop, I am greatly dissatisfied with you. Remember that the emperor will never allow intolerant curses of that kind. Moses Jacob Ezekiel (Sculptor). There can be no true religion without the ennobling and uplifting spirit of liberty. Rev. Dr. Samuel T. Carter (Nassau, N. Y.). The doctrine of the Trinity has never brought to me one ray of light; I devoutly wish it (the Trinity) had never been formulated. Prof. Elie Metchnikoff (Director, Pasteur Inst.). A future life has no single argument to support it, and the non- existence of life after death is in consonance with the whole range of human knowledge. Charles Wagner (Simple Life). Miracles are on sale; but it is not enough to believe in God, one must believe in man. 686 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. Dr. Lyman Abbott. I do not expect Mt. Holyoke will accept the new religion and Biblical criticism, but the young women ought to be progressive and know what is being said. Rt. Hon. Prof. James Bryce. Religion is an index of the degree of civilization which a people have reached . Moncure D. Conway. ' In Paris, Sabbatarian fear of pure pleasure is unknown. Here my Methodist bringing up is avenged. Rev. Dr. Samuel T. Carter (Nassau, N. Y.). There is a loud call in these days for honest utterance from minis- ters. The whole scholastic theology, and the Calvinistic system that is built upon it, is untrue from the base upwards. Kaempe. In the practice of virtue, in purity of life and outward devotion they (Japanese) far outdo the Christians. Prof. Elie Metchnikoff (Director, Pasteur Inst.). All, or nearly all, of them (systems of philosophy) deny the existence of a future life and the immortality of the soul. Marquise Des Monstiers (Caldwell) (Founder, Roman Catholic University, Washington, D. C). Yes, it is true that I have left the Roman Catholic church. Since I have been living in Europe my eyes have been opened to what that church really is, and to its an) thing but sanctity. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. The church is not a great exhibition hall for perfect Christians. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 687 M. Combes (Premier, Franxe, 1904) « The Vatican has sought to discipline the Bishop of Laval before an ecclesiastical court which the French laws do not recognize. M. Combes (Premier, France, 1904). I am in favor of a free church, but with the same freedom as other institutions have. He (Pope Pius X) wants to enslave the state as he enslaves the church. M. Combes (Premier, France, 1904). Let those who will perform penance before popes ; I have neither the age nor the taste for such practices. Hox. John Hay (Sec. of State, 1904). In almost every sermon and hymn we hear in our churches the imagery of war and battle is used. Most Rev. J. E. C. Welldon (Bishop, Eng.). A good many sermons are dreadfully dull. Good speaking is rare enough, but good preaching is, and must be, rarer. Canon Duckworth (Eng.). Paley's evidences have little or no bearing upon the new difficulties with which the Christian apologist of to-day must deal. Rev. Dr. R. Heber Newton. Hosts of men, excellent, admirable, noble, upright and conscien- tious, faithful in every relation of life, appear to have no sense by which to apprehend God. Father Hans Faber (Zurich). Some of the church customs, such as the confirmation vow, are little better than open falsehoods, or at best a conventional form. 688 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Action (Paris, 1904). No more Catholic protectorate, no more clerical missions, no more French fleets at the service of the Sacred Heart — this is all we ask. We shall have it soon. Prof. H. Yale Oldham, C. U. (Eng.). Man's geographical position makes a difiference in his religion. Prof. Henry Crew. Nothing exists except ether, electrons. Vedas. Who can tell us whether there are any gods at all ? Father Hans Faber (Zurich). Christianity has come to be a book religion. It is possible to find "proof passages" for almost any doctrine. Agur (Proverbs). I am a stupid animal, I know nothing of any Holy One. What is his name and what is his son's name ? Rev. Dr. Minot J. Savage. Thousands of noble men and women believe as the world becomes civilized religion is outgrown. Baba Bharati. We of the East have not asked for your (Christian) religion; it has been forced upon us. We don't call you heathens. Don't call us heathens. Ex- Deputy Fournemont (Belgian). The Vatican is a corpse; we are life. VIEWS or RELIGION. 689 Dr. Moncure D. Conway. Jesus drives the sacrificial animals from the temple and is made a sacrifice himself. \'OLTAIRE. I remove from you a cancer (priests) and you ask what I will put in its place. Prof. ^^'ILLIAM Osler, M. D., LL. D. Modern psychological science dispenses altogether with the soul. ^I. Berthelot (Sec. A. S., France). Backed by its militia of monks it (Vatican) had the pretension of holding men forever under the sway of the double spiritual and temporal sword. President Francis (AA'orlds Fair, 1904). The World's Fair has lost at least .Ji, 000,000 through being com- pelled to close on Sunday. Proe. Edward Clodd. The science of comparative psychology declares that the evidence of his (man's) immortality is neither stronger nor weaker than the evidence of the immortalitv of the lower animals. M. Berthelot (Sec. A. S., France). The irresistible afiirmation of science: this is the flag which we raise in front of the Vatican, the seat of divine revelation and papal infallibility. Archbishop of Canterbury (Daat:dson, 1904). The very world itself, how came it ? Whither goeth it ? Axx Hutchinson (1637). The magistrates are priest-ridden. 690 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Friedrich Strauss. I feel oppressed at seeing nearly every nation in Europe chained by an allied despotism of prince and priest. Dr. Moncure D. Conway. "Go ye into all the world and preach my gospel to every creature," is now known and admitted by all Christian scholars to be spurious. Andrew Dixon White. The warfare of religion against science is to be guarded against in Protestant countries not less than in Catholic. Laecadio Hearn. Never will the East turn Christian while dogmatism requires the convert to deny his ancient obligation to the family, the community and the government. Sylvanus. But I found no truth where 'twas said to be Religion brought nothing like truth to me. William Hutchinson (Husband of Ann H., 1642). I am more nearly tied to my wife than to the church . Mr. G. Lowes Dickinson. Truth is a matter of science, religion of imagination and feeling. Prof. Louis Havet. Not only can morals exist independently of religion, but a system of morals cannot be instituted without repudiating religion. Octave Mirbeu. Religions in my country have never been the foundation of morals. views of religion. 691 Kate Field. I believe in a religion of deeds. Walt Whitman. What do you suppose I would intimate to you in a hundred ways, but that man or woman is as good as God ? And that there is no God any more divine than yourself ? Anatole France. Law, which is the systematization of practical morals, is in Europe quite independent of any religious confession. Rev. Wm. H. Van Allen, S. T. D. Christian Science is a monstrous imposture. Rev. Wm. H. Van Allen, S. T. D. There are two ecclesiastical rulers who frown on masonry — the Pope of Rome and the first apostle of Zion (Dowie). Rev. H. S. Bradley, D.D., (Ga.). The kingdom of science does not belong to those who close their minds to truth and are satisfied to believe that the world is flat, but to the "poor in spirit" like Columbus, Magellan, Lyell, Bacon and Darwin. Tom Dunn (Tammany Politician, Catholic). You and I cannot quarrel about religion. Dr. Hall (Rev. John Hall, Presbyterian). Less than 200 years ago your ancestors and mine were burning heretics in the name of the Lord. Paul Morton (Secretary Navy). Did you ever hear the Western advice, "So live your life each day that you can at any time look any damn man in the eyes and tell him to go to hell.' ' That's my philosophy of life. 692 views of religion. Rev. Dr. L. G. Broughton. The cause of Jesus Christ all over the country to-day is in a state of paralysis. Rt. Hon. John M. Robertson (Eng.). Ecclesiastical historians record that 700 prostitutes attended the Christian council of Constance. Voltaire. Catechism— a collection of pious, intelligible and necessary instruc- tions that priests take care to inculate into little Christians to the end that they talk nonsense and rave for the rest of their lives. Charles O'Malley. The prerequisite to Irish emancipation in Ireland is emancipation from the Roman Catholic church. Voltaire. Without the devil God would cut but a sorry figure at best. Gen. Thomas Francis Meagher (1848). If the altars are in the way of liberty, tumble them down. Daniel O'Connell (Irish Patriot, 1848). All the religion you please, but no politics. Voltaire. Apostles ; a dozen of knaves, as ignorant as owls and as poor as church mice, who composed the court of the Son of God here below, and were charged by him to teach the universe. Rev. R. C. Fillingham, D. D. (Eng.). Christ did not intend to found a church. views of religion. 693 Rev. Amory H. Bradford (Co-Editor, Outlook). Is it replied that the Bible asserts its authority ? Th^ same claim is made for the Koran, the Zend-Avesta, and the Upanishads. M. Berthelot (Savant). Rome is the abyss annoimced in the Apocalypse whence issues the deadly smoke of superstition. M. Berthelot (Savant). Your sympathy (public testimonial, 1901) has caused a final flame to burst from the lamp so soon to be extinguished in eternal night. Rev. Dr. Minot J. Savage. I have suffered more facing my Sunday morning audiences than I expect to suffer in dying. Dr. Lightfoot. The temple of Jerusalem was employed in celebrating the birthday of a Pagan God (Adonis) on the very night Christians assign for the birth of Christ. Marquis Ito (Japan). I regard religion itself as quite unnecessary for a nation's life; science is far above superstition, and what is reUgion, Buddhism, or Christ- ianity but supers titution, and, therefore, a possible source of weak- ness to a nation ? ^Marquis Ito (Japan). I do not regret the tendency to Freethought and atheism, which is almost universal in Japan, because I do not regard it as a source of danger to the community. Dr. Tobias Sigel. I now unveil a monument (Menz Monument to the Devil in Detroit) to the only truthful monarch of the world. 694 views of religion. Galileo (to Kepler). I showed what an abuse it was t(5 appeal so much to Holy Scriptures in questions of natural science, and I proposed that in future it should not be brought into them. Ridley (Heretic, Burned 1555). You (Dr. Brown, Bishop of Gloucester) know my mind concerning the usurped authority of that Romish antichrist (pope). Frederic Harrison. He (Gambetta) systematically and formally repudiated any kind of acceptance of theology. Walter Besant. I can never listen to a sermon. I have not been to church except once or twice for more than thirty years. Rev. Homer C. Stuntz. Thousands of (Philippine) leaders of public thought have given up all pretense of religion. M. Gustave De Mely, A. I. B. L. During the first three centuries of the Christian era Christ was invariably represented without a beard. Archbishop Cranmer (Burned, 1556). I will never consent to the Bishop of Rome, for then should I give myself to the devil, for I have made an oath to the king, and I must obey the king. Oliver Wendell Holmes. ■\^'e may love the mystical and talk much of the shadows, but when it comes to going out among them and laying hold of them with the hands of faith, we are not of the excursion. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 69S VOLTAIKE. In the name of God, sir, (priest) speak to me no more &f that man (Jesus Christ) but let me die in peace. Ridley (Heretic, BmusTED 1555). Bishop (of Lincohi) I do not condescend to your authority, in that you are legate to the pope. Ridley (Heretic, Burned 1555). So long as my tongue and breath will suffer me I will speak against your (bishops) abominable doings. Robert Glo\tr (Heretic, Burned 1555). I willed him (Bishop) to show me one jot or tittle in the scriptures for the proof and defense of the mass. Latimer (Heretic, Burned 1555). 1 would rather be in it (purgatory) than in LoUard's Tower, the bishop's prison. Latimer (Heretic, Burned 1555). Be of good comfort, Mr. Ridley, and play the man, we shall this day light a candle by God's grace in England, as I trust shall never be put out. Agnes Snoth (Burned 1556). I deny to be confessed to a priest. As it (sacrament) is now used in the church it is to our damnation. Penance is plainly to be denied as a sacrament. Sir Oliver Lodge. As a matter of fact, the higher man of to-day is not worrying about his sins at aU, still less about their punishment. Bismarck. I have wished to crush Rome that I might crush Christianity. 696 views of religiom. Philpot (Burned 1556). What I was you know; what I am I will not tell you now. I am past doubting, for I believe you can never be able to prove it (mass) a sacrament. Maria Gaetana Agnesi. The pursuit of liberal studies is not improper for women. John Maddock. The Christ of Protestants is just as much of a myth as that 'of Roman Catholics. Antonio Fogazzaro (Novelist). If Christ returned to earth, he would receive from the Vatican the same treatment that he received from the sanhedrim. Lemuel K. Washburn. We want God's word that he ever showed himself to man. Moses might have been somebody else behind the rock. It would be hard to recognize the Lord God by what Moses saw of him. Byron. Christians have burnt each other, quite persuaded That all the apostles would have done as they did. Thomas Moor (Burned, 1556). My maker is in heaven, and not in the pix. I see there (the pix above the altar) fine clothes, with golden tassels, and other gay gear hanging about the pix; what is within I cannot see. John Fortune (Condemned, 1556). They (popes) are spiteful men, for in seventeen months there were three popes, and one poisoned another for that presumptuous seat of antichrist. views of religion. 697 John Fortune (Condemned, 1556). I believe not in the sacrament of the altar, because f find it not in God's book, nor yet in the doctor's. Thomas Moor (Burned, 1556). Believe Christ to be there in the pix, flesh, blood and bones ? No, that I do not. John Fortune (Condemned, 1556). The pope is but a man, and the Prophet David saith, "that no man can deliver his brother nor make agreement for him unto God." Lemuel K. Washburn, When Moses asked the Lord God who he was, the Lord God answered; "I am that I am," which is equivalent to saying; It is none of your business who I am. Father Chiniquy (Ex-Priest). Armed with his theology, the priest of Rome has become the most dangerous and determined enemy of truth, justice and liberty. Paul Louis Courrier. What a life, what a condition, is that of our priests! Love is forbidden them — marriage especially. ' David A. Wells. Every convent, (in Mexico) monastic institution, or religious house was closed up (under President Juarez) and devoted to secular uses. Justin D. Fulton, D. D. By extreme imction, when he comes to die, he is assiured of ever- lasting happiness, after a little of purgatory, which will be made as short as possible if the money is forthcoming to pay for masses. 698 views of religion. Prince of Orange (1579). It is impossible that the land can be kept in peace except there be a free toleration in the exercise of religion. Richard Hubbarthon (1660). Because, that by forcing, no man can make a h3rpocrite to be a true believer; but on the contrary, many may be made h)rpocrites. John Whiting (Quaker, 1680). As for that religion, ministry or worship (Christianity) that cannot stand or subsist without force or violence it cannot be the true ministry. John Fox. The massacres on St. Bartholomew's day are painted in the royal salon of the Vatican. John Huss (top or head cut ofp with shears, 1415). I marvel that for as much as they (bishops) be all of like cruel mind and stomach, yet they cannot agree upon their kind of cruelty. MONTMORRIN, GoV. AuVERGNE (1572). Sire, I have received an order, under your Majesty's seal, to put to death all the Protestants of my province. I have too much respect for your Majesty, not to believe the letter a forgery, but if the order should be genuine, I have too much respect for your Majesty to obey it. John Florence (Whipped, 1424). The pope and his cardinals have no power to make or constitute laws. There is no day but Sunday to be kept holy. Images are not to be worshipped, neither ought the people to set up any light before them. M. Sarrien (Pres. Cabinet, France, 1906). A free church under the law of the republic. views of religion. 699 John Huss (Burned, 1415). And as touching the pope, if he be a reprobate, it is^lain that he is no head, no, nor member also of the holy church of God, but of the devil, and his synagogue. John Huss (Burned, 1415). False it is to say that the pope and his cardinals to be the true and manifest successors of Peter and of the apostles. Queen Elizabeth. If I have offended and am guilty I crave no mercy but the law. Much suspected of me; nothing proved can be. Archbishop Cranmer (Burned, 1556). The Pope of Rome is like the devil in his doings; for the devil said to Christ: "If thou wilt fall down and worship me, I will give thee ail the kingdoms of the world." The pope is antichrist. ViviANi (Minister op Labor, France, igo6). Men's minds have finally been emancipated from the hope of a future Ufe, and as compensation for that elimination of faith, their happiness on earth must be increased. Wyclute (1377). Friars are bounden to get their living by the labour of their hands and not by begging. Dr. Pierre Janet. A large share of religious exaltation, particularly those referred to as ecstasies, are readily recognized as cases of diseased dreams. Lemuel K. Washburn The Athenian inscription on the altar on Mar's HiU: "To the Unknown God" is now being silently written on all Christian churches. 700 views of religion. John Whiting (Quaker, 1680). This shows how cruelly friends were used in those days (persecuted fined, robbed, imprisoned, banished, whipped and burned by Protest- ants) not doing to others as they would be done by. John Whiting (Quaker, 1680). Because I could not for conscience sake set forth the tenth part of my com for the priest of the parish and pay tithes, he (priest) soon began to prepare war against me, citing me to appear at the Bishop's Court. Hiram Chellis Brown. In so far as theology and dogma have absorbed the vital forces of humanity, they have been a drag upon the wheels of progress and upon the moral and material development of the race. Tertullian. The blood of the martyrs is the seed of the church. Count Romanones (1906). The demand of the papal nuncio to Madrid to prosecute municipal judges who celebrate civil marriages has been flatly refused. F. E. Daniel, M,D. (Texas, 1906). Whiskey and consumption follow the flag and Bible in the march of civilization. Churches are among the Uveliest disease- breeders. Charles Molloy (Pres. E. S.). The boy's picture (of God) was as good as any picture could be. G. Bernard Shaw (Eng. Author). Every church is in a state of frightful pecuniary dependence on Pharisees who use it to whitewash the most sordid commercial scound- relism by external observances. VIEWS or RELIGION. 70I Rev. Dr. Algernon S. Crapsey (Heretic, 1906). Such an existence (Christ's very physical body, flesh, blood and bones, floating for 2000 years in the sky) would seem to me not glorious but horrible, and such a conception is to me not only un- believable, it is unthinkable. Prof. Schailer Mathews, U. C. AH over the world the number of young men who are being edu- cated as clergymen is growing smaller. Eugene Hins. Jesus never did a stroke of work in his life and never spoke one word in favor of honest toil. Rev. J. M. L. Babcock. Christianity reduces people to starvation and then throws out the crust of charity. Rev. Dr. Minot J. Savage. God is only an ideal. The truest and best men and women regard worship as ignoble and not worthy of manhood and womanhood. G. Bernard Shaw (Eng. Author). It (the church) organizes the sale of salvation. It (Bible) is a grossly overrated bundle of Hebrew literature. Charles W. Smiley, A. M. In the Greek text (New Testament) there are no such words as repentance, forgiveness, hell, heaven, a resurrection of the dead. Pope Pius X (1904). Who can fail to see that society is now, more than in any past age, suffering from a terrible and deep-rooted malady. You understand, venerable brothers, what that disease is — apostasy from God. 702 views of religion. Chelperic Edwards (Eng.). The Hammurabi Code must have been the immediate or remote progenitor of the Hebrew legal system. George W. Foote (Eng.). He (Chelperic Edwards) has shown how the "inspired" Mosiac Law was essentially derived from the uninspired Code of Babylon. Singleton Waters Davis. Do I believe in these gods? (New Testament gods). As con- scious personal beings, no; as poetic personifications, yes. Prof. Emil G. Hirsch, Ph.D., LL.D. Adam is said to have been an atheist ; for in hiding himself to escape he gave proof of his belief that God was not omnipresent. R. P. Knight (1786). Kreshna (Hindoo) or the deity became incarnate in the shape of man, in order to instruct all mankind, is introduced (in Bagvat Geeta) revealing to disciples the fundamental principles of true faith, religion and wisdom. Sir William Hamilton, K. B. The ceremony (Fete Holy Martyrs Sts. Cosmus and Damianus) finishes by the canons of the church dividing the spoils, both money and wax. Thomas Paine. Jesus Christ wrote no account of himself, of his birth, parentage or anything else; not a line of what is called the New Testament is of his own writing. Boston Herald. His (Abbe Hue) accounts of the close resemblances between the Buddhistic and Catholic (Christian) ceremonials and faiths led, it is averred, to his unfrocking. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 703 I. W. De Catjx. Had not Christ been betrayed (by Judas Iscariot) fie would not have been crucified ; and were it not for his crucifixion, there could be no salvation for any sinners. Grant Allen. Christianity surged up from below, from the dregs of the world; it arose among an abscure sect of local fanatics. Spanish Song. In life or death, since priestly rule began Religious needs are served before the man. Prof. Goldwin Smith, LL.D. Judaism is a vast relic of ancient barbarism with its tribal mask, its tribal separation and its tribal God Rev. E. F. Blanchard. Christian fellowship means but little — not enough to pay for the trouble of uniting with the church. Rev. Dr. John Watson (Eng.). Their (Christian laity) solicitude now is less about the future than about the welfare of those whom they will leave behind. Prof. Henry James, H. C. What is nowadays called the higher criticism of the Bible is only a study of the Bible from the existential point of view, neglected too much by the earlier church. Prof. Goldwin Smith. A world without spiritual life, or religion as the embodiment of that life — is perfectly conceivable. 704 views of religion. Prop. Emil G. Hirsch, Ph. D., LL.D. Atheism is always the resuh of criticism and skepticism. J. D. Shaw. In so far as religion has encouraged morality it has done good, but in making morality secondary to faith it has done harm. Professor Bousset (Germany). To insist upon the principles of traditional Christianity is to rob modem culture of its very life ; it opposes a pessimism to the optimism of modern thought. Bertha J. French. Another step will be taken in the path of progress when all shall cease their blind worship of a metaphysical God. Rev. Dr. Barry (Eng.). Bible torn to shreds, churches emptying, candidates for holy orders falling off, and millions never heeding religion! M. CORNELY. Everyone who believes in God must be horrified at the thought of the responsibility incurred by those who preside over the butchery (Japanese-Russian War). Yet the Czar is a believer. Boston American. The labor leader is much more numerous than the Sunday school superintendent, yet the latter figures more often in criminal charges than the labor leader. John Hay (Secretary of State). For always in thine eyes, O Liberty, Shines that high light whereby the world is saved. And, though thou slay us, we will trust in thee. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 705 New York Churchman. As a part of the public worship of the church, the Athana'sian Creed is manifestly unsuitable. Sir Oliver Lodge. The higher man of to-day is not worrying about his sins at all, still less about their punishment. Otto Wettstein. " Do you believe we will die like a brute ?" I am asked. Are we not born like a brute? Professor Le Seur. The doctrine of immortality has been accepted upon the same authority as that upon which the most preposterous fables have been given out as solid truth. Charles T. Gorham (London). Jesus Christ, it is claimed, gave to a sinful world a perfect revelation of the character of God. Now I don't think he did anything of the kind. Prof. Edgar L. Lakin. Scientific physiologists are unable to detect in body or brain or find any analogy in nature concerning the existence of what is popularly called the soul. Lord Amberley. There is, in fact, almost as much to be said on moral grounds for the divorce of unhappy couples as for the marriage of happy Ones (notwithstanding Jesus). Hon. Albert H. A^'ALKER. The conflict between religion and atheism has extended wherever civilization has gone. Most of the men in the United States are atheists. 7o6 VIEWS or religion. Juan de Sala. If this is religion (Image of Mary at Bay of Melinda) I, for one, worship the devil. Wesley (Vol. II, Sermon C). It does not appear that man has naturally any more idea of God than any of the beasts of fiie field ; he has no knowledge of God at all ; he is by nature a mere atheist. M. Camille Saint-Saens (Composer). How shall we undertake to obey the pope when he recommends that the melodies sung in the churches shall have an essentially religious character? How are we to be sure that they possess that character ? Rev. W. L. Watkinson (Eng.). To-day there are many temples, many gods, many priests. But they get fewer. There is not a day that passes but some idol is split up to boil the pot with. M.^ Camille Saint-Saens (Composer). It is distance that creates mystery (Pope Sorto's sixteenth cen- tury music) and the quality of mystery passes for religions. Andrew Carnegie (Philanthropist). 1 don't believe in God. M}- God is patriotism. Teach a man to be a good citizen and you have solved the problem of life. Gen.' Israel Putnam (1776). It was enough to make an angel swear to see men refuse to secure a victory so nearly won. Hon. Boueke Cockran (N. Y.) Boston Herald, July 13, 1904. It is a sad confession that must be made that in the penitentiaries. Catholics (Christians) are in an undue proportion. views of religion. 707 Spmngpield Republican (1904). The church wails, the Pope wails, over the infidelity of Italy and France. Why is it ? Simply because it is discovered that the church is a detriment to the state. Springfield Republican (1904) To bring up a waif of the streets to honorable life, to make him a good citizen, is nothing to the church of Rome, if he be not brought up as a Roman Catholic. William Mallock. Monism is the absolute negation of religion, and the facts put before us by science form an absolute affirmation of monism. Premier Giolitti (Italian Chamber of Deputies, 1904). The state and the church must be as two parallel lines, which never meet. Both must enjoy liberty. It wiU be worse for the church on the day that she illegally interferes in the affairs of the state. Rev. Dr. Rainsford (St. George's Episcopal, N. Y.). Any mass of people that takes Jesus in a literalist sense is bound to come to ruin. Pres. Charles W. Eliot, H. C. All history teaches that under any of the great religions — Buddhist, Christian or Moslem — multitudes of men and women have been religious without being moral. Edward Holyoke, Pres. H. C Whitfield (Rev.) is an enthusiast, an uncharitable person and a deluder of the people. Richard Ranson. Luke gives the genealogy of one called Jesus in which the descent is through David's son, Nathan, while the Joseph whose son Jesus was supposed to be is the son of Heli. Which was crucified ? 7o8 VIEWS or religion. John Noyes. (Burned in Laxfield, England, 1557, — Fox's Martyrs). I said that I could not believe, that in the Sacrament of the Altar, is the natural body of Christ. I thought the natural body of Christ to be in heaven, and not in the sacrament. They (theologians) say they can make God of a piece of bread, believe them not. John Travis. (Whipped about the market with a dog-whip, — 1557). Good Lord ! How the sinews of his (Noyes') arms shrink u[. What villian wretches are these ! (those who burnt Noyes). Dr. Roland Taylor (1555). The mass, as it is now, is but one of anti-Christ's youngest daughters, in which the devil is rather present and received than the Savior. Hippocrates. Medicine should have no alliance with theology. Bishop Albion W. Knight, D. D. (Cuba). They (Latins, Roman Catholics in Cuba) are opposed to liberty of conscience and to civil liberty. Pres. Charles W. Eliot, H. C. Children, like savages, can be trained to the observances of a rite, or be made to feel affection for a familiar book, a picture, a shrine or a church, much more easily than they can be taught to speak the truth. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. He (Jesus) taught by engrafting on them (doctrines) the mysti- cisms of a Grecian Sophist (Plato) and frittering them into subtleties or obscuring them with jargon until they have caused good men to turn away in disgust. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 709 Pres. Charles W. Eliot, H. C. Every ritual and liturgy, every habitual devoutness towards virgin or saint give an opportunity for religiousness independent of morality. Prof. Walter Rauschenbusch, R. T. S. Free inquiry engendered by modern science neutralizes the dog- matic authority with which the church has been accustomed to speak. George Bernard Shaw (Dramatist). There is not one single estabUshed religion that an intelligent, educated man can believe. Dr. D. R. Brower (Boston Record, May 8, 1904). In Mrs. Eddy's case her insanity is shown from her expansive ideas of her own importance in the world and as a teacher of religion. Thomas Paine. The fable of Christ and his twelve apostles is a parody on the sun and the twelve signs of the Zodiac. Prof. William Osler, M. D. An immense majority of men live without any idea of immortality; a large group regard the hereafter as one of man's inventions. Jean Hardouin. The whole of the writings ascribed to the Christian fathers are monkish forgeries. Prof. William Osler, M. D. It is often the case that the older one grows the less fixed becomes the interest in immortality. RUSKIN. In 1858 I was still in the bonds of my old Evangelical faith. 7IO jVIEWS OF RELIGION. R. G. Ingersoll. I belong to the great church that holds the world within its starlit aisles ; that claims the great and the good of every race and clime ; that finds with joy the grain of gold in every creed, and floods with light and love the germs of good in every soul. Prof. William Osler, M. D. As a rule man dies uninfluenced by the thoughts of future life. Samuel Rogers. Unitarianism is twenty shillings in the pound. Prof. William Osler, M. D. Our eyes and ears are finite and receive no impressions of infinite things. Dr. Isaac H. Estey (Physician). I will give ten dollars to any minister of the gospel who will dine with me and drink any deadly thing as spoken of in St. Mark XVI, 1 8 verse. Kant. Apart from moral conduct, all that man thinks himself able to do in order to become acceptable to God is mere superstition and religious folly. Marquis Ito (Premier, Japan.) I do not deplore the fact that rationalism is becoming wide-spread in Japan, for I do not regard it as a danger to society. Professor Lobstein (University Strasburg). The difference that has all along been thought to exist between Biblical and secular history now practically disappears. Benjamin Kidd. A rational religion is a scientific impossibility. views of religion. 71i Marquis Ito (Premier, Japan). What is religion— Christian or Buddhist— but mere credulity and blind faith ? Science is better than superstition. Marquis Ito (Premier, Japan). I look upon religion as a thing wholly unnecessary to the life of a people. Professor Lobstein (University Strasburg). It is now seen that the claim that Jesus was born of a virgin has no right to be regarded as one of the fundamentals of Christian faith. Professor Bousset. The Pauline doctrine of the Atonement does not represent the original faith of Christianity. Napoleon. In Egypt the sheiks greatl}' embarassed me by asking what we meant when we said, "the Son of God." If we had three gods we must be heathen. Edward Fitzgerald. The parson and the clerk get through the (church) service see-saw, like two men in a saw-pit. Napoleon. AH religions owe their origin to man. I think man was created in an atmosphere warmed by the sun, and that after a certain time this productive power ceased. RuDYARD Kipling. And if God be God, he is love, And though the dawn be still so dim. It shows us we have played enough With creeds that make a fiend of him. 712 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Hon. Arthur J. BAirouR (Prime Minister, Eng.). His (man's) very existence is an accident, his story a brief and discreditable episode in the life of one of the meanest of the planets. Rev. Dr. Charles Cuthbert Hall. I know from observation that religion has little, if any, part in our American civilization to-day. William Kingdon Clifford (Eng.). Keep your children away from the priest (and minister) or he will make them the enemies of mankind. Theodore Parker (Boston, i8 10-60). Vishnu with a necklace of skulls is a figure of love and mercy com- pared to the God of the Old Testament. Voltaire. We shall find that, as a rule, they (Christians) abstain only from such deeds as would expose them to infamy or the gallows. Hon. John Sherman (Statesman). The arrogation that to this world only came the redeemer and child of heaven sometimes seems man's own egotism. Tolstoi. It is true I deny an incomprehensible Trinity, and the fable regard- ing the fall of man, which is absurd in our day. It is true I deny the sacrilegious story of a God born of a virgin to redeem the human race. Renan. Christ had no knowledge of the general condition of the world; he was unacquainted with science ; he was harsh towards his family and was no philosopher. VIEWS OF RELIGION 713 Demosthenes. I, for my part, while I am yet alive, arise up and dejfert out of this sacred place. Hon. Giovanni Rosadi (Florence, Italy). The disgrace of Calvary is the disgrace of human justice. The trial of Jesus was. a judicial murder. Sir Oliver Lodge. I derive no sort of comfort or intelligent aid from the idea, even if it be a fact, that his (Christ's) body was abnormally produced. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. The doctrines which He (Jesus) really did preach were defective, on a whole, and fragments only of what He did deliver have come down to us mutilated, mis-stated and often unintelligible. Tolstoi. The Russian Czar, in announcing this call to murder (Japano- Russian War, 1904) mentions God, asking divine blessing on the most dreadful crime in the world (war). General Booth (Salvation Army). There is as much sin, as much wickedness, and as much deviltry in the world (in spite of Christ) as there was then (2,000 years ago), aye, and more. John D. Rockefeller, Jr. Few of us form our own opinions. We are Baptists or ^Methodists or Presbyterians because our parents were. Philpot (Burned 1556). Why, then Christ's body receiveth daily a great increase of many thousand pieces of bread (transubstantiation). 7^4 VIEWS or RELIGION. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. In every country and in every age the priest has been hostile to liberty; he is always in alliance with the despot, abetting his abuses in return for protection to his own. Prof. Gold win Smith (Canada). The mighty and supreme Jesus who was to transfigure all human- ity with his divine wit and grace — this Jesus has flown. Prof. Borden P. Bowne, LL.D. An angel flying through the skies to preach the gospel, would amazingly tickle the spiritual groundling. Tennyson. Little flower — but if I could understand What you are, root and aU, and all in all, I should know what God and man is. Edwin D. Mead (Boston). Serious and rational men have the right to hold them (Methodist Bishops, 1905) responsible for deposing an eminent scholar (Prof. Mitchell, B. U.) on account of some hoary old canon. Prof. Charles Richet (Paris). You can not bind Brahmins, Jews, Catholics, Mohammedans and Freethinkers to a system of morals whose basis is Protestantism. Hence it follows irrefutably that morals cannot be made to depend upon a revealed religion. Professor Berthelot. Science is the grandest school of morals in existence. I insist upon this point, although we are frequently taught by certain orders of men that morals have been instituted among mankind by religion. That is an error contradicted by history. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 7x5 Jules Clareiie (Novelist and Critic). My answer is positive. Yes, it is possible to founfl a popular morality without religion. Reason will end by being right. Maurice Bouchor (Poet). All the good that is in religion lies in the morals which are founded on reason and experience. Prof. Inoue Tetsajiro (Imp. University). The true religion of Japan is patriotism. Octave Mirbeu. As long as there are gods in the world there can be no system of morals; there can be nothing but a hypocritical pretence of morality. Grover Cleveland, Pres. U. S. A. I know that human prejudice — especially that growing out of race and religion— is cruelly inveterate and lasting. Bayard Taylor. All outward wisdom yields to that within. Whereto no creed nor canon holds the key. Prof. W. M. Campbell (Director Lick Observatory). It is inconceivable for me that only one planet or one star should have intelligent life and that the earth is that one. Hon. John Hay. The question of honor and religion carries us at once into the realm of sentiment where no demonstration is possible. James I (King or Scotland). Presbytery agrees with monarchy as the devil ^^'ith holy water. 7l6 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Castelar. The true idea of liberty is the right of all citizens to obey (no God, Bible, creed or church) nothing but the law. Dr. C. W. Eliot, Pres. H. C. The surest touchstone (of belief) is the ethical standard which through inheritance, education and the experience of daily life has, as a matter of fact, become our standard. Prof. Wilhelm Ostwold (U. Leipsic). A living thing is nothing but a system of energy, and life is but a matter of chemistry. Henry S. Pritchett, Pres. M. I. T. It matters very little, Catholic, Protestant, Unitarian, etc., or if you belong to no denomination whatever; it is the life and not the things that you believe. SWEDENBORG. The trouble with heU is we shall not know it when we arrive. Dean Robbins, G. T. S. of the P. E. C. The clergy are pulling one way and the laity another. A great gulf yawning and ever increasing, stretches between. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. The pretention (story of Joshua and the sun) is entitled to your inquiry, because millions believe it. On the other hand you are astronomer enough to know how contrary it is to the law of nature. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. If it (inquiry) end in a belief that there is no God, you will find incitements to virtue in the comfort and pleasantness you feel in its exercise and in the love of others which it will procure for you. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 717 Archbishop Benson. Their (clergy) devotional methods and sacramentarian practices cause a terrific alienation between clergy and laity. Dr. John Graham Brooks. Many of our college teachers are humiliated and even expelled because they discuss Darwin, higher criticism, etc. Rev. G. W. Kent. The Puritan Sabbath is utterly inadequate to this large enterprise. Its failure is prodigious. Everybody breaks it, especially the clergy. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. We discover (in the Four Gospels) a ground-work of vulgar ignor- ance, of things impossible, of superstition, fanaticisms, and fabrica- tions. Rev. Dr. Chas. L. Thompson (Interchurch Conference, 1905). The world does not believe (in Christianity). After all we have written and said it does not believe. Rev. Dr. Minot J. Savage. What right has a being because he is Almighty to create a soul when he knows beforehand that that soul is to suffer forever and ever and ever? Galileo (to Kepler). What do you say to the leading philosophers of the faculty (ec- clesiasts) here, who have never consented to look at planets, nor moon, nor my telescope? Kukuzawa Yukichi (Sage of Milta, Japan). Religionists are like tea-merchants. They are busy selling their own kind of religion. 7l8 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. Of this band of dupes and impostors (early disciples of Jesus) Paul was the great Corypheus and first corrupter of the doctrines of Jesus. Dr. AA'illiam Osler (Prof. Ox. U. Eng.). The great majority (500 death-bed studies) gave no sign, one way or the other; like their birth, their death was a sleep and a forgetting. Prof. Alfred Jeremias, D. D. (Leipsic). In the whole form and conception of thought the New Testament as well as the Old shows that it lives and moves in Oriental and, in particular, in Babylonian ideas Josh Billings. If you want to see a Christian at his best, take him in a horse trade. Yves Guyot (Minister, Public Works, France). To be constructive and progressi\e a national government must neither allow itself to nurture nor even protect, beyond that protection properly offered any other social or industrial body, a religion. Elbert Hubbard. Next to getting rid of a belief in hell is the getting rid of a belief in a future life. President Faunce (Brown University). I never wish to be a candidate for any heaven from which William EUery Channing and James Martineau are excluded. Rev. Chas. D. Williams (Dean, Trinity Cathedral, Cleveland. Ohio). We are often "long " on theological orthodoxy and ecclesiastical propriety and excessively "short" on commercial integrity and political morality. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 7 19 Hugh O. Pentecost. Its (religion) fundamental idea is that whatever you cannot observe with the five senses is the real thing. Wordsworth. Happy is he who, caring not for pope, Consul, or king, can sound himself to know The destiny of man and live in hope. Hugh O. Pentecost. When I asked a young Freethinker, the son of a minister, how he came to be non-Christian, he replied, "A careful study of the character of my father. " Rev. Prof. Henry Van Dyke. If property is theft, according to the teachings of Jesus, then the church itself, like the temple of old, has become a den of thieves. Rev. William Osler (Prop. Ox. U., Eng.) As a rule man dies as he has lived uninfluenced practically by thought of a future life. MiNGHETTI (It.ALIAN MiNISTER). The code of Napoleon reproduces, to a very great extent, the whole of the Roman Code as it existed prior to Christianity. Max Nordau. Reason (not religion) is perfectly competent to keep social beings in the right path. Gabriel Seailles. We are (in France) at present actually living under the regime of a morality which is lay and not ecclesiastical and we find it a very good system. 720 VIEWS OF RELIGION, Sher Alt. The gospels furnish the clearest proof of the escape of Jesus from the accursed death of the cross. Walt Whitman. They (animals) do not make me sick discussing their duty to God. Herbert Spencer. Nor had I in those days perceived the astounding nature of the creed which ofiers for profoundest worship a being who calmly looks on while myriads of his creatures are suffering eternal torments. Rev. I. M. Holdeman. The rising generation is not a church-going one. This generation is more intellectual than the previous one. Victor Hugo. Every step which the intelligence of Europe has taken has been in spite of it (the clerical party). Horace Greeley. To him (Thomas Paine) more than to any other man this country is indebted for the impulse to independence from Great Britain. Byron. Why should I believe mysteries no one can understand, because written by men who chose to mistake madness for inspiration and style themselves evangelicals? Canon Hensley Henson. "Inspiration" is not allowed to certify the truth of any statement (in the Bible) which cannot be substantiated at the bar of reason and evidence. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 72 1 Thoreau. And I swear by the rood I will be slave to no God. Prime Minister Katsura (Japan). The Buddhist and Shinto sects have been warned not to confound politics with religion. The Japanese government will protect all creeds. \\' ALTER Savage Landor. The papal power is the most monstrous and by far the most de- grading imposition that ever outraged and deformed the human intellect. Maj. Richard M. Venable (Baltimore, Md.). What you preach is not true. I began as a Presbyterian, but I have turned to be an agnostic. Sher All In asserting that Jesus was dead when he was placed in the tomb, the Christians not only make an unwarranted statement, but also deny a miracle of Jesus. Prop. C. A. Briggs. The preachers preach the damnation of the heathen; and the hearers hear and accept. But they do not believe it in their hearts. Stockmayer. I would never permit a son of mine to study theology. Giordano Bruno. There is a dastardly race of pedants who, doing no good thing, esteem themselves and desire to be esteemed, religious and pleasing to the gods, not on account of the good we may do or the evil we leave undone, but by hoping and believing according to the catechism. 722 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Robert G. Ingersoll. What reason have 3-011 for believing that God will do better in another world than he has done and is doing in this ? Pres. Henry C. King, D. D., (Oberlin Coll.). Higher criticism is simply an earnest attempt on the part of scholars to get at the exact teachings of the scriptures. Eliot Webb Preston (1902). I hereby direct especially that no religious functionary direct or take part at my funeral or at the grave. Rev. Prof. Scott, C. T. S. (Chicago). One result of religious uncertainty is the disappearance of the theologian. The younger scholars, under radical influences, have turned away from theology. Rev. Prof. Heitmuller (University Goettingen). Baptism is not an institution of Jesus. It is very improbable that the Lord's supper was instituted by Christ. Tennyson. We have but faith; we cannot know, For knowledge is of things we see. Thomson Jay Hudson, LL.D. She (Mrs. Eddy) undertook to tell how to heal the sick, when, ac- cording to her theory, nobody was or could possibly be sick, because God is all and God cannot be sick. Archdeacon Sinclair. Church or chapel are only attended by about eighteen per cent, of London's population. That means that four-fifths of the people do not worship God at all. views of religion. 733 Robert Louis Stevenson. Poor Matt (Matthew Arnold), he is in heaven, but he will not like God. Thomas Jay Hudson, LL.D. These and a thousand other contradictions and absurdities fill the whole book (Science and Health). Rev. John Henry Denison. This egotistic cast or vogue of thought is more authoritative than Kaiser or Pope, than dogma or creed. Thomas Jay Hudson, LL.D. The fact of healing is the only fact adduced (by Mrs. Eddy) to prove the theory that there is nothing to heal. Prof. E. G. Steude (Germany). Professor Ladenburg (German Naturalist) claims that there are no evidences for the belief in the immortality of the soul, nor for other fundamental teachings of the Christian system. Rev. J. P. Bland, B. D. There is no branch of the Christian church which could for one moment live without credulity. Herbert Spencer. The "creed of Christendom" is alien to my nature, both emo- tional and intellectual. Kepler. My book may well wait a hundred years for a reader, since God himself for six thousands years awaited a discoverer. Henry J. Bigelow, M. D. Burning at the stake in the name of religion ! 724 views of religion. Marie Corelli. God said — "I will make man A creature supreme." Satan answered — "I will destroy Thy splendid dream." God said — "I will ordain That thou shalt no longer be." Satan answered — "Thou can'st not Loril, For I am a part of thee ! ' ' Chevalier Bunsen. In thy eyes, dear wife, I have seen the eternal. Prof. Oliver T. Osborne, M. A., M. D. Fakers, illusionists, rubbers, weaklings, monomaniacs, rascals (and priests) who charge for divine power. Frederick the Great. Some how or other Providence seems to do most for the best dis- ciplined troops. Voltaire. Crush the infamous thing (the priesthood). Prof. George T. Knight (Tufts College). Long ago John Wesley had said "Calvin's God is my devil," and now there are many who say the same of Wesley's God. Robert G. Ingersoll. Banish me from Eden when you will but first let me eat of the tree of knowledge. Edwin Markham. Religion is poetry gone to seed. Religion and poetry are one in essence. VIEWS or RELIGION. 72s Prof. William Osler, M. D., LL. D. Where among the educated and refined, much less among the masses, do we find any ardent desire for a future life ? Dr. Moncure D. Conway. In personal affairs mankind likes veracity but in religion the world is diseased and demands the artificial temperature of illusion. Thomas Wentworth Higginson. While constantly urging it upon young men, members of the clerical profession are yet very apt to quit it for some pursuit a shade more secular. Dr. Inazo Nitolie. The great statesmen of Japan's national rejuvenation were men who knew no other moral teaching (no religion) than the precepts of knighthood. Dr. Inazo Nitolie. Missionaries claim that Christianity is a new religion, whereas to my mind it is an old, old story. John Brisbane Walker. There was a time when men and women were permitted to fold their hands, smile placidly and say "I believe." Professor Bruce. I am disposed to think that a great and increasing portion of the moral worth of society lies outside of the Christian church. M. Combes CPremier, France, 1904). The absolute independence of the state of all dogma and its recog- nized supremacy over every religious communion is the doctrine of the French Revolution of which the French Republic glories in being the heir. 726 VIEWS or RELIGION. Robert G. Ingersoll. Ministers say that they teach charity. This is natural. They live on alms. All beggars teach that others should give. Proeessor Voelter (Germany). In Eg3rpt are to be found exact counterparts of Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Esau, Joseph, Moses and other Old Testament characters. Lord Shaetesbury. There is not an intimation in nature or logic nor in reason that justifies the belief in the dogma that man is by natiure an immortal being. Professor Matthews. Certain chemical substances coming together under certain con- ditions are bound to produce life. BURBANK (FrUIT-GrOWER). There will be no line left between force and matter. The facts of plant-life demand a Kinetic theory of evolution. Dr. Amory H. Bradford. The source of authority (for human conduct) is to be found in the soul (brain) not in external authority of church or creed or book (bible). Abraham Lincoln, Pres. U. S.A., 1862. In great contests each party claims to act in accordance with the will of God. Both may lie but one must be wrong. W. E. H. Lecky. Brave, true, unhoping, calm, austere. He labored in a narrow sphere, And found in work his spirit needs — The last, if not the best of creeds. VIEWS or RELIGION. 727 Abraham Lincoln, Pres. U. S. A., 1862. He (God) could give the final victory to either side any day. Yet the contest proceeds. G. M. Trevelyan. They (the pessimistic Christians of the ages of faith) thought they saw the earth given over to the powers of evil, and hell was at least as prominent in their thoughts as heaven. Voltaire. God is immutable, or in other words not susceptible of change. Nevertheless we find among his letters and papers that he has fre- quently changed his projects, his friends and even his religion. Dr. Felix Adler. It is time we put away from us this mush (ordinary Christianity) of religious sentiment. Francis Wayland (Pres. Brown Univ.). Young gentlemen, cherish your own conceptions (of religion). Lemuel K. Washburn. A good man does not need religion. Rev. Dr. John Peters (Archeologist). The myth, tradition and fiction of the Old Testament are of tre- mendous value to religion. Ida M. Tarbell. Abraham Lincoln was never a member of any denomination (of religion). Lemuel K. Washburn. A pawnbroker would not lend a nickle on the best religion in the world. 728 VIEWS OF RELIGION. Rev. G. W. Kent. The Puritan Sabbath is utterly inadequate. Its failure is prodigi- ous. Everybody breaks it, especially the clergy. Rev. Dr. G. Campbell Morgan. The American church does not seem to be much more than a social organization now. Prof. A. D. White. The cardinal doctrine of a fanatic's creed is that his enemies are enemies of God. Baron Kaneko (1905). We have shown the world that the pagan treatment of prisoners (in war) is as humane as that of the Christian nations. Katherine Mackay (Wife of Inventor). I wish to tell you that I absolutely disapprove of parochial schools of the Romanist faith and consider them a grave menace to our country. RuFus Choate. A book is the only immortality. Baron Kaneko, LL.D. (Cabinet Minister, Japan). Morality, the foundation of character, we believe to be the sub- stance, belief the shadow, in the question (of religion). Isaac O. Barnes, (U. S. Marshall, Boston, 1847). Yes, I will give $200 (for a Baptist church) on one condition, and that is that you agree to have the water boiling hot at every baptism. George Jacob Holyoake. In our day of predatory acts they confiscate non-conformalist property to maintain church schools. May the priest be a thief ? views of religion. 729 Lemuel K. Washburn. Holy family! What a family to boast of! The father who was not a husband left the woman before she was a mother and has not been seen since. Mrs. Fleming (Astronomer). There is no other means in the world of getting at the data for the history of these heavenly bodies except by these photographs. Baron Kaneko, LL.D. (Cabinet Minister, Japan). We come to the west, some of us, to study religion as we have come to study other things and we have been confronted with the works of Huxley, of Spencer, of Darwin and of Kant. Edgar Allen Poe. No man who ever lived knows any more about the hereafter. Barton, than you and I ; and aU religion, my friend, is simply evolved out of chicanery, fear, greed, imagination and poetry. Adam (of Adam and Eve). The woman whom thou (God) gavest to be with me, she gave me of the tree and I did eat. George Jacob Holyoake. If Christianity were preached for the first time now to weU-to-do people, able to help themselves, it would be treated like Mormonism in America. Prof. Edwin Ray Lankester. The knowledge and control of nature is man's destiny and his greatest need. Georges Clemenceau (French Senator, 1905). And Rome talks of persecution. As for me, I say that we are seek- ing painfully and by grievous ways for liberty (by separation of the church and state). 73° views of religion. Baron Kaneko, LL.D. (Cabinet Minister, Japan). Japan has no national religion. We believe that there are many gates to heaven ; that some may enter through Christ, some through Buddha, some through Confucius, some through Mohammed, some through Zoroaster. St. John (Bible). It doth not yet appear vi'hat we shall be (after death). Leou She Shun (Chinese Minister to Paris). ("I come not to bring peace but the sword," Jesus). The Chinese consider the plow to be nobler than the sword. Charles W. Eliot, Pres. H. C. It is interesting to see how un- Christ-like organized Christianity can be (the attitude of the Evangelicals against Unitarians). Rev. Dr. Thomas Van Ness. The doctrine of the Trinity was not known until two centuries after Christ, and if this is essential to salvation, then aU the early Christians were lost. J. Gutzon Borgium (Sculptor). The statement that the Angel Gabriel was a man and that a man was sent to announce to the Virgin Mary that she should bear the child Jesus is absolutely gross. Thomas Paine. We hear nothing of these winged gentlemen (angels) till more than two thousand years, according to the Bible chronology, from the time they say the heaven, the earth and all therein were made. Rev. B. Fay Mills. Men and women seldom or never enter into the Kingdom of God after they have arrived at maturity. views of religion. 73 1 Archdeacon Sinclair (London). Angels are always represented as men, in the Bible, or at any rate, with the appearance of youths; the idea would be no doubt that they have no sex at all. Ion Perdicaris. Educational and medical misssionary work will yield a far better result than attempting direct Christian proselytizing (in Morocco). Prof. R. D. Salisbury (Chicago University). The oceans are 370,000,000 years old (not 6,000 odd). Rev. Dr. Alexander Mann (Trinity Church, Boston). Have we not (after serious illness) thought most of the trained nurse, of the skiUful physician, of the kind attention, of the nourishing food and of the invigorating air rather than of divine care ? Napoleon. The sun gives all things life and fertility. It is the true God of the earth. St. John. No man hath seen God at any time. John Hay (Secretary oe State) The church has always looked with a jealous eye upon all inquirers and innovators. Sergius Stepniak. Our people (Christian) (falsely) dub their whole system of morality with the name of religion. Rev. Lee Brown (Washington, D. C). Heretics have been the pioneers of thought; to pay the debt to heresy would bankrupt humanity. 732 views of religion. George Macdonald (Novelist). When Protestantism revised the Eschatology of Rome it eliminated; it should have retained purgatory and left out hell. Drummond. The great use of the church is to help men to do without it. Rev. Dr. Peters. There is no scriptural authority for assuming angels to be female. Rev. Dr. Joseph Agar Beet (Dean Wesleyan Col., Eng.). I cannot believe in a material hell and everlasting physical torment. John McLuckie (Epitaph on Carnegie's Tomb). That's damned white of Andy. Burns. We cam na here (Carron Iron Works) to view your works, In hopes to be mair wise, But only lest we gang to hell It may be nae surprise. Rev. Dr. Dillon Bronson. A man will mortgage his house to purchase an automobile, but will not mortgage it to help the church. Edgar Allen Poe. The pioneers and missionaries of religion have been the real cause of more trouble and war than all other classes of mankind. Herman Menz (Detroit). Man is not created but is developed; God did not make man, but man made the gods. views of religion. 733 Hon. Carl Schurz. The Cossacks (1813) covered the eyes of the crucifix On the wall so that the good Lord could not see the sin they were about to commit. ^I. Paul Brousee (Paris). Science was once the prisoner of religion. But before her demon- strations the dreams of religion vanish like clouds before the sun. Haeckel. The Roman Catholic church (through its Jesuistical science) is aiming for the substitution of science and reason for blind religious faith. Justice David J. Brewer. The government (U. S.) as a legal organization is independent of all religions. AI. Berthelot. I know not if, after twenty or thirty centuries, Christianity in its turn shall have passed into the limbo of history, like the ancient re- ligions which have preceded it. Prof. George Burman Foster, D. D. The principles and practices of Jesus are inconsistent with ac- credited modem ethical principles. Marilla M. Ricker (Lawyer). So long as man believes that he has an immortal soul that will never die, he will fear the future. Hon. Allan L. McDermott, M. C. The Russian church should display on every Cathedral the legend: "Remember that Christ was born of a Jewess. He was not crucified by Jews, but died because his death was commanded by his Father, the God whom you worship." 734 views of religion. Marilla M. Ricker (Lawyer). Hell is a place invented by priests for the sake of making people support them. Rev. Z. T. Sweeney. After lOO years of missionary activity, there are 1,100,000,000 heathen as compared with 550,000,000 a century ago. Rev. Dr. W. M. Vines. The Bible contains mistakes, and has been reconstructed by modern science. The books of Genesis, Job, etc., are largely composed of fiction. Prof. George Burman Foster, D. D. The imitation of Jesus ends in unveraciousness. M. Doumerque (Minister of Commerce, France, 1906) France must be declericalized. Prof. Joseph Leighton (Hobart College). Religion represents the demands of the individual for ideal en- vironment. Free Religious Congregation (Berlin, Germany, 1906). He who has inwardly broken with the church should now have the courage openly to confess his convictions. Le Roy (French Layman, 1906). The mere idea of a dogma is an offense to me. At bottom I do my own thinking, and no authority can think for me. Prof. George Burman Foster, D.D., The precepts of Jesus show no interest for the morally necessary forms of modern life. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 735 St. Augustine. I would not believe the gospels unless moved thereto "by the author- ity of the church. Prof. Wilhelm Ostwold (University Leipzig). I must confess that I can think of no grander perspective of im- mortality than this (perfections transmissible from parent to child). Prof. Wilhelm Ostwold (University Leipzig). To frighten people into ethical action by threatening them with eternal punishment is a poor and inefficacious way of influencing them. Maurice Maeterlinck. For a religion to become extinct is no new thing. Men have left one religion to enter another; whereas we are abandoning ours to go nowhere. Maurice Maeterlinck. It was not the religions that formed this moral ideal, but the moral ideal that gave birth to the religions. M. Minokami (Japan). Theology, dogma, and the articles of faith as held by the church of to-day are behind the demands of modern times. Marilla M. Ricker (Lawyer). If people should deceive in other matters as the priests, parsons and teachers do in religion they would not escape arrest. Maxim Gorky. These people (Christians) on the day consecrated to the resurrec- tion of their God from the dead occupy their time in murdering children and aged people, ravishing women and martyring men of the race which gave them Christ. 73^ views of religion. Prof. John Ruskin, 1872. Many of us have ceased to think of theology as a science at all, but, rather, as a speculative pursuit, in subject, separate from science and in temper, opposed to her. Dr. C. W. Salesby (Cambridge University). Henceforth he who doubts that man and the chimpanzee have a common ancestor must be congratulated on his inviolate mind. Facts have no terrors for him. Prof. Wilhelm Ostwold (University of Leipzig). Science (not religion) may therefore be considered as the surest and most lasting part of the spiritual treasurer which man possesses. Baroness Von Zedtwitz (Miss Caldwell). Jesuitism is but esoteric Catholicism made tangible. Eugene Wood. It became so still (at conference when Justice Brewer said E. E. Hale, S. A. Eliot and J. D. Long might fitly be called Christians) that if you listened closely you could hear John Calvin striking the match on his leg to light the kindlings under Michael Servetus. Rev. John H. Applebee. Reject all the so-called miracles, including that of the resurrection of the body of Christ, not in accordance with modern science. Prof. Thomas M. Bolliet (School of Pedagogy, N. Y.). It is not known how long the human race lived on the earth. Rev. Algernon S. Crapsey, D. D. The three dogmas of the existence of God, the immortality of soul and the future accountability of all men are without ethical value. views of religion. 737 Rea-. Algernon S. Crapsey, D. D. The jMohammedan and Russian (Christian) beheve all three (God, immortality and future accountability) far more devoutly; and be- cause he believes, he murders and massacres Christians and Jews. Dr. J. E. Roberts (Church of this \A'orld). There are two things man needs to forget: one is his soul and the other is his God. Robert G. Ingersoll. Science is the real redeemer. It will give us philosophers, thinkers and servants, instead of pirests, theologians and saints. Rabbi Charles Fleischer. There is a notable tendency among all classes of religionists, such for example as Christian Science and kindred faith, towards hysteric religion. Baroness Von Zedtwitz (Miss Caldwell). Many Catholic journals contradicted the statement that I had repudiated the church of Rome. I trust that this booklet (Double Doctrine of the Church of Rome) will silence forever such contra- dictions. Rev. Algernon S. Crapsey, D. D. Jesus was born of a simple father and mother. He was the son of a carpenter. Henry I. Pritchett, Pres. M. I. T. Training in science is against that attitude of mind which permits a man to hold on to a creed or to a formula in which he no longer believes. Baroness Von Zedtwtitz (Miss Caldwell). First: Those (teachings of Catholics) for the uninitiated, or the sheep. Second: Those for the initiated, or the shepherds. In other words, there is exoteric and esoteric Catholicism. 738 views of religion. Prof. H. Weinel (University of Jena). St. Paul was ever ready to hate and harm those who opposed his work and his ideas of the truth. He even wanted to strike a sinner dead by his curse. Rabbi Hirsch. What I said was that the so-called atheists, denounced as such by church and Islam, were men of character and high ideals. Geronimo (Chief Apache Indians). I am telling him (Christian God) my people need me here more than I am needed in a better world. Prof. E. Colbert, M. A. (Dearborn Observatory). The Bible is not an inspired production as a whole and is not in any sense of the word a revelation from the God whom Christians profess to worship. Josh Billings. All the monuments in this world are erected to the solemn asses. Prof. Wilhelm Ostwold (University of Leipzig). They (religious beliefs) offer no general proofs which must be accepted until error is found in them, as is the case with scientific proofs. Prof. Richard A. Proctor (Astronomer). Senses such as we have we can no more attribute to such a ruler than we can assign to Him hands and feet. Emperor William (1905). Germanism stands for culture and for freedom for everyone in religion, in thought and in achievement. Pope Pius X (Advice as to Automobiling). God bless you, but go slowly. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 739 Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. - The hocus-pocus phantasm of a God, like another Cerberus, with one body and three heads; — the incomprehensible jargon of the Trinitarian arithmetic, that three are one and one is three! Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. I should as soon undertake to bring the crazy skulls of Bedlam to round understanding as to inculcate reason into that of an Athanasian. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. It is not to be understood that I am with him (Jesus) in aU his doctrines. I am a materialist. Rev. Dr. Charles G. Ames (Boston). After denying the existence of disease, they (Christian Scientists) boast of curing disease. Voltaire. Evil came into the world through the sin of Adam. If that idiot had not sinned, we should not have been afflicted with the smallpox, nor the itch, nor theology, nor the faith which alone can save us. Robert G. Ingersoll. Happiness is the only good, reason the only torch, justice the only worship, humanity the only religion, and love the only priest. Rev. George F. Degen (Augusta, Me.). The medievel conception of heU is not a plain statement of scripture but a creation of man's imagination. Hon. Seth Low (Ex-Mayor, N. Y.). It is scarcely a generation since everyone who doubted the literal accuracy of the first chapter of Genesis was looked at askance as a heretic. Now, none but the ignorant so interpret it. 740 VIEWS or RELIGION. RuFus King Noyes, M. D. God murdered his only son, as he planned the crucifixion, and Christians say it was both a terrible thing and a glorious thing, but they worship all the mysteries their ministers and priests invent. How can anyone want anyone to worship a murderer ? BjoKNSON (Poet). The orthodox party (in Norway) call themselves the church people, just as if there were no other church people than themselves. Rev. Dr. Algernon S. Crapsey (Heretic). Scientific history proves to us that his (alleged) miraculous birth was unknown to himself, unknown to his mother, and unknovra to the whole community of the first generation. Pastor Paul Fiebig (Leipsic). The resurrection of Jesus after three days recalls the great resurrec- tion festival of the Babylonians in Nisan. Pastor Paul Fiebig (Leipsic). The Christmas narrative has remarkable parallels in Babylonian literature. Lemuel K. Washburn. God takes care of the weed, man must take care of the com. Professor Retschl (Germany). The doctrine of original sin cannot be proven by experience, it is only a notion. Nietzsche. Never in all the hours of my life have I been a Christian. Professor Wernle Death is no punishment of any kind. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 74 1 Zola. The "Index lihrorum prohibitorum" is an old, childTsh and imbe- cile relic of the past. Henry Demarest Lloyd (Socialist). The words and deeds attributed to the gods are in truth the words and deeds of humanity. God is the name man gives to his own future. Maraian Krishna (India). We're overstocked with Christian missionaries. We don't want your religion and your holy book. We have more religion of our own than we know what to do with. Professor Bousset (Goettingen). All these stories (about Jesus as a miracle-worker) are nothing but the outgrowth of legends. Editor Matin (Paris). The Pope now knows (vote on separation of church and state, 1906) the opinion of France and the weakness of the Catholic party. King Victor Emmanuel (1906). What, you (priest who ran away from Vesuvius) a minister of God were not here to share the danger of your people ? Professor Harnack. One thing is sure, namely, that the idea of the forgiveness of sins has nothing to do with the death of Jesus. Professor Bousset (Goettingen). Jesus never passed beyond the limits of what was purely human. In the expression "Son of God" the dogma of the eternal divine nature of Jesus cannot be found. 742 views of religion. Jesuits of Caen (Thesis, Royal Col. of Bourbon). The Christian rehgion is evidently bcHevable but it is not evidently true, because it teaches confusedly and teaches confused things. Rev. Edward Everett Hale, D. D. The world has learned in the last hundred years that man cannot go to heaven by the multiplication table. Professor Wernle. The empty grave (of Jesus) is an invention of the evangelists. Professor Julicher. The Protestant doctrine of a justification by faith is a lost dogma. Professor Bousset (Goettingen). The doctrine of the Trinity too is lost in the development of modem theological thought. Eliza Mowry Bliven. If a God was needed to make the universe, something was first needed to make that God. Could God make a single atom out of nothing ? Paul Sabatier. Man is incurably religious. Rev. Algernon S. Crapsey (N. Y.). Jesus was born of parents belonging to the middle classes and the fact that the early Christians predicted a miraculous birth to Jesus is to be regarded as one of the greatest misfortunes that has befallen mankind. Luther Burbank (Horticulturist). Do not feed children on maudlin sentimentialism or dogmatic religion; give them nature. views of religion. 743 Professor Wernle. Jesus was not sinless. Professor Fischer (Berlin). Our faith in God must not include our faith in miracles. Rev. Henry S. Nash (E. T. S., Camb., Mass.). If we are to believe the Bible as infallible we must — in order to be consistent — separate it from all other records of human experience. Henry Bradshaw Fearon (1817). Most of the theological students leave Cambridge (Harvard College 1 81 7) disaffected towards the doctrine of the trinity. Gen. Nat Head (Gov. N. H.). Too d — d pious ! Anybody knows Nat Head never wrote that. (Thanksgiving proclamation Governor Head asked a minister to write for him). Ida M. Tarbell It (MacchiaveUianism) has invaded even the field whose teachings are most fundamentally antagonistic to it — the field of the Christian religion. Miss Mabel Hill (Lowell Normal School). Why should not the teacher be accepted for what she is able to contribute and leave the question of her religion to her conscience and the Almighty? Rev. Newton Mann. We are pleased that Zoroaster, Confucius and Buddha should have uttered, centuries before Jesus, precepts similar to his. G. W. FOOTE. Religion and morality had entirely different origins. 744 VIEWS OF RELIGION. PRor. Edgar L. Lakin (Lowe Observatory, Cal.). Annihilate creeds, bum catechisms. No set of words ever written are so deadly and terrible. Lemuel K. Washburn. There is very little in the four gospels that is valuable, hardly any- thing that is reasonable and less that is sensible. Prof. Edgar L. Lakin (Lowe Observatory, Cal.). The present vast expansion of mind cannot be much longer chained by creeds, catechisms, confessions of faith or Bibles. Henry Rowley. By and by we will get that book (Bible) placed in the worlds' lib- raries as a piece of literature only. Father Gapon (Russia, 1906). The unfrocked pope lives for his country with the last drop of his blood and dies a sentinel over the rights and liberties of his people. Benjamin Franklin. I was scarce fifteen, when, after doubting by turns several points, as I found them disputed in different books I read, I began to doubt of the revelation itself. Br ANN. Paganism is the universal religion. No race has ever been satisfied with one God. Robert Emmet (Irish Patriot). I am an infidel from conviction and nothing can shake my unbelief. Prof. Franklin H. Giddings (Columbia Univ.). I want to say something this afternoon about a system of ethics that has nothing whatever to do with religion and theology. views of religion. 74 s Prof. Edgar L. Lakin (Lowe Observatory, Cal.). All hierarchies must go soon and will, except that hideous monster, the hierarchy of Rome. Schopenhauer. The CathoHc religion is an order to obtain heaven by begging, because it would be too troublesome to earn it. The priests are the brokers for it. Lemuel K. Washburn. Following Jesus too far is rather dangerous business. Jesus died on the gallows. Benjamin Franklin. Revelation had indeed no weight with me, as such — I grew con- vinced that truth, sincerity and integrity, in dealings between man and man, were of the utmost importance to the felicity of life. Benjamin Franklin. Don't let me be mistaken; it was not for Christ's sake, but for your sake. (Franklin offered to entertain Rev. Whitefield). Elbert Hubbard. The idea of heU and damnation is quite as logical as the dogma of everlasting life, for it is all a base assumption, anyway. Benjamin Franklin. My indiscreet disputations about religion began to make me pointed at with horror by good people as an infidel and atheist. Professor Voelter (Germany). In the ancient legends current in the land of the Pharoahs are to be found exact counterparts of Abraham, Isaac, Esau, Jacob, Joseph, Moses, etc. 746 VIEWS or RELIGION. Cromwell. Put your trust in God, but mind you keep your powder dry. Rev. Dr. R. P. Johnston (sth Ave. Baptist Church, N. Y.). If all Christians tried to copy Christ's life exactly, all science, com- merce, agriculture and other business would cease. Rev. Forbes Phillip (Eng.). I declare plainly as a high church clergyman that I do not consider it an article of Christian faith that his body did rise from the tomb. Rabbi Wise (N. Y.). My pulpit is not to be muzzled. Rev. Charles T. Whittemore (Boston). The Episcopalian church is being secularized; and men in larger and larger numbers are ceasing to go to church. Hon. Allan McDermott, M. C. (1906). God ordained a scheme of salvation which included the crucifixion of his son. Accepting this as true, how can the Jews be held ac- countable for the death of that son ? Hon. Allan McDermott, M. C. (1906). In the greater part of the civilized world philosophy, science and commerce have secured men from the fangs of ferocious bigots. Hon. Allan McDermott, M. C. (1906). It would be impossible to-day for any king who had murdered his wife to successfully start a new Christian church. Editor, Outlook (1906). Heresy trials belong to a low type of religious life. views of religion. 747 Dr. Wm. DeWitt Hyde, (Pres. Bowdoin College). Out of the most feeble in this weak majority (of students) the candidates for the ministry are chosen. Bishop Oldham (So. Asia.) Does anybody really believe we wiU be burned alive in a place filled with brimstone and fire ? Hell-fire, such as is preached from many pulpits, does not exist. Dr. John Watson (Ian Maclaren). The doctrine of the transcendence of God is being replaced by belief in his immanence. Paul Lafargue. The idea of God always originates in the human mind through the fancies of mysticism. Paul Lafargue. All the numerous attempts made in Europe and America to Chris- tianize the proletariat have been barren of results. R. D. Evans (Rear Admiral, U. S. Navv). I am a believer that Monday is as much the Lord's day as Sunday and that every day is one on which "charity and good-will to men" should be followed. Rev. Joseph Wood (Birmingham, Eng.). In religion goodness is the first thing, and the second and third. Rev. Dr. George William Knox (Acting Pres. U. T. S.) There is no such thing as authority in theology. The churches don't want ministers who preach above the neck. Rev. Dr. Leonard (N. Y.). To be sure there is no hell. 748 views of religion. Dr. Wm. De Witt Hyde (Pres. Bowdoin College). And what of the student who comes from the side of light and liberty to the seminary (theological) bound in darkness and tradition ? You cannot make him believe that Christianity is anything but a fabric of priestly and professional lies. Bishop J. C. Hartzel (Africa). I wouldn't be a saint for anything, I'd rather be a man; a man has all the possibilities of right and wrong doing; a saint has no choice. Creswell MacLaughlin (Editor of the Schoolmaster). We have had nineteen centuries of religion, and it has been a failure; we have had one century of education and it has been a success. Bishop Oldham (So. Asia). Of course it is true the world over that people are staying away from church, but the Phillipinos, Malays and Hindoos aren't so hard to get along with from that point of view as the Americans. Rev. John Wallace Suter (Winchester). Certainly not a Christian in the English-speaking world can be found to-day who holds to the original meaning of those words, "He descended into hell." Rev. Samuel A. Eliot, D. D. The rejection of the Unitarian representatives (from Federation of Churches, 1906) was based upon the conception that men were to be judged not by their fruits but by their beliefs, not by their character but by their creed. Hon. Arthur J. Balfour (Prime Minister, Eng.). The church to-day busies itself with questions which do not weigh even as dust in the balance compared with the vital problems with which it is called upon to deal. VIEWS OF RELIGION. 749 Frederic Harrison. The great majority of the wars of the last fifty years have been waged by Christian nations against non-Christian. Andrew Carnegie. Apparently in no field of its work in our time does the Christian church throughout the world, so conspicuously fail as in its attitude to war. Jean Jacques Rousseau. If the Turks require us to pay to Mohammed, in whom we do not believe, the same respect which we require the Jews to pay to Jesus, in whom they believe as little, can the Turks be in the wrong and we in the right? Rev. John Wallace Suter (Winchester). A heresy trial is an anomaly. Rev. Dr. Everett S. Stackpole (First Church, Bradford). If everybody in Boston were required to carve in wood his concep- tion of God, there would be some grotesque images. Heackel. My Monistic conviction has always remained the same since fifty years ago. I am quite convinced that I shall never be converted to Christianity. Farquhar (Dramatist.) The divine stands wrapt up in his cloud of mysteries and the amused laity must pay tithes and veneration to be kept in obscurity grounding their hope of future knowledge on a competent stock of present ignorance. Professor Bousset (Goettingen). Nowhere in history do we find any place for a special divine revela- tion. 750 views of religion. Haeckel. The fantastic notions which the Christian church disseminates as to the eternal life of the immortal soul after the dissolution of the body are just as materialistic as the dogma of "the resurrection of the body.' ' E. M. Macdonald (Editor Truthseeker). Nobody goes to church because he wants to. It is either a penance or a "duty" reluctantly performed. Charles Cattell (England). If the pagan doctrine of an immortal soul, or any part of man, never dies, it has not come under observation and experience. Professor Fischer (Berlin). Jesus, because he himself was religious and humanly pious, cannot be an object of religious adoration ; as he prayed himself, no prayers can be addressed to him. Paul Sabatier (French Savant). France is now breaking (Separation of Church and State, 1906) not only with the church of Rome but with all the churches. University Students in Leipzig, 1906 (Germany). To belong to any religious denomination is absolutely incompatible with the dignity of any member of an academy of learning. University Students in Leipzig, 1906 (Germany). Learned men know in their own hearts that to belong to a church is only a question of personal interest or etiquette. University Students in Leipzig, 1906 (Germany). The undersigned have withdrawn from the church. Follow their example 1 Professors, throw off the shackles of churchanity! views of religion. 751 Max Heller (Editor). Neither congregations nor ministers are always infallibly in the right. John Hay (Secretary or State). I feel that to unite with it (church) formally, I should be in full accord with its methods, creeds and aims, and I cannot go that far. Voltaire. It is offensive to say that priests should not be paid in hard cash for the purely spiritual commodities they trade in. Wm. Henry Burr. The story of Jesus Christ appears to have been borrowed from the Moslem legend of Isa the Masich (healer), the son of Mariam begotten by the Angel Gabriel. Taet (Secretary or War, 1906). We, as Unitarians, may feel that the world is coming our way. Voltaire. It is needless to add that since Christ's expiation not one single Christian has been known to sin or die. Prof. H. Morse Stephens, U. C. He (Voltaire) bravely fought for religious tolerance, and did more than anyone else to make it a maxim of European government. Prof. M. Anesaki, Ph. D. (University of Japan). Can a Buddhist nation (Japan) contribute nothing to the civiliza- ton of the world and to the progress of humanity without being con- verted to Christianity? Nietzsche. There has been only one Christian and he died on the cross. 75 2 VIEWS or RELIGION. George Eliot. "Heaven help us," said the old religion; the new one from its very lack of that faith, will teach us aU the more to help one an- other. Voltaire. Mass is a succession of magical ceremonies, of prayers in good Latin, of juggling tricks, with a silver or golden goblet, that only a priest has the right to go through. Abbe Hue. There is a close resemblance between Buddhistic and Catholic ceremonies and faiths. W. G. Edwards Rees (England). The parson is a functionary for whom a highly developed society has no real use, and he and all that he stands for must disappear. Rabbi Charles Fleischer. There has been and is an enormous falling away from faith on the part of modern society. Voltaire. Every good Christian is bound to believe that he who fills the uni- verse with his immensity once upon a time made himself so small as to be able to enter the hide of a Jew. Secretary Bonaparte (U. S. N., 1906). The (navy) department sees no objection to ball games or other decorous athletic sports on Sunday afternoons, but a strict observance of the state law is in all cases required. VOLIAIRE. Impiety; all that is injurious and detrimental to the honor of God, that is to say, of the clergy. views of religion. 753 Rev. Dr. Wm. Van Allen. Christian Science is a clumsy patch-work of ancient errors. Voltaire. Charity is the greatest of all Christian virtues, but the most genuine and efficacious charity is that which greases the paws of the priests. Rev. Fr. P. H. Callanan (Newton, 1906). Lawyers and doctors and teachers and legislators, and men of prominence generally, are scarcely, if ever, seen at the altar rail. Rabbi Charles Fleischer. Eddyism is a jumble of outgrown and outworn Platonic and Berkelican idealism with Christian and pseudo-scientific thought. Robert G. Ingersoll. Across the highway of progress it (Christianity) has always been building breastworks of bibles, tracts, commentaries, prayer books, creeds and dogmas. Rev. Dr. S. C. Hieghson. Although this is normally a Christian country, it is not really so. If every citizen was asked what his religion was, one-half would answer that they had none. John J. Greenough (Inventor, 95 years). My endeavor has been to show that there never was a supernatural revelation, miracle or other natural manifestation from any super- human entity or other source "divine." John J. Greenough (Inventor, 95 years). The fellowship of man is far more producti\'e of good than all the religions in the world. 754 views of religion. Voltaire. God; a word synonymous with priests, or rather, the factotum of theologians. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. To talk of immaterial existences (spirits) is to talk of nothings. Kant. He who has made great moral progress ceases to pray, for honesty is one of his principal maxims. Li Hung Chang (Washington, D. C). Your God is a good deal like the Chinaman's Joss. The white man prays for rain and the Chinaman prays for sun. Meanwhile it seems to shine or shower about as it pleases. M. Aristide Briand (Minister Public Worship). If the Catholics break French law through fidelity to a Roman pope, I shall show as much energy in striking at them as I have so far shown generosity in my treatment of them. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. The mass of mankind has not been born with saddles on their backs, for a favored few, booted and spurred, ready to ride them legitimately, by the grace of God. Hon. John B. Moran (Candidate for Gov. of Mass., 1906.) Gov. Guild, it makes no difference to the people of this Common- wealth, under our Constitution and under the Constitution of our country, whether you're a Christian or not. Hon. John B. Moran (Candidate for Gov. of Mass., 1906). I say to him (Gov. Guild) no man's religion should be considered when he is a candidate for an appointive or elective office. views of religion. 75 5 Hon. John B. Moran (Candidate for Gov. of Mass., 1906). In this country, under the stars and stripes, there are no Christians and no Infidels. Mark Twaest. All the world and God added could not convince a Christian Scientist (intelligent or otherwise) that Mrs. Eddy's claim to the authorship (Science and Health) is a lie and a swindle. Prof. Gold win Smith (Canada). If one age can create a Jesus, another can. Our age can. Thomas Jefferson, Pres. U. S. A. The Christian world is composed of two classes, fools and hypo- crites. Bryant. Earth, that nourished thee, shall claim Thy growth, to be resolved to earth again; And, lost each human trace, surrendering up, Thy individual being, thou shalt go To mix forever with the elements. Rev. Dr. Algernon S. Crapsey. The rehgion of miracle which the primitive imagination created held full possession of the world down to the beginning of the sci- entific era ; which era may be roughly dated from the publication by Copernicus of "De Orbium Coelestium Revolutionibus ,' in 1530. Shelley. O, that the wise from their bright minds would kindle Such lamps within the dome of this dim world. That the pale name of priest might shrink and dwindle Till human thoughts might kneel alone Each before the judgment throne Of its own aweless soul, or of the power unknown. 7s6 VIEWS or religion. Victor Hugo. In forming a girl's mind, all the nuns in the world are not equal to one mother. Bruno. The infinity of forms under which matter appears was not im- posed upon it by an external artifice (God) ; by its own intrinsic force and virtue it brings these forms forth. Premier Clemenceau (France, 1906). If the church elects to have war it will have it, but the world will bear witness that the Vatican is like a foreign power trying to dispute the authority of the French government. Theodore Roosevelt, Pres. U. S. A. You speak of the pope being angry with Archbishop Ireland for not stopping the war with Spain. I would resent as an imperti- nence any European, whether pope, kaiser, czar, or president, dar- ing to be angry with any American because of his action or non- action as regards any question between America and an outside nation. Voltaire. The word of God is the word of the priests; the glory of God is the pride of priests; the will of God is the will of priests; to oSend God is to offend the priests; to believe in God is to believe all that the priests tell us. RuFUs K. NoYES, M. D. Progress in social well-being can only come when children and youths are taught to discriminate between ethics and theology and to keep religion and morality separate. RuFUS K. NoYES, M. D. Religionists, Clairvoyants, Spiritualists, Healers by Faith, Christian Scientists, Catholics, Episcopalians, etc., pretend by prayer to cure diseases; it is, therefore, the duty of medical men, not only to cure religious delusions, but to prevent such delusions by advising the public against religion. I NDEX A PAGE PAGE Aaron, Dr. I. 367 Alfaro, Gen. D. E. 661 Abbee, Prof. Ernest 524 Alfonso, King 493, 660 Abbott, Rev. Lyman 54. "3< 238, 340 Alford, Dean 106 403,409,412,552,558 :,S7i ,571; .587,644, Alfred, King 526 657, 667, 679, 686 Alger, 185 Abbott, F. E. 214, 282 Ali, Sher 720,721 Abbott, Prof. Edwin 334, ' 353, 355 Alison 508 Abbott, Rev. E. 242 Allard, Maurice 619 Abdallah, Ali Ben '75 Allen, Gen. Ethan 57, 6 1, 70, 650 Abercrombie, Rev. Dr. 344. , 426, 546 Allen, Prof. A. V. G. 143, MS Aberdeen, Lord 661 Allen, Grant 39, 125, 128, 166. i 173, 3°S Abhedananda, Swami 220, - 239, 414 3'7. 497, 703 Acacia 656 Allen, James Lane 345, 362 Acosta, Rev. Father 402 Alphonso, X. (King of Castile) 95 Action, (Paris) 583. 618, 646, 688 Altgeld, Gov. John P. 380 Acton, Lord 53', 535 Alvarez, Melquiades 660 Adam 729 Amberly, Viscount 33, loo, III, 705 Adams, Hon. C. F. 299, 480 American, Boston 704 Adams, John 10, 189, 192, 193, 201 Ames, Rev. C. G. 270, 739 Adams, Capt. R. C. 96, 498 ,5°9 ,53', 531 Amiiteatroff, M. 639 Adams, C. H. 129 Anaxagoras 156, 366 Adams, Henry 611 Anaximander 125, 127 Adams, Rev. Myron 139 Anderson, Pastor 681 Adams, Samuel 498 Anderson, Rev. W. F. 238, 239 Adams, Brooks 385, 534, 535 Anderson, George 598, 615, 620, 621, 625 Adams, John Q. 494 627 Addison Right Hon. W. , E. 284, 285 Andrea 522 Addison, Joseph 413 Andrews 182 Adelung '94 Andrews, T. A. 371 Adeney, Prof. 353 Andrews, Dr. E. B. 500 Adler, FeHx 129, 586, 727 Anesaki, Prof. M. 751 Adier, Prof. 537 Angati, King 20 Adrian, Emperor 104 Angell, Rev. J B. 256, 264 Agassiz, Prof. Louis Ill .63, 188, 409 Angell, Geo. T. 652 Aglipay, Gregorio 648 Angell, Rev. J. R. 66 Agnesi, Maria 172, 696 Angelo's Critic 278 Agobard, Archbishop "7 Angelo, Michael 280 Agrippa, Cornelius 79 Anselm, Archbishop 156 Agur, 688 Anthony, Susan B. 74 Ahmad, M. G. 590, 641 Antigonus 418 Aiken, John A. 673 Antisthenes 5 Akbar, Mogul Emperor 497 Antonius, Marcus Aurelius 7, I ',51,71, Aked, Rev. C. F. 286 75, 'H Aked, Dr. 572 Applebee, Rev. J. H. 736 Albert, Prince 540 Argeles, M. Paul 305 Alcott, Louise M. 140 Argyle, Duke of 13, 277, 362 Aldrich, T. B. 553 Arian 32,99 Alex, Anna R. 514 Aristophanes 315 Alexander, the Great 259 Aristotle 29, 73 , 120 530 Alexander, Dr. 500 Armour, Philip D. 34' Alexander, Carl 650 Arnold, Matthew 39, 125, 128, 166, 273, Alexandrinus, C. 403 296, 390, 487, 516, 614, 645, 660 758 INDEX. Arnold, Judge 51^,605 Barnes, Prof. I. O. 728 Arnold, Rev. Dr. 446 Barnum, P. T. 66, 566 Armstrong 206 Baronius, Cardinal ^57 Arnold, Dr. Thomas 406 Barr, Amelia 169 316, 411, 412 Arnold of Vilanova 541 Barrows, Rev. J. H. Arreat, L. 487 Barrows, Prof. S. J. '99 177 Ashley, Prof. W. T. 247 Barry, Canon Astruc 440 Barry, Rev. Father William 4^3 704 Atherton, Gertrude 41 Barry, Rev. Dr. Atkinson, Edward 289 Bartholdy, Felix M. '54. 155 Atkinson, H. G. 363 Bartholomess '94 Austen, Jane 204, 205, 212 Bartlet, J. V. 43' Austin, Alfred 185, 207 Bartol, Rev. Cyrus 298 Avebury, Lord 344 Barton, Prof. 258, 394 Averroes 184, 224 Barton, William E. 586, 610 Awdry, Dr. 498 Bascom, Rev. John 549. 603 Ayer, Fred F. 608 Basil the Great 441 B Baskerville, John 99 Bates, Prof. K. L. ^37 Babcock, M. 103 Bates, Rev. Dr. L. B. 45° Babcock, Rev. J. M. L. 301, 701 Battershall, Rev. W. W. ^73 Babel, August 238 Baur, Ferdinand C. 17, 641 Backus, Rev. I. 475 Baxter, Richard 33, 109, 436, 465 Bailey, Sam. 47 Bayle, Peter, 31, 160, 172, 175. '79. '96 Bailey, U. S. Senator sn 555. 608 Bacon, Robert 116 Bayle, Henri 98 Bacon, Lord Francis, 70, 98, 108, 122, Baylis, W. J. 424 i6i, 189, 201, 202, 232, 235, 260, 369, Beaconsfield, Lord 122 586, 587 , 608,617 Beale, Prof. L. S. 244, 641 Bacon, Rev B. W. 4^7, 428, 434 Beall 24, 136 Bailey, Prof. L. H. 681 Beard, Rev. R. A. 3°5. 375 Bain, 136, 4>7, 551 Beaumont and Fletcher 637 Baker, R. S. 415 Bebb, Rev. L. J. N. 418, 532 Bakounine, Michael 94. 124, 501 > 505- Bebel 487 506, 507 Bechnanas Chief 5". 537 Baldwin, P. W. 20 Beck, Frederick 379 39^ Baldwin, Charlotte 55 Beeby, Rector 570 Baldwin, Judge S. E. 456 Beecher, Rev. E. 245 Baldwin, Prof. C. S. 650 Beecher, Dr. Lyman 68 Balfour, Hon. A. J. 179, 625, , 712, 748 Beecher, Henry Ward 93, 97, 106, 140, Ball, Sir Robert 248 3". 383. 553 Ball, Sir Thomas 417 Beet, Prof. J. A. 456, 732 Balliet, Rev. M. 16 Beethoven, Ludwig Van 14J ;, 146, 147, 149 Ballon, Hosea 356, 627 Behrend, Rev. Dr. 94 Baltimore American 410 Behrends, Rev. A. J. F. 293 Baltzer 63 Bekkar, B. 226 Balzac 241,243 , 246, 247 Belknap, G. E. 367 Bancroft, George 208, 257 Bell, Dr. T. S. 90 Bangor, Bishop of 502 Bell, W. S. 65, 168 Banks, Rev. Dr. L. 495 Bell, A. G. 199, 200 Banks, Prof. 581 Bellamine, Cardinal 119 Barlow, G. 31 Bellamy Edward 234 Barker, Joseph 60, 63 Belshaw, Rev. Thomas 346 Barnard, F. A. P. 200 Bender, Dr. 211 Barnes, Albert 216 , 4^7, 54^ Benecke, P. V. M. 415. 434 Barnes, Dr. F. J. 336 Benn, Prof. A. W 224; , 656, 657, 662 Barnes, Prof. C. R. 364 Bennett, Editor J. W. 237 INDEX. 759 Bennett, D. M. Bennett, Rev. W. H. Bennett, C. B. Bentham Benson, Archbishop Benthem, Jeremy Bently, Rev. W. E. Berg, Leo Berle, Rev. A. A. 70 301 302 654 717 9,32,187 296 510 39^ Bernard, Rev. Canon E. R. 416, 431 Bernard, Claude 158, 262, 475 Bert, Paul M. 53, 173 Berthelot, M. 530, 592, 659, 660, 670, 684, 689, 693, 714, 733 Besant, Annie 94, loi, 336 Besant, Sir Walter 379, 500, 694 Best, Rev. E. S. 382 Beyle, A. 16 Beza, Theodore 596 Bhandarkar, Prof. 473 Bharati, Baba 649, 688 Biancheri, Signor 588 Bible 600 5-Psalm, XCVI 560 Biblica Encyclopedia 637 Biblical World 630 Bierce, Ambrose 171, 289 Biewend, Rev. A. H. 638 Bigaudet, Bishop 528 Bigelow, Poultney 280, 653 Bigelow, Prof. H. J. 551, 723 Bilgrami, Prof. S. A. 618 Billings, Josh 387, 718, 738 Binion, Prof. S. A. 468 Birney, Gen. William 420, 425 Birrell, Augustine 677 Bisbee, M. D. 342 Bismark, Prince Otto Von 140, 622, 695 Bitting, Rev. W. C. 460 Bivot, Vicar General 342 Bjornson 740 Black, Major A. W. 616 Blackall, Rev. Dr. C. R. 400, 402 Blacklegs Encyclopedia 502 Blakie, Prof. J. S. 504, 518 Blackstone, Sir William 492, 640 Blair, Judge 336 Blanc, Louis 570, 648 Blanchard, C. E. 176 Blanchard, Rev. E. F. 703 Blanco, Gen. 163 Bland, Rev. J. P. 235, 250, 558, 571, 581, 589,613,723 Blatchford, Robert 623, 624 Blauvelt, Rev. A. 383 Blind, Karl 4^9 Bliss, Rev. W. D. P. 639 664, 742 176 242 116 63 572 682 41, 57, 80, 347 736 367 14 75^ 390 56, 78, 82 340 55. 498 390 713 730 358 421 333' 334 715 Bliven, Eliza Mowry Blumenthal, Dr. O. * Boardman, Prof. G. N. Bochart Boerne, Ludwig Bohmer, Prof. J. Bok, Edward Bolingbroke, Lord Bolliet, Prof. T. M. Bolton, C. K. Bonald, Vicomte de Bonaparte, Secretary Bonner, Hypatia B. Bonham, John M. Bonney, Very Rev. Canon Bonwick, James Boody, Rev F. S. Booth, Gen. Borgium, J. G. Bossuet, B. J. Bostwick, A. E. Bosworth, Rev. Prof. E. I. Bouchor, Maurice Boulanger, Gen. M. 54, 62, 318 Boultbee, Rev. T. P. 205 Bourgeois, M. Leon 358 Bournouf, M. E. 163 Bousset, Prof. 704, 711, 741, 742, 749 Boutwell, Hojtt. Geo. 90 Bowe, Rev. John 342 Bowne, Prof. B. P. 573, 617, 654, 672,714 Bowring, Sir John 218 Boyesen, Prof. 50 Boyle, Pierre 275 Bradford, Rev. A. H. 459, 561, 693, 726 Bradford, Gov. William 518 Bradlaugh, Charles 15, 67, 71, 72, 318 320, 459, 606 Bradley, Rev. H. S. 691 Bradshaw, Florence 38 Brahmavadin 451 Braithwaite, Richard 163 Brandes, 658 Brann 744 Bray, Chas. 470 Brent, Rev. C. H. 678 Brescairn, Prof. J. 199 Breshkovskaya, Mme. K. 666 Bretton, M. 663 Brewer, Hon. D. J. 231, 634,733 Brewster, Bishop C. B. 628 Briand, A. 754 Bridges, Hon. J. H. 550 Briggs, Rev. C. A. 93, 224, 320, 721 Brinton, Prof. D. J. 14, 89, 381, 414, 415, 4i7,436,443,48'7 British and American Missionaries 574 76o INDEX. Broderick, Mr, St. John Brodie, Sir Benjamin Bronson, 371, 590, Brooklyn Eagle Brooks, Rev. P. Brooks, Dr. J. G. Brougham, Lord 37, 160, Broughton, Dr. L. G. Brousee, M. Paul Broussais, Francis Brower, Dr. D. R. Brown University, Pres. of Brown, G. P. Brown, Dr. A. M. Brown, Rev. Francis Brown, H. C. Brown, Rev. Lee Brown, Prof. F. Brown, W. S., M. D. Brown, Rev. Prof. W. A. Brown, G. W. Brown, H. N. Brown, Minnie M. Browne, Sir Thomas 79,221 Browne, Sir J. C. Browning, Robert 27, 203, Browning, Mrs. Browning, Elizabeth B. Brownlow, Gov. Bruce, Dr. A. Bruce, Rev. Prof. A. B. Brugsch Brugsch-Bey, Sir Henry Bruhl, Prof. L. L. Brunnhofer, Prof. H. Bruno, Giordano 18, 74, 95, Bryan, William J. 216, : Bryant, Bryce, Hon, Prof. J. Buchanan, James Buchanan Buchanan, Robert Buckle 7, 13,24, 33,46, 248, 3387 339» 40i> Buckley, Rev. J. M. Buddha 5, 20, 48, 80, Buddie, Prof. Bucer Buchner, Prof. L. 22, 51, Buck, Rev. Chas. Buckham, James Buencamino, Senor Buff on, Geo. LeC. 533 Bulwer 5. 161 294 Bunderlin 6 i635> 643, 732 Bunsen, C. 724 379 Bunyan, John 378 94: , 128, 136 Burbank 726,742 717 Burgess, Bishop F. 601 162, 197, 275 Burke, Right Hon. E. 315 487 Burmeister 5^': , 522, 529 692 Burnet, Thomas 60 733 Burns 5,102,131,178,278, 427, • 494. 495. 99. 52° 513. 514. 564. 588; , 676, 732 709 Burr, W. H. 100, 384, 385, 577, 630, 642, 683 75' 475. 638 Burr, Rev. E. D. 333 483 Burr, Aaron 492, 664 634 Burr, Judge Lyman S. 614 700 Burroughs, John 43. , 138,483 73' Burrowes, Peter 597 265, 384 Burrows 22 5°. 430 Burrows, Rev. Dr. 379 437 Burt, Prof. B. C. 230 86 Burt, Hon. Thos. 494 267 Burton, Sir R. 27, 119. 206, 207 ■3 Burton, Prof. J. E. 326 :, 230, 416, 420 Burton, Robert 601 386 Bury, Dr. 390, 392 208, 397, 567, Bushnell, Horace 496 661 Bustamente 39' 21, 218 Butler, Joseph 84, 136 584 Butler, Bishop 47, 416, 493. 1 516, 620 170 Butters, Rev. G. S. 432 164, 355. 439 Byle, Bishop 318 453. 7^5 Byron, Lord 12, 16, 17, 60 .97. 112, 161, 265 162, 263, 276, 304, 464, 1 S^^. 526, 529, 329 617, 618 , 654, 696, 720 47+. 555. 556 c 469 ,226, 230, 281, Cabanes, Dr. 54^ 5", 721,756 Cadman, Rev. S. J. 194 277, 281, 667 Caen, Jesuits of 742 755 Caesar, Julius 482 686 Caine, Hall 444 282, 567 Caine, M. \V. S. 452 '3 Caird, Prof. E. 217 608 Caird, Dr. E. 361 ■ 74. 100, 159, Cairns, D. S. 675 538, 576, 612 Call, Anna P. 296 300, , 444, 621 Callanan, Rev. Fr. P. H. 753 ,416 . 5^8, 581 Callicott, Bishop 342 500, 574 Calloway, Bishop 320 "75 Calvin, John 36, 175, 176 .,295 .517.595 186, 511. 5>4. Cameron, Rev. C. J. 272, 288 518. 5^3 Cameron, Hon. Don 489 179 Campanella, Thomas 5^ 397 Campbell, A. 183 342 Campbell, Thomas 498 76, ';3S Campbell, Rev. Dr. R. J. 563. 649, 629 INDEX. 761 Canalejas, Senor 547, ^48 Candlish, Rev. Prof. J. S. 414, 415 Canfield, Rev. A. J. 244 Canright, Eld. D. M. 184 Canterbury, Archbishop of 23, 689 Canto, D. 633 Canudo, R. 638 Capen, Samuel B. 309 Capen, Elmer H. 491 Carducci 469 Carleton, Prof. J. G. 593 Carlile, Richard 12, 38, 39, 80, 114 Carlile, Bishop of 19 Carlisle, Bishop of 470 Carlyle, Rev. G. 203 Carlyle 4, i8, 27, 115, 170, 189, 282, 287, 432, 448, 449, 476, 496, 527, 633, 656, 666 Carnegie, Andrew 340, 608, 652, 667, 668, 706, 749 Carpenter, Prof. W. B. 135, 188 Carpenter, Rev. E. J. 543 Carpenter, Edward 570 Carr, John 315 Carroll, Dr. H. K. 301 Carroll, Rev. Dr. 374, 375 Carroll, William J. 567 Carter, Dr. R. B. 282 Carter, Dr. S. T. 664, 684, 685, 686 Cartwright, Rev. Peter 415 Carus, Paul 25, 130, 182, 304, 479 Casalini, G. 675, 676 Casanova, Giacomo 526 Casaubon 1 12 Cassels 323, 437, 443, 444, 445, 446, 452 583 Casson, Herbert N. 68, 331, 338, 336, 370. 373 Castelar, Senor Emilio 118, 228, 296, 716 Catholic World 410 Cattell, J. M. 346 Cattell, Charles 540, 750 Catullus 489 Cavour, Count 140, 281 Cecil, H. M. 42, 46 Celsus 35, 87, 325, 397 Cerinthus 416 Cervantes 400 Chabas, M. 78 Chadwick, James 42 Chadwick, Rev. J. W. 49, 90, 322, 367 Chaffee, General 635 Chainey, Ralph W. 349 Chalmers, Rev. Dr. 583 Chamberlain, Hon. J. 494, 497) 55^ Chamber ""s Encyclopedia 328, 611 Chamfort ^H Chandler, Rev. E. H. 285 Chandler, W. E * 554 Chang-Li Hung 332, 654, 754 Channing, Dr. W. H. 83, 144, 343, 582 Charbonnel, V. 291 Charles, Rev. R. H. 322, 325 Charles II, King 563 Charron, Canon Pierre 159,402, 533, 534, 537 Chase, Solon 332 Chase, Rev. Prof. F. H. 421 Chatterton, Thomas 258 Chaucer, Geoffrey 307 Chaumette 522 Cheney, Ednah D. 58, 297 Cheney, Hon. T. P. 214 Chen, Toan 288, 289 Chen, Ivan 290 Chester, Rev. William 614 Chesterfield, Lord 137, 411 Cheyne, Rev. T. K. 324, 453, 454 Cheyne, Canon 301, 321 Chicago Citizen 578 Chicago Times-Herald 648 Chicago Tribune 615 Chichester, Bishop of 119 Child, Lydia M. 132, 364, 565, 604 Chillingworth 79, 319, 470 Chilon 126 Chinese Proverb 577 Chiniquy, Father 697 Choate, Rufus 728 Christian World 421 Christlieb, Prof. T. 284 Christlieb, Dr. Max 407 Chronick, L. 645 Chrysippus 79 Chrysologus 25 Chrysostom 86, 477 Chubb, Thomas 76 Chubb, Percival 446, 449 Church Quarterly Review (London) 469 Church Standard 598, 601 Cicero 6, 14, 49, 94, 190, 217, 370, 536 Clarendon 297 Claretie, Jules 715 Clark, Gordon 376 Clark, F. G. 324 Clark, Rev. Dr. F. 328 Clark, Dr. A. 116 Clark, Dr. L. M. 308 Clarke, Rev. J. F. 94, 110, 113, 145, 149, 165, 279, 363, 404 Clarke, Jesuit Father 631, 633 Cleig, Dr. 72 Clemenceau, G. 632, 656, 664,729, 756 Clement of Alexandria 642 Cleveland, Grover 677, 715 763 INDEX. Clifford, W. K. 42, 52, 181, 384, 538, 663, 664, 712 Clodd, Prof. E. 8,35,48,50,88,118,209, ^73. 3^5. 455. 57'. 59'. (>^9 Clootz, A 1 10 Closz, Harriet M. 449 Clough, A. H. 285, 400, 66o,'662, 663 Coates, Lieut.-Gov. D. C. 527 Cobb, S. H. 488 Cobbe, F. P. 257 Cobbett, W. 17 Cobern, Rev. C. M. 460 Cockran, Hon. B. 300, 706 Coe, Prof. G. A. 181,302,678 Cohen, C. 312, 493, 586, 620 Coit, Rev. Joshua 305 Coit, Dr. Stanton 287, 358 Colbert, E. M. A. 44, 186 Colbert, Prof. E. 544, ,545, 738 Colenso m, 112, 239, 632 Coler, Bird S. 326 Coleridge, Lord 97, 109, 128, 191, 405, 425. 484. 5^7. 53°. 53^. 65s. 656 Coleridge, S. T. 68, 1 88 Collins, Arthur 57 Collins 560 Collyer, Rev. Robert 83 Colton 130, 132 Colton, Rev. C. C. 202, 214, 215 Combe, William 171 Combe, George 69 Combes, M. 472, 549, 589, 624, 684, 687, 725 Combs, Rev. G. H. 67 Comte, Auguste 26, 43, 103, 146, 210, 283, 319, 360, 372, 389, 460, 567 Conard, L. M. 621 Conaty, Rev. Mgr. T. J. 356 Conches, William of 118 Conder, Lt. Col. C. R. 418 Condorcet 95, 539, 566 Confucius 10, 30, 85, 272, 292, 341, 352, 436. 541 Congregationalist 58 1 Congress, United States 504 Conklin, Dr. E. G. 151 Conrad, Rev. W. C. 268 Constantine the Great 105 Constitution of the U. S. 313, 504 Conway, Moncure D. 20, 173, 314, 615, 686, 689, 690, 725 Conweli, Rev. R. H. 573 Cooke, Prof. G. W. 303, 395, 402, 407 Cooly, P. J. 274 Coomer, Mrs. M. C. 118 Cooper, Hon. P. 10, 171 Cooper, Dr. 128 Cooper, Robert 93 Cooper, Hon. Mr. 490 Cooper, Judge 497 Cooper Dr. Thomas 562 Cope, Prof. E. D. 195, 298, 511, J39 Copernicus 78 Corneille 636 Cornell, Ezra 355, 507 Comely, M. 704 Correlli, Marie 76, 724 Cotta, D. 156 Coulter, Prof. J. M. 259 Courier, Paul 471, 697 Courtney, Leonard 588 Cousin 187, 474 Cowper, 119, 318 Cox, Rev. G. C. 474, 475 Coyle, Rev. Dr. F. 374 Crane, A. T. 289 Crane, Rev. F. 476 Crane, Police Magistrate 607 Crane, Rev. Chas. A. 653 Cranmer, Archbishop 177, 694, 699 Crapsey, Rev. A. S. 652, 701, 736, 737, 740. 742, 755 Creighton, Lord Bishop 155 Creighton, Rev. M. 279 Crew, Prof. Henry 688 Crispi, Signor 95, 224, 280 Croffut, Dr. W. A. 405, 425, 666 Croft, Dr. Herbert 539 Cromwell, Oliver 62, 251, 278, 651, 746 Cooker, Rev. J. H. 403, 436 Crookes, Sir William 224, 299, 561 Crosby, Rev. H. 108,231 Crosby, E. H. 311, 312 Crosby, Ernest 620 Crothers, Rev. S. M. 215 Crowe, Rev. Dr. 238, 271, 467, 468 Cuckson, Rev. J. 216, 249 Cudworth, Ralph 72, 458 Culin, Stewart 552 Cummings, F. D. 271 Cummings, Rev. E. 289, 612 Cumont, Prof. F. 512, 616, 622 Curry, Rev. Dr. 593, 645 Curtis, W. E. 398 Curtis, Prof. E. L 434 Curtiss, Prof. S. I. 246, 265 Gushing, Prof. G. 273 Cu-Su 174 Chatham, Lord 610 Cutler, Rev. J. S. 356 Cutter, Rev. M. 326 Cuvier 6, 117 Cuyler, Rev. T. L. 246, 254, 391 Czolbe 22, 224 INDEX. 763 D PACK D'A Lembert 10 Daniel, F. E. 700 Dan ton 1 1 1 Darboy, G. 477 Darrow, C. S. 336 D'Arusmont, F. W. 58 Darwin, Erasmus 9, 107 Darwin, Charles 21, 39, 105, iii, 114, 153, 2T I, 212, 253, 345, 383, 511, 520, 559 Dastre, D. 548 Davey, Richard 298 Davidson, J. M. 497 Davidson, Rev. Dr. 309, 332, 340, 351 Davidson, Rev. Prof. W. T. 419 Davidson, Rev. Prof. A. B. 439, 440 Davidson, Prof. T. i68 Davidson, Prof. S. 42 Davies, Very Rev. E. loi Davies, S. W. 629 Davis, Rev. C. E. 423 Davis, S. W. 702 Davitt, Hon. M, 275, 598, 599 Dawson, Evangelist 669 Dawson, L. L. 526 Dawson, Geo. 538 Dawson, Rev. W. J. 592 Dawson, Prof. G. E. 635, 643 Dean, J. W. 54 Dean, Rev. Peter 312 Deane, Rev. Mr. 563 De Autricuria, Nicholaus 227 De Biran, Maine 486 De Bunsen, Ernest 216 De Caux, I. W. 466, 703 De Chenier, A. M. 509 De Condillac, E. B. 556 De Condorcet, M. 102 De Costa, Rev. R. F. 257, 261 De Dunois, M. 494 De Ferreras, John ill De Foe 95 De Forrest, Rev. H. P. 227 De Gaultier, Jules 303 Degen, Rev. G. F. 739 De Greef, Par G. 277 De Humieres, Robert 465 De Lafayette, Marquis 52, 401 Deland, Margaret 616 De La Mettrie, J. O. 221, 222, 223 De Lauture 21 De Lisle, L. 509 Delitzsch 432, 511, 512, 513, 563, 570, 601, 642 Dell, Robert E. 676, 677 Delpech, Senator 603, 604 De Mares, M. Roland 350 De Mauvissiere 95 De Mely, M. Gustave Democritus » 547, 694 55, 104, 221 De Montroul 156 De Mortelet, G. 469 Demosthenes 713 De Musset, A. 166, 661 Denby, Hon. C. Denham, Rev. W. W. 3°9 389, 395 Denison, Rev. J. H. 723 Denney, Rev. Prof. J. De Normandie, Rev. J. 413 164 Denslow, Van Buren 196, 650 Denton, William 19, 164 Depew, Hon. C. M. De Pressense 317 628 De Quincey De Riquetti, Jean De Sala, Juan 405 172 706 Des Cartes, Rene 57, 136, 158, 307, 409, 484 Des Monstiers 683, 686 Des Planches, C. E. 468 De Stael, Mme. 126, 287, 539 De Sauky 633 De Tracy, Destuit 556 Detroit Evening News 410 Deutsch, E. O. M. 451 De Vigny, Alfred 157, 406 De Vito, Amos 638, 640 De, Vitry M. Guarin 159 De Vogue, M. 3O3 De Volney, Compte 58, 566 De Voluey 509 Dewart, Rev. E. H. 422 De Wette 191, 443 Dhammaloka, Rev. U. 428 Dhammapada 517 D'Holbach, Baron 49, 60, 67, no, 159 483, 519, 606, 611, 683 Dickens, Chas. 150,151,438,523,524,537 Dickey, Rev. C. A. 332, 336 Dickey, Hon. S. 253 Dickinson, Mary. L. 406 Dickinson, G. L. 690 Diderot, 21, 64, 108, 150, 152, 161, 186, 220, 221, 319, 387, 406, 485, 486, 524, 555 Didon, Pere 277 Dietrick 7 1 Die Wahrheit 639 Diggle, Archdeacon 369 Dillon, Dr. E. J. 345 Diogenes 133, 344 Dionysius 461 DTsraeli, I. 138, 261, 322, 332, 495 Dix, Dorothy 369 Dixie, Lady Florence 129, 517 Dixon, Rev. A. C. 338, 514 764 INDEX. Doane, T. W. 54, 263 Dodel, Prof. A. 61, 297 Dods, Rev. Dr. M. 421 Doellinger 309 Dolbeare, Prof. A. E. 57, 273, 322, 350 562 Dole, Rev. C. F. 250 Dole, N. H. 181 Dolet, E. 103, no Dolling, Rev. Father 647 Domville 182 Donald, Rev. E. W. 234, 594, 595 Donaldson, J. i88 Donne, Dr. 323 Dorchester, Rev. L. H. 266 Dorner, Prof. J. A. 244, 245 Dorsey, J. M. 346, 347, 501 Douglas, Hon. S. A. 208, 490 Doumergue, Prof. 591 Doumerque, M. 734 Dowie, 585, 619, 627 Dowsing, 282 Doyle, Conan 37, 301, 306, 683 Draper, John W. 62, 65, 148, 294, 349, 541. 558, 559, 574 Drees, Rev. C. W. 307 Dreyfus, Capt. A. 329 Driver, Prof. Canon 118, 122, 305, 315, 420, 425, 607 Drummond, Sir William 7, 388 Drumond, Prof. Henry, 106, 591, 626, 732 Drummond, Dr. 492 Dryden 72, 74, loi, 178, 276, 544 Drysdale, Prof. J. 255 Dublin, Archbishop of 364 Du Bury, Y. B. 251 Du Chatelet, Mme. 131 Duckworth, Canon 687 Dudley, Judge Paul H2 Dudley, Dean 103, 293, 488 Duffney, William 313 Duffy, Rev. F. P 411 Duluth Herald 394 Dumas, Alexander 6i6 Dunn, Tom 691 Dunning, Rev. Dr. 379, 419, 428, 460 Dupin 18 Duprat, Prof. G. L. 386 Du Prel, Dr. K. F. 530 Dupuis, C. F. 55 Durban, Hon. William 526 Dwight, Prof. T. 204 Earle, Chas. C. 266 Eaton, Rev. Dr. C. A. 457,463 Eby, Rev. C. S. 650 Eckler, Peter 108, 161, 457 Eckles, Hon. J. H. 331 Edgar, Samuel 470 Edison, Thomas A. 251, 259, 260, 272 Edmunds, Prof. A. J. 513 Edson, Dr. C. 129 Edward, VII King 502 Edward VI, King 506, 513 Edwards, Prof. B. B. 244 Edwards, W. H. 504 Edwards, Jonathan 542 Edwards, Chelperic 702 Eggleston, Edward 257 Ehrhard, Rev. Dr. A 552 Eichhorn 191 Elder, Miss M. T. 172, 308 Elgin, Lord 291 Eliot, Chas. W. 48, 235, 325, 326, 440, 487, 488, 707, 708, 709, 716, 730 Eliot, George 7, 37, 42, 9I, 455. 470, 481, 497. 752 Eliot, Rev. S. A. 217, 550, 748 Elizabeth, Queen 699 Ellicott, Bishop 34 Elliot, Rev. S. J. 370 Ellis, J. Spencer 536 Ellis, J. S. 17 Ellis, Prof. H. 323, 527 Ellis, William A. 527 Ely, Prof. R. S. 170 Ely, Bishop of 145, 251 Emerson, Ralph W. 6, 28, 29, 44, 95, 100, 108, 180, 296, 297, 310, 324, 366, 387, 532, 583, 600, 601, 602, 630, 643, 675 Emmanuel, Victor, King 74I Emmet, Robert 744 Emmons 316 Empedocles 80, 132, 366, 519 Endicott, John 330 Engledue, Dr. 68 Enstein, Morris 114 Epictetus 61, 497 Epicurus 59, 155, 232, 385 Epiphanius 51, 74 Eppert, Prof. J. 633 Erasmus, D. 11, 175, 280, 327, 328, 335, 370, 371. 372, 526 Erdmann, Prof. J. E. 230 Erigena, I. A. G. 78 Erskine, Lord 497 Eschylus 157 Esdras 8 Esquirol 158, 406 Estey, Dr. I. H. 710 Ethelmer, Ellis 203 Etherington, Henry 116 Euphrates 85 INDEX. 76s Euripides 4, 208, ,209, 55' Fischer, Prof. 743. 750 Evangelical Messenger 55' Fisher, Rev. Ford 672 Evans, Elizabeth E 290, 339 Fisher, Prof. G. T. 239, 267 Evans, Marian 656 Fisher, Albert C. 39^ Evans, R. D. 747 Fisher, Hon. J. A. 564 Evarts, Rev. W. W. 25 Fisher, Rev. Dr. 666 Everett, Judge 347 Fiske, Prof. John 18, 4'. 5°. 9'; , 210, 211 Everett, Dean C. C. '49 248, 276, 432. 47'. 5°4. 543 Everett, Prof. W. G. ^77 Fitzgerald, Lord Edward 613 Ewald 443 Fitzgerald, Desmond 614 Ezekiel, Moses J. 685 Fitzgerald, Edward Flammarion, Camille 7" 618 F Fleming, Mrs. 729 Faber, Sir Pastor 388 Fliescher, Rabbi 95, '9^. ^34. 235, 240, Faber, Father Hans 687, ,688 367, 675. ' 737. 75^' 753 Fairbairn, Prof. A. M. "5 Flint, Robert 627 Fairholme 121 Florence, John 698 Fang, Wu Ting 214, 278, 281, 292, 308, Flourens, M. 148 3'4, i349 Fogazzaro, A. 696 Fang Tuan, His Excellency 643 Fontanier, Jean 141 Faraday, Michael 6, ,627 Fontenelle '24. 227, 228 Farley, Bishop 536 Foo-Wong Chin 440, 442 Farquhar, George 672, 749 Foote, Geo. W. 45, 36., 547. 597, 619, Farrar, Dean 10, 20, 36, 85 :>I7I .3°^: .33° 622 , 627, . 702. 743 Farrar, Archdeacon F. W. 289, 388, 445. 606 Ford, Rev. P. Fordyce 436 405 Farrer, A. S. 205 Foreman, John 398 Faulkner, Rev. J. W. 428 Forlong, Maj. Gen. 53 Faunce, Rev. W. H. P. 252, ,295 Forster, Carington 28 Faunce, Pres. 371. ,718 Forster, Geo. 5'5 Faure, K. P. 35 Fortnightly Review 470 Faure, Mile. L. F. 508 Fortune, John 696, 697 Faustus, Bishop 9' Foss, Sam Walter 571 Fawcett, Edgar 524 . 5M) .599 Foster, Rev. J. McG. 3,6 Fay, Prof. C. E. 330 Foster, Sir Michael 261 Fearon, H. B. 743 Foster, John 202 Felix, Minucius 78 Foster, G. B. 733' 734 Fellows, Col. John 613 Fothergill, J. M. 416 Fenelon, F. S. M. 74 ,402 Fournemont, Leon 659 , 660, 688 Fenn, Rev. W. W. 35' . 35^ Fox, W. J. 26 Ferguson, Dr. ^5 Fox, George ■87 Ferrier, Prof. J. F. 417 Fox, Rev. James 584 Ferries, Rev. G. 412 Fox, John 698 Fessenden, Prof. R. A. 267 France, Anatole 69. Festus 329 Francis, Pres. 689 Feuchtersleben 4'5 Frank, Rev. H. 40, 327 .398 . 399. 405 Feuerbach, Ludwig 22, 45 , 62, '33. '56, Franklin, Benjamin 64,89 .'69: , 170, 201, 162, 224, : '53. 402, 520 208, 249, 272, 344, 356. 465. 5'2. 567, Fichte 65: , 190 744. 745 Fiebig, Pastor Paul 740 Frederick, Emperor 44' Field, Rev. H. M. 109 Frederick, Empress 422 Field, Kate 691 Frederick the Great 107, "S. '33. '72. Fielding, Henry 87: , 109 ^5' D, 505 ,521 . 566' 714 Fifield, Rev. G. E. 61 Frederick, William HI 300 Fillingham, Rev. R. C. 692 Freeman, Daniel 501 Finch, Rev. T. 22 Freemantle, Canon 484. 487 Firth, John •77i .595 Freemantle, Dr. W. H 554 766 INDEX. Free Religious Congregation 734 Giddings, Prof. F. H. 586, 744 French, Bertha J. 704 Giebel, Dr. 26 Freret, M. ■73. "74, 553, 554 Giilord, Lord 191, 193 Friver, Prof. G. H. 264 266 Gigot, Rev. F. E. 429 Fritch, W. S. \ 308, 450 Gilbert, Prof. G. H. 333 Frothingham, O. B. 16, 297, 620 Gilder, R. W. 479 Frothingham, Rev. P. R. 289, 461 Gildersleeve, Prof. D. L 210 Froude, J. A. II, 13, 44> : 104, no, 114, Giles, Dr. H. A. 288, 290 137, "47. 3'8, 455. 53'- 593, 606 Giles, Rev. Dr. 39 Froude, Miss Margaret 173, ^74 Gill, Dr. T. N. 337 Fry, Sir Edward 306 Gilman, Mrs. C. P. 638 Frye, Senator 499 Gilmore, Bishop 89,92 Fryer, Prof. J. 436 Ginsberg, Prof. L. 672 Fulton, Justin D. 697 Giolitti, Premier 707 Funk, Sir Robert »37 Girard, S. Girard College, Pres. of 73,88 586 G Gizyck 505 Gabbett, Henry C. 300 Gladden, Rev. W. 212, 624, 653 Gabrielle, A. &. 355 Gladstone, Hon. W. E. 74, .63, 243, 284, Gaffney, Mrs. F. H. 283, 290 3^9, 398 ,479; , 572, 608 Gage, Matilda J. 67,78 Gliddon, R. G. 35 Gaillard, Emma M. 538 Globe, Boston 462, 549, 578, 599, 60', Gale, Prof. H. 378 637, 644 Galileo '95. 283, 694> 717 Globe, London 268 Gall 365, 366 Gloucester, Bishop of '49 Galton, F. '44, 563 Glover, Robert 69s Galton, Rev. A. J74i 5°3, S°7 Goddard, Chancellor Wm. 232 Gambetta 107, 266 , 570, 606 Godet, Prof. F. 354, 355 Gamble, Eliza B. 16 Godfrey, King of Bouillon 181 Ganganelli (Pope) 90,99 Godfrey, W. S. 626 Gapon, Father 744 Goethe 5,56,89,133,137 ,154,160 ,162, 178, Gardener, Helen H. 108, 314, 426 186, 192, 392, 512, ; ;37, 566, 604, 618 Gardner, Dr. P. 279 Goldberg, Henry 334 Garfield, Jas. A. 99, 553 Goldsmith 447 Garibaldi, Guiseppe 30. 103, . 554, 566 Gompers, Samuel 55° Garland, Hon. M. R. 489 Gonsaulus, Rev. Dr. F. w. 509 Garrison, W. L. 94, ■39, 373. i 583, 587 Good, John M. 83 Garrison, Prof. H. W. 486 Goodwin, William 70 Garrison, Prof. H. D. 647 Gordon, Rev. G. A. '54, 49^, 493, 568, Gasson, Rev. T. I. 467 622 Gastineau 102 Gordon, Gen. C. G. 229 , 3'9, 577 Gaudhi, Virchaud 43 Gordon, Judge 563 Gavin, Rev. A. 169 Gore, Canon 543 Gayford, Rev. Prof. S. C. 433 Gorham, Chas. T. 705 Gaynor, Supreme Court Justice 457 Gorky, Maxim 476: , 602, 735 Geikie, Rev. 77 Gottsheil, Rabbi G. 290 Geikie, Sir Archibald 213 Gould, Helen M. 613 Genever, M. 5^5 Gould, G. M. III George, Henry 95, H^ Gould, S. B. 112 George, Rev. R. J. 447 Gould, F. J. 3* Gerland, Prof. Geo. '4 Gould, B. A. .96 Geronimo 738 Gounelle, Pasteur 357 Gfrorer 443 Graetz 657 Gibbon, Edward 62 1,65 , 544, 671 Graham, Prof. 336 Gibbons, Cardinal 183 ,184 ■. »4o, 554 604 Grand, Mme. Sarah 421 Gibson, Ella E. '57, 3^8 Grangeaud, P. 171 Gibson, Rev. E. 499 Grant, Gen. F. D. 336 INDEX. 767 Grant, U. S. 9, loi, 229, Grant, Dr. Grant, Major J. C. Grant, Dr. G. M. Grauert, Prof. Dr. Graves, Kersey Graves, Rev. Charles Gray, Prof. A. Gray, Dr. W. C. Gray, Thomas Greeley, Gen. A. W. Greeley, Horace Green, Hetty Green, Rev. Dr. A. Green, Prof. W. H. Green, Prof. W. B. Jr. Green, H. L. Greene, Robert Greene, Prof. J. B. Greenough, John J. 569, 654, Gregg Gregg, Rev. D. Gregg, W.R. Gregory the Great (Pope) Gribble, Francis Griffis, Rev. Dr. W. E. Griggs, Prof. E. H. Grisor, Prof. Groh, D. Webster Grotius Grotte Guierrier, R. Gunning, WUliam D. Guernsey, Egbert Guernsey, F. R. Guicciardini Guild, J. P. 69, Guild, Curtis, Jr. Guizot, M. Gunkel, Prof. 515, 575, Guyar Guyot, Y. Gwatkin, Rev. Prof. H. M. H Hadrian, Emperor 645 Haebler, Prof. K. 374 Haeckel, Ernst 14, 58, 91, 139, 166, 167, 226, 262, 276, 284, 303, 306, 338, 446, 570, 664, 665, 670, 674, 67s, 678, 679, 680, 682, 733, 749, 750 Haggard, Rider 314 Hagk, S. A. 587 Hale, Rev. Edward Everett 142, 148, 149, 213, 251, 294, 377, 682, 742 Hales, Rev. A. 3^7 3i7> 473. 475. 489 39 420 458 300,440 66 353 202 353 639 164, 427 62, 173, 720 611 426 444 476 593 235, 238 245, 246 , 655, 670, 753 '35. "9°. 191 269 442 320 396 545. 548 394. 405 440 646 24, 64, 595 135,204 411 375 354 6a4 347 177, 203, 500 263, 476 12, 94, lOI 666, 667, 671 3°7, 579 628, 650, 718 44' Hales, Archdeacon * Hall, Dr. Stanley Hall, Rev. E. H. Hall, Asaph Hall, Dr. W. S. Hall, Robert Hall, G. S. Hall, Right Rev. A. C. A. Hall, Sydney 54J 439 601 187 334 190 '5'. 339. 397 241 286 Hall, Rev. C. C. 365, 648, 712 Hallam 46, 116, 159, 364, 400 Hallock, Prof. Chas. 549 Hallowell, Prof. J. H. 236 Hallyman, Prof. 324 Ham, Rev. M. 327 Hamerton, P. G. 649 Hamilton, Sir William 27,92,209,212,702 Hamilton, Rev. Franklin Hammarabi, King Hammerton Hammond, W. A. Hampden, Bishop Hanna, Rev. T. A. T. Hanna, Marcus A. Hapgood, Norman Hara, T. Harbinger Harboe, Paul Harcourt, Sir Wm. V. Harden-Hickey Baron Hardouin Hardwick, Dr. Harnack, Prof, 268, 270 641 274 ^'5 289 671 43' 648 426 477 631 637 384, 709 47. '05 214, 272, 308, 326, 3»8, 357, 534, 667, 74 Harper, Pres. C. U. 102, 363, 377, 579, 624, 665 680 Harper's Weekly 463, 583 Harris, Pres. Geo. 293, 468 Harris, Prof. W. T. 222 Harris, Graham 298 Harris, W. T. 624, 649 Harrison, Benjamin 347 Harrison, Frederick 42, 82, 145, 146, 148, 184, 694, 749 Harrison, Prof. Jas. A. Hart, Thos. N, Hart, Sir Robert Harte, Bret Hartmann, Dr. J. Hartzel, Bishop J. C. Haskell, Rev. W. C. Hathaway, Caroline Haupt, Prof. Paul Havet, M. Ernest Havet, Prof. L. Havlicek, Karel Hawthorne, Julian 376 291 319 '34. 272 456 748 232 hs 37 158, 400 690 299 329 768 INDEX. Hay, Hon. John 55z, 650, 668, 687, 704, 715. 73'. 751 Hayes, Rev. John A. 357 Haynes, Rowland 393 Haynes, Rev. H. W. 399 Hayward, G. K. 642, 643 Hazard, Miss Caroline 234 Hazlitt, William 141, 143, 286, 484, 562 Head, Gen. Nat. 743 Headlam, Rev. A. C. 439 Headland, Prof. I. T. 280, 285 Heaford, W. 36 Hearn, L. 473, 685, 690 Healy, Bishop J. A. 219 Hecker, Prof. I. K. 373 Hegel 46, 148, 186, 210, 683 Heidelberg, Prof. M. 469 Heighson, Rev. Dr. S. C. 753 Heine, Heinrich 83,96, ill, 172, 181,298 Heinzen, Karl 40 Heitmuller, Rev. Prof. 722 Heller, Max 751 Helms, Rev. E. B. 452 Helps, Sir Arthur 430 Helvetius 8, 76, 627, 642 Henritin, Ellen M. 233 Henry, Josephine K. 268, 635, 644 Henry, Patrick 445 Henry VIH, King 496 Henry IV 609 Henshaw, Joseph 85 Henson, Rev. H. 543, 671, 677,720 Heraclitus 81, 123, 133, 366, 480 Herald, Boston 267, 283, 702 Herbart, Prof. J. F. 217, 218 Herbert 6, 302, 508 Herbert, Sir Edward 657 Herder 201 Hereford, Bishop of 23 Herndon 631 Herodotus 499j 5^9 Herron, Prof. G. D. 53 Herschel, Caroline L. 154, 156 Herschel, Sir James 167 Herschel, Sir John 498 Hershell, Sir J, F. \V. 40, 142 Hertell, Hon. Judge Thos. 67,612 Hesse, Duke of 515 Hessey, Dr. 182, 595 Heuser, Rev. Prof. 327 Hcylin, Dr. 596 Heylyn, Peter 512 Hicks, Elias 598 Higgins, Geodfrey 115, 116 Higginson, Thos. W. 4, no, 251, 265, 582, 616, 632, 725 Hildebrandt, M. 400 Hill, Rev. T. Hill, Dr. W. Hill, Roland Hill, Miss M. Hillel 187, 360 59^ 676 743 418 Hillis, Rev. N. D. 237, 258, 267, 398 Hillmann, Pastor 533, 534 Hilprecht, Prof. H. N. 348, 468 Hincks, Prof. E. Y. 219 Hindoo Priest 605 Hins, Eugene 667, 701 Hippocrates 123, 708 Hippolytus 458 Hirai-Kinga, Ringa 297, 298 Hirsch, Emil G. 292, 299, 371, 455, 465, 614, 636, 702, 704 Hirsch, Rabbi 319, 738 Hitchcock, E. E. 89, 191 Hittell 190, 194, 195 Hitzig, Prof. 119, 631 Hoar, Hon. Geo. F. 33, 301, 625 Hoardley, Rev. Dr. J. H. 308 Hobbes 25,30,51,56,88,116,510 Hocking, Agnes Boyle O'Reilly 649 Hodge, Rev. D. M. 238, 371 Hodges, Rev. Geo. 291, 299, 300, 391 Hodges, Rev. W. H. 234 Hodgson, S. H. 84 Hodgson 192 Hoensbroech, Count 477, 478 Hoes, Rev. R. R. 216 Hoffding 46, 535 Holcombe, Hon. C. 397 Holdeman, Rev. I. M. 720 Holden, Prof. E. S. 270, 286 Holland, F. M. 87, 296, 580, 582 Holmes, Oliver Wendell 8, 14, 137, 140, 271, 292, 390, 523, 528, 532, 565, 694 Holyoake, Geo. J. 13, 37, 46, 311, 346, 471, 502, 505, 606, 655, 707, 728, 729 Homer 112, 127 Hommel, Prof. 500 Hood, Thomas 121 Hooker, Richard 4, 7, 540 Hoover, Harry 30 Hooykaas, Dr. I. 312, 315 Hopkins, Rev. M. 113 Hopkins, H. 454 Hopkins, Bishop 634 Hopps, Rev. J. P. 40 Horace 109 Home, C. S. 41 Home, Dr. 184 Horr, Rev. Dr. E. 343 Horsley, Samuel 347 Horton, Rev. E. A. 144 Horton, Prof. R. F. 372 INDEX. 769 Hosea Hosmer, J. E. Howard, Joseph, Jr. Howard, W. L. 503, 617 "4.45 360, 361, 364 381 Howe, Julia Ward 220, 671 Howells, William Dean 286, 553, 567, 569 Howerth, Prof. I. W. 559 Howitt, Mary 369 Howisou, Prof. G. H. 211,216 Hubbard, Elbert 287, 649, 666, 718, 745 Hubbarthon, Richard 698 Hubert, Mile. 175 Hue, L'Abbe 402, 752 Hudson, Prof. T. J. 276, 722, 723 Hudson, Rev. Allen 306 Hughes, Rev. Dr. H. P. 588 Hugo, Victor 27, 113, 125, 257, 309, 311, 410.720, 756 Hugues, Archbishop 580 Huidobro, Senorita C. H. 399 Hultin, Rev. I. C. 372 Humboldt, Von 27, 91, 131, 188, 186, 365, 4"5> 4"7, 418, 462, 665 Hume, David 44, 53, 60, 115, 139, 156, 159, 215, 228, 351, 366, 367, 409, 417, 500, 618 Humphrey, Judge 335 Huntington, Rev. Dr. W. R. 181 Huntington, Bishop F. D. 163, 309 Huntington, Act'g Pres 590 Huntington, Rev. Wm. E. 651 Hurst, Bishop J. F. 230 Hutchings, Rev. W. T. 381, 544 Hunt, Leigh 187 . 3°4. 59° Hunt, Prof. T. S. 196 Hunt, Rev. E. W. 334 Huss, John 698, 690 Hutchinson, Woods 274 Hutchinson, Dr. J. 590 Hutchinson, Ann 689 Hutchinson, William 690 Hutten, Ulrich 63. ^95 Hutton "56 Huysmans, I. K. 572 Huxley 16, 38, 62, 99, 121 . 165. 168, 200, ^5^. 3^3> 3^4. 344. 345. 346. 347. 348. 360, 393, 401, 421, 461, 462, 465, 484, 53^. 546. 593. 6°'. 604, 623, 664, 665 Hyacinthe, Pere 294: . 295. 494 Hyde, Rev. W. DeWitt . ^3/ '. 334. 547. 747. 748 Hyde, Pres. B. C. 618 Hypatia "73 Hyslop, Rev. J. H. 684 Ibsen, Henrik Ignatius, Father ■* Independence Beige Ingalls, Hon. ]. J. 282, IngersoII, Robert G. ij^ 166, 167, 178, 180, 181, 435' 508, 529> 580, 582, 647, 676, 682, 710, 722, IngersoU, Mrs. R. G. Ingle sby, Dr. Ingrarae, Rev. Dr. A. F. Inman, Thos. Ireland, Archbishop Ireland, AUeyne Irenaeus Iris Irons, Rev. W. J. Irving, Washington Isabella (Queen) Isnard, Maximin Ito, Marquis lyenaga. Dr. T. 639 489 378, 548 283, 288,292, 295 ,24,29,32,37,65, 224, 225, 236, 260, 611,622, 626,638, 724,726,737,739, 753 ^37 467 85,98 440 670 404 582 444 220, 338 21,495 498 693, 710, 711 678 M. Jackson, Andrew Jackson, Rev. S. M. Jacob, Bishop of Edessa Jacobi, F. H. JacoUiot, Louis James I, King James, Prof. W. James, M. R. James, Henry Jameson, Anna Jamison, W. F. Janes, Prof. L. G. Janet, Dr. P. Japan Weekly Chronicle Jastrow, Prof. J. Jastrow, Rev. M Jaures, Prof. J. Jay, John Jaynes, Rev. J. C. Jefferies, Richard Jefferson, Thos. 9, 66, 69, 114,154,168,197,259,342 408, 438, 456, 466, 467, 610 7"3. 714. 716. 7"7, 7"8, Jehovah Jenyns, Soame Jeremiah Jeremias, Prof. A. Jerome, Jerome K. Jerrold, Douglas Jesus 31, 71, 75, 335, 347, 40, 168 3" 320 45 56,401 505.715 "71.486,534 435 510, 703 215 243 92, 130 699 5"9 346 211. 377, 454 470, 568 339 673 28 84.92,93.96. 343. 4°'. 407, 620,673, 7°8. 739. 754, 755 33. 85. 176 84 615, 616 718 45". 477 138, 600 418, 476, 645 770 INDEX. Jevons, Prof. F. B. 231 Kensit, John 472 Jevons, W. S. 221 Kent, Prof. C. F. 463, 480 Jews, The 559 Kent, Rev. G. W. 717, 728 Jimeno, Dr. 654 Kenyon, F. G. 471,488 Job 413. 55' Kepler, 79 . 195, 51°. 713 Johann, Imperial Arch Duke 554. 58°. Khavyam, Omar 165 . 183, 193, 275 581 Kidd, Benjamin 106, 710 Johnson, Dr. S. 258 Kidder, Bishop 29 Johnson, Prof. H. 3'°, 335 Kidder, Prof. F. A. '37 Johnson, W. E. 320 Kilpatrick, Rev. T. B. 432 Johnson, Prof. Edwin 320, 321, 383, 600, King, Rev. T. S. 21 '5, : 316, 499, 722 649 King, Pres. Oberlin Coll. 590 Johnson, Samuel 640 King, Prof. H. C. 683 Johnson, Bishop 646 Kingsley, Canon Chas. 83. 365. 385, 487. Johnson, Sir H. H. 451 519. 564 Johnson, Hon. Mr. 490 Kingsley, Miss 301 Johnson, Rev. H. S. 612 Kipling, Rudyard 70, 171, 141. 3'5, 711 Johnston, Gov. 208 Kirchoff, Prof. 521 Johnston, W. J. 283 Kirchwy 669 Johnston, Rev. Dr. R. P 553. 746 Kirwan, Thomas 540. 544 Jolly, Prof. J. 291 Kitto 182 Jones, Rev. J. D. 549 Knappert, Dr. 128 Jones, Samuel 177 Kneeland, Rev. A. 45 ,56, i 59. 103. 364. Jones, Rev. J. L. 274 389. 630 Jones, Sir William 39, 55: , 450, 506 Knight, Prof. 27,411 Jonson, Ben ■35 Knight, R. P. 702 Jordan, David S. 152, ■53. 194. 195.378. 568, 684 Knight, Bishop A. W. Knight, Prof. G. T. 708 724 Jordan, Prof. F. 471 Knox, Rev. G. W. 382,411,747 Jortin 54, 36, 40, 363 Knox, Dr. V. 481 Joseph II, Emperor 604 Kohler, Rabbi Dr. K. 371, 598 Joshee, Gopal Vinayak I Kohler, Prof. J. 457. 463, 464 Joubert 93 Komura, Justaro 186 Jouvencel 520 Konig, Prof. E. 418 Jowett, Benjamin 41,663 Kossuth 658 Juarez, B. 465 Kou-Prince '74 Julian, Emperor 129 Kozlowski, Bishop 468 Julian the Apostate 488 Kraus, Prof. Dr. 368 Justinian 12 Krauskopf, Rabbi Joseph 368, 406, 451 Justus 531 Krishna 417, 741 Juvenal 130 Kruger, Oom Paul 3°5 K Kruger, Prof. 3°9. 454. 455 Kuilkoff, Prince 471 Kxmpe 686 Kulpe, Prof. O. 217, 218, 219 Kaiser-1-Hind 520 Kalthoff 664 L Kaneko, Kiichi 534, 535 ,564,72! '.719.73° Labouchere 374. i 446. 515. 605 Kant, E. 51, 108 134, 276, 3°5. 391. 485, Lacey, Congressman 398 514. 710, 754 Lactantinus 404 Katsura, Prime Minister 721 Ladd, Judge Parish B. 14. 319. 375. 383. Keats, John 142, 143. 543' 636 384, 629 Keeler, Corp. Frank 299 Ladenburg, Prof. 582, 583 Keeler, Bronson C. 43. 516 Lafevre, Rev. Father 337 Keens, Rev. E. H. '15 Laidlaw, Rev. W. 461 Keller, Helen 548 Laing, Samuel 36, 302, 307 . 398. 485. 496 Kelso, John R. n, 86, 91 Lakin.Prof. E. L. 478, 480, 63i,7°S.744. Kelvin, Lord 527, 660 745 INDEX. 771 Lakish, Resh 45 3 Lalande 52 Lamar, Kenneth ^55 Lamarck 119, 628 Lamaster, W. H. 54 Lamb, Chas. 4^3' 4M, 528, 529 Lamennais 160 Landor, A. H. S. 447 Landor, Walter S. 671, 721 Lang, Andrew (Prof.) 131, 227, 495 Lange, Prof. F. A. 44, 93, 197, 198,385 Langley, Prof. S. P. 454 Lankester, Prof. E. R. 592, 644, 729 Lanterne 47c LaPlace 45, 49, 158, 530, 665 Laporte, C. K. 31 LaPeyrere 607 Lassen, Prof. C. 309 Lara 134 Lardner, Rev. Dr. 28, 405 Latimer 695 Laughlin, Miss Gail 284 Laurier, Sir Wilfrid 536 Law, Bishop 197 Law, William 442 Lawrence, Miss Lou 216 Lawrence, William 82, 191, 197, 348,459, 556, 557, 584, 585- 626, 671 Lawson, Rev. J. 368 Lawson, Prof. A. C 573 Laycock, Prof. T. 417 Lea, H. C. 41, 142, 143 Lease, Mary E. 148 Leavitt, J. A. 568 Le Brun 29 Lecky, W. E. H. 47, 54, 266, 314, 343, 352, 37i> 545' 578, 614, 631, 726 Le Clerc 634 Le Conte, Prof. 132, 200 Lee, Rev. G. S. 671 Leechman, Rev. W. 240 Lafargue, Prof. 747 Lefevre, Andre 21 Legrand, M. Jules 370 Leibnitz 123, 124, 484 Leidy, Prof. C. 196, 199, 202 Leighton, Prof. Jos. 734 Leland, Lillian 117 Lenermant, Prof. F. 243, 351 Lennstrand, Victor E. 96 Lent, Judge 370 Leo X, Pope 198, 505, 584, 614, 615, 701, 738 Leo Xm, Pope 277, 284, 331, 362, 438, 609, 647 Leonard, Rev. A. W. 533, 747 Leopardis 5^9 Le Plongeon, Dr. 422 Lepsius, Dr. J. 630 LeRoy 734 Le Sage 239, 255, 256 Le Seur, Prof. 705 Lesley, Prof. J. P. 199 Lessing, G. E. 44, 235, 254, 650 Lesters, C. E. 437 Leuba, Professor 423 LeVayer, La Mothe 175 Levine, Louis 13 Levita, Benedictus 346 Levy, Clifton N. 57 Lewes, G. H. 50 Lewis, Rev. A. H. 67, 448 Lewis, Rev. F. A. 399, 401 L'Hopital, Chancellor 284 Libby, Laura Jean 258 Lick, James 652 Liddon, Rev. Canon H. L. 415, 436, 585 Liebig 529 Life 648 Lightfoot, Rev. J. 443 Lightfoot, Dr. 693 Lillie, Arthur 96 Lincoln, Abraham 86, 87, 106, 109, 275, 293, 408, 473, 474, 475, 562, 598, 633, 726, 727 Lincoln, Mrs. Abraham 631 Lincoln, Mrs. Mary 77 Lindsay, Rev. J. S. 459 Linton, Mrs. Lynn 82, X45, 464 Litsey, E. L. 625 Little, Pres. 439, 453, 456 Littre, M. 115, 146, 159, 162 Lius de Leon 118 Livermore, Mary A. 90 Living Church Annual 610 Livy 105 Lloyd, Prof. R. R 448 Lloyd, John 586 Lloyd, Henry D. 594, 741 Lobstein, Prof. 710, 711 Locke, John 48, 73, 86, no, 195, 330, 346, 390, 645 Locke, Dr. C. E. 448 Lockyer, Sir Joseph N. 11 Lockyer, Walter C. 141 Lodge, Sir Oliver 464, 493, 494, 681, 695, 705,713 Loeb, Dr. J. 562, 668 Logan, Prof. J. D. 543 Loisy, Prof. A. A. 456, 457, 578, 684 Lombard, Pierre 225, 227 Lombroso,'Prof. 252, 260, 373, 536 London, Bishop of 123 London Daily News 645 772 INDEX. London Guardian 584 London Outlook 501 London Times 605 Long, Hon. John D. 349, 484, 610 Long, Rev. Dr. W. J. 127 Longfellow 632 Longly, Hon. J. W. 269 Lord, Dr. John 287 Lorimer, Rev. G. C. 210, 233, 247, 250, 267, 280, 382, 589 Lorimer, Wright 683 Lotze, Prof. H. 196, 354 Loud, C. B. 478 Louis, Von Gustave 273 Louis IX, King 601 Low, Hon. Seth 739 Lowell 4, 7, 33, 140, 302, 505 Loyson, Father H. 564 Lubbock, Sir John 15, 21, 122, 523, 539 Lucanus 55, 59 Lucian 5, 35 Luck, Dr. 15 Lucretius 10, 22, 71, 80, 85, 103, 119, 198, 199,286,404, 513 Lukanus, O. 521 Luke 460 Luther, Martin 20,64,71,75,106, 147,176, 184, 195, 248,281,285, 321, 386, 389,461, 5^1) 55^*561, 597, 679 Lyell, Sir Charles 113, 136, 160, 276, 501 Lynch, George 369 Lynch, Frederick 375 Lynch, Hannah 587, 589 M Maagaard,!. K. 48 Mabie, H. W. 205, 206 Mabillon 470 MacArthur, Rev. R. S. 155, 229 ,518,665 Macaulay Lord (T. B.) 90, ; [71, 176, 190, 225, : 152, 351, 657, 674 Macassar 35 Macchiavelli 148, 149. 197 Macdonald, Geo. E. ^43. ^55. 73^ Macdonald, Rev. I. A. ^55 Macdonald, E. M. 422, 600, 683, 750 Macintosh, Sir James 189, 539 Mackay 54° Mackay, Rev. D. S. 667 Mackay, Katherine 728 Mackay, R. W. 39. 194 Mackay, John H. ■3^ Mackay, Robert 283 Mackay, Chas. 462 Mackenzie, E. L. 586 Mackie, Pauline B. 256 MacKinnon, Rev. A. D. 622 MacLane, Mary MacLaughlin, C. Macloskie, Prof. Geo. 544. 548 748 615 Macnaught, Rev. J. Macnish, Dr. R. 3' 237 MacQueen, Rev. Peter 412, 599 Maddock, John 640, 696 Madison, James 59. 131 Maeterlinck, M. 735 Magellan, Ferdinand 120 Maguire, Judge J. G. Mahaffy, Prof. J. P. Mahaffy, Rev. Dr. 49 590. 591 622 Mahaflay, Prof. J. T. Mahan, Capt. A. T. Mahon, Lord 206, 207, 536 304 658 Maimonides ^9. 104, 121 Maine, Sir Henry Malebranche 87; ,222,494 557 Mallock, W. H. 423, 464, 593, 673, 707 Malory, Lucy A. 47 Manchester, Duchess of 308, 351, 352 Mangasarian, M. M. 106 Manilla American 382 Mann, W. 581 Mann, Rev. Dr. A. 731 Mann, Rev. N. 743 Manning, Cardinal loi Mansel, Dean 86, 203 Mantyins, Dr. K. 570 Maori, Chief 3^2 Marcellinus, A. 25 Marcion 560 Marconi 551 Margoliouth, Rev. Prof. D. S. 438, 443 Margolies, Rabbi M. Z. 250 Markham, Edwin 250, 724 Marlowe, C. 231 Marti, Prof. K. 427 Martin, Elizabeth S. 295 Martin, Robert B. 575 Marsh, John iii, 332 Marsh, Ex. Rev. P. C. 60 Martineau,Dr. J. 83,199,211,361,388,587 Martineau, Harriet 9, 18, 29, 114, 328, 349. 35°. 351. 358, 362, 365. 372 Martyr, Justin 91, 126, 177, 263, 404, 503, 504 Martyr, Peter 120 Marvell, Andrew 138 Mason, Jeremiah, 376 Maspero, Prof. 324 Massey, Gerald 26, 37 Mather, Cotton 259, 635, 643 Mather, N. 495 Matheson, Rev. Geo, 39, 445 Mathews, Rev. Prof. S. 394, 701 INDEX. 773 Mathews, Prof. W. S. B. 457 Matin, Editor 741 Matoushevski, I. 468 Matthews, Brander 659 Matthews, Prof. Dr. A. P. 677, 726 Maudsley, Prof. H. 80,81,112,138,471 Maurepas 561 Maurice, Prof. F. D. 231 Maury, Prof. B. 317 Maxim, Hiram S. 322 Maximillian, Prince 470 Maximus 97 Maynard, L» A. 528 Mayor, Rev. Prof. J. B. 441, 442 Mazzini 136, 254 Mazzoni, Dr. 646 McAllister, Rev. Dr. 407 McArthur, Rev. Dr. 340, 511, 576, 646 McArthur, Maj. Gen. A. 446, 447 McCarthy, M J. F. 507 McClausland, D. 265, 266 McClintock, Strong 16 McClymont, Rev. J. A. 420, 423, 425, 429, 431 McComb, Prof. S. 529, 531 McCornell, Rev. Dr. S. D. 55, 401, 569, 672 McCurdy, Prof. J. F. 205 McDermott, Hon. A. L. 733, 746 McDonald, Rev. R. 328 McElveen, Rev. W. T. 305 McFadven, Prof. J. E. 580 McGaiEn, Rev. A. 295 McGee, Prof. W. J. 647 McGiffert, Rev. A. C. 249 McGIynn, Rev. E. 569 McGurk, Rev. D. 333 Mclnnis, Rev. J. C. 248 McGlynn, Dr. E. 109, 230, 270 McKim, Rev. Bishop John 453 McKinley's Philippine Commission 585 McLean, John E. 49 McLennan, R. 294 McLuckie, John 732 McMahon, Rev. Prof. 388, 389 Mead, E. D. 714 Meadows 188 Meagher, Gen. T. F. 692 Meinhold, Prof. 669, 671 Mela, Pomponius 678 Melanchthon 123, 229, 244, 275, 595 Melito, Bishop of Sardis 376 Mels, Edgar 311 Melville, Herman 46 Menander 480, 604 Mencius 192 Mendelessohn, Moses 151 Mendum, Ernest 16, 24, 26 732 213 372. 373 Menz, H. * Mercer, Rev. L. P. Merriam, C. W. Merrill, E. L. Merrill, Rev. W. P. 560, 561 Meslier 10, 14, 23, 70, 79, 103, 126 Metchnikoff, Prof. E. 685, 686 Mezes, Prof. S. E. 209 Micah 503, 616 Michealis 560 Michelet 83, 651 Middleton, Dr. C. 59, 119 Mignot, Rev. M. 454, 456 Mill, John Stuart 9, 24, 42, 45, 50, 113, 137, 165, 203, 263, 312, 539 Mill, James 34, 424 Millais, Sir John 290 Miller, Hugh loi, 126 Miller, Malcolm Dean 48,412 Miller, J. 394 Milleson, Prof. J. 107 Milligan, Rev. Geo. 533 Mills, Rev. B. Fay 54, 81, 165, 183, 730 Mills, Mrs. B. F. 171 Mills, Rev. Dr. 633 Milman (Dean) 127, 182, 401, 557, 558 Milton 6, 23, 34, 64, 646 Miner, Rev. A. A. 269 Mingens, Rev. G. J. 102 Minghetti 719 Minokami, M. 735 Minot, Prof. C. S. 409,517 Minton, Rev. Dr. H. C. 370, 379 Mirabeau 114, 173, 175, 178, 179, 311, 312, 5^1 Mirbeu, Octave 690, 715 Mitchell, J. M. 355 Mitchell, S. S. (Rev.) 368 Mitchell, Prof. Maria 146, 152, 153, 154, .65 Mitchell, Prof. H. G. 233, 247, 252, 323 549 Mitchell, S. Wier 275 Mitchell, R. M. 96, 545, 546 Mivart, Prof. St. Geo. 232, 233, 267, 270, 386, 543. 579 Mohammed 108, 158, 256 Mohr, F. 520 Moleschott 129, 149, 515, 519, 520 Moliere 18 MoUendorf, U. Von W. 462 MoUoy, Chas. 700 Mommsen, T. 53' Monge 658 Monroe, Hon. Jas. 634 Monroe, James 636, 642 774 INDEX. Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley 204, 2051 206, 640 Montaigne, 5, 35, 66, 73, 81, 120, 158, 161, 363, 371 Monterio 96 Montesquieu 74, 160, 184, 408, 492 Montmorrin, Gov. Auvergne 698 Montuci, Prof. 668 Moody, Rev. D. L. 335 Moor, Thos. 696, 697 Moore, C. C. 53, 594, 595, 596, 626, 627, 629 Moore, Thomas 84, no, 229, 6lo, 615 Moore, C. B. 398 Moore, Rev. Prof. G. F. 427, 628 Moore, G. E. 661 Moran, John B. 754, 755 More, Sir Thomas 73, 130, 368 More, Dr. Jules 264 More, Henry 131,465 Morell 190 Morgan, J. V. 335 Morgan, Elisha 574 Morgan, Rev. D. 586 Morgan, Rev. G. C. 615, 728 Mori, Arinori 303 Morley, John 109, 135, 144, 166, 389, 582, 596, 662 Morris, Charles 56, 77 Morrison, J. C. 19, 31 Morse, Prof. E. S. loi, 180, 202, 299 Morse, Prof. F. R. 517 Morse, Hon. R. M. 619 Morton, Paul 691 Mosheim 20, 54, 97, 99, 185, 194 Morton, Prof. H. 233 Moss, Arthur B 557 Motley, J. L. 141, 236 Mott, Lucretia 56 Moulder, Priscilla E. 204 Moulton, Prof. R. G. 259, 461, 574 Moulton, Louise C. 571 Mowry, Duane 628 Moxom, Rev. Dr. P. 429 Mozart, W. A. 151, 152, 154 Mozley, Canon J. B. 445, 446 Mozley, Thomas 655 Mudge, Rev. Dr. J. 432, 510 Mueller, Louis 377 Muirhead, Prof. J. H. 573 Muller, Max 73, 86, 264, 310, 348, 383, 385. 473. 483. 5^5. 607, 622, 630, 656 Muller, Johannes 665 Muller, Rev. Dr. John 669 Munger, Rev. T. T. 585 Munroe, James 165 Munsterberg, Prof. H. 190, 679 Murair, Rev. T. 292 Murchison, Sir Roderick I. 625 Murphy, Patrick Murray, Rev. W. H. H. Murray, Rev. J. O. F Murri, Don R. 678 97 434 489 Myers, Rev. F. Myers, Rev. C. 340 45° N Nachrichten, H. 623 Nacquet Nageli Naguet Nansen, Dr. F. 20 599 ,675 .5^1 300 Napoleon 62, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 165, 358* 359' 478, 479. 481, 674, 682, 711, 731 Nash, Prof. H. S. 266, 743 Nazianzen, G. 491 Neal 399 Neander, 64, 88, 182 Neckar 538 Neith, Statue of 518 Nelson, Rev. R. 331 Newbolt, Canon of St. Paul's 286 Newcomb, Simon 199, 559 Newman, F. W. (Prof.) 25,26, 31, 195, 202, 369, 675 Newman, Rev. J. H. 444, 445 Newton, Rev. Helen 582 Newton, Sir Isaac 5, 26, 70, 262, 343, 472 Newton, Rev. R. H. 40, 174, 283, 293, 565 687 Newton, Rev. William 279 Newton, John 87 New York Churchman 705 New York Examiner 578 New York Herald 556 New York Independent 379, 467 New York Journal 351, 424, 605 New York Sun 395, 400, 447 New York Times 629, 636 New York World 516 Neyman, Clara B. 75 Nicholas II, Czar 563 Nicoli 92 Nicoll, Rev. Dr. R. 391, 393 Nicoli, Rev. Dr. W. R. 537 Niebuhr 662 Nietzsche, F. W. 281, 641, 643, 740, 751 Niles, Bishop W. W. 304 Noble, Rev. Dr. F. A. 155 Noldeke, Prof. 354 Noll, Rev. V. 383, 384 Nordau, Max 62, 65, 69, 249, 719 Northrop, Cyrus 333 Norton 1 86 INDEX. 775 Notilie, Dr. I. 725 Palissy, Bernard * 43° Novalis 417 . 435. 659 Palladius, Rev. 279 Noyes, Prof. G. R. 4^3 Palma, Pres. L. E. 589 Noyes, Joshua F. 558 Palmer, Prof. G. H. 404 Noyes, Harriet E. 587 Palmer, Simon 468 Noyes, John 708 Palmer, A. S. 485 Noyes, Rufus K. 3, 246, 3^5. 414, 477, Palmer, Courtland i?5 48. , 486, 636 . 740. 756 Palmer, Elihu II, 67, 69, 80 Nummus 589 Palmer, Rev. F. 250 Palmerston, Lord ■H, 339. 519 Papias 485 O'Connell, Daniel 474 , 576, 692 Paradol, P. 160 O'Croly, Rev. M. 502 Pardee, Rev. J. N. 621 O'Donnell, F. H. 508 Pardow, Jesuit 577 Oldham, Prof. H. Y. 688 Pare, Ambroise 141 , 142, 143, 151 Oldham, Bishop 747, 748 Paret, Rev. Dr. 261 Olin, Henry P. 322 Park, Robert 78, 593 Oliphant, Lawrence 19 Parker, Dr. F. W. 448 Olmstead, Pres. 576 Parker, Dr. (London) 616, 617 O'Malley, Chas. 692 Parker, Rev. T. 19, 155, 191, 193, 200, Ontario, Bishop of "5 17I: , 574, 578, 712 Oort, Prof. H. 3"3. 319 Parker, Prof. H. W. 183 Optatus 207 Parker, Rev. Dr. 285, 394 Orange, Prince of 698 Parker, Rev. J. 278, 361, 362 Oreglia, Cardinal 647 Parkhurst, Rev. Dr. C. "9. 269, 342, O'Reilly, John B. 559, 619 358, 397 ,4°3. 553. fill O-Rell, Max 176, 328 Parks, Rev. Dr. L. 380 Origen 34. 100, 171, 387 Parmenides 77 Orr, Rev. Prof. J. 425 Parnell, C. S. 473 Osborne, Prof. O. T. 724 Parris, Rev. H. A. 373 Osgood, A. G. 238 Parshall, Nelson C. 105 Osgood, Prof. H. 320 Parsons, Hon. Mr. 49° Osgood, Dr. H. 448 Parton, James 87; , 137,431,618 Osier, Prof. Wm. 689, 709. 710, 718.719. 725 Pascal 48, Patmore, Coventry 150 , 153. 4°4>476 306 Ostwold, Prof. W. 716, 735. 73^. 738 Partridge, Rev W. M. 379 Oswold, Felix L. fi- 1,7°. 140, 653 Partin, Frank E. 618, 619 Ottley, Rev. B. L. 581 Pattison 179 Ouida 46 Patton, Pres. P. U. 107 Outlook, Editor of 746 Patton, Rev. Dr. F. L. j34, 410, 673 Ovid 121 Patton, Rev. C. H. 260 Owen, Robert ll ,82, 413,651 Paul Paulsen, Prof. F. 457, 460, 620 252. ^53' 254 P Peabody, Rev. F. G. 314, 358, 626 Packard, Prof. A. S. 412 Peabody, F. W. 478 Paderewski, I. 250 Peabody, Geo. 608 Paganini 565 Peake, A. S. 3°, 387, 432, 433 Paget, S. 142 Pearson, Rev. T. 204 Paine, Thomas 9, 33, 53, 75, 129, 228, 229, 330, 348, 532, 542, 638, 640, 644, 673, 702, 709, 730 Paine, E. J. 45 Paine, Rev. L. L. 316, 559 Pal, Bipin Chandra 270, 292 Palearius, A, 138 Paley, Archbishop 143 Palfrey 193 Pearson, Rev. Prof. C. W. 387, 392, 393, 394, 395, 4°3. 4°8 Peary 650 Peck, John 38, 527, 669 Peck, H. T. 213 Peck, T. E. 525 Peebles, J. M. 361 Pejat, Felix 370 Pelletan, M. 644 776 INDEX. Pellman, Rev. J. M. 227 Ponton, Mungo 539 Penn, William 96 , 100 , 177, 597 Pool, Joseph 180, 258 Pennsylvania, University of 376 Pope, Alexander 12,117, 138, 234. 55°. 56' Pentecost, Hugh 0. 66,127,242 ■.3'7,S83. Porphyry 480 719 Post, Rev. Prof. G. 437 Pepys, Samuel ^34 . 476, 639 Potter, Right Rev. H.C. 260, 26] 1,331,410 Perdicaris, I. 73' Powell, Prof. Baden 21 Perez, Paul 589 Powers, Rev. L. M. 367, 368 Perkins, W. O. 59 Praetextatus 37 Perrin, Rev. G. L. 249 , 393, 620 Prescott, W. H. 367 . 376, 391 Perry, Ex. Mayor 33° Preston, Samuel 65 Perry, Rev. A. T. 674 Preston, E. W. 722 Perves, Rev. G. T. 308 Price, Miss Effie K. 241, 242 Peschel, Oscar 46 Price, Rev. Prof. I. M. 394 Peter of Abano 541 Priestly, Dr. Joseph 69 . 404. 538 Peterborough, Bishop of 38 Prior 93 Peters, Rev. Dr. J. 727, 73» Prior, Matthew 640 Petersilie, Dr. E. 608 Pritchard 192 Petite Republique 616 Pritchett, Pres. 400, 603, 716, 737 Petrie, Prof. M. F. 436 Proctor, Prof. R. A. 91 [, 107, 168, 255, Peyordeix, Don S. 438, 440 270, , 498, 738 Pfleiderer, Prof. O. 198 Proctor, Miss Mary 178 Phalen, Rev. F. L. 217 Prometheus 506 Phelps, Rev. L. 268 Protagoras 198, 201 Phelps, Prof. A. S. 447 Proudhon, P. J. 20, 117 Pherecrates 365 Pryke, W. A. '3 Philadelphia Record 543 Psyche, Lady 5.6 Phillip, Rev. F. 746 Ptolemy, G. W. Bar 104 Phillips, Wendell 52, 59, 144. 567, 668 Putnam, S. P. "4,337 Phillips, Rev. M. F. 528 Putnam, Gen. I. 706 Philo 630 Pyle, Rev. Prof. H. E. 413,414 Philpot 696, 713 Q Photius 546 Phyrro 167 Quackenbos, Prof. John 676 Pickering, Prof. E. C. 200 Queensbury, Lord 390 Pierce, Rev. W. G. B. 37^ Quin, Malcolm 43 Pillsbury, Parker 85, 103 Quin, Jeremiah 621 Pillsbury, Rev. F. C. 354 Quincy, Hon. Josiah 252 Piper, Mrs. L. F. 395 Quinet, Prof. E. 402 Pitt, William E. 5 1, 76, 320 Pittacus 125, 166, 344 R Plato 7, 26, 29, 192, 201, 363, 502 Raab, Rev. R. M. 5^5 Pliny 55, 134, 354> 515, 522 Rabelais, Francois u '(>, 133. 174. 5°' Plumb, Rev. Dr. '75 Radav, Rev. Hugo 296 Plumbtree, C. E. 363 Radenhausen 519 Plummer, Rev. M. W. 383. 385 Rainsford, Rev. Dr. W. S. 92, ; 3°5. 3'7. Plummer, Rev. A. 423, 4M> 428, 437 707 Plumptre, C. E. 461 Rainy, Rev. Dr. 459 Plutarch 61, 113, 329, 479. 491, 591 Raleigh, Sir Walter 120, 605 Poe, Edgar Allen 396. 729, 732 Ramatha, Bishop 528 Pollock, F. 221 Rambaud, Alfred N. 287 Pombal, Marquis of 504 Ramsay, Prof. W. M. 206 Pompilius, Numa 467 Randolph, Hon. John 490 Pomponatius, Peter 185, 197, 197, 387, Ranke, Prof. J. 374. 53' 521, 523 Ranson, Richard 707 Pond, Rev. Dr. 5'7 Rassegna Internagionale 604 Pontificial Biblical Commission 477 Rathbun 579, 646 INDEX. 777 Ratzel, Prof. F. 373, 374, 463 Rauschenbusch, Prof. W. 709 Raymond, Prof. R. W. loi Raynal 61 Reade, Winwood 61, 352, 426, 662 Reed, Hon. T. B. 68, 240 Reed, Hon. E. 457 Rees, W. G. E. 752 Reichwald, E. C. 345 Reiman, Morris 396 Reich 17, 510 Reid, Hon. Whitelaw 599 Rembrandt 636 Remsburg, John E. 115, 408, 547, 551, 594. 668 Renan, Ernest 14, 17, 28, 32, 34, 94, 120, 1^9; 458. 474. 477. 4^5. S>6, 557. 579. 632, 653, 712 Renard, Rev. J. H. 438 Renouf, P. LePage 86, 550 Renouvier, M. 557 Rethven, M. V. 298 Reville 86, 464 Reymond, Du Bois 224 Reynold^s Newspaper 452, 454 Reynolds, Rev. H. R. 419 Rhodes, Cecil 380 Rice, Rev. C. B. 306 Rice, Rev. Mary 502 Rice, Prof. William 577, 578 Rice, Prof. R. A. 681 Richard, Gerault 659 Richards, Admiral 453 Richardson, J. P. 30, 63, 241, 537 Richelieu, Cardinal 41, 183 Richet, Prof. Chas. 714 Richter, Dr. 477 Ricker, Marilla M. 221, 343, 540, 652, 666, 733, 734. 735 Ridley 694, 695 Ridpath, J. C. 247, 313 Riggs, Rev. Prof. J. S. 379 Rios, Montero I74 Ritchie, Eliza 573 Ritschl 334. 486, 740 Ritter, Dr. H. 222 Rivard, Rev. E. L. 3^8 Rivarol 3^5 Rives, Amelia C. 3'6 Robbins, M. W. 54' Robbins, Dean 7i6 Roberts, J. E. 180, 254, 406, 433, 588, 737 Roberts, Rev. W. H. 374 Roberts, Rev. Dr. W. C. . 399 Roberts, Samuel 623 Robertson, John M. 81, 103, 241, 262, 279, 419, 425, 472, 496. 69^ Robertson, Rev. John 238 Robertson, F. W. 158, 606 Robertson, Rev. F. 416 Robertson 513 Robespierre 508 Robjent, Rev. Thos. S. 672 Robinson, Prof. J. H. 247, 491 Robinson, H. D. 557 Roblin, Rev. Dr. S. 399 Robson, Stuart 415 Rochefoucould, La Duke of 150, 414 Rochester Theological Seminary (Pres.) 393 Rockefeller, John D. 331, 550 Rockefeller, J. D., Jr. 686, 713 Rogers, Prof. T. 170 Rogers, Samuel 146, 710 Rogers, Prof. R. W. 424 Rogers, Henry M. 652 Roland, Madame 104 Rollins, Gov. F. W. 210, 228 Romanes, G. J. 231, 679 Romania, Queen of 130 Romanones, Count 482, 662 663, 700 Romero, M. 465 Roosevelt, Theodore 6, 256, 377, 529, 645, 756 Root, Hon. E. 456, 544 Rosadi, Hon. G. 713 Rosanov, Prof. V. 355 Rose, Mrs. E. L. 23 Rose, Chas. H. 396 Rose, Ernestine 5°° Rose, J. Holland 681 Roseberry, Lord 278, 362 Ross, C. E 310 Ross, W. S. 68, 73 Ross, Prof. E. A. 475 Ross, Stewart 535 Rossetti 255, 388 Rossini ^54 Rousseau, Walbeck M. 350, 525 Rousseau, J. J. 76, 107,486,566,681,749 Rouvier, Premier 622, 673, 674 Row, Rev. Chas. 147. "49 Royce, Prof. J. 207, 209 Rowley, Henry 51, 240, 744 Rowley, F. H. 36^ Rubinkam, Rev. N. I. 180 Rush, Dr. B. 5 Rush, M. T. 647 Ruskin, John 84, 183, 214, 247, 258, 285 318, 338, 409, 659, 660, 661, 709,736 Russell, Earl 56' Russell, Sir Edward 573 Russian Douma 635 778 INDKX. Sabatier, Paul 742, 750 Saccus, A. 112 Sadek, Arder (Gov. Fez.) 491 Sage, Mrs. Russell 600 St. Athanasius 507 St. Augustine 34, 67, 244, 264, 400, 484, 59^> 735 St. Basil 276 St. Bernard 232 St. Epiphanius 177 St. Francis of Assisi 503 St. Jerome 6, 178 St. John (Bible) 730, 731 St. Paul 19, 36, 176, 321, 340, 341, 401, 495, 632 Saint-Saens, Camille 706 Saint Simon 556 St. Victor, Richard Von 225 Sainte, B. 157 Saladin 576 Salesby, Rev. Dr. C. W. 677, 678, 736 Salisbury, Lord 135, 139, 272, 731 Salmond, Rev. Prof. S. D. F. 415, 433 Salter. W. M. 180 Sampson, Admiral 226 Samuel, Sir Marcus 497 Sanchoniaton 491 Sand, George 351 Sanday, Rev. Canon W. 412,414, 418, 4i9»420, 452, 674 Sands, M. 174 Sangester, Margaret E. 270 Santayana, G. 43 Sardanapalus 310 Sargon, I. 510 Sarrien, M. 698 Saunders, J. M. 43 Savage, Rev. M. J. 44, 67, 185, 295, 325, 389, 430, 551, 612, 613, 614, 680, 688, 693, 701, 717 Sawyer, Rev. Dr. J. E. C. 491 Saxe, John G. 143 Sayce, Prof. 123, 205, 430, 534 Sayce, Rev. A. A. 329 Scalliger 97 Schaaffhausen, Prof. H. 513 Schaff, Rev. Dr. D. S. 684 Schamm R. 63 Schelling 190, 591 Schiaparelli, Prof. G. 678 Schiller 21, 19, 32, 68, 137, 167, 198, 314 437, 481, 522, 564, 627, 647 Schindler, Rabbi S. 472 Schinz, Prof. A. 381, 382 Schlegel 164 Schleiermacher 41, 193, 201, 253, 418 Schmidt, Prof. N. 422 Schmiedel, Prof. P. W. 323, 355, 356, 516, 517 Schodde, Rev. G. H. 317 Schoff, Rev. Dr. D. S. 681 Schopenhauer, A. 21, 51, 52, 314, 412, 426, 522, 655, 745 Schreiner, Olive 661, 662 Schultz, Prof. Herman 353 Schultze, Prof. F. 674 Schurman, Prof. J. G. 210, 211, 212, 213, 337> 548' 649 Schurz, Hon. C. 733 Science, Academy of 377 Scotch Toast 676 Scott, Rev. I. B. 452 Scott, Rev. Prof. 722 Scott, N. 22 Scott, Thomas 54, 264 Scott, Sir Walter 359, 546 Scotus, Duns 185 Scudder, Horace 89 Scudder, Miss Prof. V. D. 466 Scully, Rev. John 388 Seailles, G. 598, 628, 719 Seaver, Horace 127, 128 Segi, Prof. G. 330, 659 Selden 75, 206, 294, 361 Selesius, A. 21, 655 Sell, Prof. 308, 311 Seneca 9, 27, 28, 58, 93, 632 Sera, Delia Corriera 540 Servetus, Michael 26, 285, 356, 602 Serviss, Prof. G. P. 433 Seton, Ernest T. 626 Severance, Channing 524 Seward, T. F. 380 Shaftsbury, Earl of 26, 117, 222, 259, 726 Shakelford, Ethel 460 Shakespeare 11,70, 121, 142, 162, 164,273, 303, 404, 556, 572, 588 Sharper, Rev. Prof. J. H. 443 Shaughnessy, P. 321, 341 Shaw, Geo. Bernard 653, 700, 701, 709 Shaw, J. D. 29, 390, 704 Shaw, Bernard 287 Shaw, S, G. 248, 249 Shaw, Leslie M. 651 Sheffield, Rev. D. Z. 277 Sheldon, Rev. C. M. 282 Shelley 5, 12, 131, 186, 195, 201, 241, 313, 386,479,562,567,680,755 Sherbrooke, Lord 106 Sherman, Hon. John 712 Shiel, The Right Hon. R. L. 89 Shinn, Rev. G. W. 307 Short, Sir A. 499 Shufeldt, Dr. R. W. 644 INDEX. 779 She Shun, Leou 73° Shurman, Pres. 679 Shutter, Rev. M. D. 45'. 45^ Sidgwick, Prof. H. 365 Sidis, Boris 560 Sidney, Sir Philip 565, 681 Sidney, Algernon 576, 602 Sieyes, E. J. 476 Sigel, Dr. Tobias 693 Silverman, Rabbi Joseph 33° Simmern, Prof. 486 Simmons, Prof. "53 Simon, Jules 389 Simondi 337 Simonides 121 Sinclair, Archdeacon 343. 722, 731 Singer, Dr. I. 596, 597 Singleton, Rev. Dr. H. L. 288 Skinner, Rev. Prof. J. 4>3 Slocum, Rev. W. F. ^36. 33^ Slenker, E. D. 1: '. 51. 574 Smee 366 Smiley, Chas. W. 701 Smith, George 610, 611,612 Smith, Mrs. C. K. 623 Smith, Gerritt 345. 563, 566 Smith, Dr. P. 335. 336 Smith, Vicar I. G. 35° Smith, Prof. G. A. 218 Smith, R. Bosworth 3"5 Smith, Sir William 126 Smith, Prof. G. 9, 38, 44. 46, ^5>. 375. 703. 714.755 Smith, Sydney 147, I 89, 193, ,281, 340 Smith, Prof. J. H. O. 267 Smith, Orlando J. 270, , 271, 501 Smith, Hcrace 424, 528 Smith's Bible Dictionary 516, 594 Smith, Dr. J. P. 201 Smith, Gov. E. C. 236 Smith, John B. 60 Smith, Prof. C. S. 266 Smithson, James 576 Smyth, Prof. 108 Smyth, W. Woods 386 Smythe, Prof. 98 Snell, Rev. B. J. 458 Snodgrass, Rev. E. 648 Snoth, Agnes 695 Snyder, Rev. J. 426 Socrates 28; 1 120. 344 Soltan, W. 4 MI. 413: .55". 55^ Sophocles 600 Sosiades 126 Soury 435. 653 Solomon, King 14 South, Dr. ♦ South County News (R. I.) Southwell, C. Spahr, Chas. B. Spanish Minister Solon Spanish Proverb Spanish Song Sparks, Chas. Spectator, The (London) Spencer, Herbert 14, 18, 33, 72, 147, 200, 212, 253, 345, 377, 417, 455. 545' 565. 575. 6°o. 637 Spiller Spinoza, Benedict de 57, 122, 191, 296,405 Spreng, Rev. S. P. Sprenger, Dr. Springfield Republican Spurgeon, Rev. C. H. 307, Spurzheim, John G. Stackpole, Rev. C. H. Stackpole, Rev. Dr. E. S. Stalker, Rev. Dr. Stanislaus, King of Poland Stanley, Sir H. M. Stanley, Dean Stanley, Dr. A. Stanley, Thos. Stanton, Elizabeth Cady 75, 88, 338, 382, 439, 449, 471, Stanton, Rev. Prof. V. H. Staples, Rev. N. A. Starbuck, Prof. State Constitution (Neb.) Statius Stead, W. T. Stead, Alfred Steele, Richard Steele, Prof. W. F. Steele, Rev. D. M. Stephen, Justice Stephen, Leslie Stephen, Bishop Stephens, Prof. H. M. Stepniak, S. Sterling, Sterne, Lawrence 141, Sterzinger Steude, Prof. E. G. Stevens, Prof. J. S. Stevens, G. W. Stevens, E. A. Stevenson, Chas. 66, Stevenson, Robert L. 255, 261, 461 579 12 266 483 126 659 703 35^ 548 , 81, 105, 378, 394. ,647,672 720, 723 53° 124. 134. , 429, 442 374 242 707 39'. 517 81 432 749 23.471 J 5° 493 102, 399 122, 607 127 268, 269, 544. 580 441 88 303 499 204 466, 608 570 7, I3> 428 638 II 45. 653 184 751 73' 52, 129 144, '45 723 205 276 629 214, 323 262, 571, 7^3 78o INDEX. Stewart, Pres. 440 Stewart, John 11, 76, 77, 84, 115 Stewart, Prof. 335, 434, 435 Stewart, Dugald 142 Stillingfleet, Bishop 125 Stillman, Jas. W. 19 Stockdale, Rev. P. 495 Stockmayer 721 Stockton 380 Stoddard, John L. 80, 442, 449 Stoddard, Richard H. 326 Stone, Prof. C. E. 545 Storch, F. W. 221 Storrs, Rev. R. S. 219 Story, Joseph 340 Stowe, H. B. 211 Strabo 127, 196, 499, 547 Strader, Col. C. M. 568 Strange, Judge T. L. 50 Strauss 34, 42, 384, 690 Strong, Josiah 318 Strong, Rev. Bishop T. B. 419, 431, 432, 437 Stubbs 139, 246 Students in Leipzig University 750 Stuntz, Rev. H. C. 694 Sturoc, W. C. 49, 251, 468 Suarez, Francisco 121 Suess, Prof. E. 512 Sullivan, W. R. 537 Sullivan, Eleanor R. 580 Sultus, Edgar 157, 162 Sumner, Prof. W. F. 236 Sumner, Chas. 139 Sunderland, Leroy 459, 460 Supreme Court (Nebraska) 615 Suter, Rev. J. W. 748, 749 Svoboda 509 Swedenborg 716 Sweeney, Rev. Z. T. 734 Swift, Jonathen 75, 152, 235 Swinburne 174, 445, 580 Swing, Prof. 98, 136 Sylvanus 690 Symes, J. 13,461,503 Synesius, Bishop 105, 492 Taber, H. M. 40.97 Tacitus 99. "8 Taft, Chief Justice 38, Taft, Gov. W. H. 396, 75' Taine, H. A. 52 Tait, Bishop 120 Takahira, Mr. 573 Talavera, H. 526 Talleyrand 90, 95, 113, 299, 557, 585 Talmage, Rev. T. De W 93, 107, 164 ^38. 3"7. 357, 368, 381 Tao-Kwang 17 Tapia, Louis 482 Tarbell, Ida M. 727, 743 Tatian 185 Taylor, Old Father 553 Taylor, Dr. Roland 708 Taylor, Robert 60, 98, ill, 376, 514 Taylor, Jeremy, 64, 72, 208, 382 Taylor, Bayard 376, 715 Taylor 585 Taylor, Prof. G. 259 Taylor, Canon I. 35, 225 Taylor, Rev. E. M. 341 Taylor, Dr. J. M. 172, 173 Telesio 296 Temple, Archbishop 36, 97 Temple, Dr. 122 Temple, Sir William 123 Temps (Paris) 478 Tenney, D. K. 66, 262 Tennyson, Lord Alfred 23, 24, 53, 71, 219, 268, 304, 331, 332, 607, 625, 714, 722 Terry, G. F. 312 Terry, Prof. M. S. 398 Tertullian 78, 168, 309, 462, 492, 700 Tetsujiro, Dr. I. 403, 715 Texas, Bishop of 261 Thackeray, W. M. 169, 657 Thales 124, 125, 479, 480 Thayer, Rev. Prof. J. H 414 Theodoret 310 Theodoretus 515 Theognis 480 Thing, Pres. S. B. 222 Thirlwall, Bishop 656, 657 Thorn, Rev. J. H. 207 Thomas, Rev. W. H. 93, 179, 253 Thomas, Rev. J. B. 393 Thomas, Rev. Dr. 457 Thompson, Rev. Dr. C. L. 717 Thompson, Miss A. B. 225 Thompson, Rev. W. S. 391 Thompson, Sir Henry 459, 524, 547, 548 Thompson, Rev. Dr. A. C. 619 Thomson, Prof. J. 226, 227 Thomson 661 Thoreau 132, 134, 135, 483, 518, 596, 617, 626, 721 Thorpe, Prof. B. 228 Thudichum, Prof. 326, 384 Thurston, Hon. J. M. 66 Thwing, Rev. C. F. 271 Tiberius 32 Tillingham, Rev. R. C. 591 Tillotson, Archbishop 98 INDEX. 781 Tilton, Rev. C. 342, 386 Tindal, Matthew 58, 139 Tinker, B. W. 467 Tischendorf, Prof. C. 355 Tissot, J. J. 503, 652 Titchner, Rev. E. B ai8 Titsworth, Rev. J. 264 Tokio University, Graduate 571 Toland, Joiin 58 Tolstoi I02, 281, 333, 334, 337, 341, 357, 407,441,458,493,530,535,712,713 Tomlinson, Rev. V. E. 291, 293 Torrey, R. A. 300 Torry, Jesse 47 Toulmin, G. H. 116 Tourguenief , Ivan 1 35 Toy, Prof. C. 33 Train, Geo. F. 577 Traub, Prof. 685 Traubel, Horace L. 128, zo2, 502 Travis, John 708 Trelawny 48 1 Trelevan 66 Trench 428, 446, 513 Trevelyan 316, 727 Treves, M. Angelo 578 Tribuna (Rome) 631 Triggs, Prof. O. L. 449, 451, 452, 453 Troeltsch, Prof. 406 Tucker, W. J. 163, 343, 357, 429 Tucker, W. G. 291 Turgenief 575 Turgor 1 24 Turner, C. H. 438 Turtle, Hudson 30, 107, 137 Twain, Mark 250, 319, 320, 338, 348, 369, 396, 420, 560, 660, 755 Twitchwell, Dr. G. M. 212 Tyana, Appolonius of 430 Tyler, Prof. C. M. 25 Tylor, Dr. E. B. 24, 449, 45' Tyndal, William 177. 35° Tyndale 318, 59^ Tyndall, Prof. 19, 21, 23, 395 Tze, Lao 65 4 U Udden, Prof. I. A. 493 Ulrich, Bishop 634 Underwood, B. F. 18, 183, 304, 583 Underwood, Sara A. 457 Underwood, Hon. Mr. 4^9 Unity (Chicago's Religious Paper) 584 Upham, Prof. W. 493 Upton, Prof. W. 'S'. '5^ Urban VIII, Pope 637 Ussher, Bishop '9^ Valla, Lorenzo , Van Allan, Rev. \Vm. H. Vanderbilt, W. K. Vandervelde, M. E. Van Dyke, Rev. Dr., Jr Van Dyke, Rev. Prof. H. Vanini, Lucilio Van Manen, Prof. 396 691. 753 613 569 92 719 105, 167 535 Van Ness, Rev. Dr. T. 178, 275, 361, 579, 730 Van Ransselaer, Mrs. S. 263 Vaughn, Cardinal 353 Vedas 61, 688 Venable, Maj. R. M. 721 Venner, Bishop 230 Verestchagin, Vassili 220 Verite Francaise c^a Verschoyle, Rev. Dr. 625 Verstegan 182 Vhegge, Dhorna 6zl, 648 Viardot, Louis 157, 159, 160, 406 Victoria, Queen 350, 354 Vignol, Tito 28 Vigouroux, Prof. Abe 265 Vincent, Bishop 514 Vines, Rev. Dr. W. M. 734 Virchow 82, 520 Virgil 90, 106, 233 Vischer, Prof. V. 296 Vivekananda, Swami 79, 83, 100 Viviani 699 Vizetelly, M. 581 Voelter, Prof. 726, 745 Vogt, Karl 186, 359, 519, 588 Volkszeitung, L. 623 Voltaire 7, 25, 47, 57, 69, 72, 75, 104, 132, 160, 163, 189, 235, 274, 381, 405, 409, 475> 485. 505. 5°8. 533. 555. 566, 576, 579. 602, 629, 630, 642, 646, 658, 689, 692, 695, 712, 724, 727, 739, 751, 752, 753, 754, 756 Von Baer 119, 460 Von Brandt, Herr 310 Von Bulow, Count 633 Von Hartmann, Edward 482, 483 Von Hummelauer, Dr. 354 Von Sybel 506, 508 Von Treitschke, H. 503 Von Zedlitz 665 Von Zedtwitz, Baroness 482, 736, 737 Voorhees, Rev. 272 Voss, R. 521 Voysey, Rev. Chas. 38 W \\'ace, Henry Waddington, Prof. S. Wadlin, Horace G. 302 321, 403 673, 674 782 INDEX. Wagner, J. 21 Wayland, Rev. Dr. F. 179, 727 Wagner, Richard 5^7. 585 Weatherby, Rev. Dr. 560 Wagner, Pastor Hermann 680 Webb, Attorney General 629 Wagner, Chas. 685 Webber, Prof. A. 226 Wagoner, Rev. J. N. 182 Webster, Noah no Waite, Judge C. B. 97, 388 Webster, Daniel 264, 315, 4^9, 43', 445 Wakefield, Bishop of 576 Weekly Bulletin 597 Wakeman, Prof. T. B. 248, 529 Weinel, Rev. Dr. 577, 738 Walker, E. C. 16,63 Weinstock, H. 466 Walker, Prof. W. (Rev.) Z36 Welker, Pastor 623 Walker, O. J. 541 Welldon, Rev. J. E. C. 687 Walker, Hon. A. H. 672, 705 Weller, Rev. Jas. 410 Walker, J. B. 725 Wellhausen, Prof. J. 360, 451 Wallace, A. R. 122, 200 Welling, Pres. 231 Walpole, Horace 235, 249 Wells, Kate Gannett 43° Walsh, Rev. L. S. 228 Wells, D. A. 697 Walsh, William S. 591 Wequash 635 Walthers, Prof. W. 458 Wernle, Prof. P. 409, i 74°: . 742, 743 Walthoe, John, Jr. 5^3 Wesley, John 24, 27, 82, 5^9: . 535, 706 Warburton, Bishop 92, 185, 362 Westbrook, R. B. 40 Ward, Dr. W. G. 542, 663 Westcott, B. F. 42 Ward, Mrs. Humphrey 584, 646 Western Christian Advocate 410 Ward, Dr. J. H. 47 Westminister, Dean of 117 Ward, Prof. L. F. 203, 299 Wettstein, Otto 51, 59, 127, 276, 389, 489, Ward, Dr. W. H. 370, 454, 455. 6°5 705 Ware, Hon. E. F. 385 Wharton, Mrs. E. 504 Warfield, Rev. Dr. 288, 437 Whately, Archbishop 64, 161 Warren 365 Wheeler, J. M. 14, 17, ,502 . 568, 677 Washburn, Hon. G. F. 299 Whipple, Bishop 33° Washburn, Lemuel K. 69, 89, 104, 166, Whitby, Dr. 322 172,179,213,240,252,254, i^55.M7,3'3. White, Rev. N. J. D. 429 324, 326, 336, 337, 349, 350, ,368,373,381, White, Bishop 455 382,387,392,393,423,426, ,463,464,488, White, Ida 462 504,515,517,532,538,540 .541.550,55^, White, Edward 585 553. 558, 565. 569, 575. 589. 595. 596. 597, White, Rev. W. W. 334 603,609,610,613, 616,626, 637,614, 651, White, Andrew Dixon 59, 9^, 219, 323, 664 668, 669, 675, 676, 696, 697, 699, 727 , 339. 356, 386, 481, 483. 555, 609, 621, 7^9. 740. 744, 745 634, 635, 690, 728 Washburn, E. B. 611 White, Bishop W. 166 Washington, George 109, 113, 366,483 White, Rev. J. B. 169 Washington, Bishop of 261 White, Blanco 187 Washington, Booker T. 533 White, Geo. A. 113, 256, 480, 535 Wasson, D. A. ,38 White, Hon. Mr. 208, 490 Watchman (Baptist) 573 White, Miss Grace J. 671 Waterman, Rev. Dr. 429 Whitehouse, Rev. Prof. O. C. 433. 434. Waters, Jas. H. 499 533 Watkinson, Rev. W. L. 706 Whitford, 0. B. 77 . 5°6. S°7 Watson, Canon 298 Whiting, John 698, 700 Watson, Rev. Bishop R. 380 Whitman, Walt 117,^28, '33, 134. 139. Watson, Rev. John 482 . 5°9> 703, 747 469, ,611, , 691, 720 Watson, Thomas 130 Whiton, Rev. Dr. J. M. 592 Watson, Rev. Dr. 180, 227, 247 Whittemore, Rev. C. T. 746 Watson, Rev. D. 248, 359 Whittier, John G. 73, 79, .146, i 153, 17°, Watts, Sir G. F. 536, 541 399 Watts, Dr. I. 68, 595 Widdicombe, T. C. 580 Watts, Chas. 23, 48, 291 Wilberforce, Canon 278 Watts, Kate E. 506 Wilcox, Ella Wheeler 53, •73) , 536, 603 INDEX. 783 Wilczek, Edward Count 462 World, The Today, 584 Wilde, Dr. B. 26 Worthley, Hon. Violet S. 58. Wildey, Rev. J. 287 Wright, Rev. M. St. C. 294 Wilkinson, J. J. G. 190 Wright, Frances 31, 32 , 82, 100, 344 Wilkinson, Rev. Dr. W. C. 541 Wright, Elizur 99. 642 William I, Emperor 526, ,542 Wright, Rev. Prof. Chas. H. 523^ 575 William, II Emperor 124 . 3'°^ ,56-. 562 Wright, Hon. C. D. 562, 624 564, 602, 607, 644. 685, 738 Wright, Prof. A. L. 59". 592 William of Orange 282 Wright, P. G. 59° Williams, Roger 164 ■,294 .^95: ,562 Wundt, Prof. W. 216, 218, 219 Williams, Rev. Vicar A. L. 419 WyckofI, Prof. W. A. 386 Williams, Grace A. 462 Wydiffe 644, 699 Williams, Bishop C. D. 658, 662, 718 Williams, Rev. Dr. R. P 377 X Wilmotte, Prof. M. M. 380 Xavier ■23 Wilson, Woodrow 680 Xenophanes 9, 22, 63, 76, 82 -115.125.444 Wilson, Archdeacon 121 Xenophon 126, 127 Wilson, J. B. 408, 587, 654. 655. 658 Wilson, Rev. Dr. 427 Y Wilson, John 539 Yates, Clarence C. 677 Winchell, Prof. A. 56 Ye, sz Cheung 527 Winckler, Prof. H. 39'' , 392 York, Archbishop of 87, 588 Winter, Thos. 467 York, Dr. J. L. 240, 256 Winterburn, Geo. W. 297 Youmans, Prof. 132. 317 Winthrop, T. 53 Young, Prof. C. A. 199, 203 Winthrop, Prof. John 421 Young, Prof. A. V. E. 260 Wise, Rev. E. P. 301 Young, Edward 64. Wise, Rabbi 746 Yukichi, K. 717 Wiseman, Cardinal 192, ;3°5 Withrow, Rev. J. L. 251, .411 z Wixon, Susan H. 89 Zakrezwska, Dr. M. E. 374 Woeste, M. 569 Zangwill, I. 30, I 57, 4^8, 684 Wolcott, Gov. Roger 256 Zeit, Neue 471 Wolfe, Dr. P. 222 Zeitung, Allgemeine 300 Wollston, William 72 Zeitung, Vossische 378 WoUstonecraft, Mary 77 Zeitung, F. 633 Wolsey, Cardinal 274; . 554 Zellcr 198 Wood, Prof. L. A. 55° Zeno 72,89 Wood, Eugene 736 Zimmer, Prof. 575 Wood, Rev. J. 747 Zimmermann 157 Woodberry, Prof. G. E. 549 Zimmern, Prof. H. 324. 384 Woods, Rev. F. H. 434; .435 Zion's Herald 43° W^oodsworth, Dr. 499 Zockler 434, 5°7 Wooley, Milton 98; 1 104 Zola, Emile 129. 599. 741 Woolley, Rev. C. P. 424 Zophar the Naamathite 273 Woolston 34 Zschokke 187, 366 Wordsworth 71 , 302 , 594; .719 Zulu Boy 239