HE SPARKS 
 
 LIBRARY. 
 
 [MISCELLANY.] 
 Collected by 
 
 JARED SPARKS, LL. D., 
 
 President of Harvard College. 
 
 Purchased by the Cornell University, 
 
 1872. 
 
Cornell University Library 
 F 68 H941854 
 
 Collections concerning the church or con 
 
 olin 
 
 3 1924 028 814 957 
 
 
 DATE 
 
 DUE 
 
 
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 iBiM^ 
 
 
 
 )ltifcl ., ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 
 
 f^^^P^^^ 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 GAVLORD 
 
 
 
 PRINTED IN U S.A. 
 
COLLECTIONS. 
 
 THE FOUNDERS OE NEW-PLYMOUTH, 
 
 THE PAEENT-COLONY OE NEW-ENaLAJSTD. 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tliis book is in 
 tlie Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028814957 
 
COLLECTIONS 
 
 COKOBEiriNa 
 
 THE CHURCH OH CONGEEGATION OP PROTESTANT 
 
 SEPARATISTS FORMED AT SGROOBY IN 
 
 NORTH NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, IN THE 
 
 TIME OP KING JAMES I: 
 
 THE FOUNDERS OF NEW-PLYMOUTH, 
 
 THE PAKENT-COLONY OP NEW-ENGLAND. 
 BY THE 
 
 REV. JOSEPH HUNTER, 
 
 I'EI.lO'W OS THE SOCIETY OF AlfTIQITABIES OF LONDON, ETC., AND OF 
 
 THE MASSACHUSETTS HISTOBICAL SOCIETY j 
 
 AND AN ASSISTANT-KEEPER OE HEB MAJESTY'S EECOBDS. 
 
 LONVOK: 
 
 Published by John Rtjsseli Smith, 36 Soho Square. 
 
 M.DCCCLIV. 
 
 - irf- — — 
 
 c. OkWti I, 
 
 l^i_L±JKAUY 
 
TUCKEB, PEINIBE, PEEET's PliiOE, OXEOED STEEBT. 
 
 JJ.iKiJU);) 
 
 Y 1 I V, n H V ! K( 
 
 YHAJi; i.i 
 
The Northern part of this Virginia, heing letter dis- 
 covered than the other, is called New England .■ full 
 of good new Towns and Forts, and is likely to prove a 
 happy Plantation. 
 
 Heilin, Microeosmos, Sth edit. 4to, Oxford, 1639. 
 
vu 
 
 PBELIMINABT NOTICE. 
 
 T^HIS volume is in one sense a Second Edition of a 
 Tract which was printed in 1849, entitled ' Collec- 
 tions concerning the early History of the Founders of 
 New Plymouth, the first Colonists of New England.' 
 
 That Tract formed No. II of a Series of Critical 
 and Historical Treatises, of which four numbers only 
 have appeared. 
 
 The place was then for the first time identified, at 
 which these Founders met as a Separatist Church 
 before they took the resolution of removing to Holland, 
 from whence in a few years they passed to the shores 
 of North America. 
 
 This point being determined, the way was opened 
 to the discovery of some other new facts respecting 
 the leaders and chief agents in the movement, and to 
 the establishment from evidence at home of statements 
 in certain historical and biographical writings which 
 have been published in the new country. 
 
 They related especially to Bradford and Brewster, 
 the most eminent of the lay-members of this Church 
 or community of English Separatists. 
 
 The new facts which were brought to light, it is 
 hardly too much to say, have changed the face of the 
 
viu FBELIMINART NOTICE. 
 
 whole history of the movement, as long as the actors in 
 it remained in England, the period on which only I 
 professed to write. The tract has contributed also 
 to revive and deepen the interest which has been 
 always more or less felt about these founders of the 
 North American civilization. It has indeed done 
 more than I could possibly have anticipated, both at 
 home and in New England. 
 
 At home I have found the new facts eagerly accepted 
 and reproduced : and in New England I have been 
 requested by the Massachusetts Historical Society to 
 prepare a kind of New Edition for insertion in their 
 Transactions, prepared more especially for American 
 readers. To those Transactions I had before con- 
 tributed an account of the principal persons in the 
 Suffolk and Essex emigration of 1630 ; and a bio- 
 graphical notice of Philip Vincent, the till then un- 
 known author of the ' Relation of the Pequot war.' 
 
 Subsequent researches have brought to light a few 
 other facts, which will enable us to understand more 
 justly the position at home of the leaders in this move- 
 ment. They relate especially to Brewster, the elder 
 of the church or congregation, who, next to Robinson 
 the pastor, is the most interesting now, as he was the 
 most influential then, in this groupe of earnest pro- 
 fessors of Religion, and bold assertors of the principle 
 of freedom and personal conviction in respect of 
 Christian faith and practice. 
 
 My first intention was to give the matter which is 
 
PBBLIMINAR7 NOTICE. IX 
 
 wholly new, in the form of another number of the series 
 of Critical and Historical Tracts : but finding the tract 
 on this subject has been long, in the bookseller's 
 phrase, out of print, and that it is often inquired for j 
 and that to make the New Revelations inteUigible it 
 would be necessary frequently to reproduce the matter 
 of the former tract, I have thought it best to send 
 forth the present volume as an entire work in which the 
 matter of the Tract and the matter since acquired are 
 blended together^ and a large Appendix is added, con- 
 taining many pieces highly interesting in themselves, 
 and with one exception, bearing directly on the subject 
 of this emigration. ' 
 
 Some readers may think that many things in this 
 book are of small importance. They are right, when 
 these things are looked at as unconnected parts of the 
 design ; for neither Bradford nor Brewster, nor the 
 divines who were concerned in the movement were of 
 the eminent of the earth, about whom there is a 
 curiosity widely extended through the country which 
 gave them birth, and concerning whom nothing is 
 thought unimportant. It may even be said that they 
 were but inconsiderable persons at home, and their 
 consequence has undoubtedly arisen out of the grand 
 results, which, unforeseen by themselves, have ensued 
 on their great resolve. So that there is scarcely any- 
 thing to be told of their early history besides those 
 very small facts, of which so many will here be 
 found, which make the history of men who are of but 
 
 b 
 
PRELIMINARY NOTICE. 
 
 small account in the midst of a large and advanced 
 population. 
 
 It is, indeed, the part and peculiar office of the Anti- 
 quary to deal with such small facts. It is this which 
 makes the distinction between the Antiquary and the 
 Historian. 
 
 I have proceeded in the spirit of the Antiquary in- 
 gathering up these small fragments of truth, and I 
 have proceeded also in the same spirit, as in contra- 
 distinction to the controversial, the sectarian, or other 
 party spirit. Though sprung from persons who main- 
 tained many of the principles and adopted many of 
 the practices by which these people were distinguished, 
 and who were, indeed, the chief supporters of them in 
 the HundredofBroxtowe which adjoins to Basset-Lawe, 
 I have long known that when people think at aU on 
 subjects such as these, changes must come, and that a 
 distant generation is no more bound to support the 
 principles and opinions of ancestors of the days of 
 Charles the First, than they were to support the prin- 
 ciples of their own great-grandfathers as against the 
 reformation. This is the necessary result of even 
 their own great principle of free inquiry. I know 
 very well that there are two dilferent aspects under 
 which the conduct of the persons about whom I write 
 may be contemplated. Some may see in it nothing 
 but self-will directed on subjects of inquiry which are 
 at once difficult, and of supreme importance both to 
 the inquirer himself and to the great community of 
 
PRBLIMINARY NOTICE. XI 
 
 which he is a member, which led to an uHcalled-for 
 schism, leading to social disunion, and having a ten- 
 dency to produce much bitterness of spirit, and even 
 the fiercest internal warfare, as, indeed, in but a few 
 years it contributed to do. But there are many others 
 who may look upon it but as a magnanimous and 
 salutary assertion of the right of private judgment and 
 public action according to the result of that judgment, 
 and a submission to the teaching of Scripture as 
 opposed to anything which claims to be an authorita- 
 tive explanation of it. On both sides there is much to 
 be said. But whatever view is taken of the principles 
 on which these men acted, few will deny the praise 
 of sincerity and earnestness, and a devout respect to 
 what they deemed commands too sacred not to be 
 obeyed, to those who were the leaders in this move- 
 ment, and to those also who followed with them, 
 though it may be of unrecorded name. 
 
 To those also who look with something of sorrow 
 upon the divisions of the Christian world, and to the 
 occasional manifestations of terrene thoughts enter- 
 ing into those which ought to have nothing in 
 them but the celestial, arising out of these divisions ; 
 there is some satisfaction in the thought that nothing 
 seems to deprive Christianity of its salutary influences : 
 for that however it is professed it still fills the mind with 
 peace, and hope, and joy, and arms its professors, in 
 whatever form professed, against the temptations of the 
 world. But if we conclude that these people had mis- 
 
XU PRELIMINJBY NOTICE. 
 
 taken the path of duty, or had imposed upon themselves 
 a severer burthen than God ever intended for them, 
 there is still a heroism in their conduct which forbids 
 us to regard them with indiflPerence, nay rather, which 
 will call forth the sympathy of every generous mind. 
 
 J. H. 
 
 June Qth, 1854. 
 
XIU 
 
 PREFATORY STANZAS. 
 
 O little Fleet ! that on thy quest divine 
 Sailedst from Palos one bright autumn mom, 
 Say, has old Ocean's Bosom ever borne 
 A freight of Faith and Hope, to match with thine ? 
 
 Say, too, has Heaven's high favour given again 
 Such consummation of desire, as shone 
 About Columbus, when he rested on 
 The new-found world and married it to Spain. 
 
 Answer — Thou refage of the Freeman's need. 
 Thou for whose destinies no Kings looked out, 
 Nor Sages to resolve some mighty doubt. 
 Thou simple May-Flower of the salt-sea mead ! 
 
 When Thou wert wafted to that distant shore — 
 Gay flowers, bright birds, rich odours, met thee not. 
 Stem nature hail'd thee to a stemer lot. — 
 God gave free earth and air, and gave no more. 
 
XIV PREFATOBY STANZAS. 
 
 Thus to men cast in that heroic mould 
 Came EmpirCj such as Spaniard never knew — 
 Such EmpirCj as beseems the just and true ; 
 And at the last, almost unsought, came Gold. 
 
 But He, who rules both calm and stormy days. 
 Can guard that people's heart, that nation's health. 
 Safe on the perilous heighths of power and wealth, 
 As in the straitness of the ancient ways. 
 
 ElCHARD MONCKTON MiLNES. 
 
 The Hall, Bawtry. 
 May 30th, 1854. 
 
THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 NE W-P L Y M O UTH. 
 
THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 NEW PLYMOUTH. 
 
 XT does not often happen to those who are intent 
 on historical investigation of the minuter kind, 
 and who are willing to devote themselves to the study 
 of writings usually deemed uninviting and uninstruc- 
 tive, such as monumental inscriptions, parish registers, 
 account rolls, wills, visitation books ; to recover facts 
 important not only in the history of any one family 
 or nation, but in the history of the migration of 
 Nations, which is, in fact, a main topic in the history 
 of the Human E-ace : yet this seems to have been for 
 once my good fortune. 
 
 The settlement of colonies, which often issues in 
 the establishment of new and independent coiomiation 
 
 efeatedlyOo- 
 
 communities, is usually the work of Govern- ''^;r^*^^^^_ 
 ments ; and the transaction is duly chro- ^^• 
 nicled with other public events. But it is not always 
 so. It was private commercial enterprise which led 
 to the settlement of Barbadoes, and subsequently of 
 
 1 
 
THE FOUND MS OF 
 
 the other West India Islands belonging to Great 
 Britain. It was the working in a few private men of 
 an overstrained spirit of opposition to the established 
 order of ecclesiastical affairs in Protestant England, 
 which led to the colonization of New England, and, in 
 the event, to the establishment of the United States 
 of America as one of the great communities of -the civi- 
 lized world. If we desire to know the particulars of 
 movements such as these, we must not therefore 
 expect to find them in public histories, or floating on 
 the surface of human knowledge, but we must look 
 to the circumstances of private families, of which it 
 is hard to collect the particulars, and dive deep into 
 those evidences, whatever they may be, in which 
 anything is to be found respecting them. In many 
 
 In the latter cases it happcus that nothing can be re- 
 case difficulty 
 
 of recovering covcred, becausB all evidence has perished. 
 
 information, jjuglaud is, perhaps, in this respect not in 
 a worse condition than other countries, but all who 
 have made the experiment know that the difficulty is 
 very great of recovering facts respecting private 
 people wh o lived even no longer ago than thereigns 
 of Elizabeth and James the First. And even in 
 the more favoured cases, when the people about 
 
NMW PLTMOUIH. 
 
 whom we inquire are not literally those of whom 
 there is no memorial left, who are passed away as if 
 they had never been, the notices which we are able 
 to collect, after the most persevering inquiry, are often 
 but few, unconnected, casual, so that the inferences 
 to be drawn from them and the combinations to be 
 made of them may be often uncertain. Yet it is not 
 always so ; and there sometimes, as in the case before 
 us, comes in aid of what may be collected from the 
 general evidences of the times, particular evidence to 
 some facts, in the form of private historical or bio- 
 graphical memorials, the writings of the persons 
 themselves, or of others, their contemporaries, who 
 knew much of their principles and proceedings. 
 
 Beside this, it will generally be found that the 
 leaders in enterprises of this kind, though but private 
 men and little known perhaps in their own time, were 
 not of the very obscure, but men of some education, 
 of some energy, and even of some position on the 
 
 social scale, 
 
 I have reason to know that the subject on which 
 we are about to enter possesses a strong ^""^^Z 
 American interest ; but it cannot be said ^Z-Zmg"^ 
 
 . f subject of in- 
 
 to be vnthout a claim on the attention oi qmn,. 
 
THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 Englishmen also. The settlement of New Plymouth, 
 says Governor Hutchinson, writing in 1767, "occa- 
 sioned the settlement of Massachusetts Bay, which 
 was the source of all the other colonies in New 
 England j " and he speaks of the persons by whom it 
 was founded as " the founders of a flourishing town 
 and colony if not of the whole British empire in 
 America." ^ And to cite another English authority : 
 when Sir Charles Lyell had viewed the relics of these 
 founders which are preserved in the Museum at New 
 Plymouth, he remarks, "When we consider the 
 grandeur of the results which have been realized in 
 the interval of two hundred and twenty-five years 
 since the May- Blower sailed into Plymouth Harbour, 
 how in that period a nation of twenty millions had 
 sprung into existence and peopled a vast continent, 
 and covered it with cities and churches, schools, 
 colleges, and railroads, and filled its rivers and ports 
 with steamboats and shipping, we regard the pilgrim 
 relics with veneration." ^ 
 
 The people of New England pay all proper 
 
 1 The History of the Province of Massachusetts Bay, &o. 8vo, 
 Boston, 1747, p. 452. 
 
 2 A Second Visit to the United States of North America. 13mo, 
 1849, vol. i, p. 117. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 
 
 deference to the colony of New Plymouth as being 
 the parent colony of their country, and they speak 
 fondly, if not wisely, of the persons who established it 
 as The Pilgrim Patheks.^ But we need not appeal 
 to any testimony when we have the facts before us, 
 that when a few Englishmen settled at this point, the 
 whole of this part of the North American continent 
 was a savage wild, and that now it is inhabited by a 
 population of English origin, men who speak our lan- 
 guage, who hold to many of our ancient principles and 
 practices in religion, law, and manners, and who still 
 venerate the great English names which we venerate, 
 
 3 There is something of affectation in this term, which is always 
 displeasing ; and we have seen also very strange applications of it : 
 but further, it appears to me to be philologically improper. A 
 pilgrim is a person who goes in a devout spirit to visit a shrine — 
 real in the first instance but afterwards a place where, it may be, no 
 shrine is, but which is hallowed by some recollections which would 
 deserve to have a substantial representative. An American who 
 visits the place from which the founders of his country emigi-ated 
 is a pilgrim in the proper sense of the word, whether he find an 
 altar, a shrine, or a stone of memorial, or not. But these founders 
 when they sought the shores of America were proceeding to no 
 object of this kind, and even leaving it to the winds and the waves 
 to drive them to any point on an unknown and unmarked shore. 
 There is, however, it must be owned, the same corrupt use of the 
 word Pilgrim in the English version of the Scriptures, " and con- 
 fessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth." 
 
6 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 and claim them as being theirs as well as ours. Men 
 too, who as to the nobler and better part of them, 
 cherish an affection and cultivate respect for the land 
 from which their forefathers in sorrow departed, and 
 who, should a great political necessity arise, would be 
 found to stand side by side with us in the assertion 
 of the just rights of men. And in taking this view 
 of the subject I cannot but express the satisfaction 
 I feel on finding that there has sprung up amongst 
 them within the last few years an intense curiosity 
 respecting their English ancestry : for such researches, 
 whether successful or not (and in very many cases 
 they cannot be pursued to any satisfactory issue), 
 tend to strengthen the sentiment of fraternity, and to 
 bind one free nation to another practically as free as 
 itself.* 
 
 * I will take tlie liberty in the most friendly spirit to offer a hint 
 or two to our brethren in New England. No genealogy is of the 
 least value that is not supported by sufficient evidence from records 
 or other contemporary writing. The mere possession of a surname 
 which coincides with that of an English family is no proof of con- 
 nection with that family. Claims of alliance founded on this basis 
 are not the legitimate offspring of laborious genealogical enquiry, 
 but of self-love and the desire to found a reputation for ances- 
 torial honour where no such honour is really due. 
 
 Search out the history of your ancestors by all means; but 
 claim no more than you can show to belong to you. As far as you 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 
 
 I cannot therefore but consider this story of English 
 and American affairs as possessing an interest for both 
 countries, and as deserving to be regarded even in its 
 minutest particulars a "worthy subject of historical 
 enquiry; though the research has to be conducted 
 among writings of very low esteem. I therefore 
 proceed, without further apology or preface, to intro- 
 duce to the reader the persons who were the chief 
 actors in this movement, and to speak of the influences 
 which operated to produce the strong devotional 
 sentiment by which they were actuated, and at last 
 determined them to leave their homes and commit 
 themselves to the uncertainties and the many dangers 
 
 can prove you are safe, and you are doing a work that is good : 
 but the assumption of the armorial distinctions of eminent 
 English families who happen to bear the same surname with 
 yourselves is not to be approved, and still less the attempt which is 
 sometimes made to claim alliance with the ancient nobility or gentry 
 of England. When it can be proved, well and good : but no terms 
 can be too severe to reprobate it where there is no proof, or 
 even when there is no show of probability. It may lead to 
 unfounded claims not only to honour, but to property. 
 
 Beside what I have done for Brewster and Bradford, I think 
 there was no one in the May-flower beside Winslow who has been 
 traced to an English birth-place. Standish has the fairest chance 
 of being one day discovered in Lancashire evidences, but even his 
 affiliation is not at present known. 
 
THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 attending a removal to a distant and uncultivated 
 shore. 
 
 We have one advantage in relation to this subject. 
 Unity of the which does not belong to some other en- 
 
 subject — one ..„'.., it tm 
 
 religious com- quiries 01 a Similar nature. JN'ew Plymouth 
 
 munity the co- 
 lonists, was not built and peopled by persons 
 
 vpholly independent of each other, who had assembled 
 there by accident, or w^ho were each attracted by the 
 prospect of some private and particular advantage. 
 They came there a united body of men, bound together 
 by solemn compact, men of one heart and one mind, in- 
 tent on the same purpose, and that a holy one. They 
 were a federal body, a protestant congregation, com- 
 munity, or Church in their sense of the term, formed 
 according to what they had brought themselves to 
 regard as the scripture or gospel model ; yet not a 
 set of wild enthusiasts with principles and opinions 
 founded on palpable errors or on frauds, but calm 
 deliberation ; and as to several of them, cultivated and 
 discerning men — men entitled to have an opinion 
 in respect of their religious profession, whatever judg- 
 ment another may form of the value of the opinion, 
 or the soundness of the reasoning, by which it was 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 
 
 supported. It is of such a body of men that we have 
 to treat, and it is obvious that they may be contem- 
 plated as a unit ; and the history of the foundation 
 of New Plymouth is in fact but the first chapter in 
 the history of this confederation. 
 
 It may be necessary for the right understanding 
 of what follows to introduce at this point o^^^^„ and 
 
 ■ ii J. i. c i.\. 4. Prinovples of 
 
 m the story some account oi the nature timt commu- 
 nity. 
 and origin of communities, such as that 
 
 before us : and a few words will be sufficient for our 
 
 present purpose, as I have no intention of entering 
 
 into the wide argument to which it might invite us. 
 
 When the Reformation of the sixteenth century, 
 
 supported as it was by so much learning and piety, 
 
 by so much political power, and by so much of the 
 
 popular will, had set men's minds at liberty to rove 
 
 at pleasure in the fields of theological and ecclesiastical 
 
 enquiry, they must have been blind indeed who did 
 
 not perceive that men's minds would never settle 
 
 down in one uniform opinion, and that even great 
 
 diversity might be expected, leading to rivalries, and 
 
 struggles for supremacy. And poUticians, quick to 
 
 discern whatever impairs the strength and endangers 
 
 the safety of a state, proceeded as soon as it was 
 
 2 
 
10 THE lOVNDERS 01 
 
 possible to form National Churches, in whicli there 
 should be a uniformity of faith and ordinances, re- 
 sembling that uniformity which had been maintained 
 by other means and on other principles in the times 
 gone by. In constructing these National Churches, it 
 was the object, at least in England, so to form them, 
 that the greatest number of people might be compre- 
 hended within them, with as little shock as might be 
 to any favourite opinions or prejudices. England, it 
 is to be remembered, had at that time many families, 
 from the highest to the lowest ranks, dispersed all over 
 the country, who adhered in principle and in heart to 
 the ancient and then abrogated system, and who 
 recollected with affectionate reverence the touching 
 ceremonies of the ancient rituals, the beauty of the 
 churches then but lately defaced, the works of art in 
 painting and sculpture, in goldsmith's work and 
 embroidery, with which they were adorned, and the 
 sweet music of the choir and the bell-tower. In the 
 frame of the new Church of England, the claims of 
 these persons were not to be disregarded (they were 
 at least Enghshmen), and there was therefore more of 
 condescension to them than some of the more rigid 
 Reformers could approve. But in proportion as there 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 11 
 
 were attempts made to conciliate these people by retain- 
 ing certain of the ancient forms and ceremonies, and 
 by keeping up the episcopal order, there was offence 
 given to another body of persons who seem to have 
 held as a principle that there was nothing good in the 
 ancient church, and that it was enough to say of any 
 practice in religion to condemn it, that it was a relic 
 of popery. When all was done for the satisfaction, 
 as far as could be, of both these parties, and a com- 
 promise was made perhaps as wisely and justly as 
 could have been devised, though the great body of 
 the EngUsh nation, both clerks and laymen, did enrol 
 themselves as members of the national church, there" 
 were some who refused to do so or who yielded a 
 reluctant and imperfect adhesion ; Romanists, on the 
 one hand, who pretty early rejected even occasional 
 communion, and Puritans on the other, who did for 
 the most part conform, though without concealing 
 their objection to many of the rites and ceremonies of 
 the church, and even to its constitution itself. The 
 difficulty was to know how to deal with these persons 
 of extreme opinions in opposite directions. Unfor- 
 tunately the wisdom of toleration was not then 
 understood among the persons in whose hands 
 
13 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 temporal power was lodged, and they therefore deter^ 
 mined that that power should be used to enforce com- 
 pliance. Pine and imprisonment, deprivation of their 
 benefices, degradation from the ministry, and even 
 death itself, were awarded against both Catholic and 
 Protestant nonconformists, and great was the suffer- 
 ing in consequence. But the storm of the persecution 
 which casts so dark a shade over the reigns of Elizabeth 
 and James, fell with far greater severity on the 
 Romanists, who however mingled political projects of 
 a very dangerous and often hateful kind with the zeal 
 which they professed for the ancient order of the 
 church. Some of the finest spirits of the time, such as 
 Campion, and Southwell, were sent by violence to the 
 place whither Sir Thomas More had been sent. The 
 Puritan also points to his martyrs and confessors, yet 
 the Puritans were at that time a far less formidable 
 body, with less compactness and less defined principles, 
 and seemingly might have conformed altogether for 
 the sake of peace and union, which are surely things 
 far more valuable than testimonies, however earnest, 
 against the cross in baptism or the ring in marriage. 
 
 Nothing however could extinguish this section of 
 the church or break its spirit. The Puritans con- 
 
NEW PLTMO UTH. 1 3 
 
 tinued members of the churcli, only pursuing courses 
 of their own in administering the ordi- Pertinacious- 
 
 ness of the 
 
 nances, and it was not till about the middle -P«"<a» sec- 
 tion of the 
 
 of the reign of Ehzabeth that the disposi- f^^^*_ 
 
 , . -i- j_ T ii J. 1 1 leads to sepa- 
 
 tion was manifested among them to break nation. 
 away from the church altogether, and to form 
 communities of their own. And then it was but a 
 few of them who took this course : the more sober 
 pait remained in the church. The communities of per- 
 sons who separated themselves were formed chiefly in 
 London : there were very few in the distant coun- 
 ties, and those had no long continuance. It was 
 not till the time of the Civil Wars that such bodies of 
 Separatists, as they were called, or Congregationalists, 
 or Independents, became numerous. At first they 
 were often called Brownist churches, from Robert 
 Brown, a divine of the time, who was for a while a 
 zealous maintainer of the duty of separation. It was 
 urged for these CommunitieSj or as they called them- 
 selves Churches, that beside being formed on the 
 Scripture model, and that those who belonged to 
 them escaped from the tyranny of the authorities in 
 the EngUsh church,, they had two other advantages — 
 facility in excluding immoral persons from church- 
 
14 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 fellowship, and the liberty of making fresh changes in 
 opinion or practice should fresh light break in upon 
 them. 
 The body of persons who laid the foundation 
 
 Rural Con- °^ "'^■^^ PLYMOUTH, WAS ONE OF THESE 
 areaaiion of ri ' i~* t-» 
 
 Separatists ChURCHES OR COMMUNITIES OF FURITAN 
 
 ihe Foimders 
 
 oX New Ply- SEPARATISTS: pcrsoHs SO impatient under 
 
 the yoke of the ceremonies which had 
 been continued in the Reformed Church of England, 
 that they had begun to regard it as unlawful to remain 
 in the church, and who had formed themselves in 
 church, order, based upon their own principles, and 
 consisting of a people with the offices of pastor, 
 teacher, elders, and deacons. It was not one of the 
 London Communities of this kind ; but, what gives this 
 subject the greater interest, it was a church that had 
 been formed in quite a rural district in a county far 
 remote from London. 
 
 It remained, till the publication of my " Collec- 
 ou state- tions" OH this subject, an undetermined 
 
 ments respect- •' 
 
 Ztpr^l"-^ question to what point we are to look 
 for the place of meeting of this church or 
 community, for discipline and worship, and conse- 
 quently from what English population the members 
 
NEW PLTMOUTH. 15 
 
 of it were gathered. Dr. Cotton Mather, whose Maff- 
 nalia, a foho volume, printed in 1703, contains much 
 valuable information concerning New England, and its 
 early settlers, is content with saying, after Morton, in 
 his New England's Memorial, 1669, that the founders 
 of New Plymouth came from "the North of Eng- 
 land." Hubbard, another early writer on the affairs 
 of New England, uses the same expression.^ Prince, 
 however, in 1736, is a Uttle more particular. He tells 
 us, on the authority of William Bradford, a principal 
 member of the church, who has left several historical 
 writings, that the persons who first settled themselves 
 at New Plymouth, were " religious people, who lived 
 near the joining borders of Nottinghamshire, Lincoln- 
 shire, and Yorkshire." This, though it left the mind 
 at liberty to range over a considerable tract of 
 country, was a great advance on the vague state- 
 ments of Morton, Mather, and Hubbard. Prince, 
 however, though he marks the passage as if it were 
 an actual quotation from Bradford's manuscript, 
 has not given us the very words as they have 
 since appeared in Dr. Young's publication of Brad- 
 
 5 See vol. V. of the Second Series of Collections of the Massa- 
 ^ chusetts Historical Society, p. 42. 
 
16 THE I0UNBER8 OF 
 
 ford's Remains, where the passage to which Prince 
 referred stands thus : — " These people," that is the 
 persons who were Puritan Separatists, "became 
 two distinct bodies or churches, in regard of distance 
 of place, and did congregate severally, for they were 
 of several towns and villages, some in Nottingham- 
 shire, some in Lincolnshire, and some in Yorkshire, 
 where they bordered nearest together." One of these 
 two churches was at Gainsborough, a well-known 
 place, the other, which is that about which we are 
 now concerned, was elsewhere. 
 
 Bradford's writings are exceedingly valuable,® 
 minld-Smd- though wc havc for ever reason to regret 
 cai writings, that he shuts up so many things in general 
 
 ^ Much used by Prince in his Chronological History of New 
 England, Boston, 1736, but little known till the publication of 
 —Dr. Alexander Young's Chronicles of the Pilgrim Fathers of the 
 Colony of New Plymouth, from 1602 to Y'a'i,^, now first collected 
 from original records and contemporaneous printed, documents and 
 illustrated with notes, Boston, 8vo, 1 844. The portions which are 
 used in this treatise are, 1, Governor Bradford's History of 
 Plymouth Colony, p. 1-97. His Dialogue or the Sum of a Con- 
 ference between some young men born in New England and sundry 
 ancient men that came out of Holland and Old England, p. 414- 
 459; and his Memoir of Elder William Brewster,-^. 461-471. 
 To these I shall have frequent occasion to refer , and I have 
 availed myself in some places of the very valuable notes with 
 
NEW PLFMO UTB. 1 7 
 
 expressions, avoiding in the most tantalizing manner, 
 nearly all specialty or particularity in the information 
 which he gives us. Yet it is to a passage in another 
 of his writings that we are indebted for the information 
 which enables me now to dispel all uncertainty 
 on this point, and to fix the locality of this church or 
 community to a particular place. " They ordinarily 
 met," says he, in his Zi/e of William Brewster, 
 " at his house on the Lord's Day, which was a manor 
 of the bishop's, and with great love he entertained 
 them when they came, making provision for them to 
 his great charge, and continued so to do whilst they 
 could stay in England."'' This, when it is combined 
 with the preceding note of place, " near the joining 
 borders of Nottinghamshire, Lincolnshire, and York- 
 shire," guides us at once to the village of Scroobt, 
 in the Hundred of Basset-Lawe, a part of North 
 Nottinghamshire, well known in parliamentary history; 
 
 which Dr. Young has enriched this publication. Prince appears to 
 have been acquainted with writings of Bradford which are not 
 known now to exist. See his preface, p. 6, and Mather's account 
 of Bradford has every appearance of having been founded on 
 writings of Bradford himself not now existing. 
 T Young, p. 465. 
 
 3 
 
18 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 that being the only place comprising an episcopal 
 
 manor that was near the borders of the three counties. 
 
 The word " manor," it may be here observed, is 
 
 scroohy not used in its more ordinary sense, to 
 
 Manor. . i • i 
 
 denote a district throughout which certain 
 feudal privileges are enjoyed, but a mansion house. 
 This is sufficiently manifest even from the way in 
 which Bradford speaks of it; but we may add that 
 the houses of the great nobility in those parts of the 
 kingdom were often called manors, as still Worksop 
 Manor, Winfield Manor, Sheffield Manor, Brierley 
 Manor, and several others. Scrooby Manor was near 
 to the borders both of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, 
 though itself in the county of Nottingham. It was 
 also an ancient possession and occasional residence of 
 the Archbishop of York. 
 
 No reasonable doubt can therefore ever arise that 
 _P^^j^^ the seat and centre of that religious com- 
 proofs. munity which afterwards planted itself on 
 
 the shores of New England was at this Nottingham- 
 shire village of Sceooby, a place little known to fame, 
 but acquiring from this accident a certain amount 
 of historical interest. The claims of this village, 
 though hitherto unnoticed, do not rest entirely on 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 19 
 
 what I have now said ; for to make their establishment 
 quite complete, recourse was had to the Rolls which 
 contain the Assessments of the Subsidies granted by- 
 Parliament, and there was found that in the thirteenth 
 year of Elizabeth, 1571, there was a William Brewster 
 assessed in the township of Scrooby-cum-Ranskil on 
 goods of the annual value of Three Pounds ; ^ and in 
 other accounts, that in 1608, William Brewster, and 
 two other persons, all described as " of Scrooby, 
 Brownists or Separatists," were certified into the 
 Exchequer for fines imposed upon them by the 
 Commissioners for Ecclesiastical Causes, for non- 
 appearance to a citation. Further evidence of 
 Brewster's residence at Scrooby will appear as we 
 proceed. 
 
 Scrooby will be found in the maps about a mile 
 and a half south of Bawtry, a market and post town 
 situated on the boundary line between Nottingham- 
 shire and Yorkshire. It was itself in the time when 
 
 8 Two other persons were assessed with him, viz. William Dawson, 
 and Thomas Wentworth who then resided at the manor and who 
 describes himself in his wiU " of Scrooby Manor, Esquire." He was 
 a younger brother of William Wentworth of Wentworth Wood- 
 house, Esquire, Great Grandfather of Thomas Earl of Strafford. 
 
20 TEE lOUNBERS OF 
 
 Brewster resided there one of the post towns on the 
 great road from London to Berwick. 
 
 Leland, who visited the place in 1541, gives this 
 MarT^ to- account of it : — " lu the meane townlet of 
 
 pographical 
 
 'sorZi^. Scrooby I marked two things — the parish 
 church not big but very well builded ; the second was 
 a great manor place, standing within a moat, and 
 longing to the Archbishop of York ; builded in two 
 courts, whereof the first is very ample and all builded 
 of timber, saving the front of the house that is of 
 brick, to the which ascenditur per gradus lapi- 
 deos. The inner court building, as far as I marked, 
 was of timber building, and was not in compass past 
 the fourth part of the outer court."^ It had belonged 
 to the see of York in the time of Domesday book. 
 The archbishops not unfrequently resided here, it being 
 favourably situated for the enjoyment of field-sports, 
 an exercise in which bishops in the old time greatly 
 deUghted. Archbishop Savage in particular, we are 
 expressly told by Godwin, often made this his place of 
 residence for the purpose of hunting in Hatfield chase.i" 
 Margaret, Queen of Scotland, daughter of King 
 
 ' Itinerary, vol. i,p, 36. 
 ^^ De Presulibus, vol. ii, p. 71. 
 
NEW FL7M0UTH. 21 
 
 Henry VII, slept here on her way to Scotland, 
 12th June, 1503. When Wolsey was dismissed by his 
 tyrannical master to his northern diocese he passed 
 some weeks at Scrooby, and very pleasing is the 
 picture which his faithful servant Cavendish has 
 drawn of him as he then appeared, " ministering many 
 deeds of charity and attending on Sundays at some 
 parish church in the neighbourhood, hearing or 
 saying mass himself and causing some of his chaplains 
 to preach to the people : and that done he would dine 
 at some honest man's house of that town, where 
 should be distributed to the poor a great alms, as 
 well of meat and drink, as of money to supply the 
 want of sufficient meat, if the number of the poor did 
 so exceed of necessity."" A few years later King 
 Henry VIII slept in this house for one night during 
 his northern progress in 1541. 
 
 A great change took place at Scrooby in the time 
 of Archbishop Sandys, who was elevated ^^^^^^^^ 
 to the see of York in 1576. He was a ll''ArMishJ^ 
 prelate worthy to be held in esteem on 
 many accounts, but it seems hard to justify his 
 proceedings in respect of the temporalities of 
 
 11 Life of Wolsey, Singer's edition, 8vo, 1825. vol. i, p. 260. 
 
22 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 his sees. He was the first Protestant bishop who 
 raised a powerful family out of the goods of the 
 church, and this he did by granting leases of episcopal 
 lands to his sons. Samuel had six, Miles five, Edwin 
 four, Henry two, Thomas two, George two ; as they 
 are enumerated by Lord Burghley himself, in his own 
 hand, in a manuscript now in the British Museum. ^^ 
 Scrooby was the subject of one of the leases granted 
 to Samuel his eldest son,^^ and it must have been under 
 him that the Brewsters held the manor. 
 
 12 Vol. BO of the Lansdowne MSS. art. 34. 
 
 1^ The archbishop's conduct in respect of this lease seems to 
 require a special justiiication, for there exists a letter of his 
 which is printed by Le Neve, p. 61, in which he excuses himself 
 from granting a lease of it to the Queen, on the ground of the in- 
 jury which would thereby be done to his see. He speaks of Scrooby 
 as a usual residence of the archbishops, and says, that he himself 
 had lived for four months together there and at Southwell ; and 
 that " the reserved rent for this newly-conceived lease is £40. by 
 year, and yet the annual rent thereof to the bishop is, £170. by 
 year ; but this is a small loss to that which followeth. I am com- 
 pelled by law to repair two fair houses standing upon these two 
 manors (Southwell and Scrooby), by this lease, if it should pass, I 
 am excluded out of both." He presses other arguments, and makes 
 it appear, that if such a lease were granted, the loss to the see would 
 be £60,000. [query £6000?] at least; "too much, Most Gracious 
 Sovereign, too much to puU from a bishoprick inferior to many others 
 in revenue, but superior in charge and countenance." This letter 
 was written on November 24th, 1582; and yet on the 20th of 
 
NEW PLTMO TITS. 2 3 
 
 But though Scrooby was the residence of William 
 Brewster, the chief agent in this move- The private 
 
 chiwrch collect- 
 
 ment, and his house Vt^as opened for wor- ed from peo- 
 ple around 
 
 ship and discipline to the persons who ^<''^<>°'>>y- 
 thought and acted with him, it is not to Scrooby 
 only that we are to look for the persons composing 
 the church, who were drawn from various places in 
 
 December in the same year, he granted to his son Sir Samuel 
 Saudj's a lease of this manor of Scrooby for a rent of £65. 6s. %d. 
 It is probable that we have not sufficient information to enable us 
 to form a proper estimate of the whole of the archbishop's conduct 
 in this particular. 
 
 But it is clear that it amounted in fact to a perpetual alienation 
 of Scrooby from the see. The defence in these cases lies in the 
 legal power which was understood to be rested in the bishops to 
 grant these beneficial leases, and next that possessing such a 
 power, there was no reason why they should not exercise it in 
 favour of those of their own household as well as of strangers to 
 them in blood. It is in fact the great question of Nepotism. But 
 it ought to be added, that if there was a case in which such a pro- 
 ceeding could be considered as justified by the subsequent conduct 
 of the youths in whose favour the power was exercised, it is the 
 case of the Sandys family in which we have Sir Edwin one of the 
 most sensible writers on ecclesiastical affairs, and George the tra- 
 veller and religious poet. Sir Edwin Sandys in the course of events 
 was, as we shall see, a principal agent in obtaining a legal per- 
 mission for the Scrooby people to remove themselves to America. 
 He sympathized with the more cultivated and rational part of them 
 in most of their opinions, and we see in what I have now stated how 
 there would arise a private acquaintanceship between the Sandys' 
 and the Erewsters. 
 
24 TEE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 the surrounding country. The vicinity of Scrooby 
 
 was in those times, and is now, an agricultural 
 
 district ; having a few villages scattered about, each 
 
 General with its church and perhaps an esquire's 
 
 cTio/racter of 
 
 the eonntry. seat ; but the population was for the most 
 part employed in husbandry, an occupation little 
 congenial to the growth of extreme opinions in 
 either religion or politics, or of voluntary sacrifices 
 to a severe estimate of duty or a supposed call of 
 conscience. The very natural features of the country 
 may be said to have been unpropitious to the pro- 
 duction of persons such as those who formed the 
 emigration ; for it is usually in hiUy countries not in 
 plains that the sense of religious duty takes deepest 
 root and produces the most remarkable fpuits, or 
 where men are collected in large masses, as in cities 
 or great commercial towns. There had indeed been 
 an unusual number of religious houses surrounding 
 Scrooby in the times before the Reformation. Almost 
 , ,, all the more conspicuous of the religious 
 
 MemwrkaMe ^ ° 
 
 {JST/"" or<ie^s ^ad here a representative ; for there 
 tiTsefoml were Cistercians at Rufibrd, GUbertines 
 
 Hon. 
 
 at Mattersey, Carthusians in the Isle of 
 Axholm, Benedictines at Blythe, Benedictine ladies at 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 25 
 
 Walling-wells, Augustinians at Worksop, and Pre- 
 monstratensians at Welbeck, the chief house of that 
 Order. These formed quite a cordon round the part 
 of Basset-Lawe Hundred to which Scrooby belongs, 
 while a little farther removed was the house of 
 Cistercians in a woody and stony valley eminently 
 adapted to monastic habits, called the House of St. 
 Mary of the Rock, but better known by its modern 
 name of Roche Abbey. It might be expected that 
 the existence of so many conspicuous seats of devo- 
 tion would give an air of seriousness and piety to the 
 places within their influence, which might remain 
 even when their reverend heads were brought to the 
 dust; and it is probably at least to in- Attachment 
 
 to the Somish 
 
 fluences thus created that we find several chwrchof 
 
 some of the 
 
 of the principal families of Basset-Lawe, lestfwmiws. 
 the Molineuxes and Markhams, the Cliftons and Mor- 
 tons, adhering to the old Christianity, and suffering 
 hardships in consequence. There were also in those 
 times two very distinguished ladies who retained a 
 fondness for the old profession, Mary (Cavendish) 
 Countess of Shrewsbury, at Rufford, and her sister 
 Frances Lady Pierrepoint, at Thoresby.^* That it had 
 
 w In the Shrewsbury correspondence at the Heralds College is 
 
 4 
 
26 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 much to do in originating the strong puritan feeling 
 which pervaded the middle and lower classes of the 
 population of Basset-Lawe can hardly be affirmed j 
 hut the presence of so much Catholic zeal would be 
 likely to sharpen the opposition of those who had 
 persuaded themselves that the Protestant could not 
 go too far in his renunciation of everything that 
 appeared to belong to Rome, or that revived or kept 
 up the recollection of what England had been in the 
 days of their grandfathers. 
 
 But however created, it is certainly a very remark- 
 able circumstance (apart from the consideration of the 
 very important consequences which ensued upon it), 
 that there should have arisen among such a population 
 as that of Basset-Lawe a spirit so strong and so deter- 
 mined, or that it could have been induced to enter 
 such a field of controversy at all. And it becomes 
 the more remarkable, when we observe how few 
 
 a letter signed W. Bellenden to the Countess, which accompanied a 
 present of relics, namely a portion of the cross, and measures of the 
 length and breadth of the body of St. Mary Magdalene, from St. 
 Maxenoe, in Provence, dated Feb. 12, 1608, vol. O. f. 127. When 
 a very old woman, 63 years after her marriage, Lady Pierrepoint, 
 who had been accounted a Popish Eecusant, " renounced her former 
 obstinacy " and professed to conform. This was in 1626. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 27 
 
 persons in those times had, in any part of the country, 
 separated themselves from the Church, and formed 
 themselves into single self-directed communities. Not 
 but that in most other parts of the kingdom the 
 Puritan objections to the ceremonies were felt by 
 many minds, and many were the persons correspondent 
 
 'I ' ■/ 1 ultra zeal of 
 
 who would gladly have seen the yoke of ^o^^^S""* 
 ceremonies removed : but there is a great difference 
 between this imeasiness in a forced acquiescence, and 
 the actual withdrawing from all communion, and 
 throwing off the authority of the Church, and the 
 authority of the State too, as far as respected affairs 
 of religion. The separatist was a Puritan, but the 
 Puritan was not necessarily a separatist; and the 
 extraordinary feature in this case is, that the Puritan- 
 ism of Basset-Lawe was so deep a sentiment that it 
 urged so many to the act of separation, and after- 
 wards to the desperate measure of emigration, while 
 in other parts of the country, with few exceptions, 
 though there were Puritan emigrants who sought 
 relief from the ceremonies and subscriptions, there 
 were few or none who had while at home entered 
 into church union, as the Scrooby people did, and then 
 took their departure a compact and united body. 
 
28 THE lOUNBERS OF 
 
 There is no doubt a great overruling power in all 
 human affairs : but our concern is with second causes, 
 and it is to be believed that we often deceive our- 
 selves when we attempt to recover general principles 
 from which things remarkable in the acts of men 
 have arisen. ^^ 
 
 In this instance we should probably be nearest to 
 the truth if we attributed this strong 
 
 Accident of 
 
 several Pwri- Puyitan feeling chiefly to the apparently 
 
 tcm nanisters *-" "' •. a. •/ 
 
 Un^ccdZ accidental circumstance of the residence in 
 ' Basset- Lawe, and the parts immediately 
 contiguous, of several clergymen whose private studies 
 had led them to take extreme views, and who, by a 
 zealous, and perhaps eloquent style of address, had 
 acquired a great influence over the many around 
 them : and this influence became the stronger in 
 consequence of the measures of severity by which the 
 authorities in the church sought to arrest the impend- 
 ing schism. If a simple, honest, and religious mind 
 finds itself beneficially wrought upon by any ministry, 
 
 1^ Worksop one of the few market towns of Basset-Lawe, and 
 within a short distance of Scrooby, had been visited in the very early 
 days of the Eeformation by a Dutchman named Van Bailer, who 
 preached to the people the doctrines of Luther, in the Priory church 
 or under the shadow of its walls. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 39 
 
 it is hard to convince it that the mouth of the minister 
 ought to be closed, and that he should be cast out to 
 waste himself in silence and indigence : and so it is 
 that religious persecution usually defeats its own pur- 
 pose, and so it seems to have been in the present 
 instance. Bradford, one of the most strenuous mem- 
 bers of the Scrooby Church, puts it thus : — " When, 
 by the travail and diligence of some godly BradforWs 
 
 aecoimt of the 
 
 and zealous preachers, and God's blessing state of reii- 
 
 on their labours, as in other places of the "*""* Scroohy 
 land, so in the north part, many became enlightened 
 by the word of God, and had their ignorance and sins 
 discovered by the word of God's grace, and began, by 
 his grace, to reform their lives, and make conscience of 
 their ways, the work of God was no sooner manifest 
 in them, but presently they were both scoffed and 
 scorned by the profane multitude, and the ministers 
 urged with the yoke of subscription, or else must be 
 silenced; and the poor people were so urged with 
 apparitors, and pursuivants, and the Commission 
 Courts, as truly their affliction was not small. Which, 
 notwithstanding, they bare sundry years with much 
 patience, until they were occasioned, by the continu- 
 ance and increase of these troubles, and other means 
 
30 TEE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 which the Lord raised up in those days, to see 
 further into these things by the Ught of the word of 
 God; how that not only those base, beggarly cere- 
 monies were unlawful, but also that the lordly 
 tyrannous power of the prelates ought not to be sub- 
 mitted to, which those, contrary to the freedom of. the 
 Gospel, would load and burden men's consciences 
 with, and by their compulsive power make a profane 
 mixture of persons and things in the worship of God ; 
 and that their offices and callings, courts and canons, 
 &c., were unlawful and an ti -Christian, being such as 
 have no warrant in the word of God, but the same 
 
 that were used in Popery and still retained 
 
 So many therefore of those professors as saw the evil 
 of these things, in these parts, and whose hearts the 
 Lord had touched with heavenly zeal for his truth, 
 —emd of the they shook off this yoke of anti-Christian 
 
 determmatioTh 
 
 towhichitied. boudagc, and as the Lord's free people, 
 joined themselves, by a covenant of the Lord, into a 
 church estate, in the fellowship of the Gospel, to walk 
 in all his ways, made known, or to be made known 
 unto them according to their best endeavours, whatso- 
 ever it should cost them."^® 
 
 18 Young, pp. 19-ai. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 31 
 
 This is the spirit in which Bradford a native of 
 Austerfield, a village a few miles from sisexceiunt 
 
 opportunities 
 
 Scrooby and an early member of the church, ofknowUdge. 
 writes in all the historical tracts which we owe to 
 him. We shall say more of him hereafter, but now 
 it may be proper to observe, that no one understood 
 better than he what the people had thought, and done, 
 and suffered, while in England, or what was their con- 
 dition while in Holland, and after they had become 
 permanently settled on the American continent. He 
 was the governor of the New Plymouth colony for many 
 years^^ while Brewster was the elder, but uniting in 
 himself also the offices of pastor and teacher till a 
 minister became settled among them. Their residence 
 in Holland was for one year at Amsterdam, and 
 eleven years at Leyden, whence they began to remove 
 to America in 1620. 
 
 Governor Bradford, as I have before observed, too 
 much avoids specialties in what he has Ministersnamed 
 
 by Mm as zea- 
 
 written,^and perhaps he would have dis- lousPwritans. 
 
 17 Not the first Governor, for Carver held the office for a short 
 time, but after him with few intermissions every year till his death. 
 Hence it is that when Bradford is spoken of it is as Governor 
 Bradford, and when Brewster is named it is as Elder Brewster. 
 
32 THE FOUNDERS 01 
 
 cliarged. tlie duty of an historian better had he told us 
 more. Two ministers he especially names as those who 
 had the greatest influence in ahenating men's minds 
 from the church, and with less definiteness he speaks of 
 others concerning whom a few particulars will be 
 found hereafter. There are also others not named by 
 him who are to be classed with the ministerial fathers 
 of Basset-Lawe nonconformity. 
 
 The person whom Bradford place? first among the 
 ministers, who was a separatist himself, 
 
 John, Smith. 
 
 and who made others separatists, is John 
 Smith, a name so general in England as almost to 
 preclude the possibility of recovering any circumstance 
 that can be said to belong to him without great 
 chance of attributing to him what may belong to 
 another. I add that I wish we had a person to deal 
 with at this beginning of the nonconformist roll of 
 ministers, on whom the mind could dwell in a more calm 
 and discriminating approbation. Bradford's estimate 
 of him is, that he was " a man of able gifts and a good 
 preacher,"^^ and in another of his writings, the inter- 
 esting and instructive " Dialogue," that " he was an 
 eminent man in his time, and a good preacher and of 
 18 Young, p. 22. 
 
NBW PLYMOUTH. 33 
 
 otlier good parts ; but his inconstancy and unstable 
 judgment, and being so suddenly carried away with 
 things, did soon overthrow him."^^ His residence 
 was at Gainsborough on the Trent, where it divides 
 Basset -Lawe from Lincolnshire. He collected there 
 that other community of Separatists, of which Bradford 
 speaks, an older church than that of Scrooby, and he 
 first set the example of removmg to Holland, which 
 the church of Scrooby in a few years followed. " He 
 was some time pastor to a company of honest and 
 godly men which came with him out of England and 
 pitched at Amsterdam. He first fell into some errors 
 about the scriptures ; and so into some opposition to 
 Mr. Johnson, who had been his tutor, and the church 
 there." 2" Poor Mr. Smith could be at peace under no 
 system, and having a violence of temper and possibly 
 a disposition to take an unfavourable view of the 
 conduct of everybody about him, he was a trouble to 
 
 " Young, p. 450. 
 
 20 Young, p. 450. Francis Johnson and Henry Ainsworth were 
 two ministers, both university men and men of learning, who went 
 very early into the way of separation, and flying to Holland from the 
 persecution in England, estabUshed a separatist church at Amster- 
 dam. This was in the reign of Queen Elizabeth. Smith would 
 probably be an unwelcome intruder upon them. 
 
 5 
 
34 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 every one, and perhaps in the highest measure to 
 himself. Bradford proceeds, " But he was convinced 
 of his errors by the pains and faithfulness of Mr. 
 Johnson and Mr. Ainsworth, and revoked them : but 
 afterwards was drawn away by some of the Dutch 
 Anabaptists, who finding him a good scholar and 
 unsettled, they easily misled the most of his people, 
 and other of them scattered away. He lived not 
 many years after, but died there of a consumption, 
 to which he was inclined before he came out of 
 England. His and his people's condition may be an 
 object of pity for after times. "^^ 
 
 But though Mr. Smith may be now regarded as an 
 object of pity rather than of esteem, we cannot but 
 regret that our information should be so confined 
 respecting his birth, his education, entrance into the 
 ministry, and his conduct generally while he remained 
 in England, where he would be subject to some control 
 from the authorities under which the Church of- 
 England places its ministers. It appears in Mr. 
 Brook's account of him that he was a Master of Arts of 
 the University of Cambridge, and we have seen that 
 Erancis Johnson, one of the earliest Separatists, was 
 ^1 Young, p. 451. 
 
NBW PLTMOUTH. 35 
 
 his tutor at Christ's College. In 1592 he was in 
 London and imprisoned there for acts of noncon- 
 formity. He was for some time at Lincoln before 
 he settled at Gainsborough. But I must content 
 myself with, referring for these and other particulars 
 to Mr. Brook's valuable work and the authors 
 cited by him in the margin. In the Appendix to this 
 volume I may give a specimen of his writings illus- 
 trative of the spirit which he perhaps knew not that 
 he was of. The writings of Crosby and Hanbury 
 may also be consulted with advantage. 
 
 Another very zealous Puritan minister in these 
 parts was Richard Bernard, who had ^«'*«»'<' -b«^- 
 the misfortune to fall under the displeasure of Mr. 
 Smith for not going to the same excess of riot in 
 his nonconformity, and for this he pours the vials of 
 his wrath upon him in terms which find no coun- 
 terpart, it is to be hoped, in modern controversy. 
 Bernard was a man of gentle and yet determined 
 spirit; and so decided were his objections to the 
 ceremonies, that he was silenced by the archbishop at 
 Worksop, where he was the vicar. But he never 
 went into the way of separation, though his preaching 
 must have contributed to lead others to do so. Brad- 
 
36 
 
 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 ford's notice of him is very slight. He speaks of him 
 only as one who had been " hotly persecuted by the 
 prelates."^^ I shall add a few dates and particulars, 
 as of a man who has received less notice than he 
 deserves at the hands of the dispensers of posthumous 
 honours. He was born in 1566 or 1667, according 
 to the inscription on his engraved portrait, which 
 states that he was 74 at the tinie of his death, 1641. 
 While very young he fell under the notice of two 
 ladies, daughters of Sir Christopher Wray, lord chief 
 justice of England, who were among the most eminent 
 of those times for piety and Christian zeal. One of 
 them was the wife successively of Godfrey Foljambe, 
 Esquire ; Sir WilUam Bowes, of Walton, near Ches- 
 terfield; and of John, the good Lord Darcy of Aston. 
 The other married Sir George Saint Paul, of Lincoln- 
 shire; and afterwards, the Earl of Warwick. They 
 sent him to Christ's College, Cambridge, where it 
 seems that he might be contemporary with Smith. 
 They were probably in other respects his benefactors, 
 since in the dedication of his first printed work he, 
 speaks of them as those to whom next to God and 
 nature he owed all that he had. 
 
 ^2 Young, p. 433. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 37 
 
 The work to which this dedication is prefixed is 
 not such a work as we should expect to find as the 
 first-fruits of a young Puritan minister's studies, for it 
 is a translation of the plays of Terence, a small quarto, 
 printed by John Legate, at Cambridge, in 1598. We 
 collect from it that Bernard was then residing at 
 Epworth, in the Isle of Axholm, a place not far 
 distant from Scrooby, from whence issued a family 
 which originated a more formidable separation from 
 the Church than that in which Bernard was an agent. 
 Not long after the publication of this volume he was 
 removed from Epworth, having been presented by 
 Richard WhaUey to the vicarage of Worksop, where 
 he'received institution on the 19th of June, 1601. 
 
 Here he was for several years the very zealous minis- 
 ter, carrying to an extreme length the Puritan scru- 
 ples, going to the very verge of separation ; and joining 
 himself even to those of his Puritan brethren, who 
 thought themselves qualified to go through the work of 
 exorcism. At length when Smith, and doubtless other 
 persons, when they saw him silenced by the archbishop, 
 were expecting that he would break from all church 
 authori'ty, he began to consider more fully the question 
 of conformity ; and when, this consideration issued in 
 
38 THE lOUNDEBS OF 
 
 an approval of a National Church, if one could be 
 constituted in a manner conformable to the inti- 
 mations on that subject to be found in scripture, as 
 preferable to an entire withdrawal from communion 
 with it, he was restored to the exercise of his minis- 
 try, determined thenceforth to be more forbearing in 
 his demands and more submissive to authority ; and 
 for this it is that Smith heaps upon him terms of the 
 grossest abuse. Apostate, Deceiver, Worldly Man : " I 
 do proclaim you to the whole world to be one of the 
 most fearful apostates of the whole nation : that ex- 
 cepting White and Clapham you have no superior."^ 
 A similar passage is valuable for the historical facts 
 it contains : — • 
 
 "Maister Bernard, I have sufficient reasons that 
 have moved me to break silence in respect of you, and 
 by this letter to attempt a further trial of your pre- 
 tended zeal for the truth and faith of Christ. I have 
 long time observed the applause yielded you by the 
 multitude. Likewise I have taken notice of your 
 forwardness in leading to a Reformation by public 
 proclamations in several pulpits, as if you had meant, 
 contrary to the king's mind, to have carried aU the 
 ^^ Smith's Parallels, Censures, and Observations, 4to, 1609, p. 5. 
 
NEW PLTMOUTH. 39 
 
 people of the country after you against the ceremonies 
 and subscription. Afterward, having lost your vicar- 
 age of Worksop for refusing subscription or con- 
 formity, I have observed how you revolted back, and 
 upon subscription made to the Prelate of York, have 
 re-entered upon your vicarage. Again, I have noted 
 your vehement desire to the parsonage of Sawenby, 
 and your extreme indignation when you were defeated 
 of it ; further, your earnest desire to have been vicar 
 of Gainsborough, and all this after your subscription : 
 besides, I have carefully weighed with myself your 
 steadiness to embrace the truth we profess." 
 
 While at Worksop, Bernard printed several con- 
 troversial writings and his Faithful Shepherd, a 
 treatise on the duties of ministers, quarto, 1607. This 
 is dedicated to Dr. Montagu, Dean of the Chapel 
 Eoyal, an offering of thankfulness for many past 
 favours. 
 
 He witnessed the formation of the Scrooby Church 
 and its departure to Holland, during the time of his 
 residence at Worksop. He ceded the living in 1613 
 or 1613, on his appointment to another in a distant 
 county, the rectory of Batcombe, in Somersetshire. 
 It was bestowed upon him by a private patron as to 
 
40 TEE lOUNBEBS OF 
 
 a minister who, in his opinion, would best discharge 
 the duties to the edification of the parishioners — an 
 act both just and honourable. Here he continued 
 till his death, publishing from time to time works in 
 practical divinity, which had a large share of popu- 
 larity, and which are sometimes reprinted even in our 
 time. And with this I dismiss this eminent divine, 
 best known not as Bernard of Worksop, but as Ber- 
 nard of Batcombe. 
 
 I cannot, however, forbear from remarking,' that we 
 see in all this that the Puritans of North Nottingham- 
 shire had storms of their own raising, beside that 
 which was beating upon them from without. 
 
 Another of these ministers was Richard Clifton, 
 s.i^rd ciif- <' a, grave and reverend preacher, who by 
 his fervour and dihgence had done much good, and 
 under God had been the means of the conversion of 
 many." This is what Bradford says of him in his 
 History of the Movement,^ but in the Dialogue he 
 admits us to the knowledge of a few more particulars 
 relating to him : — " Mr. Richard Clifton was a good 
 and fatherly old man when he came first into Holland, 
 having a great white beard ; and pity it was that such 
 
 2* Young, p. 23. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 41 
 
 a reverend old man should be forced to leave his 
 country, and at those years to go into exile. But it 
 was his lot, and he bore it patiently. Much good had 
 he done in the country where he lived, and converted 
 many to God by his faithful and painful ministry, both 
 in preaching and catechising. Sound and orthodox 
 he always was, and so continued to his end. He 
 belonged to the church at Leyden ; but being settled 
 at Amsterdam and then aged, he was loath to remove 
 any more ; and so when they removed he was dis- 
 missed to them there, and there remained until he 
 died."25 
 
 When the Separatists who remained in Notting- 
 hamshire after the removal of Smith's church into 
 HoUand formed themselves in church order, Clifton 
 became either Pastor or Teacher, probably the latter, 
 while John Robinson, a man to be afterwards named, 
 held the other office and Brewster was the Ruling 
 Elder. When in Holland he, like Bernard, was en- 
 gaged in bitter controversies with Smith, both being 
 exiles,, escaping from that church authority which 
 would have kept them both in some order at home. 
 
 My researches respecting Clifton enable me to 
 33 Young, p. 453. 
 
 6 
 
42 THE lOUNBEBS OF 
 
 enlarge the accounts we have of him, and to fix 
 certain dates in his life, important not only in his 
 personal history, but in the history of the church of 
 which he was one of the founders. Bradford does 
 not inform us in which of the parishes of Notting- 
 hamshire he exercised his ministry while he remained 
 in the church, and whence his. religious influence on 
 his neighbours must have emanated. I find, however, 
 that he was instituted on July 11th, 1586, to the 
 rectory of Babworth, a country village a short dis- 
 tance from Scrooby, now the seat of the family of 
 Simpson (Bridgeman), the present incumbent being 
 one of that family. He is also in all probability the 
 minister of the same name who was instituted on 
 February the 12th, 1585, to the vicarage of Marnham 
 in the same county of Nottingham. But Babworth 
 was the place at which he resided, though the church 
 there has now no memorials of him. 
 
 The dates given above are taken from public eccle- 
 siastical documents, but for what follows we are 
 indebted to a private writing of his family which has 
 been accidentally preserved. 
 
 Not long ago, I learned that there was an old Bible 
 of the English translation in the Library of Sir Robert 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 43 
 
 Taylor's Institution at Oxford,^^ where, on the blank 
 leaves, were divers memoranda of events occurring in 
 a family of the name of Clifton. And on further 
 inquiry, I found that what had occurred to me as 
 possible was right, and' that the entries did relate to 
 this Richard Clifton and other members of his family, 
 and that they were for the most part in the hand- 
 writing of one of his sons. Valuable they are, though 
 little more than mere genealogical memoranda, such 
 as are presented to us in the Visitation Books con- 
 cerning families of a higher rank, and presenting us 
 with nothing that concerns the opinions or the history, 
 more especially the rehgious history, of the persons to 
 whom they relate. They will be found however to 
 -give some precision to the narrative, which precision 
 we feel for ever the want of when perusing the 
 writings of Bradford. 
 
 From this source then we draw the information 
 that Richard Clifton was the son of a Thomas Clifton, 
 who lived at one of the Normantons in the county of 
 Derby ; that he was the eldest of a large family, issue 
 of two marriages : of the first there bemg, beside him- 
 
 36 From a slight notice of it in that useful publication, the Notes 
 and Queries, vol. vii, p. 354. 
 
44 TEE lOUNBERS 01 
 
 self, Edward, John, Jane, Ellinor, Anne, and Dorothy ] 
 and of the second, Stephen, WilHam, and Jane. 
 
 He was born at Normanton : but here, as the 
 information is important in its bearing upon the sub- 
 ject of this treatise, it will be more satisfactory if the 
 words of the writer are given : — " Richard, eldest 
 son of Thomas Clifton, and born at Normanton 
 above-said, married Anne, daughter to J. StuJfen of 
 Warsop, in the county of Nottingham, September, 
 Anno 1586. He was minister and preacher of the 
 Gospel at Babworth, in the said county, and had issue 
 by his wife three sons, Zachary, Timothy, and Ele- 
 azer ; and three daughters, Mary, Hannah, and Pris- 
 cUla, all born at Babworth aforesaid. 
 
 " Richard Clifton, with his wife and children, came 
 unto Amsterdam in Holland, August, 1608. Anne, 
 wife of the said Richard, died at Amsterdam, 3d Sep- 
 tember, Anno 1613, and was buried in the South 
 church. Vixit Ann. 58. 
 
 " Richard Clifton died at Amsterdam, 20th May, 
 1616, and was buried in the South church. Vixit, 
 Ann. 68." ^i 
 
 ^'' I am indebted for a very careful transcript of these notes to 
 my learned and very accurate friend, the Rev. J. W. Burgon, of 
 Oriel College, the author of the Life of Sir Thomas Gresham. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 45 
 
 We are thus enabled to fix the time of his birth to 
 in or about 1553, so that he was not much above fifty 
 years old when he fell under the animadversions of 
 the ecclesiastical authorities. The precise date of his 
 departure to Holland, August, 1608, is valuable, 
 inasmuch as we have hitherto been left to gather that 
 important date from information not critically given. 
 He married, we see, just when he had obtained the 
 rectory of Babworth, which has always been con- 
 sidered a desirable piece of preferment. His wife 
 was a member of a Derbyshire family of ancient 
 gentry, the Stufiyns of Sherbrook, in the parish of 
 Pleasley in Derbyshire, to which the Nottinghamshire 
 parish of Warsop adjoins. She lived five years, and 
 he seven in their voluntary exile -. and when we see in 
 what a disturbed state the church at Amsterdam was 
 which he joined when his companions of his own 
 church, with Robinson and Brewster at their head, 
 removed to Leyden, it is perhaps no unreasonable 
 inference that they both sank not unwillingly as well 
 as religiously to their rest. 
 
 The connection of this Mr. Clifton with the old 
 family of Clifton, of Clifton in Nottinghamshire, is not 
 known ; but it is probable that there was some con- 
 
 / 
 
46 THE FOUNDERS OF • 
 
 nection from the identity of surname, proximity of 
 residence, and correspondency of position ; 
 
 TheStuffyns. 
 
 and this is rendered more probable by his 
 marriage in the family of Stuffyn, who, we are told by 
 the Lysonses, could trace .their ancestry from the 
 reign of King Edward the First.^ One of the latest 
 memorials of them was a monumental inscription in 
 the church of Pleasley, of which the following is a 
 copy, the original has disappeared since 1802. 
 
 " Here, with his ancestors, lyeth the mortal part of 
 John Stuffyn of Sherbrook, gentleman, who, 
 at his house there, in the month of January, 
 A. D. 1695, yielded up his loyal breath, aged 
 80 years. He left issue by Mary his wife, 
 daughter and sole heir of John Feme, of Hopton, 
 gentleman, John Stuffyn of Sherbrook, son and 
 heir of Hopton of the inheritance of his mother, 
 and Mary and Bridget (William and Hercules 
 died without issue)." 
 
 The heiress married in the family of Hacker. 
 The three daughters ^of Mr. Clifton died before the 
 family left England, in infancy or childhood : but the 
 
 ^8 History of Derbyshire, 4to, 1817, p. cxlviii. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 47 
 
 three sons seem to have accompanied their parents into 
 exile, and to have thenceforth Uved for the most part at 
 Amsterdam, where two of them died ; viz. — Timothy 
 who was born in 1595 and died in 1663,. and Eleazer 
 born in 1598 and died in 1668. 
 
 Zachary Clifton, the eldest son, to whom the Bible 
 belonged, and who wrote most part of the family- 
 memoranda, was born on May 12th, 1589. In the 
 earlier part of his life he lived at Richmond in York- 
 shire, for' there the two children, issue of his first 
 marriage, were born in 1620 and 1624 ; and there his 
 wife, a daughter of Arthur Hipps of that place, by 
 Dorothy Johnson^^ his wife, died in 1625, aged twenty- 
 six. Five years after we find him living at Amsterdam, 
 where, on April 22d, 1631, he married his second 
 wife Elizabeth, daughter of Laurence and Catherine 
 Wayte, of Cookridge, near Leeds. Of this marriage 
 there was issue, ten children who were all born at 
 Amsterdam, between 1632 and 1648. On Novem- 
 ber 1st, 1652, he left Amsterdam, and about two 
 
 29 She was probably a near relation of Francis Johnson, the 
 tutor of Smith, and the pastor of the separatist church at Amster- 
 dam, who, as well as his brother George, whom he is charged with 
 having excommunicated, were originally from Eichmond. See 
 Brook, vol. ii, p. 99. 
 
48 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 months after fixed his residence at Newcastle-upon- 
 Tyne, where he appears to have hved for the remainder 
 of his Hfe. He died there on May 26th, 1673, and 
 was buried in All-Hallows Church. 
 
 Thomas Toller. Richard CHfton, clerk, was 
 Thomas earned, in 1593, one of the two supervisors 
 of the will of Richard Jessop, of Heyton, 
 near Babworth, gentleman, whose younger brother, 
 Francis Jessop, appears to have been the person of 
 that name, whom we find fighting by the side of 
 Clifton in the controversies which so much disturbed 
 the harmony of the English emigrants at Amsterdam". 
 And with Clifton was joined another clergyman, 
 Thomas Toller, then a young man who may reasonably 
 be presumed to have been residing in that neigh- 
 bourhood, though no institution of him to any Not- 
 tinghamshire benefice has been found ; and if so then 
 he is doubtless to be counted among the preachers of 
 Basset-Lawe who contributed to raise that spirit of 
 opposition to the ecclesiastical arrangements of the 
 country which led ultimately to the emigration : for 
 it is certain that he was, during a pretty long Hfe, 
 one of the most zealous Puritan ministers of the time, 
 strong in his opposition to the ceremonies, though not 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 49 
 
 going the extreme length of separation. His field of 
 pastoral and ministerial labour was for the greater part 
 of his Kfe the large and populous parish of Sheffield. 
 He was presented to this cure, in 1597 or 1598, by his 
 friends the family of Jessop, and there he spent the 
 remaining years of his life, dying in 1 6 44 . Dr. Calamy , 
 the biographer of the latest generation of the genuine 
 Puritan ministers, refers to him as having been an 
 instrument of much good in that large and populous 
 town. We have a curious remain of his, in a kind of 
 ecclesiastical survey of the deanery of Doncaster, with 
 notes of the character of some of the incumbents, and 
 especially with respect to their leaning to or against 
 the ceremonies.^" What his own leaning was and 
 the leaning of his coadjutor in the work, Mr. Richard 
 Clark, the vicar of Braithwell, is sufficiently apparent 
 in the document itself. There were eighteen out of 
 about seventy ministers who were more or less disaf- 
 fected to the ceremonies. The date appears to be 
 about the year 1612. 
 
 Robert Gifi'oed is the name of another minister 
 spoken of by Bradford as having been MoiertGifford. 
 
 3" This curious paper may be seen among Birch's Manuscripts 
 in the British Museum. Additional 4393, No. 21. 
 
 7 
 
50 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 " hotly persecuted by, the Prelates," ^^ and who may 
 therefore be presumed to be one of those who con- 
 tributed to produce the strong Puritan feeling which 
 pervaded these parts of the kingdom. He is classed by 
 Toller in the paper before spoken of among those minis- 
 ters who " seemed weary of the ceremonies." His bene- 
 fice was Laughton-en-le-Morthen, in Yorkshire, but 
 adjoining to the parish of Worksop. In him the 
 spirit of nonconformity was not so powerful as to 
 urge him to separation, but, like his neighbour 
 Bernard of Worksop, he so far conformed as to retain 
 possession of his benefice, which he kept tiU his death 
 in 1649. He was a Master of Arts, and held this 
 living nearly half a century. His monumental in- 
 scription yet remains in the church at Laughton. One 
 of this family, Emmanuel Gifibrd, was of the bed- 
 chamber to King James the First : another was 
 the Major-General John Gifibrd of the Parliament 
 army : and a daughter of the family married Francis 
 Vincent a near kinsman of Philip Vincent, the author 
 of the Relation of the Pequot war, 1638. 
 
 One other minister who must have contributed 
 to this alienation of men's minds from the Reformed 
 
 "1 Young, p. 422. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 51 
 
 Church of England as by law established, remains 
 to be mentioned. His name was Hugh 
 
 Beomhead, a native of these regions, being 
 of the family of the name which was seated at North 
 Wheatley. He is not one of whom Bradford 
 speaks ; but we have his own testimony in a letter 
 still existing preserved in the British Museum. He 
 was not, like Bernard, Toller, and Gifford, content 
 with a qualified conformity, but, imitating Smith and 
 Clifton, he went the whole length of Separation : and 
 was not inferior to Smith himself in hostility to 
 the established church. In his Judgment it was 
 " Babylon, the mother of all abominations, the habita- 
 tion of devils, and the hold of all foul spirits, and a 
 cage of every unclean and hateful bird." But I will 
 do him the justice to place in the Appendix the whole 
 of the letter in which these expressions are contained. 
 It will be found to give in a concise form, a good 
 account of the principles and the practices of the 
 Nottinghamshire Separatists, perhaps as plain and 
 good an account as can anywhere be found. At the 
 same time while we may condemn a certain harsh- 
 ness of expression which may have been learned in 
 the Marprelate school, it is impossible not to admire 
 
52 THE FOUNBBRS OF 
 
 the depth of a religious spirit which is apparent in it, 
 and an heroic devotion to what was deemed a sacred 
 duty, which no one who peruses it can doubt to be 
 sincere. Can we wonder, however, that the mani- 
 festations of feehng or opinion by divines of this 
 taste and spirit, whether assumed or the result of 
 deep and earnest feeling, should call forth counter- 
 manifestations, equally unjustifiable (the principle 
 in both cases was the same : the difference in the 
 application arising only in the difference of the 
 power) : or can we hesitate to admit that if for no 
 other reason, yet out of regard for the maintenance 
 of the public peace, it was highly proper that some 
 restraint should be imposed upon them. Liberty of 
 conscience and liberty of railing, are surely two quite 
 different things ; but the punishment in those days 
 of even the most atrocious libellers was far too severe. 
 Bromhead was amongst the eatly emigrants to 
 Holland, perhaps going in company with Smith. He 
 settled at Amsterdam, and we have it upon his own 
 authority, that he was a member of Smith's church. 
 He was no member of the Scrooby or Leyden church, 
 where, under the influence of Robinson, a better 
 spirit and feeling prevailed. The distinction of 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 53 
 
 Smith's church, and Robinson's church, the Gains- 
 borough and the Scrooby churches, though agreeing 
 in the point of the duty of separation, ought always 
 to be kept in view. It was the latter which formed 
 the Plymouth emigration, and which flourished when 
 Smith's church had come to nothing. We know not 
 what at last happened to Bromhead. 
 
 When Smith and his church had removed them- 
 selves to HoUand, what was wanted by those persons 
 who had come to the determination to break off from 
 the communion of the general Church of England, 
 and who did not choose to accompany or to follow 
 Smith, was a central point at which they could 
 assemble for worship and for discipline, and a central 
 person about whom they might cUng, and to whose 
 guidance and judgment they might be willing .to 
 defer. 
 
 A,nd this seems to have been the position which was 
 occupied by William Brewster, which wuuam 
 
 Brewster. 
 
 was at once what he desired and what was 
 yielded to him by his simpler and less cultivated neigh- 
 bours around. He fully sympathized with them and- 
 with the ministers of whom we have spoken, in his 
 
54 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 dislike of the ceremonies ; his disapprobation of the 
 constitution of the church ; his hatred of those measures 
 of severity by which it was thought to extinguish the 
 Puritan spirit ; in his admiration of the Puritan life ; 
 and in his persuasion that there was in Scripture indi- 
 cations of the kind of form in which communities of 
 Christians should be constituted sufficient to guide the 
 practice of Christians in all times. And being a little 
 raised above the rest in fortune, attainments, and social 
 position, all we read of him seems to be but in the 
 natural course of things, and had there been no Brewster 
 at hand, it is probable that no Separatist Church would 
 have been gathered after Smith and the Gainsborough 
 people had withdrawn; but the Basset-Lawe mind 
 would have returned to its former state of quietude 
 when the generation which had been ^wrought upon by 
 the over-zealous Puritan ministers had passed away. ^^ 
 Brewster's, therefore, is a most important name in the 
 
 ^^ It is a remarkable fact that when under the protection of the 
 Act of Toleration, 1689, Separatists were allowed to form them- 
 selves into communities, and to erect places of worship, only one 
 such congregation was founded in the whole of Basset-Lawe 
 Hundred. It was at Eefford, and had no long continuance. 
 The Whites at Walling-wells on the Yorkshire border had for some 
 years nonconformist ministers conducting religious services in 
 their hall. 
 
NETF PLTMOUTH. 55 
 
 history of this movement, and we have now to collect 
 what we can of his English history. Little enough it 
 is for such a man, and for that little we are chiefly 
 indebted to his friend and biographer Bradford. Yet 
 I have to add one important fact, which it is extra- 
 ordinary that Bradford should have omitted. 
 
 "After he had attained some learning, viz. the 
 knowledge of the Latin tongue and some insight into 
 the Greek, and spent some small time at Cambridge, 
 and there being first seasoned with the seeds of grace 
 and virtue, he went "to the Court, and served that 
 religious and godly gentleman, Mr. Davison, divers 
 years, when he was Secretary of State ; who found him 
 so discreet and faithful, as he trusted him above aU 
 others that were about him, and only employed him 
 in matters of greatest trust and secresy. He esteemed 
 him rather as a son than a servant, and for his wisdom 
 and godliness in private, he would converse with him 
 more like a familiar than a master. He attended his 
 master when he was sent in ambassage by the Queen 
 into the Low Countries (in the Earl of Leicester's time) 
 as for other weighty affairs of state, so to receive 
 possession of the cautionary towns ;^^ and in token and 
 
 33 That is, Flushing and Brill. 
 
56 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 sign thereof tlie keys of FlusMng being delivered to him 
 in her Majesty's name, he kept them some time, and 
 committed them to his servant, who kept them under 
 the pillow on which he slept, the first night. And at 
 his return the State honoured him^* with a gold chain, 
 and his master committed it to him and commanded 
 him to wear it when they arrived in England, as they 
 rode through the country, until they came to the 
 Court. He afterwards remained with him untiU his 
 troubles, when he was put from his place about the 
 death of the Queen of Scots, and some good time after, 
 doing him many ofiices of service in the time of his 
 troubles." ^^ 
 
 To this neither the researches of Dr Young in Ame- 
 rica nor those of any person at home have yet made 
 much addition. His affiliation, his place of birth, the 
 time of his birth, the school in which he acquired the 
 Latin language, the college at Cambridge in which he 
 resided for a short time, the time when he entered the 
 service of Davison, the exact situation which he occupied 
 in Davison's service, not one of these is known with 
 any certainty ; and the time of the surrender of the 
 
 ^* That is, Davison. 
 85 Young, p. 463. 
 
NETF FLYUOVTR. 57 
 
 cautionary towns, 1585, and of the fall of Davison '' 
 which was early in 1587, are the first dates that can ' 
 be said to be firmly established in the history of the 
 life of Brewster. A conjecture only, or rather a 
 probable inference, can be made as to the time of his 
 birth ; for Bradford elsewhere tells us that " their 
 reverend elder, our dear and loving friend, died on 
 the 16th of April, 1644, being near fourscore years of 
 age if not all out."^^ This would carry back his birth 
 to about the year 1564, which would make him only 
 twenty -three at the time of Davison's fall. But 1560 
 is probably nearer the truth : for Morton, in his New 
 England's Memorial, speaks of him as being eighty- 
 four at the time of his death, which he places in 1643, 
 not 1644; and Morton was the nephew of Bradford, 
 and had papers of his now lost. 
 
 His affihation is also a point not yet ascertained. 
 We have already had occasion to observe Brewsters of 
 
 NottingJiam- 
 
 that there was a William Brewster assessed «*»>«• 
 to the Subsidy of 1571 in the township of Scrooby- 
 cum-Ranskill. This could- not be the William 
 Brewster of whom we are speaking, but it might very 
 well be his father. There was also a Henry Brewster 
 
 36 Young, p. 61.. - - : 
 
58 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 contemporary with the elder William, who was the vicar 
 of Sutton-upon-Lound or Sutton-cum-Lound, to which 
 Scrooby was ecclesiastically annexed. There was also 
 a James Brewster who succeeded Henry in the living 
 of Sutton. So that it is clear that there was a family of 
 Brewsters inhabitants of this part of Nottinghamshire 
 in the Tudor reigns ; for we cannot doubt that William 
 Brewster stood in some kind of relationship to the 
 three persons of the name, although that relationship 
 does not at present rest on sufficient evidence. We 
 have no register of baptisms for that period at Scrooby, 
 and the register of Sutton, though it contains much 
 that relates to James Brewster, has nothing whatever 
 that touches on WillHam ; nor are any wills of these 
 Brewsters known at York or Southwell. 
 
 The name of Brewster, which is of the same obvious 
 origin with the surname Brewer, is one of those which 
 might originate in many different places, and is there- 
 fore not to be looked upon as binding all those who 
 inherited it in the bonds of consanguinity. The best 
 of the name were in Essex and Suffolk ; and we find 
 in the Visitation of Lincolnshire, 1634, that a Thomas 
 Brewster, who was indisputably of the family in Essex, 
 was then settled at Burwell in that county. But this 
 
NEW FLYMOUTH. 59 
 
 throws no light on the early connections of the 
 Brewsters who were settled at and about Scrooby. 
 Yet the fact that James Brewster, the vicar of Sutton, 
 married a lady of a Suffolk family affords one of those 
 distant and uncertain intimations which often prove to 
 the genealogical inquirer but one of those pale hghts 
 which are said sometimes to beguile the traveller in 
 unfrequented wilds. Whether a complete investiga- 
 tion of the history of the Brewsters in the counties of 
 Suffolk and Essex, where they have long occupied a 
 conspicuous' and most respectable position, would 
 comprehend within their natural alliances these 
 Nottinghamshire Brewsters, can neither be 
 
 The Suffolk 
 
 affirmed nor denied : but certain it is that amd Essen 
 
 Brewsters. 
 
 when no proof and no suggestion of pro- 
 bability is to be found in all that Mr. Jermyn or Mr. 
 Davy, the two Suffolk genealogists, have collected con- 
 cerning the family, it can only be by very persevering 
 research indeed, or by some most fortunate accident, 
 such as the discovery of letters which may have passed 
 between them, that the connection wiU ever be shown. 
 We are beyond the reach of , parish registers, and no 
 Visitation Book or Inquisition wiU here assist us. 
 It is however a fact worthy our notice, that there 
 
60 TEE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 was community of opinion as well as of surname 
 between the emigrant to America and the Brewsters 
 in Suffolk- Of this the continued existence of the 
 little Independent chapel at Wrentham, which was 
 built by one of the Brewsters of Suffolk after the resto- 
 ration for a congregation of Separatists, is an obvious 
 proof. In correspondence with this is another fact, 
 that Francis Brewster of Wrentham was nearly con- 
 nected by marriage with two of the most eminent 
 Puritan ministers of the time of King Charles the 
 First, Edmund Calamy and Matthew Newcomen, two 
 of the Smectymnuus,^'' and that his son Robert 
 Brewster was a member of one of Cromwell's Par- 
 liaments. The Brewsters of the county of Suffolk 
 were a family of coat armour bearing a chevron ermine 
 between three silver etoHes on a sable field, — stars 
 breaking through the darkness of night ; a suitable 
 device for the American Brewster. Whoever desires 
 to know more of the Brewsters of Suffolk will find 
 
 ^^ I derive this fact from the Harl. MS. 6071, fol. 491, a sin- 
 gular but neglected volume of genealogy. It has no author's name, 
 nor does the catalogue give us any information on that point : but 
 it is clearly an autograph of Matthias Candler, a Puritan divine, of 
 whom Dr. Calamy gives an account, in which he speaks of his fond- 
 ness for curious historical inquiry. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 61 
 
 abundant gratification by referring to the papers of 
 Mr. Jermyn and Mr. Davy, recently added to the 
 treasures of the British Museum, and to No. 1560 of 
 the Harleian collection of naanuscripts. 
 
 Brewster must have been a man of some position 
 by birth to have obtained an appointment in Davison's 
 service. His residence in the family of Davison may 
 of itself account for his original leaning to the 
 Puritan party : for Davison was eminently a Puritan 
 himself, one of the more reflective and philosophical, 
 we may believe, of the party, extending his views, as 
 Brewster did, beyond the mere ceremonies, ongm of 
 
 Srewster's 
 
 to the great principles which ought to F«ritemism. 
 govern men in the management of ecclesiastical affairs, 
 and in their dealings vdth each other respecting them. 
 I know not that we have decided evidence of what 
 were Davison's opinions on these points or what his 
 own religious practice may have been. There was 
 possibly another influence working on Brewster while 
 he lived with Davison : George Cranmer, another of 
 Davison's assistants or servants, being fond of theo- 
 logical and ecclesiastical studies, having been a pupil 
 of Hooker and assisting him in his work on Eccle- 
 siastical Polity. He also lived much with Sir Edwin 
 
63 TEE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 Sandys, who is quite to be ranked among the 
 ecclesiastical inquirers and reformers of the time. His 
 JEuropm Bpeculum, the result of his travels on the con- 
 tinent for the purpose of observing what ■ was the 
 religious state of other countries (in which journey 
 Cranmer accompanied him) is full of bold remarks and 
 interesting observations. Cranmer, less fortunate than 
 Brewster, was slain in Ireland as early as 1600. He 
 had not, like Brewster, forsaken the higher paths of 
 public life. 
 
 I need not go into the particulars of the fall of 
 Davison which is quite matter of pubhc history ; and 
 it is hardly necessary to say that his fall must have 
 occasioned much uneasiness to Brewster on his own 
 account, as it put a stop to his advancement in the 
 course of life which had been marked out for him, and 
 forced him into some other path. If Brewster viewed 
 the conduct of the court in the hght in which it is gene- 
 rally viewed now, it would not raise his admiration of 
 kingly government in church or state, though perhaps 
 neither he nor any one in those times knew every- - 
 thing which was requisite to be known to form a just 
 judgment on that mysterious affair : nor is it yet 
 thoroughly understood. However, from the fall of his 
 
NHW PLTMOUTE. 63 
 
 master, Brewster's connection with politics and the 
 Court was at an end, and we have only to view him as 
 remaining for some time with Davison to comfort, and, 
 if possible, to assist him. 
 
 We now resume Bradford's narrative, which con- 
 tains the only materials we have for the next seven 
 years of Bromora a life. 
 
 " Afterwards he went and lived in the country, in 
 good esteem among his friends, and the 
 good gentlemen of those parts, especially -»««'«*«'•'* 
 
 " t) r ' r J retirement mto 
 
 the godly and religious. He did much after Dam- 
 good in the country where he lived, in 
 promoting and furthering religion : and not only 
 by his practice, and example, and provoking, and 
 encouraging of others, but by procuring of good 
 preachers in all places thereabouts, and drawing on of 
 others to assist and help to forward in such a work ; 
 he himself most commonly deepest in the charge, and 
 sometimes above his ability. And in this state he 
 continued many years, doing the best good he could, 
 and walking according to the light he saw, untUl the 
 Lord revealed further unto him. And in the end, by 
 the tyranny of the bishops against godly preachers and 
 people, in silencing the one and persecuting the other, 
 
64 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 he and many more of those times began to look further 
 into particulars, and to see into the unlawfulness of 
 their callings, and the burden of many antichristian 
 corruptions, which both he and they endeavoured to 
 cast off, as they also did."^^ 
 
 Here is a remarkable instance of the want of spe- 
 cialty which runs through all the writings of Bradford. 
 He does not even inform us to what place Brewster 
 retired ; who were the clergymen whom he was a means 
 of introducing into the churches around him; who were 
 the good gentlemen with whom he associated ; whence 
 came the resources from which he was able to main- 
 tain hospitality, and to do so much good. But the 
 want of greater particularity leads the reader into 
 error. I would not say of Bradford, who appears to 
 have been a very honest man, that there is suppressio 
 veri; but he leaves us with the impression that 
 Brewster had an independent fortune, and led a life 
 without occupation, and that his whole time was 
 devoted to the study of sacred things, and to acts of 
 benevolence and devotion, when in reality the fact was 
 much otherwise. 
 
 That Scrooby was the place to which he removed, 
 
 88 Young, p. 465. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 65 
 
 has been already shown ; it is also shown who were 
 some of the clergy with whom he must have asso- 
 ciated : and I have now to add what has not before 
 been surmised, that his life in this the active period 
 was not one of meditation only, and acts of voluntary 
 exertion, but that he held an important office at 
 Scrooby, which must have made large demands upon 
 his thoughts and time for things which were purely 
 secular : and which brought to him a certain annual 
 income, perhaps the best part of his revenues. This 
 Bradford has not told us. 
 
 I have already stated that Scrooby was a post-town 
 on the great road from London to Berwick. It 
 communicated with Tuxford on the south, and Don- 
 caster on the north. It occurred to me when casting 
 about for any possible source of information respect- 
 ing this principal person in the movement, that this 
 being the case, if any accounts of the Post-master- 
 general of the time when Brewster lived were in 
 existence, something might be found in ^^^^^^^^^ 
 them respectiug him. Such accounts do ''^^^^Zt 
 exist : and in them I found not a few ^°-^ '"'°° ^' 
 casual notices of Brewster as an inhabitant of Scrooby, 
 but that he himself held for many years the office of 
 
 9 
 
66 THE lOUNBEES OF 
 
 Post-master, or Post, as the term then was, at 
 Scrooby. 
 
 The earhest accounts of the Post-master-general 
 now known to exist are those of Thomas Randolph, 
 which begin in 1566, and after him of Sir John Stan- 
 hope, who was appointed to the office by letters patent 
 bearing date at Westminster, June 20th, in the thirty- 
 second year of Elizabeth, 1590. Unfortunately, Ran- 
 dolph's accounts do not present us with the names of 
 the Post-masters on the road, nor do those of Sir John 
 Stanhope for the first four years of his tenure of the 
 office. But in his account declared before Lord Burgh- 
 ley, the Lord High Treasurer, and Sir John Portescue, 
 Chancellor of the Exchequer, on the last day of March, 
 1597, for the three preceding years, the names of the 
 Post-masters at the different stages on the great roads 
 are all set forth, and so continued to be for all the 
 time that Sir John Stanhope held the office. 
 
 In this account, from April, 1594, to April, 1597, 
 occurs the following entry : — 
 
 " William Brewster, Post of Scrooby, for his 
 ordinary wages serving her Majesty all the time afore- 
 said at 2Qd. per diem, £91. 6s. M." 
 
 Sir John Stanhope next accounts for the two years 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 67 
 
 April 1st, 1697, to March 3,1st, 1599. Here we 
 have the same entry of the payment to Brewster of 
 £60. 165. 8^. 
 
 Again he accounts for the three years from AprU 1st, 
 1599, to March 31st, 1602, with the same entry of the 
 payment to Brewster of £91. 6s. %d. 
 
 Sir John Stanhope accounts again, being then Lord 
 Stanhope, from April 1st, 1602, to March 31st, 1605. 
 Here we find that the daily wages of Brewster had 
 been advanced from 20fi?. to 2s. a day, from the 1st 
 of July, 1603, as expressed in the following entry : — 
 
 " William Brewster, Post of Scrooby, for his wages 
 as well at 20d. per diem for 456 days, begun the 1st 
 of April, 1602, and ended the last of June, 1603, 
 £38. : as also at 2*. per diem for 640 days, begun the 
 1st of July, 1603, and ended the last of March, 1605, 
 £102." 
 
 The next account is for two years, viz. from April 
 1st, 1605, to March 31st, 1607. Brewster receives 
 £73. 
 
 The latest account in which Brewster's name occurs 
 is that from April 1st, 1607, to March 31st, 1609 :— 
 
 " William Brewster, Post of Scrooby, for his wages 
 at 2s. per diem for 183 days, begun the 1st of April, 
 
68 ^ TEE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 1607, and ended the last of September, 1607, £18. 6s.; 
 and then Prancis Hall succeeding him at 2s. per diem 
 End of Us for 548 days, begun the 1st of October, 
 
 services as 
 
 Post-master. 1607, and eudcd the last of March, 1609, 
 £73. 2s." 
 
 It is much to be regretted that the name of each 
 Post-master was not given for a few years earlier, as 
 we should then have been able to arrive at the precise 
 period when Brewster received this appointment, and 
 this would have shown us how soon after the fall of 
 Davison he was provided for by this government 
 appointment. All we know on this head is, that he 
 was in full possession on the 1st of April, 1594, and 
 that he continued to hold the office till the 30th of 
 September, 1607, on which day he resigned it, and a 
 successor was appointed. 
 
 Now the holding this office explains to us in the 
 first place how it happens that we find him inhabiting 
 such a mansion as the Manor, which had been the 
 residence of an archbishop, disproportionate we must 
 believe to the circumstances of Brewster as a private 
 man, but not so to one who had to keep relays of 
 horses for forwarding the letters, and to find rest and 
 refreshment for travellers on this the great highway 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 
 
 69 
 
 to the north.^' The office of Post -master on the great 
 roads in those days was one requiring more attention 
 and bringing with it higher responsibilities than the 
 same office does at present, when it is httle more than 
 the receiving and transmitting letters on a system well 
 considered and already in fuU operation ; but in those 
 days there were no cross-posts, so that the few Post- 
 masters who were dotted about the country had to 
 provide for very distant deliveries, which must have 
 been done by special dispatches, as well as to discharge 
 the functions of the inn-keeper for the travellers by 
 
 89 The stages on the Great North Eoad, in the time of Queen 
 Elizabeth, are here given from the most authentic source of infor- 
 mation : — 
 
 Newark. 
 
 Tuxford. 
 
 Scrooby. 
 
 Doncaster. 
 
 Ferrybridge. 
 
 Wetherby. 
 
 Boroughbridge, 
 
 North AUerton 
 
 Darnton. 
 
 London. 
 
 Waltham. 
 
 Ware. 
 
 Eoyston. 
 
 Caxton. 
 
 Huntingdon. 
 
 StUton. 
 
 Stamford. 
 
 South Witham. 
 
 Grantham. 
 *" The Surtees Society has lately given to the world a volume of 
 Letters and other Papers of the family of Matthew Hutton, the 
 Archbishop of York. In this volume we have an account of the 
 
 Durham. 
 
 Newcastle. 
 
 Morpeth. 
 
 Hexham. 
 
 Hautewesel. 
 
 Carlisle. 
 
 Alnwick. 
 
 Belford. 
 
 Berwick. 
 
70 THE lOUNDERS OF 
 
 In Brewster's days Rowland Whyte the lively 
 migkic^ing Correspondent of many of the nobility of 
 
 OS -mas era. ^^^ ^.^^ ^^^ ^^^ „ p^^^ ^/^ ^^^ CoUrt ;" 
 
 and it may serve to show other acquaintance at least 
 of Brewster, if we state, that Henry Poster was during 
 the whole of his time the post of Tuxford; John 
 Heyford the post of Ferrybridge, and Nicholas 
 Heyford, and after him Ralph Aslaby the post 
 of Doncaster. Heyford and Aslaby were both 
 names of respectable families in the south part 
 of the West-riding of Yorkshire, corresponding in 
 position, it may be believed, with the Brewsters. And 
 this leads me to remark that though I cannot but 
 wish that Bradford had informed us that Brewster held 
 this office, yet that his holding it is by no means incon- 
 sistent with what Bradford does relate of him. It does 
 not, for instance, invalidate his having been at the 
 
 expenses of Sir Timothy Hutton, the Archbishop's son, on a journey- 
 to and from London, in 1605. He paid the " Post " at Scrooby, 
 who must have been Brewster, for a conveyance (post-chaise) and 
 guide to Tuxford 10 shillings, and for a caudle, supper, and break- 
 fast, 7 shillings and 10 pence, so that he slept under Brewster's 
 roof. On his return, he paid 8 shillings to the post of Scrooby for 
 conveying him to Doncaster, then reckoned 7 miles ; and 3 shillings 
 for burnt sack, bread, beer, and sugar to wine, and 3 pence to the 
 ostjer."— Hutton Volume, p. 197-304. 
 
NEW PLYMO UTH. 7 1 
 
 University, or his having been in the service of a Secre- 
 tary of State, and having fallen with his master. His 
 holding this office is indeed rather favourahle to these 
 representations than the contrary, since it shows that 
 he had some interest among those who were the dis- 
 pensers of government patronage. Nor in such an 
 office would he be precluded from nursing a brood 
 of discontents, and from comparing political chi- 
 canery with the simplicity of the gospel, or from 
 indulging in religious inquiry, religious meditation, 
 and religious exercises. It would not prevent him 
 from associating with the better part of the popu- 
 lation around him, amongst whom there must have 
 been many who were wrought upon by the preachers 
 of whom we have spoken, or from being instrumental 
 in bringing Puritan ministers to the neighbouring 
 churches as they became vacant ; and we may believe 
 also that it supplied the means, in some measure at 
 least, by which he maintained so much hospitality and 
 did so much good by his purse. It does not appear 
 in anything that is yet known of them that the 
 Brewsters of Nottinghamshire had lands of their own, 
 the chief source of income to gentlemen in those days 
 who were not engaged in public employments. 
 
72 THE FOUND BBS OF 
 
 Brewster, we see, held the office till the last day of 
 September, 1 607. Here is another date of importance 
 in his life ; but now arises the question, under what 
 Circumstances circumstanccs did he retire from the duties 
 
 under which 
 
 he left the of his employment ; was it a voluntary 
 
 office not 
 
 fully known. Qp ^ forced resignation? Did he retire 
 having formed the intention of following the example 
 of Smith by removing himself and his little . church to 
 Holland ? or, was he removed by the government of 
 the time to signify the disapprobation which they 
 could not but feel at seeing the countenance which 
 he gave to the Separatists, and that he himself was in 
 a regular course of action which, as the law then 
 stood, was in defiance of public authority, and sub- 
 jecting him to large penalties. It may be in the power 
 of some future inquirer to answer these questions ; but 
 for the present it must be acknowledged that it is 
 only a proximate solution at which we can arrive ; and 
 that the probabilities seem rather to incline to its 
 being a forced removal than a voluntary retirement. 
 What we actually know is, that before the September 
 of that year the Church was brought into some order : 
 Robinson and Clifton were become the pastor and 
 teacher^ and he the elder : that in April, 1608, he had 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 73 
 
 been fined by the Commissioners for Ecclesiastical 
 Causes for non-appearance to their citation ; and that 
 it was in August, 1608, that Clifton arrived at Amster- 
 dam. The date 1607 in Bradford's margin leads us 
 to suppose that he removed from Scrooby with the 
 intention of- proceeding to Holland before the close of 
 that year. 
 
 But while attending to William Brewster we must 
 not forget that the ecclesiastical affairs of other Not- 
 
 tinghamshvre 
 
 Scrooby ~ were, in his time, under the ^rewsters. 
 superintendence of two ministers of his name, who 
 were in succession vicars of Sutton. To these, as' 
 probably his near relations, and certainly his near 
 neighbours, we must now attend. 
 
 In the Bishop's Certificates of persons presented to 
 Benefices within their dioceses, we find this entry in 
 that presented by the Archbishop of York for 1565 :— 
 "Dominus Heneicus Brewstee clericus s:emy. 
 admissus fuit ad Vicariam Ecclesise Parochialis de 
 Sutton super Londe, decanatus de Newark [Retford], 
 com. Nottingham; per mortem naturalem ultimi 
 incumbentis ejusdem, adtunc vacantem." He held the 
 living till his death in February, 1597-8.. He .was 
 married, but there is no trace of his having had chil- 
 
 10 
 
74 TEE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 dren. Agnes, his widow, was buried at Sutton, on 
 the 1 5th of March following. 
 
 There is nothing from which we can infer concern- 
 ing him that he had any leaning to the Puritan party 
 in the church, or the contrary. In fact little more is 
 known about him. 
 
 It is different with James Brewster, who suc- 
 james. ccedcd Henry Brewster as Vicar of Sutton, 
 and held the living till his death in January, 1613-4. 
 He was buried at Sutton on the 14th of that month. 
 His wife's name was Mary, and she is doubtless the 
 " Mrs. Mary Brewster, widow," who was buried at 
 Sutton, on AprU 7th, 1637. Their children, as they 
 are to be collected from the Register of Sutton, were, 
 Grace, baptized in 1600; Elizabeth, 1603; Susanna, 
 1606; Judith, 1609. Grace married William Glaive 
 on October 22d, 1620; Judith, Edward Oldfield on 
 November Bth, 1633. Susanna appears to have died 
 unmarried in December, 1637. As a Mr. Welbeck 
 is said to be father-in-law to James Brewster in 
 Slack's account of the proceedings respecting the 
 Hospital of St. Mary Magdalene at Bawtry, it may be 
 presumed that this Mary was originally Mary Welbeck. 
 The "Welbecks came from Suffolk, and were principal 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 75 
 
 people in the parish of Sutton. The heiress married 
 Cordel SavUe, a member of the great Yorkshire family 
 of that name. 
 
 Brewster did a good service to the parish during 
 the period of his incumbency ; for he transcribed all 
 the entries which had been made in an older book, of 
 the Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials, from the year 
 1538, and continued the Register, all in his own hand, 
 which was a very fair one, to near the time of his 
 death. He records this his labour, together with the 
 liberality of the church- wardens in some Sternholdian 
 stanzas, of which a very small specimen will be suffi- 
 cient, and more than sufficient : — 
 
 " Church-wardens next which did succeed 
 
 In place and office set. 
 Did recompense the writer's pains 
 
 In love and kindness great. 
 George Bingley himself for Sutton town, 
 
 John Eedshaw in Lound likewise. 
 Did labour much, and did procure 
 
 In honest sort and guise. 
 True fruits of love from every one, 
 
 As God their hearts inclined 
 With cheerfulness in godly sort," &c. 
 
 In 1604, he was instituted to the vicarage of 
 Gringley-on-the-Hill, a well-known place on the high 
 
76 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 road between Bawtry and Gainsborough ; but this did 
 not draw him away from Sutton. 
 
 Whether this person had that deep and earnest 
 sense of religion which is the basis of the Puritan 
 character, may admit of some reasonable doubt : but 
 when we find that he neglected to pay his first-fruits 
 for some years after his institution to one of his 
 livings, and that he was a defaulter in the payment of 
 his quota to the subsidy granted to Queen Elizabeth 
 towards the close of her reign, by the clergy of the 
 Province of York, it would appear that he was not a 
 very nice observer of what was due from him to the 
 church of which he was a minister. Whether he 
 refused the payment contumaciously cannot now be 
 certainly determined : but though cited in his own 
 church to make the payment, which was only six 
 shillings and eightpfcnce, at Tuxford, within forty days, 
 he neglected to do so, and the neglect was returned to 
 the Exchequer, that proceedings might be taken 
 against him.*^ 
 
 *i Copy of the Archbishop's Certificate : — " Jacobus Brewster 
 clericus, vicarius ecclesise de Sutton super Lound, monitus fuit apud 
 ecclesiam suam de Sutton predictam tricesimo die Martii ultimo 
 preterite, per Georgium Ormeroid clericum deputatum meum ad 
 solvendum apud Tuxt'ord decimo die Aprilis tunc proximo sequente 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 77 
 
 But the most remarkable part of the history of 
 James Brewster is his conduct in the affair of the 
 Bawtry Hospital : and as these proceedings took 
 place under the immediate inspection of William 
 Brewster, and as a Brewster (probably his near rela- 
 tive) was brought by them into a losing contest with 
 the highest church authority in the diocese, these pro- 
 ceedings seem to be almost a part of the history of 
 William Brewster. 
 
 Close to the town of Bawtry, but within the bounds 
 of the parish of Harworth, was an Hospital dedicated 
 to Saint Mary Magdalene. The foundation of it was 
 the charitable act of some person in these parts, who 
 lived at a very remote period; but in the year 1390, 
 in the reign of King Richard the Second, it received 
 so large a benefaction from Robert Morton, then the 
 head of that eminent family, that it was 
 considered as founded anew, and the hospital suu. 
 
 illam partem subsidii per ipsum debitam 26 die Martii ultimi pre- 
 teriti, pro promotione sua predicta : Sed predictus Jacobus Brew- 
 ster nee apud Tuxford predicto eodem 10 die Aprilis nee alibi per 
 40 dies postea summam per ipsum debitam (ut prefertur) solvit 
 vel satisfecit, neque dictam summam de proficuis dictee promotionis 
 nee de bonis aut catallis dicti Jacobi Brewster ullo modo levare seu 
 recipere potui, 64'. M." 
 
78 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 Mortons were afterwards looked upon as the founders, 
 and the chapel became the family burying-place. 
 
 The circumstances of their benefaction were these. 
 The canons of the House of St. Oswald or Nostel, 
 near Pontefract, had fallen into great pecuniary diffi- 
 culties under Adam de Bilton, an improvident Prior, 
 and to relieve themselves from the temporary pressure 
 they borrowed money on annuities. Morton advanced 
 to them the large sum of £250., for which the con- 
 vent agreed to pay eight marks per annum, to the 
 chaplain of the Bawtry Hospital and his successors, 
 who were to celebrate in the chapel, and pray for the 
 good estate of Robert Morton and Joan his wife, while 
 they lived, and for their souls when dead, and for the 
 souls of his father and mother, and of all his relations 
 and benefactors. 
 
 Such a foundation was undoubtedly tainted with 
 what, in the days of the Reformation, would be 
 accounted superstition. Yet it lived through the 
 storm, which, in the reigns of Henry the Eighth and 
 Edward the Sixth, swept away so many foundations 
 of its class, where acts of charity to the poor were 
 united with religious services framed in the spirit of 
 the old Christianity of England. I have not been 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 79 
 
 able to recover any particulars of the means which 
 were used to preserve it ; but we may remark that 
 the Archbishop of York had an interest in maintaining 
 it, since the nomination of the master had been placed 
 in him. We know, however, that it did live through 
 the storm, that it continued to enjoy the estate in 
 the lands which from ancient times had belonged to 
 it, and also the annuity which the Canons had been 
 accustomed to pay, and which was paid, on the 
 dissolution of the House, by the Crown. Every thing 
 which savoured of Popery was removed from "the 
 service and a Protestant clergyman was appointed 
 master. Dr. William Clayborough, and after him 
 John Houseman, were the masters who immediately 
 preceded James Brewster, who was presented to the 
 mastership by Archbishop Sandys in 1584 ; the first 
 known event which brings the names of Sandys and 
 Brewster into connection. There were at that time 
 one or two alms people whose dwellings, with a house 
 for the master's residence, and a chapel, which, having 
 long been in ruins, has of late been restored, constituted 
 the whole estabhshment. 
 
 It must always have been a matter notorious that the 
 same law by which so many other foundations of this 
 
80 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 mixed kind were subverted, must really have been 
 intended to bear against the Bawtry Hospital. Indeed 
 there were many equivocal cases, and many more 
 where lands (usually small portions) which had been 
 given for religious purposes in the old time, were 
 in lay hands, through the neglect or ignorance of 
 the persons who were commissioned to attend to the 
 carrying out the purposes of the acts of suppression. 
 Lands so circumstanced were technically called 
 Concealed lands, as if furtively kept out of the notice 
 of the Crown to which the acts had given them. In 
 the reign of Elizabeth a strict inquiry was instituted 
 into these abuses. Commissioners were sent into all 
 parts of the kingdom. To a body of these com- 
 missioners it was, that some persons, with the con- 
 nivance and approbation of Brewster, the master, 
 presented the Hospital and its possessions, and the 
 commissioners forthwith reported it as a concealment. 
 The foundation was overturned and the whole pro- 
 perty seized by the Crown. There was thus an end 
 to his duties and office, and Brewster left Bawtry and 
 went to reside at Chelmsford in Essex. 
 
 But the Hospital and its lands, which were certain 
 closes near adjoining, were no sooner in the hands of 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 81 
 
 the Queen, than they were granted out again as a 
 private possession to Brewster and other persons. 
 
 In all these proceedings, which appear to be of 
 very questionable propriety, we do not find that the 
 Archbishop who h^d presented Brewster made any 
 opposition. He was then an old man, and he died in 
 1588, four years after Brewster's appointment, on the 
 ,8th day of August. 
 
 Sandys was succeeded by John Piers, a prelate of 
 another spirit. He took a very different view of the 
 duty of the Archbishop in respect of this foundation, 
 which was under his care in his character of diocesan, 
 and in which he had a special interest as patron. He 
 formed the determinatfon to endeavour to set aside all 
 the proceedings of the Commissioners for Concealed 
 lands ; and in this he was supported by another body 
 of Commissioners who were then beginning to act 
 with vigour against every species of canonical irre- 
 gularity — the Commissioners for Causes Ecclesiastical. 
 
 The first step taken by the Archbishop was formally 
 to depose Brewster from the Mastership. This he did 
 on the ground that he had suffered the overthrow of 
 the Hospital, and had removed himself a hundred 
 .miles or more from the place at which he was bound 
 
 11 
 
82 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 to residence. His next step was to nominate a new 
 Master, who was John Cooper, M.A. We soon find 
 the Ecclesiastical Commissioners addressing a warrant 
 to the High Sheriff of Nottinghamshire to attach 
 James Brewster, Thomas Short, Thomas Robinson, 
 and others, and to cause them to appear before the 
 Commissioners at York. The charge, that they had 
 profaned and ruinated the house and chapel. This 
 warrant bears date March 6th, 1590. 
 
 We have but imperfect notices of what was done 
 by the Commissioners ; but it is of the less import- 
 ance, as the cause was soon removed into a higher 
 Court, and there after many hearings and long argu- 
 ment determined. 
 
 A Bill was filed in the Exchequer in Easter Term, 
 1591, the Archbishop of York against Robinson and 
 others, in which is set forth the right of himself and 
 his successors in the see to the patronage, the attempt 
 of Brewster pretending himself to be Master, to over- 
 throw and dissolve the foundation and to take to 
 himself or to others for his use, the possessions belong- 
 ing to it, and to free himself from attendance and 
 residence, having, as the Bill sets forth, "wickedly 
 and ungodly combined and confederated himself to 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 83 
 
 that end with one Thomas Robinson, John Noble, and 
 Thomas Short, who had procured the Hospital to be 
 found as a concealment ;" and further, that Robinson, 
 Noble, and Short had utterly profaned the said chapel, 
 converted it into a stable, and carried away the orna- 
 ments. The prayer is, that Brewster and the rest may 
 be commanded to yield peaceable possession to the 
 new Master. The bill was settled by Sir John Savile, 
 the very eminent lawyer. Lord Burghley was then 
 lord-treasurer, Fortescue under-treasurer, and Sir 
 Roger Manwood lord chief baron. 
 
 An order was made in conformity with the prayer. 
 To this the defendant Robinson demurred, affirming 
 that the Hospital was true concealed lands within the 
 meaning of the statute, improperly withholden from 
 her Majesty, till found out and recovered by the in- 
 dustry and at the charge of the defendants, and that 
 her Majesty had made a conveyance of it in fee-farm 
 to the persons under whom he claimed ; that it was 
 really parcel of the dissolved monastery of Nostel, and 
 that the service which had been lately performed in 
 the chapel was perfectly useless, as there were three 
 churches or chapels within a short distance, at which 
 divine service was orderly said. These were probably 
 Harworth, Bawtry, and Austerfield. 
 
84 THE I0UNBER8 OF 
 
 It will be seen from this that the question was one 
 which, when argued on the dry legal merits of the case, 
 must have been trying to the judgment of the Court. 
 It was obstinately contested on both sides, and the 
 suit went on through many terms. What is entered 
 on record throws, however, no new light on the facts 
 of the case, and it is useless to go through the repe- 
 tition of the same arguments. In the course of the 
 proceedings a commission issued for the examination 
 of witnesses, among whom were Anthony Morton, 
 Esquire, then the head of the family, and aged forty- 
 three, and John Mirfyn, the vicar of Harworth, aged 
 threescore and fourteen, who both deposed to the 
 utter profanation of the chapel, in which swine were 
 kept. 
 
 Archbishop Piers did not live to see the termination 
 of the suit. He died on the 28th of September, 1594, 
 Its final issue, and was succceded by Matthew Hutton. 
 He revived the suit ; and, to bring this long story to 
 a conclusion, a final judgment was pronounced in the 
 Court at Westminster in Hilary Term, 1596, estab- 
 lishing the right of the new Master, and annulling 
 all the proceedings of Brewster and his friends.*^ 
 
 *^ Much concerning these proceedings may be read in Hearne's 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 86 
 
 Thus, by tlie decision of an impartial tribunal com- 
 posed not of churchmen, but of laymen, the most 
 eminent men of their day, did the conduct of Brewster 
 receive a sharp rebuke, some portion of which could 
 not but fall also on the memory of Archbishop Sandys, 
 who must have given too much countenance to 
 Brewster's violent, and, as it turned out, illegal pro- 
 ceedings. We must not press too hardly upon the 
 memory of tbis reverend prelate ; but his transactions 
 with respect to botb Bawtry and Scrooby seem of 
 doubtful propriety. 
 
 Before closing wha.t I have to say on the Brfewsters 
 of Nottinghamshire, I shall present the reader with 
 fac-simiies of the signatures of James Brewster and 
 William Brewster. The one is taken from the register 
 book of Sutton-upon-Lound, the other from thfe fac- 
 simile in Davis's edition of New JEngland's Memorial, 
 p. 481. There is so strong a resemblance between 
 them, that when added to the other probabilities, can 
 
 Appendix to the Chronicle of Peter Langtoft, printed from a MS. 
 in the Harleian Library, ' No- 7385. This MS. is the work of 
 Slack, a later master of, the Hospital, but his copies of documents 
 are not always correct or intelligible. I have gone to the originals, 
 and have also used evidence not consulted by him. 
 
86 TEE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 leave little doubt that they were members of the same 
 family, and in all probability brothers. 
 
 
 £r 
 
 ikfntivsJ^, 
 
 We have, however, no reason to impute to William 
 Brewster, to whom we must now return, any principal 
 share in this transaction of his namesake, and doubt- 
 less near relative, James Brewster, though passing as 
 it did under his immediate observation, he could not 
 but know what was going on, and tenant as he was 
 of the family of Sandys, could not but feel interested 
 in the result. He might also, in the state his mind 
 was, look upon it as an oppressive act of episcopal 
 authority. It would be remarkable, were we not 
 perpetually called to make the observation when 
 perusing the historical writings of Bradford, that he 
 has not the slightest notice of this event, though it 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 87 
 
 could not but be a subject mucb talked of in his 
 youth amongst the people with whom he lived, who 
 had few occurrences to vary the monotony of a hus- 
 bandman's life.*^ 
 
 The question which next arises in considering the 
 proceedings of WiUiam Brewster, is, at what precise 
 period it was that the scattered elements of disaffection 
 to the Church as by law. established, were brought to 
 collect themselves about the centre at his house at 
 Scrooby, and the dissidents became formed in a Separa- 
 tist or Congregational or Independent Church, those 
 terms being identical and only other names for the same 
 thing. That there was a precise period when this was 
 done, and that it was not that the concentration was 
 brought about by slow and almost imperceptible 
 degrees, is evident from what was the general practice 
 
 ** There was also at this time a Thomas Brewster who held an 
 office under government, but to what family of Brewsters he 
 belonged is not known, and probably none would wish to claim him. 
 Evidence exists to show that he was drawn into some misdemea- 
 nors in the Court of Eemembrance Office in the Exchequer, and also 
 in the Custom House, for which a fine of 500 marks was imposed 
 upon him. This was towards the. close of the reign of Elizabeth. 
 It was afterwards mitigated to 300^: but this he was unable" to 
 pay, and was lying in prison in consequence, when his wife 
 addressed an urgent appeal to Eobert Earl of Salisbury, then 
 lord high treasurer, on his behalf. 
 
88 THE FOUNDERS 01 
 
 of communities, sucli as these. They usually begaa 
 with the entering into a solemn covenant to walk 
 together in a Christian course according to the direction 
 of the word of God, and the choice of the officers 
 which, according to their views, were those, and those 
 only which were pointed out in scripture : namely, 
 as we have before stated, pastor, teacher, elders, and 
 deacons. Manuscripts remain containing accounts of 
 such beginnings of Separatist Churches in other 
 places of a later date, with lists of persons who then 
 entered into communion ; and greatly is it to be 
 . Date of tie wishcd that among the discoveries in lite- 
 
 formation of 
 
 this congrega- x&xj and rcligious history, the record of 
 
 tion not quite 
 
 ascertained, the first beginning of the Scrooby Church 
 should be discovered. It would be a treasure indeed 
 for New-England history, and for the Museum of New 
 Plymouth. 
 
 This, however, is an event rather to be desired than 
 expected, and we must be content to confine ourselves 
 to making an approximation to the time, and to intro- 
 ducing a new name into our narrative in the pastor 
 or teacher (for it is uncertain which) whom these 
 Basset-Lawe Separatists elected. And first with respect 
 to the time., 
 
 The year 1602 is placed in the margin of Bradford's 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 89 
 
 account of Brewster against the notice, " After they 
 were joined together into communion, he was a special 
 stay and help to them. They ordinarily met at his 
 house on the Lord's day." But this date, if there is 
 not some mistake, must relate to an earlier Church- 
 union than that of which we are speaking, perhaps a 
 union which comprehended also the people who after- 
 wards composed Smith's Church at Gainsborough ; 
 foi* Bradford also tells us that when the Church in 
 Brewster's house began to move towards Holland, 
 which was certainly in the winter of 1607 and 1608, 
 they had continued together " about a year keeping 
 their meetings every Sabbath in one place or another, 
 exercising the worship of God amongst themselves." 
 So that it would seem that the true beginning of this 
 Church as distinct from that of Smith, is to be fixed 
 to the year 1606, about two years after the emigration 
 of Smith and his people. 
 
 That Brewster was chosen the elder, and Clifton 
 either the pastor or teacher (probably the latter), seems 
 to admit of no doubt ; but at this stage another person 
 appears to have been introduced among them, whose 
 name is the most prominent in all the subsequent his- 
 tory of the Church, and who has left the most printed 
 
90 THE lOUNBERS OF 
 
 writings by which his opinions and character may be 
 understood. He accompanied the Scrooby Church 
 when it removed to Holland, was with it whUe it 
 remained at Amsterdam, transferred himself with it 
 to Leyden, and witnessed its departure for America, 
 intending, it is understood, to go thither himself, 
 though he never actually took that step. This was 
 John Robinson, who had inherited, like Smith, one 
 JoM 0^ those names which are really in a lai'ge 
 population like that of England, no nota- 
 mina, affording, therefore, little assistance to the 
 critical inquirer. But we know him to have been 
 chosen into one of the highest offices in this church, 
 and we know him, also, by the works which he left 
 behind him, to have been a man of a superior cast of 
 character to the men who were so outrageously 
 zealous against ceremonies and vestments and external 
 authority, all of which have their use in affairs of 
 religion. He was, moreover, a man whose writings 
 may be read now for tastruction. I cannot go so far 
 as some persons do and value his essays with those of 
 Bacon ; but he must be insensible indeed who does 
 not acknowledge that there is no small amount of 
 original thinking in them, and hints which may be 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 91 
 
 applied by any man with advantage in the regulation 
 •of his thoughts and conduct. He was also a farther 
 seeing man than some who were associated with him, 
 seeing that having deserted the Church and renounced 
 its authority, it was not to be supposed that they and 
 their posterity would remain stationary precisely where 
 they at first had rested, but that further light might 
 be expected to be struck out by the labour of men of 
 learning, and that it would be their duty as well as 
 their privilege to follow the light that was vouchsafed 
 to them. Historically, indeed, this has been emi- 
 nently the case both in England and America, and 
 has raised in both countries the question before the 
 legal tribunals, how far men have a right to go in the 
 pursuit of religious truth, who have renounced autho- 
 rity, and where the law shall step in and say, — Thus 
 far shalt thou go and no farther. Such a man is 
 deserving of honour, especially as he added to these 
 something of the meekness of wisdom, much as com- 
 pared with Smith and some other of the Separatists : 
 " the most learned, polished, and modest spirit that 
 ever that sect enjoyed." This is the testimony of 
 Robert Baillie, of Glasgow, an eminent Scotch Pres- 
 byterian. 
 
92 TEE lOUNDEBS OF 
 
 It must have been a great advantage to the Basset- 
 Lawe Separatists to have secured the assistance of 
 such a minister as this : and it now becomes a point 
 which it is well worth while to consider, how it 
 happened that such a connection should be formed, 
 since among the few things which are known of the 
 early history of Robinson this is one, that he was living 
 in the earlier part of the reign of James the First in 
 the county of Norfolk, and particularly at Norwich. 
 Now, we have already seen that two of the divines of 
 whom we have spoken had been educated 
 
 Sis earlier 
 
 history. ^|. (;3jjj.ig|. College, Cambridge (Emmanuel 
 
 College wherein many other Puritan ministers were 
 educated was then scarcely formed), and among the per- 
 sons who were admitted there in the year 1592 is a 
 John Robinson who took' the degree of M.A. and 
 became a Fellow in 1598. This we learn from Mr. 
 Masters' printed list of the members of this College, 
 4to, 1 749, and he further informs us that in the register 
 of the College this Robinson is said to have been of the 
 county of Lincoln, and adding the conjecture that he 
 is the Johri Robinson who subsequently lived in 
 Holland. This appears to be a very probable 
 conjecture ; and I find Mr. Ashton, to whom I 
 
NEW FLYMOUTH. 93 
 
 pointed out the passage in Masters is inclined to 
 adopt it.** 
 
 . The inference from it will be that he would easily 
 become known to the Separatists at Gainsborough 
 and through them to those of Basset-Lawe. We are 
 hardly warranted in supposing that he was connected 
 with the Thomas Robinson who was so deeply con- 
 cerned in the affair of the Bawtry Hospital, but it is 
 far from improbable that Robinson was originally of 
 Gainsborough, where in the reign of Charles II 
 Robinsons were chief persons among the Dissenters 
 of that town. 
 
 It must not, however, be concealed that Dr. Young 
 states that he was born in 1576, entered Emmanuel 
 College in 1593, took the degree of M.A. in 1600, 
 and B.D. in 1607, and what this very cautious writer 
 states is not to be lightly controverted : but the last of 
 these dates and therefore the earlier dates can hardly 
 belong to this John Robinson. In truth all that can 
 be said of his early history ought at present to be 
 stated with a prudent reserve : but it cannot be as 
 some modem writers have stated that he was con- 
 
 ** Memoir of the Kev. John Eobinson, in Collections of the 
 Massachusetts Historical Society. Fourth Series, vol. i, p. 1]3. 
 
94 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 temporary with Brewster at the same College. His 
 age forbids it. 
 
 We are told that he was beneficed in Norfolk some- 
 Benificed wherc near Yarmouth. This is far too 
 
 near Yar- 
 mouth, vague to satisfy even the most moderate 
 
 curiosity about such a man. In looking over the list 
 
 of Norfolk incumbents in Blomefield's history of that 
 
 county, I meet with only one Robinson of his period 
 
 who was beneficed in any place which could be said 
 
 to be near Yarmouth. ^^ This was the incumbent of 
 
 the vicarage or perpetual curacy of Mundham, which 
 
 is about fourteen miles distant from Yarmouth. We 
 
 have no more of his name than " Robinson -. " but as 
 
 Mundham was an impropriation of the Hospital of 
 
 St. Giles in Norwich, and as we have the testimony of 
 
 Dr. Joseph Hall, that Robinson the Separatist had 
 
 some expectation of being appointed the master of that 
 
 *5 History of Norfolk, vol. v, p. 1155. "In 1600 I find it 
 served by Mr. Kobinson, a stipendiary curate, and so remains, 
 nominated by the mayor, &c., of the City of Norwich : and in 1603 
 he returned 144 communicants." The church had been appro- 
 priated to the Hospital of St. Giles in Norwich in 1340. It is 
 Mundham Magna or Mundham St. Peter of which I am speaking. 
 Mundham Parva or Mundham St. Ethelbert was also held by 
 St. GUes's Hospital, and so came to the Corporation of Norwich, 
 who nominated the curate here also. 
 
NBJr PLYMOUTH. 95 
 
 hospital, it seemed a reasonable presumption that 
 Mundham was the benefice in Norfolk, which he is said 
 to have held. But Mr. Ashton appears to have dis- 
 covered that the incumbent of Mundham, whose 
 surname was Robinson, was named Robert. It is, 
 however, singular that there should be two Robinsons 
 at that time, both brought into connection with 
 St. Giles's Hospital at Norwich, and both clergymen. 
 
 We know that John Robinson lived for some time 
 at Norwich. " Witness the late practice in Norwich, 
 where certain citizens were excommunicated for resort- 
 ing unto and praying with Mr. Robinson, a man 
 worthily reverenced of all the city for the grace of God 
 in him." This occurs in Ainsworth's 'Answer to 
 Crashaw,' and is cited by Mr. Hanbury.^^ Dr. Young 
 has referred me to one of Robinson's Tracts for a 
 more direct testimony. It is his ' People's Plea for the 
 exercise of prophecy,' 16mo, 1618. He dedicated it 
 to " his Christian friends in Norwich and j^^ ;„ jro^.. 
 thereabouts," and afterwards says, " even 
 as when I Hved with you." 
 
 We also know that he left Norwich in some disgust. 
 
 *6 Historical Memorials relating to the Independents : by Ben- 
 jamin Hanbury. 8vo, ] 839, vol. i, p. 185. 
 
96 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 Ephraim Pagitt speaks of " one Master Robinson, 
 who leaving Norwich malcontent, became a rigid 
 Brownist." ^'^ Dr. Hall in a passage of his Apology 
 against Brownists, cited by Dr. Young, makes this 
 apparently uncharitable insinuation : " Neither doubt 
 we that the mastership of the hospital at Norwich, or 
 a lease from that city (sued for with repulse) might 
 have procured that this separatioh from the commu- 
 nion, government, and worship of the Church of Eng- 
 land should not have been made by John Robinson." 
 
 On the whole it may be taken as being very near 
 the truth that he took the oflBce assigned him in the 
 Basset-Lawe Church in 1606 or 1607. 
 
 Again and again have we to complain of the want 
 
 of dates and other specialty in the writings of Bradford: 
 
 but we may refer to them for a most hearty testimony 
 
 of respect and affection for the memory of Robinson ; 
 
 " a man not easily to be paralleled for all 
 
 Sradford's "' ^ 
 
 *th!^T^aJel things, whose singular virtues we shaU not 
 ^wso"- ^^Q upon us here to describe. Neither 
 need we, for they so well are known both by friends 
 and enemies. As he was a man learned and of a solid 
 judgment, and of a quick and sharp wit, so was he 
 ^^ Heresiography, 4to, 1655, p. 73. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 97 
 
 also of a tender conscience, and very sincere in all his 
 ways, a hater of hypocrisy and dissimulation, and 
 would be very plain with his best friends. He was 
 very courteous, affable, and sociable in his conversa- 
 tion, and towards his own people especially. He was 
 an acute and expert disputant, very quick and ready, 
 and had much bickering with the Arminians, who 
 stood more in fear of him than any of the university. 
 He was never satisfied in himself until he had searched 
 any case or argument he had to deal in thoroughly 
 and to the bottom ; and we have heard him some- 
 times say to his familiars that many times both in 
 writing and disputation, he knew he had sufficiently 
 answered others, but many times not himself ; and was 
 ever desirous of any light, and the more able, learned, 
 and holy the persons were, the more he desired to 
 confer and reason with them. He was very profitable 
 in his ministry and comfortable to his people. He 
 was much beloved of them, and as loving was he unto 
 them, and entirely sought their good for soul and 
 body. In a word he was much esteemed and re- 
 verenced of all that knew him, and his abilities [were 
 acknowledged] both of friends and strangers."*^ With 
 
 *8 Young, p. 451. 
 
 13 
 
98 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 this may be compared what is said of him by 
 
 wimiowe's. Wiuslowe who joined his church while 
 
 it was at Leyden, and who was one of the party 
 
 of a hundred, the first instalment of the Leyden 
 
 church to the English population of America. " ' Tis 
 
 true, I confess, he was more rigid in his course 
 
 and way at first than toward his latter end ; for his 
 
 study was peace and union as far as might agree with 
 
 faith and a good conscience; and for schisms and 
 
 divisions there was nothing in the world more hateful 
 
 to him. But for the government of the Church of 
 
 England, as it was in the Episcopal way, the Liturgy, 
 
 and stinted prayers of the church thereby, yea, the 
 
 constitution thereof as national, so consequently the 
 
 corrupt communion of the unworthy and the worthy 
 
 receivers of the Lord's Supper, these things were 
 
 never approved of by him, but witnessed against to 
 
 his death, and are by the church over which he was 
 
 to this day."*^ Here was something of substantial 
 
 principle, something very unlike the puerile cavils 
 
 about the few ceremonial acts which were continued 
 
 ■*' The reader will find in the Appendix the opinion formed of 
 him by John Shaw, the eminent Presbyterian Minister of the time 
 of the Commonwealth, and may compare it with what he says of 
 other English Separatists, who went to Holland. 
 
NjEW PLYMOUTH. 99 
 
 from the primeval ages of Christianity, interesting as 
 symbolical, and venerable as of unfathomed antiquity ; 
 and we cannot but regard such a man as entitled to a 
 voice in Christian controversies. 
 
 With the zeal of Brewster there was, therefore, now 
 united the moderation and prudence, and perhaps the 
 hesitancy, of Robinson. But we have now to intro- 
 duce upon the stage another person who joined him- 
 self to the church when quite a youth, who removed 
 with it to Amsterdam, and from thence to Leyden, 
 and who was in the first ship, the May Flower, which 
 entered the harbour of New Plymouth. He _.„. 
 held no office in the Church, but he had the ^"^f""^- 
 chief share in managing the civil affairs of the colony, 
 and subsequently became the person to whom we are 
 indebted for so much authentic information concern- 
 ing this movement. This was William Bradford, 
 to whose energy while still quite a young man the 
 church appears to liave been greatly indebted in the 
 trying circumstances which attended its removal from 
 England. 
 
 It is to Dr. Cotton Mather that we are indebted for 
 what is known of the early life of Bradford. He 
 seems to have owed most of his information to writings 
 
100 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 of Bradford himself, which are now lost. An unfor- 
 tunate but very excusable misprint in Dr. Mather's 
 ,,: , , . work, or more probably a mistake in the 
 CfiM ^for manuscript, has frustrated aU former in- 
 quirers into the ongm and lamily connec- 
 tions of Bradford, about which curiosity has been 
 alive. In the Magnolia we read that he was bom at 
 Ansterfield. No such place can be found in the 
 villare of England, and therefore the name was no 
 guide to the country in which inquiry might be made 
 about him with any chance of success. But, in fact, 
 what is printed Ansterfield ought to be A2«sterfield, a 
 village near Scrooby, being about as far to the north- 
 east of Bawtry as Scrooby is to the south.^" And 
 this point having been ascertained, opportunities were 
 opened for the discovery of the station in life which 
 his family had occupied, to support the representations 
 given in general terms by Dr. Mather, and of the 
 
 5° I had the pleasure of drawing the attention of my highly- 
 esteemed friend the Hon. James Savage of Boston, who visited 
 England in 1843 for the purpose of collecting information concern- 
 ing the early emigrants, to this fact when the evidence was in a 
 less complete state than it now is. . My communication to him on 
 this subject is inserted among his " Gleanings for New England 
 History," in the eighth volume of the Third Series of Collections of 
 the Massachusetts Historical Society. 
 
NBW PLYMOUTH. 101 
 
 persons with whom the family of the future Governor 
 of New Plymouth were connected by friendship or 
 alliances. 
 
 Austerfield is an ancient village, consisting then, as 
 it does now, of a few houses inhabited by persons 
 engaged in the occupation of husbandry, and a small 
 chapel of a very early age. Ecclesiastically it is de- 
 pendent on the church of Blythe, and the vicar of that 
 parish appoints the curate. Pnlike Scrooby in that 
 respect, whose early registers are lost, Austerfield has 
 preserved them from the beginning in a good state ; 
 and it is chiefly by the help of what is ^ 
 recorded in them that we are able to show *"''" **^''*" 
 that this was the birth-place of Governor Bradford, 
 and to give some account, such as it is, of his family. 
 
 Dr. Mather says that he was sixty-nine years of age 
 at the time of his death. May the 9th, 1657. This 
 would carry back his birth to the year 1588-9; and 
 with this agrees with sufficient exactness the following 
 entry among the baptisms at Austerfield: — 
 
 1589, March 19th. WilUam, the son of Wilham 
 Bradfourth — where 1589 is 1590, according to our 
 present mode of dating. 
 
 Dr. Mather further informs, us that he was born to 
 
102 TEE I0UNBER8 OF 
 
 some estate, that his parents died when he was young, 
 and that he was brought up by his grandfather and 
 uncles. These statements receive curious support 
 from the entries in the Register, and from fiscal and 
 testamentary documents. ~ 
 
 On these authorities the following genealogical ac- 
 count of the Bradfords of Austerfield is based : — 
 
 A William Bradford was living there in or about 
 1575, when he and one John Hanson were the only 
 , . , persons in the township who were assessed 
 "sr^foris* of to the Subsidy. Bradford was taxed on 
 20 shilhngs land, and Hanson on 60 
 shillings goods, annual value. These were the two 
 grandfathers of the future Governor ; and the circum- 
 stance, trifling as it is, that they were the only assess- 
 able inhabitants of Austerfield, shows at once the 
 general poverty of the place, and that they stood in 
 some degree of elevation above all their neighbours, 
 except the incumbent of the chapel, who, Hke other 
 clergymen, was not subject to the tax. "WilKam 
 Bradfourth the eldest" was buried January 10th, 
 1595-6. This was the grandfather of the Governor, 
 who was then about six years old. 
 
 Three Bradfords appear in the next generation, who 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 103 
 
 are the father and uncles of whom Dr. Mather speaks. 
 Their names were WilUam, Thomas, and Robert. The 
 baptism of Robert is the only one found in the register, 
 the others having been born, as it may fairly be, con- 
 cluded, before the commencement of the registers. 
 Robert's baptism is entered thus : — 
 
 1561, January 23d, Robert, son of William Brad- 
 fourth. 
 
 All the three were married and had issue. 
 
 (1) William. He married on June 31st, 1584, Alice 
 Hanson, whom I assume, without having wuuam. 
 strict proof, to have been the daughter of John Hanson 
 who shared with old William Bradford the honour of 
 being the only subsidy-men at Austerfield. Indeed 
 it can hardly admit of a doubt, since we find that a 
 daughter of John Hanson was baptised by the name 
 of Alice in 1 5 6 2 . John Hanson had married Margaret 
 Gresham on July 23d, 1560. There were Greshams, 
 people of the better account though not called to the 
 Heralds' visitations, dispersed over the country which 
 lies between the northern border of Nottinghamshire 
 and the Yorkshire town of Doncaster. We have no 
 account of the burial of Alice the mother of the 
 Governor ; and it seems probable that she married a 
 
104 TEE WUNBERS 01 
 
 second time, as there is the following entry in the 
 register of Austerfield, 1593, September 23d, Robert 
 Briggs and Alice Bradford : and no trace of any other 
 Alice Bradford at that time at Austerfield. The 
 father, WiUiam Bradford, was buried on July 15 th, 
 1591, when his son was about a year and a 
 half old. 
 
 There were three children, offspring of the marriage 
 of WiUiam Bradford and Alice Hanson : viz. Margaret, 
 who was baptised March 8th, 1585-6 ; Alice, baptised 
 October 30th, 1587 ; and William (the Governor), who 
 was baptised March 19th, 1589-90. Of these, we 
 have the register of the burial of Margaret on the day 
 after the baptism. We have no further information 
 concerning the Governor's sister Alice. 
 
 (2) Thomas. One of the uncles to whom devolved 
 Thomas. the care of the infant, appears in the 
 
 Register only as having a daughter named Margaret 
 baptised on March 9th, 1577-8. 
 
 (3) Robert, the other uncle, is the only Bradford 
 Soiert. who is asscssed at Austerfield to the sub- 
 sidy of 1598; the other subsidy -men being John 
 Maudson, Robert Martley, and Robert Bridges. On 
 January 31st, 1585-6, he married Alice Waigestafe, 
 
NBW PLYMOUTH. 105 
 
 (Wagstaff),^^ and by her who was buried July 13th, 
 1600, he had William, Robert, Mary, Elizabeth, and 
 Margaret, who were baptised in 1587, 1591, 1593, 
 1597, and 1600. WiUiam, the eldest son, died young, 
 being buried on April 30th, 1593 ; and he appears to 
 have lost two children who died unbaptised in 1595 
 andl597. He himself was buried on April 33d, 1609, 
 having made his last will on the 15th day of that 
 month. 
 
 This will of one of the uncles of the Governor affords 
 us the best means of forming a just opinion of the status 
 of the Bradfords of Austerfield, at the time when lived 
 the only person who entitles them to be worthy 
 objects of historical curiosity. He describes Bis wui. 
 himself " Robert Bradfurth, of Austerfield, yeoman ;" 
 and we may observe that Bradfurth or Bradfoiu'th is 
 the more usual orthography of the name in the church 
 register, so uncertain and variable was the orthography 
 of aU proper names at that period ; also that " yeoman" 
 implies a condition of life a little better than that 
 
 61 Not " Waingate," as in the ' Collections,' by a mistake of 
 the transcriber. There were Wagstaffs at that time freeholders of 
 Harworth, of whom George Wagstaff was living in 1612; and 
 Roger, who is described as a " husbandman," was a witness in the 
 Hospital suit, 1592. 
 
 14 
 
106 THE lOUNBERS OF 
 
 which would be now indicated by the word. The 
 yeomanry of England in the reign of Elizabeth formed 
 the class next to those who were the acknowledged 
 gentry using coat-armour of right. They lived for 
 the most part on lands of their own. The testator 
 sets out with declarations of his Christian faith 
 expressed in terms of energy a little above the ordinary 
 tone of such exordiums, and his first bequest is of 
 ten shillings to the chapel of Austerfield. To a servant 
 named Grace Wade, he gives the free use of a dwel- 
 ling-house. He names another servant, and his 
 brother and sister Hall. These must be James Hall 
 and Elizabeth, his wife, originally Bradford, who were 
 married January 25th, 1595. She was no doubt the 
 Ehzabeth, daughter of the first WilHam, who was 
 baptised July 10th, 1570. Another small legacy is 
 given to Thomas Silvester, clerk. To his son Robert 
 he gives his best iron-bound wain ; the cupboard in 
 the " house," that is, the apartment in the dwelling- 
 house answering to what is now called the parlour ; 
 one long table with a frame ; and one long form ; 
 with his best yoke of oxen ; also the " counter wherein 
 the evidences are." He leaves him also a corslet^^ 
 
 5^ A piece of armour, an ordinary subject of bequest in wills of 
 this period. 
 
imTF PLYMOUTH. 107 
 
 with all. the furniture thereto belonging. Having 
 made these specific bequests, he directs that the 
 residue of his property shall be divided equally among 
 his four children, Robert, Mary, Elizabeth, and 
 Margaret, whom he makes execiitors. They were all 
 under age. Then something in the manner of 
 Eudamidas, he gives the tuition of them till they are 
 of age or married, to three of his friends : my good 
 neighbour, Mr. Richardson, of Bawtry, is to have the 
 care of Robert and Margaret; WUliam Downes, of 
 Scrooby, of his daughter EUzabeth ; and Mr. Silvester, 
 of Alkley, of his daughter Mary. In a later part of 
 the will he directs that his son Robert shall have the 
 reversion of two leases ; the one of all the King's lands 
 he has in Austerfield, the other of the closes which 
 he has of Mr. Morton in Martin lordship. Austerfield 
 as well as Bawtry was in those days a royal manor, 
 having been acquired by the crown by forfeitures or 
 marriages from the illustrious and well-known line 
 of Nevile and Despenser, and the Bradfords were, we 
 see, farmers of the demesne. 
 
 This will show the Bradfords to have been at this 
 time intimately acquainted with the best of Bradfords 
 
 ioell connect- 
 
 the people living in their neighbourhood, e^- 
 
108 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 if it be allowed that holding a lease from the 
 Catholic family of Morton implies acquaintance with 
 them. The Mr. Richardson to whom he commits 
 two of the children, was next to the Mortons, the 
 most considerable person then at Bawtry. His name 
 was Richard, and he had married Elizabeth Lindley, a 
 daughter of William Lindley, of Skegby, near Mans- 
 RicTiardson. field, a Visitation family. Her brother, 
 Francis Lindley, of Skegby, Esquire, married Jane 
 Molineux, daughter of Francis Molineux, of Teversal, 
 Esquire. This lady died in 1633, aged 71, and was 
 buried at Bawtry, where she had a rhyming epitaph : 
 
 " Here lyes Innocence, Meekness, Piety, 
 Chastity, Patience, and Sobriety : 
 And whatsoever else precious and good, 
 Is requisite to complete womanhood." 
 
 One of her daughters was the wife of Robert 
 Morton, of Bawtry; and another of Thomas Ledgard, 
 
 Ledgaird. a uative of Bradford, in Yorkshire, but 
 living at Bawtry, as a merchant. The inscription on 
 his tomb celebrates his skill in the construction of 
 mathematical instruments, and his knowledge in every- 
 thing relating to pilotage. Is it too much to claim him 
 as an early friend of William Bradford ? In his will 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 109 
 
 made in 1632, lie bequeathed to his son, Tristram 
 Ledgard, all his books and mathematical instruments. 
 Lindley Richardson, the son of this marriage, was 
 a sponsor at the baptism of one of the daughters of 
 young Robert Bradford, who was thus placed under 
 the care of his father. 
 
 Of Downes I know nothing, except that he was 
 a subsidy-man at Scrooby. Silvester was suvester. 
 a divine living at Alkley, which is eastward from 
 Austerfield, at no great distance. His will was made 
 in 1615, and it appears by it that he was possessed 
 of a fair estate, and also, what is more to our pur- 
 pose, of a library of English and Latin books, at a 
 time when in country places in England, books were 
 exceedingly few. This collection of books,' rehgious 
 books probably, in the hands of a friend of the family 
 living near them, was perhaps a treasure of instruction 
 to the governor in his youth. We may notice as a 
 trait of the times, that he gives to the poor scholars 
 of the Grammar School at Rossington, his Cooper's 
 Dictionary, to be chained to a staU in the church, and 
 used by them as long as it will last ! 
 
 On the whole, it appears that the Bradfords of 
 Austerfield, during the eighteen years that he was 
 
110 THE FOUNDERS 01 
 
 living amongst them, who was destined to be the 
 governor of the first settlement of New England, and 
 who may justly be styled the Moses of the exodus, as 
 Brewster was the Aaron ; associated with the best of 
 the slender population by whom they were surrounded. 
 No marriages have been found of the three daugh- 
 ters of Robert Bradford ; but his son, who bore the 
 same name, continued the line at Austerfield. He 
 buried his first wife, whose name was Jane, on 
 March 6th, 1614-5. She brought him two children, 
 Elizabeth and Richard. The sponsors at the baptism 
 of EHzabeth were, Lindley Richardson, Elizabeth 
 Richardson, and EUen Harrison; this was in 1613. In 
 1615 he married a second time, Ehzabeth Sothwood. 
 The marriage was solemnised hy license of the Arch- 
 bishop, a rare event in those days at Austerfield, and 
 showing that she belonged to a family of rather the 
 better class. It is a reasonable presumption that she 
 was of the same family with the Mr. Southwood whose 
 widow was the second wife of Governor Bradford. 
 There was a numerous family, most of whom died in 
 infancy. At the baptism of Mary, one of them, 
 William Thorp, Modlin Benson, and Jane Marsland, 
 were the sponsors. 
 
NEW PLTMO UTH. 1 1 1 
 
 There is nothing to tempt one to pursue this 
 branch of the subject further. While William was 
 working his way against many adverse circumstances 
 to the distinction which he at last attained, his cousin- 
 german, Robert, remained at Austerfield, sinking, it is 
 to be feared, into poverty and obscurity. Before 
 1628 he had sold his lands, or at least portions of 
 them, but probably all. The purchaser was Mr. 
 William Vescy, a gentleman of very ancient family, 
 who resided on a patrimonial inheritance ^ . ^-^ 
 at Brampton in Le Morthing, about ' 
 fifteen miles from Austerfield ; who in that year made 
 his will, in which he speaks of "lands at Austerfield, 
 which I bought of Robert Bradford." In 1630, one 
 Robert Wright, a draper, of Doncaster, leaves to 
 " Robert Bradford, of Austerfield," his gray suit of 
 apparel, and to Richard Bradford, his son, one fustian 
 doublet and one pair of hose. Owing to an imper- 
 fection in the register, we cannot fix precisely the 
 time when Robert Bradford died, but it was between 
 1630 and 1640, when he had not attained the age 
 of fifty years. 
 
 Dr. Mather informs us, that a portion of the lands 
 of the family descended to William, and that he sold 
 
113 THE lOUNBERS OF 
 
 them when he was of full age and was living in 
 ^„ ^ Holland. As to the moral and religious 
 
 Allegeamo- " 
 
 ""^ "^tatfof State of the village in which he was born. 
 
 it was probably neither much better nor 
 much worse than the other agricultural villages of 
 England at that time were; and no one now can 
 either confirm or refute the very unfavourable re- 
 presentation which Dr. Mather gives of it. He de- 
 scribes Austerfield, or Ansterfield as he calls it, as a 
 very ignorant profane place, not a Bible to be seen 
 there, and with a minister at the chapel who was in- 
 attentive and careless. Yet the will, of which we had 
 an abstract, is not without traces both of piety and 
 Sem-y charity ; and we must do so much justice 
 
 Fletcher the 
 
 cia-ate. to Hcury Flctchcr, ' 'who is the minister 
 
 alluded to, as to say, that he appears to have been 
 constantly resident on this poorly-endowed benefice 
 from 1591, when he married Elizabeth Elvick, to 1624, 
 when by his last will he directs that he shall be buried 
 in the churchyard or chapel of Austerfield, near his 
 wife and children. An Alice Bradford, who, if she 
 were not the Alice who married Briggs, would be the 
 Governor's mother, was a sponsor at the baptism of 
 his eldest child Nathaniel, May 1st, 1595, with Mr. 
 John Deacon and Mr. William Gregory. 
 
NEW PLYMO UTH. 113 
 
 We may, however, conclude from what is said by 
 Dr. Mather, that Bradford owed Httle to him of that 
 deeply contemplative and religious turn of mind which 
 was remarked in him as early as his twelfth year. 
 He was brought up as the sons of yeomanry in those 
 days were when not sent into the towns, attending to 
 the husbandry operations of the family. But the 
 report of Clifton's awakening ministry Bradford 
 
 attends Clif- 
 
 reached Austerfield. Young as he was, ton's ministri/. 
 the voice came home to his heart. Babworth cannot 
 be less than six or seven miles from Austerfield, yet 
 he M'as a frequent attendant on Clifton's ministry. 
 In going from Austerfield to Babworth he would pass 
 through Scrooby, where we see Downes, a friend of the 
 family, resided, and where he would meet with several 
 persons, Brewster among the number, who walked 
 across the meadows to Babworth, and who returned, 
 their hearts burning within them, and strengthening 
 onfe another in the persuasion that such were the 
 ministers by whom Christianity put forth its genuine 
 influences. And when Clifton's voice was silenced by 
 authority he would be amongst those who reclaimed 
 against the unwise and oppressive act; and when 
 Clifton gave up for ever his pleasant benefice, and 
 
 15 
 
114 THE FOUNDERS OJ 
 
 separated himself from the Church to which perhaps 
 he was in heart strongly attached^-his affections 
 drawing him one way and his judgment another — 
 Bradford, young as he was, woidd be likely to see 
 that no other way had remained for him, and that it 
 was his own duty and his highest interest to render 
 him all the encouragement and support in his little 
 power, and to abandon the church which one of its 
 best ministers had been driven out from. Opposing 
 Formaihi ti^self to the wishes of his famUy, and 
 ^seifa^Sepa- daring the derision which would be show- 
 
 raUst. -. , . , 
 
 ered upon mm by the clowns of Auster- 
 field, he declared himseK a Separatist, joined the 
 Scrooby Church, and became a very active and useful 
 person in the difficult operations which they were soon 
 called on to perform. This seems to have been the 
 part he took when he was from fifteen to eighteen 
 years of age. 
 
 To complete the early portion of the personal his- 
 tory of this remarkable man, which is the only part of 
 it which belongs to me, it may be added that it has 
 Bis mm- ^®^° discovered by the American inquirers 
 ""^''' into the history of the early settlers that he 
 married one Dorothy May. She accompanied him to 
 
NBTT PLTMO UTH. 115 
 
 America, one of the memorable hundred who were in 
 the May-Flower.^* She reached the American coast ; 
 but, while the ship was in .the harbour at New Ply- 
 mouth, she fell overboard ^* and was drowned. May 
 is no Basset-Lawe name, so that we are not warranted 
 in claiming her for another member of the Scrooby 
 Church ; and she was probably a daughter of a Mrs. 
 May, a member of Johnson's Separatist Church at 
 Amsterdam, who is spoken of not very respectfully by 
 Ephraim Pagitt in his Heresiography, p.|,63. Two 
 years after her death, Bradford married Mrs. Alice 
 Southworth, a widow, to whom, according to tradition, 
 he had been attached before he went to America. 
 
 6S Often said to be One Hundred and One. Dr. N. B. Shurtleif 
 has prepared a very critical catalogue of them, in|which it appears 
 that One Hundred embarked, and One Hundred arrived at Cape 
 Cod: but that there was a child bom on the passage named 
 Oceanus Hopkins : but this addition to the number of passengers 
 was balanced by the death of William Butten, servant to Mr. Samuel 
 Fuller. A child who was named Peregrine White was bom at the 
 Cape in November, on board the ship. So^that One Hundred and 
 One may still be said to be the number of those who landed. It is a 
 melancholy fact, and one which shows that the emigration was really 
 no trifling sacrifice which these people made, that in less than a 
 year, fifty-one persons who had come over were dead ! 
 
 5* In the former edition T have said that a boat upset in which 
 she was : but I have been set right by a valued New England 
 correspondent. 
 
116 TEE FO UNBERS OF 
 
 She had married in the interval, and had become a 
 widow. Bradford renewed his proposals by letter. 
 She accepted them, and sailed for New Plymouth in 
 the second year of the existence of the colony. Two 
 sons of hers, Constant Southworth and Thomas 
 Southworth, also came out, who were brought up by 
 Governor Bradford, and became important persons in 
 the colony. 
 
 The Southworths were eminently a Basset-Lawe 
 The South- family. We learn from Thoroton that, in 
 1613, there was a Thomas Southworth, 
 who had lands at Clarborough, and a William 
 Southworth, a freeholder at Heyton. We find also, 
 in the Visitation of Nottinghamshire, in 1614, that an 
 Edward Southworth was then living, but so little did 
 he care for such things, that all the account of his 
 family which he gave to the Heralds was, that he was 
 the son of Robert Southworth, the son of Richard, the 
 son of Aymond, who lived at Wellam in the reign of 
 King Henry the Eighth. From another source we 
 know that one of the family, a Mr. Robert South- 
 worth, consorted with the extreme Puritans, who were 
 going the way of separation. It is the letter of 
 Smith to Bernard of Worksop, in which this passage 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 117 
 
 occurs : alluding to the speech of Naamau, Smith 
 
 says, "By this place Mr. Bernard intended to sin 
 
 against his conscience, for he did acknowledge this 
 
 truth we now profess divers times, and was upon the 
 
 point of separation with some of his people with him ; 
 
 yet, loving the world and preferment as Naaman is 
 
 thought to do, he chose rather to stay still in his 
 
 vicarage against his conscience than to lose it, and to 
 
 follow Christ with a good conscience. Do you not 
 
 remember, Mr. Bernard, what you said to me and 
 
 Mr. Bobert Southworth, coming together from W. 
 
 [Worksop ?], that, speaking of the danger of walking 
 
 in this truth of Christ we now profess, you said you 
 
 could easily die upon the tree for the truth, but you 
 
 could not without great horror think of being burned 
 
 as the martyrs were in Queen Mary's days ; and that 
 
 all the journey you were casting how to dispatch your 
 
 estate and to get away with safety." 
 
 With this passage before us, and the fact that some 
 of the name became early settled in the new country, 
 we cannot err if we claim some of them as lay mem- 
 bers of the Scrooby Church, perhaps this very Mr. 
 Robert Southworth himself. The time of the con- 
 versation alluded to would be about 1604. 
 
118 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 The Hon. John Davis, who in 1836 published an 
 edition of Morton's New England's Memorial, with 
 many illustrative notes, states that he had been in- 
 formed by a certain Mrs. White, an old lady whose 
 mind was richly stored with anecdotes of the " First 
 Comers," that Mrs. Alice Southworth's original name 
 was Rayner, and that she was sister to John Rayner 
 who was for some time settled as a minister in 
 England, but becoming a Puritan and Separatist, he 
 joined the colony in New Plymouth, and was then- 
 pastor from 1636 to 1654, while both Bradford and 
 Brewster were living. This received some slight coun- 
 tenance from the fact that in 1644, there was a Puritan 
 lady, Mrs. Constance Rayner, living in the parish of 
 St. Botolf without Aldgate, London, Constant being, 
 as may be remembered, the name of one of the sons 
 of Mrs. Alice Southworth. It also derived a slight 
 degree of probabihty from the fact that there were 
 Rayners living in Basset-Lawe in good position. But 
 I have been favoured by Mr. H. G. Somerby to whom 
 the people of New England are so much indebted for 
 Mrs. South, his genealogical researches in the old i 
 
 worth swp- 
 
 rta^iZ ''^^^^y' ^ith a copy of the will of John 
 au^yner- Rayner, which, though it cannot be said 
 
NEW PLTMO JJTH. 119 
 
 to disprove the alliance, affords no presumption in 
 favour of it, and it entirely disproves the connection 
 with the Rayners of East Drayton, and places him in 
 the midst of a wide-spread family of the name, persons 
 of ancient descent, possessing lands in the parishes of 
 Batley and Birstal in the clothing district of Yorkshire. 
 John Rayner the pastor of the New Plymouth people, 
 • their first pastor, unless we count Brewster as one, 
 bequeaths to his widow and sons lands at Gildersome 
 in the parish of Batley. But Dr. Young has produced 
 evidence which is almost conclusive, that Mrs. Ahce 
 bore another name before her marriage, in the 
 following entry in the records of the Plymouth church : 
 " 1667 : Mary Carpenter, sister of Mrs. _g^ cwrpen- 
 Alice Bradford, the wife of Governor 
 Bradford, a member of the church at Duxbury, died 
 in Plymouth, March 19-20, being newly entered into 
 the 91st year of her age. She was a godly old maid, 
 never married." We do not trace families of this sur- 
 name in Basset-Lawe. She might be a half sister. 
 
 , But there is a gtill more difficult and curious 
 genealogical question connected with the ^^fg**!^ 
 Bradfords. The American writers on this f^ZlfT 
 
 P , 1 /-~i Bradford, 
 
 subject allege that a sister oi the (jovernor andNathaniei 
 
120- THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 Morton, a son named Sarah married George Morton, 
 
 of that mar- 
 
 riage. ^^^ ^^^ mother of Nathaniel Morton the 
 
 author of New England's Memorial, first printed in 
 1669 ; and they are supported by the strong fact that 
 Nathaniel Morton does in that work call Governor 
 Bradford his uncle. On the other hand, we have no ■ 
 trace in the register of Austerfield, which was well 
 kept, of any sister of the Governor named Sarah, nor 
 is the marriage of a Morton to any of the Bradfords to 
 be found in that register. Nor is this the only 
 difficulty which presents itself when we compare 
 the histories and traditions of America with the 
 evidence of record in our own country. This George 
 Morton is said to have been an inhabitant of the 
 same village with Bradford, and to have come to New 
 Plymouth with his family of four children in July, 
 1623, and that there, in less than a year, he died.^^ 
 Now certain it is, that there were many Mortons, 
 people however of small consideration, living at 
 Austerfield in the time of the Bradfords, and certain 
 also it is, that there was among them a George Morton 
 baptised February 12th, 1597-8, one of many children 
 
 ^^ New England^s Memorial, Judge Davis's Edition, prefatory 
 matter. 
 
NEW PLYMO UTH. 121 
 
 of a Thomas Morton. This is the only George 
 Morton; but as we find a number of children of a 
 George Morton baptised at Austerfield between 1624 
 and 1631, it would seem that, according to the testi- 
 mony of the register, this must be the George, son of 
 Thomas, who could not therefore have emigrated in 
 1623. 
 
 I fear it is in vain to hope to identify the George 
 Morton, father of Nathaniel, by means of EngHsh 
 evidence. My well-informed friend and corre- 
 spondent, Mr. Savage, tells me that he has discovered 
 that the wife of this George Morton was not named 
 Sarah but Juliana, and that she married after his 
 death one Manassed Kempton. This is unfavourable 
 to the tradition or history which connects him with 
 Austerfield, for the people of that homely village 
 showed no taste or refinement in the selection of the 
 names given to their children ; and yet when we read 
 the words in which Governor Bradford records his 
 death, " a gracious servant of God, an unfeigned lover 
 and promoter of the common good and growth of this 
 plantation, and faithful in whatever public employment 
 he was entrusted with," it is impossible not to wish 
 that we could support by our own evidences the 
 
 16 
 
122 TEE FOUNDUBS OF 
 
 traditions of New England, and could show that he as 
 well as Brewster and Bradford sprung from the 
 country around Bawtry — the cradle of the Anglo- 
 Americans. He also, whoever he may have been, 
 occupies a conspicuous place in the early history of 
 this emigration, as the English correspondent of the 
 first settlers, the person to whom Bradford and 
 Winslowe transmitted their ' Relation of the pro- 
 ceedings during the first year of the Settlement,' and 
 who superintended the publication of it at London 
 in 1622 ; if we admit, as in all likelihood we may do,^^ 
 that Dr. Young is right in his conjecture that the 
 " G. Mourt," which is the name subscribed to the 
 preface is really intended for this George Morton, the 
 father of Nathaniel. It is manifest also that the 
 writer of that preface contemplated emigration, or, as 
 he expresses it, " to put his shoulder to this hopeful 
 business," as we know that the father of Nathaniel 
 Morton did ere another year was past. 
 
 While we are pursuing these inquiries with what 
 may be called by some a trifling minuteness, I caAnot 
 
 ^^ I venture to introduce this qualiiication, remembering that we 
 have names of two Puritan families in England which approach 
 nearer in orthography to " Mourt " than Morton does — Mort in 
 Lancashire, and Moult in Derbyshire. 
 
NETF PLTMO UTH. 123 
 
 forbear to add that we have another Morton bearing 
 the name of George Uving at this time, not indeed at 
 Austerfield, but at Bawtry. There is a mystery 
 hanging over this person's history. He ^gorge 
 was the eldest son and heir apparent of m^smotry 
 
 family. 
 
 Anthony Morton, who was one of the 
 witnesses in the Hospital suit, and died long before 
 his father, having married Catherine Bonn, half-sister 
 of Gilbert Bonn, serjeant-at-law, whose daughter, 
 Thoroton, the historiographer of Nottinghamshire, 
 married. Thoroton must have known everything 
 about these Mortons, who were one of the most 
 ancient of the Nottinghamshire families, and they are 
 even to be classed among the families whom Sir 
 Egerton Brydges so happily styles the historical 
 famiUes of England, on account of the important part 
 which they took in all the Catholic movements against 
 Queen EUzabeth, and especially the insurrection of 
 the northern earls in 1569. Yet he gives no full and 
 precise information respecting the later generations, 
 which we might have expected from him, when the 
 family was declining in importance, and about soon to 
 be removed from their hereditary seat. Nor are the 
 deficiencies supplied by the Visitation of Yorkshire in 
 
124 TEE lOUNBERS OF 
 
 1613, or that of Nottinghamshire in 1614, and the 
 family is wholly absent from Dugdale's great Visitation 
 of Yorkshire in 1665 and 1666. We are thus left 
 without any certain information concerning the fate 
 of George, and the ruin of the family is attributed to 
 his father Anthony and his brother Robert, who 
 married one of the Lindleys, of whom we have spoken, 
 and who is the person who sold their ancient estate 
 to Mr. William Saunderson. Is it possible that this 
 George Morton can have so far departed from the 
 spirit and principles of his family, as to have fallen into 
 the ranks of the Protestant Puritans and Separatists, 
 to have disguised himself in London under the name 
 of Mourt, and then to have concealed himself in the 
 American wilds. The conjecture is, perhaps, too bold 
 and too improbable. But it is easier to say so, than 
 to inform us what became of this prominent member 
 of a very eminent family.^'' 
 
 ^7 It is remarkable how little assistance the inquirer into the 
 minutisB of Nottinghamshire history can derive from the labours of 
 any former antiquary. Thoroton's History is very meagre, and it 
 is not known that any manuscript remains of his exist. Lincoln, 
 shire in this respect is not much better off, but it has better 
 Visitations. 
 
 Mary, the wife of Anthony Morton, of the parish of Harworth, 
 Esquire, " an obstinate papist, neither fearing God, nor the smart 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 125 
 
 And while upon the Mortons in the connection of 
 the name with the affairs of the first colo- Thomas Mor- 
 nists, it may be added that there was a 
 Thomas Morton, who joined the colony in 1625, and 
 was a very unworthy member of it. Bradford says 
 that " he had Joeen a kind of pettifogger at Furnival's 
 Inn," but in the title of his New English Canaan, 
 a disparaging account of the colony, which he printed 
 at Amsterdam in 1637, when he had been sent back 
 to Europe for selling powder and fire-arms to the 
 natives, he describes himself of Clifford's Inn. There 
 are doggrel verses written in 1624 relating to Ferdi- 
 nando Gary by a " Captain Thomas Morton from 
 Breda;" probably the same person, which different 
 pens have thought it worth while to transcribe, as 
 copies are to be found in the Ashmole, the Harley, and 
 the Sloane Collections of Manuscripts. 
 
 of Her Majesty's good and necessary laws in that behalf provided, 
 having for many years refused to go to the church to hear Divine 
 service and sermons, and to conform herself to the godly religion 
 now publicly received within the realm of England," was attached 
 by the Pursuivant of the Ecclesiastical Commissioners to appear to 
 answer before them at the cathedral church at York, and gave bond 
 accordingly in £100 ; and'not appearing at the time, the bond was 
 enforced against her and her two sureties. She would not fare the 
 better for her connection with Nicholas Morton, the principal 
 person in stirring up the Rebellion of 1569. 
 
126 TEE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 To these names, as lay-members of the Separatist 
 body in Basset-Lawe, may be added that of Feancis 
 FrandsJessop. Jessop, a younger son of a family of 
 good reputation and fortune, who possessed lands at 
 Heyton and TUne, in the neighbourhood of Scrooby 
 and Babworth, before they acquired larger possessions 
 in Yorkshire and Derbyshire by marriage with one of 
 the co-heirs of Swyft, from which family Lord Car- 
 lingford descended. They were indeed a wealthy and 
 considerable family, being at last ennobled with the 
 title of Baron Darcy of Navan, an Irish honour. They 
 were also a literary and religious family, not going the 
 length of separation, except in this Francis, but 
 professing themselves Puritans, and being great 
 encouragers of the Puritan ministry. ^^ 
 
 ^^ There is a very remarkable will of Wortley Jessop, who resided 
 at Scofton,'in the parish of Worksop, a nephew of Francis. It is 
 dated April 13th, 1615, seven years after the Basset-Lawe exodus. 
 He gives a small legacy to ToUer, and directs that JE4. a year shall 
 continue to be paid to William Carte, who had succeeded (with a 
 short interval), to Bernard as vicar of Worksop, as long as he shall 
 remain there. Carte was a Puritan, and had afterwards the living 
 of Hansworth. The light in which the Puritans of Basset-Lawe 
 regarded their Catholic neighbours appears in the provision which 
 Jessop makes for an infant daughter : — " If it please the Lord of 
 Heaven to move my brother George to remove his habitation from 
 amongst that idolatrous people amongst whom he now liveth, which 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 127 
 
 The Francis Jessop, who is to be claimed as one of 
 the, Puritans of Basset-Lawe, and who appears after- 
 wards as an active member of Robinson's church in 
 Holland, was the third son of Richard Jessop and 
 Anne Swyft, and was left very young by his father, 
 who died in 1580. The Basset-Lawe property was 
 left to him and another brother, named Richard, while 
 the eldest son took the lands which had been 
 inherited from the Swyfts. The father directs in his 
 vnll that the children shall be brought up in learning ; 
 and it may be added as illustrating the domestic 
 antiquities of the English nation, that he directs the 
 surplus of the rents of the lands given them to be 
 placed in a box with three locks, to be kept for their 
 use. We have seen that Richard was the friend of 
 Clifton and Toller, and the confidence which he placed 
 in them, and we have now to add that Francis Jessop 
 sold his lands at Tilne, and there can hardly be a 
 doubt that he is the Francis Jessop who appears at 
 Amsterdam fighting by the side of Clifton in his 
 sharp controversy with Smith on the baptismal ques- 
 
 I will not cease to pray for," then the daughter is to live with him : 
 if not, he desires she may be placed where shq shall hear the word 
 of God faithfully taught. 
 
128 THE FOUNDERS 01 
 
 tion. His tract is entitled A Discovery of the Errors of 
 the English Anabaptists : and there is further the strong 
 presumption that he is the Prancis Jessop, a prominent 
 member of Robinson's church at Leyden, whose name 
 stands first in a joint letter from the Leyden people 
 to their brethren at New Plymouth announcing the 
 death of Robinson. This was in 162 B. The other 
 names are Thomas Nash, Thomas Blossom, Roger 
 White, and Richard Maisterson. Three vessels ?it 
 different periods had conveyed members of the 
 Leyden congregation and their families to New 
 Plymouth. These persons as well as their pastor 
 Robinson had not taken that step. They were ever 
 intending to go, but were hindered. They stood 
 " on tip-toe," but there is no reason to believe that 
 Jessop, who was then sixty years of age, ever took 
 that step, but rather that he returned to England 
 and died here. 
 
 We have direct and positive evidence on which to 
 show two other persons who were members of the 
 JacJcsan and Separatist Church before it left England. 
 of Scrooiy, iHesc Were, Richard Jackson and 
 
 Separatists. -^ 
 
 KoBERT Rochester. They were both 
 inhabitants of Scrooby, and both included with 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 129 
 
 Brewster in the penalties imposed by the Commis- 
 sioners for Causes Ecclesiastical in 1608. I have not 
 seen any other notice of them. 
 
 The proceedings of the Separatists were in pointed 
 
 opposition to the law as it then stood, and The proceed- 
 ings which the 
 
 can only be iustified on the ground that Separatists 
 
 toolc, contrcay 
 
 in affairs so sacred and important as those '" ^"^' 
 of religion, there is a law which is above all human 
 institutions, to which every man is bound to be obe- 
 dient, when its requirements are made manifest to his 
 own understanding. A principle full of danger, for 
 who is equal to discern for himself that pure and 
 perfect way ! Yet the wrong, if wrong there was, was 
 not so great as that done by the legislature, which, in 
 the reign of Queen EHzabeth passed the act, " for the 
 punishment of persons obstinately refusing to come 
 to church." Conformity to what is the national will 
 in affairs such as these, is indeed desirable ; but this 
 was purchasing conformity at far too dear a rate ; and 
 so the nation in a wiser age was brought to think, 
 and the toleration under which Separatists now live, 
 became part of the law of the land. 
 
 Of course while such a law existed, conduct like 
 that of Brewster and his friends could not long be 
 
 17 
 
130 TEE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 permitted; and could not long be connived at, for 
 Animadverted ^oubtlcss amongst that gencrous body of 
 ^''"' men, who administered the law in the 
 provinces, there were many who, though they took no 
 part in such proceedings, and did not approve of them, 
 were unwilling to oppress under such a statute some 
 of their neighbours whose only fault may have been, 
 that they had an overstrained or ill-informed conscien- 
 tiousness, while they discharged well their other duties 
 under a deep sense of their responsibility. Bradford 
 speaks in general terms of the people being harassed, 
 as well as of the ministers, who stirred them up, being 
 silenced ; but he gives us no particular instances, not 
 even showing us what happened to Brewster himself. 
 Nor have I been able to discover more than one parti- 
 cular instance of the law being brought to bear on 
 any of these Basset-Lawe nonconformists, besides the 
 Proceeding of sileucing of some of the Ministers. Toby 
 
 t?ie Commis- 
 sioners for Be- Matthew, Archbishop of York, in the 
 
 clesiastical 
 
 causes. rctum which he made to the Exchequer, 
 
 on the 13th of November, 1608, of the fines which 
 had been imposed within his diocese in the preced- 
 ing year, for the purpose of the fines being levied, 
 inserted the following : — 
 
NHW PLTMOUTH. 131 
 
 " Richard Jackson, William Brewster, and Robert 
 Rochester, of Scrooby, in the county of Nottingham, 
 Brownists or Separatists, for a fine or amercement of 
 £30. a piece set and imposed upon every of them by 
 Robert Abbot and Robert Snowden, Doctors of 
 Divinity, and Matthew Dodsworth,^^ Bachelor of Law, 
 Commissioners for Causes Ecclesiastical within the 
 province of York, for not appearing before them upon 
 lawful summons at the Collegiate Church of Southwell, 
 the 23d day of AprH, anno Domini 1608— £60." 
 
 Before this return was made to the Exchequer, the 
 Basset-Lawe Separatists had formed the resolution to 
 seek in another country that protection and toleration 
 which were denied to them at home ; and they saw at 
 no great distance another country where was a public 
 toleration of all forms of Protestantism. This was 
 Holland; and the track had been trod TheScrooiy 
 
 , j> Ti J." Ch/wrohdecides 
 
 for them by several persons oi like senti- ^o„ emigra- 
 tion. 
 ments with themselves ; first, people from 
 
 B9 These Commissioners were persons of note at the time. 
 Or. Eobert Abbot became Bishop of Salisbury; Dr. Kobert 
 Snowden, a Nottinghamshire man and a Prebendary in the church 
 of Southwell, was afterwards Bishop of Carlisle j Dodsworth was 
 the father of Eoger Dodsworth, the great charter antiquary, and 
 principal collector of the materials for the Monasticon. 
 
132 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 London and the neighbourhood, and next their own 
 neighbours and friends, the members of Smith's Gains- 
 borough Church. We have no means of judging of 
 the precise number of persons who formed this deter- 
 mination, but there were probably several hundreds of 
 them, their leaders being Robinson, CHfton, Brewster, 
 and I will add.Bradford, youth though he was. In a 
 country so thinly peopled, and where striking events 
 were of but rare occurrence, the sudden removal of 
 such a number of persons would be a remarkable 
 occurrence, and would necessarily draw upon them 
 much of public attention. Bradford speaks of the 
 excitement which was occasioned by it, and the 
 surprise which was expressed at the sight of so many 
 persons of all ranks and conditions parting with their 
 possessions, and going in a body to another country 
 of whose very language they were ignorant. Some 
 carried with them portions of their household goods, 
 and some, it is said, looms which they had used at 
 home. 
 
 Yet there was nothing of ostentation in their pro- 
 ceedings. On the contrary, the expatri- 
 
 Mean to go 
 
 mdlfe'd at* ^*^°" ^^^ sought to be silently eflPected. 
 Boston. rjij^gy ^.^^.^ ^^ ^^ ^^ ^^^ parties, one from 
 
NEW PLTMOUTH. 133 
 
 Boston, the other by the Humber. Brewster and 
 Bradford were of the Boston party, and they made a 
 secret bargain with the captain of a Dutch vessel to 
 receive them on board at that port as privately as 
 might be. And now began a fresh difficulty. The 
 captain acted perfidiously. He gave secret infor- 
 mation to the magistrates of Boston, and when they 
 were embarked and just upon the point of sailing as 
 they supposed, officers of the port came on board who 
 removed them from the vessel and carried them to a 
 prison in the town, not without circumstances of 
 contumely. On what pretence, or for what reason 
 and purpose, this was done, or under what authority, we 
 are at present ignorant ; but the Crown did in those 
 days assume the right of preventing persons from 
 going abroad, and it is even said that Cromwell was 
 prevented thus from leaving England in the time of 
 King Charles the First. When they were taken out 
 of the vessel, the authorities at Boston seem to have 
 disposed of them at their pleasure. Some were sent 
 back to their homes ; others, among whom was 
 Brewster, were kept for many months in confinement 
 at Boston. Again and again must we lament the 
 want of particularity in Bradford's narratives, from 
 
134 THE FOUNDERS OF 
 
 which our only information of the proceedings at 
 Boston is derived. 
 
 The party which was to go by the Humber were 
 scarcely less unfortunate. They had agreed 
 
 Unfortunate •' ./ o 
 
 attempt to ^^j.^ Q^^ master of another Dutch vessel 
 
 "™ ^''' then lying in the port of Hull, to take 
 them on board at an unfrequented place on the 
 northern coast of Lincolnshire. This man deceived 
 them ; for having taken about half of them on board, 
 on some real or pretended alarm, he sailed away, 
 leaving the rest, who were chiefly women and children, 
 on the shore in the deepest affliction. Let it be added 
 for the honour of England that the colonists cannot 
 lay the evil conduct of these two mariners at our door. 
 It was something to bear up against these dis- 
 couragements, and we cannot wonder that some who 
 had intended to go were disheartened, and remained 
 in England. But the greater part persevered in their 
 design. We learn from the memoranda of the Cliftons 
 that Richard Clifton, the minister with the long white 
 Meet at last beard, arrived at Amsterdam in August, 
 
 at Amster- 
 dam. 1608, and before the end of that yeai* it 
 
 would seem that the whole body of them were assem- 
 bled at Amsterdam. 
 
NEW PLTMO UTH. 135 
 
 And here my labours come to their natural conclu- 
 sion ; but a brief notice of what afterwards occurred 
 will not be wholly misplaced. They found state of the 
 
 Ulnglisli exiles 
 
 at Amsterdam Prancis Johnson and Henry *Ae™- 
 Ainsworth, two eminent Separatist ministers, with a 
 congregation of English people, and Smith, also a 
 minister, full of the spirit of novelty and opposition. 
 The Separatists at Amsterdam were torn to pieces by 
 contention. This was not agreeable to the new- 
 comers, who, after the trial of a year, re- ^g,,^^^ ^^ 
 inoved themselves to Leyden, where they ^ ^' 
 could conduct their own affairs in their own way, and 
 without contention. 
 
 They remained at Leyden from 1609 to 1630, 
 having Robinson for their pastor. But there were 
 many circumstances enumerated by Bradford in the 
 Dialogue, which led many of them to wish to place 
 themselves under the government of their i>^ermmeto 
 
 " lemie Leyden 
 
 , . . . 1 xi ' 1 i. i? Oind settle 
 
 native country, reservmg only the right ot ^^,^ tj^ 
 
 free thought and action in religious affairs, government. 
 Still they knew not where to go._ Some thought of 
 Guiana, a land of great promise, others of Virginia, 
 where attempts were being made to form a colony. 
 Sir Edwin Sandys, one of the sons of the Archbishop, 
 
136 TEE lOUNBERS OF 
 
 and younger brother of Sir Samuel Sandys, to 
 Assisted ly whom Scrooby had been passed, . was the 
 
 Sir JEdmin 
 
 Sandys. treasurer and afterwards' Governor of the 
 
 Company. The Church entered into correspondence 
 with him, Robinson and Brewster conducting it for 
 them. After some difficulties, which Sir Edwin Sandys 
 was chiefly instrumental in removing, an arrangement 
 was made.®" 
 
 The May-Flower left Southampton on the 6th of 
 Thejirst Aueust, 1620. It contained only a por- 
 
 paHy set sail ° ./a. 
 
 t^we^Z' tion of the Church, among whom were 
 America. Brcwster and Bradford. Other portions 
 embarked in following years in the Fortune and the 
 Anne. 
 
 *" Sir Edwin Sandys, as before observed, would be led to favour 
 the enterprise both by personal acquaintance with Brewster, and, 
 to a great degree, by community of principle, for the Sandys family, 
 like their father the Archbishop, was disposed to admit of an ex- 
 tension of Reformation principles. King James did not cordially 
 Kke the proceedings of the Virginia company ; and, when the device 
 for the Seal was presented to him where on one side was St. George 
 slaying the dragon, with the motto. Fas alium svf&tare draconem, 
 meaning the unbelief of the natives, he commanded that the motto 
 should be omitted. This anecdote is preserved by Weever in one 
 of his MS. volumes in the Library of the Society of Antiquaries, 
 No. 138. The motto on the other side. En dot Virginia quintam, 
 aEusive to the four crowns, was in the taste of the times. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 137 
 
 While in Holland Bradford was engaged in the 
 manufacture of sUk ; but Brewster chose ^i^i^^^ 
 a more intellectual employment. " He Lc« ^Srewster 
 
 while in 
 
 fell," says Bradford, "into a way, by Soii<md. 
 reason he had the Latin tongue, to teach many stu- 
 dents who had a desire to learn the English tongue to 
 teach them English, and by his method they quickly 
 attained it with great facility ; for he drew rules to 
 learn it by after the Latin manner, and many gentle- 
 men, both Danes and Germans, resorted to him, as 
 they had time from other studies — some of them being 
 great men's sons. He also had means to set up 
 printing, by the help of some friends, and so had 
 employment enough ; and, by reason of many books 
 which would not be allowed to be printed in England, 
 they might have had more than they could do." 
 Dr. Young acquaints us, that one book printed by 
 Brewster is known, a Commentary on the Proverbs, 
 by Cartwright, with a preface by Polyander, the 
 Ley den Professor, 8vo, 1617. Bradford informs us, 
 that Brewster's finances, which had been nearly ex- 
 hausted, were much recruited by the profits of these 
 labours. 
 
 From a letter written by Robinson and Brewster to 
 
 18 
 
138 THE F0UNDMR8 0¥ 
 
 Sir Edwin Sandys I quote tlie following passage, which 
 Nolle spint ghows the Spirit in which they began their 
 
 m whtc/i they '■ •/ u 
 
 :Z:VZ: perilous enterprise: "We verily believe 
 dZtakLff!^ and trust that the Lord is with us, to 
 whom and whose service we have given ourselves in 
 many trials, and that he will graciously prosper our. 
 endeavours according to the simplicity of our hearts. 
 We are well weaned from the delicate milk of our 
 mother-country, and inured to the difficulties of a 
 strange land. The people are, for the body of them, 
 industrious and frugal, we think we may safely say, 
 as any company of people in the world. We are knit 
 together as a body in a most strict and sacred bond 
 and covenant of the Lord, of the violation whereof we 
 make great conscience, and by virtue whereof we hold 
 ourselves strictly tied to all care of each other's good, 
 and of the whole. And lastly, it is not with us as 
 with other men, whom small things can discourage, 
 or small discontentments cause to wish ourselves at 
 home again." Who, reading this, must not wish 
 them Good speed ? 
 
 Let us leave them on their voyage, and return for 
 a moment to the country they had left. 
 
 Scrooby continued to be a possession of the family 
 
NEW PLTMO UTS. 139 
 
 of Sandys till near the beginning of the eighteenth 
 century, when an heiress carried it away Scrooiysime 
 
 thmr de- 
 
 to another family. It was settled by Sir partm-e. 
 Samuel Sandys on his second son, Martin Sandys, who 
 was born in 1597. Martin left a son, Francis Sandys, 
 who, or a son of that name, was buried at ExtincUm of 
 
 the family of 
 
 Scrooby on February 14th, 1696. He SaJkdjys. 
 has no monument, but there is one for Penelope, a 
 daughter of Sir Martin, who died on the 25th of 
 December, 1690. 
 
 Francis Sandys left an only daughter and heir, 
 named Mary, to the guardianship of Sir Willoughby 
 Hickman, of Gainsborough, from whose house she 
 was married in 1707, to John Stapylton, the only son 
 of Sir Bryan Stapylton, of Myton, in Yorkshire. 
 •This John Stapylton succeeded his father in the 
 baronetcy, and died during his canvass of the county 
 of York, at the election of 1733. It forms now part 
 of the estate of Robert Pemberton Milnes, of Bawtry, 
 Esq., who was some time member for Pontefract, as 
 his son, Richard Monckton Milnes, now is. 
 
 The Archiepiscopal mansion at Scrooby having been 
 first abandoned to tenants, was soon taken ScrooiyMamor. 
 down and the materials removed. As long ago as 
 
140 TEE lOUNBERS OF 
 
 1673, Thoroton speaks of it thus: "Here, within 
 memory, stood a very fair palace, a far greater house of 
 receit and a better seat for provision than Southwell. 
 It hath a fair park belonging to it ; Archbishop Sandys 
 caused it to be demised to his son. Sir Samuel Sandys, 
 since which the house hath been demolished, almost to 
 the ground. Mr. Francis Sandys is the present 
 tenant." None of the stone-work remains, except 
 what appears to have been a gate-way or out-housing, 
 which is converted into a farm-house. But the site 
 is strongly marked by what was the ancient moat. 
 
 After Brewster, Francis Hall was the postmaster at 
 Scrooby, to whom succeeded John Nelson, and after 
 him were WUHam Nelson, and Edward Wright, who 
 held the office at the beginning of the Civil Wars. 
 Diversion, of ^ kuow uot exactly the time when the great 
 North Road was diverted so as to leave 
 Scrooby on the left hand, and to pass through Bawtry, 
 to which place the post-office was removed. 
 
 Beside the interest which must always attach even 
 to the site of an edifice, with which are connected 
 events of no ordinary kind, there is nothing of interest 
 The chwrch at Scrooby now except the church, and 
 
 omA Moim- ^ . 
 
 mewts. that IS not SO remarkable as we might 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 141 
 
 have expected, when we remember that it must 
 have been erected under the observation of some 
 early Archbishop. We may observe, however, in the 
 wood-work remains of one of the favourite symbols 
 of Christianity in the middle ages, a vine bearing 
 clusters of grapes. There are a few monumental 
 memorials of persons who had been officers of the 
 Archbishops, one of whom, Mr. Robert Hill, was 
 " aiaciscanus " to Archbishop Rotherham, a word 
 rarely found in English inscriptions, and equivalent to 
 the farmer or manager of the estate. 
 
 There is only one monumental inscription of any 
 person, who can be supposed to have been contem- 
 porary with Brewster, and it is in a state of much 
 decay. It is of one of the family of Torre, who lived 
 in these parts before one of them settled at York, the 
 better to pursue those researches by which he rendered 
 such inestimable benefit to the diocese of York. 
 
 Marcida Thbophili Tom subterraneus ossa 
 Continet iste torus : spiritus astra petit. 
 
 Hie deo charus [prout] TpajifiaTa nominis edunt ; 
 Vivus, erat sponsse, irdimv, airaaiv, aviip. 
 
 Obiit 26 Aprilis anno dom. 1620. 
 In none of the other churches of the neighbourhood, 
 Bawtry, Austerfield, Blythe, Sutton, or Babworth, do 
 
142 THE FOUNDERS 01 
 
 we find monuments of the persons spoken of in this 
 book, or of their contemporaries. 
 
 One word respecting the descendants of Brewster, 
 
 „, , Bradford, Robinson, and Clifton. The 
 /ot-V-S Brewsters and Bradfords took root in 
 persons. ^^^ England, where they flourished, and 
 
 are still flourishing. 
 
 Brewster gaye to his children names of quite the 
 ultra-puritan mintage. Patience, Fear, Love, Wrestling, 
 
 Brewster, and Jonathan : I say of an ultra-puritan 
 mintage, but there was a meaning and purpose in the 
 adoption of names such as these. The names pre- 
 viously used in England, had been for the most part 
 the names of holy men and women, who had 
 been honoured in the ancient church, and placed by 
 her in the Kalendar. They had therefore a relation to 
 the abrogated system, and they contributed to keep 
 up the memory of it, which the Puritans wished to 
 see die away. They had recourse therefore to Old 
 Testament names, and to such words as fear, love, and 
 patience, which we see Brewster selected out of a 
 pretty copious vocabulary. In one parish in England, 
 that of Halifax, Old Testament names supplanted 
 almost entirely the former personal nomenclature, and 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 143 
 
 prevail to a very great extent even to our times, when 
 the reason for the use of them is forgotten. They 
 prevail still to a great extent in New England. They 
 were generally inelegant, but our New England 
 brethren seem sometimes as if they sought out from 
 these Hebrew words those which were the least 
 pleasing and almost unpronounceable. In Brewster's 
 choice the names do not distinguish the sex, so that it 
 may be well to say that Patience and Fear were 
 women, and Love and Wrestling, men. Patience 
 married Thomas Prince or Prence, and Fear, Isaac 
 AUerton, both men noted in the affairs of the colony. 
 Two of the sons settled at Duxbury, which is near 
 Plymouth. Dr. Young, from whom I take this, says, 
 " there are many descendants of the worthy elder in 
 Plymouth, Duxbury, Kingston, Pembroke, and iuf 
 Connecticut and elsewhere. ^^ There is a larger 
 account of them in the History of Duxhury by 
 Mr. Justin Winsor, 8vo, Boston, 1849.^2 ];„ the 
 
 61 p. 470. 
 
 62 P. 334. This work of Mr. Winsor is a remarkable proof of 
 the fondness of the people of New England for genealogical re- 
 search. Our English books of Topography are sometimes censured 
 for the minuteness of their details and for being overloaded with 
 genealogical matter. But we have no book which can compare in 
 
144 TEE. WVNBBRS OF 
 
 September of last year, there was a meeting of 
 gentlemen who claim the honourable distinction of 
 descent from Eider Brewster, at Norwich in Connec- 
 ticut, when it was resolved to adopt some special 
 means to do honour to the memory of their common 
 ancestor, and a Committee was appointed for the 
 purpose. 
 
 Governor Bradford had John, William, Mercy, and 
 Bradford. Joseph. Of their descendants, amongst 
 whom are several distinguished names, there is a large 
 account in Mr. Winsor's History of Buwbury, 
 pp. 230-4. The Bradford and Brewster famihes 
 became connected by the marriage of Joseph 
 Brewster, with Susan, daughter of Captain Scott 
 Bradford, soon after the close of the war. 
 
 tkese respects with the History of Duxbury ; and future generations 
 will most certainly estimate as they deserve the labour and research 
 of its author. 
 
 But a work professedly genealogical (not topographical) is 
 anxiously expected from Mr. Savage, who has promised what he 
 modestly regards as a new edition of Farmer's Genealogical 
 Kegister, but which after so much labour as he has bestowed 
 upon it will be well entitled to be considered an original and 
 substantive work. 
 
 But with respect to the Brewsters, whatever skill and diligence 
 can do will be done by the Eevl Ashbell Steele, to whom the 
 committee have assigned the duty of preparing an ample account 
 of the Life of Brewster, to be printed as one part of the honours 
 about to be paid to his memory. 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 
 
 145 
 
 Though Robinson himself did not put in execution 
 his avowed intention of emigrating, his HoUnson. 
 son probably did so, as he bought land at Isaac Creek, 
 which, however, he soon sold. His name was Isaac. 
 The researches of the American genealogists have not 
 been very successful in tracing his posterity. It is to 
 be feared they never rose to eminence among the 
 population of the new country.^' 
 
 The CUftons who had left the Leyden church, and 
 continued at Amsterdam, did not emi- ciifton. 
 grate. We' have spoken of the children of the 
 minister already : but the fly-leaves of the Bible in 
 the Taylor Institution, contain information respecting 
 later descendants. The two children of the first 
 inarriage of Zachary Clifton died in infancy, as did 
 six of the ten children of his second marriage, so 
 great was mortality of infants in those days as com-- 
 pared with the present happier times. The others 
 were, Zachary, Eleazer, Richard, and Hannah. 
 
 Of these Eleazer died at Rotterdam, 9th June, 
 1667, aged 31, and was buried in the Prench church 
 there. Zachary, Richard, and Hannah lived with their 
 father at Newcastle, but Richard and Hannah died 
 
 *3 See Mr. Winsor's History of Duxbury, 8vo, 1849, p. 297. 
 
 19 
 
146 TEE FOUNBEES OF 
 
 before him, namely, Richard on November lOtb, 
 1664, at the age of 22, and Hannah on the 18th 
 April, 1671, six weeks before her father, at the age 
 of 23. They were both buried at All Hallows Church 
 in the north alley near the Quire door next to the 
 burial place of Dr. Newton, on the north side. 
 
 There remains only Zachary of whom a fidl and 
 good account is given by himself. " Zachary, son of 
 Zach. Clifton, by Elizabeth his wife, was born May 
 10th (stylo novo) anno 1633. He was promoted out 
 of the Latin school at Amsterdam, April 4th, anno 
 1649 : went to the University of Utrecht, May 5th, 
 anno 1650: from thence to the University of Ley- 
 den, August 9, anno 1652. He commenced Master 
 of Arts at Leyden, August 9th, anno 1654, and came 
 thence for England : in June following he arrived at 
 Newcastle-upon-Tyne, (viz.) June 26th, anno 1654. 
 Went to live with Mr. Ralph Delaval, Esquire, at 
 Seaton Delaval, where he performed family duties and 
 taught his sons Latin. He stayed vrith the said Mr. 
 Delaval from the 16th January, 1654, to May 14th, 
 anno 1657. He went from Newcastle to London 
 August 27th, anno 1658 ; arrived 2d September 
 following, and preached his first sermon, at St. Helen's 
 
NEW PLYMOUTH. 147 
 
 church in London, November 23 d, 1658. His text 
 was Rom. i. 16. He was ordained in April, anno 
 1669, and being lawfully called to be minister of the 
 gospel at Wisborough Green in Sussex, he entered 
 upon the place and went with his wife to live there, 
 June 9th, 1659. He married Mrs. Johanna Hering, 
 youngest daughter of Mr. John Hering, in his life-time 
 pastor of the English church in Amsterdam, February 
 10th, anno 1658. She died in child-bed the fifth day 
 after she had brought forth her first-born, which was a 
 son and died before the mother, December 12th, anno 
 1659. They were both buried in the church of the 
 abovesaid Wisborough Green." 
 
 Here the information ends. We have a slight con- 
 tinuation of the history of this Zachary Clifton in 
 Calamy's account of the ejected and silenced minis- 
 ters ; where we find amongst those of the county of 
 Sussex " Green : Mr. Zachary Clifton." But neither 
 in the " Account " nor in the " Continuation " is any- 
 thing more said of him. We see, however, that he 
 remained disaffected to the English church, and that 
 he lost his living by the operation of the Uniformity 
 Act, August, 1662. 
 
 It is a reasonable presumption that he died soon 
 
148 NEJF PLYMOUTH. 
 
 after without children ; and if so, with him there 
 would be an end of all the posterity of Richard 
 Clifton, the first pastor or teacher of the Scrooby 
 church. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
151 
 
 CONTENTS OF THE APPENDIX. 
 
 I. Archbishop Sandys' Knal Opinion on the Question 
 
 of Ceremonies . . . . . .153 
 
 II. Extract from the Europse Speculum of Sir Edwin 
 
 Sandys ........ 155 
 
 III. Extract from Smith's Parallels, Censures, and 
 
 Observations 160 
 
 IV. Letter from Hugh Bromhead written at Amsterdam 163 
 
 V. Extract from Prince's Chronological History of New 
 
 England 173 
 
 VI. Herbert's Allusion to the Progress of KeUgion west- 
 
 ward 178 
 
 VII. Shaw's view of Separation and the Separatists . 182 
 VIII. Naval Nomenclature— The May Flower . . 186 
 
 IX. Deposition respecting an Intended Emigration in 
 
 1636 196 
 
 X. Entries of the Families of Bradford, Hanson, and 
 
 Morton in the parish-register of Austerfield . 198 
 
 XI. Entries of the Families of Brewster and Weibeck 
 
 in the parish-register of Sutton-upon-Lound . 203 
 

 tO! 
 
 ■'Wf, 
 
 .Inn'.'l 
 
 - I ./ 
 
 
 ■^ -jdi ^" - . 
 
 5j.ra ,, ;aH ,3" -"»"''»^ "' 
 
153 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 I. 
 
 Archbishop Sandys' Pinal Opinion on the question 
 of the continuance of the Ceremonies in the 
 Church of England, the chief and almost the 
 only ground of exception in the minds of the 
 more moderate of the Puritan Ministers. 
 
 The following passage is copied from the Preamble 
 to the Will of the Archbishop, which was made the 
 year before his death, 1588 : — 
 
 '' Thirdly, because I have lived an old man in the 
 ministry of Christ, a faithful dispenser ctf the mysteries of 
 Grod, and, to my power, an earnest labourer in the vineyard 
 of the Lord, I testify before God and his angels, and men 
 of this world, I rest resolute, and yield up my spirit in that 
 doctrine, which I have privately studied, and publicly 
 preached, and which is this day maintained in the Church of 
 England ; both taking the same to be the whole counsel 
 of Grod, the word and bread of eternal life, the fountain of 
 living water, the power of God unto salvation to all them 
 that do believe, and beseeching the Lord besides to turn us 
 unto him that we might be turned, lest if we repent not, 
 the candlestick be moved out of its place, and the gospel 
 to a nation that shall bring forth the fruits thereof. And 
 further protest, in an upright conscience of mine own, and 
 in the knowledge of His Majesty, before whom I stand, 
 
 20 
 
154 APPENDIX. 
 
 that in the preaching of the truth of Christy I have not 
 laboured to please men^ but studied to serve my Master 
 who sent me ; not to flatter either prince or people^ but by 
 the law, to tell all sorts of their sins ; by the spirit, to rebuke 
 the world of sin, of righteousness, and of judgment ; by the 
 gospel, to testify of that faith which is in Jesus Christ and 
 him crucified. 
 
 " Fourthly, concerning rites and ceremonies by political 
 constitutions authorised amongst us. As I am and have 
 been persuaded that such as are set down by public 
 authority in this Church of England, are no way either 
 ungodly or unlawful, but may with good conscience, for 
 order and obedience sake, be used of a good Christian (for 
 the private baptism to be ministered by women, I take 
 neither to be prescribed nor permitted) [query prohibited ?] , 
 so have I ever been and presently am persuaded, that some 
 of them be not so expedient for the Church now ; but in 
 the Church reformed and in all this time of the gospel, 
 wherein the seed of the scripture hath so long been sown, 
 they may better be disused by little and little, than more 
 and more urged. Howbeit [though] , I do easily acknowledge 
 our Ecclesiastical Polity, in some points, may be bettered ; 
 so I do utterly mislike, even in my conscience, all such rude 
 and indigested platforms, as have been more lately and 
 boldly, than either learnedly or wisely preferred ; tendiag 
 not to the reformation but to the destruction of the Church 
 of England. The particulars of both sorts reserved to the 
 discretion of the godly, which of the latter I only say 
 thus : that the state of a small private church, and the 
 form of a large Christian kingdom, neither would long 
 like, not at all brook, one and the same Ecclesiastical 
 government." 
 
EUROPJE SPECUL UM. 155 
 
 II. 
 
 Extract from the Europe Speculum of Sir Edwin 
 Sandys. 
 
 The MwropcB Speculum contains the results of ob- 
 servations made in a tour through most of the States 
 of Europe undertaken by Sir Edvsdn Sandys for the 
 express purpose of observing the state of religion, and 
 the various forms in which ecclesiastical affairs were 
 regulated, in different Protestant States. It was 
 written about 1600, and addressed to Whitgift, the 
 Archbishop of Canterbury. 
 
 It seems not to have been printed till the year 
 1687, when it came out, having been, as the title-page 
 informs us, multum diuque desideratum, with the title 
 Uuropts Speculum, or, a View or Survey of the State of 
 Religion in the Western Parts of the World; wherein 
 the Roman Religion, and the pregnant Policies of the 
 Church of Rome to support the same are notably dis- 
 played; with some other memorable Discoveries and 
 Commemorations. By Sir Edwin Sandys, Knight. 
 
 The following extract forms one of the Chapters, 
 and is, to a certain extent, a summary conclusion at 
 which he arrived. It shows him much in advance of 
 the times in which he lived, and we cannot but per- 
 ceive a correspondency in some parts of it with the 
 celebrated Farewell Address of Robinson. 
 
156 APPENDIX. 
 
 " What Unity Christendom may hope for." 
 " This then being so, and that all things considered there 
 falls out if not such an indifferency and equality^ yet at 
 least- wise such a proportion of strength on both sides, as 
 bereaveth the other of hope ever by war to subdue them 
 (seeing as the proverb is, a dead woman will have four to 
 carry her forth, much less will able men be beaten easily out 
 of their homes) and since there is no appearance of ever 
 forcing an unity, unless time which eats all things, should 
 bring in great alterations ,• it remaineth to be considered 
 what other kind of unity poor Christendom may hope for, 
 whether Unity of Verity, or Unity of Charity, or Unity of 
 Persuasion, or Unity of Authority, or Unity of Necessity; 
 there being so many other kinds and causes of concord. 
 A kind of men there is whom a man shall meet withal in 
 all countries, not many in number, but sundry of them, 
 of singular learning and piety; whose godly longings , to 
 see Christendom re-united in the love of the author of their 
 name above all things, and next in brotherly correspondence 
 and amity as beseemeth those, who, under the chief service 
 of one Lord in profession of one ground and foundation of 
 faith, do expect the same final reward of glory, which 
 proceeding from the Father and Prince of Peace rejecteth 
 all spirits of contention from attaining it, have entered into 
 a meditation whether it were not possible, that by the 
 travail and mediation of some calmer minds, than at this 
 day do usually write or deal on either side, these flames of 
 controversies might be extinguished or aslaked, and some 
 godly or tolerable peace re-established in the Church 
 again. The earnestness of their virtuous desires to see it 
 so, hath bred in them an opinion of possibility that it 
 might be wrought; considering first, that besides infinite 
 
EUBOPJH SPECULUM. 157 
 
 other points not controversed, there is an agreement in the 
 general foundation of religion, in those articles which the 
 Twelve Apostles delivered unto the Church, perhaps not as 
 an abridgment only of the faith, but as a touch-stone also 
 of the faithful for ever ; that whilst there was an entire 
 consent in them, no dissent in other opinions only shoidd 
 break peace and communion. And secondly, considering 
 also there are in great multitude on both sides (for so are 
 they undoubtedly) men virtuous and learned fraught with 
 the love of God and of his truth above aU. things, — men of 
 memorable integrity of heart and affections, whose lives are 
 not dear unto them, much less their labours to be spent 
 for the good of God's church and people j by whose joint 
 endeavours and. single and sincere proceedings in common 
 conference for search of truth, that honourable Unity of 
 Verity might be established. But if the multitude of 
 crooked and side respects which are the only clouds that 
 eclipse the truth, from shining now brightly on the face of 
 the world, and the only prickles that so enfroward men's 
 affections as not to consider the best, do cause that this 
 chief Unity find small acceptation, as is to be feared, at 
 least- wise that the endless and ill fruits of these contentions 
 which tend mainly to the increase of Atheism within, of 
 Mahometanism abroad, which inobstinate the Jew, shake 
 the faith of the Christian, taint the better minds with 
 acerbity, and load the worse with poison, which break so out 
 into their actions which themselves think holiest, namely, 
 the defence of God's truth, which each side challengeth, 
 that in thinking they offer up a pleasing sacrifice to God 
 they give cause of wicked joy unto his and their enemy ; 
 that these w;oful effects with very tediousness and weariness 
 may draw both parts in fine to some tolerable reconciliation 
 
158 APPENBIX. 
 
 to some Unity of Charity, at least- wise to some sucli as 
 may be least to either's prejudice. Let the one give over 
 their worshipping of images, their adoring and offering 
 supplication to Saints, their offensive ceremonies, their 
 arbitrary indulgences, their using of a language not under- 
 stood in their devotions ; all wliich themselves wiU confess 
 not to be necessary, to be orders of the church, and such as 
 at pleasure she may dispense with ; yea, Pope Clement the 
 Seventh gave some hope to the French king that he would 
 not be stiff in things of this quality, and that respect of 
 time might justify the alteration ; and some of the later 
 Popes condescend to them of Bavaria the cup in. the 
 sacrament, hoping that would content them, which since 
 they or their successors have again inhibited ; on the other 
 side, let the Protestants, such at least- wise as think to 
 purge out that negative and contradictory humour, of 
 thinking they are then rightest when they are unlikest the 
 Papacy ; then nearest to God when farthest from Rome ; 
 let them look with the eye of Charity upon them as well as 
 of severity, and they shall find in them some excellent 
 orders for government, some singular helps for an increase 
 of godliness and devotion, for the conquering of sin, for 
 the perfecting of virtue, and contrariwise in themselves, 
 looking with a more single and less indulgent eye than 
 they do, they shall find that there is no such absolute or 
 unreprovable perfection in their doctrine and reformation, 
 as some dreamers in the pleasing view of their own actions 
 do fancy. Neither ought they to think it strange they 
 should be amiss in anything, but rather a very miracle if 
 they were not so in money. For if those ancient fathers 
 and sages of the Church with greater helps, being nearer 
 the times of purity, with equal industry, so spending their 
 
EUROPJE SPMCUL JIM. 159 
 
 whole lives witli less cause of imsincerity having nothing to 
 seduce them, notwithstanding, were not able in the weakness 
 and blindness of human nature in this world, to soar up so 
 high always in the search of truth as to find out her right 
 seat in the height of the heavens j but sometimes took 
 error dwelling nearer them, instead thereof; how less 
 likely that our age more entangled with the world, farther 
 removed from the usage of those faultless institutions, and 
 so bitterly exasperated with mutual controversies and 
 conflicts, should attain to that excellency and perfection of 
 knowledge ; which it may be God hath removed from man's 
 reach in this world, to humble and increase his longing 
 desire towards another world ? And as the present time 
 doth discover sundry errors in the former, so no doubt will 
 the fature in that which is. now present. So that Ignorance 
 and Error, which seldom go severed, being no other than 
 unseparable companions of man so long as he continueth 
 in this terrestrial pilgrimage; it can be no blemish in 
 them to revise their doctrine, and to abate the rigour of 
 certain speculative opinions, especially touching the eternal 
 decrees of God, the quality of man's nature, the use of his 
 works; wherein some of their chief authors have run to 
 such an utter opposition to the Eomish doctrine, as to have 
 exceedingly scandalized all other Churches withal, yea, and 
 many of their own to rest very ill-satisfied. The seat of 
 truth is aloft, of virtue in the midst, both places of honour, 
 but neither truth nor virtue draw to an utter extremity. 
 And as in some points of doctrine so much more in their 
 practice ; in order of government and ecclesiastical degrees; 
 in solemnities and stateliness in the service of God ; in 
 some exercises of piety, devotion, and humility, especially 
 in set fastings accompanied with due contrition of heart 
 
160 APPENDIX. 
 
 and prayer ; besides, many other ceremonies, they might 
 easily without any offence of conscience at all, frame to 
 draw somewhat nearer to their opposites than now they 
 are, which yielded on both sides a general and indifferent 
 confession and sum of faith; an uniform liturgy, or not 
 repugnant, if diverse; alike, or at least- wise not in- 
 correspondent form of Church-government, to be made out 
 of the points which both agreed in ; and to be established 
 so universally in all Christian dominions, that this all 
 Christians should necessarily hold, this only their divines 
 in pulpits should teach, and this their people in churches 
 should exercise; which doing the unity of communion' 
 should remain in violated. For all other questions it should 
 be lawful for each man so to believe as he found cause ; 
 not condemning other with such peremptoriness as is the 
 guise of some men of overweening conceits; and the 
 handling of aU. controversies for their final compounding to 
 be confined to the schools, to councils, and to the learned 
 languages, which are the proper places to try them, and 
 fittest tongues to treat them in." — pp. 215-220. 
 
 III. 
 Extract from Smith's Parallels, Censures, and 
 Observations, 1609. 
 
 " The 6th likelihood against separation may be framed 
 thus : — 
 
 They have not the truth that are judged of the Lord. 
 The Separation is judged of the Lord. 
 Ergo, the Separation hath not the truth. 
 And again, — 
 
SMITH'S FABALLELS. 161 
 
 They have the truth that are prospered by God in their 
 course. 
 
 The English Protestants are prospered in their course. 
 
 Ergo, the English Protestants have the truth. 
 
 I answer : that this is false doctrine. For the wise man 
 saith, Eccles. ix. 1 — 3, " That prosperity or adversity are 
 no signs of love or hatred ; and Jerem. xii, 1, 2, that the 
 wicked are in prosperity; and 1 Pet. iv, 17, judgment 
 beginneth at God's house." This your reason, therefore, is 
 most absurd and false, and is fit to breed Atheism and 
 overthrow the whole truth of the Scriptures. But let us 
 see what judgments are upon the Separation : you frame 
 them thus : — 
 
 If Mr. Bolton, that apostate, did hang himself; if Mr. 
 Harrison and Mr. Brown did differ, and one feU back ; if 
 Mr. Barrow and Mr. Greenwood, for calling you serpents, 
 generation of vipers, were martyred by the persecuting 
 prelates; if Mr. Johnson pronounced excommunication 
 against his brother; and if the church excommunicated 
 the father ; if Mr. Burnet died of the plague ; if Mr. Smith 
 was delivered twice from the pursuivant; and was sick almost 
 to death and doubted of the Separation for nine months' 
 space — then the Separation is not the truth. 
 
 But aU these things befel Mr. Bolton, Mr. Brown, Mr. 
 Harrison, Mr. Johnson, Mr. Burnet, Mr. Smith. 
 
 Ergo, the Separation is not the truth. 
 
 I answer : The churches of England have had thousands 
 of such accidents as these befalling their officers and leaders, 
 and yet as it were foUy in us to allege them against you as 
 the papists do ; so it is no wisdom but weakness of judg- 
 ment in you to mention them in your book against us. 
 What, is it good reasoning to say, — 
 
 21 
 
162 APPENDIX. 
 
 Judas hanged himself ; Christ was crucified for blasphemy; 
 Demas embraced the world; Nicholas the deacon proved an 
 heretic ; Paul and Barnabas fell out ; Paul charged Peter 
 and Barnabas with dissembling ; Peter denied Christ ; all the 
 Apostles were put to death for heresy. Ergo^ the Christian 
 religion, &c., yet this is your goodly reason : if this be a 
 good argument, where is your faith ? 
 
 But in this likelihood you have a fling at me iu parti- 
 cular: Mr. Bernard charging me with divers untruths, 
 which I will manifest. 
 
 1. That I doubted nine months I acknowledge; but that 
 I ever did acknowledge the separation the truth and sepa- 
 rated from the English assemblies, and then returned again 
 unto them, which you say, I do utterly deny, and I appeal 
 to the town of Gainsborough and those there that knew my 
 footsteps in this matter ; and therefore herein I indict you 
 as a public slanderer. 
 
 3. Whereas you say I became satisfied at Coventry after 
 conference had with- certain ministers, and hereupon kneeled 
 down and praised God. I answer : I did not confer with 
 them about the separation, as you and they know weU 
 enough in your consciences ; but about withdrawing from 
 true churches, ministers, and worship, corrupted : wherein 
 I received no satisfaction, but rather thought I had given 
 instruction to them ; and for kneeling down to praise God, 
 I confess I did, being requested to perform the duty at 
 night after the conference by the ministers; but that I 
 praised God for resolution of my doubts, I deny to death, 
 and you, therein, are also a slanderer. I praised God for 
 the quiet and peaceable conference and such like matters, 
 and desired pardon of the Lord for ignorance and errors 
 and weakness of judgment and any disordered carriage. 
 
BROMHBAB'S LETTER. 163 
 
 If the ministers that heard my prayers and praises of God 
 did misconstrue my meaningj let them look tinto it. 
 
 3. Whereas you impute an absurdity to me as yet un- 
 answered, namely, that I should affirm the spit whereon 
 the passover was roasted was the altar : I say, seeing the 
 passover was a sacrifice, Mark xiv, 13, and that every 
 sacrifice hath an altar, either the spit was the altar, or else 
 it had no altar. Now, tell me which is the likeliest of the 
 two ? And if this he a reasonable speech, that the wooden 
 cross was the altar whereon Christ was crucified, why may 
 not, by as good reason, the spit be the altar of the pass- 
 over ? The sacrifice was not slain upon the altar, but it 
 was burnt upon the altar ; for that was not the altar where- 
 upon the passover was killed, but whereupon it was burnt 
 or roasted. Mr. Bernard, I do confidently aflfen against 
 you, that the spit was as much the altar to the passover as 
 the cross was an altar to Christ ; and let me hear what you 
 in your best logic can say against it." — pp. 138, 139. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Letter from Amsterdam from Hugh Bromhead to 
 
 * 
 
 William Hamerton, of London ; written about 
 1606. From the original in the British Museum, 
 Harl. MS. 360, fol. 70. It is slightly imperfect. 
 
 " Grace with all increase of grace, peace even from the 
 Father and God of peace, with aU true comfort and conso- 
 lation in Jesus Christ, be with you, beloved cousin, and all 
 yours, and that for ever. 
 
164 APPENDIX. 
 
 Beloved cousin^ we received a letter from jon, dated the 
 13th of July, wherein you write that you expect an answer 
 from us of the said letter. The first part of your letter is, 
 that leaving our country we removed to Amsterdam, which 
 removing was, you hope, but to make trial of the country. 
 Cousin, we give you to understand, that though natura 
 hominis est novitatis avida, and the people of the world 
 spectatum veniunt, veniunt spectentur ut ipsi, yet God's 
 children, in whom not sinful nature but God's divine grace 
 ruleth and beareth sway, make more account of those 
 precious hours of time than to bestow them so vainly and 
 unprofitably as the world doth, but redeeming the time 
 because the days be evil, they put them to better use, 
 which before were mis-spent and put to evil uses, even to 
 all sin and wickedness, even to the dishonouring of God 
 and profanation of His name and religion, and also to the 
 wasting and destroying of that portion of worldly goods' 
 which their heavenly Father in wisdom and mercy hath 
 allotted them, by straying and straggling from place to 
 place to hear and see news and novelties, as the Athenians 
 gave themselves usually to do. But God's children, I say, 
 put them to better use, even to seek God's kingdom and 
 the righteousness thereof, assuring themselves that, so 
 doing, all other things shall be cast unto them, and to seek 
 to know God, and Him whom He hath sent, Jesus Christ, 
 whom to know is life everlasting. 
 
 A second part of your letter is, that you would persuade 
 us to return home into England, which you make no ques- 
 tion would be much pleasing to God, but we make great 
 question thereof; yet we hold it without all question the 
 
 same should be much and highly displeasing unto 
 
 our good God and Father, that hath in his merciful pro- 
 
BROMHEAB'S LETTER. 165 
 
 vidence brought us out of Babylon^ the mother of all 
 ahomiuationSj the habitation of devilsj and the hold of all 
 foul spirits, and a cage of every unclean and hateful bird, 
 and therewithal hath given ns a charge to separate our- 
 selves and to touch no unclean thing, promising us that, so 
 doing. He will receive us and will be a father unto us, 
 and we shall be his sons and daughters, saith the Lord 
 Almighty. You farther add in your said letter that our 
 return will be comfort to friends ; but those be worldly and 
 carnal, not true and godly friends which love us m the truth 
 and for the truth's sake, as all God's children do and ought 
 to do. The other love our bodies but not our souls, but 
 the end will prove that they love neither our bodies nor 
 our souls. 
 
 A third part of your letter is, that you ascertain yourself 
 (but yet we must tell you without all warrant and ground 
 from the word of the Lord) that conceited fancies and 
 opinions and sundry errors, together with self-willed minds, 
 have led us into these bye-paths, not remembering St. Paul's 
 words, which you might set down, but we the whole verse, 
 that neither you nor we should be mistaken, Philip- 
 pians iv, 8. — "Furthermore, brethren, whatsoever things 
 are true, whatsoever things are honest, whatsoever things 
 are just, whatsoever things are pure, whatsoever things 
 pertain to love, whatsoever things are of good report, if 
 there be any virtue or if there be any praise, think of these 
 things." These virtues and good things we persuade our- 
 selves we not only think upon and remember them, but to 
 the uttermost of that power and grace that God in mercy 
 hath given us, we labour to put in practice night and day. 
 In thus hardly censuring us, beloved cousin, and entering 
 into judgment upon our consciences, you are to call to 
 
166 APPENDIX. 
 
 mind the word of the Apostle, which saith, " Speak not 
 evil one of another, brethren : he that speaketh evil of his 
 brother, or he that condemneth his brother, speaketh evil 
 of the law and condemneth the law : if thou condemnest 
 the law, thou art not an observer of the law but a judge. 
 There is one Lawgiver which is able to save and to destroy: 
 who art thou that judgest and condemnest another man's 
 
 servant ? he standeth " 
 
 Those points of religion, beloved cousin, which you call 
 fancies, opinions, and errors, we hold them as most certain 
 and undoubted truths of God, warranted unto our con- 
 sciences by and from the word of the everlasting Lord, and 
 say with the apostle, that we are not as many that make 
 merchandise of the word of Grod, but as of sincerity, but 
 as of God, in the sight of God, speak we in Christ Jesus, 
 for we all behold, as in a mirror, the glory of the Lord 
 with open face and are changed into the same image from 
 glory to glory, as by the Spirit of the Lord, and as the said 
 apostle then farther addeth, "if our gospel be hid, it is hid 
 to them that are lost, in whom the god of this world hath 
 blinded the minds," — that is, of the infidels, — "that the 
 light of the glorious gospel of Christ who is the image of 
 
 God, should not shine unto them." To our 
 
 cousin Nicholas his speech quoted by you in your letter 
 (if the same were his speech, whereof I make some question), 
 for when we were in the country with him, he was as forward 
 and zealous in these truths of the Lord as we were, which we 
 then and now do hold and are not ashamed to confess and 
 profess the same before men and angels, and to hold them 
 forth unto the whole world, for as our Lord and Master, 
 Christ, saith, " Whosoever shall be ashamed of me and my 
 word amongst this adulterous and sinftd generation, of him 
 
BROMHEAB'S LETTER. 167 
 
 shall the Sou of man be ashamed when he cometh in His 
 glory, and in the glory of His Father, and of the holy 
 angels ; and whosoever eonfesseth me before men, him shall 
 the Son of man confess before the angels of God, but he 
 that shall deny me before men, shall be denied before the 
 angels of God." If there should be such a metamorphosis 
 in our cousin Nicholas, we can but be sorry and lament his 
 fall, wishing him to remember and make good use of the 
 words of the apostle Paul unto the Galatians, and also the 
 words of the apostle Peter, in his 2nd epistle, iv chap., 
 30th, 21stj and 23d verses ; — yet we hope better things of 
 him, and such as accompany salvation. 
 
 Concerning the fourth part of your letter, wherein yon 
 seem to desire to know wherein your church might be re- 
 formed, although I know not herein where to begin or where 
 to end, the corruptions thereof be so many and so infinite, 
 yet in some measure to satisfy your requests, I will give 
 you a view and taste of them, but, before, I will give you 
 a brief view of the causes of our separation and of our 
 purposes in practice. 
 
 First, we seek above aU things the peace and protection of 
 the Most High, and the kingdom of our Lord Jesus Christ. 
 
 Secondly, we seek andfuUy purpose to worship God aright, 
 according as He hath commanded in His most holy word. 
 
 Thirdly, we seek the fellowship of His faithful and obe- 
 dient servants, and together with them to enter covenant 
 with the Lord, and by the direction of His Holy Spirit to 
 proceed to a godly, free, and right choice of minister and 
 other officers, by Him ordained to the service of His church. 
 
 Fourthly, we seek to establish and obey the ordinances 
 and laws of our Saviour, Christ, left by his last will and 
 testament to the governing and guiding of His church, 
 
168 APPENDIX. 
 
 without altering, changing, innovating, wresting, or leaviag 
 out any of them that the Lord shall give us sight of. 
 
 Fifthly, we purpose by the assistance of the Holy Ghost, 
 in this faith and order to lead our lives, and for this faith 
 and order to leave our lives, if such be the good-will of our 
 heavenly Father. 
 
 And sixthly, now that our forsaking and utterly aban- 
 doning these disordered assemblies as they generally stand 
 in England may not seem strange or offensive to any that 
 will judge or be judged by the word of God, we allege and 
 aflSrm them heinously guilty in these four principal trans- 
 gressions : — 1. They worship the true God after a false 
 manner, their worship being made of the invention of man, 
 even of the man of sin, erroneous, and imposed upon them. 
 2. For that the profane ungodly multitude without 
 exception of any one person are with them received into, 
 and retained in the bosom of, the church. 3, For that they 
 have a false and antichristian ministry imposed upon them, 
 retained with them, and maintained by them. 4. For that 
 these churches are ruled by, and remain in subjection unto, 
 an antichristian and ungodly government; clean contrary to 
 the institution of our Saviour, Christ. 
 
 For the better confirmation of these four, we have thought 
 good to add certain arguments. 
 
 1. No Apocrypha must be brought into the public 
 assemblies, for there only God's word, and the lively voice 
 of His own grace, must be heard in the public assemblies : 
 but men's writings and the reading them over for prayers, 
 are apocrypha, therefore may not be brought into the public 
 assemblies. 
 
 2. Argument. We must do nothing in the worship of 
 God without warrant of His word : but read prayers have 
 
BROMHEAB'S LETTER. 169 
 
 no warrant of His word : therefore read are not to be used 
 in the worship of God. 
 
 3. Argument. We may not in the worship of God 
 receive any tradition which bringeth our liberty into bondage. 
 Read prayer upon commandment brought into the public 
 assemblies is a tradition that bringeth our liberty into 
 bondage. Therefore read prayers^ &c. 
 
 4. Argument. Because true prayer must be of faith, 
 uttered with hearty and lively voice, it is presumptuous 
 ignorance to bring a book to speak for us unto God, &c. 
 
 5. Argument. To worship the true God after another 
 manner than He hath taught, is idolatry : but God com- 
 mandeth us to come unto Him heavy laden with contrite 
 hearts, to cry unto Him for our wants, &c. Therefore we 
 may not stand reading a dead letter instead of pouring 
 forth our petitions, 
 
 6. Argument. We must strive in prayer with continuance, 
 &c. But we cannot strive in contiuuance and be impor- 
 tunate with continuance, reading upon a book. Therefore 
 we must not read when we should pray. 
 
 7. Argument. We must pray as necessity requireth: 
 but stiated prayers cannot be as necessity requireth; 
 therefore stinted prayer is unlawful. 
 
 8. Argument. Read prayers were devised by antichrist, 
 and maintain superstition and an idle. ministry : therefore 
 read prayers and such stinted service are intolerable, &c. 
 
 9. Argument. The prayers of such ministers and such 
 people as stand under a false government are not accep-i^ 
 table, not only because they ask amiss, but because they 
 keep not his commandments. The prayers of such minis- 
 ters and people as be subject to antichrist are abominable. 
 These ministers andpeoplewhich stand subject to the bishops 
 
 32 
 
170 AFFENDIX. 
 
 and the courts are subject to antichrist, &c. Therefore 
 the prayers, &c. 
 
 Touching the last part of your letter, which concerneth the 
 differences of these days, the apostle Paul saith he heareth 
 that there are differences in the church of the Corinthians, 
 and I believe it in part, saith he, to be true, for there must 
 be heresies among them, that they which are approved 
 amongst them may he known, thereby teaching us that it 
 is no new thing that differences in religion are in the 
 church, for the end thereof God often turneth to greater 
 manifestation of His truth, and the furthering of the same 
 as also to the procuring much glory to His own name and 
 to the good of His church and children so tried and 
 approved. We read in the prophecy of the prophet Isaiah 
 these words, — " My beloved had a vineyard in a very fruit- 
 ful hill, and he hedged it and gathered the stones out of it, 
 and he planted it with the best plants, and he built a tower 
 in the midst thereof, and made a winepress therein ; then 
 he looked that it should bring forth grapes, but it brought 
 forth wild grapes ;" — and in the same prophecy in another 
 iplace he called them trees of righteousness, the planting of 
 the Lord, that He might be glorified. Now make use and 
 application of these testimonies. If the vineyard and church 
 of Israel, which was of the Lord's own planting and 
 constitution, brought forth wild grapes, what marvel though 
 your Church of England, which is not of the Lord's plant- 
 ing and constitution, but of antichrist's planting and of the 
 constitution of the man of sin, bring forth wild grapes ? 
 You know the words of Christ, — " do men gather grapes of 
 thorns, or figs of thistles ? every good tree bringeth forth 
 good fruit, and a corrupt tree bringeth forth evil fruit ; — a 
 good tree cannot bring forth evil fruit, neither can a corrupt 
 
BROMEEAB'S LETTER. 171 
 
 tree bring forth good fruit j — therefore by their fruit ye 
 shall know them," saith the Lord. As the said prophet 
 Isaiah spake of the people of the Jews, so may we speak of 
 the Church of England, — " from the sole of the foot unto 
 the head there is nothing whole therein, but wounds, and 
 swellings, and sores fuU of corruption, — the whole head is 
 sick, and the whole heart is heavy." 
 
 And we (Confidently deny that ever the English nation, 
 or any one of our predecessors, were of the faith of Christ, 
 or at any time believed visibly in a true constituted church, 
 but were come of the race of the pagans, till Kome the 
 mother came and put upon us her false baptism, worship, 
 and ministry, and so our case is simply paganish, and the 
 Holy Grhost in the scriptures compajeth us to the worst 
 kind of pagans, calling persons apostatising from the true 
 constitution of the Church, Babylonians, Egyptians, 
 Sodomites, &c. teaching us, the Church of England, that he 
 esteemeth no otherwise of the church or baptism, than of 
 the synagogue of Babylon, than of the washing of Egypt, 
 than of the worship of Sodom. Your Church of England, 
 therefore, being of antichrist's constitution, is a false Church, 
 and can there be anything true in a false Church, but only 
 the scriptures and the truths therein contained ? but your 
 Church hath a false constitution, a false ministry, a false 
 worship, a false government, and a false baptism, the door 
 and entry into the Church ; and so all is false in your 
 Church. Wherefore, beloved cousin, we wish you in the 
 Lord, diligently and seriously to consider and weigh your 
 universal state and standing, that it is most fearful and 
 lamentable, and now at the last to hearken unto the Lord's 
 voice that sounded from heaven, saying, " Go out of Babylon, 
 my people, tjiat ye be not partakers with her in her sins, 
 and that ye receive not of her plagues." 
 
173 APPENDIX. 
 
 Beloved cousin, coneeming your request of a book of our 
 present settled government, tliere is none extant, though, 
 there he divers books written by our pastors touching the 
 matters in controversy between the Church of England and 
 us, and touching the differences between us and the other 
 churches here. 
 
 The order of the worship and government of our Church 
 is, 1. We begin with a prayer; after, read some one or two 
 chapters of the Bible, give the sense thereof, and confer 
 upon the same : that done, we lay aside our books, and 
 after a solemn prayer made by the first speaker, he 
 propoundeth some text out of the Scripture, and prophesieth 
 out of the same by the space of one hour or three quarters 
 of an hour. After him standeth up a second speaker, and 
 prophesieth out of the said text, the like time and place, 
 sometimes more, sometimes less. After him the third, the 
 fourth, the fifth, &c., as the time will give leave. Then- 
 the first speaker concludeth with prayer as he began with 
 prayer, vrith an exhortation to contribution to the poor,, 
 which collection being made, is also concluded with prayer. 
 This morning exercise begins at eight of the clock and 
 continueth unto twelve of the clock. The like course and 
 exercise is observed in the afternoon from two of the clock 
 unto five or six of the clock. Last of all, the execution of 
 the government of the Church is handled. 
 
 Loving cousin, I have by this bearer sent unto you a 
 book of the making of Mr. Smith, our pastor : I wish you 
 diligently to peruse, and seriously with judgment to examine 
 the same, and if you request any more of this ai- any other 
 argument written by him, either for yourself or for your 
 friends, to signify the same unto us by your letters and we 
 will (the Lord willing) procure the same so that you find a 
 
FRINGE'S NEW ENGLAND. 173 
 
 faithful messenger to whom we may safely commit the 
 c^riage thereof, for we have heretofore sent divers books 
 
 iato England, and they have perished through the 
 
 of the carrier, and came not into the hands of the parties 
 unto whom they were sent. 
 
 Yours in the Lord, at all times to use, 
 
 Hugh and Anne Bromhead. 
 
 To their loving covsm 
 
 William Hamerion, at 
 
 London, tMs ie delivered." 
 
 V. 
 
 Extract from a Cheonological History of New 
 England: by Thomas Prince, M.A., 12mo. 
 Boston, 1736. 
 
 We have here an excellent account of the distinction 
 of the two Separatist Churches, both originating in 
 the joining borders of Yorkshire, Nottinghamshire, 
 and Lincolnshire, Smith's at Amsterdam, and Robin- 
 son's at Leyden : the latter only being entitled to the 
 distinction of being the founders of the New England 
 community. 
 
 "Some noted writers not with a sufficient accuracy 
 studied in the Religious History of those times have 
 through great mistake represented as if this people were a 
 congregation of Brownists. But even Baylie himself, that 
 bitter inveigher, both against the Brownists and Indepen- 
 dents, owns 'that Mr. Robinson, their pastor, was a man 
 
174 APPENDIX. 
 
 of excellent parts, and the most learned, polished, and 
 modest spirit as ever separated from the Church of Eng- 
 land; that the apologies he wrote were very handsome : that 
 by Dr. Ames and Mr. Parker he was brought to a greater 
 moderation than he at first expressed ; that he ruined the 
 rigid separation allowing the lavrfulness of communicating 
 with the Church of England in the word and prayer, 
 though not in the sacraments and discipline ; that he was 
 a principal overthrower of the Brownists, and became the 
 Author of Independency.' The like account of Mr. Robin- 
 son, Hornius also gives us. And how inconsistent is it 
 then to call him or his people Brownists when he was 
 known to be a principal overthrower of them. 
 
 Agreeably, Hornius, from my Lord Brook, seems to 
 express himself in this more accurately than other writers, 
 by dividing those who separated from the Church of Eng- 
 land into two sorts, viz. : (1) The Rigid Separatists or 
 Brownists ; (3) The Semi-Separatists or Robinsonians, who, 
 after a while, were called Independents, and stiU retain the 
 name. And so distant were the former in their principles 
 and temper from the latter ; that as the chief seat of the 
 Brownists was then at Amsterdam ; Governor Winslow, a 
 principal member of Mr. Robinson's Church, acquaints us 
 " that the Brownists there would hardly hold communion 
 with the people at Leyden." 
 
 The same gentleman also tells us, "that Mr. Robinson 
 was always against separation from any of the Churches of 
 Christ, holding communion with the Reformed Churches, 
 both in Scotland, France, and the Netherlands ; that his 
 study was for peace and union so far as might agree with 
 faith and a good conscience : but for the Government of 
 the Church of England, as in the Episcopal way, the 
 
PRINCE'S NEW ENGLAND. 175 
 
 Liturgy, and stinted prayers, yea, the constitution of the 
 church as national, and so the corrupt communion of the 
 unworthy with the worthy receivers of the Lord's Supper : 
 these things were never approved of him, but witnessed 
 against to his deat;h and by the church under him: that 
 the Church of Leyden made no schism or separation from 
 the Reformed Churches, but as occasion offered held com- 
 munion with them. For we, sayS Governor Winslow, ever 
 placed a large difference between those who ground their 
 practice on the word of God, though differing from us in 
 the exposition or understanding of it, and those who hated 
 such Reformers and reformation and went on in Anti- 
 Christian opposition to it and persecution of it, as the late 
 Lord Bishops did. Nevertheless, Mr. Robinson allowed 
 hearing the Godly Ministers of the Church of England 
 preach and pray in the public assemblies; yea, allowed 
 private communion with them and with all the faithful in 
 the kingdom and elsewhere upon all occasions." None of 
 which would the Brownists ever allow. 
 
 "'Tis true, says Governor Winslow, we profess and 
 desire to practise a separation from the world and the 
 works of the world, which are the works of the iBiesh, such 
 as the Apostle speaks of, Eph. v. 19 — 21 ; 1 Cor. vi. 9 — 11, 
 and Eph. ii. 11, 13. And as the Churches of Christ are 
 aU Saints by calling ; so we desire to see the Grace of God 
 shining forth, at least seemingly (leaving secret things to 
 God) in all we admit into Church fellowship, and to keep 
 off such as openly wallow in the mire of their sins : that 
 neither the holy things of God, nor the commmiion of the 
 Saints may be thereby leavened or polluted. And if any 
 joining to us when we lived at Leyden or since we came to 
 New England have with the manifestation of their faith 
 
176 APPENBIX. 
 
 and profession of holiness held forth there with separation 
 from the Church of England ; I have diverse times in the 
 one place heard Mr. Robiasonj our pastor, and in the other, 
 Mr. Brewster, our elder, stop them forthwith, showing 
 them that we required no such thing at their hands, but 
 only to hold forth faith iu Jesus Christ, holiness iu the 
 fear of God, and submission to every divine appointment, 
 leaving the Church of England to themselves and to the 
 Lord, to whom we ought to pray to reform what was amiss 
 among them." 
 
 Perhaps Hornius was the only person who gave this 
 people the title of Robinsonians. But had he been duly 
 acquainted with the generous principles both of the people, 
 and their famous pastor, he would have known that nothing 
 was more disagreeable to them than to be called by the 
 nam.e of any mere man whatever ; since they renounced 
 all attachment to any mere human systems or expositions 
 of the Scripture, and reserved an entire and perpetual 
 liberty of searching the inspired records and of formiag 
 both their principles and practice from those discoveries 
 they should make therein without imposing them on others. 
 This appears iu their original Covenant in 1602, as we 
 observed before. And agreeable to this. Governor Wins- 
 low tells us, that when the Plymouth people parted from 
 their renowned Pastor with whom they had always lived ia 
 the most entire affection " he charged us before God and 
 his blessed Angels to follow him no further than he followed 
 Christ : And if God should reveal anything to us by any 
 other instrument of his to be as ready to receive it as ever 
 we were to receive any truth by his ministry. For he was 
 very confident the Lord had more truth and light yet to 
 break forth out of his Holy word. He took occasion also 
 
PRINCE'S NBW ENGLAND. 177 
 
 miserably to bewail the state of the Reformed Churches, 
 who were come to a period in religion, and would go no 
 further than the instruments of their reformation. As for 
 example, the Lutherans could not be drawn to go beyond 
 what Luther saw; for whatever part of Grod's word He 
 had further revealed to Calvia, they had rather die than 
 embrace it ; and so, said he, you see the Calvinists, they 
 stick where he left them, a misery much to be lamented : 
 for though they were precious shining lights in their times, 
 yet God had not revealed his whole will to them ; and were 
 they now alive, said he, they would be as ready to embrace 
 further light as that they had received. Here, also, he put 
 us in mind of our Church Covenant : whereby we engaged 
 with God and one another to receive whatever light or 
 truth should be made known to us from his written word. 
 But withal exhorted us to take heed what we receive for 
 truth ; and well to examine, compare, and weigh it with 
 other Scriptures before we receive it. For, said he, it is 
 not possible the Christian world should come so lately out 
 of such Anti-Christian darkness, and that fiill perfection of 
 knowledge should break forth at once, &c.," — Words almost 
 astonishiag in that age of low and universal bigotry which 
 then prevailed in the English nation : wherein this truly 
 great and learned man seems to be almost the only divine 
 who was capable of rising into a noble freedom of thinking 
 and practising in religious matters, and even of urging 
 such an equal liberty on his own people. He labours to 
 take them off from their attachment to him, that they 
 might be more entirely free to search and follow the 
 Scriptures."— pp. 86—90. 
 
 23 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 VI. 
 
 The early Allusion, and I may say, Testimony, to the 
 Religious Spirit and Conduct of the first Settlers 
 in North Ameuica, borne by George Her- 
 bert, the prince of the Sacred Poets of England. 
 
 Everyone is familiar with two lines in the poem of 
 Herbert entitled. The Church Militant — 
 
 " Religion stands on tip-toe on our land 
 Ready to pass to the American strand," 
 
 because they are quoted by good old Izaac Walton, 
 when he speaks of the Temple, a posthumous work of 
 Herbert's, published by his friend,, Nicholas Earrer. 
 
 When the manuscript was presented to the Vice- 
 ChanceUor of the University of Cambridge for his 
 license to print, he-scrupled to allow the sentiment in 
 these lines to go forth. Mr. Earrer would by no 
 means allow the objection, and as Walton tells the 
 story " after some time and some arguments for and 
 against their being made public, the Vice-Chancellor 
 said, ' I knew Mr. Herbert well, and know that he 
 had many heavenly speculations, and was a divine 
 poet ; but I hope the world wUl not take him to be 
 an inspired prophet, and, therefore, I license the whole 
 book,' so that it came to be printed without the 
 diminution or addition of a syllable." 
 
 At what time the particular poem was written 
 
HERBERT'S POEM. 179 
 
 which contains the obnoxious couplet is not known, 
 and the only chronological fact respecting it is, that it 
 was written in or before 1633, for in that year the 
 author died. This was only twelve years after the 
 emigration of the Leyden people, and supposing that 
 it was written before he became settled on his benefice 
 in Wiltshire, it would be only nine years after that 
 emigration, and before the Puritan stream began to 
 set so strongly as it afterwards did to the shores of 
 North America. So that it may, without violence, be 
 understood to have a kind of reference to Robinson's 
 church, or in other words, to the Scrooby church, and 
 even to be an independent testimony from a very 
 distinguished member of the BngUsh church at once 
 to the deeply religious spirit and to the excellent 
 morality of these Puritan Separatists. 
 
 The Journal of Governor Winthrop affords an 
 excellent comment on this celebrated couplet. In 1634 
 he says, after having recorded that Mr. Humfrey and 
 the Lady Susan his wife, a daughter of Thomas, the 
 third Clinton Earl of Lincoln, had arrived in the 
 colony, that " godly people in England began now to 
 apprehend a special hand of God in raising this 
 plantation, and their hearts were generally stirred to 
 come over." {Savages Winthrop, i. 135.) A strange and 
 awful calamity, however, befel this most unfortunate 
 family who were allied to the noblest houses in 
 England, when they were settled in America. 
 
 Herbert was not one of those persons who can see 
 
180 APPENDIX. 
 
 no good in any form of Christian profession but that 
 which they themselves adopt. He could see good in 
 all forms and modes of Christian profession, and 
 undoubtedly good there is in them all, and hard is it 
 to say in what form it exerts itself the most success- 
 fully to produce what is the great end of all forms and 
 all professions, lives of holiness and virtue. 
 
 But these two celebrated lines are not the only part 
 of the poem which may seem to have relation to the 
 first Founders of New Plymouth. In the persuasion 
 that the passage is less known than it ought to be, 
 I place in this appendix an extended extract. At the 
 same time it must be owned that there are allusions 
 in what follows to the Spanish conquests in America : 
 and the great argument of the whole poem. The Church 
 Militant, is the westward progression of Christian 
 Faith. 
 
 " But as in vice the copy still exceeds 
 The pattern, but not so in virtuous deeds ; 
 So though Sin made his latter seat the better 
 The latter church is to the first a debtor. 
 The second Temple could not reach the first : 
 And the late Reformation never durst 
 Compare with ancient times and purer years ; 
 But in the Jews and us deserveth tears. 
 Nay, it shall every year decrease and fade ; 
 TiU such a darkness do the world invade 
 At Christ's last coming, as his first did find : 
 Yet must there such proportions be assigned 
 
HERBERTS POEM. 181 
 
 To these dimimshings, as is between 
 The spacious world and Jewry to be seen. 
 Religion stands on tip-toe in our land 
 Ready to pass to the American strand. 
 When height of malice and prodigious lusts. 
 Impudent sinning, witchcrafts and distrusts 
 (The marks of future bane) shall fiU our cup 
 Unto the brim, and make our measure up : 
 When Seine shall swallow Tiber, and the Thames, 
 By letting in them both, pollutes her streams : 
 When Italy of us shall have her ■will 
 And all her calendar of Sins fulfil j 
 Whereby one may foretell, what sins next year 
 Shall both in France and England domineer : 
 Then shall religion to America flee : 
 They have their times of gospel, e'en as we. 
 My God, thou dost prepare for them a way. 
 By carrying first their gold from them away : 
 For gold and grace did never yet agree ; 
 Religion always sides with poverty. 
 We think we rob them, but we think amiss : 
 We are more poor and they more rich by this. 
 Thou wilt revenge their quarrel, making grace 
 To pay our debts, and leave our ancient place 
 To go to them, while that which now their nation 
 But lends to us, shall be our desolation. 
 Yet as the Church shall thither westward fly 
 So Sin shall trace and dog her instantly : 
 They have their period also and set times 
 Both for their virtuous actions and their crimes. 
 And where of old the Empire and the Arts 
 Ushered the Gospel ever in men's hearts. 
 
182 APPENDIX. 
 
 Spain hath done ans, when Arts perform the other^ 
 The Church shall comej and Sin the Church shall smother. 
 That when they have accomplished the rounds 
 And met in the east their first and ancient sound. 
 Judgment may meet them both, and search them roimd." 
 
 VII. 
 
 How the case of Separation appeared to an eminent 
 Presbyterian Nonconformist. 
 
 This view of the case of Separation and of the 
 character of the divines who were leaders in it, is copied 
 from a manuscript of John Shaw, a Puritan minister of 
 great eminence, but who sought reformation of the 
 church, as precluding the necessity of separation from 
 it. Yet he was compelled to withdraw himself by the 
 operation of the act of Uniformity in 1663. The 
 manuscript was written in 1664, for the special instruc-> 
 tion and benefit of his only son. When he wrote it 
 he had returned to Rotherham, where he had been 
 Vicar, from Hull where he had a benefice, from which 
 he was removed. See CaJamy's Account, &c., p. 823. 
 He referred his own conversion to a more religious life 
 to the preaching of Mr. Weld, who afterwards went 
 to New England. There is a copy of the Life of 
 Shaw by himself, spoken of by Calamy, amongst the 
 Additional Manuscripts in the British Museum. He 
 was born in the year of the Scrooby Emigration. 
 
SHAW'S VIEW. 183 
 
 " Those that separate from our ChurcheSj both with a 
 privative separation (not joining with us in any Ordinances) 
 or with a positive separation^ setting up and gathering dis- 
 tinct opposite assemblies^ these think that they have reason 
 for it. About the year of Christ, 253, lived one Novatus, 
 first under Cyprian, after at Eome, who denied any benefit 
 by repentance to such as had denied Christ, though for 
 fear and in the heat of persecution, or had fallen into any 
 gross sin after baptism ; and he drew many after him, men 
 weU conceited of themselves above others, who therefore 
 wefe called Cathari (or Puritans, a name very basely given 
 to the best of men, of late, by way of reproach) : and after 
 that about the year of Christ, 331, one Donatus drew a great 
 party after him, though both these are reported to have 
 made those separations out of discontent and for by-ends, 
 as missing some expected preferments, &c., and did separate 
 from the church upon this pretence — that in. the church, 
 wicked were mingled with the godly, who did defile the 
 godly in the communion of the Sacrament ; and afSrmed the 
 true church to be nowhere, nor any true baptism anywhere, 
 but only in their church in Africa ; and therefore re-baptised 
 all (as the Anabaptists now do), that came to join in com- 
 munion with them : they said that Sacraments were onlyholy 
 when they were administered by holy persons ; and when they 
 were pressed by the Emperor to reform, they said Q^id Im- 
 peratori cum Ecclesia ? as the Anabaptists and Separatists 
 say now, when opposed by the civil magistrate, Magistratui 
 Christiana nihil cum sacris (say they), the civil magistrate 
 hath nothing to do in raatters of religion, as if he was not 
 Custos utriusque tabulce. Afterward about the year of Christ 
 .371, one Audens, a Syrian, pretendiug great strictness of 
 life, and zeal, got a company of. followers, who separated 
 
184 APPENDIX. 
 
 from the Church:, and would not pray with other Christians 
 (almost like those Isa. Ixv. 5), crying down Bishops for their 
 riches, &c. [vituperabant Episcopos, Divites ipsos appel- 
 lantes) ; and gave this reason for their separation, because 
 (said they) Usurers and other impure livers were suffered in 
 the bosom of the Church (were there not as bad in the 
 Jewish Church -when Christ joined with it? and as foul 
 errors in the churches of Galatia, Gal. i. 6, and iii. 1-4, and 
 Corinth, I. Cor. ii. 18--22, and xv, 12, &c. ? ) . - In the days 
 of Queen Elizabeth these opinions did much start up in 
 England, as not long before they had done at Munster, 
 and up and down in Germany, amongst a sort called 
 Anabaptists (though the errors grew and were multiplied) : 
 one Bolton made a great separation upon the fore-mentioned 
 principles, yet afterwards he recanted at Paul's-Cross, and 
 in the end hanged himself. After that, one Bakkow held 
 up those opinions, and writ bitterly against others not of 
 his opinion: whom Queen Elizabeth (though I no way 
 commend that fact) caused, therefore, to be hanged on 
 Tower Hill. But especially one Robert Bkowne rose up, 
 and maintained and practised this separation (from whom 
 his followers are called Brownists). Browne was a gentle- 
 man of a very ancient family in Queen Elizabeth's days, 
 but of a very crabbed nature, and no great clerk (as Tully 
 said of some in his days that they were boni quidem viri, 
 sed non admodum literati), it was not much learning that 
 made him mad. Acts xxvi. 24. He was schoolmaster in 
 Southwark, and after 'preacher at Islington, near London ; 
 and about the year 1580 went oversea with his gathered 
 followers, unto Middleburgh in Zealand; yet there his 
 Church (having no superior government in church-matters 
 above themselves to direct and correct them) fell to: jar- 
 
SHATTS VIEW. 185 
 
 rings, broke in pieces ; many turned Anabaptists : Browne 
 returned into England, and once recanted his opinions, 
 took a parsonage in Northamptonshire, at the hand of a 
 Bishop (though some say he did never preach at it, but 
 turned to loose life), and died very aged, at Northampton, 
 in prison ; not at all for his opinion, but as some say, for 
 his not paying a constable-rate, and striking the constable 
 that demanded it ; others say, for debt to his curate, who 
 officiated for him at his parsonage. After this the 
 Johnsons, both father and sons, separated upon the like 
 grounds ; and went with their congregation to Amsterdam; 
 but there they broke all in pieces, and many turned Ana- 
 baptists ; and one of the Johnsons excommunicated first his 
 brother George, and then his father. Then one Smith (that 
 writ formerly a comment on the Lord's Prayer), he went 
 over to Ley (sic) in HoUand, with his followers, upon the 
 former grounds ; yet afterwards renounced his opinion ; but 
 after that, he again flew so high, that he turned not only 
 Anabaptist, but Sebaptist, and baptised himself, as not 
 having any other that he knew of, fully of his opinion ; 
 and accused the rest for looking on their Bibles in time of 
 preaching, and on their Psalm-books in time of singing 
 psalms. AiNSWORTH (a learned man and great Rabbin, 
 who writ learnedly on the Pentateuch, and other books of 
 Scripture, and a good man, and so probably for the main 
 were many of the others,) he upon the like grounds sepa- 
 rated, and went into Ireland with his followers, and after 
 he returned to Amsterdam in Holland; and after his death, 
 his church long remained in Amsterdam without officers, till 
 John Canne (of late a preacher to the garrison of soldiers 
 iu Hull, under Colonel Overton) took upon him to be their 
 pastor, whom in time they also excommunicated. Learned 
 
 24 
 
186 APPENDIX. 
 
 and pious Mr. Robinson also separated, and went (as the 
 others) beyond sea; but being mightily convinced by 
 learned Dr. Ames, and Mr. Parker (two great noncon- 
 formists but no Separatists, who desired Reformation not 
 Separation ; or who separated from the corruption in, not 
 communion with, the true church, as Mr. Dod, Mr. 
 Hildersham, and others also did) ; this Robinson so far 
 thereby came back, that he approved of communion with 
 the Church of England, in the hearing of the word and 
 prayer, (though not in sacraments and discipline) and so 
 occasioned the rise of such as are called Semists, that is 
 SemiseparatistSj or Independants, (many of whom are pious 
 good men :) And all these thought that their tenents were 
 very rational : So Bernard Rotman the first Anabaptist, 
 and Islebius Agricola, the first Antinomian, both in Ger- 
 many, once recanted their errors in a public auditory, and 
 printed their recantation ; yet they both relapsed after into 
 their former errors, (when Luther was dead and out of 
 their way) and died in them and thought them very reason- 
 able : But, alas ! pride, selfendedness, and cursed lusts, 
 blind and bias men's reason, — John Shaw's Advice to his 
 Son, 1664. MS. pp. 450-4. 
 
 VIII. 
 
 The Mat-flower. 
 
 It cannot be denied that there is something which 
 strikes pleasingly on the ear in the name of the 
 vessel which carried over Brewster and Bradford, and 
 the first settlers, and' this may justify the frequent 
 reference which is made to it by those who speak on 
 
'NAVAL NOMENCLATURE. 
 
 187 
 
 public occasions of the early history of New Plymouth. 
 Nor is the subject of Naval Nomenclature, in general, 
 one which is quite undeserving attention. The 
 following lists taken from original documents may 
 serve as the beginning of a more complete treatise on 
 the subject. 
 
 The Thirteenth Century. 
 The prevalent names are — 
 
 The Holy Cross 
 
 The Rose The 
 
 ! AUssot 
 
 Beneyt 
 
 James 
 
 St. Salvator 
 
 Margery 
 
 Maudelaine 
 
 Sunday 
 
 St. Nicholas 
 
 Mariot 
 
 Precheour 
 
 (which for ever Joye 
 
 Spicing-horn 
 
 occuis) 
 
 Trinity 
 
 Prisonere 
 
 Woderove 
 
 Suneval 
 
 Sandwich 
 
 Blie (Blythe) 
 
 Plenty 
 
 Chance 
 
 Grodyer 
 
 Welyfare 
 
 Julian 
 
 Luk (Luck) 
 
 of frequent oc- 
 
 Messenger 
 
 Garland 
 
 currence) 
 
 Gregory 
 
 Goldfinch 
 
 Godale 
 
 Clement 
 
 All Saints 
 
 Johannet 
 
 Stilt 
 
 Chaumpnise 
 
 Legere 
 
 Chivaler 
 
 Waynpayn 
 
 Christesmesse 
 
 Pynot 
 
 Notre Dame 
 
 Stede 
 
 Iceland. 
 
 Saint Mary 
 
 St. Andrew 
 
 
 Defender 
 
 Cristine 
 
 
 The Fourteenth Century. 
 
 The Pater-Noster The Portjoie The Swallow 
 
 Gladchere Arundel Gehisore 
 
 Edmund Edward Lightfpot 
 
188 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 The Meriton 
 
 The Halygast The Palmer 
 
 Hare 
 
 Friday 
 
 Dukeler 
 
 Robinet 
 
 Mary Knight 
 
 Blitheleven 
 
 George 
 
 Good will 
 
 Gother 
 
 Dionys 
 
 Hownoght 
 
 Welbord 
 
 Laurence 
 
 Goddys Knight 
 
 Hardebelle 
 
 Malyn 
 
 Ave Mary 
 
 St. Bernard 
 
 Gundale 
 
 Gudfriday 
 
 Dublere 
 
 Isabel 
 
 Gudwill 
 
 St. Peter 
 
 Hopper 
 
 Charity 
 
 St. Euphania 
 
 Gabriel 
 
 May-dagh 
 
 Merryweder 
 
 Gladwin 
 
 Wedness-dagh 
 
 Drinkwater 
 
 Catherine 
 
 Grace Dieu 
 
 Godebyete 
 
 Nowell 
 
 Palmdaye 
 
 Welygo 
 
 Rods 
 
 EUen 
 
 Flower de Lise 
 
 Pasmagot 
 
 None 
 
 Goddes Frend. 
 
 Skenkwyne 
 
 Maye 
 
 
 With many of the names of the preceding century. 
 
 
 The Fifteenth Century 
 
 
 The lago 
 
 The Maiheven 
 
 The Petyjohn 
 
 Godbered 
 
 Osterfan 
 
 Margaret 
 
 St. Wabord 
 
 St. Paul 
 
 Talbot 
 
 WiUibord 
 
 Bartilmedowe 
 
 Stephen 
 
 Anthony 
 
 St. Leon 
 
 Jesus 
 
 Rudeship 
 
 Rood 
 
 Mary Croft 
 
 Wilgudan 
 
 Patrick 
 
 Puryl (Pearl) 
 
 Curtowtyr 
 
 Cataline 
 
 Bury 
 
 Cum wele-to 
 
 Martenet 
 
 Remond 
 
 House 
 
 Sampson 
 
 Raphael 
 
 Kirtewater 
 
 Jobert 
 
 Crowner 
 
NAVAL NOMBNGLATURH. 
 
 189 
 
 The George Gal- The Dilecte 
 
 lant 
 Graunt Marie 
 
 de la Tour 
 Marie Briton 
 Craccher 
 Swan 
 Valentyne 
 Pelton 
 
 Mary Paul 
 Harry 
 Lucas 
 Magdaleyn 
 Mary Welfare 
 Mary Jasper 
 Mary Clemens 
 Cadogan 
 
 The Schapherd 
 Sparenat. 
 Rose of Lom- 
 
 bardy 
 Blythe Church 
 Sparewater 
 Codger 
 Gaylard 
 Make-glad. 
 
 With other names of the precediag lists. 
 
 The Reigns of Henry VIII, Edward VI, and Mary. 
 The Trinity Sov- The Jennet Pen- The Lagwyn 
 
 ereign 
 Gabriel-royal 
 Peter Pom- 
 
 granat 
 John Baptist 
 Mary James 
 Catherine 
 
 Fortelezza 
 Gt. Nicholas 
 Mary Rose 
 Great Barbara 
 Mary and 
 
 John 
 Christ 
 
 Anne Galante 
 Charity 
 Mary George 
 Swallow 
 
 wyne 
 
 Great Eliza- 
 beth 
 
 Sweepstake 
 
 Dragon 
 
 Mawdelyn 
 
 Lion 
 
 Baptist 
 
 Mary Cra- 
 dock 
 
 Marlyon 
 
 Sabyan 
 
 Sunday 
 
 Julian 
 
 Erasmus 
 
 Conception 
 
 Bastian 
 
 Salvator 
 
 Maria Dolo- 
 
 rata 
 Gabriel Ryal 
 Pott 
 
 Flying Hart 
 Wolf 
 Godgave 
 Salvation 
 Black Peter 
 Mullard 
 Greu-hound 
 Catch 
 Pynke 
 
 Mary Fortune 
 Half Moon 
 Hubert 
 Poll 
 Althorn 
 
190 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 The Gyrtliyr 
 
 The Eosewell 
 
 The Onyon 
 
 Correwe 
 
 Flory 
 
 Plight 
 
 Lokkard 
 
 Bounce 
 
 Three Ostrich 
 
 Black More 
 
 Branch 
 
 Feathers 
 
 Mary Martyn 
 
 Post 
 
 Sun 
 
 Hogge 
 
 Daniel 
 
 Cloud in the 
 
 Poppingjay 
 
 Gripe 
 
 Sun 
 
 Robbinet 
 
 Guy 
 
 Double Cross 
 
 Luthiany 
 
 Lady Pity 
 
 Hawthorn 
 
 Gylion 
 
 Primrose 
 
 Barbara Ma- 
 
 Battle 
 
 Swan 
 
 rina 
 
 Marlyn 
 
 Flower de 
 
 Peti Pawncy 
 
 G-od^s Grace 
 
 Lewys 
 
 Lutterel - 
 
 David 
 
 Sancta Crux 
 
 Great Harry. 
 
 The Reigns of Elizabeth and James I. 
 
 The Desire 
 
 The Joshua 
 
 The Speedwell 
 
 Gods Gift 
 
 Grace of 
 
 Swiftsure 
 
 Gift 
 
 God 
 
 Samaritan 
 
 Hopewell 
 
 Providence 
 
 Marygold 
 
 Trial 
 
 EUen 
 
 Faith 
 
 Jonas 
 
 Solomon 
 
 Affection 
 
 Edward 
 
 Spark 
 
 Signett 
 
 Matthew 
 
 Chancewell 
 
 John Evan- 
 
 Pilgrim 
 
 New Years 
 
 gelist 
 
 Ascention 
 
 Gift 
 
 Yoimg Fro 
 
 True Love 
 
 Luck 
 
 Diamond 
 
 May Flower 
 
 Violet 
 
 Fox 
 
 Brave 
 
 Hope-grace 
 
 Judy 
 
 Blessing 
 
 Hopewell 
 
 Carnation 
 
 Doll ■ 
 
 Expedition 
 
 White Rose 
 
1 - 
 
 NAVAL NOMENCLATURE. 191 
 
 The Phoenix 
 
 The Smith 
 
 The Strange 
 
 Bess 
 
 OUavant 
 
 Minikin 
 
 Delight 
 
 Berzebee 
 
 Little Angel 
 
 Saker 
 
 Talbot 
 
 White Horse 
 
 Dawson's 
 
 Salamander 
 
 Blind Mac- 
 
 Dainty 
 
 Adoniah 
 
 karell. 
 
 Scapewell 
 
 Plying Harry 
 
 Chancewell 
 
 Cherubin 
 
 Vantage 
 
 Red World 
 
 Flying Hart 
 
 Wat 
 
 Three Acorns 
 
 Repentance 
 
 Saint Ursula 
 
 Whale-fish 
 
 - Apollo 
 
 Judith 
 
 Blue Jack 
 
 Toby 
 
 Eastridge 
 
 Tumbler 
 
 Grace 
 
 Lettice 
 
 Lowrinson 
 
 Charity 
 
 Little John 
 
 Agrippa 
 
 New Year 
 
 Paunces 
 
 Ospray 
 
 Angle 
 
 Monky 
 
 Seamawe 
 
 Pleasure 
 
 Hercules 
 
 Black Cat 
 
 Minion 
 
 Sea Flower 
 
 Black Lamb 
 
 Gennett 
 
 Phoebe 
 
 Exchange 
 
 Dreadnot 
 
 Diamond 
 
 Transport 
 
 White Bear 
 
 Pasport 
 
 Angillivor 
 
 Emmanuel 
 
 What-you- 
 
 Pascoe 
 
 Seraphim 
 
 wiU 
 
 Command 
 
 Golden Rial 
 
 Flowers of 
 
 Vynet 
 
 Help God 
 
 Comfort 
 
 Ark 
 
 Pasch 
 
 Ruben 
 
 Alexander 
 
 Centurion 
 
 Vineyard 
 
 Green Dra- 
 
 Godfather 
 
 Day Star 
 
 gon 
 
 Goodwill 
 
 Lowry 
 
 Seahorse 
 
 Godrsave-her 
 
 Gray 
 
 Incomade 
 
 Partridge 
 
 Eme 
 
 Tiger 
 
 Time 
 
 Golden Gray 
 
 Morning Star 
 
192 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 
 The Water Rat 
 
 The Neptune 
 
 The Leander 
 
 Sweet' 
 
 Orange-tree 
 
 Post Horse 
 
 Maiden 
 
 Golden An- 
 
 Plough 
 
 Bruse 
 
 chor 
 
 Peregrine 
 
 Hugonet 
 
 Gelly Flower 
 
 Gilliflower 
 
 Confidence • 
 
 Ox 
 
 Saint Honor 
 
 Old Comfort 
 
 Dainty 
 
 Plain Swan 
 
 Black Fly 
 
 Halfpenny 
 
 ^neas 
 
 Lang Friday- 
 
 Patience 
 
 Alethea 
 
 Venturer 
 
 Concord 
 
 Mussell 
 
 Sea Rider 
 
 Well-met 
 
 Damaris 
 
 Dudley 
 
 Leveret 
 
 Gideon 
 
 Wild Man 
 
 Jarble 
 
 Valentine. 
 
 Thornback 
 
 Spark 
 
 Handmaid 
 
 Haddock 
 
 Medusa 
 
 Vapor 
 
 Sturgeon 
 
 Diana 
 
 Rejoice 
 
 Armitage 
 
 Consent 
 
 Lucky 
 
 Moonlight 
 
 Revenge 
 
 YeUow Plank 
 
 Report 
 
 Hunter 
 
 Long Neck 
 
 Sea knight 
 
 Bat 
 
 Goodwill 
 
 Prollick 
 
 Little Edom 
 
 Hogaster 
 
 Flax Flower 
 
 Restitution 
 
 ToU-dish 
 
 Sapphire 
 
 Contrition 
 
 Pint-pot 
 
 Bell 
 
 Beer-pot 
 
 Trudgeover 
 
 Damsel 
 
 Shelfish 
 
 Wren 
 
 Handmaid 
 
 Arcania 
 
 Chimney 
 
 Cleeve 
 
 Pliant 
 
 Aurole. 
 
 Wagon 
 
 Sea-venture 
 
 
 The name of May-Flower classes with Sea-Hower, 
 GiUiflower, Flax-Flower, the Rose, the Carnation, and 
 other names of flowers from which selections began to 
 
NAVAL NOMENCLATURE. 193 
 
 be made early, but very sparingly till we arrive at the 
 sixteenth century, when vessels bearing names of this 
 class become very numerous. 
 
 I have not observed the name of May -Flower before 
 the year 1583, when we find a vessel so named con- 
 tributing to an assessment on ships of three-pence a 
 ton, for the repair of the Harbour of Dover. 
 
 But the name very soon became exceedingly popular 
 among those to whom belonged the giving of the names 
 to vessels in the merchant service. Before the close 
 of that century we have a May-Flower of Hastings, 
 a May -Flower of Rie, a May-Flower of Newcastle ; a 
 May-Flower of Lynn, and a May-Flower of Yarmouth, 
 both in 1589. Also a May-Flower of HuU, 1599; 
 a May-Flower of London of eighty tons burthen, 
 1587, and 1594, of which Richard Ireland was the 
 master, and- another May-Flower of the same port, of 
 ninety tons burthen, of which Robert White was the 
 master in 1594, and a third May -Flower of London, 
 unless it is the same vessel with one of the two just 
 spoken of, only with a different master, William 
 Morecock. In 1587 there was a May -Flower of 
 Dover, of which John Tooke was the master. In 1593 
 there was a May-Flower of Yarmouth of 120 tons, of 
 which William Musgrave was the master. 
 
 In 1608 there was a May-Flower of Dartmouth, of 
 which Nicholas Waterdonne was the master ; and in 
 1609 a May -Flower of Middleburgh entered an 
 Enghsh port. 
 
 25 
 
194 APPENMX. 
 
 Later in the century we find a May-Flower of 
 Ipswich, and another of Newcastle, in 1618 ; a May^ 
 Flower of York, 1621; a May -Flower of Scarborough, 
 1630, Robert Hadock the naaster ; a May^Flower of 
 Sandwich in the same year, John Oliver the master ; a 
 May-Flower of Dover, 1633, Walter Finnis, master, 
 in which two sons of the Earl of Berkshire crossed to 
 Calais. 
 
 Which of these was the vessel which carried over 
 the precious freight cannot perhaps be told ; but we 
 learn from Mr. Sherley's Letter to Governor Bradford 
 (Prince, p. 187) that the same vessel was employed in 
 1629 in passing between the two countries a company 
 of the church at Leyden, who had joined in the first 
 emigration intending to pass in it to America ; and 
 in the same author we find that the vessel arrived in 
 the harbour of Charles-town on July 1, 1630. 
 
 There was a May -Flower which, in 1648, gained an 
 unenviable notoriety. But this was not the May- 
 Flower which had carried over the first settlers, it 
 being a vessel of 350 tons, while the genuine May- 
 Flower was of only 180 tons. In respect of this 
 later May-Flower, which did not deserve so gentle 
 and pleasing a name, George Dethick, of Poplar, gen- 
 tleman, deposed, in a suit brought by the proprietors 
 against the captain, that he well knew* the ships, the 
 May-Flower, the Peter, and the Benjamin, of which 
 Samuel Vassall, Richard Grandley, and Company, were 
 the true and lawful owners, and that they fitted them 
 
NAVAL NOMENCLATURE. 195 
 
 out on a trading voyage to Guinea, and thence to 
 certain places in the West Indies, and so to return to 
 London. William Jacket was captain and com- 
 mander, and Dethick himself sailed in the May- 
 Flower as one of the master's mates, June 16, 1647. 
 On the arrival of the ship at Guinea, they trucked 
 divers goods for negroes — elephants' teeth, gold, and 
 provisions for the negroes. They got 450 negroes 
 and more, with which he sailed in the May-Plower to 
 Barbadoes, arriving there at the beginning of March, 
 1648, Mr. Dethick being then purser. After staying 
 about' twelve days at Barbadoes they proceeded to 
 Cuminagota, which is under the dominion of the 
 King of Spain, where they arrived about the 26th of 
 March. Then follows a long story of mismanagement 
 on the part of Captain Jacket, to the serious injury of 
 Vassall and his partners ; also of cruelty to the boat- 
 swain committed by him on board the May-Flower. 
 
 In a brief, in a Florentine cause in the Court of 
 Admiralty (Lansd. MS. 160, art. 13), the subject is 
 the ship the May-Flower of 300 tons, belonging to 
 John Eh-edy and Richard HaU, of London, merchants, 
 which arrived at Leghorn in 1605, and was there re- 
 paired by the merchants, at the charge of 3200 ducats. 
 When it was ready to return to England, it was stayed 
 by the officers of the Duke of Florence, and compelled 
 to unlade the merchandise, saving some lignum vitse 
 left in her for ballast. 
 
196 APPENBIX. 
 
 IX. 
 
 Intending Emigrants in the Ship Prosperous, 1636. 
 
 One of the more remarkable circumstances attend- 
 ing the settlement of New England, is the countenance 
 given to the undertaking by the family of Clinton, 
 Earl of Lincoln. Two ladies of this family, Lady 
 Arbella, the wife of Isaac Johnson, of Clipstone in 
 Rutlandshire, and Lady Susanna, wife of John 
 Humfrey, two of the daughters of Thomas the third 
 Earl, removed themselves to the new country whUe in 
 the prime of life ; the former of them as early as 
 1630. Another of the daughters married John 
 Gorges, a son of Sir Eerdinando Gorges, who was 
 much concerned in the New England affairs. 
 
 Their uncle Sir Henry Eines, as he was called 
 rather than Clinton, was a zealous Puritan, as were 
 his descendants, and also his near relative Sir-James 
 Harington of Ridlington : and this leads me to 
 think that the company of eighty persons, who in 
 1636 sailed from Boston in the ship Prosperous, 
 having been embarked by Harington Fines, the son of 
 Sir Henry, were Puritan emigrants making their way 
 for New England. 
 
 Their unfortunate fate is related in the following 
 deposition made on August 2d, in 1637, by Marma- 
 duke Rayson, of Hull, gentleman. 
 
BMIOBATION. 197 
 
 "Whereas Harington Fynesj Esquire, about tlie begin- 
 ning of May, 13th Charles I, caused about fourscore men 
 to be shipped at Boston in Lincolnshire, as passengers, 
 with intent that they should be landed at Harwich ; for the 
 landing of whom Sir Henry Fynes, of Kirkstead in Lin- 
 colnshire, Knight, and Eobert Hutton, of Lynn in the 
 county of Norfolk, by their obligation dated May, in 
 
 the 12th year of Charles, became bound to His Majesty 
 in £600 : — Now this deponent declares that he was one of 
 the said persons so shipped, and for which the said obliga- 
 tion was entered into : and that the said ship and men 
 being in their passage from Boston towards Harwich, they 
 were "set upon and taken by Trench pirates, and were rob- 
 bed and stripped, both of their apparel and all their other 
 goods and provision in the said ship, and so were violently 
 carried away : but it happened that a ship of Dunkirk met 
 with them, and chased away the French ship, and did carry 
 the said ship in which this deponent with the residue of 
 the said passengers then were, towards Dunkirk : but yet 
 by the said Dunkirker's direction this deponent and the 
 residue df the said passengers were set on shore upon the 
 French coast, by means whereof, the said passengers could 
 not be landed at Harwich according to the condition of the 
 said obligation." 
 
198 APPENDIX. 
 
 X. 
 
 Entries of Beadfords, Hansons, and Mortons, in 
 the Parish Register of Austerfielu, extracted 
 in 1851 and 1852. 
 
 BEADFORDS. 
 Baptisms. 
 
 1561, Jan. 23, Robert, son ofWiUiam. 
 
 1570, July 10, Elizabeth, daughter of William. 
 
 1577, March 9, Margaret, daughter of Thomas. 
 
 1585, March 8, Margaret, daughter of William. 
 
 1587, Sept. 33, WilHam, son of Robert. 
 
 Nov. 30, Alice, daughter of William. 
 
 1589, March 19, William, son or William. 
 
 1591, May 14, Robert, son of Robert. 
 
 1593, Feb. 3, Mary, daughter of Robert. 
 
 1597, May 15, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert. 
 
 1600, June 8, Margaret^ daughter of Robert. 
 
 1613, August 1, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert. Spon- 
 sors : Liudley Richardson, Elizabeth Richardson, 
 and Ellen Harrison. 
 
 1613, Eeb. 3, Richard, son of Robert. 
 
 161 7, April 16, Judith, daughter of Robert. 
 
 1618, Feb. 17, Grace, daughter of Robert. 
 1631, August 1, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert. 
 1633, Feb. 20, Janne, daughter of Robert. 
 
 1626, Feb. 30, Mary, daughter of Robert. Sponsors : 
 William Thorpe, Modliu Benson, and Jane 
 Marsland. 
 
 1639, Oct. 18, Margaret, daughter of Robert. 
 
 1631, July 14, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert. 
 
AUSTEBFIMLB REGISTER. 199 
 
 Marriages. 
 No entries between 1564 and 1577. 
 
 1584, Jan. 21, William B. and Alice Hanson. 
 
 1586, Jan. 31, Robert B. and Alice Waigestaff [or 1585] 
 1593, Sept. 33, Robert Briggs and Alice B. 
 1595, Jan. 25, James Hall and Eliz. B. 
 1615, ... 11, .Robert B. and Elizabeth Sothwpod, by 
 license of the Archbishop of York. 
 
 Burials. 
 None before 19th Oct. 1577. Pestilence in 1583. 
 
 1585, March 9, Margaret, daughter of William. 
 1591, July 15, William. 
 
 1593, April 30, William, son of Robert. 
 1595, Jan. 10, WiUiam B. the eldest. 
 
 March 18, a child of Robert. 
 1597, May 14, a child of Robert. 
 1600, July 13, Alice, wife of Robert. 
 1607, Jan. 30, Alice. 
 1609, April 23, Robert. 
 1614, March 6, Jane, wife of Robert. 
 
 1625, May 22, Jane, daughter of Robert. 
 Sept. 20, Mary, daughter of Robert. 
 
 1626, August 20, Thomas, son of Robert. 
 1629, Oct. 20, Margaret, daughter of Robert. 
 1631, July 6, EUz., daughter of Robert. 
 
 163 . , Dec 25, Robert. 
 
 HANSONS. 
 
 Baptisms. 
 1560, Feb. 1, Isabel, daughter of Christopher. 
 1562, Dec. 8, Alice, daughter of John. 
 
200 APPENDIX. 
 
 1563, Sept. 20, Bryan, son of Chxistoplier. 
 
 1564, Nov. 8, George, son of John. 
 
 1565, August 3, William, son of George, 
 
 1567, Dec. 12, George, son of George. 
 
 1568, July 13, Margaret, daughter of Thomas. 
 
 1569, August 24, Eobert, son of John. 
 
 1571, April 11, Catherine, daughter of John. 
 
 1572, July 26, John, son of John. 
 1574, Oct. 17, George, son of Thomas. 
 1577, Nov. 24, Eliz., daughter of Thomas. 
 
 1579, Sept. 17, William, son of George. 
 
 1580, May 8, Richard, son of Agnes, a bastard. 
 
 1584, Sept. 17, William, son of Robert. 
 
 1585, March 8, Mary, daughter of William. 
 1587, August 6, Eliz., daughter of Robert. 
 
 1589, Oct. 14, Jane, daughter of George. 
 
 1590, Jan. 6, Elizabeth, daughter of George. 
 
 1592, April 4, John, son of George. 
 
 1593, April 1, Mary, daughter of George. 
 1599, Jan. 15, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert. 
 1602, Jan. 1, William, son of Robert. 
 1605, Oct. 20, Thomas, son of Robert. 
 1605, Jan. 31, Thomas, son of George. 
 
 1607, June 21, George, son of George. 
 
 1608, Oct. 23, Jane, daughter of George. 
 1608, Feb. 11, Jane, daughter of Robert. 
 1610, Jan. 30, John, son of George. 
 1612, Jan. 10, Christopher, son of George. 
 1614, Dec. 9, Robert, son of George. 
 1616, March 14, Thomas, son of George. 
 1619, Sept. 5, George, son of George. 
 
 1619, March 19, William, son of George the younger. 
 
AUSTERFIELB REaiSTER. 201 
 
 Marriages. 
 
 1560, July 23, John H. and Mary Gressam. 
 1563, July 7, Thomas H. and Mary Throppe. 
 1578, June 39, George H. and Margaret Vescie. 
 
 1583, Jan. 19, Robert Hame and Agnes H. 
 
 1584, June 31, William Bradford and Alice H. 
 
 1594, Feb. 10, Thomas Lawe and Joan H. 
 1596, Oct. 34, Robert H. and Ann Hyde. 
 1610, June 4, George H. and Ann Caskeen. 
 
 Oct. 10, Robert Vescie and Ann H. 
 16 Charles Morton and Elizabeth H. 
 
 Nov. 10, William Palmer and Joan H. 
 1617, Feb. 9, Robert Tee and Ann H., by license of 
 the Archbishop. 
 
 Burials. 
 
 1580, Oct, 14, Agnes, wife of Thomas. 
 
 Feb. 14, Agnes, daughter of Thomas. 
 1583, May 20, William, son of George. 
 
 July 13, George, son of George. 
 
 July 21, George, son of Thomas. 
 
 July 32, Thomas, son of Thomas. 
 
 July 23, George. 
 
 July 24, Elizabeth his wife.^ 
 1589, Jan. 20, Robert. 
 1591, August 31, Elizabeth. 
 1593, Feb. 7, George H. alias Cooke. 
 
 1595, April 20, a child of George, 
 
 1 This was in the time of the pestilence with which these parts 
 of Yorkshire were so sorely visited. Above 700 persons died at 
 Doncaster, of whom 141 died in this sad month of July. 
 
 26 
 
203 APPENDIX. 
 
 1601, Feb. 25, a child of George. 
 Feb. 27, John. 
 
 1603, July 31, Mary, widow. 
 1605, Feb. 5, George. 
 
 1607, March 3, Thomas, son of widow H. 
 
 1609, Jan. 8, Jane.H., widow. 
 Jan. 8, Thomas. 
 
 Jan. 29, Margaret, wife of George. 
 
 1610, Sept. 7, Elizabeth, daughter of Ann H. 
 
 1613, July 19, John, son of George. 
 
 1614, May 7, John. 
 
 1616, Oct. 20, George. 
 
 1617, Dec. 2, Elizabeth. 
 
 March 21, Mary, wife of William. 
 
 1618, March 12, Thomas, son of George. 
 
 MORTON. 
 
 Baptisms. 
 
 1559, Sept. 10, Elizabeth, daughter of Thomas. 
 1571, Jan. 1, Brian, son of Thomas. 
 1574, April 11, Alice, daughter of Thomas. 
 1589, March 1, Thomas, son of Thomas. 
 1591, Oct. 3, Jane, daughter of Thomas. 
 1593, Oct. 29, Robert, son of Thomas. 
 1595, Oct. 10, James, son of Thomas. 
 1597, Feb. 12, George, son of Thomas. 
 1601, Nov. 14, Robert, son of Thomas. 
 
 1604, April 29, Margaret, daughter of Thomas. 
 1607, Sept. 6, William, son of Robert. 
 
 Oct. 28, Francis, son of Thomas. 
 1609, March 14, Anthony, son of Robert. 
 
 1611, June 14, Mary, daughter of Robert. 
 
SUTTON REGISTER. 203 
 
 1612, August 30, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert. 
 
 1615, Feb. 3, Thomas, son of Jlobert. 
 
 1618, March 19, Elizabeth, daughter of Robert. 
 
 Marriages. 
 
 1578, April 13, Robert Button and Jennet M. 
 1580, Nov. 37, Richard Thropp and Agnes M. 
 1588, Nov. 18, Thomas M. and Joan Benson. 
 1591, Oct. 6, Thomas M. and Mary Oldfield. 
 
 1616, . . . . Charles M. and Elizabeth Hanson. 
 
 Burials. 
 1591, June 31, Jenet, wife of Thomas M. 
 1593, Jan. 25, Catherine M. 
 1593, Nov. 28, a child of Thomas M. 
 1596, Feb. 20, James, son of Thomas. 
 1607, Jan. 8, William, son of Robert. 
 1609, Jan. 19, Anthony, son of Robert. 
 1611, June 16, Mary, daughter of Robert. 
 
 1613, Sept. 8, Mary, daughter of Thomas. 
 
 1614, August 17, Thomas. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Entries in the Parish Register of Sutton-upon- 
 LouND of Brewsters and Welbecks. 
 
 1557, Sept. 8, married, John Rollesley and Barbara 
 
 Welbeck, gentlewoman. 
 1599, Feb. 24, baptised, Grace, daughter of James and 
 
 Mary Brewster. 
 
204 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 1600j May 2%, married, Alexander Stow and Ann 
 
 Welbeck, gentlewoman. 
 1601, April 15, baptised, Welbeck, son of Alexander 
 Stow. 
 August 19, buried, William Welbeck, gentleman. 
 1603, April 14, baptised, Anne, daughter of Alexander 
 Stow. 
 Nov. 30, baptised, Elizabeth, daughter of James 
 and Mary Brewster. 
 
 1605, December 4, baptised, Thomas, son of Alexander 
 
 and Anne Stow. 
 
 1606, September 23, baptised, Susanna, daughter of 
 
 James and Mary Brewster. 
 
 1608, November 14, baptised, Elizabeth, daughter of 
 
 Alexander and Ann Stow. 
 
 1609, November 5, baptised, Judith, daughter of James 
 
 and Mary Brewster. 
 
 1611, May 19, baptised, Mary, daughter of Alexander 
 
 and Ann Stow — buried the 21st. 
 
 July 9, married, John Armitage and Ann Brewster. 
 
 1613, January 14, buried, "James Brewster, vicar there." 
 
 1615, May 18, baptised, Mary, daughter of Alexander 
 
 Stow, gentleman. 
 1617, July 21, baptised, Alexander, son of Alexander 
 Stow, gentleman. 
 
 1619, August 1, buried, Alexander, son of Alexander 
 
 Stow, gentleman. 
 
 1620, October 22, married, William Glaive and Grace 
 
 Brewster. 
 1625, November 22, baptised, Mary Brewster, daughter 
 of Mary Brewster, spurious. 
 December 5, buried, Mary Brewster. 
 
SUTTON register: 206 
 
 1630, May 18, baptised, Anne, daughter of Mr. Welbeck 
 
 Stow. 
 1633, November 5, married, Ed. Oldfield and Juditb 
 
 Brewster. 
 1637, April 7, buried, Mrs. Mary Brewster, widow. 
 
 June 25, baptised, Ann, daughter of Edward 
 
 Oldfield and Judith his wife. 
 
 1637, December 31, buried, Susanna Brewster. 
 March 33, buried, Mary Brewster. 
 
 1638, October 14, baptised, John, son of Thomas Stow, 
 
 gentleman, and Rebecca his wife. 
 
 LOHDON: E. TtrCEER, PBBEY'S PLACE, OXBOED STEEIT. 
 
BY THE SAME AUTHOR. 
 
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 1796, as a supposed newly discoyered Drama of Shakespeare. New ^Edition, with an 
 
 original Preface, Svo, facsimile. Is. Gd. (Original price Ss. Gd.) 
 
 The preface is both interesting and curious, from the axlditional information it gives respecting the 
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 BOADEN (Jas.) on the Sonnets of Shakespeare, identifying the person to whom they are 
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 TRADITIONARY ANECDOTES OP SHAKESPEARE, coUected in Warwickshire m 
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 SHAKESPEARE'S LIBRARY.— A Collection of the Romances, Novels, Poems, and 
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 and accurately reprinted from the original Editions, with Notes, &c. By J. P. CoiirEE. 
 2 vols. Svo, cloth. 10s. Gd. ( Original price £1. Is.) 
 
 ACCOUNT of the only known Manuscript of Shakespeare's Plays, comprising some 
 important variations and corrections in the " Merry Wives ol Windsor," obtained 
 from a Playhouse Copy of that Play recently discovered. By J. O. HailivtelIi. Svo. 1*. 
 
 KIMBAULT'S "Who was ' Jack WUson,' the Singer of Shakespeare's Stage?" An 
 Attempt to prove the identity of this person with John Wilson, Doctor of Music in 
 the University of Oxford, a.d. 1644. Svo. Is. 
 
 SHAKESPEARE'S WILL, copied from the Original in the Prerogative Court, preserv- 
 ing the Interlineations and PaosimiUes of the three Autographs of the Poet, with a 
 few preliminary Observations. By J. O. Haliiweli. 4to. 1*. 
 
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John Russell Smithy 36, Boho Square, London. 
 
 LIFE OF* Mr. THOMAS GENT, Printer of York, written by himself. 8vo, 
 fineportrmtj engraved hy Aug, FoXy cloth. 23, Gd. {Origmal price 9«.) 
 
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 Fhe narrative is full, written in an easy and unaifected which he lived; among others occur the names of 
 style, interspersed with several pieces of Poetry ; aad Bishop Atterbury, with whom he relates a singular 
 [rom the number of adventures he went through in interview, Browne Willis, and Dr. Drake, the historian 
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 introduced, is extremely amusing. His occupation as who have read Southey's "Boctor." 
 
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 T IFE, POETRY, AND LETTERS of EBENEZER ELLIOTT, 
 
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 Anglo - Saxon is indispensable ; and we have never pervades every part. The Delectus consists of short 
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 of time, l^e declensions and conjugations are well good Glossary at the end."— .ii^Aentswm, Oct. 20, 1849. 
 
 GUIDE TO THE ANGLO-SAXON TONGUE : on the Basis of Pro- 
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 Kasic for his Model ; but let no one suppose from the accompanied,and from the glossary which follows them, 
 
 title that the book ia mereh^ a compilation from the This volume, well studied, wiU. enable any one to read 
 
 work of ttiat philologist. The accidence is abridged with ease the gerirerality of Anglo-Saxon writers; and 
 
 from Rask, with constant revision, correction, and its cheapness places it within the reach of every 
 
 modification; but the syntax, a most important por- class. It has our hearty recommendatiou.'*~irfiem^ 
 
 tiou of *i»c hook, is original, and is compiled with great Gazette, 
 
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 'A NALECTA ANGLO-SAXONICA.— Selections, in Prose and Terse, from 
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 Critical and Explanatory. By Louis P. Elipstein, of the University of GKessen, 2 thick 
 vols, post 8vo, cloth. 12s. {original price IBs,) 
 
 Contaiumg an immense body of information on a hava a thorough knowledge of his own mother-ton^ej 
 
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 we daily think, and speak, and write. No Engl^hmMi, in copiousness of words, strengm of expression, and 
 
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 TNTRODUCTION TO ANGLO-SAXON READING; comprising 
 
 -■- jElfrio's Homily on tlie BirtMay of St. Grregory, with a copious Crloasary, &o. By 
 L. IiAJsraiET, F.L.S. 12mo, cloth, 2s. 6d. 
 
 fine's mission 
 
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 ■^*- Hermit of Croyland. Printed, for the first time, from a MS. in the Cottonian 
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 of Catharine HaU, Cajubridge. 12mo, cloth, 5s. 
 
 ANGLO-SAXON LEGENDS OP ST. ANDREW AND ST. 
 
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 ANGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE HEXAMERON OF ST. 
 
 ■f *- BASIL, and the Anglo-Saxon Remaiua of St. Basil's Admonitio ad Pilium 
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 ANGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE HOLY GOSPELS. 
 
 -'*- Edited from' the original MSS. By Benjamin Thoepe, P.S.A. Post 8vo, cloth. 
 8& {origmal price 12s.) 
 
 A NGLO-SAXON VERSION OF THE STORY OF APOLLO- 
 
 ■^ NIUS OF TTEE ;— upon which is founded the Play of Pericles, attributed to 
 Shakespeare j — from a MS., with a Translation and GHossary. By Benjamin Thoepe. 
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 A NALECTA ANGLO-SAXONICA.— A Selection in Prose and Verse, from 
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 POPULAR TREATISES ON SCIENCE, written dui'ing the MiddleAges, 
 -"- in Anglr-Saxon, Anglo-Norman, and English. Edited by Thos. WEiaai, M.A. 
 8to, cloth, 3s. 
 
 CfaffiiCTiia.— An Aagio-Saxon Treatise on Astronomy maining, and ex^Xanatory of fill the symbolical sign? 
 
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 MS. in the British Museum, with a lYanslatioii; Livre lippe tte Thaun, wit7i a translation; ^Fragments on Po- 
 
 dea Creatures, hyPhillippe deThaun,MowJ?rsi^n»iC(i pular Science from the Early English Metrical Lives 
 
 toiih a translation, {extremely valuable to Philologists, of the Saints, {the earliest piece of the kind in the 
 
 as being the earliest specimens of Anglo-Norman re- English language.) 
 
 ■pRAGHENT OF CLERIC'S ANGLO-SAXON GRAMMAR, 
 
 ■*- .;S!lfric's G-loBsary, and a Poem on the Soul and Body of the Xllth Centuryj dis- 
 covered among the Archives of Worcester Cathedral. By Sir Thomas Phulips, Bart. 
 
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 ahty of Iris manner, made Skelton one of the most extra- in his writings in censures on monks and Dominicans ^ 
 
 ordinary writers of any age or country." — Sonthey. and, moreover, had the hardiliood to reflect, in no very 
 
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 ^jEMI-SAXON.— The Departing Soul's Address to the Body, a Fragment of a 
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 T)ICTIONAEY OF ARCHAI9 AND PROVINCIAL WORDS, 
 
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 of 1000 pages, closely prmted m double cohrnms^ cloth, a new cmd cTisaper edition. £1, Is. 
 It contains alcove 50,000 words (emlioityiug all the are not to be found in ordinary^ Dictionaries and books 
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 Dramatists, Theologians, and other authors, whose MSS. and rare books, and by far the greater portion 
 works abound with allusions, of wlii6h explanations will be found to be originEd authorities. 
 
 -pi's SAYS ON THE LITEEATUEE, POPULAR SUPEESTI- 
 
 ■^ TIONS, and History of England in the Middle Ages. By Thomas WbigHt, M.A., 
 F.R.S. 2 vols, post 8vo, elegamth^ prmted, cloth. IGs. 
 
 Contents. — ^Essay I. Anglo-Saxon Poetry, II, An^lo- Eush, Mid the Frolicsome Elves. XI. On Dunlop*^ 
 Norman Poetry. III. Chansons de Geste, or Historical History of Fiction. XII. On the History and trans- 
 Komancea of the Middle Ages. IV. On Proverbs and mission of Popular Stories. XHI. On the Poetry of 
 Popular Sayings. V, On the Anglo-Latin Poeta of History. XIV. Adventures of Hereward the Saxon, 
 the Twelfth Century. VI. Abelard and the Scholastic XV. The Stoi7 of Eustace the Monk. XVI. The His- 
 Philoaophy. VII. On Dr. Grimm's German Mythology. tory of Fulke Fitzwarine. XVII. On the Popular Cycle 
 """ " '■ ' " ■ " '^ ^ «v. , , of Robin-Hood Ballads. XVIII. On the Conquest of 
 
 VIII. On the National Fairy Mythology of England, of Robin-Hood Ballads. XVIII. On the Conquest ( 
 
 IX. On the Popular Superstitions of Modem Greece, Ireland by the Ajarfo-Normans. XIX. On Old English 
 and their Connexion with the English. X. On li^iar Political songs. XX. On the Scottish Poet, Dunbar. 
 
 l^ARLY HISTORY OF FREEMASONRY IN ENGLAND. 
 
 •*-^ Illustrated by an English Poem of the XTVth Century, with Notes. By J. O. 
 Halliwell, Post 8vo, Secoitd Edition, with a facsimile o/" the original MS. m the 
 
 British Museum, cloth. 2is. 6d. 
 
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 ia publication is chiefly composed, has excited, is Halliwfell has carefully revised the new edition, and 
 proved by the fact of its having been translated into increased its utility by the addition of a complete and' 
 
 'TORRENT OF PORTUGrAL; an English Metrical Bomauce, now first pub- 
 -*- lished, from an unique MS. of the XVth Century, preserved in the Chetham Library 
 at Manchester. Edited by J. O. Halliwell, &c. Post 8vo, cloth, imiform with JRitson, 
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 "This is a valuable and interesting addition to our bling to a modem reader, yet the class to which it 
 list of early English metrical romances, and an in- rightlybelongs^rill value it accordingly; both because 
 dispensable companion to the collections of Eitson, it is curious in its details, and possesses philological 
 "Weber, andFlllis." — lAterary Gazette. importance. To the general reader it presents one 
 
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 serviceable to the loVer of black-lettered Iqre. Though Sir "W. Scott has invested with so much interest." — 
 the obsoleteness of the style may occasion sad stum- Metropolitan Magazine. 
 
 TJ ARROWING OF HELL; a Miracle Play, written in the Reign of Edward 
 "*--*- II, now first published from the Original in the British Museum, with a Modeim 
 Reading, Introduction, and IN'otes. By James Oeohaed Halliwell, Etsq., P,R.S., F.S. A., 
 &c, 8vo, sewed. 2s. 
 
 This curious piece is supposed to be the earliest glish Poetry ; Sharon Turner's England ; CoiJier's 
 
 specimen of dramatic composition in the Enghsh Ian- History of English Dramatic Poetry, Vol, II p 313. 
 
 guage ; vide Hallara's Literature of Europe, Vol. I ; All these toriters refer to the Manuscript. ' 
 Strutt's Manners and Customs, Vol. II ; "Wai'ton's En- 
 
 "MUG-iE POETICA ; Select Pieces of Old Enghsh Popular Poetry, illustrating the 
 •^ * Manners and Arts of the XVth Centmy. Edited by J. O. Halmwell. Post 8vo, 
 only 100 copies printed, cloth. 5s. 
 
 Contents: — Colyn Blowbors Testament; the De- Lobe, Henry VllltVs Foolj Romance of Robert of 
 bate of the Ciurpenter'a Tools ; the Merchant and Sicily ; and poe other curious pieces of the same 
 his Son ; the Maid and the Magpie ; Elegy on kina 
 
 A NECDOTA LITERARIA : a Collection of Short Poems in EngUsh, Latin. 
 -^*- and French, illustrative of the Literature and History of England in the Xlllth 
 Centuj?y ; and more especially of the Condition and Manners of the different Classes of 
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 POPULAR ERRORS IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR, particularly in 
 
 -*- Pronvmoiation, familiarly pointed out. By &eoeoe Jackson. 12ino Thied 
 "EiDYnas , with a coloured frontisp^ee of the " Sedes Busbeiana." Gd. ' 
 
John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London. 
 
 "P ARLY MYSTERIES, and other Latin Poems of theXIItli and Xlllth centuries. 
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 style of Middle-Age Latimty, Mr. Wright has given ■ borough, and answered in the same style by John of 
 
 two compositions in the Narrative Elegiac Verse (a St, Omer j and, lastly, some sprightly and often grace- 
 favourite measiu-e at that period), in the Comcedia M songs fi'om a MS, in the Arundel Collection, wl ' ' 
 Bahionis and the Geta of Vifalis Blesensis, which form afford a very favourable idea of the lyric poetr; 
 a link of connection between the Classical and Middle- our clerical forefathers," — Gentleman's Maga&ine. 
 
 "D ARA MATHEMATICA ; or a CoUeotion of Treatises on the Mathematics and 
 -'-^ Subjects connected with them, from ancient inedited MSS. By J. O. Haiiiwell. 
 8vo, Second Edition, cloth. Ss. 
 
 Contents : — Johannis de Sacro-Bosco Tractanis de Duration of Moonlieht, from a MS, of the Thirteenth 
 Arte Numerandi; Method used in England in the Century; on the Mensuration of Heights and Dis- 
 Fifteenth Century for taking the Altitude of a Steeple; tances ; Alexandri de Villa Dei Carmen de Algorismo j 
 Treatise on the Numeration of Algorism; Treatise on Preface to a Calendar or Almanack for 1430; Johannis 
 Glasses for Optical Purposes, byW, Bourne; Johannis Norfolk in Artem pfogressionis sunimula; Notes on 
 Kobynsde Cometis Commentana; Two Tables showing Early Almanacks, by the Editor, &c, &c. 
 the~ time of High Water at London Bridge, and the 
 
 PHILOLOGICAL PROOFS of the Original Unity and Eecent Origin of the 
 -*- Human Bace, deriyed from a Comparison of the Languages of Europe, Asia, Africa, 
 and America. By A. J. Joenes. 8to, cloth. 6s.- (firigmal price Vis. Gd.) 
 
 Printed at the suggestion of Dr, Prichard, to whose works it will be found a useful supplement, 
 A MERICANISMS.— A Dictionary of AmericaniBms. A Glossary of Words and 
 ■^ Phrases coUoquiaJlyusedinthetrnitedStates.ByJ.K.BABTLBTT. Thick 8to,cZo<A. 12». 
 PHILOLOGICAL GRAMMAR, founded upon EngUsh, and framed from a 
 -*- comparison of more than Sixty Languages, being an Introduction to the Science of 
 Orammar, and a help to Grammars of all Languages, especially English, Latin, and G^eek. 
 By the Key. W. Babnes, B.D., author of the "Anglo-Saxon Delectus," "Dorset 
 Dialect," &c. Post 8to, in the press. 
 
 H 
 
 ^robtnttal Btalects (sl CnslanU* 
 
 "DIBLIOGRAPHICAL LIST of all the Works which have been published 
 ■*-' towards illustrating the Provincial Dialects of England. By John Eusseii Smith. 
 Post 8vo. Is, 
 
 " Very serviceable to such as prosecute the study of our provincial dialects, or axe collecting works on that 
 
 irious subject. We very cordially recommend it to notice," — Metropolitan. 
 
 ALLIWELL'S HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE PRO- 
 
 VINCLAX DIALECTS OE ENGLAND. lUustrated by numerous Examples, 
 (emtraetedfromtJielntrodtiction to the Dictionary of Archaic wndPromndal Words.) 8vo. 2«. 
 
 GLOSSARY OF PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL WORDS USED 
 
 ^^ IN ENGLAND j by E. Gbose, F.S.A. ; with which is now incorporated the SuP' 
 piiEMENT, by Samuel Pegge, F.S.A. Post 8vo, cloth. 4«. 6d. 
 
 The utility of a Provincial Glossary to all persons de- would be entirely a work of supererogation. Grose 
 sirpus of understanding our ancient poets, is so uni- and Pegge are constantly referred to in Todd's " Johu- 
 versally acknowledged, that to enter into a proof of it son's Dictionary," 
 COENWALL. — Specimens of Cornish Provincial Dialect, collected and arranged by Uncle 
 
 Jan Teeenoodle, with some Introductory Eemarks and a Glossary by an Antiquarian 
 
 Erieud, also a Selection of Songs and other Pieces connected with Cornwall. Post 
 
 8vo. With cimoits portrait of Dolh) Fentreath. Cloth. 4». 
 CHESHIEE. — ^Attempt at a Glossary of some words used in Cheshire. By Eogee 
 
 WiLBBAHAM, E.A.S., &c. 12mo, ids. 2s. 6d. {original price f>s.) 
 DBVONSHIEB.— A Devonshire Dialogue in Four Parts, Q>y Mrs. Palmbb, sister to Sir 
 
 Joshua Reynolds,) with Glossary by the Eev. J. Phillipps, of Membury, Devon. 
 
 12mo, cloth. 2s. 6d. v 
 
 DOESET.— Poems of Eural Life, in the Dorset Dialect, with a Dissertation and Glossary. 
 
 By the E«v. William Babnes, B.D. Second Edition, enlarged and corrected, 
 
 royal 12mo, cloth. 10s. 
 A fine poetic feeling is displayed through the various Bums ; the " Gentleman's Magazine" for December, 
 pieces in this volume; according to some critics no- 1844, gave a review of the First Edition some pages 
 thing has appeared equal to it since the time of in length. 
 
Valuable and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by 
 
 DURHAM. — A GrloBsary of Words used in. Teesdale, in the County of Durham. Post 
 870, with a Map of the District, cloth. 6s. 
 
 _ "Contains about two thousand words ... It is be- guage and literature ... the author has evidently 
 
 licved the ' fii-st and only collection of words and Brought to hear an extensive personal acquaini. 
 
 phrases peculiar to this district, and we hail it there- ance with the common language." — Darlington 
 
 lore as a valuable contribution to the history of lau- Times. 
 
 ESSEX. — John Noakes and Mary Styles : a Poem ; exhibiting some of the most striking 
 lingual localisms peculiar to Essex ; with a GrlosBary. By Chables CI/ABK, Esq., of 
 Great Totham Hall, Essex. Post 8to, cloth. 2s. 
 
 " The poem possesses considerable humour. — Taifs " ^Exhibits the dialect of Essex perfectly." — Eclectic 
 
 Magazine, Review. 
 
 " A very pleasant trifle " — TAterwty Gazette. *' Full of quaint wit and humour." — Gent.'s Mag.. 
 
 " A very clever production." — Essex Lit. Journal. May, 1841. 
 
 " Full of rich humour." — Essex Mercian/. _ " A veiy clever and amusing piece of local descrip- 
 
 " Very dioU." — Metropolitan. tion." — Archeeologist . 
 
 KENT. — Dick and Sal, or Jack and Joan's Fair : a Doggrel Foem, in the Kentish Dialect. 
 Third Edition. 12mo. 6d. 
 
 JJANCASHIEE. — Dialect of South Lancashire, or Tim Bobbin's Tummus and Meaiy ; 
 revised and corrected, with his Rhymes, and AN bniiAE&ed (Jiossabt of Words and 
 Phrases, chiefly used by the rural population of the manufacturing Districts of South 
 Lancashire. By Samttel Bahzobd. 12mo, cloth. 3s. Gd. 
 
 LEICESTERSHIRE Words, Phrases, and ProTcrbs. By A. B. BvAlfS, D.D., Sead 
 Master of Ma/rTcetSosworth GrammoAr School. 12mo, cloth. 5s, 
 
 If ORTHAMPTONSHIRE.— The Dialect andEolk-Lore of Northamptonshire : a Glossary 
 of Northamptonshire Provincialisms, Collection of Eaiiy Legends, Popular Super- 
 stitions, Ancient Customs, Proverbs, &o. By Thomas Stbbkbbe&. 12mQ 
 cloth. 5s, ' 
 
 SUSSEX. — ^A Glossary of the Provincialisms of the County of Sussex. By W. Dueeant 
 COOPBB, E.S.A. Post Svo, SBCOUD EdIIIOIT, BNLABaED, cloth, 5». ■ 
 
 SUSSEX. — Jan Cladpole's Trip to 'Merricur in Search for Dollar Trees, and how he got 
 rich enough to beg his way home ! Written in Stissex Doggerel. 12mo. 6d. 
 
 WESTMORELAND MSB CUMBERLAND.— Dialogues, Poems, Songs, and Ballads, 
 by various Writers, in the Westmoreland and Cumberland Dialects, now first col- 
 lected ; to which is added, a copious Glossary of Words peculiar to those Counties. 
 Post Svo, pp. 408, cloth. 9s. 
 
 This collection comprises, in the Westmoreland Dia- the Cumbrian Bard (includtng some nowivrst printed) ■ 
 
 led, Mrs. Ann 'Wheeler's Four FamiUar Dialogues, Vll. Songs by Miss Blamire and Miss Gilpin ■ 'Vin 
 
 with Poems, &c.j and in the Cumberland Dialect, 1. Songs by John Bayson; IX. An Extensive Glossarv of 
 
 Poems and Pastorals by the Eev. Josiah Ralphs n. Westmoreland and Cumberland "Words. - 
 Pastorals, Stc., by Ewan Clark; III, Letters from 
 
 Dublin, by a young Borrowdale Shepherd, by Isaac All the poencal quotations in "Mr. and Mrs Sand- 
 
 Bitson ; IV. Poems by John Stag" ; V. Poems by Mark boy's Visit to the Great Exhibition," are to be found 
 
 Lonsdale ; VI. Ballads and Songs by Bxibert Anderson, in this volume. 
 
 WILTSHIRE. — A Glossary of Provincial Words and Phrases in use in Wiltsliire, showing 
 their Derivation in numerous instances irom the Language of the Anglo-Saxons. By 
 John Yonge Azbeman, Esq., E.S.A. 12mo, cloth. 3s. 
 
 YORKSHIRE. — ^The Yorkshire Dialect, exemplified in various Dialogues, Tales and 
 Songs, applicable to the County ; with a Glossary. Post Svo. Is. 
 
 "A shilling book worth its money; most of the feeUngs of the rustic mind; and the addresses to 
 
 .: 1 ;ti . „„* ™i- ,. — ,„. v..» — ^ ^.-.v.^ j^j Poverty have much of the freedom and 
 
 Bums." — Gentleman's Magazine, Mag 
 
 YORKSHIRE.— The Hallamshire (district of SheffieU) Glossary. By the E«v. Joseph 
 HuNTEB, author of the History of "Hallamshire," " South Yorkshire " &c. Post 
 Svo, cloth, 4s. {prigi/nal price 8s.) ' 
 
 YORKSHIRE. — Baimsla Eoak's Annual, on onny body els as beside fort 'y years 1842 
 and 1843, be Ton Tseddmhoyie j to which is added the Bamsley and ViUaee 
 Record, or the Book of Pacts and Fancies, by Ned Ntjt. 12mo, pp. 100. Is 
 
 YORKSHIRE.- Sum Thowts abaght Ben Bunt's Weddin ;— Tom Treddlehoyle's Thowts 
 abaght Nan Bunt's Chresmas Tea Party, &c. Two Pieces, {BarasUy Dialects 
 12mo. Gd, '' 
 
John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London. 
 
 ^rc!)aeolcifip. 
 
 ARCH^OLOGICAL INDEX to Eemains of Antiquity of the Celtic, Romano- 
 British, and Anglo-Saxon Periods, by John Yong-e Ax.-ksma.-s, Fellow cmd Secreia/ry 
 of the Society of Antiquaries, 8vo, illmtrated with mtmerous engravings^ comprisvng 
 upvoa/rds of five Ivwnd/red, objects^ cloth. 15fi. 
 
 This work, though intended as an introduction and rows — Uma — Swords— Spears — Knives— XJmhones of 
 
 a, guide to the study of our eai'ly antiquities, will, it is Shields — Biicldes — Fibulse — Bullae — Haii- Pins — 
 
 hoped, also prove or service as a hook of reference to Beads, &c. fee. &c, &c. 
 
 the practised Archieologist. The contents are as fol- The Itinekaey of Antoninus (as far as relates to 
 lows: Britain). The Geographical Tables of Ptolkmy, the 
 r Paet I. Celtic Peeiod. — Tumuli, or Barrows Notitia, and the Itineeauy of Rtofakd of Ciilen- 
 ?,nd Cairns — Cronielechs — Sepulchral Caves — ^B^cting cestes, together with a classified Index of the con- 
 Stones— Stone Circles, &c. &e.— Ohjects discovered in tents of the Aech^ologia (Vols, i to xxxi) are given 
 Cdtic Sepulchres — Urns — Beads — ^Weapons— Imple- in on Appendix. 
 ments, &c. 
 
 Past II. Houano-Bbitish Pemod.— Tumuli of "One of the first wants of an incipient Antiquary, 
 
 the Romano-Britisli Period— Burial places of the Ro- is the facility of comparison, and here it is furnished 
 
 mans — Pavements — Camps — Villas — Sepulchral him at one glance. The plates, indeed, form the moat 
 
 . Monuraents—Sepulchxallnscriptions — Dedicatory In- valuable part of the book, both by their number and 
 
 Bcriptions — Conunemorative Inscriptions — Altars — the judicious selection of types and examples which 
 
 XJms — Glass Vessels — Mbuloe — AnniUfie — Coins — they contain. It is a book which we can, on tliis ac- 
 
 Goin-moulds, 8cc.'&c. count, safdy and warmly recommend to all who are 
 
 •■ Paet III. Anglo-Saxon Peuioh.— Tumuli— De- interested in the antiquities of their native land.**— 
 
 tmled List of 0|>jects discovered in Anglo-Saxon Bar- Literary Gassette. 
 
 ■pEMAINS or PAGAN SAXONDOM, prindpaUy from Tumuli in En- 
 -*-*' gland, drawn from the originals. Described and Illustrated by J. Y. Akebmait, 
 F.S.A. 4to, PuBHSHiiTG IN Paets at 2«. Gd. eaob. 
 
 DIRECTIONS FOR THE PRESERVATION OF ENGLISH 
 AISTIQUEEIES, especially those of the Three First Periods j or Hints for the In- 
 experienced. By J. Y. Akebmait. 
 
 A smaJl tract for distribution, at one shiBing per dozen, useful to give to excavators, ploughmen, &c., who are 
 apt to destroy aiticles they And if not of precious metal. 
 
 ARCH^OLOGICAL ASSOCIATION JOURNAL. 8to, vols. 2, 3, 4, 
 
 ■^^ 6, 6. £1. 1*. each; and vol, *J just C07in(pleted, with an extra quantity of letter-press 
 cmd plates. £1. IXs. Qd, 
 
 • J. R. Smith having been appointed Publisher to the ArchBeoIogical Association, their Publications may be 
 had of him in future. 
 
 "DRITISH ARCHAEOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION.— A Eeport of the 
 
 -*-' Proceedings of the British Arohseologioal Association, at the Worcester Session, 
 August, 1848. By A. J. Dunkin. Thick 8vo, with engravings, cloth. £1. Is. 
 
 "VERBATIM REPORT of the Proceedings at a Special General Meeting of the 
 ' British Archaeological Association, held at the Theatre of the Western Literary 
 Institution, 5th March, 1845, T. J. Pettigrew, Esq., in the Chair. With an Introduction 
 by Thomas Wbight. 8vo, sewed. Is. 6d. 
 
 A succinct history of the division between the Archseological Association and Institute. 
 
 ANTIQUARIAN ETCHING CLUB.— The PubUcations of the Anti- 
 ■'-^ quarian Etching Club, for the year 1849, consisting of 54 plates of Churches, Fonts, 
 , Castles, and other Antiguarian objects. 4to, boards. 8s. 
 
 for the year 1850, cordaming 66 plates. 4to, bds. 10s. 
 
 £oi the yeax 1851, containing 'JO plates. 4:to,bd3. 10s. 
 
 DERBYSHIRE, 
 
 most Bemote Ages to the 
 Eeformation. By Thomas BAtemaw, Esq., of Yolgrave, Derbyshire. In one handsome 
 vol, 8to, with numerous woodcuts of Tmrmli amd their contents. Crosses, Tombs, ^c, 
 chth. Its. 1848 
 
 AN ESSAY ON THE ROMAN VILLAS of the Augustan Age, their 
 ■'^*- Architectural Disposition and Enrichments, and on the remains of Roman Domes 
 tie Edifices discovered in Grrfiat Britain. By Thomas Moitle. 8vo, 2 plates, cloth, 
 4s. 6d. (original price 8s.) 
 
 YESTIGES OF THE ANTIQUITIES OF 
 
 ' and the Sepulchral Usages of its Inhabitants, from the moi 
 
Talnable and Interesting B ook s, Published or Sold by 
 
 "DELIQUI^ ANTIQUI^ EBORACENSIS,orBeUc3 of Antiquity, relat. 
 J-*' ing to the County of York. By W. Bowman, of Leeds, assisted by several eminent 
 Antiquaries, 4to, with engramngs, publishing in Quarterh/ Farts. 2s. 6d. each. 
 
 npHE ROMAN WALL: an Historical, Topographical, and Descriptive Account 
 -*- of the Barrier of the Lower Isthmus, extending from the Tyne to the Solway, 
 deduced from numerous personal surveys. By the Eev. John Couinowood Beuce, F.S.A., 
 Thick 8vo, Second anx) Eni.abgh;d Edition, with 40 plates and 200 woodads, a hamd 
 some volume, half morocco. £1. la. — ^A few Copies on Lab&e Paeeb, 4to, £2. 23. 
 
 "FoUowingtheimpiilseofafreshiiitereBtinremains or the works of Archaeolo^sts upon our Komau re' 
 
 of the Roman age, recently excited amongst Englisli mains, especially those which relate to his immediate 
 
 ATchDeologists,Mr. Bruce has now supplied a desidera- subject." — Spectator. 
 
 turn in Antiflixarian Hteratuie, by producing a Treatise, " In taking leave of Mr.Bruce's work, we may express 
 
 in which he lias happily combined much of the in- a hope that oiirbrief notice of some of its attractions 
 
 formation gathered by previous writers, with a mass may promote its circulation. The author's style ren- 
 
 of original and personal observations." — Journal of dei's it highly readable, the facts he has collected will 
 
 the ArckitologicA Institute, Vol viii, p. 105. make it useful for reference, and its portability, and 
 
 " The Homan Wall is a very elaborate and pains- the clear airangcment of the subject-matter, should 
 
 takingwork, on one of the most interesting of British introduce it as a companion to all who may desire to 
 
 antiquities. Mr. Bruce is a man of learning, whether study fully one of the noblest monuments of our 
 
 as regards Roman history, in connection with Britain, country."" — Gentleman's Maga^ne. 
 
 RELIQUIiE ISURIAN.^ : the Bemains of the Roman Isurium, now Aid- 
 borough, near Borotighbridge, Yorkshire, illustrated and described. By Henb7 
 ECBOYD Smith. Boyal 4to, loith 37 plates, cloth. £1. hs. 
 
 The Same, with the mosaic pavements colotjeed, cloth. £2. is. 
 
 The most highly illustrated work ever pubhshed on a Roman Statioit in England. 
 
 DESCRIPTION OF A ROMAN BUILDING, and other Ilemaine,disr 
 covered at Caebieon, in Monmouthshire. By J. E. Lee. Imperial 8vo, with 20 
 interesting ^Etchings hy the Author, sewed. f>s. 
 
 "MOTITIA BRITANNIA, or an Inquiry concerning the Localities.Habits, Cou- 
 -'- ' dition, and Progressive Civilization of the Aborigines of Britain j to which is 
 appended a brief Retrospect of the Eesults of their Intercourse with the Eomans. By 
 W. D. Saitli, P.S.A., P.G-.S., &c. 8vo, engramngs. Ss. 6d. 
 
 ARCHAEOLOGIST AND JOURNAL OP ANTIQUARIAN 
 
 -'^ SCIENCE. Edited by J. O. Hakliweil. 8vo, Nos. I to X, complete, with 
 Index, pp. 420, with 19 engramngs, chth, reduced from 10s. 6d. to 5s. 6d. 
 
 Containing original articles on Architecture, His- vai'ious Antiquarian Societies, Retrospective Ee- 
 torical Literature, Round Towers of Ireland, Philo- views, and Reviews of recent Antiquarian Works 
 logy, Bibhogiaphy, Topography, Proceedings of the &c. 
 
 i^umtsmatits* 
 
 TNTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF ANCIENT AND 
 
 -*- MODERN COINS. By J. T. Akebman, Secretwry of the Society of AnUqua/ries. 
 Foolscap 8vo, with numerous Wood Engravings from the original coins, (an excellent 
 introductory book,) cloth. 6s. 6d. 
 
 Contents : Sect, 1.— Origin of Coinage.— Greek Scotch Coinage. 11. Coinage of Ireland. 13 Ando 
 
 Regal Coins. 2. Greek Civic Coins. 3. Greek Im- Gallic Coins. 13. Continental Money in- the Middle 
 
 penal Coins. 4. Origin of Roman Coinage— Consular Ages. W, Various representatives of Coinage 15 ' 
 
 Coins. 5. Roman Imperial Coins. 6. Roman British Forgeries in Ancient and Modem Times. 16 Table 
 
 Coins. 7. Ancient Bntish Coinage. B.Anglo-Saxon of Prices of English Coins realized at Public Sales 
 Coinage. 9. Enghsh Coinage from the Conquest. 10. 
 
 rPRADESMEN'S TOKENS struck in Loudon and its Vicinity, from 1648 to 
 
 •*- 1871, described from the originals in the British Museum, &c. By J. Y. Akebman 
 
 P.S.A. 8vo, loith 8 plates of numerous examples, cloth. 15s.— Labge Pafeb in 4to' 
 
 cloth. £1. Is. . > 
 
 This work comprises a list of nearly three thousand streets, old tavern and coiFee-house slens Sec 8u- 
 Tokens, and contains occasional lUustratlve topo- with an introductory account of the causes wMrlilp'rl 
 gi-aphical and antiquarian notes on persons, places, to the adoption of such a currency 
 
 A NCIENT COINS OF^ CITIES AND PRINCES, Geographically 
 ■'■ *- Arranged and Desonbea, Hispahia, Gallia, Beitabhia. By J. Y. Akebman 
 F.S.A. SvOfWithengravingsof many hundred coirts from actual examples, cloth 18s. ' 
 
John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London. 
 
 c 
 
 OINS OF THE ROMANS RELATING TO BRITAIN, 
 
 Described and Illustrated. By J. Y. Akekmas, P.S.A. Second Edition, greatly 
 enlarged, 8to, idth plates and woodcuts. 10s. Gd. 
 
 The "Prix Se Numismatiqae" was nwai-ded bythe lisheJ at avery moderate price; it should be conBuWed, 
 
 Trench Institute to the author for this worlc. not merely for these particular coins, but also for facta 
 
 " lar. Akernian's volume contains a notice of every most valuable to allwho are interested in the Bomano- 
 
 Icnown variety, with copious illustrations, and is pub- British History."— /<rc*ao%imi Journal. 
 
 NUMISMATIC ILLUSTRATIONS of the Narrative Portions of the NEW 
 -'■" TESTAMENT. By J. Y. Akbeman. 6vo, mtmerom woodcuts from the original 
 coins in vanous public and private collections, cloth. 5s. 
 
 " Arclueology is under a jeenliar obligation to bute of commendation for light thrown upon Holy 
 Mr. Akerman. To him more than to any other living Writ, through the medium of " the unrighteous Mam- 
 man, is due the praise of having converted multitudes mon." The New Testament has, it appears, in the 
 to thtf Jove of antiquariau research. To him we all owe compass of Qie Gospels and Acts, no less than S3 
 the pleasant debt of an instructive acquaintance, not allusions to the coinage of Greece, Rome, and Judaea; 
 only wtth the beautiful money of Ancient Greece and and these beautifully engraved, and learnedly de- 
 Eome,.but vrith the once barbarous, though not less scribed, give Mr, Akerman an opportunity of serving 
 interesting, coins of our earliest history. And to him the good cause of truth in the way of his pecuhar 
 now especiaUy, the cause of religion can bring its tri- avocation."— CAmk* ofEnglmi Journal. 
 
 NUMISMATIC CHRONICLE AND JOURNAL OP THE 
 NUMISMATIC SOCIETY. Edited by J. Y. Akbeman. Published Quarterly 
 at Zs, 6d. per Number. 
 
 This is the only repertorv of Numismatic intelli- and countries, by the first Niimismatiats of the day, 
 gence ever publisheil in England. both English and Foreign. 
 
 It contains papers on coins and medals, of all ages Odd parts to complete sets. 
 
 LIST OP TOKENS ISSUED BY WILTSHIRE TRADESMEN, 
 in the Seventeenth Century. By J. Y. AkeemaN. 8to, plates, sewed. Is. Gd. 
 
 TECTURES ON THE COINAGE OF THE GREEKS AND 
 
 ■" EOMANS, Delivered in the University of Oxford. By Edwaed Oaedweii,, D.D., 
 Principal of St. Alban'a Hall, and Professor of Ancient History. 8vo, cloth, is. 
 Original price 8s. 6d.) 
 
 A very interesting bistorical volume, and written in a pleasing and popular manner. 
 
 A N OLLA PODRIDAj or Scraps Numismatic, Antiquarian, and Literary. By 
 ■^^ EiCHAED Sainthim., Esq., of Cork. Eoyal 8vo, mam/ plates and portraits, a 
 handsome volume', peivatelt peinted, cloth. £X. Ms. 6d. 
 
 Contauiing Letters on the eoinage of 1816 j Memoir Ireland j Coins of the Mint of Exeter j Coins of Henry 
 
 of'niomasWyou, jun.; on tlie Coronation and Guild- Illj Saxon and Anglo-Korman Coins; attempt to 
 
 hall Medala; Kussian Medals; Coins found at Bea- ' — '" n-.,-— :~i-j r— -n...!.- — __.i .i..— 
 
 worth; Short and Long-Cross Pennies of Henry VII; 
 
 Dublin Groats; Three Crowns, the ancient Arms of sutijects, 
 
 QBSERVATIONS ON A UNIQUE CUFIC GOLD COIN of the 
 
 ^^ Patimite Dynasty. By L. Loewe. 8vo, engrammg, sewed. Is. 
 
 HAND-BOOK OF ENGLISH COINS, from the Conquest to Victoria. 
 By L. Jewitt. 12mo, 11 plates, cloth. Is. 
 
 TJISTORY OF THE COINS OF CUNOBELINEandof the ANCIENT 
 
 •*"*■ BKITONS. By the Bev. Beaie f oSTD. 8vo, mth mtmerous plates and woodcuts 
 cloth. In the Press, 
 
 xii; ciixuu auu .ojigiu-m urmao L-oins; aicempx lo 
 locate Coins unappropriated by Buding; and other 
 papers on Coins £md Topegraptiical and Genealogical 
 BUDJects. 
 
 CopusrapJ^* 
 
 JOURNEY TO BERESFORD HALL, IN DERBYSHIRE, 
 
 - the Seat of Chaeibs Cotton, Esq., the celebrated Author and Angler. By 
 W. AiEXAKDEE, E.S.A., E.D.S., late Keeper of the Prints in the British Museum, 
 Crown 4to, printed on tinted paper, with a spirited frontispiece, representing Walton and 
 Ms fldopted Son Cotton in the Mshing-house, and vignette title page, cloth. 6s. 
 
 Dedieated to the Angleis of Great Biitain and the various Walton and Cotton Clubs ; only 100 printed. 
 GRAPHIC AND HISTORICAL SKETCH of the Antiquities of Totnes, 
 ^-^ Devon. By W. CoiION, F.S.A. Small 4to, fine woodcuts, cloth. 6«. {original 
 price 10s. Gd.) 
 
Valuable and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by 
 
 CAMBRIDGE. — Historia CoUegii Jesu Cantabrigiensis h, J.. Sheemanno, olim 
 prses. ejusdem Collegii. Edita J. O. Hamiwell. 8to, cloth. 2s. 
 XJISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES of the County of Hereford. By the 
 '■"'- Eev. John Duncumb. 2 vols, 4to, portraits and plates, bds. £1. 4s. {original 
 price £5. 5s.) 
 
 JJELPS TO HEREFORD HISTORY, Civil and Legendary, in an Ancient 
 
 Account of the Ancient- Cordwainers' Company of the City, the Mordiford Bragoii, 
 and other Subjects, By J. D. Devlin. 12mo, cloth (a cvHous volume). Ss. Gd. 
 " Aseries of very clever papers." — Spectator.- 
 "A little work mil of Antiquariaa iiiformation, presented in a pleaaiug andpopularform." — Nonconformist. 
 
 PISTORY OF PORTSMOUTH, PORTSEA, LANDPORT, 
 
 SOUTHSEA, and &OSPOET. By Hemei Smght, Esq. 8vo, Third Edition, 
 sid. 4s. 
 
 lyrOTES ON THE CHURCHES in the Counties of KENT, SUSSEX, and 
 ■'- ' SURREY, mentioned in Domesday Boot, and those of more recent date, with some 
 Account of the Sepulchral Memorials and other Antiquities. By the Eev. ABTHtra 
 Husset. Thick 8to, eine slates, cloth. 18s. 
 
 ■JZENTISH CUSTOMS. — Consuetudiaes Eancis. A History of G-avelkiitd, 
 '*- *- and other Bemarkable Customs, in the County of Kent. By Chables Sandys 
 Esq., P.S.A. (Canfiamis). Illustrated withfaoimilies, a very handsome volume, cloth. 15s, 
 
 HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF RICHBOROUGH, 
 
 EECULVER, AND LYMNE, in Kent. By C. E. Egaoh Smith, Esq., P.S.A., 
 
 Small 4to, tdth many engramngs on wood and copper, by E. W. Paieholt, cloth. £1. Is. 
 
 "No antiquarian volume could display a trio of here represented— Eoach Smith, the ardent explorei!: 
 
 names more zealous, successful, and mtelligent, on Eairholt, the excellent illustrator; and Rot^, tlKs 
 
 tlie subject of Eomano-British remains, than the three indefatigable collector." — Literary Gazette. 
 
 J-jISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF DARTFORD, in Kent 
 
 with incidental Notices of Places in its Neighbourhood. By J. DtruKiN, Author 
 of the " History of the Hundreds of BuUington and Houghley, in Oxfordshire;" " History 
 of Bicester ;" " History of Bromley," &c. 8to, 17 plates, cloth. Only 150 printed. 
 21s. 
 
 fJISTORY OF THE TOWN OF GRAVESEND, in Kent, and of the 
 
 Port of London. By E, P. Cettden, late Mayor of Gravesend. Eoyal 8vo, 3? 
 fine plates amd woodcuts, a very handsome volume, cloth. 10s. {original price £1. 8s.)' 
 
 A CCOUNT OF THE ROMAN AND OTHER ANTIQUITIES 
 
 -^*- discovered at Springhead, near Gravesend, Kent. By A. J. Dunein. 8to plates 
 {only 100 printed,) cloth. 6s. 6d. ' 
 
 fj ISTORY OF ROMNEY MARSH, in Kent, fi-om the time of the Eomans 
 
 to 1833, with a Dissertation on the original Site of the Ancient Anderida. By W 
 
 HoLLOWAT, Esq., author of the " History of Eye." 8vo, with Maps and plates, cloth. Igs. 
 
 CRITICAL DISSERTATION on Professor WilUs's " Architeetm-al History 
 of Canterbury Cathedral." By C. Sandys, of Canterbury. Svo. 2s. Gd. 
 
 " Written in no quarrelsome or captious spu-it ; the serious errors thi-oughout. It may be considered as 
 
 highest compliment is paid to Professor WilliB, where an indispensable companion to liis volume containin" 
 
 it IS due. But the author has made out a dear case, a great deal of extra information of a very curious 
 
 in some very important instances, of inaccuracies that kind." — Art-Union. 
 have led the learned Professor into the construction of 
 
 "FOLKESTONE FIERY SERPENT, together with the Humom-s of the 
 -^ DovOE Mayoe j being an Ancient Ballad, full of Mystery and pleasant Conceit, 
 now first collected and printed from the various MS. copies in possession of the in- 
 habitants of the South-east coast of Kent j with Notes. 12mo. Is. 
 
 fJAND-BOOK OF LEICESTER. By James Thompson. 12mo, Seoond 
 Edition, woodcuts, bds. 2s. 
 
 l-I ISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE ISLE OF AXIIOLME, 
 
 in Linoohishire. By the Tenerahle Aechdeacon Stohbhouse. Thick 4to, pine 
 PLATES 18s. {original price £S. 3s.) 
 
John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London. 
 
 HISTOEY AND ANTIQUITIES OF GAINSBOROUGH, in Lin- 
 colnshire. By Adam Staek. Thick 8vo, Second Bdition, geeatly eniab&ed, 
 clmth. 9s. (priginal price £1. Is.) — Laeae Papee, royal 8vo, ctoifA. 14». 
 
 HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF THE TOWN OF LAN- 
 CASTEB.. Compiled from Authentic Sources. By the Kev. Eobebt Simpson. 
 8to', cloth. Ss. 
 
 MEMORIALS OF THE VICARAGE HOUSE AND GARDEN 
 OF ALL SAINTS, King's-Lynn ; -with a List of the Vicars, and a quantity of 
 other useful information. By J. N. Chadwiok. 8vo,/o«»' engravings, sewed. 2s. 6d. 
 
 DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF THE RUINS OF LIVEDEN, 
 near Oundle, Northamptonshire ; with Historical Notices of the Family of Tresham, 
 and its connection with the Gunpowder Plot. By Thomas Bbh. jpbar plates aad 
 Tresham Pedigree. 4to. 6s. 
 
 REPRINTS OF RARE TRACTS, and Imprints of Ancient Manuscripts, &o., 
 chiefly illustrative of the History and Biography of the Northern Counties. Beatt- 
 TlJCMiY PEINTED on tMcJc paper, with facsimile titles, initial letters in colows, ^c, 
 POEMIN& 7 VOLS., post 8vo, COMPLETE, with general titles and contents, bds. £5. 5s. 
 (original price £7. 7s.) 
 
 This Collection com^iises no less than 63 Tracts of the most interesting kind, edited by M. A. Eichaidson, 
 assisted hy several antiquaries in the northern counties. Only 100 copies ^ the Collection were printed, wh^h 
 are all sold by the printer. 
 
 RIVER TYNE. — Plea and Defence of the Mayor and Burgesses of Newcastle 
 against the Malevolent accusations of Gardiner, (author of " England's Grievance 
 on the Coal Trade,") 1653 ; with Appendix of Unpublished Documents respecting the 
 Kiver Tyne. By M. A. Kiohaedbon. 8to, {onli/ 150 printed.) 2s. 
 
 rpOPOGRAPHICAL MEMORANDUMS for the County of Oxford. By 
 -*■ Sir Gbbgobx PAfiE Tuenee, Bart. 8vo, bds. 2s. 
 
 NOTICES OF THE HISTORY AND ANTIQUITIES OF 
 ISLIP, Oxen. By J. O. Halliwell. 8vo, (onU/ 50 printed,) sewed. Xs. 
 
 HISTORY OF BANBURY, in Oxfordshire! including Copious Historical and 
 Antiquarian Notices of the Neighbourhood. By Aleebd Beesley. Thick Svq, 
 684 closely printed pages, with 60 woodcuts, engraved im the first style of mrt, ly O. Jewett, 
 of Oseford. 14s. (original price £\. 5«.) 
 
 "The neighbourhood of Banbury is equally rich in author has collected a great body of local information 
 British, Roman, Saxon, Norman, and Engbsh Anti- of the most interesting kind. By no means the least 
 Quities'of all which Mr. Beesley has given regularly valuable part of Mr. Beesley's work, is his account 
 cleared' accounts. Banbury holds an important place of the numerous interesting early churches, which 
 in the factory of the Parliamentary War of the Seven- characterize the Banbury district." — The ArcJusO' 
 teenth'Ceiitury, and was the scene of the gi-eat Battle logist. 
 
 of Edgeliill, and of the important flglit of Ciopredy Odd Parts to complete copies, 1«. 6d. instead of 
 
 Bridge. Relating to the events of that period, the 2s. 6i 
 
 HISTORY OF WITNEY, with Notices of the Neighbouring Parishes and 
 Hamlets in Oxfordshire. By the Rev. Dr. Giles, formerly Fellow of C. C, Oxford. 
 Svo, plates, cloth, (only \hO printed.) 6s. 
 
 HISTORY OF THE PARISH AND TOWN OF BAMPTON, 
 in Oxfordshire, with the District and Hamlets belonging to it. By the Kev. 
 Dr. Giles. 8vo, plates. Second Edition, cloth. 7s. 6d. 
 
 PAUCONBERGE MEMORIAL.— An Account of Henry Fauconberge, LL.D., 
 ^ of Beccles, in Suffolk, and of the endowment provided by his vfiU to encourage 
 Learning and the Instruction of Youth s with Notes and Incidental Biographical Sketches. 
 By S. W. Kix. Pot 4to, very nicely got up, with 30 engraieings of Old Somes, Seals, 
 Avtographs, Arms, ^c. Ids. 5*.— Lae&b Papee, 7s. 6d. (veet pew copies peinted.) 
 
 Contents.— Fanconberges of Olden Time. 11. Fau- Memoir of Robert Sparrow, Esq. Memoir of Dr. Joseph 
 conberge of Beccles m. Fauconberge Endowment. Arnold (by Dawson Turner, of Yarmouth), Particulars 
 IV. Fauconberge and Leman. V. Appendix, Pedigrees, of the Fauconberge Trust Estate, &e. &c. 
 
 SUSSEX ARCH^OLOGICAL COLLECTIONS, illustrating the His- 
 tory and Antiquities of the County, published by the Sussex Archseological Society. 
 8vo, plates and woodcuts, cloth. Tol. 1, 10s.; Vol. II, 15s.; Vol. Ill, 10s.; Vol, IV, 14s.; 
 Vol. V, 14s. - 
 
Valuable -and Interesting Books, Published or Sold by 
 
 w 
 
 ► OLL OP ARMS OF THE REIGN OF KING EDWARD II. 
 
 - ^ Edited by Sir Haeeis Niooiab ; to which is added, an " Ordinal" ofthe Arms 
 mentioned by Jos. GhvUt, Esq. 8to, cloth. 4«. Qd. (original pnce 10s. 6d.) . On I/AEGB 
 Papeb, 4to, cloth, 10s. (original price 21s.) 
 
 CALENDAR OF KNIGHTS j containing Lists of Knights Bachelors; British 
 Knights of the Garter, Thistle, Bath, St.- Patrick, the auelphic and Ionian Orders, 
 from 1760 to 1828. By P. Townsend, Windsor Serald. Post 8to, cloth. 3s. (original 
 price 9s.) 
 
 A very useful volume for Genealogical and Biographical purposes. 
 
 THE SLOGANS OR WAR-CRIES OF THE NORTH OF 
 ENQ-LAND, by M. Aislaeib Denham ; with an Introduction on their Supposed 
 Origin, by John Pehwiok; and Observations on Martial Mottoes, by W. Htlton 
 LONaSTABEE. Post 8to, eleganth/ printed, vMh Coats of Arms, Seals, Sfc, sewed. 6s. 6d. 
 
 p ENEALOGISTS' MANUAL ; or Guide to the various PubUe Records, 
 ^-^ Registers, Wills, Printed Books, and other Documents necessary to be consulted in 
 tracing a Pedigree. With particulars of the days and hours each Office or Registry is 
 available, the charges made, the objects and dates of their Records, &c. &c. ; the whole 
 carefully compiled from Returns .made expressly for this work ; together with other Tables 
 and Calendars useful to the Antiquary, Topographer, and Conveyancer. By Matxhbiv 
 Cooke. Thick 12mo, cloth. 6s. (necMrh/ ready.) 
 
 Sim ^rts> 
 
 TILAYING CARDS. — Facts and Speculations on the Histoiy of Playing Carda in 
 -*- Europe, By W. A. ChattOj author of the " History of Wood Engraving," with 
 Illustrations by J. Jackson. Svo, profusely illustrated with en^ramngs, both plain and 
 coloured, cloth. £1. Is. 
 
 "The inquiry into the origin and aignifieation of the it is exceedingly amusing; and the most critical rea- 
 siuts and their mai'ks, and the heraldic, theological, der cannot rail to he eatertained by the variety of 
 and political emblems pictui'ed from time to time, in curious outlying learning Mr. Cliatto has somehow 
 theii'changes.opensanewiieldofantiquaiianinterest; contrived to draw intothe investigations." — Jilas. 
 
 and the perseverance with which Mr. Chatto has ex- " Indeed the entireproduction deserves our warmest 
 
 tdored it leaves little to be gleaned by his successors. approbation."** — JJii. Gaz. 
 
 The plates with which the vmume is enriched add con- " A perfect fund of antiquarian research, and most 
 
 siderably to its value in this point of view. It is not interesting even to persons who never play at cards." 
 
 to be denied that, take it altogether, it contains more — Tait's Mag. 
 
 matter than has ever 'before been collected in one "A cmious, entertaining and really learned book." 
 
 view upon the same subject. In spite of its faults, — Sambler. 
 
 XJOLBEIN'S DANCE OF DEATH, with an Historical and Literary 
 -*-■'■ Introduction, by an Antiquary. Square post 8vo, toith 53 Jlngramngs, beikg the 
 MOST AOOTJBATE COPIES EVER EXECUTED OP THESE &EMS OP Abt, arid a frontispiece of an 
 ancient bedstead at Aim-la- Chapelle, with a Dance of Death carved on it, enframed, ba 
 Fairholt, cloth. 9s. 
 
 "The designs are executed with a spirit and fidelity "Ces 53 Planches de Schlotthauer sont d'une ex- 
 
 quite extraordinary. — ^They are indeed most truthful." uuise perfection — LatigUiis, Mssm swr les Dances des 
 '—Atlunaum. Marts, 1853. 
 
 CATALOGUE OF THE PRINTS which have been Engraved after 
 ^^ Martin Heemskerok. By T. Keebich, Zibrarian to the University of Cambridge. 
 8vo, portrait, bds. Ss. 6d. 
 
 CATALOGUE OF PICTURES, composed chiefly by the most admired 
 ^-^ Masters of the Roman, Florentine, Parman, Bolognese, Venetian Flemish and 
 French Schools ; with Descriptions and Critical Remarks. By Eobeet f'oums. s' vols. 
 12mo, cloth. 5s. 
 
 MEMOIRS OF PAINTING, with a Chronological Histoiy of the Importation 
 of Pictures by the Q-reat Masters into England since the French Revolution. By 
 W. BuCHANAir. 2 vols. 8vo, bds., Is. 6d. (original price £1. 6s.) 
 
 HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN AND ESTABLISHMENT OF 
 aOTHIO AECHITECTUBE, and an Inquiry into the mode of Painting upon and 
 Staining GHass, as practised in the Boolesiastical Structures of the Middle Ages. By 
 J. S. Hawkins, F.S.A. Koyal 8vo, 11 plates, bds. 4s. (original price 12s.) 
 
John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London. 
 
 popular ^oetr^/CaUs, anti Superstitions* 
 
 THE NURSERY RHYMES OF ENGLAND, ooUected chiefly from 
 Oral Tradition. Edited by J. O. Haliiweii. The Fourth Edition, enlarged, 
 with 38 Designs, by W. B. Scott, Bwector- of the Schoot of Design, Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
 12mo, iUammated cloth, gilt leaves. 4iS. Gd. 
 
 "Ulustrations! and here they aiej clever pictuiea, hood a sprinlding of ancient nursery lore is worth 
 which the three-year olds xmderBtand before their whole cartloads of the wise saws and modem inatancea 
 A, B,C, and which theflfty-three-year olds like ahnoat which are now as duly and carefully concocted hy ex- 
 aa' well as the ttoxes."—Literimj Gazette. perieuoed Uttimteuts, into instructive tales for the 
 
 "We are pursuaded that the very rudest of these spelling pubhe, as are works of entertainmment for the 
 lingles, tales, and rhymes, possess a strong imagination reading public. The work is worthy of the attention 
 nporishiug power ; and that in infancy and early child- of the popular antiquary."— Kii«*j Mag. 
 
 POPULAR RHYMES AND NURSERY TALES, with Historical 
 Elucidations. By J. O. Haimweil. 12mo, cloth. 4s. Gd. 
 This very interesting volume on the Traditional Proverb Rhymes, Places, and Famihes, Superstition 
 Literature of England, is divided into Nursery Anti- Rhymes, Custom Rhymes and Nursery Songs; a large 
 quities Fireside Nursery Stories, Game Rhymes, number are here printed for the first time. It may be 
 Alphabet Rhymes, Riddle Rhymes, Nature Songs. considered a sequel to the preceding article. 
 
 OLD SONGS AND BALLADS.— A Little Book of Songs and Ballads, 
 gathered from Ancient Music Books, MS. and Printed, by E. P. Eimbault, 
 'LL.I>.,¥.S.A., &c., eleganihf printed iaTpoat8vo,Tpp. ZiO, half morocco. 6s. 
 
 "Dr. Rimbault has been at some pains to collect the words of the Songs which used to delight the 
 Rustics of former times." — Atlas. 
 
 ROBIN HOOD.— The Eobin Hood Garlands and Ballads, with the Tale of "The 
 Little Gteste," a CoUeotion of aU the Poems, Songs, and Ballads relating to this 
 celebrated Yeoman j to which is prefixed his History, from Documents hitherto unrevised. 
 By J. M. GrtTTOH, P.S.A. 2 vols. 8to, toith immerous fine woodcuts, ^c, iy Fairholt,, 
 extra cloth. £1. Is. {origmal price £i\.. \0s^ 
 
 Two very handsome volumes, fit for the diawing-room table. 
 
 "DALLAD ROMANCES. ByK. H. Hoene, Esq., Author of "Orion," &o. 
 
 -L* 12mo, pp. 248, cloth. 3s. {original price 6s. Gd.) 
 
 Containing the Noble Heart, a Bohemian Legend; description. Mr. Home should write us more Fairy 
 the Monk of Swlneshead Abbey, a ballad Chronicle Tales ; we know none to equal him since the days of 
 of the death of King John ; the three Knights of Drayton and Herrick." — Examiner. 
 
 vZtfnfl^r'^^i ^5/p' I^Vwf °,T °^ *^° "Th= opening poem in this volume is a fine one, it 
 
 B™ Tfnft^^ Sf^^?Tif?fl/™- M S^T^^'^Jf^^^^ ta entitled^he -jSoble Heart," and not only in title 
 
 ofTh^Kd^s^'cMl^s^K' ^"'''^ ''^ ^"^ "-' '° t-t-ent -11 imitates the style of ieaumont 
 
 "Purefancyofthemostabundrantandpicturesque and Fletcher."-^tte««»». 
 
 IR HUGH OP LINCOLN : or an Examination of a curious Tradition 
 
 s 
 
 respecting the JEWS, with a Notice of the Popular Poetry connected with it. By 
 the Eey. A. Hume, LL.D. 8to. 2s. 
 
 PSSAY ON THE ARCHEOLOGY OE OUR POPULAR 
 
 -'-' PHEABES AND NTTESERY EHYMES. 3y J. B. Kee. 2 vols. 12mo, new 
 cloth. 4s. (original price 12s.) , . , 
 
 A work which has met with much abuse among the gossiping matter. The author's attempt is to explain 
 reviewers, but those who are fond of philological pur- every thing from the Dutch, which he believes was the 
 suits will read it now It is to be had at so very mo- same language sb the Anglo-Saxon, 
 derate a price, and it really contains a good deal of 
 
 TVIERRY TALES OF THE WISE MEN OF GOTHAM. 
 
 ^^■^ Edited by James OaCHAED Halliweli., Esq, E.S.A. Post 8vo. 1*. 
 
 Theae tides are supposed to have been composed in " In the time of Henry the Eighth, and after," says 
 Hie early part of thft«lxteenth centtiry, by Dr. Andi-ew Ant.-^-Wood, " it was accounted a book full of wit and 
 Borde, tne well-known progenitor of Merry Anifeewa. mirth by scholars and gentlemen." 
 
 QAINT PATRICK'S PURGATORY; an Essay on the Legends of HeD, 
 *^ Purgatory, and Paradise, current during the Middle Ages. By Thomas Weight, 
 M:.A., F.S.A., &c. VoBt &ro, cloth, ^s. 
 
 "It must be observed that this is not a mere ac- the best introduction to Dante that has yet been pub-- 
 count of St. Patrick's Purgatory, but a complete lished." — lAterojry Gaxette. 
 
 histoiyofthe legends and superstitions relatino; to the "This appears to be a curious and even amusing' 
 
 subject, from the earliest times, rescued from old MSS. book on the singular subject of Purgatory, in whicfi 
 M'well as from old printed books. Moreover, it em- the idle and fearful dreams of superstition are shown, 
 braces a singular chapter of literary history Hitted to be first narrated as tales, and then applied as means 
 by Wai-ton and all fanner wiiters with whom we ai-e of deducing the moral character of the age in which 
 acquainted; and we think we may add, that it forms they prevaned/'— ^ecia^or. 
 
John Russell Smith, 36, Soho Square, London, 
 
 2Df)^ j^eto HetrOSpeCtt&t 3£lebtCiW t consisting of criticisms upon, Analys e 
 of, and Extracts from curious, useful, and valuable Old Books. 8to, Vol. I, containing 
 pp. 428, cloth. lOff. Qd. 
 
 *^* Published in quarterly parts at 2s. Qd. each. 
 
 Tlie title of this Keview explains its objects. It is readers ; we shall lay before them from time to time, 
 intended to supply a place unfilled in, our periodical essays on various branches of the literature of former 
 literature, and this first number is very satisfactory. days, English or foreign j we shall give accounts of 
 The papers ai'C varied and interesting, not overlaid rare and curious books; point out and bring forward 
 by the display of too much learning wr the general beauties from forgotten authors ; and tell the know- 
 reader, but showing sufBcient research and industry ledge and opinions of other days." The design is well 
 on the part of the writers to distingiiish the articles carried out in this number, and will, no doubt, be 
 from mere ephemeral reviews of passing publications. further developed as the work advances. It is to he 
 In the prospectus the editor aay^i '* It is our design published quarterly, at a very moderate price, and will. 
 
 B prospectus the editor aay^^. 
 to select, from the vast field of the literature of tte 
 
 published quarterly, at a very moderate price, and will, 
 we have no doubt, prove a successfol undertaking, 
 past, subjects which are most likely to interest modem — Atlas. 
 
 Ci)rtSttnaS 2Dill0 ; its History, festivities, and Carols. By William Saitdys, Esq., 
 F.S.A. 8vo, with 9 tmted lithographic plates and 11 woodcuts from the designs of 
 J, Stephcmoffy also Music to the Carols, a handsome volume^ extra cloth. 14js 
 
 38arOnia "llttgUa ConCentrata ; or a concentration of all the Baronies caUed 
 Baronies in Eee, deriving their Origin from Writ of Summons, and not from any 
 specific Limited Creation, showing the Descent and Line of Heirship, as well as those 
 Families mentioned by Sir WiQiam Dugdale, as of those whom that celebrated author 
 has omitted to notice ; interspersed with Interesting Notices and Explanatory Eemarks. 
 Whereto is added the Proofs of Parhamentary Sitting from the Reign of Edward I to 
 Queen Annej also, a Glossary of Dormami ilnglish, Scotch, am>d Irish Peerage Titles, 
 with references to presv/med existing S^s. By Sir T. C. Banes. 2 vols. 4jto, cloth, 
 
 £3. 3s. NOW OFFEBED FOR 15*. ' 
 
 A book of great research by the well-known author former works. Vol. ii, pp. 310-300, contains an 
 
 of the " Dormant and Extinct Peerage,'' and other Historical Account of the first settlement of Nova. 
 
 heraldic and historical works. Those fond of genea- Scotia, and the foundation of the Order of Nova 
 
 logical pursuits ought to secui-e a copy while it is so Scotia Baronets, distinguishing those who had seisin 
 
 cheap. It may be considered a Supplement to his of lands there. 
 
 Britannic l^Z%tWCi^Z%\ or, New Facts and Eectifications of Ancient British 
 History. By the Rev. Beale Poste, M.A. 8vo, (pp. 448), with engramngs, cloth. lE*^ 
 
 The author of this volume may justly claim credit hook is followed by a very complete index, so as to 
 for considerable learning, great industi-y, and above all render reference to any part of it easy ; this was the 
 strong faith in the interest and importance of his more necessary on accoim.t of the multifariomness 
 subject On various points he has given us of the topics treated, the variety of persons men- 
 additional information and afforded us new viewp, for tioned, and the many works quoted.— ^ii/wnoMtTTt, 
 which we are boimd to thank him — the body of the Octi 8,1853. 
 
 % ?^anIifioolt to tl)E l^tirarg of tlje Brttisi^ ilusettw : containing 
 
 a brief History of its formation, and of the various Collections of which it is composed j 
 descriptions of the Catalogues in present use; Classed Lists of the Manuscripts, etc.; 
 and a variety of Information iudispensahle for the " Eeaders" at that Institution ; with 
 some account of the principal Public Libraries in London. By EiOHiED SiMS, of the 
 Department of Manuscripts, Compiler of the " Index to the Heralds' Visitations." 
 Small 8vo, pp. 400, cloth, 5s. 
 
 It will be found a very useful work to every literary person or institution in anypart of the world. 
 
 ^ jFcto Notes on StiafteSpCarC, with occasional Remarks on the Emen- 
 dations of the Manuscript Corrector in Mr. Collier's copy of the foHo, 1632. By the 
 Eev. Alexaiidbe Dyoe. 8vo, clofh. 5s. 
 Mr. Dyce's Notes are peculiarly delightful, from has enabled Mm to enrich them. All that he has re- 
 
 the stores of illustration with which his extensive corded is valuable. -We read his little volume with 
 
 reading not only among our writers, but among those plcaaure and close it with regret. — literary Gazetie. 
 
 of other countiies, especially of the Italian poets, 
 
 Contributions to ^Literature, Historical, Archaologlcal, and Poetical. By 
 Maek Ahtoht Lowbb, M.A., F.S.A. Post 8vo, woodcuts, cloth, ts. Gd. 
 
 5KEiItSi)tre Scales, illustrative of the Manners, Customs, and Dialect of that and 
 Adjoining Counties. By John YoNflE Akekman. 12mo, cloth. 2s. Gd. 
 " We will conclude with a simple, but hearty recommendation of a little book which is as humourous , for the 
 
 droUeriea of the stories, as it is interesting as a picture of rustic manners."— TaiKj'j Weetlj/ Paper. 
 
 ^tStOrg of IHarlbOrOUgtj JjToton anlr jForeSt and more generally of its 
 Hundred in Wiltshire. By Jambs Waylen, Esq. Thick 8vo, (cmh/ 250 printed) 
 cloth. £1.1*. 
 
 E. TUCKE - ■ ■ " -.-T,,-- /^..^„..i ot..„„i. 
 
Jmt Published, in small 8»o., pp. 400, price 5s. in cloth. 
 
 HANDBOOK 
 
 THE LIBEARY 
 
 BRITISH MUSEUM: 
 
 CONTAIiTING 
 
 A EKIBE HISTOET OB ITS BOEMATIOlf, AUD OB THE VABIOUS 
 COLLECTIONS OE WHICH IT IS COMPOSED ; 
 
 DESCRIPTIONS OF THE CATALOGUES IN PIfflSENI USE; 
 
 CLASSED LISTS OE THE MANTTSCBIPTS, ETC. J 
 
 AND A TAEIETY OE INEOEMATION INDISPENSABLE EOE THE 
 "BEADEES" AT THAT INSTITUTION. 
 
 WITH SOME ACCOUNT OP THE 
 
 phincipal public librauies m London. 
 
 By RICHARD SIMS, 
 
 OP THE DEPAHTMENT OF MANUSCRIPTS ; 
 
 Compiler of the " Index to the Heralds' VMtations.' 
 
 LOND ON : 
 JOHN EUSSELL SMITH, 36, SOHO SQUARE. 
 
 MDCCCLIV. 
 
SYNOPSIS OF CONTENTS. 
 
 I. — Okigin op the British Museum. 
 
 Biographical Notice of Sir Plans Sloane — Will respecting 
 his Collections — " Act" for their purchase — ^Appointment of 
 Trustees — Collections removed to Montague House — Early 
 Eegulations respecting Public Admission — Insufficiency' of 
 old Building — Present Building, when commenced — Number 
 of Persons admitted during the preceding Ten Years. 
 
 II. — The LiBEAuy. 
 
 Its Origin — Notice of Sir Hams Sloane's Libraiy — Trans- 
 ferred, with other Collections, to Montague House — Early 
 Benefactors — Collections, where first deposited — When re- 
 moved to present Building — Dimensions of the Library — 
 Number of Books and Manuscripts — Open to the Public 
 under certain restrictions. 
 
 III. — The Eeading Ticket. 
 
 Early Eegulations respecting "Eeaders" — Present mode 
 of Admission — How obtained — Form of Application — Num- 
 ber of "Eeaders" during the preceding Ten Years. 
 
 IV. — The Eeading Eooms. 
 
 When first opened to the Public — Where situated — Present 
 locality— Description of — Accommodation for " Eeaders" — 
 Plan, showing the position of Books of Eeferenoe there — 
 Eorm to be observed at first visit — Catalogues, where placed 
 — Printed "Eprms" described — Eules for filling them up — 
 Mode of obtaining Manuscripts and Printed Books — Eules 
 and Eegulations to be observed by " Eeaders" — last of the 
 Catalogues published by order of the Trustees. 
 
 V. — The Manusckipt Collections. 
 
 Their Origin^Present number of Volumes — Collections 
 how distinguished — Where deposited — Number of V^olumes 
 in each — Eules in force in Manuscript Department — Num- 
 ber of Manuscripts consulted during the preceding Ten 
 Years — Collections and Catalogues described : viz., i. Sloane • 
 ii. Cottonian ; iii. Harleian ; iv. Eoyal ; v. Lansdowne ; vi! 
 Hargrave ; vii. Bumey ; viii. King's ; ix. Egerton ; x. Arun- 
 del ; xi. Additional. 
 
VI. — The Peinted Collections. 
 Theii- Origin— Progress of the Collection — Mode of acqui- 
 sition — Present number of Volumes — Average number ac- 
 quired during the preceding Ten Years — Space at present 
 occupied by them — Number daily delivered in the " Eeading 
 Kooms," and during the last Ten Years — Catalogues de- 
 scribed — Extracts from Eules observed in their formation. 
 
 "VII. — Classed Index of the Manusckipt Collections. 
 Pakt I. — By Languages. 
 
 Earek European : — i. Anglo-Saxon ; ii. Welsh ; iii. 
 Irish ; iv. Icelandic ; v. Greek. 
 
 Oriental :— i. ^thiopic ; ii. Ai-abic ; iii. Armenian ; iv. 
 Bugis ; y. Burmese ; vi. Chinese ; vii. Cingalese ; viii. 
 Coptic ; ix. Hebrew ; x. Hindustani ; xi. Javanese ; xii. 
 Malay; xiii. Malayalma ; xiv. Pali; xv. Persian; xvi. San- 
 scrit ; xvii. Siamese ; xviii. Syriac ; xix. Tamul ; xx. Telugu ; 
 xxi. Turkish ; — Manuscripts upon Papyrus. 
 
 ' Part TI.— 1. Theology. 
 Bibles — Concordances — Councils — Canons — 
 Ecclesiastical Discipline — Eeligious Orders — 
 Liturgies — Fathers op the Church — Catechisms — 
 Homilies — Miscellaneous Divinity — Heathenism. 
 
 3. Fhilosophy. 
 
 Philosophy — Logic — Metaphysics — Ethics — Poli- 
 tics — Trade — Jurisprudbn ce — Charters and Eolls : — 
 viz., i. Sloane ; ii. Cottonian ; iii. Harleian ; iv. Eoyal ; v. 
 Topham ; vi. Lansdowne ; vii. Campbell ; viii. WoUey ; ix. 
 Egerton ; x. Additional ; xi. Pipe Eolls — Ecclesiastical Law 
 ■ — -Judicial Proceedings — Law Miscellanies — Physics — 
 Sciences : Natural History — Chemistry — Pure Mathematics 
 —Mixed Mathematics — Mechanics — Music — Medicine and 
 Pharmacy — Anatomy, Surgery, and Veterinary Art — ^Arts 
 op Peace : Agriculture — Eural and Domestic Economy — 
 Manufactures — Games and Amusements^ARTS op War : 
 Military Tactics — Naval Tactics. 
 
 3. History. 
 
 Chronology — Geography — Maps, Plans, and Topo- 
 graphical Drawings — Voyages and Travels — Universal 
 History — Ecclesiastical History — ^Particular His- 
 tory — Europe — England — Mint — Public Ee venue and 
 
i 
 
 Expenditure — Ordnance and Military Documents — Admiralty 
 and Navy—Customs — Excise — Englisli Topography — Eng- 
 lish Cartularies — Scotland — Scottish Topography — ^Wales 
 Welsh Topography — Welsh Cartularies — Ibeland — Irish 
 Topography — British Islands — Eueopean States — ^Ice- 
 land — Denmaek — Scandinavia— Sweden — Nobway — 
 EussiA — Poland — Germany — Austria — Bavaria — 
 Bohemia — Hanse Towns — Prussia — Saxony — Hun- 
 gary — The Netherlands — Holland — Belgium — 
 Fran ce — Spain — Portugal — Switzerland — Italy — 
 Mediterranean Islands — Greece — Turkey — Asia — 
 Africa — America — Biography — Heraldry and Gene- 
 alogy — ^English Genealogies — Heralds' Visitations— Pedi- 
 grees and Genealogies in General — Heraldry in General — 
 Heralds — Nobility — Knighthood — Knights — Dignities and 
 Titles of Honour — Precedency — Officers of State — Duels — 
 Monumental History — Seals — Numismatics — Antiqui- 
 ties. 
 
 4. Literature. 
 Alphabets — Dictionaries — Grammars — Philology 
 AND Criticism — Ehetoric — ■ Poetry — Classical Au- 
 thors — Drama — Bibliography — Literary Miscel- 
 
 LANIES. 
 
 VIII. — A Classified Catalogue of the Printed 
 Books of Eeperence in the Reading Eoom. 
 
 Appendix. — Brief Notices of the Principal Public Libra- 
 ries of London : — i. Society of Antiquaries ; ii. Athenaeum ; 
 iii. College of Arms ; iv. Congregational Library ; v. Guild- 
 hall ; vi. East India House ; vii. Lambeth Palace ; viii. 
 Lincoln's Inn ; ix. London Institution ; x. London Library; 
 xi. Quakers ; xii. Eoyal Institution ; xiii. Royal Society ; 
 xiv. Eussell Institution ; xv. St. Paul's Cathedral ; xvi. Sion 
 College ; xvii. Temple (Inner) ; xviii. Temple (Middle) ; 
 xix. Archbishop Tenison's ; xx. Dean and Chapter of West- 
 minster ; xxi. Dr. WiUiams's. 
 
 Lately published, T>y the same Author, 
 
 AN INDEX TO THE PEDIGEEES AND AEMS 
 
 contained in the HERALDS' VISITATIONS and other Genea- 
 logical Manuscripts in the BRITISH MUSEUM. 8vo. pp. 340, 
 closely printed in double cohmmis, cloth. Vbs. 
 
 London: E. Tucker, Printer, Perry's Place, Oxford Street.