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THE 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 JOHN EVELYN, Esq. F.R.S. 
 
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THE 
 
 MISCELLANEOUS WRITINGS 
 
 OF 
 
 JOHN EVELYN, Esq. F.R.S. 
 
 AUTHOR OF 
 
 SYLVA, OR, A DISCOURSE OF FOREST TREES; MEMOIRS, &c. 
 
 Bota fici^t coUecteti, toiti) occasional j^ote^, 
 
 BY WILLIAM UPCOTT, 
 
 OF THE LONDON INSTITUTION. 
 
 " From an early entrance into public life to an extreme old age, he considered himself as Jiving only for !^he benefit of 
 mankind. As long as there remains a page of his numerous writings, and as long as Virtue and Science hold their abode 
 iu this Island, his memory will be held in the utmost veneration." 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 HENRY COLBURN, NEW BURLINGTON- STREET. 
 
 1825. 
 
THIS COLLECTION 
 OF THE LITERARY REMAINS OF 
 
 JOHN EVELYN, 
 
 IS DEDICATED TO 
 
 CHARLES HAMPDEN TURNER, Esg. F.R S &c 
 
 OF ROOKSNEST, NEAR GODSTONE, IN SURREY, 
 
 THE POSSESSOR OF LEIGH PLACE, 
 
 FORMERLY AN ESTATE OF THE EVELYNS; 
 
 AS TO ONE WHO JUSTLY VENERATES HIS MEMORY, AND EMULATES HIS VIRTUES, 
 
 BY HIS GREATLY OBLIGED, 
 
 AND FAITHFUL HUMBLE SERVANT, 
 
 WILLIAM UPGOTT. 
 
 LosrsoN Institution, 
 May 30, 1835. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 The amiable, accomplished, and worthy Patriot and Philosopher, 
 whose Miscellaneous Writings are here for the first time given to the 
 world in a collected form, is already known to fame by his " Sylva, 
 or Discourse of Forest Trees ;" but more especially since the 
 recent publication of his "Diary and Correspondence," in which 
 the principal events of his life and times are so deUghtfully laid open 
 to us, that no other work of the kind, attractive as auto -biography 
 generally is, can in any degree compare with it for the interest it 
 excites, and the amusement it affords. 
 
 In this Kalendarium, or Diary of his Life, he has so often ad- 
 verted to his "Writings, that a general reference to that work would 
 'perhaps have answered the purpose of a Preface, but the Reader 
 may consider something more than a mere table of contents neces- 
 sary to inform him what he is to expect in the following pag6s. 
 
 It is a remarkable circumstance that, though Evelyn's mind was 
 early turned to literature, for he tells us he began to journalize, and 
 note occurrences when he was in his eleventh year, the first ascer- 
 tained production of his pen was not published until he had attained 
 the mature age of twenty-nine. This publication, the first tract in 
 the present volume, is a translation from the French, of an " Essay 
 on Liberty and Servitude," by La Mothe le Vayer ; it appeai'ed in 
 1649, only a few days previous to the martyrdom of his Sovereign. 
 
 On this occasion, the honest hardihood with which Evelyn, in his 
 preface, ventured to express hi^ loyalty and hatred of anarchy had 
 nearly brought him into trouble : ' Never (says he) was there heard 
 or read of a more equal and excellent form of government than that 
 under which we have ourselves lived during the reign of our most gra- 
 cious Sovereign's halcyon days. — If therefore we were the most happy 
 of subjects, why do we attempt to render ourselves the most ihiserable 
 of slaves ? God is one, and better it is to obey one than many. Neque 
 
viii 
 
 enim Lihertas tutior ulla est quam Domino servire bono, that is, 
 C[harles].' 
 
 La Mothe le Vayer has not unaptly been styled the French Plu- 
 tarch : his essays, though they betray somewhat of a cynical and 
 sceptical disposition, are fraught with good sense, and full of learn- 
 ing ; his works have been a storehouse whence philosophical Essay- 
 ists of later times have gleaned an unacknowledged harvest of inge- 
 nious thoughts : Evelyn has on more than one occasion shown that 
 he was famihar with his productions. The scope of this essay, it 
 will be understood, is Philosophical Liberty,, not. that * impostoria 
 yjiVa,' which has been the bait held out to the many by the design- 
 ing few in all times of anarchy. 
 
 " The State of France, as it stood in the ninth year of this 'jpresent 
 Monarch Louis XIV., written to a Friend by J. E.," was published 
 in 1652. To this was prefixed a Prefatory, Letter, which 'contains 
 some admirable observations upon the utility and end of Foreign 
 Travel. Speaking of himself, he says, " what first moved me to 
 this ' apodemick humour,' was a certain vain emulation which I had 
 to see the best of education, which every body so decrying a,t home, 
 made me conceive was a commodity only to be brought from a far 
 country ; and I cannot say, without a little ambition too of know- 
 ing, or at least of having the privilege to talk something more than 
 others could reasonably pretend to, that had never bin out of sight 
 of their own chimnies' smoke." This is doubtless the predominant 
 motive of ordinary travellers, and there is great honesty in the con- 
 fession ; but Evelyn's judgment taught him to derive better fruits 
 from it. He knew, that ' he who would travel rationally must in- 
 dustriously apply himself to the pursuit of such objects as may result , 
 to the profit of his own country at his return. It is not the count- 
 ing of steeples and making tours, but this ethical and moral part of 
 travel which embellisheth a gentleman.' Evelyn had been preceded 
 in the judicious observations of his preface by the pleasant little 
 book of our favourite James Howel, '' Instructions for Forreine 
 Travel," published in 1642, which even now may be read with 
 advantage and pleasure. In the substance of. his work too he had 
 
IX 
 
 a precursor in Sir Gteorge Carew, though he could not have been 
 acquainted with his book, which is a relation of the state of France 
 in the reign of Henry the IVth. drawn up during his embassy, and 
 presented to King James I. at his return in 1 609. This curious 
 and interesting perfonnande was first printed by Dr. Birch in 1749. 
 Had Evelyn, however, been familiar with the work of his prede- 
 cessor, it would not have deterred him from giving the result of his 
 own observations ; for he justly remarks, that France in his time 
 was * now no more the thing it was forty years since,' and that the 
 kingdom had undergone as great a change as the garb and fashion 
 of men. 
 
 In the previous year (1651) he had put forth a little satirical jeu 
 d' esprit, entitled, "A Character of England," written in the assumed 
 form of a translation from the French, in which he touches with no 
 unsparing hand the defects of the national character ; the coarse- 
 ness of manners, and want of due observance of the established 
 forms of devotion attendant upon those times of turbulent faction. 
 This called forth the animadversions of sotne anonymous writer, 
 under the title of " Gallus Castratus," and it has been thoiight 
 proper to insert this piece as a running commentary, that if Evelyn's 
 pictm'e be in some degree too highly coloured, it may find its cor- 
 rective in the same page. Some of the defects which he has laid 
 to the charge of his countrymen, are also urged against them by 
 Samuel Sorbiere, in the account which he published of his visit ta 
 England in 1663, and to which Bishop Sprat afterwards replied. 
 
 In 1656 he published what he calls. *' An Essay on the First 
 Book of Lucretius de Berum Naturd, interpreted and made into 
 English verse j" with a frontispiece designed by his accompligihed 
 and excellent lady, and with laudatory verses by Edmund Waller 
 the poet. It has not been deemed necessary to give any portion 
 of this translation : when Evelyn attempted verse he only added 
 one more instance to the many of persons, otherwise of excellent 
 judgment, who have mistaken their powers. Indeed he does* not 
 seem to have been satisfied with his own attempt, and having 
 received much chagrin at the very incorrect manner in which it was 
 
 b 
 
:X 
 
 printed, never proceeded with the task, as was his first intention. 
 Upon this occasion, that excellent Prelate Jeremy Taylor thus ad- 
 dressed him ; " I will not say to you, that your Lucretius is as far 
 distant from the severity of a Christian, as the Fair Ethiopian was 
 from the duty of Bishop Heliodoms ; for, indeed, it is nothing but 
 what may become the labours of a Christian gentleman, those things 
 only abated which our evil age needs not ; for which also I hope 
 you have by notes, or will by preface, prepare a sufficient antidote." 
 The shadow of a doubt thrown upon the propriety of this under- 
 taking by this pious friend, might shake the resolution of one, whose 
 motives to the translation probably were that the poem contained 
 an exposition of the Epicurean Philosophy. 
 
 The year 1659 was a busy and eventful period with Evelyn ; he 
 then published his translation of " The Golden Book of St. Chry- 
 sostom, on the Education of Children," which he dedicated to 
 his brothers George and Richard, ' to comfort them on the loss 
 of their children ;' and at the same time to unburthen his heart, 
 by a tribute to the memory of his own extraordinarily gifted child, 
 Richard, whom he had recently lost, in his sixth year ; he was ' one 
 of those rare and beautiful creatures who seem always to be marked 
 for early death, as if they were fitter for heaven than earth, and 
 thei-efore are removed before the world can sully them.' The ac- 
 count of his son finds its place also in his Diary, in nearly the same 
 words. It will be read, as it was written^ with the tribute of tears. 
 
 It must have been a happy circumstance, that the position of the 
 kingdom was then such as to excite in the loyal breast of Evelyn 
 a hope that the Restoration might be effected ; it roused his ener- 
 gies, and jprobably helped to dissipate his sorrows. To aid the 
 cause he used his strenuous exertions, not only in endeavouring 
 to gain over Colonel Morley, the Governor of the Tower, who had 
 been his school-fellow, thus placing his own life at hazard ; but by 
 his pen, publishing " his bold ' Jipology ' for the King, in this time 
 of danger, when it was capital to speak or write in favour of him." 
 Its success was complete ; its popularity was such, that it was three 
 times printed within the year. 
 
XI 
 
 He stopped not here, but again entered the field to repel the 
 malicious slanders of the adverse party. Marchmont Needham 
 had published a coarse attack upon the character of King Charles 
 the Second, intituled, " News from Brussels, in a Letter from a near 
 attendant on his Majesty's person, to a person of honour here ; 
 dated March 10, 1659." Its purpose was to destroy the favourable 
 impression the nation entertained of the King's naturally good dis- 
 position. Evelyn's detection of the forgery^ and refutation of it, 
 was quickly penned, and proved a complete antidote ; it was pub- 
 lished anonymously, under the title of " The News from Brussels 
 Unmasked." The merit was the greater in^ this case^ as he rose 
 from a bed of sickness to his task, and endangered his life by the 
 exertion ; it caused a relapse of his disorder, * out of which (says 
 he, with unaffected piety) it pleased God also to free me, so Hs I 
 was able by the 14th [April] to go into the country, which I did to 
 my sweet native air of Wooton.' 
 
 In the same year he had found time to give to the press a work 
 connected with his favourite Hortulan pursuits^ entitled, " The 
 French Gardener," which he describes with honest confidence as 
 * the first and best of that kind, that introduced the use of the 
 Olitorie garden to any purpose.' 
 
 The happy tidings of the King's declaration and application to 
 the Parliament soon after reached him, and he was designed to have 
 accompanied Lord, Berkley with the Address to invite the King over 
 to resume his Government, but was yet too weak to bear the fatigues 
 of the journey. He, however, received a gracious mess'age from 
 Charles, and was sufficiently recovered to witness the joyful entry 
 of the King into London, after seventeen years sad and long exile. 
 He ^stood in the Strand and beheld it, and bless'd God !' It may 
 be imagined that he was well received at Court., The King, who 
 called him his old acquaintance, offered him the Order of the Bath, 
 which he declined, but was better pleased to be nominated one of 
 the Council of the Royal Society, of which he had just been elected 
 a Fellow. 
 
 He had now leisure to devote himself to the pursuit of the arts he 
 
xu 
 
 loved, and was actively employed in promoting them by every means 
 in his power. In 1661 was published a translation of Gabriel 
 Naud^e's instructions, concerning the erection of a library, which he 
 addressed in a Dedication to Lord Chancellor Clarendon. This 
 piece had a similar fate to his unfortunate translation of Lucretius ; 
 for being printed during his absence from London in a cai^less 
 manner, it abounds with typographical errors *. At the end of 
 the book is a letter to Dr. Barlow, Provost of Queen's , College, 
 by which it appears, that the Doctor wished to have honoured Eve- 
 lyn, by printing the book at Oxford, but that his purpose was de- 
 feated by the copy being mislaid at the pi-inting-house. 
 
 At the close of the same year he published, and presented to the 
 King, his curious essay, called " Fumifugium j or, the Inconveni- 
 ence ©f the Aer and Smoke of London Dissipated ;" together with 
 some remedies humbly proposed." The plans by which it was in- 
 tended to obviate the inconvenience were ingenious, and the King 
 commanded Evelyn to prepare a bill against the next Session of 
 Parliament, to carry part of them into effect ; but it does not appear 
 that any thing of the kind was attempted. Yet Evelyn tells us in 
 
 * JUi a copy of this essay, in the library of Mr. S. W. Singer, pf Boxhill ; Evelyn has cor- 
 rected the most prominent errata with his own hand, and written the following letter oft" the 
 first leaf: 
 
 » " For My. worthy Friend, Dr. Godolphin. 
 
 , " Sir. This trifle (which yoij tell me you met with in syrae catalogue of an auction ) was printed 
 during my absence from London (now near twenty-eight years since) by a very imperfect copy (my 
 owne having been lost in the printing-hoirse at Oxflord), and is so extreniely defomi'd thro'- the cor- 
 rectors negligence, that I have done gXl I am ^ble to suppress the vending of it. It is y^t a very 
 useful (^iscours^ and upon that account I presented it to some such friends as you are, who will 
 pardon the errata, and deplore the comon calamitie incident to writers and translators of bookes ; 
 v(»hich is (unless they attend ori'the press- like' slaves) to be at the mercy of sotts and drunkards^ 
 that can neither print sense nor English ; nor, indeed, any other language, tlio" it lie never so 
 plainely before them. Witncsse the first booke of Lucretiusj which I made an essay on, almost 
 thirty yeares past, where the Latine J re^ione (and from an incomparable Plantine edition) was 
 abused in some hundreds of places ; it not being possible for me to imagine Dr. Triplet (who was 
 the sole supervisor, and ofFer'ii me his service) should take np more care. And.this little pamphlet 
 has been so miserably treated by them, that the wounds are incurable." — At the end of the volume 
 is the following note also in the hand-writing of Evelyn : " Plurima quidem restant hisce non 
 minora sphaltnata, sive a me, sive ab ipso typographo comissa, quibus ignoscat amieissimus doctor.' 
 
xui 
 
 Ms Diary, i 1th January 1662, * I received of Sir Peter Ball, the 
 Que^nes Attorney, a draught of an Act against the nuisance of the 
 Smoke of London, to be reform'd by removing several trades whicli 
 are the cause of it, and indanger th« health of th6. King and his 
 pteople. It was to have been offer'd to the Parliament as his Majesty 
 commanded.' As late as the year 1772 this tract found an anony- 
 mous editor, who, struck by the increased and increasing evil, re- 
 commended it (in a Preface, which will be found in the foUowii^ 
 pages) to the attention of the Magistrates and Legislature. 
 
 Another singular production of Evelyn's pen issued from the 
 press in 1661, entitled " Tyrannus, or the Mode." This very curi- 
 ous and rare pamphlet having found a place in the second volume 
 of the Evelyn papers, is of course omitted in the present collection. 
 A few years after. King Charles ll. made an attempt to change. the 
 fashion of dress, and introduce a costume formed upon the Per- 
 sian mode, which, though somewhat strangely timed, as happening 
 just after the Fire of London, was yet worthy of success ; ' bis 
 Majesty put himself solemnly into the Eastern fashion, changing 
 doublet, stiff collar, bands and eloak, into a comely vest, after the 
 Persian mode, with girdle or straps, &c. resolving never to alter it, 
 and to leave the French mode, which had hitherto obtained, to our 
 great expence and reproach.' The King had not constancy to per- 
 sist in his resolution, his courtiers wagered with him that he would 
 not, and they were right. Evelyn in his pamphlet which he gave to 
 the King to read, had described the comeliness and usefulness of tlie 
 Persian costume, and it is more than probable that Charles had been 
 convinced by his reasoning. 
 
 The year 1662 produced his magnum opus^ the " Syjuva," a work 
 whose beneficial influence upon the prosperity of the country has 
 been so prodigious, that its author justly deserves to be ranked 
 among her chiefest worthies ; had he lived in times like ours, a vo- 
 tive statue of colossal size erected upon the hill which overlooks the 
 place of his birth, would probably have been his meed. Many 
 causes had operated to the diminution of our woods and forests. 
 Men were not planters but destroyers of wood, without thought of 
 
XIV 
 
 the future ; but the civil wars gave a final blow to the work of 
 havock: 'the aged oaks, like the old families which owned them, 
 were, by these enemies of all that was elegant and venerable, doomed 
 to destruction :' feeling their tenure insecure, and ' professing them- 
 selves against root and branch, either to be reimbursed their holy 
 purchases, or for some other, sordid respect, they were tempted not 
 only to fell and cut down, but utterly to extirpate, demolish, and 
 raze all those many goodly woods and forests which our more pru- 
 dent ancestors left standing for the service of their country.' 
 
 At the Restoration, Charles 11. intent upon the augmentation of 
 his navy, the kingdom's surest bulwark, became alarmed at the 
 formidable devastation which had been made ; some queries were 
 directed to the Royal Society, to which Evelyn was deputed to re- 
 ply, and his " Sylva, or, Discourse of Forest Trees, and the propa- 
 gation of Timber," was the result. It was the first book printed by 
 order of the Society, and was most flatteringly received. The King 
 thanked him more than once for it ; in fact, never was a work 
 attended with more complete success. It sounded the trumpet of 
 alarm to the nation on the condition of the woods and forests, and 
 awakened the landholders to a sense of their own and their coun- 
 try's interests. Evelyn's old age was blessed in the consciousness 
 of the beneficial effects his book had produced ; he lived to know 
 that many millions of forest trees had been propagated and planted 
 at his instigation. It was a work of love ; the writer's soul was in 
 his subject, and the reader cannot but catch part of his enthusiasm. 
 It is not the planter alone, but every admirer of nature that may find 
 instruction and amusement in this delightful work. . It is a store- 
 house of curious facts and anecdotes relating to trees ; and though 
 the reader may sometimes smile at the amusing superstition of the 
 writer, he will more frequently have occasion to admire his fervent 
 stij-ain of piety. He laboured to the end of his long life in giving it 
 all the perfection in his power, and at a late period we find him thus 
 encouraging the planter with the promise of longevity : ' It is ob- 
 sei-ved that planters are often blessed with health and old age. The 
 days of a tree are the days of my people, says the prophet Isaiah. 
 
XV 
 
 Hcec scripsi octogenarius, and shall, if God protract my years, and 
 continue my health, be continually planting, till it shall please him 
 to transplant me into those glorious regions above, planted with 
 perennial groves and trees bearing immortal fruit.' 
 
 The first edition of the Sylva was in 1664, and it passed through 
 five editions during the author's life. The work was republished in 
 1776 J by Dr. Andrew Hunter, of York *, with copious and valuable 
 notes and excellent plates. The same beneficial effects seem to have 
 attended this republication ; it revived the ardour for planting which 
 the first edition had excited. The work again became so popular, 
 that four large impressions were called for. The last, in 1825, con- 
 tains Dr. Hunter's latest improvements ; but those who are fortunate 
 enough to possess the edition of 177^) iJ^ay treasure it on account 
 of the engravings, particularly for ' the admirable portrait of Eve- 
 lyn by Bartolozzii which, under the lean and fallen features of age^ 
 exhibits all the intelligence and fire of youth.' 
 
 His " ScuLPTURA, or, the History and Art of Chalcogi'aphy 
 and Engraving on Copper," was printed in 1662, at the express 
 desu'e of the Royal Society, and was written at the reiterated in- 
 stance of the distinguished Robert Boyle, to whom it is dedicated. 
 In this work was first given to the world the method of engraving in 
 Mezzotinto, invented and communicated by Prince Rupert, with a 
 plate engraved by his royal hand, of which an accurate copy accom- 
 panies the present re-impression. This work having become ex- 
 tremely scarce was reprinted in 1755, with the advantage of some 
 additions from the author's own corrected copy, which have received 
 the attention due to them. 
 
 His translation of Roland Freart's " Parallel of Antient and Mo- 
 dern Architecture," was printed in 1664, and was also dedicated to 
 the King, with a prefatory letter to Sir John Denham. This dedi- 
 
 * Dr. Hunter also republished Evelyn's "Terra, a Philosophical Discouise of Earth," with notes. 
 The first edition of this tract was in 1675 ; it was also printed by order of the Royal Society, To 
 some of the later editions of the Sylva th'.a essay was joined, together with Pomona, an Appendix 
 concerning fruit trees and cider: 
 
XVI 
 
 catjop and letter containing several curious particulars, are givea 
 in tke following pages. There was a second edition of this work in 
 1669, and a third in 1697, to which last was appended a very usefial 
 supplementary " Account of Architects and Architecture,." with a 
 prefatory address to Sir Christopher Wren, in which there is an in- 
 teresting passage relating to the rebuilding of St. Paul's. This tracts 
 as an original work of Evelyn's, of course finds a place in the present 
 Q^lection. 
 
 ^' The Kalendarium Hortense ; or, Gardener's Almaiiack," was 
 also first published in this year. In the second edition, he inscribed 
 it to his amiable friend Cowley, who 'had once been pleased to 
 suspend his noble raptures in order to transcribe it.' This called 
 forth "The Garden," that heart-felt effusion, of Cowley'is muse, 
 which he addressed to Evelyn, in 1666, and which is here printed 
 from the original autograph manuscript. The poiet thus apostro- 
 phizes Evelyn : 
 
 Happy art thou whom God does bless 
 With the full choice of thine own- happiness ! 
 
 And happier yet, because thou 'rt blfest 
 
 With prudence how to chuse the best ! 
 In book* and Gardens thou hast plac'd aright — 
 
 Thy noble innocent delight : 
 And in thy virtuous Wife, where thou again dost meet 
 
 Both pleasures more refin'd and sweet : 
 
 The fairest garden in her looks, 
 
 And' in her inind the, widest hooks. 
 O who woidd' change these solid joys, 
 . For empty shows and senseless noise. 
 
 And alt which rank ambition breeds. 
 Which seem such beauteous flowers, and are such poisonous weeds ? 
 
 Evelyn's measure of happiness was indeed full, and this is no over- 
 charged picture of his fehcity. 
 
 The Kalendarium, as might be expected, was veiy popular, and 
 quickly passed through several editions. It has been thought ad- 
 visable to reprint it for the gratification of the curious Horticulturist 
 
XVll 
 
 The edition which has been made use of is the tenth, which received 
 the latest improvements of the Author just previous to the close of 
 his life. 
 
 . In 1664 was also published " The Mystery of Jesuitism," deve- 
 loping the pernicious consequences of the new heresy of the Jesuits 
 against Kings and States. He undertook the ;tra^slation of this 
 from the French, at the desire of Lord Cornbury and his illustrious 
 father -Lord Clarendon. Of this, as being a translation, the Dedi- 
 catory Epistle only is given. 
 
 Sir George Mackenzie having published at Edinburgh, in 1 665, 
 *' A Moral Essay, preferring Solitude to Public Employment," 
 Evelyn took up the pen to. answer the , arguments in that pleasing 
 little work, ajid in 166/ appeared " Public Employment and an 
 Active Life, with. all its appanages, ^uch as Fame, Command, Riches, 
 Conversation, &c. preferred to Solitude ; in reply to a late ingenious 
 Essay of a contrary title." 
 
 Never was a controversy conducted with more good temper and 
 politeness. After highly complimenting his antagonist, Evelyn 
 says, ' The war is innocent, and I would be glad that this way of 
 velitation and short discourses upon all arguments, in which other 
 languages greatly outdo us, might exercise our reason .and improve 
 our English style, which yet wants the culture of our more Southern 
 neighbours,' It is remarkable, that it was a person busily employed 
 in scenes of active life, the King's Advocate for Scotland, who was 
 contending for solitude ; while Evelyn, whose pursuits were princi- 
 pally those which ornament a retired life, was the champion of pub-r 
 lie and active employment. Letters of civil congratulation passed 
 afterwards between the disputants, which have been fortunately 
 preserved, and ai-e now for the first time prefixed to Evelyn's essay. 
 In a letter to Cowley, soon after the publication, he thus expresses 
 himself: ' You had reason to be astonished at the presumption, 
 not to name it affront, that I who have so highly celebrated Recesse, 
 and envied it in others, 'should become an advocate for the enemie 
 which, of all others, it abhors and files from. I conjure you to be- 
 
 c 
 
xviii 
 
 lieve that I am still of the same mind, and that there is no person 
 alive who does more honour and breathe after the life and repose 
 you so happily cultivate and adorn by your example. But as those 
 who prays'd dirt, a fl6a, and the gowte, so have I public empiloy- 
 ment in that trifling essay, and that in so weak a style, compar'd to 
 my antagonists^, as by that alone it will appear, / neither was nor 
 could he serious, and I hope yOu believe I speak my very soul to 
 you.' 
 
 Sunt enim Musis sua ludicra, mista Camoenis 
 
 Otia sunt- — • 
 
 Some apology was indeed necessary to his recluse friend, for the! 
 seeming inconsistency of his opinions, for h6 had publicly approved 
 his love of retirement, and told him that he applauded his contempt 
 of the world ; whilst in seclusion he continued in repose and self- 
 possession, cultivating the leisure, the liberty, the books, the medi- 
 tations, and, above all, the learned and choice friendships he en- 
 joyed. ' Who (says he) would not like you cacher sa vie ? It was 
 the wise'impress of Balzac, and of Plutarch before him ; you give it 
 lustre and interpretation. / swear to you. Sir,, it is what in the world 
 I most inwardly breathe after and pursue ; not to say that I envy 
 your felicity, delivered from the gilded impertinencies of life, to 
 enjoy the moments of a sohd and pure contentment.' 
 
 Hisprojecttoo of a kind of Lay -monastery, which he orice seriously 
 entertained intentions offounding, and the plan of which is to befound 
 in the works of the Hon. Robert Boyle, in a letter addressed to that 
 eminent philosopher, may show that he was serious in his profession 
 of lovipg ' the life remov'd.' It has been said, that his active mind 
 was not fitted for retirement, and that he felt that he could be of 
 more service to mankind in the busy scenes of public life. It is cer- 
 tain, though he did not seek it, that he did not shrink from public 
 employment ; and the arduous and painful office of one of the Com-, 
 missioners for taking care of the sick and wounded prisoners daring 
 the war with the Dutch, was filled by him with exemplary persever- 
 ance, under cireumstanees the most trying. Money and means of 
 
XIX 
 
 every kind were wanting. The distress and anxiety, of mind whiqb 
 he suffered in the performance of his duty, are painted by himself 
 in lively Qolours in his Diary. 
 
 It may be remarked, that Le Vayer, whose works we have before 
 observed were familiar to him, has a curious dialogue on the subject 
 of Retirement. It is among those which he published under the 
 name of Oratius Tubero, and entitled '* De ha Vie Priv^e." His 
 arguments however are opposed to those of Evelyn; yet we 
 may-perceive. that the latter was not unacquainted with this per- 
 formance, which is well worth reading. Thp writer had at least the 
 merit of being earnestly sincere in the cause he advocates ; he w^s a 
 man who in manners is said to have approached the simplicity of 
 the philosophers of old, 
 
 Inl669appearedEvelyn's translation of Roland Freart's " Idea of 
 the Perfection of Painting, demonstrated from the Principles of Art," 
 with aDedicatipn to his, illustrious friend Henry Howard, who had 
 previously, at his instance, made that noble donation, the Arunde- 
 lian marbles, to the University of Oxford. In this address be solicits 
 him to cause his collection of Sculpture in his galleries at Arundel 
 House to be engraved from good designs, as it would much contri- 
 bute to the glory, of the country, the honour of his illustrious family, 
 and the advancement of art. This piece has been accounted one of 
 the scarcest of Evelyn's publicatiojis, and as it is short and interest r 
 ing, commands a place in this volume. 
 
 «.' The History of the Three late Impostors, Padre Ottomano, MaV 
 homed Bei,^ and Sabate Sevi," was published in 1668. The* mate-: 
 rials of the principal narration he received from a Persia,n gentle- 
 man, whom he. called Sig. Pietro Cisij. At the end of 4t is added 
 an account of the extirpation of the Jews in Persia, in the time of 
 Shab Abbas J;he Second. T^iis work: arose from an honest desire 
 to expose imposture, and contains many curious particulars. 
 
 His "Navigation and Comm^erce, their Original and Progress," 
 publishedin 16^4, was written as an Introduction to the Histoiy of 
 the Dutch War; undertaken by Evelyn at the express command of 
 
XX 
 
 Kimg Charles II., and the materials for which were furnished by the 
 Officers of State. The work would have formed at least 80Q or 1000 
 pages in foho, and a great portion of it was prepared for the press, 
 when it was put a stop to by the King himself, for some reason which 
 does not appear. Conjecture, however, suggests that Evelyn was 
 too veracious in his history. It appears, from his Diary, that he very 
 much disapproved many of the transactions which it would have be- 
 come his duty to narrate. His MS., as far as it was completed, he put 
 into the hands of Mr. Pepys; but Mr. Bray sought for it in vain in 
 the Pepysian collection at Cambridge. This introductory Preface 
 was;written at the suggestion of Lord Arlington, and was intended 
 . to contain ' a complete deduction of the progress of Na\igation 
 and Commerce, from its first principle to the time in which it was 
 wi-itteri,— all contests and differences with the Dutch at sea being 
 derived from that source only.' Evelyn was now a member of the 
 Council of Trade and Plantations, and he inscribed, with propriety, 
 this essay to the King. 
 
 The " Mundus Muliebris, or Ladies Dressing-room Unlocked, 
 with the Fop-Dictionary," is a little playful satire, in which he had 
 been assisted by his lovely and accomplished daughter Mary, whom 
 he had the affliction to lose in her nineteenth year, and whose cha- 
 racter he has so exquisitely and pathetically dehneated in his Jour- 
 nal. This was published in 1690. 
 
 In 1697 he pubUshed his " Numismata; a Discourse of Medals, 
 Ancient and Modern, &c. with a digression on Physiognomy." But 
 as this science was in its infancy when he wrote, and the public are 
 in possession of excellent modern works on the subject, by Pinkeiv 
 ton, Ruding, and others, no part of this production is admitted into 
 the following collection. ... 
 
 The last tract in the present volume, 5' Acetaria, a Discourse . of 
 Sallets," was printed in 1699. In the preface he mentions a work 
 on which he had spent upwards of forty years, and his collections 
 for which filled several thousand pages. This was his grand Hortu- 
 lan design, which he purposed calling Elysium Britannic um. The 
 
XXI 
 
 Ai3etaria and the Gardeners Kalendar were only chapters in this 
 great work, which was to- have embraced every thing connected 
 with a Garden. The plan of this Elysium has been printed among 
 the Evelyn Papers, and his miscellaneous collections for it, exist 
 among the manuscripts at Wooton. 1 
 
 Evelyn, hke Lord Bacon, thought that a garden " afforded the 
 purest of human pleasures," anc* his notions of ornamental garden- 
 ing were such as that great man has shadowed out in his interesting 
 essay, wherein he treats ' Of Gai-dens.' In one point the^ differ; 
 Bacon would have a prince-like garden to consist of ' thirty acres:' 
 .Evelyn's Elysium, though the design was so enormous, might yet 
 have been' comprehended within two or three acres, 'nay, within the 
 square of less than one (skilfully planned and cultivated), and yet 
 have been sufficient to entertain his time and thoughts all his life 
 long, with a most innocent, agreeable, and useful employment.' The 
 good sense of Lord Bacon evinced itself in one respect *; he did not 
 admire topiary work, ' images cut out in juniper, or other garden- 
 stuff, they being for children.' Evelyn's design would have compre- 
 hended all sorts of knot, labyrinth, and ground-work, all kinds of 
 topiary and hortulan architecture, with the accompaniments of hy- 
 draulic music, and every species of fountain, grotto, rocks, crypts, 
 and mounts. So vast was his conception, that he thought 'it 
 would require the revolution of many ages, with deep and long ex- 
 perience, for any man to emerge a perfect and accomplished artist 
 gardener!' *' 
 
 He had conceived and planned another w'ork, almost too compre- 
 hensive even for his universal genius ; this was " A General Histoi-y 
 of all Trades." He has assigned good and solid reasons for laying 
 this work aside in a letter to Mr. Boyle. His " Sculptura," was 
 only one portion of this vast project; he had also prepared treatises 
 on the several arts of painting in oil and in miniature ; annealing 
 in glass ; enameling ; and making marble paper. But none of these 
 were published. 
 
 A complete list of his publications will be found in the second 
 
xxu 
 
 volume of the Evelyn Papers, p. 87 ; among these he enumerates^ 
 as in manuscript, Thyrsander, a Tragy-comedie ; and an essay on 
 the Dignity of Mankind. 
 
 It was towa)-d the close of 1699, that, by the death of his elder 
 brother George, he succeeded to his paternal estate, and early in the 
 succeeding year he first visited it as owner. His seat, at Sayes 
 Court, which he used fondly to call his 'Little Zoar,' delighted 
 him sufficiently, bnt Wooton had his heart. It was the place of 
 liis birth, and endeared to him by a thousand filial ties. He 
 often speaks of it with rapture in his Sylva ; and in his Diary he 
 says, * It is so sweetly environed with those delicious streams and 
 venerable woods, as in the judgment of strangers as well as English- 
 men, it may be compared to one of the most pleasant seates in the 
 nation, and most tempting for a great person and a wanton purse 
 to render it conspicuous : it has rising grounds, meadows, woods, 
 and water in abundance.' It is indeed a beautiful spot, highly 
 favoured by nature ; and full of pleasing associations, sources of 
 the purest mental pleasure, whiletwe 
 
 ' Invoke the Lares of his lov'd retreat. 
 
 And his lone walks imprint with pilgrim feet,' 
 
 imagination bodies forth the shade of the virtuous and the benefi- 
 cent Evelyn, and of his excellent and amiable friend the poet 
 Cowley. 
 
 The most finished biographical sketch could have no claim to di- 
 vert the reader a moment from the amusing and instructive pages 
 of Evelyn's Diary, in which he has recorded the events of his Ufe in 
 an unafiected strain of pious sincerity ; nothing of the kind is there- 
 fore here attempted. 
 
 It is a proud and gratifying reflection to the Editor of the present 
 volume, that he was the humble but instrumental cause of the pub- 
 lication of that delightful work, which has raised the name of Evelyn 
 in public estimation, and awakened attention to his other writings. 
 Many of his fugitive pieces are of extreme rarity, and almost all 
 
xxm 
 
 of them are difficult to be met with. He trusts, therefore, that 
 he shall have rendered no unacceptable service to the world of 
 letters, in collecting these frondes caducce of the author of the 
 Sylva, whose whole life was devoted to the advancement of 
 those arts which have been the source of the wealth, greatness, 
 and prosperity of his country. Their intrinsic merit called for the 
 more general diffusion of these literary remains of one whose life 
 offers the most perfect model of what an EngUsh gentleman should 
 be : who living Was an example of public and private virtue, and 
 who dying bequeathed this golden sentence to be inscribed on his 
 tomb for the advantage <)f posterity : — ' In an age of extraor- 
 dinary EVENTS AND REVOLUTIONS, HE LEARNT THAT ALL IS VANITY 
 WHICH IS NOT HONEST, AND THAT THERE IS NO SOLID WISDOM BUT 
 IN REAL PIETY.' 
 
XXV 
 
 TABLE OF CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Dedication v 
 
 Introduction vii-^xxii 
 
 Trarf, Of Liberty AND Servitude, 1649. 
 Translated from the French of M, de 
 
 la Mothe le Vayer l — 38 
 
 Advertisement of the Editor 3 
 
 The Author's Epistle 4 
 
 The Translator's Epistle, — Address to the 
 
 Reader 5 
 
 Verses to the Translator, by A. Ross. ... 6 
 
 Table of Chapters 7 
 
 The Progm — Chap. I. 8. Of Liberty and 
 
 Servitude in General! 8 — 10 
 
 Chap. IL — In what our Liberty and our 
 
 Servitude doth consist 10 — 13 
 
 Chap; III. — That there is none can truly 
 
 aiSrme himselfe to be free 13 — 16 
 
 Chap. IV; — Of the Liberty Philosophique 
 
 17—27 
 Chap. V. — Of the Servitude of the Court 
 
 27—37 
 
 The Conclusion 37—38 
 
 Traa, The State of France, 1652. . .39 — 95 
 Epistle Dedicator-x to the Translation 
 
 of the French Gardiner, 1658. . 97 — 98 
 DittOfto the Second Edition o{ Ditto, 1669. . 99 
 Address to the Reader, prefixed to the same 
 
 work 100 
 
 Ditto, to Rose's English Vineyard Vindicated 
 
 101—102 
 Tract, The Golden Book of St. John 
 Chrysostom, 1659 ; Translated from 
 
 the Greek . . .\ 103— 1*40 
 
 The Epistle Dedicatory 105 — 111 
 
 Epitaph on Richard Evelyn, — Note to 
 
 the Reader 1 12 
 
 Notes upon some Passages 138 — 140 
 
 Tract, k Character of England, 1659; 
 
 Translated from the French 141—167 
 
 A Letter in vindication of this Character, 
 
 143r-146 
 
 To the Reader 147 
 
 Tract, An Apology for the Royal 
 
 Party, 1659 169—192 
 
 Tract, The late News from Brussels 
 
 Unmasked, 1660 193—204 
 
 Explanatory Note 194 
 
 Tract, FuMiFUGiUM, 1661 205—242 
 
 To the King's Most Sacred Majesty 207—209 
 
 To the Reader 209—211 
 
 Preface to the Modern Edition, 1772, 
 
 212—214 
 
 Part I 215—230 
 
 d 
 
 FAGK. 
 
 Part II , 231—239 
 
 Part III. An offer at the Improvement and 
 Melioration of the Aer of London, by 
 
 way of Plantation. . ." 239 — 242 
 
 Tract, Sculptura, 1662. 243 — 335 
 
 To the Honourable and Learned Gentle- 
 man Robert Boyle, Esq 245 — 246 
 
 . An Account of Signer Giacomo Favi 247 — 260 
 A Table of the Titles of the Chapters 251 — 257 
 
 Authors and Books consulted. 2.57 
 
 Chap. I. Of Sculpture, how derived. . 258 — 263 
 Chap. II. Of the Original of Sculpture in 
 
 general 263 — 269 
 
 Chap. III. Reputation and Progress of 
 
 Sculpture amongst the Ancients 270 — 276 
 Chap. IV. The Invention and Progress of 
 Chalcography in particular, and an 
 
 Account of the old Masters 276 — 311 
 
 Chap.V. Of Drawing and Design, &c.312 — 333 
 Chap. VI. Of the new way of Engraving 
 
 or Mezzotinto 333 — 335 
 
 An Advertisement 335 — 336 
 
 The Epistles Dedicatory, prefixed to 
 Freart's Parallel between An- 
 cient AND Modern Architecture, 
 
 1664 ... 337—348 
 
 To the Most Serene Majesty of diaries 
 
 the Second 339 — 342 
 
 To Sir John Denham 343 — 346 
 
 Latin Verses addressed to Evelyn by Dr. 
 
 Beale 347, 348 
 
 Tract, An Account of Architects and 
 
 Architecture 349 — 424 
 
 To my most honoured Friend, Sir Christo- 
 pher Wren, Knight 351,352 
 
 To the Reader 353, 354 
 
 Tract, Kalendarium Hortense, or the 
 
 Gardener's Almanack, 1664 42.5 — 498 
 
 Illustrative Note 427 
 
 To Abraham Cowley, Esq 4^9 
 
 Introduction to the Kalendar 430 — 434 
 
 The Garden, to John Evelyn, Esq. by A. 
 
 Cowley ." 435—442 
 
 January 443 — 446. February 447 — 449. 
 March 449 — 454. April 454—459. 
 May 459—463. June 463—467. July 
 467—471. August 471—475. Sep. 
 tember475— 479. October 479 — 482. 
 November 482 — 486. December 487 — 488 
 ANewConservatory, or GreenHouse 490 — 4&5 
 A Letter from Sir Dudley Cullum to J. 
 Evelyn, Esq. concerning the newly- 
 invented Stove. -197, 49s 
 
XXVI 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Dedicatory Epistle to the Mystery or 
 
 Jesuitism, 1664 499, 500 
 
 Tract, Public Employment preferred 
 
 TO Solitude, 1667 501 — 552 
 
 Illustrative Note 502 
 
 Letter between Sir George Mackenzie 
 
 and John Evelyn 503, 504 
 
 Dedication : — To the Hon. Sir Richard 
 
 ) Browne, Knight and Bart 505-^507 
 
 To the Reader 507 — 509 
 
 Epistles prefixed to Freart's Idea of the 
 
 Perfection of Painting, 1668, 55& — 
 
 562 
 
 Evelyn's notice of the Work 554 
 
 Dedication : — To the Illustrious Henry , 
 
 Howard of Norfolk 555—558 
 
 To the Reader 559—562 
 
 Tract, History of the Three late Fa- 
 mous Impostors, 1669 563-^620 
 
 Dedication :— To the Right Hon. Henry, 
 
 Lord Arlington 565, 566 
 
 To the Reader . . . , 567, 568 
 
 The History of Padre Ottomano, the First 
 
 Impostor 569 — 577 
 
 The Story of Mahomed Bey . ...:.. 578—586 
 The History of Sabatai Sevi, the Third 
 
 Impostor 587 — 614 
 
 The History of the late Final Extirpation 
 
 of the Jews out of Persia 6 15— 620 
 
 Letter to Viscount Brouncker, con- 
 cerning a new Engine for Plough- 
 ing, &c. 1669-70 621, 622 
 
 page. 
 Dedication ta Renatuist Rapinus of 
 
 GARDEiirs, 1673 623—624 
 
 Tract, Navigation and Commerce, 
 
 1674 625—686 
 
 Dedication :— To the King 627 
 
 Letter to Mr. Aubrety, concerning Surrey 
 
 Antiquities, &.c. 1675-76 687—691 
 
 Abstract of a Letter to the Royai, 
 Society, concerning the DaiMage 
 done to his Gardens in the preceding 
 
 Winter 1684 692—696 
 
 Tract, MunDus Muliebris, or the Ladies 
 
 Dressing-room Unlocked, 1690 .697— 713 
 
 Illustrative Note 698 
 
 Preface 699—702 
 
 The Fop Dictionary 710—713 
 
 Advertisement to the Tiianslation of 
 the CoMPLEAT GtARDENER, by M. de 
 
 la Quintenye, 1693 714 — 717 
 
 Ditto, to M. de la Quintenye's Directions "^ 
 
 concerning Melons 718 
 
 Ditto, to M. de la Quintenye's Directions 
 
 concerning Orange Trees 718- — 720 
 
 Tract, AcETARiA : A DiscouiiSE of Sal- 
 lets, 1699 721—812 
 
 Illustcaitive Notecoixcerning it 722 
 
 To the Right Honourable Lord John 
 Somers, of Evesham, &c. &c. . . . 723 — 727 
 
 The Preface 728—730 
 
 The Plan of a Royal Garden 730—732 
 
 Appendix 800 — 812 
 
 Index S13 
 
 LIST OF PLATES. 
 
 To face the Title-page : — Fac Simile of a Letter by John Evelyn, addressed to Dr. Thomas 
 Tennison, Archbishop of Canterl^ury. — The subject af this letter will be found particularly 
 alluded to in Evelyn's Diary and Correspondence, first edition, vol. I, page 495. 
 
 P. 243. Fac-Simile Frontispiece to the Sculptura, after a Design by J. Evelyn. On the same 
 Plate is an Engraving illustrative of the manner of forming lines and shadows on round sub- 
 stances, particularly described and referred to on page 321. 
 
 P. 333. Mezzotinto Head of an Executioner, after Spagnoletto, originally engraved and 
 presented by Prince Rupert to Evelyn for his Sculptura, as a specimen of his ijewly invented 
 art. Copied from an original impression by Say. 
 
 P. 425. Frontispiece to the Kalendarium Hortense, after the original engravings by Hertocks. 
 
OF LIBERTY AND SERVITUDE. 
 
 TRANSLATED OUT OF 
 
 THE ^FRENCH (OF THE SIEUR DELA MOTHE LE VAYER) 
 INTO THE ENGLISH TONGUE, 
 
 BY JOHN EVELYN, 
 
 AND 
 
 DEDICATED TO GEORGE EVELYN, Esquike. 
 
 MMib. £t quae tanta fuit Romam tibi causa videndi ? 
 Tit. Libertas : quae, sera tamen, respexit inertem. 
 
 « VlHG, Eel. 1. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR M. MEIGHEN, AND G. BEDELL, AND ARE TO' BE SOLD 
 AT THEIR SHOP AT THE MIDDLE TEMPLE GATE. 
 
 1649. 
 
ADVERTISEMENT OE THE EDITOR. 
 
 The following Tract is merely a translation from the French of M. de la Mothe 
 le Vayer*, yet it becomes interesting as Evelyn's first literary undertaking, and is 
 re-printed verbatim from the copy found in his own possession containing his 
 MSS. notes. In 1781 it was purchased by Mr. Bindley, probably from Mr. J. 
 Robson, the late well-known bookseller of Bond-street, who bought a large portioa 
 of the Evelyn library from that family about the year 1767, At the disposal of Mr; 
 Bindley's collection in Deciember 1818, it came into the possession of George 
 Watspn Taylor, Esq. on the sale of whose books it was purchased by the Editor, 
 March 26, 1823. 
 
 Adescriptive liote on the fly-leaf of the volume contains the following character 
 in the autograph of Mr. Bindley : 
 
 " This little book was the first of Evelyn's productions, and is seldom to be met 
 with; and this very copy belonged to himself, as appears by his own hand-writing 
 above t: in the title-page is a curious memorandum concerning the book, ascertaining 
 also the precise time of its publication. J. B. 1781." 
 
 The note alluded to is written in pencil, as well as the acknowledgment, by the 
 insertion of his own name, that he was the translator of the tract : 
 
 " I was like to be call'd in question by the Rebells for this booke, being published 
 a few days before his Majesty's decollation-" 
 
 * Francis De la Mothe le Vayer was a sceptical but celebrated French writer of the seventeenth 
 century, who was born at Paris in 1588, and died in 1672. His works are extensive, and embrace 
 a very great variety of subjects, both ancient and modern j the principal of which are, " De la Vertu 
 des Payens, Paris, 1643," 4to j " Des Anciens at Principaux Historiens Grecs et Latins, Par. 1645," 
 l^mo; " Sur la Fa§on de Parjer n'avoir pas le sens commuri. Par. 1646," 12mo ; " Petits Traitfe en 
 Forme des Lettres, Par. 1648," 4to; the volume printed in the text; the roya! privilege for the 
 printing of which is dated January 20th 1643; and " The Prerogative of a Private Life, Lond. 1678," 
 8vo. — As the sale of the first of the books in the foregoing list was very indifferent, the Author 
 procured a Government order for its suppression, when the whole edition was rapidly sold. His 
 collected works were printed at Paris In 1 662 in three volumes folio, and several times since 
 in 12mo aiid 8vo. 
 
 f viz. his signature, date 1649, and usual motto; " Omnia explorate, meliora retinete." 
 
4 
 The Author's Epistle. 
 
 To my Lord, the Most Eminent Cardinal Mazarin. 
 
 My Lord, 
 Although I know sufficiently that your goodnesse moves you to 
 accept favourably, even the least productions of wit, which are pre- 
 sented unto you; yet am I so justly diffident of mine own, that it hath 
 suffered an extraordinary reluctancy before it could resolve to offer unto 
 you this little Treatise, without the consideration of it's subject, and 
 (as I must say) without the necessity of dedicating the same unto you : 
 
 , for if gne cannot but with sacrilege make use elsewhere of that which an 
 holy place did receive from our offerings, nothing but your sacred 
 Purple ought to gather that, which another, who is no more, had 
 deigned to receive into his protection. Perhaps, your Eminende may 
 
 ^ call to miiid to have seen what I now dedicate unto you in the hands of 
 the great Cardinal de Richelieu : I resign it now into yours, the most 
 worthy (that I know) to handle all which those have touched ; and if 
 it hath need of any other recommendation to render it acceptable unto 
 you, it is Philosophy, that, so much in your esteeme, which hath dic- 
 tated it unto me. I am confident, my Lord, that you will not disavow 
 an affection which retaines nothing in it but what is altogether worthy 
 of you. Philosophy is one of the most rich presents that ever man 
 received from Heaven : it is that which elevates us unto the contempla- 
 tion of eternall things, and the science which of all others affords to 
 princes, as well as to private men, the most agreeable divertisement. 
 Your Eminencie therefore, if it please, accept favorablie that which is 
 derived from so noble a plan, and which an heart repleate with zeale 
 to your service (as mine is) offers with so much obligation : this grace 
 I promise to myself out of your ordinarie goodnesse, and shall eternally 
 remaine, My Lord, 
 
 Your most humble and most obedient servant, 
 
 De la Mothe le Vayer. 
 
^The Translator's Epistle, to George Evelyn, of Wotton, In the 
 
 County of Surrey, Esq. 
 
 SlR^ 
 
 I MAKE bold to present you here with a little Enchiridion, or Trea- 
 tise ai' Liberty and Servitude ; which (in pursuite of other bookes, to 
 entertaihe the time withall) it was my chance to encounter amongst the 
 Stationers at Paris. And, because it handleth a subject which this~ 
 age (Iknow not by what destiny waited upon) doth every where seeme 
 to pretend unto, I thought most proper to nuncupate it unto you, whose 
 reall merits, and known integrity so justly challenge a part in the ma- 
 nagement of those important affaires of this kingdome. Sir, here is not 
 any thing that I dare call mine owne, save only the Translation, which 
 importeth nothing but the hazard of every mans censure who under- 
 standeth French, and my good inclinations towards you. The matter 
 is anothers, and entertained by persons of that eminency, that I dare 
 presume no man will appeare so hardy, as rashly either to condemne or 
 prejudice it. This is the first time (as you well know) of mine ap- 
 pearing upon the theater, which I shall prove to frequent but as gen- 
 tlemen who sometimes write plales, not often : but lest our little city 
 runne out at the gates, I will here shut up this epistle, desiring only 
 the liberty to remain, as I am, Sir, 
 
 Your most affectionate friend and Inviolable servitor, 
 
 Phileleutheros. 
 Paris, March 25, 1647. 
 
 TO HIM THAT READES. 
 
 This free subject, coming abroad in these licentious times, may hap- 
 pily cause the world to mistake both the Author and the Translator, 
 neither of whorn by Liberty do understand that Impious impostoria 
 pila, so frequently of late exhibited and held forth to the people, whilst 
 (in the meane time) indeed, it is thrown Into the hands of a few private 
 persons. By Freedome Is here Intended that which the Philosopher 
 teacheth us: Nulli rei servire^ nulli necessitati, nullis casibus,fortunam 
 in ceguum deducere, &c. not that Platonlque chimaera of a state, no 
 where existant save In Utopia. 
 
6 
 
 Verily, there is no such thing in rerum natura as we pretend unto : 
 
 seeing, that whilst we beare about us these spoiles of mortality, and 
 
 are subject to our passions, there can be no absolute perfection acquired 
 
 in this life : and of this truth we have now had the experience of more 
 
 than five thousand yeeres, during all which tract to this present epoch 
 
 of time, never was there either heard or read of a more equal and 
 
 excellent form of government than that under w<='' we ourselves have 
 
 lived, during the reign of our most gratious Soveraignes Halcion daies ; 
 
 the sole contemplation of which makes me sometimes with the sweet 
 
 Italian to sing, 
 
 — ^ — Memoria sola tu 
 
 Con rammentarrti ilfu 
 
 Spesso, spesso vien a rapirmi, 
 
 E qualcfC istant ancor, ringioucmirmi. 
 
 Of which the memory 
 No sooner strikes my braine. 
 But ah ! transjported, I 
 Methinkes wax young againe. 
 
 If therefore we were once the most happy of subjects, why do we thus 
 attempt to render our selves the most miserable of slaves ? God is one, 
 and better it is to obey one then many*. JVeque enim Lihertas tutior 
 ulla est, quam Domino servire bono -f, that is, C(harles). 
 
 In Nobilissimi, Doctissimiq. D. Translationem Alexandri Ros^i 
 
 hexastichon. 
 
 Quid sit Libertas, quid sit servire Tyrannis 
 
 Instruis Angligenas hie, Evelyne, tuos. 
 Quas pridem Authori debebat Gallia grates, 
 
 Has debet linguae terra Britanna tuae. 
 Ipse Author debet, quem vestibus induis Anglis, 
 
 Ornat^q: doces Anglica verba loqui. 
 
 * Mat. vi. 24. t Claudian. 
 
THE TABLE OF THE CHAPTERS. 
 
 The Proem. 
 Chap, I. Of Liberty and Servitude in general!. 
 Chap. II. In what our Liberty and Servitude consists. 
 Chap. III. That no man can truly affirme himselfe to be free. 
 Chap. IV. Of the Liberty Philosophique. 
 Chap. V. Of the Servitude of the Court. 
 The Conclusion. 
 
 Lemmata si quseris cur sint adscripta? docebo, 
 Ut, si malueris, lemmata sola legas. Martial. 
 
 Enquire you why this table 's put before ? 
 I 'II tell ; if you disgust it, read no more. 
 
8 
 
 THE PROEIvr. 
 
 You did wonder, Melpoclitus, to heare me say, that there were but 
 very few men free ; and that those who were so esteemed to be, lived 
 for the most part in servitude : that albeit the whole world apparently 
 breathed after liberty, yet was she known but to very few people : and, 
 that many men contended for her, without ever obtaining the least pos- 
 session thereof : as did the Trojans for the beautiful Hellen, when she 
 was in ^gypt. This is that obliges me to make * you participate of 
 some meditations, which I have heretofore framed uplon this subject, 
 discovering to you the greatest secret of my soule, and communicating 
 unto you all, which the morall that I exercise doth furnish me with, 
 together of most delectable, and most free thereupon. Let us there- 
 fore begin by some Considerations generall of Liberty and Servitude. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 OF LIBERTY AND SERVITUDE IN GENERALL. 
 
 Liberty seemes to be a present of nature, wherewith she doth even 
 gratifie all sorts of living creatures : and therefore we see very few who 
 conserve it not as carefully as they doe their own lives : yea many, who 
 often expose themselves, even unto death it selfe, to the end they may 
 not lose the possession of so great a good. Philostratus, who writes 
 
 Dion. Chrysor. ult. 
 
9 
 
 on this subject * relates that Apollonius refused to goe a hunting with 
 the King of Persia, because he would not be a spectator of the 
 captivity of beasts^ which they tooke contrary to the right of nature. 
 And in another place he tells us, that although the Elephant be of 
 all other creatures the most docile and obedient to mankind, yet he 
 cannot forbear, in the night time, to deplore his servitude. Sundrie 
 Philosophers, and principally those of the sect of Pythagoras, are 
 pleased to give them their liberty : and many good Anchorites have 
 in that imitated them. Yea, there are yet some Chineses •[ who pur- 
 chase birds and fishes out of mere devotion, to exercise upon them the 
 same act of charity. 
 
 No man can denie but we have oftentimes beheld living creatures 
 perish out of anguish and despair, after the losse of this precious 
 Liberty. And certainly it is no wonder, that they should all be se 
 passionate to retain it, seeing the very elements theiliselves, whereof 
 they are composed, cannot, but with great difficultie, suffer the least 
 constraint. In vaine doth any man oppose himselfe to their inclina- 
 tions; for as aire and fire cannot be hindered from aspiring, the 
 earth always searches the center, and the course of the waters will be so 
 free, that there is no resistance, which to obtain, it doth not surmount. 
 By this it is evident how essentiale a thing Libertie ' is to our animal 
 part. Now if we consider the superior that informes us, and by vv^hich 
 we terme ourselves reasonable, we shall then no longer wonder at this 
 common aversion of all men living against servitude. For without so 
 much as touching the prerogatives of our free-will, and of that which is 
 one of the most frequent conceptions of our humanity, to wit, that the 
 spirit canno.t be compelled farthfer than (as after a sort) it doth consent 
 unto : we know by the example of the Angels, that the immateriall 
 substances are those which do most of all research the Independency. 
 Was it not that which moved the most haughty of them all to covet an 
 elevation even above the clouds, that he might thereby rehder himself^ 41 
 like to the Almighty? in effect, as saith Aquinas 'I, there was no appear- 
 ance to believe that Lucifer, and those of his party had ever any 
 
 * L. 1. c, 23, and L. <2, c. 5. f Mendes, Pint. c. 98. J Sum. par. 1, qu. 63, ar, 3.* 
 
]0 
 
 intention to render themselves entirely like unto God: the most inferlovfr 
 of men, informed with common sense, would never imagine a thought 
 so extravagant : how then should we attribute it unto Intelllgencies so 
 pure, so illuminated as those were (of whom we spake) before their dis- 
 grace ? Doubtlesse it proceeded from having affected to possesse 
 from their owne selves, and independently, the beatitude which they 
 onely enjoyed from the hands of God, And hence it is that the Devil 
 is named in holy-writ Belial *, as we should say, one that desired to 
 shake off the yoake, and depend no more upon any. Now since we thus 
 naturally seeke to be free, and so by consequence fly servitude, not 
 onely like the rest of aniraalls, but much more in respect of that whereby 
 we are distinguished from them ; and for that which we communicate 
 with the superior Intelllgencies, it implies that men ought to be most 
 free of all sublunary creatures. And yet, notwithstanding all this, it 
 is possible that there is generally, and in all respects, no greater slave 
 than man hlmselfe. But of this we shall better inform our selves, 
 if In the first 'place we a little consider in what Liberty doth consist. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 IN WHAT OUR LIBERTY AND OUR SERVITUBE DOTH CONSIST. 
 
 There is a double Liberty, to wit, that of the bodle,'and that of the 
 mind; whereof there is a third compound which is mixed of these two : 
 the doctrine of contraries would have us constitute so many different 
 species of Servitude. As touching the corporall liberty, it is lost by the 
 law of nations at what time any have been superlour in warre, and who. 
 Instead of putting all their enemies to the sword, reserved some unto 
 whom life hath been given. This reservation made the first servants, 
 or captives, if we credit the Latine Grammar ; and the Greeks have 
 affirmed -j- that Jupiter took from them one halfe of their spirit, at the 
 
 * D. Hier. s. c. 4. ad Eph. f Plato, 1. 6, de leg. 
 
11 
 
 very same instant that he condemned them to so miserable a servi- 
 tude. Notwithstanding, whether it were so or not, their condition is 
 contrary to that antient privilege of nature, whereof we have newly 
 spoken : and it is very likely it was this which obliged the first Indian 
 Philosophers, of whom Diodorus speaks*, to prohibit, by a law expresse, 
 the use of servants. I know very well, that St. Augustine maketh sinne 
 to be the authourof this kind of servitude ■j' : observing that there was 
 no such thing in the world' before the crime of Cham, what time he 
 derided his father J, who threw so great a malediction upon all his 
 Posterity. But since warres and discords have no other source than only 
 sin it selfe, there is nothing in the Latine Originall (of which we speak) 
 which doth not very well accommodate with the text in Genesis ; we 
 are onely to observe, that Christianity hath extirpated it out of most 
 places, where the corporall servitude hath been well knowne, retaining 
 very few slaves within all her extent, besides tliose, whom the enor- 
 mity of their crimes have rendered such. Thus hath corporall liberty 
 been re-established, which consists in being absolute master of ones 
 proper person, as seeing that the most miserable amongst us may in 
 some sort attribute unto himself, if their misfortunes have not engaged 
 them into the hands of Infidels. 
 
 The liberty of the mind consists in the understanding, or in the 
 will : if these two faculties do not jointly possesse it, according as the 
 most part of Scholastiques affirme. Tis by her, that the demi-gods of 
 antiquity have vaunted themselves of being free, even in the midst of 
 irons and chaines ; fortune having no dominion over the operations of 
 our soules ; and all the puissances of the earth find themselves too impo- 
 tent to make it suflfer the least violence. For although it appeares that 
 this liberty consisteth in being or not being able to apply these two 
 parts of the spirit indifferently upon all things ; yet that is not absolutely 
 true : for certaine it is, that our understanding cannot always impedite 
 itselfe, that it should not acquiesce at the conclusion of a demonstrative 
 syllogisme, having before comprehended the first and second proposi- 
 tions. Our volunty cannot (after some sort) embrace the evill, consi- 
 
 * 2 Hist, t 19deCivit,Dei.c. 15. { Gen. c. 9. 
 
12 
 
 dering it as evill, but doth italwayes when it happens to be masked under 
 some appearance of good. And yet for all this, reason obligeth us to 
 maintaine that our spirit doth no way hinder us, but that we may pos^ 
 sesse a compleat and intire freedom ; because, should these instances 
 import in them any exception, this impious absurdity would ensue, that 
 God himselfe should not be perfectly free, who knowes and loves him- 
 selfe, necessarily, and by the universal consent of all divines. Further- 
 more, this is a maxime stated in philosophy, that the naturall powers 
 never exceed the limits of their formall object, always cohibiting them- 
 selves within those bounds which God hath prescribed unto them. 
 Now we must know that our intellect hath no other object certaine, nor 
 formall, than the conception of that which is true. From whence it 
 comes to passe, that they named verity the sweet food and refection of 
 our soule : nor hath our will any other certaine and fixed butt, than to 
 unite itselfe with that which is good, naturally abandoning whatsoever 
 is repugnant unto it. It follows then (without reversing the order of 
 nature) that our spirit cannot otherwise act than as we have already 
 spoken ; and which indeed doth no way ruine its liberty, as by a morall 
 reason we shall suddenly explicate, according to which we shall find, 
 that to serve God is to reigne, and to obey the just laws of nature, passes 
 for a species and kind of liberty. Certainly, we doe not imagine, that 
 a bird should be lesse free to fly where he listeth, for not having power to 
 doe it under the waters ; nor that, a terrestriall animall should be lesse 
 free (in order to his walking up and down, according to his fancy,) 
 because he cannot mount up into the Heavens, supposing him capable 
 of a desire so irregular. The same reason Ought we to frame touching 
 our spirituall freedome, w'^';' is wholly uninterested, seeing the will 
 cannot be joyned to evill, nor the intellect be satisfied with that which 
 is false, if neither of these two parts be deluded by the appearance of 
 good and true, for as much as it is wholly repugnant to their nature. 
 
 These exceptions decided, it is very evident, that humane liberty 
 cannot consist in any other thing than the independency of our actions, 
 as well those of the body as those of the mind ; since we ought not 
 to render an accompt to any but unto God and our owne selves, that 
 is to say, to this eternall reason, from which we all derive a beam of 
 
13 
 
 illumination at the very instant of our production into this world ; 
 it was therefore very necessary to know (that so we might the better be 
 able to examine that which followes) whether there can be any one who 
 can vaunt himselfe of being truly free. 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 THAT THERE IS NONE CAN TRUliY AFFIRME HIMSELFE TO BE FREE. 
 
 We cannot deny but that liberty is one of the most precious and 
 agreeable things of life, and therefore it is that they have affirmed 
 that all the riches of the earth are not equivalent to its true estimate, 
 should it be exposed to sale ; and that the Pythagoreans detested 
 servitude, [non bene pro toto, libertas venditior auro~\ by this myste- 
 rious precept (to wit) that none should weare a , ring, lest perhaps, it 
 might presse, or seeme to constraine the finger ; passing it for a rule 
 indubitable, that no man should submit himselfe unto any other so longe 
 as he had [alterius non sit qui suus esse potesf] opportunity to depend 
 solely of himselfe. The Philosophers ground themselves likewise 
 upon the value and sweetnesse of this liberty, when they affirme that 
 the soule of a lover is better pleased, and is in effect more in the 
 object where she loves, then where she informes and animates ; for 
 that there is nothing besides meere necessity which retains her in this last 
 habitation, being altogether inveighed by inclination, and a certain volun- 
 tary movement, towards the person where she hath placed her affections. 
 But if Liberty deserve that we thus esteeme of her, is it not a thing 
 most strange, that we find so few men who are free ? or (to say better) 
 that the whole universe should be so desperately plunged in Servitude, 
 that (to take it well) there is no difference between us who beleeve 
 ourselves exempted from it, and the very slaves themselves, than 
 according to the proportion of more and lesse ? For let us now be 
 but as attentive here as indeed the subject doth justly merit, and 
 diligently weigh his morall point but as equitably as philosophy 
 
14 
 
 requireth we should cloe, in all that which concernes her. Where shall 
 
 we find any kind of life, which doth not assubject * those that are 
 
 addicted unto it ? what profession shall we find, which hath not her 
 
 chains and tyes whereby she doth even captivate those whom she 
 
 iraploys ? One would think that the most vile estate of life were the 
 
 most exposed to the miseries of servitude ; because there she appeares 
 
 as it were all naked and with a very little qualification : should we yet 
 
 farther examine other qualities of life, and but a little lift up the 
 
 deceiptfuU maske which disguises them, we shall then easily discerne, 
 
 that there were indeed no condition of life whatsoever which did not 
 
 oblige us to so much the greater subjection by how much the more it 
 
 is elevated above others, and which hath not its fetters in this, more 
 
 rude and full of affliction, by how much the more precious they appear. 
 
 The manacles of Astyages were not therefore the lesse weighty, and 
 
 paynable, for being composed of gold or silver : Reniego de grillos 
 
 aunque scan de oro, sayes the Spanish proverb : and in effect, there is 
 
 no kind of constraint more Insupportable then that which attends 
 
 upon great authorities, and which is found mixed as it were with the 
 
 most absolute power, by reason of the opposition of contraries, which 
 
 renders their qualities the more active. Thence it is, that they very 
 
 propferly call dignities charges, their weight augmenting with the 
 
 prize of their exaltation ; and may be said to be (admit them more 
 
 estimable then indeed they are, to examine them rightly,) but honorable 
 
 captivities. Let Monarchs attribute to themselves, whilst they please, 
 
 the power of disposing, according to their owne fantasie, the lives and 
 
 goods of their subjects : the crowne is a fillet which presses the 
 
 temples so hard, that an antient did not believe any man ought to 
 
 take it up from the ground, if he rightly understand it : And the 
 
 reciprocal! obligation of Kings to their people is so straite, that in 
 
 good philosophy, if the Republlque appertains to Caesar, Caesar 
 
 belongs much more to the Republique. [cave hie ne male capias.^ Let 
 
 * An old English verb, derived of the French assoubjectir, and preserved in Cotgrave's Eng. 
 Diet, which might suggest to Shakspeare the kindred word assubjugate given by Dr. Johnson j it 
 signifies to bring under, or to subdue : its use is of extreme rarity. 
 
15 
 
 us therefore consider a little how many there are who precipitate them- 
 selves, without any obligation thereunto, into a voluntary servitude. 
 Infinite is the number of those who sell their liberty to acquire 
 oftentimes so inconsiderable a matter, that they would not afterwards 
 have purchased it with their very counters. The thirst after a slight 
 reward, or some other triviall favour, and for which we should be sorry 
 that we had given the least parts of our goods, causes us absolutely to 
 renounce all our own wills to follow that of others. Nay, we are so 
 stupid, says , Seneca *, that it should seeme we doe not perceive 
 how, in so doing, there remains nothing more sordid and vile than 
 ourselves, even by our own confession ; seeing we value ourselves of 
 lesse esteeme than our monyes, and the rest of that which we possesse. 
 
 But beyond all these servitudes which perpetually hold us under sub- 
 jection from without, there are likewise servitudes interiour, from which 
 happily there is no man living can affirme himselfe to be truly exempt. 
 
 Who is he that is not a slave to his passions ? and where is the man 
 that doth not at some time or other, experience the tyranny of those 
 rude masters of whom Diogenes reproached Alexander ? One serves 
 loosely to his Ambition, another is importuned with Avarice ; this man 
 dresses altars to Fortune, that permits Gluttony to domineer over him ; 
 and there is who sufifers himselfe to be transported by the rage and 
 violence of Love. Certainly there is no servitude so difficult as that 
 which we are constrained to endure under such merciless tyrants ; nor is 
 there any man who can boast of being free whilst he shall be compelled 
 to live under their domination. What if we should here introduce the 
 arguments of the Stoicks, who prove that vice is such an enemy to 
 freedom, that they are two things altogether incompatible : it will then 
 be easy to discover how far we are deviated from this liberty, seeing the 
 most perfect amongst us is so deeply engaged into it. There is not a 
 man (say they «|-) who deserves to be reputed free but he only that lives 
 according to his own pleasure. Now it is very certain that no man 
 would live in vice,^ or that, at the least, desires that the world should 
 take notice of him for a vicious person, it being a thing the most unfor- 
 
 * Epist, 42. t Arr. 1. 3, c. 1 , & 26, and 1. 4, c. 1 . 
 
16 
 
 tunate and shameful in the world. It followes then, that in good reason 
 we ought not to call any man free, but such only as have utterly aban- 
 doned vice, and then we shall easily perceive whether there be any who 
 of right may attribute to themselves the quality of free men. Epicte- 
 tus very pleasantly derided the Nicopohtans, who used to swear by the 
 fortune of Caesar, that they were in full possession of their liberty ; 
 seeing the very naked tearme of their oath did evidently demonstrate 
 that they acknowledged the absolute powet" of the Emperor. But 
 there is a great deal more reason to laugh at those who would passe for 
 the most free of the world, because they do indiflFerently prosecute and 
 obey their depraved appetites, and for that they deny nothing, even 
 not to one of their affections; it being from thence whence one. may 
 most evidently derive an absolute argument of their miserable slavery : 
 there being no servitude more base and dangerous than that wherein 
 vice doth ingage us. Therefore be it that we discourse of the liberty of 
 the body, perhaps those who are in chaines are not yet the most abject : 
 or regard we the freedom of the mind, there is no person which doth 
 -not experience some species and kind of constraint. Is there any man 
 that can deny but that all such as are found living in an erroneous be- 
 leefe, and without the light of our true religion, be not as so many 
 captivated soules, that are daily forced to admit of false principles, or 
 beleeve a thousand absurdities ? But if the humane liberty be a com- 
 position of those of the body and of the mind together, there will 
 not be found a man who ought to esteem himselfe free, which doth 
 not equally possesse both the one and the other. Thus it is they jus- 
 tifie by so many considerations, that there is likely no man who can 
 truly aflSrme himselfe to be free. And because if this proposition re- 
 ceived the least exception, it cannot otherwise proceed than from those 
 who professe to live within" a Liberty Philosophique. Let us there- 
 fore endeavour to know what it is. 
 
IT 
 
 CHAP, IV. 
 
 OF THE LIBERTY PHILOSOPHIQUE. 
 
 Although it appears by our precedent discourse, that one i 
 well aflBrme of all men, as heretofore of the Romans, to wit, that 
 are as so many animals borne to servitude ; some Philosophers t 
 selves having taken their infant swathe-bonds for certaine presages ( 
 captivity wherein we are to live the rest of our dayes ; yet there 
 some amongst them who attributed unto themselves a prerogative 
 so many Spartans, solely to possesse an entire and absolute liberty 
 is in order to this opinion, that Philo the Jew hath composed a tr 
 expressly to shew that every honest and vertuous man is undoul 
 free. And this it was which caused the Stoicks to affirme, that b( 
 the Sage there was none who was truely a King ; as indeed, acco 
 to their mode, he was the onely man that might, with reason, be < 
 rich, faire, happy, loyall, and magnanimous : the rest of men not ri 
 ing for their share, other than sihadows and deceivable appearances 
 these attributes ; this wise man living in all so far above other 
 that he might justly glory in being equall to the greatest of the ( 
 In that Dion was nothing inferiour to him, according to the parad 
 Chrysippus *. Nay, and when it so pleased these proud Philosof 
 they have even had the boldnesse to assert, that their wise man 
 more considerable here than Jove himselfe, because Jupiter was n« 
 free nor happy, but by the excellence and priviledge of his na 
 whereas their Sage (such as they iixiagined him to be) enjoyei 
 liberty, as well as bis felicity, by the vertue of his mind, and e 
 have yet bin otherwise than he was, had he not elevated himselft 
 degree so eminent. Seneca, as a Stoicke, hath in many places rep 
 this maxime i adding that Jupiter himselfe never exceeded his wise 
 but in tliis sole poynt, to wit, that the first was free and happy 
 longer duration of time than the other ; which thing, says he, re 
 
 * Plutar. (les com. cone, centre les Stoiq. 
 D 
 
18 
 
 It not a whit the more perfection, seeing, on the contrary, it is always to 
 be esteemed a great artifice, to comprehend much in a narrow compasse. 
 Now to the end it should not be imagined that it was only the Stoickes 
 which had declared themselves with so much presumption touching 
 the Philosophers liberty, you may perceive in lamblicus * A^ho has 
 written the life of Pythagoras, how he and his disciples persuaded them- 
 selves that they were as so many Gods upon earth, where they had 
 -right to exercise an absolute empire over the rest of mankind ; and 
 therefore it is well known they have aflFected the soveraigne command 
 in all placed, where they have been able to establish themselveSi 
 And that they might execute this pbVver With the more feedome, they 
 held by tradition, and by a cabal confirmed amongst them, that all such 
 as were not^dthitted, or, according as they then used to sjieak, initiated 
 into their mysteries, ought to be respected and used as meer beasts ; to 
 which purpose they had so frequently in their mouths that verse of 
 Hotner, where Agamemnon is called Pastor of the people ; to intimate 
 (according to their words) that they ought to treate them Hke the 
 rest of animals ; and that he which commanded them, might dispose 
 of them as best him seemed good. In fine, we gather both from the 
 Greek arid Roman histories, that to speake of Philosophers in general, 
 they would live so freely, arid so farr extend the liberty of their profes* 
 sion, that Athens, the most free city of all Greece, could not endure 
 them; and that the Republique of Rome was oftentimes constrained to 
 banish them out of her territories. For I will s^y nothing of the La- 
 cedemonians, nor of K. Antiochus arid Lislraachus, who entertained 
 them not a whit more favourably ; because one may perhaps presuppose, 
 that the m^artial humour of the first, and the small inclination which 
 these princes had to the sciences, imported them (without any other 
 consideration) to despise and neglect men of a life purely contemplative. 
 The history of those who retired themselves into Persia, under the reign 
 of Cosroesj is very rettiarkable to this purpose : behold what I recollect 
 from thence. 
 
 * C.35,devitaPyth. 
 
19 
 
 In the time of Justinian, the greatest Philosophers within all the ex- 
 tent of his dominions, highly disgusted the corrupt manners of their 
 age ; but especially, as Agathias observes *, the opinions at that time 
 received in the Roman empire touching the divinity. To the end they 
 might be more at liberty, and have nothing which might importune 
 them in their fashion of living, and especially in point of their religion, 
 they tooke their refuge into Persia. A very short time after made them 
 acknowledge how much they had mistaken themselves; finding there nei- 
 ther that innocence of life, nor that repose which they so fully expected 
 to meet withal. And although Cosroes received them with all possible 
 humanity and courtesie, endeavouring by all means to retain them, yet 
 •tlftey esteemed it far the greatest favour he could doe them, that he would 
 grant them licence to. returne back agaiji to the place from whence they 
 were fled. Neverthelesse (according as this historian observes), their 
 journey was not altogether inutill ; for Cosroes calling them to mind a 
 little after their departure, in a treaty of peace which he contracted with 
 the Romans, stipulated by expresse article (of which he had very great 
 care) that none of those Philosophers should in the least manner be 
 violated nor constrained to abjure the opinions unto which they adhered 
 and embraced as the best. This story puts me in mind of the inso- 
 lent demand which once a most impious Portuguese made at Lyons 
 unto Henry the Third : to wit, that it might be permitted him 
 not to adore any other divinitie in his dominionsi, save that only 
 of the Sun ; fov without doubt there may be both an excesse, and a sin 
 too, in desiring a liberty so extreamly unconeern'd, as that should nei^ 
 ther submit itselfe to the lawes of Heaven, nor to those of Reason. 
 The transcendent indulgence of so great a freedome (to use Plato's 
 owne expression ■!•), is the source and fountaine of; an extreame servi- 
 tude ; because it renders us slaves unto our owne selves and proper pas- 
 sions ; and the greatest libertine of all the Philosophers, Epicurus 
 himself, hath acknowledged, that to return truely to oneself, and be 
 perfectly free, a man should submit to the ordinances of Philosophy. 
 And in truth, we learn out of a much better passage J, that wheresoever 
 
 » Lib. 2 Hist. t 8 de Rep. & ibi. Fie. J Paxilua 3, ad Cor. c.,3; v. 17. 
 
20 
 
 the spirit of God is found, there it is where we enjoy an absolute free- 
 dome indeed. But that's to be understood of a filiall liberty, which 
 alwayes goeth accompanyed with an extreame reverence and respect, 
 and such as is known by its opposition unto that servile fear, which never 
 quits nor forsakes the ungodly. For we know in another place, from 
 a text which was dictated by the selfe same spirit of God*, that there 
 remaines onelyman alone, whom vanity hath so farr deprived of judgment, 
 that he glories of being borne so free, as that he imagines he hath a 
 right to live according to his owne fancy; and whobeleeves that it were 
 an offer of violence towards his person to prescribe him Lawes or make 
 him submit unto any soveraigne whatsoever. Thereupon he is compared 
 to those young foales which endeavour to shake off their yoakcj not having 
 as yet been accustomed unto it : and his brutality is admirably well 
 represented to us by that of the wild Asse, whom we behold running 
 through the desarts without bit or bridle. And albeit we receive from 
 Seneca, all these lofty sayings of the Stolques which we have already 
 produced ; yet hath he in a thousand places confessed that there was 
 no true Liberty which did not acknowledge the empire of Reason. If 
 thou wouldest submit all things unto thy selfe, saithe he in one of his 
 Epistles f , make it thy profession to obey this Daughter of Heaven : 
 thou shalt command all the rest, if thou render thy selfe plyable 
 to her injunctions. And in another place he adds J, that the most 
 difficult of all other servitudes is that which subjects us to our owne 
 selves, and makes us to render obedience to all our depraved appetites : 
 for that (as so many mercilesse tyrants) they persecute us night and 
 day, without permitting us the fruition of the least repose ; so that there 
 is no man can pretend to liberty, unlesse he do first absent himselfe 
 from a subjection so cruell and insupportable. Apd in his Treatise of 
 an Happy Life, wherein he adviseth us that we should never take any 
 thing in ill part, nor with the least alteration of spirit, of all that 
 which it pleases God or Nature to ordayne ; he enters into this goodly 
 consideration, that we are all of us in this world as in an estate mo- 
 narchical 1, where we ought to make it our glory to obey our Sove- 
 
 * Job, c. xi. V. 12* t Ep. 57. J Prsef. ad 1. Nat. Qu. 
 
21 
 
 Teign's commands ; and beleeve, that the most essential part of all 
 freedome consists, in willing that which is the good pleasure of his div 
 Majesty. And seeing the liberty which the same Philosopher w 
 to passe" sometimes out of one extreme into another, makes him affii 
 elsewhere, that Philosophy is so free, she neither feares the Gods 
 Men *, let us expound a little those bold words, as we have aire; 
 done those of the Apostle, and assure ourselves that Seneca hath 
 condemned but the base and criminall feare which is ever insepara 
 from vice, and so, by consequent, mortall enemy to those who mi 
 it their profession to love wisdome, and follow vertue. 
 
 Having thus regulated what appertains to the Philosophique Llbei 
 taking it for resolved that she never ought to extend her selfe to th 
 things which are any way repugnant to religion, policy, and good mi 
 ners ; it remaines that we consider whether it be very likely there sho 
 any men be, who In all the rest doe enjoy a true Philosophique Libei 
 and who (not having more disregular passions) despise honours, pi 
 sures, riches, and whatsoever other goods are not acquired or conser^ 
 but by the losse of our liberty. For if the saying of one of the Antonii 
 be true ^, that neither philosophy nor the empire could ever have 
 power to take away our aflFections, we ought not then adhere to the af 
 mative opinion, which Imports nothing more in this argument, tl 
 specious and lofty swelling words, more proper to puffe and swell us 
 unto vanity (on the subject whereon we treate) than afford us the le 
 veritable and solid satisfaction of mind. I know very well that the phi 
 isophique contemplations imprint a certalne audacity and confidence 
 the soule ; which hinders us from being afraid of any thing, making 
 despise and undervalue the greatest part of those things that are m 
 esteemed in the world. Aristlppus did hereupon vaunt himselfe that 
 had gathered this excellent fruit from philosophy, to be able to spes 
 with resolution and confidence, without apprehension of any person wh 
 soever. Aristotle pronounced before Alexander, that It was not lesse la 
 full to men, who comprehended thoughts worthy and veritable, such as 
 might have of things divine, to possesse an heart elevated and a coura 
 
 * Ep. 17. & 29. t Jul. Capitol, in Aut. Pio. 
 
22 
 
 invioGible, than to those who swayed the government of the whole 
 universe, and commanded the most absolutely here on earth. Diogenes 
 is represented to us (in the conference which he had with this great 
 monarch) discoursing with him as with his inferiour. Being once a 
 slave, he requested his master who was to sell him (unto him that 
 ofiPered most) to demand, whether in stead of a servant any body 
 had need of a master ; boassting himselfe to be no more a captive at 
 that time than an encliained lion, who alwayes makes his keepers more 
 afraid of him than he apprehendeth his keepers. For all this it is pos- 
 sible that we may on the one side be free, and yet in slavery on the 
 other. Thus one thinkes himselfe free from ambition who is basely 
 enthrall'd to the passion of Love or Avarice : and the importance is, to 
 find out whether our humanity be capable to enjoy, by the virtue of 
 philosophy, a liberty so free and independent as they are used ordir 
 narily to decipher us put in the Schooles. But to speake soberly con-!- 
 cerning this matter ; it appeares this free man, which shee represents 
 us under the name of Sage, to be rather an idea of that which may be 
 the scope pf our desires than any thing in good earnest ; our imagina? 
 tion for the most part formes unto her selfe a subject which she takes 
 pleasure to embellish with such an equipage of rare qualities, to render 
 it accomplished, that its beyond the ordinary power of Nature to ren- 
 der it a true existence. And there is much reason to beleeve, that 
 this wise man, or this free person (of whom the Philosophers speake), 
 is not lesse difficult to find out than the orator of Cicero, the architect 
 of Vitruvius, the Pyramis of the ^Egyptians, and the KaXog ^ ayu^og* 
 of the Grecians. Notwithstanding all this, I beleeve verily, that 
 there are some men to be found in all ages whp extremely approach 
 this merite ; and I am perswaded that we have knowne some, even in 
 these our times, although they m9,ke it for the most part their 
 cheifest care to keep themselves hid(len, and incognito ; yea, methinkes 
 there have bin some beames, which have even darted forth to us, of 
 cert^ne vertues so transcendent, that in mine opinion they might well 
 passe for perfect copyes finished from those originals which the ages 
 
 * Herod. I. 2. 
 
23 
 
 past would have presented unto us. But these are product 
 Naiture so i^re^ that we may well number them amongst the mc 
 diglous and stupendious miracles ; or (to say better) these are ef 
 parrticular of the Divine munificence (whensoever it pleaseth 
 communicate himselfe here beneath), that there is ferre more re 
 adoire the bounty of God, than to imagine it the least merite 
 Creature. In effect, what is more strange than these great gc 
 who, being perfectly acquainted with the necessitudes of our life 
 we hiiy haply reduce to a very few), equally despise goods, honou 
 whatsoever elevates the Empire of Fortune ? The rest of men 
 slaves, and consecrate altars unto her as unto some great D: 
 These are they who make it their glory to proVoke her, and oppo; 
 courage against her puissances. Doubtlesse, behold the most i 
 and most considerable spectacle that may possibly be : to see the j 
 the independency, the assurance of a God (as the Heathen spe 
 united to the imbecility and frailty of our humane nature. S 
 that if there be found any entire and absolute liberty amongst us, 
 lesse it is residing in these herolque soules, of whom I will rend 
 here two or three of antiquity for examples, expressly abstalr 
 speake of so many holy personages wherewith Christianity dot! 
 furnish us, because in this Chapter we pretend to cohsider this p 
 phique only which appeared in the world a great while before i( 
 be irradiated by the beams of the Gospell. The Christian S 
 Tetaynes its reasons and its discourse apart. There we learn, tb 
 greatest glory of our intellect is not to know, but to beleeve, 
 glory of our will is not to command, but to obey. As touching 
 sopby, she is not always so austere ; for oftentimes she descends 
 •satisfactibn of an Infidel, as Well as of a true beleever. 
 
 Epictetus shall be the first whom I will produce, to show thai 
 of those whom we treat, have pretended to be free men, even 
 ohaynes : and to possess this independency of spirit, which tru 
 fetters are able to captivate ; but withall, making only a part < 
 hutnane liberty, actsording to our precedent considerations. Tliii 
 
 * Ecce res magna habere imbeciritatcai iioitainis) s^curitatem Dei. Sen. Epist. 5- 
 
24 
 
 man was a Stoicke, as you may perceive by his Enchiridion or Manuell, 
 compiled by Arrian his disciple, being a summary of th? morality 
 which those of their sect made profession of. His most memorable dis- 
 courses have been communicated unto us by the same Arrian, who hath 
 composed foure bookes of them, and so couched them in writing, as an 
 excellent Painter uses to draw his lineaments, to represent us the figure 
 of a Soule, by so much the more free and heightened aa his adverse 
 fortune endeavoured (it should seeme) to suppresse it. This was a 
 ball which rebounded towards Heaven, proportionably to the' force 
 whereby it was cast against the earth. In effect, although he saw 
 himselfe reduced to the hard condition of servitude, and to be one of the 
 slaves of Epaphroditus, Captaine of Nero's guards, yet he alwayes 
 appeared incomparably more free than his master. One day that Epa- 
 phroditus gave him a certaine rude blow on the leg, Epictetus told 
 him, dryly, that he should have a care he did not breake it ; Jthis un- 
 mercifull hangman having at that instant redoubled the stroake with 
 such violence as he brake the bone, Epictetus added (with a smil? 
 worthy of all ages to be admired). Did not I tell you, that you'ld foole 
 and breake my leg ? 1 know well that Origen has censured the impiety 
 of Celsus * for daring to prefer the above named Epictet*is unto 
 Jesus Christ ; but this does not hinder that the vertue of the first 
 should not deserve to be very much esteemed, although, truly, there 
 be no proportion of God to us, and of the Creature to the Creator. 
 Let us also observe that S* Augustine was not restrained by this con- 
 sideration, to hope, or (at the least) ardently to desire that God had 
 mercy upon Epictetus soul, being not able to leave off admiring the 
 extraordinary mortification of his senses: and I have seene.in the worke 
 of a Doctor of the Ambrosian Colledg of Milan, that Saint Carlo 
 Borhomeo heard no lecture which more pleased him than those which 
 discoursed of this philosopher collected by Arrian. It is very certain, 
 that the generosity: and liberty of the soule, which Epictetus made 
 alwayes to appeare, notwithstanding his corporal! servitude, and of 
 which he hath left us so many important precepts in writing, acquired 
 
 • ' * L. 7. contra Celsum, 
 
25 
 
 him such a repute, that the very lamp of earth Wherewithall he used 
 to illuminate his lucubrations, was sold for three thousand drachmas 
 after his decease ; at so high a value was all which appertained to him 
 esteemed; and truely, it may well be said, that for the constancy, 
 liberty, and freedome of the superior part, there was never any person 
 which exceeded him. 
 
 A very little time before Epictetus, Rome had scene another excellent 
 Philosopher, called Demetrius : this is he of whom Seneca speakes these 
 goodly words ; that in his opinion, Nature had produced him to shew the 
 age wherein he lived, that a greater genius might protect himselfe from 
 being perverted by the multitude : although he were not able to redresse 
 it * : so incorrigible alwayes it is. And because he had acquired a very 
 high reputation by that open profession which he made of Philosophique 
 liberty, the Emperour Calligula would have alwayes had him about his 
 person, supposing it a thing verie easie to have gained him by a 
 present of moneys. Demetrius, laughing at the thoughts of. this 
 Prince, and rejecting with disdaine that which was proffered him : 
 if the Emperour (says he) would tempt me ; if he haue any desigue 
 to corrupt me, he needs not trouble himself twice, let him at once 
 send me his diadem -j-, and then see if the price of an Empire were 
 capable to shake my liberty. Certainly, bold termes w"'' well deserve 
 to be collected by Seneca, and consecrated by him even unto Eternity 
 itselfe, with all the recommendation which he hath bestowed upon 
 them. For my part, I doe not beleeve that it's possible to produce 
 an example more expresse to make us comprehend with what gene- 
 rosity a Philosophique soule doth undervalue treasures, honours, and 
 generally whatsoever others have in esteeme, to preserve themselves 
 the inestimable good of liberty. 
 
 One action of Socrates is so patt for this purpose, that I should 
 esteeme it criminall not to allege it, albeit hee were not the common 
 father of Philosophers, and he, out of whose braine (as out of some 
 high mountaine) all their different sects are derived, like so many 
 
 * L. 7, de benef. c. 8. et 11. f Toto illi fui experiendus Imperio. 
 
 • E 
 
26 
 
 seperated rivulets. This man, of a life irreproachable (to speake * 
 morally, whom Justine Martyr affirms to have bin a Christian long be- 
 fore Christianity it selfe : and whom many of our Doctors have not as yet 
 dared absolutely to exclude Paradise) was desired by the King of Mace- 
 don, Archelaiis, that he would come unto him : he dwelt not long on 
 the resolution which he was to take hereupon, and his answer was, that 
 he was not so inconsiderate as to apply himself to a man whose benefits 
 he knew not how to recompense. However Seneca f , who beleeved he 
 could penetrate even into the very interiour of Socrates, assures us, 
 that the feare of prejudicing his liberty, and delivering himself over unto 
 an inevitable servitude, was the only ground of his refusall. Whosoever 
 will be free, ought to imitate Socrates in that. He that cannot despise 
 the Court of Princes, and all that which the Court can promise of 
 goods, pleasures, and dignities, can never enjoy a pure and Philosophique 
 liberty : and he it is onely who (Philosopher like) values liberty according 
 to her due estimate, that voluntarily abandons all things to the end he 
 may enjoy her. This is that Diogenes had very well learned, when of all 
 the favours which Alexander offered him, he accepted none but that of 
 rendering him the beames of the Sun, which the person of this 
 monarch hindered him from enjoying, by interposing of himselfe. 
 And when he replyed to those who called the Philosopher Callisthenes 
 happy, because of the many favours which the same Prince conferred 
 upon him at the beginning, that for his part»" he esteemed him most 
 unfortunate, in that he could not dine nor supp, but at the pleasure of 
 Alexander. 
 
 I could yet let you see by sundry other examples, that which these 
 already prove touching the Philosophique liberty. Anaxagoras, to 
 the intent he might procure this freedome, absolutely quitted his 
 patrimony to him that would accept thereof. Liberty caused Hera- 
 clitus, as likewise Prometheus, to resigne their scepters into the hands 
 of their brothers. And Empedocles renounced the government of a 
 monarchy^ which was presented him, for the love he bare unto her. I 
 might add, that Pythagoras made almost the same reply to Hiero ; 
 
 * Apo. 1. & 2. t L, 5. de benef. c. 6. 
 
27 
 
 Diogenes to Antipater; Zeno to Antigonus ; Stilpo to Ptolemy; 
 Xenocrates, Ephorus, and Mienedemus, to Alexander, which Socrates did 
 unto Archelaus :; but I suppose to have sufficiently cleared two things : 
 the one, that this liberty is not absolutely intire, because she is often- 
 times only intellectual : the other, that she is so rare, because of her 
 solutive faculty from whatsoever most strictly obligeth, and restrains 
 our affections ; so as we may very well indulge those who doubt of 
 her reall existency. For if the least imaginable constraint, or triviall 
 engagement, be capable to dispossesse us the fruition of so great a 
 good ; and if this Spanish sentence, Quien me ata, me mata ; " he 
 which binds me kills me," be, as I take it to be, the most proper 
 devise that a man may assume who pretends to be in the Philoso- 
 phique liberty : who is it, I pray, following our precedent conjecture, 
 that hath the face to attribute it unto himselfe ? Truely, I doe very 
 much doubt whether there be any man can do it with conscience, w"** 
 being so, we shall not make it any difficulty to repeate in this place : 
 That perhaps there is none at all who can truly afiirme himselfe to 
 be free. The examples of Demetrius and Socrates advertise me, in 
 that which remaines, to reflect upon the servitude of the Court, as it 
 stands in opposition to the gtyeatest liberty, which is the Philosophique, 
 by the greatest servitude, which we presume to be that of the Court. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 OF THE SERVITUDE OP THE COURT. 
 
 Seeing the end (as the first in our intention) is that which regulates 
 all our actions : it is no wonder at all that when the greatest recom- 
 pences are proposed, there should also be found the most laborious, 
 and difficult travailes, and that the pretentions of the Court being 
 so eminent, and, as it were, almost infinite, obligeth those that attaine 
 them unto extreame servitude. There is nothing to which a Courtier 
 doth not submit himselfe that he may comply with this sweet hope, 
 
28 
 
 which never lets him be at rest, and which the Italians have very 
 aptly tearmed, the bread of the miserable. The flies cannot be 
 hindered from following the honey, although one ant travailes more 
 way in a few houres (according to the proportion of his body) in 
 searching some grains of come, then doth the sun in all his quotidian 
 revolutions. It is the prey which makes the most solitary and cruell of 
 wild beasts to quit the forest ; and a fairer bait obliges the poore fish to 
 precipitat himselfe into the net, or at least to swallow the hooke: but 
 the passion which all these silly creatures have for that which they 
 most aiFect, is not comparable to the desires of Courtiers, who 
 bequeath the fairest dayes of their life, and voluntarily renounce their 
 liberty upon the empty beliefe which they have to bee one day able to 
 satisfie the uttermost of their desires : for albeit experience hath 
 taught the world, that the service of great men is like unto long 
 voyages, from whence indeed some there be which returne rich : but 
 where the most part also miserably perish ; and although it be easie 
 to observe that few of those who plunge themselves into this vagt 
 ocean of the Court ever arrive at their desires, and can boast them- 
 selves of having transported pearles from thence : yet will no body, 
 for all this take warning, and gaine by the sad example of others. 
 Every one promises unto himselfe fortune more propitious than any- 
 of his companions found her ; and as one vessell happily arrived from 
 the Indies Is the cause why an hundred others undertake the voyage, 
 (without considering that a thousand others have been shipwracked,) 
 so the good fortune of one sole Courtier is the cause that there be 
 innumerable who imbarke themselves to steere the same course which 
 the other hath gone before, notwithstanding all the hazards of a sea 
 so full of Pyrats, as is the Court, and so obnoxious to all sorts of 
 weather. But to leave allegories, and as it were with the finger 
 point out that which we have already spoken touching servitude, and 
 which it is almost impossible to evade; we shall consider It in the 
 one and the other part of the body and of the mind, according to 
 our divisions already established ; and shall make it cleare, that if 
 there be no slaves more miserable than those who are daily in 
 
29 
 
 diains, Courtiers may in that sense passe for the most unhappy 
 amoingst men. 
 
 ■ I should be very sorry that any man should take this which I am 
 about to deliver for a satyre, and that which I have read in books for 
 a description of those things which I might have observed in the 
 Court of Princes : in effect, I reflect on nothing here save the antient 
 Courts, those of barbarians and tyrants, from whence I gather all 
 the proofes of my discourse. The liberty which I assume to alledge, 
 what the philosophers of that time have declared against them, is a 
 sure testimony of the esteeme which I make of the courts of Chris- 
 tians, and above all that of ours, which would never permit me to 
 speake in this manner were it guilty of the same defects : besides, it 
 would be both impertinent and unjust, that I should be blamed for 
 that which so many others have done before me ; and since a Pope 
 (such a one as was Pius the Second) durst before his Pontificat, and 
 during the time he was yet called * JEneas Sylvius, describe all the 
 miseries of Courtiers, protesting that bee did it without designe to 
 offend either the Emperour Frederick, his Prince, or his Court : why 
 should any man take in ill part these philosophique reflections which 
 I propose upon the same subject : and that which hath nothing of 
 the asperity which this author, and infinite others, have mixed in their 
 writings treating upon this matter? And if I have bin (as it were) 
 compelled to observe certain vices in generall of the Court, occasion 
 may offer itselfe, another time, to proclaime the vertue thereof, and to 
 speake particularly of its merit. 
 
 For my part, I doe not beleeve that any (except such as have never 
 seene the Court, or so much as heard speake of the aire, and fashion 
 of living there,) can be ignorant of the extreme personall subjection 
 which he is obliged to render day and night unto those men whose 
 favour he desires to obtaine. There is no body in that country but 
 ought to be even ready to mutilate and dismember himself like 
 Zophyrus, that by so doing he might insinuate, and serve to the 
 advance of what he there searcheth : not, that where the service of 
 
 * L. de miser. Curialium. 
 
30 
 
 ones Prince is concern'd, a man should not be obliged even to expose 
 both his life and fortune for a subject so worthy ; all nations have 
 unanimously consented to this politique principle, (to wit,) that there 
 is no death more glorious, more meritorious, than that which is received 
 for the affection to his Souveraign and love of his Country : notwith- 
 standing, there is a great deale of difference betwixt the actions which 
 have so noble an object, albeit they cannot otherwise than testifie a 
 necessary servitude, and such, whereof we shall here produce examples, 
 which have for their foundation nothing but an infamous flattery, and 
 a servile baseness of spirit. Philip of Macedon having been con- 
 strained to weare a fillet, by reason of a wound which he had received 
 on the head ; the greater part of those of his Court come abroad 
 with the like, as if they had all of them had the same occasion. His 
 son Alexander contracted this ill habitude to carry his head awry, which 
 was the cause that there appeared not a man in all his equipage, but such 
 as inclined their necks likewise to the same side. The young Dionysius 
 was naturally pur-blind, and the wine which he loved excessively did 
 much shorten his sight ; by and by, all his followers feigned themselves 
 blind, every man jossling his fellow, and stumbling at every foote ; and 
 Atheneus * observeth, that being at the table, they counterfeited, and 
 made semblance not to find the dishes, affecting also to sit in the place 
 where the King used to spit upon them, with other the like sordidityes, 
 which It were a shame to report. This kind of voluntary bllndnesse puts, 
 me in mind of that which one writ of the Emperour Hadrian : the extra- 
 ordinary love which he had for Antinous (whether because of his exqui- 
 site beauty ; or for that he offered himselfe a vlctime at the sacrifice 
 which was celebrated for the prolongatipn of the Empefour's life) gave 
 him a passionate desire to have this young boy placed amongst the num- 
 ber of the gods. Hadrian had no sooner declared himselfe thereupon, but 
 Immediately those of his Court protested (contending who should first 
 bring the tydings) that they had scene the soule of the fayre Antinous as- 
 cend on high, and take his place as a new star, in that piart of the heavens 
 where we do at this dav observe the constellation which beareth his 
 
 * L. 5. &10. 
 
31 
 
 name. And indeed one ought never approach greater powers (accord- 
 ing to the saying of Xenophanes, ^ ug TjSia-Tct, ^ us ^Sia-roi,') unlesse 
 we be resolved to. practise all kind of complaisance. The agreable- 
 nesse of dissimulation doth almost every day surmount the homely 
 simplicitie of truth ; nay, and some would have it passe for a rule of 
 Court* to confesse that he perceived the stars, if another would 
 maintaine it to be night at high noone : or, being become a little 
 better versed in the Court, to excuse our selves, for that we have 
 mistaken the moone for the sun. So it is, that besides this shamefull 
 captivity of all the senses, are we basely obliged to submit unto those 
 of other mens. The person of a Courtier is so little in his owne 
 power, that (to take it rightly) he enjoyeth it not but as a thing 
 meerly borrowed, and as having engaged the propriety which he 
 possessed there. For (without speaking at all of ordinary dutyes 
 which consume even almost all the precious movements and actions 
 of this life : and without touching an infinity of perills wherein it's 
 necessary he should expose himselfe almost every moment) the sole 
 complaisance doth sometimes cause him as it were put of frailty to 
 deprive himselfe even of a part of his body. Lucian tells us that 
 the eunuch Combabus, favourite of Seleucus and passionately be- 
 loved by the Queen Stratonica his wife, had no sooner declared to 
 the Assyrian Court, (to the end he might thereby avoyde all calumny 
 and suspition) that he had dismembered himselfe of the parts which 
 he wanted ; but suddenly those whose hopes depended upon his 
 favours did the same, and voluntarily deprived themselves of that 
 which only rendered them men, to the end they might not lose their 
 expectations, and continue themselves in the good graces of Combabus. 
 This shall suffice to demonstrate how great the servitude of the 
 body is. 
 
 It will be needlesse to insist much upon that of the mind, seeing 
 this is the most common of all other maximes of the Court : never 
 tojiave other will than that of great mens ; nor to judge of any thing 
 whatsoever (if there be any meanes to avoyde it) untill they have 
 
 * Gul. St. 
 
32 
 
 first passed their opinion ; that so nothing may be spoken which may 
 be obnoxious to the least exception. There is perhaps no reh'gious 
 vow whatsoever that exacts of us any so entire a renuntiation of all 
 the actions of our proper will, as doth the interest of the Court, and 
 the designe of making a fortune there. From thence is it results 
 this great conformity of the inclinations of Princes, and that if 
 Francis the First testified his affection to letters, all the world will 
 be learned ; not esteeming him a good Courtier who bred not his 
 children Scholars. On the contrary, doth any Prince despise the 
 sciences ? every one affects barbarisme : Licx and superfluity was 
 established through the dissoluteness of Henry the Third, as was 
 piety, when he assumed the weed of a perietentiary. In fine, this is 
 a thing universally acknowledged of the world, that the Court is a 
 place of perpetuall dissimulation, where one alwayes walkes with the 
 visage in Mascarado, where one feignes to desire that which he 
 most abhoreth, and where there is no one act produced of freewill, 
 unlesse it be that by which we embrace a voluntary servitude. 
 
 But as touching the operations of the intellect, they are in Court so 
 much the more subject, as the prostitution of this part is effected with- 
 out much violence, in those who make all other considerations whatso- 
 ever to give place to those of profit : such is the most frequent 
 custome of the Court, after that a man is never so little engaged in 
 the enchantments of this Circes: and verilv, I lesse Avonder at some 
 men, who indulge themselves this liberty, to represent the terrestrial 
 Gods rather such as they ought to be, then such as they really are. 
 These, I say, are not the most culpable, although sufficiently blame- 
 worthy, who content themselves in styling their vices imperfect 
 virtues, and discover every day goodly names which serve for co- 
 verture unto all their defaults. But this is a thing altogether de- 
 plorable, having respect to the liberty whereof we speake, when 
 we submit even unto the' basenesses of the mind, and to flatterings 
 so enormous and ridiculous, that one ever appeares to have made 
 bankrupt all manner of judgment. Alexander the Great was con- 
 strained to heare one of those infamous cajolleries, when one of 
 
33 
 
 his Court (whom Atheneus nameth NIcesius*) protested to him that the 
 very flyes which sucked his blood became more valiant, and gave stings 
 more courageously than other flyes did. The Philosopher Anaxander, 
 notwithstanding his profession, treated this monarch after the same man- 
 ner, when upon a clap of thunder, which was very terrible, he desired 
 that he would say whether it was not hee, who (as son of Jove) did but 
 even now thunder so loud. Constantine was compelled to stop the 
 mouth of a Priestf who told him that his vertues merited not onely to 
 command (as hee did) during this life ; but likewise to reigne in the 
 other also, with the sonne of God. Procopius (or to say better, he 
 that hath made the Anecdotes under his name) representeth the great 
 Civillian Tribonius, not ashamed to use these tearmes to Justinian J : 
 " I sweare to your Imperiall Majestic, that this great pietie which 
 you alwayes exercise, giveth me extraordinary apprehensions, that 
 I shall behold you suddenly assumed into heaven, when we least 
 expect it." To this likewise are conformable those words of Hesychius, 
 touching the impiety of Tribonius in his life : And we know also, that 
 at an entry of Demetrius into Athens, one told him, there was none 
 other God save himselfe : or that, if any, they were busie in sleeping, 
 and taking their repose, during the time hee acted. After this sort it 
 is, that crimes so easily immingle themselves, and that in an extreame 
 impiety we may observe a wonderfuU strange dissolutenesse of mind, 
 which is for the most part attended with a feare which never abandons 
 even the very slaves themselves. Harpagus, being asked by Astyages 
 if he had well relished the flesh of his sonne, of which he now but 
 newly had eaten with a prodigious inhumanity, answered, that at the 
 table of his Soveraigne, there was nothing ill, and that whatsoever was 
 don by his command was to him most agreeable. Herodotus, who 
 relateth this story§, doth yet furnish us with another upon the same sub- 
 ject : Cambyses having placed for his butt or marke the heart of a young 
 boy which he transfixed with a dart in the presence of his father, 
 demanded of him, what his opinion was of the shot : to whom the father 
 
 * Lib, e. t Euseb. 1. 4. de vit4 Const, c. 4 J P. 61. § Lib. 1. and 3. 
 
 F 
 
34 
 
 answered, that he did not beleeve even Apollo himselfe could have 
 levelled more exactly^ Truly I am of Seneca's judgme^nt, that although 
 the cruelty of the Tyrant was very notorious, yet was the reply of the 
 Father farre more impious. Sceleratim telumillud laudatum est, quhm 
 emissum *. At the least no man can deny, that these are not examples 
 sufficiently pregnant to show what may be expected from the liberty 
 of the judgments of the Court; where we ought to resist even the 
 most just and sensible movements of nature, to the end we may say 
 nothing which may displease such as are feared and adored there. 
 If Alexatider will be taken for one of the Gods, the Priests of Jove 
 are the first who attribute unto him the rayes of the deity,, and ac- 
 knowledge him for the reall sonne of Hammon. 
 
 But happly these mentall captivities' would appeare lesse strange to 
 us, suffered we them only to comply with those unto whom otherwise 
 we cannot render too many respects. It would be no wonder to see 
 that Favorinus betrayed the honour of his knowledge and reason in 
 favour of an Emperour who commanded thirty legions. And in iefFect, 
 when the Ecclesiastique f hath delivered us the precept never to 
 make shew of over great abilities before one's Soveraign ; it seenies 
 that he would incite us to this fiejiisbility of mind, which w& ought 
 ever to have in presence of him, and those principall ministers who 
 do represent the person of the King; and to whom he comBaunicateth 
 a beam of his lustre and^ authority. But the mischiefe is, that we 
 must oftentimes exercise this our qbedience towards persons who doe 
 least merit it of their Soveraign. We beaye more respect to a 
 favourite of Pompey's, than unto Cato of Utica. And the whole 
 world hath observed the insolent authority of the Eunuchs in most of 
 the Levantine Courts, of Libertines iii that of the ancient Italy, and 
 of a number of the same Stttffe who have (in sundry places) abused 
 the favour of their masters. For Princes sometimes please themselves 
 in imitating those great architects who remove huge machines with 
 very smdll engines. . They qxtreamely delight to have power to act 
 as causes universall in changing (according as they seeme good) the 
 
 * L. 3. de ii-a, c. 14. f c, 7. 
 
35 
 
 destinies of their subjects. And to represent him the better whose 
 lively image they are here on earth, exalt some one from the dunghill, 
 even to the sublimest dignityes' and most important charges of their 
 palace. Men are their counters, which signifie in value more or lesse, 
 according to the position which they are pleased to assigne them. 
 And after the same manner as every man may, when he writes, make 
 .such or such a letter of the alphabet precede, which best him pleaseth. 
 Kings are in possession to bestow the principall places of honour and 
 authority within their states unto those whom some particular incli- 
 nation causeth them to preferre before others. In the meane time, 
 whatsoever may be (for history makes it evident that the election is 
 not always equall) we ought not lesse to submit our discourse and 
 reason to all their pleasures, than to the will of the Soveraigne 
 himselfe, for that many times the Prince is not accessible, but through 
 their mediation. The most inferiour of his petty officers who hath the 
 honour to approach his sacred person at the houres of his retyrement, 
 and private divertisments, may easily enough make or marre, advance 
 or retarde the most important affaires. And therefore it is we see in 
 the Acts of the Apostles *, that those of Tyre and Sidon, desirous 
 to be re-ingratiated with King Herod (who was oiFended at them), 
 addressed themselves unto Blastas, prime groome of the Privy 
 Chamber, by his meanes to make their peace. And I well remember 
 upon thatj of a Persian tale, which perhaps is no jot inferiour in 
 subtilty to any one of those which the antients have attributed unto 
 ^sop. A King (says the fable) haveing made proclamation that 
 they should assemble all the beasts of burthen which could possibly 
 be found, to serve in the warr that he undertooke ; the Fox was no 
 sooner advertised thereof, but immediately he flyes, that he might 
 avoide the perill of so unprofitable an. employment : by and by, he 
 meetes the wolfe, who (instead of imitation) derides him, that he 
 did not conceive that the ordinance onely respected those beasts who 
 were proper for burthen, from whicb they were altogether exempt. " Do 
 not you rely upon that," replyes the Fox, 'ffor I tell thee^ that if those 
 
 * Chap. 12. 
 
36 
 
 which be about the King once take the caprice that, we may serve as 
 well as the rest, we shall likewise be compelled to goe,, or, at least, 
 infinitely suflFer, before his Majestie can be rightly informed of our 
 reasons to the contrary." It is no difficult matter to extract the sense 
 of this ingenious story, and so judge of what importance the favour 
 and authority of those wee speake of, doth concerne us. This is it 
 which doth infinitely multiply the servitude of the Court,, which renders 
 the subjection much more insupportable, and that which makes it to be 
 numbred (as I conceive) amongst those felicities which the Ecclesias- 
 tique * reckons up ; even the happinesse not to have our liberty 
 engaged unto those persons who deserve not the least subjection unto 
 them. 
 
 The goodnesse of that Government under which we live, giveth me 
 the hardinesse to explain myselfe with a liberty worthy the reign of 
 Lewis the Just :. as he is one of the greatest monarchs on earth, and 
 the most worthy to be admired ; he is likewise the best of all, and such 
 a prince, that; there is no imagining liberty which can possibly be so 
 sweet and advantageous unto us, as the obedience which we render him. 
 After his example, the greatest of his Court exercise an authority so 
 well moderated, that I ^o verily believe to be able, without danger as 
 well as without fear, to report the defects of others, and say, in generall, 
 that which was almost continually blamed in the palaces of other 
 princes. The theame which hath hitherto adduced me, hath too far 
 absented me from flattery to adde any thing which doth so much as 
 approach it. And I know the genius of his Majesty, and of those who 
 have the most power about him, to be so averse from those adulterate 
 and false praises (of which we have but newly spoken) as by that only, 
 I should feare to become odious and blame worthy, were I but so incon- 
 siderate as to make use of them. Truly there is nothing which the most 
 glorious potentates ought so much to detest as a flatterer, which 
 ascribeth to them such extravagant, borrowed encomiums, whenas they 
 merit nothing but such as are proper and veritable; And therefore it 
 was that Lysippus boldly affirmed,, he had more honoured Alexander, 
 
 * Chap. 25, 
 
37 
 
 representing him holding a speare in his hand, than Apelles, who had 
 painted him brandishing andfulminatingthe lightning, like Jove himselfe. 
 Indeed we read in the history of this great conqueror, that he laughed 
 at a certain artist who had the vanity to undertake, of the mountain 
 Athos to carve out the figure of Alexander, if hee would but have 
 given him commission : as also, how on a time he cast the booke of 
 Aristotle into the river which he passed, as unworthy, because of some 
 ridiculous and incredible exploits which he writ *, that Alexander had 
 performed in a duell against King Porus, wherein he was never yet en- 
 gaged. Attila was touched with the like resentment, when he condemned 
 to the fire, in Pa via, the verses ofacertaine poet ; for that to render the 
 pedigree of this scourge of God the more illustrious, he had derived it 
 from so farr, till he extracted his descent even from the immortall es- 
 sences themselves. And verily they had (in my opinion) good reason 
 so to treate them. For my part, I esteeme modesty to be one of the 
 most essentiall parts of praise ; nor should I believe I had yet rendered 
 all the honour and respect which I owe unto those heroes and to our 
 great Lewis, were it not that the silence wherewitball I reverence 
 them, and which I doe voluntarily impose on my selfe, composed the 
 better part of their praises. 
 
 THE CONCLUSION, 
 
 Behold here, Melpoclitus, what hath so often traversed my 
 thoughts, and of which I verily persuade my selfe, the meditation will 
 not be altogether fruitlesse, in the necessity which sometimes engageth 
 us to accommodate with the inevitable subjections of life. For, if it be 
 true, that to affirme ones selfe free, we ought to be exempt from all 
 kind of corporall and mental servitude ; if there be no man who may 
 challenge a right of attributing that liberty solely to himselfe ; since even 
 Kings themselves be not enfranchised from certain duties which doe 
 most strictly oblige them to their people. If those philosophers who 
 
 * Lucian de Scrib. Hist. 
 
38 
 
 would be esteemed in this respect, paramount to all crowns and dia- 
 dems, have rendred themselves slaves to vanity, as other men are of 
 their passions ; if, 1 say, the servitude of the Court, diametrically 
 opposite to the philosophique liberty, captivate such a world of people 
 (accordingly as we are compelled to demonstrate), may we not then 
 well conclude that there is not any person who is absolutely free ? 
 Which thing being so, every one ought to satisfie himselfe in that con- 
 dition of life to -which he findeth himselfe engaged; or (it may be) 
 attached unto ; although, happily, he therein find likewise some species 
 of subjection, since (that in fine) we are all obliged quietly to acquiesce,, 
 upon that which the Divine Providence hath determined upon this poynt 
 
 of our LIBERTY. 
 
THE 
 
 STATE OF FRANCE, 
 
 AS IT STOOD IN THE 
 
 IXTH YEER OF THIS PRESENT MONARCH 
 
 LEWIS XIIIL 
 
 WRITTEN TO A FRIEND, 
 
 BY 
 
 LONDON 
 
 PRINTED BY T. M. FOR M. M. G. BEDELL, AND T. COLLINSj AT THE MIDDLE TEMPLE GATE, 
 
 FLEET STBEBT. 
 
 1652. 
 
THE 
 
 STATE OF FRANCE, 
 
 AS IT STOOD IN THE NINTH YEER OF THIS PRESENT MONARCH 
 
 LEWIS THE XIIII. 
 
 WRITTEN TO A FRIEND. 
 
 J^INCE I had first the honour to bee one of those whose converi 
 you have cherished with so many signall obligations, and, as it 
 currents of civility ; I can hardly ' think, that (when by so 
 literal expresses and personal commands, you enjoin me |o d 
 something in writing, touching the late subject of our discc 
 you have either cause to delight in my triviall conceptions, or de 
 my discredit : Fop however your instances have at last prevailec 
 your honor is no lesse concerned to be tender how you piiblis 
 defects, whilest in them onely (though the faults be mine) mei 
 so peremptorily conclude your want of judgment, and condemn 
 election. But you have promised to be discreet, and I shall 
 make a saving adventure of my reputation with you, who have c 
 and charity not from the multitude, but the stock of your own wort 
 ingenuous education ; of which this Essay will be rather an Hii 
 then any thing otherwise capable to informe you, who know alrea 
 much more, and better, then I can possibly either write or relate. 
 
 But to begin once, since it is my fate to obey you ; I shall no 
 alter the .Scene which was then presented to you, when you 
 pleased (as it since appears) to take notice of those casuall Discc 
 of roiney wherein I posted over the best remarks and most mat 
 observations which my iveak judgment had been able to recc 
 during my so many pererrdtions and unprofitable sojourn abroad 
 especially in this kingdomct of France. 
 
 G 
 
42 
 
 Cor will I vex your patience with .any Topographicall Descriptions, 
 being the daily subject of your contemplations, when at any time 
 I please to refresh your self amongst those exquisite Cards of the 
 !st and most accurate editions : but represent, in as succinct a 
 thod as 1 am able, what in order to aflPairs (as in the government 
 this most active and illustrious monarchie they now stand) I 
 iceive to be chiefly proper and requisite for a gentleman of our 
 ion (under the notion of a traveller) to be able to render an 
 ompt of at his return : and therefore, before I proceed further, I 
 1 complie with your desirCj and speak a word or two (by way of 
 roduction, or digression rather,) .of my sentiment and opinion 
 ching forraign travel in general, wherein I shall also deal very 
 martially with all the world concerning mine own particular, as 
 ng (I hope) taking my long farewell thereof. 
 
 That which first rendred me of this apodemick humour^ (I shall 
 discourse here of mercuriall complexions, whom ^Physiognomists 
 rme to be Indmidua vag-a's, like my self,) ^roiceedied.' from a certain 
 ne emulation which I had, to see the best of education, which every 
 ly so decrying at home, made me conceive was a commodity onely to 
 brought from a far countrie ; and I cannot say, without a little 
 bition too of knowing, or at least of having the priviledg to talk 
 aething more then others could reasonably pretend to, that had 
 /er bin out of sight of their owne chimnies smoke : all which was a 
 iculous :affeGtation, contracted first from the ordinary radorhontddas 
 such as have seen strange places, and great want of discretion, and 
 fondly transported with pleasure onely, and temptation of novelties, 
 J very instrumental causes of this unsettled extravagancy. 
 True it is, non omnis fert omnia Tellus : for the great and good 
 )d hath discreetly, and very wisely disposed, in the furnishing and 
 orninsg (as I may say) of this TerrestriaU Cabinet, having left no one 
 rt or corner thereof without some thing specially diiTerent, and 
 mirably remarkable, either in the composition, quality or use; all 
 them according to their position, situation, and effects, admirably 
 tnmodious and dependant; of which divine oeconomy there may 
 infinitely riiore spoken then will be suitable to this desrign, after I 
 
43 
 
 have inferred that for these respects only, a traveller has some excuse, 
 as well as encouragement, to go abroad and see the world. 
 
 Now then, for as much as the end of all our appetites, wisely 
 inquired into, ought to be the principal mira, and terme to all our 
 actions, he that would travell rationally, and like a Philosopher, must 
 industriously apply himself to the pursuit of such things as (through- 
 out all his peregrinations) may result most to the profit and emolu- 
 ment of his own country at his return ; whether in the accomplishibg 
 of his person or aflFairs, there being nothing more veritable, then that 
 saying of Homer, 
 
 'Air^gov yaq S7]|ov ts jfxsveiv, xsvsov rs vearSau 
 Turpe quidem mansisse diu, vacuumque redire. 
 And therefore Pofegrinatio anind imperio, 8j- corporis ministerio debet 
 perfici: for so it was that Ptolomies young noblemen, of whose. rich 
 fraight ancj return wee read of, travelled, and brought home with 
 them wares of more value then if they had transported gold and 
 pearles. For the same cause Pythagoras took leave of his friends 
 and native country, to which hee aftierwards returned with the learning 
 of the .^Egyptians, as Strabo in his seventh book and fourteenth 
 chapter, na^^A^yOTrT/aiv 7rXav^0s»;rai ?i,(^qp«9/aff %flspw.. ; . 
 
 And not as Plinie affim^eth, Easiliis verius quam peregrinationibus 
 susceptis. Nay, hi,s passion .an,4 thirst after this excellent, commerce 
 was so admirable, that the. same .authour in Syren, tejls u§, hp made 
 nothing of circumcising himself that so hee might with the more 
 frefsdoQd and lesse suspicion pry jpto the^r profoundest mysteries : for 
 therefore were the Egyptian priests called avo^vwv^toi, incomtnuiiiGahlei 
 and h(riAsr(^o^pk, imparticipable*. 
 
 Such a designe led Thales, Eudoxus, Apollonius, nay Plato him- 
 self, and divers other renowned personages, E*V AlyuTn-ov d(pMofievet xou 
 cwysvofjbeVoi roTg U^evtriv. 
 
 To comprehf^nd ^saith Plutarch) the mysteries of Philosophy and 
 Divinitie : as it seems, esteeming the iEgyptians jto be the most 
 ancient and noble people of the whole world, both for the wisdom 
 pf their constitutions, and exceeding reverence which they bare to 
 learning ; these being indeed the fruits and most noble acquisitions, 
 
 * Clem, Alexandrinus. 
 
44 
 
 which a gentleman (who is a qualified traveller) should study and 
 endeavour to furnish himselfe with whilst he is abroad. 
 
 But these, some may object, are Heathen examples : Christians are 
 content to be lesse curious, and stay at home. Saint Hierom shall 
 be mine instance on this occasioii : and truely, it is worth the reading 
 what he hath dehvered in one of h\s \Epist. ad Paulinum : you shall 
 find it prefixed (amongst several! other) to Sixtus his Edition of the 
 Bible, when (after those words, Legimxis in veteribus historiis quos- 
 dam lustrasse Provincias, novos adisse Populos, Maria transisse : ut 
 eos, quos ex lihris noverant, coram quoque viderent, SfC.J making a 
 very ample repetition of what I have before spoken in the persons of 
 
 ' other men, and especially of the incomparable Pythagoras, and those 
 noble youths who went out of France and Spaine, only to hear the 
 eloquence of Livie, when qiiOs ad contemplationem sui ipsa Roma nan 
 traocerat, unius hominis Junta perduxit, referring us to the eight 
 volumes which Philostratus hath prfrposely written on this subject ; 
 thus he expostulates. Quid loquar de sce'cuU hominibus, 8rc- " What do 
 I troubling you with old stories?" When the Apostle Paul himselfe, that 
 vessell of Election, and Doctour of the Gentiles, dispersed the Christian 
 Religion through so great a part of the world, by his almost perpe- 
 tuall peregrination, after his miraculous conversion; the like maybe 
 iaffirmed of the rest of the Apostles, and even of our Blessed Saviour 
 himself: but I , recommend 'you to the Authour. On the other side, 
 as we have justly censured those who meerly run abroad out of that 
 vanity of spirit, and such trivial considerations as I haVe already 
 reproached in my self, so are we likewise to disband another sort of tra- 
 vellers, whose cynical reservednesse declares to the world that they 
 have Only minded the sensuality and satisfaction of a private ^i-m^^o : 
 communicating usually at their return but what may justly merit that 
 repriment which Socrates once gave to a young man who would render 
 him no accompt of all his long absence, quod secum peregrinatus 
 
 fuerit: In the mean time, as much to be abhorred is all manner of 
 strangness, disdain, affectation, and loquacity, by which so many 
 travellers now a days (for the most part) distinguish theriiselves 
 from the vulgar, to that over acted degree of mimlcall folly, as one 
 
45 
 
 would easily imagine they had all this while lived in pension rather 
 ampngst apes and parrots, than ever either seen or conversed with 
 persons of ingenuity or honour. 
 
 To proceed, therefore : presuppose travell ut suscipiaticr propter 
 unum aliquem Jinem, as we have already constituted it : we are yet 
 to give our young subject leave to be so far practical, as that hfe 
 do not slip any opportunity by which he may inform himself Ss 
 well in things even mechanically curious and usefuU, as altoge^er 
 in the mysteries of Government and polity, which indeed are m^re 
 appositely termed philosophical! . Those who have imposed on them- 
 selves, and others, so many different species of travell, as it may be 
 said to contain theoreticall parts in it, that is to say, the metaphysical!, 
 physicall, and mathematical!, are, in my apprehension, more exact 
 and tedious in their analysipg, then perhaps they needed to have 
 been; of them, therefore, I say no more: it shall be sufficient for 
 him whom I send abroad, that he conform himself to such precepts 
 as are onely necessary, not cuRt»bersome ; which rule he shall like- 
 wise do well to observe even in his very necessary accoutrements 
 and port-manteau. 
 
 First then, supposing him to be a young gentleman apt for 
 all impressions, but from his primary education inclined to the most 
 worthy : having set his foot upon the Continent, his first study 
 shall be to master the tongue of the country wherein he resolves 
 to reside; which ought to be understood perfectly, written congru- 
 ously, and spoken Intelligently : after which, he may do well to 
 accomplish himself in such- exercises as are most commendable at 
 home, and best attayned abroad; which will be a means of rendring 
 him very fit and apt for the generall society of that nation amongst 
 whom bee converses, and consequently the better qualifie him to fre- 
 quent, without blush, such particular places and persons by whom he 
 may best profit himselfe in the mysteries of their polity, or what 
 other perfection they are renowned for, according as his particular 
 genius and inclinations import him. But this bee shall never attain 
 unto, till he begiii to be somwhat ripened and seasoned in a place; 
 for it is not every man that crosses the seas, hath been of an academy, 
 
4« 
 
 learned a cor^anto, and speaks the language, tvhoni I esteejn,, a' tra- 
 veller (of which piece most of our English are in these coun try es* 
 at present), but he that (instead of making the tour, as they call it,) 
 or, as a late Embassador of ours facetiqusly: but shafrply reproached, 
 (like a goose §wimms down the river^ having mastered the' tongue, 
 frequented the fJourt, looked into their custotnes, been present at 
 their pleadings, observed their military di;scipline, contracted acquaint- > 
 ance with their learned men, studied thqir- , arts, and is familiar 
 with their dispositions, makes this accpmpt of his time. The princi- 
 pal advantages which a gentleni|i:n, thus made, nijay observe and 
 apply are, truth, taeiturnitie, facetiousttessse withoat moronity, courage, 
 modesty, hardinesse, patience, fyugajityj, and ari excellent temper in 
 the regiment of his health and affectioins; especially in point of drink 
 and tobacco, which is our northerne, national!, and most sordid of 
 vices. It is (I cottfesse) a thing extreamly difficult to be at aU times 
 and in all places thus reserved, and, as it were, obliged to a temper 
 ho statick and exact among all conversations ; nor for mine own part 
 do I esteem it in all cases necessary, provided a man be furnished 
 with such a stock of prudence as he know how and when to make use 
 even of his companions; extravagancies (as then frequently betraying 
 more freely their inclinations, then at times of their more serious 
 recollection and first addresses). Seeing I find it generally impos- 
 sible for a traveller to evade some occa^^ions and encounters, which 
 (if he be at all practical) he will, nolens vQlem, iperceive hjmselif 
 Ingaged into at some one time or o;ther. But to recoyet- this deviation 
 and return to our purpose:. the vertues Wfhich our traveller is to bring 
 home when he doth repatriare (as Solinus terms it) are either publick, 
 such namely as conpern the service of his country j or private, and 
 altogether personal!, in prder to his particular advantage and satis- 
 faction : and^ beleeve it. Sir, if he reap some fSontentmfent extraordinary 
 from what he hath ohseryed abroad, the pajlns, soUicitations, watchino-s, 
 perills, Journeys, ill entertainment^ absence, from friends, and innume- 
 rable like incpnveniencjes, joyned to his vast expenses, do very dearly, 
 and by a strange kind of extortion, purchase that snj^U experience 
 and reputation which be can vaunt to have acquired from abroad. 
 
47 
 
 Those who boast of philologicdl' peiegrlnations (faisly so callied), 
 which they undie^take iheerly for the flourish and tongue of a 'place, 
 posse&se onely a parrot- virtue : it- is one of the shels of travel, though 
 I confesse, the kernel is not to be procured without it : and tdpical ; in 
 whfeh I finde the Dutth o^oivo^mov generally most accurate and indus- 
 trious 5 both of thferi* serve well for the entertainment of woiiien and 
 children, who are commonly more i to ported with wonder and ifoniance, 
 then that solid ajid feall emolument which is (thfough these instru- 
 ments) to be conveyed us from abroad. 
 
 It is written of Ulysses, that bee saw tiiany cities indeed, but, 
 with all, hiiS remarks of mens manners and customs was ever preferred 
 to his counting steeples, and making tours : it is this ethicall and 
 morall part of ti-avel, which embellisheth a gentleman, in the first 
 place having a due respect to the religion which aeebtiiplisheth a 
 Christian : in short, they are all severally very commendable, accom- 
 modated to persons and professions ; nor , should a cavalier neglect to 
 be seen in all of them : but for that my intention is here, to make an 
 introduction onely into m.y ovvn observations, I shall forbear to enter 
 so large and ample a field, as the through handling of this argument 
 would insensibly oblige ^mee to do, it h3.ving likewise been so abun- 
 dantly treated of almost by every pen whiph hath prevaricated on this 
 subject ; though, in my slerider judgment, and under favour, I must 
 confesse, without any real and ingenuous satisfaction either to truiJi or 
 curiosity. 
 
 To conclude (Sir) and contract this tedious transgression, I conjure 
 you to beleeve, that .1 offer nothing to you in this discourse, out of 
 any the least self opinion, censure of other men, .vanity, or ostentation. 
 No, I am assured you will find me far enough from that Idiopathia, 
 and common distemper of travellers; all ;I shall pretend being but 
 to communicate unto you how I have lost part of those seven yeares, 
 and more ; which, not being (as in truth they ought to have been) 
 wholly exercised in the^'benefit I itiight have reaped froth your society 
 at home, I am obliged in honour, and fof justification of my self, to 
 render you an accompt how they have been dispensed abroad, lam 
 very conscious to my. self, how much mine owne little interest hath 
 
48 
 
 suffered during mine absence, in the judgment of your stayed' and 
 more thriving geniuses, and such as might justly indeed derive charac- 
 ters and prognosticks from a raw and unsettled spirit,' such as was 
 mine : but considering that all those transitory accidents of fortune 
 and the world, can no way farther extend themselves, then to a very 
 imperfect satisfaction of our regular and honest appetites, (besides 
 that which they ought to yeeld unto others,) neither he who stayes at 
 home, nor he that goes abroad, is (in mine opinion) to be altogether 
 censured and blamed ; and truely he that can accommodate himself to 
 so retired and contemplative a life, as certainly that of a pure country 
 gentlemans is, frees himself of an innumerable host of troubles and 
 importunities, which a traveller runs through, and is in a manner 
 compelled to entertain. Conformable to that of the most incom- 
 parable Claudian, De Sene Veronensi, Epig. 
 
 Felix, qui patriis asvum transegit in agris ; 
 
 Ipsa domus puerum quem videt, ipsa senem : 
 Qui baculo nitens, in qua reptavit arena, 
 
 Unius numeret saecula longa casae. 
 
 Ilium non vario traxit fortuna tumultu, 
 
 Nee bibit ignotas mobilis hospes aquas. 
 Non freta mercator tremuit, non classica miles : 
 
 Non rauci lites pertulit ille fori. 
 
 Indocilis rerum, vicinae nescius urbis, 
 
 Adspectu fruitur.liberiore poli. 
 Frugibus alternis, non Consule, computat annum : 
 
 Autumnum pomis, ver sibi flore notat. 
 
 Idem condit ager Soles, idemque reducit, 
 
 Metiturque suo rusticus orbe diem. 
 Ingentem meminit parvo qui germine quercum, 
 
 -^quaevumque videt consenuisse nemus. 
 Proxima cui nigris Verona rerriotior Indis, 
 
 Benacuraque putat litora rubra lacum. 
 
 Sed tamen indomitse vires, firmisque lacertis ; 
 
 -^tas robustum tertia cernit avum, 
 Erret, & extremos alter scrutetur Iberos, 
 
 Plus habet hie vits, plus habet ille via. 
 
49 
 
 e serious contemplation whereof, made me sometimes (being at 
 is) break forth in this youthful but naturall ode against travell, 
 I I will here pronounce for my finall Epibaterium* . 
 
 Happie that man who lives content 
 With his own home and continent, 
 Those chiding streams his banks do curb. 
 Esteems the ocean to his orb ; 
 Round which, when he a walk does take, 
 Thinks to perform as much as Drake, 
 For other tongues he takes no thought. 
 Then what his nurse or mother taught. 
 He's not disturbed with the rude cryes 
 Of thef Procaccias [up and rise]. 
 But, charm'd in down, sleeps by the side 
 Of his chaste love, or loyallbride, 
 In \yhose smooth arms no sooner hurl'd. 
 But he enjoys another world : 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 # 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 *- 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 # 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 * 
 
 # 
 
 * 
 
 # 
 
 * 
 
 # 
 
 # 
 
 If then at home such joyes be had. 
 Oh how unwise are we, how mad ! 
 
 is I did once write, and this I so beleeve, (as if God blesse me 
 a successefull returne into my native country) I shall endeavour 
 '■e, non dicere huic veritati: and though the conscience of my 
 nail inabilities can never tempt me with the vanity to think of 
 ublick advancement, for having spent the prime of my years and 
 I abroad ; yet the contentment and satisfaction which I purpose 
 incie to my self, if I may obtaine leave but to enjoy that private 
 tion and fortune, which Heaven hath decided me at home, so 
 
 i]. lib, 3. Poet. c. 106. diet, on 'ixiQ^ima sJj tou narpiS* : being a speech which was made to 
 sens by him that was returned home after his long travell. 
 e Guide or Messenger in Italy, which in the morning calls to horae. 
 
 H 
 
50 
 
 that 1 can but rubb out of this, into a better world, without the least 
 impeachment to my Religion and Loyalty, Sublimi feriam sydera 
 vertice : I shall have arrived at the summ and very top of mine 
 innocent wishes. But if) in the mean time, it be otherwise ordained, 
 I have learned likewise to submit my self unto the will of God, as being 
 very apt to beleeve that excellent apophtheme of the wise man, Quod 
 omne solum sitforti patria. But now to our traveller again. 
 
 The principall places of Europe, wherein a gentleman may, uno 
 intuitu, behold as in a theater the chief and most signall actions which 
 (out of his owne countrey) concerne this later age and part of 
 the world, are the Netherlands, comprehending Flanders and the 
 divided provinces ; which is a perfect encycle and synopsis of what- 
 soever one may elsewhere see in all the other countryes of Europe ; and 
 for this end I willingly recommend them to be first visited, no otherwise 
 then do those who direct us in the study of history to the reading 
 first of some authentick epitome, or universall chronology, before we 
 adventure to launch forth into that vast and profound ocean of volu- 
 minous authours. From thence I would advise him to traverse 
 Germany, (altogether contrary to the vulgar method,} by reason of 
 that so usefull tongue, which he will find very difficult, and with much 
 regret and many conflicts attained unto, after the facile and more 
 smooth languages are once throughly imbibed, not omitting (compa- 
 ratively) even the French itself. From this region you naturally slide 
 into Italy, and then embarquing for Spain, return by a direct course 
 unto Paris ; where indeed I would have the principall aboad of a 
 Gentleman to be, not only in relation to the Court, and exercises ac- 
 quired in that city, but also in respect to his expenses. This may 
 seem a paradox to some ; but for my part I never found any wood to 
 a great town,; and when my traveller hath cast it up, and made a true 
 audite of all extraordinaries, he will find, what for removalls, and what 
 for the perill of disbauched and frequent coUationings, (for in all other 
 little towns his acquaintance will be universall, the English perpetu- 
 ally intervisiting, with a grosse ingredient of Dutch) a very little, or 
 inconsiderable disproportion in the total accompt. 
 
51 
 
 Thus I propose France in the last place, for many other respects 
 which here I purposely omit to enumerate, that I may avoid the teedium 
 of so long a discourse ; but especially for this, that our traveller may 
 have the more time and resolution to conquer the language, and go 
 through those hardy and most eminent exercises which are there to bee 
 learned in their choicest perfection and native lustre ; after which, 
 with a competent tincture of their best conversation (for the over 
 reservednesse of the Italian, and the severity of the Spanyard, as well 
 as the blunt garb of the Dutch, would in an Englishman be a little 
 palliated ; for fear it become aflfected), he may return home, and be 
 justly reputed a most accomplished Cavalier. 
 
 To the other part of your request. Sir, that I should give you some 
 touches of the Low Countryes, and other places (besides the wrong I 
 should do to those perfect relations already extant), observing them at 
 a time when my judgment was not altogether so mature, and myself so 
 much a Dutch traveller, (as I have before rendered you the character) I 
 had rather make an apology for what I have already, and promise yet to 
 say, then to proceed to depose allegatioris under mine owne hand of 
 the losse of so much precious time, and betray mine ignorance. 
 
 Touching Italy, the States are so many, and their policy so different, 
 that it vi^ould cost me more leisure then I have now to spend, to reduce 
 and discipline my scattered papers, and such indigested collections as 
 require a more formal method and, indeed a better pen. - 
 
 Nor could your servant in truth have been possibly induced to dis- 
 cover thus far his egregious imperfections, did not your arguments 
 carry in them some specious reproach, as well as your person so great 
 an authority over me, when you please to persuade yourself the advan- 
 tage I must needs (say you) have had by my extraordinary relations 
 to persons of aifaire, as well as what I might happly in this case 
 gather lawfully out of such as have the latest written on this subject. 
 So that however (and as indeed the very truth is) I was least of all 
 inquisitive how others were governed, finding it so difficult a province 
 to regulate my self^ yet mine endeavor to pacifie your importunity, and 
 render you a demonstration of mine inabilities to cbply with any future 
 
52 
 
 expectation of this nature, hath in fine extorted this from me, as an 
 resignation and sacrifice of my reputation to that obedience wh 
 profes&edly owe you, ever more preferring the satisfaction of so 
 a friend, to the very promulgation of my own shame and most v 
 imbecilities. 
 
 So then (to approach our purpose) seeing all those nations Q 
 spoken of) and several (Grovernments seem at this instant epoche of 
 to conspire as it were, and deferr to the present grandezza a 
 French Empire, as likewise considering in what relation we of En^ 
 are concerned, I have esteemed it best meriting my reflections and 
 patience, to finish and dresse this peece, as judging it most worth 
 consideration. 
 
 THE STATE OF FRANCE. 
 
 uaveissaff- I WILL begin with a saying of Nich. Machiavel : La Corom 
 Regidi Francia sorio hoggi piu richi 8f piic potenti che mat : — ' 
 Crown and Kings of France are at this day more opulent and mi 
 then ever they were :" so that Prince of Polititlans, a great while si 
 -and without controversie, had he any reason to give it out so ii 
 time, we have much more to affirm the same in these our dayes, wh 
 they have emerged, as it were, the sole victorious and flourishing ni 
 of Europe, in whose bosome nature hath even built this gf 
 Kingdome. 
 
 ryandgreat- That whcrc a Soveraiffnc Prince is able to maintain an absi 
 
 the effect ^ ... 
 
 <eraigne aiid unarbitrarv iurisdlction over his subiects, manajjed with an a 
 ;ounceti. aj)(J prudent Councell, there, and rarely elsewhere, doth victory 
 greatnesse blesse and favour a Nation with any permanent success, 
 verity most demonstrable : whether we reflect on the present agi 
 tiie example thosc frequent examples of the Romanes and Athenians, whose di 
 iam, tion and abandoning of their royall superiours fomented such conft 
 
53 
 
 and distraction amongst the Noblemen and Plebeians, as could never be 
 afterwards composed, even to the ultimate destruction and lamentable 
 catastrophe of those most illustrious Republicks. 
 
 But in vaine do wee seek for other instances of this great truth 
 then the present progression, and almost quotidian conquests of the andottomo 
 
 ^'^ to ^ ^ 1 ... manians! though 
 
 now flourishing Ottoman family ; which, as it is the most invincible now a dangerous 
 upon earth, so must we needs acknowledg it to be the most indepen- 
 ». dent and absolute which these later times have likely produced unto 
 us. But for that this is a verity which may now a dayes cost a man 
 his teeth (to loose nothing else in the pursuit), I shall prosecute it no 
 further then may serve to illustrate what it is which hath of late ren- 
 dred so potent, and aggrandized this present aspiring and formidable 
 Monarchy, France, of which I shall next essay to give a brief character. 
 And now, as in description of bodies naturall, dissections begin ever 
 with the supreme and more noble regions ; so in anatomising the King- 
 dom of France, which consists of a body politick, I will commence 
 with the head, that is the King; whom here I may call as absolute. The Kings of 
 since Lewis the Eleventh hath so long since (to use his own expres- since LeJut: *' 
 
 the 
 
 sion) put them hors de page; that is, freed them from that grand ^^^'^g^- 
 
 authority, which, till his time, the Parliament indeed exercised over 
 
 them ; so that now the same reason which moved the late Kings to 
 
 depose or translate Saint Denys their ancient Patron, and to put his p„^*"*'*/*/ ^ 
 
 Kingdome formally under the protection of the Blessed Virgin, is ^th^B^yf^"^^ 
 
 esteemed good reason, and sufficient logick for all his present com- Fm-wUh these 
 
 • ~ 7 . . . words of course 
 
 mands whatsoever; Gar tel est nostre bon plaisir :" for such is our the secretary {u 
 
 '■ seems) concluded 
 
 ffOod will and pleasure." the arrest, where- 
 
 D •■ 01/ It was confer- 
 
 red, which gave 
 
 Sic volo, sic jubeo ; stat pro ratione voluntas. """"^ occasion to 
 
 ^ ^ '^ reproach it. 
 
 For so we will, so we command ; 
 Our will does for our reason stand. 
 
 The Monarchy of France (from a democratick state) was founded The Monarchy of 
 
 ..-„- Fr. whenfaun- 
 
 anno 420, and hath continued it self under three severall races; viz. of ^^^' 
 Merouese, Charlemayn son of Pepin, and lastly, Hue-capet ; from continued under 
 whom this royall house of Bourbon derives its succession, branched '*"* '■"'**' 
 from Robert Earle of Clermont, fourth son of Saint Lewis; so that 
 
54 
 
 the King at present reigning Is the sixty-fifth Monarch of France, 
 no woman intei-- without that anv of the feminine sex hath ordinarily intervened ; as 
 
 they affirm at least, from a very inveterate law, which they intitle the 
 from the Saiich- Salioue, beitiff intended but a meer romance of their own feigning, a 
 
 law, being a mee^- .•' ~ .111 1 jj'l, 
 
 pretence to invaii- niecG of leffiev de main, by which thev have so long pretended with 
 
 date the title tf ^ _ ° '•' "'..,,. 
 
 England: the great shadow of justice to elude and invalidate the title of our 
 
 former and ancient Kings of England, as to succession in the right of 
 their mothers and wives. 
 
 as welt as their Touchinp; that Other Icp-end of their Sainte Ampoule, which in the 
 
 Sainte Ampoule. " " ' 
 
 time of Clovis first Christian King of France was (as they give out) 
 
 brought by an Angel from Heaven, and reserved at Rhemes for the 
 
 • Royal Chrisme, we will give it leave to passe as a vulgar (yet not 
 
 impolitick) errour, or impertinent tradition; however, by the device 
 
 The daughters of Q.ioYes'A\A, the daughters succeed not to the Crowne, some of them 
 
 Fr : someti^nes 1 . a . • 1 . . 
 
 married to pri. havmg oftcntimes mamcd themselves unto private men, but «till re- 
 
 vate persons, yet . . 
 
 reserve their titles scrvcd their tltlcs, together with the surname of France, which it seems 
 
 and surnames. '-' . _ ^ ^ 
 
 is an honour permitted them during life, to shew from what stock they 
 And the Queens originally derlvcd. Notwithstanding this, the Queens of France are 
 
 admitted tothe '-' '' ^ '-' ^ 
 
 Regency during usually admitted to the Regency during the minority of the Klng^ 
 
 the minority of . . o J D^ J^ ^ O' 
 
 the Kings. whlcli Is at the age of fourteen years, inchoative; untill which term, 
 
 they with their counsell administer the public affairs of State, without 
 equall or controule. 
 
 The title of the Concerning the title or adjunct of the Kings of France, which is 
 
 most Christian, and eldest son of the Church, they make no smal 
 boasts ; for not haying been a complement (as they name it) sent them 
 from Rome, as were those of other Kings; but descended, time out of 
 mind, from their own virtue, merits, and piety. 
 
 of his eldest son. The eldest son of France is, during the life of his father, called the 
 Dauphin, from the stipulation (as it seems) made with Umbert : who 
 bequeathed that province conditionally to Philip de Valois. 
 
 Birth and cha- To speak Something particularly of this little-great Monarch, Lewis 
 
 racterof the pre- ' 110 * 
 
 sent King. the Fourteenth, born Sept. 5 1638, after the Queen his mother 
 
 had been above twenty yeers without issue, as his production was 
 almost miraculous (not to repeate here any bold disquisitions, with 
 those who give themselves a liberty in these days, to speak evil of 
 
55 
 
 dignities) so is his person a character doubtless of no lesse majesty, and 
 fair hopes : and certainly, if his education be fitted to the prognosticks 
 of his nature, he cannot but emerge a Prince of singular qualities and 
 egregious perfections : this I am willing to adde from that mechanick Artifice of the 
 
 ° . , . . . . , French Queen 
 
 and artificial breeding, which men conceive some of his progenitors and andpubtick Mn- 
 
 ^ I o isters in the late 
 
 neerest relations received ; that so not being altogether so dexterous and ^"s> education. 
 knowing in king-craft as their high calling required, they might with 
 less suspicion and more ease suffer themselves to be governed by the 
 counsels and inclinations of such whose 'mystery and ambition it hath 
 ever been to continue by this means their greatnesse, and reinforce 
 their authority. 
 
 This present King hath one onely brother, who is called the Duke Dukeo/jnjou 
 
 I- o J iiif character, 
 
 of Anjou : but more frequently distinguished by the name of Monsieur ; 
 a child of an extradionary prompt and ready spirit. 
 
 The other principal! branches of this Royal]. Family are, in the first Oukeof oneam 
 
 ' ' _ _ •' "^ his character. 
 
 place, Gaston Jean Baptist, the Kings Uncle, and Duke of Orleans, 
 Lieutenant General of the K. and Governor of Lahguedoc ; the same 
 who during so many years as his brother was without oflF-spring, had 
 those fair hopes of a Crown ; which however his merit and abilities for 
 such a jewel be commonly disputed, to his no great advantage, certainly 
 there is no man alive in competition with him for his exquisite skill in 
 medailes, topical memory, and extraordinary knowledge in plants : in 
 both which faculties the most reputed Antiquaries and greatest Botanists 
 do (and that with reason) acknowledg him both their prince and. su- 
 periour. 
 
 The eldest daughter of this Duke, is Anne Marie d'Orleans, parti- Mademoiselle her 
 cularly called Mademoiselle, sans queue per eminentiamy as being the 
 first in pre-eminence and (after the Queen) greatest lady in France, to 
 give whom the epithetes of her great worth, were to spoile all her sex 
 of their praises, and make her as much envied as she Is indeed justly 
 to be admired. 
 
 The next in blood and ranke is Loiils de Bourbon the Prince o{ Pnnce of condy 
 Condv, the son of Henry de Bourbon, who (to so little purpose) was character. 
 yet so miraculously jsaved in the last bloudy and inhumane Parisian 
 massacre. This Prince is Grand Maistre of France, Governour of 
 
5t> 
 
 Bourgongne and Bery, descended by a direct line masculine of FEan9ois 
 de Bourbon, second brother of Antonee of Bourbon, Earle of Marie, 
 afterwards Duke of Vandosme, and King of Navarre, the father of 
 Henry the Great, and of Chariot Catherine de Ja Trlmouille, his 
 second wife. 
 
 A Prince whose merit in field and successfull atchievements, high 
 extraction, and extraordinary parts, prompt him sometimes to enterr 
 prises beyond the duty or praise of a loyal subject; for there lives not 
 a more ambitious young man upon earth; having outlived his impri- 
 sonment, once chased his enemy the Cardinal ; and not satisfied with 
 this revenge (or whatever other assurances the State can render him) 
 puts fair by a fresh Rebellion to speede a prosperous traytor ; or perfect 
 his infamie. 
 
 hi^chafac^'^^ H^^ brother is Armand de Bourbon Prince of Conty, seemingly 
 designed for the Church, but susceptible of any other advantage ; a 
 Prince of a weak fabrlck and constitution, but sound intellectuals. 
 They have likewise a sister called Mary, wife to the Duke de 
 Longueyill. 
 
 Dauguers of F: How the daughters of France have been disposed of into England, 
 
 mv ispose oj. gpg^j^j^ Savoy, Mantoa, &c. will be here" superfluous to relate. 
 
 Thenauiraii Touchine; thc natural issue of the King's of France ("who are ever in 
 
 %sme of the K: of O o V 
 
 F: how esteemed. ^]^jg j^jj^j Couniry In Very great reputation and place, sutable to their 
 birth by their fathers side), I cannot learne that the late King had any ; 
 nay, it is reported he did so abhorre paliardize (Fornication), that he 
 scarce thought any other act to be sin in comparison of it : contrary to 
 the opinion of his wise Counselor and Cardinall de Richlieu, who (as I 
 have sometime heard) did use often to say, " that a Concubine was 
 the honest mans recreation :" a priestly aphorism, and spoken like a 
 churchman. 
 
 The Soveraignty Now to sav Something; of the soveraig-nety of the Kings of France 
 
 of the French . . & J & Jnain,c, 
 
 Kingdome, how it ^g wlll stcD a little back, and see by what meanes and degrees it be- 
 
 became so abso- * •> o 
 
 '"'*• came so absolute. 
 
 Whilst the nobility of France were in a manner free and independent 
 Princes (for such was heretofore the most part of them) how are histo- 
 ries loud with their carriages and deportment towards their Soveraigns ? 
 what checks upon every occasion were they ready to give them ? wit- 
 
57 
 
 nesse those frequent impresses of a certain Duke of Gienne, Bourbon, 
 Bretagne, and others of the same rank ; nor bath these later times 
 exempted the Crown itself from the dangerous consequences which so 
 many fortified towns, governments, and places of importance, have so 
 often menaced, and, in effect, notably bridling the head of Majesty ; 
 untill the defunct and great Cardinall de Richlieu found out a speedy ,ai1«i^^fo «-' *" 
 and fortunate expedient to reduce them to obedience, and that not f^f^,^^^' 
 onely by subjugating the Posts themselves, which he performed by 
 strength, but likewise by so dextrously interesting the Gentry and refrac- 
 tory Nobility, both by honours and blood, to the Court and his faction, 
 which he did by policy : in fine, he so handled the cards, that the better 
 sort of people became tractable but of meer respect to their relations ; 
 and the meaner by an inevitable constraint, as well as the example of 
 their Chiefs, were compelled to a due submission ; so that now the sove- 
 reignty of France is become so independent and absolute, that albeit it 
 do still retaine a shadow of the ancient form, yet it is, duly considered, 
 a thing heavenly wide and different: for in the Kings sole power it is The Kings ahso- 
 to resolve of, and dissolve warrs ; by him are the lawes interpreted ; 
 letters of grace, of naturality, and other acts given out ; he it is 
 imposeth taxes, from which (by a speciall decree) the Church her selfe %^J""''""^ 
 is not exempt; nay, albeit the Pope his own Holinesse consent not; 
 from all whose ecclesiasticall censures, fulminations, and anathemas, 
 he feels himselfe also priviledged, and therefore nominates all spiritual! 
 persons to their preferments and dignities : notwithstanding all this, 
 the handsomer to disguise and apparell these his volunties, and render 
 them at the least specious proceedures of justice, he permits none of his /*^"^^""*'T' 
 edicts to passe as authentick until the Court of Parliament (who is 
 absolutely at his devotion) have first verified them ; a favour this like- 
 wise out of complement too, non tarn necessitatis quhm humanitatis, as complement. 
 a civilian (whose glosse it is) hath warily termed it. So that as for the 
 Parliaments of France (besides the name and formalitv), there is in P^'rHament of 
 
 ^ •> '^ Prance a name 
 
 truth now no such thing in nature ; which, together with their ancient ''"'^• 
 liberties, how deservedly they lost them may be easily discovered in 
 their frequent rebellions. In a word, he who would perfectly, and 
 without more adoe, understand by what law and rule the Kings of 
 
 I 
 
58 
 
 By what means 
 discomposed. 
 
 TVieir estates re- 
 vertable to the 
 Crown hy appa- 
 nage. 
 
 Tkeir originaU 
 authority. 
 
 and number. 
 
 France impose on their vassals, may see it summarily, yet very legibljif 
 ingraven by that fore-mentioned Cardinall, upon that excellent artillery 
 which defend his Majesties citadell at Havre de Grace, in Normandy, 
 where you may run and read the best of tenures, as the times are now, 
 in this epigraph, Ratio ultima Begum ; though for this slavery of 
 theirs, they may in some degree thank our countrymen, whose forces 
 being embowelled amongst them, hindred the assembling of the Three 
 Estates (as they should have done) : whereupon the King being neces- 
 sitated to make his simple edicts passe for authentick laws (although 
 this power were delivered to him during his wars only), was the reason 
 why the people could never recover or seize on them since. A jewel 
 this of too great value (some think) to bee intrusted to one person, upon 
 what pretence or necessity soever. To the King and his immediate 
 issue, in dignity and rank, are the Dukes and Peers of France. 
 
 But first, it is to be observed, that the Princes of the Blood of this 
 Kingdom possess their lands and revenues under the name of appanage, 
 and not as absolute proprietaries ; by which means all their estates 
 return again to the Crown by the right of reversion, to the end that the 
 domaine abide intire, and for other the like reasons : the Duke of Sully 
 Henry Richmont, heretofore called 3ois Belle (on which there hangs a 
 story) only excepted. 
 
 We will passe over their original, which would be extreme difficult to 
 investigate, and proceed to their authority, which was first established 
 by Hugues Capet and his descendants, who thereupon obliged them to 
 hold their lands of the Crown immediately ; by which means he also 
 gained many that before were disaffected to him, as the Earls of Flan- 
 ders, the Archbishop of Rheims, and divers others, who had been at the 
 first great opposers of this usurper. Now of these Peers, there were at 
 the first twelve only ordained : to wit, six of the spiritualty, and as many 
 of the temporalty : but at this day their number is become indefinite, 
 depending solely on the pleasure of the King: and these are so named, 
 not for that they pretend to any equality of dignity with their Soveraign, 
 but their mutual parity in authority one amongst another. 
 
59- 
 
 This Ecclesiastlcks were 
 
 1. The Archbishop arid Duke of Rheims. Ecclesiastic^ 
 
 2. The Bishop and Duke de Laon. 
 
 8. The Bishop and Duke de Langres. 
 
 4. -The Bishop and Earl of Beauvais. 
 
 5. The Bishop and Earl of Noyon. 
 
 6. The Bishop and Comte de Chaalons in Champagne. 
 
 The six Temporal were 
 
 rl. BoUrgOgne. Temporal!. 
 
 The Dukes of < 2. Normandie. 
 V.3. Guyenne. 
 
 {4. Thoulouse. 
 5. Champagne. 
 6. Elanders. 
 
 These twelve Peers composed likewise In times past the Parliament 
 of France, from whence it Is to this day called (as once with us) the 
 Court of Peers. 
 
 Now, amongst sundry other immunities and privlledges which they Their immunities 
 injoy, this Is none of the least, that they can neither be disposed of, nor 
 appealed In judgment, but onely in the Court of Parliament, where they 
 have their places as the Princes of the Blood have ; for, before the insti- 
 tution of that high tribunal in this kingdotii, the Peers were those 
 which judged all causes that were ordinarily brought before the King ; 
 nor did he manage any thing else either In war or peace, without their 
 speclall aid and. assistance. Moreover, this dignitle to some hath been 
 granted for life, some personal, others onely to the males descending, 
 some for ever ; yea, and even women themselves are alike capable of „, . , 
 
 ' J ' » Women capable of 
 
 pairerieS. pmrenes. 
 
 It would take up too much time, should I trouble you with their charges at the 
 
 r ■ ' •> Coronation. 
 
 severall functions and charges at the Coronation, more fit for an herauld 
 than an historian ; this onely Is observable, that albeit there were never 
 so many Peers present,- those onely who bare the/titles of the six Splri- 
 tuall and six Temporall before noted, officiate at the ceremony; for which 
 very pvrpose, those who are wanting, or, extinct, have yet their repre- 
 sentatives, who upon this occasion stand for, and supply their persons. 
 
60 
 
 m Crown of We have spoken now of the King and prime Nobility; let us next ^ 
 
 icersletmgingto survey the Crown and prime ofiScers thereunto belonging. 
 
 The late author of the Estat de France hath divided them into three 
 Ancients, three Modern, and three Domestique ; which truly, is not an 
 unequall trichotomy; but for that I intend to perfect what I have 
 already established touching the Court, I will commence with the three 
 last in this partition, and so come to those which more immediately ap- 
 pertaine to the State afterwards. 
 
 The Domesiique ^\yQ three Domcstick Officers and charges are 
 
 O^ers. ■ ° 
 
 The Grand Maistre of France. 
 The Grand Chambvllan of France. 
 The Grand Escuyer of 'France. 
 
 The office of the The officc of Grand Maistrs de France is Superintendent of the 
 
 Grand Maistre de iiii-i •!•• iiLJ •! 
 
 France. Kings housc, and hath absolute jurisdiction over all the domestick 
 
 officers and provisions of his Majesties table ; and is a place of so su- 
 preme authority, that it is seldom conferred save upon one of the Princes 
 of the Blood ; the Prince of Condy at present undeservedly inheriting his 
 fathers charge therein. 
 
 „ , .. , f Under the Grand Maistre are many subordinate officers, as maistrei 
 
 Subordinate of- ■ J ' 
 
 jicers to him. d'hostcl, butlers, carvers, gentlemen waiteris, and a whole f egiment of 
 
 others, which are reduced to no certain number : one thing is to be 
 
 Ceremony at the noted, that whcn the King dves, the Grand Maistre breaketh his staflFe 
 
 death of the King: ' o j. ' 
 
 ' of office, not only as an embleme of the dismission of the rest, but like* 
 
 wise to shew that their charges are only dependant upon the life of the 
 King, albeit afterward the successor for the most part re-establisheth 
 them. 
 The High Cham- Ncxt to the Grand Maistrc is the High Chaml^lain of France, who 
 fi^J^"mb^rdinate hath the supcrvisall and disposition of all officers of the King's bedcham- 
 to him. ^^^ ^^j wardrobe, gives or denyes accesse to his Majestie ; under him 
 
 there are four chief gentlemen of the chamber, called, les quaires pre- 
 miers gentils hommes de la chambre du Roy ; one of these ever lies in 
 the Kings bedchamber, or very near to it. Under these are the Masters 
 of the Wardrobe, very lucrative places, to whom are subordinate the 
 Pages, &c. 
 
61 
 
 Lastly, the Grand Escuyevy or Master of the Horse, superintendent The Grand es- 
 of the Premier ]Ss€Ui/^T and other officers of the stables; his charge it is n«y. ' 
 to march on horseback before the King, bearing a sword and belt, when 
 his Majesty entreth into any city ; but in those towns which have a 
 parliament he carries ("in place thereof) a casque of blew velvet semded 
 with Jleurs de lys, his own horse caparisoned with the like. He pre- 
 tends also authority over the Masters of the Post, offices of wonderfuU 
 gain ; but it is now otherwise settled. The Master of the Horse hath 
 likewise under him four and twenty Pages, who being the sons of prime 
 Noblemen, are educated in all such exercises as become their quality. 
 The Grand Escuyer is at present the Prince of Harcourt. 
 
 The Premier Escuyer (whom I have before-mentioned) hath parti- PremUr Eseuyer. 
 cular care of the Kings little stable, where the coach horses are kept, as 
 also over the Pages, who be no lesse then fifty in number, and the 
 Kings Footmen ; in effect'he commands equally both the great and little 
 stables, so that the charge of the Premier Escuyer is not much inferiour 
 to. that of Master of the Horse himself. 
 
 The King hath likewise foure Secretaries of his Chamber, and three Secretaries 0/ the 
 
 ,^ Kings Chamber 
 
 of his Cabinet : to speak truth, the multitude of those who stile them- andcaunet. 
 selves Secretaries to the King, is such, that what with the greatnesse of 
 their number, and inconsiderablenesse of most of their persons, the dig- 
 nity of the charge is extremely eclipsed. 
 
 The Kings Bihlioihecarius, Superintendant of the moveables of the The smiotheca- 
 Grown,- Con trolers, Treasurers, Mareschals des Loges, Capitaime de la Treasurers,Mare- 
 
 shals des Ijogest 
 
 Porte, who hath under him a giiard of fifty halberds, &c. and of other capitaine de la 
 inferiour officers of all sorts, under those above five hundred more, 
 though never half of them vpaiting at a time, and so not constantly 
 eatina: at Court, as did heretofore most of the oflBcers of the Kings of ^^^' splendor, 
 
 " ^ ^ '-' and hospitality of 
 
 England ; the splendor, hospitality, order, and decent magnificence of t^ English cowt 
 whose service and attendance in this kind, I am confident no Court of 
 Europe hath ever approach'd or parallell'd. 
 
 There are likewise of Churchmen, the Greate Almoner of France, The Great ai- 
 upon whom depend all of that robe in the Court ; under him is also the 
 Premier Almoner, and subordinate to him the severall Chaplains, chaplains, cicrhs, 
 
 ■ I ' Confessors. 
 
 Clerks, Confessors. - 
 
62 
 
 Nowe before I proceed, somthing I should speak of those royall 
 
 officers which superintend the Kings pleasures and ordinary recreations; 
 
 Pertaining to the g^jgjj jg ^]^g Grand Feueur and Fauconnier, the Chief Hunter, and Master 
 
 Kings pleasure^ ^ •. 
 
 Tonni^^c.^""' of the Game — places not only of very great honour, but also of command ; 
 
 but a word of them shall suffice, as offices rather of dignity than policy. 
 
 Touching the officers belonging in particular to the Queens hous- 
 
 officers belonging Jjold, I shall hcrcin likewise much contract my self, having: so amply dis- 
 co the Queens in ' ■ J ' . o l J 
 
 ^iiil^^''/thf ^'O'lrsed of those which appertain unto the King; and the rather, in regard 
 Kings, ^^^^ jj^ most of the subalternate, they so much resemble the one the other. 
 
 except Maids of . 'J 
 
 Honour, Knights, Yet shc hath differently one Dame d'Honneur ; of extraordinaries many 
 more ; six Maids of Honour, twelve Chamber-maids CB\\eA.Filles de la 
 * Reyne: a Knight of Honor, divers Masters, Cup-bearers, and Carvers ; a 
 Chief Grooiji, under whom are a great many Pages and Footmen ; also 
 Secretaries, Treasurers, &c. She hath likewise her Grand jfiumosnier, and 
 a. Premier Aumosnier, Ecclesiasticks, and the like, as before was said of 
 the King. 
 
 And now having surveied the principal Officers of the Court, I know 
 you are ready to enquire of me where the guard of this great Monarch is 
 
 The Grand Pre- all this while ? I vvlU but ouly mention the Grand Prevost, at present 
 
 vast, liis command. , _ j. i i i> n it • i 
 
 the Mareschal d Hoquencourt, whom 1 may not omit, and then I will 
 draw them forth in their several orders. 
 
 Not only the Grand Prevost is an office which extends it selfe over all 
 the officers (already mentioned) which belong to his Majesties houshold, 
 but it hath likewise command absolute for six leagues round about Paris, 
 and the Court, every way, which is in truth a very great and noble ju- 
 risdiction; besides he is judge of all causes, as well civills as crimlnels, 
 which are incident in Court, and hath for this respect two Lieutenants 
 fifty Archers of the. Kings guard, and severall other officers; to him 
 appertaineth the imposing of the price of bread,, wine, flesh, fish, hay, 
 oates, with sundry other very important priviledges. But behold here 
 K^gt/j'tance. comcs the guard : the first which present themselves are, 
 100 Gentlemen. LtG Cent GentUs Hommes, so. named from their, prirnary restriction 
 (albeit now double in number) they are called the Kings Company,; and 
 wait on him on all days of ceremony, and like occasions. Next, 
 Musgueti£rs on The Musqueticrs on horseback, which during the .Regency have been 
 
63 
 
 dissolvedj but are now in great probability to be re-established by the 
 King ; they were composed of one hundred and fifty horsemen, chosen 
 out from amongst the prime youth of the chiefest families of France, and 
 at the first instituted by Lewis the Thirteenth, father of this present ^teKmpcu- 
 King, who was so physiognomically punctual in their election, that it is '**"*• 
 reported he would admit none who were of a red hair : these waited on 
 his Majestic in person whenever he went abroad : but after these, and 
 the more ancient farr (who besides their immediate attendance on the 
 person of the King wee are to accompt as principall and solid forces of 
 the state) are the guards of French, Scotch, and Swisse : of all whom, 
 because those who approach neerest to the person of his Majesty are the 
 Scotch (by an extraordinary and special good fortune, it seems, ever 
 esteemed faithfuU to this King and Crown only, for they are very neer 
 his person, and therefore called the Guard de la Manch). I will first f'J^^^f ""„'"''•'" 
 begin with them. They consist of an hundred archers, and four ex- ^"'"'*- 
 empts, who carry a staflFe or truncheon in stead of an halberd, with the 
 rest, from whence they are so denominated : these wait on the King, 
 and observe him in all motions, joyned also with some ather of his Ma- 
 jesties guards, whereof some bear halberds, others carabines, whether 
 the King be at table, in coach, or in his bedchamber. But this guard 
 of Scots, as sympathizing with the calamity of this nation, is of late Decay of the 
 years very much impaired, divers French suborned in their places, and "" * " ^'■""*'- 
 many of their priviledges lost and infringed, insomuch as it seems at 
 present to retain rather a name than a real being. 
 
 The Swisse (for being likewise strangers) I produce in the next Guard of swiue. 
 place : the guard of this grim nation is composed of sixteen companies ; 
 but of these the more immediately attending as the Kings constant 
 guard are only an hundred of them, who all weare the Kings cloath, 
 marching with halberds on their shoulders, drum always beating, and 
 fife playing before his Majesty, when 'ere he stirs but into the city. 
 
 Lastly, the Guard of French, called the Regiment des Guards, with GuardofF.or 
 
 , _ . - . . • -\ J 11 J.U 1 ^^giinent des 
 
 the Swisse (composing two entire companies) guard all the avenues and Guardn. 
 precincts of the Kings palace : they are both of them two regiments, 
 whereof each is made up of 30 companies, consisting of two hundred 
 men apiece, if full ; and besides these there is also another Companie 
 
64 
 
 Gens cTarms 
 cavalry. 
 
 Trve signatures 
 of ahaotute 
 Monarchy. 
 
 Officers of State. 
 
 Kings Revenue. 
 
 Superintendent 
 des Finances or 
 Coustumes. * 
 
 Thresoriers de 
 V Espargne. 
 
 de Gens d'Armes, who are Cavalleres, and serve quarterly on horse- 
 back. 
 
 Thus is this great Monarch so inviron'd with men of iron whereever 
 he goes, that one who should meet him abroad, though but upon the 
 most ordinary occasion, would suppose them an army marching rather 
 to defend or invade some distressed province, then the private guard 
 only of a Princes person ; so carefull have the Kings of France ever 
 been to maintain this principle of greatnesse and security, the very 
 quintessence certainly of true polity, and infalliblest signatures of an 
 absolute jurisdiction. 
 
 It would now peradventure be thought proper here to speak next of 
 
 . the Militia, having already placed the guards, who indeed compose so 
 
 considerable a part thereof ; but because wee have now done with the 
 
 Court, we will in the next cast our eyes upon the State, and afterwards 
 
 secure it. 
 
 But first a word or two touching the Kings Revenue and Counsel ; 
 as being the very nerves and pillars of all earthly grandeur. 
 
 The ordinary revenue of the Kings of France is extremely uncertain, 
 albeit vastly augmented within these late few years, and (besides from 
 the domains formerly engaged to the Crowne)are infinitely Increased by 
 the doiianes tallies, and other customes arising upon all manner of 
 merchandize; a treasure altogether uncertain, and therefore imposed 
 still as occasion requireth, and at the pleasure of the King. In order to 
 this, are established severall grand officers, of whom in order, first. 
 
 The Superintendent of the Finances, equivalent to our quondamLiordi 
 High Treasurer, and officers depending on him. This Is he who doth 
 absolutely dispose of the farmes and customs of the King, hath the 
 chaise and dispensation of the revenues ; in short, it is a place so 
 immensly lucrative, and prodigiously rich (as being obnoxious to no 
 Account) that there is no man able to make a just estimate of their 
 gaine. Subordinate to him are four other Intendents, and as many Trea- 
 surers de V Mspargne, whereof one of each wait every month, and these 
 are those great financiers who suck the very bloud of the people ; for 
 which (like the Jewish Publicani their brethren) they are sufficiently 
 blasphemed by them upon all occasions. 
 
65 
 
 The Tresoriers de V Espargne (yf\i\fh. are as Chancellours of the Ex- 
 chequer, have an alternative office ; because the number of them is not 
 alwayes certaiti), places of that vast revenue, that they are frequently 
 sold at no less than a million of livres : for this the Mspargne is resem- 
 bled to the ocean sea, into which, like so many rivers, all the other 
 receipts, generall an4 particular, of the Kings revenue, do praecipitate 
 themselves, and pay their tribute. From hence all other the treasures, 
 as well ordinary as extraordinary, of the wars. Generals of the Provinces, 
 Maritime Officers, Payers of Publick Rents, Courts, receive money, and 
 advance for their several and respective distributions. 
 
 There are likewise besides these, the Treasurers of the Parties ^*« Treasurers 
 
 of the Parties 
 
 Casuelles, who are four : these have charge to receive all monies pro- Casueiies. 
 ceeding from the sale of offices (which is a gain here openly avowed). 
 But that which much countervails the inconvenience of their casualties, 
 unto which they are incident is, that though a man deposit a vast 
 summe, and even exhaust him self for the purchase, they are yet here- 
 ditary, so that even the widow of the defunct may delegate it to a ^^"^^' '^" **' 
 deputy or proxy, the King only reserving a small annual rent, which "'"''«"*■ ?"'' *"«' 
 they call La Paulet ; in default of which payment, or that the person 
 die without having resigned his office, these Treasurers dispose of it to 
 the Kings use and benefit. 
 
 The Comptrouler-General des Mnances, his office it is to register all comptrollers- gc 
 
 ■* ... neral of the Cits- 
 
 receipts and expences ; but, for the present, it remames extmct. tomes. 
 
 These Treasurers are distributed into Generalities or Bureaux ("so BureauT and ce- 
 
 neraliies. 
 
 called from a stuff of that name which covereth a table, as our Exche- 
 quer) ; the Generalties are twenty-two great cities, and each of those 
 have their generall and particular Receivers, which last bring the 
 monies of the Tailles (which certain elected officers impose or assesse f ^//jj^f" 
 upon the parishes) unto the respective collectors who receive it : and 
 these at Paris render it into the office aforesaid. 
 
 The ancient Kines of France had other wayes then these to subsist. Kings 0/ France 
 
 O •' . had other ways of 
 
 till Pepin and some later Princes of the third line, so much augmented ^?^'"'^f ^^ 
 the domaine of the Crown ; as by appanages, which through defect of 
 issue male now revert unto it ; also by possession of lands and seignio- 
 ries annexed to the Crown ; by rents, fifts, and other rights proceeding 
 
 'Hit 
 '^epin. 
 
 K 
 
66 
 
 mposuims by ffom ficfs ; by impositions and <lues which are payable by edicts ; by a 
 
 number of lands who owe faith and do homage to the Prince ; by the 
 
 Droict^Auhaine, DvoU d^Auhaine, by which the goods of strangers dying* in France 
 
 bastardy, vacan- most inhosDitably cschcat to the King-; patting; (in this respect j* no 
 
 ey through death, _ r ^ & ' r O v. r • 
 
 first-fruits and difference between them and bastards unnaturalized. By the g;oods 
 
 dues from Eccle- . 
 
 naaicks. vacant through death, &c. ; by annates or first fruits, dues from certain 
 
 Archbishopricks and Bishopricks, to the number of 30, and more : as 
 likewise innumerable other wayes, which here it were too long to 
 reckon up. 
 
 Nor can the domain be otherwise alienated, then (as already hath 
 been said) in case of appanages : the other upon some extraordinary 
 and desperate necessity, as in occasion of warre, yet then also but upon 
 condition of redemption, and that they be both first verified in Parlia- 
 ment. But these it seems of late, not sufficing the publick expences of 
 so great a Prince and his many armies, those tailles and subsidiary 
 assistances before mentioned have been more frequently levied ; yet 
 
 r&e ordinary en- now ("since Charfes the Seventh) made the ordinary entertainment of the 
 
 tertaiament of the ^ , . ,^,.. 
 
 Souidiery. souldiery. Notwithstanding the Gentry and Nobility (for these tearm^ 
 
 a^-^ exempt of aTB Coincident and convertible in France), Churchmen, and their de- 
 pendants are exempt from these contributions ; an immunity which they 
 enjoy as a distinction, which ours of the same quality in England 
 never so much as tasted off ; so that (among us) if a person be not 
 i\robiiity no ad- rich, let him be never so well borne, the peasant is as good a man every 
 
 vantage in Mng- i-. r ""iJ i-ii- i . i i • 
 
 land. wmt tor any priviledge which: the other enjoys above him ; through 
 
 which defect, as there remains little encouragement and reward for 
 ancient vertue or future industry, so must it needs, in time, both utterly 
 confound and degenerate the race of the most illustrious families, which 
 have yet hitherto remained. 
 
 The j/ides, what. The Aides (which I therefore the rather mention, because it was 
 
 and when insti- ^ _ ' 
 
 tuted. instituted upon occasion of King Johns imprisonment in England) is 
 
 All commodities HOW become a perpetual and generall tax upon all sorts of commodities 
 tS/Z^^se"-"' whatever, excepting wheat only, vj^hich is the sole individual in all 
 France free from airy impost. 
 
 Bat that which seasons all the rest, and is indeed a principal ingre- 
 Gabeis upon Salt, dlcut tothc Klngs vast revenuc. Is the Grabels upon Salt, which yeelds 
 
this monarch more then twenty millions of livres ; for which teepect 
 there are divers officers appertaining thet^to, some whereof have power 
 to constrain men to buy a certain quantity of the King whether they ^'s^""*- "/ ««''- 
 will or no ; a rigour some interpret extremely approaching the very 
 height of extortion : some particular places yet of the kingdcKue (as 
 towards the frontiers and sea-towns) are exemptedi and have their salt 
 quit of any impost at all. These are in fine the most principall quar- 
 ries from whence this Monarch diggs forth and fetches his treasure and 
 revenue, which those who are yet thought to have made a favourable 
 audite, do not blush to affirm, amounts unto more then an hunch'ed 
 and fourty millions of livres, which is about fourteen millions of our ^^m^^^i^u- 
 mony : nay some, that in Cardinal Richlieus time it was brought to '"""•'^'^'"'s^" 
 an hundred and fifty : which portentous and monstrous treasure, toge- 
 ther with the management and manner of enacting it, might (as some 
 think) serve a little to extenuate that which was yet thought a propor- 
 tion too large for a most excellent Prince, whose whole revenue could 
 never yet be stretched to above one million sterling in all, viis et modis. 
 Which is some thirteen short of that which the Kings of France at 
 present enjoy. 
 
 Now ere we define the more distinct Ministers of State, wee will first Supream Cmm- 
 speak severally of the Supream Counsels, which are two. The chief is ** 
 called the Secret Cor more frequently) le Oanseil d'enhauU, that is ("after Le eamaid'en' 
 our old English stile) the Cabinet Counsel, because it is commonly counseiaretfu 
 
 O _ ^ _ ' •' Vuke of Orleans, 
 
 held in the Kings bedchamber; for which respect you may reasonably pnn^ofomdi, 
 imagine it to be composed but of few, and those the prime and most ipnneipaise&re- 
 illustrious persons of charge and title in the kingdome : so that (accord- 
 ing to the nature of affaires) it is sometimes reduced unto two or three 
 only : but upon Intelligences and tTangaqtions of State, as those which 
 concern matter of warr, forrain alliances, &c. then there is a fuller 
 number of other Ministers required to be present. 
 
 The other Conseil is termed le Cornell d'Estat et Prm^, where, TheOmnteio/ 
 
 State, 
 
 when the King himself sits not, the precedency is given to> the first 
 Prince of the Blood then present ; and in defiiult of their absence,^ to 
 the Chaneellour, who, t«%ether with the Treasurer o^ Superintendent, 
 hath principal auibhorii^ in all those Courta I have*, or shall speak of; 
 
68 
 
 The Coumell of 
 Direction. 
 
 The Counsell of 
 Parties. 
 
 T]ie manner of 
 proceeding in 
 t/^ese Courts. 
 
 Grand Conieil. 
 
 and this Court (bes^es the above named, who are chief) is composed of 
 many Counsellours of State, who are all persons of great merit, and 
 commonly such. as have given signal testimonies of their abilities and 
 addresse by their long services; as Ambassadors and Orators to forraign 
 Princes; or officers in other jurisdictions and counsels: also to, this 
 Court appertaine foute Secretaries that serve quarterly ; eighteen Mais- 
 tre de Requests, who (according to the nature of the affaire^ with the 
 Intendents, make the Reports, having first resolved the businesse 
 amongst themselves, according to which the arrest is sometimes given. 
 
 In this Counsell passe all matters belonging either to warr or peace, 
 and all other concernements of the Crown whatever ; for here they 
 determine definitively; which judgment so passed, is termed an Arrest 
 or Act of Counsell : howbeit, in causes of high consequence they are 
 often revoked both from this Tribunall (yea, and the Parliament it self 
 also) unto the Conseil d'en-haulf, although a Counsell but of a later 
 initiation. Branches from this are also the Counsell of the Finances, or 
 Customs, called the Councel of Direction, where all the affaires of the 
 Exchequer are disposed. Likewise the Chancellor holdeth another 
 Counsell, called the Conseil des Parties, wherein the processes of parti- 
 cular parties and recusations have their proper hearing : and to this also 
 belong Quarterly Secretaries apart. 
 
 Now the manner of proceeding in these Courts goes according to the 
 disposition of the severall affairs, by the reports made ready, reformed, 
 and first signed, which is by them, then by the Chancellor, if it be at 
 the Counsell of Parties ; if at the Finances, by the Duke of Orleans, 
 Mons"" the Prince, and Superintendents, who deliver them to \\\q gre/ffieir 
 or clerk, by whom they are to be allowed, that is, paragraphed in parch- 
 ment, to which they subjovne a commission, which is sealed bv the 
 Chancellor, if they are to be immediately executed. Other Arrests ana 
 Acts of Counsel are executed by an Usher or Sergeant of the Counsel, 
 who wears a chaine of gold about his neck, with a medail pendent, 
 wherein there is impressed the Kings picture. 
 
 There is likewise another Councell, called the Grand Conseil, in which 
 also the Chancellor presides virtually, though seldom present in 
 person : and this is composed of four Presidents, and a hundred and 
 
fifty Counsellers, who serve by semestre : and this Court is chiefly, and 
 indeed only conversant in affaires ecclesiastical, such as concerne bishop- 
 ricks, priories, hospitals, &c. collation and presentation to benefices in 
 the jurisdiction either of King or Pope within this realme ; and there- 
 fore here is the Kings Advocate and Proctor- General continually 
 attending. 
 
 And now (returning to our former division) we may remember that 
 the more ancient Officers of the Crown were likewise three : viz. the 
 Contiestable, the Marpschal, and the Chancellor. I shall forbear a 
 while to speak much of the two first, till I come to treat particularly 
 concerning: matters of warr : we are now in affaires of State and Justice, officers of stme 
 
 O . .... . ' and Justice. 
 
 wherein this last in our division as chlefe and soveraign ; his office is to 
 dispatch and modifie all the graces and gifts of the King; is Keeper of ^"^'^'""'^^ 
 the Great Scale, with which bee confirmes all the ordinances, edicts, 
 declarations, and pleasure of his Majesty ; for which respect he hath in 
 Parliament his seat on the left hand of the King, when he is there pre- 
 sent. But there are no dayes properly designed for sealing; that Days and manner 
 wholly depending upon the will of the Chancellour. The manner 
 thereof is this : the Chancellour sits at the middle of a large table, upon 
 which is placed a cabinet or coffer (wherein there is locked all the 
 publick seals of France), the key of which he carries about his neck : 
 at the end of this table are two Masters of Requests, with whom he 
 may advise in case the affaire require it : and over against the Chan- 
 cellour one of the four Referendaries of France, who reads all the letters, 
 arrests, and other expeditions, which, if approved, are accommodated 
 with yellow wax, fitting and ready for the seale, and so put up into a 
 box to be controuled by the Kings Secretaries, who must first allow 
 and paragraph them, and then they are sealed : for expedition of highest 
 consequence, as treaties, edicts, abolitions, &c. in green wax : but the 
 seals of Dauphine are in red. Moreover the character of the Chancellour 
 is esteemed so sacred and inviolable, that it remains altogether indeleble 
 but by death onely : yet notwithstanding upon decadency or disgrace Guard des 
 with the King, there is commonly one called Garde des Sceaux, who 
 executeth'his charge, and hath also the same authority ; for the scales 
 may be taken away at his Majesties pleasure, but not the Chancelbr- 
 
<w 
 
 Secretaries of 
 State. 
 
 Masters of Re- 
 quests, 
 
 Parliament of 
 France. 
 
 ship, which as it is never tq (jjye but with his person, so may he not put 
 on mourning for th^ King himself, his father or mother, if any of them 
 4ecea5e, ^^ b^Ing inseusibJe of all othex relation?, an4 considerations 
 b^esicjes the sple interest of the people ; his habite is a i:pb^ of blacl^ 
 velvet dwble^j or lined with crimson plush ; before him goe two sear- 
 jeants with chains of gold, who bear two rich maces of gold on their 
 shoulders- 
 
 Xhe ^ecyetayiej? of State and command? of the King are four in num*- 
 her ; whose functions, for being different, deserve to bee mentioned in 
 the next place. One of these Secretaries is for expeditions altogetheT 
 forraign : one fop affaires Ecclesiasticall and Benefices ; a third for 
 matters only appertainmg to the Kings house, and the fourth serves 
 fip^ ajBFairs apd cpflcernements of war ; and thus have they the wholj^ 
 Kingdom so cantoniz'd betwixt them, that upon ^H particular exigen- 
 cies of the Provinces, every one knows his division. In Court a^nd pre- 
 sence of the Kii^g, they waite alternatively by months; for he uses 
 them likewise in affaires of the cabinet, which, for not being matter of 
 state, hee will not have made known or divulged. 
 
 ^jastly, the Masters of Requests (of vi^hom there are at present no 
 lesse then seventy) are as it were Assessors of the Chancellour, and 
 compose the body of the Court of Parliament (of which we shall shortly 
 speak), and have their sefits next to the Cownsellers, but not exceeding 
 four ^t ^ time. In absence of the Presidents, they preside also in many 
 other Judicatures and BailUages : tliese make report and sign the Re-- 
 quest of Justice, and sometimes the affaires of the Exchequer : they 
 are likewise m^ny times chosen for Extraordinary Embassades, as well 
 as Commissioners for his Majesty in the Cities and Provinces, where 
 they judge and determine upon all affairs of the Crowne, with most ab- 
 spjlute power ^rjd authority. 
 
 The rest of the officers more immediately belonging to the Kings 
 Revenue I have touched at large already. I come now to the Parlia- 
 ments of France, of whom there hath hitherto been so much talke. 
 
 The Justice of France (in the equal dispensation whereof should be 
 the glory arid diadem of a Prince in Peace, as is the multitude of people 
 
' n 
 
 his visible strength in warr) is d<ittbtles«e vei'y gobd, but wondei*ftiny 
 fil executed, which happens through thie [fordid cbituption df sueh as 
 dispense it for mony and favour, without which there is nothing to be 
 hoped fof in this kingdom : and good i-easdh there should bee some 
 gaine made of that which the dividers thereof buy so dear, purchasing 
 their places &nd offices at Such excessive chai'ges, that tiiey arb b6n- 
 strainfed to sell their vertue to him who bidd^ ttidst foi* it. But thiii is 
 ndt (I SUppds6) the only flaonopdly which drives that trade. 
 
 Philip the Faire established the Parliament df Paris; ("for before it Bywhmesta- 
 was atnbulatofy, and dnely dbSei'Vfed the motion of the Kihg) whither 
 both Ecdesiastlcks and SedulafS repaired. As it is now 6dnstitttted, it 
 is composed of five houses or chambers : La Grand Chambrt hath /,« Ormd Cham- 
 twenty-five Cdunsdlors, whd take cognisance df affairs df highest con- 
 sequence : and of five Chamht^^ d&s EnquSsts, io either of which thei*e 
 is also about thfe same number df Cdunsellers : likewise tWb othbt 
 dliambers, one whereof is called Ld Touirnelte, Wherein are pleaded only La T&urneite. 
 matters erimittall, cdmpdsed of two Counsellors of the Grand Charhhte^ 
 and of two of every Chambre des Mnqii^sU. The Chdfnht'd de I'Mditi Dev Edict for the 
 that isj of the Edict of Nanted, which only toucheth the affaires df the 
 Protestants, and is also composed of twd Counsellers out df fe^ch df 
 the six other Chambers, who are nominated every second year by the 
 Chancellotir and the Protestant deputy generall. 
 
 In the great Chamber presideth the President att Mortier, who pre- president au 
 senteth the ancient Dukes and Peers : these Presidents arfe Counsellers tiZe st'andeth a 
 of State the first day of their reception, and have about their neck an fLhiono/amarier 
 hood of velvet, lined with furr, from whence some affirme they derive of the arms in 
 
 1 . ,1 • 1 • L^ I • /• 1 lieuo/awrealh 
 
 their name : they are now in number seven or eight, having oi late and helmet. 
 been encreased. 
 
 To all the other Chambers of Parliament there are likewise Presi- pteMina, om- 
 dents : viz. two at the Tournelle, and one at the Edict. To each and Procteurs. 
 Chambre des Enqu^sts are two, but these last for being only commis- 
 sionated Counsellers, have no places as Presidents in full assemblies of 
 Parliament. Besides Presidents and Counsellers, there is moreover a 
 
72 
 
 Clerk of the Par- 
 liament. 
 
 Robes of the effi- 
 eers of Parlia- 
 ment. 
 
 yirrests of Pari, 
 when pronounced. 
 
 Cities besides 
 Paris, that have 
 Parliaments. 
 
 In what they dif- 
 fer from the Pari, 
 of Paris. 
 
 Procureur, and two Advocates General, who intervene in all causes 
 which concern either the King or State ; besides an infinity of other 
 advocates, who are rather to cdunt by multitudes then numbers 
 established, only the Proctors have of late years been reduced to 
 about 600. 
 
 There is likewise a Greffier en Chef, or Clerk of the Parliament, one 
 of the most lucrative charges of France, as esteemed to be no lesse 
 worth then an 100 crowns of gold a day. This office having now suc- 
 cessively remained in the family of Monsieur du Tillet neer three hun- 
 dred years, we could not passe his name in silence ; lastly, of Com- 
 mises, Searjeants, Ushers, and under officers, there are in very gfeat 
 numbers. 
 
 All the officers of Parliament wear a long gown and square cap, but 
 the Presidents au Mortier and Counsellours, upon solemn occasions, 
 put on robes of scarlet which are trimmed with black velvet. 
 
 The solemne Arrests or Acts of Parliament are pronounced four times 
 in the year : viz. on Christmas Eves eve, on the Tuesday before Easter, 
 on Whitson Eves eve, and the seventh day of September till which, 
 from the morrow after the feast of St. Martine it continues ; but the 
 Parliament doth not open until such time as the King renews their 
 commission. 
 
 There are, besides Paris, these nine cities which have Parliaments, 
 
 1 Toulouse. 6 Aix. 
 
 2 Rouen. 7 Rheims. 
 
 3 Bourdeaux. 8 Pau. 
 
 4 Dijon. 9 Mets. 
 
 5 Grenoble. 
 
 Whose constitution and composition are alike to that of Paris, ex- 
 cept that of Mets and Rouen, whose President and Counsellers of late 
 serve semestraly, that is halfe during one six months, and halfe the 
 other : some of the Parliaments also have no chamber of Edict, as 
 Rheims and Dijon ; so that the Protestants of those parts repaire to 
 Paris to plead ; and in Toulouse, Bourdeaux, and Grenoble, for default 
 thereof, those of the rehgion have established them Chambers Mipar- 
 
73 
 
 ties that is, of equal numbers of Romanists; nor have the other Par- 
 liaments so many Chambers of Enquests, as not (in truth) needing 
 them. 
 
 Likewise this Prerogative hath the Parliament of Paris, that it hath Prerogative of 
 
 ° 11 theP.ofPurii. 
 
 the sole honour to be called the Court of Peers ; for here only can they, 
 of right be judged ; yet this priviledge was not able to protect them, a!t 
 what time the late great Cardinal de Richlieu made bold to infringe it, 
 when it served to his purpose. 
 
 In all these Parliaments aforesaid the Advocates plead covered, but How the Advocates 
 
 , , and Proctors 
 
 the Proctors both bareheaded and kneeling. piead. 
 
 Moreover, the businesse of the Parliament, besides the verifying of 
 the Kings edicts, ordinances, and letters patents (as hath been already 
 touched), is the dispensing of all other justice civill and criminall: 
 here the appanages of the Crown are regulated, the erection of new 
 dignitaries, modification of the Popes Legats, commissions, procedures 
 to banishment, letters of naturalty, pardons, and the like supream trans- 
 actions of State have their genuine and naturall source. 
 
 The Bishops in Parliament have right of place, but no deliberative ^'f^^^^f ^''' 
 voice, except only the Archbishop of Paris, and Abbot of Saint Denys. pZ^^Zf either 
 Thus much shall suffice to have been spoken touching the Parliaments. "Jept B°^of'paris 
 
 The Chamber of Compts (which comes next in order) is a jurisdic- ^^1^**"'^"^' 
 tion and court apart, that concernes and iudg-es the accompt of all the c^""***'- ?/ 
 
 i ' «; o I (Mimpts, its high 
 
 Receivers, Treasurers, and Officers paid into, or received out of the Kings "^^^^y ""'' 
 Exchequers, for which cause all their letters, edicts, ordinances, &c. 
 are read, registred, and verified. Here it is that homage for feifs mov- 
 ing from the Crown are acknowledged. It hath belonging to it ten 
 Presidents, Monsieur Nicolas, who is the first (having from father to 
 son conserved this charge neer two hundred years in his family), hath 
 refused for his charge 1,400,000 livres, which the late D'Eoiery oflFered 
 him for it. To it also appertaineth seventy Maistres des Compts, eighty 
 Auditors : in fipe, it is a court of that high authority, that it hath 
 sometimes stood even in competition with the Parliament itself. There 
 are eight of these In France. Besides this court, there are likewise the aa^hersdes 
 two Chambres des Bequests du Palais, where is pleaded the priviledg ^'^^^u.' ^" 
 
74 
 
 cif the royall oflSces a,nd household ; ^nd therefore they consist of coun- 
 
 sellers of Pairliament, &c- 
 Omrs des Mm- 'j'jjg Qj^y ^pg Monnoycs, composcd of three Presidents, twenty-four 
 Mint. Counsellors : these concerne the Mint in all particulars. 
 
 jidmiraxty and Also the Admiralty, called the Table de Marbre. instituted for mari- 
 
 Table de Marine. . , V' 
 
 time affeires. And, lastly, 
 
 Fi^rZts" Les Eaux and Forresta, with some other inferiour courts, whereof we 
 
 have already sufficiently spoken elsewhere. 
 
 Apd so I am come out of Westminster-hall to the other two of our 
 three ancient officers, viz. the Connestable and Mareschall of France, 
 being the last of our division, and will naturally lead us to discourse 
 • something of the MiUtia. 
 
 ^ndfirft"£^(h' ^^^ Connestable, albeit an office, to a greater then which the King 
 
 nestable of F. himself Can promote no subject, yet for that it is not a charge which is 
 always in being, but upon extraordinary emergencies and grand occa- 
 sioiis, will be needlesse to say more of it, then that this office holdeth 
 ranke immediately after the Princes of the blood ; and in I^rliament 
 
 The V. 6/ Orleans it is before the Dukes, and Pairs : the Connestable therefore is chief, 
 
 is as it were Con- . , . , 
 
 ncstaUenow. supcnour, and generalissimo over the armies of France, foj* which 
 respect he hath his jurisdiction in the Court of the Table de Marbre ; 
 but at this day the Mareschals supplying this high office (although 
 properly speaking, but his Lieutenants) come next to be spoken of. 
 
 Mareschals de Fr. The Mareschttls de France^ or rather, so many Generals, are the onely 
 persons of enterprise and action in their armies, both at home and 
 abroad; being commonly men who are elevated to those charges, 
 purely by their own valour and merits ; so that as their number is inde- 
 terminate, so there is no souldier, of what condition soever, but may 
 possibly by his vertue aspire to this preferment. I said even now that 
 their jurisdiction did much resemble that of the Connestables ; nor can 
 they be devested of this honour during their lives. Before these Mare- 
 schals are determined all matters of private quarrels and defies incident 
 to the Noblesse ; for which cause tlaey have their Provosts or Lieutenants 
 in all the greatest cities, of thekingdome. They bear in their atchieve- 
 ments a truncheon salterwi«e azure, semeed with flower de Ijces or. 
 
75 
 
 Finally (which is the last part of our division), the three modern i^astdivuien. 
 offices of Crown, viz. 
 
 1 . The Admiral of the FVench. 
 
 2. Le Colonel de I'lnfanterie. 
 
 3.. Le Grand Maistre de I'Artillerie, 
 
 In the first place the Admiral (who holds likewise his place during Mmiraii. 
 life) is Generall of all the Kings forces by sea, and under him are all 
 the marine jurisdictions. The charge hath in times past been divided 
 unto more, both Guyenne and Provence having enjoyed theirs apart ; 
 but the defunct Cardinall de Richlieu (who hath left this high office to 
 his nephew) united them all under one : his jurisdiction also is at the 
 Tahle de Marbre, whexe (for being but subalternate judges) their plaices 
 in Parhament is at the lower end. The charge is now in the person of 
 the Queen Regent, some sav the Duke of Vendosme ; likewise the Cenemi rf« 
 General des Galeres hath here his seate, which is a place of very nota- 
 ble gaine and authority on the coasts of the Mediterranean seas, where 
 his Majesties gaUies do both harbour and ride. 
 
 Next is the Colonel of the French infantry, which is a charere one CoUmeio/theJn 
 of the most considerable in all respects of France, especially for gain, 
 receiving eight solz every muster for each souldiers head, his authority 
 being generally over all the French-foot, and hath for his Lieutenant- 
 colonels the Maistres de Cam/p : under his name issue all ordinances inasten o/ the 
 
 ft Camp. 
 
 or warr. 
 
 There is likewise a Colonel General des Suisses, who hath jurisdic- coionei General 
 tion over all those mercenaries, as well those of the Kings guard, as ^" *"»**"■ 
 those who serve in the field and in the garison ; of which there are con- 
 stantly about eight thousand in this dominion. 
 
 Last of all, the Grand Mcdstre de VArtilleriei which is a charge Grand Maut. 
 equal with a Mareschall of France : under his tuition and conduct 
 is the arsenall of Paris, all the cannon and ammunition of warre in 
 the kingdome, for which cause he bath his Lieutenants, Captains, and 
 other oflSeers belonging to the carriages in great number: besides all 
 this, he hath the management of five millions of livers, together with 
 the arbitrary disposition of above eight hundred officers ; of all which 
 he is obliged to no particular accompt. 
 
 (re 
 de V /trtilUrie. 
 
76 
 Grand Prieurde There IS likewise the Grand Prieur de France, which. for being a 
 
 France. Mr. of •imiliTU* 
 
 theRdigwnof quahty of high reputation is not to be pretermitted.: 1 he Mastership 
 of the Religion and Order of Malta, for the French, being not lesse 
 worth than 10,000 pounds yearly : his ordinary residence is at the 
 Temple, a quarter in the town of Paris, as is that of ours in London 
 so called. 
 
 CounseiiofWarr. The Councel of Warr is commonly held in the Palace of the Duke 
 of Orleans, as being Lieutenant General of all the Kings forces, and 
 therefore little remote (as hath been said) from the dignity and charge 
 of High Cohnestable. Thus we have done with the courts and officers 
 of France : now wee will take a prospect of the Forces. 
 
 Constant armief The Kinff of France hath commonly four armies in fipld ; viz. that 
 
 of France. ' 
 
 of Flanders, of Germanic, of Italy, and that of Catalegna ; wherein 
 the King, Queen, Monsieur, the Duke of Anjou, the Duke of Orleans, 
 Princes of the Blood, and Mareschals of France, have their* severall 
 and individuall companies, whose Lieutenants enjoy many singular pre- 
 cedencies above other officers of the armies : all those consist of well 
 armed, horse. 
 Li^u horse and The liffht liofse are at present commanded by the Master of the 
 
 other forces under ■ o r •> 
 
 eontinuaiipay. Camp. The King hath commonly under pay about a hundred and forty 
 Cornets of cavalry, distributed into 56 regiments, besides of strangers, 
 twelve : of infantry, the King hath two hundred and ten, whereof some 
 regiments have thirty companies, and every company payed for eighty 
 men effective. Moreover his Majestic hath divers regiments of stran- 
 gers, whereof enough hath been said in the beginning. 
 
 Armada Naval. The A.rmada Nttval may be composed of about twenty men of warr, 
 and as many gallies ; I have shewed you before how these forces are 
 paved, and therefore we will proceed to the Governours of the Provinces, 
 as beinp; likewise men of armes. 
 
 Gmemx>ursof ^he Govcmours of Proviuccs have their commissions (which are 
 
 Provinces, Cities, V 
 
 and Ports. simple, and depending on the pleasure of the King) verified in Parlia- 
 
 ment, where they have their seats next after the premiers Presidents : 
 they are in some degree equivalent to our Lieutenants of the Shire, but 
 exercise a much more vigorous power, which is yet restrained to mat- 
 ters of armes ; for in other justice they meddle not at all. So likewise 
 
77 
 
 the governors of cities, fortresses, and places of strength, all which are 
 chosen of persons of blood, valour, arid merit. But before we alto- 
 gether quit this subject of armes, it will not be impertinent to say 
 somthing here of the Order of Knighthood in France. 
 
 I shall not much amuse you with those orders which are so far anti- orders of Chmai- 
 quated, that even the heralds themselves can scarcely render us any 
 certain accompt : Such is that which is named de la Genette, insti- 
 tuted by Charles Martel, or the Order de I'Estoile by King John, the 
 Order of the Croisant, Pore Espic, nor much concerning the Order of instituted 1469 
 Saint Michael it self, although not many ages since first instituted, and venth. 
 for a long while the principal Order in the Kingdome ; composed but of 
 36, because (as the manner of this nation is to be as soon weary of 
 their new inventions, as children are of rattles) they begin to have 
 this Order already in contempt ; albeit the chain and pendent badg be ordre.de s. Mi- 
 commonly reserved in the coat armours, together with that which is 
 now in vogue, and next ensues. 
 
 UOrdre du S. Esprit was instituted on new years day, anno 1579, ordreduS.Es- 
 
 ■<- •' ■' ' prit. Institution. 
 
 by Henry the Third, and honoured with that name, because he was both 
 born and afterwards elected King of Polonia on Whitsunday : this 
 Prince restrained the number also to thirty-six ; but that is likewise as 
 indefinite as it pleases the King : however, it remaines yet the Order of 
 greatest esteem, and therefore let us look a while upon the ceremonies 
 of the Inauguration. 
 
 The day of their reception they appear all in cloath of silver, their Reception. 
 cloaks (^especially their ca.^%^ exit d, V antique, of black velvet; which 
 they put off and change, to receive on them a robe of green velvet full 
 of embroydred tongues of fire : then remaining on their knees, the King 
 takes their hands between the palmes of his own, striking them lightly 
 upon the shoulder, and kisses their cheeke. 
 
 Ordinarily they wear a flame or orange colour crosse of velvet upon Order. 
 the left side of their cloakes, in the midst whereof is embossed a dove 
 of silver, and about it a glory of rayes, like that which our Knights of 
 the Garter in England do wear, as having first assumed that mode from 
 the French ; albeit for antiquity of the Order, ours stands much 
 before it. 
 
78 
 
 State Hierarchi- 
 cal. 
 
 Archbishops ani 
 Bishops, 
 
 L'Eglise GalK- 
 eane. 
 
 Present Govern- 
 ment of France. 
 Q. Regent. 
 
 Card. Mazarini. 
 
 ' About their bodies likewise they wear a blew ribbot) which of late 
 tikey have watered, and at the end of that a crpsse of gold, in the midst 
 whereof there is ennamailed a white dove : and this is all which I finde 
 observable. 
 
 We have been hitherto very silent of the State Ecclesiastick in par- 
 ticular, which, although it come last in order, yet was it one of the first 
 in mine intention, as consisting of persons who, besides their qualities 
 both for extraction and letters, possesse alone one third part of the total 
 revenue of France. 
 
 The Arch Bishops of this kingdom are in number 6fteen^ whereof he 
 of Lyons is the Primate and Metropolitan, and some of these be Pe&rs; 
 Bishopricks, two hundred and one. 
 
 Of this Hierarchy is composed VMglise Gallicane, which by the 
 concordats made with the Pope, hath sundry rights and priviledges* 
 extraordinary, which, but for that they are not much incident to our 
 discourse, we will purposely omit, and content ourselves with what hath 
 been briefly spoken. 
 
 Having thus, as 1 was able, finished my designe and your request,, 
 with what succinctnesse and perspicuity I might (for herein I am 
 obliged to some relations, more discourses, and a little experience), I 
 will make bold (the better to let you understand the full nature of thing* 
 as they subsist and are govern'd at present) to reassume the argument, 
 and deliver you the best and more solid opinions of men concerning the 
 particulars already spoken of. 
 
 The Government of France doth at present rather totter then stand, 
 upon the late great Cardinals substruction; the QueenRegeat having ever 
 since his decease continued in the principall ministry of state affairs 
 her favourite Mazarini, a person of (to speak with the world) far 
 greater fortune then either extraction or vertue; however he hath 
 steered this great vessell of Monarchy a long time, and? that amidst sa 
 many stormes, and in such foul weather, as whether his craft or courage 
 exceeds, it is not yet decided; certaine it is, that as he hath longer held 
 in then by some wise menit was judg'd be could, so some late actions 
 of his (interpreted to have been ingratefull enough) make others daily 
 
 ai>d in truth, he doth play so hazardpus 
 
 confident of bis absolute ruine 
 
79 
 
 a game at present, that as the hand is universally turned, it were great 
 pdds to lay on confusions side, so prodigious a fatality now threatning 
 Princes, that if France compose not suddenly, these calamities, I am 
 confident, will epidemically visite Europe for a time. And why it should 
 be that this active nation have endured ^> many strangers to governe 
 them thus in chief I am much to seek for a reason, when I steadily behold 
 th« universal protnptnesse of the Noblesse; unlesse peradventure, to 
 avoid emulation at Court 'twixt so many greater Princes and Subjects,^ 
 as might else pretend to highest authority,, they rather submit them- 
 selves ta the meanest alien. But this by way of glosse and species, 
 not opinion. The subtill have ever been too hard for the simple : and 
 though the law deny women succession to the Grown, yet the h.te of 
 the kingdome, and addresses of the sex, furnish'd them a title which 
 liath fully recompensed for that injury. 
 
 The Noblesse of France comprehend the Gentry, under one and the JVobiesse of 
 
 . 11.1 . T^. J ^ France and 
 
 same common t^rm; nor indeed is there in any Kingdome (save ours Gentry the same 
 
 N. 1 !• • • • 1 • thing. 
 
 onely) that severe distinction of minores and majores amongst the 
 ]VJobility ; a difference which some think neither suits with true policy 
 or justice. But quitting this decision to whom it belongs, we are (as 
 I said) in this dominion to take the Noblesse (that is the Gentry) for 
 the sole visible body, and consequently the Plebeians of a far more vile Plebeians, their 
 
 ■ . *' , . . misery. 
 
 and naturally slavish genius, then they really are in any part of Chris- 
 tendome bcisidea ; which meannesse of spirit I easily conjecture to have 
 been long since contracted from the over severity and liberty of their 
 superiors ; their incomparable poverty, and excessive oppression . 
 
 Other Immunities, besides the fore rehearsed,^ which the Noblesse enjoy 
 in France is, that with their pensions and governments, they are like- 
 wise exempted froia all contributions upon their own demains ; which 
 dotji so fax oblige them to their Prince, that there are none which ren- 
 der him such real and considerable service, upon all urgent and brisk Se>-vice the mu- 
 occasions, as do the Gentry ; especially, at what time the Ban and yield their Prince. 
 Arrier-ban be summoned to their several assignations: and to this BanandArrier- 
 heroique life of the field they are. generally addicted, as being thereto chevawy, their 
 excellently <ijisciplined from their very "cradles ; by which means, cer- ^*"*""^''2'*""'"- 
 tainly they become the best esteemed,, and most adroict cavalry of Eu- 
 
80 
 
 rope; nor doth this early education of them abroad prejudice the State 
 
 at home; for being kept and dissevered from projecting of commotion 
 
 Rebellions for the {^ ^j^g countrv, their rebellions have been for the most part, though 
 
 most part improf- J ' i ' o 
 
 indZh'P'"'"''"' frequent, yet improsperous, so considerable a party ever remaining 
 with the Prince, whose personal presence with them in the field, gives 
 an extraordinary life and loyalty to their actions. 
 
 Commons, their As touching the Plebeians or Roturiers of France ; truly I esteem them 
 
 litigious nature in "^ -iiiiii i/" 
 
 France. for the most miserable objccts that one may likely behold upon the face 
 
 of the earth ; especially those which live towards the frontiers, so im- 
 measurably exhausted by taxations, gabels, impositions, spoyls, and 
 contributions, unto which they are generally obnoxious. The rest of 
 ' the two first estates, together with all their dependants, living onely 
 upon their revenues, remain free and exempt ; but that which addes not 
 a little to their ruin is (for all this) their extraordinary litigious nature, 
 and vindicative disposition, especially those of Normandy, Bretagne, 
 . Gascogny, and Provence ; so that, what with the premises, delay of 
 their process, and the abominable corruption of Justice, this rank of 
 people seldom or never arrive to any considerable fortune or competency, 
 
 Farmers in by their own wit or industry, as do so many of our Yeomen and Farmers 
 in England. By these means also, their spirits becoming so abjectly 
 debased, they are not able to aflFord their Prince that ready service in 
 matter of armes, as indeed their multitudes and necessities both promise 
 and require. To supply which defect in all expeditions of consequence, 
 
 juxiiiariesinthe the King, makcs usc of the Gascons and Biscaians, who being bred 
 
 French armies. " _ _ ° _ 
 
 about the confines and frontiers of Spain, are much the better soldiersj 
 and esteemed for the best infantry of France ; as also of the Dutch, 
 Scotch, Irish, Italian, and others, in whom together with the Suisse 
 (a most principall ingredient) consisteth their greatest foot confidence ; 
 the more considerable part whereof being mercenary auxiliaries, and 
 very frequently left in great arrears, might peradventure administer to 
 politicians sufficient cause of suspition and discourse ; but the event 
 having hitherto, for many ages past, been nothing prejudicial, takes 
 away any farther occasion of dispute. 
 Meehaniques of 'J;\^q people of Trade and Mechanicks^ are nothing so contemptible as 
 the common sort, of whom we have spoken a little, many of them 
 
81 
 
 living very decently and handsomly in their houses, especially the 
 
 better sort of merchants, who are better furnished then the rest ; how- Mei-chants. 
 
 beit, in competition with our country-men of the same quality, to be 
 
 esteemed, in truth, but as mean mountebanks and inconsiderable pedlers. 
 
 Those of greatest wealth and commerce, being some crafty Italian or 
 
 Portuguese, who (during the time of the late and. present Cardinal) 
 
 have amassed very considerable estates and great riches. And here we 
 
 may properly observe, that no gentleman will in France, binde his 
 
 youngest son to any trade or mechanique calling whatever, under that 
 
 of a military life^ as esteeming every apprentisage and subjection, a. jpprentuage 
 
 • ^1. .. ,, ij>> c \ ' c '\ 1 1*1 counted a dimi 
 
 stain and diminution to the honor and- dignity or nisiamily; the like timo/honori 
 also they for the most part observe in their marriages and^ alliances ; 
 but herein the German is most religious. 
 
 The Nobility and Gentry of this kingdom differ much from the garb Nomties,gar, 
 of living in Englaufl, both within (and till of late) without doors ; they 
 have many of them vast estates, either in lands or offices ; the revenues 
 whereof they chuse rather to spend at. Paris, and other great cities, in 
 a specious retinue of coaches, pages, and laquaies, then suffer them- 
 selves to be eaten up at home, in the country, in the likenesse of beef 
 and mustard, among their unthankful neighbours. This, affection of 
 theirs to reside for the most part in the. chief towns of the kingdom, is 
 the reason why the Corporations are little considerable, as not daring corporations 
 to be brewing and hatching such factions, as where the Gentry and 
 civiller sort of mankinde are universally given to solitary and unactive 
 lives in the country. Besides, . the gentlemen are generally given to 
 those laudable magnificencies of building, and ifurnishing their palaces Magnificence i 
 
 ■ I 1 • 11 I r L 1 I n '** NoHlity at 
 
 with the most precious moveables, much ot the luxe and excesse of Gentti^. 
 V Italy being now far entred amongst^ them, as may wpll serve to exem- 
 plifie, when in the. Dutchess of Chaulmes • her palace neer the Place 
 Royal in Paris, the penDaches.or tufts of plumes belonging to one of 
 her beds onely, are estimated worth fourteen ;thousand livers, which 
 amount to neer a thousand pounds sterling of our. money. 
 
 Every great person who builds here, however qualified with intellec- Great pretende 
 tuals, pretends to his elaboratory and library; for the furnishing of '"'"*' 
 which last he doth not much amuse himself in the particular elections 
 
 M 
 
82 
 
 of either authors or impressions; but having erected his cases and 
 measured them, accords with a stationer to furnish him with so many 
 gilded folios, so many yards of quartos and octavos by the great, till 
 his bibliotheke be full of volumes. And yet some of them, both have 
 excellent books, and are very polite scholars ; but the Noblesse do nut 
 naturally so addict themselves to studie, aa tbe gown-men do; account- 
 ing it a life so contemplative and below their spirits, that no gentle- 
 mans necessity whatsoever shall easily engage him to seek any support 
 Physick and Law either bv Pbysick or Law ; both which professions are (^as in truth they 
 
 despised m/ the J J ' J. '>• J. 
 
 Nobiiitj/offrance. highly merit) in very laudable esteem and reputation amongst us in 
 England. 
 
 Hasticklfptance' "^^^ ^^^^^ Ecclosiastick (comprehending that of the religion) is of 
 
 Protestants. twosorts; the greater part whereof being Pontificians, and the Pro- 
 testants, commonly called those of the religion (and by them vvith this 
 adjunct, pretendue reformSe), who exercise the doctrine and discipline 
 of Geneva. 
 
 lioman Cathoiichs "j^^g Roman Catholicks of France are nothing: so precise, secret, and 
 
 0/ France, how or' 
 
 'liZfi%uhe'^me blgotish as are either the Recusants of England, Spain, or Italy; but 
 religion. ^^^ f^j. ^^ most part an indifferent sort of Christians, naturally not so, 
 
 superstitious and devout, nor in such vassallage to his Holinesse as in 
 other parts of Europe, where the same opihions arc professed ; which 
 indifferenoy, whether I may approve of or condeoin, I need not declare 
 here. 
 fcr*"Tald 'Tk- '^^ ^^^ ^^^ P°*^^ Protestants, they are now so inconsiderable, since the 
 nedofiute. latc succcssBs of the Cardinal RichUeu, and especially our nations re- 
 proach, and their misfortune at La Rophelle; that for the present they 
 possess no one place of strength, or any other singular immunity above 
 others, as being defeated of all eminent persons, either of birth or 
 charge, who might be able to. defend or counsel them at need ; the 
 Court having now rendered most of them proselytes by preferments, 
 interests, or other effectual means. Howbeit, such as remain (and of 
 which too there are likewise a very considerable body) are permitted 
 peaceably to enjoy their consciences, upon renovation of the late edict 
 of pacification ; and are undoubtedly in case of any considerable rebel- 
 lion, capable to form a very ballancing and pondrojus party ; but with 
 
83 
 
 nothing that front and confidence which within these twenty years past 
 they might have done, when they durst even beard the King, and pro- 
 tect such as retired to them from his displeasure, in most of his now 
 strongest towns and places of importance ; but the scean is now much The cause of u. 
 altered, and they shrewdly contracted, especially since the stir under 
 that late and incomparable person the D. of Rohan : the folly of their 
 own private interests, having evidently proved their fatal destruction ; 
 as it is most frequently seen to fall out (first or last) amongst all con- Fatee/dvudis- 
 trivers of civil and popular dissentions. However, thus far I must uttieschiim 
 needs vindicate the Protestants of France, that we finde not amongst "pr^fsuMs, le- 
 them those frequent schismatiques and broachers of ridiculous entbil'' ^why"^' "^*' 
 siasms as aboutid amongst us ; every particular so unanimously con- 
 curring Avlth their pastor, that, in truth, they are herein not unworthy 
 to be commended ; though that vertue likewise were the more estima- 
 ble, were it not certainly constrained by the vigilancy of their anta- 
 gonists, who watch all advantages to discompose and defame them. 
 To be short, though they have lost many great ones and much strength, 
 and that the form of their discipline invite few, yet the light of their 
 attempts hath invited so many to look into the reason of things beyond 
 the mask of tradition and mystery of policy, that it is both thought 
 and well known, that even divers of those who are persons of greatest 
 eminency both in Church and State, have so good an inclination to inclinations oj 
 
 , . J . . , . many great ones 
 
 change some pomts of the received opmions, that were it not more out to a r^brmation. 
 
 of secular consideration to lose their preferments, then any other incon- 
 
 veniency, many of them would openly profess themselves Jansenia- Jamenianisis and 
 
 "^ , , , . , . Moulinists. 
 
 nists, Moulinists *, &c. whose opinions, as they infinitely propagate 
 among&tthem, so do they come on a great way towards a reformation. 
 
 The forces of France is that which renders it (as indeed it doth all Forces of France. 
 other kingdoms) most formidable abroad and secure at home. 
 
 The frame and positure of the Continent, situated a:s it were in the Advantageous 
 navel of all the Christian world, qualifies it to collect, unite, and dis- 
 pose of her forces ; for it hath Spain and Italy before it, England be- 
 hinde ; the seas upon the right, and Germany upon the left band ; at 
 one corner the Neatherlands, and the Cantons of the Swisse at the 
 
 * So named from Cornelius Jansen, or Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres, who died May 16, 1638; and 
 from Peter Du Moulin, a very celebrated French Protestant Minister, who died March 10, 1658. 
 
84 
 
 Cadets aHdyming- 
 er brothers all sol- 
 diers of fortune . 
 
 Francis the First 
 reproached^ and 
 why. 
 
 Maritime forces 
 and Havens. 
 
 Late ac^uists. 
 
 Land forest. 
 
 other; all of them potent, considerable, and active neighbors; and 
 where they intermit, it is a worthy prospect to behold how nature hath 
 served and defended her with the Pyrenes, Alps, Ocean, and Mediterra- 
 nean Seas, whilest she sitting secure from any subitaneous irruption of 
 natural pretension, may well be pronounced a fair and most just empire; 
 and especially since the later accession of Bretagne, Guyenne, Nor- 
 mandy (once the goodly portions of the English), and Bourgogne, 
 who are now all of them under one Prince, as having enjoyed hereto- 
 fore every one their proper Dukes ; by whose favour or spleen there was 
 always a facile entrance for any potent stranger to disturbe the rest of 
 the Kingdom; the consequencies whereof have filled almost every 
 modern Chronicle. And to the stronger twisting of this cord, such 
 prudence hath been had of late times, that all those great and power- 
 ful houses remain now no more divided (as still amongst the Princes 
 of Italy and Germany)^ the cadets and younger brothers minding for 
 the most part no greater preferments then what they cut out with 
 their sword, and merit in field by being soldiers of fortune. 
 
 As for the forces by sea, as it was never great, so we do not read 
 that ever any signal action hath been atchieved by any of their navi- 
 gations ; for which cause, Francis the First was once pretty well 
 resolved to make use of the Turk, and call in that stout miscreant, to 
 the eternal reproach both of that Prince and Nation ; notwithstanding 
 at this instant, their maritime strength is not totally so contemptible, 
 having a very stately and considerable armada of handsom gallies in 
 most of their Mediterranean ports, as at Toulon, Marseilles, and other 
 places, which are vessels of excellent use and service upon those seas. 
 On the ocean, I confess, both their shipping and traffique have been 
 alike trivial ; and yet of late they have greatly augmented their fleet, 
 especially since the time (to our nations egregious shame and dishonor) 
 that they have made so large inroads and gaps into Flanders, towards 
 the sea coasts ; witness those strong towns and havens of Dunkirk 
 Mardike, &c. stout forts and very commodious harbors for shipping ; 
 so that a little time (if we will still suffer it) may likewise furnish them 
 with ships enough to make them stand in a bolder competition with 
 their neighbors. 
 
 But the more principall nerve of the French power consists in his 
 
85 
 
 forces at land; and amongst them (as hath already been touched) / 
 
 chiefly his cavalry, which Is a strength and spectacle both of admiration cavairytf France 
 
 and gallantry, they being for the greater part composed of gentlemen, e^*^'/ 
 
 who generally so bequeath themselves to this service, that hee who 
 
 (amongst them) hath not made two or three campagnas (as they use 
 
 to term It) by that time he is 18 years of age, Is esteemed as a person 
 
 lasche, that Is, of a soft education and small repute : besides, the horse ^*« *<»*» "» 
 
 *■ exercise proper ta 
 
 IS an exercise unto which they have so naturall a disposition aud ad- "t^ French youth. 
 dresse, that the whole earth doth not contain so many academies dedi- Their academtes^ 
 cated chiefly to this discipline, and other martiall gymnastlques, ««*«<'*'• 
 wherein they handsomly attain to competent perfection in whatsoever 
 is active and proper for their youth and Inclinations.^ 
 
 And what Incomparable souldlers this country hath in all ages bred, SmUieryof 
 we need look out no further for testimoay, then their many past and ■m^ed.'^ 
 present acquisitions and enterprises, under Harcourt, Condy, Gassion, 
 and infinite others ; besides (what Is no trivial mark of our assertion), 
 the multitudes of such who are at present Imployed In the services of 
 foreign Princes. Very undenyable It Is that the Spanish infantry is SpanUhandFrr.^ 
 too hard tor the French foot ; for the peasants of France (of whom ''"■*<'• 
 they should naturally consist) are thought (and that upon good grounds) 
 to be more then accidentally improper and mal-adr'oict for that service. 
 Howbelt, we finde (and that by quotidian experience) that custome or 
 something else more propitious hath much altered and reformed their 
 natures, even in this particular instance : and for ought I perceive, 
 they keep what they have gotten, and become as good soiildiers as 
 those who brag so much of their lowsie and tenacious epitheton; but I 
 must confess how few Indigene and naturall Spaniards serve now 
 against them ; all the old brave foot having been for the greater part 
 slain, or continued unrecruited at and since the signal battle of Rocroy, 
 where (though with their own destinies) they bravely made good that 
 general and worthy repute which the world hath of the infantry of that 
 nation. And however, had his reproach a more solid ground, yet that a saying of Ma>- 
 saying of Machlavel in his RitrattI, that Lefanterie che si fanno in ''*•"*'*'• 
 Francia non passono essere molto buone, perc/id gli egran tempo chenon 
 hanno avuto guetra, e per guesta non kanno sperienza aleuna.* &c. 
 
 * Ritratti delle Cose delta Francia. Opere de Machiavelli, Tom. II. p. 131. ed. Firenze, 178?. 4to.. 
 
oo 
 
 is now no more an argument, then that the premises being changed, 
 the conclusion must needs remain, considering that the cause being 
 taken away through their present exercise and perpetual war, the 
 effect and defect must of fconsequence ensue, as we have already suffi- 
 ciently proved : or admit it were yet so, I hope the Swisse and other 
 faithful mercenaries to that Crown, abundantly supply all these wants 
 and prejudices, most of which, yet notwithstanding for my part, were, I 
 think, first hired rather out of consideration of diversion, and since 
 custom, then otherwise out of any pure necessity. That likewise which 
 made the armies of France sb inconsiderable for native foot soldiers, 
 may with much reason too (if we please) be attributed unto Lewis the 
 lultZg'thl . Eleventh his disarming of the Commons ; by w;hich advice the King 
 indeed became more absolute at home amongst his vassals, but a great 
 deal less formidable abroad amongst his enemies ; and herein it was 
 that his neighbors stood him in stead. 
 
 Another thing rendring this kingdom very considerable for an army, 
 France abundant is, their prolifiquc multiplying; for Europe embraceth not a more 
 victuals. populous nation, nor more abounding in victuals, which is the belly of 
 
 that cruel beast, called war; so fertil, I say it is, that when Charles the 
 , Fift entred into France by Provence, and afterwards by Champagne, it 
 nourished (besides the many garrisons thereof) more then an hundred 
 and fifty thousand ravenous soldiers; and even in the time of Charles 
 the Sixth, there were found in this kingdom twenty thousand horse, 
 and thirty thousand foot, all consisting of strangers ; and fifteen 
 thousand horse, and one hundred thousand foot, all of natural French. 
 And verily, when we have seriously surveighed the complication of 
 enemies, which once invested this kingdom, when for extent and com- 
 mand it was far inferior to what it is at present, since the English 
 have been dispossessed, Navar adjoyned, and other additions of great 
 strength : I say, when England, Germany, 'Spain, and Italy, invaded 
 it on all parts, in the reign of Francis the First, as it will appear, how 
 potent and able this kingdom united is to defend itself : so doth the 
 consideration of it seem to me most strange, and altogether portentous. 
 Stare of Arms, Addc to thcsc advantages, their store of good arms and munition. 
 
 Ammunition, and _ '-' iii/>'ii . 
 
 Artillery. excellent attillery, many famous and well furnished magazines ; in sum. 
 
87 
 
 why should I further tire you with particulars, when their present 
 
 exploits, and almost continual triumphs, have planted the flower de 
 
 lyces where ever they break ground. Witness those renowned adven-r JnHent and late 
 
 tures since Charlemaigne, St. Lewis, Charles d'Anjou, Charles the 
 
 Eighth, &c. ; whose heroicque atchievements and glorious trophies have 
 
 filled all histories and countrey^, even as far as Asia herself; witness 
 
 their expeditions and successes at Jerusalem, In Egypt, Barbary^ 
 
 Cyprus, Greece, .Naples, Saxony, Hungary, and sundry other places, 
 
 even in these our times, and before our own doors ; witness all their 
 
 late acquists and conquests in Catalonia, Spain, Italy, Flanders, &c. : 
 
 besides the signal battels and sieges of Nordlingen, Rocroy, Perpignian, 
 
 Theonvil, Arras, Dunkirk, &c. : not to repeat the miraculous, or rather 
 
 ingenious reduction of La Rochel, Montpelier, and other impregnable 
 
 holds appertaining to the Protestants : so that if now we see them 
 
 begin to decline, and refund what they have so hastily swallowed down, 
 
 it is but the fate of all humane undertakings, all things having a period The common fate 
 
 . 1 . 1J J.U J. U J L • • of all humane 
 
 m this world, that had a beginnmg. enterprises. 
 
 And now, albeit the Church (who is neer a good third part of France) chmch neer a 
 doth in most places (as the proverb goes) neither lose nor defend any i<\arSe^ " 
 thing; yet here, in times of publick and emergent necessities, have 
 they been made contribute most bountifully towards the maintaining 
 of armies and supplyes. 
 
 Nor are the frontiers and maritime coasts of this kingdom so ill Frontiers and 
 fortified now, as in former times ; but there hath been of late so thorough how fortified ai' 
 
 , present, 
 
 a reformation and care had in that regard, that it were hard to call to 
 minde a considerable place at present but is capable to support a long 
 and strenuous resistance ; especially those harbours and keys of -the 
 country which respect our coasts ; as Haver, Calais, Dieppe,, and divers 
 other places of importance. 
 
 In fine, France is at this present grown to that stature, so well state of Fr: 
 planted, and commodiously laid to it self, that (but for their own mad- 
 nesse, and the feared fate of these times, which already begins to work) 
 in the reall interest and balance with her neighbours, it were high time 
 she were now a little observed, and a non-ultra fixed unto her proceedr anontur""^*- 
 ings and future aspirings : nor doubt I at all, but if the Low Countries -^^a^^^*^ 
 
88 
 
 The greatness of 
 Spain suspicious, 
 and how jar it 
 concerns us. 
 
 The humour of the 
 Spaniards likened. 
 
 Englands best 
 bulwark and ba- 
 lance. 
 
 Qu. Elizabeths 
 policy. 
 
 Danger in the 
 Accession of the 
 Low Countries to 
 Fr. 
 
 That theSpaniaril 
 hath no pretence 
 to alienate t?te 
 French sulg'ects, 
 by his instruments 
 the Jesuits, and 
 why. 
 
 Genius andnature 
 of the people. 
 
 CtEsars saying of 
 the Gallilnsubres. 
 
 were able to preserve her neutrality, but England with Spain (as poor 
 and contemptible as she is now grown) may one day so exercise this 
 ambitious kingdom, as she may be glad to contain herself within her 
 Own confinesj without molesting or incommoding of her neighbours. 
 
 I deny not, that even the greatnesse of Spain her self were as much 
 to be apprehended, equally as dangerous, did not her accustomed swell- 
 ing and unnatural plethory most certainly incline to a tympanic, rather 
 then shew it proceeded from any strong and sane constitution : their 
 over-grasping humour being much like his, who desiring a good hand- 
 full of sand, by griping it over hard, loseth more through his fingers 
 then he can carry away in all his palm. So that in this case our onely 
 best bulwark is France ; and (vice versd) opposed to their power, Spain, 
 so long as this antipathic amongst them continues, and they remain in 
 one entire bodie. For this cause it was, and for no other, that Queen 
 Elizabeth would very wisely by no means consent to that offer of can- 
 tonizing this kingdom, when in the time of the late league she was 
 offered a considerable share. But on the other side, the accession of 
 the Low Countries to this Empire were beyond all comparison more 
 perilloTis then if they had also never started aside from their lawfull 
 master; and this by reason of their situation, vicinity, ports, traffick, 
 towns of defence ; the Infinite disadvantages whereof we should soon 
 acknowledge to our cost and ignominy. 
 
 As touching the Protestants, they are yet so numerous in France, 
 and the Roman Catholicks so averse in that point, as there can never 
 spring up the least appearance of hope that the King of Spain should 
 ever pretend any thing in this country by way of inclination or defec- 
 tion ; however, the late Jesuites (notwithstanding all those strict edicts 
 and bans made against them) begin to swarme and re-establish them- 
 selves. And so I have done with the more generall remarks worthy 
 your consideration. I shal onely say a word or two of the people 
 and of Paris in particular, and so finish this task. 
 
 Concerning the nature and genius of the inhabitants, that which 
 the Prince of Politicians gives out of the French, where he. affirms 
 that / Francesi sono per natura piii fieri, che gagliardi 6 destri, nuon 
 what Cesar of old said of the Galli Insubres, that in the beo-inning 
 
8& 
 
 they appeared more then men, bttt proved in the conclusion lesse then 
 Women, retains in it still something of their present jpromptriesse, and 
 as sudden discouragement: Upon Which observation, the fore-cited 
 Florentine notably advlseth, chi vuole superare i Frartcesi si guardi 
 dalprimo loro impeto,%c. "that he who would vanquish the French^ 
 should be sure to withstand and break thieir first brusk and onset:" 
 because they usually rush on danger like a torrent, and in a des- 
 perate fury, when they first charge and ,joyn battel!: but as nothing French fwry at 
 which is violent is permanent, so expectation as soon rulnes, and 
 utterly daunts their courage. 
 
 But as for their intellectuals, and more noble part, such of them as Learned mm v. 
 
 France. 
 
 dedicate themselves to-letters and erudition prove as polite scholers and 
 
 as trim wits as any Italian of them all. The greater part of them, I 
 
 ednfesse, and ordinary pretenders, please themselves more In analyticall 
 
 and cursory speculatiotis, to which one may take post at every pillar In 
 
 the streets, where you shdl never fail of some ;bragadocio HIppias, who 
 
 like some intellectus universalis, professes, and will undertake to render Pedantry »/ 
 
 any man an exact and perfect Philosopher, Divine, Orator, Chymist ; or 
 
 to teach him all languages, and indeed, what not, within the space of 
 
 a month or two; which kind of table method and Lulllan art renders 
 
 many of them, even to the very mechanlcks, most egregious -talk^s, 
 
 and intblleraibly pragmatical 1. 
 
 Add unto this, their levelling of learning, and layine; all authors In Their levelling 
 
 <J ^ '-> ^ •> >=> of learning. 
 
 eommOri, by^their Intemperate translations, having but of very late put 
 all the Orations of Cicero Into French, as It is long since that the 
 poets hav« been made orators : for there is nothing more frequent then 
 the turning of them into prose. 
 
 Amongst the Faculties of Paris, tiiere are some good d^^yAxon^ tm Faculties of 
 Divines ; ^ut their school exercises are dull and perfunctory things, in 
 competition with what was wont to be performed here in our univer- 
 si^es. 
 
 Generally, the Chirureians of France are preten-ders to physick, and Physicians and 
 
 J ' E3 * ■ L J CM^l•^rgians of 
 
 the Pl>ysiciain as great a friend to the Emperlck; especially in point of ^"J^J^j^l^" 
 phlebotbmie, which is their panacea for all diseases. And albeit they '"'"' 
 have bred some able and accomplish'd proficients of all these kindes, 
 
 N 
 
 some 
 Professors, 
 
90 
 
 Praise of Eng- 
 lish Physicians, 
 
 French Mecha- 
 vicis incompar- 
 little. 
 
 French Children 
 and Youth. 
 
 Sudden decay of 
 IVomen. 
 
 Youth of the 
 French Genl^ 
 not bred to letters, 
 and why. 
 
 Humour in Tra- 
 velling. 
 
 No trust to the 
 outward appear- 
 ance. 
 
 yet their common practice, in tedious and chronique as well as acute 
 diseases, imports them rather to a sudden ease bf the patient, then any 
 intire recovery, or security from relapse; for they study more to weaken 
 and enervate the body, then the disease: so that they recover fewof 
 languishing fevers, which relapse not as soon again, and for the most 
 part perish : contrary both to the method and success of our Physicians 
 in England; into one of whose hands I had rather put my life, then 
 to a whole colledg of these French leaches. 
 
 In. the Mechanicks, they are universally excellent, inventive, and 
 happy ; and are of late too become far .more stay'd and constant in 
 habit and fashion then they were wont to be : for I will undertake, our 
 native levity and wantonnesse in that kinde hath of late yeers infinite- 
 ly exceeded them. 
 
 The French Children are the fairest letter that Nature, I think, can 
 shew through' all the bumane alphabet ; but though they be Angels in 
 the cradle, yet are they more like Divels in the saddle: age generally 
 shewing, that what! she so soon bestows, she takes as fast away ; for the 
 French (after twenty) presently strikeforty in their faces, and especially 
 amongst their women, who are then extremely decayed, when ours, If 
 not beautifuU, are yet very tolerable at those years ; which, whether it 
 proceeds from the siccity of the air, drinking water, ill diet, or other 
 accident, 1 dare not easily determine ; and yet am the rather inclined 
 to think, something of that nature it must needs be, when we finde the 
 women of quality for the most part as exquisite beauties as any the 
 whole world produces, without disparaging our ladies at home, whom 
 I would be unwilling this paragraph should in the l^ast degree oflFend.' 
 
 I cannot affirm that the youth of the Gentry and Noblesse of France 
 are altogether so literate as most of our English and fDutch are; being, 
 as I said, of lesse phlegme, and more prompt then to fix. to those 
 unactive studies; nor are they at all so curious and Inquisitive in their 
 travels, unto which fewer also are inclined, but seem abundantly satis- 
 fied, to be able to say, they have been in such or such a place. 
 
 It Is a true observation of one, that a French man apnears a child at 
 all ages; but In practice and negotiation you shall finde him a man. 
 
 y** 
 
91 
 
 It is the Field and Court which the Gentry aflfect aa the best of educa- 
 tion; and thence I am inclined to beleeve, they contract amongst them » 
 that itidifFerency of beleevina; and living;, in which they are generally Jndifferencyof 
 
 ' -J D ■ o' J ci J Ft, in religion. 
 
 more open and free then even the Italians; albeit yet not in all points 
 
 so enormous as the depraved youth of England, whose prodigious dis- The French not so 
 
 * a . r a disbauched as the 
 
 hatcheries and late unheard of extravagancies, far surpasse the mad> Engiuh youth at 
 
 O ' I present. 
 
 nesse of all other civilized nations :jvhatsoever. * Gaming, also they mr more given 
 
 frequent, but are in no one vice so abandoned, as to the exhausting ^.', 
 
 their estates, especially in point of drink and tobacco ; which, though ATotung so tnuch 
 
 it have of late got some footing upon the more vile sort, and, infected LdT, 
 
 some northern parts of the kingdom ; yet fewer persons of quality use 
 
 either in excesse : but what thfey do not in drink, they pay in bread, 
 
 and are strange devourers of corn: they adore a good pottage Twhat- but adorers of 
 
 o 'J O r O V bread and pot- 
 
 ever the rest of the repast be) as the Egyptians did garlick: nor will *"s^''- 
 a true Monsieur be brought at any rate to taste a glasse of wine, sans 
 premier Tnanger ; which although they neither do so ranch, nor sit so 
 Jong at it, yet they use to collation more often, the most temperate x)f 
 ' them. 
 
 The passions of the people are suddenly imported and puflFed up with Elevated and de- 
 a victory, and as soondgected with the least repulse or loss. They are ''withvMory'ol 
 prodigall, and splendid in externals, but seldome undoe themselves in spundidmex- 
 house-keeping and hospitality : the best sort eat like Princes, and far '""""'*• 
 exceed our tables ; the common, worse then dogs : generally, so they 
 flourish and appear for a month or two in the summer, they will fare 
 hard enough the rest of the yeer besides ; and such as minde onely 
 their profit, have , little charity, where they see no evident interest, fuu of interest. 
 They are exceedingly courteous, and have generally their tongues well 
 hung ; which promptitude of theirs, as it becomes them well in en- 
 counter, so they are for the most part of joviall conversation, and. far o/ajoviaiuon- 
 
 • Til 1 • 1 • 11 n • versation, hand- 
 
 from that constrained addresse which is naturall to our sullen nation, some address, and 
 
 , . 1 • I "'*" spoken. 
 
 who never think ourselvies acquainted, till we treat one another with 
 
 Jack and Tom; familiarities which, as we finde no where else in use, censure of the 
 
 . . , , , . . rude familinritie 
 
 SO they commonly terminate m vaine and rude associations. of the English. 
 
 The French are the sole nation in Europe that do idolize their Spve- French, reveren- 
 reign, unto whom they have likewise a more free and immediate accesse King, and usaf- 
 
 O ' , J ' • fabUity to them. 
 
92 
 
 {^without much ceremony) then ordinarily ig to be seen in any othej- 
 Princes Court : and this affabilitie and freedom gains them as. strangely 
 to him; whith (certainly) is an excellent art in the one, and no liesse ^ 
 vertue in the other. Biit, on the contrary, their choler throughly stirred, 
 there never wants some Raviliac, or cut-throat, to perpetrate their malice ; 
 so unstable is popular confidence. ; ■ 
 
 •opinion and Finally, they have a naturall dread and hate to the English, as 
 esteeming us, for the most part, a fierce, rude, and, barbaro.us nation : 
 but their antipathy to a Spaniard is deadly and irreconcilable, 
 '■re. For their bodies, they are both sexes of mean stature, rather in good 
 
 lexion. point then either lean or grosse; generally swart of complexion, ex- 
 cept such as have mixed towards the north and east : the women have 
 commonly black ey^s, rare teeth, and sweet voices ; and certainly, so 
 gentile and naturall an addresse, even in their most ordinary actions, 
 that one may as easily distinguish them by it as their tongues : in fine, 
 pfness, they are extremely prompt, and imagine to comprehend all upon an 
 instant, which makes many to give out and tire in the journey before 
 they be half way: for all which, and their oppressions to boot, there 
 heer/uim- h^es not uhdcr the cope of heaven a more frank, galiard, and supine 
 "■' "^"'' people : howbeit many of them will not stick to repine, an^ censure 
 ■iesunwei- evcH their own victories and successes, whereof every one bu^ seems to 
 Ay. '" ajdd a heavier weight to 'their oppression. 
 
 island most Now as cvcry metropolitan and royal city is likely the best map of 
 lilXy^"'' the country wherein it stands ; so may Paris be esteemed th6 most exact 
 
 compendium of France. 
 .site.edi. Paris is a city in a ring, whereof the Louvre or jfajace of the King 
 is the diamond : and trciely considering the vastnesse of its circum- 
 ference, so incomparably built all of the living rock, whereupon it is 
 seated (which for beauty, easie working, and lastingnesSj renders it a 
 pre-eminence above many more costly materials) I think no city in the 
 whole world equalizes it. I have seen Naples, Rome, Florence^ 
 Genoa, and Venice ; all stately cities, and full of Princely "fabricks ; 
 but then I compare the extent, and here are many huiidreds of noble- 
 mens houses, both within the town, and the environs, which altogether 
 approach, if not exceed the best of them. This I will boldly affirm. 
 
 <ic. 
 
93 
 
 that for the streets, suburbs, and common buildings, it infinitely excels 
 any city else in Europe : for publick edifices, some of the hospitals are 
 fair foundations and handsome piles : but the convents and churches 
 come far short of the towns before recited : yet that of the Sprbonhe 
 and Jesuites, are not much inferiour to some of the best and most mo- 
 dern pieces of architecture extant. 
 
 The river of Seine, which divides it, is nothing comparable, iov The River of 
 sweetnesse and good condition, to our Royal river of Thames : yet it 
 would deceive any man in the use; when he shall seriously examine 
 and consider the huge vessels of burden (though not ships) it brings 
 up, full of commodities and necessary provisions. In conclusion,. Paris 
 wants nothing but clean streets, and a redresse of the multitude of 
 coaches, laquays, and throngs of mankind; with all which, it is ge- p/umber i^f peo- 
 nerally so pestered, that it appears a miracle to me, how so many backs uo^rl'aT. ''"^ 
 are clothed, and bellies maintained (in a town of no eminent staple) 
 as you may behold in one day, if you walk the streets and public 
 carfours; most of the houses ordinarily harbouring six, as often ten 
 families betwixt heaven and hell, the garrets and the cellars : and this I „ 
 
 '•^ Tiiie cause of our 
 
 take to be the true cause of that nastinesse which we usuallv impute to •'■^''^•'hmg their 
 
 •I r Nastirtesse. 
 
 the nation: persons of quality, and such as have room enough, being Persons of qua- 
 far more proper and sumptuous in their houses, then the best- of us here and sumptuous 
 
 ' *■ then any in Eng- 
 
 in England, however we arrogate the contrary. '«»* 
 
 Touching the extent of this city, it hath been, and is still a great The extent of Pa- 
 
 . , J jII i'i-ii ''i^ "''^ London 
 
 controversie amongst our countrey-men travellers, which is the larger, difficult to le com- 
 this or London; every one speaks according to his inclinations : but the "^ '"" ^'^' 
 figures of them both are so different, that it would be a very difiicult 
 matter to reconcile them, by making an exact tryall : and peradventure, 
 all things considered, there is as yet no very great inequality : but if we '^ 
 Hjay conjecture from the buildings at present, and prodigious enlargcr- 
 ment of their suburbs on all sides, what a little time and peace will ren- crease of tmid- 
 der it, it must without doubt in a short time outgrow the contention, 
 and far exceed it : for I finde no end of their erecting not onely of par- 
 ticular houses, but even of whole streets, and those so incomparably fair 
 and uniform i that you would imagine your self rather in some Italian Beauty of the 
 opera, where the diversity of scenes surprise the beholder, then beleeve Ip^rV "'" 
 
94 
 
 your self to he in a reall citie. This is onely to be observed in their prime 
 buildings and palaces, that the best fabricks commonly promise less to- 
 wards the front or street, then you will finde them within the court; 
 which is caused by the high walls and tarraces that thwart them : a 
 piece of modestie, which in other appearances and outsides they do not 
 usually practise. 
 London for shops, But what our city of London hath not in houses and palaces, she 
 drinking schools hath in shops and taverns ; which render it so open by day, and cheerful! 
 
 and noise, exceed- .,.,,. , 11 i J J- j. xU 
 
 ing all cities of m the night, that it appears to be a perpetuail wake or wedaing to the 
 beholder; for so mad and lowd a town is no where to be found in the 
 whole world. 
 
 Government of The government and policy of this Prevestd is exercised by Judges 
 called Lieutenants, civils and criminels ; who, for purchasing their 
 offices of the Court, sell their justice at extraordinary rate, to such as 
 
 ^Prevosts of Mer- have usc of that rare commodity. They have also a Prevost of the 
 
 chands. J J 
 
 Merchands, and les Eschevins, which is an office more resembling our 
 jrchbishopof Recorder and Sheriff, then Major: likewise the Archbishop hath a 
 
 Paris, cfc. ' 'J jr 
 
 spirituall jurisdiction here; as also some particular Abbots and Priors. 
 
 And with all this I cannot say it is well governed ; the disorders of 
 
 Disorders of evcry day and night will convince me, if I should, when so many exe- 
 
 Paris in the night, J J o ^ ^ ^ ^ J 
 
 hoxv they might crablc murthcrs and viUanies are committed in the streets ; an incon- 
 
 be prevented. 
 
 venience which might yet be easily prevented, if they would but imitate 
 
 our policy, and form their watches of constant and responsible persons. 
 
 Strength of Paris Neither is thc strength of this renowned city anything considerable 
 
 nothing in a siege. . c ' 1. c l\ 1. U ^ ^ 1 
 
 in stresse or a siege, or respect or other natural! advantage ; save onely 
 
 fire : nay, so open it is to the conquerour, that St. Denys (which lies 
 
 but two leagues remote from it) hath oftentimes been the frontier of 
 
 M.iresehaide France ; and had not the late Mareschal de Gassion as dearly as brave- 
 
 Gassion preservid ii'ti i-ii i r" rt 10 -i 
 
 Paris from the \y purchascd their liberty at the signal battel or Kocroy, the opaniard, 
 'tis beleeved, might (^without the least obstacle) have marched up to the 
 verv ffates of Paris. 
 The aire of Paris But the incomparable aire of Paris is that which fortifies the inha- 
 ceiebrated. bitants : SO that very seldom hath a plague or other epidemical con- 
 
 tagion made here that havoc and lamentable devastation, which it so 
 frequently doth in our putrified climate, arid accidentally suffocated city: 
 
95 
 contrary to that vuWr (but most false) tradition, which I find in every The ordinary tra- 
 
 _ ^ _ ^ dition amongst us 
 
 mans mouth ; that the pestilence is never out of Paris : but this '*«' the plague u 
 
 . . _ '■ ^ _ _ never out of Paris, 
 
 (besides the siccity of the aire) many naturalists ascribe to the over '■ef«ted. 
 sulphurous exhalations of the streets, and dry attracting quality of the 
 Plaster, which bears or gives the name to this goodly city. Cert^ id %aft%ofplris 
 Jirmissimum Imperium est, quo obedientes gaudent. 
 
 Thus, Sir, by the assistance of your patience, I have adventured to 
 draw the curtain, discovering a very ample theatre, in a short time, and 
 represented it in as narrow a circumference as those artists who intro- 
 duce a multitude of species through an optick into some dark room or 
 closet : and the similitude peradventure will not appear unapt, when 
 you consider the reversed method and confused stile in which it is 
 described. But as writing of histories is not my trade, I know you 
 have not commanded me to undergo this task to make thereby any 
 advantage of my imperfections, but approve mine obedience. And 
 now, although I doubt not but many able persons have most excellently 
 treated upon this very subject, appropriated to their times, yet I will 
 be bold to affirm, and that sans vanitie, none hath lately performed it 
 with greater faith, succinctnesse, and in more natural colours. For 
 hee that will truely comprehend the government and genius of this 
 kingdome, must prospect and look out every day for new discoveries ; 
 France being now no more the thing it was forty yeers since, then the 
 garb and fashion at that time, to the habit and mode now in use 
 amongst them, equally as different, as incomparable : and in truth, (to 
 disabuse the world) the complexion and crasis of this body politick is 
 of so high concernment to the health, and good estate of our poor 
 nation, that to preserve her in entire habit and constitution, there can 
 never be too often inspections into the state and regiment of this king- 
 dom. This is the opinion of. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Paris, this 15 of Eebr. 1652. Your most affectionate friend, 
 
 Stilo novo. and most obedient servant, 
 
 J. E. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
. •*■;•.' 
 
 '\.fi 
 
 «■■■:» 
 
THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY 
 
 TO THE 
 
 TRANSLATION OF THE "FRENCH GARDINER." i2mo. 1658*. 
 
 To my most honour'd and worthy Friend Thomas HENSHAwf, Esquire. 
 
 Sir, 
 I have at length obey'd your commands, only I wish the instance had 
 bin more considerable : though I cannot but much approve of the 
 designe and of your election in this particular work, which is certainly 
 the best that is extant upon this subject, notwithstanding the plenty 
 which these late years have furnish'd us withal. I shall forbear to 
 publish the accident which made you engage me upon this traduction ; 
 because I have long since had inclinations and a design of communi- 
 
 * This Dedication is reprinted from a eoj^ of the very rare first edition, with fine cuts by A. 
 Hertocks, formerly in the possession of the late James Bindley, Esq. The original Title to tiiis 
 volume is " The French Gardiner : instructing how to cultivate all sorts of Fruit-trees, and Herbs 
 " for the garden : together with directions to dry and conserve them in their natural : six times 
 " printed in France, and once in Holland. An accomplished Piecfe, first written by R. D. C. D. 
 " W. B. D. N, and now transplanted into English by Philocefos. Illustrated with sculptures. 
 " London, printed for John Crooke, at the Ship in St. Pauls Church-yard, 1658." 12mo. 319 pp. 
 and with four plates. 
 
 The Second Edition was printed by J. M. for the same publisher, in 1669, who had then 
 removed to Duck Lane, with some little variation in the title page, having Mr. Evelyn's name to 
 it as the translator, he being at that time a Fellow of the Royal Society. Whereunto was an- 
 nexed, "The English Vineyard, vindicated by John Rose, Gardiner to his Majesty, Charles the 
 Second : with a tract of the making and ordering of Wines in France." 
 
 The Third Edition appeared in 167% printed by S. S. for Benj. Tooke, at the Ship in St. Paul's 
 Church-yard, (Evelyn's usual publisher ;) and, with the exceptions of a few verbal alterations, is 
 predsely the same as the second. 
 
 t This gentleman, to whom John Evelyn dedicated his own etchings, was with him during his 
 travels ; and was recommended by Mr. Evelyn to the Embassy of Constantinople, which was how- 
 ever filled by Lord Winchelsea. In 1675 Mr. Henshaw was left resident to the Court of Den-, 
 mark, on the Death of the Duke of Richmond, who died there. Ambassador, — See frequent allu- 
 sions to him in the first volume of " Memoirs." 
 
 O 
 
98 
 
 eating some other things of this nature from my own experienc 
 especially, concerning tlie ornaments of gardens, &c. ; because 
 respects the soyle, the situation, and the planting, is here perfor 
 my hand with so much ingenuity, as that I conceive there ci 
 little be added to render it a piece absolute and without reproac 
 order to this, my purpose was to introduce the least known ( 
 not the least delicious) appendices to gardens ; and such as are 
 names only, but the descriptions, plots, materials, and wayes ( 
 triving the ground for parterrs, grotts, fountains ; the proport 
 walks, perspectives, rocks, aviaries, vivaries, apiaries, pots, coi 
 tories, piscinas, groves, cryptas, cabinets, ecchos, statues, and 
 ornaments of a vigna, &c. without which the best garden is v 
 life, and very defective. Together with a treatise of flowers ani 
 greens ; especially the palisades and contr-espaliers of Alaternus, 
 most incomparable verdure, together with the right culture of 
 beauty and fence, I might glory to have been the first propagi 
 England. This, I say, I Intended to have published for the her 
 divertisement of our country, had not some other things unexp 
 intervened, which as yet hinder the birth and maturity of that en 
 Be pleased, Sir, to accept the productions of your own comr 
 as a lover of gardens you did promote it, as a lover of you I have 
 lated it. And in the mean time that the great ones are busiec 
 governing the world (which is but a wildernesse), let us call to 
 the rescript of Dioclesian to those who would perswade him 
 assume the empire. For it is impossible that he who is a true vi 
 and has attained to the felicity of being a good gardener, shoul 
 jealousie to the State where he lives. This is not advice to yoi 
 know so well how to cultivate both yourself and your garden; 1 
 Cause it is the only way to enjoy a garden, and to preserve its repu 
 
 Sir, I am 
 Your most humble and most obedient servant. 
 
99 
 
 THE EPISTLE DEDICATORY 
 
 TO THE 
 
 SECOND EDITION OF THE "FRENCH GARDINER." London, 1669. 12nio. 
 
 To my most honour'd and worthy friend Thomas Henshaw, Esquire. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 The success of the First Edition of this Book, has produced a second ; 
 and with it the continuance of your name in the front of this Epistle, 
 that those who shall receive the fruits it here presents them, may 
 know to whom they are oblig'd for it ; your commands first engag- 
 ing me to interpret,- and give it to our country : and I was glad I 
 had so fair an opportunity of publishing to the world how highly 1 
 honour you for your many eminentiand shining parts ; yotfr virtue, your 
 learning, and our now ancient friendship; which, contracted first abroad, 
 heis cojitinu'd both there, and since at home, through so many vicissi- 
 tudes and changes as we have seen and surmounted. The character 
 which I first adventiir'd on this Piece, (when I boldly pronounc'd it for 
 the' ver^y best that was extant on the subject) has been amply confirm'd 
 by the suflfrages of all who have since written upon it; and I will be 
 bold to affirm, it was the first that ever instructed our country-men how to 
 cultivate and ord'er their gardens for fruit, and other esculent plants, with 
 a faith and industry becoming that honest and sweet employment. . 
 
 Here is nothing added (and indeed nothing could well be) to the 
 First Edition, but the weeding and purging it of some typographical 
 escapes ; and therefore I have nothing more to say, but that I am. 
 
 Sir, 
 Your most humble and faithfull servant, 
 
 J. Evelyn. 
 
100 
 
 TO THE READER. 
 
 {Prefixed to the " French Gardiner.") 
 
 I advertise the Reader that what I have couched in four Sections at 
 the end of this Volume, under the name of an Appendix, is but a part 
 of the third Treatise in the original ; there remaining three Chapters 
 more concerning preserving of fruits with sugar, which I have, there- 
 fore, expressly omitted, because it is a mysterie that I am little ac- 
 quainted withall ; and that I am assured by a lady, who is a person of 
 quality, and curious in that art, that there is nothing of extraordinary 
 amongst them, but what the fair sex do Infinitely exceed, whenever they 
 please to divertise themselves in that sweet employment. 
 
 There is also another book of the same author, intituled, " Les 
 Delices de la Campagne," or, ** The Delights of the Countrey," being 
 as a second part of this ; wherein you are taught to prepare and dresse 
 whatsoever either the earth or water do produce ; dedicated to the good 
 housewives. There you are instructed to make all sorts of French 
 bread, and the whole mysterie of the pastry, wines, and all sorts of 
 drinks. To accomodate all manner of roots good to eat ; cooking of 
 flesh and fish, together with precepts how the Major Domo Is to order 
 the services, and treat persons of quality at a feast, h la mode de France 
 which such as aflfect more then I, and do not understand in the original, 
 may procure to be interpreted, but by some better hand then he that 
 did the *' French Cook ;" which being (as I am informed) an excellent 
 book of its kinde, is miserably abused for want of skill in the kitchln. 
 
 If any man think it an employment fit for the translator of this for- 
 mer part, it will become him to know, that though I have some experi- 
 ence in the garden, and more divertlsement, yet I have none in the 
 shambles ; and that what I here present him was to gratifie a noble 
 friend, who had only that empire over me, as to make me quit some 
 more serious employment for a few days in obedience to his command. 
 
 Farewell. 
 
101 
 
 To the Second Edition of this Volume is added, " The English 
 Vineyard vindicated by John Rose *, Grardiner to his Majesty, at his 
 Royal Garden in St. James's; formerly Gard'ner to her Grace the 
 Dutchess of Somerset : with an Address where the best Plants are to 
 be had at easie rates." And immediately after the author's dedication 
 to K. Charles II. is the following " Preface or Occasion of this Dis- 
 course," written by John Evelyn. 
 
 Being one day refreshing my self in the garden at Essex-house f, and, 
 amongst other things, falling into discourse with Mr. Rose (then 
 gard'ner to her Grace the Duchess of Somerset) about vines, and par- 
 ticularly the cause of the neglect of vineyards of late in England, he 
 reason'd so pertinently upon that subject (as, indeed, he does upon all 
 things which concern his hortulan profession), that, conceiving how 
 greatly it might oblige many worthy and ingenious persons, lovers of 
 plantations, and of the noblest parts of it ; I was easily perswaded to 
 gratifie his modest and charitable inclinations, to have them commu- 
 nicated to the world. The matter, therefore, of the ensuing Discourse^ 
 being totally his, receives from me onely its forme, and the putting of 
 his conceptions together ; which I have dressed up in as rural a garb 
 as I thought might best become, and recommended then for practice. 
 I have turn'd over many both late and ancient books (far exceeding this 
 in bulk), pretending to direct us in our choice of the fruit, and the 
 planting of vineyards, but I do ingenuously profess, that none of them 
 have appear'd the more rational and worthy our imitation than these 
 short observations of Mr. Roses, and which I so much the more value, 
 
 * An excellent print in the line manner, 13 inches by 12, was engraved, in 1823, by Robert 
 Grave, a young and promising artist, from the curious picture at Strawberry Hill of King Charles II. 
 receiving the first pine-apple cultivated in England, from Rose his gardener, who is presenting it 
 on his knees, at Dawney Court, Buckinghamshire, the seat of the celebrated Duchess of Cleveland. 
 
 f In the reign of Queen Elizabeth this house belonged to her favourite, the Earl of Leicester, 
 who bequeathed it to his son-in-law, Robert Devereux Earl of Essex, when it changed its name 
 from Leicester House to that of its new possessor. It stood near St. Clement's Church in the 
 Strand, and the site is still retained in Essex Street, Essex Place, Essex Court, and Devereux Court. 
 
 A plan of the house and gardens, copied from Ogilby and Morgan's Twenty Sheet Map of 
 London, etched by Hollar, may be seen in Smith's Antiquities of Westminster, 4to. 1807. 
 
102 
 
 as I consider them the native production of his own experience, wi< 
 obtruding any thing upon the reputation of others, which is now be( 
 the most pernitious imposture that flatters us into so many mistakes 
 errours ; whilst men follow such directions as they meet withal in p 
 or from some Monsieurs new come over, who think we are as i 
 oblig'd to follow their mode of gard'ning as we do that of their 
 ments, till we become in both ridiculous. I might here add somet 
 of ostentation, by deducing the pedigree of vineyards from the j 
 orieiital Patriarch of them to this day ; but it will be of more en 
 ragement to us, when we shall consider how frequently they were 1 
 tofore planted in this country of ours, as they still continue to fc 
 places of the very same latitude abroad ; so as the strange deca 
 them amongst us for these latter ages, must needs proceed fron 
 other cause then that of our own neglect, and the common viclssi 
 of things. We behold it in that of timber to our grief, arid the se 
 (almost lost) species of some. Why have we not as goodly mast 
 our ships as our neighbour countries ? Why is the elme, the wa 
 and the chestnut, so decay'd and rare amongst us, more then forn 
 they were ? But of this I have elsewhere given an account moi 
 large *. The Vineyard is now before you. 
 
 Philocepc 
 
 * " Sylva ; a Discourse of Forest Trees." 
 
THE 
 
 GOLDEN BOOK OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, 
 
 CONCERNING THE 
 
 EDUCATION OF CHILDREN. 
 
 TRANSLATED OUT OF THE GREEK, 
 
 BY 
 
 ESQ. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED BY X>. M. FOR G. BEDEL AND T. COLLINS, AT THE MIDDLE TEMPLE GATE, 
 
 IN FLEET STREET. 
 
 1659. 
 
105 
 The epistle DEDICATORY. 
 
 To my most incomparable Brothers, George & Richard Evelyn, 
 of Wooton and Woodcot, in Surrey, Esqrs. 
 My dear Brothers, 
 
 Amongst the very many diversions which I have experimented to 
 mitigate and attemper the sorrowes which do still oppresse me, for the 
 loss of my children, and especially of that One so precious to me *, I 
 have found nothing that has afforded me a greater consolation then 
 this ; that it pleased God to give me opportunities and such a subject to 
 work upon, as I cannot but hope he has in mercy accepted. And 
 truly, when I seriously contemplate the felicity of all those which are 
 well out of this miserable world, I 'find the griefe which wee conceive 
 for their absence to be a meer <p«XauT/a, and does nothing at all concerne 
 them whom we mourne for, that have served God, their generation 
 with honour, and left a memorial without reproach. You have,' Bro- 
 thers, both of you lost children, but nohe of them for whom you had 
 reason to be so sensible as my selfe ; because they died infants, and 
 could not so intirely engage your affections as if they had arrived to 
 yeers of more maturity, aiid the spring had flattered you with the expec- 
 tation of a fruitful harvest, as me it did. 
 
 But because we are all obnoxious, and that cuivis potest accidere, 
 quod cuiquam potest, be assured, that of all the afflictions which can 
 touch the heart in this life, one of the most superlative is the loss of a 
 hopeful child ; and 'till I had the experience of this my self, I have 
 often wondered that David should suffer himselfe to be so , far trans- 
 ported for the death of a rebel, that had violated all the relations which 
 ought to be betwixt a son and a most indulgent father. I know well 
 that another cause might contribute to the effect, but all who shall 
 read that sad story cannot but impute as much to his paternal affections 
 as by Ynan could be expressed. 
 
 * A very interesting and affecting account of the death of this extraordinary child may be seen 
 in " Memoirs," vol. I. p. 299 j and in vol. II. p. 176, a beautiful letter of consolation is addressed 
 to Mr. Evelyn by the eminent Dr. Jeremy Taylor. 
 
 P 
 
106 
 
 These are, Brothers, the contingencies which (since we can never 
 be exempted perfectly of) have caused me to seek the remedies which 
 I presume here to have at last encountered, and which I here likewise 
 affectionately present unto you. Let us make our children fit for God, 
 and then let us not be displeased whensoever he takes them from us. 
 Deus nobis illos educandos non mancipio dederat. There are a multi- 
 tude of other precepts that I might recollect out of the consolatory 
 writings which are at hand ; Plutarch and Cicero, Seneca and others. 
 But all their topicks (S. Hierom and some few Christians only excepted) 
 are most of them derived from philosophy, the pride and courage of 
 another institution, and afford us but uncertain consolations in the wiser 
 estimate of things. So that hereby we may be less troubled in wanting 
 the writings of Diogenes, Clitomachus, Carneades, Possidonius, upon 
 the same subject ; there being nothing capable truly to compose the 
 mind of a good man for the absence of his friend or of his child, like 
 the contemplation of his undoubted felicity. 
 
 It is that which I therefore endeavor here to secure, in offering 
 
 to you this Golden Book of'S. Chrysostom, which having afforded 
 
 me soe great a consolation, 1 cannot but hope may be likewise accept' 
 
 able to you, and useful to as many as have either bin touched with 
 
 the like resentiments, or that do establish for an infallible maxime 
 
 that saying of Plato *, ug oiye o'gflwff vewcuSovfiisjioi, trx^^ov aycSoi yiyovra, 
 
 " that those who are well and rightly instructed, do easily become good 
 
 men." And the thing is verily of so gr^it importaace,' that some have 
 
 taken education for religion it selfe, all for another nature ; which he 
 
 that shall read of the Laconick discipline will not easily dispute. This 
 
 is certain, that were this one thing well secured, princes would have 
 
 good subjects, fathers good children, wives good husbands, mastera 
 
 good servants, God would be sincerely served, and all things would be 
 
 well with us. And here I would now end, did not my affections a 
 
 little transport me, and the hopes that you wiU yet indulge it, if, whilst 
 
 I erect to my dear child no other monumemt, I shew to the wodd how 
 
 neerly I iHjncurr'd with the instructions of this Golden Book /before I 
 
 * De L^gibus. 
 
107 
 
 had seene it), and what may l?e expected from a timely education, if 
 (now that we may both read and have it) we with diligence pursue it. 
 
 I cannot, with St. Augustine *, say of my son, as he of his, Annorum 
 erat fere quindecim, §• irigenio proeveniehat multos graves 8f doctos 
 viros. But this I can truely affirm ; he was little above five years old, 
 and he did excel many that I have known at fifteene. Tarn bfevi spatio 
 tempora multa compleverat. He was taught to pray as soon as he 
 could speak, and he was taught to read as soon as he could pray. At 
 three years old he read any character or letter whatsoever used in our 
 printed books, and, within a little time after, any tolerable writing hand, 
 and had gotten (by heart) before he was five years of age seven or 
 eight hundred Latine and Greek words, as I .have since calculated out 
 of his 'Ovo[ji.a(riKoVf together with their genders and declensions. I entred 
 him then upon the verbs,, which in four months time he did perfectly 
 conjugate, together with most of the irregulars excepted in our gram- 
 mar. These he conquered with incredible delight, and intelligence of 
 their use. But it is more strange to consider, that when from them I 
 thought to set him to the nouns, he had in that interim (by himself) 
 learned both the declensions and their examples, their exceptions, 
 adjectives, comparisons, pronouns, without any knowledge or precept of 
 mine, insomuch as I stood amazed at his sedulity and memory. This 
 engaged me to bring him a Sententice Pueriles, and a Cato, and of 
 late Comenius ; the short sentences of which two first, and the more 
 solid ones of the last, he learned to construe and parse as fast as one 
 could well teach and attend him : for he became not onely dextrous in 
 the ordinary rules by frequent recourse to them (for indeed I never 
 obliged him to get any of them by art as a task, by. that same carni- 
 Jicina puerorurn) upon occasions, but did at this age also easily com- 
 prehend both the meaning and the use of the relative, the ellipsis, and 
 defects of verbs and nouns unexpressed f . But to repeat here all that 
 I could justly affirm concerning his promptitude in this nature, were 
 
 « Conf. lib, 9, cap 6. 
 
 f Quid in illo virtutum, quid ingenii, quid pietatis invenerim, vereor dicere ne tidem creduli- 
 tatis excedam. Hier. ad Marcell. Epitaph. 
 
108 
 
 altogether prodigious, so that truly I have been sometimes even con- 
 strained to cry out with the father, as of another Adeodatus, horrori 
 mihi est hoc ingenium. For so insatiable were his desires of knowledg, 
 that I well remember upon a time hearing one discourse of Terence and 
 Plautus, and being told (upon his enquiring concerning these authors) 
 that the books were too difficult for him, he wept for very grief, and 
 would hardly be pacified : but thus it is reported of Thucydides, when 
 those noble Muses were recited in his hearing, at one of the most illus- 
 trious assemblies of Greece, from whence was predicted the greatness 
 of his genius. To tell you how exactly he read French, how much of 
 it he spake and understood, were to let you onely know that his mother 
 did instruct him without any confusion te the rest. Thus he learned a 
 catechism and many prayers, and read divers things in that language. 
 More to bee admired was the liveliness of his judgment, that being 
 much affected with the diagramms in Euclid, he did with so great faci- 
 lity interpret to me many of the common postulata and definitions, 
 which he would readily repeate in Latine and apply it. And he was 
 in one hour onely taught to play the first half of a thorough basse, to 
 one of our Church psalmes, upon the organ. Let no man think that 
 we did hereby crowd his spirit too full of notions. Those things which 
 we force upon other children were strangely natural to him ; for as he 
 very seldome affected their toyes, to such things were his usual recrea- 
 tions as the gravest man might not be ashamed to divert himself withal. 
 These were especially the Apologues of ^sop, most of which he could 
 so readily recount, with divers Other stories, as you would admire from 
 whence he produced them : but he was never without some book or 
 other in his hand. Pictures did afford him infinite pleasure ; above all, 
 a pen and ink, with which he now began to form his letters. Thus he 
 often delighted himself in reciting of poems and sentences, some whereof 
 he had in Greek, fragments of comedies, divers verses out of Herbert, 
 and, amongst the psalmes, his beloved and often repeated ^cce qudm 
 bonum : and indeed he had an ear so curiously framed to sounds, that 
 he would never misse infallibly to have told you what language it was 
 you did read by the accent only, were it Latine, Greek, French;, Italian 
 or Dutch. To all I might add, the incomparable sweetness of his 
 
109 
 
 countenance and eyes, the clean fabrick of his body and pretty addresses : 
 how easily he forgot injuries, when at any time I would break and crosse 
 his passions, by sometimes interrupting his enjoyments, in the midst of 
 some sweet or other delicious things which allured him : that I might 
 thereby render him the more indifferent to all things, though these he 
 seldom quitted without rewards and advantage. But above all, ex- 
 treamly conspicuous was his affection to his younger brother, with whose 
 impertinencies he would continually bear, saying, he was but a child, 
 and understood no better. For he was ever so smiling, cheerful, and in 
 perfect good humour, that it might be truly verified of him, as it was 
 once of Heliodorus*, grcauitatem morum hilarite frontis temperahat. 
 But these things were obvious, and I dwel no longer on them : there 
 are yet better behind ; and those are, his early piety, and how ripe he 
 was for God. Never did this child lye in bed (by his good will) longer 
 then six or seven, winter or summer ; and the first thing he did (being 
 up) was to say his French prayers, and our Church Catechism; after 
 breakfast that short Latine prayer, which having encountred. at the be- 
 ginning of our Lillie's Grammar, he had learned by heart, without 
 any l^nowledge or injunction of mine, and whatsoever he so committed 
 to memory, he would never desist till he perfectly understood ; yet with 
 all this, did he no day employ above two houres at his book by my 
 order; what he else learned was most by hiraselfe, without constraint 
 or the least severity, unseene, and totally imported by his own inclina- 
 tion. But to return, wonderful was it to observe the chapters which 
 himselfe would choose, and the psalmes and verses that he would apply 
 upon occasions, and as in particular he did to some that were sick in 
 my family a little before him, bidding them to consider the sufferings of 
 Christ, how bitter they were, and how willingly he endured them. 
 How frequently would be pray by himself in the day time, and procure 
 others to joyn with him in some private corner of the house apart ? 
 The last time he was at Church (which was, as I remember, at Green- 
 wich), at his return I asked him what he brought away from the 
 sermon ; he replyed, that he had remembred two good things, bonum 
 
 * Hierom. 
 
110 
 
 gratice, and bonum glorice, which expressions were indeed used, though 
 I did not believe he had minded them. 
 
 I should even tire you with repeating all that I might call to mind of 
 his pertinent answers upon several occasions, one of the last whereof I 
 will only instance. When about Christmas a kinsman of his related to 
 us by the fire side some passages of the presumptuous fasting of certain 
 enthusiasts about Colchester, whilst we were expressing some admira- 
 tion at the passage, That, sayes the child (being upon the gentlemans 
 knee, and, as we thought, not minding the discourse), is no such wonder, 
 for it is written, " Man shall not live by bread alone, &c." But more 
 to be admired was his perfect comprehension of the sacred histories in 
 the method of our Golden Author, so as it may b.e truly, affirmed of this 
 child, as it was once said of Timothy *, Quodapuero sacras literas nove- 
 rat. Nor was all this by rote only (as they term it), for that he was 
 capable of the greater mystery of our salvation by Christ I have had 
 many infallible indications. And Avhen the Lords day fortnight before 
 he died, he repeated to me our Church Catechism, he told me that he 
 now perceived his godfathers were dis-engaged ; for that since he him- 
 self did now understand what his duty was, it would be required of 
 him, and not of them for the future. And let no man think, that when 
 I use the term dis-engaged, it is to expresse the childs meaning with a 
 fine word, for he did not only make use of such phrases himself, but 
 would frequently in his ordinary discourse come out with such expres- 
 sions as one would have admired how he came by them ; but upon 
 enquiry he would certainly have produced his authority, and either in 
 the Bible, or some other booke, shewed you the words so used. How 
 divinely did this pious infant speake of his being weary of this trouble- 
 some world (into which he was scarcely entred), and whilst he lay sick, 
 of his desires to goe to Heaven ; that the angels might conveye him 
 into Abrahams bosome, passionately perswading those that tended him 
 to dye with him ; for he told them that he knew he should not live : 
 and really, though it were an ague which carried him from us (a dis- 
 ease which I least apprehended, finding him so lively in his interval), 
 
 * Tim, iii, 15. 
 
Ill 
 
 yet the day before he took his leave of us, he call'd to me, and pro- 
 nounced it very soberly ; Father (sayes he), you have often told me 
 that you would give me your house, and your land, your bookes, and 
 all your fine things ; but I tell you, I shall have none of them ; you 
 will leave them all to my brother. This he spake without any provo- 
 cation or passion ; and it did somewhat trouble me, that I could not 
 make him alter this conceit, which in another would be esteemed pro- 
 phetick. But that I may conclude, and shew how truly jealous this 
 child was least he should offend God in the least scruple, that very 
 morning, not many bowres before he fell into that sleepe which was his 
 last, being in the midst of his paroxcisme, he called to me, and asked 
 of me whether he should not offend, if in the extremity of his pain he 
 mentioned so often the name of God calling for ea§e ; and whether God 
 would accept his prayers if be did not hold his hands out of bed in the 
 posture of praying? which when I had pacified him about, he prayed, 
 till his prayers were turned into eternal praises. Thus ended your 
 nephew, being but five years five monethes and three dayes old, and 
 more I could still say. Nam quern eorpore non valemus recordoHone 
 teneamus, et cum quo loqui non possumus de eo loqui nunquam desi- 
 namus. But my tears mingle so fest with my inke, that I must breake 
 oflF here, and be silent — I end therefore with that bleSsed Saint : Munera 
 tua tibi confiteor, Domine Dms mens, Creator omnium, multum potem 
 reformare nostra deformia : nam ego in illo puero, preeter delictum 
 nihil haheham,. Quod enim enutriebatur & nobis in discipline tud. Tu 
 inspira veras nobis, nullus alius. Munera tua tibi confiteor. — Gito de 
 terra abstulisti vitam ejus, et securior eum recordor. Deare Brothers, 
 indulge me these excesses. It is not a new thing which I doe. S* 
 Hierom wrote divers Epistles, which he inscribed his Epitaphs; and never 
 was a Paula or Estochium dearer to him then this your nephew was to, 
 
 Dear B. B. , 
 Your most affectionate brother and most humble servant, 
 
 J. E. 
 Grot, ad Patrem. 
 Carere liberis durum non est, nisi his qui habuerunt . 
 
112 
 
 Epitaphium *. 
 
 R. Evelyn, I. F. 
 
 Qiiiescit hoc sub marmore, 
 
 Una quiescit quicquid est amabile, 
 
 Patres quod optent, aut quod orbi lugeant. 
 
 Genas decentes non, ut ante, risus 
 
 Lepore condit amplius. 
 
 Morum venustas, quanta paucis contigit 
 
 Desideratur omnibus. 
 
 Lingua Latina, Gallica, 
 
 Quas imbibit cum lacte materno, tacent. 
 
 Tentarat artes, artiumque principiis 
 
 Pietatis elementa hauserat. 
 
 Libris inhaesit improbo labore, 
 
 Ut sola mors divelleret. 
 
 Quid indoles, quid disciplina, quid labor 
 
 Possint, abuno disceres. 
 
 Puer stupendus qualis hie esset senex, 
 
 Si fata vitae subministrassenf iter ! 
 
 Sed aliter est visum Deo. 
 
 Correptus ille febriculalevijacet: 
 
 Jacent tot una spes parentum. « 
 
 Vixit ANN. V. M. V. Ill super D. 
 
 Eheu ! delicias breves. 
 
 Quicquid placet mortale non placet diu, 
 
 Quicquid placet mortale ne placeat nimis. 
 
 * This epitaph was written by Christopher Wase, a distant relation of Sir Richard Browne, 
 with whom Evelyn became acquainted at Paris in 1652} and whom he brought to England, where 
 he ultimately provided for him. See " Memoirs," vol. I. p. 255. This information is derived 
 from a manuscript note in a copy of the present Tract, formerly in the possession of the late 
 J. Bindley, Esq. , 
 
 TO THE READER. 
 
 I ADVERTISE the Reader that this Golden Book of S* Chrysostom 
 is not to be encountred amongst any of his Works formerly published; 
 but hath (amongst other fragments of that incomparable Author) bin 
 lately produced out of a MS. in the Cardinals Library at Paris, by 
 the industry of Father Francis Combesis, of the Order of the Friers 
 Preacher, and there printed the last year, 1656. 
 
THE 
 
 GOLDEN BOOK OF ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, 
 
 CONCERNING THE 
 
 EDUCATION OF CHILDREN*. 
 
 So soon as ever a child is borne, the father bestirs himself, not that 
 he may rightly take order about his education, but that he-may magni- 
 ficently set him forth, and adorn him with jewels and rich apparel. O 
 Vain man, wherfore dost thou this ? Be it that thou thyself art cloathed 
 with all these things, why dost thou instruct thy child, as yet free from 
 this madnesse, in these trifles ? For what, purpose dost thou put that 
 ornament about his neck ? He needs the care of a diligent tutor, who 
 may coflipose and regulate his manners : he hath no need of gold. And 
 thou dost nourish him a lock of hair behind like a girle, efl^eminating 
 thy son even from the very cradle. Softning thus the vigor of his sex, 
 engraftest into that tender age a superfluous love of riches, and dost 
 perswade him to the pursuit of those things which are totaly unuseful. 
 Why dost thou spread for him so large a spare ? Wherefore doSt thou so 
 charm him with the love of corporal things ? If a man (saith S^ Paul) 
 have long hair it is a shame unto himf. Nature will not endure it ; 
 God hath not indulg'd it ; 'tis a thing altogether forbidden ; it is the 
 practice of Gentil superstitionf. But many there be who hang gold in 
 their ears. I would that were wholy forborn even by the female sex ; you 
 infect boyes vvith this pest also; nay, and there are very many who deride 
 these discourses as if they were small matters. I tell you, they are 
 not small matters but exceeding great, and very considerable. A maid, 
 
 * Originally published 16th Sept, 165S, " which," says Evelyn, " I dedicated to both my brothers, 
 to comfort them on the loss of their children."— Memoirs, vol. I. p. 314. 
 + 1st Cor. xi. 14, 
 
 Q 
 
114 
 
 when in her mothers chamber she hath learned to long after these various 
 tires and ornaments of women, being gone out of her fathers' house, be- 
 comes impertinent to her husband, and very troublesome, putting him 
 to more charges then the very publicans. I have already told you, that 
 it is therefore a difficult thing to reform a vice, because there is no body 
 which takes the care of children, no body discourses to them about vir- 
 ginity, no body concerning modesty, no body of the contempt of riches 
 and glory, and no body speaks to them of those blessed promises which 
 are made in the Scriptures. 
 
 If therefore children be from their infancy deprived of governors, what 
 will become of them ? If some from the womb even to their old and 
 decrepit age, having been instituted,- are not yet arrived to perfection, 
 what will not thev perpetrate, who from the beginning of their life have 
 accustomed themselves to hear such discourses ! Now indeed that their 
 children may be instructed in the arts, 'letters^ and eloquence, every one 
 doth studiously contend ; but that they may, > cultivate their minds few 
 or none are at all solicitous. I will never desist to beseech, to entreat, 
 knd to beg of you, thai before all things else whatsoever, yoti would 
 now compose the manners of your children. For If thou wilt be truly 
 indulgent to thy child, deelaTeit in this, thou shalt not lose thy reward. 
 Hear what St. Paul saith *, " If . they continue in faith and charity, 
 and holinesse with sobriety;" And ; though thou art conscious to thy 
 self of never so many evils, the rather seek, out some consolation for 
 them. Make a Champion for Christ: I do not speak it that thou 
 shouldst coelibat him, send him into the desarts, send make him a monk ; 
 I say not so ; I wish It Indeed, and would, with all my heart, that every 
 man could receive it : but "since that may seem a burthen too great for 
 him to support, I do not compel. Bring up a Champion (I say) for 
 Christ, and whilst he remains in this world instruct him from his very 
 cradle. If whilst he Is yet young thou imprint good principles in him^ 
 no body shall be ever able to eiface them when he becomes more firme 
 being then as the wax which hath received the Impression. As yet 
 thou hast him trembling, fearful, and revering thy very looks, thy words. 
 
 * 1 Timothy, chap. ii. v. 15. 
 
115 
 
 atid every little beck. Treat him as thou shouldst at the beginning; 
 If thou have a good child, thou wilt have the first benefit of him, and 
 then God. Thou labourest but for thy self. 'Tis reported, that when 
 pearles are first taken up, they are only little drops of water, so that he 
 which receives them being skilful, placing the drops in his hand, and 
 exquisitely turning. them in his palm, renders them- perfectly round and 
 polished. But whea once they have attained their perfect shape and 
 become hard, thfey are no more to be moulded to every mans fancy ; foe 
 that which, is soft is every .way flexible, being not as yet compacted, 
 and therefore is. easily drawn which way one pleaseth ; ]but that which 
 is hard, as having once attained a disposition to stiflFnesse, is with diffi- 
 culty to be moved, .or susceptible of any other form. 
 
 liCt then every one of us (who are •' parents) as we behold painters 
 adorning their pictures and statues with so much exactneisse, be dili- 
 gently sjtudioas about these wonderful statues. For when painters have 
 once designed a picture, they work every day about it to bring it to per- 
 fection ; the same do statuaries^ abating what is superfluous, and adding 
 whatsoever is deficient. So you also, like so many statuaries, bend, all 
 ybur endeavors, , as preparing those admirable statues for God, take away 
 that which is superfluous, add that which- you find w-anting .• consider 
 every day how they abound in natural endowments, that you may timely 
 augment them : what natural defects you espy, that you may accord- 
 ingly abate them: but with all sedulity, and above all things, be careful 
 to exterminate unseemly speeches, for this custom begins extremly tp 
 infect the minds of youth ; yea, and before he have essayed it, teach him 
 to be sober, to be vigilant and assiduous in his devotions, and upon 
 whatsoever he saith or doth to put, the seal upon it* Imagine thy self a 
 (TippsytSot king who hast a city to govern, the mind of thy child ; for really 
 the mind is a city ; and as in a city some are thieves, some live honestly, 
 some labourj and others transact all they do foolishly ; just so it is with 
 the discourses and cogitations of the mind ; some of them strive and mi- 
 litate against injuries, like as in a city there are souldiers ; some of these 
 thoughts provide for the body and houshold, like the senators of a city ; 
 others command in chief, such as are governors ; some speak lascivious 
 thino-s, such as shamelesse men, others naore modest, such as are modest 
 
116 
 
 persons : some againe are efFeminate, as women be amongst us ; others 
 discourse more indiscreetly, like children ; some domineer as if over 
 vassals, because they are domesticks ; others as over the free borne, 
 because they are noble and ingenuous. We. must therefore of necessitie 
 have laws, that we may exterminate these evil cogitations and cherish 
 those which are good ; but never let us permit the evil to rebel against 
 the good. For as in a city, if one should constitute laws giving liberty 
 and impunity to thieves, it would soon subvert all : and if the souldiers 
 pursue their fury without respect to what is fit, all things fall to confu- 
 sion ; and if every one quitting his due order, take upon him to prose- 
 cute that which belongs to another, by this usurpation and avarice he 
 violates and utterly spoiles the whole government. It is truly no other- 
 wise in that which we have spoken. , 
 
 The mind of a child is therefoje a city, a city newly built and fur- 
 nished, a city full of new inhabitants, and as yet wholly unexperienced. 
 'Tls an easie matter to instruct and model such : for those which have 
 been at first possest and grown up with evil principles, such as are many 
 old persons, are truly with great difficulty reformed, though neither is 
 that impossible (for even they themselves may be converted if they will) 
 but such as are totally ignorant, will with ease embrace the laws which 
 you en joyn them. 
 
 Establish laws therefore in this city, and for those who are denisons 
 of it, formidable and severe laws, which if any shall dare to violate, ap- 
 prove thyself a governor and revenge it ; for it is to no purpose to enact 
 laws, unlesse punishment be also inflicted : make laws then, and look 
 diligently to your work ; for know, that wee impose lawes upon no lesse 
 then the universe it selfe. To day we build a city, let the four senses be the 
 bulwarks and the gates, and let all the rest of the bodie be as the walls. 
 Now these gates are the eyes, the tongue, the eares, and the nose, and 
 (if you please) also the touch. Through these overtures it is that the 
 dtizens go out and in ; that is to say, by these ports it is that our co- 
 gitations are corrupted or amended. 
 
 Go to then, and first let us go to the gate of the tongue, since this is 
 of all the rest the chief, and the greatest port ; let us now prepare for it 
 the doors and its barres, not of wood nor of iron, but of gold, for the very 
 
117 
 
 city it self which is thus built is of gold, and not any man, but he that 
 isi the King of the Universe shall keep his court in this city, if thus 
 you prepare it: and you shall perceive by the processe his speech, in 
 what parts of this city to consign him a palace.. Let us therefore make 
 the doors and the barrs for it of gold, I say ; namely, the Oracles of 
 God, as the Prophet speaketh. " The words of God are more delicious 
 than honey or the honey comb, above gold and much precious stone *." 
 Let us teach them to have these things continually in their mouths and 
 wheresoever they stir, and that not slightly, nor perfunctorily or sel- 
 dom, but without ceasing. Nor is it yet sufficient that the doors be 
 overlayed with gold, but they must be framed altogether of solid gold, 
 and having the precious stones fixed one against another without. Let, 
 the Crosse of our Lord be the barre of thesfe gates, which is, indeed, 
 every where inchased with stones of price : let this then bee put athwart 
 the middle of the gates ; and when we shall thus have made the doores 
 fast, solid, and of gold, and shut to the bolt, let us then make them 
 worthy citizens ; namely, by instructing the child to speak gravely and 
 piously, banishing all strangers out of town, lest otherwise a certaine 
 impure and infected rabble enter, and commix themselves with our 
 citizens, such as are reproachful words, injurious and foolish, filthy 
 speeches, secular and worldly ; all these let us eject ; nor, besides the 
 King only, permit any to passe these gates ; but to him, and to all his 
 retinue, let them be still opened, according as it is said of it f, ^' This is 
 the gate of the Lord, the righteous shall enter into it." And, with the" 
 blessed Paul J, '■ If there be any word which is good to the use of edi- 
 fying, that it may minister grace to the hearers." Let their talk be 
 giving of thanks, modest songs, and let them alwayes be discoursing of 
 God, and of that philosophy which is from above. 
 
 But which way shall we now eifect all this ? and from what topicks 
 shall we instruct them ? If we become severe judges of the actions 
 which they do, for in a child there is an extraordinary facility. How ? 
 He contends not for wealth nor for glory ; he is yet a child : not for 
 a wife, not for children, not for an house; therefore what occasion 
 
 * Psalm xix. ver. 1 1 . and Psalm cxix. ver. 103. f Psalm jd. verse ?0. f Eph. ch. iv, ver. 29. 
 
118 
 
 hath he to injure or traduce any one ? He only contends with his 
 equals. Appoint him a law immediately, that he wrong none, that he 
 defame none, that he do not swear, that he be peaceable ; and if 
 you shall perceive him to transgresse this law, chastize him some- 
 times with a sterne countenance, sometimes with sharp reproofs, such 
 as may go to the quick, and upbraid him, and now and then sooth 
 and flatter him with promises. Treat him not alwayes with blows, 
 nor accustome thyself so, to chastize him j for if thou art used to correct 
 him every day, he will soon learne to dei^pise it, and having once 
 learned to do so, it utterly marres all : rather cause him alwayes to 
 fear the rod, not alwayes to feel it : shake indeed the scourge, but touch 
 him not with it, neither from threats proceed to the work: but let him hot 
 know that your words are only menaces ; f6r then threatenings are only 
 proper/ when children believe they will proceed to deeds : for if the 
 offender once understand this oeconomy, he will soon cOntemrife it : let 
 him therefore expect to be chastized, but yet let him not be chastized, 
 lest it extinguish his reverence ; rather let it remaine like a glowing 
 fire, and every where burn up the thornes, or, like a keen pick-axe, let 
 it dig to the very bottom. And when once you perceive that you have 
 gained any fruit by fear, remit a little, for there is due even to our vel-y 
 natures some relaxation. Teach him to be modest and courteous ; but 
 if you perceive him to do any injury to his servant, connive not at it, but 
 check your child though free; for bee that shall see he is not permitted 
 to reproach his very lacquey, will much lesse dare to injure or miscal one 
 that is free-borne and his equal. Lock up his niouth from ill lan- 
 guage ; if you find him accusing of any, stop the mouth, and convert 
 your tongue against her own errors. 
 
 Admonish his mother, his paedagogue and his set-vantj that they still 
 speak and inculcate the same things to the child, that they may all of 
 them be his keepers together, and diligently observe that none of those 
 evil cogitations proceed from hi^ mouth, and those golden portals. 
 
 Do not imagine that the thing requires so much time, provided that 
 from the beginning thou presse it earnestly upon him, threaten, and dost 
 constitute so many guards over him. Two months will be sufficient all 
 things will be redressed, the business established, and pass into very 
 nature it selfe. 
 
119 
 
 By this means will this gate be made worthy for the Lord, when there 
 shall, be neither .filthy speech, scurrility^ nor folly, or any such thing, 
 but Ml as becomes such, a Master. For as those who train up their 
 children to serve the State in the wars, immediately instruct their war- 
 like youth in the art of s.hooting, to put on the corslet, and manage the 
 great horse, their age and stature being, no impediment ;< how much 
 rather then those which are entered into the heavenly militia,' ought 
 they to provide themsfelves with those accoutrements for the service of 
 their King ? Learn him, therefore, to sing" praises to God, that he 
 have no, leisure for im purer songs and foolish discourses. ... 
 
 And be this gate thus guarded, and such citizens elected ; the rest let 
 us destroy within, as the bees do the drones, not suffering them to go 
 forth, or once to buz at .home. 
 
 . ]3ut .now let us proceed to the next gate. What is that ? even that 
 which is the, next,, and .of our near affinity with it, 1 mean the Hearing ; 
 for .th^t. gate indeed hath citizens which passe out from within, but 
 npn^ have admission through it j but;in this they enter in from without, 
 and ,there are none which by it do sally forth. This, therefore,- hath 
 gfeat , ?iffinity with the other; for if no filthy nor polluted thing be 
 suffered to climb up by this portal, there will be no great difficulty to 
 pre^rve the other ; since he which doth not heare filthy and wicked 
 things, does not likely speak wicked things ; but if these lie open and 
 common to a.11, the danger will be great, and give disturbance to all that 
 are withijo. This then, peradventure, were first to have been spoken of, 
 and the.entrance tojiave bin secured. 
 
 Let children, therefore, heare nothing impertinent,^ neither of their 
 doipestlfiks nor their governors, nor their nurse : for as plants have then 
 most need flf care, when they are yong and tender, so have children. 
 Provide them careful and virtuous nurses, that a good foundation 
 Ije l£^id at first, and that from their very infancy they receive nothing of 
 evil. Let them then never hear any foolish and old wives fables : such 
 a person (says he) gave such a one a kisse ; the Emperors son and his 
 little daughter did this and this ; permit them to hear none of these 
 matters ; but other things they may hear, so they be related without 
 any circumlocution, and with all fidelity. They may, indeed, hear the 
 
1.20 
 
 discourses of their servants, and those which wait upon them : but 'tis 
 not fitting to mix with all promiscuously, and with the domesticks in 
 general : but let them be known what they are, as it becomes them 
 whom we take as assistants for the framing of these artificial statues. 
 
 For if it be necessary that being skilful architects, and building a 
 palace for the Prince, we admit not all the servants in common to be our 
 associates in the edifice ; shall we now, when we are erecting a city, and 
 making citizens for the King of Heaven, admit of all rashly to the 
 work ? Let those servants vi^hich are indeed fitted for it be taken to 
 our assistance : and in case we can find none, enquire after some inge- 
 nuous person for a stipend, such a one as is virtuous ; and commit rather 
 all things to him, that he be taken in as a coadjutor of the work. 
 
 Let them by no means therefore hear such idle fables ; but when the 
 child is to have relaxation from his taske (for the mind is much de- 
 lighted to stay a little upon old stories) discourse freely to him, and 
 withdrawing him as much as possible from childish sports, remember 
 thou bringest up a philosopher, and a champion, and a citizen of 
 Heaven. Discourse therefore with him, and tell him — Once upon a 
 time at the beginning, a father had two sons, both pf them brothers. 
 Here pause a little ; then go on. ,They came both out of the same 
 body, one of them was the elder, and the other the younger. The first 
 was a husbandman, and his brother was a shepherd, that us'd to lead 
 out his flock upon the downes and amongst the thickets. Sweeten then 
 your discourse with some pretty diversion, that the child may take 
 delight in what you say, least it becomes tedious. The other sowed 
 s6ed in the ground and planted trees. But upon a time they went to 
 serve God, and the shepherd taking the very best lamb of all his flock 
 offered it up to God. Is it not d thousand times better to discourse 
 these things to them, then to amuse them with I know not what won- 
 ders of the Golden Fleece, and the like ? Then encourage his attention 
 again ; for the narration itself is a very serious matter, there is ndthinp- 
 in it false, all is out of Scripture. Now because he offered to God the 
 firstling and prime of his flock, there came presently fire down from 
 Heaven, and snatched up all that lay upon the altar. 
 
 But the elder brother did not behave himself in this manner but out 
 
.. 121 
 
 he goes, and reserves for himself the best and first-fruits of his labours, 
 offering the second and the worst to God ; and God accordingly had 
 ' no respect unto it, but slighted and turned from it : letting it He still 
 upon the ground ; when as the others he received up to himself. Just as 
 it happens with those who are the stewards and bailiffs over our farmes, 
 when they come to present their fruits : one of them his master honours 
 and brings him into the house, the other he lets stand regardlesse 
 ' without. Just so it fell out here. But what followed this now ? Why, 
 the elder brother became dejected, and as one that saw himself despised 
 and not approved of, walks melancholy out. And God saves to him, 
 'Wherefore art thou so sad ? knowest thou not that thou didst oflFer to 
 God } why then didst thou me that injury ? What hadst thou to com- 
 plain of ? How comes it to pass that thou oflFredst the refuse to me ?' 
 Here, if you think fit to descend more to his capacity, you may add. 
 That he having nothing at all to reply, held his peace and answered not 
 a word. ^ 
 
 'A little after this, spying his yonger brother, he sayes to him, 
 * Cdme, prithy, let us walk a little out in the fields ;' and when they 
 were there, surprising him treacherously, and being stronger, he kills 
 his poor brother, and thought that he should conceal it all from God. 
 But God comes to him, and asks him, ' Where is thy brother ?' ' What 
 can I tell ?' replies he ; ' Am I my brothers keeper ?' Then sayes God 
 to him, * Behold thy brother's blood cryes to me from the earth.' 
 
 Let the mother sit by whilst the mind of the child is moulding with ' 
 these discourses, that she now and then interpose, and praise that whiqh 
 is recounted. But what followed all this ? God took him up into 
 heaven, and he being dead, lives above for ever. By this means the 
 child will begin to learn the doctrine of the resurrection ; for they use 
 to relate such stories in fables : They made her (sayes one) a demi- 
 goddess, and the child believes it, and though he know not what a 
 demi-god is ; yet he imagines it something which is more then a man, 
 and he wonders presently at the hearing of it • how much more, then, 
 when he shall hear of the resurrection, that his soul ascended into 
 heaven, and that God immediately took him up. But as for the mur- 
 therer, having lived many years after, miserably unfortunate, and conti- 
 
 R 
 
12g 
 
 nually in fear and trembling, h^ §ufFer§d innumerable evils, and was 
 punished every day. Speak tp hiin concerning the punition with 
 terror, not gently. Th^t- hje hes^rd God say, * Thou ghalt be groaning 
 and trembling upon thp f&ce of the earth/ The phild indeed knows -not 
 what this signifies at first ;' but say It, however. As you, when you 
 stand perplexed before your master, shortly to be whipped, tremble and 
 fear ; so he lived all his life-time;, s^ftpr he had thus Qflpended God. And 
 hitherto shall sufficcjfor the firgt. ? : .' , 
 
 Afterwards, one evening ag you are at supper, talke of this again to 
 him, and let his mother repeat the same things ; and then when he 
 hath heard it ^evieral times over, require it of him. ' My son, recite mid 
 the stpry ; and, the nipre tp encourage him, when ypu find he hath 
 retained it, you shall prpppse to him some reward, The mind will, 
 indeed, upon tjie first narration of this history, gather some fruit by 
 you, as you m&ke the deduction. After this, say thus: 'Do yousee^ 
 child, what a horrible thing it is to envy ones brother .' Do you ner-^ 
 ceive what a crime it is to think one can hide any thing from God } 
 for be sees ^U things ; yea, even those things which are committed, sin 
 secret.' So that sowing this doptrine onely in the child, thou wilt have 
 no n^ed of a pedagogue, since the feare which the Deity doth hereby; 
 work in him, will affect the child beyond every -pther apprehension 
 whatsoever, and extreamly niove his mind. -.., 
 
 But this, is not all; .you shall l§ad him also Jo church, and then espe- 
 cially when the lesson is rejad, how you shall perceive him to exult 
 dance and, r^jbyce, that what every body does not know he does, out- 
 running in hisrunderstanding the words of the minister, and arg^jng 
 thit iheiknowes that already, and receiving^wpriderfull fruit by it. And 
 by this the thing will become sufficiently fixed in his memory. ' J.Theye 
 are many other advantages to be reaped from this narration. fo- 
 
 ! Let him be taught, therefore by you,^ thHt from the very beginning, 
 from the ;dg4jh pf this ehild, we are instructed not to grieve when we are 
 aiHieled, seeing be who was, thus accepted, was by death ^received up 
 into heaven. When this, narration shall he well rooted in the mind of 
 the child, introduce another, as that pf other two brothers, and say 
 ' Ifherf were also pt^er two brpthers, an elder and a ypungfer ; the elder of 
 
1S3 
 
 them was a hunter, the younger was a keeper and lover of home ;' and 
 this hath somewhat of more delight in it then the former (as being full 
 of more variety of emergencies, and thfe persons which manage it beiiig 
 more in yeares then the former). * Now these were also two brdthers, 
 and both of them twins; but when they were born, the mother loved 
 the younger, but the father was more fond of the elder, who was wont 
 to pass his time abroad in the fields ; but the younger kept altogether 
 at home. Upon a day, his father being now very aged,'? said to him 
 whom he loved, ' Son, seeing I am now an old man, goe thy way, I pray, 
 and prepare for me some venison : that is, take me a ro-buck, or an 
 hare, and bring it to me, that when I havfe eaten of it I may blesse thee :' 
 but to the younger he said nothing at all. 
 
 Now the mother over-hearing all that the father said, calls her 
 youngest son, and says to him, ' Son, since thy father has commanded 
 thine elder brother to bring him some venison, that eating of it he may 
 give him his blessing, hearken what I say to thee : hasten immedi- 
 ately to the-flock, and fetching therlce some young fat kids, bring them 
 hither to me, atid I will make such as thy father loves, and thou shalt 
 carry it to him, that when he has tasted of it, he may blesse thee ;' for 
 the father was dark through extremity of age. 
 
 ■ Now when the youtiger had brought her the kids, his mother stewed 
 them, and putting the viands iiitoa dish, delivers it to her son, who carried 
 it in : and she also clad him with the skins of the goats, least he should 
 be discovered, seeing he was Smooth, but his brother was all hairy and 
 rough; that by this mean's it might be concealed, and his father not 
 discern the imposture : and thus accoutred, in she sent him. Now the 
 good old man supposing him to have been the elder, having eaten the 
 meat, blessed him. And when he had made ah end of blessing him, in 
 comes the elder brother, bringing the venison : but perceiving wHat 
 had hapned, roaring out aloud, he wept lamentably. 
 
 Observe now what a world of benefit this will produce, and do not 
 recoutit all the story at on6e, but see what profit will spring from this. 
 For in the first place, children will learn to reverence their paretits, per- 
 ceiving how they cotitehdfed for the blessing, and will rather 'endure 
 a thousand stripes then once to hear their father curse them. 
 
124 
 
 If you fill their thoughts with such like stories, so as they may ima- 
 gine them worthy of beliefe (as indeed they are very truths), how will 
 it not affect and fill them full of reverence ? By this also they will 
 learn to contemne gluttony (for that is likewise t6 be told them), and 
 that he gained nothing by being the first-borne and the eldest, since by 
 the intemperance of his belly, he betrayed the excellency of his birth- 
 right. 
 
 Now when the child shall have throughly remembred this, upon 
 some other evening, thou shalt require him to repeate this story of the 
 two brothers. And if he begin to speak of Cain and Abell, recall him, 
 and say, ' I do not mean this, but that of the two other, whom the father 
 gave his blessing to ;' thus giving him some hints, but without men- 
 tioning the names, and when he has recited it all, add as followes, and 
 say, ' Mark now what hapned after this : this also sought to have slain 
 his brother, and for that end expected onely his fathers decease,; which 
 the mother coming to hear of, and fearing it, caused her son to flee 
 away.' Much philosophy, far exceeding the apprehension of the child, 
 may be hence (with a little condescention) implanted into the spirit of 
 the child, so that the narration be skilfully and dexterously handled. 
 Thus therefore let us tell him. This same brother went his way, and 
 came to a certain place, having nobody with him, not so much as a 
 servant, no fosterer, no attendant, nor any person besides. Being 
 arrived to the place, he prayed, and said, ' O Lord, give me, I beseech 
 thee, bread and clothing, and save me ;' and having said thus, overcome 
 with sorrow, he fell asleep ; and there he saw in a dream a ladder 
 reaching up from the earth to the heavens', and the angels of God 
 ascending and descending, and God himself standing at the top of all. 
 Then he said, ' Bless me ;' and h* blessed him, and called him Israel. 
 
 It comes happily into my mind, arid now I remember, that from the very 
 names anothei" instruction may be inserted, and' what is that ? viz. That 
 from the appellations we presently introduce a certain emulation of 
 vertue in children. Let none, therefore, be forward to name their chil- 
 dren for the memory of their fathers, or mothers, or grandfathers : but 
 of the righteous, of the martyrs, bishops, and apostles. Be this also 
 their emulation ; let this child be called Peter, that John, and another 
 
125 
 
 by the appellation of some holy man, and talke not to me of the Gentil 
 names ; for (believe it) it is no small reproach, and worthy of derision, 
 when in a Christian family some heathen ceremonies are performed, 
 and they light up the lamps, and watch which of them shall first go out 
 and be spent, with other the like fopperies, which bring no little detri- 
 ment to those which practise them ; for do not imagine that these are 
 small matters or trifles which are done. 
 
 This, therefore, I require of you, that you impose the names of the 
 righteous upon your children, for it was the custom in the beginning 
 (not without reason) that they called their children by the names of 
 their ancestors, it being a kind of consolation against mortality, that he 
 which was gone seemed still to live, by reason of his name : but now 
 this custom is quite out of request. 
 
 Truly we see that the righteous did not so call their children, for 
 Abraham begat Isaac : Jacob and Moses were not called after their 
 ancestors na:mes, nor do we find any of the just so called. O what an 
 example will here be of virtue, of consolation, and of exhortation. And 
 moreover neither do we find any Other cause of changing names besides 
 this only, that it may be a monument of virtues. Thou, saith he, shalt be 
 called Cephas, which is, being expounded, Peter *. Why so } Because 
 thou didst confesse. And thou shalt be called Abraham. Why so.? 
 Because thou art a father of nations f. And Israel, because he did see 
 God J. Hence, therefore, let us begin our care over our children, and 
 institute their lives. 
 
 But as I said, he saw a ladder reaching to the heavens and touching 
 it; let the names therefore of the saints enter into your houses, by the 
 appellations of your children, that by this means it may not alone com- 
 pose the manners of the children, but of the fathers also ; when he shall 
 remember himself to be the son of John, of Elias, of Jacob, seeing those 
 names were circumspectly and piously imposed, and for the honour of 
 those that are departed. 
 
 Thus, therefore, let us court the affinity of the righteous rather then 
 of our progenitors. This likewise will be very beneficial both to us and 
 
 * Mat. c. 16. V. IS. t Gen. c. 17. v. 5. J Gen. c. 32. v. 23. 
 
126 
 
 our chiWferi : nor because thd instance is small, think it to be;S 
 
 for the supposition is exceedingly profitable. But, as I said, Jet u 
 
 ceed to that which follows. He spied a ladder fixed, he sough 
 
 blessing, and God did bless him : He travelled to his kindre( 
 
 became a shepherd to his kinsman, then treated with him concerr 
 
 wife, and of his return. jt.And ht^re also there will result a wc 
 
 advantage; observe but what a deal he will learn. . That being 
 
 born, he despise no man, not to be ashamed of poverty^ that h 
 
 adversity coufagiously, and then all the rest. After this, when 1 
 
 little older, relate thiilgs 'that afe fnore terrible ; but being as yet t 
 
 impose not such a burthen on hitn, lest thou too much terrific and 
 
 him; but when he h«ls attained to fifteen years old, or shall be 
 
 bigger, let him hear of the pains of hell; and when he is about I 
 
 eight, or less, tell him what. happened alt the Deluge, of Sodo 
 
 ^gypt, which examples are full of severity, and acquaint him ,w 
 
 these jjarticulars at large. Being then grown bigger, instruct 1 
 
 matters of the New Testament, of Grace, of Hell. By these iand i 
 
 other narrations and familiar examples,* guafd and secure his ears 
 
 Butif any man come in with a false tale, by no means (as I s^ 
 
 him be admitted. If you find a servant speaking filthily befoi" 
 
 chastise him for it immediately, and be thy self a severe and 
 
 censor of whatsoever evil they do.' Butif by chance thou espy a 
 
 maid (yea' rather let there be no such approach him), let her 
 
 much as light the fire; unless it be some old woman,, which has n 
 
 to attract a young man. From a young maid, I say, flie rathe 
 
 frbm the fire ; and by this means it will come to pass, that he 
 
 hears nothing impertinent, will speak nothing impertinent. 
 
 therefore, let them be brought up. 
 
 But we proceed now to another port — the Smelling: for th 
 brings a very great inconvenience with it, unless timely barr'd 
 are odours an^ incense ; there being nothing which more dissob 
 frame and tenor of the mind, nothing that more softens it, then i 
 be affected with sweet smells. What, then, says he, * ought one i 
 pleasure in dirt ?' I do not say so ; but neither with this nor th 
 Let none therefore bring him sweet ointments, for as soon 
 
127 
 
 once affects the brain, It effeminates and softens all the rest : hence alsp 
 lusts are incited, and in that do lurk Innumerable snares. Therefore 
 lock up that gate securely. Fpr the faculty of smelling is to hreathe 
 the air, not to receive perfjujaes. Some ihere are which peradveniur]© 
 will deride all this, as though whjlest we discourse of this nurture, yv.^ 
 trouble ourselves about trifles : but in truth the matter is not small ; 
 but the very basis, instruction, and institution of the whole world, tha,t 
 these things be duly performed, .-? i i, , .'i / II .< i. 
 
 There is likewise another ^ate, more specious then the former, but 
 of exceeding difficulty to guard, namely, that of the eyes, as being- 
 rais'd on' high, set In the front and beautified. This has many smaller 
 leaves, by which it not onely sees but is seen. If It be gallantly framed. 
 Here then there is great necessity of laws, one of the priaGipal whereof 
 let be, never to send the child to the theater, lest thereby he receiv.e ari 
 entire overthrow at onqe, both by the ears and by the eyes: andilet 
 his attendant observe this especially In the markets, and'whllest he 
 passes through the by-knesand atrpets, cajc-efull that he never fall into 
 that debauchery. Now to the end he may receive no hafhi by being 
 seen, there are divers* things to be considered. Deprive him of all 
 over-costly apparel and superfluous ornaments, let him wear his hair 
 modestly short, and If the ;boyitake it baloously, as If he were dis- 
 figured by It, teach him this first. That Itrls^.the greatest ornament. "« 
 
 Now that he may not-ga^ey sufficient to preserve : him wUl ihe? those, 
 stdries of the Sons of God,;wbidi happened on the Daughters of Men, 
 and of the Sodomites, Hell, and: such like instances. Here then^mtjist 
 the Governour .andfhe ithatvvaits on him, be wonderfull carefulL and 
 solllcitousj shew him tbefefore other beautiftjU) objects, drawltig^away 
 his eyes from these things: such as are the heavens, the starsfy the 
 flowers of the earth, the meadows,, fair, books, &c, : these therefore let 
 him delight his eyes withall; and there are maijiy other objects besides, ^ 
 wiilchare very inoffensive ; for; it is a Port extreamly diffitaijtto guard; 
 for as. much as It has a fire burning within, and a kind of naturjil neces- 
 sity as 1 may say. Teach him some divine verses. And thus, unless, 
 he be inwardly Incited, he.(»;ill not cafe, to be seen ,^broad. Be sure 
 that he never bath with w<t)men, it is a very wicked custome : neither 
 
128 
 
 permit him to haunt their company. Let him often hear the wholt 
 history of Joseph, and now learn the things which concern the king- 
 dom of Heaven : what a garland there's laid up for those which are 
 chast. Promise him a beautifull wife, and that you will make him 
 yout heir; but menace all the contrary, if you find him disobedient: 
 And talk thus to him : ' We shall never procure you, son, a virtuous 
 wife, unless you shew a great deal of circumspection, and an access ol 
 virtue. If you persevere, I will quickly marry you :' but especially if 
 he be taught to abhor filthy speeches, he has gain'd from above a very 
 excellent foundation of modesty. Discourse to him of the pulchritude 
 of the mind, make him resolute against women. Tell him 'tis a dis- 
 ingenuous thing, to be despis'd of a slavish maid, and that much more 
 circumspection is requir'd in a youth. When any man speaks, he- is 
 known ; but he that sees onely is not known. For this is a very quick 
 sense, and one sitting amongst many persons is able to take which of 
 them he pleases with one onely dart of his eye. Let him therefore 
 have no converse with woman-kinde, his mother onely excepted. Suffer 
 him to behold no woman. Give him no gold, let nothing that is sordid 
 once enter into him : but teach him to contemn pleasure, and all such 
 like things. 
 
 There is yet another gate behind, which hath no resemblance to the 
 former, but which goes through the whole body. We call it the Touch. 
 Indeed one would imagine it shut, yet as if it were of all the rest the 
 most open, it admits entrance to all. Let us neither suffer this to be 
 acquainted either with soft clothing or bodies ; render him more hardy, 
 we are bringing up a champion, and let us seriously mind it. Permit 
 him neither to use soft coverings, nor soft garments, and thus let mat- 
 ters be ordered. 
 
 Go to then, and entering into this city let us prescribe laws, and make 
 ordinances ; for now the gates are in posture : and in the first place 
 take we diligent notice of the houses, and of the lodgings where the 
 citizens remain, those which are circumspect, and those which are dis- 
 solute. 
 
 They report that the place and habitation of anger is the breast 
 and the heart, which is in the breast, concupiscence in the liver and 
 
129 
 
 the understanding in the brain. The iSrst is both a virtue and a vice. 
 Sobriety and modesty is a virtue ; rashness and morosity a vice. Like- 
 wise the virtue of concupiscence is chastity ; luxury a vice. The virtue 
 of the intellect is prudence, the vice, folly. Let us therefore have a 
 care that virtues be produced in those places, and that they bring 
 forth such as are good, not evil citizens. For these aflFections are as 
 it were the very parents of all our cogitations. 
 
 But let us now proceed to the tyrant, anger : for neither is that to 
 be altogether cut off in a youth, nor upon all occasions to be used. But 
 thus let us instruct him from the cradle, that being injur'd he bear it 
 patiently, and that when they perceive another man wronged, they 
 stoutly revenge it, and according as the person is depressed, in a due 
 and convenient manner take his part. But how should this be, when 
 they are train'd up to it in their own servants ? Being under-valu'd, 
 are not impatient, being disobey'd are not outrageous ; but rather vin- 
 dicate that which is committed against others. But in these cases let 
 the father be always arbiter, and when they transgress the orders it 
 behoves him to be sharp and sievere, as when they perform and observe 
 them rightly, to be kind and gentle, enticing and alluring the child with 
 many rewards : for with this method God governs the world, by the 
 fear of hell, and the promises of the kingdom ; and so should we our 
 children, permitting them to be vexed now and then, for the exercise 
 and tryal of their patience, that they may learn how to govern their 
 passions amongst the domesticks. 
 
 And as in a wrestling place, before they play the prize, they daily 
 exercise with their companions, that making their party good with 
 them, they may the more easily vanquish their antagonists : so should 
 a child be educated at home. And let his father or his brother fre- 
 quently cross his humours above all the rest, and exceedingly contend 
 for the victory, or else some other defend him that he may be exercised 
 in that other person ; thus the servants may occasionally provoke him, 
 right or wrong, that so he may be taught every where to moderate and 
 qualifie his passion ; seeing if the father onely incite him, it will be no 
 such great matter; for the very name of father prsepossessing the mind 
 does not suffer him to turn again and make head ; but let his com- 
 
 s . 
 
130 
 
 panions and servants, and such as are ingenuou^y born do it, that by 
 them he may be taught moderation. 
 
 There is yet another. What is that .^ When ever he is angry, put 
 him in mind of his proper passions : when he is offended against a ser- 
 vant, whether he himself never committed a fault, and what he would 
 be if he were in his place. But in case he find him striking a servant, 
 meet him with revenge ; and if he extreamly wrong him, chastise him 
 again for it ; never suffer him to be too soft and remiss ; nor over chur- 
 lish and morose, in as much as he is a man, and should be affable and 
 courteous. Sometimes, indeed, he may have a worthy occasion for his 
 anger, as if hereafter he should have children of his own, or himself be 
 a master of servants, in such a condition anger were very usefull. Then 
 onely it is unprofitable when we revenge our selves. And therefore 
 Paul never made use of it himself, but for their sakes only who suf- 
 fered the wrong. Thus Moses, seeing his brother injured*, had recourse 
 to his anger, and that stoutly, being yet of all men the most meek -f , 
 but when afterward he was himself injured, he did not revenge it, but 
 fled away. These discourses inculcate into him. For whilst we are 
 thus trimming the gates, they have great need of such plain narrations. 
 But when entringe into the city, we begin to discipHne the citizens, 
 'twill then be fit to discourse to them of sublimer matters. But let this 
 law be fixed in him, that he never revenge himselfe being injured or 
 wronged, nor ever permit him to despise another who suffereth the like. 
 
 His very father shall become better, who by teaching him in these 
 matters may himself be instructed ; or in case he do it for no other end 
 he shall become better then himself, least he set a bad example before 
 his child. And therefore let him learn to be despised, and to suffer 
 contempt, exacting nothing of the servants, because himself is free 
 born ; but upon many occasions serve rather himself. Let his servants 
 take care only of such things as he cannot so handsomely perform in 
 person : for instance, a gentleman should not be his own cook ; for it 
 is not decent that, quitting those studies which become a gentleman he 
 should give his mind to this inferior employment. But if there be occa- 
 
 * Exod. ii. 12. f Num. xii. 3. 
 
131 
 
 sJon to wash his feet, never let him make use of a servant, let himself 
 do it. And by this means thou shalt render him ingenuous, mild, and 
 amiable to the servants. Nor permit any body to bring him his clothes, 
 nor in the bath to use any ceremony to him ; but let him perform there 
 all necessaries himself. This will make the youth robust, not disdain- 
 ful, but affable and meek. Teach him also those things which concern 
 nature; what a servant is, what a freeman. Say to him, child, there 
 was heretofore no servants in the dayes of our fore-fathers; 'twas sin 
 that introduced servitude : but because one was irreverent towards his 
 father *, there was this punishment inflicted upon him, that he should 
 be his brothers servant ; beware, therefore, lest thou become the servant 
 of servants : for if you be implacable and furious as they were, and in 
 all things follow tHeir example, and hast nothing of virtue more then 
 them, neither shalt thou have any thing of excellency or preheminence 
 above them. 
 
 Strive, therefore, that thou mayest become their master, not upon this 
 account,.but by thy manners and education, least being free-born thyself, 
 thou become their servant. Perceive you not how many fathers have 
 disinherited their children, and adopted their vassals in their stead ? 
 Take heed least any such thing should happen to you. Truly I neither 
 desire nor wish it. They are as yet 'either of the'm in your power. And 
 in this sort qualifie his passion ; perswading him so to deport himself 
 to his servants as to his brothers. And thus instruct him concerning 
 the laws of nature, repeating to him the words of Job : If ever (sayes 
 he-j") I dispised the, cause of my man-servant, or of my maid-servant, 
 when they contended with me ; what then shall I do when God makes 
 enquiry, and when he visiteth what shall I answer him ? Are they 
 not fashion'd in the womb as I am J ? For we are made in the same 
 womb. And again, if my maidens often said, who shall give us to be 
 filled with his flesh, I being very mild. Think you that of Paul § was 
 for nothing? He who knows not how to govern his own house is not 
 fit to rule in the Church. ' 
 
 Say therefore, if at any tinie his style be lost, or his pen be broken 
 
 * Gen. ix. 35. f Job, xxxi, 13. } Job, xxxi. 31. § 1 Tim. iii. 5. 
 
132 
 
 by his sefvaat: be pot presently in choler, tior mis-oall him, but be 
 rather gentle and easie tp be intreated. ; Thus from smaller things thou 
 shalt with ease support .greater losses. )Or ifi a book-fstring be spoyl'd, 
 or a brazen clasp, boys take the losses of these, things impatiently, and 
 had rather lose their very lives than suffer so great an injury to go 
 unreveng'd: here therefore let their: asperity be mitigated; for well 
 you knowj that he, who on ithese^apoidents is patient and contented will 
 easily, being- a man, undergo all other disasters. 
 
 When h«:ha^^then gotten a table-book made of some curious "wood, 
 pure and iwhites, .adorn'd with brazen-chains, and finely polished brazen 
 pens, shiniflg like any silver, or the. like toys ; and that the boy which 
 attends him happening to lose any of them, you perceive him not mov'd 
 at it, 'tis an evident* and, certain indication of philosophy and great wls- 
 domei Nor do thou upon this buy him new immediately, lest , thou 
 extinguish his passion ; but when you shall perceive he bearsthe want 
 of it handsomly, and is .not. much concern'd with it, then repair his 
 losses. 
 
 Believe it j we do in this no trifling matter. The discourse concerns 
 no less then the polity of the world itself. If he have a younger bro- 
 ther, instruct him to suffer him to be preferred in honour before him : 
 but if he have none, then, some servant : for even this likewise is a 
 point of the greatest, philosophy. So therefore mitig^ate and asswage 
 his anger, that it may suggest to us meek cogitations : for when he 
 shall not let his affections run out > upon any thing, when he shall need 
 no mans service, when he shall envy no man's being preferr'd in honour 
 before him, what room will there be left for anger ? 
 
 It is now time that we speak of concupiscence. Here also chastity 
 is two-fold, and the violation of it a double loss. I conceive that -young 
 men should neither be dishonestly loved, nor dishonestly love young 
 maids. Physitians sayj that presently after the fifteenth year youths 
 are vehemejjtly, inflamed with the lust of concupiscence. How shall we 
 now fetter this beast? What is there to be done? What bridle shall we 
 put on it ? I know of no other then the fear* of hell it self. First 
 therefore, let us be carefull that he neither see nor hear any thing which 
 is filthy ; nor by any means suffer an ingenuous youth to frequent the 
 
133 
 
 theater. But if he seek for these pleasures, if you know of any his 
 contemporaries which deny themselves that vanity, shew th«m to him, 
 that by their example he may be reduced : for there is nothing in the 
 world which does sooner redresse it then emulation, no, not any; -And 
 in every thing else let us observe this rule, especially' if you perceive 
 him to be of an emulous disposition. It is a great deal more effectual 
 then either fear or promises, or whatsoever else. 
 
 To these let us devise some other innocent divertisements, bring him 
 to holy men, grant him relaxation, and give him< rewards, that thereby 
 his mind may be the less troubled at it; and instead of these spectacles 
 propose to him some pleasant story, talk- to him of meadows, of sump- 
 tuous buildings, and after-wards wheel off your discourse with an .appli- 
 cation. Tell him, these 'spectacles, son, are for base and servile per- 
 sons, to behold -naked women speaking immodestly. Promise- me that 
 thou wilt not hear nor say any thing that is dishonest, and I permit thee 
 to go : but it cannot be, it is impossible that thou shouidest there hear 
 nothing which is vile. The thitigs that are there acted, are unworthy 
 thy eyes, my son. And in saying this, let us kiss and embrace him, 
 that he may perceive how dearly we love him. 
 
 With aH these stratagems let us entice him. What then ? As I 
 said already, let a young maid never approach him, nor do any. service 
 about him, but some ancient maid or woman that is well stricken in 
 years. Discourse to him concerning the kingdomCj and of such as 
 have been illustrious for their chastity, as well those without the pale as 
 amongst ourselves; and with these let us perpetually fill his ears; nay, 
 if we have servants that excel in chastity and sobriety, propose them 
 likewise for examplesy seeing it would be a great. reproach, that a ser- 
 vant should fbe modest, and that a free person, a gentleman,' should 
 be sordid. 
 
 There is yet another expedient, and what is it.' Let liim learn to 
 fest, if not always, yet twice a week, Wednesdays and Fnydays at 
 least. Cause him to frequent the church. And when the father walks 
 with him abroad, towards the evening, at- the time that the shows are 
 done -and -the theatres are dissolved, let him show him.- those that ^re 
 coming away, and laugh at the old fcrals who as yet have not the dis- 
 
134 
 
 cretion of striplings, and' at the young men who are fired with filthy- 
 lusts. Then let him ask the boy, what he thinks all they have gain'd ? 
 Truly nothing at all but shame, infamy, and damnation. This will 
 prove of no small importance to chastity, that he abstain both from the 
 spectacles and from the discourse. • 
 
 But besides all this, let him be taught another thing, and that is, that 
 he pray to God with all diligence and compunction. And say not to 
 me, that these things are not imployments for a child ; a child is not 
 capable of this : yes, a child, especially if of a quick understanditig, 
 and encouraged, is very capable of it. Amongst the ancient we find 
 many such examples; as Daniel, and Joseph; and tell not me that 
 Joseph was seventeen years old, but consider before that age for what 
 he was so dear to his father ; and that he was more fond of him than 
 of all his elder brethren ? Was not Jacob himself the younger ? Jere- 
 mias, Daniel but twelve years old * ; was not Solomon also of the same 
 age when he made that wonderful prayer f ? Did not Samuel, being 
 but a very boy, teach his master J ? Let us not then be discouraged. 
 If any one indeed be a child in understanding, he is not capable of this, 
 not if he be a child in years. 
 
 Instruct him therefore to pray with much compunction, and to watch 
 likewise, as much as will stand to health, and by all means let there 
 be imprinted on him, being a child, the character of an holy man. For 
 he that is not addicted to swearing, nor being provoked to return inju- 
 ries, to reproach no body, to hate none ; but gives his mind to fasting, 
 and is assiduous in his prayer, shall from these be sufiiciently furnished 
 to chastity. And in case thou destine him to a secular life, provide a 
 wife betimes, nor defer it till he be inrolled amongst the souldiers, or 
 that he hath attained to some office in the commonwealth, before thou 
 consider of it ; but settle his thoughts first, and then proceed to secure 
 his glory, which is but a worldly business. Dost thou imagine it of 
 so small a concernment to marriage, that a virgin be joyn'd to a virgin ? 
 Truly, it doth not a little concern also the very wifes chastity, not to 
 speak of the young mans also. Shall not this render their aflFection the 
 
 * Dan. xiii. 45. f 3 Reg. iii. 4. $ I Reg. iii. 1. 
 
135 
 
 more pure? and, which Is above all this, will not God himself be then 
 more propitious, and fill that marriage with a thousand benedictions, 
 when they thus meet together as he has commanded, and will make 
 them cordially to love one another ? 
 
 Whilest he is detained by this affection, he will laugh at all other 
 women; if when you commend the virgin for her beauty and vertue, 
 and all other endowments, you shall then adde, that she will never 
 endure him if once she but understand him to be an idle person ; here- 
 upon, as touch'd in his highest concernments, he will put forth his 
 utmost diligence. For if that holy man, being deceived of his wife, so 
 loved her as yet to serve seven years more for her, nay fourteen years, 
 how much more should we ? Tell him, that all that bplong to the 
 virgin, the father, the mother, servants, all the neighbours and friends, 
 are strict observers of his behaviour and actions, and all will relate it to 
 his virgin. With this obligation bind him ; 'twill prove an eiFectual 
 preservative to the child. So that in case it should not be so conve- 
 nient to give him a wife very young, let him yet be espoused to one at 
 least from the first ; this will make him strive to excel in goodness, this 
 alone is sufficient to banish all vice.' 
 
 There is likewise another excellent guard to chastity, that he perpe- 
 tually frequent the Bishop of the Church, and from him receive many 
 encouragements ; and of this let his father glory to all that hear it ; 
 let the virgins seeing him, look on him with a reverend esteem : besides, 
 the discourses and the awe of his father, the promises which are made, 
 and with these the rewards reposited for him of God, with all those be- 
 nefits which the chast shall be made partakers of, will extreamly hinder 
 and repress all lubricity, in this kind. 
 
 To this you may add, the gallant atchievements in war and in peace, 
 and to these things studiously direct your discourse, continually de- 
 claiming against vice and luxury, and bringing it into contempt. It 
 will much conduce to the repute of chastity, and all these particulars 
 wonderfully restrain the mind of the young man, and produce in us 
 most chast cogitations. 
 
 There is one more yet remaining, let us therefore now proceed to that 
 which Is the chief of all, and which keeps all entire ; and what is that ? 
 
136 
 
 namely, iprudeuce. Here must be Infinite care used, that he fee discreet, 
 and that he abandon and banish all folly; and this is a special and 
 grand point of philosophy; that he comprehend those things which- 
 are divine, and what there is laid up for the future : of hell, and the 
 things which Concerne the skingdome of heaven, since the beginning of 
 wisdome is the fear of the Lord*. 
 
 Let us therefore establish this point of prudence in him, that he be 
 also intelligent in humane affairs : what riches are, what glory, what 
 powefi to the end he may learn how to contemn them, and set his affec- 
 tions^ upon things which are of highest concernment. Let us often 
 remember him of the good instructions which have been given him, 
 and say, son, fear God alone, and besides him fear none other. And 
 thus he will emerge a prudent and a gracious person. There is nothing 
 in the world that renders a man more a fool, then these vices ;. the fear 
 of God is alone suflScient to make thee wise, and to have such a judge- 
 ment in gedular and humane affairs as is necessary. This, this is the 
 very sum and top of all wisdome, that he be not taken up with imper- 
 tinent and childish vanities. Teach him therefore that riches avail' 
 nothing, worldly glory nothing, power nothing ; nothing, death ; 
 nothing this present life. Thus he shall indeed become a wise man. 
 And if, ' educated in this manner, we conduct him to his nuptials, con- 
 sider how noble a portion thou bringest to his bride. 
 
 But Ifet us now celebrate the marriage, not with pipes and harps, and 
 dancing ; with these kind of things to disgrace the bridegroom thus 
 educated, 'it is highly incongruous. Let us rather invite Christ -thither, 
 such a bridegroom is worthy of him ; let us bid his Disciples : these 
 things well become him. And now let him henceforth: thus learn to 
 instruct his own children, and so educate them ; and they theirs ; and 
 thus it will become a golden chain indeed. ■ 
 
 Let us also promote him to offices in the commonwealth, such as he 
 hath abilities to Undergo, and such as do not minister to vice. Or whether 
 it be any charge in the army, let him learn to gain nothing sordidly. 
 Or whether he patronize the cause of those which are wronged, or 
 
 * Eccles, i. 16. 
 
137 
 
 whatever else he undertakes. That his mother learn likewise 
 instruct and discipline her daughters after the same manner, and to avc 
 their thoughts from superfluous attires and fashions, from the worl 
 and from whatsoever else are the proper marks of lewd women ai 
 strumpets. 
 
 Let him manage all things by this rule, and wean as well the you 
 as the maid from pleasure and ebriety ; for even this also will be 
 great effect towards chastity ; there being nothing which doth mc 
 molest and trouble young men, then concupiscence; nothing more youi 
 women, then haughtiness and lux of apparel. » 
 
 Thus therefore let us order and compose all these things, that so \ 
 may please Almighty God, whilst we bring him up such champior 
 and that we and our children may attain those promises whieh he ha 
 made to them that love him : and all this through the grace and beni 
 nity of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom with the Father and the He 
 Spirit be glory and honour now and ever, and to eternal ages. A me 
 
138 
 
 NOTES UPON SOME PASSAGES. 
 
 JvAI KOfirjv be oiricrdev a(j)teis eis Kopr/s fxrjfia, &C. And thou dost nourish him a lock of hair behind 
 like a girle, Sfc. Gear in Rituali sive Euchologia Grcecorum, recites an office in rpixoKovpia, or the 
 detonsion of a child : but it was neither monachal nor clerical, but the common cut; and it seems 
 the custom was introduced to avert the Gentile superstition. Athanasius quast. 28 dictor. 8f 
 interpretat. Parabolarum Evangel. EiwOairtv ol "EXXrives koI awoKeipeiv ruiy iraiSav ras Kopv^as, ical 
 Tois /xaWovs eq.v Kal tovtovs jxeTO. xpovov avaridevai rols haifxoai. The Heathen (Greeks) were 
 wont to shave the crowns of their children, and to have their locks to hang down, which after a 
 space of time they did consecrate to (divels) idols. This heathenish superstition, which the Latine 
 and Greek humane authors attest, St. Chrysostom here intends, and the later Greeks did transfer 
 into Christianism, either by consecrating them, as first-fruits unto the true God, or a^ signifying 
 their surrendering themselves to the service of God : or rather, uncovering their head, as the 
 Apostle enjoynes that sex : and there was to that end not only Evx)? els to Kovpevirai iraiha ; but 
 also for the other sex, Eux?) ctti to avahi^aaudai Re^aXriv yvvaiKa. This primary tonsure was with 
 the godfather. And of old they consecrated their first-shorn locks to Apollo (going often in person 
 to Delphos), to ^sculapius, or their country rivers, as Lucian testifies. Plut. in vit. Thes. And 
 Martial, lib. 1, ep. 32. 
 
 Has tihi Phoebe vovet tStos a vertice crines 
 
 Encelpus, domini centurionis amor. 
 Grata pudens meriti tulerit cUm pramia pili. 
 Quam primum longas Phctbe recide comas, 
 Dum nulld teneri sordent lanugiiie vultus, 
 
 Dumq; decent fusae lactea coUajubce, 
 Utq; tuis longum dominusq; pudrq; fruatur 
 Muneribus, tonsumfac citb, sero virum. 
 But their beastly Catamits, with their monstrous heads of hair, were in great esteem amongst the 
 luxurious Romans j whence that of the poet, 
 
 ■ ■ Si nemo tribunal 
 
 Vendit Acersecomes Juvenal, lib. 3. Sat. 8. 
 
 Which when they grew old they used to colour, as appears by that witty Epigram, In Lentinum. 
 Mentiris juvenem tinctis, Lentine, capillis : 
 
 Turn subitb corvus, qui modb cygnus eras ? 
 Non omnesfallis, scit te Proserpina canum, 
 
 Perso7iam capiti detrahet ilia tuo. Mart. ]. 3. ep. 32. 
 
 Which I add in reproof of some old men in our days, who to the reproach of gravity, and that 
 reverend blessing, being now descending to the sepulchre, do yet mentiri juvenem, and would be 
 thought boyes. But of these customes let the reader consult Papinius, Festus Pompeius, Junius, 
 and the most learned Salmasius. I pass them over. 
 
139 
 
 Kopjj ev T^ daXa/i^ rif firirpiKf irahevOeiaa Trpos xiafiov errrorjirdai yvvaiKeiov, &c, A maid when in 
 her mother's chamber she hath learned to long after these various tires and ornaments of women, being 
 gone out of her fathers house, becomes impertinent to her husband, and very iroublesom, Sse. This 
 reproof is parallel to that of the Satyrist, but with less acerbity, more modesty and gravity. 
 — — Expectas ut non sit adultera Larga 
 Filia ; qua nunquam maternos dicere mcechos 
 Tam Clio, nee tanto poterit contexere cursut 
 Ut non ter decies respiret ? Conscia matri 
 Virgo fait ; ceras nunc hac dictante pusiMas 
 Implet,^ ad Mcechum dat eisdemferre cincedis, ■ 
 Sic naturti jubet ; velociils St cHius nos 
 Corrumpunt vitiorum exempla 'domestica magnis 
 
 Cilm subeant animos auetoribus ' Juv. Sat. 14. 
 
 So true is that of the Orator, Pius homines exemplo quam peccato nocent. And especially parents 
 "whose lewd examples children are many times too prone to imitate. 
 
 Aeyovrai ol papyaplrai orav €vOi(i}s \ri<j)6£iinv vbup eTvai, &c. _ Tis reported that when pearls are 
 first taken up, fhey are only little drops of water, Stc, And it was only a report, taken up by 
 S. Chrysostom to metapborize bis discourse : but it is apparently true of glasses, which from a 
 fluid metal receive their figure from the will of tlie blower of them, which is afterwards firm, and 
 not to be new moulded. The French have an expression, II a prins son pli, — A tender -twig soon 
 yeelds. Hence that of Persius, 
 
 Udum, et molle lutumes, nunc, nunc properamdus et acri 
 
 Fingendus sine sine rotd — — Sat. 3. 
 
 Children are rasce Tabula, or rather cerece, apt for every inscription and impression. 
 Tlavra kal Xeyovra nai Troiovvra rrjv afpaylba cjrtrt'fleo'Oai. And upon whatsoever he saith 
 or does to put a •seal. Crncis consignatio, as Combefis; and the acception of this word in the 
 Mixobarbarous Greek, is in that sense, as in the Latine Ecclesiastical Writers sig^nacu/um, and 
 signare. But to skrue it so high as 2 Cor. 1. 22. Kai a^payiaafievos iifias, &c. And hath sealed 
 us, Stc. is farther then will be evinced upon any probable grounds of reason. That in this place it 
 may signifie no more then what was before expressed, els vpoaevxas aypvwveiv, I am at an indiffer- 
 ence, if not propension to believe ; comparing it with a sentence of very near affinity in Nilus, a 
 great admirer of S. Chrysostom, Tlairav fikv irpa^iv bia 7rpoo-e«x^s cr^payiS.e' ravrriv Be fiaXXov 
 e<l> y rov Xoyiaii-ov Beupels iifiipifiaXXovTa. Thus men should consecrate all their'undertakings. 
 
 'Ovhev yap bxjieXei ridevai vonovs, kav iiri Kai {j eKbUrfais eiroiro. For 'tis to no purpose tp enact 
 laws unlesse punishment be also inflicted, Stc. Conformable to that of the Lyrick. 
 Nullis polluitur casta domus stupris : 
 Mos, S; lex maeulosum edomuit nefas ; 
 Laudantur simili prole Puerperee. 
 
 Culpam poena premit comes% Hor. lib, 4. Od. 5. 
 
 Such was the Lex Julia de Adulteriis severely inflicted upon the offenders} for 
 
 Si non supplicio culpa reciditur ? ^ 
 
 Quid leges sine moribus 
 Vanm prqficiunt? Hor. 1. 3, od. 24. 
 
 MiyaSes, such are called Mestiso's. The Israelites were to be a pure and separate people. 
 Exod. 12. 38. Kai eiriiiiKTos iroXiis avvavejiti aiiroXs, &c. And a mixed multitude went up, Sfc. 
 Numb. 11. I. Kai o eirl/jiLKTOs 6 ev avro'ts eiredifiriirev kiriQvfilav, &c. And a mixt multitude that 
 
140 
 
 was among iliem lusted a lust. Such a one was the blasphemer, Levit. '24. 10, He was Hybrida, 
 of an Egyptian father and Israelitish mother. Nehem. 13 .3. kuI exbipitrdrjerav iras eirifiiKTOs ev 
 'lo-pai/X. It was upon hearing the law that they were separated from Israel all the mixed mul- 
 titude. 
 
 01 rpo(^e(i. Altores, Nuiritii. Nursing fathers. It seems to be an employment about young 
 Nobility ; S. Chrysostom, the Chief Bishop of Constantinople, seems to direct the education of the 
 children of Noblemen and Gentry of great quality j he mentions a garb of attendants — their 
 Tf>off>eis. This office he sets down as the first Impression kK Kprjtrlbos, & t^ apxvs- I suppose a 
 nurse and foster-father taken into the house. 
 
 TlaihayMyos, a Governor ; 'AkoKovQos, a. Page ; besides other olKerai, domestick attendants. So 
 that of Jacob, ovheva e\(i>v fieff eavrov, ov BovXov, oh Tpocfiia, ov iraiiayuiyov, ovK aWov ov&eva, 
 &c. Having no body with him, not so much as a servant, no fosterer, no attendant, nor any person 
 beside, S(C. 
 
 Kai ■KpoXajifiovovTa, Ka\ einyivbXTKovTa, Out-running in his understanding the words of the Mini- 
 ster, Sfc. Not occupantem, Legetem, as Combefis. The author speaks of a child (if I understand 
 aright) that hath been instructed by narrations from his father and mother, not yet arrived to those 
 years that he hath learned to read ; for it is a question, whether the Greeks were so very forward 
 in putting their children to read and write as we now are. Besides, k-riyivwaKii) does not signifie 
 to read, though avayivixTKi,) do : but agnosco, to own or declare that I knew such a person for- 
 merly. Recordor, to call to mind : here it is either by gesture in the church, importing that he 
 knew the history before, or afterwards to recount to -his parents when he comes from church. 
 
 Tpa<j>ls, called also Tapaypa(j)ls, ypat^eiov, ■KivaKis, called irv^iov. The fiXuo-is yakKrj, I suppose, 
 bound up the Tabella, and fastened the Style too ; for which use was sometimes (as appears before) 
 ifias, Corrigia, or Lorum. 
 
 Tows ie yapovs TzoiGipev pfj peru avXuiv, p^ pera Kidapas, prjbe peril opxvp^ruy. But let us cele- 
 brate the marriage, not withpipes, and harps, and dancing, Sic. Pertinent to which passage is that in- 
 comparable Homily of this Father, torn. 5, lib. 25, p. 331. Edit. Savil. too long to recite, but most 
 worthy of the reading ; and such a wedding was that of Cana in Galilee, at which our B. Savior 
 was present, John. ii. 
 
 To conclude, there is 'EKXoyi) Trepl iraihuv avarpoiprjs. Chrys. Savil; torn. 7, p. S23 ; but it does 
 not contain any part of this work ; yet points it to other places of this Father, where upon the same 
 subject are used phrases harmonious to some of these. 
 
A 
 
 CHARACTER OF ENGLAND, 
 
 IT WAS LATELY PRESENTED IN A LETTER TO A NOBLEMAN OF FRANCE. 
 
 WITH 
 
 REFLECTIONS UPON " GALLUS CASTRATUS." 
 
 THE THIRD EDITION. 
 
 (originally printed in 1651.) 
 
 LONDON 
 
 PRINTED FOR JOHN CROOKE, AND ARE TO BE SOLD AT THE SHIP 
 IN ST. PAULS CHUKCH-YARD. 
 
 1659. 
 
LETTER IN VINDICATION OF THIS " CHARACTER," 
 
 AGAINST THE 
 
 SORDID REPROACHES OF " GALLUS CASTRATUS.' 
 
 Madame, 
 I HERE transmit you the "Character of France*," in which it mui 
 be confess'd, as he renders tp his antagonist in civility, so is he supt 
 rior to him in fancy arid baudry > and it cannot, but extreamly pleas 
 the Monsieur, to see the zeal and, anger of this Mir-millo discharge itse 
 upon his person to so little purpose, who h^ been so civill to ou 
 Country, and to all who can pretend to worth aHi^ vertue in it; that i 
 my judgment, had he spared the gentleman^ his, observations had a 
 much obliged that Nation in some particulars as the " Character f" ha 
 our own, in so charitably shewing us our avowed deformities, and the ex 
 pedients to redresse them. But I beseech you, Madame, could you ima 
 gine, that if there had been the least period in the Monsieur whic 
 reflected on your fair sex, it had been left to this pitifull champion t 
 defend your honours ? I protest, I have confronted them with the bes 
 skill I have, and not without some animositie ; and seriously, when 
 
 * A small Tract, intituled " A Character of France ;" to which is added Gallus Castratus, or a 
 Answer to a late slanderous Pamphlet called " The Character of England." London, 1659. 
 
 t The great rarity of the Answer to this equally scarce Tract, has been the principal motive fc 
 its insertion in the present Collection of Evelyn's smaller pieces. Although the above appears i 
 the list of his Works attached to his Memoirs in Dr. Kippis's edition of the Biographia Britannicj 
 whence it has been copied by all the subsequent writers of his Life, it is not mentioned in h: 
 Memoirs recently published, nor in the list of his productions which he sent to his friend Dr. Plo 
 in a letter dated 16th March, 1682-3 j and on that account some have considered it as apochr) 
 phal. The extracts from the Diary introduced as notes to the preceding Tract, will however form 
 chain of illustrative evidence to prove that it is the genuine production of Evelyn's pen. 
 
 " Gallus C astkatus, an Answer to a Slanderous Pamphlet, called the Character of Englani 
 
144 
 
 consider what the "Character" has spoken of our Country in generall, and 
 with what decent reserves he has treated your sex in particular, that but 
 pretend to vertue, I am sure your LaP cannot be offended at his reproofes, 
 because so little concerned with them ; and that none but the guilty will 
 condemne so civill a declamation, which has nothing of asperity in it but 
 that which is proper for the cure of what both you and I, and thousands 
 more, have frequently deplored. Juvenal and Persius did the same to 
 their own country which this stranger has done to us, and have been 
 celebrated these 1500 yeares for their service ; and shall we be the only 
 ungrateful I ? The hope is, the reply is penn'd in so coarse a style, 
 that there will not be found words in all the French tongue to let them 
 know we have so foule a mouth amongst us, or your honours so weak 
 an advocate. But it seemes the offence is not universall, for I am cre- 
 dibly informed by a person of quality, and much integrity, that heard 
 a learned and sober preacher quote the " Character" in his sermon, and 
 reproach the people for their irreverent behaviour in the church in the 
 very language of that book, which being asserted to me by a lady who 
 was her self an auditor, is enough to discharge it of the blasphemy which 
 this impure insect imputes to it, and to give it the reputation of a pre- 
 cious balme, a sober and just reproof. 
 
 But I say no more, least whilst 1 am advocate for the stranger, I be- 
 come the subject of this scorpion ; which I had yet rather be, than in the 
 catalogue of his worthies, if such monsters as the last he mentions bring 
 up the arriere, whose fanatick impieties he would palliate by his Pbari- 
 
 Si talia nefanda et facinora quk non Democritus. London : Printed for Nath. Brooke at the 
 Angel in Cornhill, 1659. 
 
 " To the illustrious Starres of Glory, the incomparable Beauties of the English Nation. These 
 with a deep humility. 
 
 " Gallus Caslratus, &c.— Ladies, To make a hue and cry, or research after this Satyrist, were to 
 enquire after yesterdayes air, or the last evenings sun : since the perpetrating a sin against cha- 
 rity and divine beauty, hath occasioned him to conceal his unworthy name ; yet by your permission 
 (fair Ladies) I shall adventure a throw after him, so as to bestow on him a character not unworthy 
 of his fact. 
 
 " He may be thought one of the dislodged brood of wandering Cain, who having sinned in good, 
 sets his hand against all for bad ; such of these are true, sons of the Curse, they bring brambles for 
 violets, and thorns for roses : desperate persons to converse with, as infectious in their souls, as in 
 
 their 
 
145 
 
 salcall censure of the Monsieur; for having reproved nothing but what 
 this wasp must needes blush to have vindicated, if he were a true son n 
 of the Church of England, and not a scabbed sheep of some other 
 flock. In summe, I defer no more to his wit then to his wisdome ; for 
 it seemes he has replied with, as little moderation as the Monsieur with 
 method: at least, I wish he had distinguished better, and given him 
 lesse subject to suspect him of the oiFspring of Billings-gate ; so ungen- 
 tlemanhke he railes, that in the next edition of Mr. Wren *, his epithetes 
 may happen to be added to the elegancies of Mr, Harrington 'f', of whose 
 schoole and complexion he appears to be. For the rest, I read him with 
 patience ; but as the justice of my nature transports me, could wish to 
 have seen the product of the " Character " result in a due deploring of 
 what is really amisse amongst. us, and not in empty recriminations, which 
 serves to no other end than to harden us in our follies, and Steele 
 us with the metall of his own forehead. But thus the urinall is cast 
 into the physitians face, and he becomes our enemy who tells us the 
 truth; verifying rather the signature of one of Solomons fooles than at 
 all treating the Monsieur as an ingenuous person should do, and had 
 become him that intended not rather to justify the errours we are guilty 
 of, than to acknowledg and reform them. Madame, I shall add no 
 more than to tell you, that if any worthy persons think themselves 
 agreiv'd, and have the leisure to revenge us upon the French, there 
 are witts of our Nation, and devotos of yours, of another allay than 
 this trifler, and who can tell how to make a better election of what is 
 
 their limbs ; a traveller, that makes it his business to deface the glories of nature, not to admire 
 and adore them j a frothy wit, not consenting to. its captivity, hath in, his caprichios snorted his 
 foam upon the sweet face of this blessed Island ; the method he pretends too, for he hath none, 
 was sure begot in a hirricano, where, being frighted by his conscience, he thrusts things together 
 d. la negligence; a brat only born to die accursed, and to shew to the world that France hath, of 
 late her monsters, as well as Africa. 
 
 " His end I cannot remark, except like Erostratus to purchase a fame, though by the vilest 
 infamy, or to engage a smile from those (bandittors to nature) the rude offspring of a brothel or 
 
 ■ a dunghill : 
 
 * Matthew Wren, eldest son of the Bishop of Ely, and author of " Considerations on Mr. Har- 
 rington's Commonwealth of Oceana." 8vo. 1.659.. _ .. 
 
 t James Harrington, an eminent political writer, and author of " Oceana." 1656. Folio. 
 
 U 
 
146 
 
 reprehensible in them, with more becoming tearmes, and equall charity : 
 but that he may not altogether despair, now the bolt is shot, the onely 
 way to render him usefull (if so you think he may be), is to separate 
 his quibbles from his scurrility ; and by a second perusall of the Mon- 
 sieurs letter, to determine impartially, as (on your Ladyships injunc- 
 tions) I have endeavoured to do. But if I would give counsell to this 
 whiffling capon-maker* (which is the name he afFeots in revenge for 
 the others concealment), it is, that instead of triumphing with the 
 rams-hornes, and defending the blasphemies, sacrilege, and ill manners 
 of this corrupt age, he would withdraw his own, and write a second 
 Apology for the froth which he hath so iudiscretely spewed out; least 
 being judged a creature of the liquor he so much celebrates, he be 
 thought unworthy a rejoynder, and after the English Character is made 
 use of, his own supply the sweet office, ad spurco's usus. 
 24*V June 1659. 
 
 a dunghill : a monster fitting to. rove after its sire, rather than find a Meceenas in anyserraus 
 family ; so unfit to bear 'the name of a character, that it may well be stiled the Leprosie of France 
 cast upon England. But by this time (Ladies) 1 suppose you have enough of this unmaskt Gen- 
 tleman J now to the work itself. 
 
 <' And first he apologjzeth for his rudenessi by the commands of a person (once a devoto to the 
 charmes of England) a person of quality (a Lord) ; but if his qualities answered his dignity, surely 
 his Lordship hath repented him of his commands. 
 
 " He declares he had licence only for minute things: his Honour thought great ones too 
 much beyond the sphere of his activity and cognisance : but to particularize his aspersions, which 
 I shall civilly name his complaints, 
 
 " Comp. 1. His first is, (of the stiffe whispering and forbidden countenances) at Dover. 
 
 "Surely his Jast collation of the grape at Calais, or the high trott of Neptune, had contributed 
 much to this mistake ; since as Cumines his own country-man saith, I used to go to Calais (when 
 in the hands of the English) without a passe, for (saith he) they are very courteous and honourable 
 in their entertainments to strangers. And further, in their tryals with forrainers they allow them 
 a Jury, de Medietate Lingua. Surely then they had not lost their native gallantry at this Mon- 
 sieurs landing ; but for a certain the Monsieur brought a face from Madagascar, or a habit from 
 America, not fit to be seen without a motion or amazement, as the Spaniards are usually respected 
 in their country. But I see this ])oor gentleman is mighty tender, for he seems to take pet at 
 every tree that grows not straight, and excepts at any person that comes but neer him, much more 
 that doth but touch him : the very boyes give him an adventure much of Don Quixots, which 
 makes him view all things through inchantment ; and I wonder I hear no news of his eccho^ a 
 Sancho Pancho to flatter his folly into a romance. 
 
 ■ " Comp, 
 
 * Ga lilts Caatratus. 
 
147 
 
 TO THE READER. 
 
 When I first chanced upon this Severe piece, and had read it in the 
 language it was sent me, I was so much concern'd with the honour of 
 our Country, that it wias my resolution to "suppress the publication of 
 our shame, as conceiving it an act of great inhumanity ; but upon se- 
 cond and more impartial thoughts, I have been tempted to make it speak 
 English, and give it liberj:y, not to reproach, but to instruct our Nation, 
 remembering what the wise-man hath said*, '" Open rebuke is better 
 than secret love." The truth is, I cannot say but the particulars are 
 most of them very home, and which we may no way evade, ^vithout 
 acknowledging^ at least, that the gentleman (who ever he were) made 
 notable use of his time, but l)est of all by setting upon effectual redresse 
 of what is amiss. And though 1 doubt not but one might easily retort 
 in as matiy instances upon defects as great (if not greater) of that 
 Nation, (for he that finds fault had need be perfect,) yet were it then 
 fittest to do it, and to revenge this charitable office, when we shall have 
 first reformed ourselves. Farewell. 
 
 " Comp. 2. To see his confident host Sit down cheek by joule by bim, belching and puffing to- 
 bacco, and that our gentlemen do usually entertain them, and are pleased with their impertinencies. 
 
 "^This Monsieur was (I dare say) not banished France for his great head-piece; else he might 
 have considered himself now in a free state, where no person is shackled by prerogative, but may 
 be company (by way of dlvertisement) to the greatest pieqe of honour in Europe ; and if you can fit 
 your lacquey upon what last your humor shall frame,,why may not sometimes an iimpertinency please 
 your fancy, as well as the character of England doth some of your ladies > For you must know, 
 our people are nut an asse-Iike galled nation, who are bound by their chains to come no neerer then 
 an interview of Princes : but I confess my host was somewhat too bold to approach so nigh, lest he 
 might have had imployment for his fingers and nails all the year after. 
 
 " But I hope Monsieur you have paid your reckoning, and are now coming to London, as you 
 say (the metropolis of all civility.) > 
 
 " Comp. 3. You write. That you had some honour thrown upon you, as dirt, squibs, roots, nay 
 rams' horns, entering London. 
 
 "Seriously, Sir, 1 wonder at the last lot, how they, came to hit upon this honour for you; I 
 must tell you, that it was a sad and lowering constellation or ludibrium of fortune cast upoi) your 
 person, that in that great place of civility such ominous caresses should be ofiered, since your 
 deserts had been better paid you in your own country, and with your own coyn. As for the car- 
 men, as you say, overthrew the hell-carts, I wonder. Sir, how your company escaped, since there 
 
 was 
 
 * Proverbs, chap, xxvii. ver. 5. 
 
CHARACTER OF ENGLAND, &c. 
 
 My Lord, 
 You command me to give you minute account of what I observed, 
 and howlpassed that little time which I lately spent in England ^; a 
 Country, whose character you so greatly desire to be inform'd of, in a 
 conjuncture (as you rightly deduce) of so strange vicissitude and won- 
 derful alterations ; and to whom, my Lord, should I more readily sub- 
 mit ? first encouraged to make this excursion by your Lp, as who had 
 formerly beheld and so much admir'd the splendor and magnificence of 
 this Court and Kingdom iu its greatest acme and lustre. But, my 
 Lord, I cannot imagine that you should esteem me either of years or 
 capacity to inform you, whose judgement is so mature, and correspon- 
 dence so universal!, as that there is. nothing which can escape your 
 cognizance, not onely in that Island, but in all the world besides. But 
 since you oblige me not to dip into the transactions of States, the effects 
 of Providence, time, notices of a superiour orbe, and in which you can- 
 not be instructed by so weak an instrument as your servant ; and demand 
 onely the little remarkes of my hasty and desultory peregrination, 
 
 was a story, that the Devil rid through our streets with some blades having none of the best feces, 
 " Cnmp. 4. That our city is a wooden, northern, and inartificial congestion pf houses. 
 " This Monsieur, I perceive, is no curious architect, for finding fault with our wooden build- 
 ings, which consider London, as a mercantile city, strong and beautiful, her manner of building 
 agreeable to the jettyes, bay-windowsi and returns'in her streets ; every part so ingaged one with 
 another, that though under several modes, yet like loving citizens they hold hand in hand faster' 
 then brick or stone can do, and by their diversity of frontings do declare a, freedome of our sub- 
 jects, that what they acquire by industry, may be bestowed at pleasure ; not obliged to build so' 
 for the will of the Princes s whereas the citizens of Paris are so forced to uniformity, that their 
 
 '-- — '— sti'uctures ' 
 
 * Referring to the Diary, June 27, 1650, it will be seen that Evelyn quitted Calais, " intending' 
 but 'a short stay in England," and returned to France on the 13th of the following month. 
 
149 
 
 ugli I cannot pretend to improve yoiar Lordships knowledg, yet 1 
 
 y hope to give it diversion, and an essay of my obedience. 
 
 t must be avowed that England is a sweet and fertill Country,— 
 
 Terra potens armis, atque ubere glebae ; 
 
 t the fields, the hills, and the vallies are perpetually clad with a glo- 
 is and agi-eeable verdure; that her provisions are plentiful!, her 
 )les important, and her interest very considerable, not omitting the 
 3t beautiful! ladies, I had almost said, of the world, but for a just 
 ject due to the illustrious circles of our Court, where the beauties of 
 versation so far transcend the tinctures of lillies and roses. But these. 
 Lord, are not the memoires which you demand ; I will therefore 
 ten to my post. 
 
 Sifter a short passage from Calais, we came on shore at Dover, where 
 people of the town entertain'd us with such suspicious a,nd forbidding 
 ntenances, whispering, and stiiF postures, that I should never have 
 eved so great a difference in the addresses of two nations could have 
 n produced in so short a trajection, and in a port continually accus- 
 I'd to the faces of strangers, had not the contrary liumors of our con-: 
 xous neighbours, the Spaniards, made it possible in so many pleasant 
 ances. But I was amazed, when we had taken post, and scarce out 
 the village, at the acclamations of the boys, running after and 
 ightiiig our horses, hooting, and crying out, ' French dogs, French 
 '&, a Mounser, Mounser 1' by a particular expression of welcome, 
 
 tures seem to be only one continued' magnificent wall loop-hol'd ; whereas variety is more 
 ant, if it be not so fantastick as to incommodate passage, height, or sight, as it is an undoubted 
 m in the opticks, that it lengthens your entertainment to a rapture • whereas in the French 
 the eye in an instant is glutted with an identity, so that having seen one city or street, the 
 j not urged to take her revels in another, all being so like to a primitiveliattern qf one 
 f, it choaks delight ; as ior magnificent buildings, or regalios. Monsieur forgets the Abbey ot 
 minster, the Royal Exchange, two such works of architecture, that for their kind and use meet 
 vith any parallel in. France j though, I confess, the absolute tyranny of your Kings by the 
 I and sweat of the insla\ed peasantry, have erected palacesas it seemeth to me works of im- 
 nency and leisure ; but if you view further their precordia, you will find the work like sattin 
 ct upon canvas, being so furnished, that you would think them the edifices of some former 
 »tants frighted fi-bm them, and possessed by Noihades ov Scythians, that never knew the use 
 
150 
 
 Avhlch other people would Interpret derision; but in this triumph (tho 
 somewhat late e're we set out for Dover) we attain'd as far as Roche 
 the first night, inhere, how new a thing it appeared to me^ to see 
 confident host set him down cheek by joul by me, belching and puf 
 tobacco in my face, you may easily imagine, till I afterwards found i 
 be the usuall stile of this Country, and that the gentlemen who Ic 
 at their inns entertain themselves in their company, and are m 
 pleas'd at their impertinencles. Arrlv'd at the metropolis of civi 
 London, we put our selves in coach with some persons of quality, 
 came to conduct us to our lodging : but neither was this passage w 
 out honour done to us ; the kennel dirt, squibs, roots, and rams -hoi 
 being favours which were frequently cast at us by the children and 
 prentises without reproofe ; civilities that in Paris a gentleman as sell 
 meets withall, as with the contests of carmen, who in this towndoraii 
 in the streets, o're-throw the hell-carts (for so they name theeoach 
 cursing and reviling at the nobles: you would imagine yourself amoi 
 a legion of devils, and in the suburbs of hell. I have greatly won( 
 at the remisness of the magistrate, and the temper of the g6ntlen 
 and that the citizens, who subsist onely upon them, should permi 
 great a disorder, rather joyning in the affronts then at all chastizing 
 inhumanity. But these are the natural effects of parity, popular 11 
 tlnism, and Insulary manners. 
 
 I ^nd, as you told me, my Lord, London to be a town so nobly s 
 ated, and upon such a river as Europe certainly shews not a more us( 
 
 of such civil utensils: besidi;s, onr Kings hsive had larger theaters of Majesty then these 
 whereas the French King is sedentary in Paris, our Kings have been like the sun, not uonfinei 
 place, but enriching all places with their justice and glory: and so our palaces are be; 
 scattered and equally distributed to all places of the nation: no King (for the extent of e 
 having more i«sidencies of Majesty than our English Potentates have had ; so that if this cii 
 London) be considered as a mercantile city, and place of trading, and the King's Court but 
 issue of his favour to these merchants : you will fJnd he hath grandeurs both noble and suffii 
 What a charm of Majesty is there of the houses of the nobility, fronting that christal and i 
 nymph (the Thames ?) Besides, the city illustrated with the like in many places ; together 
 the stately structures belonging to citizens, that, I am confident, cannot be paralleled by the \ 
 trade of France or Europe. 
 
 '' But I am bound to follow you, Monsieur, up and down from the tavern to the ch 
 
151 
 
 and agreeable; but with all this a city consisting of a wooden, northera, 
 and inartificial congestion of houses ; some of the principal streets so 
 narrow, as there is nothing more deformed and unlike than the pros- 
 pect of it at a distance, and its asymmetrie within the walls. Their 
 fountains, which are the pride and grace of our streets, and plentifully 
 supplyed in this city, are here immur'd, to secure the waters from, I 
 know not what, impurities ; but, certainly, it do's greatly detract from 
 the beauty of the Carfours, and intercepts the view. 
 
 Amongst the pieces of modern architecture, I have never observ'd 
 above two which were remarkable in .this vast city ; the portico of the 
 Church of St. Pauls, and the Banqueting-house at Whitehall, of which 
 I remember to have heard your Lordship speak : but you would be 
 amaz'd at the genius of this age, that should suffer this goodly and ve- 
 nerable fabrick to be built about, and converted into raskally Ware- 
 houses, and so sordidly obscur'd and defac'd, that an argument of greater 
 avarice, malice, meanness, and deformity of mind, cannot possibly be 
 expressed : nothing here of ornament, nothing of magnificence, no pub- 
 llque and honourable works, such as render.our Paris, and other cities of 
 France, renowned and visited by all the world ; emulating even Italy 
 her self for her palaces, uniform and conspicuous structures : but O ! 
 how loathsome a Golgotha is this Pauls ! I assure your Lordship, that 
 Bngland is the sole spot in all the world where, amongst Christians, 
 their churches are made jakes and stables, markets and tlppllng-houses, 
 and where there were more need of scorpions than thongs to drive out 
 
 then to the shambles, and indeede it seenjs you visited things (like. our rusticks) with a streight- 
 ened heart and a wide mouth, for now you hark most monstrously against our religion and 
 professors of it : but seriously, had you minded any thing of charity, you would not have given a 
 character of us in our distempers, taking the present advantage of our being sick of schisme and 
 division : buti find you one of those Lucian scoffers, that rather then not exercise your froth, the 
 gods shall not escape your animosity. I cannot like that spirit in a Frenchman, which would be 
 scorned in a Heathen, or like a Jew spit upon the Saviour of the world, because not their insom- 
 niated Messias : but Monsieur, procul hine, procul ite, prophani. Yet I seriously assure you (dear 
 Ladies) as touching their several worships, of these equivocal Christians, as he cals them, it is a 
 newly forged blasphemy against the truth, and I question not but his god-father will one day con- 
 gratulate his intelligence with a meritorious rewai:d. 
 
 " Well now into the tavern I must follow my Frenchman, who is my ignis fatuus, leads me in 
 
 no 
 
152 
 
 the publicans and money-changers ; in sum, where these excellent uses 
 are pretended to be the markes of piety and reformation. 
 
 I had sometimes the curiosity to visit the several worships of these 
 equivocal Christians and enthusiasts*. But I extremely wondred to 
 find those whom they call Presbyterians, and that would imitate us of 
 the religion in France and Geneva, to have their discipline so confused 
 and diflferent. In this remarke, my Lord, to be somewhat more parti- 
 cular, vou will not be displeased ; because it was a thing you so much 
 recommended to my especiall notice. Form, they observe none. They 
 pray and read without method, and indeed, without reverence or devo- 
 tion. I have beheld a whole congregation sit with their hats on, at the 
 reading of the Psalms, and yet bare-headed when they sing them. In 
 divers places they read not the Scriptures at all ; but up into the pulpit, 
 where they make an insipid, tedious, and immethodical prayer, in 
 phrases and a tone so affected and mysterious, that they gi^e it the 
 name of canting, a term by which they do usually express the gibberish 
 of beggars and vagabonds ; after whichj there follows the sermon 
 (which, for the most part, they read out of a book) consisting (like 
 their prayers) of speculative and abstracted notions and things, which, 
 nor the people nor themselves well understand : but these they extend 
 to an extraordinary length and Pharisaical repetitions ; and well they 
 may, for their chaires are lined with prodigious velvet cushions, upon 
 which they loll and talk, 'till almost they sleep ; I am sure, till their 
 auditors do. > 
 
 no method or order ; but what sees he now ? Now a legion of adversities, as shops, smoak 
 coaches, sea-coal ; would not any wise man think this man mad, or tumbled lately out of some 
 chaos ? But his chief regret is for the sea-coal, which he faith : 
 
 " Comp. 5. That if there be any hell it is in this vulcano on a foggy day. 
 
 " You may not well question a hell, Monsieut", since in this piece of impiety and unhandsome'- 
 ness, if you had your reward, you might easily perceive you are in the suburbs already. Melhinks 
 this was as strange an adventure, as the knight errants wind-mills, and I suppose as much crazed 
 your body; so that I wonder at your high valour, that dared adventure that eyelet-holed invaded 
 body of yours, to such corroding fumes ; but peradventure you are well sheathed with brimstone- 
 
 "" and 
 
 * " It was now a rare thing to find a priest of the Church of England in a parish pulpit, most 
 of which were filled with Independents and Phanatics." Diary, vol. I, p. 257, 1st edit. 
 
153 
 
 The Minister uses no habit of distinction, or gravity, but steps up in 
 querpo ; and when he laies by his cloak (as I have observed some of 
 them) he has the action rather of a thrasher than a divine. This they 
 call taking pains, and indeed it is so to those that hear them : but thus 
 they have now encouraged every pert mechanlck to invade, aflfron't, and 
 out-preach them; and having uncancell'd all manner of decency, pros- 
 tituted both their person's and function to usurpation, penury, and 
 derision. You may well imagine, by the manners of the people, and 
 their prodigious opinions, that there is no Catechism nor Sacraments 
 duely administred*: the religion of England is preaching and sitting stll 
 on Sund'aies. How they baptise I know not, because the congregation 
 is dismissed, and they agree in no form ; and for the other Sacraments, 
 no man gives or receives alike ; and it is so selddme done in remem- 
 brance of Christ, that in some parishes, 1 have heard, they can hardly 
 remember when they received it. Generally, I have no where seen 
 goodlier out-sides of churches ; what they are within I cannot so well 
 say ; for their temples are as fast as was that of Janus after the first 
 Punlck-war, unless it be upon Sundaies, when they blow the brazen 
 trumpets of sedition, not the silver ones of the tabernacle. I have dis- 
 cotirsed with some concerning this sealing their churches in the week- 
 dayes : they are ready to retort upon us in France, not considering that 
 our churches are solitary, and In some places many leagues distant from 
 the towns ; that we are under a persecution, and so necessitated to 
 omit the publlque Morning and Evening Sacrifice, which I remember 
 
 and butter against this infection, and you might have known, or I wonder your Lord informed 
 you not, that the sulphure of our combustibles is a very great enemy to any sacrifice made in favour 
 of Venus, her oblations being burnt upon altars in our suburbs. 
 
 " Comp. 6. But now if you will hear a loud one, mark his words well ; I have, saith he, been 
 in a spacious church, where I could not discern the minister for smoak. 
 
 " Ex ungue Leonem, one may judge of the rest of his narrative by this notorious untruth. Did 
 ever any sober man happen upon such an incounter ? Surely this gentleman's opticks were much 
 eclipsed, or some drunken vapours had overclowded his mind, or else he had framed in his smoaky 
 
 cranium 
 
 * " Mr. Owen, a sequester'd and learned Minister, preach 'd ,in my parlour, and gave us the 
 blessed Sacrament, now wholly out of use in the parish churches on which the Presbyterians and 
 Fanatics had usurp'd." Diary, vol. I. p. 234. 
 
 X 
 
154 
 
 to have heard severall of our divines deplore the defect of; as of 
 many other decencies, which, here, they can have no pretence against : 
 but such of their churches as I have frequented were dammed up 
 with pues, every three or four of the inhabitants sitting in narrow 
 pounds or pulpits by themselves ; for they are all turn'd preachers now. 
 In short, there is nothing more unlike to our refornded churches in 
 France, and I think, in all Europe beside ; the apprehension of 
 Popery, or fondness to their own imaginations, having carried them so 
 far to the other extream, that they have now lost all moderation and 
 decorum. And Ihave been herein, my Lord, the more industrious to 
 inform myself of each particular; because it seems yet to be the most 
 publlque religion of the State. Some of their own party I have heard 
 deplore this confusion ; but certainly they themselves gave the first 
 occasion to these monstrous liberties, by a rigid and uncharitable disci- 
 pline, primarily (it seems) introduced by the Scots, and so refifled upon 
 by these, as there are few or none that will submit to the tyranny; 
 but every one takes his own course, and has protection for it. Some 
 well natur'd abused men 1 have met withall amongst them ; but if I 
 mistake not, for the greater ingredient, ambitious, ignorant, overween- 
 ing, sower and uncharitable, ne quid asperius, combining with the 
 interest of the times, and who, to render themselves powerfull, have rn 
 compliances with the spiritual pride of the mechanicks and corporations, 
 conniv'd at those many and prodigious schismes and heresies which are 
 now spawn'd under them in such numbers as give terrour to the State. 
 
 cranium such an imposture; and I wonder. Sir, you make not a recantation for such a grosse 
 insipid irregularity, since if our very boys read but your book, they would hoot at your naticin 
 indeed for your sweet-Iye-composed wonder. 
 
 " Comp. 7- There is a number of houses where they sell ale (a muddy beverage) where the 
 gentlemen sit and spend much of their time in drinking it. 
 
 " As for that wholesome, pleasant, restorative, noble drink, the blessed offspring of Ceres ; what 
 impudence dares find fault, or cast a cloud over that gift of nature ? Since that if it could be 
 conveyed, all the earth would court it ; witness the great esteem is had in all parts of this our 
 English liquor ; so that one of your countrymen doctors sailh, that there is no liquor more ih- 
 creaseth the radical moisture, and preserves the natural heat j these two being the pillars of our 
 decaying bodies. Now for any one to speak against the props of life, deserves to die, as his own 
 enemy, under an unlamented death. But I am sure of this, that this tipple, and the grey goose- 
 wing. 
 
155 
 
 I omit to tell your Lordship that few take notice of the Lords Prayer ; it 
 is esteemed a kind of weakness to use it, but the Creed and theDecalogue 
 are not once heard of in their congregations : this is milke for babes, 
 and they are all giants. They do frequently solemnize their late 
 nationall deliverances, and some daies of Christian bloodshed with all 
 possible severity ; but they think it gross idolatry to joyn with the 
 whole Christian church of all professions under Heaven, in the anniver- 
 saries of our B. Saviour's Incarnation, Passion, Resurrection, and the 
 descent of the Holy Ghost, spirituall, eternall, and never to be forgotten 
 mercies *. Would your Lordship believe that this madnesse should 
 advance so far as to disturbe the French church there, which, you know, 
 do's in all places observe those signal deliverances and blessings, 
 both by preaching, prayer, sacraments, and exhortations apposite to the 
 occasion ? What think you will be the issue of this goodly Reforma- 
 tion ? I could tell you of the mysterious classis of the Tryers, their 
 ridiculous, insidiary and presumptuous questions; their unheard of ani- 
 mosities against their brethren of the Church of England, suffering 
 themselves to be rather torn in sunder by the Sectaries, Demetrius and 
 the Crafts-men, whilst they contend about trifles and meer shadows. 
 
 Concerning the Independents, all I can learn is, they are a refined 
 and apostate sort of Presbyters ; or, rather such as renounce all ordina- 
 tion-, as who having preached promiscuously to the people, and cun- 
 ningly ensnared a select number of rich and ignorant proselytes, sepa- 
 rate themselves into conventicles, which they name congregations. 
 
 wing, had almost torn all the feathers from the back of France ; and certainly this Monsieur had 
 some other reason then he produceth, to inveigh against this liquor j it may be it holds no friendly 
 correspondency with Venus races, or else is not commodious (by reason of its fumes) for a nation 
 half drunk already. 
 
 " And now he appeals to his Lord (his confident), and as a preludium (knowing my Lord was 
 DO enemy to the French beauties) to the prosecuting on his road of scandals. And now let all the 
 world consider this unheard of impudence against a sex, the whole hoast of heroes court witli 
 caresses due to their charms/ creatures (rather a creation) framed by the indulgent hand of the 
 Deity, as it were, cordials poured down from heaven in compassion to our infirmities : you, even 
 you (great souls) his folly hath not blusht to asperse, with the like success ; pardon the dirty 
 
 — expres- 
 
 * 1652. "Christmas day : no sermon any where, no church being permitted to be open, so 
 observ'd it at home." Diary, vol. I. p. 263. 
 
156 
 
 There is nothing does more resemble this sect than om- Romish Missiona- 
 ries sent out in partibus infidelium; for they take all other Christians to 
 be Heathens. These are those pretenders to the Spirit, into whose 
 party do's the vilest person living no sooner adscribe himself, but he is, 
 ipso facto, dub'd^a saint, hallow'd and dear to God. These are the 
 confidents ^vho can design the minute, the place, and the means of 
 their conversion ; a schism full of spiritual disdain, incharity, and high 
 imposture, if any such there be on earth. But every alteration of 
 State destroying the interest of the versatile contrivers, they are as 
 ready to transmigrate into the next more thriving fraternity, as the 
 souls of Pythagoras into beasts, and may then, perhaps, assume some 
 other title. This is a sad, but serious truth, and no little menaces the 
 common Christianity, unless timely prevented. But, S"", I will no 
 longer tire your patience w* these monsters (the subject of every con ^ 
 temptuous pamphlet) then with the madness of the Anabaptists, 
 Quakers, Fift Monarchy-men, and a cento of unheard of heresies 
 besides, which, at present, deform the once renowned Church of Eng- 
 land, and approach so little to the pretended Reformation, which we in 
 France have been made to believe, that there is nothing more hea- 
 venly wide. But 1 have dwelt too long on this remarke ; I return to 
 where I digressed ; for I was viewing the buildings, which are as 
 deformed as the minds and confusion of the people ; for if a whole street 
 be fired (an accident not unfrequent in this, wooden city) the magistrate 
 has either no power, or no care to make them build with any uniformity, 
 
 expression, as the breath of a dunghill doth the sun, wliich still shall shine as glorious as his infa- 
 tuated mind shall be obscured with infamy. 
 
 " Comp. 8, That our ladies suffer themselves to be treated in a tavern, and drink crowned cups. 
 
 " This is an horrid impudence indeed : survey the whole universe, as their beauties excel, so, 
 then these fair creatures in general, their lives ; none whose lives are modester without ignominy, 
 and freer without scandals^ then our English ladies, 
 
 " This gentleman eomes over with our last desultory French visitation, who had received so 
 much virility hiy the posting of our horses in the dayes of travel, that they (being in London) did 
 that thirteenth labour to Hercules twelve, purging a stable of so much filth, that our suburbs shall 
 sing an lo Pean to them hereafter : and truly those poor pieces of mortality bred an excellent 
 French trade of it, enough to keep them till the like opportunity may so seasonably court them. 
 And these are your Madamoseilles, who (ProteuS like) changed their shape (to ingratiate their 
 hire) into ladies, countesses, this beauty, and that beauty, till they had taken excise of your limbs 
 
 gave 
 
157 
 
 which I'endef it, though a large, yet a very ugly town, pestred with 
 hacknfey-coaches and Insolent carre-men, shops and tavefils, noyse, and 
 such a cloud of sea-coal, as If there be a resemblance of hell Upon earth, 
 it is in this vulcano in a foggy day : this pestilent stnoak, which cor- 
 rodes the very yron, and spoils all the moveables, leaving a soot on all 
 things that it lights : and so fatally seizing on the lUngs of the inha- 
 bitants, that the cough and the consuittption spared no man*. I have 
 been in a spacious church where I could not discern the minister for 
 the smoak ; nor hear him for the people's barking. There is within this 
 city, and in all the tov^ris of England (which I havfe passed through) so 
 pirodigtous a number of houses where they sell a certain drink called 
 ale, that 1 think a good halfe of the inhabitants ihay be denominated 
 ale-house-keepers : these are a meaner sort of cabardts; but what is 
 most deplorable, where the gentlemen sit, and spend much of their 
 time, drinking of a muddy kind of beverage, and tobacco, which has 
 tmiversally besotted the nation, and at which (I hear) they have con- 
 sumed many noble estates. As for other taverns, London is compos'd 
 of them, where thdy drink Spanish wines, and other sophistica,ted 
 liquors, to that fury and intemperance as has often amaz'd me to con- 
 sider It : but thus some mean fellow, the drawer, arrives to an estate, 
 some of them having built fair houses, and purchased those gentlemen 
 Out of their possessions, who have ruined therasdves by that base and 
 dishonourable vice of inebriety : and that nothing may be "wanting to 
 the height of luxury and impiety of this abomination, they have trans- 
 gave as good as yoti btought, left you loose in the hilts. These Mons. are your ladies that drink 
 crowned healths ; these are those beauties that are so free ; to such a nation indeed it WQuId be too 
 great impiety for civil ladies to neglect their noble soulS) their proper persons, to court your defor- 
 mities and diseases. 
 
 " Comp. 9. It is the afternoon business of English Gentlemen only to drink and be drunk. 
 
 " Sutely such as was your females company, such was your males ; surely you rak'd hell for 
 these deboist unthrifty cadets, for otherwise I never knew this to be a custom amongst civil gen- 
 tlemen. You say, after they have taken their repast with the ladies they withdraw, into- another 
 room ; certainly. Monsieur, this is a handsome separation, for the gentlemen to carrese one with 
 another, having sometimes masculine interests in hand ; whereas you never separate your confused 
 
 interests, 
 
 * For a further illustration of this fact, see his " Fumifugium : or the Inconveniencie of the Aer 
 and Smoak of London dissipated;" reprinted in the present volume. 
 
158 
 
 lated the organs out of the churches to set them up in taverns, chanting' 
 their dithrambicks, and bestiall bacchanalias to the tune of those instru- 
 ments, which were wont to assist them in the celebration of God's 
 praises, and regulate the voices of the worst singers in the world, which 
 are the English in their churches at present. I cannot but commend 
 the Reformed in Holland, who still retain their organs in the churches, 
 and make use of them at the Psalms, without any opinion of supersti- 
 tion ; and I once remembered to have heard the famous Diodati * wish 
 it might be introduced even at Geneva. A great errour undoubtedly in 
 those who sit at the helme, to permit this scandal; to suffer so many of 
 these taverns and occasions of intemperance, such leeches and vipers ; 
 to gratifie so sordid and base a sort of people with the spoile of honest 
 and well-natur'd men. Your L. will not believe me, that the ladies of 
 greatest quality suffer themselves to be treated in one of these taverns, 
 where a curtesan in other cities would scarcely vouchsafe, to be enter- 
 tained ; but you will be more astonish't when I shall assure you, that 
 they drink their crowned cups roundly, daunce after the fiddle, kiss 
 freely, ^nd tearm it an honourable treat. But all this my experience, 
 particular address, and habitudes with the greatest of that nation has 
 assur'd me, that it is not the pass-time only of the inferiour and mere- 
 tricious sort; since I find it a chief suppletory at all their "entertain- 
 ments, to drink excessively, and that in their own houses, before the 
 ladies and the l^cquaes. It is the afternoon's diversiori ; whether for 
 want of better to employ the time, or affection to the drink, I knoAv 
 
 interestSj knowing no distinction between male and female civilized interests, but only by the more 
 retired managements of nature; and certainly you would seem to be so fond of your Mopsa's, as 
 not (out of a complement) to give them time to disembogue. As for our drinking healths or 
 pledges, if you knew but the way to our custom, you will find it sprang from a laudable necessity 
 at first, and was in earnest a duty performed really (by) one friend for another. The Danes know. it. 
 But Monsieur, you do but fanatically trifle in all your discourse : as for our cadets that visit the 
 gallows so frequently (as you say), I suppose yours in France are, or ought to be, so seriously 
 imployed, as their proper merit; since your robberies are meerly massacres; such cowards are ve, 
 that ye first shoot before ye dare bid stand ;1.hey never taking purse before it is crimsond, reaking 
 
 — - hot 
 
 * Dr. John Diodati, the celebrated Italian Minister, and translator of the Holy Bible into that 
 language, with whom Evelyn became personally acquainted when at Geneva in 1646. See Memoirs, 
 vol. I. pp. 234. 226. 227. 
 
159 
 
 not ; but I have found some persons of quality, whom one could not 
 safely visit after dinner vs^ithout resolving to undergo this dt'ink-ofdel, 
 and endure the question *. It is esteem'd a piece of wit to make a man 
 drunk, for which some swilling insipid client or congiarie is a frequent 
 and constant adjutant. Your L. may hence well imagine how heavy, 
 dull, and insignificant the conversation is ; loud, querulous, and imperti- 
 nent. 1 shall relate a story that once happened in my presence at a 
 gentlemans house in the countrey, where there was much company and 
 feasting. I fortun'd to come at dinner-time, and after the cloth was 
 taken away (as the manner is) they fell to their laudable exercise ; but 
 1, unacquainted then with their custome, was led up into a withdrawing 
 room, where I had the permission (with a noble person who Introduced 
 me) to sit and converse with the ladles who were thither retired;; the 
 gentleman of the house leaving us, in the mean time, to entertain his 
 friends below. But you may imagine how strangely I was astonish'd, 
 to see within an hour after, one of the company that had dined there 
 entering Into the room all bloody and disorder'd, to fetch a sword which 
 lay In one of the windowes, and three or four of his companions, whom 
 the fumes of the wine had Inspirited, pursuing and dragging him by the 
 hair, till in this confusion one of their spurs engaged into a carpet, upon 
 which stood a very fair looking-glass, and two noble pieces of porselain, 
 drew all to the ground, break the glass- and the vasas in pieces; and all 
 this on such an instant, that the gentleman and my self had much ado to 
 rescue the aflFrighted ladies from suffering in the tumult; but at last we 
 
 hot in bloud ; of such horrible actions none but base cruel-spirited bravoes could be guilty ; this 
 one unmanly trick might enough satyr against all the grandeurs in France. As concerning our 
 Gentry, I shall conclude, they come short of your follies, as much as you come short of their native 
 gallantry. 
 
 " Comp, 10. The Ladies of England have designs at playinj;at cards. 
 
 " Pray, Monsieur, what's the end of play but ingenious designs, products of pure fancy, and 
 ready managery ? and if you would dishonour them for thi3» you may as well carp at their inge- 
 nuity : I suppose your ladies will never prove guilty of sheWlhg so much judgment, since for to 
 be dextrous at play cannot possibly be the lot of French l&dies, for they want two necessary 
 virtues to it, silence and patience ; which at what a distance these stand with them, let all the 
 world judge. "Comp. 
 
 » In France they give a certain torture to malefactors, by pouHhg such a quantity of water into 
 their mouths, which they call giving the Question, and I (by translation) term drink-ordell. 
 
160 
 
 prevail'd, and brought them to tearms ; the quarrel concerning an 
 health onely, which one of them would have shifted. I don't remem- 
 ber, mv Lord, ever to have known (or very rarely) a health drank in 
 France, no not the Kings ; and if we say, A vostre santd, Monsieur, it 
 neither expects pledge or ceremony. 'Tis here so the custome to drink to 
 every one at the table, that by the time a gentleman has done his duty to 
 the whole company he is ready to fall asleep, whereas with us, we salute 
 the whole table with a single glass onely. But, my Lord, was not 
 this, imagine you, an admirable scene and very extraordinary ? I con- 
 fess, the lady of the house, being much out of countenance at what had 
 hapned, profered to excuse this disorder, and I was as ready to receive 
 it, till several encounters confirmed me that they were but too frequent, 
 and that there was a sort of perfect debauches, who stile thiemselves 
 Hectors, that in their mad and unheard of revels pierce their veins to 
 quaff their own blood, which some of them have drank to that excess 
 that they died of the intemperance. These are a professed atheistical 
 order of bravos, compos'd for the most part of cadets, who, spending 
 beyond their pensions to supply their extravagancies, practise now and 
 then the high-way, where they sometimes borrow that which they often 
 repay at the gibbet ; an ignominious trade, unheard of amongst our gal- 
 lant nobless, however fortune reduce them. But I know not whether I 
 might not here match these valiant heroes with an avow'd society of 
 ladies, and some of them not the meanest for birth (1 even blush to 
 recount it of that fair sex), who boast of making all advantages at play, 
 
 " Comp. 11.' That our Gentlemen and Ladies are defective in courtship and addresses. 
 
 " I confess if he means our ladies want that impudence, which he cals assurance, when it is as 
 incompatible with modesty as the devils are with glorious angels ; or if you mean a forwardness 
 to court the male, to jet and garb it in company, like the Queens quondam petit-dancer, which 
 you call address, I confess we will not vye with you ; or if you mean by charming discourse, a bold 
 unlimited chattering, taking into cognizance ceremonious dissembled impertinencies, both in 
 affront to heaven and earth ; in these our wise ladies come short I confess j but if you mean an 
 address, where modesty keeps its decorum betwixt impudent gallantry and bashful rusticity, thits, 
 this is the address, of, our incomparable beauties, which outshine yours as the greater lights of the 
 firmament do the lesser. As for our gallants the gentlemen of this nation, none I am sure are 
 better able to manage an honourable and serious entertainment with more cordial handsome mag- 
 nificence of address than they, setting aside the mode of the high rope of our Frenchified English 
 
 apes. 
 
161 
 
 and are become so dextrous at it, that seldome they make a sitting with- 
 out design and booty : for there is here, ray Lord, no such thing as 
 courtship after the decent mode of our circles ; for either being mingled 
 in a room, the gentlemen separate from the conversation of the ladies, 
 to drink, as I before related ; or else to whisper with one another, at 
 some corner, or bay-window, abandoning the ladies to gossip by them- 
 selves, which is a custome so strange to a gallant of our nation as no- 
 thing appears more barbarous and unbecoming ; and this in effect must 
 needs be the reason that those beautiful creatures can so little furnish, 
 that they want assurance, address, and the charming discourse of our 
 damoiseles, which are faculties so shining and agreeable in their sex 
 with us in France : and, in truth, even the gentlemen themselves are 
 greatly defective as to this particular, ill courtiers, unplyant, morose, 
 and of vulgar address, generally not so polished, free, and serene, as is 
 universally found even amongst the most inferiour of our nation. I am 
 not ignorant that they impute it to a certain levity in us ; but it is a 
 mistake in them, and that because they so hardly reform it without 
 some ridiculous affectation, as is conspicuous in their several modes and 
 dresses, which they vary ten times for our once, every one affecting 
 something particular, as having no standard .at Court which should 
 give laws and do countenance to the fashion. The women are much 
 affected with gaudry, there being nothing more frequent than to see an 
 ancient ladie wear colours, a thing which neither young nor old of either 
 sex do with us, save in the country and the camp ; but widows at no 
 
 apes. But when you shall pretend no child legitimate but your ill-faced bastards, and call that 
 gallantry which swims uppermost in a giddy cranium and foisted garb^ a deformed posture against 
 the wise product of nature, a goatish concupiscence, a salacious approach, fit only for satyrs ; if. 
 Monsieur, these be your addresses, the beasts of the earth, the scum of rudeness, the excrements of 
 nature, may discipline you in such wayes of reputed manners. 
 
 " As for our aping you,, it is confest a few loose young souls, giddy like your selves, are your 
 disciples ; but we may thank our alliance with you by civil contracts, which by your locust>like 
 swarming hath infected us at such a height,, that we shall hardly claw it off without bloud or smart. 
 
 " Comp. 12. To see th^ bals so disposed by dancing-masters, and their boldness with the 
 ladies. 
 
 " Monsieur, we intend not bals to make a meal of them, but as a condiment intended C& la 
 volleej as transient actions, only for a divertisemerit ; yet want we not a decorum and a magnifi- 
 
 Y 
 
162 
 
 time. And yet reprove they us for these exorbitances; but I have often 
 disputed the case : either we do ill, or well ; if ill, why then do they ape 
 us ? if well, why do they reproach us ? The truth is, they have no mode- 
 ration, and are neither so lucky nor frugal as our ladies are in these 
 sumptuary expenses ; and whereof the magistrate takes so little "cogni- 
 sance, that it is not an easy matter to distinguish the ladie from the 
 chamber-maid; servants being suflFered in this brave countrey to go clad 
 like their mistresses, a thing neither decent nor permitted in France, 
 where they may wear neither lace nor silke. 
 
 I may not forget to acquaint your Lordship, that though the ladies 
 and the gentlemen are so shy of one another ; yet when once they grow 
 acquainted, it passes into expressions and compellations extreamly new 
 to our usages and the stile of our country. Do but imagine how it 
 would become our ladies to call Mons. N. Jack N. What more frequent 
 than this ? " Tom P. was here to day :" " I went yesterday to the 
 Cours* with Will. R.; and Harry M. treated me at such a tavern." 
 These are the particular idioms and graciefuU confidences now in use ; 
 introduced, I conceive at first, by some camerades one with another ; 
 but it is mean and rude, and such as our lacquaes would almost disdain 
 in Paris, where I have often observed two chimney-sweepers accost one 
 another in better forms and civlUer addresses. But to be confident and 
 clvill is not a thing so easily understood j and seems a peculiar talent of 
 our nation. 
 
 However the ladles are not more obliging and familiar than the lords 
 are difficult and Inaccessible ; . for though by reason of my birth and 
 quality, my I'ecommen'datlons and addresses, I found some tolerable 
 reception amongst them ; and yet I observ'd that they kept at such a 
 
 cency, witness those grand masques in the Kings dayes, which were thought to excel all of 
 this nature in Europe, as much as our playes do all your rhiming fools-babies j but your curtail'd 
 Intelligencer, which hath brought you provision no further then from some petty schools of chil- 
 dren, neither well educated nor well practised. 
 
 " But, Monsieur, I hope these answers may inform you into a recantation, or else I must leave you 
 scurrilous, and condemne your pamphlet to accommodate for sundry uses and purposes instead of 
 your Weekly Gazets, as new-lye printed and new-lye come forth." 
 
 * A place neer Paris, like Hide-parke. 
 
163 
 
 surly distance with the gentlemen, even of a family, that methought 
 1 never beheld a ruder conversation ; especially, when comparing their 
 parts and educations, I found them generally so much inferiour, as if a 
 lord were indeed other than a gentleman; or. a gentleman not a fit 
 companion for a king^ But this must needs be the result of an ill and 
 haughty institution, and for that most of these great persons are in their 
 minority, and the age wherein they should be furnished with the noblest 
 impressions, taught only to converse with their servants, some syco- 
 phants, and under the regiment of a pedant, which imprints that scorn- 
 fulness and folly, and fits them with no better form when they should 
 produce themselves, and give testimony to others as well of their supe- 
 riority in vertue as in birth and dignity. But this is, my Lord, a parti- 
 cular which I have heard you often complain of, and which we do fre- 
 quently take notice of at their coming abroad into our countrey ; where 
 for want of address and fit persons to introduce them, they seldome 
 return more refined than^ they came ; else they could not but have 
 observed, that there is nothing which makes the distinction of Nobles 
 in France but the title, and that his Majesty himself do's them the 
 honours, which here they usurpe upon their equalls. But, my Lord, 
 they are sufficiently punished for it in England ; where, to me, they 
 appear so degenerate fpr want of this humility and free conversation, 
 by which, and their other vices, they grow now so' much despised, that 
 the gentlemen need seek no revenge ; for though (as I told you) the 
 gentlemen are most of. them very intemperate, yet the proverb goes, 
 ** As drunk, as a Lord." But, my Lord, as there is no rule so generall 
 but it does admit of exceptions, so should I give my own experience as 
 well as your Lordships the contradiction, to make the censure univer- 
 sal! ; there being even amongst these some few, and in particular my 
 Lord N. and N. &c. whom I esteem to be very noble and accomplished 
 persons, as who have learned (by the good fortune of a better education) 
 how to value the conversations of worthy men, and who, indeed, do suffi- 
 ciently verifie all those attributes which are due to their qualities, and 
 therefore whom this paragraph doth no waies concern. 
 
 Nor should I be less severe and unjust, totally to exclude even some 
 of the ladies from the advantages of this period, whose perfections and 
 
164 
 
 virtues claim an equal right to all that I have here spoken, out of a due 
 resentiment of their merits and excellencies. 
 
 It was fresquently, during the last winter, that I was carried to their 
 balls, aswhere indeed I hoped to see what should appear the most of gallant 
 and splendid amongst the ladies ; nor really did my expectations deceive 
 me ; for there was a confluence of very great beauties, to which the glis- 
 tring of their jewels (which upon these occasions they want not) could 
 adde nothing save their weight ; the various habits being so particular, 
 as if by some strange inchantment they had encountred and come out 
 of severe nations ; but I was astonished to see, when they were ready to 
 move, that a dancing-master had the boldness to take forth the greatest 
 ladies, and they again the dancing-master, who performed the most 
 part of the ball, whilst the gentlemen that were present were least con- 
 cerned, and stood looking on, so as it appeared to me, more like the 
 farce of a comedy at the Hostel de Bourgoyne*, than a ball of the 
 Noblesse ; and in truth their measures, when any of them were taken 
 out, made me somewhat ashamed to lead a lady, who did me the honor, 
 for fear, though my skill be very vulgar in that exercise, they should 
 have taken me for a dancing- master, as who had haply imploy'd my 
 youth so ill, as to have some advantage of the rest in that faculty. This 
 favour is particular to the dancing- masters in this country ; and reason 
 good, for they ride in their coaches, and have such ample salaries, as 
 maintains both their prodigality and insolence, that were insupportable 
 in France, where these trifling fellows do better know themselves, are 
 worse payed, and less f)resumptuous. Nay, so remiss are the ladies of 
 their respect in this instance, that they not only entertain all this, but 
 permit themselves likewise to be invited, and often honour these imper- 
 tinent fantasticks, by receiving the ball at their petty schools. 
 
 When this ceremony was ended, some of the gallants fell to other 
 recreations, and as far as I understood, were offering at that innocent, 
 yet salt and pleasant diversion, which in France we call ralliary ; but 
 so far were they from maintaining it within the decencies and laws 
 which both in that and our characters f we observe ; that in a little 
 
 * The play-house at Paris, as once ours at Blackfryers. 
 f A witty and a civil description of one anothers persons. 
 
165 
 
 time, they fell so upon personal abusing one another, that there was 
 much ado to preserve the peace, and, as 1 heard, it was the next day the 
 product of a quarrel and a duell . 
 
 I did frequently in the spring accompany my Lord N. into a field 
 near the town, which they call Hyde-Parke ; the place not unpleasant, 
 and which they use, as our Course ; but with nothing that order, equi- 
 page, and splendor, being such an assembly of wretched jades and 
 hackney-coaches, as next a regiment of carre-men there is nothing 
 approaches the resemblance. 
 
 This Parke was (it seemes) used by the late King and Nobility for 
 the freshness of the air, and the goodly prospect : but it is that which 
 now (besides all other excises) they pay for here in England, though it 
 be free in all the world beside ; every coach and horse which enters 
 buying his mouthful, and permission of the publicane who has pur- 
 chased it, for which the entrance is guarded with porters and long 
 staves. * 
 
 The manner is, as the company returns, to alight at the Spring 
 Gfarden, so called in order to the Parke, as our Thuilleries is to the 
 Course; the inclosure not disagreeable, for the solemness of the 
 grove, the warbling of the birds, and as it opens into the spacious 
 walks at St. James's : but the company walk in it at such a rate, as 
 you would think all the ladieswere so many Atalantases, contending 
 with their wooers; and, my Lord, there was no appearance that I 
 should prove the Hippomenes, who could with very much ado keep 
 pace with them : but as fast as they run, they stay there so long, as if 
 they wanted not time to finish the race ; for it is usuall here to find 
 some of the young company till midnight ; and the thickets of the 
 garden seem to be contrived to all advantages of gallantry, after they 
 have been refreshed with the collation, which is here seldome omitted, 
 at a certain cabaret in the middle of this paradise, where the forbidden 
 fruites are certain trifling tartes, neates-tongues, salacious meates, and 
 bad Rhenish ; for which the gallants pay sauce, as indeed they do at all 
 
 * " April 1 1, 1653. I went to take the aire in Hide Park, wiiere every coach was made to pay a 
 shilling, and horse 6<1. by the sordid fellow who had purchas'd it of the state as they were eall'd." 
 Memoirs, vol. 1. p. 264. 
 
166 
 
 * 
 
 jh houses throughout England ; for they think it a piece of frugality 
 leath them, to bargaine or accompt for what they eat in atiy place, 
 wever unreasonably impos'd upon : but thus those mean fellows are 
 5 I told; your Lordship) inriched ; begger and insult over the gen- 
 men. 
 
 I am assur'd that this particular host, has purchased, within a few 
 arsi 5000 livres * of annuall rent ; and well he may, at the rates 
 2se prodigalls pay ; whereas in France, a gentleman esteems it no 
 ninution to mannage even these expences with reason. But my 
 )rd, it is now late, and time to quit this Garden, and to tell you, that 
 think there is not a more illustrious sight in the world, than to meet 
 e divinities of our court marching up the long walk in the Thuille- 
 ;s, where the pace is so stayed and grave, the encounters so regular 
 d decent ; and where those who feed their eyes with their beauties, 
 d their ears with the charming accents of their discourse and voyces, 
 ed not those refreshments of the other senses, finding them all to 
 
 so taken up with these. 
 
 I was curious before my return, and when I had conquer'd some diffi- 
 Ities of the language and customeS, to visite their judicatures ; where 
 sides that few of their Gown-men are to be compared to those, of 
 e robe in our Palais •{'for elocution, and the talent of well speaking; 
 
 neither do they at all exceed them in the forms and colours of their 
 eading ; but (^as before I spake of their ralliary) supply the defects of 
 e cause, with flat, insipide and grossely abusing one another; a thing 
 I trifling and misbecoming the gravity of courts (where the lawyers 
 ke liberty to jeast mens estates away, and yet avow their avarice) that 
 have much admired at the temper of the Judges, and their remisse- 
 ;ss in reforming it; there was a young person, whom- at my being 
 lere, was very much cried up for his abilities, and in whom I did not 
 )serve that usuall intemperance which I but now reproved ; and cer- 
 Inly it springs either for want of those abilities which the municipall 
 wes of this nation (consisting most of them in customes like our 
 ormandy,) whose ancient dialect their books yet retain, are so little 
 
 * 500i. per ^nnum of our moneys. f Wliere they plead as at Westminster. 
 
167 
 
 t to furnish ; or the defect of those advantages, which the more 
 llshed sciences afiford us, without which it is itn possible to be good 
 itors, and to maintaine their discourses, without diversion to that vile 
 pertinency. 
 
 But what is infinitely agreable in this country, are the bowling- 
 sens, and the races, which are really such pleasures abroad as we 
 ve nothing approaches them in France, and which I was extreamly 
 lighted in ; but the verdure of the country, and delicious downes it is 
 lich renders them this praeheminence, and indeed, it is to be valued, 
 d doth in my esteeme, very much commute for the lesse benignity of 
 it glorious planet which ripens our vineis in France. 
 The horses and the doggs, their incomparable parkes of fallow deer, 
 d lawes of chace, I extreamly approve of: but upon other occasions, 
 
 Englishmen ride so fast upon the road, that you would swear there 
 !re some enemle in the arlere ; and all the coaches in London seem 
 drive for midwives. 
 
 But what did much more afflict me is their ceremony at the table, where 
 ery man is obliged to sit till all have done eating, however their 
 petites differ, and to see the formality of the voider, wbich our with- 
 iwing roomes in France are made to prevent, and might so here, if 
 ey knew the use of them to be, that every man may rise when he has 
 I'd without the least indecency, and leave the sewers to their office. 
 I have now but a word to adde, and that is the tediousness of visits, 
 lich they make here so long that it is a very tyranny to sit to so little 
 rpose : if the persons be of ladies that are strangers, it is to look 
 on each other, as if they had never seen any of their own kinde 
 fore ; and here indeed the virtue of their sex is eminent ; for they are 
 
 silent and fixt as statues ; or if they do talk, it is with censure, and 
 [ficient confidence ; so difficult it is to entertain with a grace, or to 
 
 serve a mediocrity. ^ 
 
 In summe, my Lord, I found so many particulars worthy of reproof in 
 
 those remarks which 1 have been able to make ; that to render you 
 rentable account of England, as it is at present I must pronounce 
 th the poet, — Difficile est satyram non scribere. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
AN 
 
 APOLOGY 
 
 FOR 
 
 THE ROYAL PARTY, 
 
 WRITTEN IN 
 
 iTTER TO A PERSON OF THE LATE COUNCEL OF STATE. 
 
 BY 
 
 A LOVER OF PEACE AND OF HIS COUNTRY. 
 
 WITH 
 
 TOUCH AT THE PRETENDED "PLEA FOR THE ARMY. 
 
 ANNO DOM. MDCHX. QUARTO. 
 
AN 
 
 APOLOGY FOR THE ROYAL PARTY*. 
 
 WRITTEN IN 
 
 A LETTER TO A PERSON OF THE LATE COUNCEL OF STATE. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 The many civilities which you are still pleased to continue to me, 
 and my very great desire to answer them in the worthiest testimonies of 
 my zeal for your service, must make my best apology for this manner 
 of addresse ; if out of an extream affection for your noblest interest, 
 I seem transported a little upon your first reflections, and am made to 
 despise the consequence of entertaining you with such truths as are of 
 the greatest danger to my self, but of no less import to your happinesSj 
 and which carry with them the most indelible characters of my friend- 
 ship. For if, as the Apostle affirms, " For a good man some would 
 even dare to die," why should my charity be prejudged, if, hoping to 
 convert you from the errour of your way, I despair not of rendring you 
 the person for whose preservation there will be nothing too dear for me 
 to expose ? 
 
 I might with reason beleeve that the first election of the party 
 wherein you stood engaged, proceeded from inexperience and the mistake 
 of your zeal; riot to say from your compliances to the passions of others; 
 because 1 both knew your education, and how obsequious you have 
 alway^s shewed your self to those who had then the direction of you : 
 but, when after the example of their conversion, upon discovery of the 
 impostures which perverted them, and the signal indignation of God 
 upon the several periods which your eyes have lately beheld, of the 
 bloudiest tyranies, and most prodigious oppressors that ever any age of 
 the world produced, I see you still persist in your course, and that you 
 
 * " 7th Nov. 1659, was published my bold Apology for the King in this time of danger, when 
 it was capital to speake or write in favour of him. It was twice printed, so universally it tooke." 
 Evelyn's Memoirs, vol. I. p. 306. 
 
172 
 
 have turned about with every revolution which has hapned : when I 
 consider what contradictions you have swallowed, how deeply you have 
 ingaged, how servilely you have flatter'd, and the base and mean sub- 
 missions by which you have dishonour'd your self, and stained your 
 noble family ; not to mention the least refinement of your religion or 
 morality, (besides that you have still preserved a civility for me, who 
 am ready to acknowledge it, and never merited other from you,} I say, 
 when I seriously reflect upon all this, I cannot but suspect the integrity 
 of your procedure, deplore the sadness of your condition, and resolve 
 to attempt the discovery of it to you, by all the instances which an 
 affection perfectly touch't with a zeal for your eternall interest can pro- 
 duce. And who can tell but it may please Almighty God to affect you 
 yet by ^ weak instrument, who have resisted so many powerfull indica- 
 tions of his displeasure at your proceedings, by the event of things ? 
 For, since you are apt to recriminate, and after you have boasted of 
 the prosperity of your cause, and the thriving of your wickedness (an 
 argument farr better becoming a Muhametan then a Christian) let us 
 state the matter a little, and compare particulars together ; let us go 
 back to the sourcCj and search the very principles ; and then see if ever 
 any cause had like success indeed; and whether it be a just reproach 
 to your enemies, that the judgements of God have begun with them, 
 whilst you know not yet where they may determine. 
 
 First then, be pleased to look northwards upon your brethren the 
 Scots, (who being instigated by that crafty Cardinal [^RichlieuJ to 
 disturb the groth of. the incomparable Church of England, and so con- 
 sequently the tranquility of a nation, whose expedition at the Isle of 
 Ree gave terrour tq the. French,) made reformation their pretence to 
 gratifie their own avarice, introduce themselves and a more than Baby- 
 lonish tyrany, imposing on the Church and State beyond all impudence 
 or, example. , I say, Iqok upon what they have gotten by deceiving 
 their brethren, selling their King, betraying his son, and by all their 
 perfidle ; but a slavery more then Egyptian, and an infamy as unpa- 
 rallel'd, as their treason and ingratitude. 
 
 Look neerer home on those whom they had ingaged amongst us 
 here, and tell me if there be a person of them left that can shew me 
 
173 
 
 his prize, unless it be that of his sacrileidg, which he or his nephews 
 must certainly vomite up again: what is become of this ignorant and 
 furious zeal, this pretence of an universall perfection in the religious 
 and the secular, after all that blood and treasure, rapine and injustice, 
 which has been exhausted, and perpetrated by these sons of thunder ? 
 Where is the King whom they swear to make so glorious, but meant it 
 in his martyrdome? Where is the classis, and the assembly, the Lay- 
 elder; all that geare of Scottish discipline, and the fine new trinkets of 
 reformation ? Were not all these taken out of their hand, while now 
 they were in the height of their pride and triumph ? And their dull 
 Generall made to serve the execution of their Soveraign, and then to 
 be turn'd off himself, as a property no more of use to their designes ? 
 Their riches and their strength, in which they trusted, and the Parlia- 
 ment which they even idoliz'd ; in sum, the prey they had contended 
 for at the expence of so much sin and damnation, seizd upon by those 
 very instruments which they had rais'd to serve their insatiable avarice 
 and prodigious disloyalty. For so it pleased God to chastise their 
 implacable persecution of an excellent Prince, with a slavery under 
 such a tyrant *, as not being contented to butcher even some upon the 
 scaflfold, sold divers of them for slaves, and others he exild into cruell 
 banishment, without pretence of law or the least commiseration; that 
 those who before had no mercy on others, might find none themselves ; 
 till, upon some hope of their repentance and future moderation, it 
 pleased God to put his hook into the nostrills of that proud, Leviathan, 
 and send him to his place, after he had thus mortified the fury of the 
 Presbyterians, - For unlesse God should utter his voice from Heaven, 
 yea, and that a mighty voice, can there any thing in the world be more 
 evident, then his indignation at those wretches and barefac't impostors, 
 who, one after another, usurped upon us, taking them oflF at the very 
 point of aspiring, and prsecipitating the glory and ambition of these 
 men before those that were but now their adorers, and that had pros- 
 tituted their consciences to serve their lusts? To call him the Moses, 
 the Man of God, the Joshua, the Saviour of Israel ; and, after all this, 
 
 * Oliver Cromwell. 
 
174 
 
 to treat the Thing his son with addresses no lesse then blasphemous, 
 whose Father (as themselves confess to be the most infamous hypocrite 
 and proflegate Atheist of all the usurpers that ever any age produc'd) 
 had made them his Vassalls, and would have intaild them so to his 
 posterity for ever ? 
 
 But behold the scene is again changed, not by the Royal party, the 
 common enemy, or a foreign power ; but by the despicable rumpe of a 
 Parliament, which that mountebanke had formerly serv'd himself of, 
 and had rais'd himself- to that pitch, and investiture : but see, withall, 
 how soon these triflers and puppets of policy are blown away, with all 
 their pack of modells and childish chimaeras, nothing remaining of 
 them but their coffine, guarded by the souldiers at Westminster ; but 
 which is yet lesse empty then the heads of these politicians, which so 
 lately seemed to fill it. 
 
 For the rest, I despise to blot paper with a recitall of those wretched 
 interludes, farces, and fantasms, which appear'd in the severall inter- 
 valls ; because they were nothing but the effects of an extream gyddi- 
 ness, and unparallel'd levity. Yet these are the various despensations 
 and providences in your journey to that holy land of purchases and 
 profits, to which you have from time to time appeal'd for the justifica- 
 tion of your proceedings, whilst they were indeed no other then the 
 manifest judgements of God upon your rebellion and your ambition : 
 I say nothing of your hypocriticall fasts and pretended humiliations, 
 previous to the succeeding plots and supposititious revelations, that the 
 godly might fall into the hands of your captains, because they were 
 bugbears, and became ridiculous even to the common people. 
 
 And now Sr. if you please, let us begin to set down the product, and 
 survey the successe of your party ; and, after all these faces and vertigos, 
 tell me ingenuously, if the chastisement which is fallen upon one 
 afflicted man, and his loyall subjects, distressed by the common event 
 of war, want .of treasure, the seizure of his fleet, forcing him from his 
 city, and all the disadvantages that a perfidious people could imagine • 
 but in fine the crowning him with a glorious martyrdome for the 
 Church of God and the liberty of his people (for which his blood doth 
 yet cry aloud for vengeance) be comparable to the confusion which you 
 
175 
 
 (that have heen the conquerours) have suffered, and the slavery which 
 you are like to leave to the posterities vvhich will be born but to curse 
 you, and to groan under the pressures which you bequeath to your 
 own flesh and blood? For to what a condition you have already 
 reduced this once florish'ing kingdom, since all has been your own, let tjie 
 intolerable oppressions, taxes, excises, sequestrations, confiscations, plun- 
 ders, customes, decimations, not to mention the plate, even to the very 
 thimbles and the bodkins (for even to these did your avarice descend), 
 and other booties, speak : all this dissipated and squandered away, to 
 gratifie. a few covetous and ambitious wretches, whose appetites are as 
 deep as hell, and as insatiable as the grave ; as if (as the wise-man 
 speaks) " our time here were but a market for gain." 
 
 Look then -into the churches, and, manners of the people, even 
 amongst your own saints ; and tell me if, since Simon Magus was 
 upon the earth, there was ever heard of so many schismes, and here-, 
 sies, of Jewes and Socinians, Quakers, Fifth- monarchy-men, Arians, 
 Anabaptists, Independants, and a thousand severall sorts of blasphemous 
 and professed Athiests, all of them spawned under your government ; 
 and then tell me what a reformation of religion you have effected ? 
 
 Was there ever in the whole earth (not to mention Christendom 
 alone) a perjury so prodigious, and yet so avowed as that by which 
 you have taken away the estate of my Lo. Craven *, at which the very 
 Infidels would blush, a Turke or Sythian stand amazd. 
 
 Under the Sun was it never heard that a man should be condemned 
 for transgressing no law but that which was made after the fact, and 
 abrogated after execution ; that the posterities to come might not be 
 witnesses of your horrid injustice : yet thus you proceeded against my 
 Ij. Strafford +. How many are those gallant persons whom after articles 
 
 * William Earl of Craven, a firm supporter of King Charles I. whose house at Caversham near 
 Reafling, was destroyed, and " his goodly woods" which Evelyn saw " felling by the Rebells ;" J 
 Diary, vol. I. 8th of June, 1654. See also Whitelock's Memorials, pp. 609, 610, 698. 
 
 f " 12th May, 1641. I beheld on Tower Hill the fatal stroke which sever'd the wisest head in 
 England from th^ Aoulders of (Thomas Wentyvorth) the Earle of Strafford ; whose crime coming 
 iaoder the cpgnizance of no human law, a new one was made, not to be a precident, but his 
 destrqctiqn i to such exorbitancy were things arived" Memoirs, voL I. p. 10. 
 
 + His Town Resideace at the end of Wych-street, Drury Lane, shared the same fete. 
 
ire 
 
 of war, you have butchered in cold-blood, violating your promises 
 against the lawes of all nations, civill or barbarous ; and yet you thus 
 dealt in the case of my Lord CapeP, Sr. John StaweP, and others. 
 
 Is not the whole nation become sullen and proud, ignorant and sus- 
 picious, incharitable, curst, and, in fine, the most depraved and perfidious 
 under heaven ? And whence does all this proceed, but from the effects 
 of your own exaimples, and the impunity of evill doers ? 
 
 I need not tell you how long justice has been sold by the Com- 
 mittees, and the Chair-men, the Sequestrators, and Symoniacall Fryers, 
 not to mention the late Courtiers, and a swarm of Publicans who have 
 eaten up the people as if they would feat bread. 
 
 Will you come now to the particular misfortunes, and the evident hand 
 of God upon you for these actions (for- He has not altogether left us with- 
 out some express witnesses of his displeasure at yoiir doings). Behold 
 then your Essex ^ and your Warwick ^, your Manchester ^, Browne ®, 
 
 ' Arthur Lord Capel, who bravely defended Colchester ; but when the garrison was forced to 
 surrender, he yielded himself a prisoner, and was beheaded 9th March 1648-9, in violation of a 
 promise of quarter given him by General Fairfax. 
 
 ' Sir John Stawell, Knight of the Bath, a loyalist who steadfastly adhered to the cause of King 
 Charles I. and suffered very much on that account. He was of Queen's College, Oxford; one of 
 the Knights for Somersetshire in the fatal Parliament of 1640, and in several subsequent Parlia- 
 ments ; taking up arms, with three of his sons, he raised and maintained at his own charge three 
 regiments of horse, and one of dragoons, and another of foot, for the service of his injured Sove- 
 reign : and on the reduction of Taunton in 1643, he was made governor. Sir John was engaged 
 with other loyalists in the defence of Exeter, which sustained a blockade and siege from October 
 28, 1645,'to April 9, 1646, when it surrendered to Sir Thomas Fairfax, upon articles signed by 
 him and the garrison, and confirmed by both Houses of Parliament. However, he was not only 
 debarred of the benefit of composition, but on coming to London, to reap the benefit of the capi- 
 tulation, was sent prisoner to Ely-house in Holborn, and deprived of his estate. He endured 
 tedious imprisonments in the press-yard in Newgate and other gaols, and afterwards in the Tower 
 of London. Though reduced to the greatest want and misery, yet by the subsistence which his 
 aged mother, tlie Lady Elizabeth Griffin, afforded him, he lived to see the happy Restoration, was 
 again elected one of the representatives for Somersetshire, and died Feb. 21, 1661, and was buried 
 in the church of Cotholstone, in that county, leaving a son and heir, Ralph Stawell, esq. created 
 Lord Stawell of Somerton, in consideration of the eminent loyalty and sufferings of his fether. 
 
 > Robert Devereux, Earl of Essex, only son of the unfortunate favourite of Queen Elizabeth 
 and who inherited much of his popularity. He became General of the Parliament arniy, and for 
 a long time was victorious in their cause ; yet obliged, from the result of the memorable battle of 
 Edgehill, where he was routed, to retreat to Warwick Castle : and afterwards in Cornwallj he was 
 
Fairfax^, and your Waller^ (whom once your books stiled the Lord of 
 Hosts), casheered, imprisoned, suspected and disgraced after all their 
 services. Hotham ^ and his Son came to the block : Stapleton '" had the 
 
 compelled to abandon his oyvn army, and proceed to London by sea : for which disasters, the Parlia- 
 ment, who so solemnly swore before to live and die with him, dispensed themselves of that oath, 
 and deprived him of his command. He died 14th Sept. 1646, not without suspicionof poison, 
 if we may credit the author of a curious tract, intituled, " The Traytors Perspective Glass," 4to. 
 1662. p. 10. 
 ♦ Robert Rich, Earl of Warvvick, Lord High Admiral, died 19th April 16.58. 
 ' Edward Montagu, Earl of JManchester, a nobleman of many good qualities, was a zealous and 
 able patron of liberty, but without enmity to monarchy. He was one of the avowed patriots in the 
 House of Peers, and was the only member of that House who was accused by Charles of high 
 treason, together with the five members of the House of Commons. In the civil war, he raised 
 an army of horse, which he commanded in person : he forced the town of Lynn to submit to the 
 Parliament; defeated the Earl of Newcastle's army at Horncastle; took Lincoln by storm in 1644, 
 and had a principal share in the victory at Marston Moor. After the battle of Newbury, he was 
 suspected of favouring the King's interest ; nayj even accused by Cromwell of neglect of duty, and 
 deprived of his commission. He heartily concuired in the restoration of Charles the Second, who 
 appointed him LordChamberlainof his household, and died May 5, 1671, aged 69. 
 
 * Major-general Browne, though he was then Sheriff of London, was committed to prison in 
 1648, with Sir John Clotworthy, Sir William Waller, Major-general Massey, and Commissary- 
 general Copley, " who were the most active Members in the House of the Presbyterian party, and 
 who had all as maliciously advanced the service of the Parliament in their several stations against 
 the King as any men of their rank in the kingdom, and much more than any officer of the present 
 army had then credit to do." Clarendon. 
 
 ' Thomas Lord Fairfax, at the breaking out of the Rebellion, took a decided part against the 
 King, as his father, Ferdinando Lord Fairfax, also did, under whom he served till he obtained a 
 principal command. He contributed to the victory at Naseby; and next went into the West of 
 England, the whole of which he subdued. He assisted, however, in the Restoration, and retired 
 into Yorkshire, where he died, 1671- 
 
 " Sir William Waller, knt. was one of the most active of the Parliament Generals, and was for a 
 considerable time victorious, and therefore called " William the Conqueror." He was, however, 
 beaten by Sir Richard Greenville and Sir Nicholas Slanning at the battle of Lansdown, near Bath, 
 July 5, 1643 ; again at Roundway Down, near the Devizes, on the 13th of the same month; and 
 was defeated by the King at Croperdy Bridge, June 29th, 1644. The conqueror's fame sunk conside- 
 rably, but he afterwards beat his former fellow-soldier, the Lord Hopeton, at Alresford. He died 
 September 19, 1669. "A Vindication of his Character, and Explanation of his Conduct, in taking 
 up Arms against King Charles I." written by himself, was published in 1793, in 8vo, from the 
 original MS. 
 
 9 " A man," says Granger, " of a timid and irresolute nature, and without any firm principles 
 of attachment to the King or Parliament, was, by the latlter, appointed Governor of Hull, the 
 most considerable magazine of arras and ammunition in the Kingdom. Charles, perceiving to 
 what lengths the Commons were proceeding, was determined to seize this fortress ; but was pe- 
 remptorily refused admittance, when he appeared before it in person, by the Governor, who was 
 
 2 A 
 
178 
 
 burial! of an asse, and was thrown iqto a totyn ditch, Brooke" and 
 Hamden^^ signally slain in the very apt of rebellion and sacriledg; your 
 Athesiastieall Dorislaw ^^, Ascam *% and the Spdomiticall Ariba ^^, whom 
 
 instantly proelainied a traitor. Though Hotham was employed, he was not trusted ; his son^ who 
 was much niore devoted to the Parliament, was a constant check and spy upon him. At length, 
 both father and son were prevailed upon to listen tp the overtures of some of the Royalists, and to 
 ,er}ter into a correspondence with them. This quickly brought them to the. block ."->— The son was 
 beheaded on Tower-hill, January 1, 1645, and Sir John the following day. 
 
 '" Sir Philip Stapleton and John Hamden formed the Committee appointed by Parliament to 
 attend the King in Scotland. — See Clarendon, 
 
 " Robert Lqrd Brooke, a member of the Long Parliament, and a very obstinate and violent 
 opposer of the King, and persecutor of the Bishops and Clergy. In besieging Lichfield Cathedral, 
 '' being harnessed pap-a-pe," he was shot with a musket in tiie eye by a Prebendary's son from the 
 wall of the Close, whilst he was sitting at his chamber-window, April 1643. 
 
 " John Hampden was one of the first whO' took up arms against the King, being a Colonel of 
 foot, and was shot in the shoulder with a brace of bullets on the 18th of June 1643, in a skirmish 
 with Prince Rupert, at Chalgrove-field, near Brill, in Oxfordshire; and after suiFering much pain 
 and misery, he died on the 24th of that month, and was buried in the church of Great Hamden. 
 
 " Isaac Dorislaus, or Dorisjaw, was originally a school-master, and afterwards Doctor of Civil 
 Law, at Leyden, whence coming irtto England, he was entertained by Fulk Lord Brook, and by 
 him appointed to read an History Lecture in Cambridge ; but in his first lecture decrying mo- 
 narchy, was, upon the complaint of Dr. John Cosin, Master of Peterhouse, silenced, and about 
 that time m^u-rying a woman near Maiden in Kssex",. lived there for some time. Afterwards he 
 became Judge Advocate in the King's army, in one of his expeditions against the Scots, then Advo- 
 cate in the army against the King under Robert Earl of Essex, afterwards under Sir Thomas Fair-i 
 fax ; and April 13, 1648, was appointed oneof the Judges of the Court of Admiralty, with Doctors 
 Clerk and Exton; January 10th, 1648-9, he was chosen assistant in drawing up and managing the 
 charge against King Charles,' J. and selected by the Parliament as an Envoy to Holland to prose- 
 cute their designs, He arrived at the Hague in May 1649, King Charles H. heipg then there in 
 exile, which bold act offending certain English royalists attending his Majesty,, about twelve of 
 them in disguise repaired to his lodging, and finding him at supper, stabbed him in several places, 
 and cut his throat, whereupon one of them said; " Thus dies one of the King's Judges." His body 
 was conveyed to England, and buried in the Abbey Church at Westminster, which is thus alluded 
 to by Evelyn ia his Memoirs (vol, L p. 285) : " This night, June 14, 1649, was buried with great 
 pomp Dorislaus, slaine at the Hague : the villain who managed the trial of his Majesty." In Sep. 
 teniber 1661, his remaiAS were taken up, with the bodies of other Cromwellians, and buried in St. 
 Margaret's church-yard adjoining. History of King-killing, Svo. 1719. 
 
 '* Anthony Aschami memljer of the Long ParliJamen.t, and author of " The Confusions and Revo- 
 lutions in Governments : wherein is examined how far a Man may lawfully conforme to the Powers 
 %nd Commands of those who, with various Successes, hold> Kingdoms divided by Civil or Foreign 
 W&rs." 8vo. 1649, He was an active person against hia Sovereign, was concerned in drawing. up 
 the King's trial,. and, after his execution, was sent by Crpmwell in 1650 Ambassador to the Court 
 oft Madrid, where- he was assassinated at his lodgings by some English loyalists. 
 . .-}f> TheEditor, after much research, cannot find any notice of this wretched character. 
 
though they escaped the hand of justiice,(^et vengeance would not 
 suffer to live. What became of Rains burro w'^-^ Ireton''^ perished of the 
 plague^ and Hoyle'« hanged himself; Staplie^^ died mad, add CromwelP" 
 in a fit. of rageing ; and if there Wefe any others wofthy the taking 
 notice of, I should give you a list of their n^mes'dnd of their destinies, 
 but it was not kndwn whenceithey came which succeeded them ; nor had 
 they left any memory behind them, but for their signall wickednesses, 
 as he that set on fire the 'Ephesian Temple to be recorded ajvillain 
 to- posterity. Whereas those noble souls whom your 'inhumanity (n6t 
 your vertue) betrayed gave iproof of their extraction, innocency, reli- 
 gion, and constancy, under- all their tryalls and tormentors ; and those 
 that died by the sword fell in the bed of honour, and did worthily for 
 their countrey ; their loyalty and their yehgion will be renowned in the 
 history of ageSj and precious to their memory when your names will 
 
 ? Thomas Rainsborough, Colonel in Cromwell's army, and appointed by Fairfax to command 
 the troops before Pontefract Castle. He was shot in his own quarters, an inn in Doncast'er, 
 November 1648j,before the face of some of his soldiers, by a party of cavaliers from Pohtefract, urider 
 a pretence of delivering him a letter from Cromwell. Whitelock's Memorials. 
 
 " Henry Ireton was a student in the Middle Temple, but when the Rebellion broke out, he 
 joincid the Parliament, and signalized himself at the battle of Naseby. He was concerned with 
 General Lambert in drawing vtp the remonstrance of the Army to the Parliament ; and having 
 Bifirried Si daughter of Oliver Cromwell, he soon rose .to preferment, and became Commissary- 
 general. jHe sat in jtidgment upon the King, ^yhom he had previously betrayed, and in 1650 
 went as commander of the army in Ireland, where he died at the siege of Limerick 26th November 
 in the following year. 
 
 .. '* Thomas Hoyle, a merchant and alderman of York, a memberof the Long Parliament; chosen 
 Lord Mayor qf Yqrk, first i» 1632, and again in 1644 : " a bitter enemy against his Prince, for 
 which Croin,well. rewarded him with the place of Treasurer's Remembrancer in the Exchequer; 
 *vho on that day twelve months that fhe King lost his life, made a bonfire for joy he was belieaded; 
 Ijut oil the same day twelve months after,^ miserably hanged himself." Traytors Perspective Glass, 
 4to. 1662, p. 13. 
 
 ''s Srithony Stapely, a native of Sussex, Colonel and Governor of Chichester^ tme-of the King'-s 
 judges, and who also signed the warrant for his execution. He died previously to the Restoration. 
 20 " He was cut oEF by a miserable and tormenting sickness, which caused him two ^ays before 
 his death to roar sp loud, and make such doleful clamours, that his Council, being informed that 
 many persons as they passed by his chsimber window took much notice of his crys, thought fit to 
 have him removed from the place where he then lay to one more private, where with extremity 
 of anguish, and terror of conscience, he finished his fniserable life, for he dyed mad and despairing, 
 September 3, 1658." The Traytors Perspective Glass, by I.T. 4to. 1662. 
 
180 
 
 rot with your carcasses, and your remembrance be as dung upon the 
 face of the earth. For there is already no place of Europe where your 
 infamy is not spread, whilst your persecuted brethren rejoyce in their 
 sufferings, can abound, and can want, blush not at their actions, nor are 
 ashamed at their odd addresses, because they have suffered for that 
 which their faith and their birth, their lawes and their liberties have 
 celebrated with the most glorious inscriptions, and everlasting elogies. 
 
 And if fresher instances of all these particulars be required, cast out 
 your eye a little v^pon the Armies pretended Plea *, which came lately a 
 birding to beat the way before them, charm the ears of the vulgar, and 
 captivate the people ; that after all its pseudo-politicks and irreligious 
 principles, is at last constrained to acknowledg your open and prodigious 
 violations, " Strange and (very) illegal actions, (as in termes it con- 
 " fesses) of taking up armes, raising and forrairig armies against the 
 " King, fighting against his person, imprisoning, impeaching, arraigning, 
 " trying and executing him : banishing his children, abolishing Bishops, 
 "Deans and Chapters; taking away Kingly Government, and the 
 " House of Lords, breaking the crowns, selling the Jewells, plate, goods, 
 " houses, and lands belonging unto the Kings of this nation, erecting 
 " extraordinary High Courts of Justice, and therein impeac^hing, arraign- 
 " ing, condemning, and executing many pretended notorious enemies to 
 " the pubHque peace; when the lawes in being and the ordinary Courts 
 " of Justice could not reach them : by strange and unknown practises in 
 " this nation, and not at all justifiable by any known lawes and statutes +," 
 but by certain diabolicall principles of late distilled into some persons 
 of the army, and which he would intitle to the whole, who (abating 
 some of their commanders that have sucked the sweet of this doctrineY 
 had them never so much as entred into their thoughts, nor could they 
 
 * A quarto tract of thirty pages, intituled, " The Army's Plea for their present Practice ; ten- 
 dered to the Consideration of all ingenuous and impartial Men. Printed and ])ublished by special 
 Command." 1659: which, according to a manuscript memorandum on the title-page of the copy 
 preserved in the British Museum, was published on the 24th of October, three days before the 
 date of the present answer.— A copy of this pamphlet is likewise in the Library of the London 
 Institution. 
 
 f The Army's Plea, p. 5. 
 
181 
 
 h& so depraved, though they were masters only of the light of nature 
 to direct them. For comnion sense will tell them, that whoever are 
 our lawfull superiours, and invested with the supream authority, either 
 by their own vertue, or the peoples due election, have then a just right 
 to challenge submission to their precepts, and that we acquiesce in their 
 determinations ; since there is in nature no other expedient to preserve 
 us from everlasting confusion : but it is the height of all impertinency 
 to conceive, that those which are a part of themselves, and can in so 
 great a body have no other interests, should fall into such exorbitant 
 contradiction to their own good, as a child of four years old would not 
 be guilty of; and as this Phamphlete wildly suggests, in pp. 6. 11. 2J. 
 &c. did they steer their course by the known lawes of the land, and as 
 obedient subjects should do, who without the King and his Peers, are 
 but the carcass of a Parliament, as destitute of the soul which should 
 informe and give it being. But if so small a handfull of men as ap- 
 peared in the Palace-Yard without consent of a quarter of the English 
 Army, much lesse of the ten thousandth part of the free people that are 
 not clad in red, shall disturb and alter a Government when it thinkes 
 fit to set aside a few imperious officers, who plainly seek themselves, 
 and derive their commissions from a superiour to whom they swear 
 obedience, (I meane not here the Rumpe) who shall ever hope, or live 
 to see any government established In these miserably abused nations ? 
 For I dare report my self to the ingenuity of the very souldiers them- 
 selves if they, who have effected all these changes by your wretched insti- 
 gations, and blind pretences, imagine themselves the people of this 
 Nation, but as a very small portion of them compared to the whole, 
 and who are maintained by them, to recover and protect the Civil! Go- 
 vernment, according to the good old Laws of the Land ; not such as 
 they themselves shall invente from day to day, or as the interests of 
 some few persons may engage them. 
 
 But if the essential end of Rulers be the common peace, and their 
 Laws obliging as they become relative : restore us then to those under 
 which we lived with so much sweetness and tranquility, as no age in 
 the world, no government under Heaven, could ever pretend the like. 
 And if the people (as you declare) are to be the judges of it, summon 
 
182 
 
 them t6gethet in a Free Parliament, according to its legal Constitution J 
 or make a universal balottj ^ndthen let it appear, \f Colonel Laoaberfrf^ 
 and. half a dozen officers, with all their seduced partizans, make-jsa 
 much as a single cypher to the sunjme total. And this shall he enough 
 to answer thpse devious principles set down in the porch of that speoi^ 
 ous edifice ; ^hich being erected upon the sand,> will (like the rest thai 
 has been daiibefd with' untempered inortar) sink also at the next* high 
 vvinde that blowes upon it. But I am glad it is at last avowed, upon 
 what pretexts that late pretended Parliament have pleaded on the behalf 
 of themselves and party, theii' discharge from all the former protesta- 
 tions, engagements, solenEin vows, covenants, with hands (as you say) 
 lift up to the most high God, as also their oaths and allegiance, &c. 
 because I shall not in this discdurse'be charged with slandering of 
 them, and that the whole world may detest the actions of such ,peri 
 fidious infidels, with whom nothing sacred has remained inviolable* : 
 
 But'thei*e is. yet a piece of artifice behihde, of no sless consequence 
 then the former, .and that is, a seeking to perswade the present armie 
 that they were the men ^Vho first e'ngagedthus solemnly -to ; destroy 
 the Goyerhment unde^ which they were born, arid reduce it to this 
 miserable condition : whereas it is well known by such as daily cori^verse 
 with them, : that there- is hardly one of ten amongst them, who was 
 then in arms, and that it was the zelots under Essex, Manchester.^ 
 Waller, and the succeeding Generals, who were the persons of whpgie 
 perfidiousness he makes so much u.se, and' that the present army, con^ 
 sists of a far more ingenuous spirit; and might in one moment yiiidi^ 
 qate this aspersion, make their conditions with all advantage^ and these 
 nations thje most happy people upon the earth, as it. cannot be despaired 
 but they will one day do, when by the goodness of Almighty God, 
 they shall perfectly discern through the mist which youliave cast upon. 
 
 * Major-gefteral Lambert, who distinguished himself by his valour and conduct during the civil 
 war, was second to Cromwell iii courage, in prudence, aild capacity, but was equal to him drily in- 
 ambition. He, however, escaped puAishment at the Restoration, and when, brought to his trial, 
 behaved with more submission than the meanest, of his fellow prisoners, and was reprieved at the 
 bar. He was banished to the Isle of Guernsey, where he coutitiued in patient confinement for more 
 than thirty years. 
 
183 
 their eyes, .lest they should. discover the imposture of these Egyptia 
 
 sorcerors. 
 
 And now Sir, if, after all this injustice and impiety on your part 
 you. have prosecuted that with the extreamest madness, which yc 
 deemed criminal in your enemies, viz. To arrogate the supream pow< 
 to a single person, condemn men without law, execfbte aTwd proscrib 
 them with as little : imprest for your service, violate your Parliamen 
 dispenses with your solemn oaths; in summe,, to mingle -Earth an 
 Hmven : by your unarhltrary proceedings :; all which^ not only you 
 p»ireted books, this pretended Plea, but your actions have abundant! 
 declared; have you not justified the Royal party, and ipronounced then 
 the oftly honest men which have appeared upon the stage, in character 
 as plain that he which runs may read, whilst yet you persecute them t( 
 the death ? *.' The'refore, thou art inexcusable, O man, that: perpetrates 
 these things ; for wherein thou judgest another, thou condemnest thy 
 self p so seeing thou that judgest doest the same things. But thinkes 
 thou this, O man, that thus judged them which do such things, anc 
 doest. the same, that thou shalt escape the vengeance of God? ] 
 tell ye nay, -hut, except ye repent, ye shall all likevyise perish." 
 
 Truly, 3ir, when I compare; these things together, and compare 
 
 them 'I do very often, consider the purchases which you have made, 
 
 and the damnation you have certainly adventured ; the despite you haye 
 
 dorteto the name of, Christ, the laws of common humanity which yoii 
 
 have violated, the malice and folly of your proceedings ; in fine, the 
 
 confusion which you have hrought upon (the Church, the. State, and 
 
 your selves, I adore the just and righteous judgment of God; and 
 
 ^Wvvsoever -you- may possibly emerge, and recover the present rout) 
 
 had rather be a sufferer amongst those whom you have thus afflicted, 
 
 and thus censure, then ^njoy the pleasures of your .sins for that season 
 
 you are likely to possess them : for if an Angel from Heaven should 
 
 tell' me you had done your duties, I vi^ould no more believe him then 
 
 if. he should preach another Gospel then that which has been delivered 
 
 to us; because -you have blasphemed that holy profession j and done 
 
 ^oknce- to that gracious Spirit by whose sacred dictates you are taught 
 
 to live in obedience to your superiours, and in charity to one another ; 
 
184 
 
 covering yet all this hydra of Impostures with a mask of piety ! 
 reformation, whilst you breathe nothing , but oppression, and lie 
 wait to deceive." "But, O God ! how long shall the adversary do i 
 dishonour? how long shall the enemy blaspheme thy name, for ev( 
 They gather them together against the soul of the righteous, and c^ 
 demn the innocent blood. Lo ! these are the ungodly, these prospei 
 the world,, and these have riches in possession. : and I said, then h 
 I cleansed my heart in vain, and washed my hands in innocency. li 
 and I had almost said as they : but lo, then I should have condemi 
 the generation of thy children. Then thought I to understand tl 
 but it was too hard for me, until I went into the sanctuary of G( 
 then understood I the end of these men. Namely, how thou dost 
 them in slippery places, castest them down and destroyest them." 
 
 O how suddenly do they consume, perish, and come to a fearful end 
 
 We have seen it, indeed Sir, we have seen it, and we cannot but 
 knowledge it the very, finger of God, mirabile in ocy,lis nostris ; \ 
 is that truly, which even constrains me out of charity to your soul, 
 well as out of a deep sense of your honour, and the friendship whic 
 otherwise bear you, to beseech you to re-enter into your self, to ah 
 don those false principles, to withdraw your self from the seducers, 
 repent of what you have done, and save your self from this untow 
 generation : there is yet a door of repentance open, do not provoke 
 Majestic of the great God any longer, which yet tenders a reconci 
 tion to you. Remember what was once said over the perishing Je 
 salem. " How often would I have gathered you together, as a hen d 
 gather her brood under her wings, and ye would not ? Behold y 
 house is left unto you desolate." For do not think it impossible, t 
 we should become the most abandon'd and barbarous of all the nati 
 under Heaven. You know who has said it: " he turneth a fruitful 1, 
 into a wildernesse, for the iniquity of them that inhabit therein." 1 
 truly, he that shall seriously consider the sad catastrophe of the EasJ 
 Empire, so flourishing in piety, policy, knowledg, literature, and 
 the excellencies of a happy and blessed people, would almost thin 
 impossible, that in so few years, and amidst so glorious a light of lea 
 ing and religion, so suddain and palpable a darknesse, so strange 
 
185 
 
 horrid a barbarity should over spread them, as now we behold in all 
 that goodly tract of the Turkish dominions. And what was the cause 
 of all this, but the giddinesse of a wanton people, the schism, . and the 
 heresies in the Churchj and the prosperous successes of a rebellious 
 impostor, whose steps we have pursued in so many pregnant instances^ 
 giving countenance to those unheard of impieties and delusions, as if 
 God be not infinitely merciful, must needs- involve us under the same 
 disaster ? For, whilst there is no order in the Church, no body of Re- 
 ligion agreed upon, no government established, and that every man is 
 abandon'd to his own deceitful heart : whilst learning is decried, and 
 honesty discountenanc'd, rapine defended, and vertue finds no advo- 
 cate ; what can we in reason expect, but the most direful expression 
 of the wrath of God, a universal desolation, when by the industry of 
 Sathan and his crafty emissaries, some desperate enthusiasme, com- 
 pounded (like that of Mahomet,) of Arian, Socinian, Jew, Anabaptist, 
 and the Impurer Gnostick, something, I say, made up of all these here- 
 sies shall diflFuse it self over the Nation in a universal contagion, and 
 nothing lesse appear then the Christian which we have so ingratefully 
 renounced. 
 
 "For this plague is already beginning amongst us, and there is none 
 to take the censer and to stand between the living and the dead, that 
 we be not consumed as in a moment; for there is wrath gone out from 
 the Lord. Let us then depart from the tents of those wicked men (who 
 have brought all this upon us) and touch nothing of theirs, lest we be 
 consumed in all their sins." 
 
 But you will say, the King is not to be trusted : judg not of others 
 by your selves ; did ever any man observe the least inclination of revenge 
 in his breast? has he not, besides the innate propensity of his own nature 
 to gentlenesse, the strict injunctions of a dyfng father and a martyr to 
 forgive even greater offenders than yoU' are ? Yes, I dare pronounce it 
 with confidence, and avouch it with all assurance, that there is not an 
 individual amongst you, whose crimes are the most crimson, whom he 
 will not be most rieady to pardon', and graciously receive upon their re- 
 pentance ; nor any thing that can be desired of him to which he would 
 
 2 B 
 
186 
 
 not claeiBrfally accomode, for the stopping of that torrent of blood and 
 extream confusion which has hitherto run, and is yet imminent over us. 
 Do but reason a little with your self, and consider sadly whether a young 
 Prince, mortified by so many afflictions, disciplin'd by so much experi- 
 ence, and instructed by the miscarriages of others, be not the most 
 excellently qualified to govern and reduce a people, who have so suc- 
 ceslesly tried so many governments of old, impious, and crafty foxes, 
 that have exercis'd upon us the most intolerable tyranies that were ever 
 heard of. 
 
 But you object further, that he has lived amongst Papists, is vitiously 
 inclin'd, and has wicked men about him : what can be said more un- 
 justly, what more malitious ? And can you have the foreheads to tell 
 us he has lived amongst Papists to his prejudice, who have proscrib'd 
 him from Protestants, persecuted him from place to place, as a partridg 
 on the mountains ? You may remember who once went to Aichich the 
 King of Gath, and; changed his behaviour before them, and fain'd him 
 self mad in their hands, had many great infirmities, and was yet a man 
 after God's own heart. Whilst the Catholick King was your allie, you 
 had nothing to do with Papists, it was then no crime : God is not 
 mocked — away with this respect of persons. But where is it that you 
 would have him to be ? The Hollander dares not afford him harbour 
 lest you refuse them yours; the French may not give him bread for 
 feare of offending you ; and, unlesse he should go to the Indies, or the 
 Turk (where yet your malice would undoubtedly reach him), where can 
 he be safe from your revenge ? But suppose him in a Papist countrey, 
 constrained thereto by your incharity to his soul as well as body ; would 
 he have condescended to half so much as you have oflFered for a toleration 
 of the Papists, he needed not now to have made use of this apology, 
 or wanted the assistance of one of the most puissant Princes in Chris- 
 tendome to restore him, of whom he has refused such conditions as in 
 prudence he might have yielded to, and the people would gladly have 
 received ; whilst those who know with what persons you have trans- 
 acted, what truck you have made with the Jesuites, what secret Papists 
 there are amongst you, may easily divine why they have been no for- 
 warder to assist him, and how far distant he is from the least wavering 
 
187 
 
 5 faith. But since you have now dieclared that you will toUerate all 
 ons, without exception, do not think it a sin in him to gratifie those 
 shall most ohlige him. 
 
 r his vertues and morality I provoak the most refined family in this 
 n to produce me a relation of more piety and moderation ; shew 
 fraternity more spotlesse in their honour, and freer from the exor- 
 ces of youth then these three brothers, so conspicuous to all the 
 1 for their temperance, magnanimity, constancy and understanding; 
 nd«hip and humility unparallel'd, and rarely to be found amongst 
 jverest persons, scarcely in a private family. It is the malice of a 
 black soul, and a virulent renegado (^of whom to be commended 
 the utmost infamy^, that has interpreted some compliances to 
 I persons in distress are sometimes engaged with those whom they 
 rse withall, to his Majesties disadvantage ; " whilst these filthy 
 lers defile the flesh themselves, and thinkipg it no sin to despise 
 lion, speak evill of dignities, and of the things which they know 
 
 But woe unto them, for they have gone in the way of Kain, and 
 reedily after the errour of Balaam for reward, having mens per- 
 n admiration because of advantage." 
 
 • the rest, I suppose the same was said of holy David, when in his 
 m calamity he was constrain'd to fly from Saul, " For every one 
 ^as in distresse, and every one that was in debt, and every one that 
 iscontented, gathered themselves unto him, and he became Captain 
 hem." And to this retinue have your malice and persecution re- 
 
 this excellent Prince ; but he that preserv'd him in the wood, 
 elivered David out of all his troubles, shall likewise, in his ap- 
 d time, deliver him also out of these distresses. 
 ive now answered all yOur calumnies, and have but a word to add, 
 may yet incline you to acce|)t your best interest, and prevent that 
 ul ruine which your obstinacy does threaten. Is it not as per- 
 ns as the sun, that it lies in your power to reform his counsell, 
 ace your selves, make what composition you can desire, have all 
 :urity that mortall man can imagine, and the greatest Princes of 
 e to engage in the performance? This were becoming worthy 
 ihd honourable indeed ; this ingenuous self-denyall : and it is no 
 
188 
 
 disgrace to reforme a mistake, but to persist in it lyes the shame. The 
 whole nation requires it of you, and the lawes of God command it; 
 you cannot, you must not deferr it. For what can you pretend to that 
 will not then drop into your bosomes ? The humble man will have 
 repose, the aspiring and ambitious, honours. The merchant will be 
 secure ; trades immediately recover ; alliances will be confirmed ; the 
 lawes re-flourish ; tender consciences consider'd ; present purchasers 
 satisfied; the souldier payed, maintained, and provided for; and, what's 
 above all this, Christianity and Charity will revive again amongst us; 
 " Mercy and Truth will meet together ; Righteousness and Peace shall 
 kiss each other." 
 
 But let us now consider, on the other side, the confusion which must 
 of necessity light upon us, if we persist in our rebellion and obstinacy. 
 We are already impoverisht, and consumed with war and the miseries 
 that attend it ; you have wasted our treasure, and destroyed the woods, 
 spoyled the trade, and shaken our properties ; a universall animosity; is in 
 the very bowels of the nation; the parent against the children, and.the 
 children against the parents, betraying one another to the death ; in summe, 
 if that have any truth which our B. Saviour has himself pronounced, that 
 *' a kingdome divided against itself cannot stand," it is impossible we 
 should subsist in the condition we are reduc'd to. Consider we again, 
 how ridiculous our late proceedings have made us to our neighbours 
 round about us. Their Ministers laugh at our extream giddinesse, and 
 we seem to mock at their addresses ; for no sooner do their credentialls 
 arrive but, behold, the scean is changed, and the Government is fled ; 
 he that now acted King left a fool in his place ; and they stand amazed 
 at our buffoonery and madnesse. 
 
 What then, may we imagine, will be the product of all these disad- 
 vantages, when the nations that deride and hate us shall be united for 
 our destruction, and that the harvest is ripe for the sickle of their fury ? 
 Shall we not certainly be a prey, to an inevitable ruine, having thus 
 weakned our selves by a brutish civill war, and cut off those glorious 
 heros, the wise and the valiant, whose courage in such an extremity we 
 shall in vain imploar, that would bravely have sacrificed themselves for 
 our delivery ? Let us remember how often we have served a forraign 
 
189 
 
 people, and that there is nothing so confident but a provoaked God can 
 overthrow. 
 
 ■ For my part, I tremble but to consider what may be the issue of these 
 things, when our iniquities are full, and that God shall make inquisition 
 for thebloud that has been spilt; unlesse we suddainly meet him by an 
 unfained repentance, and turn from all the abominations by which we 
 have provoaked him ; and then, it is to be hoped that He who would 
 have compounded with the Father of the Faithful 1, had there been but 
 ten righteous men in Sodom, and that spared Nineveh, that populous 
 and great city, will yet have mercy on us, hearken to the prayers, and 
 have regard to the teares, of so many millions of people, who day and 
 night do interceed with him: the priests and ministers of the Lord 
 weeping between the porch and the altar, and saying, "spare thy people, 
 O Lord, spare thy people, and give not thine inheritance to reproach." 
 And now I have said what was upon my spirit for your sake, when, 
 for the satisfaction of such as (through its effect upon your soule) this 
 addresse of mine may possibly come to, I have religiously declared, that 
 the person who writ it had no unworthy or sinister design of his own to 
 gratifie, much lesse any other party whatever ; as being neither courtier, 
 souldier, or churchman, but a plain country gentleman, engag'd on 
 neither side, who has had leisure (through the goodnfesse of God} can- 
 didly, and without passion, to examine the particulars which he has 
 touched, and expects no other reward in the successe of it then what 
 Christ has promised in the Gospell; the benediction of the peace maker, 
 and which he already feeles in the discharge of his conscience ; being, 
 for his own particular, long since resolv'd with himself to persist in his 
 religion and his loyalty to the death, come what will ; as being fully 
 perswaded, that all the persecutions, losses, and other accidents, which 
 may arrive him for it here, are not worthy to be compared to that 
 eternall weight of glory vi^hich is to be revealed hereafter, and to the 
 inexpressible consolation which it will afford on his death bed, when all 
 these guilded pleasures will disappear, this noise, and empty pompe ; 
 when God shall set all our sins in order before us, and when, it is cer- 
 tain, that the humble and the peaceable, the charitable and the meek, 
 shall not lose their reward, nor change their hopes, for all the crownes 
 
190 
 
 and the scepters, the lawrells and the trophies, which ambitious and 
 self-seeking men contend for, with so much tyranie and injustice. 
 
 Let them, therefore, no longer deceive you, dear Sir, and as the guise 
 of these vile men is, to tell you they are the Godly party, under which, 
 for the present, ihey would pass, and courage themselves in their 
 wickedness, stopping their ears and shutting their eyes against all that 
 has been taught and practised by the best of Christians, and holiest of 
 Saints, these sixteen hundred years : *' you shall know them by their 
 frultes ; do men gather grapes of thornes, or figs of thistles ?" But so, 
 being miserably gall'd with the remembrance of their impieties, and the 
 steps by which they have ascended to those fearfull precepices, they seek 
 to allay the secret pangs of a gnawing worme, by adopting the most 
 prodigious of their crimes into a religion fitted for the purpose, and 
 versatile as their giddy interest, till at last, encourag'd by the number 
 of thriving proselytes and successes, they grow seared and confident, 
 swallowing all with ease, and passing from one heresie to another ; 
 whilst yet they are still pursued, and shall never be at repose; for con- 
 science will at last awake, and then how frightful, how deplorable, yea, 
 how inexpressibly sad, will that day be unto them ! " For these things 
 t^^ave they done, and I held my tongue (saith God), and they thought 
 wickedly that I am altogether such a one as themselves ; but I will re- 
 prove them, and set before them the things that they have done. Q 
 consider this, ye that forget God, least he pluck you away, anid there 
 be none to deliver you." 
 
 And now. Sir, you see the liberty which I have taken, and how farr 
 I have adventured to testifie a friendship which I have ever professed 
 for you ; I have indeed been very bold, but it v</a.» greatly requisite ; 
 and you know that, amongst all men, there are none which more 
 openly use the freedom of reprehension, then those who love most : 
 advices are not rejected by any but such as determine to pursue their 
 evlU courses: and the language which I use is not to offend, but to 
 beseech you to return. I conjure you, therefore to re-enter into your 
 self, and not to suffer these mean and dishonourable respects, which are 
 unworthy your nobler spirit, to prompt you to a course so deform'd 
 and altogether unworthy your education and family. Behold your 
 
191 
 
 fi^epiis ^11 d^ploariog your misfoEtunes, and your enemies even pitie 
 you ; jvhilsty . to gratifie a few mean and desperate persons, you eancell 
 your duty to your Prince, and disband your religion, dishonour your 
 name, .and jbring ruine and infamy on your posterity. >- 
 
 BiUt when all this shall fail (as God forbid a tittle of it should), I 
 have yet this hope remaining : that when you. have been sufficiently 
 sate4 with this wicked course, wandered from place to place, govern- 
 ment to government, sect. to sect, in so universal a deluge, and find no 
 repose for the sole of your foot (as it is certain you never shall), you 
 will at last, with the peaceful dove, return to the arke from whence 
 you fled, to your first principles and to sober counsels ; or with the re- 
 penting Prodigall in the Gospel, to your Father which is in Heaven, 
 and to the Father of your countrey, for in so doing you shall not only 
 rejoice your servant, and all good men, but the very angels which are 
 in Heaven, and who are never said to rejoice indeed, but at the con- 
 version of a sinner. — JSt tu conversics, convertejratres. 
 
 This 27 Octob. 1659. 
 
 PSAL. 37. 
 
 10. Yet a little while, and the ungodly shall be clean gone, thou 
 shalt look after his place, and he shall be away. 
 
 36. I my self have seen the ungodly in great. power, and flourishing 
 like a green bay-tree. 
 
 37- I went by, and, lo ! he was gone ; I sought him, but his place 
 could no where be found. 
 
 38. Keep innocency, and take heed unto the thing that is right : 
 for that shall bring a man peace at the last. 
 
192 
 
 I request the Reader to take notice^ that when mentioning the Pres- 
 byterians, I have let fall expressions somewhat relishing' of more then 
 usual asperity.; I do. not by any means intend it to the prejudice of 
 many of that judgment who were either men of peaceable spirits from 
 the beginning, or that have late given testimony of the sense of their 
 errour, whilst they were abused by those specious pretences I have re- 
 proved; but I do regard them with as much charity and affection as 
 becomes a sincere Christian and their brother. 
 
 FINIS. 
 
THE LATE 
 
 NEWS FROM BRUSSELS UNMASKED, 
 
 AND 
 
 HIS MAJESTY VINDICATED 
 
 FBOM THE 
 
 BASE CALUMNY AND SCANDAL THEREIN FIXED ON HIM. 
 
 PRINTED IN THE YEAR 1660. 
 
 2c 
 
This extremely rare Tract, from the pen of Evelyn, requires no apology for its intro- 
 duction in the present Volume. The false and virulent republican invective, to which it is 
 a loyal and bold reply, is also inserted as a note, that the principles and ability of Evelyn 
 may stand yet higher iu public estimation, when viewed in contrast with the coarseness and 
 malignity of his adversary. 
 
 At the time when this Letter was written, Evelyn was labouring under a severe illness, 
 from 17th Feb. to ]5th April, 166O, attended by three physicians, who were doubtful of 
 his recovery ; however, he says, in his Memoirs, " I writ and printed a Letter in defence 
 of his Majesty, against a wicked forged paper, pretended to be sent from Bruxells, to 
 defame his Majesty's person and vertues, and render him odious, now when every body 
 was in hope and expectation of the General and Parliament recalling him, and establish- 
 ing ye Government on its ancient and right basis." 
 
THE LATE 
 
 NEWS FROM BRUSSELS UNMASKED. 
 
 The last night came to my view a paper intituled, " News from 
 Brussels, &c*." At the reading whereof I could not but in some 
 measure be astonished, to imagine, that such exquisite malice should 
 still have its continuance and prevalency amongst some people, against 
 that person who should (if they duely considered their duties) be most 
 dear, tender, and sacred to them ; such a vein I perceived there was of 
 forged and fictitious stuff, put into a most malitlous dress of drollery, 
 running through the whole tenor thereof, and snapping and biting all 
 along as it went, in that sence, as might be sure most to fix calumny 
 and slander upon that royal person whom it chiefly intended to 
 wound, that I could not but contemplate thus with my self : Is it not 
 enough that that innocent Piince, ever since his tender years, hath 
 
 * " l^ems from Brussels. + In a Letter from a veer Attendant on His Majesties 
 
 Person to a Person of Honour here; which casually became thus publique. Printed 
 
 in the Year, 166O. 4to. 
 
 " Honest Jack, 
 
 Tliine, by T. L. our trae post-pigeon, and (I would I could not say) only expeditious person, 
 
 was mine- before the morning; and our masters the sanae minute, who took no small delight 
 
 therein : 
 
 f This singular tract, having so immediate a reference to the foregoing piece, was one of the last 
 efforts of the expiring Commonwealth interest. It is a sxipposed letter from the exiled Court of 
 Charles to a Cavalier in London, which is calculated to press upon the key most likely to inter- 
 rupt the general disposition in favour of the Restoration. It represents the temper of Charles 
 and his little Court as exasperated by the long injuries they had sustained, and preparing them- 
 selves to avenge them on the present opportunity. It is calculated also to excite the terrors of 
 the Presbyterians, who were at this time anxious to co-operate in the Restoration, by representing 
 the Cavaliers as equally profligate and unforgiving. But the purpose of this stratagem was 
 counteracted by the public declarations of the leading royalists, that they reflected upon their past 
 sufferings as coming from the hand of God, and entertained no thoughts of revenge against the 
 immediate agents, but were satisfied to bury all past injuries in the joy of the happy restoration of 
 the King, Laws, and Constitution. — scott. 
 
196 
 
 been hunted like a partridge upon the mountains from place to place, 
 from one nation to another people, robbed and spoyled of his large and 
 ample patrimony and dominions, and forced to live (as it were) upon 
 the alms and charity of his neighbour Princes, but his bright and shin- 
 ing virtues, most manifest and apparent to the whole world, mus]t still 
 be subject to the reproach and scandal of every lascivious, black, and 
 sooty quill ? Wert thou a Christian (base forger), and not a foul fiend 
 rather, clothed with humanity, methinks the consideration of this very 
 particular, should draw tears from thine eyes, or rather blood from thine 
 heart, then such cursed drops of mischievous malice, to issue from thy 
 disloyal and corrupted brain. But if thou call to mind that trandscen- 
 dently barbarous murder of his most glorious and martyred father, 
 such as no age since Adam ever paralell'd ; and the deep stain of that 
 sacred and royall blood (now crying under the altar), which fasten upon 
 thee and thy therein guilty and bespotted soul (for it is more then 
 guessed who thou art) ; what horrour and trembling should justly seize 
 thy joints, and shake the scribling instrument of such thy traitorously 
 invented mischief, out of thy loathed and bloody hands ? After which 
 contemplation, I took a more strict and wary view of the particulars in 
 that scandalous scrole ; and having observed what cunning subtility 
 this forger had shewed, and what tools he had made use of to stamp 
 and mint this false and counterfeit coyn, I resolved to publish it, which 
 I am perswaded will not be ingratefuU to any, unless such who are 
 of the forgers crew ; and of what sort and principles they are, it is 
 well known. 
 
 therein : for he read it thrice, and is resolved (and swore to boot) thou art the first shall 
 kneel under his sacred sword. Sir C. C. has his heart, and at first view he thought of wafting 
 thiiher, lest he should think his loyalty was slighted : but H. I. and I advised otherwise, and with 
 some adoe diverted that intent, and got him to signifie his Royall pleasure in the inclosed ; 
 which, instantly dispatch by Minyard way : F. H. has alwayes passage ready. Sir M. M. two hours 
 after brought good news from his cold country ; but Calvin smells too rank for us to venture 
 thither: they first betrayed his Royal Father, and after that his sacred self: nor are.our fortunes 
 at that low ebb, to reimbarque our all in that old leaky bottom. Prithee perswade Sam to be 
 silent, tell' him it is our master's pleasure. Thinkest thou none knows as well as he who first con- 
 jured up this divel, and cursed them that would not curse and fight against His Majesty in Meroz 
 name : yes, we can look through our fingers : this rebellion first bubbled up in Presbyterian 
 pulpits, yet it's impoUitick to say so much : we also know tis more for fear of the phanatiques 
 
197 
 
 Fii-st, he hath prepared a number of letters, which he would 
 the reader think to intend the persons now about his Majesty, w 
 names relate to them. But see, how in ipso lumine, he bewray 
 own fictitious guilt; for this H. I. which he would have thoug 
 be the L. lermain, this person was known to be elsewhere, far dii 
 from Bruxels, at the time of. the date of that piece of forgery. It 
 next place, it is observable, that before he had wrote five lines, he 
 a notorious lie upon his Majesty, and chargeth him with swareinj 
 thing it is most manifestly known he is so free from, that all his ai 
 dants may be challenged to relate, if they can, whether ever 
 heard a profane oath to come from him, much less used upon su 
 ridiculous idle occasion as this forger mentions ; it being notorious 
 he is, and ever hath been, so reserved in bestowing those ready je 
 . of honour (the only treasure he is or can ,be unrob'd of), that i 
 not any way probable he should squander one away for a letter, and 
 likely that he should publickly say and swear this. Within a, 
 lines after, he talks of his Majesties . resolution to waft over 
 Ireland, for his S. C. C. he would have understood to be meant 
 Charles Coot ; a very probable business as he relates it. Pray, 
 which way should he waft (as you phrase it) ; it is a sign you 1 
 more skill in forgery than in geography, and the situation of pi 
 and nations: Next he fains news to arrive but of Scotland,. whic 
 the cold country he means ; but his two hours mentioned, smells 
 rank of brass, that it renders it, at first scent, a perfect counter] 
 and what must this news do ? only introduce an occasion to abuse 
 
 , then for love to us, they are now so loyal : so also it is our, necessity,. not choice,, that naali 
 court them. Hug them you cannot, hang at least until you can. Would Lall. had longer 
 I hate to shew the teeth before we bite : we choak our dogs with crusts as well as pins j no 
 will eat a pin alone : a blue ribbon and a starr we know will unbecome a rebel's shouldei 
 fishes bite at baits; he is an asse that angles and hides not his hooks : how most unhappy : 
 soveraign Lord, that the impatience of his friends should be as perillous to his fortunes i 
 pikes of his enemies ; we never yet well minded our next work ; he's a fooU that thinks whe 
 needle's in, the thread won't follow: set then your helping hand to this, let that alone ; pr( 
 the cause, and 'tis impossible to separate the effect. But he comes in on terms, and is bouni 
 Tush I remember that blessed line I marked in Machiavel ; he's an oafe that thinks an oal 
 any tedder can tame a Prince beyond his pleasure j 2eruiah's sons lived to David's great di 
 but 'twas but till he could kill them more conveniently: and prithee what did Shimei's pard< 
 
198 
 
 slander his sacred Majesty, and render him odious to those of the Pres- 
 byterian tenets, which indeed is the whole scope and tenor of this 
 scurrulous doughty epistle, and to make some persons here think, that 
 there is such a stock of rancour and malice, and such deep thoughts of 
 revenge, harboured in the hearts and minds of all persons attending 
 the King, and in his own Royal heart likewise, that whatever pre- 
 tences and shews are at present made to the contrary, to compass their 
 ends, yet the issues and eflFects of this malice and revenge shall in due 
 time so appear and manifest itself, that there is not a man who hath 
 shewed any opposition to him self or his late Royal father, but sooner 
 or later shall feel their sad and direful stroke ; and this impress he hath 
 so Machiavelianly, and with such art and cunning, besprinkled and 
 scattered over the whole paper, and in such several subtle and wiley 
 ways, and such seeming real phrases, proper for such persons, who he 
 would fain to be the writer and receiver, that none but his grand tutor 
 and instructer, the Divel himself (and scarce he neither), could possibly 
 outdo him in some parts of this piece of artificial forgery. Others 
 there be which clearly discover the rat bv his squeaking; but above 
 all, that bold" and impudent lye, in representing that meeke and gentle 
 Prince to have no need of spurs to revenge, but rather a rein to hold 
 him in from it, Is such a piece of open and notoriously known fals- 
 hood, that it is to be wondered at, that he should escape a dart from 
 heaven, into his false and hollow sly heart, whilst he was staining the 
 paper with that most mischievous, malicious expression, it being so 
 known and manifest to all about him, that nothing hath ever been, or 
 
 for him but planch him up : they can't abide to see his house a Round-head hive ; 'tis true, 'tis 
 much that any can : are you yet to learn to make necessity a vertue ? who doubts but that C. 
 Borgia did his businesse better, by lulling Vitelloz asleep, than to have hazarded all by the incer- 
 tain chance of fortune : 'tis a romance to think revenge can sleep, but like a dog, to wake at will. 
 "ris true, served we a Prince that needed spurs, this humour might be cherished ; but alas, we ra- 
 ther use all the art and arguments we can to rein him in ; hadst thou but seen his passion when 
 M's. Pedigree came over, thou wouldest have said he had steel enough. . . . Seal Rob. lips, I Pray 
 thee, for fear it may disserve him at dinner ; 'twas, and in some degree is, too publique. There need 
 no record for a rival ; yet is it laid (by strict command) next Murrye's manuscript, and will one 
 day be reviewed ; till then Plantaginet's in pickle. But I'le retain our (most absolutely necessaiy) 
 discourse for thy farther satisfaction : canst fancy, that our master can forget he had a father 
 how he liv'd and died, how he lost both crown and life, and who the cause thereof? never. 
 
199 
 
 is more frequent with him, in his ordinary converse then to express his 
 firm and constant resolution to adhere close to the advertisement of his 
 Royal martyred Father, who, inter voces extremas (as it were) left a 
 preceptory advice to the contrary. Of such sort likewise, is this 
 Pasquil of the Pedigree he mentions ; false fictions of a son of Belial, 
 which will remain in pickle to arise up against this forger at a tribu- 
 nal, where the oflFspring of a Plantagenet, whose most innocent blood 
 he hath sucked, will bring in a record beyond Murryes manuscript, 
 which will fright his guilty soul down to that place of horrour pre- 
 pared for him and his fellow Regicides, his pin, crust, and dog, dam, and 
 kittlings, and the concealed nuntio and all that sort of senigmatical and 
 ribbald (yet very significant and malitious) drollery; what is it but 
 the filthy foam of a black and hellish mouth, arising from a viperous 
 and venemous heart, industriously and maliciously set upon doing what 
 cursed mischief lies within the sphere of his cashiered power, in such a 
 conjecture of time as this, when the nations hopes are in a full and just 
 expectation of receiving a perfect cure of those bleeding deep wounds, 
 and wastful and consuming miseries, made and continued by him and 
 his fellow plotters, which they have so long lay panting and groaning 
 under? 
 
 The star and blew ribbon he speaks of, will be every way as fit for 
 the shoulder which hath given him and his party such a shove, and as 
 deservedly as a hempen halter will be for this forgers own neck : and 
 'tis very possible, and probable too, they may both take their difficult 
 eflfects in due time, though we see what art is used to thrust that 
 
 monarch yet had a memory halfe su bad : ne'r fear't, there's fire enough in his father's ashes 
 (though yet invisible) to bum up every adversary ; only our clamourous impatience would have all 
 at once : give time, he ascends most safe that does't gradatim; overstraining not onely spends the 
 strength too feist, but does endanger falling more : remember our dread leige Lord (if ever guilty 
 of an error) miscarried here j from what a hope fell he and we, for want of following S, S. 
 advice : all or none's a game not for a Prince to play, but a desperado, whose fortunes rise and set 
 with every sun. The Presbyter will give up the phanatique, a handsome bone to pick at first : I 
 like it better far than all at once ; excess brings surfeits : thus half the beard they shave them- 
 selves, let us alone with t'other : drown first the kittlings, let the dam that litter'd them alone 
 a little longer. They glory they are orthodox ; hear, and hold still thy head, let us alone to find 
 out fresh pbanatiques. We know the sectaries had a sire, and whose spurious brood they are; 
 even as the Puritan was the off-set of the Protestant. Spain's attach, revive as oft as well thou 
 
200 
 
 shoulder from its due merit by such the forger subtilties. The romance 
 of his Waldense Dulmano, byting the lip with all the dependent 
 sequel of such a parcel of montebanquery, that it confutes itself in its 
 own relation ; as also other his so openly known falsities, insinuated by 
 bits in a subtle way of seeming drollery, but very saw-tpoth'd in its 
 sense and signification ; and the aim of all is, to catch the common 
 and vulgar apprehensions, and draw them again into, such amaze and 
 delusion, as they may yet once more (if possible) fall under the worry- 
 ing power of him, and such like ravenous beasts of blood, prey, and 
 rapine. Sir, your nets are seen, and your fallacies fail you ; the hooks 
 you mention are laid too visibly ; the fish you would catch are so far from 
 swallowing, they will not bite at all ; you were best therefore go shave 
 your own beard, as you have those in your letter, and your scull too ; and 
 if your brain prove not thence more pregnant, 'twill serve (however) to 
 stufFe your powch instead of what such your angels were intended 
 to have holpen you- to ; and I would wish you also to take this advice 
 from a friend ; give over your angling this way, and appear no more in 
 publick at the side of this pool, lest you be tumbled in overhead and 
 ears, and your self become both the bait and prey of those you thus 
 endeavour to catch and delude by such your drolling subtleties. 
 
 And now, having done with your forged calumnies, I shall upon 
 this just occasion desire leave to tell you, and those whom they were 
 intended to beguile and work upon, that the Prince and Soveraigne 
 (whom it is so apparent your grand aim by this designe was to wound, 
 though through the fictitious sides of others set up in your own fancy), 
 
 canst J 'tis a good blindj and propagates our masters interest. Wat came since my last, and 
 will not let our Lord alone, till he sees a lecture up in Court, and Chaplins preach before him, 
 X)rdained by the Presbytery : and one Waldense is come already. O Jesu, Jack ! I want an iron 
 hoop to kfeep my sides from splitting, to see my poor Prince bite his lips for-halfe an hour long, 
 while that Dulmano begs a blessing (as he calls it) as our meech-beggars do their bacon at the 
 farmers doors. G. got behind him yesterday and made mouths, which the puppy by an unhappy 
 turn of his head perceived ; but his Majesty, seeing all, prudently anticipated his complaint, and with 
 Royal gravity, not only rebuked G. but immediantly dismissed him his service. 
 
 We all made application to the parson to mediate to our master for G. his restoration, which 
 he did : and after much intreaty, his request was granted ; but not for G. his sake, but for his, 
 and but on future good behaviour neither. M. H. and J. were in the presence at night; but I 
 thought we should have split our spleens a laughing : but by these means all was healed : and 
 
201 
 
 IS one to whom both- you and they owe a duty and allegiance, by all 
 the laws of God, nature, and the land. And however you for your 
 part have a minde to forget, and are not pleased to own it, it is 
 (however) not the lesse his due : and it is not altogether impossible, but 
 upon better and due consideration of the horrid guilt you lye under, 
 divine grace may hereafter be so infused into you, and you thereby be 
 made so sensible of your crime, that perhaps you may yet cheerfully 
 return to such your bounden duty, and by your future demeanour wash 
 oflF those stains wherewith your guilty soul is now so deeply bespotted : 
 which that you may the more readily do,- 1 shall truly, and as know- 
 ingly as I believe it is possible for any in this nation, give you.thjs 
 just and due character of that most virtuous and excellent Prince, 
 whom (whatever your thoughts are now) it is possible you may one day 
 esteem it your chief honour to style your dear and dread Lord and 
 Soveraigne ; which is truly such, that in the opinion of very many 
 wise and knowing men, it would put the whole Christian world upon 
 some difficulty to find his parallel or equal in all respects. His birth 
 and extraction is known to be so transcendently illustrious, that what 
 Prince is there upon earth that can challenge a greater or more noble 
 and kingly, and for longer continuance, for centuries of years; his 
 person so lovely, amiable and graceful, that it even captivates the eyes 
 of all beholders, and every where generates a noble and generous 
 affection, respect, and clemency, from the ohiefest enemies of his ances- 
 tors, and of our nation and dominions. His parts and endowments 
 such,- that were we free from subjection to him, by all laws, and to make 
 search throughout all nations and people for a complete and well 
 accomplished personage to rule over us, common fame and report could 
 
 ■henceforward' we are commanded to be plaguy-godly. H. bid me hand his service to thee ; be 
 swears he hath horned 1& cuckolds within these 14 dayes. Mind the miUtiamost, talk not of dis- 
 banding J one pin naturally drives out another. A. B. at parting swore he would see that execra- 
 ble exit raced out ; whom to assist he may not suffer. Let Th. continue his caresses, and bid him 
 not continue such coarse jokes any more. D, F, C, and . . . court upon all occasions. If M, M, 
 and . . . stand right, we ask no more, city, land, and sea is our own : that reformation likes us- 
 rarely well, thougii we wonder he would hazard all upon such a rash adventure. Bid Phil, and's 
 brother both be close, they now may list and none the wiser : we dared not let the Nuntio see the 
 sun. We hope our friends droop still, and curse him whom most they covet.— Let not thy lady, 
 
 2d 
 
202 
 
 not but send us to him; so meek, gentle, and sweet of behaviour; so 
 firm, constant, and obliging in his friendships ; so milde, modest, and 
 patient in his afflictions and suflferings ; yet upon occasion so full of 
 princely courage and magnanimity, so knowing and discerning in his 
 reason and judgement, and by his retirement so fitted and adapted for 
 moderate government. But above all, so firmly and irremoveably fixed 
 to the profession of the true Protestant religion, testifyed many wayes 
 against the cunning arts and subtle attempts and allurements of the 
 most inveterate enemies thereof, that it is an infamy, never to be 
 washed off from this nation (unless the now general vote and desire 
 thereof be hearkened to and take effect in such manner as may in 
 some sort purge the same), that such a Prince as he, so qualified in all 
 respects, and so innocent likewise as to the first cause of difference, 
 and ever since, also saving his desire, and pursuance of his just and 
 undoubted birth-right; a thing which the meanest of us would be 
 condemned for by all, even by our very selves, should we omit, or be 
 negligent of, were it but for a poor cottage ; I say that such a Prince 
 as he, together with his illustrious, heroick, and high-born brethren, 
 (all of them, even in this their eclipsed obscurity, the renown and 
 glory of our nation,) should (as is hinted before) be chased from such 
 an ample and splendid patrimony, and large dominions, and that by his 
 own native subjects, and liege people, and suffered to wander, nay, by 
 their means hunted from place to place, from one nation (as is premised) 
 to another people, and forced to live upon the almes and charity (as it 
 
 know our Italian tye, the devil can't track us if we three keep pur tongue within our teeth. Fret 
 not, nor afflict thyself nor friend, for we resolve the rogues that left the Rump shall feel the scourge 
 that loyal hearts lash rebels with, as well as others ; a Roundhead is a Roundhead j black and white 
 devils all alike to us. — Thinkest thou that we can breath in peace, while we see a little finger left 
 alive that hath been dipt in royal blood ? or his adherents ? No ! a thought of mercy more hate- 
 ful is than hell ; but cooks may be conquerors, and a plate perform equal execution with a pistol, 
 and with less report. Be quiet then, let's use all art to make them take the halter tamely, Press 
 the speedy raising of the City reginients.^And out the rogue at stern : what folly is't to think 
 we can safely ferry while the fleet's phanatique ? This done, let our cause miscarry if it can, Maz. 
 met Wat, and gave him sound advice. — Get arms, but buy them not in such suspicious numbers • 
 that if all fails, we may repair to them, and cut our passage to the throne through traitors blood. 
 .— Farwel. 
 
 Brussels, S. V. March 10, 1659. 
 
gas 
 
 ■were) of those who doubtlesse are not without their grand desigji^ 
 upon him and all hi» dominions, as (it may be feared) iime will sooner 
 or later clearly manifest; besides the subjecting him, and that whole 
 royal race, by this means, to the enticements and allurements, and to 
 the stratagems, nets, and entanglements of those Eomish rooking 
 gamesters, who are ranging in all parts for their prey, and will be sure 
 "to leave no stone unmoved to work their wicked ends, where such a 
 tjuarry of royal game are to be flown at, and with such advantage (as 
 the case stands with them) to be attempted; that the very contempla- 
 tion thereof cannot, me thinks, but draw tears from the eyes, and almost 
 blood from the hearts of all pious, loyal Protestant Christians, who 
 have any sence and feeling, as they ought, of that deep dishonour and 
 reproach, which by these very meanes must need$ redound to the pro- 
 fessors of the true Protestant religion, in all parts and places whatso- 
 ever, and no lesse sport and pastime to the great vicar general at 
 Rome, and his court and conclave ; but as in the ground where gold 
 grows, nothing (it is said) will thrive but gold, so God hath hitherto 
 preserved this virtuous Prince, most firm, sound, and entire, in the 
 true orthodox faith, and no doubt but will so continue him,« and make 
 him not only in title, but really and indeed a most magnanimous de- 
 fender thereof, against all its adversaries. 
 
 And whereas there is either a real or seeming fear in some sort of 
 guilty people (and thereby the desired settlement much disturbed and 
 retarded), that if the old Government take place againe, and the right 
 Pilot come at the head and stern thereof, that there will be such rankor, 
 malice, and revenge put in practice, by the all along adherers to the 
 Royal interest, against such as any time opposed them ; and thereby 
 such losse, dammage, and suflferings sustained, with divers other vain 
 and empty fears, jealousies, and conjectures. Now, as the true cha- 
 racter of his sacred Majesty himselfe is before very faithfully expressed, 
 so surely it will not seem incongruous and impertinent upon this just 
 occasion likewise, to interpose this sincere and unfeigned protestation, 
 on the behalfe of those adherers to the Royal interest, that as their 
 principles are truly Christian, so they most earnestly desire to pursue 
 
204 
 
 the due practice of them accordingly. And whatsoever is forged in 
 that maUcious piece, before at large spoken of that loyal party, espe- 
 cially the main bulk and body of them (who are only considerable in 
 this case, and extravagants and not to be regarded),, are so far from 
 any thoughts of rankor, malice, and revenge in that particular, or any 
 aime of making good their losses by the estates of others (a usual vogue 
 raised by our peace-opposers), that they do as fully and unfainedly for- 
 give them, and all sorts of them, as they desire of Heaven the forgive- 
 nesse of their own transgressions ; and do so far detest the thought of 
 repairing their losses, that way feared, that to see his Majesty restpred, 
 and thereby a firm and lasting peace settled, that so it may be conveyed 
 to posterity, they would not only very cheerfully sit down by all their 
 losses and sufferings, but many thousands of them willingly sacrifice 
 much of their present fortunes, and some of; them their lives too, as a 
 grateful offertory for such a seasonable and all-healing mercy. 
 
F U M I F U G I U M : 
 
 OR THE INCONVENIENCIE OF THE 
 
 AER AND SMOAK OF LONDON DISSIPATED. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH SOME REMEDIES HUMBLY PROPOSED 
 
 By J. E. Esq. 
 
 TO HIS SACRED MAJESTY, AND TO THE PARLIAMENT NOW ASSEMBLED. 
 
 PUBLISHED BY HIS MAJESTIES COMMAND. 
 
 Carbondmque gravis vis, atcjue odor insinuatur 
 Quam facile in cerebrum ! Lucret. 1. 5, 
 
 LON^DO N: 
 
 PKINTET) BY W. GODBID, FOR GABRIEL BEDEL AND THOMAS COLLINS, AND ARE TO BE SOLD 
 AT THEIR SHOP AT THE MIDDLE TEMPLE GATE, NEBR TEMPLE-BAK. 
 
 M. DC.LXI. 
 
TO THE 
 
 KINGS MOST SACRED MAJESTY*. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 It was one day, as I was walking in your Majesties palace at White- 
 hall (where I have sometimes the honour to refresh my self with the 
 sight of your illustrious presence, which is the joy of your peoples 
 hearts) that a presumptuous smoake issuing from one or two tunnels 
 neer Northumberland-house, and not far from Scotland-yard, did so 
 invade the court, that all the rooms, galleriesj and places about it were 
 fiU'd and infested with it ; and that to such a degree, as men could 
 hardly discern one another for the clowd, and none could support, 
 without manifest inconveniency. It was not this which did first sug- 
 gest to me what I had long since conceived against this pernicious 
 accident, upon frequent observation ; but it was this alone, and the 
 trouble that it must needs procure to your sacred Majesty, as well as 
 hazard to your health, which kindled this indignation of mine against 
 it, and was the occasion of what it has produc'd in these papers. 
 
 Your Majesty, who is a lover of noble buildings, gardens, pictures, 
 and all royal magnificences, must needs desire to be freed from this 
 
 * 13th Sept. 1661. " I presented my Fumifugium, dedicated to his Maty, who was pleased I 
 should publish it by his special commands, being much pleas'd with it". — Memoirs, vol. I. p. 326. 
 
 1 Oct. 1661. During a sailing match from Greenwich to Gravesend and back, between the 
 two yatchts belonging to the King and the Duke of York, for a wager of lOOZ. 3t which his Ma- 
 jesty was present, attended by Mr. Evelyn and divers noble persons; the King, says he, " was 
 pleas'd to discourse to me about my book, inveighing against the nuisance of the smoke of I^on- 
 don, and proposing expedients how by removing those particulars I mentioned, it might be re- 
 formed : commanding me to prepare a Bill against the next Session of Parliament, being, as he 
 said, resolv'd to have something don in it." — Idem, vol. I. p. 327. 
 
208 
 
 prodigious annoyance ; and, which is so great an enemy to their lustre 
 and beauty, that where it once enters there can nothing remain long 
 in its native splendor and perfection : nor must I here forget that illus- 
 trious and divine Princesse, your Majesties only sister, the now Dutchesse 
 of Orleans, who at her highnesse late being in this city, did in my 
 hearing, complaiq, of the effects of this smoake both in her breast and 
 lungs, whilst she was in your Majesties palace. I cannot but greatly 
 apprehend, that your Majesty (who has been so long accustom'd to 
 the excellent aer of other countries) may be as much offended at it, in 
 that regard also ; especially since the evil is so epidemicall ; indangering 
 as well the health of your subjects, as it sullies the glory of this your 
 imperial seat. i 
 
 Sir, 1 prepare in this short discourse, an expedient how this perni- 
 cious nuisance may be reformed ; and offer at another also, by which 
 the aer may not only be freed from the present inconveniency, but 
 (that remov'd) to render not only your Majesties palace, but the whole 
 city likewise, one of the sweetest and most delicious habitations in the 
 world ; and this, with little or no expence ; but by improving those 
 plantations which your Majesty so laudably affects, in the moyst de- 
 pressed, and marshy grounds about the town, to the culture and pro- 
 duction of such things, as upon every gentle emission through the aer, 
 should so perfume the adjacent places with their breath, as if, by a 
 certain charm, or innocent magick, they were transferred to that part 
 of Arabia, which is therefore styl'd the Happy, because it is amongst 
 the gums and precious spices. Those who take notice of the scent of 
 the orange-flowers from the rivage of Genoa, and St. Pietro dell' Arena; 
 the blossomes of the rosemary from the Coasts of Spain, many leagues 
 off at sea; or the manifest, and odoriferous wafts which flow from 
 Fontenay and Vaugirard, even to Paris in the season of roses, with the 
 contrary effects of those less pleasing smells from other accidents, will 
 easily consent to what I suggest : and, I am able to enumerate a cata- 
 logue of native plants, and such as are familiar to our country and 
 clime, whose redolent and agreeable emissions would even ravish our 
 senses, as well as perfectly improve and meliorate the aer about Lon- 
 don ; and that, without the least prejudice to the owners and proprietors 
 
209 
 
 of the land to be employ'd about it. But because I have treated of this 
 more at large in another curious and noble subject *, which I am pre- 
 paring to present to your Majesty, as God shall afford me leasure to 
 finish it, and that I give a touch of it in this discourse, I will enlarge 
 my addresses no farther, then to beg pardon for this presumption of 
 
 Sir, 
 Your Majesties ever loyal, most obedient 
 Subject, and Servant. 
 
 J. Evelyn. 
 
 TO THE READER. 
 
 I HAVE little here to add to implore thy good opinion and approba- 
 tion, after I have submitted this Essay to his Sacred Majesty : but as 
 it is of universal benefit that I propound it ; so I expect a civil enter- 
 tainment and reception. I have, I confesse, been frequently displeased 
 at the small advance and improvement of Public Works in this nation, 
 wherein it seems to be much inferiour to the countries and kingdomes 
 which are round about it ; especially, during these late years of our sad 
 confusions : but now that God has miraculously restor'd to us our prince, 
 a prince of so magnanimous and publick a spirit, we may promise our 
 selves not only a recovery of our former splender; but also whatever 
 any of our neighbours enjoy of more universal benefit, for health or 
 ornament : in summe, whatever may do honour to a nation so perfectly 
 Capable of all advantages. 
 
 It is in order to this, that I have presumed to ofier these few propo- 
 sals for the meliorating and refining the Aer of London ; being ex- 
 
 * Sylva and Terra. 
 
 2e 
 
210 
 
 tremely amaz'd, that where there is so great an affluence of all thi 
 which may render the people of this vast city the most happy u 
 earthj the sordid and accursed avarice of some few particular pers( 
 should be suffered to prejudice the health and felicity of so many : i 
 any .profit (besides what is of absolute necessity) should render r 
 regardlesse of what chiefly imports them, when it may be purchs 
 upon so easie conditions, and with so great advantages : for it is 
 happiness to possesse gold, but to enjoy the effects of it, and to kr 
 how to live cheerfully and in health, non est vivere, sed valere v 
 That men whose very being is Aer, should not breath it freely wl 
 they may J but (as that tyrant us'd his vassals) condemn themselvei 
 this misery §• fumo prcefacari, is strange stupidity : yet thus we 
 them walk and converse in London, pursu'd and haunted by that 
 fernal smoake, and the funest accidents which accompany it where 
 ever they retire. 
 
 That this glorious and antient city, which from wood might 
 rendred brick, and (like another Rome) from brick made stone J 
 marble ; which commands the proud ocean to the Indies, and reac 
 to the farthest Antipodes, should wrap her stately head in clowds 
 smoake and sulphur, so full of stink and darknesse, I deplore with j 
 indignation. That the buildings should be compos'd of such a cong 
 tion of mishapen and extravagant houses ; that the streets should be 
 narrow and incommodious in the very center and busiest places of 
 tercourse ; that there should be so ill and uneasie a form of pav 
 under foot, so troublesome and malicious a disposure of the spouts i 
 gutters overhead, are particulars worthy of reproof and reformatic 
 because it is hereby rendred a labyrinth in its principal passages, an 
 continual wet-day after the storm is over. Add to this the deformity 
 so frequent wharfes and magazines of wood, coale, boards, and ot 
 course materials, most of them imploying the places of the nob] 
 aspect for the situation of palaces towards the goodly river, when tl 
 might with far lesse disgrace be removed to the Bank-side, and aft 
 wards disposed with as much facility where the consumption of th 
 commodities lyes; a Key in the mean time so contrived on London-side 
 might render it lesse sensible of the reciprocation of the waters, for i 
 
211 
 
 and health infinitely superiour to what it now enjoys. These are the 
 desiderata which this great city labours under, and which we so much 
 deplore. But I see the dawning of a brighter day approach ; we have 
 a prince who is resolv'd to be a father to his country ; and a Parliament 
 whose decrees and resentiments take their impression from his Majesties 
 great genius, which studies only the publick good. It is from them, 
 therefore, that we augure our future happinesse j since there is nothing 
 which will so much perpetuate their memories, or more justly merit it. 
 Medails and inscriptions have heretofore preserv'd the fame of lesse 
 publick benefits, and for the repairing of a dilapidated bridge, a decaid 
 aquaeduct, the paving of a way, or draining a foggy marsh, their elo- 
 gies and reverses have out-lasted the tnarbles, and been transmitted to 
 future ages, after so many thousand revolutions : but this is the least 
 of that which we decree to our august Charles, and which is due to his 
 illustrious senators ; because they will live in our hearts, and in our 
 records, which are more permanent and lasting. 
 
 1 May, 1661. Farewell. 
 
212 
 
 PREFACE TO THE EDITION OF THIS TRACT, 
 
 REPRINTED FOR B. WHITE, IN FLEET STREET, 1772. 
 
 The established reputation of Mr. Evelyn's writings would have 
 prevented the Editor of this very scarce Tract from adding any thing 
 himself, had not time made some alterations that appear worthy of 
 notice. 
 
 Our Author expresses himself with proper warmth and indignation 
 against the absurd policy of allowing brewers, dyers, soap-boilers, and 
 lime-burners, to intermix their noisome works amongst the dwelling- 
 houses in the city and suburbs : but since his time we have a great in- 
 crease of glass-houses, founderies, and sugar-bakers, to add to the black 
 catalogue,: at the head of which must be placed the fire-engines of the 
 water- works at London Bridge and York Buildings, which (^whilst 
 they are working) leave the astonished spectator at a loss to determine 
 whether they do not tend to poison and destroy more of the inhabitants 
 by their smoke and stench than they supply with their water. Our 
 author also complains that the gardens about London would no longer 
 bear fruit, and gives instances of orchards in Barbican and the Strand 
 that were observed to have a good crop the year in which Newcastle 
 was besieged (^1644), because but a small quantity of coals were brought 
 to London that year : by this we may observe how much the evil is in- 
 creased since the time this treatise was written. It would now puzzle 
 the most skilful gardener to keep fruit trees alive in these places : the 
 complaint at this time would be, not that the trees were without fruit, 
 but that they' would not bear even leaves. 
 
 Although the proposal of turning all the noxious trades at once out 
 of town may be thought impracticable, as being inconsistent with the 
 general liberty of the subject ; yet certainly some very beneficial regula- 
 tions lie within the power of the present public-spirited and active magis- 
 trates, to whom, with deference, the editor submits the following hints. 
 
213 
 
 Till more efiPectual methods can take place, it would be of great ser- 
 vice to oblige all those trades, who make use of large fires, to carry their 
 chimnies much higher into the air than they are at present; this expe- 
 dient would frequently help to convey the smoke away above the build- 
 ings, and in a great measure disperse it into distant parts, without its 
 falling on the houses below. 
 
 Workmen should be consulted, and encouraged to make experiments, 
 whether a particular construction of the chimnies would not assist in 
 conveying off the smoke, and in sending it higher into the air before it 
 is dispersed. 
 
 A method of charring sea-coal, so as to divest it of its smoke, and 
 yet leave it serviceable for many purposes, should be made the object of 
 a very strict enquiry ; and premiums should be given to those that were 
 successful in it. Proper indulgences might be made to sucb sugar, 
 glass, brewhouses, &c. as should be built at the desired distance from 
 town : and the building of more within the city and suburbs prevented 
 by law. This method vigorously persisted in, would in time remove 
 them all. 
 
 The discernment and good sense of the present times are loudly called 
 on to abolish the strange custom of laying the dead to rot amongst the 
 living, by burying in churches and church-yards within the town : this 
 practice has not escaped our author's censure :-and foreigners have often 
 exposed the absurdity of the proceeding. But it seems to be left parti- 
 cularly to the magistracy and citizens of London, to set an example to 
 the rest of this kingdom and to Europe, by removing a nuisance which 
 ignorance and superstition have entailed on us hitherto ; and which, 
 amongst those that are not well acquainted with our religion, brings a 
 disgrace on Christianity itself. It will be a work of little shew or 
 ostentation, but the benefits arising from it will be very extensive and 
 considerable : in both respects it recommends itself in a particular man- 
 ner to an opulent and free people*. 
 
 * Amongst the remains of old Rome, the grandeur of the Commonwealth shews itself chiefly 
 in works that are either necessary or convenient : on the contrarjr, the magnificence of Rome, 
 under the Emperors, is seen principally in such works as are rather for ostentation or luxury, than, 
 any real usefulness or necessity. — Addison. 
 
214 
 
 To confirm what our author has urged against the air of Lond 
 reader is desired to take a view of the Bills of Mortality, and t 
 culations made from them; and he will find that there is a w 
 near ten thousand people, who are drawn every year from the < 
 to supply the room of those that London destroys beyond what ii 
 Indeed the supply that the town furnishes towards keeping up i 
 inhabitants appeared so very small to the ablest calculator and vc 
 tional enquirer (Corbyn Morris) into this subject, that he owns 
 afraid to publish the result. 
 
 But, without the use of calculations, it is evident to every oi 
 looks on the yearly Bill of Mortality, ' that near half the childn 
 are born and bred in Uondon die under two years of age. Som 
 attributed this amazing destruction to luxury and spirituous Hqu 
 these, no doubt, are powerful assistants : but the constant and 
 mitting poison is communicated by the foul air, which, as the "tov 
 grows larger, has made regular and steady advances in its fa 
 fluence. " 
 
 The ancient Greeks and Romans, even in their greatest state 
 finement, were reconciled by habit to the custom of exposing ai 
 stroying young children, when parents did not choose to support 
 the same practice is familiar among the Chinese at this day. We 
 der and are shocked at the barbarity of it, but at the same tii 
 accustomed to read with great composure of the deaths of thousa 
 infants suffocated every year by smoke arid stenches, which goi 
 licy might in a great measure remove. 
 
 Our author, who had been very instrumental in restoring Cha 
 his throne, was unfortunate in recommending a work of such i 
 quence to so negligent and dissipated a patron. The editor is e 
 raged by a more promising appearance of success. He has seei 
 pleasure many improvements of great importance to the eleganc 
 welfare of this city undertaken and completed in a short time, 
 Magistrates of less public spirit and perseverance than our pr 
 would have pronounced them to have been impracticable. 
 London, March 16, 1772. 
 
215 
 
 FUMIFUGIUM*: 
 
 THE INCONVENIENCY OF THE SMOAK OP LONDON DISSIPATED, &C. 
 
 PART I. 
 
 It is not without some considerable analogy, that sundry of the 
 philpsophers have nam'd the Aer the vehicle of the soulf, as well 
 as that of the earth, and, this frail vessell of ours which contains 
 it; since we all of us finde the benefit which we derive from it, not 
 onely for the necessity of common respiration and functions of the 
 organs; but likewise for the use of the spirits and primigene humors, 
 which doe most neerly approach that divine particle. But we shall not 
 need to insist, or refine much on this sublime subject ; and, perhaps it 
 miglit scandalize scrupulous persons to pursue to the height it may 
 possibly reach (as Diogenes and Anaximenes were wont to deifie it) 
 after we are past the ^therial, which is a certain aer of Plato's denomi- 
 nation J, as well as that of the lesse pure, more turbulent and dense, 
 which, for the most part we live and breathe in, and which comes here 
 to be examin'd as it relates to the design in hand, the City of London, 
 and the environs about it. 
 
 It would doubtlesse be esteem'd for a strange and extravagant para^ 
 dox, that one should affirme, that the Aer it selfe is many times a potent 
 and great disposer to rebellion ; and that insulary people^ and indeed, 
 most of the Septentrion Tracts, where this medium is grosse and heavy, 
 are extremely versatile and obnoxious to change both in religious and 
 
 * The reader is referred to an excellent analysis of this Tract in the Journal of Science, Litera- 
 ture and the Arts. Vol. xii. 1822, pp. 343. 
 
 t Anima, quasi dve/xos. + In Timaeo. 
 
216 
 
 secular affaires : plant the foote of your compasses on the very pole, 
 and extend the other limb to 50 degrees of latitude : bring it about 
 'till it describe the circle, and then reade the histories of those nations 
 inclusively and make the calculation. It must be confess'd, that the 
 aer of those climates, is not so pure and defecate as those which are 
 neerer the tropicks, where the continent is lesse ragged, and the 
 weather more constant and steady, as well as the inclination and temper 
 of the inhabitants. 
 
 But it is not here that I pretend to speculate upon these causes, or 
 nicely to examine the discourses of the Stoicks and Peripateticks, 
 whether the aer be in it self generally cold, humid, warm, or exactly 
 temper'd so as best conduces to a materiall principle, of which it is 
 accounted one of the four ; because they are altogether physicall notions, 
 and do not come under our cognizance as a pure and sincere elemeht ; 
 but as it is particularly inquinated, infected, participating of the various 
 accidents, and inform'd by extrinsical causes, which render it noxious 
 to the inhabitants, who derive and make use of it for life. Neverthe- 
 lesse, for distinction sake, we may yet be allow'd to repute some aers pute, 
 comparatively, viz. that which is cleare, open, sweetely ventilated, and 
 put into motion with gentle gales and breezes ; not too sharp, but of 
 a temperate constitution. In a word, that we pronounce for good and 
 pure aer, which heat not to sweat and faintnesse ; nor cooles to rigid- 
 nesse and trembling ; nor dries to wrinkles and hardhesse ; nor moystens 
 to resolution and over much softnesse. The more hot promotes indeede 
 the witt, but is weak and trifling; and therefore Hippocrates* speaks 
 the Asiatique people imbelles and effeminate, though of a more arti- 
 ficial and ingenious spirit. If over cold and keen, it too much abates 
 the heat, but renders the body robust and hardy ; as those who are 
 born under the northern bears, are more fierce and stupid, caused by a 
 certain internal antlperistasis and universal Im pulsion -f-. The drier aer 
 is generally the more salutary and healthy, so it be not too sweltery 
 and infested with heat or fuliginous vapours, which is by no means a 
 
 * Lib. de Aere, Aqu. et Locis. 
 
 -j- That is, the heat of their bodies is condensed and exercised by the coldness of the atmosphere 
 that surrounds them. 
 
21f 
 
 friend to health and longaBvjty, as Avicen notes of the -ffithiops who- 
 seldome arived to any considerable old age. As much to be reproved 
 is the moyst, viz. that which is over mix'd with aquous exhalations, 
 equally pernicious and susciptible of putrefaction; notwithstanding 
 does it oftner produce faire and tender skins, and some last a long while 
 in it ; but commonly not so healthy as in Aer which is more dry. But 
 the impure and uliginous, as that which pi^oceedes from stagnated places, 
 is of all other, the most vile and pestilent. 
 
 Now, that through all these diversities of Aer, motes hominum Ao 
 corporis temperamentum sequi, is for the greater part so true an obser- 
 vation, that a volume of instances might be produced, if the common 
 notices did not sufiSciently confirme it even to a proverb* The Aer on 
 which we continually prey, perpetually inspiring matter to the animall 
 and vitall spirits, by which they become more or lesse obfuscated, 
 clowded, and rendered obnoxious ; and therefore that prince of phy- 
 sitians Hippocrates, wittily calls a sincere and pure Aer " the internunce 
 and interpreter of prudence *." The celestiall influences being so much 
 retarded or assisted, and improv'd through this omnipresent, and, as it 
 were, universal medium : for, though the Aer in its simple substance 
 cannot be vitiated; yet, in it«> prime qualities it suffers these infinite 
 mutations, both from superiour and inferiour causes, so as its accidentall 
 effects become almost innumerable, . , 
 
 Let it be farther consider'd, what is most evident, that the, body 
 feedes upon meats commonly but at certain periods and stated times, be 
 it twice a day or oftner ; whereas, upon the Aer, or what accompanies 
 it Cest enim in ipso jlere occultus vitcs cibusj, it is allwaies preying, 
 sleeping or waking; and therefore, doubtlesse the election of this con- 
 stant and assiduous food, should something concefne us, I affirme, more 
 then even the very meat we eat, whereof, so little and indifferent 
 nourishes and satisfies the most temperate and best educated perspns. 
 Besides, Aer that is corrupt insinuates it self into the vital parts imme-p 
 diately; whereas the meats which we take, though never so ill con* 
 dition'd, require time for the concoction, by which its effects are greatly 
 
 * De Morbo Sacro. 
 
 2f 
 
218 
 
 mitigated ; whereas the othey, passing so speedily to the lungs, and 
 virtually to the heart it self, is deriv'd and communicated over the 
 whole masse ; in a word, as the lucid and noble Aer, clarifies the hlood^i 
 subtilizes and excites it, cheering the spirits and promoting digestion ; 
 so the dark and grosse (on the contrary) perturbs the body, prohibits 
 rtecessary transpiration for the resolution and dissipation of ill vapours, 
 even to disturbance of the very rational faculties^ which the purer Aer 
 does so far illuminate, as to have rendred some men healthy and wise 
 even to a miracle. And therefore the empoysonjng of Aer was ever 
 esteem'd no lesse fatall then the poysoning.of water or meate it self, 
 and forborn even amongst barbarians; since (as is said) such, infections 
 become more apt to insinuate themselves, and betray the very; spirits, to 
 which they have so neer a cognation. Some Aers we know are held 
 to be alexipharmac, and even deleterious ito poy son it, self, as 'tis re- 
 ported of that of Ireland. In some we finde carcasses will hardly 
 putrifie, in others again rot and fall to pieces immediately. 
 ! From these or the like considerations therefore, it might well proceed j 
 that Vitruvius, and the rest who follow that master Builder*, mention 
 it as a principle, for the accomplishment of their Architect, that being 
 skilfull in the art of Physick, amongst iotherr observations, he sedulously 
 examined the Aer and situation of the places where he designs to -build,: 
 the inclinations of the heavens, and the climats ; Sine his enim ratio- 
 nibus nulla saluhris habitatio fieri potest-f : there is no dwelling can be 
 safe or healthy without it, 'Tis true, he does likewise adde Water also, 
 which is but a kinde of condensed Aer ; though he might have observ'd 
 that element to be seldome bad, where the other is good; omitting 
 ortely some peculiar fountains and mineral waters, which are percolated 
 through mines and metalique earths less frequent, and very rarely to 
 be encounter'd. j,y 
 
 Now whether those who were the antient founders of our goodly metron 
 polis, had considered these particulars (though long before Vitruvius) 
 I can no waies doubt or make question of; since, having respect to the 
 nobleness of the situation of London, we shall: every way finde it to 
 
 * Lib. I. cap. 1. f Aeres Locorum. 
 
219 
 
 -Jiave been consulted with all imaginable advantages, not onely in rela- 
 tion to profit, but to health and 1 pleasure ;^ and that, if there be any 
 thing which seems to- impeach .the two- last transcendencies, it will be 
 found to be but something extrinsecal and accidental onely, which 
 naturally does not concern the place at all ; hut which may very easily 
 be reformed, without any the least inconvenience, as in due time we 
 shaiU come to demonstrate. 
 
 ru>:;g,*j|> 
 
 For first, the City of London is built upon a sweet and most agreer 
 able eminency of ground, at the North-side of a goodly and well-con- 
 dition'd river, towards which it hath an, aspect by a gentle and easie 
 declivity, apt to be improved to all that may render her palaces, build- 
 ings, and avenues usefully gracefull, and: most maignificent : the fumes 
 which exhale from the waters and lower grounds lying South-ward, by 
 which means they are perpetually attracted, C;arried off, or dissipated by 
 the sun, as soon as they are born and ascend. , v 
 
 Adde to this, that the soil is universally, gravell, pot , onely where 
 the City it self is placed: but for severaU miles about the ■ countreys 
 which environ it : that it is plentifully and richly irrigated, and visited 
 with waters which christalize her fountains in every street, and may, be 
 conducted to them in such farther plenty, as Rome her self might not 
 more abound in this liquid- ornament, for the pleasure and divertise- 
 ment, as well as for the use and refreshment of her. inhabitants. I for- 
 bear to enlarge upon the rest of the conveniencies which this august and 
 opulent City enjoies both by sea and land, to accumulaJte h,er encomi- 
 ums, and render her the most considerable; that the earth has standing 
 upon her ample bosome; because, it belongs to the Orator and, the 
 Poet, and is none of my institution : but I will infer, that if this goodly 
 City justly challenges what is her due, and merits all that can be said 
 to reinforce her praises, and give her title ; she is to be jeliev'd. from 
 that which renders her less healthy, really offends her, and which 
 darkens and eclipses all her other attributes. And what is all tbisi.but 
 that hellish and dismall cloud of Sea-coal? which is not only perpetu- 
 ally imminent over her head, for as the Poet, 
 
 Conditur in tenebris altum caligine Coelum *, 
 
 * iEneid. 11. 
 
220 
 
 universally mixed with the otherwise wholsome and excellent Aer, 
 her inhabitants breathe nothing but an impure and thick mist, accom- 
 ed with a fuliginous and filthy vapour, which renders them obnoxious 
 thousand inconveniences, corrupting the lungs, and disordering the 
 e habits of their bodies ; so that cathars,. phthisicks, coughs and 
 umptionsrage more in this one'City than in the whole earth besides, 
 shall not here much descant upon the nature of smoaks, and other 
 lations from things burnt, which have obtain'd. their severall 
 letes, according to the quality of the matter consumed, because 
 
 are generally accounted noxious and unwholsome, and I would 
 have it thought, that I doe here fumos vendere, as the word is, or 
 paper with insignificant remarks : it was yet haply no inept deri- 
 >n of that critick, who took our English, or rather Saxon appella- 
 
 from the Greek word a-f/.v^u, corrumpo, and exuro, as most agree- 
 to its destructive effects, especially of what we doe here so much 
 um against, since this is certain, that, of all the common and 
 liar materials which emit it, the immoderate use of, and indulgence 
 ea-coale alone in the City of London, exposes it to one of the 
 est inconveniencies and reproches, that can possibly befall so noble, 
 otherwise incomparable City : and that, not from the culinary fires 
 ;h for - being weak, and lesse often fed below, is with such ease 
 ell'd and scatterr'd above, as it is hardly at all discernible, but 
 
 1 some few particular tunnells and issues, belonging only to brewers, 
 3, lime-burners, salt and sope-boylers, and some other private 
 es, one of whose spiracles alone does manifestly infect the Aer 
 e then all the chimnies of London put together besides. And that 
 is not the least hyperbolic, let the best of judges decide it, which 
 ke to be our senses : whilst these are belching It forth their sooty 
 5, the City of London resembles the, face rather of Mount Etna, the 
 ■t of Vulcan, Stromboli, or the suburbs of Hell, then an assembly 
 itional creatures, and the imperial seat of our incomparable Monarch. 
 
 when in all other places the Aer is most serene and pure, it is here 
 psed with such a cloud of sulphure,. as the Sun it self, which gives 
 to all the world besides, is hardly able to penetrate and impart it 
 ! ; and the weary Traveller, at many miles distance, sooner smells 
 
221 
 
 then sees the City to which he repairs. This is that pernicious smoate 
 which sullyes all her glory, superinducing a sooty crust or furr upon all 
 that it lights, spoyling the moveables, tarnishing the plate, gildings, 
 and furniture, and corroding the very iron bars and hardest stones with 
 those piercing and acrimonious spirits which accompany its sulphure ; 
 and executing more in one year, then expos'd to the pure Aer of the 
 country it could effect in some hundreds. 
 
 piceaque gravatutn 
 
 Foedat nu,be diem * ; 
 
 It is this horrid smoake which obscures our churches, and makes our 
 palaces look old, which fouls our clothes, and corrupts the waters, so 
 as the very rain and refreshing dews which fall in the several seasons 
 precipitate this impure vapour, which, with its black and tenacious 
 quality, spots and contaminates whatsoever is expos'd to it. 
 
 ' Calidoque involvitur undique fumo -|-. 
 
 It is this which scatters and strews about those black and smutty 
 atomes upon all things where it comes, Insinuating it self into our very 
 secret cabinets, and most precious repositories : finally, it is this which 
 diffuses and spreads a yellownesse upon our choycest pictures and hang- 
 ings : which does this mischief at home ; Is Avernts J to fowl, and 
 kills our bees and flowers abroad, suffering nothing in our gardens to 
 bud, display themselves, or ripen ; so as ouranemonies, and many other 
 choycest flowers, will by no Industry be made to blow in London, .or 
 the precincts of it, unlesse they be raised on a hot-bed, and govern'd 
 with extraordinary artifice to acceUerate their springing, imparting a 
 bitter and ungrateful tast to those few wretched fruits which, never 
 arriving to their desired maturity, seem, like the apples of Sodome,. to 
 fall even to dust when they are but touched. Not therefore to be for- 
 gotten is that which was by many observ'd, that in the year when 
 
 ' * Claud.de rap. Pros, 1. 1.- f 0"^' 
 
 J, A lake in Italy; which formerly emitted such noxious fumes, that birds^ which a,ttempted to 
 fly over it fell in and were suffocated ; but it has lost this bad quality for many ages, and is at 
 present well stocked with fish and fowl. 
 
222 
 
 New-castle was besiegM and blocked up in our late wars^ so as throug 
 the great dearth and scarcity of coales, those famous worjks many < 
 them were either left off, or spent but feW coales in cothparlsori t 
 what they now use : divers gardens and orchards planted even" in th 
 very heart of London, (as In particular my lord MarqueSse of Herl 
 fords * In the Strand, ihy Lord Brldgewaters f, and some others abot 
 Barbican,) were observed to bear such plentiful and infinite quiantltie 
 of fruits, as they never produced the like either before or since, t 
 their great astonishment : but it was by the owners rightly Imputed t 
 the penury of coales, and the little smoake which they took notice t 
 infest them that year : for there is a virtue in the Aer, to penetrate 
 alter, nourish, yea and to multiply plants and fruits, without whlcl 
 no vegetable could possibly thrive ; but as the Poet, 
 
 Aret ager : vitio moriens sitit aeris herba+ : , 
 
 So as it was not ill said by Paracelsus, that of all things Aer onl 
 could be truly affirm'd to have life, seeing to all things it gave life 
 Argument sufficient to demonstrate how prejudicial it is to the bodle 
 of men ; for that can never be Aer fit for them to breath in, where no 
 fruits nor flowers do ripen, or come to a seasonable perfection. 
 
 I have strangely wondred, and not without some just indignation 
 when the south-wind has been gently breathing, to have sometime 
 beheld that stately house and igarden belonging to my lord of North 
 
 * Sit William Seymour, Knt. second son of Edward Earl of Hertford, who succeeded his fathe 
 in his titles and honours in 1618. In 1640, in consideration of his eminent services, he was cfeate 
 Marquess of Hertford, and living to see the restoration of King Charles H. was by a special Ac 
 restored to the title of Duke of Somerset. His second marriage was with Lady Prances, daughte 
 of Robert Earl of Essex. ' 
 
 After a careful but fruitless research for the house alluded to in the text> it seems probable, frOE 
 the matrimonial alliance above-mentioned, that this nobleman was residing in Essex-house at th 
 time referred to by Evelyn. 
 
 t The Earls of Bridgewater had a house in the Barbican, called after their title. It was burn 
 down in 1675, and Lord Brackley, eldestsonof the then Earl, and a younger brother, ' with thei: 
 tutor, perished in the flames. The site is now called Bridgewater-square, or garden. Pennant. 
 
 i Peorg. 7. 
 
223 
 
 umberland *, even as far as White-hall and Westminster, wrapped in a 
 horrid cloud of this ^moake, issuing from a brew-house or two con- 
 tiguous to that noble, palaqe : so as coming up the river, that part of 
 the City has ^ppqar'd a sea where no land was within ken ; the same 
 fre(jiJkently happens from a Lime-kelne f on the bank-side neer the 
 Falcon J, which when the windblQwes southern, dilates it self all over 
 that poynt of the Thames, and the opposite part of London, especially 
 about St. Paul's, poysoning the Aer with so d^rk and thick a fog, as I 
 ■ have been, hardly able to pass through it, for the extraordinary stench 
 and halitus It sends forth ; and the like Is neer Fox-hall § at the farther 
 end of Lambeth. 
 
 Now to what funest and deadly accidents the assiduous invasion of 
 the smoak exposes the numerous inhabitants, I have already touch'd, 
 whatsoever some have fondly pretended, not considering that the con- 
 stant use of the same Aer (be It never so impure) may be consistent 
 with life and a valetudinary state ; especially, if the place be native to 
 us, and that we have never lived for any long time out of it; custome, 
 in this, as In all things else, obtaining another nature, and all putre- 
 faction proceeding from certain changes, It becomes^ as it were, the 
 form and perfection of that vvhich is contain'd In It: for so (to say 
 nothing of such as by assuefaction have made the rankest poysons their 
 
 * Northumberland-house still graces the Strand as a memento of the splendour of our ancient no- 
 bility, untouched by the devastating hands of mercenary builders, who have driven from the street 
 every vestige of past times. 
 
 f I doe assent, that both lime and sulphur are in some affections specifics for the lungs ; but then 
 they are to be so prepared, as nothing save the purest parts be received into the body (for so phy- 
 sicians prescribe flore sulph, &c.) and not accompanied with such gross and plainly virulent va- 
 pours as these fires send forth : nor are they (as accurately prepar'd as art can render them) to be 
 perpetually used, but at certain periods, in formes, and with due regimen. 
 
 % The Falcon Stairs were standing upon that spot from the Bank-side, Southwark, lately oc- 
 cupied by the South-east corner of the Albion Mills, and near them stood a very spacious building 
 of wood and plaster, called the Falcon Inn, which, ft-om its appearance, was probably erected long 
 previous to the reign of Elizabeth., : From its magnitude, and contiguity to the Bank-side Theatre, 
 it was possibly the resort of Shakspeare, Ben Jonson, and other constant visitants of the Globe and 
 Bear-garden. It was in the yard of the Falcon Inn that Sir Christopher Wren erected a house of 
 red bricks, for the constant viewing the progress of St. Paul's and the otlier City Churcliea, which 
 he was employed to re-build, and whieh could be seen from any of its windows. 
 
 § Now known by the name of Vauxhall. 
 
224 
 
 most, familiar diet) we read that IJpimenides continu'd fifty years in a 
 damp cave, the Eremites dwelt in dens, and divers live now in the 
 fens ; some are condemn'd to the mines, and others, that are perpe- 
 tually conversant about the forges, furnaces of iron, and other smoaky 
 works, are little concern'd with these troublesome accidents : but as it 
 is not (I perswade my self) out of choyce that these men affect them ; 
 so nor will any man, I think, commend and celebrate their manner of 
 living. A tabid body might possibly trail out a miserable life of seven 
 or eight years by a sea-coale fire, as 'tis reported the wife of a certain 
 famous Physician did of late by the prescription of her husband ; but 
 it is to be considered also, how much longer and happier she might 
 have survived in a better and more noble Aer ; and that old Par, who 
 lived in health to an hundred and fifty years of age, was not so much 
 concern'd with the change of diet (as some have affirm'd) as with that 
 of the Aer, which plainly wither'd him, and spoyl'd his digestion in a 
 short time after his arrival at London. 
 
 There is, I confesse, a certain idiosyncrasis* in the composition of some 
 persons, which may fit and dispose them to thrive better in some Aers, 
 then in others. But it is manifest that those who repair to London, 
 no sooner enter into it, but they find a universal alteration in their bo- 
 dies, which are either dryed up or inflam'd, the humours being exas- 
 perated and made apt to putrifie, their sensories and perspiration so ex- 
 ceedingly stopp'd, with the losse of appetite, and a kind of general stu- 
 pefaction, succeeded with such cathars and distillations, as do never, or 
 very rarely, quit them without some further symptomes of dangerous 
 inconveniency so long as they abide in the place ; which yet are imme- 
 diately restored to their former habit, so soon as they are retired to their 
 homes and enjoy the fresh Aer again. And here I may not omit to 
 mention what a most learned Physician -f' and one of the CoUedge as- 
 sur'd me, as I remember of a friend of his, who had so strange an an- 
 tipathy to the Aer of London : that though he were a Merchant, and 
 had frequent businesse in the City, was yet constrained to make his 
 
 * A peculiar temperament or disposition. 
 
 t Dr. Whistler, > F. R. S. and Censor of the College of Physici^s, an excellent schplar, and ac- 
 knowledged by Evelyn as " the most facetious man in nature." 
 
225 
 
 dwelling some miles without it ; and when he came to the Exchange, 
 within an hour or two grew so extremely indispos'd, that (as if out of 
 his proper element) he was forced to take horse (which us'd therefore 
 constantly to attend him at the entrance), and ride as far for his life, till 
 ^ he came into the fields, and was returning home again, which is an in- 
 stance so extraordinary, as not, it may be, to be parallel'd in any place 
 of Europe, save the Grotto del Carie, nere Naples, the Os Plutonium 
 of Srlvius, or some such subterranean habitation. For diseases proceed 
 not from so long a series of causes, as we are apt to conceive ; but most 
 times from those obvious and diespicable mischiefs, which yet we take 
 lesse notice of because they are familiar. But how frequently do we 
 hear men say (speaking of some deceased neighbour or friend) 'he went 
 up to London, and took a great cold, &c. which he could never after- 
 wards claw oflF again.' 
 
 I report my self to all those who (during these sad confusions) have been 
 compelled to breath the Aer of other countries for some years ; if they 
 do not now perceive a manifest alteration in their appetite, and elearr 
 ness of their spirits ; especially such as have liv'd long in France, and 
 the city of Paris ; where, to take off that unjust reproch, the plague as 
 seldome domineers as in any part of Europe, which I more impute to 
 the serenity and purity of the Aer about it, then to any other qualities 
 which are frequently assign'd for the cause of it by divers writers. But 
 if it be objected that the purest Aers are soonest infected, it is answered, 
 that they are also the soonest freed again ; and that none would there- 
 fore choose to live in a corrupt Aer, because of this article. . London, 'tis 
 confess'd, is not the only city most obnoxious to the pestilence ; but it is 
 yet never clear of this smoake which is a plague so many other ways, and 
 indeed intolerable ; because it kills not at once, but always, since still 
 to languish is worse than even death it self. For is there under hea- 
 ven such coughing and snuffing to be heard, as in the London churches 
 and assemblies of people, where the barking and spitting is incessant 
 and most importunate. What shall I say ? 
 
 Hinc hominum pecudumque Lues*. — 
 
 * Lucan. 
 2 G 
 
226 
 
 And what mgiy be the cause of these troublesome effects, but the in- 
 spiration of this infernal vapour, accompanying the Aer, which first heats 
 and sollicits the aspera arteria, through one of whose conduits, partly car- 
 tilaginous, and partly membranous, it enters by several branches into the 
 very pa7'enchi/ mo, and substance of the lungs, violating, in this passage, 
 the larynx and epiglottis^ together with those multiform and curious 
 muscles, the immediate and proper instruments of the voyce, which be- 
 coming rough and drye, can neither be contracted or dilated for the 
 due modulation of the yoyce ; so as by some of my friends (studious 
 in Musick, whereof one is a Doctor of Physick) it has been constantly 
 observ'd, that coming out of the country into London, they lost three 
 whole notes in the compasse of their voice, which they never recover'd 
 again till their retreat; adeo enim animantes* (to use the Orators words) 
 aspiratione ^eris sustinentur, ipseque Jler nobiscum videt, nobiscum 
 audit, nobiscum sonat. In summe, we perform nothing withobt it. 
 
 Whether the head and the brain (as some have imagined) take in the 
 ambient Aer, nay the very arteries through the skin universally over the 
 whole body, is greatly controverted ; but if so, of what consequence the 
 goodnesse and purity of the Aer is, will to every one appear: sure we 
 are, how much the respiration is perturb'd, and concern'd, when the 
 lungs are prepossessed with these grosse and dense vapours, brought 
 along in the Aer ; which on the other side being pure and fitly quali- 
 fied, and so conducted to them, is there commixed with the circulating 
 blood, insinuating itself into the left ventricle of the heart by the ar- 
 teria venosa, to rarifie and subtilize that precious vehicle of the spirits 
 and vital , flame. The vena arteriosa, and arteria venosa, disposing 
 themselves into many branches through the pulmonique lobes, for its 
 convoy, the Aer (as we sayd) being first, brought into them out of the 
 bronchia (together with the returning blood) to the very heart it self ; 
 so as we are not at all to wonder at the suddain and prodigious effects 
 of a poysonous or lesse wholesome Aer, when it comes to Invade such 
 noble parts, vessells, spirits, and humours, as it visits and attaques, 
 through those subtile and curious passages. But this is not all. 
 
 What if there appear to be an arsenical vapour, as well as sulphur, 
 
 * Cic. de Niit. Deor. 
 
227 
 
 breathing sometimes from this intemperate use of sea-cole, in great 
 cities? That there is, what does plainly stupifie, is evident to those 
 who sit long by it; and that which fortun'd to the Dutchmen who 
 winter'd in Nova Zembla, was by all Physicians attributed to such a 
 deleterious quality in the like fuell, as well as to the inspissation of the 
 Aer, which they thought only to have attemper'd, as is by most esteem'd 
 to be the reason of the same dangerous halitus of char-cole, not fully 
 enkendl'd. But to come neerer yet. 
 
 New Castle cole, as an expert Physician* affirms, causeth consump- 
 tions, phthisicks, and the indisposition of the luiTgs, not only by the 
 suffiDcating abundance of smoake, but also by its virulency : for all 
 subterrany fuel hath a kind of virulent or arsenical vapour rising from 
 it; which, as it speedily destroys those who dig it in the mines, so 
 does it by little and little, those who use it here above them. There- 
 fore those diseases (saith this Doctor) most afflict about London, where 
 the very iron is sooner consum'd by the smoake thereof, then where 
 this fire is not used. 
 
 And, if indeed there be such a venemous quality latent, and some- 
 times breathing from this fuell, we are lesse to trouble ourselves for the 
 finding out of the cause of those pestilential and epidemical sicknesses 
 (epidemiorum causa enim in ^ere, says Galen) which at divers periods 
 have so terribly infested and wasted us : or, that it should be so suscep- 
 tible of infection, all manner of diseases having so universal a vehicle 
 as is that of the smoake, which perpetually invests this city : but this 
 is also noted by the learned Sir Kenelme Digby, f in confirmation of the 
 doctrine of atomical effluvias and emanations, wafted, mixed and com- 
 municated by the Aer, where he well observes, that from the materials 
 of our London fires, there results a great quantity of volatile salts, 
 which being very sharp and dissipated by the smoakes, doth infect the 
 Aer, and so incorporated with it, that, though the very bodies of those 
 corrosive particles escape our perception, yet we soon find their effects, 
 by the destruction which they induce upon all things that they do but 
 touch ; spoyling and destroying their beautiful colours, with their fuli- 
 
 * Arnold Boetius a Boot, a Physician well versed in the Latin, Greek, Hebrew^i and Syriac lan- 
 guages, who died in 1653. t In his Discourse of sympathetick powder. 
 
228 
 
 ginous qualities : yea, though a chamber be never so closely locked 
 up, men find at their return, all things that are in it even covered with 
 a black thin soot, and all the rest of the furniture as full of it, as if it 
 were in the house of some miller, or a bakers shop, where the flower 
 gets into the cupboards and boxes, though never so close and accu- 
 rately shut. 
 
 This coale, says Sir K. flies abroad, fowling the clothes that are 
 expos'd drying upon the hedges; and in the spring-time (as but now 
 we mentioned) besoots all the leaves, so as there is nothing free from 
 its universal contamination, and it is for this that the bleachers about 
 Harlaem prohibit by an express law (as I am told) the use of these 
 coles, for some miles about that town ; and how curious the diers and 
 weavers of dammask, and other precious silks are at Florence, of the 
 least ingresse of any smoaky vapour, whilst their Idomes are at work, I 
 shall shew upon some other occasion : but in the mean time being thus 
 incorporated with the very Aer which ministers to the necessary respi- 
 ration of our lungs, the inhabitants of London, and such as frequent 
 it, find it in all their expectorations; the spittle, and other excrements 
 which proceed from them, being for the most part of a blackish and 
 fuliginous colour : besides, this acrimonious soot produces another sad 
 effect, by rendrlng the people obnoxious to inflammations, and comes 
 (in time) to exulcerate the lungs, which is a mischief so incurable, that 
 it carries away multitudes by languishing and deep consumptions, as 
 the Bills of Mortality do weekly inform us. And these are those 
 endemii morhi, vernaculous and proper to London. So corrosive is 
 this smoake about the city, that if one would hang up gammons of 
 bacon, beefe, or other flesh to fume, and prepare it in the chimnies, as 
 the good house- wifes do in the country, where they make use of 
 sweeter fuell, it will so mummifie, drye up, waste and burn it, that it 
 suddainly crumbles away, consumes and comes to nothing. 
 
 The consequences then of all this is, that (as was said) almost one 
 half of them who perish in London, dye of phthisical and pulmonic dis- 
 tempers ; that the Inhabitants are never free from coughs arid importu- 
 nate rheumatisms, spitting of impostumated and corrupt matter : for 
 remedy whereof, there is none so infallible, as that, in time, the patient 
 
229 
 
 change his Aer, and remove into the country : such as repair to Paris 
 (where it is excellent) and other like places, perfectly recovering of their 
 health ; which is a demonstration sufficient to confirm what we have 
 asserted concerning the perniciousnesse of that ahout this City, pro- 
 duced only from this exitial and intolerable accident. 
 
 But 1 hear it now objected by some, that in publishing this invective 
 against the smoake of London, I hazard the engaging of a whole faculty 
 against me, and particularly, that the Colledge of Physicians esteem it 
 rather a preservation against infections, then otherwise any cause of the 
 sad effects which I have enumerated. But as I have, upon several en- 
 counters, found the most able and learned amongst them, to renounce 
 this opinion, and heartily wish for a universal purgation of the Aer by the 
 expedients I propose ; so I cannot believe that any of that learned so- 
 ciety should think themselves so far concern'd, as to he offended with 
 me for that, which (as well for their sakes, as the rest who derive bene- 
 fit from it) I wish were at farther distance ; since it is certain, that so 
 many of their patients are driven away from the City, upon the least in- 
 disposition which attaques ,them, on this sole consideration ; as esteem- 
 ing it lesse dangerous to put themselves into the hands of some country 
 doctor or empiric, then to abide the Aer of London, with all its other 
 advantages. For the rest, that pretend to that honourable profession ; 
 if any shall find themselves Qgreev'd, and think good to contend, I shall 
 easily allow him as much smoake as he desires, and much good may it 
 do him. But it is to be suspected, and the answer is made (by as many 
 as have ever suggested the objection to me), that there be some whom 
 I must expect to plead for that which makes so much work for the 
 chimney-sweeper : since I am secure of the learned and ingenuous, and 
 whose fortunes are not built on smoake, or raised by a universal cala- 
 mity : such as I esteem to be the nuisances I have here reproved : I do 
 not hence infer, that I shall be any way impatient of a just and civil 
 re'ply, which I shall rather esteem for an honour done me, because I 
 know that a witty and a learned man is able to discourse upon any sub- 
 ject whatsoever ; some of them having with praise, written even of the 
 praise of Diseases themselves ; for so Favorinus of old, and Menapius 
 since, commended a quartan ague ; Pirckhemierus the gout ; Gutherius 
 
230 
 
 celebrated blindnesse, Hiensius the louse; and to come nearer our theam^ 
 Majoragius the nasty dirt : not, I suppose, that they affected these plea- 
 sant things, but, as' A. Gellius * has it, exercendi gratia ^ and to shew 
 their wits : for as the Poet, 
 
 Sunt etiam musis sua ludicra, mista camoenis 
 Otia sunt : 
 
 But to proceed, I do farther affirm, that it is not the dust and ordure 
 which is daily cast out of their houses, much lesse what is brought in by 
 the feet of men and horses ; or the want of more frequent and better 
 conveyances, which renders the streets of London^dirty even to a pro- 
 verb : but chiefly this continual smoake, which ascending in the day- 
 time, is, by the descending dew and cold, precipitated again at night : 
 and this is manifest, if a peice of clean linnen be spread all night in any 
 court or garden, the least infested as to appearance ; but especially if it 
 happen' to rain, which carries it down in greater portion, not only upon 
 the earth, but upon the water also, where it leaves a thin web, or pelli- 
 cule of dust, dancing upon the surface of it ; as those who go to bathe 
 in the Thames (though at some miles distance from the City) do easily 
 discern and bring home upon their bodies : How it sticks on the hands, 
 faces, and linnen of our fair ladles, and nicer dames, who reside constantly 
 in London (especially during winter), the prodigious wast of almond-pow- 
 der for the one, soap and wearing out of the other, do sufficiently manifest. 
 
 Let it be considered what a fuliginous crust is yearly contracted, and 
 adheres to the sides of our ordinary chymnies where this grosse fuell is 
 used; and then imagine, if there were a solid tentorium, or canopy 
 over London, what a masse of soote would then stick to it, which now 
 (as was said) comes down every night in the streets, on our houses, the 
 waters, and is taken into our bodies. 
 
 And may this much suffice concerning the causes and effects of this 
 evill, and to discover to all the world how pernicious this smoake is to 
 our inhabitants of London, to decrie it, and to introduce some happy 
 expedient, whereby they may for the future hope to be freed froni so 
 intolerable an inconvenience, if what I shall be able to produce and offer 
 next may in some measure contribute to it. 
 
 * De materiis infamibus quas Grsci aJofs; appellant. Noct. Att. L. 17. c. 12. 
 
231 
 
 PART II. 
 
 We know (as the proverb commonly speaks) that, 'as there is no 
 smoake without fire ; so neither is there hardly any fire without smoake/ 
 and that the axxTrm |uAa, materials which burn clear are very few, and 
 but comparatively so tearmed. That to talk of serving this vast City 
 (though Paris as great, be so supplied) with wood*, were madnesse; 
 and yet doubtlesse it were possible, that much larger proportions of 
 wood might be brought to London, and sold at easier rates, if that were 
 diligently observed, which both our Laws enjoyn, as faisible and prac- 
 tised in other places more remote, by planting and preserving of woods 
 and copses, and by what might by sea be brought out of the Northern 
 countries, where it so greatly abounds, and seems inexhaustible. But 
 the remedy which I would propose, has nothing in it of this difficultyj 
 requiring only the removal of such trades, as are manifest nuisances to 
 the City, which I would have placed at farther distances; especially, 
 such as in their works and fournaces use great quantities of sea-colej the 
 sole and only cause of those prodigious clouds of smoake which so uni- 
 versally and so fatally infest the Aer, and would in no city of Europe be 
 permitted, where men had either respect to health or ornament. Such 
 we named to be brewers, diers, sope and salt-boylers, lime-burners, and 
 the like : these I affirm, together with some few others of the same 
 classe removed at competent distance, would produce so considerable 
 (though but partial) a cure, as men would even be found to breath a 
 new life as it were, as well as London appear a new city, delivered from 
 that which alone renders it one of the most pernicious ' and insupport- 
 able abodes in the world, as subjecting her inhabitants to so infamous 
 an Aer, otherwise sweet and very healthful : for, (as we said) the culi- 
 nary fires (and which charking would greatly reform) contribute little 
 or nothing in comparison to these foul mouth'd issues, and curies of 
 smoake, which (as the Poet has it) do ccelum subtexere fumo ■{', and 
 
 * This project of supplying London with wood fires, was certainly very humane ; but, from the 
 destruction of the woodsy even in Evelyn's days, was as little practicable as it would be at present, 
 t Virgil. 
 
232 
 
 draw a sable curtain over heaven. Let any man observe it upon a Sun- 
 day, or such time as these spiracles cease, that the fires are generally 
 extinguished, and he shall sensibly conclude, by the clearnesse of the 
 skie, and universal serenity of the aer about it, that all the chimnies in 
 London do not darken and poyson it so much as one or two of those 
 tunnels of smoake ; and, that, because the most imperceptible transpi- 
 rations which they send forth are ventilated and dispersed with the 
 least breath which is stirring, whereas the columns and clowds of 
 smoake which are belched forth from the sooty throates of those works, 
 are so thick and plentiful, that rushing out with great impetuosity, they 
 are capable even to resist the fiercest winds, and being extremely siir- 
 charg'd with a fuliginous body, fall down upon the City, before they can 
 be dissipated, as the more thin and weak is ; so as two or three of these 
 fumid vortices *, are able to whirle it about the whole City, rendering it 
 in a few moments like the picture of Troy sacked by the Greeks, or the 
 approches of Mount-Hecla. 
 
 I propose therefore, that by an Act of this present Parliament, this 
 infernal nuisance be reformed ; enjoyning, that all those works be re- 
 moved five or six miles distant from London below, the river of Thames ; 
 I say, five or six miles, or at the least so far as to stand behind that 
 promontory jetting out, and securing Greenwich f from the pestilent 
 Aer of Plumstead-marshes : because, being placed at any lesser interval 
 beneath the City, it would not only prodigiously infect that his Majesties 
 royal seat (^and as Barclay calls it) pervetusta Itegum JBritatinicorum 
 domus ; but during our nine months Etesians (for so we may justly 
 name our tedious Western-winds) utterly darken and confound one of 
 the most princely, and magnificent J prospects that the world has to 
 shew : whereas, being seated behind that mountain, and which seems 
 to have been thus industriously elevated ; no winds, or other accident 
 whatever can force it through that solid obstacle ; and I am perswaded 
 that the heat of these works, mixing with the too cold and uliginous 
 
 * Pliny. t Or WooUedge. 
 
 } Meinorabilis amoenitas pene citius animum quam oculos difFudit, aspectu non Britannia tan- 
 tum, sed fortasse tota Europa pulcherrimo, &c. Sed pulcherrimum spectaculum preebet ipsa'urbs 
 inter exiinias Europae celebrata, &c, Jo. Barcl. Euphor. Sat. part. 4. c. 2. 
 
233 
 
 vapours which perpetually ascend from these fenny grounds, might be 
 a means of rendring that Aer far more healthy then now it is ; because 
 it seems to stand in need of some powerful drier ; but which London, 
 by reason of its excellent scituation, does not all require. And if it 
 shall be objected that the brakishnesse of the spring-tides, happening 
 hereabout at some periods, may render the waters lesse useful for some 
 purposes : it is an extraordinary accident, which, appearing rarely, is 
 cured again at the reversion of the next tide : or if it only concern the 
 brewer, I know no inconveniency, if even some of them were prescrib'd, 
 as far as any fresh-waters are found dissemboguing into the Thames ; 
 since the commodiousnesse of the passage may bring up their wares 
 with so great ease. He that considers what quantities are transported 
 from Dantzick, Lubeck, Hamborough, and other remote places into 
 Holland, cannot think this an unreasonable proposition : but if their 
 fondnesse to be nearer London, procure indulgence for some of them, 
 thetowne of Bowe, in regard of its scituation from our continual winds, 
 may serve for the expedient, and a partial cure : but the rest of thosfe 
 banish'd to the utmost extreme propounded on the river. 
 
 At least by this means thousands of able watermen may be employed 
 in bringing commodities into the City, to certain magazines & wharfs, 
 commodiously situated to dispense them by carrs or rather sleds, into 
 the several parts of the town ; all which may be eflfected with much faci- 
 lity, and small expense ; but, with such conveniency and benefit to the 
 inhabitants otherwise, as were altogether inestimable ; and therefore, to 
 be vallu'd beyond all other trifling objections of sordid and avaricious 
 persons whatsoever. Nor, indeed, could there at all the lest detriment 
 ensue upon this reformation, since, the places and houses deserted 
 (which commonly take up a great space of ground) might be converted 
 into tenements, and some of them into noble houses for use and plea- 
 sure, respecting the Thames to their no small advantage. Add to this, 
 that it would be a means to prevent the danger of fireing, those sad 
 calamities, for the most part, proceeding from some accident or other, 
 which takes beginning ' from places^ where such great and exorbitant 
 fires are perpetually kept going. 
 
 2 H 
 
234 
 
 l^Joi: \vere this a tjiing yet sp extravagant, ao4 witUpiit: »U president 
 of former tinips ; slqpe even ithie siaa^^jse ^xl^ burning of les^e fqetid asn^ 
 noxious fueU prodpc'd ^n inqqnveniepce so vii^iversal in po^e cQuntries 
 of |:his nation : not tq menjtion the complaint which I haye heard ^pme 
 parts even of France itself lying Sou(;h-west of England, did formerly 
 make of being infested with smoakes driven from o«r maritime coasts, 
 which injur'd their vinps jn flower % that ^t was thoughj: expedient an 
 Act of Parliamfipt should be pjiade purposply to reform \t, in the seventh 
 year of the reign of his Majesties grandfather that now is, which, to 
 take oflF all prgudice, X shall here rpcite, as it remains upon record. 
 
 Anno vii Jacohi liegis. 
 
 An Act against burning of Ling, and Heath, a,nd other Moar-burning 
 in the Counties of Yorke, Durhaip, Northumberland, Cumberland, 
 "Vl^estmorland, Lancaster, Darbie, Nottingham, and Leicester, at 
 unseasonable times of the y?ar. 
 
 Whereas, many inconveniencies are observed to happen in divers 
 counties of this realm, by moore-burnings, and by raising of fires in 
 moorish grounds and mountaneous countries, for burning of ling, heath, 
 hather, furres, gorsse, turflfe, fearn, whjnnes, broom, and the like, in the 
 spring time, and summer-times : For as much as thereby happeneth 
 
 * An elegant French writpr, since our author's time, describes the effects of pur sea-coal thus: 
 Aspicis effosso terris carbone Britanni , 
 QUam malfe dissolvunt fiigus, quam ducitur aegrfe 
 Spiritus ; infesto nisi tabescentibus igne 
 Atpnspeliensis opetn tulerit pulmonibus aer. 
 ***** 
 
 ^gra salutifero potiatur ut aSre tepuin 
 Gallia, quae foculos uno carhone Britann{ini 
 Mqx strjiet ad ritum, lignp caritura^ gravc§que 
 Hauriet et fumos, et anheli semina morbi ; 
 Ni caveant quibus est nemorum mandata pptestas. 
 
 Jac. Vanierii Pk^d. Ru«t. 12mo, Par. 17€5, p. 33. 
 
235 
 
 yearly a great destruction of the bifood of wild-fowle and moor-gaifitie, 
 and by the multitacfe of grosse va|)ours, and clouds arising from those 
 great fires, the Aer is so distemper'd, and such unseasonable and un- 
 natural storms are ingendred, as that the corn, and the fruites of 
 the earth are thereby in divers places blasted^; and greatly hindered in 
 their due course of ripening- and reaping. As also, for that sometimes 
 it: hath happened, that by the violence of those fires driven with the ' 
 wind, great fields of corn growing, have been consumed, and meadbws- 
 spoyl'd, to the great hurt and dammage: of his Majesties subjects ;• 
 which moor-burnings, neverthelesse, may be used, and practised at 
 some other convenient times, without such, eminent dainger or prejudice. 
 Be it therefore enacted by our Soveraign Lord the. Kings most 
 excellent Miajesty, with the assent of the Lords spiritual and; temporkl, 
 and of the Commons in this Parliament assembled, and by the authoi-> 
 rity of the same ; that from and after the last day of July next 
 ensuing the end of this present Session of Parliament, it shall; not be 
 lawful for any person or persons whatsoever, in the months of April, 
 May, June, July, August, and September, nor in any of. them.^ to 
 raise, kindle, or begin, or to cause or practise to be raised, kindled, 
 or beguni, any fires or moor-burnings in the said counties of York, 
 Durham, Northumberland, Cumberland, Westmorland, Lancaster, 
 Darby, Nottingham, and Leicester, or in any of them, for burning of 
 ling, heath, hather, furs, gorsse, turflFes, fearne, whinnes, broome or 
 the like ; neither to assist, further; nourish or continue the same ; 
 and that all and every person or persons which, from, and after the 
 said last day of July, shall offend contrary to the true intent and 
 meaning of this statute, the same offence being proved by confession 
 of the party, or by the testimonies of two sufficient witnesses upon 
 oath, before one or more Justices of the Peace of the same county, city, 
 or town corporate, where the offence shall be committed ; or the person 
 or persons offending, apprehended, shall be by the said Juistice or 
 Justices of the Peace for every such offence, committed to the common 
 goale of the county, city, or town corporate, where the offence shall be 
 committed, or the person or persons apprehended, there to remain for 
 the space of one month without bail or main-prise. 
 
236 
 
 And further, be it enacted, by the authority aforesaid, that £ 
 every person or persons, which shall be so convicted and impris( 
 aforesaid shall not be enlarged from their said imprison mem 
 shall there remain after the said month is expired, without bail oi 
 prise, untill such time as every such offender respectively sha 
 or cause to be paid to the churchwardens, or unto the overseers 
 poor of the parish or place where the same offence shall be comi 
 or the offender or offenders apprehended, or unto some of them, 
 use of the poor of the said parish or place where the same 
 shall be committed, the summe of twenty shillings for ever 
 offence committed or done contrary, to this Act, This Act to cc 
 until the end of the first Session of the next Parliament. 
 
 So far the Act. And here you see was care taken for the fo 
 the game, as well as for the fruits, corn, and grasse, which were i 
 sally incommoded by these unwholsome vapours, that distempei 
 Aer, * to the very raising of storms and tempests ; upon which a 
 sopher might amply discourse. And if such care was taken 
 country, where the more aereall parts predominate, and 
 comparison free ; how much greater ought there to be for th 
 where are such multitudes of inhabitants concern'd .? and surely it 
 of old, when (to obviate all that can be replied against it) even ] 
 very service of God, the sacrifices were to be burnt without the 
 amongst the Jews ; as (of old) amongst the Romans, hominen 
 tuum in urbe ne sepelito, neve urito. That men should burn c 
 the dead within the city walls, was expresly prohibited by a law 
 XII tables; and truely, I am perswaded, that the frequency of c 
 yards and charnel-houses contaminate the Aer in many parts ( 
 town, as well as the pumps and waters which are any thing nea 
 them, so that those pipes and conveyances which passe through 
 (obnoxious tomany dangerous accidents) ought either to be d 
 some other way, or very carefully to be looked after. 
 
 We might add to these, chandlers and butchers, because ol 
 horrid stinks, niderous and unwholsome smells which proceed fn 
 
 * See Hipp, de Flatibus, & Gal. 1. Cib. boni & mail succi> instancing in corn and wj 
 son'd by ill Aer. 
 
237 
 
 tallow and corrupted blood : at least should no cattel be kill'd within 
 the city (to this day observ'd in the Spanish great towns of America*) 
 since the flesh and candles might so easily be brought to the shambles 
 and shops from other places lesse remote then th^ former; by which 
 means also might be avoided the driving of cattel through the streets, 
 which is a very great inconvenience and some danger. The same might 
 be affirm'd of fishmongers, so-wittily perstringed by Erasmus f, per sal- 
 samentarios nempe, hiquinari Civitatem, infici terram, jiumina^ aerem 
 ^ ignem, §• si quod aliud est elementum. Then for the butcher ;' that 
 the lex carnaria of the Romans forbad them to kill, or ^lave their 
 slaughter-houses within the walls ; that they had a certain station as- 
 sign'd them without ; we si passim vivant, totam urhem reddani pesti- 
 lentem. So, as were the people to choose, malunt (says he) habere 
 vicinos decern leriones, quam unum lanionem ; they would rather 
 dwell neer ten bawds, then one butcher. But this is insulsus salsa- 
 mentarius, a quibble of the fishmongers. I could yet wish that our 
 nasty prisons and common goales might bear them company ; since I 
 affirm they might all be remov'd to some distant places neer the river, 
 the situation whereof does so invite, and rarely contribute to the effect- 
 ing of it. But if the avarice of the men of this age, be so far deplor- 
 able, that we may not hope for so absolute a cure of all that is offen- 
 sive ; at least let such vi'hose works are upon the margent of the 
 Thames, and which are Indeed the most Intollerable, be banished fur- 
 ther off, and not once dare to approach that silver channel (but at the ' 
 distance prescrlb'd) which glides by her stately palaces, and irrigates 
 her welcome banks. 
 
 * This is also the custom in Paris, as will be seen in the following extract from Planta's New 
 Picture of Paris, 18'-22 : — " The slaughter-houses, which are considered the nuisance and, disgrace 
 of the English metropolis, are placed in the outskirts of Paris, and under the inspection of the 
 police. The slaughter-house of Montmartre, at the end of Rue Rochechouart, rivals' many of the 
 public buildings in its external appearance. It .is no less than 1,074 feet in length, and 384 in 
 depth, and is watered by sluices from the Ourcq. On entering it, the stranger perceives ho dis- 
 agreeable smell ; he witnesses no disgusting sight j and often he would not suspect the purpose to 
 which the building is devoted. The slaughter-house of Pepincourt, or Menilmontant, Rue dea 
 Amandiers, almost rivals that at Montmartre. The other slaughter-houses are. Abattoir de Cre- 
 nelle, near the Barrifere de Sfevres ; du Roule or de Mouceaux, faubourg du Roule j and de Ville 
 Tuif, or d'lvry, boulevard de I'Hdpital," flx^vo^ayia. 
 
238 
 
 What a new spirit would these easie remedies create among' the 
 inhahitants of London ? what another genius infuse in the face of 
 things? and, there is none but observes, and feels: in himself the 
 chaaige which a serene and clear day produces ; how heavy and lesse 
 dispos'd to motion. Yea,, even to good humour and friendly inclinatiojiSj 
 we many times find ourselves when the Heavens are clowded,. and 
 discomposed'?/ when the south winds blow, and the humours are fluid, 
 for whafc we are when the skie is fair, and the aer in good temper? 
 And there is reason,, that we, who are compos'd of the elements;,, should' 
 participate of their qualities : for as the humours have their sourse 
 from, the elements;, so have our passions from the. hamors, and. the 
 soul which is united to this body of ourSj cannot but be affected with 
 itS( inclinations. The very dumb creatures themselves being sensible of 
 the alteration of the Aer,. though not by ratiocination,, yet by many- 
 notorious symptomes. 
 
 But I forbear to philosophise farther upon thisi subject, capable of very 
 large and noble reflections; having with my promis'd brevity, endea- 
 voured to shew the inconveniencies and the remedies of what does so 
 universally offend, and obscure the glory of this our renowned metro- 
 polis ; and which, I hope, may produce some effects toward* the re- 
 foirming of so-publick a nuisance. At least, let the continual sejourn of 
 our illustrious Charles,, who is the very breath of our nostrils, in whose 
 health all our happinease consists, be precious in our eyes, and make 
 our noble patriots, now assembled in Parliament, consult for the speedy 
 removal of this universal grievajicei 
 
 It is certainly of far greater concernment (however light and aery 
 it may appear to some) then the drayning of a fen, or beautrfying an 
 aqueduct, for which some have received such publick honours, statues,, 
 and inscriptions ; and will (if ever any thing did) deserve the like 
 acknowledgments both of the present and future ages. You, there- 
 fore, that have houses in the city, you that bring up your wives and 
 families from their sweet habitations in the country; that educate your 
 children here ; that have offices at court ; that study the laws : in fine 
 all that are ofAOKuwoi, 8f ad eundem fumum. degentes, bear a part in 
 this request of mine, which concerns the universal benefit ; and the 
 
239 
 
 rather, for that having nerther habitation, office, nor being in the d 
 I 'eannot be suspected to oblige any particular. The elegant ladies j 
 nicer datnes ; all that are in health, and would continue so ; that are 
 firm or convalescent, and would be perfect ; that affect the glory of ( 
 court and city, health or beauty, are concerned in this petition ; anc 
 will become our wise Senators, . and we earnestly expect it, that tl 
 would consult as well the state of the natural, as the politick be 
 of this great nation, so considerable a part whereof are inhabitants 
 this august city ; since, without their mtttual harmony and well-bei 
 there can nothing prosper, or arrive to its desired perfection. 
 
 PART la 
 
 AN OFFER AT THE IMPiaOVEMENT AND MELIORATION OF THE A! 
 OF LONDON, BY WAY OF PLANTATIONS, &C. 
 
 There goes a pleasant tale of a certain S"" Politick, that in the k 
 great plague projected, how by a vessel fraight with peel'd dnioi 
 which should passe along the Thames by the city, when the wind sa 
 in a favourable quarter, to attract the pollution of the aer, and si 
 away with the infection to the sea : transportation of diseases we som 
 times read of amongst the magnetically or rather magical cures ; b 
 never before of this^ way of transfretation : but, however this excelle 
 conceit has often afforded good mirth on the stage, and I now mei 
 tia^i to prevent the application to what I here propound; there is y 
 another expedient, which I have here to offer (were this of the pc 
 sonous and filthy smoak remov'd) by which the city and enviroi 
 about it might be rendered one of the most pleasant and agreeab 
 places in the world. In order to this I propose *, 
 
 * If the reader, should- find himself disposed to smile when he sees the author gravely proposi 
 to counteract the offensive smells of London by rows of trees, and borders of fragrant shrubs^ a 
 aromatic herbs ; he should remember that this scheme, visionary as it may appear, was the foil 
 of a writer wjiose enthusiasm for planting has proved of singular service to this kingdom j pi 
 ductive of noble plantations, ornamental to the country, and useful to the community. 
 
240 
 
 That all low grounds circumjacent to the city, especially east and 
 south-west, be cast and contriv'd into square plots, or fields of twenty^ 
 thirty, and forty akers, or more, separated from each other by fences of 
 douWe palisads, or contr'spaliars, which should enclose a plantation of 
 an hundred and fifty, or more, feet deep, about each field; not much 
 unlike to what His Majesty has already begun by the wall from old 
 Spring Garden to St. James's in that park ; and is somewhat resembled 
 in the new Spring Garden at Lambeth *. That these palisads be ele- 
 gantly planted, diligently kept and supply'd, with such shrubs as yield 
 the most fragrant and odoriferous flowers, and are aptest to tinge the 
 Aer upon every gentle emission at a great distance : such as are (for in- 
 stance amongst many others) the sweet-brier, all the periclymena's and 
 woodbinds ; the common white and yellow jessamine, both the syringa's 
 or pipe trees ; the guelder rose, the musk, and all other roses ; genista 
 hispanica : to these may be added the rubus odoratus, baye's, juniper, 
 lignum-vitae, lavender : but above all, rosemary, the flowers whereof 
 are credibly reported to give ^heir scent above thirty leagues oflFat sea, 
 upon the coasts of Spain : and at some distance towards the meadow 
 side, vines ; yea, hops. 
 
 — Et arbuta passim, 
 
 Et glaucas salices, casiamque crocumque rubentem, - . 
 
 • Et pinguem tiliam, & ferrugineos hyacinthos, &cf. 
 
 For there is a s^eet smelling sally J, and the blossoms of the tilia 
 
 * JM. MonconySj in bis " Voyage d'Angleterre,'' made in May 1663, has the following interesting 
 passage concerning these Gardens which he visited. After having seen Westihinster Abbey, he 
 continues — " Au sortir, nous fClraes dans un Bot de I'autre c6t^ de la Tamise voir deux Jardins, 
 oh tout le monde se peut aller promener, & faire collation dans des cabaret qui y font : ou dans 
 les cahinets/ du jardin. On les. nomme Springer Gaerden, c'est a dire, Jardins du Printemps, 
 dont celui qu'on nomme le Nouveau est plus beau de beaucoup que I'autre. J'y admirai la beautd 
 des allies de gazons, et la politesse de celles qui sont sabl&s. 11 est divis6 en une grande quan- 
 tity de quarrez de 20 ou 30 pas en quarr6, clos par des hayes de groselliers, et tous ces quarr^ssont 
 plant^s aussi de framboisiers, de rosiers et d'autres arbrisseaux, comme aussi d'herbages, et de 
 legumes, comme pois, feves, asperges, fraises, &c. Toutes les all&s sont bord^es ou de jonquilles, 
 ou de geroflges, ou de lis." P. 29. Par. 1695. 12mo. 
 
 t Virgil. + Sallow or willow. 
 
241 
 
 or lime-tree *, are incomparably fragrant ; in brief, whatsoever is odori- 
 ferous and refreshing. 
 
 That the spaces or area between these palisads and fences, be em- 
 ploy'd in beds and bordures of pinks, carnations, cloven stock -gilly- 
 flower, primroses, auriculas, violets, not forgetting the white, which are 
 in flower twice a year, April and August : cowslips, lillies, narcissus,- 
 strawberries, whose very leaves as well as fruit emit a cardiaque, and 
 most refreshing halitus : also parietaria lutea, musk, lemnion, and mas- 
 tick, thyme, spike, cammomile, balm, mint, marjoram, pepapernel, and 
 serpillum, &c. which, upon the least pressure and cutting, breathe out 
 and betray their ravishing odors. 
 
 That the fields, and crofts within these closures, or invironing gar- 
 dens, be some of them planted with wild thyme, and others reserved 
 for plots of beans, pease (not cabbages, whose rotten and perishing 
 stalks have a very noisom and unhealthy smell, and therefore by Hyp- 
 pocrates utterly condemned near great cities) but such blossom-bearing 
 brain as send forth their virtue at farthest distance, and are all of them 
 marketable at London ; by which. means, the aer and winds perpetually 
 fann'd from so many circling and encompassing hedges, fragrant shrubs, 
 trees and flowers, (the amputation and prunings of whose superfluities 
 may in winter, on some occasions of weather and winds, be burnt, to 
 visit the city with a more benign smoak,} not onely all that did approach 
 the region which is properly design'd to be flowery ; but even the whole 
 City would be sensible of the sweet and ravishing varleiles of the per- 
 fumes, as well as of the most delightful and pleasant pbjects and places 
 of recreation for the inhabitants ; yielding also a prospect of a noble 
 and masculine majesty, by reason of the frequent plantations of trees, 
 and nurseries for ornament, profit, and security. The remainder of the 
 fields Included yielding the same, and better shelter, and pasture for 
 sheep and cattel then now ; that they He bleak, expos'd and abandon'd 
 to the winds, which perpetually invade them. 
 
 That, to this end, the gardiners (which now cultivate the upper, more 
 drie, and ungrateful soil,) be encouraged to begin plantations In such 
 
 * Jt has been conjectured that piobably the lime-trees in St. James's Park were planted in con- 
 sequence of this suggestion. 
 
 2t 
 
242 
 
 places onely : and the farther exorbitant encrease of tenesnaents,,. poor . 
 and nasty cottages near the City, be prohibited, which disgrace and take 
 off from the sweetness and amtEnity of the environs of London^ and 
 are already become a great eye-sore in the grounds opposite to his 
 Majesty's Palace of White-hall j which being converted to this use,: 
 might yield a diversion inferior to none that could be imagined for 
 health, profit, and beauty, which are the three transcendencies that 
 render a place without all exception. And this is what (in short) I 
 had to offer, for the improvement and melioration of the Aer about 
 London, and with which I shall conclude this discourse. 
 
SCULPTURA: 
 
 OR 
 
 THE HISTORY AND ART OF CHALCOGRAPHY 
 
 AND 
 
 ENGRAVING IN COPPER. 
 
 WITH AN AMPLE ENUMERATION OF THE MOST RENOWNED MASTERS, AND THEIR WORKS. 
 
 TO WHICH IS ANNEXED 
 
 A NEW MANNER OF ENGRAVING, OR MEZZO TINTO, 
 
 COMMUNICATED 5Y HIS HIGHNESS PRINCE RUPERT TO THE AUTHOR OF THIS TREATISE. 
 
 Implevi eum Spiritu Dei, Sapientia, et Intelligentia, et Scientia in omni Opere, Sic. 
 
 XXXI. EXOD. XXXV. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED BY J. C. FOR G. BEEDLE AND T, COLLINS, AT THE MIDDLE TRMPLE GATE, AND 
 J. CROOK, IN ST. PAULS CHURCH-YARD. 1662. 
 
245 
 
 TO THE 
 
 HONOURABLE AND LEARNED GENTLEMAN, 
 ROBERT BOYLE*, Esa. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Having, upon your reiterated instances ("which are ever commands 
 with me) prepared this treatise concerning the history of Chalcogra- 
 phy, &c. I thought my self engag'd to signifie- to the rest that may 
 possibly receive satisfaction or benefit from it, to whom they are obliged 
 for the publication of it. The truth is, as it respects the pains which I 
 have taken, it bears not the least proportion with my ambition of 
 serving you; but as you are pleased to judge it useful for the encou- 
 ragement of the gentlemen of our nation, who sometimes please them- 
 iselves with these innocent diversions (collections worthy of them .for 
 divers respects) and, especially, that such as are addicted to the more 
 noble Mathematical Sciences, may draw and engrave their schemes 
 with delight and assurance, I have been induc'd to think it more worthy 
 your patronage, and of my small adventure, who professe to have 
 ijothing so much in my desires, and which I more avow the pursuite 
 of, then to employ the whole remainder of the life which God shall 
 assigne me, and that I can redeem from its impertinencies, in con- 
 tributing to that great and august designe, which your illustrious and 
 happy genius do's prompt you to, of cultivating the sciences, and ad- 
 vancing of useful knowledge, emancipated from the strong contentions 
 and little fruit of the former ; envy, and imposture of the latter ages. 
 
 Sir, this is not in the least to flatter you, nor can I have other aime 
 in it, then that by your great example, I might excite such as (like 
 you) have parts and faculties, to things that are glorious, and worthy 
 of them. Your studies are so mature and universal, your travels so 
 
 * " Jan. 16, 1661. I went to the Philosophic Club, where was examined the Torricellian expe- 
 riment. I presented my Circle of Mechanical Trades, and had recommended to me ye publishing 
 what I had written of Cateog^ro;)%." — Diary, vol. I. p. 316. 
 
 " 10th June, 1662. I presented my History of Calcographie (dedicated to Mf. Boyle) to our 
 Hociety."— Diary, vol. I. p. 336, 
 
246 
 
 highly improv'd, and your experience so well establish'd, that, after I 
 have celebrated the conversation which results from all these perfections, 
 it is from you alone that I might describe the character of an accom- 
 plish'd genius, great and worthy our emulation. But though your 
 modesty do's not permit me to run through all those transcendencies ; 
 yet the world is sufficiently instructed by what you cannot conceal, 
 that I say nothing of servile, and which will not abide the test ; so as 
 I have been often heard to exult in the felicity of this conjuncture of 
 ours, which (since those prodigies of virtue, the illustrious Ticho, Ba* 
 con, Gilbert, Harvey, Digby, Galileo, Peireske, Des Cartes, Gassendi, 
 Bernier, his disciple now in Persia, and the late incomparable Jacomo 
 Maria Favi, &c.) has produc'd us nothing which will support the 
 comparison with you, when I shall pronounce you (and as Indeed your 
 merits do challenge it) the Phoenix of this latter age. 
 
 And now that I mention'd Signor Favi, I will not conceal with what 
 extasle and joy I lately found his memory (which I have so much and 
 so often heard mention'd abroad, by such as had the happiness to 
 know him Intimately) consecrated by the eloquent pen of Monsieur 
 Sorbiere, in a discourse of his to Monsieur Vitre, concerning the utility 
 of great travel and forreign voyages ; because it approaches so neer to 
 the idea which I have propos'd, and may serve as an encouragement 
 and example to the gentlemen of our nation, who for the most part 
 wander, and spend their time abroad. In the pursuit of those vain and 
 lower pleasures, fruitless, and altogether intoUerable. But, Sir, I will 
 crowd no more into this Epistle (already too prolixe) which was only 
 deslgn'd to accompany this piece, and some other usefull and more 
 liberal diversions of this nature, which I cannot yet produce. But 
 every thing has Its time ; and when I would redeem it to the best ad- 
 vantage, it is by entertaining It with something that may best declare 
 to all the world how greatly I account the honour of being esteem'd 
 
 Sir, Your most humble 
 
 and most obedient Servant, 
 SayeS'Court, J. Evelyn. 
 
 5 4pril, 1662. 
 
247 
 AN ACCOUNT OF SIGNOR GIACOMO FAVI, 
 
 BY 
 
 MONSIEUR SORBIERE. 
 
 GiAcoMo Maria Fayi, of the house of the Marescotti of Boulonia, 
 died above thirty-five years of age, neer fifteen years since, in the city of 
 Paris. It is a history worthy of record, and that all the v^^orld should take 
 notice of this incomparable person, as that great wit and polite philoso- 
 pher Monsieur Sorbiere does describe him : For as much ("saves he) 
 as it seems to be a very great reproch, that neither prince nor state 
 have hitherto had the consideration or the courage to undertake what 
 one particular person alone did resolve upon, for the universal benefit 
 and good of the publick : for it was upon this designe that he engaged 
 himself expressly, making the most exact observations, and collecting 
 the crayons, prints, designes, models and faithful copies of whatsoever 
 could be encountered through the whole circle of the arts and sciences, 
 the laws, and the customs practised, wherever he arrived. .He had 
 already acquired by study a thousand worthy and curious particulars ; 
 he design'd excellently well, understood the mathematicks, had pene- 
 trated into the most curious parts df medicine, and was yet so far from 
 the least pedantry, that he would (when so dispos'd) play the gallant 
 as handsomely as any man, and which indeed he was able to do, enjoy- 
 ing a plentiful revenue of neer three thousand pounds sterling a year, 
 which he ordered to be paid him by Bills of Exchange, wheresoever his 
 curiosity should invite him. But otherwise, truly his equipage was 
 very simple, and his train reduced to only one servant, which he 
 was wont io take in every town where he made any stay. He had 
 already visited Italy, Germany, Poland, Sweden, Denmarke, Holland 
 ?ind England, from whence he came into France, to go into Spain. 
 Finally, he arrived at Paris in Anno 1645, with one Bourdoni, a Sculp- 
 tor, dwelling neer the Thuyleries, where he no sooner appear'd, but he 
 was immediately found out, and known by all the Virtuosi, and as soon 
 
248 
 
 inform'd himself of all that were extraordhiary and conspicuous for all 
 sorts of curiosities, whereof he carefully took notice ; but especially he 
 made an intimate acquintance with one Monsieur Petit, a very rare and 
 curious- person, and indeed greatly reserabUng the genius of this noble 
 Gentleman, as being one who for these fifty years past, discover'd a won- 
 derful ardor for the sciences, and a diligence so indefatigable in the re- 
 search of all estimable and worthy inventions, as that it is a thousand 
 pities (and a thing not to be conceived indeed without infinite regret) that 
 this age of ours could never yet approch him. So laudable and worthy of 
 praise has his expenses been upon divers machines and experiments, 
 beyond the forces of a private person, that had he been supported (as 
 at first he was by the French King, and the great Cardinal de Richlieu, 
 under whom he enjoyed divers honourable and handsome employments,, 
 he had perhaps, amongst all the Arts through which he run, found out 
 some abridgements and perfectionv new and altogether stilpendious ; 
 and as indeed he has already done to admiration so far at least, as his 
 discretion and his afikirs would give him leave. 
 
 But to return to our new Democritus, Signor Favi ; he had made 
 provision of sundry huge volumes, which were no other then the de- 
 signes of all sorts of instruments and machines that he had seen and 
 perused ; besides a world more which he had sent away into Italy : For 
 this curious person neglected nothing, but went on collecting with a 
 most insuperable diligence all that the mechanics had invented for 
 Agriculture, Architecture, and the fabric of all sorts of works, belonging 
 to sports, and to cloathes, for use and for magnificence. There was 
 nothing so small, and to appearance trifling, which he did not cast' his 
 «yes upon, and which he had not some hand in, or improv'd even to 
 the least minutiae ; whether it were a device of some haspe, the latch of 
 a door, a simple lock, the cover or patin of a cup, a dress, &c. even to 
 a very tooth-picker* : so as he shewed no less then two hundred toyes 
 for children to play withall; fourty several wayes of plowing the 
 ground, a world of forges, and mills for various uses. He visited all the 
 
 * Let not the reader despise this condescention of so great a person, for inest sua gratia 
 
 ■ parois. 
 
249 
 
 excellent workemen and artisans, and took samples, and patterns of all 
 their rare inventions, and something of their making. Then for receits 
 and secFets, hefpossesa'd an infinite number of all kinds the most rare 
 andteKcellent ; some whereof he purchas'd at great prices^ and others 
 he procur'd by exchange. He learned the tongues wherever he came, with 
 extraordinary felicity ; and sometimes would frequent the recreations and 
 exercises of the places where hpecgournedj which he used to performe with 
 a facillity and address so gentile and natural, as if he had yet- been but 
 a very youth: For by ■ this means he found,, that he gained the easier 
 and more free accesse into the best companies, so extreamely noble, diss- 
 intereated and agreable was his fashion and manner of conversation : and 
 though in sundry encounters and courts of princes, he had been frequently 
 regal'd with, very considerable presents, yet would he never receive any 
 from great persons; as chains of gold, and medailles,.diaiinonds and 
 jewels that were offered him, unless happly it were some title of honour 
 and prerogative ; as the permission to bear an eagle or a fleur de lis in 
 his coat of armes, or the like : and when he had thus exhausted a king- 
 dom or a place of all that was curious, and made acquaintance with 
 all the persons of merit in a state, he travell'd presently into another ; 
 so as there was hardly a court to be found, where he had not finished 
 his harvest in three or four months, till he arriv'd at Paris, where indeed 
 he was infinitly supriz'd, and busied among such an innumerable many 
 of able and curious persons of all kinds. He had four lodgings in 
 several parts of Paris, that so he might be neer a retreat in whatsoever 
 quarter he should happen to be in pursuite of curiosities ; for he us'd to 
 go much on foot, and alone, because he would not be troubl'd nor ob- 
 serv'd by impertinent servants : but, in fine, purposing from hence to 
 travell shortly for China by means of the Portugal, he took so much 
 pains about describing and observing the magnificent preparations 
 which were made for the marriage of the Queen of Poland, that he fell 
 sick of a fever and dyed, to the universal regret and sorrow of all that 
 had ever so much as heard of him. And no sooner did this sad accident 
 come to the ears of the king, but he sent diligently to search out all his 
 four lodgings, to see if, by any means, ought of his collection could be 
 
 2k' 
 
250 
 
 retrlev'd ; but ttiey were all immediately dispers'd, and it was never found 
 what became of them. 
 
 The Count Marescotti, his kinsman^ then at Paris, recover'd only that 
 single volume wherein was contained, the names, armes, and devises of 
 the hands of all the Princes of Europe, whom he had had the honour 
 to approach : but his intention was, as I have been credibly inform'd by 
 one that did often converse with him (though Monsieur Sorbiere is 
 silent of it) after he had travelled over all the world (for his designe was 
 no lesse ample) at returne into his native country, to compile, and pub- 
 lish a compleat Cycle and History of Trades, with whatsoever else he 
 should judge of use and benefit to mankind :- but this had been a charity 
 and a blessing too great for the world, because It do's not depart from 
 its vices and Impertinences, and cherish such persons, and the virtues 
 which should render it worthy of them; 
 
 X 
 
251 
 
 A TABLE OF THE TITLES OF THE CHAPTERS, 
 
 AND THEIR SEVERAL CONTENTS. 
 
 CHAP. I. 
 
 OF SCULPTURE, HOW DERIV'd, AND DISTINGUISHED, WITH THE 
 STYLES AND INSTRUMENTS BELONGING TO IT. 
 
 THE CONTENTS. 
 
 ScoiPTUKA and Ccelatura how they differ 258 
 ' TomiceB, Desectores what ib. 
 
 Plaistice, S5S, The Mother of Sculpture 269 
 
 Paradigmatice, what 258 
 
 Gypsochi, Colaptice, Lithoxoi, Glyphice, what ib. 
 
 Agogice, what ib. 
 
 Anaglypkice, 258, its antiquity 269 
 
 Diaglyphice, Encolaptice, what 259 
 
 Toreutice 258 
 
 Encaustic Art, how it occasioned the inven- 
 tion of Brass Prints ib. 
 
 Proplastic Art, Protypus, Modulus, Diatretice, 
 and Calices diatreti, what 259 
 
 Argentum asperum et pttMulatum • ib. 
 
 Ebur PingUe ib. 
 
 DimidicB eminentice the same with Basso Re- 
 lievo, and Mezzo Relievo ib. 
 
 Scalptus, Scaptus, Scalpturatus ib. 
 
 Scalpo, Sculpo, deriv'd ib. 
 
 Ccelum Topvos what, and whence deriv'd 260 
 
 Tori, ■)(pXKos 260 
 
 Ulysses shield, Anceesa Vasa, what ih. 
 
 Cavatores, what, Grapkatores, whence our 
 
 English Gravers, Sculpture defin'd 261 
 
 Instruments of Graving. Style what. Why 
 
 sometimes made of bone. Scalprum. Cce' 
 
 lum, Cceles, Cceltes. Allusions in Job 19 to 
 
 all kinds of antient Writing and Graving 262 
 Graphium, y\v^ls, evKoKaTrrrip, vTraytayevs, 
 
 yXapis, SfiiXri ib. 
 
 Function, Polisher, Point ib. 
 
 Graving Instruments sometimes fatal weapons ib. 
 Cassianus martyr'd, and Erixion slain with a 
 
 Graving Style ' ib. 
 
 Arare campum cereum, Cerei pugiliares, and 
 
 stylum vertere, what ib. 
 
 Taille douce. Burin, Intaglia, Bolino, and the 
 
 difference 'twixt Graving and Etching ib. 
 BovWa a conjecture of the moderne name of 
 
 a seal, xnpaoru the same with Charath ib. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 OF THE ORIGINAL OP SCULPTURE. 
 
 THE CONTENTS. 
 
 Adam the first inventor of Sculpture • 263 
 
 Books written by Adam .ib. 
 
 The fall of Adam did not impair his infused 
 
 habits 264 
 
 Sculpture long before the universal Flood ib. 
 
 Of the Antediluvian Patriarchs 264 
 
 Sculpture in stone and bricic at Joppa ib^ 
 
 The Celestial Sciences first engraven where, 
 
 and how'long continuing ib. 
 
 The books of Seth and Enoch ib. 
 
252 
 
 Of Cham 264 
 
 Zoroaster, when he flourished, his learning, , 
 
 curiosity and engraving of the Liberal Arts ib. 
 Picus Mirandula's pretence of the books of 
 
 Zoroaster, the Magi, &c. 265 
 
 Sculpture after the Flood ib. 
 
 Sculpture propagated by Noah. Sculpture 
 
 before Moses ib. 
 
 Objections answered 266. 268 
 
 Mercurius Trismegistus engraved in stone 
 
 many mysterious things 265 
 
 Obelisks erected by Misra 400 years before 
 
 Moses ib. 
 
 How many transported to Rome 266 
 
 The Tables of Stone engraven by the Finger 
 
 of God. Sculpture honoured by God ib. 
 Sculpture abus'd to Idolatry no rational pre- 
 judice ib. 
 Sculpture elder then Idolatry ib. 
 Teraphimand Penates, what ib. 
 Sculpture. preserv''d the memory of the dead ib. 
 Bezaleel and Aholiab Sculptors ib. 
 The Sacerdotal Pectoral ib. 
 Graving us'd by the ^Egyptians before they 
 
 invented Letters ib. 
 
 Hieroglyphics, what ib. 
 
 By whom interpreted ib. 
 
 Amongst the Danes 273 
 
 And AcadicB 275 
 
 HorapoUinis notee 266 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 Letters, by whom invented, and the contest 
 about it 266 
 
 How they were derived to the several Nations 267 
 
 Typographical art mistaken by Peter Calaber ib. 
 
 Sculpture and Letters Coevous ib. 
 
 Columns erected by Seth 
 
 Writing with ink in paper a novelty in re- 
 spect of Parchment 
 
 Sculpture on Marbles, Slates, writing on 
 Bark, Leaves, Tablets of Wood, Paper, 
 linnen. Wax, Ivory and Silk 
 
 Book, our English name for Liber, whence 
 deriv'd ib. 
 
 Laws, divine and humane how consign'd of 
 old 268 
 
 Hieronicce, and where preserv'd ib. 
 
 Writings before Homer's not known to the 
 Greeks 
 
 Tatian, when he flourished 
 
 A passage cited out of him proving the An- 
 tiquity of recording by Sculpture 
 
 Hesiod's Poems engraven in Lead 
 
 Grecians, when they had Sculpture first, and 
 where it was in its highest perfection 
 
 Achilles and Hercules shields engraven 269 
 
 The Chariot of the Sun, and Vehieula Ccelata ib. 
 
 Enoch's prophecy ib. 
 
 Rings engraven, their use and dignity ib, 
 
 Intaglias in Iron, Gold, Stones, &c. ib. 
 
 Talismans and Constellated Sculptures ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 CHAP. 111. 
 
 OF THE REPUTATION AND PROGRESS OF SCULPTURE AMONGST THE 
 GREEKS AND ROMANS DOWN TO THE MIDDLE AGES; WITH SOME 
 PRETENTIONS TO THE INVENTION OF COPPER CUTS, AND THEIR 
 IMPRESSIONS. 
 
 THE CONTENTS. 
 
 Sculpture where, and when in its ascendent'270, 
 
 272 
 
 Statues, to what head-reducible 270 
 
 Sculptores Marmoris, Metal, in Gypsum, &c. ib. 
 
 Signa at Rhodes, Athens, and other places 
 
 in what prodigi(Wis> numbers ib. 
 
 Statues, almost as many as of men ib. 
 
 The contest betwixt Art and Nature, in point 
 
 of fertility jj. 
 
 Statues, improveable to a politiq, as well as 
 
 expencefull magnificency ib. 
 
 A'KO(r<j>payt&fiaTa 271 
 
253 
 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 ib. 
 
 ib. 
 
 Pyrgoteles only permitted to engrave the 
 EflSgies of Alexander the Great 27 1 
 
 The Pictures of Queen Elizabeth and other 
 Princes, how profan'd and abus'd 
 
 Augustus would have his figure cut only by 
 Dioscorides, and why 
 
 Sculpture, in what materials most eminent 
 
 Dipoenus, Prometheus, Ideoeus, Eucirapus, 
 Lysistratus, Demophilus, Daedalus, Leo- 
 chares, Policarmus, Myrmecides, all fa- 
 mous Sculptors 
 
 Figulina vasa Ccelata, why broken by Cotys 272 
 
 HydricB engraven, and Bread ib. 
 
 Gold seldom engraven, and why ib. 
 
 Mentor, his curious works ib. 
 
 Acragus, his works ib. 
 
 Boethus's Masterpieces ib. 
 
 The works of Calamis, Antipater, Stratonicus 
 Tauriscus, Aristeus, Eunicus, Hecates, 
 Praxiteles, Posidonius, Ledus, Zopyrus, 
 Pytheus , ib. 
 
 Medalists, who most excellent, and in what 
 Emperor's times the best were cut ; when 
 they degenerated 273 
 
 Sculpture, when it degenerated in Greece, 
 and Rome ib. 
 
 And whence its decay proceeded 273 
 
 Sculpture, when it arrived at Rome 273 
 
 Sculpture and Writing when first among the 
 Danes and Norvegians ib. 
 
 Runic, Characters ib. 
 
 Grcef-scBx, what ih. 
 
 Vice and Avarice, the occasion why Sculp- 
 ture degenerated, and is not since arrived 
 to the perfection of the Ancients 274 
 
 By what means it may recover ih. 
 
 Alexander MagnuSj Augustus, Francis I. 
 Cosimo di Medices, and Charles the V. 
 celebrated for their affection to Arts ih. 
 
 Time and leisure required to bring a work to 
 perfection ib. 
 
 Sculpture and Chalcography antient in China, 
 on what materials, and how wrought 275 
 
 Letters in Europe first cut in wood ih. 
 
 The Ink -maker for the press dignified 
 amongst the Chinese with a liberal salary, 
 and priviledges, and not accounted a Me- 
 chanic ib. 
 
 Sculpture found in Mexico, and other parts 
 of America ib. 
 
 Typography not found out by the Greeks 
 and Romans to be much wondered at, and 
 why ib. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 OF THE INVENTION AND PROGRESSE OF CHALCOGRAPHY IN PARTICU- 
 LAR ; TOGETHER WITH AN AMPLE ENUMERATION OF THE MOST 
 RENOWNED MASTERS AND THEIR WORKS. 
 
 THE CONTENTS. 
 
 Engraving on Plates of Brass for Prints, 
 when first appearing ■ 276 
 
 Typography, when first produc'd in Europe ib. 
 
 Prints, in the infancy of this Art ib. 
 
 The Devil at Monochrom ib. 
 
 M. M. G. what they import ib. 
 
 What Sculptors added the year of our Lord 
 to theit works ib. 
 
 Who were the first Gravers of Prints 
 
 ib. 
 
 Martin Schoen -. 
 
 TheTodesco | of the first Print-gravers ib. 
 
 The Italian Gravers and their works 277 
 
 Maso Finiguerra, the first Print-graver in 
 
 Italy ib. 
 
 Enamelling gave the first hint for the engrav- 
 ing of Prints ib. 
 
254 
 
 The- Graving of Prints, from how mean a 
 
 commencement, arrived to this perfection 277 
 Baccio Baldini, his works, and countersign ih. 
 Albert Durer, when he flourished, his incom- 
 parable works ; contest with Lucas, and 
 Mark Antonio, and how pretious his works ib. 
 Lucas Van Leyden, his works, emulation of 
 
 Durer 278 
 
 Mark Antonio, when he flourish'd, his works, 
 
 contestation with Albert, &c. ib. 
 
 For what vile prints reproved 281 
 
 Raphael Urbin, how he honoured the gravings 
 
 of M. Antonio 279 
 
 Martine of Antwerp, his works, how esteem'd 
 
 by Michael Angelo 277 
 
 R. S. what it signifies 280 
 
 Mai CO di Ravenna, his works ib. 
 
 A. V. I. what it imports ib. 
 
 Giovanni Battista Mantuano, his works 281 
 
 I. B. M. whose name it signifies 283 
 
 Sebastiano da Reggio's works ib, 
 
 Georgio Mantuano's works ib. 
 
 Etching in Aqua Fortis when first produced ib. 
 Damascus Symeters - ib. 
 
 Ugo da carpi, his new manner of cutting for 
 
 divers colours, and his works ib. 
 
 The works of Baldassare Peruzzi, Francisco 
 Parmegiano, Beccafumi, Baptista Vicen- 
 tino, Del Moro, Girolamo Cocu 282. 283 
 Giacomo del Cavaglio his works both in cop- 
 per and stones 283 
 Eneas Vico de Parma, his Medails and other 
 
 Gravings ib. 
 
 The works of Lamberto Suave, Gio Battista 
 
 de Cavaglieri ib. 
 
 The works of Antonio Lanferri, Tomaso Bar- 
 , lacchi, Antonio Labbaco, Titian, Giulio 
 Buonasoni, Battista Franco, Renato, Luca 
 Penni, Francisco Marcolini 283-4 
 
 The works of Gabriel Giolito, Christophero 
 Coriolano, Antonio Salamanca, Andrea 
 Mantegna, Propertia de Rossi (a sculp- 
 tress) 984-5 
 Martin Rota, Jacomo Palma, And: Mantu- 
 
 ana, Augustino and Annibal Carraeci 285 
 
 The works of Francisco Villamena 286 
 
 Giovanni Maggi, Leonardo, Isabella and 
 
 Bernardino Parasol 283 
 
 Cutting and Engraving in Wood how difficulty 
 
 and different from Chalcography ib. 
 
 The works of Antonio Tempesta, Cherubino 
 
 Alberti ib. 
 
 Horatio Borgiani, Raphael Guido, Jovanni 
 Batt. della Marca, Camillo Graffico, Ca- 
 valier Salirabene, Anna Vaiana 288 
 Steffano della Bella ib. 
 Chart and Map-gravers 309 
 Medaile Gravers, and Gravers in metal and 
 
 pretious stones, &c. 289 
 
 The Diamond, by whom first engraven 290 
 Medails, the knowledge of them how noble 
 and profitable, and by what means to at- 
 tain it effectually. Gentleman of note skil- 
 ful Medallists ii^ 
 The German and Flemish Chalcographers, 
 
 and their works -ib. 
 
 The v/orks of Albert Durer 277> &c. 
 
 Aldegrave and his cypher, Hans Sibald Be- 
 ham his mark, 291. Jerom Cock, Francis 
 Floris, Cornelius Cort, 292. Justus, 5o. 
 jEgid, Giles and Raphael Sadelers,"292. 
 Herman Muller, 293. Sim. Frisius, Matr 
 thew Miriam, ib. Hans Holbein, Justus Am- 
 mannus Tigur, 294. Holtzhusen, Hans 
 Brossehaemer, Virgilius Solis, whose eyes 
 . were put out for his lewd gravings ; Hen. 
 Goltzins, Geor. Nouvolstell, Matt, and 
 Fred. Greuter, Saenredamus, Cor. Galle, 
 Count Goudt, Swanevelt, Pandern, Bron- 
 chorst, P. Brill, Mathara, Nieulant, Boeti- 
 us, Londerselius, Van Velde, N. de Bruyn, 
 ^g. Coninxlogensis, 294, 295. Strada- 
 nus, Mallery, Bolswert, P. Pontius, Swan- 
 nenbourg, Nesse, Vosterman, Vorst, 296. 
 Clir. Jegher 297 
 
 Van Vorst, Sir Anthony Van Dyie ib. 
 
 Sir P. P. Rubens celebrated ih. 
 
 The works of P. de Jode, Collaert in steel'; 
 Suyderhoef, Jo. Baur, Vander Thulden, 
 Abr. and Corn. Blomaert, Natalis, 298. 
 Ferdinand, Uriesse, Verdin, Winegard, 
 W. Hondius, Van Kessell, Caukern, Lucas 
 
255 
 
 Eilianus, Cor. Vischerj Yovillemoht, 299. 
 Nolp, Lombart, Hertocks, Rembrandt, 
 WincesU Holiar, 300. Hevelius cele- 
 brated, Anna. Maria h. Schurman cele- 
 brated, Breughel, Ostade, Clock, Que- 
 borne, Gustos, Le Delfe, Dors, Falck,. . 
 Gerard, Moestuer, , Grebber, Geldorp, 
 Hopfer, Gerard, Chein, Ach, tl'Egmont, 
 De Vinghe, Heins, Dltmer, Cronis, Lin- 
 doven, Mirevel, Kager, Coccien, Mau- 
 bease, Venius, Firens, Pierets, Quelinus, 
 Stachade, Schut, Soutman, Vanulch,, 
 Broon, Valdet, Loggan, . Biscop, Druef- 
 ken, P. Van Aelst, Swart Jan Van Groen- 
 nighen, L. Cranach, Jos. Ammanus, Hub. 
 Goltzius 301, 302 
 
 The French Chalcographers and their 
 works: when they begaiL to be in reputa- . 
 tion 303 ad 309 
 
 Tiie works of P. Bernard, Nic Beatrice, 
 Phil. Thomasinus, Crispinus, . Magdalen, . 
 and Simon de Pas, 303. Claudius Melan, , 
 Mauperch, La Pautre, Morin, N. Chape- 
 ron, Fra. Perrier, Audran, Couvay, Pe- 
 relle, 304. Chauveau, Poilly, Heince, Beg- 
 non, Huret, Bernard, Rognesson, Rousse- 
 let, Bellange, Richet, L'Alman, Quesnel, 
 Soulet, Bunel, Boucher, Briot, Boulange, 
 Bois, Champagne, Charpignon, Corneille, , 
 Caron, CI. de Lorain, Audran, Moutier, 
 Rabel,. Denisot, L'Aune, De la Rame^ 
 Hayes, Herbin, David de Bie, Villemoot, 
 
 Marot, Toutin, Grand-homrae, Cereau, 
 Trochel, Langot du Loir, L'Enfant, Gaul- 
 tier, .D'Origni,'.Prevost, De Son, Perei, 
 Nacret, Perret, Daret, Scalberge, Vibert, 
 R;agot, Boissart, Terelin, De Leu, Mau- 
 perch, L'Ashe, Huret 3D5 
 
 Calligraphers ib. 
 
 The works of La Hyre,. Goyrand. Colig- 
 non, Cochin, Isr. Sylvester, Rob. Nantg- 
 uil, 306. Jaq. Callot, 307. Abr. Bosse 309 
 
 Chart Gravers : Cordier Riviers, Peroni, 
 Bleau, Gomboust ib. 
 
 The English Chalcographers and their works, 
 viz. Paine, Cecil, Wright, Faithorne, Bar- 
 low, Gaywood, Lightfoot, Glover,- J. Fel- 
 lian, Switzer, 309, 310 
 
 Medaile Gravers, and for Intaglias, Simon, 
 Rawlins, Restrick, Johnson 310 
 
 Calligraphers, Coker, Gray, Gething, Bil- 
 lingly, &c. ib. , 
 
 An Invitation to the English Chalcographers 
 to publish his Majesties collection ; the be- 
 nefit and honour of it ib. 
 
 The Landskips, Views, Palaces, of Eng- 
 land, ' Levantine parts, Indies, &c. toge- 
 ther with the Cities, Isles, Trees, Plants, 
 Flowers, and Animals, to be cut in Cop- 
 per and reformed, were a most accept- 
 able and useful work 31 1 
 
 Painters encouraged to set their hands to 
 
 the Graver ib. 
 
 The use of this Collection ib. 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 OF DRAWING, AND DESIGNE PREVIOUS TO THE ART OF CHALCOGRA- 
 PHY; AND OF THE USE OF PICTURES IN ORDER TO THE EDUCA- 
 TION OF CHILDREN. 
 
 THE CONTENTS. 
 
 Measure and proportion have Influence on 
 all our Actions 312 
 
 A saying of Thomas Earfe of Arundel and 
 Surrey »S- 
 
 Drawing, of what consequence to the Art of 
 Graving 313 
 
 Designe the basis of Sculpture, and of many 
 other free and noble Sciences ib. 
 
256 
 
 Original Drawings esteemed, and for what 313 
 
 Antiquity, of what effect ih, 
 
 Designe and Drawing defin'd, and distin^ 
 guish'd, its antiquity, and invention ib. 
 
 Accident and chance fruitful mothers 314 
 
 Drawing with crayon, pen, &c. the method, 
 and how to be performed with successe ib. 
 
 Hatching, what and how attained by imitat- 
 ing good Masters, and by what method ib. 
 
 Overmuch exactness and finishing, a fault in 
 Drawing, and why :. Polycletus's Cannon 315 
 
 Accurate Designes with the pen not esteem'd, 
 and why, 315. Who yet excelled in them 
 to admiration 316 
 
 Vander Douse, Francis and John Cleyn, 
 Francis Carter, &c. celebrated ib. 
 
 Colours, the production of a middle colour 
 wrought on two extreams ib. 
 
 Rubens, and Van Dykes first studies in Italy 317 
 
 Drawing, how necessary ib. 
 
 Academies erected for the Virtuosi, by whom ib. 
 
 For what purpose, and how furnished ib. 
 
 Greeks, and Romans, how they cherish'd and 
 enobled men of Art ib. 
 
 Sculptors and Painters chief of the Court 
 and retinue to the Emperour of Japan ib. 
 
 Courts of great Princes, how formerly com- 
 posed 318 
 
 How the antient and most renowned Sculp- 
 tors were some encouraged, and others 
 obscured ib. 
 
 Painters should sometimes draw with the 
 pen 319 
 
 What Painters made use of prints jfi. 
 
 And caused their works to be published ib. 
 
 How to express the sensation of the Re- 
 lievo or Extancie of objects, by the 
 Hatches in Graving 330 
 
 What shadows are most graceful 323 
 
 And what Artists works best to imitate ib. 
 
 Of Counter-Hatches ib. 
 
 One colour, the use, and effect of it ib. 
 
 Zeuxis used but one colour ib. 
 
 What other Painters were Monochromists, 
 and who introduced the rest of the co- 
 lours . ib. 
 
 Lights and shades, their stupendous effects 323 
 
 Colored, what it means ib. 
 
 The invention of Chevalier Woolson to Bla- 
 zon bearings in coate-armour by hatches 
 without letters ib. 
 
 Tonus, what it imports in Graving 324 
 
 Of copying after designes and painting ib. 
 
 What Prints are to be called excellent ib. 
 
 How to detect the copy of a Print from an 
 Original print ib. 
 
 Aqua Fortis, for what Gravings most proper 325 
 
 His Highness Prince Rupert celebrated, and 
 the Gravings by him published ib. 
 
 The French King an Engraver ib. 
 
 Earle of Sandwich dextrous at Graving ib. 
 
 What Emperours, Philosophers, Poets, and 
 other of the noble Greeks and Romans ex- 
 celled in painting and Graving ib. 
 
 Never any of the Antients excelled in these 
 Arts, but what were Gentlemen ' 326 
 
 A Slave might not be taught to Grave or 
 Paint, and why ib. 
 
 Graving accounted one of the Liberal Arts 
 by Pliny and Galen ib. 
 
 Children instructed in the Graphical arts for 
 what Oeconomick consideration ib, 
 
 Martia, the daughter of Varro, the Princesse 
 Louise, and Anna Schurman celebrated ib. 
 
 Great scholars of late skilfuU in the art of 
 Graving, &c. ib. 
 
 How far the art of Drawing conduces to the 
 Sciences Mathematical ib. 
 
 Dr. Ch. Wren, Blagrave, Hevelius, &c. ce- 
 lebrated 327 
 
 An Orator ought to be skilled in these Arts, 
 and why ib. 
 
 Of what great use and benefit the art of 
 Graving may be to the Education of Child- 
 ren, superiour to all other inventions, 326, 
 and how 339 
 
 The Abbot de Marolles, his singular affection 
 to, and prodigious collections of Prints 327 
 
 Prints more estimable than Paintings, and 
 why 328 
 
 What Gentlemen of quality are the greatest 
 collectors of prints in France H, 
 
257 
 
 At how high rates the Prints of the most fa- 
 mous Masters are now sold 328 
 
 Collections of Prints recommended to Princes 
 and great persons, and why 329 
 
 An Hieroglyphical Grammar ib. 
 
 By whom Draughts and Prints are celebrat- 
 ed fqr the Institution of Youth ib. 
 
 LaMartelay taught all the Sciences by cuts alone ib. 
 
 Commenius his Orbis sensualium pictus cele- 
 brated 330 
 
 The Universal Language, how to be most 
 probably accomplished ib. 
 
 Passions expressible by the art of Designe 331 
 
 An useful caution for the Lovers of these 
 Arts 332 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 OF THE NEW WAY OF ENGRAVING, OR MEZZO TINTO, INVENTED AND 
 COMMUNICATED BY HIS HIGHNESS PRINCE RUPERT, &C. 
 
 THE CONTENTS. 
 
 An advantageous Commutation for omitting 
 the description of the Mechanical part of 
 the vulgar Graving 333 
 
 A paradoxical Graving without Burin, Points 
 or Aqua Fortis ib. 
 
 The new Mezzo Tinto, invented by his High- 
 ness P. Rupert, aenigmatically described, 
 and why 334 
 
 *»* The additions mthin [ ] are taken from the margin of the Author s printed Copy, communicated 
 by Sir John Evelyn, Bart, and were prefixed to the second edition, printed in 1755 • 
 
 AUTHORS AND BOOKS WHICH HAVE BEEN CONSULTED FOR THIS T&EiATISE.. 
 
 iElianus. 
 
 Alberti Leon. 
 
 Angelus Rocca. 
 
 Aquinas. 
 
 Aristotle. 
 
 S. Augustinus. 
 
 Ausonius. 
 
 L.Baptista Alberti. 
 
 Biblia Saci'a. 
 
 Bibliander. 
 
 Bosse A. 
 
 Caneparius. 
 
 Cassianug. 
 
 Cedrenus. 
 
 Cicero. 
 
 Comenius. 
 
 Crinitus. 
 
 Curtius, 
 
 Cyprianus. 
 
 Diodorus. 
 
 Diomedes. 
 
 DonatUs. 
 
 Durer, Alb. 
 
 Epiphanius. 
 
 Eusebius. 
 
 Gaffarell. 
 
 Galenus. 
 
 Gorlseus. 
 
 Guarinus. 
 
 Greuter. 
 
 Herodotus. 
 
 Hesiodus. 
 
 Homerus. 
 
 Horatius. 
 
 Josephus. 
 
 Junius F. 
 
 Juvenal is. 
 
 Kircherus. 
 
 Laet, Joh. de. 
 
 Libanius. 
 
 Licetus. 
 
 Littleton, Adam. 
 
 Livius. 
 
 Lubinus. 
 
 Lucanus. 
 
 Luitprandus. 
 
 Maimonides, 
 
 Manutius. 
 
 Marblles. 
 
 Martialis. 
 
 Mirandula Picus, 
 
 Nazianzen Greg. 
 
 Origines. 
 
 Ovidius. 
 
 Pancirollus. 
 
 Petronius. 
 
 Philo. 
 
 Pbilosteatus. 
 
 Pietro Santo. 
 
 Plato. 
 
 2 L 
 
 Plinius. 
 
 Plutarchus. 
 
 Pois, Ant. le. 
 
 Pollux, Jul. 
 
 Pomponius Laetus. 
 
 Prudentius. 
 
 Quintilianus. 
 
 Rhodiginus Csel. 
 
 Hue, Ch. de la, 
 
 Sabinus. 
 
 Salmasius. 
 
 Scaliger, Jos. 
 
 Semedo. 
 
 Seneca. 
 
 Solinus. 
 
 Statins. 
 
 Suetonius. 
 
 Suidas ' 
 
 Tacitus. 
 
 T4tianusi 
 
 TertuUianUs. 
 
 Theocritus. 
 
 Trallianus. 
 
 Trismegislus. 
 
 ■Thucydides. 
 
 Varenius. 
 
 Varro. 
 
 Vassari. 
 
 -Vatablus. 
 
 Vermander, Car. 
 
 Verulamius. 
 
 Virgilius. ~ 
 
 Vitruviufe. 
 
 Vopiseus. 
 
 Vossitts, 
 
 Worraitis. 
 
 WottoH, Si* H. 
 
258 
 
 SCULPT U R A; 
 
 OR 
 
 THE HISTORY AND ART OF CHALCOGRAPHY. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 OF SCULPTURE, HOW DERIv'd, AND DISTINGUISh'd WITH THE 
 STYLES, AND INSTRUMENTS BELONGING TO IT. 
 
 Those who have most refined and criticiz'd upon Technical notions, 
 seem to distinguish what we commonly name Sculpture into three 
 seveiial arts; and to attribute specifical differences to them all: for 
 there is, besides Sculptura (as it relates to Chalcography) Scalptura 
 (so Diomiedes*) and Ccelatura ; both which, according to Quintilian f , 
 differ from the first ratione materice. For to make but a brief enume- 
 ration only: it was'apply'd to several things; as to working in wood, 
 or ivory, tomice, the artists, desectores : in clay, plastice, plastce : 
 in playster, paradigmatice, the workmen gt/psochii In stone cutting 
 colaptice, the artists lithoxoi; and lastly, in metals glyphice ; which 
 again is two-fold ; for if wax be us'd, agogice ; if the figure be of 
 cast-work, chemice ; anaglyphice, when the image was prominent ; 
 diaglyphice, when hollow, as in scales and intaglias; encolaptice, when 
 lesse deep, as in plates of brasse for lawes and monumental inscrip- 
 tions : then the toreutice X ; and the encaustic for a kind of enamel ; 
 proplastice forming the future work, ex creta, or some such matter, as 
 
 * Lib. 1. t Lib. 3. c. 51. 9. J Gael. Rodig. Antiq. Lect. 1. 29. c. 34. 
 
259 
 
 ihe protypus was of wax for efformation, and the modulus of wood ; 
 not to omit the antient diatretice, which seems to have been a work 
 upon chrystal, and the calices diatreti (of which somewhere the Poet 
 Martial) * whether emboss'd or engraven, as now with the point of a 
 diamond, &c. ; for I can onely name them briefly : the field would be 
 too luxurious to discourse upon them severally ; and as they rather con- 
 cern the statuary art, fusile and plastic head, which would serve better 
 to adorne some designe of architecture, or merit an expresse treatise, 
 then become the present, which does only touch the metalls, and such 
 other materials as had not the figure finished through all its dimen- 
 sions ; though we might yet safely I think admit some of the Greek 
 anaglyptics : argentum asperum et pustulatum, and, as the Latines 
 terme it, ebur pingue : for so the Voet, Ewpositumque alt^ pingue 
 poposcit ebur, 8j-c. f Manutius calls them dimidice eminentice, and the 
 Italians do well interpret by basso and mezzo-relievo; hence the figure 
 is said stare, or exstare : for so Mart, stat caper, and Juvenal, stantem 
 extra pocula caprum. As from the similitude and perfection of the 
 work, vivere, spirare, calere, it seemed to breath, and be living, as 
 Virgil expresses it, 
 
 Excudent alii spirantia moUius aera. — ^n. vi. 848. 
 And Horace, 
 
 Et ungues 
 Exprimet, Sc poUes imitabitur sere capillos. — Ars Poet. 32. 
 
 Ludit Acidalio, sed non manus aspera, nodo 
 
 Candida n,on tacita respondet imagine Lygdos, — Martial, l. 6. 13. 
 
 For in this manner they us'd to celebrate those rare pieces of art, 
 distinct from the diagliphice and encolaptice, more properly according 
 with our purpose; and which may happly be as well express'd by cce- 
 laturd,- and from the signification made a derivative dm t5 (rKaTrrnv to 
 dig, or make incision. I think Varro may have scaptus ioT ccelatus; 
 as Cicero scalptus, and Plinie scalpturatus ; yet we rather follow them 
 who derive scalpo, scuVpo, ivova ykojpta and yKxx^ta', because the best 
 origination is to preserve the foundation in the antienter languages, if 
 the mutation of letters be warranted, as here in y^oL^u scriho. The 
 
 * Lib. xiv, Epig. 94. edit. Schrevelii, L. Bat. 1670. t Mart. Epig. Lib, ix.60. 
 
260 
 
 word in the Holy tongue WlD, which imports an opening (because the 
 plate, stone, or whatever else material they vised, aperitur aiiqua sui 
 parte, somewhere opened when any thing is engraven upon it) attests 
 rather to the former etymon and signification, then to any other mate-* 
 rial affinity; besides that 'tis also transferable to those who carve with 
 the chissel, or work in bosse with the puntion, as our statuaries, gold- 
 smiths and repairers do. In the glosse we meet with ccelum ro^vog, &c. 
 which though some admit not so freely in this sence ; yet Martial,* 
 speaking of emboss'd cups, more then once calls them toreumata. 
 Miratus fueris cum prisca toreumata multum. 
 
 And why may not the tori, brawn, or coUops of fat be expressed by 
 these raised figures, and they torosce, plump, and (as the French has it) 
 en bon point, as well as fusil and fictile ones? some round chissel or 
 lathe perhaps it was; but we dare only conjecture. Others ccelum, a 
 ctBdo, which is to beat, strike, cut or dig; but by what parallel autho- 
 rity of such a derivative we know not : Varro -f" yet e coelo heaven it 
 self, reaching its original from the very stars. XoTKog is another, more 
 consonant and harmonious with the antient vhp halangh, which 
 imports to excavate and make hollow, as it is frequently interpreted, 
 particularly 1 Reg. 6. 32, 35, where, what the vulgar Latine renders 
 sculpsit, Vatablus makes ceelavit, and Junius incidit, best of all cor- 
 responding with our purpose; and so in the famous wrought shield 
 which Ulysses .purchased by his eloquence, Quintilian J applies the 
 word, In ccelatura clypei jdchillis et lites sunt et actiones : for so it 
 seems to have been much used on their harnesse. Livy reports of two 
 famous armies so represented § : or as more allusive yet to our plate, 
 where 'tis said, ccelatura rumpit tenuem lajninam, if the question be 
 not rather, whether these works, like the anccesa vasa, were not rais'd 
 and emboss'd, those expressions of Plinie so much favouring their emi- 
 nency, where he tells us, speaking of this very art, ita exolevit, ut sola 
 Jam vetmtate censeatur, usque adeo attritis ccelaturis, ne Jigura dis- 
 cerni possit, time and age had so greatly defac'd them. 
 
 But this may suffice for the division and denomination of the art in 
 
 * Lib. viii. 6. f Varro 1. 4. de Ling. Lat. J Lib. 2. c. 18. § Liv. hist. 1. 9. 
 
261 
 
 geoferal; since the title which we have niade choice of is universally 
 applicable : for so loquendi Gonmetudine, in ordinary discourse, Scvdp^ 
 tura and Scalptura import but one and the same thing, as Salmasius has 
 well noted on Solinus ; and therefore those who wrought any of these 
 hollow cut-woriss were by some eall'd Caz7a^ore5 and Gmphatpr^, sayes 
 that learned person, whence doubtless our Gravers may have deriv'd 
 their appellation. 
 
 By this then it will not be difficult for any to define what the art it 
 self is ; whether consider'd in the most general and comprehensive 
 acceptation ; or, as it concernes that of Chalcography chiefly, and such 
 as have most affinity with it; since (as well as the rest) it may be 
 describ'd to be an art which takes away all that is superfluous of the 
 subject matter, reducing it to that forme or body which was design'd 
 in the idea of the artist: and this, as sufficiently universal; unless in 
 favour of the plastic (which yet does not come under our cognizance) 
 we will rather receive the distinction which Michael Anfi-elo was us'd 
 to observe between them, that this last was made by apposition, which 
 is quite the contrary. But indeed neither the paradigmatic, agogic, or 
 any of the plastic, can genuinely, and in propriety of speech be call'd 
 Sculpture, without a catachresis and some violence ; since, nullum simi- 
 le est idem, whether applied to the matter or the tools. And now we 
 speak of instruments we shall find that there has been little less 
 controversie amongst the grammarians, touching them also, then con- 
 cerning the very art itself : as whether the yXvquov stylus, or scalprum, 
 is to be call'd ccelum, cmles, or ceeltes; noted by the critics from that 
 text in 19 Job. Quis mihi det, ut exarentur in libro stylo ferreo, aut 
 plumbi hmrnm, vel ccelte sculpantur in silice ? (where by the way, 
 'tis observ'd, that this verse comprehends and alludes to almost all the 
 sorts of ancient writing and engraving : books, plates, stone, and stile,) 
 and from an old inscription out of Aldus and Gruter. Martial, Auso- 
 nius, and the poet Statius use ccelum frequently. 
 
 — — Laberiferi vivant quae raarmora caelo 
 
 ' Praxitelis, &c. * 
 But we will be sparing. rXoipij, yXixpuov, yKv^uyov, as Junius : also 
 
 * Sylv. lib. 4. vi. 26. 
 
262 
 
 eyKoXxTTT^o, v'ffayuysug,Xa,^svT'^piov, as much as (ri^^iov XtOov^yw* ', so is yXa^i^ 
 and XeTov in Pollux. Scalprum is KOTrevg, ^ua-T'^p ; with the same Junius 
 grapMum. Lastly, stylus ypa<p6tov, (TTvXog-, a-fjtiXiii ; in Suidas ; lyxevT^)?; thfe 
 same Pollux. Call them point, stile, graver, punction, polisher, or what 
 else you please, we will contend no farther about it ; for these instru- 
 ments (as despicable as they appear} have sometimes proved fatal and 
 dangerous weapons; as the blessed Cassianus found by sad experience, 
 whose cruel martyrdom with these stiles is gloriously celebrated by 
 Prudentius, crept <rTe(pecyuv, Hymn. ix. And thus was also Erixion slain, 
 for his unnatural affection, by the enraged people, with other examples 
 to be produc'd out of Seneca, Plutarch, Suetonius, and others: for 
 when, upon several of those disorders, cnSi^^opopeTv (or the carrying about 
 them any weapons of iron) was made capital, they did mischief with 
 these instruments, till, like children's knives, they were converted into 
 bone, which did only serve them to write withall, and arare campum 
 cereum, to ploiagh up their superinduced tables, and cerei pugillares ; 
 not much unlike to our etching with points and needles on the vernish, 
 in shape and use resembling them, save where the obtuser end was 
 made more delitive, apt to put out, and obliterate, when they would 
 stylum vertere, which our burnisher (another tool us'd by Chalcogra- 
 phers) and polisher performes. But to descend to the modern names 
 both of the art and instrument : the French call it in particular ia«7fc 
 fZoMce, sweet, or tender cut; whither wrought with the burin ((or so 
 they tearm the instrument which we the graver) or with aqua fortis ; 
 the Italians, intaglia, or stamp, without adjunct, and Ao/mo, which is 
 doubtless the more antient and warantable, as prondpting the use both 
 of the point, needle, and etching in aqua fortis, by some so happily 
 executed, as hardly to be discern'd from the holio or graver it self : but 
 the main difference is this, that with the hurine one cuts the peice all 
 at once out of the plate, immediately; whereas, with the point or stile, 
 we only cut the varnish, razing, and scalping as it were, the superficies 
 of the plate a little, which afterwards the aqua fortis corrodes and 
 finishes: a rare invention, new, expeditious, and wholly unknown to 
 the past antiquity. JBunwe then from holino; and why not? yea 
 (doubtless, this from BouXXa, the modern name of a seal, and instru- 
 
 * Theocr. Thucyd. 
 
263 
 
 ment of making seals. To this we might also add tain cheret : and we 
 find charasch and eharath of the same import with ^aaatrarw and %«p«ttw 
 in the Greek, as Mr. Adam Littleton has acutely observ'd, in his com- 
 plexion of roots. But least too much of this stufFe should, as Theocritus 
 (on another occasion) stiles it, y>A)<poao\} v^oa-To^eiv smell of the.Burine, 
 we will here make an end of hard names .(the pedantrie and various 
 acceptions of the words), and in the chapters following endeavour to 
 investigate the original of the art it self, and discourse somewhat of 
 the progress it has made to arrive at this perfection ; for it is not to 
 shew how diligently we have weeded the Calepines and Lexicons 
 (amongst all which there is none over fertill upon these arts, or so well 
 furnish'd as we could have wish'd,) but the result of much diligent col- 
 lection, produc'd out of sundry Authors to meet in this chapter, for 
 the ease and instruction of such as may possibly encounter with diffi- 
 culties ip the course of their reading such books as treat of the me- 
 chanical or more liberal subjects ; and, that there might be nothing of 
 deficient as to our institution, seeing it behoov'd him that would deduce 
 an history ab origine, to let nothing escape that was in the least or 
 useful], or instructive. 
 
 CHAP. II. 
 
 OP THE ORIGINAL OP SCULPTUEE IN GENERAL. 
 
 We shall not, with Epigenes in Pliny*, depose that this art had its 
 being from eternity, because it is not sence, and would contradict its 
 invention ; but, if that may passe which St. Augustine affirmes, that 
 the protoplast our father Adamf, or (as others) his good genius the 
 angel Raziel, were the first inventor of letters. Sculpture may derive 
 its' pedigree from the infancy of the world, and contend for its pre- 
 eminence with most of the antiquities which it so much celebrates. 
 For, that there went several books about (some whereof had been long 
 since read in the Primitive Church) bearing his venerable name, as 
 that which Epiphanius andothers cite, ex libroBehu^de PcsnitentiaAdce, 
 
 * L. 7. c, 6, t L. 18. Civit. Dei. c. 3. 
 
264 
 
 ice Revelatio, Sfc. we have no reason to contradict : and Tho. 
 [uinas, in his Treatise de Ente et Essentia, speaks of a volume of 
 mts described by Adam ; and there are traditions of a whole Natural 
 story, with several other works of this most learned of all men living, 
 Suidas doubts not to call him ; nor do we think that his unhappy 
 1 did so much concern his rare and infus'd habits, as not to leave him 
 ; most accomplished, and perfectly instructed in all those arts which 
 re so highly necessary, arid therefore thus early invented ; though 
 lether these books of his were so miraculously found but and preserv'd 
 the renowned Trismegistus, we leave to the more credulous. But that 
 tters, and consequently Sculpture, was long before the Flood, we 
 ike no scruple of. Suidas, whom but now we mention'd, is perem- 
 y, ascribing (as was affirm'd) both Letters, and all the rest of the 
 lences, to Adam, tovtou tcmito, etj^^fAara, &c. We shall not add hereunto 
 lat the Rabbins assert he compos'd of the prsecepts giyen him in 
 radise, with the like trash ; but pass from these conjectures to others 
 the Antediluvian Patriarchs mention'd by Josephus, Cedrenus, and 
 ue other authors, concerning the Sculptures in stone and brick 
 cted at Joppa, containing (as some depose) the sideral and celestial 
 ences, proofe against the two most devouring and subverting ele- 
 nts, and lasting some thousands of years after the Universal Cata- 
 sm. The ^^thiopians are said at this day to glory much in pos- 
 sing the books of Seth and Enoch, as those who have lately written 
 the Abyssines relate. Origen, St. Augustine, and Hierom have 
 jwise made honourable mention of them; and TertuUian plainly 
 roves those who (in his time) thought they could not be preserved*, 
 ah being himself one of the great nephews of Seth ; and the pro- 
 »ility that these antient men of renoun would transmit to posterity 
 glorious actions and atchievements which they had perform'd ; 
 ecially Cham (that is Zoroaster), a spirit so universally curious, and 
 irishing above an hundred years before this publick calamity. But 
 apply this to the honour now of Chalcography, and justifie our 
 ign. The Author of the Scholastical History upon Genesis speaks 
 
 * Turtul. de habit, mulicr. 
 
265 
 
 of this Zproaster's engraving the Libefel Arts on fotirteen columns, 
 seven whereof he affirms to haVe been of brasse, and the rest of brick ; 
 the sslme is also reported by Serenus*, where he adds diversorufn 
 metallonvm laminis, together with some other inscriptions thus pre*- 
 servedj, and which the noble and lea r tied Earl of Mirandula, in a'certaia 
 Epistle of his to Marsilius Ficinus,*boaSts to have the possession of : 
 his words are these, Chaldaijci hi tihri sunt, si lihri sunt, et non 
 thesauri : jdudi inseriptiones : Patris Ezrce, Zoroastris, et Melchdor 
 Magormn Oracula ; in guibus et ilia quoque quc$ apud Grcecos 
 mendosa et mutila cireumferuntur, leguntur integra et absoluta, 8fe. 
 The books (saith PIcus), if books it be lawful to call them, and not 
 rather most inestimable treasures, are all in the Chaldy tdngue : observe 
 their titles : The Oracles of those famous Magi, Ezra, Zoroaster, and 
 Melchior ; in which those particulars also which have been carried 
 about by the Greeks, maim'd and miserably corrupted, are here to be 
 read perfect and intire. 
 
 Concerning the Art of Sculpture immediately after the Flood, there 
 are few we suppose make any considerable question, as that it might 
 not be propagated hy Noah to his postferity ; though some there be 
 that indeed admit of none before Moses ; but what then shall we think 
 of that Book of the Warres of the Lord, which this sacred Author 
 mentions Num. 21 ? not to insist upon the 88 and 109 Psalmes, hy 
 many ascrib'd to some of the Patriarchs his predecessours. The above 
 mention'd Mercurius Trismegistus, three hundred years after the Flood, 
 and long before Moses engrav'd his secret and mysterious things in 
 stone, as himself reports, -reforming what had been depraved by the 
 wicked Cham ; some in letters, some in figures and enigmatical 
 characters; such happly as were those contain'd in the magnificent 
 and stupendous obelisks er-eeted hy Misra, the firfet JEgypfciart Pharoah, 
 which being at least four hundred years before Moses (as ithe most 
 indefatigable Kircher has computed), does greatly presage their. antiquity 
 to have been before that holy prophetf. But not to put too much stresse 
 upon superannuated tradition, this we are sure is of faith, and without 
 
 * Apud Cassianum. t Obeliscus Phamphilius. 
 
 2 M 
 
266 
 
 controversy ; that in Moses we have the tables of stone engraven by 
 the finger of God himself: where the commandement is expresse, 
 even against the abuse of this very Art, as well as an instance of the 
 antiquity of Idolatry attesting that of Sculpture : thou shalt not 
 MAKE TO THYSELF ANY GRAVEN IMAGE*. But this which is indeed 
 the first writing that we have Scripture to vouch for, does yet presup- 
 pose Engraving to have been of much greater antiquity. What else 
 were the Teraphim ? What the Penates of Laban stolen by Rachel ? 
 The Idols of Terah ? or the Egyptian ? &c. But we forbear to expatiate, 
 onely that which is by Ben. Syrac somewhere in Ecclesiasticus f deliver- 
 ed, that the original of Idolatry was from images to preserve the memory 
 of the dead J, as in processe of time by the flatterers of great men it 
 was turn'd to be an object of adoration, plainly inferrs, Graving to 
 have been elder then Idolatry. 
 
 But now to recover its esteem again beyond all prejudice (how ever 
 by others abus'd, as indeed many of the best things have been,) it was, 
 we know, imputed for a spiritual talent in Bezaleel and Aholiah^, who 
 made Intaglias to adorne the High Priests pectoral. And we have said 
 how the Egyptians reverenced it, as seeming to have us'd it before 
 letters ; or rather their hieroglyphics (importing sacred Sculpture) were 
 those elements by which they transmitted to posterity what they 
 esteem'd most worthy of record ; and not (as some have imagin'd) wrap- 
 ped up in those enigmatical figures, the secrets of their arts both divine 
 and secular : For 
 
 Nondum Flumineas Memphis contexere biblos 
 Noverat ; et Saxis tantum volucrisque ferseque, 
 Sculptaque servabant magicas animalia Linguas ||. 
 Whence Tacitus calls them Antiquissima monumenta memorice humance 
 impressa Saxis. Such as were also the Horapollinis notee, and all 
 those other venerable antiquities of this nature, transported to Rome 
 out of ^gypt, in no less then two and forty prodigious obelisks, of late 
 interpreted by the industrious Kircher before cited. Suidas attributes 
 the invention to the Father of the Faithful ; others tp Theut or Hermes, 
 
 *Eicod. XX. tc. xiv. + Sc.Sap. c. 16. { 31 Exod. U Lucanus, lib. 3. 
 
267 
 
 some to Cadmus and the Phoenicians. Bibliander will have Letters and 
 Sculpture from Adam ; Josephus from Henoch ; Philo from Abraham ; 
 Eusebius from Moses ; Cyprian from Saturne, where, by the way, be- 
 cause 'tis said he did Litteras imprimere^ Peter Calaber (who much 
 affects to call himself Pomponius LcetiisJ foolishly deduces, that even 
 the Typographical Art* was known in the age of this hero ; but thence, 
 as we said, it descended to the Egyptians by Misraim, and so was 
 communicated to the Persians, Medes, and Assyrians, thence to the 
 Greeks, and finally to the Romans, from whom it was deriv'd to us, as 
 Peter Crinitus in his 17th book ■j', de Honestd DiscipUnd, out of a very 
 antient MS. Bibliothecce SeptimianeBf seems to deduce, and thus 
 summe them up together. 
 
 Moyses primus Hebraicas exaravit Literas. 
 
 Mente Phoenices sagaci condiderunt Atticas. 
 
 Quas Latini scriptitamus, edidit Nicostrata. 
 
 Abraham Syras, & idem repperit Chaldaicas. 
 
 Isis arte non minore protulit iEgyptiacas. 
 
 Gulfila promsit Getarum quas videmus Literas. 
 Now, should all this but relate to the several characters only, it shall 
 yet serve our purpose ; since whoever was the inventor of Letters, was 
 also doubtless the father of Sculpture, as is apparent, if not by the for- 
 mer columns erected by Seth (one whereof Angelus Roccha in his 
 JBibliotheca Vaticana presumes to have been of brasse), by several other 
 instances; the writing with ink, on paper or parchment, being al- 
 together a novelty in comparison to the more antient formes and 
 materials, such as were the slitstones, or slates which succeeded the 
 stately marbles, and preceded the thinner leaves of bark, and tab- 
 lets of wood, which, from the German hucher, signifying i\ie fagus 
 or beech-tree, (whose fruit does still with us retain the name of 
 huch-mastj were called books, to whatever voluble or folding mat- 
 ter applyed : for before the invention of paper, they us'd the leaves 
 of Palmes, as Yoxro de Sibylla; then the rinds of trees; afterwards 
 sheets of lead, linnen, wax, and ivory, as PJInie and Vopiscus tell us. 
 They writ in silk amongst the Persians and Chineses ; and lastly, were 
 
 * Vossius in Art. Hist. t Cap. 1. 
 
'268 
 
 invented parchmerit and paper. But whether in all these, or whatever 
 the subject were (some few latter excepted), it was still by insculping, 
 scarrifying, and making a kind of incision into it: especially intending 
 to consign to posterity their lawes, divine and humane, Roman, -^Egyp- 
 tian, or Hebrew : for so of old 
 
 ^ verba miliiantia fixo 
 
 ^re ligabantur *, 
 according to the Poet. Thus were the Hieronicse preserv'd in the 
 temple of Olympian Jove, and the Roman Consuls in the Capitol ; and 
 as by those innumerable inscriptions of irrefragable and undeniable an- 
 tiquitie does appear. 
 
 We have already computed how probable it is that Sculpture was in 
 use in ^gypt somewhat before, or at least as soon as the Patriarch 
 Abraham set his foot there : but the lesse discerning Greeks who re- 
 ceiv'd it from the Egyptians, could tell us of no writings of theirs ex- 
 tant before Homer, if we will give ear to Josephus, before that of 
 Tatian (a learned Assyrian, and contemporary with Justin Martyr) 
 where he affirmes, ovx, tuv 'Of^yi^ov f/uowv TS-^ecr[3uT.Bt^ogeirTiv, oVLovcn^s en ^ tou 
 •jffpo auTOU (ruyypu(ptuv, Aivov, (piXafn^uvoq, QetfMjoiOOS, ' AfjL<piuvoi fLO\j(r.oi,io\i., 'Op(pBea,g, 
 AwoSoKov, ^vjiAiov, l,iS,v7Q^g:,'E7ri[A£vi^au Tou'K^iiirog, ha-ng ei; ti^v l,7rcepTiiiv a(piKBTo 
 ^oKTrea. tou VpoKornvjcnou rou tx 'AptiJ-uirma avYypai\/ciU)TQ5., 'A(rj3oXov re ro\i Kev- 
 Ttxhaov^ v.oii 'lo'aT/^o? Apv[Ji.mo5 re kxi 'Ev[ir,Xou tou KuTrgtou, kui £laou tw .Sa^/ou 
 Koci Upoa-TuvTi^ou TOO 'Ao-flTji/ai'oLi, &c. Where we have no lesse then seven- 
 teen Graecians nam'd elder then Homer. There are also enumerated 
 the names of twenty Argive Kings from Inachus to Agamemnon, 
 which strongly infers the means of recording by Sculpture and Writing 
 to have been very antient. For so we read that the poems of Hesiod 
 were eng-i'aven in lead. Aristotle mentions Daphne, a certain devotresse 
 of Apollo; Sabinus and Diodorus many others. But when, or who- 
 ever it were, thence (as we said) it travelled into Greece, that theater 
 of the Arts, where it soon arriv'd to the supreamest height of perfection, 
 when being applied to the forming of Inures, it was celebrated by all 
 the witty men of those, and the succeeding ages. Homer tells us of 
 
 * Ovidj Metam. 1. 
 
269 
 
 the engraving in the shield of Achilles *; Hesiod that of Hercules ; not 
 to mention the Sculptures upon the charriot of the Sun, described by 
 the Poet, because it is fictitious, though extreamly ingenious, arid 
 whence happly they might have their Vehicula, CJcelata meijtion'd by 
 Q. Curtius \, But whether now these antient and famous pieces were 
 hollow, like those of our burine, or the work of our chissel and repair'd 
 embossments, might seem a difficulty to resolve, from the frequent in- 
 terpretations we attributed to the verbe in the former chapter ; if what 
 we have here attested concerning the antiquity of letters, and conse- 
 quently of flat incisions, pronounce not for its preheminence, however 
 this may appear to the more judicious. Add to it, that both Plasiica, 
 (whatever others may fancy) unless we will ascend to the divine figura- 
 tion of the first breathing Statue that was ever form'd (and with Pliny, 
 derive it to be before, and the Mother of Sculpture), and the Anaglyptic 
 Art, (not prpduc'd in the world 'till about the time of Belus, and the 
 jbeginning of Gentilisme). were not 'till long after the use of letters ; if 
 Enoch's prophesy were not preserved by unwritten tradition, and the 
 former apocryphal monuments have other foundation then the wit of 
 the Rabbins, which we can by no means assent to in the general!. Be- 
 sides, if we apply it to intaglias in stone, seals, and the like, for having 
 been almost coevoiis vvith rings, (what was else the signet which Judah 
 left with his daughter Tamar J ?) it questionless derives its original be- 
 fore any history at present extant in the world, divine or humane, was 
 committed to writing. Of which he who has a thirst to satisfie his cu- 
 riosity farther, may consult >Gorlseus, or Fortun. 'L<icetus de ulnnulis 
 jdntiquorum; where also concerning their -Sculpture, first in iron, then 
 in gold, other metals and stones ; and of which might very much be 
 SKlded, both touching their dignity, signification, and how they came at 
 length to' be worne so universally. Something we might here likewise 
 insert of their constellated figures, or talismans, long since engraven 
 upon certain instants and periods of the sun's ingresse into such and 
 such partieular signes of the Zodiac, treated of by Francis Rueus the 
 physitian, Tralianus, and, instar omnium, by the learned Gafiarel at 
 large ; but we hasten to that which followes. 
 
 * Iliad, 3. Metam. 1. 3. t L. 3. c. 3. J Gen. xxxviii. 18. 
 
270 
 
 CHAP. III. 
 
 or THE REPUTATION AND PROGRESSE OF SCULPTURE AMONGST THE 
 GREEKS AND ROMANS, DOWN TO THE MIDDLE-AGES; WITH SOME 
 PRETENSIONS TO THE INVENTION OF COPPER-CUTS, AND THEIR 
 IMPRESSIONS. 
 
 We have now done with the original, and will next endeavour to 
 investigate what progress it has made amongst those glorious and uni- 
 versal monarchs, when Sculpture and all other noble arts Were in their 
 ascei^dent and highest reputation ; I mean the Greeks and the Romans ; 
 for to the first does Herodotus appropriate the perfection of this art, not 
 admitting it to have arriv'd at the latter till about the time of Spurius 
 Cassius, when Baptist Alberti ascribes it to his countrymen the Tuscans. 
 
 Those who have well surveied the natural history of Pliny, will easily 
 commute for the omission, if, out of pure indulgence to their eyes only 
 we forbear the transcribing of at least three or four intire chapters, in- 
 dustriously baulking those ample and luxurious fields of statues, as under 
 the fusile and plaistic head *; because it suites not with our present design 
 and institution : for to passe over the figures in metal, those of gypsum 
 and other materials, the Sculptores Marmoris were so many, and the 
 Greeks so extravagantly fond of their works, that at Rhodes alone, that 
 small island, were no less than 73,000 signa ; nor were there fewer at 
 Athens, Olympia, Delphi, and several other cities, whereof whole armies 
 of them were transferred to Rome, after Achaia had been conquered by 
 L. Mummius, at which period the Greek arts began to rise, and be in 
 such reputation amongst them ; and this to so high an excesse, as Pliny 
 records of his age, that there were almost as many statues as men, by a 
 kind of noble contention (saves Sr. H. Wottonf) in point of fertility 'twixt 
 art and nature, and which he and my Lord Bacon improves to a politique 
 as well as altogether an expenceful magnlficency. It shall then suflBce 
 that we be sparing in these instances, and keep ourselves to those vvorkes 
 and intaglias only, which do nearest approach our design; of which sort 
 
 * 1. 33. c. 8. 1. 34. c. 13. 1. 36. c. 6. f Element. Architect. Instaurat. Scient 
 
271 
 
 may be esteemed those uTTOT^^etyia'fMtTct mentioned by Pliny, in which art 
 that famous Pyrgoteles did so excell, as made Alexander the Great or- 
 dain that none should presume to carve his effigies save him only ; to 
 paint or cast him, besides Apelles and Lysippus, 
 
 Edicto vetuit, ne quis se, praeter Apellem, 
 Pingeret, aut alius Lysippo duceret aera 
 Fortis Alexandri vultum simulantia*. 
 
 Had Queen Elizabeth been thus circumspect, there had not been so 
 many vile copies multiplyed from an ill painting ; as being called in, and 
 brought to Essex-house*!*, did for several years furnish the pastry-men 
 with peels for the use of their ovens. 
 
 We wish the same might please his Majesty, and that none save such 
 as for their excellent tallent had particular indulgence, might any more 
 dare to represent his sacred person in painting or carving, then in his 
 coyne and royal signature ; for it is seriously a reproachfull thing only 
 to behold how it is profan'd by the hand of so many vile and wretched 
 bunglers (they deserve not the name of workmen) as blush not daily to 
 expose their own shame, in so precious and rever'd a subject ; and that 
 the heads of kings and heroes should be permitted to hang for signes, 
 among cats and owles, dogs and asses, at the pleasure of every tavern 
 and tippling-house, we have frequently stood in admiration of. But so 
 did not that of Alexander, as we noted ; nor would Augustus make 
 himself cheaper then that great master of his time, Dioscorides, pleas'd, 
 whom he particularly chose to preserve and derive his divine effigies to 
 the after ages, and to the honour of his memory, by what he left in those 
 signets and other stones which he cut for that renown'd Emperour. Thus 
 Sculpture began to be most eminent in stones and gemms, auro, argento, 
 tBre,ferrOfligno, ehore,marmore, vitro, Sec. as this author affirms, where, 
 discoursing of the famous works which were left by the masters of note 
 upon record in his time, he seems to ascribe the invention to one DIpoenus 
 and Scyllis ; for we shall not here ascend so high as Prometheus, or 
 speak much of Ideocus, Eucirapus, Lysistratus, Demophilus, Dedalusj 
 Leochares, Policarmus, Myrmecides, and innumerable others. It would 
 
 * Hor. E. Epist 2. t Where my L. of Leicester then lived. 
 
272 
 
 Aiehis (as we said) to transcribe the names biit of the peiees only of all 
 ! retibwried men \<?hom he there celebrates' for their engravings oti 
 uTj eupsi rings, glass j even to the very Figulina, Vasa coelaiaj such as 
 s brake of purpose, lest some other unexpected accident or mischance 
 it put him into passion, as Plutarch tells the story*. Hydrice and 
 r-pots were thus wrought, and Pliny speaks of the engraving even 
 'ead. 'Tis yet observable, that very few were found who took any 
 ure to engrave in gold (as we conceive), being too soft a met&ll : hut 
 itudes that wrought insilVeri ^Specially the famous Mentor, of whose 
 . Varro affirmes he had a pieqe in his possession, which he infinitely 
 id ; for, it seems, he had never finished above eighty which \vere 
 of them lost. Two more of his cups had L. Crassus the orator, 
 i at C. HS.-f- Confessus est tamen se nunquafn his uti, propter 
 "Undidm ausum ; so richy it seems, and magnificent they were^, that 
 this great person professed he never durst make use of them out of 
 modefsty, and to avoid the censure of being thought too luxurious, 
 ial describes another, where a lizard was so lively represented,, men 
 afraid it Wbuld bite. 
 
 Inserta Phialae Mentoris manu ducta 
 Lacerta vivit, et timetur argentum. 
 
 2xt to Mentor was Acragus, Boethus-, and Mys, whose master- 
 was expos'd at Rhddes ; especially those glorious vasas and goblets 
 e Bacchanalia, engraven by the forefflention'd Acragus, and of 
 ige, chases, and hunting. Famous also were Calamis, Antipater, 
 StratonicUs, who engraved the Satyr sleeping, a stupendous piece 
 t. Then th^rei flourlshfed Taurisdus, ofCizicum; Aristus and Eumcjus, 
 of them Mityleniarts ; likewise Hecates, and the renowned Praxi- 
 , about the titne of Pompey ; Posidonius of Eph^Sus, and Ledus, 
 lus for representing of battails, &c. To be brief (for their works are 
 5ss), Zdpirus whoengrav'd the dotir^; of the Areopagi in a cup, and 
 rial of Orestes. After him lived PytheUs, and sfeveral othei-s too long 
 to recite. Nor werfe all these Gravers in flat, but, as w6 said, in 
 vo some of them, and more approaching to the Statuary. Besides 
 
 Plut. in Apotheg. f " An hundred sesterces, about 8001." 
 
. .•'■273 
 
 * such as were excellent medaillists, from Augustus, Caligula, Claudius, 
 Nero, Galba, &c. down to the reigns of Coiftmodiis and Pertinax; for 
 from Severus it greatly decay'd, and the • most toUerable engravings of 
 the former lasted but to Nerva, the best being those whibh were cut and 
 stamped in the time of Caligula, Claudius, and Nero, about which period 
 Sculpture beginning to degenerate in Greece, it travell'd and came to 
 Rome, now opulent and victorious. But after these, andthe formerly 
 recorded by Pliny, there were not many who left either^ name or work 
 famous to posterity; for, besides that the monarchy was soon broken 
 and disorder'd, the later Emperors became less curious, rich, and magni- 
 ficent; so as even in the time of the Great Constantine it self, arts began 
 manifestly to degenerate : but, when afterwards the Goths and Saracens 
 had broken in Upon the Roman empire,- and made those horrid devas- 
 tations, they were in a manner utterly lost, as the reliques which they 
 left in Statuary, Sculpture, Architecture, Letters, and all other good 
 axts, do yet testifie. It is true, that the ruder Danes and Nbrvegians 
 had in these times their Runic writings, or engraven letters, as in their 
 Rimstoc or Primstaf, some square or long piece of board, or staflF, having 
 an almanac carved on it. So they engrav'd their letters on bones, either 
 whole or sliced, and bound up together, like our tallies; also upon 
 ja;,w-bones of the greater fishes taken on their coasts; and PFbrmim 
 in Fasti Danici L. 1. cAttjo. 18. mentions Danish hieroglyphics, on the 
 tombs of their old heroes ; lyons, bears, horses, dogs, dragons, snakes, 
 &c. wrought on the hardest rocks, together with Runic characters ; so 
 as these nations seldom travell'd without their g-r-eef, Qxgrcef*s&x:,aVvt\d, 
 of point or stiletto, with which they us'd to carve out letters and other 
 figures upc^n occasion ; but it was yet so rude, and their gusto so deprav'd, 
 that they demolisb'd and ruin'd all those goodly fabricks and excellent 
 works wherever they became masters, introducing their lame and 
 wretched manner in all those arts which they pretended to restore, even 
 when now they became a little more civiliz'd by the conversation of the 
 more polish'd and flourishing countries ; for it was not any general add 
 imaginary decay, which some have conceited to be difFus'd upon the 
 universal face of nature, that the succeeding periods did not emerge or 
 attain to the excellency of the former ages, antient masters, and renowned 
 
 2 N 
 
274 
 
 wprkes ; b^t to th^ universal decgy of n<xblQ aiid heroic genius's t-Q 
 enpoMirjigft ihism. . JPriscis enim temporibus, (saies Petronius)* cum 
 <i!^h/uc Mtda virhts placeret, vigehant unites ingenuce^ sjfmmumqtjLe 
 ^(^t^wen int^f homines eraty ne gui4 profaturum sceculis diu lateret. 
 J[t0q^e,I^ercules! herharum omnium iSMccp^s Deippcritus expressif; et, ne 
 KLpidmn vi9;gultariimque vis lateret, eetatemin^r mperimenta consump^ 
 sit : Eudoxus quidem in cacuntiT^ excelsissimi miosis consenuit, ut astrof 
 X^m ccelique mopus deprehenderet : p/ GljJ'ysiippus utad i;n,pentvonem s%^<- 
 fpQeret, ter helj^lhoro ani^m?n detfr^it. Verum, ut adpiastas qonvertar, 
 (which coroejs ppa^esjl; our instance) Lysippo^, ^tt^t^a^ unius li;neam€^n 
 ^^ inhcBventem, inppia ex.tinxit ; et Myron, qui pcene J^or^inum animas, 
 ferarumque, cer,e comprekendit, nan invenit heredem. At nos, vino 
 sportisque d^mersi, ne paratas quidem q.rMs aud&mus eognoscere ; sed, 
 accusatores antiquitatis, vitia tantum doqemus et discimus, Sfc. He 
 conchidesj ^plito ergo mirariy si pictfira deficit, cum qnenihus d%is 
 hominibusque formosior videatur massa awi, quam quicquid Apelles, 
 Phidiasue, Grcefmli deliranfes,J'eeerunt. 
 
 And if thus, even in the greatest height and perfection of the 
 sciences, the eloquent satyrjst could find just reason to deplore their 
 decadence, and censure the vices of that agej wh^t shall we say of 
 purs, so miserably declining, and prodigioijsly degenerate ? We want 
 Alexanders, Augustus's, such as Francis the 1. Cpsimp di Medices, 
 Charles the V. ; those fathers an4i Mecsenas's of the arts, who by thpir 
 liberality and affection to virtue na^y stimulate and provoke men to 
 gallant exploits; and that being, thereby once at their ease from the 
 penurie and necessities which depresse the noblest mindes, they might 
 work for glory, and not for those trifling and iUiberal re war<ls which 
 hardly would find them bread, should they employ but half that time 
 upon their studies, which were requisite to bring their labours to the 
 supremest perfection ; since, according to that saying, ou^ilv tuv fji.fya\av 
 Hpu ymrou ; nothing which is great can be done without leasure. If a 
 quarter of that which is thrown away upon cards, dice, dogs, mistresses, 
 base and vitious gallanteries, arid impertinent follies, were employ'd to 
 
 * Petronii Arb. Satyrieon. Cap. 88. 
 
275 
 
 the encouragement of arts, and promotion of Science,: how iikstflous 
 and magnificent wrndd that age be ; how glorious and itifiiiiteiy happy ? 
 We complain of the times presewt, 'tis we that make them had ; we 
 admire the formed, *tis the efi^ct of our ignorance only ; and which is 
 yet more criminal, in that we have had their examples to instruct, and 
 have made them to reproch «s. Pardon this indignation of ours, O ye 
 that love vertue and cultivate the sciences ! 
 
 To returne to our institution again : Sculpture and Chalcography 
 
 seem to have been of much antienter date in China then with us ; 
 
 where all their writings and printed records were engraven either on 
 
 copper plates or cut in tablets' of wood, of which some we possesse, and 
 
 have seen more, representing (in ill pictures) landskips, stories, and 
 
 the likci Josephus Scaliger affirmes that our first letters' in Europe 
 
 were thus cut upon vt'ood, beftw^ they invented the ti/pck ceneos ; 
 
 instancing in a certain Horologium JB. Matties^* which he sayes he 
 
 had seen printed upon parchment a great while since : but Semedo 
 
 Would make the world believe that the foremention'd Chinezes have 
 
 been possess'd of this invention about sixteen hundred years, some 
 
 others affirme SJ^OO. However, that they were really masters of it 
 
 Jong before uis, is universally agreed Upon ; and is yet in such esteeiit 
 
 stmongst them^ that the very artisan wh»> compounds this ink for thie 
 
 piidsse,- is not accounted amongst the mechanic professors ; but is dig- 
 
 Eaf;^d with' a liberal salary, and particular priviledges. They also 
 
 engrave uponi stone, and imprint with it ; but with this difference in 
 
 the worfcing-off, that the p£^er being black the Sculpture remains white. 
 
 More admirable is that whiehthey attest was fouiid in Mexico and other 
 
 places of the new Worldj where they hieroglyphiz'd both their thoughtis, 
 
 histories, and inventions to posterity,,nbt much unlike to the Egyptians, 
 
 though in lesse durable and permanent maiterf: the same likewise Jo. 
 
 Laet afiBrmes of the Sculpture among the Acadise, and those of Nova 
 
 Firancia ; so natural!(it seems) and useful was this art, everi to the least 
 
 civilized amongst the Heath^isi. And there is indeed nothing at which 
 
 * Hist. Chin, part. 1. cap. 7- 
 
 t Several curious specimens -are engraved in the " Voyage de Humboldt et Bonpland." Folio. 
 Paras, 1810. 
 
276 
 
 we more admire, and deplorej then that this facile and obvious inven- 
 tion ; and which would have transmitted to us so many rare and admir- 
 able things, was never hit upon among the Greeks and inventive 
 B.omans, who engrav'd so many inscriptions both in brasse and marble ; 
 impressed and publish'd so many thousands of medails and coynes as 
 are in the hands and collections of the virtuosi, and the bowels of the 
 earth, wherever their conquests extended themselves, or eagles dis- 
 play'd their wings. 
 
 CHAP. IV. 
 
 OF THE INVENTION AND PROGRESSE OF CHALCOGRAPHY IN PAR- 
 TICULAR, TOGETHER WITH AN AMPLE ENUMERATION OF THE 
 MOST RENOWNED MASTERS, AND THEIR WORKES. ^ ... 
 
 The Art of Engraving and working off from plates of copper, 
 which we call Prints, was not yet appearing or born with us till about 
 the year 1490, which was near upon, 50, years after Typography had 
 been found out by John Guittemberg ; or whoever that lucky person 
 were (for 'tis exceedingly controverted)^ that first produc'd the inven- 
 tion. There is a collection of antient Offices adorned with several 
 Sculptures (if so we may terme those wretched Gravings in the infancy 
 of this Art) where the Devil is but one great blot (as indeed he is the 
 foulest of the Creation) and the rest of the figures monochroms as 
 ridiculous and extravagant ; though still as, the invention grew older, 
 refining and improving upon it. One of the antientest Gravings which 
 we have seew, to which any mark is oppos'd, hath M. 3. and M. C. in 
 one of the corners of the plates; and it was long that they used the 
 initial letters of their names only,- and sometimes but one, as in those 
 of Lucas. Albert Durer did frequently add the year of the Lord, and 
 his own age from ten to fourteen, &c. performing such things as might 
 shame most of the best masters, for the true and steady design,' the 
 incomparable proportion, and stroke of his graver. But Israel, Martin 
 Schoen, and the Todesco (who is by some sirnamed the Master of the 
 Qandlestick, because of tlie foulnesse of his ink) were of the very first, 
 as far as we can collect, who published any works of this kind under 
 
277 
 
 tfeeir. names, wrought off by the roUing-presse, and whose slender 
 attempts gave encouragement to those who have succeeded. 
 
 George Vasari, who has been exceedingly curious in this enquiry, 
 
 attributes the first invention of this art to one Maso Finiguerra, a Flbr-^ 
 
 entine, about anno 1460, which exceeds our former computation .by 
 
 thirty years ; but then we are to consider by what progresse and degrees, 
 
 for it was first only in silver, to fill with a certain encaustic or black 
 
 enamel, which it seems gave him the first hint how to improve it in 
 
 plates of brass, which having engraved, he did onely fume, taking off 
 
 the impression with a moyst paper and a rolling pin. This mean com^ 
 
 mencement was yet afterwards pursu'd by Baccio Baldini, a Goldsmith, 
 
 his countryrman, whose works coming to the sight of Andrea Mantegna 
 
 in Rome, invited that great painter to give him some deslgnes of his 
 
 own for his encouragement ; and from thence it travell'd into Flanders 
 
 to one Martine of Antwerp, whose works (as we observ'd} were usually 
 
 countersign'd with M. the first whereof were the Five wise and Jive 
 
 foolish VirginSf and a Crucifix, which was so well cut that Gerardo, a 
 
 Florentine Painter, would needs copy it. After this he published his 
 
 Four Fvangelists ; our Saviour and the Twelve Apostles ; a Veronica, 
 
 S. George; Christ before Pilate, a.uA\Assumption of the JB. Virgin, 
 
 one of the rarest that ever he did ; besides that St. Anthonies Tempr 
 
 tation, which was so well performed that Michael Angelo (exceed >- 
 
 ingly ravished with it) would needs wash it over with his own hands. 
 
 The next that > appeared of note was the formerly , mention'd and 
 renowned Albert Durer, who flourished about the year 1503, and who 
 had performed wonders both in copper and wood, had he once fortun'd 
 upon the least notion of that excellent manner which came afterwards 
 to be in vogue, of giving things their natural distances and agreeable 
 sweetnesse, the defect of which SirH. Wotton does worthily perstringe 
 both in him and some others*. But to proceed ; Albert being very 
 young, set forth Our Lady ; mme designes oi JSorses after the life; 
 the Prodigal i S. Sebastian, in little; & Nymph ravished by a Mon^^ 
 ster ; a Woman on Horseback; Diana chastising a. Nymph whofties 
 
 * Elements of Architecture. 4to. 1624. 
 
2/8 
 
 to a Sutler for protection^ In which he discovered his admirable talent 
 and skill in expressing nudities ; a Countiyman and Woman playing 
 on bagpipes, with Poultry y &^c. about diem ; Venus or the Temptation 
 of the Stove ; his two St. Christophers, rare cuts. After that, he 
 engraved several stamps in wpo^j proof whereof he gave in the decol- 
 lation of St. Jo. Baptist with Herodias ; Pope Sixtus ; St. Stephem; 
 Lazarus ; St. George ; a Passion in great ; the La>st Swpiper ; Christ's 
 apprehension in the Garden ; Descent into Limbo, and Resurrections i 
 with eight ,more prints of this subjject, which are held to be spurious. 
 All th^e he published anno 1510. The year following he set forth the 
 Life of Our Lady, in twenty sheets, rarely conducted ; the ^pocalyps 
 in fifteen sheets, of which the Painters have made sufficient use j Chrisi 
 hem&anvng our sins. Then applying himself to grave in copper again, 
 he published his Mehnc^oMa, three different Mmdonas, with, thirty 
 pieces besides concerning the Passiom;. aijd which being afterwards 
 imitated by that rare Artist Marca Antonio (who had. procuu'd them ai 
 Venice) and published for originals (so exactly it seems they were per- 
 form'd) did so insense Albert, that he made a journey to Venice ex- 
 presly to complain, of the injury to the Senate, and obtain'd at laist, that 
 M. Antonio should no more be permittedi to set his mark or plagia^ 
 which was all he could procure of them. Another emulator of Albert's 
 was Lucas van Leyden, whom at his returne into Germany, he found 
 had well neer overtaken him for the sweetnesse of his burine, though 
 something inferiour of deagn : such were a Christ heamng the Crosse, 
 and another of his Crucificaion ; Sampson; David, on a Hor&e ; Mar- 
 tyrdome of S. Peter,; Saul and David; the Slhughter of Goliah; 
 the Famous- Piper ; Virgil's, and some other heads; all which works 
 did so inflame his antagonist Alberty. that in a laudable re v^ige he 
 ^\ih]ish.'dhiBjirm'd CaViulier, or Dream, in which the brightnesse and 
 lustre of the armour and horse is rarely conducted. Then in the year 
 1512 he set forth- siss- other small stories of tha Posmon, which Lucas 
 also imitated, though hardly reach'd J Then a. /S. George; Solomon's 
 Idolatry ; ike Baptisme of our Lord; Pyramws andThisMe; Aha<- 
 suerus afnd Hester, ^-e. These again incited Albert- to publish- that 
 Temperantia, whom he elevates above the clouds, S. Eustathius and 
 
279 
 
 the Hart, a most incomparable cu*; his Death' » Head in a ScutcheoHi 
 ajftd several German Cmtes full of rare «iau»tli«gs affld invention. Also 
 S, Mi^ram, a Christ and twelve Aposties in small : anno 1523, many 
 heads, as that of Erasmus, Co^rdmed <A]^ti the Imperial Mlector^s^ 
 and his own, with divers other. 
 
 Lucas again, i-n emulation ©f these, set f<»rth his Jbs^h and four 
 Mvangelists ; the Angels aip^eanng to Jj^raham; Susanna; David 
 fraying I Mmdeccly triumphmg ; Lot; the Creation ^ Adam and 
 Eve ; the StOry of Cwm and Abel, anna 1529. But what procur'd 
 him immortal glory was bis great Crucifm; Mece Homo, and Conver- 
 sion Q^ SoMii Pmd; in whaich he exceeded himself b®th for the work 
 and ordonance ; the distances, being better e'cmdlicted then Albert's, 
 and indeed so well observ'd, as ga^ve light even to some of the best 
 painters that succeeded him ; so much are they oblig'd to this art, and 
 to this rare worfemfwi. He graved also several Madonas, our blessed 
 Saviowr^nA Apostles ; together with divers Saints, Armes and Mant-, 
 Vmgs, a Mountebanc, and many more. 
 
 But to returne now into Italy, from Vvhence we first sallied. In the 
 time of Raphael Urblne flourished die renouned Marco Antonio, who 
 gTaved after those incomparible pieces, of that famous painter to whom 
 he was so dear, that the honour he has done him to posterity will ap- 
 pear as long as that School of Raphael remains in the Pope's chamber 
 at the Vatican, or any memorial of it lasts; though, to speak truth, 
 even. of this rare graver, the pieces which he hath published seem to be 
 more estimable yet for the choice and imitation, then for any other , 
 perfection of the burine; as forming most of his figures and touches of 
 too equal force, and by no means well observing the distances, according 
 to the rules of perspective, that tehdernesse and, as the Italians terme 
 it, Morbidezza in the hatchings, which is absolutely requisite to render 
 apiece accomplish'd and without reproch. 
 
 We have recited above what he coppied aftei: Albert Durer ; but being 
 at Rome, and applying himself to Raphael, he cut that rare Lucretia 
 of his, which he perform 'd so miich to satisfaction, that divers excellent 
 painters desir'd him to publish many of their works. This produc'd 
 CJrbine's Judgmei^t of Pmris, at which the city was so ravish'dj that 
 
280 
 
 they decreed the golden apple to Antonio before the fair goddesse' 
 Then he set forth the Slaughter of the Innocents^ Neptune, the Bape 
 of Helena, all of them of Raphael's designing : ^Iso the Martyrdoms 
 of St. Felix in the hoyling oyl, which purchas'd him so much fame and 
 credit; but this excellent painter would alwayes frona that time for- 
 wards have one of his servants to attend only M. Antonio's rolling- 
 press, arid to work oflF his plates, which then begian to be marked with 
 R. S. for Raphael Sancio, which was the name of Urbine, and with 
 M. F. for Marco Fecit. Of these there is a Venus design'd by Raphael, 
 Abraham and his Handmaid. After this he graved all those rounii 
 designes painted in the Vatican by the same hand ; likewise the Ga- 
 liope, Providentia, Jiistitia,' the Muses, Apollo, Parnassus^ the Poets, 
 JEneas and Anchises, the famous Galatea, all of- them after Raphael : 
 also the three Theological Per'tues and four Moral, Poor, Christ and 
 the Twelve ; several Madonas, St. Hierome, Tobit, St. John Baptist, 
 and divers other saints ; besides many prints after the Cartoons of Ra- 
 phael, which had been design'd to be wrought in tapestry and arras ; as 
 the stories of St. Peter, Paul, Stephen^ John, St. Catharine, and sun- 
 dry heads to the life, &c. especially that incomparable one of Pietro 
 Aretino the poet. Some things likewise being sent by Albert Durer out of 
 Germany to Raphael, were, upon his recommendation, afterwards cut by 
 M. Antonio, together with the Innocents, a Ccenaculum, and St. Ceci- 
 lia's Martyrdom of Raphael's invention : then he publish'd his Twelve 
 Apostles in little, and divers Saints for the help of painters, as St. 
 . Hierome ; the naked Woman and the Lion, after Raphael ; Aurora, 
 and from ^e antique the Three Graces. 
 
 , Marco di Ravenna was one of Antonio's sehollars, who had also, to- 
 gether with Augustino Venetiano, the honour to dignifie his gravings 
 with Raphael's cypher ; though the latter often Us'd A. V.I. his own 
 initial letters ; of both their cutting are a Madond, with a Christus 
 mortuus; and in a large sheet the B. Virgin praying, and a Nativity 
 in great also : 'the Metamorphoses of Lycaon ; a Perfumer ; Alexan- 
 der^ magnus and Boxana ; a Ceena Domini; the Annuntiation, all 
 design'd by Raphael. Besides these were set forth two stories of the 
 Marriage of Psyche; and indeed there was hardly any thing which 
 
281 
 
 ever Raphael either painted or design'd, but what were graven by one 
 or both of these workmen; besides divers other things after Julio 
 Romano, viz. all that he painted in Raphael's Lodge, or gallery 6f the 
 Vatican ; some whereof are signed with M. R. and others with A. V. 
 to shew they had been imitated by others, as was the Creation ; the 
 'Sacrifice of Cain and Ahel; Noah ; Abraham ; the Passage over the 
 ■Med Sea; ^e Promulgation of the Law ; the Fall of Manna ; David 
 and Goliahi which also M. Antonio had published before; as likewise 
 the Temple of Solomon ; his Judgment on the Harlots ; the Queen of 
 Sheba's Visit, and many other histories collected Out of the Old Testa- 
 ment, all of which were published before , Raphael's decease : for after 
 that Augustino wrought with Baccio Bahdinelli> a sculptor of Florence, 
 .who caus'd him to grave his Antonitis and Cleopatra, very rare things, 
 with divers other designs ;- as the Slaughter of the Innocents, divers 
 Nudities, 2ixi^ Clad Figures ; not to omit those excellent and incom- 
 parable drawings and paintings of Andrea del Sarto, after which he 
 graved ; though In the Christo mortuo not altogether succeeding so 
 well as had been vsdshed. 
 
 But to come again to Marco Antonio, because there is not a paper of 
 his to be lost. After Raphael's death did Julio Romano publish, some 
 of his own deslghes in print. I say after his death, for before, though 
 he were an excellent painter, yet durst he never take the boldness upon 
 him. Such were the Duel of Horses ; a Venus, which he had formerly 
 painted ; the Penance of Mary Magdalen ; the Four Evangelists; and 
 some bassi relievi, with many things that Raphael had design'd for the 
 Corridor of the Vatican, and which were afterwards retouched by Tomaso 
 Barlacchi. We will not contaminate this discourse with those twenty 
 vile designes of Jiillo, cut by M. Antonio, and celebrated with the Im- 
 pure verses of Peter Aretino, by which he so dishonour'd this excellent 
 art, as well as himself, because it deserved a severer animadversion and 
 chastisement then was indicted upon him for it ; though to commute for 
 this extravagancy, he publish'd the Martyrdom of St. Laurence, in 
 which he also reformed those designes of Baccio Bandlnelli to the great 
 reputation of the art of Chalcography. 
 
 About the same time flourlsh'd GiouannI Battista Mantuano, disciple 
 
 2o 
 
282 
 
 of Julio Romano, who published a Madona, his armed Mars and 
 Venus ; the Burning of Troy, an extraordinary piece (his prints are 
 usually sign'd LB. M.); also his three sheets of BdttaUs, cut by some 
 other hand, a Physitian applying of Cupping-glasses to a JVoman ; 
 Christ's Journey into JEgypt ; Romulus and Rhefnus; the Stories of 
 Pluto, Jupiter and Neptune; the Miseries of Imprisonment ; Int^r^ 
 view of the Armies of Scipio and Hannibal ; St. John Baptist's Na- 
 tivity, cut by Sebastiano de Reggio, all after Julio Romano. 
 
 Giorgio Mantuano set forth the Facciata of the Pope's chappel ; M. 
 Angelo's Judgement ; St. Peter's Martyrdome ; the Conversion of St. 
 Paul, &c. ; and some plates were sent abroad about the year 1530, 
 eaten with aqua fortis after Parmesano ; for, as ah cere, deventum ad 
 Tabular ceratas in writing, the use of, the Palimpsestus, table books, 
 plumhce lamellce and the like ; so happened it also in this art of Chal- 
 cography ; and etching with corrosive waters began by some to be 
 attempted with laudable success, as in this recital we shall frequently 
 have occasion to remember: but whether those symeters and blades 
 brought us from Damascus, and out of Syria, and wrought with these 
 strong waters, might giv6 any light to this expeditious and useful in- 
 vention, we are not yet inform'd ; and the effect was suflScientlv ob- 
 vious after that of the burine had been well considered. 
 
 Ugo da Carpi did things in stamp which appear'd as tender as any 
 drawings, and in a new way of chiaro-scuro, or mezzo-tinto, by the help 
 of two plates, exactly conter-calked, one serving for the shadow, the 
 other for the heightning ; and of this he publish'd a Sybilla after Ra- 
 phael, which succeeded so rarely well, that he improv'd the curiosity to 
 three colours ; as his JEneas and Anchises, Descent from the Cross, 
 story of Symon Magus, a David after the same Urbin, and a Venus, do 
 testifie. This occasioned many others to imitate him, as in particular, 
 Baldassare Peruzzi, who graved the Hercules, Parnassus, and the 
 Muses; and Francisco Parmegiano, who having set out Diogenes in 
 this guise, a very rare print, instructed Antonio di Trento in the art, 
 who published his Peter and Paul in chiaro-obscuro, the Tyburtine 
 Syhill, and a Madona; but none was there who exceeded those of Bee- 
 
283 
 
 cafumi, especially his two Apostles in wood, and the Alchemist \n 
 aqua fortis. 
 
 Fran. Parmegiano (whom we already mentioned) may be esteemed for 
 one of the first that brought the use of aqua-fortis into reputation ; so 
 tender and gracefull were some of his etchings, as appears in that rare 
 Descent of the Cross, Nativity, and several other pieces. 
 
 Baptista Vicentino and Del Moro set forth many curious landskips, 
 
 Girolamo Cocu, the Liberal Sciences, &c. 
 
 Giacomo del Cavaglio cut many things after Rosso Fiorentino, as the 
 Metamorphosis of Saturn into a Horse ; the Rape of Proserpine ; 
 Antcminus and the Swan ; some of the Herculean Labours ; a book of 
 the Gods and their Transformations, whereof part are after Perino del 
 Vaga ; also the Rape of the Sabines, an incomparable print, had it 
 been perfect ; but the city of Rome happening at that time to be in some 
 disorder, the plates were lost. He graved likewise for Parmegiano the 
 Espousals of our Lady, and a rare Nativity after Titian ; not to conceal 
 his admirable talent in cutting of onixes, chrlstals, and other estimable 
 stones. 
 
 Eneas Vico de Parma engraved the Rape of Helena after old Rosso ; 
 a Vulcan with some Cupids about him ; Leda after Mich. Arigelo ; the 
 Annuntiation designed by Titian ; the story of Judith, the portrait of 
 Cosimo di Medices, &c. ; also the Contest 'twixt Cupid and Apollo 
 before the Gods ; the Conversion of St. Paul in great, a very rare 
 stamp ; the head of Jovanni dij\fedici, Charles the V. and some rare 
 medails whjch are extant in the hands of the curious. He also published 
 St. George ; several Habits of Countries ; the Stemmata, or trees of 
 the JEmperours, and divers other famous pedigrees. 
 
 Lamberto Suave set forth 13 prints of Christ and his Disciples, far 
 better graved than design'd ; also the Resurrection of Lazarus, and a 
 St. Paul, which are skilfully and very laudably handled. 
 
 Gio. Battista de Cavaglieri has cut the Descent from, the Cross, a 
 Madona, and many others. 
 
 Antonio Lanferri and Tomaso Barlacchi graved divers things after 
 Michael Angelo, and procured so many as were almost numberlesse : 
 but what they publish'd of better use were divers grotescos, antiquities. 
 
284 
 
 and pieces serving to architecture, taken out of the old buildings an4 
 ruines yet extant ; which afterwards Sebastiano Serlio refining upon, 
 compos'd the better part of that excellent book of his : and of this nature 
 are the things published by Antonio Labbaco and Barozzo da Vrgnola, 
 
 The famous Titian himself left some rare things graven with his own 
 hand in wood, besides his Pharo in the great Cartoons, divers Land- 
 sJcips, a Nativity, St. Hiej'om, St. Francis:; and in copper, a Tanta- 
 lus, jddonis ; also in box, the Triumph of Faith, Patriarchs, Sybills, 
 Innocents, j^postles, Marty res, with our Saviour borne up in a Chariot 
 by the four Evomgelists, Doctors, and Confessors ; also the^. Virgin^ 
 a St. Anna, which he first painted in chiaro-oscuro on the sepulcher 
 of Luigi Trivisano, in St. Giovanni e paola at Venice ; Samson and 
 Dallila ; some Shepheards and Animals; three ^erifMccj sitting, and 
 encompassed with serpents like the Ldocoon ; not to mention what were 
 published by Giulio Buonasoni, and those which were cut after Raphael, 
 Giulo Romano, Parmegiano, and several othersi 
 
 Baptista Franco, a Venetian painter, has shewed both his dexterity 
 in the graver and aqua-fortis also ; by the Nativity, Adoration of the 
 the Magi, Predication of St. Pete?; some Acts of the Apostles, His- 
 tories of the Old Testament, after several excellent masters. 
 
 Renato did divers rare things after Rosso, as in that of Francis the 
 First his passing to the Temple of Jupiter ; the Salutation of the B^ 
 Virgin ; and a Dance of Ten TVomen, with several others. 
 
 Luca Penni published his two Satyrs whipping of Bacchus ; a 
 Leda, Susanna, and some things after Primaticcio : also the Judge- 
 ment of Paris; Isaac iipon the Altar ; a Christ ; a Madona espousing 
 of St. Catharine; the Metamorphosis of Calista, Concilium Deorum, 
 Penelope, and some others in wood. Who does not with admiration 
 and even extasie behold the works of Francesco MarcolinI ? especially 
 his Garden of Thoughts; Fate, Envy, Calamity, Ftar, Praise, so 
 incomparably cut in wood. 
 
 Nor lesse worthy of commendation are the gravingsof Gabrielle Giolito, 
 in the Orlando of Ariosto ; as also those eleven pieces of Anatomic made 
 for Andrea Vessalino, design'd by Calcare the Fleming, an excellent 
 painter, and which Were afterwards engraven in copper by Valverde in little. 
 
285 
 
 • Christophero Coriolano graved the heads in Vasari's Lives of the 
 Painters, being after the designes of the same Vasari ; they are in Wood,. 
 and rarely done. 
 
 Antonio Salamanca did put forth some very good things. 
 
 Andrea Mantegna, that admirable painter, engraved (from the paint- 
 ings now at Hampton Court) his Triumphs ofi Ccesar with great art ; 
 as likewise Baccanalias, and Sea- Gods ; a Christ tahen from the Cross, 
 his Burial, and Resurrection ; which being done both in brass and 
 wood, were conducted with that skill, as for the softness and tendernesse 
 of the lights, they appeared as if they had been painted in miniature. 
 
 Nor may we here omit to celebrate, for the glory of the sex, Propertia 
 de Rossi, a Florentine sculptress, who having cut stupendous things in 
 marble, put forth also some rare things in .Stampi to he encountred 
 amongst the collections of the curious. 
 
 And about this age, or a little after, flourished Martin Rota, famous for 
 his Judgment after Michael Ahgelo in a small volume, much to be pre- 
 ferred to that which is commonly sold at Rome in so many sheets; likewise 
 his St.yjinthfxny, and divers more. Jacomo Palma has, besides his ex-p 
 cellent book of drawing, set forth many rare pieces, very much esteemed. 
 
 Andrea Mantuana graved both in wood and copper : of his were the 
 Triumph of our Saviour, after Titian, and some things, in chiaro-oscuro 
 after Gio : di Bologna and Domenico Beccafumi, whom but now we 
 mentioned ; also the Roman Triumphs in imitation of Mantegna ; a 
 Christus mortuus after Alexand. Casolini, &c. 
 
 Finally, towards the. end of this century appeared Augustino and 
 Annibal Carracci, most rare Painters and exquisite Engravers; for, in- 
 deed, when these two arts go together, then it is, and then only, that 
 we may expect to see the utmost efforts and excellency of the JBolino. 
 Amongst the famous pieces communicated to us by these masters, we - 
 may esteem the Monellif JEneas of Barrochio's invention, and St. 
 Hierom. After Tintoret, the large and famous Crucifix of three sheets 
 in S. Rocco's school, which so ravished the painter ; Mercury and the 
 Graces; Sapientia ; Pax ; jibundantia chasing Mars away ; the .£'cce 
 jyomo of Correggio ; St. Francis oi CqmsWqv Vanni; a Venus in littlci, 
 with a Satyr, and some other Nudities, with something a too luxurious 
 
286 
 
 ;raver ; S. Glustina's Martyrdom of Paulo Veroneze ; St. Catharine ; 
 nd that renown'd St. Hierom of Corregglo : also in aqua-fortis his 
 rother Annibal etched another Venus ; the Woman of Samaria at the 
 Veil; a Christ in little j and a Madona with the Bambino, and St. 
 ^ohn; the famous St. Roch; and the spiteful Coronation with Thornes; 
 he Christus mortuus bewailed by the devout sex, the original painting 
 i^hereof hangs in the D. of Parma's palace at Caprarvola, and is in the 
 ut one of the tenderest and rarest things that can be imagined, 
 bating the vileness of the plate, which was most unfortunately chosen, 
 hough through that accident rendered inimitable, and never to be 
 ounterfeited. There is likewise his Magdalen, and a Landskip, 
 ouch'd with the graver a little ; likewise a Sylenus, all of them incom- 
 larably design'dj nor, indeed, did any of the fore-celebrated artists 
 xceed the Carracci, especially Annibal, for the noblenesse and freedom 
 f his postures, bodies, and linibs, which he express'd in greatest per- 
 ejction. We may not omit the Purification which he grav'd ; and Vil- 
 amena, made in large; nor the St. Anthony, the original whereof is in 
 he palace of Signior Francisco della Vigna, at Venice ; nor, lastly, the 
 Resurrection, and the two Ccenaculce. 
 
 In the time of Sixtus Quintus, and since, lived Francisco Villamena, 
 . rare workman, whether consider'd for the equality of his hatches, 
 vhich he conducted with a liberty and agreeableness suitable to the per- 
 ection of his design (as is sufficiently apparent in that famous plate 
 vhich he engrav'd after. Paulo Veroneze, representing Christ in the 
 Temple), or in those things after the Vatican paintings by Raphael, 
 ome whereof being never finished, came into a private hand. The 
 Triumphant Veniison the Sea; Moses; some 'cuts aft^ Frederick Bar- 
 occio in aqua-fortis ; divers Catafalcos of excellent architecture ; Igna- 
 ius Loyola ; the story of Psyche, containing, many sheets ; a Combate 
 f Men casting stones at one another ; and, lastly, that laborious and 
 isefull book, comprehending the Historical Columne of Trajan, de- 
 iign'd by Julio Romano and Girolamo Mutiano, which at my being at 
 iome (then quite out of print) I procur'd of his widow, who was then 
 iving, but would not part with the plates out of her sight. 
 
 Giovanni Maggi was an excellent painter and etcher, as he has suffi- 
 
1287 
 
 ciently discovered in his rare Perspectives] Landskips, and his Roma 
 in the larger Cartoon ; likewise in the Nine priviledg'd and stationary 
 Churches; with the three Jfog-?, who oflfer presents to our >SiamoMr, in 
 allusion to his name. 
 
 Leonardo, Isabella, and Bernardino Parasol, that we may furnish all 
 the sorts of art in this kind, cut exquisitively in wood, which is a graving 
 much more difficult, because all the work is to be abated and cut hol- 
 low, which is to appear white ; so that (by a seeming paradox) as the 
 matter diminishes the forme increases ; as one wastes, the other grbwes 
 pdiffect. These all flourished about the year 1560, and left us three 
 little histories of the Salutation, Visitation, and St. John Baptist : also 
 Christ's Washing his Disciples Jeet ; and the cuts to Castor Durante's 
 Herbal. Isabella, who was his (Leonardo's) wife, publlsh'd a book 
 of all the sorts of Points, Laces, and Embroderies, with other curious 
 works for the ladies, being all of her own invention (except the frontis- 
 piece only, which is Vilamena's), and the Plants in the Herbal of the 
 Prince Gesi d'Aquasporte, a learned person of that age. Lastly, the 
 son did also put forth some few things of his work ; but was a far better 
 painter in fresco. 
 
 Antonio Tempesta was a most exact and rare designer, for which his 
 works are much more estimable then for the excellency of his points and 
 needles. He has left us of his essayes in aqiia-fortis, the Histories of 
 the Fathers ; the Twelve Moneths of the Year ; Roma, in a very large 
 volume ; an incomparable book of Horses, another of Hunting, the 
 plates now worn out and retouch'd with the JBolino ; St. Hierom, and 
 a Judgement : the PFars of Charles the Fifth, rarely perform'd ; the 
 Metamorphoses of Ovid; the Bdttails of the Jewes, especially that 
 of the Amalakitesm great; the Crea^zowand Old Testament; Torquato 
 Tasso's Jerusalemma Liberata; the Birds and Falconry in Pietro 
 Gliha's book ; with divers others well known, and much esteemed by 
 the Virtuosi. 
 
 Cherubino Albert! has celebrated his incomparable graver in that Pre- 
 sentation of our Lord in the Temple; the Adam expulsed out of Para- 
 dise : in the Puti, divers Fasas, and other pieces; which he wrought 
 
288 
 
 after Polydoro de Caravagglo and Michael Angelo, commonly sold at 
 Rome, and universally collected. 
 
 Horatio Borgiani cut the History of the Bible in the Peristyle of 
 Raphael at the Vatican, so often made mention of, and out of- which, 
 as from a school of the noblest science, most of the great painters of the 
 world have since taken forth their lessons. He likewise published some 
 things in chiar-oscuro, which were rarely heightned. 
 
 Raphael Guido, a Tuscane, engraved many pieces after Cavalier 
 Arpino, as the Flagellation, Romulus, Icarus, the Angelus Custos, 
 Ceres, Bacchus, a Christus mortuuSj, and St. Andrew the Apostle, 
 after Barrocio. 
 
 Jovanni Baptista della Marca put forth many devices of Shields, Ar- 
 mours, Busts, and Trophies cut in wood. 
 
 To these we might add those excellent things of Camillo GrafBco, and 
 Cavalier Salimbene, Anna Vaiana, with innumerable more ; but we have 
 yet other fruitful countries to visit, to whose praises we must be just ; only 
 we may not forget the incomparable Stephano Delia Bella, a Florentine 
 painter now or lately living, whose intire collection in aqua-fortis is de- 
 servedly admir'd, and here in particular to be celebrated by mCj in 
 acknowledgement of some obligation I have for his civilities abroad ; 
 iand of this artist's works, flowing and most luxurious for invention, are 
 those things which in imitation of Callot he did in little, being yet veiy 
 young ; as the Scenes a.nd Dances of the Horses at the Marriage of 
 the Duke of Tuscany ; Compartimenti, Cartells, Ornaments and Ca- 
 pricios for carvers and embroiderers; a book of Gobbi, and divers 
 Pasas, Landskips in rounds and others ; a book of Beasts^ done ex- 
 ceedingly to the natural ; the principles of Designe, Heads, and other 
 touches, very rare and full of spirit ; several pieces of our Lady, Christ, 
 St. Joseph, &c. ; Jacob's Descent into Egypt ; the Procession and 
 JExposure of the Sacrament, where there is an altar of curious architec* 
 ture enriched with festival ornaments ; the Cavalcado of the Polonian 
 Embassadour into Borne, with divers other proceedings, pieces of Po- 
 lonians, Persians, and Moores on Horseback, breathing a rich and 
 noble fancy : also Sieges, Engines for war, with Skirmishes, Land 
 
289 
 
 andSeaMghtS; the Metamorphdses 6f Ovid; the Sultana and her 
 Son taken hy the Knights of Malta; and, to conclnde (for there is no 
 end of his indwatry), the Prospect of the Pont Neuf at Parisf than 
 which there is not certatnly extant a more Kvely representation of the 
 basie genius of that m-ercuriail natron; nor & piece of greatesr variety, as 
 to all encounters and aeeideuts- which one can imagine may happen 
 amongst so numerotis a people and concourse of mankind. 
 
 Lastly (for they were likewise some of them gxavers in copjjer and 
 very rare chalcographers), we msust mot omit to make honourable men- 
 tion here of those incomparable sculptors and cuttets of medails, whether 
 in gems or metals; such as were (besides those we touch'd in the foTmejf 
 chapter) Vittor, Gambelloy Giovanni dal Cavino the Fadouan, and a 
 son of his ; Benevento Cellini, Leone Aretino, Jacopo da Tresso, Fred. 
 Bonza;gna ; and, above all, Gio. Jacopo, who have almost exceeded, at 
 least approach'd, the antients. To these may we add Giovanni da Gastel 
 Bolognese, Matteo dal Nasaro, Giovanni dal Cornivole, Dbmsenica 
 Milaneze, Pietro Mairia de Pescia, Marraaita, and Ludovico his son, 
 Valeria Vincentino, who had been in England, in the time of Queen 
 Elizabeth, and left a sardonix which he cut |^which Jerome Lennier 
 shewed me, and:, I think, is now in his Majesty's cabinet]-, representing 
 the head of that famous heroine, inferiour to none of the antients. There 
 was Kkewise M^chelino, who, with the afcove-named Ludovico and 
 Vincentino, had so accurately counterfeited the antient medails, that 
 the most knowing antiquaries were often at a loss toi distinguish them. 
 Such were also Luigi Arichini, Alessaimdro Ceesari, caUed the Greek, 
 so much celebrated for that stupendous medalionof Paul the Thitd, and 
 the head of Photius the Athenian, which he cut in an onix, comparable, 
 by the universal suffrages, to any of the antients. We could reckon up 
 the works also of many of the re8t,.but it is not requisite,, after we have 
 given this tasite, and would merit an express treatise. Likewise those 
 of Antonio de Rossij Cosimo da Trezzo, Philip'po; Negaroloi Gaspar 
 and Girolamo Misuroni, Pietro Paulo Galcotto, Pastorino da: Sieniia^ 
 not omitting that famous Pharoddxus of Milan, Fran. Furnius, and 
 Severus of Ravenna, &c. whose works were in ^Id, silver, copper, 
 steel, achates, cornelians, onixes, christal, jasper, heliotrope, lazuli, 
 
 2 p 
 
290 
 
 amethysts, &c. ; yea, and to shew how much some of those modern 
 masters exceeded the antients, even the diamond, that hitherto insu- 
 perable gemme, was subdu'd by the famous Treccia of Milan, who, 
 with stupendous successe cutting the King of Spain's armes in a noble 
 table, was the first that ever engrav'd or made impression into that 
 obdurate stone. It will become such to be well acquainted with these 
 masters labours, and their manner, who aspire to be knowing, and to 
 improve their judgment in medaills and intaglias, that necessary, orna- 
 mental, and noble piece of learning; and not only to be v;ell skill'd in 
 their way of design, but to be able also to perform something in the art 
 themselves : for such were those ingenious and illustrious spirits, Geo. 
 Battista Sozini of Sienna, and Rosso de Giugni of Florence, gentlemen 
 of note ; and such, with us, is our noble and worthy friend, Elias Ash- 
 mole, Esq.* whose learning and other excellent qualities deserve a more 
 glorious inscription. 
 
 Finally, that excellent medalist Mounsieur Roti, now entertain'd by 
 his Majesty for the Mint, and a rare workman as well for IntagHas in 
 stone, as metal, is not to be here omitted. 
 
 We shall speak in the next of those Germans and Flemmings who 
 excell'd in the art of Chalcography, not that they have exceeded some 
 of the French, but, because they were before them, and universally 
 admired; of these, the aniesignani, were the fore-mentlon'd Albert 
 Durer ; that prodigie of science, whose works we have already recount- 
 ed upon occasion of Marco Antonio, and therefore shall here forbear the 
 repetition ; as also those of Lucas ; whose works (consisting in all of 
 about Ixx sheets, and which I have known sold for near an hundred 
 pounds sterling, to one \ that as well understood the value of money, 
 as of that rare collection, he being one of the greatest merchants of 
 books in Europe) are to be taken blind fold as they say; provided the 
 impressions be black, well conserved, of equal force, and not counterfeit, 
 as there are several of them which be discernable only by the curious 
 and accurately skllfull ; for such (amongst others of Durers) are the 
 
 * Founder of the Ashmolean Museum in Oxford, and author of the " Institution, Laws, and 
 Ceremonies of the most Noble Order of the Garter," folio, 1672 ; also " Antiquities of Berkshire," 
 3 vols. 8vo. 1719. f Master Bleau, of Amsterdam. 
 
291 
 
 Jreaiion of Adam ; the Storiji of Lot ; Siisanna ; The Crucifix, which he 
 at in a small round plate of gold for theEmperours sword, and is fixed 
 n the pummel, not before mention'd ; his armed Cavalier and Satyre ; 
 nd, indeed, almost all that ever he or Lucas graved and set forth. 
 
 The works of Aldegrave, who came verv near Albert, and flourish'd 
 bout the same age, are worthy the collection. His pieces are distin- 
 ;uish'd by the cypher of his initial letters A in imitation of Durer, 
 s likewise the author of the Septem opera misericordice, stories of the 
 3ook of the Kings, Artemisia^ &c. whose gravings are counter- 
 ign'd with G. P. J. B. publish'd the Four Evangelists, Adam, a 
 'Country Fellow, a Bishop, a Cardinal, Satyrs, Sfc. M. the Prodigal 
 Son, the Evangelists, &c. some whereof are copies after Albert, and 
 nost of their works done in small plates. 
 
 Hans Sibald B^me [Beham] hath done wonders in those small 
 Igures, stories, and nakeds, which he publish'd ; it shall not be re- 
 juisite to recite here the catalogue, because his mark H.S.B. (BB) is fixed 
 :o most of his works, though now and then profan'd by the hands of 
 sthers. 
 
 Jerome Cock, a Flemming, cut a Mioses, 32 sheets of the story of 
 Psyche, design'd by one Michael a painter of the same country, very 
 rarely conducted : also Dalila and Samson ; the J)esti'Uction of the 
 Philistines ; the Creation of Adam, 8fc. ; 27 stories of the Old Testa- 
 ment, nobly. design'd by Martino, and as well graved : also the His- 
 tory of Susanna ; another book of the Old and New Testament ; the 
 Triumph of Patience, a rare cut; the Heart on the anvile, and divers 
 EmMems full of curious figures; many sacred Triumphs; Fraud; 
 Avarice; q. Bacchanalia ; and a Moses, after Bronzini, in emulation 
 whereof Gio. Mantuano publish'd \\\^ Nativity, an incomparable print; 
 after which Jerome graved for the inventor, twelve great sheets of 
 Sorceresses, the Battails of Charles the V. ; and for Uries, a painter, 
 the Perspectives which pass under his name, with 20 leaves of several 
 buildings ; besides the St. Martine in a book full of devils. For Girol. 
 Bos, the Alchemist, the Seven deadly Sins ; the last Judgment; a 
 Carnival; and after Francis Floris, ten pieces of Hercules' Jjabours ; 
 the J)uel of the Horatii and Curatii ; the Comhate of the Pigmies 
 
292 
 
 and Hercules ; Cain q,nd Abel ; Ahrahan^, ; the Decision of Solomori 
 between the two Harlots ; and, in summe, all the actions of human 
 life. 
 
 And now that we mention'd Francis Floris of Antwerp, the rare 
 things which he publish'd in stamp, purchas'd him the name of the 
 Flemroish Michael Angelp. 
 
 Of the same country was that incomparable Cornelius Cort. We 
 will commence with the Judgment of Michael Angelo which he cut in 
 little : most of his things were after Frederic Zucchero, and some few 
 of Raphael's, besides his landskips and other gravings, after Girolamo 
 Mutiano, which are very excellent : also John the Baptist, St. 
 Ilierom, Stt Francis, Mary Magdalen, St. Eustachius, the Lapida- 
 tion of S. Stephen design'd by Marco Venusto the Mantuan ; a Nati- 
 vity after Thadeo Zucchero, St. Anne, 8fc. ; also a Nativity in great, 
 aft0r Polydore ; the Transjigaration ; the School at Athens ; the Bat- 
 tail of Elephants ; some gravings after Don Julio Clovio, and Titian, 
 which, had they been acqompanled with that tenderness and due obser- 
 vation of the distances that accomplish'd the succeeding gravers, had 
 render'd him immortal, so sweet, even, and bold, was his work and 
 design in all other considerations. We mention'd Titian ; for about 
 1,570, Cor. Cort did use tq work in that famous painter's house, and 
 graved for him thsi.t Paradise he made for the Emperour ; St. J^azarics's 
 Martyrdom ; Calista and the Nymphs ;. Prometheus ; Andromeda, 
 the for^-nam'd Magdalen in the desart, and St. Hierom, all of them of 
 Titian's invention. 
 
 We come novv to Justus, John, ^gidius (Giles), and Ralph Sade- 
 lers, who lived in the time of the Emperour Rodulphus, and publish'd 
 their almost numberless labours ; we can therefore instance but in some 
 of the most rare ; such as were that book divided into three parts ; 1. 
 Imago bonitatis -, 2. Boni et mali seientice ; 3. Bonoriim et malorum 
 Consensio, design d by Martin de Vos ; the Vestigia of Rome, ten- 
 derly and finely touch'd, in fifty sheets : the Twelve Roman Emperours 
 ^nd Mmpr^SSfiS stfter Titian, rarely graved by Giles ; a Madona, with 
 our Saviour and Sf. Joseph, after Raphael ; Christus Flagellatus ; and 
 the Head of Rodulphus //. with various capriccios and inventions about 
 
293 
 
 it ; as also that of the Emperour Mathim, adorn'd with the chaplet of 
 Medails ; the calling of S. Andrew, by John fand Giles in brotherly 
 emulation ; four books of Eremites admirably (Conducted by Raphael ; a 
 Ceena Domini after Tintoret ; and another Flagellation of Arpino's ; di* 
 vers Landskips ; the Twelve Monet ks ; the great Hall at Prague i the 
 Effigies of Martin de Vos, by ^gidius ; the Emperour and Empress 
 in their robes of State ; an Adoration of the Mdgi after Zucchero ; 
 Adonis and Venus after Titian ; a Crucifix after Jac. Palma ; a HeSUr^ 
 rection in great ; the rich Epulo ; St. Stephens Lapidation, the origi- 
 nal whereof is at Friuli ; a S. Sebastian ; these by Giles. John engrav'd 
 after M, de Vos, a scholar of Tintoret's already mentioned, the Crea^ 
 tion, and many Histories out of Genesis ; Ralph cut also the Life of 
 Christ, and the Cr^edo, by way of embleme. In summe (for their whole 
 collection is not to be crouded into this catalogue) they have all of them 
 published such incomparable gravings, that 'tis the greatest pitty in the 
 world they had not flourished in the time of the great Raphael, and the 
 good masters ; for they were not only accurate and punctual imitators, 
 but gave to their works that softnesse, life, and colore (as artists terme 
 it}, which accomplishes all the rest ; especially John and Raphael, in 
 what they graved after Mich, de VoSj Bassano, and others, whose rusti- 
 cities they set forth : those of ^gidius in great, being a Descent from 
 the Crosse, of Barroccio's invention, the other a Magellation, design'd 
 by Josepho Pin [q. Gioseppino }~\ can never be suflBciently celebrated. 
 
 After the Sadelers, appeared Herman Muller with a very bbld bulino, 
 and likewise Janus, who graved many things after Sprangers, worse exe- 
 cuted (for the convulsive and even demoniac postures) then ehosen. 
 
 But the imitations of the graver by Simon Frisius the Hollander, who 
 wrought with the aqua-fortis of the refiners, are altogether admirable 
 and inimitable, the stroke and conduct consider'd, had the design (ex- 
 cepting- those of his birds, which are indeed without reproach,) contri- 
 buted in any proportion to his dexterity. 
 
 After him came the Swisse Matthew Miriam, who, had he perform'd 
 his heightnings with more tendernesse, and come sweetly off with the 
 extremities of his hatchings, had proved an excellent master ; his works 
 are useful and Innumerable in Towns, Landskips^ Battails (those espe- 
 
294 
 
 daily fought by the great Gustavus), &c. The soft vernish and sepa- 
 rating aqua-fortis was the instrument he used. 
 
 We have seen some few things cut in wood by the incomparable Hans 
 Holbein, but they are rare, and exceedingly difficult to come by ; as his 
 Licentiousnesse of the Friers and Nuns; Erasmus; [Morice enco- 
 mium ; the Trial and Crucifixion of Christ f] the Daunce Macchabree, 
 the Mortis imago, which he painted in great, in the church at Basil, 
 and afterwards graved with no lesse art, and some few others. But there 
 is extant a book of several figures done in the same material by one Jus- 
 tus Ammannus Tigur, mdlxxviii, which are incomparably design'd 
 and cut. In the epistle whereof, one Holtzhusen, a gentleman of 
 Frankfort, is commended for his universal knowledge, and particularly 
 his rare talent in this art, which it is there said he shewed by wonder- 
 ful contrivances at the celebration of Martin Luther's nuptials, and 
 therefore worthy to be taken iiotice of. 
 
 Hans Brossehaemer, besides several other things, ha;th cut in wood 
 u4 triumph of the Emperour Maximilian into Neuremherge. 
 
 Virgilius Solis graved also in wood the Story of the Mible, and the 
 Mechanic A7'ts in little ; but for imitating those vile postures of Aretine, 
 had his eyes put out by the sentence of the Magistrate. 
 
 Henry Goltzius was a Hollander, and wanted only a good and judi- 
 cious choice to have render'd him comparable to the profoundest mas- 
 ters that ever handled the burin, for never did any exceed this rare 
 workman : witnesse those things of his after Gasparo Celio, the Gala- 
 tea of Raphael Santio, and divers other pieces after Polydore da Carra- 
 vaggio, a Hierom ; Nativity ; and what he did of the Acts of the Apos- 
 tles, with Ph. Galle, &c. ; but he was likewise an excellent painter. 
 
 George Nouvolstell was of Mentz, in Germany, an admirable graver 
 in wood. He publish'd that ^neas in little, and some historical parts 
 of the Bible very well perform'd ; also divers of the Fathers after Tem- 
 pesta, besides the Jerusalemma Liherata of Bernardino Castelli in 
 quarto, with many Cartels of Armes and Harnesses, and some pictures 
 to a Breviary, &c. 
 
 Matthew Greuter publish'd a curious Book of Letters, the City of 
 Home in an ample forme, and a large Map of Italy ; the Old and 
 
295 
 
 New Testament ; the Church of Strasburge ; an Harmony *twixt the 
 Decalogue and the Lords Prayer, very ingeniously represented in pic- 
 ture, with several other things laudably performed. 
 
 But his son Frederic did infinitely exceed the father, as may be seen 
 by those many curious gravings which he has cut after Pietro Beretin 
 Cortona, and the famous Andrea Sacchi, egregious painters. 
 
 Saenredamus did publish many excellent cuts, especially those which 
 he copied after Lucas van Leiden, of which we have formerly given a 
 hintj^ for their sakes who are collectors of these curiosities, and may not 
 happly be yet arriv'd to the judgment of being able to discerne them 
 from the originals ; also some things after Goltzius. 
 
 Cornelius Galle, in his St. Prison's Bapti^mf Papenheim's and other 
 heads after Vandyke, has shew'd what he was able to perform ; not to 
 mention abundance of Frontispieces and other lesse considerable of his 
 workes. 
 
 But the Count Goudt, a knight of the Palatinate, has publish'd, 
 though very few, yet some stupendous things, especially that of our 
 JB. Saviours flight into JEgypt by night ; the Stoiy of Tobit, and 
 about three or four more worthy of all admiration. 
 
 Swanevelt's History of St. John, with divers Landships. 
 
 Pandern's Descent from, the Cross ; Matham's Christ and St. John ; 
 a Venus after Rotenhamer, Pope Innocent X. 8fc. 
 
 Bronchorst's rare etching^, especially those Huines and Anticalia^ of 
 Rome ; and superiour to all, the incomparable Landskips set forth by 
 Paul Brill (some of which have been etched in aqua-fortis by Nieu- 
 lant) do extreamly well merit to be placed in this our theater : for to 
 be brief, because we can only recite the most remarkable and worthy the 
 collection. Matham is famous for fruits ; Boetius, or Adam Bolswert, 
 for his rusticks after Blomaert ; Londerselius has taken excessive pains 
 in his landskips ; and so has Van Velde in some few ; but above all, 
 Nicholas de Bruyn (after ^gidius Coninxlogensis) is wonderful for 
 Boscage, and the industry of his undertaking works of that large vo- 
 lume which Theodore de Bry (resembling him in name) has been as 
 famous for contracting ; though both of them of a Dutch heavy spirit, 
 and perfectly suiting with the times and places : notwithstanding has 
 
^96 
 
 tbU latter perfari«,'cl some, things in little, very laudably. Nor with lease 
 ingratitude, Eimangst others, may we forget the Novareperta of Sir&- 
 danus by Theodore Galle ; who also published the whole Proeesse. of 
 making Silk of the Worm, and Qertain other works in Maimfactwe, 
 9II of them represented in Sculpture. 
 
 Mallery, in his Peccati fo.me& after Mic?h. de Vos, has perform'd 
 wonders as to the subtilty and imperceptible duetm of the graver. 
 
 Bolswert set forth the Sacra Mremus udsceticarum, after Blomart 
 and others ; but above all is he to be celebrated for those rare heads, and 
 other stories grav'd after the paintings of Reubens, and Van Dyke, which, 
 for their sakes who are diligent eolleetors of the renouned persons of the 
 late age, we shall not think amiss to mention. Such were the 
 JJlutchesse of OrUam, A7:eh-J)uke Albert, Justu& JJ^sius, and others 
 after Van Dyke ;, Lessius and 3ellarmine, jesuites, after Diepenbeck. 
 After the same hands did Paulas Pontius grave the head of Sigismund, 
 King of Poland, C@U7it Pimentelo,, Sec; after Reubens, Z>on Phil, 
 de Gusman ; Don Alvarez Buzan, an incomparable cut ; Don Carolus 
 cfer CohmV'O' } Rubens' picture bare-'headed',_ for there is another in. a 
 hat ; Gasp, de Grayer ; Simon d'e Vbs ; Maria, de Medices ; Cassar 
 Aleocand. ScdgUm.; Const. Huygens, the learned father of our most in- 
 genious friend Monsieur Zuylichen, so worthily celebrated for his dis- 
 coveries of the annulus about Saturne, thje" pendule clocks, and universal 
 mathematical genius,; Gasper Garartius^ the lawyer ; Gasp-. Mevestyn ; 
 Gustavus j^dolpjms. King of Sweden ; Jacobus de JBreueh ; the Prin- 
 cesse of JB^ohonson; that rare head of Frederic Hsnmc Prince of 
 Orange, and his own, with; many more after Van Dyke ;. besides the 
 Jesuit Canisius, Ji, Urbin,. painter, and others whom he grav'd after 
 Diepenbeck, ^c. ; and since we mentipn'd Sir Peter Paul Rubens, we 
 may not pretermit those many exeellent things of that great polititian, a 
 learned and extraordinary person, set forth in so many incomparable 
 gravings by the admirable works of Swanenbourg,the above-named Pon* 
 tius and !Polswert, Nesse, Vosterman, Vorst, and other rare masters,in this 
 art; such are (to instance in some only) his Battail of the Amazons, 
 St. S^ch, ourB. Sfiviow composed to Burial, t\ie,Mg.ht of Lions, his 
 great Crucifiifi,^ Conversion of St. Paul, St.. Peter in the Ship^ a 
 
297 
 
 Nativity^ the Magi; the hloody, Catastv&phe of Cyrus; Solomon's 
 Jirst Sentence ; St. Catharine's Espousals '; the Tribute demanded of 
 our Lord; Susanna and the Elders ; St. Laurence martyred; the Pa- 
 laces of Genoa, with divers othei's to be encountr'd amongst the mer- 
 chants of prints, who frequently vend the copies for the originals to the 
 lesse wary chapmen. Chr. Jegher has cut the Temptation of our 
 Saviour in wood, very rarely perform'd after this great master. 
 
 Besides the former mention'd, Lucas Vosterman and Vorst are never 
 to be forgotten so long as the memory of his (Rabens's) scholar, Sir 
 Ant. Van Dyke, is famous, for the heads of the Marquesse Spitiola, 
 Char, de Mattery, Horatius Gentilescus, Jo. Count of Nassau, Van 
 Milder, P. Stevens, and Cor. Sachtleven, which he engrav'd after a 
 new way of etching it first, and then pointing it (as it were) with the 
 burine afterwards, which' renders those latter works of his as tender as 
 miniature ; and such are the heads of Van Dyke himself, Jo. Elevens, 
 Car. Schut, Corn, de Vos, Deodato Delmont, I/ucas Vanuden,- Jo- 
 docus de Momper, Wencesl. Koeherger, painters ; Count de Ossono^ 
 Duke of Bavaria, the Arch-Dutchesse Clara, the last Duke of Or- 
 leans, j^nton. Connebison, P. Stevens, and many others ; together 
 with those other pieces of history, viz. the Sepulture of Christ, and St. 
 George^ after Raphael ;. Magdalene under the Ci'oss ; our B. Saviour 
 in his :Agony, after Carracche ; the Susanna, St. Laurence, and what 
 but now we mention'd after Rubens, divers -heads after Holbein, as that 
 o{Erdsm,us^ the D. of Norfolk, and others of the Arundellan collection. 
 Van Vorst, competitor with Vosterman, has likewise graven a number 
 of heads after Van Dyke. I shall only name the learned Sr.Kenelme 
 Digby in a philosophical habit ; oiir famous architect Inigo Jones, and 
 those two incomparable figures of Charles the Martyr, and his royal 
 consort the Q. Mother, now living : and to shew what honour was 
 done this art by the best of painters, Sr. Ant. Van Dyke did himself 
 etch divers things in aqua-fortis ; especially > a il/atZowcr, Ecce Homo, 
 Titian and his Mistress, Erasmus Moterodamus ; and touched several 
 of the heads before mentioned to have been grav'd by Vosterman. 
 
 After this great master s paintings, did Peter de Jode grave the 
 eflfigies of Genovefa, widow to Car. Alex. Duke of Croi; Paulus Hel- 
 
 2 Q 
 
298 
 
 matius; the learned Puteanus; the Bishop of Gendt, the face whereof 
 is thought to be etched by V. Dyke himself : he graved Jo. Snellinx, 
 a painter ; besides a book of designing very rare ; and the many other 
 prints after his master Goltzius (whose disciple he was), which both 
 Peter, and his son of the same name, have engraved for Monsieur Bon 
 Enfant of Paris, &c. 
 
 CoUaert graved some things rarely in steel. Suyderhoef has engraven 
 the heads of most of the learned Dutch, after several painters, with 
 good success ; as those of Heinsius, Grotius, JBarleus, &c. ; not for- 
 getting that stupendous Lady Anna Maria a Schureman, &c. 
 
 Jo. Baur has deslgn'd his Battails with a fine spirit, but without 
 care in the etching. 
 
 Vander Thulden published the whole History of Ulysses, being the 
 work of the famous Primatlcclo, at Fontaln Bleau, etched also in aqua- 
 fortis, and so designed, as few pretenders to this art did ever exceed 
 him : and so, as we but lately mention'd, are the papers of the inimita- 
 ble Suanebourge, which strike a ravishing effect In all that behold them, 
 for the admirable tenderness and rare conduct of the hatches; especially 
 those which he cut after the drawings of Abraham Blomaert and 
 Rubens. 
 
 But now that we mention Blomaert, whose works we have celebrated 
 in general, because they smell something of a Dutch spirit, though 
 otherwise well engraven, there is at Rome (If we mistake not) a son of 
 his named Cornelius, who in that St. Francis after' Guldo Reni, and 
 those other pieces after the design of those great masters, Monsieur 
 Poussln, Pletro Cortona, &c. to be seen in the books set forth by the 
 Jesuit Ferrarius, his Hesperides, Flora, JFides JBarberini, &cv hath 
 given ample testimony how great his abilities are; for, certainly, he 
 has In some of these stamps arrived to the utmost perfection of the So- 
 lino, though some workmen will hardly allow him this elogle. But 
 those things of the- Incomparable Natalis a Ligeois (and therefore 
 reckoned here amongst the Germans), pass without the least contradic- 
 tion for the utmost eflfort of that instrument. Such are that of St. Ca'- 
 tharines Espousalls after Bourdon, which seems to be a very piece of 
 painting ; the Two Madonas in contest with Poilly ; the Thesis ; and 
 
299 
 
 .f 
 
 the Chapter of the Carthusians, all after the life and his own design, 
 a stupendous work : also the heads of Jacob Catz :' one of the States 
 of Holl, and painted hy Dubordieu ; and some few things more, as the 
 exactness and curiosity of what he undertakes requires, sufficient to 
 discover the admirable perfection of this great artist : for we do not 
 mention several frontispieces which he has likewise engraven, with 
 equal industry. 
 
 Ferdinand has, besides many others, graved after the same Bourdon, 
 the story of Ulysses and Andromache. 
 
 Uriesse and Verden are famous for their perspectives. 
 Winegard his Roman Vestigia, Sec. 
 
 William Hondius, besides those things which adorn his Mapps, 
 which are the largest planispheres, has very rarelv engraven his own 
 head after a painting of Vandyke : nor with less art has Vankessell 
 done that of Charles the Fifth after Titian : Clovet and Car. Scribo- 
 nius the Jesuits. 
 
 Caukern has graven the story of that Pious Daughter, who gave 
 suck to her imprison'd father ; a Fight of Boores ; with divers others 
 after Rubens and Vandyke, &c. ; besides those which are extant in Mr. 
 Qgilbye's Homer, Bible, my Lord of New Castles Cavalerizzo, 8fd. 
 design'd by Deipenbec, whose rare talent, that Theatre or Temple of the 
 ■Muses, published by that curiously learned and universal collector of 
 prints, the Abbot of Villoin (of whoni we shall have occasion to dis- 
 course in the next chapter), does sufficiently illustrate. 
 
 Lucas Kilianus has rarely graved the Murther of the Innocents; 
 the Miracles of the Fish ; Annuntiation ; Circumcision ; iand some 
 plates in the Hortus Eystettensis, &c. 
 
 Vischer, viz. Cornelius (for there is another who has published divers 
 landskips} hath most rarely etched a certain Dutch Kitchen, where 
 there is an old man taking Tobacco, whilst his wife is frying of pan- 
 cakes ; also a Fiddler accompanied with boyes and girles, painted by 
 Ostade ; but above all, admirable is the Descent, or Christus Mortuus, 
 after Tintoret, both graved and etch'd, as indeed I should have said of 
 the rest. 
 
 Vovillemont has etched our Saviour chasing the sacrilegious Mer- 
 
300 
 
 chants out of the> Temple, after the same Tiiitoret ;- which ia vqiy rare, 
 Nolp, the Twelve Moneths, especially the boystrous March, 
 Lomhart, many plates for Mr. Oglebyes Virgil; as likewise that 
 industrious interpreters .picture after our famous Mr. Lilly, in which he 
 has performed laudably : nor must I here forget Mr. flertpcks, who has 
 grav'd the frontispiece for EIKXIN BAS. in fol. and. [for my parallel of 
 Architecture better then] that of this treatise, with many other, . 
 
 To these we may add the incomparable Reimbrandt, whose etchings 
 and gravings are of a particular spirit ; especially the Old Woman, in 
 thefurr; the Good Samaritane ; the Angels appearing to the, Shep- 
 herds ; divers Landskips- and Heads to the life ; St. Hi^rom, of which 
 there is one very rarely graven with the burine ; but above all his Ecce 
 Homo ; Descent fr-om the Cross in, large ; Philip and the Eunuch, &c. 
 Winceslaus Hollar, a gentleman of Bohemia, comes in the next place, 
 not that he is not before.most of the rest for his choyce and great indus- 
 try (for we rank them very promiscuously both as to time and pre-emi- 
 nence) but to bring up the rear of the Germans with a deserving per- 
 son^ whose indefatigable works in aqua-fortis do infinitely recommend 
 themselves by the excellent choyce which he hath made of the .rare' 
 things furnish'd out of the Arundelian Collection ; and from most of 
 the best hands and designs; for such were those of Leonardo da Vinci, 
 Fr. Parmensis, Titian, Jul. Komano, A. Mantegna, Corregio, Perino 
 del Vago, A. Urbin, Seb. del Piombo, Palma, Alb. Durer, Hans . Hol- 
 bein, Vandike, Rubens., Breughel, Bassan, jElsheinaer, Brower, Artois, 
 and divers other masters of, prime note, whose, drawings and paintings 
 he hath faithfully copied ; besides several bpoks of Landships^ Townes, 
 Solemnities, Histories, Heads, JBeasts, Fouls,. Insects, Pessels, a^d 
 other signal pieces^ not omitting what he hath etched after De Clyne, 
 Mr. Streter, and, Dankert, for Sir Rob. Stapletpn's Juvenal, Mr, Ross 
 his Silius, Polyglotta Biblia, the Monasticon, first and second part, 
 Mr. Dugdales Paules, and Survey of Warwickshire, £Mr. Ashmolefs 
 Garter] with other .innumerable frontispieces, and things by him pub- 
 lished and done aifter.the life ; and to be feo nominej more valued, and 
 Esteemed, then where there has been more curiosity about Chimcertis 
 ind. things which are not in nature; so that of Mr, Hollars works we 
 
301 
 
 may justly pronounce, there is not a more useful ,and instructive col- 
 lection to be made. 
 
 Th© learned Hevellus lias shewed his admirable dexterity in this 
 art, by the several Phases and other Ichonisms which adorn his SelenO'- 
 graphy, and is therefore one of the noblest instances of the extraordi- 
 nary use of this talent, for men of letters, and that would be accurate 
 in the 'Diagramms which they publish in their works. 
 
 The? no lesse knowing Anna Maria kSchurman is likewise skilled in 
 this art, with innumerable others, even to a prodigy of her sex. For 
 the rest, we shall only call over their names, after we have celebrated 
 the extravagant fancies of both the Breughels ; as those of the Seven 
 deadly Sins; So-tyrical pieces against the Nuns and Friers ; with 
 divers Histories, Drolleries, Landskips, fantastic Grylles and Grotesques 
 of these too rare Rhyparographs ; i not farther to tire our reader with the 
 particulars and several works of Ostade, Cornelius Clock, Queborne, 
 Gustos, [Dominicus Custos, and Wolfangus Kilian, from the paintings 
 of Wiokgram and others, the Effigies of the Duke of Bavaria, with 
 the rest in his jfltrium, Heroicum, for all the famous persons of that 
 century, both of Europe and Asia,] Le Delfe, (who has put forth the 
 portraits of many learned persons) Dors, Falck, Gerard, Bens, Moes- 
 tuer, Grebber, Geldorp,- Hopfer, Gerard, Bens, Chein, Achi d' Egmont, 
 de Vinghe, Heins, Ditmer, Cronis, Lindoven, Mirevel, Kager, Coccien, 
 Maubease, Venius, Firens, Pierets, Quelinus, Stachade, Sehut, Soutman 
 Vanulch, Broon, Valdet, Loggari, whom we expresly omit, because 
 we have introduc'd a sufficient number, and that this chapter is already 
 
 too prolix. • 
 
 Only we would not pass Min Here Biscop, a learned advocate now of 
 Holland, who for his story of Joseph and;Benjamin, where the cup 
 is found in his sack, and those other few cuts among the hands of the 
 curious^ must not be passed over in oblivion ; as we had like to have 
 done some of , the old and best masters, by having hitherto omitted.- 
 
 Druefken his King of the Boors in Hungarimr eaten alive by the 
 Rebels whom he seduced ; with some other cuts in wood, known by his 
 mark, which was commonly a cluster of grapes. 
 
302 
 
 Pleter Van Aelst, his Cavalcade of the Grand Signior to Sancta 
 Sophia, and several Turkish Habits, on which subject also 
 
 Swart Jan Van Groennighen has set forth many remarkable things, 
 Caravanns, Pilgrimages to Mecca, &c. 
 
 Lucas Cranach, Tiltings, Huntings, German Habits, and the por- 
 traits of all the Dukes of Saxony to his time. 
 
 Joos Ammanus, of whom we already mention'd, divers of the mecha- 
 nic arts ; not omitting all those excellent wood-cuts of Hans Schinflyn 
 and Adam AUorf, especially this last,' known by the two capital AA 
 of the Gothick forme, including one within the other, as the D is in 
 that of Albert Durers. 
 
 Hubert Goltzius has cut in wood a book of the Roman Empe- 
 rours in two colours. This name recals to mind an omission of ours 
 in some of those excellent Chalcographers already recorded, and in 
 particular the incomparable imitations of Henry Goltzius after X<ucas 
 Van Leyden in the Passion, the Christus mortuus or Pieta; and 
 those other six pieces, in each of which he so accurately pursues 
 Durer, Lucas, and some others of the old masters, as makes it almost 
 impossible to discerne the ingenious fraud. 
 
 We did not speak of the heads of the famous men in the Court of 
 the Emperor, set forth by ^gidius Sadeler ; as Raphael (his brother) 
 had the JBavaria Sancta, representing all the saints of that pious 
 country. 
 
 Albert Durer's Tewrdannekhs, or romantic description of the Amours 
 of Maximilian and Maria de Burgundy : the book is in high 
 Dutch : * he has likewise cut Petrarch's Utriusque Fortunes Remedia, 
 which admirable treatise being translated into the German language, 
 is adorn'd with, the gravings of Hans Sibald Behem, Ammanus, Aide- 
 grave, and most of the rare masters of that age. Finally, he has cut 
 the Stories of ^puleius his golden Asse ; and sprinkled divers pretty 
 inventions and capriccios in an old impression of Cicero's Epistles : 
 and with this recollection of what we had omitted in the foregoing 
 
 * It is written in Teutonic Verse by Mel. Pfintzing, and published in folio at Nuremburg, 1519. 
 
303 
 
 paragraphs (to which they are reducible) we will take leave of the 
 Dutch Sculptors, and passe on to 
 
 The French, who challenge the next place in this recension ; for 
 their gravlngs in laille Douce, which began to be In reputation after 
 Rosso, the Florentine painter, had been invited and caress'd by that 
 worthy and illustrious Meccenas of ithe arts, Francis the First : about 
 which time Petit Bernard of Lyons publish'd the stories for the JBible 
 of St. Hierom, performing such things In little, for the design and 
 ordinance as are worthy of* Imitation : so greatly he apprOach'd the 
 antique in the garb of his figures, distances, architecture, and other 
 accessories of the storle. We have some of these engraven by this 
 artist, and printed long since at Lyons, with the argument under each 
 cut, in the English verse of those times^ which appears to have been 
 done about the beginning of the Reformation, when. It seems, men 
 were not so iliuch scandallz'd at holy representations. 
 
 Nicholas Beatricius k Loraneze graved his Horse Conflicts, and 
 several books of Animals and Wildheasts ; the TViddowe's son raised 
 to Liife ; the Annuntiation, after M. Angelo ; the Ark of the Catholick 
 Church, after that rare table of Mosaic In S. Peter's of Giotto, &c. 
 
 Phillppus Thomaslnus's labours are worthy of eternity, so excellent 
 was his choice, so accurate his graver ; witnesse the Fall of Lucifer ; 
 the Universal Judgment ; the Ship we but now mentlon'd ; the Seven 
 fVorks of Mercy ; JB. Felix ; the Miracles of the Capucin<es ; the 
 Statues of Home In little ; the labours of many famous persons ; the 
 JBaptisme of our Saviour, after Salviatl; St. John the Evangelist in 
 the boyling Oyle ; St. Stephens Lapidation, after Ant. Pomarancio j 
 the Magi of Zuccharo ; Mary presented in the Temple, of Barrop:- 
 clo ; the Ijife of St. Catharine ; Fama, divers Sea Monsters after 
 Bernardino Passero ; and some things of VannI ; not to omit his 
 Camea, collected from several curious Achates and other precious 
 stones ; besides shields, trophies, gordlan knots, with variety of Instru- 
 ments and other works too long here to recite minutely. 
 
 Chrlsplnus de Pas and his sister Magdalen (whether French or 
 Dutch) have engraven many excellent things after Breughel ; espe- 
 cially Landskips; the Persecution of the Prophets and Apostles; 
 
304 
 
 with several more : but that Liberum Belgium, by Simon de Pas his 
 Father, or Brother (1 know not whether), dedicated to Prinise Maurice 
 of Nassau, is a very rare cut. 
 
 Who has not beheld with admiration the incomparablei burine of 
 Claudius Melan, celebrated by the great Gassendus,. and employed by 
 the most noble and learned Perieskius* The Sudarium of St. Vero- 
 nica, where he has formed a head as big as the life it self with one only 
 line beginning at the point of the nose, and so by a spiral turning of 
 the graver finishing at the utmost hair, is a prodigy of his rare art 
 and invention; because it is wholly new, and perform'd with admira- 
 ble dexterity : nor has he less merited for his St. Francis, St. Bruno, 
 the Pointed Magdalen, Pope Urbane the VIII. and divers others to the 
 life, especially those of the illustrious Justiniani, Perieskius, and the 
 several frontispieces to those truly Royal works, Poets, and other 
 authors, printed at the Louvre. 
 
 Mauperch has published some pretty landskips ; La Pautre many 
 most usefull varieties and ornaments for Architects and other work- 
 men ; florid, and full of fansie ; especially the Ceremonies at the Gbro- 
 nation of the present French King, 
 
 Morin has left us a St. Bernard, s. Scull, his great Crucifix, some 
 rare Heads; especially that representing our B. Saviour, and other 
 things in aqua-fortis, perform'd with singular art and tendernesse ; as 
 also some rare Landskips and Ruines, after Polemburch and others. 
 
 N. Chaperon has etched the Xystus or Gallery of Raphael in the 
 Vatican, with incomparable successe, as to the true draught ; and so has 
 that excellent painter the late 
 
 Francis Perrier those statues and bass-relievos of Rome, preferable to 
 any that are yet extant. 
 
 Audran's St. Gathariim, after Titian, who is not ravish'd with ? 
 Couvay has engraven the Three devout captive Knights and what may 
 appear very extraordinary, ut qucB celant nomina ccelatura aperiak, the. 
 first part of Despauterius' s Grammar in picture or hieroglyphic for 
 the Duke of Anjou, the now Monsieur. 
 
 Perelle has discovered a particular talent for landskips, if not a little 
 
305 
 
 exceeded in the darknesse of his shades : but his Ruines of Home are 
 very rare. He has likewise a son that graves. 
 
 The excellency of invention in the romances and histories adorn'd by 
 the hand of Chauveau is not to be passed by ; especially those things 
 which he has done in the Entretienne de Beaux Msprits of Monsieur 
 De Marests, and in several others. 
 
 But the pieces which Poilly has set forth may be ranked (as they 
 truly merit) amongst the greatest masters we have hitherto celebrated : 
 such as (for instance in a few) that admirable Theses, with the portrait 
 of Cardinal Richlieu; and in enumeration with the formerly warned 
 Natalis (besides the St. Catharine of Sourdo7i), those things which 
 he hath graved after Mignard, which are really incompat-able ; also 
 divers Histories after Le Brun, &c. 
 
 But we should never have done- with the artists of this fruitful and 
 inventive country, as Heince, Begnon, Huret, Bernard, Rognesson, 
 Rousselet, a rare workman, witrtesse his Frontispiece to the French 
 Polyglott bible, design'd by Bourdon and lately put forth ; Belknge, 
 Richet, I'Alman, Quesnel, Soulet, Bunel, the laudable Boucher, Bfiot, 
 Boulange, Bois, Champagne, Charpignon, Cornelllej Caron, Claude de 
 liorain, Audran, Moutier, Rabel, Denisot, L'Aune, De la Ram^, Hayes, 
 Herbin, David de Bie, Villemont, Marot, excellent: for his buildings 
 and Architecture ; Toutin, Grand-hommej Cereau, Trochel, Langot du 
 Loir, L'Erifant, disciple of Melan, Gaultierj D'Origni, Prevost, De Son, 
 Perei, Nacret, Perret, Daret, Scalberge, Vibert, Ragot, who has graved 
 some things well after Rubens^ Boissart, Terelin, De Leu ; besides 
 Mauperche for histories, L'Asne who has grav'd above 300 portraits 
 to the life, and is a rare artist j Huret, fall of rich invention, Hot oniit- 
 ting the famous Gravers of letters and Calli^aphers, such as are Le 
 Gagneur, Lucas Materot, Erisius, Duret, Pauce, Le Beaugran, Beau- 
 lieu, Gougenot, Moulin, Raveneau, Jea, Jaques de His, Moreau, Li- 
 mosin. La Be, Vignon, Barbe d'Or, and a world of others, whose 
 works we have not had the fortune to see. For as heretofore, so espe- 
 cially at present, there is no country of Europe which may contend with 
 France for the numbers of such as it daily produces, that excell in the 
 art of Chalcography, and triumph with the burine. 
 
 2 R 
 
306 
 
 La Hy re has etched many things after the antique, as Bacchanalias^ 
 and several other. 
 
 Goyrand is second to none for those towns and ruines which he has 
 publish'd, especially what he has performed in JEdibus Barherini. 
 
 Colignon, no lesse excellent in his gravings after Lincler. 
 
 And Cochin in those large Charts and sieges of townes after the 
 engineer Beaulieu : But 
 
 Israel Sylvester is the Hollar of France, for there is hardly a town, 
 castle, nobleman's house, garden, or prospect, in all that vast and 
 goodly Kingdom which he has not set forth in aqua-fortis, besides 
 divers parts and views of Italy ; above all in those which are etched 
 after the designes of Monsieur Lincler, (whilst he lived, my worthy 
 friend !) as the City of Rome in profile ; a morcel of St. Peter's by 
 it self; and that Prospect of the Louvre, which last doth far trans- 
 cend the rest of his works, and may be esteem'd one of the best of that 
 kind which the world has extant, for the many perfections that assem- 
 ble in it. 
 
 There is at present Robert Nanteuil, an ingenious person, and my par- 
 ticular friend, whose burine renders him famous through the world, I 
 have had the happinesse to have my portrait * engraven by his rare 
 burine ; and it is therefore estimable, though unworthy of the honour 
 of being placed amongst the rest of those illustrious persons whom 
 his hand has rendered immortal. For such are the French king, the 
 Queens of Poland and Sweden, Cardinal Mazarine, whose effigies he 
 has graven no less then nine times to the life ; the Duke of Longueville, 
 D. of Boullion, Mantua, Marishal Turenne, President Jeannin, MoUjB, 
 Teller, Ormesson, the Archbishop of Tours, Bishop of S. Malo, L'Abb^ 
 Fouquet, and divers others of the long robe ; also Monsieur Hesselin, 
 
 * Florent Le Comte, in his Singuliaritez d' Architecture, &c. gives a catalogue of the works of 
 Nanteuilj in which he mentions my effigy graven by this rare sculptor, with this impertinent mis- 
 take : " YvELiN, (lit, le petit mi. Lord Anglois, ou le portrait Grec, parcequ'il y adu Grec au has; 
 ou est ecrit aussi, Meliora retinete : il est en oval. yvELiti, called the little English lord, or the 
 Greek portrait, because there is a Greek inscription at bottom ; where likewise is written, retain 
 the best ; it is in oval." This print was .prefixed to the folio editions of our Author's Sylva, and 
 was subsequently inserted in the first volume of his Memoirs, p. 241, 
 
307 
 
 ;nage, Scuderi, Chaplain, MaroUesj and the reist of the wits ; in 
 nme, almost all the great persons of note in France. 
 But that we may conclude this recension with such as have most 
 :eird in this art, and give the utmost reputation it is capable of, 
 [jues Callot, a Gentleman of Lorrain, (if ever any) attain'd to its 
 alimity, and beyond which it seems not possible for human industry 
 
 reach, especially for figures in little; though he hath likewise 
 blished some in great, as boldly and masterly perform'd as can possi- 
 f be imagin'd. What a losse it has been to the virtuosi, that he did 
 t more delight in those of a greater volume, such as he once graved 
 Florence do sufficiently testifie, and which likewise have exalted his 
 comparable talent to the supreamest point. It might not seem requi- 
 e to minute the works which he has published, because they are so 
 iversally excellent that a curious person should have the whole eol- 
 ;tion, (and be carefull that he be riot impos'd upon by the copies 
 lich are frequently vended under his name, especially those which 
 onsieur Bosse has published, and which nearest approach him,) were 
 not highly injurious to his merit not to mention some of the princi- 
 1; such are his St. Paul; JEcce homo; the Demoniac cured, after 
 idrea BoscoH ; a Madona, after Andrea del Sarto ; the four Come- 
 ins; all these of the larger volume, and some of them with the 
 rine ; also thfe Passage of the Israelites ; St. Luke's Fair, dedi- 
 ted to Cosmo di Medices, a most stupendous work consider'd in all 
 
 circumstances and encounters ; so full of spirit and invention, that 
 lon several attempts to do the like, it is said, he could never approach 
 ; so much (it seems) he did in that piece exceed even himself. 
 This is also well copied. The History of the B. Virgin, in 14 
 ives ; the jlpostles in great ; the Murder of the holy Innocents, an 
 comparable work, and almost exceeding our description, as to the 
 jalluess, life, perfection and multitude of figures expressed in it. The 
 ory of the Prodigal; the Life and Death of our Saviour, in 20 small 
 als very rarely perform'd. The Martyrdom of the Apostles, in 16 
 ives, worthy of admiration ; the Passion of our Saviour, in 7 larger 
 ts; St. Anthonitis Temptation, prodigious for the fancy and inven- 
 n ; St. Mansuetus raising a dead Prince;: a Bishop preaching in a 
 
308 
 
 wood; divers Boohs of Landships and Sea pieces \ especially those 
 admirable cuts of his in a book intituled Trattato di terra Santa, 
 wherein most of the religious places of Jerusalem, temples, prospects, 
 j&c. about the Holy Laqd are graved to the life by the hand of this 
 excellent master; the book is very rare and never to be encountred 
 amongst the collection of his prints. The Duke of Lorrain'a Palace 
 and Garden at Nancy; also another paper of a Tournament there, 
 both of them most rare things; Military exercises ; the Miseries of 
 War, in 18 leaves very choice; the Battail of Theseus; Combat at 
 the Barriere ; Entrance of the Great Duke, vs^ith all the scenes and 
 representations at the Duke of Florence's nuptials; the Catqfalco 
 erected at the Emp. Matthias's death ; the famous Seige at Rochelle, a 
 very large print ; also the Night piece of the Cheats and Wenches at 
 Play; Mascarades, Gohbi, Beggars, Gypsyes, Balli and Dances, 
 Fantasies, Capriccios, Juhilatio Triumphi B. Virgvnis, which was, 
 it seems, grav'd for a Thesis [the Seige of la Bochelle in large] ; and, 
 finally, the Cabaret, or meeting of Debauchees, which (being the last 
 plate that ever he grav'd) had not the aqua-fortis given it till after his 
 decease., And thus we have in brief posted over the stupendous works of 
 this inimitable master, whose point and manner of etching was nothing 
 inferlour, nay sometimes even exceeded, the most skilful burine. But at 
 length sit pudor et finis, I desist, and ahall- here conclude the recital of 
 the French Chalcographers so many for their immhers, laborious in their 
 works, and luxurious of their inventions, after we have done reason to 
 Monsieur Bosse, who has made him self so well known by his most accur- 
 rate imitation of Callot, beside the many rare things he. has himself pub- 
 lished. It were altogether unpardonable that such as would accom- 
 plish themselves in etching, should be destitute of his entire work ; 
 especially those of his latter manner perform'd in single and masterly 
 atroaks, without decussations and cross hatchings, in emulation of the 
 Graver, Those Ftgnets, Fleurons, Capital letters, Puti and Comr 
 partiments, made to adorn the royal impressions at the Louvre, are 
 worthy of celebration, because it is impossible for the neatest burine 
 to excell his points and eschoppes ; and for that it is to him that we 
 have been chiefly obliged for a treatise, which we had prepared of the 
 
309 
 
 practical and mechanical part of this art of Chalcography, whereof I 
 have already given accompt elsewhere. It is to the same Monsieur du 
 Bosse that the world is beholden for his ingenuity in publishing many 
 other rare and usefuU arts assistant to architecture, dyalling, squaring 
 of stoness, and encountering the difficulties of the Free-mason, besides, 
 those excellent treatises of perspective^ which, from the dictates of Mon- 
 sieur des Argues, he has so laudably communicated. This,: and much 
 more, we owe to this hon^t man's fame and particuliar friendship. 
 
 And^ lastly, the excellent chart-gravers may not be totally excluded of 
 this Catalogue ; because it is a particular address, and, of late, infinitely 
 improv'd by the care of Tavernier, Sanson, the Jesuit Briets, de la Rue, 
 du Val, graven by Cordier, Riviers, Peroni, and others ; not forgetting 
 the most industrious Bleaus of Amsterdam, who have published the 
 atlasses, and other pieces which celebrate their names to posterity, and 
 such an undertaking has the ingeneere [engineer] Gomboust per- 
 form'd in his Ichnographieal plan of Paris, lately set forth, being the 
 result of near a five years continual labour of measuring, plotting, and 
 observing, to render it the most accomplish'd, and testifie to what use 
 and perfection this noble art is arriv'd. This we the more readily men- 
 tion, that thereby we may stimulate and encourage the lovers of their 
 country freely to contribute to the like attempt of the above mention'd 
 Mr. Hollar,^ and enable him to proceed with what is now under his 
 liaiad, for the honour of our imperial city. 
 
 And now it is certainly time that we should think of home a little, 
 and celebrate likewise some of our own country-men, who have worthily 
 merited with their graver^ And although we may not yet boast of 
 such multitudes by reason of the late unhappy differences which have 
 disturb'dthe whole nation, endeavouring to level Princes, and lay the 
 Mecaenas's of this and all other arts in the dxist j yet had we a Paine 
 for a- ship, some heads to the life, especially that of Dr. Alabaster, Sir 
 Ben. Rudyard, and several other things ; a Csecil and a Wright, little 
 inferiour to any we have enumerated for the excellency of their burins 
 and happy design j as at present we have Mr. Faithorne, Mr. Barlow, 
 Gaywood, and others, who have don© excellently both with the graver 
 and in aqua-fortis, especially in those birds and beasts which adorne the 
 
310 
 
 apologues of iEsope published by Mr. Ogleble; and of Mr. Faithorne, we 
 have that Christ after Raphael from some excellent master, as big as the 
 life; a Madona, Christ, Joseph and a Lamb after La Hyre, a very good 
 painter; the eflBgies of my Lord Viscount Morddunt, Sir W. Paston 
 and his lady, with several others after Van dyke, Honiman, &c. 
 
 Lightfoot hath a very curious graver, and special talent for the neat- 
 nesse of his stroak, little inferiour to Weirx, and has published twd or 
 three Madonas with much applause ; also Glover divers heads ; as at 
 present J. Fellian, disciple of Mr. Faithorne, who is a hopeful young 
 man ; lastly, for medails and intaglias we have Mr. Symonds []Tho, 
 Simon], Rawlins, Restrick, Johnson, and some others, whose works in 
 that kind have hardly been exceeded in these later times ; not omitting 
 the industrious Mr. Coker, Geryj Gething, Billingly, &c. who, in what 
 they have published for letters and flourishes, are comparable to any of 
 those masters whom we have so much celebrated amongst the Italians 
 and French for Calligraphy and fair writing ; we have likewise Switzer 
 for cutting in wood, the son of a father who sufficiently discover'd his 
 dexterity in the herbals set forth by Mr. Parkinson, Lobel, and divers 
 other works with due commendation, not to mention the rest, as yet 
 unknown to us by their names, from whose industry we are yet to hope 
 for excellent progresse. 
 
 We do therefore here make it our suite to them, as what would, ex- 
 treamly gratifie the curious, and virtuosi universally, that they would 
 endeavour to publish such excellent things as both his Majesty fthe 
 Duke of Norfolk] and divers of the noblesse of this nation have in their 
 possession ; and to which there is no ingenious person that will be 
 deny'd access ; since, if their collections were well engraven and dis- 
 pers'd about the world, it would not only exceedingly advance . their 
 profit and reputation, but bring them likewise into a good manner of 
 designing, which is the very life of this art; and render our nation 
 famous abroad, for the many excellent things which it has once again 
 (by the blessing of God and the genius of our most illustrious Prince) 
 recover'd ; especially, if, joyned to this, such as exceed in the talent 
 would entertain us with more landskips and views of the environs, ap- 
 proches, and prospects of our nobly situated metropolis, Greenwich, 
 
311 
 
 Windsor, and other parts upon the goodly Thames ; and in which (as 
 we said) Mr. Hollar has so worthily merited, and other countries 
 abound with, to the immense refreshment of the curious, and honour 
 of the industrious artist : and such, we farther wish, might now and 
 then be encourag'd to travail into the Levantine parts ; Indies East and 
 West; from whose hands we might hope to receive innumerable and 
 true designes, drawn after the life, of those surprising landskips, me- 
 morable places, cities, isles, trees, plants, flowers, and animals, &c. 
 which are now so lamely, and so wretchedly presented, and obtruded 
 upon us by the ignorant, and for want of abilities to reforme them. 
 
 And thus we have (as briefly as the subject would admit) finished 
 what we had to offer concerning the original and progress of this noble 
 art ; not, but that there may have been many excellent masters omitted 
 by us whose names were worthy of record, but because they did not 
 occur at the writing hereof, and that we have already introduc'd a 
 competent and sufiicient number to give reputation to the art, and 
 verifie our institution. For the rest, if we have somewhat exceeded the 
 limits of a Chapter (comparing it with those which did precede) it has 
 not been without prospect had to the benefit of such as will be glad of 
 instruction how to direct their choice in collecting of what is curious, 
 worthy their procuring, and, as the Italian calls them, di buon gusto ; 
 for we are far from opining with those who fly at all without judge- 
 ment or election. In summe, it were to be wished that all our good 
 painters would enrich our collections with more of their studies and or- 
 donances, and not despise the putting of their hands now and then to 
 the graver : we have given instances of great masters who excell'd in 
 both, and the draught, if it be good, does sufliciently commute for the 
 other defects, or what it may seem to want in the neatnesse and accur 
 rate conducting of the hatches ; since by this means we should be 
 stored with many rare designes, touches, and inventions, which, for being 
 only in crayone, are casual, and more obnoxious to accidents; and can 
 be communicated but to those few who have the good fortune to ob- 
 tain their papers ; and (which is yet more rare) the happinesse to under- 
 stand as well as to talk of them. 
 
312 
 
 CHAP. V. 
 
 OF DRAWING AND DESIGN, PREVIOUS TO THE ART OF CHALCOGRAJPHY; 
 AND OF THE USE OF PICTURES IN ORDER TO THE EDUCATION OF 
 CHILDREN. 
 
 As the rules of measure and proportion have an universal influence 
 upon all the actions of our lives, it was a memorable and noble saying 
 of a great person of our nation*, discoursing to us once concerning the 
 dignity of painting, and the arts which attend it, " that one who could 
 not designe a little, would never make an honest man :" how that ob- 
 servation succeeds in the general, we have not made it much our obser- 
 vation ; but this we are bold to pronounce, " That he shall never attain 
 " to the excellency of a good Chalcographer, who is not more then 
 " ordinarily skill'd in the faculty and art of drawing;" a thing so highly 
 necessary, that Donatellus was wont to tell his disciples (discoursing 
 sometimes concerning the accomplishment of this art), " That, to de* 
 " liver it in a single word, he would say, Designe ; because it was the 
 " very basis and foundation, not only of this, but even of all those free 
 "and noble sciences of Fortification, Architecture, Perspective, and 
 " whatsoever also pretended to any affinity with the Mathematicks, as 
 " really leading the van, and perfective of them all." 
 
 But to treat methodically of this, or as we have already enlarged in 
 the history and progresse of Chalcography, and the surviving labours 
 of the most renowned masters, would require no lesse time and pains. 
 It were indeed a noble, curious, and useful work, but almost impossible 
 to accomplish ; because the original drawings of the great masters 
 being dispersed amongst the hands of the greatest princes and men of 
 science only, are preserved with jealousie, and esteem'd as so many 
 jewels of greater value then those of pearles and diamonds ; for some 
 of them being the very last workes, though but imperfect draughts of 
 
 * Thomas Earl of Arundel, Earl Marshal of England, ancestor to the present Duke of Norfolk. 
 
313 
 
 so excellent artists, they have for the most part been in greater esteem 
 then even those of larger bulk and more finished, as Pliny instances in 
 the Iris of Aristidfes, the Medea of Timomachus, and some others; 
 because (as he there speaks) such touches did even expresse the very 
 thoughts and prime -conception of the workman, as well as the lineaments 
 which he presents us ; and that there is a certain compassion in our na- 
 tures which indears them to us, so as we cannot but love and desire the 
 hands which perished in the midst of such famous pieces. Add to this, 
 their inimitable -antiquity, then which (according to Quintilian, Inst, 
 c. 3.) nothing' does more recommend things to us, from a certain autho- 
 rity which it universally carries with it ; so as we seem to review what 
 they did of old in this kind as if (with Libanius) the Gods had imparted' 
 something of extraordinary to the masters of the ages past, which the 
 nature of man is not now capable of attaining. 
 
 Y These diflBculties therefore consider'd, it will not be required of us in 
 this chapter, which pretends to celebrate the art of Drawing and Designe, 
 only as it has relation and is an absolute requisite to that of Chalcogra- 
 phy, and to prescribe some directions and encouragements, which may 
 prepare and fit the hand with a competent addresse therein.' 
 
 Whether Design was the production of chance or excogitation,^ 
 we determine not ; certain it is that practice and experience was 
 its nurse and perficient ; by some thus defin'd to be A visible ex- 
 pression of the hand resembling the conception of the mind: by which 
 definition there are who distinguish it from Drawing both as to its ori- 
 ginal and formality ; for Design (say they) is of things not yet appear- 
 ing, being but the picture of ideas only; whereas Drawing relates more 
 to copies and things already extant. In sum, as the historian differs 
 from the poet, and Horace has well express'd it,' 
 
 , Pictoribus atque Poetis 
 
 Quidlibet audendi semper fuit aequa potestas.* 
 
 We could easily admit this art to have been the most antient; and, 
 with PhilostratuSj^oyyei'so-TaToi/ t? <pv(ret, " of kin even to Nature her self." 
 But to take it some what lower, there goes a tradition that some inge- 
 
 * De Arte Poet. 
 2 S 
 
314 
 
 shepheard was the inventor of it, who, espying the shadow of one 
 3 sheep on the ground (interpos'd between him and the culminating 
 jclining sun), did, with the end of his crook, trace out the profile 
 
 the dust : and truly some such vulgar accident (for chance has 
 a fruitful mother) might first probably introduce it; however after- 
 s subtiliz'd upon and cultivated, till it at length arriv'd to that degree 
 cellency and esteem, which it has happily gained, and so long con- 
 d. 
 
 it to quit these nicer investigations, and proceed ta some thing of 
 as it concerns the title of this chapter : the first and principal man- 
 ff Drawing is that with the pen j the next with crayon, whether 
 ;, white, red, or any of the intermedial colours, upon paper either 
 3 or coloured. We will not say much concerning washing with the 
 11, or rubbing in the shades with pastills and dry compositions ; 
 ise it is not till our disciple be a consummate artist that he can be 
 d with designes of this nature, and, after which, they are of excel- 
 ase and effect. 
 
 le pen is, therefore, both the first and best instructor, and has then 
 11 the other kinds) attain'd its desired end when it so deceives the 
 ly the magic and innocent witch-craft of lights and shades, that 
 ited and solid bodies in nature may seem swelling, and to be em- 
 id in Piano, by art. 
 
 » arrive at this, you must first draw the exact lineaments and pro- 
 ons of the subject you would expresse in profile, contours, and single 
 only ; and afterwards, by more frequent and tender hatches in the 
 er places, strong, bold, or cross in the deeper. 
 
 r haiching is understood a continual series or succession of many 
 , shorter or longer, close or more separate, oblique or direct, ac- 
 ng as the work requires, to render it more or lesse enlightened ; 
 is attain'd by practise with a swift, even, and dextrous hand, 
 gh sometimes also by the help of the rule and compass ; every man 
 r not an Apelles or Pyrgoteles to work without them. Now the 
 expedient to gain a mastery in this address, will be to imitate suc^ 
 :s and cuts as are most celebrated for this perfection : such (amongst 
 ty of others) are those of Henry Goltzius, the Sadelers, Harman, 
 
315 
 
 Sanredam, Vosterman, and, above all, that rare book of Jacomo Palma, 
 graven by Odoardo Fiaktti : of the more modern, the incomparable 
 Natalis, Nanteuil, Poilly, and Cornelius Blomaert. These for the burin ; 
 for etching, Callot, Morine, and Bosse ; especially in those his latter 
 pieces, which have so nearly approach'd the graver. After these, let 
 our learner design the several members of bodies apart, and then united, 
 with intire figures and stories, till he be able to compose something of 
 his own, which may support the examination of qualified judges. 
 But the ir^x''^pay[Mi or first draughts of these should not be with too 
 great curiosity, and the several minutice that appear in many copies ; but 
 with a certain free and judicious negligence, rather aiming at the origi- 
 nal, than paining of yourself with overmuch exactness ; for noc&re scepe 
 •nimiam diligentiam, was an old observation ; and therefore the antient 
 painters (&-ays Philostratus) more esteem'd a certain true and liberal 
 draught then the neatness of the figure, as he expresses it in Am/ghia- 
 ravs's Horse, sweating' after the Comfiict ; since drawings and designes 
 are not to be like Polycletus's Canon, which took its several parts fi-om 
 as many perfect bodies, bv a studied and most accurate symmetrie. It 
 shall suffice that the prime conceptions of our artist be perform'd with 
 less constraint : a coal or pensil of black-lead will serve the turn, re- 
 serving the stronger and deeper touches for a second pass of the hand 
 over your work j and last of all, penning the contours and outlines with 
 a more even and acute touch, neatly finishing the hatches with a reso- 
 lute, constant, and flowing hand, especially as it approaches to the fainter 
 shadows, terminating them in lost and misty extreams, and thwarted 
 (if you will counter-hatch) at equal and uniform intervals (but not till 
 the first be dry), or, if with single stroaks (which to us renders the 
 most natural and agreeable efiects), with full, deep hatches, and their 
 due diminishings. 
 
 But it would haply be objected, that these accurate designes of the pen 
 were never esteemed among the nobler parts of Drawing, as for the most 
 part appearing too finical, stiff, and constrain'd. To this we reply, that 
 the remark is not impertinent, as commonly we find by experience ; but it 
 has not proceeded from the least defect in the instrument, but from that 
 of the artist, whose aptitude is not yet arriv'd to that perfection which is 
 
316 
 
 requisite, and does infallibly confirme and dispose the hand to whatever 
 it addresses ; affording so great a delight and satisfaction to some excel- 
 lent workmen, as that they never desir'd to advance further then this 
 triumph of the pen, wliich has celebrated their names, and equaliz'd 
 their renown with that of the most famous painters. For such were (in 
 this nature) the incomparable drawings of Don Giulio Clovio, Albert 
 Durer, Passarotto, yea Titian himself, when the fancy took him ; the 
 foremention'd Goltzius, especially for his Diana sleeping, drawn with a 
 pen on a cloth prim'd in oyl, which was sometimes sold at Amsterdam 
 for 200 pounds ; and that laborious and most stupendous work of hisj 
 now part of his Majesties collection, where he has drawn with the pen, 
 upon a^ heightning of oyl, a Venus, Cupid, Sat^r,, and some other 
 figures, as big as the life it self, with a boldness and dexterity incom- 
 parable : and such are some things which we have seen done^by Slgnlor 
 Thomaso, a Florentine, and our ingenious friend Mr. Vart^er Douse 
 (descended of that noble Janus Dousa, whose learning and courage the 
 great Scaliger and Grotius have so worthily celebrated), now in the 
 court of England. To these we add Robert Nanteull, at Paris; and of 
 our own country- men, those eight or ten drawings by the pen of Francis 
 and John Cleyn (two hopefull, but now deceas'd, brothers), after those 
 ^rea.t Cartoons of Raphael, containing the stories of the Acts of the Apos- 
 tles, vjh^re. In a fraternal emulation, they ,haye done such work as was 
 never yet exceeded by mortal men, either of the former or present age j and 
 worthy they are of the honour which his Majesty, has don^e their memo- 
 ries, by having purchased these excellent things out of Germany, whi- 
 ther they had been transported, or dt least Intended. There is likewise 
 one Mr. Francis Carter (now In Italy), not to be forgotten amongst 
 those whose pens deserve to be celebrated. But it is not here that we 
 are to expatiate far on this particular, as designing a chapter only, much 
 less shall we have leisure to proceed to black and white chalke (as they 
 call it) upon coloured paper, in which those many Incomparable and 
 original drawings of the old and great masters are yet extant, wherein a 
 middle colour, wrought upon two extreams, produces (on an Instant) 
 that wonderfull and stupendous roundness and extancy, which the pen 
 Is so long in doing, though so infallible a guide to Its well doing, that 
 
317 
 
 having once attain'd the command of that instrument, all other drawings 
 whatsoever will seem most easie and delightfull. Neither shall it then 
 be requisite to continue that exactness, since all drawing is but an 
 hand-maid and attendant to what you would either grave or paint 
 
 But by this perfection and dexterity at first, did even those renouned 
 masters, Julio, Parmegiano, and sometimes Polydore himself, (not to 
 insist on Rubens and Vandyke) proceed, whose drawings in this kind, 
 when first they made their studies in Italy, were exceedingly curious and 
 finished ; though in all their more recent and maturer- desigues, rather 
 judicious then exact, because of that time which such minute finishingis 
 did usually take up; and that, when all is done, it is still but a drawing, 
 which indeed conduces to the making of profitable things, but is it self 
 none. ^ ^ 
 
 Yet so highly necessary is this of Drawing to all who pretend to 
 these noble and refined arts, that for the securing of this foundation, 
 and the promotion and encouragement of it, the greatest Princes of 
 Europe have erected academies, furnished with all conveniencies for the 
 exercise and improvement of the Virtuosi. Such illustrious and noble 
 geniuses were Cosmo di Medices, Francis the First, Carlo Borromeo, 
 and others, who built or appointed for them stately apartments even in 
 their own palaces, and under the same roofe; procuring models, and 
 endowing them with charters, enfranchisements, and ample honoraries ; 
 by which they attracted to their courts and countries most of the refin'd 
 and extraordinary spirits in all the arts and sciences that were then cele- 
 brated throughout the world. ' 
 
 ., Nor it seems has it been the sole glory of those illustrious Princes to 
 cherish and enoble men of art : the Greek and Roman of old had them 
 in special veneration ; but in none of their courts were men of science 
 caressed to that degree as in that we have read of the Emperor of Japan 
 at present, who does not only entertain and nobly accommodate them, 
 but never stirs abroad without their company. These great men, says 
 my authour,* (meaning physitians, painters, sculptors, musitians, &c. 
 quos propria nomine appellant Contubernium . Ccesaris,^ march before 
 
 * Descrip. Reg. Japaniae Bern. Varenii. 
 
318 
 
 the King whether he go forth in litter or on horseback; and being 
 elected of persons of the greatest birth in his dominions, they always 
 continue at his court, richly appointed with sallaries ; but otherwise, to 
 bear no office whatsoever which may in the least importune them, eo 
 solum elecH, ut Imperatori ad voluptatem et delectationem consortium 
 preBstent, as being therefore only chosen to recreate and divert the Prince 
 with their excellent conversation. These being men of the rarest parts 
 and endowments in his empire, have pre-eminence in all places next the 
 King; then come the guards in the reare, which consist of a more infe- 
 riour nobility : thus far the historian. We know not how this instance 
 Ujay in these days be interpreted ; but certainly the courts of Princes 
 were in former ages composed of men of the greatest virtue and talents 
 above the rest, and such as possess'd something of extraordinary (besides 
 the wearing of fine cloaths, and making the bone mine) to recommend 
 them. We insist not on Sculptors and Painters only, especiaJly as such 
 men are now for the most part vitious, or else of poor and mechanick 
 spirits ; but as those antient and noble geniuses were heretofore accom- 
 plish'd, and such as of late were Raphael, Durer, Leon Alberti, Da 
 Vinci, Rubens ; and at present, Cavalier Bernini, &e. persons of most 
 excellent endowments, and universally learned, which rendred their fau- 
 tors and protectors iamous, by leaving such marks of their admired virtue 
 as did eternize their merits to after ages. 
 
 Thus it was that Myron, Polycletus, Phydias, Lysippus, and others of 
 the antients, procured such lasting names by their divine labours. Thet 
 wrought for Kings, great cities, and noble citizens ; whereas others, on 
 the contrary, (men haply of no lesse industry and science,) had little or na 
 notice taken of them, because they received no such encouragement, 
 were poor and neglected, which did utterly eclipse and suppress their 
 fame ; such as those whereof Vitruvius does in the Preface to his thii*d 
 book make mention, where he speaks of Chiron the Corinthian, Hellas of 
 Athens, Myagrus of Phocia, Pharax the Ephesian, besides Aristomenes, 
 Polycles, Nichomachus, and several others, who being excellent masters 
 and rarely endowed, perished in obscurity, and without any regard from 
 the unequal hand and distribution of fortune, and for want of being che- 
 rished by Princes and great men. But to return : 
 
319 
 
 Iti these places they had books of drawings of all the old and re- 
 nowned masters, rounds, busts, Relievos, and entire figures, cast off from 
 the best of the antique statues and monuments, Greek and Roman. 
 There was to be seen the Laocoon, Cleopatra, Antinons, Flora, Her- 
 cules, Comtmdus, Venus, Melec^er, Niobe, Sfc; whereof the originals 
 are still extant at Rome. There were likewise divers rare and excellent 
 statues, both of brass and marble ; modells and divers fragments of 
 bases, columns, capitals, freezes, cornices, and other pieces, moulded 
 from the most authentique remains of the antient famous buildings ; 
 besides a universal collection of medaills, things artificial and natural. 
 
 But to recover our drawing again, as it concernes the art of Chal- 
 cography, we have already mentioned such of the most accomplish'd 
 gravers, whose labours and works were proposed for exemplars and 
 imitation ; nor let the most supercilious painter despise what we have 
 here alledged, or imagine it any diminution to his art, that he now 
 and then put his hand to the pen, and draw even after some of those 
 masters we have so much celebrated : what Andrea del Sarto has taken 
 out of the prints of Albert Durer, improving and reducing them to 
 his manner (not for want of invention, and plagiary like, as all that 
 have any knowledge of his works can justifie) has no way eclipsed^ hat 
 rather augDsented his glory ; as on the other aide, that divine piece of 
 his, the Chris tus mortmis, which he gave to be cut by Augustino Ve- 
 netlano ; the Trmmphs, Vasas, and Anatomies of old Rosso, by whom- 
 soever engraven, and those other things of his after Oomenico Bar- 
 bieri ; Paulo Veroneze did much study the prints of Durer, and that 
 incomparable painter Antonio Vassalacci (call'd otherwise Aliense) 
 made notable use of that his prodigious collection of stamps of the most 
 rare hands ; not to recapitulate what were published by Raphael him* 
 self, and infinite otliers, by which they have suffictently made appear 
 the value they attributed to this art, by desiring (as much as in them 
 lay)- to rendeir their works famous to posterity, by thus communicating 
 them to the worid, though many times through the hands but of very 
 vulgar and ordinary gravers. 
 
 And here we should have put a period to this essay, and the present 
 chapter, as having abundaady vindicated the necessity and worthiness 
 
320 
 
 of deslgne and drawing, as it is previous and introductory to the art of 
 Chalcography, had not one curiosity .more prevented us; which be- 
 cause it so much concernes the conducting of hatches and strOaks, whi- 
 ther with pen, point, or graver, pretending (at least very ingeniously 
 hinting) to a method how, by a constant and regular certitude, one 
 may express to the eye the sensation of the relievo, or extancie of ob- 
 jects, be it by one or more hatches, cross and counter, we think not 
 impertinent here to recite as briefly as the demonstration will permit. 
 
 The principal end of a graver that would copy a design or piece com- 
 pos'd of one or more objects is, to render it correct both in relation to 
 the draught, contours, and other particularities, as to the lights and 
 shades on the front, flying or turning in bold or faint touches so as 
 may best express the reliefe, in which gravers have hitherto, for the 
 most part, rather imitated one another then improved or refined upon 
 nature ; some with more, some with fewer stroaks : having never yet 
 found out a certain and uniforme guide to follow in this work, so as to 
 carry their stroaks with assurance, as knowing where they are to de- 
 termine, without manifestly offending the due rules of perspective. 
 
 If, in truth, nakeds and other polite bodies were so formed as that 
 we might detect the course and inclination of the threads, fibres, and 
 grain, so as we perceive it In stuff^s, cloth, linnen, and other draperies, 
 nothing would. appear more facile; for let them assume what ply they 
 will, it does not at all concern the tissue, tenor, or range of -the. threads 
 and wailes (as they call them) which is easily imitated, both as to their 
 inclinations ;and distances from the point of sight. 
 
 But since we are much at a loss, and can perceive no such direction 
 or clue in nudities and other smooth surfaces, it were haply worth the 
 while to . find out some expedient which should assist the imagination 
 in this affair, and that might encounter the difficulty upon other terse 
 and even objects, by forming such stroaks, and directors upon them In 
 our Imagination ; observing, that there are some parts in them com- 
 monly to be distinguished from the mass in gross ; for example, the 
 hairs in men, eyes, teeth, nails, &c. that as one would conceive such 
 lines or hatches on those masses, others may likewise be as well fancied 
 upon those lesser and more delicate members : 
 
321 
 
 To effect this, the annexed Iconlsme is thus explained. 
 
 Suppose, in the uppermost figure of this plate, the object CQ) to be 
 the representation in perspective of the portion of a bowle, expos'd to 
 the beams of the Sun ; and the letters c. s. r. t. a frame, or square of 
 wood barr'd and strung in even and straight lines, parallel inter se. 
 
 - Then another thread, viz. m. n. crossing them in perpendicular. The 
 frame in the mean time suppos'd to incline towards the Bowie O. be- 
 tixt it and the Sun, which represents to you all these threads project- 
 ing their shadowes upon the Bowie, and the surface where it is situate. 
 
 Suppose now the same upon the relievo or mass it self; it is evident, 
 that these threads, in whatever manner you interpose the said frame 
 betwixt the Bowie and the Sun, that they will perpetually cast their 
 shadowes parallel inter se, cutting it, as it were, into several plains, 
 uniforme and parallel also. 
 
 You see likewise in this very figure, that the oblique and direct 
 shades o u x y are caused by the cathetus m t n, and the pointed curved 
 lines upon the Bowie O, viz. o z n 1,2, &c. are formed by the parallels 
 which intersect the perpendicular. 
 
 But the same frame posited between the Sun and a Head in Relievo 
 of white marble, or the like (as in the inferiour example) will not ren- 
 der the shadow of the threads alike upon all the parts parallel inter se 
 (as in the former), though the same were suppos'd to be cut by like 
 plane and mutual parallels as was the Bowie O. However, so shall 
 they appear, as to hint the tracing of parallels on the relievo, or assist 
 the imagination of them there, and consequently, how to deslgne them 
 upon objects made after the same ordonance in perspective parallel, as 
 one may conceive them upon the relievo of an ordonance in geometrical 
 •parallel, viz. as in the figure O, or to speak more distinctly, suppo&ing 
 them the same on the irregular as on the regular. 
 
 Consider then upon the head, the concourse of those imaginary 
 parallels in perspective, shaded with the pointed lines ; and how the 
 intercurrent hatches, which they comprehend, pursue the same course 
 and tenor, or perspective parallelisme. 
 
 From these instances now, it will not be difficult how to apply the 
 same upon all the sorts of bodies representable by gra;ving, and to com- 
 
 2t 
 
322 
 
 prehend in one's imagination, the concurrency and uniforme tenor of 
 the particles, as we may so call them ; only, there is this particular to 
 be observed, that the projecture of the threads will not appear alike 
 perspicuous in the deep and shady parts of relievos as upon the illu- 
 minated, being lost in the dark : but this is easily supplyed by the 
 imagination, or by holding a loose thread parallel to the shaded, near 
 to the body of the figure ; by which the course of the rest may be well 
 conceived. And this may serve to give great light to him that shall 
 either grave in copper, or draw with the pen ; for the symmetrically 
 conducting of his hatches, determinatively, and with certitude, by thus 
 imagining them to be geometrically marked upon the relievo or em- 
 bossement of the natural, wherever he^ encounter it, and after this con- 
 ception, to trace them out upon his plate or draught in perspective. - 
 
 And indeed, that which is chiefly considerable and ingenious in thisj 
 is, that of their Perspective ; since the shades of the lines (in the fore- 
 mention'd example) which were upon the parts more or lesse turn'd, 
 appear to our eye accordingly, with more or less force, which renders 
 clear a different effect, as to the swelling and extancies of the parts, 
 then we find it in works where this method has not been observed ; so 
 as truly this may seem to be the most certain expedient of expressing 
 by hatches the relievo of objects, whether with the pen or burine. And 
 this is the sense of a much larger discourse, which Monsieur du Bosse 
 has proposed, treating of the practise of Perspective upon irregular sur- 
 faces, and we have thought fit to insert into this Chapter ; not only 
 because it is new and pretty ; but for that (to us) it appears to be of 
 good use, and as may be seen in some of the late heads graven by the 
 incomparable Nantueil, who had been the sole occasion of this ingenious 
 consideration, about the time of our last being at Paris. 
 
 But if this (like the diligence of Mechopanes, which Pliny affirmes 
 none was able to understand but an artist only) seem to be a disquisi- ' 
 tion more refin'd then useful, for that few of our gravers work off from 
 the round, upon which alone the observation is practicable ; yet shall 
 it be necessary to admonish, that shadowes over dark, too deep and 
 suddain, are not commendable in these works, as seldom so appearing 
 in the life ; and therefore hatchings express'd by single stroaks are ever 
 
323 
 
 most graceful and natural ; tliough of greater difficulty to execute, 
 cialy being any wayes oblique ; because they will require to be 
 e broader and fuller iii the middle, then either at their entrance, or 
 ; an addresse much more easie with the burin and the pen then 
 I the point; though Monsieur Bosse's invention of the esc/ioppe 
 render the making of this Sulcus much more facile : but to attain 
 masterly, and with assurance of hand, our workmen may do well 
 nitate the gravings of the Sadelers, Villamena, Suanneburg, Gaul- 
 ; but especially Claudius Mellan, Natalis, Poilly, Nantueil, Corne- 
 Blomart, H. Goltzius : and for the letchers in aqua fortis, Callot 
 Du Bosse, in some of their last cuts especially. Though even the 
 iter hatchings also, coming tenderly off, and well conducted, (so as 
 to be seen in some of the prints of M. i^ntonio's, C. Cort. Aug. 
 racip and other masters) render both an admirable and stupendous 
 ;t : for it is in this well placing of white and black, wherein all this 
 and even that of painting does consist: thus Aglaphontes used but 
 colour, no more did Nitia the Athenian painter; and it was this 
 jvo also for which the famous Zeiixis became so renoun'd : not to 
 3t on Hieredices the Corinthian, and Thelophanes the Sicyonian, 
 ( were both of them but Monochromists ; and, ""till Cleophanes came 
 »ngst them, no dissemblers, as owning no other colours but those 
 nent contraries ; that is, the lights and the shades,; in the true 
 laging whereof so many wonders are to be produc'd by this art, 
 even a certain splendor, and beauty in the touches of the burin, so 
 he very union and colouring it self may be conceiv'd without any 
 e upon the imagination, as we have before observed in these excel- 
 : gravings of Natalis, Rousselet, and Poilly, after Bourdon, and in 
 it Greuter, Blomart, and some others have done after Monsieur 
 issin, Guido Reni, Cortbna, &c. 
 
 5nt here, by the way, let no man think we mean by this color^e (as 
 ■f term it) in drawing and graving, such a position of the hatches 
 he Chevalier Wolsori has invented, and Pletro Santo the Jesuite has 
 3w'd, to distinguish their blazons by*: but a certain admirable 
 
 * Theatre d'honneur. Tessera Gentil, * 
 
324 
 
 eflFect emerging from the former union of lights and shadowes ; su( 
 the antients would expresse by tonus, or the Pythagoreans in 
 proportions, and imitated in this art, where the shades of the hal 
 intend and remit, to the best resembling of painting, the commisi 
 of the light and dark parts, imperceptibly united, or at least so sw 
 conducted, as that the alteration could no more certainly be de 
 then the semi-tones, or harmoge in musick, which though in 
 diflFering, yet it is so gentle and so agreeable, as even ravishes our s( 
 by a secret kind of charme not to be expressed in words, or disce 
 by the ignorant. And this it is which has rendered it so difficult to 
 after d6signes and painting, and to give the true heightnings w 
 there are no hatchings to express them, unless he that copies, d« 
 perfectly himself, and possess more then the ordinary talent and ju 
 ment of gravers, or can himself manage the pencil. 
 
 But to return to prints again. We are to understand, that wha 
 artists do many times call excellent does not alwayes signlfie tc 
 advantage of the graver ; but more freqiiently the design consistir 
 the lineaments, proportion and ordonance, if these be well a,nd mas 
 perform'd, and for which we have so recommended the practise of 
 art to our English painters in chap. iv. ; though to speak of an aci 
 plish'd piece indeed, it is the result of integral causes only, and w 
 they universally encounter. 
 
 We do farther add, that for this reason, copies are in prints n 
 more easily detected then in paintings, and by consequence more f 
 also to imitate, as using all one kind of instrument, and fewer w 
 of expression. But if there be a difficulty in it, those which are et 
 in aqua fortis make it most conspicuous; both because the natu 
 the plates, and quality of the waters, and their operations, may s( 
 times fall out to be so very unlike : but to discern an oriffinal 
 from a copy print (not to speak of such plates as have been retou 
 and therefore of little value) is a knack very easily attain'd ; bee 
 'tis almost impossible to imitate every hatch, and to make the stroa 
 exact and equal dimensions, where every the least defect or flaw ii 
 copper itself, is sufficient to detect and betray the imposture as in 
 little Vescentjrom the Cross of Annibale Caracci (already mention 
 
325 
 
 perspicuous, and which it were absolutely impossible to counterfeit. In 
 the mean time, such as are profound and well knowing, do establish 
 their judgments upon other particulars of the art, and the very handling 
 itself. 
 
 Lastly, that aqua fortis gives a tenderness to landskips, trees, and 
 buildings, superiour to that of the burlne (^though that exceed infinitely 
 in figures) may be seen in that of Israel's View of the Louvre, before 
 recited, and in some other works where there is an industrious and 
 studied mixture, as. in that second manner of Vosterman's, which did 
 so much please Rubens and Vandyke, even in the portraits which that 
 excellent graver published after those great mens paintings. 
 
 It was in the former chapter that we made rehearsal of the most 
 renowned gravers and their workes ; not that we had no more to add to 
 that number,' but because we would not mingle these illustrious names 
 and qualities there, which we purposely reserved for the crown of this 
 discourse, we did therefore forbear to mention of what his Highness 
 Prince Rupert's own hands have contributed to the dignity of that art ; 
 performing things in graving (of which some enrich our collection) 
 comparable to the greatest masters. Such a spirit and address there 
 appears in all that he touches, and especially in that of the mezzo 
 tinto, of which we shall speak hereafter more at large, having first 
 enumerated. those incomparable gravings of that his new and inimita- 
 ble stile, in both the great and little decollations of St. John the 
 JBaptist ; i\\e Souldier holding a spear and leaning his hand on a 
 shield; the two Mary Magdalens ; the Old Mans Head: that of 
 Titian, &c. after the same Titian, Georgione^ and others. We have 
 also seen a plate etched by the present French King, and other great 
 persons; the Right Honourable the Earl of Sandwich sometimes (as 
 we are told) diverting himself with the burine, and herein imitating 
 those antient and renown'd heroes, whose names are loud in the 
 trumpet of Fame for their skill and particular affection to these arts. 
 For such of old were Lucius Manilius, and Fabius, noble Romans : 
 Pacuvius the tra^ck poet, nephew to Ennius ; Socrates, the wisest of 
 men, and Plato himself. Metrodorus, and Pyrrhus the philosopher did 
 both design and paint j and so did Valentinian, Adrian, and Severus, 
 
326 
 
 Emperors : so as the great Paulus ^milius esteem'd it of such high'- 
 importance, that he would needs have his son to be instructed in it, as in 
 one of the most worthy and excellent accomplishments belonging to a 
 Prince. For the art of graving, Quintihan likewise celebrates Euphra- 
 nor, a polite and rarely endow'd person ; and Pliny, in that chapter 
 where he treats of the same art, observes, that there was never any one 
 famous in it, but who was by birth or education a gentleman : therefore 
 he and Galen in their recension of the liberal arts, mention that of 
 graving in particular amongst the most permanent; and in the same 
 catalogue numbers it with rhetorick, geometry, logic, astronomic, yea 
 grammar itself; because there is in these arts, say they, more of fancy 
 and invention then strength of hand ; more of the spirit then of the 
 body. Hence Aristotle * informes us that the Grecians did universally 
 institute their children in the art of painting and drawing, for an 
 oeconomique reason there signified, as well as to produce proportions in 
 the mind, Varro makes it part of the ladies education, that they might 
 have the better skill in the works of embroidery, &c. and for this caiise 
 is his daughter Martia celebrated amongst those of her fair sex. We 
 have already mentioned the learned Anna Schurman ; but the Princess 
 Louise -j" has done wonders of this kind, and is famous throughout 
 Europe for the many pieces which enrich our cabinets, examples suffici- 
 ent to vindicate its dignitv, and the value that has been set upon it; 
 since both emperours, kings ttnd philosophers, the great and the wise, 
 have not disdained to cultivate and cherish this honourable quality, of 
 old so nobly reputed, that amongst the Greeks, a slave might not be 
 taught it. How passionately does Pereskius, that admirable and univer- 
 sal genius, deplore his want of dexterity in this art ! Baptista Alberti, 
 Aldus, Pomponius Guaricus, Durer, and Rubens were politely learned 
 and knowing men : and it is hardly to be imagin'd of how great use 
 and conducible, a competent address in this art of drawing and designing 
 is to the several advantages which occur ; and especially to the more 
 noble mathematical sciences, as we have already instanced in the lunary 
 
 * Polit. 1. 8. c. 3. t Daughter of Frederic King of Bohemia, and niece to K. Charles I. " Her 
 paintings, " says Granger, " are highly esteemed by the curious ; not only for their rarity, but their 
 merit ; and are to be seen in foreign cabinets with the works of the greatest masters." 
 
327 
 
 IR'orks of Hevelius^ and are no less obliged to celebrate some of our own 
 countrymen famous for their dexterity in this incomparable art ; such 
 was that Blagrave, who himself cut those Diagramms in his Mathema- 
 tical Jewel; and such at present is that rare and early prodigy of uni- 
 versal science, Dr. Chr. Wren, our worthy and accomplish'd friend. 
 For, if the study of Eloquence and Rhetorick were cultivated by the 
 greatest genius's and heroic persons which the world has produc'd, and 
 that by the suflFrage of the most knowing, to be a perfect orator, a man 
 ought to be universally instructed, a quality so becoming and usefull 
 should never be neglected. Omnium enim jdrtium peritus erit Orator, 
 side Omnibus ei dicendum est.* He that would speak well upon all 
 subjects should be ignorant of none. It was Cicero that taught Quin- 
 tilian the importance of it, where he tells us that, in his opinion, no 
 man could pretend to be Omni laude cumulatus Orator,f a perfect and 
 accomplish'd orator indeed, nisi erit omnium rerum magnarum atque 
 jlrtium scientiam consecutus. It is the sentence of that great man; 
 and therefore to be embraced by us, especially on this occasion : because 
 it was immediately after he had expressly instanc'd in Ccelatura et 
 Sculptura, that of cutting and engraving ; for it is worth the observa- 
 tion, that the ages which did most excell in eloquence, did also flourish 
 most In these arts, as in the time of Demosthenes and the same Gicero. 
 and as they appear'd, so they commonly vanish'd together; and this 
 remark is universal. 
 
 But now for close of all, and toverifie the admirable use which may be 
 derlv'd from this incomparable art above the rest, let us hear what the 
 learned Abbot of Villeloin, Monsieur de MaroUes, has left upon record 
 in the Memoires of his own life, anno 1644, after he had made a very 
 handsome discourse (which we recommend to all good Roman Catho- 
 liques) concerning images, upon occasion of a superstitious frequenting 
 of a certain renowned shrine, pretended to have done miracles at Paris, 
 but was detected to be an imposture. The passage Is thus, 
 
 Dieu m'a fait la grace, &c. 
 
 " I am (saith he) greatly obliged to God, that though I have ever had 
 
 * Quint. Inst. 1. 2. ' t De Orat. 1. 
 
328 
 
 a singular aiFection to images, I was never in my life superstitious 
 have yet made a collection so prodigious, that they amount to no 
 than seventy thousand (he adds afterwards ten thousand more), 
 they are all copper-cuts and engravings of all sorts of subjects imagi 
 hie. I began to be addicted to this kind of curiosity -but sincethe y 
 1641 ; but have so cherish'd the humour, that I may truly affirm, wi 
 out the least exaggeration, that I have some prints of all the masi 
 that are any where to be found, as well Gra.vers as Designers and 
 ventors, to the number of above four hundred ; and these are rangec 
 books of Charts and Maps, Calligraphy, Architecture, Fortificati 
 TacticJcs, Sieges, Circuinvallations,,Sattails, Single- Combats, Na 
 Fights, Mai'itime Pieces, Landships, Townes, Castles, Seas, Rivi 
 Fountains, Vasas, Gardening, Flowers, JRuines,' Perspective, Clot 
 Watches, Machines, Goldsmiths TVdrTcs, Joyners, and Workers 
 Iron, Copper, Embroydering, Laces, Grotesque, Animals', Habits 
 several Countries, Anatomies, Pdrtraictures, Cartouches and Comp 
 timents, Antiques, Bas-relievos, Statues, Cataphalcos, Tombs,: M 
 taphss Funeral Pomps, Entries, Cavalcados, Devises, Medaills, J5 
 blems. Ships, Cabinet Pieces, Trees, Fruits, Stones, Dances, Corned 
 Bacchanalias, Huntings, Armories, Tournaments, Massacres, Egce 
 tions. Torments, Sports, Heroic and Moral Fables, Histories, Lives 
 Saints and Martyrs, Pieces of the Bible, Religious Orders, Thet 
 and above ten thousand Portraits of renowned persons ; without counti 
 (amongst these) above six score volumes of masters whose names 
 there enumerates alphabetically. This curiosity (says he); I affec 
 from my youth, but did not much cultivate till of late years, preferrin| 
 even before paintings themselves (for which yet'I have infinite esteer 
 not only for that they are more proportionable to my purse, but becai 
 they better become our libraries ; so that had we a dozeij only, tl 
 were curious of these collections in France, especially amongst pers( 
 of condition (such as Monsieur de I'Orme, the late Monsieur de la IV 
 chinier, &c. Taille-Douces would come -to be extraordinary rariti( 
 and the works of Lucas, Durer, Mark Antonio, and the polite mast 
 which are now sold at four or five hundred crownes a-piece, would 
 then valued at three times as much; a, thing incredible, did not exi 
 
329 
 
 rlence convince us of it. Those \vho are touch'd with this kind of affec- 
 tion hardly ever abandon it, so full of charmes, variety, and instruction 
 it is. Truly, methinks, that all Princes especially and great men 
 should be stored with these works, preferable to a world of other trifling 
 collections, and less fruitfuU, as comprehending so many considerable, 
 remarkable things, and notices of almost all sorts of subjects imaginable." 
 Thus far the learned Abbot. 
 
 But it leads us yet farther, when we seriously reflect how capable this 
 art is above all other whatsoever to insinuate all sorts of notions and 
 things into children, and be made an instrument of education superiour to 
 all those abstrjicted termes and secondary intentions ivherewith masters 
 commonly torment and weary their tender and weak capacities : and this 
 we have discover'd by much experience, and could here produce examples 
 beyond belief in a child at present not six years old, who does both 
 know and perfectly comprehend such things and actions as hardly any 
 at sixteen, some at twenty, have yet attained, who pursue the common 
 methods of our Grammar Schools, without these aids and advantages ; 
 for, since nihil est in intellectu, quod non prius fuit in sensu ; * and 
 that, as the Poet had well observ'd, 
 
 Segnius irritant animos demissa per Aurem 
 Quam quae sunt Oculis subjecta fidelibus.'f' 
 
 What can there be more likely to Inform and delight them, dum ani- 
 mus majora non capit, then the pictures and representations of those 
 things which they are to learn ? We did mention before the Hiero- 
 glyphical Grammar, published by Dr. Couvay ; and it is well known 
 how Ellhardus Lublnus, in an JEpistle to the Duke of Stetin, has cele- 
 brated and contrlv'd an Institution of youth by this art. Such as was also 
 the design of that prodigie of a man. La Martelay, who had already col- 
 lected and digested such a choice number of cuts, and so unlversall, as 
 by which he more then pretended (for he really effected it) to tedch all 
 the sciences by them alone, and that with as much certitude, and infi- 
 nitely more expedition, then by the most accurate method that was ever 
 yet produced. What a specimen of this, Jo. Amos. Commenlus, in his 
 
 * Aristotle. + Horat, Ars. Poet. 1. 180. 
 
 2 u 
 
330 
 
 Orbis sensualium pictus, gives us in a nomenclator of all the funda- 
 mental things and actions of men in the whole world, is publick ; and I 
 do boldly afiBrm it to be a piece of such excellent use, as that the like was 
 never extant, however it comes not yet to be perceived. A thousand 
 pitties it is, that in the edition published by Mr. Hoole, the cuts were so 
 wretchedly engraven. I do therefore heartily wish that this might ex- 
 cite some gallant and publick minded person to augment and proceed 
 farther upon that most usefull design, vl'hich yet comes greatly short of 
 the perfection it is capable of, were some additions made, and the prints 
 reformed and improved to the utmost by the skillfull hand of some rare 
 artist. In the mean time, what a treasury of excellent things might by this 
 expedient be conveyed and impressed into the waxen tables and imagina- 
 tions of children ; seeing there is nothing more preposterous then to force 
 those things into the ear which are visible and the proper objects of the eye; 
 for picture is a kind of universal language, how diverse soever jthe tongues 
 and vocal expressions of the several nations which speak them may appear. 
 Solet enim pictura tacens loqui, maximeque prodesse, as Nazianzen has it. 
 So as, if ever, by this is that long sought for art most likely to be accom- 
 pllsh'd. Nor can any words whatever hope to reach those descriptions 
 which, in a numberlesse sort of things, picture does immediately, and as it 
 were at one glance, interpret to the meanest of capacities. For instance, in 
 our Herbals, books oi Insects, Mirds, JBeasts, Fishes, JBuildings, Monu- 
 ments, and the rest which make up the cycle of the learned Abbot, 
 some of them haply never seen before, or so much as heard of, as Julian 
 does upon occasion ingenuously acknowledge. And what do we find 
 more in request amongst the antient, then the images of their heros and 
 and illustrious predecessors ? such as Atticus and Marcus Varro col- 
 lected ; all which consider'd, we do not doubt to affirm, that by the 
 application of this art alone, not only children, but even striplings well 
 advanced in age, might receive incredible advantages, preparatory, to 
 their entrance into the schoole intellectual, by an universal and choice 
 collection of prints and cuts well design'd, engraven, and dispos'd, much 
 after the manner and method of the above-nam'd Villeloin, which should 
 contain, as it were, a kind of Encyclopaedia of all intelligible and me- 
 morable things that either are or have ever been in rerum Natura. It 
 
331 
 
 is not to be conceived of what advantage this would prove for the in- 
 stitution of Princes and noble persons, who are not to be treated with 
 the ruder difficulties of the vulgar Grammar Schooles only, and abstruser 
 notions of things in the rest of the sciences, without these auxiliaries ; 
 but to be allur'd and courted into knowledge and the love of it, by all 
 such subsidiaries and helps as may best represent it to them in picture, 
 nomenclator, and the most pleasing descriptions of sensual objects, 
 which naturally slide into their fluid and tender apprehensions, speedily 
 possessing their memories, and with infinite delight preparing them for 
 the more profound and solid studies. 
 
 Seneca, indeed, seems to refuse the graphical sciences those advan- 
 tages which others of the philosophers have given to them amongst the 
 most liberal, as reckoning them somewhat too voluptuary for his stoical 
 humour ; yet did Socrates learn this very art of carving of his father ; 
 Diogenes drew the picture of Plato ; and the orator Messalla commends 
 it most highly. But what more concernes our present instance is, that 
 it was by the approbation of the great Augustus himself, that Q. Podius 
 the mute should be diligently taught it. We could tell you of a person 
 of good birth in England, who (labouring under the same imperfection) 
 does express many of his conceptions by this art of drawing and design- 
 ing. And if (as 'tis observ'd)~ it furnish us with maximes to discern of 
 general defects and vices, especially in what relates to the proportions of 
 human bodies, it is certainly not to be esteemed so inconsiderable as by 
 many it is. Polygnotus could express the passions, and Aristides the 
 very interiour motions of the soul, if we will believe what is recorded. 
 But whether it advance to that prerogative, this we read of for certain 
 (as to our pretence for the education of children), that when L. Paulus 
 demanded of the conquered Athenians a philosopher to instruct his little 
 ones, they prefer'd one Metrodorus, an excellent painter, before any of 
 the rest. What Quintillan sayes of Euphranor is sufficiently known ; 
 and if some great Princes have not disdain'd to take the pencil in the 
 same hand in which they sway'd the scepter and the sword, and that the 
 knowledge of this divine art was usefull even to the preservation of the 
 life of an Emperor* (for such was that Constantinus Porphyrogenitus), it 
 
 * Xiuitpraadi. Rerum Gest. per Europ. 
 
332 
 
 is not without examples sufficient to support the dignity of these arts, 
 that we have with so much zeal recommended them to Princes and illus- 
 trious persons. 
 
 And now we have but one thing more to add before we conclude this 
 Chapter, and it is for caution to those who shall make these collections 
 for curiosity and ornament only ; that where we have said all that we 
 can of this or any other particular art, which may recommend it to the 
 favour and endearment of great persons, our intention is not that it 
 should so far engage them in its pursuit as to take from the nobler 
 parts of life, for which there are more sublime and worthy objects; but 
 that, with this (as with the rest which are commendable, innocent, and 
 excellent company) they would fill up all such spaces and opportuni- 
 ties as too often lye open, expose, and betray them to mean comply- 
 ances, and lesse significant diversions ; for these was Aratus a great 
 collector, nor less knowing in the judgement of pictures ; so was Vindex 
 and many others. 
 
 Namque haec quoties Chelyn exuit ille 
 
 Desidia est, hie Aoniis amor avocat antris *. 
 
 He allowes himself these relaxations only when he is tyred with the 
 more weighty affairs and concernments : finally, that they would uni- 
 versally contend to do some great thing, as who should most merit of 
 the sciences, by setting their hands to the promotement of experimen- 
 tal and usefuU knowledge, for the universal benefit and good of man- 
 kind. ' 
 
 This, this alone, would render them, deservedly honorable indeed ; 
 and add a lustre to their memories beyond that of their painted titles, 
 which (without some solid virtue) render but their defects the more 
 conspicuous to those who know how to make a right estimate of things, 
 and, by whose tongues and pens only their trophies and elogies can 
 ever hope to surmount and out-last the vicissitudes of fortune. 
 
 * Statius, Hercules Epitrapezios Nonii Vindicis, 1. 30. 
 
• --»;>. ■ S'^s\3^ -"""':'■ ■■'■.'---v.;. 
 
 •IF 
 
Mm. VI 
 
 
 ':^5VlJKTl|t-. 
 
 
 :.tl k. 
 
 
 it^Wi, 
 
 :'^ aa:i fisepst ^l«i^;n' . .t. platts) . A<>u?u ^ Jiere Ae fe^-M ■.■ 
 Mc, and the most ex|>cdittotis ^ that. o« ui*- :.,ti»ter|, 'ifcv r^rb^- 
 : He Jft this tlif^ most h-horicya^, and ;,et perfem*d x^lth the | .-:;-" •■. ^ 
 r' f 4liat„ wlirit appears to_l>e effected with m little cioto^sjy ^h<M4 
 aoj^tti^* rcsi'mb'.. - ■{>£, !^ gejia-^ily esteem 'd ifet v*^av t,'.:.ftu:*t: 
 
 '*^'*» **' ,,--*.. ■,■, .;'-..;4|, »*rt»<*. -|ll«|»rt s-'he^''d I*'; -V^ij •■■,^ tfwat-vsiftt,* .- ,■„ 
 
333 
 
 CHAP. VI. 
 
 OF THE NEW WAY OP ENGRAVING, OR MEZZO TINTO,* INVENTED, AND 
 COMMUNICATED BY HIS HIGHNESSE PRINCE RUPERT, COUNT PALA- 
 TINE OF RHYNE, &C. 
 
 We have already advertis'd the Reader in one of our prseliminaries, 
 why we did omit what had been by us prepar'd for the accomplishment 
 of the more mechanical part of the Chalcographical art ; but it was 
 not out of the least design to abuse him in the title at the frontispiece &f 
 this History ; since we believed he would most readily commute for the 
 defect of a mystery so vulgar, to be gratified with another altogether 
 rare, extraordinary, universally approv'd of, admired by all which have 
 consider'd the eflFects of it, and, which (as yet) has |by none been ever 
 published; 
 
 Nor may I without extraordinary ingratitude conceal that illustrious 
 name which did communicate it to me, nor the obligation which the 
 curious have to that heroic person whp was pleas'd to impart it to the 
 world, though by so incompetent and unworthy an instrument. 
 
 It would appear a paradox to discourse to you of a graving without a 
 graver, burin, point, or aqua-fortis ; and yet is this perform'd without 
 the assistance of either : that what gives our most perite and dextrous 
 artists the greatest trouble, and is longest finishing (for such are the 
 hatches and deepest shadowes in plates), should be here the least con- 
 siderable, and the most expeditious ; that, on the contrary, the lights 
 should be in this the most laboriou?, and yet perform'd with the greatest 
 facility ; that what appears to be effected with so little curiosity should 
 yet so accurately resemble what is generally esteem'd the very greatest; 
 
 * \3th March, 1661,— This afternoon Prince Rupert shew'd me with his owne hands ye new 
 way of graving, call'd Mexzo Tinto, which afterwards, by his permission, I published in my His- 
 tory of Chalcography, This set so many artists on worlie, that they soone arriv'd at yt perfection 
 it is since come to, emulating the tenderest miniatures.— Memoirs, vol, I, p, 318. 
 
334 
 
 viz. that a print should emulate even the best of drawings, chiaro 
 oscuro, or (as the Italians term it) pieces of the Mezzo Tinto, so as 
 nothing either of Vago da Carpi, or any of those other masters who 
 pursu'd his attempt, and whose works we have already celebrated, have 
 exceeded, or indeed approach'd; especially, for that of portraits, figures, 
 tender landskips, and history, &c. to which it seems most appropriate 
 and applicable *. 
 
 This obligation, then, we have to his Highness Prince Rupert, Count 
 Palatine of Rhine, &c. who has been pleas'd to cause the instruments 
 to be expressly fitted, to shew me with his own hands f how to manage 
 and conduct them on the plate, that it might produce the effects I have 
 so much magnified and am here ready to shew the world, in a piece of 
 his own illustrious touching, which he was pleas'd to honour this work 
 withall, not as a venal addition to the price of the book (though for 
 which alone it is most valuable), but a particular grace, as a specimen 
 of what we have alledged, and to adorn this present Chapter. 
 
 It is likewise to be acknowledged, that his Highness did indulge me 
 the liberty of publishing the whole manner and address of this new 
 way of engraving with a freedome perfectly generous and obliging; 
 but, when 1 had well consider'd it (so much having been already ex- 
 pressed which may suffice to give the hint to all ingenious persons how 
 it is to be perform'd), I did not think it necessary that an art so curious, 
 and (as yet) so little vulgar (and which indeed does not succeed where 
 the workman is not an accomplished designer, and has competent talent 
 in painting likewise,) was to be prostituted at so cheap a rate as the 
 more naked describing of it here would too soon have expos'd it to. 
 
 Upon these considerations then it is that we leave it thus senigma- 
 tical ; and yet that this may appear no dissiugenous rodomontade in me, 
 
 * [This art, since the publishing of this (first) edition, is arrived to the utmost curiosity and 
 accurateness even of the rarest miniatures, in black and white, and takes in all subjects. The only 
 defect is, that the plates last not so long under the roUing-press.] 
 
 t [MoNiER, a painter of the French King's, has published the History of Painting, Sculpture, 
 Architecture, and Graving, in three books ; which is translated into English, and printed in London 
 1699. In the last Chapter of the third Book, c. 22, he treats of Taille-iouce, but little which is 
 not already in mine.] 
 
335 
 
 or invidious excuse, I profess my self to be alwayes most ready (sub 
 sigillo, and by his Highnesse's permission) to gratifie any curious and 
 worthy person with as full and perfect a demonstration of the entire art 
 as my talent and addresse will reach to if what I am now preparing 
 to be reserv'd in the Archives of the Royal Society concerning it, be not 
 sufficiently instructive. 
 
 AN ADVERTISEMENT. 
 
 Theke is a Treatise of Monsieur du Bosse in French, concerning 
 etching in aqua-fortis, construction of the rolling press, &c. which 
 (with some improvement of the method) I did long since interpret and 
 deliver to the Royal Society, in obedience to their commands : it was 
 my intention to have added it to this History of mine, as what would 
 have render'd it a more accomplish'd piece ; but, understanding it to 
 be also the design of Mr. Faithorn, who had (it seems) translated the 
 first part of it, and is himself by profession a Graver, and an excellent 
 Artist ; that I might neither anticipate the world's expectation, nor 
 the workman's pains, to their prejudice, I desisted from printing my 
 copy, and subjoyning it to this discourse. In the mean time it is to 
 be acknowledged, that the Author thereof has discover'd his skill so 
 honestly and intlrely, that there seems nothing more desirable as to 
 that particular ; and I could wish, with all my heart, that more of our 
 workmen would (in imitation of his laudable example) impart to us 
 what they know of their several trades and manufactures with as much 
 candor and integrity as Monsieur Bosse has done. For what could so 
 much conduce to their profit and emolument ? when their several mys- 
 
336 
 
 s being subjected to the most accurate inspection and examen of 
 more polite and enquiring spirits, they should return to their Au- 
 s again so greatly refin'd and improved, and when (through this 
 ns also) Philosophy her self might hope to attain so considerable a 
 jress towards her ultimate perfection. 
 
THE 
 
 EPISTLES DEDICATORY 
 
 PREFIXED TO THE TRANSLATION OF THE 
 
 PARALLEL, 
 
 BETWEEN 
 
 ANTIENT AND MODERN ARCHITECTURE," 
 
 ORIGINALLY WRITTEN IN FKENCH, 
 
 BY ROLAND FREART, SIEUR DE CHAMBRAY. 
 
 First Printed in English in 1664.' Folio. 
 
 2 X 
 
339 
 
 TO THE MOST SERENE MAJESTY OF 
 
 CHARLES THE SECOND.* 
 
 Since the great Augustus vouchsafed to patronize a Work of this 
 nature which was dedicated to him by Vitruvius, I had no reason to 
 apprehend your Majesty would reprove these addresses of mine, if, in 
 presenting you with those Antiquities on which that excellent master 
 fprm'd his studies, I intituled your Majesty to a Work so little inferiour 
 to it, and so worthy to go in pai-agon with it. And indeed to whom 
 could I more aptly inscribe it, a Discourse upon Building; than to so 
 Royal a Builder, whose august attempts have already given so great a 
 splendor to our imperial city, and so illustrious an example to the nation ? 
 It is from this contemplation. Sir, that after I had (by the commands 
 of the Royal Society) endeavour'd the Improvement of Timber and 
 the Planting of Trees, I have advanced to that of Building, as its proper 
 and natural consequent. Not with a presumption to incite or instruct 
 your Majesty, which were a vanity unpardonable ; but by it to take 
 occasion of celebrating your Majesties great example, who use your 
 empire and authority so vi^orthily, as Fortune seems to have consulted 
 hier reason when she poured her favours upon you ; so as I never cast 
 ray eyes on that generous designation in the Epigram,f 
 
 ■ Ut donem. Pastor, et aedificem. 
 
 without immediate reflections on your Majesty, who seems only to value 
 those royal advantages you have above others, but that you may oblige. 
 
 * 26 Oct. 1664. " Being casually in the privy gallery at Whitehall, his Majesty gave me thanks 
 
 before divers lords and noblemen for my Book of Architecture, and again for my Sylva, saying 
 
 they were the best design'd and useful for the matter and subject, ye best printed and designed 
 
 (meaning the taille-douces of the Paralel of Architecture) that he had scene." 
 
 Memoirs, vol. i. p, 353. 
 t Credis ab hoc me. Pastor, opes fortasse rogare. 
 
 Propter quod vulgus, crassaque turba rogat ? &c. 
 Est nihil ex istis : superos, ac sidera testor. 
 Ergo quid ? Ut donem. Pastor, et aedificem. 
 
 Mart. Ep. Lib. 9.— xxiii. 
 
340 
 
 and that you may build. And certainly, Sir, your Majesty has con- 
 sulted the noblest way of establishing your greatness, and of perpetuat- 
 ing your memory ; since, whilst stones can preserve inscriptions, your 
 name will be famous to posterity ; and when those materials fail, thie 
 benefits that are engraven on our hearts will outlast those of marble. 
 It would be no paradox, but a truth, to affirm, that your Majesty has 
 already built and repair'd more in three or four years (notwithstanding 
 the difficulties, and the necessi-ty of an extraordinary oeconomy for the 
 publick concernment,) than all your enemies have destroyed in twenty ; 
 nay than all your Majesties predecessors have advanc'd in an hundred, 
 as I can easily make Out, not only by what your Majesty has so magni- 
 ficently designed and carried on at your antient honour of Greenwich, 
 under the conduct of your most industrious and worthy Surveyor, but in 
 those splendid apartments, and other useful reformations for security 
 and delight, about your Majesties Palace at White-Hall; the chargeable 
 covering, first paving, and reformation of Westminster-Hall ; care and 
 preparation for St. Paul's, by the impiety and iniquity of the late confu- 
 sions almost dilapidated ; with what her Majesty the Queen Mother has 
 added to her Palace at Somerset-House, in a structure becoming her 
 royal grandeur, and the due veneration of all your Majesties subjects for 
 the honour she has done both this your native city and the whole nation. 
 Nor may I here omit (what I so much desire to transmit to posterity) 
 those noble and profitable amsenities of your Majesties Plantations, 
 wherein you most resemble the Divine Architect, because your Majesty 
 has proposed in it such a pattern to your subjects as merit their imitation 
 and profoundest acknowledgements, in one of the most worthy and 
 kingly improvements that nature is capable of. I know not what they 
 talk of former ages, and of the now contemporary Princes with your 
 Majesty : these things are visible ; and should 1 here descend to more 
 particulars, which yet were not foreign to the subject of this discourse, 
 I would provoke the whole world to produce me an exampje parallel 
 with your Majesty, for your exact judgment and marvellous ability in 
 all that belongs to the Naval Architecture, both as to its proper terms 
 and more solid use ; in which your Majesty is master of one of the most 
 noble and profitable arts that can be wished in a Prince, to whom God 
 
341 
 
 has designed the dominion of the Ocisati, which rendefs your Majesties 
 empire universal ; when by exercising your royal talent and knowledge 
 that wayi you can bring even the Antipodes to ' meet, and the Poles to 
 kiss each other; for so likewise (not in a metaphorical but natural 
 sense) yoar equal and prudent government of this nation has made it 
 good, whilst your Majesty has so prosperously guided this giddy bark 
 thn)ugh such a storm, as no hand save your Majesties could touch the 
 helm, but at the price of their temerity. But to return to that of Archi- 
 tecture again (for it is hard not to slide into the panegyrick when once 
 one begins to speak of your Majesty), I am witness not only how perti- 
 nently you discourse of tbe art, but how judiciously you contrive ; and 
 as in all other princely and magnificent things your notices are extraor- 
 dinary, so I cannot but augure of their effects, and that your Majesty 
 was designed of God for a blessing to this nation in all that can render 
 it happy, if we can have the grace but to discern it, and be thankful for it. 
 This is. Sir, the glorious idea which I have conceiv'd of your Serene 
 Majesty, and which I propose for as emulous an example as any age has 
 hitherto produc'd ; nor can there any thing be added more but that 
 permanency which the rest of your virtues do promise us. If such 
 were those glorious heros of old, who first brought men out of wilder- 
 nesses into walled and well-built cities, that chased barbarity, intro- 
 duced civility, gave laws to Republicks, and to whose rare examples and 
 industry we are accomptable for all that we possess of usefuU in the 
 arts, and that we enjoy of benefit to the Publick : how much cause 
 have we in these nations to rejoyce, that whilst your Majesty pursues 
 these laudable undertakings, that race of demy-gods is not altogether 
 extinct ! And if, after the support of Religion and the establishment of 
 Laws, the perfection of Sciences be the next in order to the well-being 
 of a State, this of Architecture (as one of the most beneficial and useful 
 to mankind) owes her renascency amongst us to your Majesties encou- 
 ragements, and to as many of those illustrious persons as by their large 
 and magnificent structures transcribe your royal example ; in parti- 
 cular, my Lord High Chancellor of England,* my Lord High Trea- 
 
 ■ * Sir Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon : alluding to his splendid mansion, which he erected 
 on the spot where Albemarle-street is now built, and which was taken down in 16S3. — See 
 Evelyn's Diary, 4to. vol. i. p. 380, 519, *c. 
 
342 
 
 surer*, and my Lord the Earl of St. Albansf, whose memories deser 
 this consecration. 
 
 I have now but one thing more to speak, Sir, and that is for the r 
 putation of the Piece I present to your Serene Majesty. It is indeed 
 translation, but it is withal the marrow and very substance of no le 
 than ten judicious]authors, (viz. Palladio, Scamozzi, Serlio,.Vignola, 1 
 Barbaro, Catanco, L. B. Alberti, Viola, Bullant, and De Lorme ;) ai 
 of almost twice as many the most noble Antiquities now extant up< 
 the bosom of the earth ; 'twere else a difficult province to conceive ho 
 one should entertain your Majesty without a spirit and a subject wort! 
 your application. There is something yet of addition to it, which is ne\ 
 and of mine own, the defects whereof do supplicate your Majesty's pa 
 don ; to say nothing of the difficulty of rendering a Work of this natu 
 intelligible to the vulgar, and not unworthy the stile of a gentlemai 
 seeing it is not the talent of every one who understands the languag 
 unless he also understand the art. But these may seem to defer to n; 
 own glory, which is conspicuous in nothing so much as in laying it i 
 your Majesty's feet, and the permission of that sacred name to protec 
 Sir, your Majesties ever loyal, most obedient, and faithful subject, 
 
 . , J. EVELY] 
 
 Sai/s-Court, 20 Aug. 1664. 
 
 * Thomas Wriothesley, Earl of Southampton, who was at this time (1664) building a nob 
 house in Bloomsbury, which was afterwards called Bedford-House, and taken down in 1800. — S 
 Diary, vol. i. p..355. 
 
 f Henry Jermyn, Earl of St. Albans, had a house where Jermyn and St. Albans streets nc 
 stand. St. James's Church is likewise erected on part of the ground belonging to it. 
 
343 
 
 SECOND DEDICATION ATTACHED TO THE SAME WORK. 
 
 TO SIR JOHN DENHAM, 
 
 KNIGHT OF THE HONOUBABLE OKDER OF THE BATH, SUPERINTENDANT AND 
 SURVEYOR OF HIS MAJESTIES BUILDINGS AND WORKS. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 It is now some ten years since, that to gratifie a friend of mine in 
 the country, I began to interpret this " Parallel" (which I think I first 
 brought out of France) ; but other things intervening it was laid £iside, 
 and had so continued without thought of re-assumption, had not the 
 passion of my worthy friend, Mr. Hugh May *, to oblige the publick, 
 and in commiseration of the few assistances which our workmen have 
 of this nature (compared to what are> extant in other countries) found 
 out an expedient, and by procuring a most accurate edition of the 
 plates, encourage me to finish what I had begun ; and to^make a will- 
 ing present of my labour, and of whatever else I was able to contribute 
 to so generous a design. 
 
 Sir, I am not to instruct you in the merits and use of this excellent" 
 piece ; but it is from your approbation and particular influence, that our 
 workmen ought to esteem it, and believe me too when I aflBrm it, that 
 the ten authors in this assembly, which compose both so many, and 
 (for not being vulgar) unintelligible volume, will neither afford them 
 so full instructions in the art, nor so well inable them to judge and pro- 
 nounce concerning the true rules and maxims of it, as this one little 
 but incomparable collection. You well know, that all the mischiefs 
 and absurdities in the modern structures proceed chiefly from our busie 
 and Gothick .triflings in the composition of the Five Orders ; and that 
 an able workman, who is master of his art, and has a true relish in- 
 deed, carries on all his undertakings with applause and satisfaction : 
 
 » Architect, and afterwards one of the Commissioners for repairing St. Paul's Church, previously 
 to the great fire. — See Diary, vol. i. p. 371. 
 
344 
 
 that there is not, in the whole catalogue of authors who have wril 
 on this subject, a more safe, expedite, and perfect guide than 
 " Parallel ;" where, from the noblest remains of antiquity accura 
 measur'd and perspicuously demonstrated, the rules are laid down ; 
 from a solid, judicious, and mature comparison of modern examp 
 their errours are detected ; so that were but a little more pains ta 
 by our young architects and their subsidiaries, about the easier prii 
 pies of geometry, the rudiments of perspective, and a ready address 
 well designing, we might, by the conversation of this Author al( 
 promise our country, and the age to come, a miraculous improveir 
 of their buildings in a short time. Nor would this be in the leas< 
 the augmentation of their expenses ; since there is nothing costs dea 
 and displeases more, than our undigested contrivances, and those 
 tollerable defects which we have enumerated. It is from the asymi 
 try of our buildings, want of decorum and proportion in our hou 
 that the irregularity of our humours and affections may be shrew 
 discerned : but it is from his Majesties great genius, and the choice 
 has made of such an instrument, that we may hope to see it all 
 form'd ; it being in so worthy an imitation of that magnificent Empe 
 that, touch'd with the like indignation at the encroachments and de 
 mities of the publick edifices and ways, caused a like reformation a] 
 so as we may now affirme of London, as the poet once of Rome, 
 Nunc Roma est, nuper magna taberna fuit * j' 
 
 * Abstulerat totam. temfirarius iustitor urbem, 
 Inque suo nullum limine limen erat. 
 Jussisti tenues, Germanice, crescere vicos j 
 
 £t modo quae fuerat semita, facta via est. 
 Nulla catenatis pila est praecincta lagenis ; 
 
 Nee Praetor medio cogitur ire luto. 
 Stringitur in deusa nee caeca novacula turba: 
 
 Occupat aut totas nigra popina vias. 
 Tonsor, CaupOj Coquus, Lanius sua limina servant. 
 Nunc Roma est, nuper magna taberna fuit. 
 
 Mart. lib. vii. epig. 61. 
 The particulars of that reformation in Rome so njuch resemble what his Majesty has 
 manded for the cleansing and enlarging the streets, the demolition of bulks, and other obst 
 that the whole epigram merits the application. 
 
345 
 
 that it now begins to have the face of a City indeed. And truly it is 
 an imprbvemient so extraordinary which it has receiv'd since his Ma- 
 jesties gracious influence upon it, that should: I have been silent in his 
 praises, I might justly apprehend mox lapides cldmaturos, that the very 
 stones would cry out and become vocal ; but neither here must I forget 
 what is alone due to you Sir, for the reformation of a thousand defor- 
 mities in the streets, as by your introducing that incomparable form of 
 paving, to an incredible advantage of the publick ; when that which is 
 begun in Holbourn shall become universal, for the saving of wheels 
 and carriages, the cure of noysom gutters, the destruction of encounters, 
 the dispatch of business, the cleanness of the way, the beauty of the 
 object, the ease of the infirm, and the preserving of both the mother 
 and the babe ; so many of the fair-sex and their oif-spring having 
 perished by mischances ("as I am credibly inform'd) from the rugged- 
 ness of the unequal streets, &c *. 
 
 But I know not. Sir, how these instances may be relished and valu'd 
 amongst the vulgar, nor am I much solicitous ; sure I am, that more 
 has been done for the ornament and benefit of the publick in two years 
 time that your self, with the commissioners who undertook the inspec- 
 tion, have acted, then in five hundred before. They" were not a foolish 
 or impolitick people, who from the very principles of humanity destin'd 
 for the ease of their subjects so many spacious ways, cool fountains, 
 shady walks, refreshing gardens, and places of publick recreation, as 
 well as stately temples, and Giurts of Justice, that religion and the 
 laws might be published with the more pomp and veneration ; and if 
 his Majesty, with your pains and industry, hath contributed to some- 
 thing of all this, it is that for which the whole nation becomes obliged ; 
 as the promoting of such publick and useful works (and especially that 
 of building), a certain indication of a prudent government, of a flourish- 
 ing and happy people : so that if there remain but one thing more to 
 be desired in order to the consummation of its perfect felicity, how in- 
 finitely were it to be wished, that whilst the beauty and benefit of the 
 city increased in one part, the deformity and apparent ruin of it might 
 
 * These directions were printed two years- before the conflagration. 
 
 2y 
 
346 
 
 cease on the other ; but this we are to hope for when, to bring this 
 monstrous body into shape, and scatter these ungovernable enormities, 
 either the restraint of building irregularly shall polish the suburbs, or 
 (which I rather could wish) some royal purchase contract and demolish 
 them. But, Sir, I have done, and I know you will pardon this zeal, 
 and accept of this expression of my profound respects from, 
 
 Sir, 
 
 Your most humble Servant, 
 
 J. Evelyn. 
 
347 
 
 AMICO OPTIMO ET CHARISSIMO 
 
 JOHANNI EVELYN O, Armig. 
 
 E. SOCIET. KEGALI LOND. ETC. 
 
 JO. BEALE, S.P.D. 
 
 IN ARCHITECTURAM AB IPSO ANGLICE REDDITAM ET GRAPHICE EXORNATAM. 
 
 Sic, ubi de Coelo quondam primordia rerum 
 
 Effulsere, chaos discutiente Deo, 
 Hortus erat primus : tunc tecta, et moenia, et urbes : 
 
 Tandem et Pyramidum nobile surgit opus. 
 His aliquis molenj subjungit: in aere pendet 
 
 Hortus ; et unde venit, quaerere jure licet. 
 Nee satis est vitam ducamus in arce beatam 
 
 Qualem agit aetherea Juppiter ipse domo ; 
 Sed talis superesse juvat post funera longa, 
 
 (Quamvis hie cineres urnula parva capit) 
 Mausolaea ex in coelos tactura sepulchra 
 
 Inscriptum Herois nomen ad astra vehunt. 
 Stat quoque, si.favit victoria, grande tropoeura ; 
 
 A-ttoU^nsque apicem tunc obeliscus ovat. 
 Mox spirare trucem poteris jurare colossum, 
 
 Sic movet, ut trepidant, et mihi membra labent. 
 Sunt quibus excidium laudi est, et lata ruina ; 
 
 Atqui exornandi gratia major erit. 
 Parcite mortales, famam prohibete Nepotes j 
 
 Ni scelus in causa deteriore cadit. 
 Sunt quoque Taenariis quibus est sufFulta columnis 
 
 Alta et larga nimis, sed minus apta domus : 
 Sumptibus Mc turgent operosa palatia vanis ; 
 
 Materia exsuperat ; splendor, et ordo deest. 
 Ecce Avibus nidos, Apibus compingere cordi est, 
 
 Pastor Aristeus quos stupet ipse, favos. 
 
348 
 
 Aurea sic textrix subter laquearia Arachne 
 
 Divini artificis provocat ingenium. 
 Hospitium sibi quxque parant animalcula gratutn ; 
 
 Solus homo impensis plectitur ipse suis. 
 Machina quid praestet Thuscis tractanda peritis, 
 
 Angligeriae ut discant, dare Evelyne, facis. 
 Nee tantum debent Volsaeo pristina saecla, 
 
 Quantum debebunt posterioratibi. 
 Creditur AmphioH; molimina saxea quondam 
 
 Thebarum in muros concinuisse Lyra : 
 Tu Saxa et Silvas (nam sic decet Qrphea) plectro 
 
 Aurato in Regnum Tecta coire doces. 
 
AN 
 
 ACCOUNT 
 
 OF 
 
 CHITECTS AND ARCHITECTURE; 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 ,N HISTORICAL, ETYMOLOGICAL EXPLANATION OF CERTAIN TERMS, 
 
 J^acticularl!? affected bp arcijitectsJ. 
 
 MUCH INLAUGD AND IMPROV D SINCE THE FORMER IMPRESSION. 
 
 By JOHN EVELYN, Esq. 
 
 FELLOW OF THE KOYAL SOCIETY. 
 
351 
 
 To my most honoured Friend, Sir Christopher Wren, Kt. 
 
 Surveyor of His Majesties Buildings and Works. 
 Sir, 
 
 That I take the boldness to adorn this little work with the name c 
 the Master of the Works (whose patronage alone can give it reputa 
 tion) I have no excuse for, but an ambition of publickly declaring th 
 great esteem I have ever had of your virtues and accomplishments, no 
 only in the art of building, but thro' all the learned cycle of the mos 
 usefull knowledge and abstruser sciences, as well as of the most polit 
 and shining, all which is so justly to be allow'd you, that you nee 
 no panegyric or other history to eternize them, than the greatest cit 
 of the universe, which you have rebuilt and beautified, and are stil 
 improving ; witness the Churches, the Royal Courts, Stately Halls 
 Magazines, Palaces, and other public structures; besides what yoi 
 have built of great and magnificent in both the Universities, at Chelsey 
 and in the country; and are now advancing of the Royal Marim 
 Hospital at Greenwich, &c. AH of them so many- trophies of you 
 skill and industry, and conducted with that success, that if the who! 
 art of building were lost, it might be recover'd and found again in St 
 Pauls, the Historical Pillar, and those other monuments of your happ^ 
 talent and extraordinary genius. 
 
 I have named St. Pauls, and truly not without admiration, as oft a 
 I recall to mind (as frequently I do) the sad and deplorable condition i 
 was in, when (after it had been made a stable of horses and a den o 
 thieves) you, with other gentlemen, and myself, were by the iat< 
 King Charles nam'd Commissioners to survey the dilapidations, and t( 
 make report to his Majesty, in order to a speedy reparation. You wil 
 not I am sure, forget the struggle we had with some who were fo; 
 patching it up any how, (so the Steeple might stand) instead of nev 
 building, which it altogether needed ; when (to put an end to thi 
 contest) five days after, that dreadful conflagration happen'd * out o 
 
 *See Diary, 27 Aug; and 2 Sept. 1666. 
 
352 
 
 whose ashes this Phoenix is risen, and was by providence design'd for 
 you : the circumstance is too remarkable, that I could not pass it over 
 without notice. I will now add do more, but beg your pardon for this 
 confidence of mine ; after I have acquainted you, that the Parallel (to 
 which this was annex'd) being out of print, I was importun'd by the 
 book-seller, to add something to a new impression, but to which I was 
 no way inclin'd, till not long since, going to St. Pauls, to contemplate 
 that august pile and the progress you have made, some of your chief 
 workmen gratefully acknowledging the assistance it had afforded'them ; 
 I took this opportunity of doing myself this honour, who am. 
 
 Sir, 
 Wotton, 21 Feb. 1696-7. Your most humble Servant, 
 
 J. JEvELYlf. 
 
353 
 
 TO THE READER. 
 
 The author of the " Parallel of the Ancient Architecture with the 
 Modern" (which many years since I made English) had at the end of his 
 Treatise begun to explain a few of the hard words, technical terms be- 
 longing to the art, the etymologies whereof he thought necessary to 
 interpret ; and, as I said, they are but a few indeed, compared to those 
 which remain, about a dozen at the most ; nor was it necessary he 
 should exceed that number, in a country where workmen are generally 
 more intelligent in the proper expressions of the terms of the arts unto 
 which they addict themselves, than ours for the most part are ; and 
 therefore, if, waving the formal translation of that page (for it exceeds 
 very little more), I have, in lieu thereof, considerably enlarg'd upon this 
 occasion by a more finish'd and compleat enumeration of the several 
 parts and members of the orders, as they gradually succeed orie another 
 in work, illustrated with more full and exact definitions (than by any 
 has yet been attempted for the benefit of our countrymen), I hope my 
 adventure may find both pardon and acceptance. Nor let any man 
 imagine we do at all obscure this design by adorning it with now and 
 then a refin'd and philological research ; since, whilst I seek to gratify 
 the politer students of this magnificent art, I am not in the least dis- 
 dainful of the lowest condescentions to the capacities of the most vulgar 
 understandings ; as far at least as the defects and narrowness of our 
 language will extend, which rather grows and abounds in comple- 
 mental and impertinent phrases, and such froth (as Sir H. Wotton well 
 observes from Gualterus Rivius's incomparable version of Vitruvim in 
 the German tongue, and is now so far out-done by the learned Perrdult), 
 than in the solid improvements of it ; by either preserving or intro- 
 ducing what were truly needful. And really, those who are a little 
 conversant in the Saxon writers clearly discovered, by what they find 
 innovated or now grown obsolete, that we have lost more than we 
 
 2z 
 
354 
 
 have gain'd; and as to terms of useful arts in particular, forgot- 
 ten and lost a world of most apt and proper expressions which our 
 forefathers made use of, without being oblig'd to other Nations; 
 and what care the French have taken upon this account only, may 
 in part be judged from that pretty though brief Essay des Merveilles 
 de Nature, et des plus Nobles Artifices, 8j-c. ; but especially by the 
 late Dictionaries, wherein the proper terms of the most vulgar as 
 well as more polish'd arts are industriously delivered, whilst (to speak 
 ingenuously) I find very little improvement in the most pretending 
 Lexicons and Nomenclators yet extant, that of Bernardinus Baldus only 
 upon FiVrMmW excepted ; which yet is neither after my method, nor 
 fot our Workmens turn, being a book of price, and written in the most 
 learned tongue. It is a very great deficient indeed, and to be deplor'd, 
 that those industrious compilers did make it no more their business to 
 gratifie" the world with the interpretation of the terms of so many useful 
 arts^I mean the mechanical. Adrianus Junius has deserved well on 
 this occasion, to his great commendation ; and much it were to be 
 wished; that some universal and practical genius would consummate 
 what he has so happily begun, and that not only in the arts illiberal 
 (as they are distinguished) and things artificial, but furnish us likewise 
 with more exact notices of the several and distinct species of natural 
 things ; such as are the true names of birds, fishes, insects, stones, co- 
 lours, &c. in which divers worthy members of the Royal Society * 
 have already made so considerable a progress ; since it is then, and not 
 till then, our Lexicons will have arrived to their desired perfection, and 
 that men will be taught to speak (like orators indeed)- properly on all 
 subjects, and obliged to celebrate their labours. 
 
 J. Evelyn. 
 
 * Francis Willughbie, D. D., Merel, Charleton, Waller, Ray, &t. ; and Mr. Harris in his late 
 most useful Lexicon Technicum. 
 
355 
 
 AN ACCOUNT 
 
 ARCHITECTS AND ARCHITECTURE. 
 
 The knowledge of this sumptuous, magnificent, and useful art, for 
 having been first deriv'd to us from the Greeks, we should not without 
 infinite ingratitude either slight, or innovate those terms which it has 
 pleased them to impose upon the particular members and ornaments 
 belonging to the several orders ; and that as well for the veneration 
 which is due to aivtiquity, as that, by comprehending the signification 
 of them, we may with the, more facility' and address attain to the intel- 
 ligence and genuine meaning of what the masters in this profession 
 have deliverd to us in their several writings and works ; not to insist 
 upon (what is yet not to be despis'd) the decorum of speaking properly 
 in an art which the greatest Princes and Potentates of the earth have 
 vouchsafed to honour by so many signal and illustrious monuments, as 
 do to this day consecrate their memories to posterity. 
 
 Since the agent does always precede the action, and the person or 
 workman is by natural order before his work, we are by an Architect * 
 to understand, a person skilful in the art of building: the word is 
 'A|);;j;<t£xt«v, a compound in the original, and signifies Fabntm preefectiis, 
 or, if you will, informdtor, which the president, superintendent, or sur- 
 veyor of the works does fully express ; his 'Apxv being relative to the 
 fabri that are under him, as the opei'ce, or labourers, are subservient to 
 them. 
 
 Budseus calls him structorum princeps ; and such a person as is 
 capable of rendring a rational and satisfactory accompt of what he takes 
 
 * Architcotus. 
 
356 
 
 n hand. Ratiocinatio autem est, quce 7'es fahricatas solertia, ac ra- 
 ione proportionis demonstrare atque explicare potest. Vitruv. 1. 1. c. i. 
 >o our master ; and such a one it seems was that Philo the Athenian ar- 
 ihitect, of whom the orator, Neque eninif siPhihnem ilium Architectum, 
 fui Atheniensibus armamentarium fecit, constat perdiserte populo 
 'ationem operis sui reddidisse, existimandum est .Architecti potius 
 irtificio disertum, quctm Oratoris, fuisse.* Seeing his knowledge 
 ind ability in this faculty did not at all eclipse and diminish his 
 iloquence and other excellent parts, but rather added to them ; and 
 his I urge to shew that it was no mean thing for a man to arrive to 
 he talents of an accomplished architect, as he that shall take his cha- 
 acter out of Vitruvius will easily conclude ; itaque Architecti (says he) 
 mi sine Uteris contenderunt, ut manibus essent exercitati, non poiuerant 
 fficere ut haberent pro laboribus authoritatem ; as if hands could do 
 ittle in this art for their credit without letters : nay, so universal will 
 his great dictator have him, that in those duodecim necessaria, he 
 ums up no less than twelve rare qualities which he would have him 
 arnish'd withal ; itaque eum et ingeniosum, &c. I will but only 
 3uch them : 1. He must be docil and ingenious. 2. He must be lite- 
 ite. 3. Skilful in designing and drawing. 4. In geometry. 5, Op- 
 cks. 6. Arithmetick. 7- History. 8. Philosophy. 9. Musick. 10. Me- 
 icine. 11. Nay, in Law; and 12. Astrology; and really, when (as in 
 tie following Chapter) he there assembles his reasons for all this, you 
 ^ill be both satisfied with them, and justify his curiosity. Not that an 
 Lrchitect is obliged to be an accurate Aristarchus in grammar, or an 
 Lristoxenus in musick, an Appelles or a Raphael for designing; in 
 am an exact professor in all these faculties, sed in his non imperitus : 
 iifficient it is he be not totally a stranger to them ; since without let- 
 ;rs he cannot consult with authors ; without geometry and the gra- 
 hical arts, he will never be able to measure out, and cast the area, 
 raw the plot and make the scale ; being ignorant of the opticks he 
 an never well understand the due placing of his lights, distance, 
 lagnitude, and dimensions of ornaments ; by the assistance of arith- 
 
 * Cicerp de Orat. lib. 1. 
 
357 
 
 metick he calculates the proportions of the several orders, sums up his 
 accompts, and makes an estimate of the charge. Being read in history, 
 he comes to discourse of the reasons and original of many particular 
 members and decorations, the height, improvement, and decay of this 
 art; why the Greeks instituted the order of the Caryatides^ and the Per- 
 sian entablatures were supported by slaves ; how the Corinthian capitals 
 came to be adorn'd with foliage, the lonique with a matron-like voluta, 
 &c. By the study of philosophy* he arrives to the knowledge of natural 
 things, and is able to discern the quality of the elements, and the mate- 
 rials which he makes use of. From soihe insight in medicine, he can 
 reason of the temperature and salubrity of the air and situation. Musick 
 will assist him in contriving how in churches, tribunals, and publick 
 theatres, men may with best advantage hear the preachers, magistrates, 
 and actors voices. Without some tincture in the laws, he cannot be se- 
 cure of his title ; and being wholly ignorant of astrology, position, and 
 influences of the celestial bodies, the days, winds, weather, equinoxes* 
 and course of the heavenly orbs (as to bruites) pass over without ob- 
 servations, benefit, or prevention of their effects. To this purpose (though 
 much more at large) Vitruvius. But by this you may see how neces- 
 sary it is that an accomplish'd Master-builder should be furnish'd beyond 
 the vulgar ; and I have been the longer in the repetition, not only that 
 I may advance his reputation, and for endouragement, but to shew that 
 in the proper notion (and as the great Plato has somewhere design'd 
 him) Nullus ArcMtectus utitur manuum operd, sed uteniibus prceest.* 
 An Architect is not to be taken for the commonly illiterate Mechanick 
 (which may bring it into contempt), but for the person who superin- 
 tends, and presides over him with so many advantages. Yet neither is 
 this to the dishonour of those excellent workmen who make use of their 
 hands and tools in the. grosser materials, since God himself, and Nature, 
 the universal builders, are by translation truly styl'd architects, both as to 
 what they have excogitated so wisely, and wrought so artificially. 
 
 Be this then spoken of the Superintendent in particular, whom, for 
 distinction sake and the character assign'd him, we may name Archi- 
 
 * Dial, de Regno. See also his Philebus. 
 
. 358 
 
 t 
 
 tectus Ingenio : for since to the perfection of an accomplish'd building 
 there were three transcendencies required, 1. strength; 2. utiHty; and 
 3, beauty, for the apt distribution, decor and fitness, symtnetrie and pro- 
 portion, there was hkewise necessary as many capacities ; and that be- 
 sides the judicious head, there should be a skilful hand ; to which let us 
 add, Architectus Sumptuarius, a full and overflowing purse : since he 
 who bears this mayjustly be also stiled a builder, and that a master one 
 too, as being the person at whose charge and for whose benefit the fa- 
 brick is erected ; and it is indeed the primum inohile which both 
 begins and consummates all designs of this nature; for if that ingre- 
 dient come once to fall short, men build their monuments instead 
 of their houses, and leave marks of dishonour for tables of renown,* 
 Homo iste ccepit cedifi,care, et neqicivit perficere, *■' This man began to 
 build, and was not able to finish." Yet thus I have known some excellent 
 persons abus'd, who, trusting to the computation of either dishonest or 
 unskilful artists, have been forc'd to desist, sit down by the loss, and 
 submit to the reproach. But so it seems would not the Greeks suffer 
 themselves to be over-reach'd, when those great builders of Ephesiansf 
 (^who knew sufficiently what a mischief it was to the publick, as well as 
 private men,) ordain'd it for a law, that if a clerk undertook a work, and 
 spent more than by his calculation it amounted to, he should be obliged 
 to make it good out of his own estate ; whilst they most liberally and 
 honourably rewarded him, if either he came within what was first de- 
 sign'd, or did not much exceed it. And this was esteem'd so reasonable 
 (upon consideration how many noble persons had been undone, and 
 magnificent structures left imperfect), that Vltruvius, J writing to the 
 great Augustus concerning this subject, wishes the same constitution 
 were in force at Rome also. But thus I .have done with our Architecius 
 Sumptuarius. I come to the 
 
 Manuarius, the third and last, but not the least of our subsidiaries; 
 for in him I comprehend the several artizans and workmen, as masons, 
 stone-cutters, quarry-men, sculptors, plasterers, painters, carpenters, 
 joyners, smiths, glaziers, and as many as are necessary for carrying on 
 
 * See 31 . Eccles. 8. f Vitr. in Praef. lib. 10. + 2. Reg. 22. 7. 
 
359 
 
 of a building till it be arriv-d to the perfection of its first idea. But tho' 
 it is not (as I said) exjpected that these should trouble themselves with 
 much learning, or have any thing to do with the accomplishments of our 
 Master Superintendent, yet, since an exact and irreproachable piece of 
 architecture should be koXo^uv totms Mathesetas, the flower and crown as 
 it were of aU the sciences mathematical, it were infinitely desirable that 
 even every vulgar workman, whose calling is conversant about building, 
 had attain'd to some degree of competent knowledge in the moi'e easy 
 ajid useful principles of those lineary arts, before they were admitted to 
 their freedom, or employed in designs of moment. And truely, if a 
 thorough insight of all these (as undoubtedly they are) be necessary to 
 a good artist, I know no reason but such a person (however it hath 
 pleased our Universities to employ and decree their chaires) might with 
 very just reason be also numbred inter liberalium discipUnarum Pro- 
 fessoreSy and not thrust out as purely mechanical, inter opifices, a 
 conversation hitherto only admitted them ; as if talking, speculation, and 
 theories, were comparable to useful demonstrations and experimental 
 knowledge. In a word, the very name import's an excellency above 
 other sciences ; so as when the orator* would expresis a superiority above 
 them, for its vast extent and comprehension, he mentions Architecture 
 with the first, distinct from the illiberal. Great pity then I say it is, 
 tha:t amOngst the professors of humanity (as they call it) there should 
 not be some lectures and schools endowed and furnished with books, 
 instruments, plots, types and modells of the most excellent fabricks both 
 in- Givil- and Military Architecture, where these most noble and neces- 
 sary arts might be taught in the English and vulgar tongue, retriev'd to 
 their proper and genuine significations ; and it Is to be hoped, that when 
 his Majesty shall perfect his royal Palace of White-Hall according to 
 the design, he will, in emulation of those heroes, Francis the First, 
 Henry the Fourth, Cosimo de Medices, the Dukes of Urbin, Richelieu, 
 and other munificent spirits, destine some apartments for the ease and 
 encouragement of the ablest workmen in this as in all other useful, 
 princely, and sumptuous arts : I mean for Printers, Painters, Sculptors, 
 
 * Gic. de Offic, 1. 2, 
 
360 
 
 Architects, &c. by such liberal honoraries as may dra^w them ;frqm all 
 parts of the world to celebrate his Majesty, by their works, to posterity, 
 and to improve the nation. From such a bounty and provision as this 
 it appears to have been, which made Vitruvius* to leave us those his in- 
 comparable books, that we have now enjoy'd for so many ages ; for so he 
 acknowledges it to the great Augustus, Cum erigo eo benejicifx essem 
 ohligatuSi ut ad exitum vitce non haherem inopice timorem, &c. 
 
 I might upon this occasion speak something here concerning the 
 matter and form of buildings, which, after the persons who undertake 
 them, are their most solid and internal principles ; but I purposely pass 
 them over at present, because they do not properly belong to this Dis- 
 course, but to some more intire Treatise of the whole art than is yet extant 
 amongst us, and to be delivered by some industrious person who shall 
 oblige the nation with a thorough examination of what has already been 
 written by Vitruvius, 1. 2. c. 3. ad 9. ; Palladio 1. c. 2. ; I^eon Alberti 
 1. 2. c. 45. 46.; Don Barbaro, 1. 11. SirH. Wotton, in his concise and 
 useful Theorems ; Desgodetz, D'Avilder, Perrault, Blondel, and others ; 
 and in what shall be found most beneficial for our climat. It were, 
 I ^ay, becoming our great needs that some ingenious person did take this 
 in hand, and advance upon the principles already ^establish'd, and not so 
 acquiesce in them as if there were a non ultra engraven upon our cor 
 lumns like those of Hercules, after which there remained no more to be 
 discovered ; at least in the apprehension of our vulgar workmen, who, 
 for want of some more solid directions, faithful and easy rules in this 
 nature, fill as well whole cities as private dwellings with rubbish and a 
 thousand infirmities, as by their want of skill in the profession, with the 
 most shameful incongruities and inconveniences in all they take in 
 hand ; and all this for want of canons to proceed by, and humility to 
 learn, there being hardly a nation under heaven more conceited of their 
 understanding? and abilities, and more impatient of direction, than our 
 ordinary mechanicks : for let one find never so just a fault with a work- 
 man, be the same of what mistery soever, immediately he shall reply, 
 " Sir, I do not come hither to be taught my trade ; I have serv'd'an ap- 
 
 * Vitruv. in Prsef. ad Lib. 1. 
 
361 
 
 prenticeship, and have wrought e're now with gentlemen that have been 
 satisfied virith my work;" and sometimes not without language of re- 
 proach, or casting down his tools, and going away in wrath, for such I 
 have frequently met withal. I do not speak this to diminish in the least 
 from the capacity and apprehension of pur nation who addict themselves 
 to any of the most polite and ingenious professions, but to court them to 
 more civility, and to humble the ignorant ;. for v/e daily find that wh^n 
 once they arrive to a thorough inspection and address in their trade,s, 
 they paragon, if not exceed, even the most exquisite of other countries, 
 as we may see in that late reformation and improvement, of our lock- 
 smiths-work, joyners, cabinet-makers, and the like, who from very^ vul- 
 gar and pitiful artists, are now come to produce works as curious for the 
 filing, and admirable for their dexterity in contriving, as any we meet 
 with abroad ; and in particular to our smiths and joyners, they, excell all 
 other nations whatsoever. 
 
 But as little supportable are another, so.rt of workmen, who, from a 
 good conceit of. their abilities, and some lucky jobb. (as they call it), do 
 generally ingross all the work they can hear of, while in the mean time 
 they disdain almost to put their own hands to the tool, but fpr the most 
 part employ their apprentices, or some other ignorant journey-men; as 
 if the fame of their masters abilities did any thing contribute to the well 
 performance of work undertaken ; whilst in the interim he hardly 
 appears himself till all the faults be slubber'd over, the remedy either 
 impossible or expensive, and our master ready to receive his money, 
 which such gentlemen mechanicks commonly consume on ease and 
 bravery, being puffed up with an empty, conceit of their own abilities, 
 which (God knows) is very indiflFerent, and the less for want of exer- 
 cise and humility ; a practice contrary to the usage of all other nations, 
 that even such as by their knowledge in this kind have meritoriously 
 attained to the titles of military dignity, have notwithstanding pursued 
 their employments and callings in personal cares and assiduous labours, 
 to their eternal fame so long as one stone shall lie upon another in this 
 -world, as I could abundantly exemplifie in the works of Cavalieri Fon- 
 tane, Bramanti, Sansovino, Baglione, Bernini, Fiamingo, &c. whose 
 egregious labours, both before and since the accumulation of their hq- 
 
 3 A 
 
362 
 
 nours, do sufficiently justify what I report concerning them. And that 
 all such may know I reproach no man out of spleen or the least animo- 
 sity to their persons (for such as are not guilty will never be offended at 
 my plainness, or take this for a satyr), I cannot but exceedingly regret 
 the want of more acquaintance in these so necessary and becoming arts, 
 even in most of our nobility and gentry, vifho either imagine the study 
 of Architecture to be an absolute non-necessary, or, forsooth, a diminution 
 to the rest of their education, from whence proceeds that miserable loss 
 of so many irrecoverable advantages during their travels in other coun- 
 tries, as appears at their return ; whereas, if they were truly considered, 
 there is nothing which does more properly concern them, as it contri- 
 butes to their external honour, than the effects of this illustrious art. 
 Besides, these being persons of better parts, are most likely to be fur- 
 nished with the best abilities to learn, and so consequently enabl'd to 
 examine, and direct such as they shall set on work, without reproach 
 either to their conveniency or expence when they at any time build, not 
 forgetting the ornament and lustre which by this means rich and opulent 
 structures do add to the commonwealth; there remaining at this day no 
 one particular for which Egypt, Syria, Greece, nay Rome herself, (beheld 
 in all their state, wisdom, and splendor,) have been more admir'd and 
 celebrated, than for the glory, strength, and magnificence of their incom- 
 parable buildings. And even at present, the most noble youth of Italy 
 are generally so well furnish'd with instructions touching this laudable 
 art, that the knowledge of Architecture (and to speak properly in its 
 terms, &c.) is universal, and so cherish'd, even in men of obscure ex- 
 traction, that (as is already instanc'd) Architects (I mean the manuary 
 as well as ingeniary) have been, and are yet often rewarded with knight^ 
 hood, and the art profess'd as a most becoming and necessary accomplish- 
 ment in divers of their academies. Add to this, the examples of so 
 many great and illustrious persons, as (without mentioning those our 
 master has recorded in the Preface to his seventh Book) I might here 
 bring upon this theatre, famous for their skill and encouragement of this 
 sumptuous art : Emperours, Kings, Popes, Cardinals and Princes innu- 
 merable, who have all of them left us the permanent monuments of it 
 in the several places of their dominions, besides the infinite advantage 
 
363 
 
 of well managing of great and publick expenees, as well as the most 
 private and oeconomical, an handsom and well-contriv'd house being 
 built at a far less charge than commonly those irregular congestions, 
 rude and brutish inventions, which generally so deform and incommode 
 the several habitations of our gentry both in city and country. 
 
 But I have done, and I hope all that love and cherish these arts, and 
 particularly that of Architecture, will not be offended at this zeal of mine 
 in bespeaking their esteem of it; since, if I have said any thing in reproof 
 of the errors either of the persons who pretend to it, or of the works 
 which they do to its disgrace, I have only spoken it that both may be re- 
 formed and made the better. But least whilst I thus discourse of the ac- 
 complishments of our artists, and defects of the pretenders, I my self 
 be found Logodsedalus, and as they sayj Architectus verhorum only, I 
 proceed from the person to the thing. 
 
 Architecture, consider'd as an art, was doubtless (as all others were) 
 very inean and imperfect at first; when from dark caverns, hollow trees, 
 despicable and sorry hovells and cabanes, made with their rude trunks, 
 ^over'd with sods of turf or sedge, to protect themselves from the inju- 
 ries of the weather, and wild beasts (as at present savage people do), 
 men liv'd not much better iaccommodated than beasts themselves, wan- 
 dering from place to place, either to hunt, and in quest of food, or to find 
 pasture ; where like the Nom^des, with little care or labour, they make 
 them huts again, to shelter them selves as before; till coming into some more 
 fertile and fruitful country* and finding no more necessity of straying 
 farther, or removing so often, they then 'tis likely begun to build more 
 substantially and commodiously ; and as plenty, their families, and civi- 
 lity increas'd, began to inlarge, and make their habitations as well less 
 rudely, as more convenient ; proceeding in tract of time to great polite- 
 ness, and to that height of splendor and magnificence, as at last inge- 
 nious men, from long experience still advancing in improvements, began 
 to frame such rules and precepts for building, as should answer to all 
 those perfections desirable in a building namely, solidity, use, and 
 beauty ; and this art was called 
 
 Architectura,a. term deriv'd from the Greek substantive 'ApxtremovTifAec, 
 and which is by some taken for the art it self, by others for the work, 
 
364 
 
 cedificio ipso et opera (hj us for both'), is thus defin'd : scientia pluri* 
 bus disciplinis et variis eruditionibus ornata, cujijls judicio probantur 
 omnia, quce a cceteris artibus perficiuntur, opera. Architecture (says 
 our master Vitruvius) is a science qualified with sundry other arts, and 
 adorn'd with variety of learning, to whose judgment and approbation 
 all other works of art submit themselves. Or rather, in short, and 
 as effectual, citfus prceceptis diriguntur, et judicio probantxi^, ^Ci 
 for so it seems to be more explicite; since in a geometrical problem 
 there are both the construction or direction, operis faciendi, which 
 these Prcecepta define ; and also the demonstration, or probation, ope- 
 ris jam facti, which is specified by the judicium in the Vitruvian defi- 
 nition. I conceive, therefore, the first part to be the more essential and 
 inseparable ; the latter to be but the result of the former, and no more 
 ingredient into the art, than the image of ones face in a glass is consti- 
 tutive of the man. 
 
 But to forbear any farther gloss, you see what a large dominion it has, 
 and I might go on : Ea nascitur ex fabrica et ratioeinatione, to shexy 
 that she is the daughter of Building and Demonstration. Then (for so 
 I aifect to render it) that building is the result of an assiduous and ma- 
 nual practice or operation upon apt materials, according to the model 
 propounded ; and, lastly, that our ratiocination is an ability of explicating 
 what we have done by an account of the just proportions. In a word, it 
 is the art of building weill, which (taken in the large sense) compre- 
 hends all the sorts and kinds of buildings whatsoever, of which there are 
 more especially three, which, though differing in their application, de- 
 sign, and purpose, are yet of neere relation to one another, and therefore 
 not improperly under the same denomination with their respective ad- 
 juncts of distinction. For instance^ the building of ships, and other 
 vessels for sailing, war, and commerce, &c. is called Naval Architecture ; 
 the art of fortification and defence of places. Military Architecture ; 
 which, tho' under the same rules and general principles whereby to work 
 and proceed (but indeed making use of different terms of art), yet pass 
 they under the same general name of Architecture. Now for as much 
 as there's only one of these which properly concerns the present subject 
 (as bdng indeed the most eminent, and first in order), we are here to 
 
365 
 
 understand by Architecture, the art and skill of civil building for dwel- 
 ling-houses; commodious habitations, and more publick edifices. 
 
 What pretence this part of Architecture has to both the other kinds, 
 namely, the Naval and Military, the foundation and building of cities, 
 walls, towers, magazines, bridges, ports, moles, and havens, abundantly 
 shew ; together with what our great master Vitruvius has taught in the 
 construction of divers machines' and warlike engines, as well for oflFence 
 as defence; and to shew how reconcileable all these diiFerent sorts of 
 buildings are to one another, we have a modern, but an illustrious in- 
 stance, in that surprizingly magnificent piece of art, the Pentagonal 
 Palace erected for Cardinal Alexander Furneze at Gaprarola (within 
 twenty miles of Rome), by that excellent and skilful architect Vignola, 
 one of the first rank and class of artists in the foregoing Parallel. 
 
 With reason therefore, as well as right, has the Surveyor of his Majes- 
 ties works and buildings, both the Military as well as Civil Architec- 
 ture properly under his intendency and inspection, by a grant (as I have 
 heard) of many hundred years past. But 
 
 To enlarge on the several heads. of Civil Architecture (of which there 
 are verv many), would be to extend this discourse to a length not so 
 proportionable to that which is designed. Let it then suffice to take no- 
 tice, that it is the ancient Greek and Roman Architecture only which is 
 here intended, as most entirely answering all those perfections required 
 in a faultless and accomplish'd building ; such as for so many ages were 
 so renowned and reputed by the universal suffrages of the civiliz'd world, 
 and would doubtless have still subsisted, and made good their claim, 
 and what is recorded of them, had not the Goths, Vandals, and other 
 barbarous nations, subverted and demolish'd them, together with that 
 glorious empire, where those stately and pompous monuments stood ; 
 introducing in their stead a certain fantastical and licencious manner of 
 building, which we have since call'd Modern (or Gothic rather), cbn- 
 gestions of heavy, dark, melsLncholy, and monkish piles, witl^out any just 
 proportion, use, or beauty, compar'd with the truly Antient. So as 
 when we meet with the greatest industry, and expensive carving, full of 
 fret and lamentable imagery, sparing neither of pains nor cost, a judicious 
 spectator is rather distracted and quite confounded, than tajjch'd with 
 
366 
 
 that admiration which results from the true and just symmelrie, regular 
 proportion, union and disposition, great and noble manner, which those 
 august and glorious fabrics of the ancients still produce. 
 
 It was after the irruption and swarmes of those truculent people from 
 the North, the Moors and Arabs from the South and East, over-running 
 the civiliz'd world, that wherever they fix'd themselves, they soon beg-an 
 to debauch this noble and useful art ; when, instead of those beautiful 
 orders, so majestical and proper for their stations, becoming variety, and 
 other ornamental accessories, they set up those slender and misquine 
 pillars, or rather bundles of staves, and other incongruous props, to sup- 
 port incumbent weights, and pondrous arched roofs, without entabla- 
 ture ; and tho* not without great industry (as M. D' A viler well ob- 
 serves), nor altogether nakedof gaudy sculpture, trite and busy carvings, 
 'tis such as rather gluts the eye than gratifies and pleases it with any 
 reasonable satisfaction. For proof of this (without travelling far abroad)^ 
 I dare report my self to any man of judgment, and that has the least 
 taste of order and magnificence, if, after he has look'd awhile upon King 
 Henry the Vllth's Chappel at Westminster, gaz'd on its sharp angles, 
 jetties, narrow lights, lame statues, lace and other cut- work, and crinkle 
 crankle, and shall then turn his eyes on the Banqueting-House built 
 at White-Hall by Inigo Jones after the antient manner ; or on what his 
 Majesties present Surveyor, Sir Christopher Wren, has lately advanc'd 
 at St. Paul's, and consider what a glorious object the desigu'd cupola, 
 portico, colonnades, and other (yet unfinish'd) parts, will then present 
 the beholder : or compare the Schools and Library at Oxford with the 
 Theatre there ; or what he has lately tuilt at Trinity College in Cam- 
 bridge, and since all these at Greenwich and other places (by which 
 time our home traveller will begin to have a just idea of the antient and 
 modern Architecture) ; I say, let him well consider, and compare them 
 judiciously, without partiality and prejudice, and then pronounce which 
 of the two manners strikes the understanding as well as the eye with 
 the more majesty and solemn greatness ; tho' in so much a plainer and 
 simple dress, conforme to the respective orders and entablature, and ac- 
 cordingly determine to whom the preference is due. Not, as we said, 
 that there is not something of solid, and odly artificial too, after a sort ; 
 
367 
 
 but then the universal and unreasonable thic]kness of the walls, clumsy 
 buttresses, towersj sharp pointed a^rches, doors, and other apertures, 
 ^vithout proportion ; nonsensical insertions of various marbles imperti- 
 nently plac'd, turrets and pinnacles thick set with monkies and chimseras 
 (and abundance of buisy work and other incongruities), dissipate and 
 break the angles of the sight, and so confound it, that one cannot consi- 
 der it with any steadinesSj where to begin or end ; taking off from that 
 noble air and graudure, bold and graceful manner, which the antients 
 had so well and judiciously established. But in this sort have they, and 
 their followers ever since, fill'd not all Europe alone, but Asia and 
 Aft'ica besides, with mountains of stone, vast and gygantic buildings in- 
 deed, but not worthy the name of Architecture. Witness (besides fre- 
 quent erections in these kingdoms, inferior to none for their utmost 
 performances) what are yet standing at Westminster, Canterbury, Salis- 
 bury, Peterborow, Ely, Wells, Beverly, Lincoln, Gloucester, York, 
 Durham, and other cathedrals and minsters ; what at Utrecht, Har- 
 lem, Antwerp, Strasburg, Basil, in the lower and upper Germany ; 
 at Amiens, Paris, Rouen, Tours, Lyons, &c. in France; at Milan, Ve- 
 nice, Florence, nay in Rome herself; in Spain, at Barges, and Seville, 
 with what the Moors have left in Athambrant, Granada, the Santa So-. 
 phia at Constantinople, that of the Temple of the Sepulchre at Jerusalem 
 (at the decadence at least of the art) ; the Zerifs Palace at Morocco, &c. ; 
 besides the innumerable monasteries and gloomy cells, built in all these 
 places by the Christians, Greeks, Latines, Armenians, Moors, and others, 
 since the ruin of the empire ; and compare them (almost numberless as 
 they are) with one St. Peter's at Rome only, which, with the rest of 
 those venerable churches, superb and stately palaces there and ait Naples, 
 Florence, Genoa, Escurial, Paris, Amsterdam, &c. were yet all but soi'ry 
 buildings, till Bramante, Raphael, Mich. Angelo, Palladio, Bernini, 
 and other heroes and masters of our Parallel, recover'd and even raised 
 this art to life again, and restor'd her to her pristine splendor and mag- 
 nificence, after so tedious and dismal a night of ignorance and supersti- 
 tion, in which Architecture had lain buried in rubbish, and sadly de- 
 form'd for so many ages. The same may likewise be affirm'd of all those 
 other arts attendant upon her, Sculpture and Painting especially, and 
 
368 
 
 indeed of I«etters, and all good learning too, which had about this time 
 their resuscitation also. In a word, and after all that has been said of 
 Architecture, ancient or modern, 'tis not we see enough to build for 
 strength alone (for so those Gothic piles we find stand their ground^, and 
 the Pyrainids of ^gypt have out-lasted all that art and labour have to 
 shew), or indeed for bare accommodation only, without due proportion, 
 order, and beauty, and those other agreements and genuine characters of 
 a perfect and consummate buildipg ; and therefore an art not so easily 
 attain'd by every pretender, nor in truth at all, without a more than. or- 
 dinary disposition, accompanied withjudgmentj industry, and application, 
 due instruction, and the rales of art subservient to it. Thus accom- 
 plish'd, an Architect is perfectly qualified to answer all the transcenden- 
 cies of this noble art, which is to build handsomly, solidly, and usefully. 
 
 We have already spoken of workmen, and manuary assistants, in the 
 foregoing paragraphs; without whose more than ordinqj?:y skill and 
 diligence, the learned'st architect mistakes the shadow for substance, 
 umbram non rem consecutus videtur, and may serve to rear a tabernacle, 
 not build a temple, there being as much difference between speculation 
 and practice in this art, as there is between a shadow and a substance. 
 But with what advantages those persons proceed who both know and can 
 apply, I have already demonstrated; and when, we consider that the 
 whole art consists in the most, exact and elegant order imaginable, it is 
 not to be wondered there have been so few able men of the profession. 
 Sir H. Wotton, who reckons those two parts for one, that is, the fixing 
 of the model to a full expression of the first idea, passes (with our master) 
 to the species or kinds of this disposition. 
 
 Taxis, or, as Architects call it, Ordonance, as defined by our master to 
 be that which gives to every part of a building the just dimension relating 
 to its uses, Mr. Perrault supposes neither so explicit, nor as the thing 
 it self requires, or answerable to the intention, which he takes to consist 
 in the division of the plan or spot of ground on which one intends to 
 build, so to be apportioned and laid out (as to the dimension of the re- 
 spective parts, referring to their use) as consists with the proportion of 
 the whole and intire fabric, which in fewer wor^s, I conceive diflFers little 
 from the determinate measures of what's assigned to compose the several 
 
369 
 
 rtments j to ^hich some add, that which givies the utmost perfection 
 11 the parts and members of the building. But (to proceed with 
 [earned commentator) 'tis the judicious contrivance of the plan or 
 el, which he means by ordonance here : as when, for instance, the 
 t, the hall, lodgings, and other rooms, are neither too large nor too little; 
 that the court afford convenient light to the appartments about it, 
 be large enough for usual access ; that the hall be of fit capacity to 
 ive company ; the bed-chambers for persons of quality, and others ; 
 Ise when these divisions are either too great or too small, with re- 
 it to the place, as a very large court would be to a little house, or a 
 e chamber in a great and noble palace ; whereas diathesis, disposi- 
 , is where all the parts and members of a building are assign'd their 
 and proper places, according to their quality, nature, office, rank, 
 genuine collocation, without regard to the dimension or quantity, 
 ch is another consideratio^i, as parts of Architecture, tho' still with 
 tion to its perfection. Thus the vestibule or porch should precede 
 hall ; the hall the parlor, next the withdrawing-room, which are of 
 smonie, I speak (as with us in England) where the first floore is 
 imonly so composed of; the anti-chambers, bed-chambers, cabinets, 
 leries, and rooms of parade and state in the second stage, suitable to 
 expense and dignity of the owner. I say nothing of the height, and 
 sr dimensions, because there are establish'd rules ; but it is what I 
 e generally observ'd gentlemen (who are many times at considerable 
 rges in otherwise handsome and convenient houses) most of all to 
 in ; not allowing decent pitch to the respective roomes and appart- 
 its, which I find they constantly repent when "tis too late. One 
 uld seldom therefore allow less than fourteen feet to the- first floore, 
 Ive or thirteen to the second, in a dwelling-house of any considerable 
 ility ; to greater fabrics, and such as approach to palaces, 16, 18, 20, 
 with regard to other capacities. Nor let the less benign temper of 
 clime (compared with other countries) be any longer the pretence ; 
 le if the building and finishing be stanch, the floors well lay'd, ap- 
 tures of doors and windows close, that objection is answered. The 
 le rules as to the consequence of rooms and oeconomie is to be ob- 
 red in the distribution of the other oflices, even the most inferior, in 
 
 3 B 
 
370 
 
 which the curious consult their health above all conveniency, by design- 
 ing their best lodging-chambers towards the sun-rising ; and so libraries, 
 cabinets of curiosities, and galleries, more to the north, affording the 
 less glazing and fittest light of all other to pictures, &c. unless where 
 some unavoidable inconvenience forbid it. Another great mistake, I 
 likewise have observ'd to be the cause of many errors as incurable, 
 namely, a fond, avaritious, or obstinate resolution of many, who, having 
 choice of situations, for the sparing of an old kitchen, out-house, lodge, 
 or vulgar office, nav and sometimes of an antient wall, a fine quick -set 
 hedge, particular tree or two, or tiie like, continue to place the new 
 building upon the old foundation, tho' never so much awry and out of all 
 square, and (as often I have seen) neere some bank of earth which 
 cannot be mov'd ; pleas'd with front or gaudy out-side, whilst all is 
 gloomy and melancholy within, and gives occasion of censure to the 
 judicious, and reproach to others ; in a word, I have very rarely or as 
 seldom found a new building joyn'd with any tolerable decency or advan- 
 tage to an old one, as a young and beautiful virgin to an old, decay'd, 
 and doating husband. I might almost affirm as much concerning re- 
 paires, where there are great dilapidations ; since by that time they have 
 calculated all expences of pulling down and patching up, they might 
 have built intirely new from the ground with the same, and oftentimes 
 with less charge, but with abundance more beauty and conveniency. 
 Frequent instances of like nature might I produce, and of such as have 
 too late repented j but I am to beg pardon for this transcursion, for 
 which I have no other apology than that since another edition of this 
 piece is never likely to come under my hand again, I have taken the 
 liberty of this to speake my thoughts the more freely ; not without hope 
 that some may be edified by it, and have cause to thank me for it. 
 
 To return therefore whence I diverted, I now proceed to the proper 
 argument and design of this discourse, which concerns the terms of Ar- 
 chitecture, with such improvements as fall in with the subject; not that 
 our politer workmen do not understand them well, but for the benefit 
 and Instruction of the less knowing, or such who, tho' learn'd, and 
 knowing in other arts, may haply not have much consider'd this : and the 
 first is. 
 
371 
 
 lehno^aphy, hy which we are to understand the very first design aiKl 
 ordinance of a work or edifice, together with every partition and open- 
 ing drawn by rule and compass upon the area or floor, by artists often 
 call'd the geometrical plan or plat-forme, as in our reddition of the Pa- 
 rallel. The Greeks would name it J^couj •y§ei(f>^, vestigii description or 
 rather vestigium operis, the superficial efl^ormation of the future work, 
 which our ground-plot does fully interpret. This is properly the talent 
 and work of the chief Architect or Surveyor himself (and indeed the 
 most abstruse and difficult), by which he expresses his conception and 
 idea for the judicious collocation, idoneous and apt disposition, right 
 casting and contrivement of the several parts and rooms, according to 
 their distinct offices and uses ; for as ordonation imports the quantity, 
 so does this the quality of the building: but of this already. To this 
 succeeds 
 
 Orthography, or the erect elevation of the same in face or front, de- 
 scrib'd in measure upon the former idea, where all the horizontal lines 
 are parallels. Some do by this comprehend the sides likewise (but so 
 will not I) to be seen as well within as without the model. It is in 
 truth but the simple representation of that part opposite to the eye of 
 the beholder, and thence by Italian I'^lzato, or VImpiedi Facciata, and 
 frontispiece, without shadows or other deceptions, and the second species 
 of disposition. The last is 
 
 Scenography, or, as some, Sciography, which is the same object ele- 
 vated upon the same draught and centre in all its optical flexures, dimi- 
 nutions and shadows, together with a fbre-shortning of a third side, so 
 as the whole solid of the edifice becomes visible in perspective, as th^ 
 say, because compos'd of the three principal lines used in that art,^ viz. 
 that of the plan or plot, belonging to the first idea ; that of the horizon 
 or eye-line, which denotes the second ; and the line of distance, which 
 makesthe t bird, with all its adumbrations and shadowings, which dis- 
 tinguishes it from what they call the profile, signified by the edging 
 stroaks, by some call'd out-lines, and contours only, without any of this 
 solid finishing; From all which it appears, that not the bare idea, or 
 species (as the term is in Vitruvius), or as others, the various kinds of 
 disposition is to be understood, but the several designs and representa- 
 
372 
 
 tlons of the division. Seeing, in truth, these three draughts upon pa] 
 belong as much to the ordonance as the disposition, shewing and ( 
 scribing the measures and dimensions of the inspeetive parts, order, 2 
 position. From these three ideas then it is that same Eurythmia, n 
 jestic and Venusta species ^difidi does result, which creates tl 
 agreeable harmony between the several dimensions, so as nothing see 
 disproportionate, too long for this, or too broad for that, but correspoi 
 in a just and regular symmetry and consent of the parts with the who! 
 for symmetry is the parity and equality between the parts opposite, 
 as one be not bigger, higher, longer, sViorter, closer, or wider than 1 
 other. Suppose a column swelling more at one side than the other, a 
 not a? those who thought it to consist in the proportion of some princi] 
 part or member only, capital^ or cornice, grosser or projecting fartl 
 than the order permits, which seem two different things ; whilst pi 
 portion among Architects consists in such an agreement and' consent 
 we find in every well limb'd and compos'd living animal, of whate^ 
 species or kind soever, where the due make of each member of the bo 
 denominates the compleatness of the figure, be it statue, or the life; a 
 the same in building, and the parts thereof; in a wordj where con^ 
 nience, strength, and beauty meet, and render it accompllsh'd. Lasti 
 
 Decor, which is not only where the inhabitant and habitation su 
 seeing that is many times accidental, but where a building, and partic 
 larly the ornaments thereof, become the station and occasion, as Viti 
 vius expressly shews in appropriating the several orders to their natu; 
 affections ; so as he would not have set a Corinthian column at the e 
 trance of a prison, nor a Tuscan before the portico of a church, as soi 
 have done amoBg us, with no great regard to the decorum. Here, thesi 
 fore, it is that the judgment of an Architect ought to be consulted ; sir 
 even in the disposition of the offices of our most private houses, we fii 
 no where greater absurdities committed, whilst we many times find t 
 kitchen where the parlour should have been ; and that in the first a 
 best story, which should have been consigned to the lowermost and t 
 worst. 
 
 Philander seems to, be in some doubt whither the Architect did af 
 all this make a model of his future work, but at last resolves it in t 
 
37S 
 
 affirmative for many reasons, Ua enim futura deprehenduntur errata^ 
 et minimo impend/iof rmlhque mcommodoi Sec. ; for so (says he) future 
 errors may be timely prevented, with little cost, and virithout atiy trou- 
 ble, before the remedy proves incorrigible. Ndw tho' perhaps an ac-i 
 compUsh'd Architect needs it not, yet as there is nothing eertahily spar'd 
 to less purpose, and more to the detriment of builders than the small 
 expence of making this prototype, so it has been known that some ex- 
 cellent masters have without reproach, caused several to be made of th€ 
 same building, and for the better, and whifch should be fram'd with all 
 its orders and dimensibns, by the assistance of some skilful joyner, or 
 other ingenious artist in some slight material, which may be to remove; 
 uncover, and take in pieces, for the intuition of every contignation, par- 
 tition, passage, and aperture, without other adulteration by painting or 
 gaudy artifice, but in the most simple manner as Sir H. Wotton pru- 
 dently advises, for reasons most material aiid unanswerable ; this is by 
 some supplied with a perpendicular section of the orthographical eleva- 
 tion, which lets the eye into the rOotns in front only ; the model intb 
 the whole ; but from all which we may deduce how absolutely necesaary 
 it is that an Architect have more than a vulvar dexterity in the art of 
 designing and drawing, quee autem confeVant, into, quce sint architectd 
 penitljis necessarid ex artibus, hcec sunt, picturct et mathematica ; in 
 cceteris doctusne sif, non lahoro : so the Patriarch, lib. 9, upon that of 
 our master, lib. 1. c. 1. Peritus Graphi(J<is, &c. and then concludes, 
 necessariu igitur est architectb Grdphidis (i. e.J designationis ut Itali 
 dicwnt peritia, as being a thing altogether indispensable ; but of this 
 already, for by the method of a complete course or body of Architecture, 
 one should proceed ta the more particular distributions of this art, whi- 
 ther in respect to private or publick buildings ; but I leave it for some 
 perfect edition of what remaifis of the incomparable Palladio ; when 
 either by the same it is begun, or by some other charitable hand j that, 
 or our master, Vitruvius himself, as p'ublish'd by the learned Perrault 
 shall be taught to speak English ; and the title of this discoursifr, which 
 minds me of a thorough explanation of the more difficult terms of this 
 art, for being principally if not only conversant about the five orders 
 
374 
 
 ?ind their ornaments (the subject of our learned Parallel) calls. me bacic 
 to a distuict survey of them, and I will begin at the foundation. 
 
 Now tho' all that is buried in the ground to the area be so call'd, yet 
 properly foundation is the very cofer or ground-bed search' d ad solidum 
 et in solido, as our master advises, and upon which a vi-ise man would 
 only build and raise the proto substruction, or first beginning of his 
 wall, and ought commonly to be double the thickness of the superstruc- 
 tion. This the Greeks call'd, 
 
 Stereobata, trrepeo^dT'^s, solidum fulcimentum, for Its artificial firmness, 
 as Immediately succeeding the underfilling of Ttie former (for so we 
 name those dry materials upon the surface} to be the basis of the whole 
 edifice. I am not ignorant that some contend about this ofiice, con- 
 founding It with the stylobata and pedestals of columns, assigning them 
 a regular thickness of half as much more as the Orders they support ; 
 and then the Italians call It the zoccolo, pillow, or die (because of its cu- 
 bique and solid figure ; hut I rather take It for the basamento of the whole 
 which I would therefore rather augment than contract to that stinted di- 
 mension. The Reverend Daniel Barbaro *, c. 8. 1. 2, describes us all the 
 kinds of them, and calls this In particular (and which confirms this di- 
 vision) the concealed part, or Jundatio in imo : and then by this ele- 
 gant distinction Ae^nes structicra to be that of fronts; instruction, that 
 of the middle parts ; and substruction^ of the lower ; though this last 
 notion does likewise many times Import some vast and magnificent 
 building; for so Baldus has cited that passage In Liv. 1. 6, where he 
 names the stately capital a substruction only, and other authors sub' 
 structiones insanas, for such vast and enormous fabrlcks. But that we 
 may not omit the pedestal (though of rarer use amongst the ancients) 
 1 come next to the 
 
 Stylobata ; for our pedestal is vox hybrida (a very mungrill) not 
 a stylo, as some imagine, but a stando, and is taken for that solid cube 
 or square which we already mentioned to be that to the column im- 
 posed which the superstructure Is to t\i\s, fulcimentum columnce. It is 
 likewise call'd truncus, the trunk, (though more properly taken for the 
 
 * A learned Venetian, born 1513, who published, in 1567, an Italian translation of Vitruvius, 
 with annotations ; and died 1570. 
 
375 
 
 shaft or body of an order) contained between tbe cornice and base (iot 
 pedestals have likewise those ornaments inseparably) ; also abacus, dado, 
 zocco, &c. which is sometimes carv'd with bass-relievo in historical 
 emblems, as that of Trajan's at Rome, and ours on Fish -street hill; 
 but as it was rarely used among the antients, so they were all square 
 alike to all the orders, till from good examples, by later Architects, 
 (and especially Palladio) reduc'd to proportion, and very graceful. Those 
 which are more large than high, are called double pedestals supporting 
 double columns, and some which are continu'd thro' the whole building. 
 Also poggio, from its office of supporting, and then 'tis constantly 
 adbm'd with a cornice consisting of a cymatium on a corona with lists,, 
 and sometimes scotia or shallow cavities, and an addition of an upper 
 zocco or plinth of a smaller hollow and part of the cymatium, upon 
 which the scamilli impares Vitruviani were set, if design'd for statues ^ 
 or, if without, for columns. The base has likewise an ornament of a 
 c^ma^mm inverted upon a plinth, as may be seen in the Corinthian Sty- 
 lohata. The general rule is to divide the whole into 1 9 parts ; the pe- 
 destal shall have four, the entablature three ; but if a column be without 
 pedestal, divide the height but into five equal parts, four to the column, 
 and to the entablature one -, but, as we affirm'd, the ancients did seldom 
 use pedestals at ally unless where railes and balusters were requisite^ 
 and parapet walls for meniana, pergolas, and balconies, and where they 
 serv'd for podia or posaries of a leaning height, for which they had a 
 slight cornice asslgn'd them ; and this minds me of the a-Tvikai among the 
 Greeks, as indeed seeming to have been deriv'd from the Eastern ■|^"'2i* 
 used, and to the Jews (we read) enjoyn'd upon their flat-roofed houses, 
 these balusters being in truth but a kind of petty, columns under the 
 railes or architrave between pedestal and pedestal, for that moral reason, 
 the security of the walkers, especially at what time they used to spread 
 tents upon them, as frequently they did. But if (as we said) for the 
 better eminence of figures, then with the imposition of 
 
 Scamilli impares, of which there is so much contention amongst our 
 hypercritical Architects, though in fine they prove to be but certain 
 henches, %occos, or blocks, elevating the rest of the members of an order^ 
 column, signum, or statue, from being drowned or lost to the eye, which 
 
376 
 
 may chance to be pkc'd below their horizon ; that is, beneath the pro- 
 jecturea of the stT/lobata cornices and other saillies, by an agreeable 
 reconciliation of geometry with the opticks. In a word, the pedestals of 
 statues do well express them, and those half-round elevations, or other 
 unequal eminences upon the stylobata, be they one or more plinths, like 
 so many steps succeeding one another for the advantage of what stands 
 upon them. In the mean time, we find no proportions or form assign'd 
 for the placing statues, busts, or other figures, which seems to be left 
 arbitrary, with regard to the subject ; the lower pedestals best suiting 
 with the higher, contrary to busts, or where more than one together, as 
 groups sittings and cumbent figures, which require longer, &c. with 
 such ornament and decoration as best becomes them ; as to nymphs, 
 tritons, sea-gods., esealop -shells, &c. to Deesses, the more delicate; to 
 satyrs, rustic work, &c. But to proceed to the orders and their several 
 members, as they naturally rise in work. 
 
 The Base, derived from the, Greek verb B»fvetv, Imports the sustent, 
 prop, or foot of a thing, and is in architecture taken not for the lower- 
 most member of an order, but for all the several ornaments and mould- 
 ings from the apophyg^s, or rising of the columns shaft, to the plinth. 
 Sometimes also for the spire, which, lying on the plinth like the coile of 
 a cable, derives thence its name, though something improperly, me- 
 thlnks, considering these members do not run spiral, but obliquely rather 
 awA in orbem ; In sum, the basis Is to the column and Its entablature 
 what the stylobata Is to the basis, and the stereobata to the pede&tal. 
 Here note, that when a cornice is added to a base, it becomes a pedestal 
 and that to the Corinthian or Composlta the A,ttlc base ; and though 
 fairest of all, and us'd In other orders, by no means so properly. It is 
 often enrlch'd with sculpture, especially in the Composlta : for bases 
 (Jlffer according to the order. Tuscan has a torus only ; the Doric, an 
 astragal more, by some esteem'd a modern addition. The Ionic's torus 
 Is larger, on a double seotia, betwixt which are two astragals. The 
 Composlta an astragal fewer than the Corinthian. The Attic base (or as 
 some, the j:lttic curgij consists of a plinth, two torus's and seotia, pro- 
 perly pl^c'd under the Ionic and Composlta, and indec^d, as was said, to 
 all, Tuscan excepted, which has its peculiar base. But to proceed to. 
 other particulars. 
 
, 377- 
 
 The Plinth is the first and very lowest member of. the base; The, 
 word denotes a brick or square tyle, of which happly they were usually 
 made, but rather for the resemblance, because of the weight it was to 
 bear, and therefore more probably of something more solid to preserve 
 the foot of the column from rotting, when first pillars were made but of, 
 the tapering bodies of trees, as we shall shew hereafter. Plinth is like- 
 wise taken for a like member about the capital, but then always with its 
 adjunct, the plinth of the capital, &c. because placed just above the 
 Echinus, as in the Doric, Ovoloov quarter round in the other orders. 
 The -Italians familiarly name it Orlo^ which, importing a round welt, 
 hem, or brim, methinks is not so properly applied to it. By plinth is 
 also. to be understood any flat, thick moulding in. the fore- walls pf any 
 building, ranging like a broad list with the several floors or stages. The; 
 next is, 
 
 ZoTMSithe third member of the base (of which there is superior and 
 inferior in the bases.of all the orders, the Tuscan excepted), comes from. 
 Topog, denoting the roundness and smoothness of it; Torus, enim quic- 
 quid rotundum ; or rather as Scaliger, quod artijicialiter elahoratur et 
 tometur, because artificially made so ; but why not from its swelling 
 and. brawniness ? It much resembles the shape of a round cushion, 
 torques, or, wreath, thence a-rt^ag, and the imposed, weight makes it seem 
 to swell out as if indeed it were stuffed, and that with reason, say the 
 critics, for the more easy and safe position of the 
 
 Trochile, from t/)s%w or,T/)o%a, arundle or pully- wheel, W;hich it much 
 resembles, and is that cavity appearing next to the torus. The Italians 
 name it Bastone,ov more properly CavettOi and Cornice, tanquam baculi' 
 cortex, the hollow rind of a tree, as Barbaro., Our workmen retain the 
 ancient Scotia, from Xkotm, its obscurity proceeding from the shade of 
 the hollowness.; but more vulgarly they call it the Casement, and it is 
 ever the cavitys between the former tor,us's, and also beneath the.Doriq 
 cornice separated from the plain margin or regula call'd mentum and 
 corona by- a small cymatium, or sometimes a list only, The capital letter 
 C is almost a perfect resemblance of this mouldings and it is indeed fre- 
 quently bordured or rather shut in with lists. Lastly, 
 
 The jistragal, which, besides divers other things (as the Septem 
 
 3 c 
 
378 
 
 spince vertebr'cs neer the neck) has here its analogy from that bone a 
 little above the heel, whence the French name it the talon, or heel it self 
 (as our author of the Parallel), nor improperly ; but by the Italians, il 
 tondino, being a kind of half torus, sometimes wrought in the richer 
 orders like an over-cast hem or hedge to the larger tore, which frequently 
 is plac'd between, as in the Ionic base with two scotias, and sometimes 
 (though rarely) just about the plinth of the base, as some marshal it. 
 Otherwhiles again it is taken for the hoop, cincture or collar next the 
 hypotrachelium and diminution of a column listed on both edges, and it 
 runs also under the echinus of the Ionic. Our Englisher of Hans 
 Bloome names it a boltell, or fillet in any part of a pillar ; but I take a 
 fillet to be more flat, this more swelling and (as I say) torus-like. More- 
 over, we sometimes find it dividing the fascia of the Corinthian archi- 
 trave where it is wrought in chapletts and beads, olives or berries ; and 
 finally in two places, both above and beneath the lists joyning imme- 
 diately to the square or die of a pedestal where stylobata is introduced : 
 and so we have done with the ornaments and mouldings of the base. 
 We come now to the column itself. 
 
 iZxog, nakedly, and strictly taken, is that part of an order only which 
 is the prop or columen, placed to support something superior to it, and is 
 here properly that round and long cylinder diversly named by authors 
 scapus, vivo, tige, shaft, fust, trunke, &c. containing the body thereof 
 from -the spire of the base, or lately mentioned astragal, to the capital; 
 sometimes for the substance and thickness of the bottom of the pillar, and 
 in authors for the checks of a door, secundum cardines ef antepagmenta, 
 of which consult the learned Baldus, de Signif. Vocab. Vitruv. in the 
 word i2epZMW,also the perpendicular post of a winding staires; but for the 
 most part for that solid of a column which being divided into three parts, 
 has (as some delight to form them, but without any reason or good 
 authority) an entasis or swelling, and under the collerine or cimba of 
 the capital, a contracture and comely diminution, by workmen call'd the 
 breaking of the pillar ; which, in imitation of the natural tapering! of trees 
 is sometimes too much contracted, in others excessively swell'd. The 
 manner of operation by applying a thin flat flexible rule, of the length 
 of the whole column, divided inta three equal parts, beginning at the 
 
379 
 
 endicular of the lowest, is so well known, that I need say nothing 
 ; of it, than that there is hardly any sensible swelling to be per- 
 d in the best examples, and therefore to be sparingly us'd, and with 
 etion, if at all : or as Desgodet and some aflFect, tapering very in- 
 ibly all the way. Monsieur Perrault prescribes another method foi.' 
 diminution (speaking of Nicomedes's first Conchoid in his learned 
 iment, 1. 3. cap. 2d.) But (returning to where we left) the primary 
 5 or rise of the shaft next the astragal or neather cincture is called 
 Apophyges, from the Greek word 'k^7ro\)y^ ; because in that part 
 :olumn taking as it were a rise, seems to emerge and fly from the 
 s like the processus of a bone in a man's leg ; and so it is now and 
 applied to the square of pedestals likewise. In short, 'tis no more 
 an imitation of the rings' or feruls heretofore used at the extremities 
 ooden pillars, when formerly they were made of that material, to 
 2rve them from splitting, afterward imitated in stone-work as an 
 iarable part thereof, and thence doubtless it is they tpok their origi- 
 jontraction; such trees as grew in the most upright tenor and comely 
 nution being chosen for this employment. 
 
 hese being resembled in stone (that is of one entire one) by solidce 
 I distinguish'd from the structiles, or were such pillars as were com- 
 ided of many. 
 
 ut it is not here only that these rings have place, but next the above 
 [ib'd astragal likewise, and where-ever encounter'd by the- names of 
 ilus, cincta, cimbia, listello, fillets, regula, &c. broader or more 
 3w, as best suits with the consecutive member, like those very small 
 llos or annulets under the echinus of the Doric capital, by the Ita^ 
 called gradettif degrees, and by the interpreters of P. Lomazsso, 
 s ; and so in like manner the cimbia beneath the astragal imme- 
 ly above the contraction. But regulse and fillets are somewhat 
 jr in places where they edge and shut in the cymatium of a corrrice, 
 as, or voluta. Moreover, I note, that listello and cincta are broader 
 annulets, which I take to be the very least of all the mouldings in 
 
 der. 
 
 le capital, with its ornaments, comes now to be the next colljective 
 
 ber. 
 
380 
 
 We have already ^hew'd what we are to understand by a column, 
 which, nakedly considered, does not assume the name of order till it be 
 dressed and habited with its distinguishing ornaments, the capit'alj, &c. 
 For tho' by ornament Architects in one word signifie architrave, frieze, 
 and cornice, which ever accompany and compleat the order, yet 'tis the 
 capital only which gives it its' distinction and denomination ; and albeit 
 their diflferences may indeed be also taken from the height, shape and 
 substance, yet hardly without their heads, as the lonicae and Corinthian. 
 We proceed therefore to the second member towards the upper part or 
 diminution of a column (which is always the less abatied if very tall, 
 because the distance eiFects that in them, which art produces in the 
 lower,) the 
 
 Ui/potraehelium, which from the Greek UTror^xx^^^tov cblli pars infra 
 eerviceniy denotes the neck of the column, being that part of scapus be- 
 low the astragal : it is as it were the freeze of the capital, and so by 
 some term'd; as also the collar and gorgerin, where the pillar is most 
 contracted, and seems as if it were strangled, and may well be taken for 
 a part of the capital it self, having both in the Tuscan and Doric another 
 annulus or cinCta about it next to the 
 
 Echinus, a bottle cut with an edge, as in our Blonie'lis rudely ex- 
 plained. It is indeed a quarter round, and sometimes more, swelling 
 above the cinctures, and commonly next to the abacus, carv'd with ovals 
 and darts (by our workmen call'd eggs and ankers as little pbjitely), 
 which is frequently shut up with a smaller ovolo of beacis and cbaplets,, 
 or like ornament : but so adorn'd,. it commonly runs under the Ionic 
 voluta and that of the Composlta, and next the Doric abacus ; as in that 
 singular-example of the Trajan Column it creeps under the plinth of the 
 capital. Such as pretend to etymologies for every thing they hear will 
 have it I^h/o? ira^a to e^ewj or '<rvv£y(j£tuiaajTov, because of a kind of self con- 
 traction; others more rationally, from the resemblance and roughness in 
 the carving £;:(jH/ouT^a%JTe|jo?, as bristling with its darts like a hedge-bog, 
 or rather the thorny husk of a chest-nutj which being open'd discovers 
 a kind of oval figur'd kernell which dented a little at the top, the Latins 
 call decacuminata ova. Under this, as we said, is a smaller bracelet 
 again^ which incircles the capital under the voluta in the Coijaposita, 
 
38i 
 
 taken for the fuserole ; and so likewise in the other orders where the 
 bvolo or echinus properly enter, having a small moulding beneath it, by 
 Palladio wBiia d. gradetto ; but of this already. In the Corinthian, an 
 echinus frequently comes in betwixt the corona and dentilli. 
 
 The Voluta, or as we terra it, properly enough, the scroul, is not the 
 derivative of any Greek word, but the Latin, valuta, h volvendo, for that 
 it indeed seems to be roll'^ upon an axis or staflF. Alberti calls them 
 snails-shells from their spiral turn. It is the principal and onlv appro- 
 priate member of the Ionic capital, which has four in imitation of 
 a female ornament, as both our master Vitruvius and the author of the 
 Parallel have learnedly illustrated. The face of it is called Jrons, the 
 fore-hfead, a little hoUow'd between the edge or list, and the return, pul- 
 vin or pillow betwixt the abacus and echinus, resembles the side-plaited 
 tresses of womens hair, to defend as it were the ovolo from the weight 
 of the abacus (over which the voluta hangs) and superior members, 
 for the same reason as was intimated in the torus of the base. 
 
 There are alst) volutas in the Corinthian and compounded capitals, 
 whereof the first hath eight, which are angular, the rest consisting 
 rather of certain large stalkes after a more grotesco design, as may be 
 gathered from those rams horns in the capital of the columns taken 
 out of the bathes of Dioclesian ; and in truth they are only the pretty 
 flexures and scrowlings of Vitici, like the tendrells of vines, whereof the 
 four larger ones bend under the horns or corners of the abacus, the other 
 four of lesser size, just under the middle of the arch thereof, beneath the 
 flower : then the bottom or foot of the calatbus or panier (for that's 
 divided into three equal parts, as will hereafter appear) shows in front 
 two entire leaves, and as many half ones, viz. at the angles, and betwixt 
 those again two stalkes, which, with a tall one in the middle (that 
 touches the midst of the arch, as we said, it puts forth a flower upon 
 the brim of the abacus) make in all sixteen in number. To be yet as 
 accurate as may be in so nice and florid an ornament, these leaves did of 
 old resemble either the acanthus (though a little more indented and 
 disguised), from the inventor Callimachus, or (as some) the olive and 
 paime, for so it is warranted hy VillalpanduS, from that capital of his 
 descriptionstdndingin the Temple of Solomon. At the extrearaes of 
 
382 
 
 these leaves do issue the caules, and codds breaking with the helices, 
 the rest of the stalkes adorn'd and furnish'd with buds and tender foliage 
 by the discretion and invention of the ingenious carver. But the domi- 
 neering tendrells and flexures consist of greater or smaller volutas, 
 emerging from between the abacus and echinus in smaller ' leaves and 
 stalks, middling and inferior foliage, as they are distinguish'd by work- 
 men in the three above-nam'd divisions of the calathus ; but instead 
 of those helices, at our Corinthian horns, the Composita has her voluta 
 much more resembling the lonica, and in lieu of those, divers capricious 
 fantaisies, as horses heads, eagles, and the like ; sed ea doctis non pro- 
 bantuVf they are rejected by all good Architects, says Philander. Voluta 
 is likewise among the ornaments of mutuli, curtouses, &c. 
 
 Now the center or eye of the Ionic voluta is made by artists with a 
 Cathetus, which (not over nicely to distinguish from perpendicular, 
 because the operation of them proceeds from distinct terms)* is meant by 
 a line let down from above, intersecting the line of the collar (as 'tis 
 demonstrated in chap. 24 of the "Parallel," with the history of its in- 
 vestigation) and that small circle at this point of intersection, is meta- 
 phorically oculus, the eye, from whence the perfect turning of the voluta 
 has been after an exquisite manner (tho' by few observ'd and practis'd) 
 found out ; it being here indeed that our workman will be put to the 
 exercise of his arithmetic, as appears by that accurate calculation in 
 Nicholas Goldmanus's Restitution of this becoming ornament. Lastly, 
 
 The jdhacus (from a6«| or d^ctKiov, which signifies a square trencher 
 or table) is that quadrangular piece commonly accompanied with a 
 cymatium (except in the Tuscan), and serving instead of a corona or 
 drip to the capital, whereof it is the plinth and superior, as has already 
 been noted. This it is which supports the neather face of the archi- 
 trave, and whole trabeation. In the Corinthian and Composita the 
 corners of it are nam'd the horns, and are somewhat blunted and hol- 
 lowed ; the intermedial sweep and curvature with the arch, has com- 
 monly a rose or some pretty flower carv'd in the middle of it. 
 
 Thus we have finished that head of our column, which being taken in 
 general for all these members together, is commonly distinguish'd by 
 the name of capital (an essential member of every order :) taken, I say. 
 
383 
 
 for the intire ornament from the astragal and first cincture of it, to th 
 
 plinth which bears up the architrave. But it is not to be omitted, thj 
 
 the main body of the Corinthian chapiter, of which we have given 
 
 large description under the title of Fbluta, consists of a bell, or bask< 
 
 rather, \diich is that plain and solid part under the cauliculi and stalki 
 
 and out of which they are carved with helices, tendrells, and flowei 
 
 already mentioned, and which, in order to their triple series of foliag 
 
 (which seems to include and shadow the body of it as 'tis represente 
 
 in that curious design of Callimachus's invention), is divided intothre 
 
 equal parts : but of this hereafter. There is likewise another capita' 
 
 or rather a diminutive of it, by the Greeks called Kt^otkihov^ which doe 
 
 not only signifie (as sometimes) the former calathus and basket, bu 
 
 more properly that braid or list above the triglyph in the freeze. 
 
 Moreover, to the bodies or shafts of some columns appertain 
 
 Striges, which (not to insist upon what the learned Vossius and othe 
 
 critics have contended) are those excavated channels,, by our workmei 
 
 called flutings and groeves. These are particularly alFected to the Ioni( 
 
 order (rarely the Doric) uti stolarum rugce^ in imitation of the plait 
 
 <rf womens robes, as our master resembles them ; and some of thesi 
 
 diannels we find to go winding about pillars, &c. but it is not approved 
 
 Between these are the Striee, we may properly English them raies o 
 
 lists ; which, being twenty in the Ooric, in the Ionic 24 in number, an 
 
 those plain spaces between the flutings in the Ionic, Doric, Corinthian 
 
 and Composed Orders, which ornament the three last have (with som< 
 
 small difference) borrow'd from the Ionic; and in' some of those (as Ir 
 
 that Dioclesian J)oric example) they are so made, as to reduce the rays 
 
 to a sharp edge only, by their contiguity without any spaces at all. Bui 
 
 sometimes we find the striges to be fill'd up with a swelling, athirdparf 
 
 from the base, and these we may call stav'd, or cabled columns ; for so 
 
 I think fit to interpret the French embastone, and Alberti's rudem. 
 
 Thus we find some Corinthian pillars often treated ; the stria being 
 
 commonlv a third or fourth part of the wideness of thp flutings, (in the 
 
 Doric not top deep) and diminishing with the contraction of the scapiis, 
 
 unless the shaft be very high, in which case the distance does it without 
 
384 
 
 the aid of the workman; sometimes also we have seen them totally 
 fiU'd, and sometimes wrought, but better plain. Note, that where the;^ 
 exceed twenty or twenty-four, they make the columns appear gouty, 
 We should now come to the Entablature, but a word of 
 
 Pillasters, or square columns, call'd by the Greeks (if standing 
 single) Parastatce, or by the Italians Memhretti. Observing the same 
 module and ornament in base and capital, if alone, with that of the intire 
 column ; but so they do not for. their promlnencie, which being to gain 
 room and to strengthen works (for.tlfie and uphold capacious vaults] 
 reduces them sometimes to the square, whereof one of the sides is fre- 
 quently applied to walls, by which alone some will only have them. to 
 differ from columns themselves ; but that ought to, be understood oi 
 such as have no imposts and arches, upon which occasions the lights 
 they let in do much govern their proportions, as Palladio has judiciously 
 shew'd in 1. 1. c. 13. &c. Likewise, where they happen to he at angles, 
 and according to the surcharg'd weight; and therefore a rustic super- 
 ficies, as Sir H. Wotton has discreetly observ'd, does best become them, 
 as. well as a greater latitude, for so they have sometimes been inlarged to 
 almost a whole vacuity ; unless where, for their better fortifying, w€ 
 find half, and sometimes whole columns applied to them. As to, the 
 extancy, engaged In the thickness of the walls, for so we must suppose 
 them to be, they sometimes shew above a fourth, fifth,, or sixth part oi 
 their, square ; but this is regulated according to the nature and difference 
 of the work, which not seldom reduces it to an eight, without any ma 
 regards to what were requisite if they stood alone, seeing they are ofter 
 destin'd to stations which require the most substantial props. For thi 
 rest, they carry the same proportion with their respective orders, anc 
 are very rarely contracted, unless where they are plac'd behind whol< 
 columns : if fluted, with not above seven or nine at most. Be this als< 
 observed ; that as in the fronts of large and noble buildings they shev 
 very gracefully, being plac'd one over the other before the first and se 
 cond stories : so In lesser fronts and houses they look but poorly 
 Lastly, be. this farther noted : tjiat tho' we find the Doric plllaster witl 
 trlgylph and metop placed about the cupola, 'tis, by no means to b 
 
385 
 
 in any sort, to humor the angle of an upright wall, tho' there 
 t to be a cornice above it, as we frequently find, allowing half to 
 e, and as much to the other, 
 
 isters are likewise smaller or shorter applied to balconies, &c. 
 ow and then bases, plinth and capital, and so in rails upon stairs, 
 lents, &c, They also do properly and handsomely, where they 
 to support cornices. and freezes in wainscoted rooms, provided 
 ae proportion be observed, without those ridiculous disguisements 
 sstals and idle fancies commonly wrought about them. They 
 ill adorn door-cases, chimney-pieces, gallerle-fronts, and other 
 whence they are called 
 
 e, not improperly (as Mons. Perault shews} from the Latin antce, 
 ir being plac'd before the ancient Temple walls, and colnes stand- 
 : to secure them, and so at the sides of doors. In short they are 
 lly own'd among pilasters, observing the same rule in advancing 
 the work, as columns themselves also do ; otherwise (as was 
 ilasters us'd to appear very little beyond the perpendicular of the 
 • work, where there happen'd to be no ornament above, which 
 ' farther, in which case the projecture of both ought to be alike, 
 er comply with that of the pilaster. 
 
 Imposts (by Vltruvius call'd Incumbce) which I mentioned, are 
 5 but their capitals, or more 'protuberant heads, upon which rest 
 ds of the arches, which also must conform to their orders ; so as 
 scan has a plinth only, the Doric two faces around, the Ionic a 
 re or cavity betwixt the two faces, with now and then carved 
 ngs, as has likewise the Corinthian and Composita a freeze ; so as 
 lies of the Imposts exceed not the body of the pilaster. Sometimes 
 the entablature of the order serves for the Impost of the arch, which 
 stately, as we see in divers Churches, to which the height exceed- 
 ontrlbutes, where the projecture is suitable; in the meantime 
 they exceeded the square and regular thickness, they were nam'd 
 B, and their quadras or tables (as we yet see them in antier^t altars 
 onuments) were employ'd for inscriptions; but if shorter and 
 lassy, they serve for the arches of bridges, for buttresses, and 
 tentatlon of more solid works, as indeed they need to be, stand- 
 
 3d 
 
386 
 
 ing in tl|? water, and gradually built as far as its level.; nor ought their 
 breadth to be less than a sixth part of the wideness of the arch, nor 
 more than a fourth. They were sometimes made half circular ; but the 
 antients prefer'd the pointed fit right angles, as better to resist the im- 
 petuous current, before the more acute and sharper. 
 
 Arches or vaults, consisting generally of simple half circles, and now 
 and then of some lesser point, of all other, require the conduct of an 
 able Architect well skill'd in geometry. I shall not need to criticize on 
 the several species of fornices and cradle works, as of late subdivided 
 into more than we find among the antients, which were not above three 
 or four ; the simple fornix, or hemicircular, straite or turning ; the tes- 
 tudo or more circular, and that which by the French is call'd Cul-de-Four 
 and oven-like ; and the concha, which like a trumpet grows wider as it 
 lengthens, &c. Of these some are single, some double, cross, diagonal, 
 horizontally on the plaine ; others ascending and descending, angular, 
 oblique, pendent; some that sallie out suspending an incumbent burden, 
 of which there are both concave and convex, as for the giving passage 
 under upon occasion. But of whatever form or portion of the circle, care 
 must he had that where they cross the reins or branches springing from 
 the same point, and their moulding alike, they neither crowd too neere 
 one another, nor entangle confusedly ; but meeting from angle to angle, 
 unite at the key-stone, which is commonly carv'd with a rose or some 
 other ornament ; it being in this disposition of the nerves and branches 
 wherein consists the artist's great address, and that the concamerated 
 spaces be exceeding close joynted, needing no pegs, or fillings up with 
 mortar ; and above all, that the butments he substantial. As now in 
 cellars, churches, &c. vault and arch, work in warmer climates, both in 
 the first and second stories, not without frequent and costly sculpture, 
 various fretts and compartments, of which we have examples antient 
 aiid modern, far more rich, grave, and stately, than those Gothic sofiits, 
 gross and heavy, or miserably trifling. Another gre^t address in vaults 
 work is, to render them light and cheerful, where they are rais'd above 
 ground, as well as solid ; especially where there is occasion to contrive 
 them as flat as possible ; such as are to be seen in many bridges, espe- 
 cially at Pisa over the Arno, so flat as the curviture is hardly discern- 
 
387 
 
 able ; and tho' it consists of three arches, yet they are very large, and 
 there are many at Venice, but not neere of that length. That of thfe 
 famous Rialto^ over the Grand Canale, is more exalted, being in the base 
 neere 200 foot, the chord muqh less than half the diameter, arches being 
 ever strongest as they approach the half circle. The masonry at the 
 front of these, being cut by a peculiar slope of the stone, is cali'd pen- 
 nanted till it come to joyn with th'e 
 
 Jk[ensulai which, quasi ^tiva, seems to be locked to the pennants in 
 guize of a wedge, and therefore by our artists nam'd the key-stone: 
 we have shewed their use where two arches intersect, which is the 
 strongest manner of cameration. Under the title of arch-work, may 
 not improperly come in those Scalce Cochlides, spiral, annular, oval, 
 ^nd of whatsoever shape, pensile, and as it were, hanging with or with- 
 out column, receiving sight from above; all of them requiring the 
 skiUfiil geometrician, as well as a inaster-mason ; stairs in general being 
 one of the most usefull and absolutely necessary parts of an house, and 
 therefore to be contrived with good judgment, whither of stone or 
 timber ; and so as with ease and cheerfulness one may be led to all the 
 upper rooms. With ease I mean, that the flights be not too long, 
 before one arrives to the reposes and landings, without criticizing con- 
 cerning the number of steps (which tHe antients made to be odd) pro- 
 vided they exceed not 5 inches in height^ or be less than 15 in breadth, 
 one foot being scarcely tolerable ; and albeit the length cannot so posi- 
 tively be determin'd, but should answer the quality and capacity of the 
 building; it ought not to be shorter than five and an half, or six foot, 
 that two persons may commodiously ascend together. I speak not of 
 those (Scalce occult ce) back stayers, which Sometimes require much 
 contraction (and are more obnoxious to winding steps) but a noble and 
 ample hovtse may extend even from 8 to 12 foot ito length. And here 
 I think not amiss to note, that the antients very seldom made use of 
 arched doors or windows, unless at the entrance of castles, cittys, and 
 triumphal intercolumnations for the more commodious ingress of horse- 
 men arm'd with spears, and ensigns, &d. This barbarity, therefore, we 
 may Idok upon as purely Gothique, who, considering nothing with rea- 
 son, have intrjBduc'd it Into private houses, and been imitated but by io6 
 many of our late Architects also, to the no small diminution of the rest, 
 
388 
 
 which is better conducted. By intercolumnatioiis I do likewise com- 
 priehend all terraced and cloister'd buildings, porticos, galleries, attria's, 
 &c. as before, contiguous to, or standing out from, the body of edi- 
 fices, in -which cases they' are becomingly proper. And this does natu- 
 rally lead me to our pillars again, and to consider the spaces between 
 them. 
 
 Inter columnation (antiently much the same in all the orders withoiJt 
 arches, where spaces may be wider than betwixt single columns) signi- 
 fies the distance or void between pillar and pillar ; but this not suffi- 
 ciently explaining the various distance of the several orders in work, 
 renders it, even in divers of our English authors where they treat of 
 this art, of sundry denominations. For thus it was usually call'd 
 
 Jnsulata Columna, where a pillar stood alone like an island or rock 
 in the Sea, the one inviron'd with air as the other with water. 
 
 jlreostylos belonging chiefly to the Tuscan order, was where the inter- 
 columnatibn Is very wide, as at the entrance of great cities, forts, &c. 
 upon which occasions at the least four or five modules (taken for the 
 whole diameter) may be allowed, and commonly requires a timber archi- 
 trave. Others almost contrary, when they stand at only a moderate 
 distance. 
 
 JDeaslfyZo*, though sometimes improperly taken for any intercolumna- 
 tion, is most natural to the Doric, and may have three or four diameters, 
 nay sometimes more in the' Ionic, as fittest for gates, galleries, and 
 porches of Pallaces or lesser buildings, and thence were call'd tetras- 
 tylos and hexastylos. 
 
 The JSystylos -nam'd also Pycnostylos (as much as to say thick of 
 pillars, because seldom allow'd above a module and an half, though 
 some distinguish the first by an half module more for the Corinthian), 
 belongs chiefly to the Composita, and it was us'd before temples and 
 other public and magnificent works of that nature : as at present in the 
 peristyle of St. Peter's at Rome, consisting of neere 300 columns ; and 
 as yet remain of the antients among the late discover'd ruins of Pal- 
 myra. But where in such structures the intercolumnation did not ex- 
 ceed two diameters, or very little more, (as in the Corinthian, and espe- 
 /cially the Ionic,) the proportion of distance was so esteemed for its 
 
38Si 
 
 Beauty and other petfections, that it was by a particular eminence termed' 
 eustylos, as being of all other the most graceful. But it is not now so 
 frequent as of old, to be at that vast, charge, as the number and multi- 
 tude of columns (which were usually of one entire stone, exceeding all 
 the other pairts and ornaments of building,) would ingage the most 
 opulent Prince. Whilst we find those enormous structures of temples, 
 amphitheaters, naumachia, circus, baths, porches, tribuna,ls, courts, 
 and other places of public convention, were built and advanced not 
 only by the general contribution of the people, or out of the^^cA and 
 charge ■ of the state ; but very often by the munificence of Emperors, 
 who, glorying in nothing more than in that of beautifying and adorn- 
 ing of the most famous cities in the several provinces, us'd to imploy' 
 thousands of their slaves to hew and work in the quarrys, abounding 
 tvith all sorts of the richest marbles, or with serpentins, ophites, por-' 
 phyris, and -such as for hardness and difficulty of polishing, our tobl^- 
 wilt now hardly enter ; and when the pillars (and attire about them) 
 were finish'd, to send and bestow them gratis towards the encourage- 
 ment and advancement of those public works, &c. But after this Con- 
 stantine the Great, meditating the translation of the Imperial Seat, 
 (from the West to the East) took another course (tho'' by no means so- 
 laudable), causing many of the most magnificent buildings to bedepriv'd 
 of their columns, - statues, inscriptions, and noblest antiquities, to be 
 taken away and caryed to Byzantium (now Constantinople), to adorn- 
 his new City with the spoyks of Rome; whilst what ruins and frag- 
 ments were left (and had escap'd the savage Goths and Vandals), were 
 stripp'd of all that yet remained of venerable and useful antiquity, by 
 the succeeding Pontiflfe, for the building of stately palaces, villas^ and 
 country-houses of the upstart Nepotismcj as are standing both ait pre- 
 sent in the cltys, and the sweetest and most dehcious parts of the coun- 
 try about it; proud of what yet stood of the miserable 'demoHtion of 
 temples, arches, mausoleas, &c. so justly perstring'd in that sarcasme, 
 Quodnonfecerunt barbari, fecerunt Barharini : and indeed, the su- 
 perb Palaces of Card. Antonio, Panfilio,&c. nephews to Pope Urban 
 the VIII. and his successors, are instances of this : so ias I hardly can^ 
 tell of any one antient structure (not excepting the Pantheon) but what 
 
390 
 
 has suflFer'd such ignominious marks and disguises, as that the learned 
 author of the "Paralell," together with all the asSiembly of the most skil- 
 ful artists (which he has brought together), have hardly been able (with 
 infinite pains, charge, and industry,) to recover the just proportions and 
 necessary adjuncts of the antient orders. But to return where we left 
 speaking of columns : we are not there obliged to reckon any of them 
 as meaning different orders, kinds, or species of building (as in the fol- 
 lowing enumeration), but as relating to the several dispositions of them, 
 agreeable to their interoolumnation. For where the sides had ranges of 
 columns^ as in those large xystas, temples, porticos, atrias and ves- 
 tibula of the Greeks and Romans, (which were certain arched or plainly 
 architrav'd buildings in form of cloysters and galleries, commonly stand- 
 ing out from the rest of the edifice, and now and then alone, and within 
 also^) the antients named no fewer than seven, according as they were- 
 applied to the several species, disposition, or comiposition of the fabric, 
 or more plainly, such as were more proper for a temple, according; as it 
 was built and plac'd designedly for more or fewer ranks of columns, at 
 the entrance only, on every side about it, without or within ; not regard-; 
 ing their proportion or ornament, which ' is a different consideration (for 
 so I think Vitruvius may be taken) of these. The first is 
 
 1. :Antes, of which we have already spoken. 
 
 2. The Prostyle^ whose station being at the front, consisted of only 
 four columns. ' 
 
 3. Amfhyprastyle, where the building had a double ^ronao* or porch, 
 consisted but of four at each. 
 
 4. Periptere, where the columns range quite about the building, 
 six in front ; the intercolumnation two diameters of whatever order it 
 consist, the pillars standing downward. 
 
 5. Pseudodiptere (bastard or imperfect), as consisting of a single 
 rank only, yet of eight columns in front at two diameters distance ; so 
 as left space enough for another row from the main building. Whereas 
 the 
 
 6. Diptere has a double row of as many quite about, and octostyle 
 in front also, at the distance of emtyle, that is, two diameters artd a 
 
391 
 
 quarter. This made as it were a double portico, which we call Isles. 
 Lastly, the . 
 
 . 7- £fypethre, consists of two ranks of columns all about, with ten at 
 each face of the building, and n peristyle within of single columns; 
 the rest being ex pos'd to the air, that is, not walled in (and plac'd as the 
 ^cnostyle closer to one another), we have call'd peristyle, which tho' 
 importing a colonade or series of columns ranging quite about, yet are 
 not all which are so plac'd, ■to be call'd so, unless standing within the 
 walls, which is essential to. their denomination ; since otherwisie, as well 
 the periptere as monoptere (both consisting but of a single range or 
 wing a piece) should then be peristyles, which they are not: besides, 
 the monoptere is only where a roof is supported without any wall or 
 closure whatsoever, as in that example of Vitruvius, lib. 4. cap. 7. all 
 which I have only mention' d for the benefit of our country workmen, 
 who do frequently even amongst our English translators of Architecto- 
 nical Treatises, meet with those hard names without their interpreta- 
 tion, when they discourse of these open and airy ornaments, whether 
 adjoyning to and supporting more contignations and stories, or invi-, 
 roning them, and prominent from them ; and because it is for this that 
 our master Vitruvius so passionately wishes that his Architect should 
 be (as of old they styl'd Callimachus) Phllotechnos, an industrious 
 searcher of the sciences, which is the same that a good Philologer is 
 amongst our literati. 
 
 Moreover, instead of columns the antients (as how the modern but 
 too often) used to place the whole figures of men and women to sup- 
 port and bear up intire cornices, and even huge masses of buildings; 
 but of this at large in, Gap. 22, 23, of the Parallel, Part I. These they 
 also nam'd Telamones or Atlas's, the French Consoles, where they 
 usually set them to sustain the architrave, which for being the next 
 member in order to the capital we come next to explain. 
 
 The Greeks nam'd that epistilium, which we from a mungril com- 
 pound of two languages d^x't-trabs (as much as to say the principal beam 
 and summer or rather from arcus and trabs,) call architrave ; Ut velint 
 irabem hrnipArcus vices sustinere qui ct columna ad columnam sinuari 
 solet, as Baldus, with reason, from its position upon the column, or rather 
 
392 
 
 indeed the abacus of the capital. It is the very first member of that 
 which we call entablature in our translation of the Parallel ; and for- 
 merly in the Tuscan ordei', framed for the most part of timber in. regard 
 of the distant intercolumnation. It is also frequently broken into 'two 
 or three divisions, call'd by artists 
 
 Fascias, or rather, plain fasces, a little prominent, the lowest 
 being ever the narrowest. These breaks arriving sometimes to 1/, 
 sometimes to 18 minutes in breadth, some rather choose to call faces 
 than fascias, swathes, fillets, or bands, by which they are usually dis- 
 tlnguish'd into first, second, and third, especially in the three latter 
 orders; Yor in the Tuscan and Doric they do not so properly enter, 
 though our Parallel yield us two approv'd examples. These are fre- 
 quently, and indeed for the most part, separated with a small astragal 
 cut into heads, or some such slight carving ; the fascias of the archi- 
 trave likewise curiously wrought, as in that wonderful instance of a 
 Gbrinthlan entablature taken out of Dioclesian's bathes. Fascia, in 
 the notion I would rather take it, should be for that narrower band 
 about the Tuscan and other basis as some call it ; or rather the square list 
 under the superior forM5 in some pedestals nam' d supercilium,: and not 
 properly the to7-us it self, as in divers English profiles- they erroneously 
 make it ; for supercilium seems to be a kind of corona or drip to the 
 subjacent members. In chimneys the architrave is the mantle ; and 
 over the antepagmenta or jambs of doors, and llntells of windows, the 
 Aj/joer^Aj/r-on, which the Italians call sopprafrontale, and our carpenters 
 the king-piece, immediately under the corona as a large table to supply 
 the freeze, especially in the Doric order,, and chiefly over porticos and 
 doors; whilst,- as to the precise rule for the fillet of the architrave, the 
 Tuscan challenges one; the Doric and Composita two ; the Corinthian 
 three; -sometimes interrupted to let in a table for an inscription. 
 
 The uppermost fascia of the architrave for the most part is, and 
 Indeed always should be (the Tuscan only excepted), adorn'd with a 
 Lysis, -br 
 
 Cymatium m\evted,\v\nch is no more than a wrought or plain 
 o-gee as our workmen barbarously name it; the term is KujttaT-'ov undiilu, 
 dnd -signifies a rolling wave to the resemblance whereof it is moulded. 
 
393 
 
 •By some it is call'd the tkroat, as from the Italian and French, gi 
 geule, or doucine, and of these there are two kinds ; the first s 
 principal hath always its cavity above, and doth constantly jett over 
 ctmena or drip like a wave i?eady to fall, and then is properly ea 
 sima ; the other has its hollow below, and is nam'd irwersa, the ( 
 convex, the other concave : the letters /thus placed do reasonably \ 
 express these kind of mouldings, which not only enter into the mem 
 of the architrave where 'tis ever inverted, but (as we said) perpetm 
 above the corona, where they do frequently encounter and meet toget 
 with a small Fegaila between them, whichj as it were, separate the ps 
 as the freeze from the cornice and the like ; but then the neather is 
 Lesbyan ever reversed, and very narrow ; though ofttimes both of th 
 carv'd and adoxn'd with foliage, &c. In the Doric order the upm 
 c^maitium of the entablature is somewhat different, consisting 
 of a single hollow only under the list : in the mean time, there is 
 small nicety among Architects, about this necessary ornament, both 
 to the name and placing ; giving to the Itirger the name of i^mati 
 revers'd, or doucine; to the smaller., that of simus or flat-nos 
 commonly placed beneath the other, under a ^mall fillet; yetJaol 
 essentially, but that it has been supplied by the astragal ; however, 
 most natural place of the great cymativm is upon the superior corr 
 where our master gives it the name of epictheates, and should c 
 cover the sloping sides oi Jrontoons or tynvpanum. 
 
 Cymatium is also about the heads of modilions, and constitutes | 
 of them, as likewise it enters into abacus, and on pedestals as in st^ 
 batee corona, and the base thereof, where we find them both inverti 
 though I remember sto have seen the upmost with the recta also in 
 cornice abovemention'd. But instead of cymatium separating the arc 
 trave and freeze, teeida oftentimes supplies tlie room. 
 
 Tcmia is properly Diadema, a bandlet or small fillet with ivhich tl 
 used to bind the head ; and rather those Lemnisci and rubans which 
 see carv'd and dangling at the ends of gyrlands. The interpre 
 «f Hans Bloome names it the top of a pillar but very insolent 
 it being indeed the small fescia part of the Doric architrave (oi 
 Perault, strictly belonging to the cornice alone) sometimes, but seld< 
 
 3e 
 
394 
 
 with a narrow "cymatium or regula under it, as that runs under the 
 triglyphis as a kind of base : some ciall it the neather Taenia (as 
 Philander frequently) to distinguish it from the bandage which com- 
 poses the tapitelli of the triglyphs, and continues between them over 
 the metops, and hot seldom under a cavetto or small cymatium with 
 which Suidas iand bther learned critics many times confound it. In a 
 Word 'tis that in the Doric architrave which cymatium is in the other 
 order, and separates the epistylium or architrave from the 
 
 Freeze, the word in Gi'eek is Z'uo<po^og and does genuinely import the 
 imaginary circle of the zodiac depicted with the twelve signs ; but by 
 tour Architects 'tis taken for the second division of the entablature above 
 the columns,, being like a. fair iand ample table between the former 
 teniae, and which though oftentimes plain should he pulvinatus, pillow'd, 
 or swelling in the Ionic order ; but in the Doric enrich'd with the 
 triglyph and metops, and with a thousand Historical, Symbolic, Gro- 
 tesque and other florid inventions in the rest of the orders (Tuscan 
 excepted), especially the Corinthian and Composita, and sometimes with 
 inscriptions. Our term is deriv'd either from the Latin phij/gia a 
 border, or from the Italian freggio, which denotes any fring'd or 
 embroider'd belt. Philander says a. phrygionibiis, not from the Phryges, 
 a people of the Minor Asia^ as some erroneously, but phrygionejs, a 
 certain broidery or flowr'd needle work, as one should say Troy-stitch, 
 whence haply our true-stitch) in imitation whereof they wrought flowfers 
 and compartments upon the freeze; which is commonly no broader 
 than the architrave : in the Ionic if plain, a fourth part less ; if wrought 
 a fourth part larger, of which see more where we spake of ornaments. 
 
 Besides this bf the entablature, the capitals of both Tuscan and 
 Doric have the freeze likewise commonly adorn'd with four roses and 
 as many smaller flowers, for which cause 'tis called the freeze of the 
 capital also, as we noted, tc* distinguish it from the other ; likewise 
 hypotracheliunij from its posture between the astragal and the regula, 
 or annulus of the echinus : this Tuscan freeze is plain and very simple \ 
 but in the rest of -the orders it is ertipldyed with the echinus, as in the 
 lonica, and the capital cauhculi or stalkes in thef other two; theses 
 
3m 
 
 roses are also sometimes insculped under the prominent horns or an^es 
 of the Doric abacus. 
 
 The Triglt/phs^ which I afl5rm'd to be charged on the Doric freeze, 
 is a most inseparable ornament of it. The word T^/yXui^oj in Greek 
 imports a three sculptur'd piece, quasi tres habens glyphas. By their 
 triangular furrows, or gutters rather, they seem to me as if they were 
 meant to convey the guttae or drops which hang a little under them ; 
 though there are who fancy them to have been made in imitation of 
 Apollo's lyre, because first put in work (as they affirm) at the Delphic 
 temple. You are to note that the two angular hollows are but half 
 chanell'd, whence they are call'd sermcanaliculce, to distinguish them 
 from the canaliculi whose flutings are perfect, and make up the three 
 with their interstices or spaces, being as many flat and slender shanks, 
 for so we may. interpret the Latineyemora : one of these is ever plac'd 
 'twixt two columns, and should be about the breadth of half its diameter 
 below. The Italians name them pianetti, small plains, and so do we ; 
 and they constantly reach the whole diameter of the freeze, being 
 crown'd with the formerly mention'd capital, part of the upper taenia, 
 and determining with th« neather, where it intercepts them from the 
 prominent* 
 
 GuttcB, or Drops. It is certainly the most conspicuous part of the 
 Doric freeze, supposed to- have been at first so carved upon boards, only 
 that had been clap'd on the extremities of the cantherii, joists or 
 rafters ends, which bore upon the upper fascia of the architrave, to take 
 oflp from, the deformity, as also were the triglyphs.. How indispensably 
 necessary they are both to be placed in a just and due square from each 
 other, and perpendicularly over their columns, the author of the ''Paral- 
 lel" has ahew'd, chap. 2, part 1 ; as in that of the temple of Solomon, 
 according to Villalpandus's design, how they have been admitted into the 
 Qprinthian freeze but vyithout the guttce and so in the Persique* These 
 gultcei are, as I said;, those six appendant drops or tears- affected only^ to 
 the Doric order, seeming as it were to trickle- down- and, flow- from the 
 dhannels and shanks of the triglyphs through the neather taenia., and 
 small reglet or moulding under it. 
 
 Gutice' are sometimes made in shape of flat triangles, sometimes 
 
3^6 
 
 swelling like the section of a cone or bell (but isquare at the botto 
 and therefore so call'd by the French Architects. They are also vtt 
 the planton and the modilions which support the cornice, eighteer 
 number, dxaetly over the triglyphs, as in that most conspicuous eleval 
 of the profile after the stately relitjue at Albano near Rome, than wh 
 nothing can be iraagln'd more noble and magnificent. Albert! c 
 these ^uttae clavos, as conceiving them to be in resemblance of na 
 but without any reason for his conjecture. 
 
 JMeiopee are the next in order, and are nothing else save those em 
 spaces in the freeze 'twlxt the triglyphs in the Doric order, either pz< 
 and plain, or figur'd, for that is not necessary always, to the great e 
 of Architects, who oftentimes find it so difficuflt to place them at j 
 distances, that, except in church-works, they frequently leave them o 
 The word is derlv'd of fiera ottij^ which is foramen, intervallum in 
 Seidpturce cava, or if you. will, Inter tignium, as importing here rati 
 the forenamed spaces, than what those pretend who will fetch it fr 
 the MsTUTTov, or forehead of the beasts whose sculls (remaining after I 
 sacrifices) were usually carved in these intervals ; because in these ' 
 Guitles were the passages for the ends of the joysts, timbers and raft 
 which rested upon the architrave, and were to fill up that deformii 
 they usually made it up with some such ornaments, suppose of skul 
 dishes, and other vessels; nay sometimes with Jupiter's squib or thund 
 bolt, targets, battle-axes, roses, and such other trophies, as were fou 
 most apposite to the occasion, and not preposterously fillM them (as c 
 workmen too often do) without any relation to the subject ; so as I he 
 frequently seen oxes heads carved on the freeze of an house of pleasi 
 in a garden, where roses and flowers would have been more prop 
 There are sundry other ornaments likewise belonging to the freeze, su 
 as encarpa, festoons, and frutages, tyed to the horns of the skulls w: 
 taeniae and ribbands tenderly flowing about this member, and sometin 
 carried by little Pm^z, boys, cupids, and a thousand other rich inventic 
 to be found in good, examples. But we are now arriv'd to the thmk a 
 last member of the entablatwre^ separated from the freeze by the super 
 taenia, the cornice. 
 
 The Cornice, Coronis^ or as it is cdHectively taken for its se\(?eral a 
 
397 
 
 distinct mouldings and ornaments, eompTebends 1. regula ; 2. cymatiium; 
 S.dentelli; 4. ovob or echinus; 5. modiltons or bedding-mouldings 
 which support the corona; 6. sima recta and mversa (rarely a cavette); 
 7. and lastly, another regula, which concludes the whole order. We 
 will begin with the first, being sometimes a small scotia consisting of an 
 half or quarter Poun<i, that now and then also both in the Tuscan and 
 Dori<j divides th« freeze from the cornice in pl<ace of the taenia, as does 
 the cymatiura in the rest of the orders. The 
 
 Ovolo is next in the plainer orders ; but it is inrich'd in the Corin- 
 thian like the echinus, which (if you please) you may take for the same 
 thing in an Italian dress, some like eggs, some like hearts with darts 
 sy?mbolizing love, &c. In the Tuscan and Doric 'tis turn'd like a scima 
 or cymatium, and is substituted for support of the corona; but in the 
 last 'tis usually accompanied with a slender regula above it, and in the 
 Corinthian both above and beneath, where it is likewise frequently 
 carv'd and adorn'd with a broad welt like a plinth. 
 
 Dentelli, are the teeth (a member of the cornice)- Immediately above 
 the cymatium of the freeze, by some named also assert from their square 
 fo^m; I say in the Corinthian and Ionic, &c. for in the Doric order 
 they were not antiently admitted, or rather not properly, according to 
 the opinion of our master^ though we must needs acknowledge to have 
 found them in the most authentic pieces extant. As for their dimen- 
 sions, they kept to no certain rule, but made them sometimes thicker, 
 sometimes thinner, squam,, or long, and more in number ; but commonly 
 the spaces less by an half, sometimes by a third part than the 
 teeth, which were themselves twice as high as their breadth, and fre- 
 quently (especially in the more polite orders) beginning with the cone 
 (rf a pine, pendent at the vevy point over the angular column. Loma- 
 tius is yet more precise in this particular, and gives them as much height; 
 a& the middle fascia of the architrave, prcg^cture, equal (somewhat too 
 much) front twice the breadth of their height, and a third part less than 
 their breadth for vacuity. The dentelli have oftentimes a small uegufe', 
 and now and then more than one, as usually in the lonica, where it has 
 likewise an o vote or echinus for the bedding o^ the corona ^ but if in- 
 riched, and that two o^them encounter, one shipuld*be simple and' plain. 
 
398 
 
 as where it happens to, be be inserted beniCath. it. Next to. this superior 
 echinus are the modilions; but instead of them dentelU are thpught to 
 have been, first instituted, and for that reason superfluously Joyn'd where 
 inu,t.ules are; and therefore where, we find taenia under modilions, it is 
 not properly divided into teeth, nor is it rashly to be imitated, though 
 we have some great examples to countenance it. That of the Pantheo.n. 
 may safely guide us herein, where it is left plain for this very cause, and 
 that the reason of the thing does not in truth allow it. However, it, 
 must be acknovyledged, nothing has been more grossly, abused even 
 amongst our most renowned masters. 
 
 Modilions, being certain supports in form of corhells, cortouzes, and 
 mutules, are a kind of bragets to the corona, and in those orders whe^e 
 they enter, supply the part of the bedding-moulding,, as our workmen 
 style the ovolo in this place; for so they, frequently do in the Doric. apd 
 Ionic, but then without. any other ornament than a slight Gymatium. to 
 hedge them, and to be always placed over the triglyphs. In, the Corin- 
 thian and Composita, (which is their true place) they are enriched with 
 all the delicateness and curiosity imaginable (^especially in the Corin-^ 
 thian) capp'd, as 1 said, with a curiously carv'd small cymatium,. where 
 they are contiguous to ihe plancere or roof of the corona. Our ordinary 
 workmen make some distinction between modilions and those other sorts 
 of bragets whlcK they call cartells and mutules^ usually carv'd like, the 
 handels of vessels, scroul'd, flow'rd, and. sometimes sculptur'd with the. 
 triglyph : and such were the ancones amongst the Greeks ; and such 
 are often found supporting little tables for inscriptions, the stools of 
 windows, which jetty out, and, shields, and compartments for coats, of. 
 arras, &c. That there should be no guttce under mutules, or dentelli 
 under modilllons, is the opinion of divers, learn'd Architects, though 
 (a? was said) we frequently find them chanell'd like the triglyph, and that 
 in authentick examples, Philander is forit, and pronounces them more 
 proper than eveu under the purest triglyph, fojr signifying (says he) Canie-, 
 riorum Capita, undestillicidium fieri certurn est, drgps.agd icicles, com-, 
 monly hanging at the ends pf our rafters upon every weeping shower, 
 whereas triglyphi import only the projectures of the beams and tim- 
 berSj pothing so much exposed : but this I leave to the more judicious ;. 
 
399 
 
 whilst as to their shape, they should be square under the corona at double 
 their breadth the interval, and just over the middle of the columns: how 
 otherwise us'd, see in Tympanum, Mutules. 
 
 Mutules, quasi fiuriXog (a kind of modilions also, or rather the same 
 under an Italian term) have their name from their defect, as being made 
 thinner and more abated below than above, and therefore naturally and 
 discreetly destin'd to places where they are but little burthen'd with 
 weight, as here under that little remainder of the cornice, are to bear up 
 little statues, busts, vasas, &c. ; and so where they are set under the peda- 
 ments and lintels of doors and windows. Most preposterous, there- 
 fore, and improper is our frequent assigning such weak supporters 
 to isuch monstrous jetties and excessive superstructures as we 
 many times find under balconies, bay-windows, and long galle- 
 ries ; where instead of mutules the antients would have plac'd some 
 stout order of columns. But by these unreasonable projectures (ob- 
 scuring the lights of the rooms under them) it comes to pass, that in 
 time our strongest houses are destroyed, and drawn to their irrecoverable 
 ruin. For the proportion of mutules, I commonly find them a fourth 
 jjart higher than their breadth, their intervals being as wide as two ; 
 but neither do I find these so constantly regular, only that there be ever 
 one plac'd at the corners and returns of the corona ; and then if they 
 interchangeably diflfer as to the spaces, and as the rafters direct, there 
 are examples abundant for their justification. And after all, they little 
 differ from modilions, save that they are most proper td the Doric cor- 
 nice, representing and covering the ends of the rafters; whereas modilion 
 serves for any order. 
 
 I shall not need to define what is meant by Projectures, ,when I have 
 said it is the same our English authors call the sailings over and out-jet- 
 tings of any moulding beyond the upright wall. The Italians name 
 them sporti, the Greeks ecphoras, and for the same reason all margins 
 whatsoever which hang over beyond the scapus of a column are Projec- 
 tures ; and for a general rule it should be equal to the breadth of what 
 projects, relation being discreetly had to the height, which best deter- 
 mines it. 
 
 Corona, is next the last considerable member remaining of the intire 
 
400 
 
 ^ntaWatm-e, and (tho' bat a part only of the cornice) seems indeed to 
 set the crown upon the whole work. I say considerable, because being 
 regularly plac'd so near the uppermost ovolo or mutules, it serves to de- 
 fend all the rest of the edifice from the rain and injuries of the weather, 
 and therefore has its prefectures accordingly, and should be one of the 
 strongest square members of the cornice. It is sometimes taken for the 
 inftire cornix or cornice with all its ornaments, but strictly, for that part 
 ^f it above the modilions, ovolo, echinus or ogee, by a turn under the 
 plunceere. We find the corona omitted and quite left out of that stately 
 ji^rco di Leoni, but it is worthily reproved by our author of the Pa- 
 rallel, as being a member of indispensable use. Corona is by some call'd 
 supercilium, but rather I conceive stillicidium the drip (Corona el/v- 
 colata vite), and with more reason; so the French '/ar'm^er•, gocciola- 
 toio and ventalehy the Italians, to denote its double office of protecting 
 both from water and wind. For this reason likewise have our ILatin 
 authors nam'd this broad plinth mentum, a chin ; because it carries off 
 the wet from falling on the rest of the entablature, as the prominency 
 of that part in mens faces keeps the sweat of the brows and other liquid 
 distillations from trickling into the neck ; and in imitation hereof, the 
 antient potters invented the brimming of their vessels, by turning over 
 some of the ductile matter when the work was on the wheel. Some- 
 times there have been two coronas in a cornice, as in that Corinthian 
 instance of the Rotunda ; and so it is frequently used in the stxflobatie 
 under g^Za inversa; and truly it may be justly repeated, as the expo- 
 sure and occasion requires it (so it be not too near one another), all 
 projectures being but a kind of corona to the subjacent members ; and 
 therrfore their projectures are accordingly to be assign'd, and by no 
 means to be cut and divided to let in windows and tables. Coroim is 
 also taken for the interior and exterior curvature of an arch or vault. 
 
 The under part of the roofs of coronas (which are oomaionly wrought 
 hollow, by sometimes, as we said^ making part of the cymatium) are 
 by our Artists call'd planceeres, and those the cqfers^ wherein are cut 
 the roses, pomgranades, flowers or fretts which adorn the spaces betwixt 
 the heads of the modilions and mutules. This ceiling the Italians name 
 mffito, and it signifies not only "that part of the corona which sallies 
 
401 
 
 over, but the lacunar, lacus, or plain of all other roofs made of- tabu- 
 lations and boards appsarlng between the joysts, and which (as now, 
 especially in other countries) were also formerly gilded, carv'd, and most 
 magnificently emboss'd with fretts of wonderful relievo ; nay sometimes 
 to the excess of inlayings with ivory, mosaique and other rich and charge- 
 able works. Pliny, 1. 35. cap. 11. tells us of one Pamphilius, the master 
 of Apelles, to have been the first which brought this roof-painting into 
 vogue. But I refer the reader who thirsts after more of this, to the 
 learned Salmasiuis on Solinus, p. 1215. Nor is yet the corona perpe- 
 tually plain as we commonly see it; sometimes (though rarely indeed) 
 I find it carv'd also, as in that incomparable Composita of Titus's Arch, 
 jind that of Dioclesian's Baths in the Corinthian order, and as is indeed 
 every individual member of that entire entablature to the utmost excess 
 of art; but how far this may be imitable, consult the judicious *' Parallel;" 
 while 'tis yet considerable that it is there but with a kind of Sulcus or 
 channel, in imitation of triglyph, or a short fluting rather, being indeed 
 more proper for carrying off the water than any other work could liave 
 been devised. .Corona has over it a small regula, or an inrichment of 
 some sleight chaplet in the Corinthian, &c. after which cymatium, as in 
 that of Titus's Arch before rehearsed ; sometimes likewise with an ovolo 
 or echinus cut with ovals and darts-(or as we call them eggs and ankers) 
 as in that example of Nero's Frontispiece^ and upon this again the double 
 cymatium, whereof the first is inverted, and over the neathermost and 
 most narrow, the other recta, very large and prominent, being now and 
 then adorn'd with lyons heads plac'd just opposite to the modilions (of 
 which see that curious research ofthe learned Dr. Brown in his Vulgar 
 Mrrors)y though sometimes they are adorn'd with foliage only. Lastly, 
 for a final sTrtd'nxn or super-imposition (if I may be indulg'd so to 
 name it), w€ are now climb'd to the most supream projecture, and ulti- 
 mate part of the whole cornice, namely, the 
 
 Hegula, which some make a part of the sima or gula recta, by 
 Palladio the intavolato, and which I think to be the sole member which I 
 never remember to have seen anywhere carv'd, but always plain, though 
 in some of the orders of near eight minutes In breadth. It is very true, that 
 fcotia (which I now and then call eavetto or small hollow) does in some 
 
 3 F 
 
402 
 
 l^wdjwhle exiampks 9uppP¥t this me»ber iastead of cymatium, but not so 
 frequeaitly; and that the Tuscan cornice terminates in a cymatium 
 without this regula, or rather in an ovolo, as iu those examples after 
 Sebastian Serlio, &c, ; but it is not after a true gusto, and the fancy is 
 particul^t. Regwhy call'd also* U&telia, cincta, &c. (of which some- 
 thipg akeady hath been spoken) is always that sup^eiU'Um or superior 
 member of the. cornice, though it b® likewise taken for that which is by 
 some call'd quadrdi being those two lists commonly call'd seotia, as we 
 find it ia the lojiic spira both, above and beneath. Sometimes also it 
 signifies the rings or small ferub, begirting the scapus of a column near 
 the apophyges, or the plinth ©fa pedestal : therefore I distinguish them, 
 though yet they may h^ accounted the same, seeing they usually import 
 any small plain fillet dividing greater members ; for so Philander calls 
 almost all simiple parts broader or narrower, which like fillets encompass 
 the rest; or rather as sycis separates the members from contiguity, 
 both for variety and distinction, as in the Doric trabeation, regula, 
 sima, cymatium, ^c. ; in the capital, regula, cymatium, plinthus; in 
 the cornice of the stylpbata, also regula, cymatium, astragalus : but 
 vjfhere it is no less conspicuous, is in that part of the triglyph which 
 jetts out under the tgenia^ and from which the guttse depend, where it 
 seems to be a part of the very architrave, it self. Lastly, before I alto- 
 gether leave the cornice (which is indeed the top of all, and may be 
 called the crown of th^ corona it self), it may rot be amiss to add this 
 short note, for joyners and such as make cornices of wainscot, or fret- 
 work, concerning the projectures, which having relation to the height, 
 an inch allow'd toe very foot suffice for a room of 15 foot pitch, which is 
 one foot three inches, where there is freeze and cornice ; if much higher, 
 and that there be the whole entablature, each shall require a tenth part. 
 To conclude, the very meanest building, farm, or out-house, deserves a 
 moulding, cornice with a quarter round or ovolo, a cymatium and fillet. 
 
 And may thus much suffice to have been spoken of the cornice or 
 upper memlier of the tra>beatioo, which we mean by the entablature, 
 for both these terms sigoifie but one and the same thing, viz. the archi- 
 trave, freeze, and cornice ; which 1 therefore the more precisely note, 
 because some writers apply it only to the very cover and upmost top of 
 
403 
 
 ihe orders; but so does not our country-iflan John Shute, whose book 
 being printed anno 1584,* (and one of the first that was published of 
 -Ai-ehitecture iii the English tongue) keeps rathei" to the antient terms 
 than by mixing them with such barbarous ones as were aftferwai'ds intro- 
 duc'd, indanger the confusion of young students, and siiich as applied 
 themselves to the art. Finally, to reform another riii^tialtfe I think good 
 to note that where we find coronix in otki* authorsj it is- rath«r meant 
 for all that moulding projecting over the dye or square of the pedestal 
 (by some call'd cimd) then this conclusive superior member of the en- 
 tablature which we name the cornicei But I have done, nor needs 
 there more be added for the perfect intfellig&rice of the most minute 
 member, and ornament mentioned in this PctralM', or I ctniceive in any 
 other author whatsoever treating concfertiing this Art, aiid naturally ap- 
 plicable to the order, by which we are all along to- understand certain 
 rules and members agreed on for the proportions and differences of co- 
 lumns, the characters, figures and ornd.aiehts belonging to every part 
 and memjber, whether bigger or lesser, plain or ittrich'd : or as others, 
 a regular arrangement of the principal and constituent parts of a co- 
 lumn, from whence there insults that cortiposition which gives it useful- 
 ness, with grace and beauty. This for cdfisisting then of the Several 
 shapes and measures, obliges us to say soinething rtiorfe of proportion, as 
 being indeed the very foundation of Architecture it self, rising, as We 
 shew, from the representation of natural things ; noi'ife it in thife Art 
 only applicable to the dispositions and kinds of thofee edifices (which we 
 have already spoken of), but to eVefy individual meihbei' of an orffer, 
 which Vitruvius will have t&k^n from the rcgtilar' dimensions arid prd- 
 portions of the parts of the humane body, in relatiott to any one moderate 
 measure of the same body, diflFereiltly multiplied iti several parts : as for 
 instance, the head for an eighth part of the whole ; twice from tliie point 
 of one shoulder to the other extream, &c. ; thiice in the arm, four times 
 from the hip downwards, &c. ; or, as Albert Durer, by multiplyirig; the 
 
 • In folio, and entitled, " The first and chief Grounds of Architecture vsed in all the auncient 
 and famous Monyments; with a farther and more ample Discourse vpon the same than hitherto 
 hath been set out by any other." 1 563, and reprinted in 1584. 
 
404 
 
 face from the. bottom of the chin to the upper part of the forehead, 
 reckons the whole length to be ten, et sic de cceteris ; according to which 
 the diameter of a column shall be ten times in the height of the Corin- 
 thian ; the intercolumniation eustyle, two and a quarter, &c. of which 
 let the curious consult our master learned interpreter^ lib. _ 3. cap. 1. 
 where he discourses of positive and unalterable establishments ; whilst 
 that which we mean by proportion here, is the scale by which all the 
 parts are regujated as to their just measures and projectures, and this 
 has by Artists been call'd the 
 
 Moduli or as Vitruvius (and some will Have it) ordonation ; ex- 
 plained by modica commoditas, to be taken for the parts or quantities 
 by which the several members of an order are calculated and adjusted in 
 their composition. In the mean time, to avoid all uncertainties and per- 
 plexity of measures differing in most countries, some dividing into more, 
 others into fewer parts, to the great ease of both Architect* and Work^ 
 men, by Modtds* is to be understood the diameter or semi-diameter ofa 
 column of whatever order, taken from the rise of the shaft or superior 
 member of the base, namely, at the thickest and most inferior part of 
 the cylinder ; from whence Monsieur de Chambray (following Palladio 
 and Scamozzi), taking the semi -diameter divided into 30 equal parts or 
 minutes, make it to be the universal scale. Now tho' Architects gene- 
 rally measure by the whole diameter (excepting only in the Doric, 
 which they reckon by the half,) it makes no alteration here, so as the 
 workman may take which he pleases. We proceed next to the orders , 
 thetpse^yes ; nor let it be thought a needless repetition, if having given 
 the learner (for to such I only speak) so minute and full a description of 
 all those parts and members whereof the several orders are compos'd 
 and distinguish'd, I go on to shew how they are put together in work, 
 by what they have in common, or peculiar to denominate the species, 
 and bring the hitherto scattered and dispersed limbs into their respective 
 bodys. 
 
 We have already shew'd (speaking of capitals) that a column, which 
 is strictly the naked post or cylinder only, does not assume the name 
 
 * Note, that to distinguish it from Modell/by which is signified the type (or geometrical i'epre- 
 sentation ofa building) this is to be read with the fifth vowel, that by the second. 
 
40S 
 
 and dignity of any drderj till compleatly qualified with those parts antJ 
 accessaries which give it name, pre-eminence and rank ; but being sd 
 distinguish'd, they are to Architects what the several Modes are in 
 Mixsic^ and carminum genere among the Poets: all buildings whatso- 
 ever coming properly under the regiment of some one or other of them, 
 or at least ought to do, and they are five (according to the vulgar ac- 
 count), namely, Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Composita. But 
 since the first and last of these are not admitted by our great niasters, as 
 legitimate orders (to which indeed the antient Greeks claim only title), 
 we might with Vitruvius, and our author of the "Parallel," leave them 
 to bring up the rear; did not custom, as we said, and common use suflB- 
 ciently justify our assigning this place for the 
 
 Tjisean, Rustic, or by whatever name dignified, or disgrac'd : for 
 being seldom found in the antient fabrics of the Romans themselves, 
 •by which name it is also call'd, it seems yet to challenge some regard 
 from its resemblance to those plain and simple rudiments of those primi- 
 tive buildings, where they laid a beam on the top of two forked posts, 
 newly cut and brought out of the forest, to support that which gave 
 covering and shade to the first Architects, such as they were, and we 
 have descrlb'd; till time and experience, which mature arid perfect all 
 things, brought it into better form and shape ; when the Asiatic, Ly- 
 dians, who are said first to have peopled Italy, brought it into that part of 
 it call'd Tuscany. Nor let it altogether be despis'd because of its native 
 plainness, which rarely admits it into buildings where ornament is ex- 
 pected ; since besides its strength and suflSciency (which might com- 
 mute for its want of other beauty, and give place at the ports and en- 
 trances of great cities, munitions, magazines, amphitheatres, bridges,: 
 prisons, &c. that require strength and solidity), we find It capable also 
 of such illustrious and majestic decorations, as may challenge all the 
 Grecian orders to shew any thing approaching to it, so long as those 
 three famous Columns, those of Trajan and Antoninus's at Rome, and a 
 third of Theodosius's at Constantinople, stand yet triumphant, and 
 braving so many thousands of the other orders, which lie prostrate, bu- 
 ried in their dust and ruins. Nor is this the first example (as some 
 pretend) as appears by that antient Pillar erected to Valerius Maxlmus, 
 
406 
 
 sirnam'd Gorvinus, on which was plac'd a raven, in memory of what 
 happen'd in the famous duel between that hero and the gygantic Gaule. 
 Thus whilst the rest of the orders are assisted to support their charge 
 and heavy burdens by their £eIlo\vs, and a conjugation- of entablature 
 not allow'd to this, the Tuscan stands alone like an island, steady and as 
 immoveable as a rock. 
 
 This column, with its base and capital, is in length seven diameters, 
 taken at the thickest part of the shaft below ; the pedestal one ; the 
 base one module or half diameter, which divided into two equal parts, 
 one shall be the plinth, the other for the torus and cincture, which being 
 but a fourth part of the breadth in this order only, makes a part of the base 
 ("peculiar to it self alone), as in the other it does of the shaft it self. 
 
 The capital is one module, which divided into three equal parts, one 
 shall be for the abacus, the other the ovolo, the third parted into seven, 
 whereof one is the list, and the remaining six for the column. The lower 
 astragal is double the height of the list under the ovolo* Note, that 
 Vitruvius makes no difference 'twixt the capital of this order' from the 
 Doric, as to proportions, tho' Artists dispute it, who (as was said) allovV 
 it a semi-diameter. 
 
 Now, tho' they have not granted it any fixt and certain entablature, 
 but chosen what they, thought fit out of other orders, yet they seldom 
 give it less than a fourth part of the height of the shaft, like the DoriCj 
 which commonly, and very properly, supplies the place of the Tuscan, 
 and that with a great deal of more grace, where they stand in'consort, as 
 in.arfihes, and the like. The distance or intercolumniation of this order, 
 sometimes amounting, to four diameters, sometimes requires an architrave 
 of timber; or if of stone, to be plac'd much nearer, unless (^as we said) 
 in vaulting- and underground work, to which some almost wholly con- 
 demn it. 
 
 The Doric, so nam'd from Dorus King pf Achasis, reported to have 
 been the first who at Argos built and; dedicated a temple to Juno of this 
 order, is esteem'd one of the most noble, as well as the first of the 
 Greeks, for its masculine, and, as Scamozzi calls it, Herculiean aspect, 
 not for its height and stature, but its excellent proportion, which fits it 
 in all respects, and with advantage, for any work wherein the Tuscan is 
 
made use of, and renders that column (among the learned) a supernu- 
 merary, as well as the Composita. 
 
 The Doric, base and capital, challenges eight diameters set alone ; 
 but not so many by one, in porticos and mural woi-k. 
 
 The capital, ahe module, with its abacus, ovolo, andulets, hypotra- 
 chelium, astragal, and list beneath the capital, making a part of the shaft 
 or column. 
 
 The entablature being more substantial tlian the rest of the Greek 
 orders, requires a fourth part of the height of the columns ; whereas the 
 others have commonly but a fifth. 
 
 The architrave one module, compos'd but of a single fascia, as best 
 approved, (tho' the modern sometimes add a Second) with a taenia or 
 band which crowns it. 
 
 The freeze with its list, which separates it from the cornice, is 1 modi. ^. 
 The cornice holds the same proportion, with this note, that when the 
 column is above 7 diameters, both freeze and architrave have their regu- 
 lated measure, one being of a single module, the other being three 
 quarters, and the remainder being a fourth part of the column is cast 
 into the cornice. 
 
 This order had of old no pedestal at all, and indeed stands handsomely 
 without it ; but where it is us'd, Palladio allows it two diameters and a 
 third of the column, and is often plac'd upon the attic- base, for antiently 
 it had none. We find it sometimes fluted with a short edge without 
 interstice, as there is in other orders ; but that which is indeed the proper 
 and genuine character of the Doricj is (with very moderate enrichment 
 besides) the triglyph and metop in the freeze, with guttse in the archi- 
 trave beneath ; the due collocation and placing of whieh> often objects 
 our Architects to more difficulty than any other accessary in the other 
 orders ; because of the intercolumniation, which obliges them to leave 
 such a space 'twixt two columns, as may not be less than for one triglyph 
 to five, counting what falls just on the head of the columns ; which if 
 plac'd at the entrance of a, building, the distance must be for three, which 
 to adjust is not very easy, seeing the intercolumniation ought to coiTespond 
 with the distance of the spaces of the triglyphs and metops ; which point 
 
408 
 
 of critlcistne is the cause we often find them quite left out in this ordef, 
 which suits so well in the pycnostyle and acrostyle, 
 : The /omc, invented orintroduc'd by. Ion, sent by those of Athens 
 with a colony into that part of Greece bearing his name, (and where he 
 erected a temple to Diana,) consists of proportions between the solid 
 and manly Doric, the delicf^te and more feminine Corinthian, from which 
 it but little differs, save in the matron-like capital ; it contains eighteen 
 modules or nine diaiheters (tho' by one less at first), together with j:he 
 capital and base, which last was added to give.it stature, 
 
 The entablature is allowed a fifth part of the height of the column of 
 which the base takes one module, (with sometimes a small moulding of 
 twenty minutes,) the. capital very little exceeding a third ; but its dis- 
 tinguishing characteristic is the voluta, concerning which sundry Archi- 
 tects have recommended their peculiar methods for the tracing, and 
 turning that ornament, especially Vignola and Goldman. , The famous 
 Mich. Angelo had one after his own mode, and so others ; but that 
 which has been chiefly folld^ed, is wliat Philibert de Lorme contends 
 to be of his own invention. 
 
 This column is fluted with four and twenty plaits; the spaces or in- 
 terstices not sharp and edg'd like the Doric (which is allowed but 
 twenty,) tho' of the same depth and hollow to about a third part down- 
 ward, where they are convexly staved, and thence nam'd radiant, by 
 sonae r«c?en^, tho' of old we find them fluted the whole length. Thus 
 as the capital resembled the modest tresses of. a matron, so did the 
 fluting, the folds and plaits of their garments. 
 
 The pedestal is of two diameters and as many thirds. Several othet^ 
 observations pretend to this order, to render it elegant, which are left to 
 the curious, but these, are the more essential. 
 
 The Corinthian had her hirth from that luxurious city ; trick'd up and 
 adorn*d like the wanton sex,, and is the pride and top of all. the ord^ris : 
 for the rest it agrees with the proportion of the Ionic, excepting only in 
 the capital ; in a word, it takes with its base nine diameters and three 
 quarters, and sometimes ten. If fluted, with as many as the Ionic, half 
 as deep as, large; the listel or space between the groves, a third of the 
 
<tepth ; yfet not so precisely, bufe that according to the compass and sta^- 
 t\m of the column, the fctes may be Augmented to thirty and above. 
 
 Ourmodern Architects', foil the taost part, allow but on6 fifth of the 
 height of this cohitun to the entablature, com^irehending ba^e and capi- 
 tal :■ I say for the most part, but in the noblest and most intire exam- 
 ples of antiquity, which is that of the Romaw Pantheon, the etiteblafttire 
 is indeed somewhat deeper ; bu* with thiis circumspection to be imitated, 
 *hat the fabric to which it is- applied, be great and magnificent as that 
 famous^temple is, and whkh will depend on the* judgment of the Ar^ 
 chitect. 
 
 • The Capital is of one diatneter, or two modules in height; the abacus 
 a si^i^th or seventh part of the diameter taken at the bigger end of tfete 
 column, which is universally to be understood in the measure of all the 
 orders. The rest shall be divided into three equal parts: one for the first 
 feotder or toure of leaves; the other for a second ; the third* part divided in 
 two; and of that which is next the abacus, thevolutas are fbrm'd. Of 
 the; other, the cauliculi, the bell or btirTs* under the feaves, resemblmg 
 €allimachus's basket, under which they are carv'd, fall exactly with the 
 hollow of the flutings. In the mean time there is no small inquiry 
 about the foliage, of what i^peeies of thistle- the antients fornj'd^ this florid 
 ornament, which is generally attributed to the Branchce Ursmce, but 
 of a tender, more indented and' flexible kind, than the wild and' prickly, 
 which we see us'd in the Gothic buiMiftgsf; whilst the Cbmposita capi- 
 tals stuck it with laurel arid olive leaves, emerging ou't of the vessel, 
 with the voluta above the echinus, and as Palladio' would ha.ve'it (espe- 
 cially of the olive) the sprigs plac'd from five to five like the filagers of 
 one's hand, as becoming it better than four, and commends some capitals 
 h& had seen whose cauliculi were fac'd #ith^ oaken leaves. Note, that 
 th« scrolls seeming to be form'd out of the cauliculi, the rostes in the 
 middle of the abacus, was sometimes by the antients of the satite^brtadtll, 
 which' since they make to bend on the middle voluta. 
 
 The Base of this order is fift?een minutes of a module. Thcf Pedestal 
 requires a fourth part of the height of the columns, and shall be 
 divided into eights parts! ^ ©ne to the c^tn^ium, two for the base J 
 (yhich is the Attic), the rest for the zoccol^ or die ; and thus do the 
 
 3 G 
 
410 
 
 thre6 Greek ordera represent those three species of buildings the ^olid, 
 the modest-meafi, and the delicate, between the siniple plain, the gay, 
 arid wanton, which are the I^atin extreams ; whilst the Gothic is risen 
 from the corruption of them all; for after all, there's none has been 
 more grossly abused, than this flourishing and noble order, by such as 
 with their impertinence have sometimes rendered it neither Corinthian 
 nor Comppsita, which is the fifth and last. 
 
 The Composita being the junior of all the rest, and foreigner to the 
 Greek, is of a Roman extraction, arid therefore by some called Italian ; 
 and tho' not without sufficient insolence, taking place of the Corinthian, 
 between whom and the Ionic she's but a spawn and mungrell, as well as 
 the Tuscan, and so reckoned among judicious Architects, and by our master 
 himself not so much as own'd an order, as not thinking it possible to 
 invent a more noble and compleat than the Corinthian. They would 
 fain, it seems^ have one to bear the country's name, and that, as they 
 insulted Over and brav'd the rest of the world, should sit triumphant 
 over the rest of the orders, from whom they have pluch'd their, fine and 
 galwdy pltimage, priding it over the Corinthian, "from whom and the 
 Ionic she only differs one diameter more in height. i 
 
 "The Capitals, four angular scrolls, take up all that space which in 
 the Corinthian is partly fiU'd with the cauliculi and stalks,' and now and 
 then an eagld or griffon is found to nestle among the foliage, of which, 
 it has a series of two i-ows, and under "the ovolo the. Ionic neck-lace; 
 'v?'hilst others affirm, that the variety of the capital changes not the 
 species, which consists (as Perrault will have it) in the length of the 
 shaft only ; so as no body is to wonder at the prodigious licentiousness 
 which some we find have run into, to gratify their ambition. The 
 French (of all the nations under Heaven, beirig the fondest of their own 
 inventions, how extravagant soever, and to imposie them on all the world 
 beside) call it, forsooth, the Gallic order, and with a confidence peculiar 
 to themselves, to alter and change what for almost two thousand years, 
 none has" been so bold to attempt with that exhorbitance ; for they hdve 
 gafnish'd this-capital with tocks -feathers and cocks-combs too among 
 the flower-de-luces, ridiculously enough ; hanging the leaves arid stalks 
 about with the chains arid ribbons of the orders of the St. Esprit arid 
 
411 
 
 St. Michael, with its dangling coekle-shells> in imitation doubtless of 
 Xerxes's tying the scarfs and garters of his concubine and misses- 
 among the boughs of the famous platan; whilst one would think we 
 might be content with what the Romans have already set for a pattern 
 on those antient columns of this order ; as I am sure the judicious au- 
 thor of the 'f Parallel" would have been^ who, contrary to the genius of 
 his country-men, had the greatest aversion td the least innovation in 
 this profession ; what (as we said) the Romans have left us being abuur- 
 dantly more graceful, and rather in excess. Wherefore, by another nice 
 distinction, this learned commentator calls that the Composita which 
 keeps to its fix*d rules and stated proportions ; and, that which others 
 every day invent, the de composit, or as his term is, compo-composit, 
 and so sets it up for a sixth order. But to proceed. 
 
 The Entablature has by some been allow'd a fourth part of the 
 column, but by Palladio only five, as to the Corinthian. 
 
 The £ase is as the jlttic, or a compound of it and the Ionic. 
 The Pedestal has a third of the height of the shaft : not but that any 
 of these proportions so establish'd (as sometimes, and upon just occa- 
 sion) may be varied according to the quality aqd grandeur of the build- 
 ing, as to the inlarging or diminishing of a member, if the judicious 
 Architect see cause, and to be more graceful, which is a good f ule in 
 all such cases in the other orders, and for which Vitruvius gives excel- 
 lent precepts, as he likewise does to their number and placing in single 
 or double ranks, with their diflFerent application, as whether close to 
 the wall or to the angle and extremes, wh^re, if irisulat and without 
 touching, more thickness is allowable ; since, being surrounded by the 
 air only, it is made to appear so much the slenderer, as that some 
 which have been found but of seven diameters only, have become their 
 stations better than if they had held their intire dimensions. There 
 now remains the 
 
 Caryatides, of which, and of the Persian, we have an ample account in 
 the "Parallel" out of Vitruvius, introduced as a mark of triumph over 
 the Caryans of Peloponnesus, whom the Greeks, having vanquish'd 
 vnth their confederates, caus'd the images and resemblances of both 
 sexes and nations (as Slaves, Atlantes and Talamones,) to be plat'd 
 
and st^nd ^(jl^r massie weight aiul supers^uejlxir^ ii^stead of ccdumiail, 
 thj^ wqmeQ to signifie those of Gary a, whonn they only spared ; and the 
 njenj as captive Persians, which gave denomination to the order, if at 
 least tbey may he caU'd so for distinction sake only ; since they differ 
 in nothing either of height, suhstancq, orsntahlament from the feminine 
 Ionic, and mascujine Doric; but how, oj where they had originally 
 heen employed in any remarkable ^building, is not so perspic»ous from 
 any antient tje^i^^^g-ia ,at present remaining; hut as they seem most pro-r 
 perly to ;be plac'd at entrances, and before arches and porticos, instead 
 ^f pillasters, so doubtless they ,gave occasion to many Gothic absurdi- 
 ties,, and extravagant postures of men, monkeys, satyrs, &c. for the bear' 
 ing up of cornices, in place of mutuls and cartousqg, to that shampfuf 
 impudence as we see them not seldom in our very i(3hi*rche^,. 
 
 There remain yet of columns divers other sorts, (to mejotion jpply 
 the duilian, rostrad, mural, obsidional, futiehral, astronomial, and other 
 symbolical jnonuments, which may upon some particular occasions 
 have their places,) but no more that can honestly derive a legitimiate 
 pedegree ; for some are wfeath'd, others spiral and the like : hut as w^e 
 meet th^m not In any approved author, or antient fabric, so are they 
 very sparingly to be made use of, if at all. Indeed the famous Archir 
 tect, Gayalier Bernini, has cast a set of these torsed coluimis of a vast 
 Wjght, twisted about again with branches, among whidi are JRuM, 
 little Angels, Pope Urhan's BeeSj, and other embossed Sculptures, all 
 of gilded copper, to sustain the bal(iacchmo, or sacred canopy, over ithe 
 high altar under the cupola at St. Peter's, ti^hich are exceedingly mag- 
 nificent ; blit it does not always succeed so Well where it is praictic'd. 
 'Tis yet reported that there was an antient wreath'd column found some- 
 wherie, wound about with a serpent, (as painters represent the tree in 
 Paradise) taking nothing away from the straightness of the shaft; for 
 so the antients prefer'd the solid and substantial in all their works, 
 admitting nothing to bear any weight that should seem in the least to 
 plie, yiel4, or shrink under it, as those sorts of columns appear to do : but 
 as the gr^t masters, and such as Mich. Angelo, &c. invented certain new 
 corhells, scrolls, and modilions, which were brought into use, so their 
 foUQwers, animated by their exam,ple (but with much less judgment). 
 
4113 
 
 keive ptesuna'd to introcl^ioe siuidry baubles astid trifling <d!eeovatioia|s 
 they fancy) in tl^ir works, aaibitious saf being tfeought inventors, 
 the ^^reat reproach of this noble study ; so dangerous a thimg it h 
 innovate eidier in art or go^erament, vi»hefi opoe the laws and n 
 are prudently sefttl'd and establish'd, withoat ^glieat coiasideration ^ 
 necessity : and, therefore, l^o' such devices and inventions may s« 
 pretty in cabiiaet-work, mblies, &am<ss, and other |oyMe»8 'work, 
 Va«riety, to place ehina-disihes upon, one would by no means encomi 
 err admit them m gr-ea^ and noble buildings. Lastly, 
 
 As to the placing of the orders and stations of <;olumns in woi 
 the 'simpjlest, strongest, and most •stthstantlal, are ever to be assign'( 
 support the weaker. The Romans indeed 'somethnes set the Compo 
 above the 'GoiMtMan, but it was riot appro/d of by the judicious, 
 in ^ruth should they appear together in the same building. ■Genera 
 then, the rule is this, to place the highest and ri(^est order over 
 more solid and plain ; especially where -they are to decore the face < 
 fronts of buildings, consls^rng of two or three stages : but whether 
 all, or not, their proportions should be chang'd or abated, is ni( 
 disputed by our Architects, of which see Monsieur Perrault 0*1 Vitmi 
 lib. vii. cap. 7- speaking of scenes ; condluding, that it ought to 
 done very sparingly, and with great consideration. In the mean tii 
 columns plac'd Over arches produce this inconvenience, that the arc 
 of any of the €ve orders, if well proportion'd (suppose, for instar 
 Doric), it will become defective in the Ionic and Corinthian, 4sy rea 
 of the 5nte*columnation ; the distance hindering their collocation 
 exactly over one another as become them. There is after all a les 
 sort of column than any we have «sp6ken of, which now and then 
 find piac*d over a much greater, next the *oof, or rather a kind of j 
 fester after the Attic mode. To conclude. 
 
 The position of double columns upon the same |»edestal, I find qi 
 condemned by M. Blondell as intolliefrable, accounting it licentious e 
 ajnong the antients ; which (as great artists do not always agn 
 Monsieur Perrault as learnedly defends and vindicates ; and that ont 
 not so precisely oblig'd to piles and examples, but that in some ca 
 they may safely be dteparted from for the better ; since it were to ] 
 
414 
 
 a stop to the improvements of all arts and inventions whatsoever, none 
 o£ which were consummately perfect at the first ; besides that, there i9 
 nothing positive in the case : however, as to this particular, the antients 
 did frequently use to join columns, two and two very near to one 
 another upon the same pedestal, leaving a distance of two intercplum- 
 nations in one ; which, tho' Perrault, holds to be a little Gothic and 
 much aflFected by his country-men the French (as they do all novelties), 
 so they would have it pass for a peculiar manner of disposition : the 
 Pseudo style is yet we find made use of by great Architects, ancl 
 therefore to be referr'd to able judges. 
 
 Notwithstanding, inasmuch as there do yet happen some superstruc- 
 tures which both in works and books of this magnificent science have 
 likewise names of doubtful signification, and to satisfie all that may be 
 farther desir'd for the rendering of this undertaking more useful and 
 instructive, I will in brief proceed to what is used to appear further in 
 buildings, where they did not flatten the roofs and cover of edifices, and 
 which tho' certainly of all other the most graceful, is of necessity 
 alterable according to the climate. 
 
 Those roofs which exalted themselves above the cornices had usually 
 in face a, triangular plain or gabel within the mouldings (that when our 
 workmen make not so acute and pointed they call a pediment) which 
 the antients nam'd 
 
 Tympanum ; but this is to be taken now and then for the whole 
 frontispiece from the cornice to the upmost part of the fastigium or 
 superior angle of it, and is commonly circumscrib'd with the same 
 corniqe, that the subjacent order is of. It is properly plac'd at the 
 front and entrance, and over the porches, windovi^s, niches, &c. to 
 protect them from the injuries of the weather ; and therefore, very 
 impertinently broken or flatted by some, which exposes all that is under 
 to many inconveniences ; nor should it be at all allowed, save where an 
 absolute necessity of setting in sight (not otherwise to be had) pleads 
 for it : now, tho' they are commonly made triangular, we frequently 
 find them semi-circular (or of some other section) whereof the base is 
 the diameter. Some again have a double tympanum, as in that Tuscan 
 example describ'd by Perrault, Vitr. I. 3. where the standing out of 
 
415 
 
 the porch frona the rest of the main wall of a temple of that order 
 requires it. I say before a temple, since they were never made In the 
 fronts of any other buildings ; the ancients dwelling-houses being 
 generally flat at the top, Julius Caesar being the first whom they 
 indulg'd to raise his Palace in this fastigious manner, as Salmasius tells 
 us in Solin. I need not add, that the die of a pedestal, and other flat 
 and naked parts in out-side work and pannels of wainscot, is sometimes 
 call'd tympana, since it may be to better purpose, to give some direc- 
 tions about the proportion and accessaries belonging to it, it being 
 much disputed; Vitruvius allowing neither of dentelli, or modillion, 
 but a simple cornice onely ; tho' we find them both very ornamentally 
 applied ; some affecting to place them according to the slope, others 
 perpendicular to the horizon, and not to the cornice which they seem 
 to support, as well as beautifie ; or rather to the posture of the rafter 
 ends, which they represent. We sometimes find dentelli under the 
 modillion, but by none approv'd ; a single row of teeth, or a plain list 
 only, more becoming on those occasions, as well as for the height of 
 the drum or tympan (by which some distinguish the round from the 
 pointed, which they name frontons,) which some noble statue or bass 
 relieve may require a more than ordinary elevation of. In the mean 
 time, D' Aviler's figure following may give some direction to workmen . 
 
 Divide the line a h (which suppose the kypothermse of the base) into 
 two equal parts at the point c, let down the perpendicular /e </ indefi- 
 nite, in which e rf being equal to ab from d as the centre, describe the 
 arch a eh, and where it intersects the perpendicular, as at e, there shall 
 be iH^iefastigium or point of the tympane. 
 
 There are other methods in Serlio, and the masters: some isoceZe, 
 whose angles opposite to the base are more obtuse ; others yet lower, 
 
416 
 
 arid higher even to a full .diai»eitQr,.as were those Plyiy call'd plg^ee f<*r 
 statues and taller figures, as also ^t the cicoa or point, aad at ^ch^ajo^or 
 there stood of thos^ smaller pedeslals we^pakej of for, the placing of 
 s.tatues, busts-, Urnes, lamps of fire, pine cones,. bowl,€s> or the li^e 
 ornaments, aind these styhbffta were call'd 
 
 j^^roteria, from mpov summa pars', we may properly name them pin- 
 aeles, for so pmntB. and battlements were mad^ sometimes more sharp, 
 kwwring, or spiry, as pleased the workman. Where they S'tood in ranges, 
 (as not unfrequently), with rail and balausters upon flat buildings, they^ 
 still retain'd. their name, with this only difference, that such as were 
 plkc'd between the angular points were (like ranges of pillars) styl'd 
 the medium or mti^le aerotevia: for the most part a small die withoat 
 any basey in proportioni soraaewhat less than the breadth of the neck of 
 the column (if there stand any directly under it), and equal in height to 
 the' middle of the middle tympane and that at the veryfastigmm may 
 be allow'd an eightk pirt more. 
 
 They did-^ likewise cover (especially temples, and such magnificextt-. 
 and sacred buildings), with a CMjoofe, which is that dome or hemisphe- 
 rical concave made in^ resemblance of the heavens, and admitting the 
 light at the top centre or navil only, without any lantern, as is to be 
 seen in that incomparable piece of the Pantheon yet extant : this is 
 much in vogue yet in Italy, and of late in France, espefcially at Rome 
 and Florence, but it is commonly 'svith the lantern and other apertures 
 to let in day without exposure to the weather, as appears by that on the 
 summit of Saint Peters ; but it takes- away, in my poor judgment, 
 something from the solemness and; natural resemblance of the other, 
 which yet are happly better to be endur'd in the more eastern countries 
 where the weather Is constant; as we see It practic'd In what the pious 
 Helena erected in the Holy Land, and her son Gonstantine the Great,, 
 or rather, that at present, by the Emperor Justinian-, (one Anthemius of 
 Trales, and Isador the Miletan being the Architects,) upon that magjai- 
 ficent structure of Santa Sophia yet remaining at Constantinople, and 
 to this day imitated by the Turks for the covering qf their Mosques . 
 and that it was an oriental covering and invention, the QaXos of the 
 
Gtreeks was doubtless deriv'd from the Hebrew '^HTri MaZaj signify ing t< 
 suspend or hang as it were in the air;; but the Italian name seems tc 
 eome from cuppa a. cvue or great washing-bowl, which it much resem- 
 bles. As to the name dome, whether from the Greek Sufia, a covering, 
 as Du Cange, or as Vossius, domus, I am not concern'd (^but when 
 they call it dome, it ever signifies the cathedral); 'tis commonly erected 
 over the middle of the building where the isles cross, and ought to be in 
 he^ht half the diameter of the church, meaning the cuppa otfly (by 
 some nam'd the pyramis), and not the lantern or flos, by Architects so 
 call'd, from some flower, or like ornament which was placed upon, it 
 In; the mean time, we find some of these coverings in other shapes, and 
 multangular, not exceeding eight ; but they are nothing so graceful as 
 the dome-spheroid : sometimes also they are made to let in greatei 
 light by a sort of lucar windows ; by which are meant those suht'egu- 
 Idrian windows that appear in our roofs above the cornices, of which 
 some are square with pediments,, others round or oval and oxe^yed as 
 they term them, most accommodate to the cupola, and had need have 
 twice and an half the height of breadth, by reason of the distance, 
 with circular frontoons, whilst windows in upright walls ought not to 
 be above a fifth part less wide- than those beneath them, which are ever 
 to be even with the cornices of the ceiling. Antiently, windows were 
 open to the very floor, or only clos'd with a ballustre and raile, much 
 safer, and as commodious- altogether to look into streets,, or enjoy the 
 prospect as our late meniana and balconies are, which jette out,, and 
 rest only upon scrolls and mutules. For reasons already mention'd 
 arched vaults in cellars should have arched apertures and windows. 
 
 Other accessories and ornaments are also used in buildings which I 
 will onlv touch. 
 
 Niches, quasi nidi, nests, of old concha, are a kind of Plateus or 
 smaller tribunals (as they are yet called in Italy) wherein statues are 
 placed to protect them from the down right injuries of the weather, as 
 well as for ornament to plain and simple walls : as to their regular 
 sections (tho', as we.have already noted, there be nothing determin'd) one 
 may allow them double, half, or quarter more of their breadth, and 
 half for the cavitie,. whether circular or square ; the rest suitable to the 
 
 3 H 
 
418 
 
 character of the main buildiug, and proportion of the statue designM, 
 
 and therefore in placing an Hercules, Commodus, or larger figure, a 
 
 rustic, or Doric work and ornament would become them better than 
 
 the Corinthian or Composit delicacy j fitter for the less robust and 
 
 more effeminate, whether naked as the Greek statues, or clad as were 
 
 the Roman : and so in respect to situation, if low, or even to the area, 
 
 or much higher, the statelier and taller figures should be plac'd in the 
 
 lower niches ; the shorter over those, and their niches thrice the height 
 
 of the breadth, tho' the figure exceed not that of the imposts. Square 
 
 niches have a third of their largeness in depth, and twice the height : 
 
 when there happens a very large peere or square (as sometimes between 
 
 the windows), they should observe the proportion of the aperture both 
 
 for height and breadth, with suitable decoration : but between columns 
 
 or pillasters standing one upon the other, niches are not so proper, 
 
 because they fill the spaces too much ; and where more than one is 
 
 plac'd, the interval should be equal to their breadth ; and never to admit 
 
 them at the coines of a building, as frequently we see them abroad to 
 
 inshrine some Saint, that the image may be seen in several streets ; in 
 
 a word, the too thick and frequent niches become no building, and are 
 
 unsufferable where a cornice is broken to let them into groups and 
 
 assemblies of more figures, as the action may require. The niche is to 
 
 be suited, and should begin at the floor or pavement with plinth or 
 
 pedestal, higher than for a standing figure, which is ever to be allow'd 
 
 the first ; and if plac'd in a spacious court or garden, the pedestal 
 
 should be higher, so as the statue may be viewed round about : as to 
 
 farther decoration, it were absurd to carve a mask, satyr's or lyon's head, 
 
 as we sometimes see them upon the key-stone, least standers by take the 
 
 statue for some two headed monster ; nothing more becoming it withinj 
 
 than the usual esculop, whether wrought in the stone, or plaster : indeed 
 
 niches shew best without much ornament," columns, or pillasters, unless 
 
 plac'd at the end of some long gallery, portic, Vestibule of church, 
 
 exchange, or courts of justice, &c, Oval niches do handsomely for 
 
 busts and vases, if not set in too deep ; and therefore may be allow'd to 
 
 stand on a scroll or mutule : lastly, when niches are made very much 
 
 larger and higher, beginning from the pavement, they were call'd 
 
419 
 
 Tribunals, as of old it seems applied to all high and eminent places^ 
 where the Tribunes of the people us'd to sit as judges. We have a no- 
 ble resemblance of this in that magnificent throne described J Reg. 10. 
 19. built by Solomon, which seems to me to have been such an ample 
 niche, in which a principal person might sit, as it were, half canopied over 
 within the thickness of the wall. 
 
 In walls likewise did they insert many noble and most exquisite sculp- 
 tures and historical fables, half wrought up, emboss'd, and swelUng, and 
 sometimes more than half, which eminencies they now call in Italy by 
 the name of basse, and mezzo relievo. These were sometimes wrought 
 in marble, as in that famous abacus and stylobata, yet extant, of Trajan's 
 Pillar. Their ordinary placing was in the fronts of edifices, as is yet to 
 be seen in divers palaces at Rome, and especially in their villas and re- 
 tirements of pleasure, which are frequently incrusted with them, but 
 vilely imitated in our exposed fretworks about London, to the reproach 
 of Sculpture, especially where it pretends to figures on the out sides of 
 our citizens houses. I well remember there was in one of the courts of 
 Nonsuch,* several large squares of historical relieue moulded off, or 
 wrought in stucco by no ill artist (I think Italian), which upon the de- 
 molition of that royal fabrick, I hear, have been translated, and most 
 ornamently plac'd by the late most Honourable Earl of Berkeley, at his 
 delicious villa, Durdens in Surry, not far from Nonsuch, which is thus 
 describ'd by Camden, (as lately publish'd by the very learn'd Mr. Gib- 
 son,)-|" where, speaking of that kingly palace, he calls it " magnificent to 
 so high a pitch of ostentation, as one would think the whole art of Ar- 
 chitects were crowded into this simple work :" and then as to the rielieuo 
 (which appears to have stood expos'd there ever since the reign of Henry 
 VIII. who built the house), " so many images to the life, upon the walls 
 thereof; so many wonders of an accomplish'd workmanship, as even vie 
 with the remains of Roman antiquity." Indeed, this sort of decoration 
 
 * "At the extremity of the town (of Epsom) stands DurcIaTU, formerly belonging to the Earl 
 of Berkeley, and built out of the materials of Nonsuch, a palace erected by King Hen. VIIl. not 
 ferfrom hence, and given by K. Charles II. to the Dutcliess of Cleveland, who pulled it down, and 
 sold these materials. It is built a la Modeme: the front to the downs, and the other to the garden, 
 are very regular and noble."— rAubrey's Nat. Hist, of Surrey, 8vo. vol. ii. p. 218. 
 
 t Afterwards Bishop of London. 
 
420 
 
 has of late been supplied by painting in fcesco, and that by very able 
 hands, especially Signior Verrio, &c. as it is frequently In Italy by the 
 most famous masters; which I wish the inclemency of our severer cli- 
 mate were as favourable to as the work deserves. 
 
 Ornaments, however gayandfinetheyappear to the eye,andarein many 
 cases very laudable and necessary, there is yet no small judgment required, 
 how and when to place them appositely, so as they do not rather de- 
 tract from the beauty of the work than at all contribute to it. Now by 
 ornament we understand whatsoever of Sculpture and Carving is not of 
 constant use, or absolutely necessary in all members ; such as frutages, 
 festoons, chaplets, wreaths, and other coronary works ; frets, guilloches, 
 modillons, mutuls, chartoches, dentelli, metops, triglyphs, ovola, pine- 
 cones, niches, statues, busts, relievos, urns, &c.:; in a word, all 
 sorts of mouldings. Vitruvius, under the name of ornament, reck'ning 
 the whole entablature, in which the frieze seems to be the'most proper 
 field for decoration, as the most conspicuous place, and where, tho' the 
 Sculptor shew*d his address and invention, the antlents (who spared 
 nothing which might accomplish the publick buildings) were not all so 
 lavish, in over frequent and unnecessary gayities. Their temples, am- 
 phitheatres, circus's, courts of justice, fora, ports and entries of cities, 
 prisons, bridges, basilica, royal palaces and other buildings of state, 
 were grave and solid structures, void of those little membrets, trifling 
 mouldings, and superfluous carvings, which take away from that 
 majestic and grand maniere that most becomes them ; reserving those 
 richer accessories and costly finishings for theatres, triumphal arches, 
 historical columns, and other ostentatious pomps : nor even in these did 
 they use them profusely, but with great judgment, symbolical to the 
 subject and occasion. And therefore those antlent ornaments would not 
 suit so properly with the ages since, and may I conceive lawfully.be 
 chang'd, without presumption or injury to any essential member ; as if 
 (for instance) instead of sphinxes and griffons plac'd before the Pagan 
 Temples (guardians of treasure which was kept in those sacred build- 
 ings), angels should be set before our churches; and In the Doric 
 friezes, instead of ox-sculls, the priests secespita, guttce, acerra, sim- 
 pula, and other sacrificing utensils, we chang'd them in our churches 
 
421 
 
 (where that jorder best beseems them) into cherubs, flaming hearts, book? 
 laid open, the patin, chalice, mitre, crosier, &e. The frontons of maga- 
 zines and public munitions had the sculps of antique casks, targets, 
 battle-axes, thunderbolts, the battering-ram, catapults, &c. which we 
 may answer with our modern artillery of cannon, bombs, mortars, drums, 
 trumpets, and other warlike engines; and to their rostra, rudders, anchors, 
 tridents, scalops,&c. the wonder-working nautic-box, with whatever else 
 of useful and conspicuous has improv'd our navigation. The tympan 
 before courts of justice may become her statue, sitting on a cube, with 
 fasces, axes, and other emblems of magistracy. 
 
 Therm<s were adorn'd with jarrs, ampullae, strigils in the friezes ; the 
 Mausolea, urns, lamps, and smoaking tapers ; Hippodroms, Circus's, 
 had the statues of horses on the fronts, metae, obohses,.&c. The publick 
 Fountains were seldom without the river-gods. Nymphs, Naides, Tritons, 
 Hipoppotoms, Crocodiles, &c. Theatres were set out with mascara, satyrs 
 heads, Mercury's caduceus, the statues of Apollo, Pegasus, the Muses, 
 little Cupids, and Genii, laureat busts, &c. Arches triumphal with relievo 
 of the conqueror's expedition, trophies, spoiles and harness, palms and 
 . crowns. And where Tables for inscriptions were inserted to continue, or 
 but only for a shorter time, as to celebrate some solemn entrie, a Princes 
 coronation, royal nuptials, adorn'd with devises, and compartments, for 
 pomp and show, the contrivance was under the direction of the archi' 
 tectum scenicusy arid requir'd a particular talent and address, poetic and 
 inventive. In sum, all ornaments and decorations in 'general should be 
 agreeable to the subject, with due and just regard to the order, which 
 the antients .religiously observ'd ; tho' where (as we said) it was not 
 absolutely essential, leaving out or putting in as they thought conve- 
 nient; for excepting the dress and tire. of the Ionic,. Corinthian, and 
 Gomposita capitals, they were not obliged to charge. the other members 
 with costly ornaments ; so as they frequently left out the metors and 
 triglyph in the friezes of the first (as we have already^ noted), the den- 
 telli, ovolo, and quarter round, in the grand cornice of the latter, plain 
 and without carving; neither did they often fill the pedestals with relieuo, 
 nor the staves in the flutings ; and rarely ever allow the corona any en- 
 richment at all, or so much as rounded ; and were free to leave the Doric 
 
422 
 
 phncere naked, or with simple guttse only. They were careful not to 
 multiply larger mouldings, which sometimes they alter'd, and now and 
 then would separate them with a smaller list or simple 611et ; some- 
 times using the carved astragal, and at another the plain; always leaving 
 the list of the superior cornice flat, to shew us that the safest rule to go 
 by is to follow the character of each respective order ; and indeed how 
 oddly would the Tuscan or Doric become the Corinthian coifure, or the 
 spruce and florid Corinthian a Tuscan entablature. The same is to be 
 considered in the key-stone of arches ; plain in the Tuscan and Doric, 
 with a moderate projecture. The Ionic scroll, serving as a prothi/rides, 
 on such occasions may be richly flower'd and carv'd in a Corinthian or 
 Cbmposit entrance, and where they support tables and mensulee for 
 some inscription. Roses, lyons-heads, escalops, and other decorations^ 
 are allowable under the corona with this rule, that whether here, or un- 
 der any roof or cieling interlacing fretts, be ever made as fight angles. 
 Lastly, as to poclice, rails and balusters, so to humour the order, that 
 the Tuscan be plain, but not too gouty, or too close to one another, or 
 far assunder, that is, not exceeding twice the diameter of the necks; nor 
 are they oblig'd to a constant shape, for some swell below, others above, 
 and some are made like termes, all of them having their peculiar grace 
 and beauty. What is said of Tuscan, Is to be understood of the rest; so 
 as the Corinthian and Composita may be carv'd and enrich'd without any 
 scrupule, for any thing that appears to the contrary among the antients, 
 or our ablest masters. To conclude, not only the roofs of houses and 
 their fronts had their adornments, but the floors also were inlaid with 
 pavements of the most precious materials, as of several coloured stones 
 and woods, and this they call'd 
 
 Emblema, continued to this day by the Italians in their Pietra Co- 
 messa; of which the most magnificent and stupendious chappel of Saint 
 Laurence at Florence, Paul the First at Sancta Maria Maggiore in 
 Rome, are particular and amazing instances, where not only the pave- 
 ment, but likewise all the walls, are most richly incrusted with all sorts 
 of precious marbles, serpentine, porphirie, ophitis, achat, rants, coral, 
 cornelian, lazuli, &c. of which one may number nearly thirty sorts, cut 
 and laid into a fonds or ground of black-marble, (as our Cabinet-makers 
 
423 
 
 do their variegated woods,) in the shape of birds, flowers, landskips, 
 grotesks, and other compartiments most admirably polished, a glorious 
 and everlasting magnificence. But where it is made of lesser stones, or 
 rather morsels of them, assisted with small squares of thick glass, of 
 which some are gilded or cemented in the stuc or plaster, it is call'd 
 Mosaic- work, opus musivum^ and it does naturally represent the most 
 curious and accurate sort of painting, even to the life, nor less durable 
 than the former, as is most conspicuous in that front of St. Mark's Church 
 at Venice, the nave or ship of Giotto under the cupola of Saint Peter's 
 at Rome, and the altar-piece of Saint Michael near it. These are the 
 tesselata and vermiculata, or pavimenta osar'ota of the antients, which 
 no age or exposure impairs, but of which I do not remember to have 
 seen any publick work in our country. In the mean time, not to be 
 forgotten are the.floorings of wood which her Majesty the Queen Mo- 
 ther has first brought into use in England at her Palace of Somerset- 
 House, the like whereof I directed to be made in a bed-chamber at Ber- 
 keley-House. The French call it parquetage, a kind of segmenlatum 
 opus, and which has some resemblance to these magnificencies, because 
 it is exceeding beautiful, and very lasting. And this puts me in mind 
 of that most useful Appendix joyn'd to Mr. Richards' late Translation of 
 the first Book of Palladio, and those other Pieces of La Muet the French 
 Architect, wherein, besides what he has publish'd concerning these kinds 
 of timber-floors, &c. you have at the conclusion of that Treatise a most 
 accurate account of their contignations and timberings of all sorts of 
 stories, roofings, and other erections, with their use, scantlings, and 
 proper names, which, for being so perspicuously describ'd, deserves 
 our commendation and encouragement. 
 
 May this then suffice, not only for the interpretation of the terms af- 
 fected to this noble art, but to justifie the title, and in some measure also 
 for the instruction and aid of divers builders, on some occasions wherein 
 they not seldom fail ; especially in the country (where, for the saving a 
 little charge, they seldom consult an experienc'd Artist, besides the 
 neighbour Brick-layer and Carpenter,) till some more dextrous and 
 able hand, and at greater leisure, oblige the publick and our countrymen 
 
424 
 
 with such a body and course of Architecture, as with others, Monsieur 
 Blondel, D'Avilar and, instar omnium, the learned Perrault (by his 
 version and useful comments on Vitruvius), have done for theirs. 
 
 Eura Architectum oportet usu esse peritum & solertem, qui demere ^ 
 aut adjicere praescriptiis velit. 
 
 J. E. 
 
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KALENDARIUM HORTENSE ; 
 
 OR 
 
 CJe ([^atDner'si ^Imanatfe; 
 
 DIBECTING 
 
 WHAT HE IS TO DO MONTHLY THROUGHOUT THE YEAR; 
 
 AND WHAT FRUITS AND FLOWERS ARE IN PRIME. 
 
 By JOHN EVELYN, Esq. 
 
 FELLOW OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. 
 
 ■ Labor actus in orbem, Virg. Geor. 2. 
 
 Satis admirari oequeo, quod prima scriptidrum meorum exordio jure conquestus sum : Cieterarum Ariium minus vitse 
 necessariarum repertos Antistites, Agrieutturis neq. Discipulos, neq. Fraeceptores inventos. 
 
 CoLUMELL. Lib. ix. cap. l ■ 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOK JOHN MARTIN, PRINTER TO THE ROYAL SOCIETY, 1664. 
 
 TENTH EDITION : 
 
 PRINTED FOR ROB. SCOT, RIC. C^ISWELt, GEORGE SAWBKIDGB, AND BEN. TOOKE. 1706. 
 
 3 I 
 
427 
 
 This Tract originally appeared in 8vo. in 1664. A second edition, 
 with many useful additions, was printed in 1666, dedicated to Evelyn's 
 " worthy friend " Abraham Giwley. Several additions were likewise 
 added to the " Sylva," in folio ; it wias again reprinted in octavo in 1699 ; 
 and for the tenth time in 1^06, in 12mo. In a letter to Lady Sunder- 
 land, dated 4th August, 1690, the Author says, " As for the Kalendar 
 your Ladyship mentions, whatever assistance it may be to some novice 
 gardener, sure I am his Lp will find nothing in it worth his notice but an 
 old inclination to an innocent diversion, and the acceptance it found with 
 my deare and (while he lived) worthy friend Mr. Cowley, upon whose 
 reputation only it has survived seaven impressions, and is now entering 
 the eighth, with some considerable improvements, more agreeable to the 
 present curiosity. ^Tis now, Mad"*, almost fourty yeares since first I 
 writ it, when Horticulture was not much advanc'd in England, and neere 
 thirty since first "'twas publish'd, which consideration will, I hope, excuse 
 its many defects." 
 
 The Kalendarium Hortense cannot fail of being highly interesting 
 to the Horticulturist, since it is the foundation on which all our best 
 books on Gardening have been erected ; and no better plan can be 
 adopted for the amateur gardener, than that of giving directions under 
 the head of each month. It is also valuable, as forming a Catalogue of 
 the Fruits and Flowers, as well as the Culinary Vegetables, of the day in 
 which the Author lived. 
 
429 
 
 TO ABRAHAM COWLEY, Esq. 
 
 Sir, 
 This Hortulan Kalendar is yours, mindful of the honour once con- 
 "err'd on It, when you were pleas'd to suspend your nobler raptures, and 
 :hink it worthy your transcribing. It appears now with some advan- 
 lages which it then wanted ; because it had not that of publishing to 
 :he world, how infinitely I magnifie your contempt of (not to say.re- 
 i^enge upon) it ; whilst you still continue in the possession of your self, 
 ind of that repose which few men understand, in exchange for those 
 pretty miseries you have essay'd. O the sweet evenings and mornings, 
 md all the day besides which are yours ! 
 
 .... while Cowley's made 
 The happy tenant of the shade ! 
 
 And the sun in his garden gives him all he desires, and all that he would 
 enjoy ; the purity of visible objects and of true Nature, before she was 
 vitiated by imposture or luxury ! 
 
 .... Books, wise discourse, gardens and fields. 
 And all the joys that unmixt Nature yields. 
 
 Misc. 
 
 You gather the first roses of the spring, and apples of autumn ; and as 
 the philosopher in Seneca desir'd only bread and herbs to dispute felicity 
 with Jupiter, you vie happiness in a thousand easy and sweet diver- 
 sions ; not forgetting the innocent toils which you cultivate, the lei- 
 sure and the liberty, the books, the meditations, and, above all, the 
 learned and choice friendships that you enjoy. Who would not, like 
 you, cacher sa vie t 'Twas the wise impress of Balzac, and of Plutarch 
 liefore him ; you give it lustre and interpretation. I assure you. Sir, it 
 is what in the world 1 most inwardly breathe after and pursue, not ta 
 say that I envy your felicity, deliver'd from the gilded impertinences of 
 lifei to enjoy the moments of a solid and pure contentment ; since those 
 who know how usefully you employ this glorious recess, must needs be 
 forced either to imitate, or, as I do, to celebrate your example. 
 
 J. Evelyn. 
 
430 
 
 INTRODUCTION TO THE KALENDAR. 
 
 f^s Paradise (though of God's own planting) was no longer Para- 
 e, than the man put into it continued to dress it and to keep it*, so, 
 • will our Gardens (as near as we can contrive them to the resemblance 
 that blessed abode) remain long in their perfection, unless they are 
 
 continually cultivated. For when we have so much celebrated the 
 
 1 and felicity of an excellent Gard'ner, as to think it preferable to all 
 ler diversions whatsoever ; it is not because of the leisure whibh he 
 oys above other men ; ease and opportunity which ministers to vain 
 1 insignificant delights ; such as fools derive from sensual objects : 
 
 dare boldly pronounce it, there is not amongst men a more labori- 
 I life than is that of a good Gard'ner ; but because a labour full of 
 aquillity and satisfaction, natural and instructive, and such as (if 
 (') contributes to piety and contemplation, experience, health, and 
 gevity, munera nondum intellecta Dedm : in sum, a condition it is, 
 nished with the most innocent, laudable, and purest of earthly felici- 
 5, and such as does certainly make the nearest approaches to that 
 ssed state, where only they enjoy all things without pains ; so as 
 »se who were led only by the light of nature, because they could fancy 
 le more glorious, thought it worthy of entertaining the souls of their 
 >arted heroes, and most illustrious of mortals. 
 
 But to return to the labour, because there is nothing excellent which 
 to be attained without it. A Gard'nerS work is never at an end ; it 
 rins with the year, and continues to the next : he prepares the 
 >und, and then he sows it ; after that he plants, and then he gathers 
 ; fruits ; but in all the intermedial spaces he is careful to dress it ; so as 
 
 * Gen. c. ii. 15. 
 
431 
 
 Columella, speaking of this continual assiduity, tells us *, " A Gard'ner 
 is not only to reckon upon the loss of bare twelve hours, but of an whole 
 year, unless he perform what is at the present requisite in its due 
 period; and therefore is such a monthly notice of his task as depends 
 upon the signs and seasons highly necessary f." 
 
 Gard'ners had need each star as well to know, 
 The Kid, the Dragon, and Arcturus too, 
 As seamen, who through dismal storms are wont 
 To pass the oyster-breeding Hellespont X- 
 
 All which duly weighed, how precious the time is, how precipitous the 
 occasion, how many things to be done in their just season, and how 
 intolerable a confusion will succeed the smallest neglect, after once a 
 ground is in order, we thought we should not attempt an unacceptable 
 work, if here we endeavour to present our Gard'ners with a compleat 
 cycle of what is requisite to be done throughout every month of the 
 year : we say each month, because by dividing it into parts so dis- 
 
 * Praetermissas duodecim horas, sed annum periisse, nisi sua quaque quod instat effecerit : quare 
 necessaria est menstrui cuj usque o£Scii monitio ea qus pendet ex ratione Syderum Oieli, &c. 
 Columella de Re Rust. 1. ix. 
 
 f This observation, which may appear like superstition to us who reside in an irregular climate, 
 is. highly necessary to the inhabitants of mor^ settled skies, where the rains generally set in or the 
 sun shines with greater force at stated seasons, which are marked by astronomical observations : 
 
 " Beneath what star fair flow'rs first shew their heads." 
 
 The directions which Columella gave to the Romans of his own day, are equally applicable to the 
 Italians of the present age. 
 
 " Now, when the thirsty Dog-star shall have drank 
 
 Full draughts of Ocean's streams j and when his orb 
 
 With equal hours bright Titan shall have pois'd. 
 
 And Autumn, glutted with all sorts of fruit. 
 
 Shaking his hoary head^ with apples deck'd. 
 
 And all his garments wet and stain'd with must. 
 
 Shall from ripe grapes the foaming liquor squeeze r 
 
 Then let the lowly ground,- with streng^th of spades 
 
 Well arm'd with iron, be turned upside down." — Book X. 
 
 X " tam sunt Arcturi sidera nobis 
 
 Haedordmque dies servandi, et lucidus Anguis, 
 Quam quibus in patriam ventosa per tequora vectis 
 Pontus, et Ostriferi fauces tentantur Abydi."— Geor. I. 
 
432 
 
 tinct, the order in which they shall find each particular to be disposed 
 may not only render the work more facile and delightful, but redeem it 
 from that extreme perplexity, which, for want of a constant and uniform 
 method, we find does so universally district the vulgar sort of them : 
 they know not (for the most part) the seasons when things are to be 
 done * ; and when at any time they come to know, there often falls out 
 so many things to be done on the sudden, that some of them must of 
 necessity be neglected for that whole year, which is the greatest detri- 
 ment to this mystery, and frequently irrecoverable. 
 
 We are yet far from imposing (by any thing we have here alledged 
 concerning these menstrual periods) those nice and hypercritical punc- 
 tilios which some astrologers, and such as pursue their rules, seem to 
 oblige our Gard'ners to ; as if, forsooth, all were lost, and our pains to 
 no purpose, unless the sowing and the planting, the cutting and the 
 pruning, were performed in such and such an exact minute of the 
 moon : In hac autem ruris disciplina non desideratur ejusmodi scrupu- 
 lositasf. There ai'e indeed some certain seasons, and suspecta tempora, 
 which the prudent Gard'ner ought carefully (as much as in him lies) to 
 prevent : but as to the rest, let it suffice, that he diligently follow the 
 observations which (by great industry) we have collected together, and 
 here present him, as so many Synoptical Tables, calculated for his 
 monthly use, to the end he may pretermit nothing which is under his 
 inspection, and is necessary, or distract his thoughts and employment 
 before the seasons require it. 
 
 And now, however this may seem but a trifle to some who esteem 
 books by the bulk, not the benefit ; let them forbear yet to despise 
 these few ensuing pages, for never was any thing of this pretence more 
 fully and ingenuously imparted, 1 shall not say to the regret of all our 
 mercenary Gard'ners, because I have much obligation to some above 
 that epithete : Mr. Rose J, Gard'ner to his Majesty, and lately at Essex- 
 
 * Quia caput est in omni negotio, nosse quid agendum sit, &c. Columella de Re Rust. 1. i. c. 1. 
 
 f Columella. 
 
 J Mr. Rose raised the first pine-apple that was grown in England. In ^ picture at Kensington 
 Palace he is represented presenting a pine-apple to King Charles j and the Earl of Waldegrave has 
 a similar picture at Strawberry-hill, Twickenham, which is supposed to have been painted by 
 Daneker. A print in the line manner has recently been engraven from the former picture by 
 Mr. Graves. 
 
433 
 
 le to her Grace the Duchess of Somerset ; and Mr. Turner*, formerly 
 i^lmbledon in Surry, who, being certainly amongst the most expert 
 leir profession in England, are no less to be celebrated, for their free 
 munications to the publick, by divers observations of theirs, which 
 '. furnished to this design. And it is from the result of very much 
 ;rience, and an extiaordinary inclination tp cherish so innocent and 
 able a diversion, and! to incite an affection in the Nobles of this 
 an towards it, that I begin to open to them so many of the interior 
 2tSj. and. most precious rules of this mysterious art, without impos- 
 , or invidious reserve. The very Catalogue of Fruits and Flowers, 
 he Orchard and the Parterre, will gratifte the most innocent of the 
 es, and whoever else shall be. to seek a rare and universal choice for 
 )lantation. 
 
 ouching the method, it is so obvious, that there needs no farther 
 :tion ; and the consequent will prove so certain, that a work of the 
 est pains is by this, little instrument rendered the most, facile and 
 eable, as by which you shall continually preserve your Garden in that 
 action of beauty and lustre, without confusion or prejudice ; nor 
 ed could we think of a more comprehensive expedient, whereby to 
 it the frail and torpent memory through so multifarious and nume- 
 an employment (the daily subject of a Gard'ners care), than by the 
 lomy and discipline which we have here consigned it to, and which 
 industrious Gard'ner may himself be continually improving from 
 own observations and experience. In the mean time, we have, at 
 instance of very many persons, who have been pleased to acknow- 
 e the effects of a former less perfect impression, thought good to 
 ish an Edition in a smaller volume, that as an Enchiridion it may 
 le more ready and useful ; but the Kalendar might be considerably 
 nented, and recommend itself to more universal use, by taking in 
 
 ilr. Turner was an apothecary m London, and Herbarist to James the First and Charles the 
 
 His work, entitled "Paridisi in Sole Paradisus Terrestris," was dedicated to Henrietta 
 
 I, Queen of Charles the First, in the year 1629. In 1640 Parkinson published his "Thea- 
 
 Botanicum," a valuable work. It appears that Parkinson had the superintendence of the 
 
 Gardens at Wimbledon, which were broken up and sold by order of the Parliament in 1649. 
 
 3 K 
 
434 
 
 the monthly employments of all the parts of agriculture, as tl 
 been begun to us in Columella, * Palladius, de Serres, Augustin 
 Vincenzo Tanara, Herrera, our Tusserf, Markham, and others 
 cially if well and judiciously applied to the climate and several c< 
 But it were here besides our institution, nor would the pages 
 them ; what is yet found vacant has been purposely left, that oui 
 ner may supply as he finds cause ; for which reason like' 
 have rang'd both the Fruits and Flowers in prime after some 
 promiscuous order ; and not after the letters of the alphabet, 
 method might be pursued with the least disorder. Lastly, 
 
 The Fruits and Flowers in prime are to be as well considered 
 tion to their lasting and continuance, as to their maturity and b 
 
 J. Evi 
 
 *** The references to the " Discourse on Earth," are only to hefour^ 
 Third Edition folio, printed with" Sylva" and " Pomona" S^c, 1' 
 
 * Col. de R. R. lib. 11, c. 11. Pall. lib. 1. Tit. 1. 
 
 t Tusser's " Five Hundred points of good Husbandry," which was first published i: 
 1557, may still be perused with benefit to the reader, being full of useful hints, as well i 
 an interesting picture of the agricultural progress of those days. 
 
435 
 THE GARDEN.* 
 
 To John Evelyn, Esq. 
 
 I never had any other desire so strong, and so like to covetuousness 
 as y* one, w^*" I have had always, y* I might bee master at last, of 
 a small Hous and larg Garden, w''^ very moderat conveniences joyned 
 to them, and there dedicat the remainder of my life, onely to the 
 culture of them, & study of Nature, 
 
 And there, with no design beyond my wall, 
 Whole, and entire to lye, 
 
 In no unactive Eas, and no unglorious Poverty 
 Or, as Virgil has said, shorter and better for mee that I might there 
 studiis Jiorere ignobilis otti, (though! could wish, meethinks, y* he 
 had rather said, nobilis otiif when hee spoke of his own,) but severall 
 accidents of my ill fortune have disappointed mee hitherto, and still do, 
 of y* fselicitie ; for though I have made the first and hardest step to it, 
 by abandonning all ambitions and hopes in this world, and by retiring 
 from the nois of all busines, and almost company, yet I stick still in 
 the Inne of a hired Hous and Garden, amoung weeds and .rubbish ; and 
 w*''out y* pleasantest work of human industry, y^ improvement of some- 
 thing, w"'' wee call (not very properly, but yet wee call) our own. I am 
 gon out from Sodom, but I am not arrived yet at my little Zoar. Oh 
 let mee escape thither, (is it not a little one .?) and my Soul shall live. 
 I do not look back yet, but I have ben forced to stop and make too 
 many halts. You may wonder. Sir, (for this seems a little too extra- 
 vagant and Pindarical for prose) what I mean by all this preface ; it is 
 to let you know, y* though I have mist, like a chymist, my main end, 
 yet I account my affections and endeavours well rewarded by something 
 w"^ I have gotten by y* by, w"*" is, that they have procured to mee some 
 part in y' kindnes and esteem, and thereby the honour of haveing my 
 name so advantageously recommended to posterity by y^ Epistle you 
 
 * Carefully corrected by the original manuscript in the hand-writing of Abraham Cowley, now 
 in the possession of W. Upcott, and to whom it was kindly presented by the late Lady Evelyn. 
 
436 
 
 are pleased to prefix to the most useful! book y* has ben writtt 
 kind, and w'=^ is to last as long as Months and Years. Cum 
 Lund Tu quoq; semper eris. 
 
 Amoung many other arts and excellencies w'^'^ you enioy, 1 i 
 to find this favourite of mine the most prsedominant ; that yo 
 this for y' Wife though you have, like Solomon, hundreds of ot 
 for your Concubines. Though you know them, and beget sonn 
 them all Cto w'^*' you are rich enough to allow great legacies) 
 Issue of this seems to bee designed by you to y^ main of the 
 You have taken most pleasure in it, and bestowed most charg 
 its education; and I doubt not to see y* Book, w'^'' you are pie 
 promise to the world, and of w"^ you have given us a larg earne 
 Calendar, as accomplished as any thing can bee expected from ar 
 ordinary Witt, and no ordinary expences, and a long experie 
 know no body y* possesses more private happines then" you 
 y^ Garden, and yet no man who makes his hajppines more publ 
 a free communication of y^ art and knowledg of it to others 
 w'='' I myself am able yet to do, is onely to recommend to n 
 the search of y* faelicity w"^ you instruct them how to find 
 enjoy. 
 
 . I. 
 Happy art Thou whom God does bless 
 W* ye full choice of thine own happiness ! 
 And happier yet, becaus thou'rt blest 
 W* prudence how to choos the best ! 
 In Books and Gardens thou hast plae'd aright 
 
 (Things w'='' thou well dost understand, 
 And both dost make w**? thy laborious hand) 
 Thy noble, innocent delight : 
 And in thy virtuous Wife, where thou again dost meet 
 Both pleasures more refin'd arid sweet : 
 The fairest garden in her looks. 
 And in her mind the wisest books. 
 Oh who would change theis soft, yet solid joys. 
 For empty shows and senceless noise, 
 And all w*^^ rank Ambition breeds, 
 W"'' seem such beauteous flowers, and are such poisonous weed 
 
437 
 
 II. 
 
 When God did Man to his own Kkenes make, 
 
 As much as Clay/though of the purest kind, 
 By the great Potters art refin'd, 
 Could the Divine impression take : 
 Hee thought it fit to place him where 
 A kind of Heav'enrtoo did appear, 
 
 As far as Earth could such a likenes bear : 
 That man no happines might want, 
 
 W"*" earth to her first master could afford ; 
 He did a garden for him plant" 
 
 By y^ quick hand of his omnipotent word. 
 
 As y* cheif hplp and joy of human life, 
 ee gave him y* first gift, first, even before a Wife. 
 
 III. 
 
 For God, the universale Architect, 
 'T had ben as i^asy to erect 
 A Louvre, or Escuriall, or a Tower 
 
 That might with Heaven communication hold. 
 
 As Babel vainly thought to do of old : 
 Hee wanted not the skill or power, 
 In the world's fabrick those were shown. 
 
 And the materials were all his own. 
 
 But well hee knew what place would best agree 
 
 With innocence arid with faslicitie : 
 
 And wee elsewhere still seek for them in vain, 
 
 If any part of ether still remain ; 
 
 If any part of ether'wee expect. 
 
 This may our judgment in y'' search direct ; 
 
 God the first garden made, and the first city, Cain. 
 
 IV. 
 
 Oh blessed shades ! oh, gentle cool retreat, 
 
 From all th' immoderat heat 
 
 In w"*" the frantick world does burn and sweat ! 
 
 This, does y- Lion-star, Ambitions rage ; 
 
 This Avarice, the dog-stars thirst assuage ; 
 
 Every where els their fatall power wee see, 
 
 They make and rule mans wretched destinie : 
 They nether set, nor disappear. 
 But tyrannize ore all y^ year ; 
 
 Whil'st wee ne're feel their flame or influence here. 
 
438 
 
 The birds y* dance from bough to boagh. 
 And sing above in every tree. 
 Are not from fears and cares more free 
 Then wee who ly, or sit, or walk below. 
 And should by right bee singers too. 
 
 What princes quire of musick can excel 
 (That w*^^ w'Mn this shade does dwel ? 
 For w"^ wee nothing pay or give. 
 They like all other poets live 
 
 Without reward or thanks for their obliging pains ; 
 'Tis well if they become not prey ) : 
 
 The whistling winds add their less artfuU straines. 
 
 And a grave base the murmuring fountains play ; 
 
 Nature does all this harmony bestow, 
 But to our plants, arts, musick too. 
 
 The pipe, theorbo, and guitarr wee owe ; 
 
 The lute itself, w'^^ once was green and mute. 
 When Orpheus strook th' inspired lute, 
 The trees danc'd round, and und-erstood 
 By sympathy the voice of wood. 
 
 V. 
 
 Theis are the spels w°^ to kind sleep invite. 
 And nothing does within resistance make : 
 
 W'^^' yet wee moderately take ; 
 
 Who would not choos to bee awake. 
 While hee's encompasst round with such delight. 
 To th' ear, the nose, the touch, the tast, and sight ? 
 When Venus would her dear Ascanius keep 
 A pris'oner in the downy bands of sleep. 
 She odorous herbs and flowers, about him spred. 
 
 As the most soft and sweetest bed ; 
 Not her own lap would more have charm'd his head. 
 
 Who y* has reason, and his smel. 
 Would not amoungst roses and jasmin dwel, 
 
 Rather then all his spirits choak 
 With exhalations of dirt and smoak ? 
 
 And all th' uncleannes which does drown 
 In pestilentiall clowds a populous town ? 
 
439 
 
 The earth it self breaths better perfumes here, 
 
 Then all the female men or women there, 
 
 (Not without cause 'tis thought) about them bear. 
 
 VI. 
 When Epicurus to the world had taught 
 
 That pleasure was the chiefest good, 
 (And was perhaps i'th'right, if rightly understood,) 
 
 His life hee to his doctrine brought, 
 And in a gardens shade y* sovereign pleasure sought. 
 Whoever a true Epicure would be6, 
 May there find cheap and virtuous luxurie. 
 Vitellius his Table, w'^ did hold 
 As many creatures as the Ark of old. 
 That Fiscal Table, to w'^ every day 
 All countries did a constant Tribute pay, • 
 Could nothing more delicious affoord, 
 
 Then Natures liberality, 
 Helpt by a little art and industry. 
 
 Allows the meanest gard'ners board. 
 The wanton tast no fish or fowl can choos, 
 For w'^'' the grape or melon shee would loos. 
 Though all th' inhabitants of sea and air 
 Bee listed in the gluttons bill of fare ; 
 
 Yet still the fruits of earth wee see 
 Plac'd the third story high in all his luxurie. 
 
 VII. 
 But with no sense the garden does comply ; 
 ; None courts or flatters, as it does the eye : 
 When the greSat Hebrew King did almost strain 
 The wound'rous treasures of his wealth and brain, 
 His royal southern guest to entertain ; 
 
 Though shee on silver floores did tread, 
 With bright Assyrian carpets on them spred, 
 
 To hide the metals poverty : 
 
 Though shee lookt up to roofs of gold, 
 
 And nought around her could behold 
 
 But sUk, and rich embrodery, 
 
 And Babylonian tapestry. 
 
440 
 
 And wealthy Hirams princely dye, 
 Though Ophirs starry stones met every where her eye ; 
 Though shee herself, and her gay host were drest 
 In all the shining glories of the east ; 
 When lavish art her costly work had done, 
 The honour and the prize of bravery, 
 Was by y^ garden from y^ palace wonne ; 
 And every rose and lilly there did stand 
 
 Better attir'd by Natures hand : 
 The case thus judg'd against the king wee see. 
 By one who not bee so rich, though wiser far than hee. 
 
 VIII. 
 Nor does this happy place onely dispense 
 
 Such various pleasures to the sense ; 
 Here health it self does live, 
 That salt of life wbich does to all a relish give ; 
 Its standing pleasure, and intrinsick wealth, 
 The bodies virtu, and the souls good fortune, health. 
 The tree of life when it in Eden stood. 
 Did its immortal head to heaven rear ; 
 It lasted a tall cedar till the flood ; 
 Now a small thorny shrub it does appear ; 
 
 Nor will it thrive too every where : 
 
 It here is always freshesf seen ; 
 
 'Tis only here an ever-green. 
 
 If through the strong and beauteous fence 
 
 Of temperance and innocence, 
 
 And wholesome labours, and a quiet mind, 
 
 Any diseases passage find, 
 
 They must not think here to assail 
 A land unarmed or without a guard ; 
 They must fight for it, and dispute it hard. 
 
 Before they can prevail : 
 
 Scarce any plant is growing here 
 Which against Death some weapon does not bear. 
 
 Let cities boast y* they provide 
 
 For life the ornaments of pride ; 
 
 But 'tis the Garden and y« Feild, 
 
 That furnish it with staff and sheild. 
 
441 
 
 IX. 
 
 Where do y^ wisdome and y^ power divine 
 In a more bright and sweet reflextioh shine ? 
 Where do wee finer strokes and colours see 
 Of the Creators real poetrie. 
 Then when wee w**" attention look 
 Upon y^ third days volume of the book ? 
 If wee could open and intend our eye. 
 
 We all, like Moses, should espy 
 Ev'n in a bush the radiant Deity. 
 But wee despise theis his inferior ways, 
 (Though no less full of miracle and praise) 
 
 Upon y* flowers of heaven wee gaze ; 
 The stars of earth no wonder in us raise, 
 
 Though theis perhaps do more then they, 
 The life of mankind sway. 
 Although no part of inighty natuirej bee 
 More stored with beauty, power, and inysterie ; 
 Yet to encourage human Industrie, ^ 
 God has so ordered y* no other part 
 Such space and such dominion leaves for Art. 
 
 X. 
 
 Wee no where Art do so triumphant; see. 
 
 As when it grafts or buds the tree ; 
 In other things wee count it to excell, 
 If it a docile scholar can appear 
 To Nature, and but imitate her well ; 
 It over- rules, and is her master here. 
 It imitates her makers power divine, 
 And changes her sometimes, and sometimes does refine : 
 It does, like grace, the fallen tree restore 
 To iits blest state of Paradise before : 
 Who would not joy to see his conquering hand 
 Oe'r all the vegetable world command ? 
 And the wild gyants of the wood receive 
 What law hee's pleas'd to give ? 
 3l 
 
442 
 
 Hee bids th' ill-natur'4 cfab produce 
 The gentler apples winy juice ; 
 The golden fruit y* worthy is 
 Of Galatea's purple kiss } 
 Hee does the savage hawthorn teach 
 To bear the Medlar and y« Pear ; 
 Hee bids the rustique Plum to rear 
 A nobler trunck, and bee a Peach, 
 Even Daphnes coyness hee does mock, 
 And weds the Cherry to her stock ; 
 Though shee refus'd ApoUos suit ; 
 Ev'n she, the chast and virgin tree, 
 Now wonders at her self, to see 
 That shee's a mother made, and blushes in her fruit. 
 
 XI. 
 
 Meethinks I see great, Dioelesian walk 
 In the Salonian gardens noble shade, 
 W"** by his own Imperial hands was made : 
 I see him smile, meethinks, as hee does talk 
 W*^> the Arabassadours who come in vain 
 
 T'entice him to a throne again : 
 If I, my friends (said hee) should to you show 
 All the contents which in this garden grow, 
 'Tis likelier much y* you should with mee stay, 
 Then 'tis y* you should carry mee away : 
 And trust mee not, my friends, if every day, 
 
 I walk not here with more delight. 
 Than ever, after the most happy fight. 
 In triumph to the Capitol I rod, 
 To thank y^ Gods, and to bee thought, my self almost a God. 
 
 A. Cowley. 
 Chertsea, Jug. l6 1666. 
 
KALENDARIUM HORTENSE. 
 
 ^ JANUARY 
 
 Hath xxxi days — long, 8h am, gun rises S^ 0™ — sets 4h om. * 
 
 To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden. 
 
 'eench the ground, and make it ready for the Spring : prepare also 
 , and use it where you hav,e occasion; for which purpose make 
 itiful provision of neats, horse, and sheeps dung especially, that 
 
 may have some of two years preparation, by now and then stirring 
 
 opening it to the air, and lastly, screening it, reserve it for use 
 iome hard-bottom'd shady place, a little excavated, that the rain 
 h not away the vertue of it : suffer no weeds to grow on it ; have 
 e heaps of sweet under-pasture natural mould, and fine loam, to 
 gle with your dung, as occasion requires. 
 
 [ote, that the dung of pigeons and poultry, mix'd with mould, is 
 illent for the fig-tree (io which I now advise you to lay it), aspara- 
 
 strawberries, &c. but then it must have pass'd its first heat, lest, 
 y'd before, it burn the plant. 
 
 [orse-dung, if not exceedingly rotted, will infect the ground with 
 :-grass, the very worst of garden-weeds j and is therefore onlv 
 ler for moist and cold grounds, and to be us'd for the hot-bed. 
 bricots and peaches require rather a natural, rich, and mellow soil, 
 
 much dung. 
 
 ress yoiir sweet-herb beds rather with a new moulding everv- 
 id vear, than with over-dunging or rank soil. 
 
 or the rising and setting of the sun, and length of the days, I compute from the first of 
 nonth, London lat. 
 
444 
 
 Mould made of the rotting of weeds, &c. Is apt to produce the same 
 weeds *. 
 
 Dig borders, &c. Uncover, as yet, roots of trees, where ablaquea- 
 tion Is requisite f. 
 
 Plant quick-sets, and transplant fruit-trees, if not finish'd : set 
 vines;};, and begin to prune the old; prune the branches of orchard 
 fruit-trees, especially the long planted, and that towards the decrease; but 
 for such as are newly planted, they need not be disbranched till the 
 sap begins to stir, that is, not till March ; that so the wound may be 
 healed, with the scar, and stub, which our frosts do frequently leave : 
 besides, one then best discerns the fruit- buds. In this work cut off all 
 the shoot of August, unless the nakedness of the place incline you to 
 spare it : consult my French Gard'ner, Part I. Sect. 3 §. For this Is a 
 most material address, towards which these short directions may. 
 contribute. 
 
 Learn first to know and distinguish the bearing and fruit-buds from 
 the leaf-buds : the fruit-buds are always fuller and more .turgid : these 
 you are carefully to spare, and what you prune from the rest cut off 
 slanting above the bud, with a very sharp knife, leaving no rags. 
 
 In taking off a whole branch, or limb, cut close to the stem, that 
 the bark may cover it the sooner. 
 
 Those buds which either put forth just between the stem and wjall 
 (in mural-trees only), or opposite to them, are to be rubbed off as soon 
 as they appear, sparing only the collateral branches. 
 
 Keep^'our wall and palisade-trees from mounting too hastily, that 
 they may form beautiful and spreading branches, shap'd like a ladies 
 fann, and close to the ground. 
 
 Take the water-boughs quite away, which are those that on 
 standards being shaded, and drip'd upon, remain smooth and naked 
 without buds. 
 
 Where you desire mural fruit-trees should spread, garnish, and 
 bear, cut smoothly off the next unbearing branch. 
 
 * Vide "Discourse of Earth," p. 21. 
 
 \ See the Directions in my Treatise of Earth, p. 24, folio edit. 
 
 X See Mr. Rose's Vineyard vindicated, c. v. J " Pomona," c. 8. 
 
445 
 
 Forbear pruning wall-fruit that is tender, till February. 
 
 Where branches are so thick and intangl'd that they gall one an- 
 other, or exclude the sun and air, thin the place at discretion. 
 
 You may now begin to nail and trim your wall-fruit and espaliers. 
 
 Cleanse trees of moss, &c. the weather moist. 
 
 Gather cyons for graflPs before the buds sprout; and about the latter 
 end grafF them in the stock, pears, cherries, and plums; and remember 
 this for a special rule, that you always take the cyon from some goodly 
 and plentifully bearing tree : for if it be from a young tree, or one which 
 has not yet born fruit (tho' of never so excellent a kind), it will be a 
 long time e'er your graff produce any fruits considerable. 
 
 Now also remove your kernel-stocks to more commodious distances 
 in your nursery, cutting off the top root *. Set beans, pease, &c. 
 
 Sow also (if you please) for early cauly-flowers. 
 
 Sow chervil f, lettuce, radish, and other (more delicate) salletings, if 
 you will raise in the hot-bed. 
 
 In over- wet, or hard weather, cleanse, mend, sharpen, and prepare 
 garden-tools ij;. 
 
 Turn up your bee-hives, and sprinkle them with a little warm and 
 sweet wort ; do it dexterously. 
 
 Fruits in prime, and yet lasting. 
 
 Apples. — Kentish pippin, russet pippin, golden pippin, french pippin, 
 kirton pippin, holland pippin, john-apple, winter queening, marigold, 
 harvey-apple, pomewater, pome-roy, golden doucet, apis, reineting, 
 Lones pear-main, winter pear-main, &c. 
 
 Peaks. — Winter musk (bakes well), winter Norwich (excellently 
 baked), winter bergamot, winter bon-crestlen (both mural), vergoules, 
 the great surrein, &c. 
 
 * Vide March. 
 
 f Scandix cerefolium. This plant, so celebrated by the ancients, has nearly disappeai'ed in the 
 English kitchen-garden, nor is it any longer regarded in our salads, or admitted into modei'n 
 practice, although it still holds a considerable rank in all these situations on the Continent. 
 
 J This is a part of the gardener's duty which has been most lamentably neglected in modern 
 times. 
 
446 
 
 To he done in the Parterre and Flower Garden. 
 
 Set up your traps for vermine ; especially in your nurseries of kernels 
 and stones, and amongst your bulbous roots ; which will now be in dan- 
 ger. A paste made of coarse honey, wherein is mingled green-glass 
 beaten, with copperas, may be laid near their haunts. About the mid- 
 dle of this month, plant now your anemony roots, and ranunculus's, 
 which you will be secure of without covering, or farther trouble. Pre- 
 serve from too great and continuing rains (if they happen), snow, and 
 frost, your choicest anemonies and ranunculus's sow'd in September or 
 October for earlier flowers : also your carnations, and such seeds as are 
 in peril of being wash'd out, or over-chilled and frozen, covering them 
 under shelter, and striking ofiF the snow where it lies too weighty ; for it 
 certainly rots and bursts your early-set anemonies and ranunculus's, &c. 
 unless planted now in the hot-beds ; for now is the season, and they will 
 flower even in London. Towards the end, earth-up with fresh and 
 light mould the roots of those auricula's which the frost may have un- 
 cover'd, filling up the chinks about the sides of the pots where your 
 choicest are set, but they need riot be hous'd : it is a hardy plant. 
 
 Flowers in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Winter aconite, some anemonies, winter cyclamen, black hellebor, 
 brumal hyacinth, oriental jacinth, levantine, narcissus, hepatica, prim- 
 roses, laurus-tinus, mezereon, prsecoce tulips, &c. especially if raised in 
 the hot-bed. Note, 
 
 That both these fruits and flowers are more early or tardy, both as to 
 their prime seasons for eating, and perfection of blowing, according as 
 the soil and situation are qualify'd by nature or accident. Note also, 
 
 That in this recension of monthly flowers, it is to be understood for 
 the whole period that any flower continues, from its first appearing to 
 its final withering. 
 
447 
 
 K FEBRUARY 
 
 Hath xxviii days — long, ogh 24">. Sun rises 7^ 13'". — Sets 04h 45m. 
 
 To be done in the Orchard and Olitoty Garden. 
 
 Prune fruit-trees and vines as yet; for now is your season to bind, 
 plash, nail, and dress, without danger of frost : this to be understood of 
 the most tender and delicate wall-fruit, not finish'd before ; do this be- 
 fore the buds and bearers grow turgid ; and yet in the nectarine and 
 like delicate mural-fruit, the later your pruning the better, whatever has 
 been and still is the contrary custom. 
 
 And let your gard'ner endeavour to apply the collateral branches of 
 his wall-fruits, as near as possible he can (without violation and unna- 
 tural bending and reverting) to the earth or borders ; so as the fruit 
 (when grown) may almost touch the ground : the rest of the branches 
 following the same order will display the tree like a ladies fan, and 
 repress the common exuberance of the leading and middle shoots, which 
 usually make too hasty an advance. A gard'ner expert in this and the 
 right art of pruning, may call himself a workman sans reproch. 
 
 Remove graflfs of former years graflBng. Cut and lay quick-sets ; and 
 trim up your palisade hedges and espaliers. Plant vines as yet, other 
 shrubs, hops, &c. 
 
 Set all sorts of kernels and stony seeds, which field-mice will cer- 
 tainly ruine before they sprout, unless prevented: also sow beans, 
 pease, rounsevaJs, corn-sallet, marigold, anniseeds, radish, parsenips, 
 carrots, onions, garlick, &c. And plant potatoes* in your worst ground. 
 
 Now is your season for circumposition by tubs or baskets of earth, and 
 
 * ''The potatoe first became an object of national impoitance in 1662-3^ as appears by the 
 record of the RoyafSociety held March 18th in that year ; when a letter was read from Mr. Buck- 
 land, a Somerset gentleman, recommending the planting of potatoes in all parts of the Kingdom, 
 to prevent famine. This was referred to a Committee, and, in consequence of their report, Mr. 
 Buckland had the thanks of the Society : such members as had lands were entreated to plant 
 them with potatoes ; and Mr. Evelyn was desired to mention the proposals at the close of his 
 Sylva."— Phillips's Hist, of Cultivated Vegetables, vol. H. p. 87. 
 
448 
 
 for laying of branches to take root. You may plant forth your cab- 
 bage-plants. 
 
 Rub moss off your trees after a soaking rain, and scrape and cleanse 
 them of cankers, &c. draining away the wet (if need require) from the 
 too much moistned roots, and earth up those roots of your fruit-trees, if 
 any were uncover'd. Continue to dig and manure, if weather permit. 
 -Cut oflF the webs of caterpillars, &c. from the tops of twigs and trees to 
 .burn. Ga,thei* worms in the evenings after rain. 
 
 Kitchin-garden herbs may now be planted, as parsly, spinage, onions, 
 leeks, and other hardy pot-herbs. Towards the middle or latter end of 
 this month, till the sap rises briskly, grafFin the cleft, and so continue 
 till the last of March : they will hold apples, pears, cherries, plums, &c. 
 The new moon and the old wood is best. Now also plant out j^our 
 caulyflowers to have early ; and begin to make your hot-beds for the 
 first melons and cucumbers to be sow'd in the full ; but trtist not alto- 
 gether to them. You may all this month, and the former, have early 
 sallets on the hot -bed, and under glass frames and bells. Sow aspa- 
 ragus. . Lastly, 
 
 Half open your passages for the bees, or a little before (if weather in- 
 vite), hut continue to feed weak stocks, &c. 
 
 Fruits in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Apples. — Kentish, kirton, russet, hoUand pippins; deux-ans, win- 
 ter queening, harvy sometimes, pome-water, pome-roy, golden doucet, 
 reineting, Lones pearmain, winter pearmain, &c. 
 
 Pears. — Bon-chrestien of winter, winter poppering, little dago- 
 bert, &c. 
 
 To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden. 
 
 Continue baits, vermine^traps, &c. Sow alaternus seeds in cases, or 
 open beds ; cover them with thorns, that the poultry scratch them not 
 out. Sow also lark-spurs, &c. 
 
 Now and then air your hous'd carnations, in warm days especially, 
 and mild showers ; but if like to prove cold, set them in again at night. 
 
 Furnish (now towards the end) your aviaries with birds before they 
 
449 
 
 couple, &c. and hang up materials for them to build their nests with. 
 Note, That such birds as feed not on seeds alone should be separati 
 by a. partition of wyre from those who feed on bruised seeds, paste 
 fleshy or pulpy mixtures ; as the sky-lark, wood-lark, throstle, robii 
 redbreast, &c. 
 
 Flowers in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Winter aconite, single atiemonies, and some double, tulips prsecoc 
 hyacinthus, stellatus, vernal crocus, black hellebore, single hepatic 
 persian iris, leucoium bulbosum, dens caninus three leav'd, vernal c^ 
 clamen white and red, mezereon, ornithogal. max. alb. Yellow viole 
 with large leaves, early daffodils, &g. 
 
 r MARCH 
 
 Hath xxxi days — long, \V^ 22". -Sunrises 6l> ID" — sets 5l> 41°>. 
 
 To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden. 
 
 Yet stercoration is seasonable, and you may plant what trees are ],ef 
 tho' it be something of the latest, unless in very backward or moi 
 places. 
 
 Now is your chiefest and best time for raising on the hot-bed melon 
 cucumbers, gourds, &c. which about the sixth, eighth, or tenth da; 
 will be ready for the seeds ; and eight days after prick them forth ! 
 distances, according to the Method, &c. 
 
 If you will have them later, begin again in ten or twelve days aft 
 the first ; and so a third time, to make experiments. Remember i 
 preserve the hot-bed as much as possible from rain ; for cool it yc 
 may easily, if too violent, but not give it a competent heat, if it I 
 spent, without new-making *. 
 
 Now is the best time for pruning young murals, and, indeed, oth 
 wall-trees. See the reason in January. 
 
 GraflF all this month, beginning with pears, and ending with apple 
 unless the spring prove extraordinary forwards -j-. 
 
 * See " Discourse of Earth," &c. f See our " Pomona/', c. 3. 
 
 3 M 
 
450 
 
 Now also plant peaches and nectarines, but cut not off the top-roots, 
 as you do of other trees ; for it will much prejudice them. Prune last 
 years graflFs, and cut oflFthe heads of your budded stocks. Take off the 
 littier from your kernel-beds (see Octob.), or you may forbear till April. 
 Stir your new-planted ground, as directed in " Disc, of Earth," p. 14, 
 and for the nursery, p. 15. 
 
 You may as yet cut quick-sets, and cover such tree roots as you laid 
 bare in autumn. 
 
 It were profitable now also to top your rose-trees (which always bear 
 on the fresh sprouts of the same spring) a little with your knife near a 
 leaf-bud, and to prune off the dead and withered branches, keeping, them 
 lower than the custom is, and to a single stem. Cut away some 
 branches of the monthly rose-tree close, after the first bearing. 
 
 Slip and set sage, rosemary, lavender, thyme, &c. 
 
 Note, that rosemary thrives better by cutting off the sprigs, than by 
 ragged slips, which leaves an incurable scar on the old plant. Cut 
 them, therefore at a little distance from the stem, and this so soon as 
 it flowers, which is commonly in this month. 
 
 Where the soil is clay, or over moist, mingle it plentifully with 
 brick-dust; 
 
 Sow in the beginning endive, succory, leeks, radish, beets, chard- 
 beet, scorzonera, parsnips, skirrets. Sow skirrets in rich, mellow, fresh 
 earth, and moist, and when about a finger long ; plant but one single 
 root in a hole, at a foot distance. Sow also parsly, sorrel, bugloss, 
 borage, chervil, sampier (to re-plant in May), sellery, smallage, 
 alisanders, &c. Several of which continue many years without renew- 
 ing, and are most of them to be blanch'd by laying them under littier, 
 and earthing up. 
 
 Sow also lettuce, onions, garlick, orack, purslain, turnips, (to have 
 early) monthly pease, i&c. these annually. Begin to tie up some 
 lettuce. 
 
 Transplant the beet-chard which you sow'd in August, to have most 
 ample chards. 
 
 Sow also carrots, cabbages, cresses, nasturtium, fennel, majoran, 
 basil, tobacco, &c. and transplant any sort of medicinal herbs. 
 
451 
 
 Whatsoever you now sow or plant of this sort, water not over hastily, 
 nor with too great a stream, for it hardens the ground, without pene- 
 trating; rather endeavour to imitate the natural shower; but spare not 
 water if necessary. 
 
 Never cast water on things newly planted, nor on flowers, but at 
 convenient distance, so as rather to moisten the ground, without 
 sobbing the leaves of the plant, which ends in scorching. 
 
 Mid-March dress up (with a little fresh manure) and string your 
 strawberry-beds, clipping away all their runners till they blossom. 
 And note, that you can hardly over-water your strawberry -beds in a 
 dry season ; yet better not water at all than too sparingly. Uncover 
 your asparagus, spreading and loosning the mould about them, for 
 their more easy penetrating ; flourishing the beds thinly with a little 
 fine fresh manure. Also may you now transplant asparagus roots to 
 make new beds *. Uncover also artichoaks cautiously, and by degrees. 
 The like your fig-trees, cutting ofi" the dead wood. 
 
 By this time your bees sit ; keep them close night and morning, if 
 the weather prove unkind. 
 
 Turn your fruit in the room where it lies, but open not yet the 
 windows. 
 
 Fruits in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Apples. — Golden ducket [doucet], peplns, reineting, Lones pear- 
 main, winter pearmain, winter bon-cretienne, john-apple, &c. 
 Pears.— Later bon-chrestieni double blossom pear. 
 
 To be done in the Parterre and Mower Garden. 
 
 Stake and bind up your weakest plants and flowers against the winds, 
 before they come too fiercely, and in a moment prostrate a whole year's 
 labour. 
 
 Plant box, &c. in parterres. Sow pinks, sweet-williams, and car- 
 nations, from the middle to the end of this month. Sow pine-kernels, 
 firr-seeds, bays, alaternus, phillyrea, and most perennial greens, &c. ; 
 or you may stay till somewhat later In the month. Sow auricula-seeds, 
 
 * See " Discourse of Earth," p. 38. 
 
452 
 
 in pots or cases, in fine willow earth, a little loamy, and place what 
 you sow'd in September (which is the more proper season) now in the 
 shade, and water it. 
 
 Plant some anemony-roots, to bear late and successively, especially 
 in and about London, where the smoak is any thing tolerable ; and, if 
 the season be very dry, water them well once in two or three days ; as 
 likewise ranunculus's. Fibrous roots may be transplanted about the 
 middle of this month; such as hepaticas, primroses, auriculas, cam- 
 momile, narcissus, tuberose, matricaria, gentianella, hellebore, and 
 other summer flowers. Set leucoium ; slip the keris, or wall-flower ; 
 and, towards the end, lupines, convolvolus's, Spanish or ordinary 
 jasmine. You may now, a little after the iEquinox, prune pine and fir 
 trees. See September. 
 
 Towards the middle or latter end of March sow on the hot-beds 
 
 such plants as are late bearing flowers or fruit in our climate ; as 
 
 balsamine, and balsamum mas, pomum amoris, datura, ^SEthiopic 
 
 apples, some choice amaranthus, dactyls, geraniums, hedysarum clypea- 
 
 tum, humble and sensitive plants, lentiscus, myrtle-berries (steep'd 
 
 awhile), capsicum indicum, canna indica, flos africanus, mirabile 
 
 peruian. nasturtium ind. indlan phaseoli, volubilis, myrrh, carrobs, 
 
 marcoc, sive flos passionis, and the like rare and exotic plants, which 
 
 are brought us from hot countries. Note, that the nasturtium ind. 
 
 african marygolds, volubilis, and some others, will come (though not 
 
 altogether so forwards) in the cold- bed, without art : but the rest require 
 
 much and constant heat, and therefore several hot-beds, till the common 
 
 earth be very warm by the advance of the sun, to bring them to a due 
 
 stature, and perfect their seeds : therefore, your choicest amaranthus 
 
 being risen pretty high, remove them into another temperate hot-bed ; 
 
 the same you may do with your African and sensitive plants, especially, 
 
 which always keep under glasses *. 
 
 About the expiration, of this month carry into the shade such auri- 
 culas, seedlings, or plants, as are for their choiceness reserved in pots. 
 
 Transplant also carnation seedlings, giving your layers fresh earth, 
 and setting them in the shade for a week ; then likewise cut off all 
 
 * See " Discourse of Earth," pp. 4G, 41. 
 
453 
 
 the sick and infected leaves, for now you may set your choice ones out 
 of covert, as directed in February. 
 
 Now do the farewell frosts and easterly winds prejudice your choicest 
 tulips, and spot them; therefore cover such with mats, or canvas, to 
 prevent freckles, and sometimes destruction. The same care have of 
 your most precious anemonies, auriculas, chamae-iris, brumal jacynths, 
 early cyclamen, &e. Wrap your shorn cypress tops with straw wisps, 
 if the Eastern blasts prove Very tedious, and forget not to cover with 
 dry straw, or pease hame, your young exposed evergreens, as yet 
 seedlings, such as firr, pine, phillyrea, bays, cypress. Sec. 'till they 
 have pass'd two or three years in the nursery, and are fit to be trans- 
 planted ; for the sharp Easterly and Northerly winds transpierce and 
 dry them up. Let this also caution you upon all such extremities of 
 the weather during the whole winter ; but be mindful to uncover them 
 in all benign and tolerable seasons and intermissions ; it being these 
 acute winds, and seldom or never the hardests frosts or snows, which 
 do the mischief. About the end, uncover even your choicest plants, 
 but with caution, for the tail of the frosts yet continuing, and sharp 
 winds, with the sudden darting heat of the sun, scorch and destroy 
 them in a moment : and in sUch weather neither sow nor transplant. 
 
 Sow stock-gillyflower seeds in the full, to produce" double flowers. 
 
 In the mean time, let gentlemen and ladies who are curious, trust 
 little by mangonisme, insuccations, or medecine, to alter the species, 
 or indeed the forms and shapes of flowers considerably, that is, to 
 render that double which nature produces but single, &c. but by 
 frequent transplanting, removing, &c. inriching the mould, to multiply 
 and double ; and by sterving and hardning the earth, and consequently 
 taking from the roots the freer nourishment, for variation and change- 
 Make much of this document. 
 
 Now you may set your oranges, lemmons, myrtles, oleanders, lentisci, 
 datesj aloes, amomums, and like tender trees and plants, in the portico, 
 or with the windows and doors of the green-houses and conservatories 
 dpen, for eight or ten days before April, or earHer, if the season invite 
 (that is, if the sharp winds be past), to acquaint them gradually with 
 the air; I say gradually and carefully, for this change is the most 
 
454 
 
 critical of the whole year ; trust not, therefore, the nights too confidently, 
 unless the weather be thorowly settled. Now is also your season to 
 raise stocks to bud oranges and lemmons on, by sowing the seeds early 
 this month, in such mould as is mentioned in May. Let the seeds be 
 of the Sevil orange, half a dozen in a pot is enough, plunging it in the 
 hot-bed ; renew'd some time in May. Thus they will have shot near a 
 foot before winter, and at the end of three years be fit for inoculation ; 
 which you may now also bud at the end of this month, placing two 
 buds opposite to each other, within an inch of the earth. Make much 
 of this direction. ' ' '' 
 
 Some of the hardiest evergreens may now be transplanted, especially 
 if the weather be moist and temperate. Lastly, 
 
 Bring in materials for the birds in the aviary to build their nests 
 
 withal. 
 
 Mowers in prime, and yet lasting. 
 
 Anemonies, spring cyclamen, winter aconite, crocus, bellis, white 
 and black hellebore, single and double hepatica, leucoion, chamse-iris of 
 all colours, dens caninus, violets, fritillaria, chelidonium (small with 
 double flowers), hermodactyls, tuberous iris, hyacinth zeboin, brumal, 
 oriental, &c. junquills, great chalic'd, dutch mezereon, persian iris, 
 auriculas, narcissus with large tufts, common, double, and single 
 primroses, praecoce tulips, Spanish trumpets or junquils, violets, yellow 
 dutch violets, ornithogalum max. alb. crown imperial, grape flowers, 
 almonds and peach blossoms, rubus odoratus, arbor judae, &c. 
 
 APRIL 
 
 Hath XXX days — long, \3>^ 23m. . Sun rises 5^ ISm — sets 6^ 42". 
 
 To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden. 
 
 Sow sweet marjorum, |jyssop, basil*, thyme, winter savory, scurvy- 
 grass, and all fine and tender seeds that require the hot-bed. > 
 
 Note, that sweet herbs should be stirr'd up, and new moulded, to 
 make them strike fresh roots. 
 
 * This excellent herb is but little regarded at present, notwithstanding the introduction of 
 French cookery into this country. 
 
455 
 
 Sow also lettuce, purslan, caulyflower, radish, leeks, &c. 
 One may sow radish and carrots together In the same bed, so as the 
 first may be drawn, whilst the other Is ready. Sow radish, lettuce, 
 purslan, sampler, parsnips, carrots, on the same ground, gathering 
 each kind In their seasons, leaving the parsnips to winter : but It were 
 good to change the ground for carrots and parsnips now and then. 
 
 Remember to weed them when they are about two Inches high, and 
 a little after to thin them with a small haugh. 
 
 Plant artichoak-slips, &c. 
 
 Set French-beans, &c. And sow turnips, to have them early. 
 
 You may yet slip lavendar, thyme, penny-royal, sage, rosemary, &c. 
 and the oftener you clip and cut them the more will they thrive. Sage 
 so dress'd at the spring and autumn will cause It to continue long and 
 fair, without re-planting. 
 
 To have excellent salleting all the year round, sow turnip-seed, 
 radish, lettuce, purslan, borrage, tarragon, and all other kinds, in very 
 rich ground, and in winter and spring on the hot-bed, cover'd, &c. 
 dirawing them root and all as soon as they open a leaf as broad as a 
 threepenny piece, and so repeat sowing monthly. 
 
 Geld and prune strawberries. Now also wall-trees, especially the 
 peach, should have a second pruning, shortning the branches just 
 ajbove the knit fruit. 
 
 -Towards the middle of this month begin to plant forth your melons 
 and cucumbers, and so to the latter end, your rjdges well prepared. 
 
 Gather up worms and snails after evening showers; continue this 
 after all summer rains. 
 
 Soot-ashes, refuse sweepings of tobacco-stalks, made Into a fine 
 powder or dust, and strewed half an Inch in thickness at the foot of 
 trees, and now and then renewed, prevents pismires, and other crawling 
 insects, from Invading the fruit, &c. 
 
 Weed and haugh betimes. (See July.) In such bordures as you 
 plant wall-fruit, or espaliers, (which bordures *should be, at the least, 
 four or five foot in breadth,) plant neither herbs nor flowers, that you 
 may be continually stirring the mould with the spade, and (as need Is;) 
 
456 
 
 recreating it with composts. This may be instead (and far better) of 
 hand-weeding ; only you may adorn the outward verge with an edging 
 of pink, limon, thyme, veronica, &c. renewing them when you perceive 
 them to grow sticky and leave gaps ; and you pnay sprinkle the rest of 
 the surface with lettuce, radish, turnip-seeds, for tender salleting,. so 
 you be sure to pull them up root and all by that time they are an 
 inch high, and shew a leaf no broader than a three-pence. 
 
 Open now your bee- hives, for now they hatch; look carefully to 
 them, and prepare your hives, &c. 
 
 Fruit in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 jApples. — Pippins, deux-ans, west-berry apple, russeting, july- 
 flowers, flat reinet, &c. 
 
 Pears. — Later bon-crestien, oak-pear, &c. double blossom, &c. 
 
 To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden. 
 
 Sow divers annuals to have flowers all summer; as double marigolds, 
 digitalis, delphinium, cyanus of all sorts, candy-tufts, garden pansy, 
 muscipula, scabius, scorpoides medica, holyhocks, columbines, bell- 
 videre, which renew every five or six years, else they will degenerate, &c. 
 
 Continue new and fresh hot-beds to entertain suxjh exotic plants as 
 arrive not to their perfection without them, till the air and common 
 earth be qualified with sufficient warmth to preserve them abroad. A 
 catalffgue of these you have in the former month. 
 
 Transplant such fibrous roots as you had not finish'd in March (for 
 this is the better season), as violets, hepatica, primroses, hellebore, 
 matricaria, &c. Place auricula seedlings in the shade. 
 
 Sow pinks, carnations, which you may continue to trim up, and 
 cleanse from dead and rotten leaves, viz. your old roots. Sow sweet- 
 williams, &c. to flower next year : this after rain. Set lupines, &c. 
 
 Sow leucoium in full moon, sprinkle it thin, frequently remove them, 
 and replant in moist weather the foUowing spring. 
 
 Sow also yet pine-kernels, fir-seede, phillyrea, alaternus, and most 
 perennial greens. Vide September. 
 
457 
 
 Now take out your Indian tuberoses *, parting the oflF-sets (but with 
 care, lest you break their fangs, for it is from ofF-sets only that you 
 may expect flowers in due time, and not from the mother" bulb), then 
 pot them in natural f (not forc'd) earth ; a layer of rich mould beneath 
 and about this natural earth, to nourish the fibres, but not so as to 
 touch the bulbs : then plunge your pots in a hot -bed temperately 
 warm, and give them no water till they spring, and then set them 
 under a South wall : in dry weather water them freely, and expect an 
 incomparable flower in August. Thus likewise treat the narcissus of 
 japan, or guernsey lilly, mingling the earth with sea sand, for a later 
 flower; although that nice curiosity, set only in a warm corner, 
 expos'd to the South, without any removal at all for many years, has 
 sometimes prospered better. Sea sand mingled with the mould more 
 plentifully towards the surface, exceedingly contributes to the flourishing 
 of this rare exotick. The protuberant fangs of the yuca are to be 
 treated like the tuberoses. Make much of this precious direction. 
 
 Set out and expose flos cardinalis. Slip and set marums. Water 
 anemonies, ranunculus's especially, and plants in pots and cases once in 
 two or three days, if drought require it. 
 
 Note, that even anemonies, and flowers of that class, should be dis- 
 creetly prun'd, where they mat too thick j as also gillyflowers and 
 carnations, to produce fair flowers. 
 
 But carefully protect from violent storms of rain, hail, tails of the 
 frosts, and the too parching darts of the sun, your pennach'd tulips, 
 ranunculus's, anemonies, auriculas, covering them with matrasses sup- 
 ported on cradles of hoops, which have now in readiness. Now is the 
 season for you to bring the choice and tender shrubs, &c. out of the 
 conservatory, such as you durst not adventure forth in March ; let it be 
 in a fair day; only your orange-trees may remain in the house till 
 May (see the caution there), to prevent all danger. Yet if the weather 
 prove benign you may adventure, about the middle of this month, 
 giving a refreshment of water, not too cold : about four gallons of 
 
 » This beautiful flower has been much neglected of late years. t See May. 
 
 3 N 
 
458 
 
 heated water to twenty, will render it blood-warm, which is the fittest 
 temper on all occasions throughout the year. Above all things, beware 
 both of cold spring, pump, or stagnant shaded waters; that of the 
 river is best, but of rain incomparable. In heat of summer, let the 
 water stand in the sun till it grow tepid. Cold applications, and all 
 extrearas, are pernicious. 
 
 Now is the season (about the beginning of this month) to prune 
 and cut off the tops of such trees as have shot above four or five inches. 
 
 You may now graff these tender shrubs, &c. by approach, viz. 
 oranges, lemmons, pomegranads, jasmines, &c. 
 
 Now, towards the end of April, you may transplant and remove 
 your tender shrubs, &c. as Spanish jasmines, myrtles, oleanders, young 
 oranges, cyclamen, pomegranads, &c. ; but first let them begin to sprout, 
 placing them a fortnight in the shade. But about Xiondon it may be 
 better to defer this work till mid-August. Vide also May, from whence 
 take directions how to refresh and trim them. Prune now your 
 Spanish jasmine within an inch or two of the stock ; but first see it 
 begin to shoot. Mow carpet-walks, and ply weeding, &c. Be 
 diligent In ridding this work before they run to seed and grow downy, 
 and speedily to rake away what you pull or haugh up, lest they take 
 root and fasten again, and infect the ground. 
 
 Note, that an half-spit deep stirring and turning up of the earth 
 about your bordures of mural trees, &c. is to be preferred to hand- 
 weeding, and more expeditious. 
 
 Towards the end (if the cold winds are past), and especially after 
 showets, clip phillyrea, alaternus, cypress, box, myrtles, barba jovis, and 
 other tonsile shrubs, &c. 
 
 , Here, to take off a reproach which box may lie under, (otherwise a 
 most beautiful and useful shrub, for edgings, knots, and other ornaments 
 of the coronary-garden,) because its scent is not agreeable to many, if 
 immediately upon clipping (when only it is most offensive) you water 
 it, the smell vanishes, and is no more considerable. 
 
 Flowers in prime, or yel lasting. 
 Anemonies, ranunculus's, arricula ursi, chamae-iris, crown imperial. 
 
459 
 
 caprifollum, cyclamen, bell-flower, dens canlhus, fritillaria, gentianella' 
 hypericum frutex, double hepatlca's, jacinth starry, double dasies, 
 florence iris, tufted narcissus, white, double, and common, English 
 double, primrose, cowslips, pulsatilla, ladies smock, tulips medias, 
 ranunculus's of Tripoly, white violets, musk grape-flower, geranium,' 
 radix cava, caltha palustris, parietaria lutea, leucoium, persian lilies^ 
 peonies, double jonquils, muscaria reversed, cochlearia, persian jas- 
 mine, acanthus, lilac, rosemary, cherries, wall-pears, almonds, abricots, 
 peaches, white thorn, arbor Judae * blossoming, &c. 
 
 n MAY 
 
 Hath xxxi days —long, 15* 9"". Sun rises at 4» 25" —sets 7* 42''. 
 
 In the Orchard and Olitory Garden. 
 
 Sow sweet marjoran, basil, thyme, hot and aromatick herbs and 
 plants, which are the most tender. Transplant sampler to some very 
 warm exposure, as under a South wall. You cannot provide too much 
 of this excellent ingredient to all crude sallads. 
 
 Sow purslan, to have young ; lettuce, large-sided cabbage, painted 
 beans, &c. Plant out cabbages and caully-flowers, nasturces, bete- 
 chard, sellery. 
 
 Look carefully to your melons ; and towards the end of this month 
 forbear to cover them any longer on ridges, either with straw or 
 matrasses, &c. 
 
 Prune fig-trees. 
 
 You may now give a third pruning to peach-trees, taking away and 
 pinching oflF unblossoming branches. 
 
 Break and pull ofi^ all crumpl'd dry'd leaves and wither'd branches of 
 mural trees, and cleanse them from snails, caterpillars, &c. every where. 
 
 Fig-trees may be graffed by inarching. 
 
 Ply the laboratory, and .distil plants for waters, spirits, &c. 
 
 • This early-flowering tree has never become common in this country 
 
460 
 
 Continue weeding before they run to seeds ; carefully observing the 
 directions of April and July, as of extraordinary importance both for 
 saving charge, improvement of the fruit, and the neat maintaining of 
 your garden. 
 
 Now set your bees at full liberty, look out ofteji, and expect 
 swarms, &c. 
 
 Fruits in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Apples. — Pippins, deux-ans, or john-apples, west-berry apples, 
 russettings, gilly-flower apples, the maligar, &c. codling. 
 
 Pears. — Great kairville, winter bon-chrestien, black pear of Worces- 
 ter Surrein, double-blossom pear, &c. 
 
 Cherries, &c. — ^The May- cherry*, strawberries, &c. 
 
 To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden. 
 
 Now forasmuch as gentlemen are very inquisitive when were the best 
 and securest season for exposing their orange-trees f, and more tender 
 curiosities, I give them this for a rule the most infallible : that they 
 observe the mulberry-tree, when it begins to put forth and open the 
 leaves (be it earlier or later), bring your oranges, &c. boldly out of the 
 conservatory; 'tis your only season to transplant and remove them. 
 Let this be done with care, if the tree be too ponderous to be lifted 
 perpendicularly by the hand alone, by applying a triangle and puUy, 
 and so with a rope, and a broad horse-girth at the end, lapped about 
 the stem- (to prevent galling), draw out the tree, with competent 
 mould adhering to it, having before loosned it from the sides of the 
 case, and so with ease transfer it into another. Let the cases be 
 filled with natural earth (such as is taken the first half spit from 
 
 * Have we lost an early variety of this fruit, or is our season later ? 
 
 t Orange-trees virere the principal ornament of the English greenhouse in Evelyn's time, as they 
 still continue to be of those on the Continent. 
 
 The Queen of Charles the First had an orange-house and orange-garden at Wimbledon, in 
 Surrey, which were sold by order of the Parliament in 1649; when 42 orange- trees were valued 
 at ^420, and one lemon-tree at sg20 j and 18 orange-trees, that had not borne fruit, sold for 
 £90. See Phillips's Pomarium Britannicura. 
 
461 
 
 just under the turf of the best pasture-ground *, in a place that has been 
 well fother'd on), mixing it with one part of rotten cow-dung, (some 
 prefer horse-dung,) or very mellow soil, screen'd and prepar'd some 
 time before. If this be too stiff, sift a little lime discreetly with it, or 
 rather sea-coal ashes, or the rotten sticks and stuff found in hollow 
 willows ; and if it want binding, a little loamy earth. Then cutting 
 the too thick and extravagant roots a little, especially at bottom, set 
 your plant, but not too deep ; rather let some of the roots appear. If 
 you see cause to form the heads of your trees, by cutting off any consi- 
 derable branch, cover the wound or amputation with a mixture of bees- 
 wax, rosin, and turpentine ; of the wax and turpentine each one ounce, 
 of rosin two ; some add a little tallow. Lastly, settle it with tem- 
 perately enriched water (such as is impregnated with neat and sheeps 
 dung especially, set and stirr'd in the sun some few days before, but 
 be careful not to drench them too much at first, but giving it by degrees 
 day after day, without wetting the stem or leaves), having before put 
 some rubbish of lime-stones, pebbles, shells, faggot-spray, or the like, 
 at the bottom of the cases, to make the moisture passage, and keep the 
 earth loose, for fear of rotting the fibres. See November. Then set 
 them in the shade for a fortnight, and afterwards expose them to the 
 sun ; vet not where it is too scorching by the reflection of walls, but 
 rather where they may have the gentle shade of distant trees, or a 
 palisade thin hedge or curtain drawn before them, which may now and 
 then be sprinkl'd with water, as seamen do their sails. The morning 
 sun, till about three in the afternoon, is best. Be not yet over-hasty in 
 giving them the full sun ; for in your discreet acqainting them with 
 this change consists their prosperity during all the summer after ■[•. 
 
 Give now also your hous'd plants (such as you do not think requisite 
 to take out) fresh earth at the surface, in place of some of the old earth 
 (a hand depth or so), and loosning the rest with a fork, without 
 wounding the roots. Let this be of excellent rich soil J, such as is 
 
 * See " Discourse of Earth," pp. 40, 41. f Ibid, p; 41. J Vide July. 
 
462 
 
 throughly consum'd, and will sift, that it may wash in the vertue, and 
 comfort the plant. Brush and cleanse them likewise from the dust 
 contracted during their enclosure. If you do not transplant or remove 
 them about the middle of the month, take off the surface-earth about 
 an inch or two deep, and put cow-dung of the last year's preparation in 
 place of it, covering it over with the same mould. (See July.) But now 
 for a compendium, and to gratifie gentlemen with what is most effec- 
 tual, as well as easie. Let them always be provided with a plentiful 
 stock of old neats'-dung, well air'd and stirr'd for two years. Then 
 with three parts of this, and one of the bottom of the tanner's pit (with 
 some addition of a light under-turf mould), they will be provided with 
 an incomparable composition, not only for their orange-trees, but for 
 all other sorts of verdures. But after all, where there is to be found a 
 natural earth, with an eye of loam in it (such as is proper for most 
 flowers, carnations especially), mixing it with well-consumed horse- 
 dung, and something of a drying nature, such as is the ashes of sea- 
 coal, in due proportion, to keep it loose and from clogging, you need 
 seek for nothing more. Neither shall they need* much to trim the 
 roots (unless they find them exceedingly matted and straggling), or put 
 so much loose trash at the bottom of their cases ; but it were good to 
 change them once in three or four years into larger ones, if they prosper; 
 The least size of cases ought to be of sixteen inches, the middle sort of 
 two foot, and the largest near a yard diameter, supported from the- 
 ground with knobs or feet, four inches. 
 
 These last directions have till now been kept as considerable secrets 
 amongst our gard'ners. (Vide August and September.) 
 
 Shade your carnations and gilly-flowers after mid-day about this 
 season. You may likewise sow clove gilly-flowers, new-moon. Sow 
 also your stock -gilly-flowers in beds, full- moon. 
 
 Continue watering ranunculus's. Transplant forth your amaranthus's 
 where you would have them stand. Sow antirrinum; or you may 
 set it. 
 
 Gather what anemony-seed you find ripe, and that is worth saving ; 
 preserve it very dry. You may plant single anemonies. Prune jasmine 
 close, within half an inch. 
 
463 
 
 Cut likewise the stalks of such bulbous flowers as you find dry. 
 
 Towards the end take up those tulips which are dry'd in the stalk ; 
 covering what you find to lie bare from the sun and showers. And if 
 you find any to be canker'd, bury them immediately in the ea^th again, 
 before they be dry ; 'tis the best cure. 
 
 Flowers in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Late set anemonles and ranunculus omn. gen. anapodophylon, blat- 
 taria, chamse-iris, augustifol. cyanus, cytisus, maranthe, cyclamen, 
 helleborine, columbines, caltha palustris, double cotyledon, digitalis, 
 fraxinella, gladiolus, geranium, hormlnum creticum, yellow hemero- 
 callis, strip'd jacinth, early bulbous iris, asphodel, yellow, lillies, lychnis, 
 jacea, bellis double, white and red, millefolium luteum, phalangium 
 orchis, lilium convallium, span, pinks, deptford pinks, rosa common, 
 cinnamon, guelder, and centifol. &c. oleaster, cherry-bay, trachelium, 
 cowslips, hesperis, antirrhinum, syringas, sedums, tulips serotin,. &c. 
 valerian, veronica double and single, musk violets, ladies slipper, stock- 
 glUy-flowers, spanilh nut, star-flower, chalcedons, ordinary crowfoot, 
 red martagon, bee-flowers, campanellas (white and blue), persian lilly, 
 honey-suckles, buglos, homer's moly, and the white of dioscorides, 
 pansis, prunella, purple thalictrum, sisymbrium (double and simple}, 
 leucoium bulbosum serotinum, peonies, sambucus, rosemary, stsechas, 
 sea-narcissus, barba jovis, laurus, satyrion, oxyacanthus, tamariscus, 
 apple blossoms, &c. 
 
 s JUNE 
 
 Hath XXX days —long, le?- 17"". Sun rises S"" SI" — sets 8" 9": 
 
 2oL be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden. 
 
 Sow lettuce, chervil, radish, &c; to have young and tender salleting. 
 
 About the midst of June you may inoculate pea!ches, abricots, cher- 
 ries, plums, apples, pears, &c. On \yhat stocks, see November. 
 
 You jnay now also (or in May before) cleanse vines of exuberant 
 branches and tendrels, cropping (not cutting) and stopping the second 
 
464 
 
 joint, or immediately before the fruit, and some of the under branches 
 which bear no fruit ; especially in young vineyards, when they first 
 begin to bear, and thence forwards, binding up the rest to props. More 
 ample directions for the nursery this month's beginning, see " Discourse 
 of Earth," p. 15. 
 
 Gather herbs in the full to keep dry. They keep and retain their: 
 vertue and sweet smell, provided you take, the same care as you do in 
 hay, that you expose them not in too thin but competent heaps, which 
 you may turn and move till they be reasonably dry, not brittle, and the 
 sooner it be dispatch'd the better. The gard'ner therefore should 
 attend it himself; for theire is very great difference in the vertue of 
 plants, according as they are dry'd. 
 
 To preserve the colour of flowers or herbs, they should be dry'd in 
 the shade ; but they will be apt to contract mustiness unless shewed to 
 the sun a little. 
 
 Now is your season to distill aromatidk plants, &c. 
 Water lately planted trees, and put moist and half-rotten fearn, &c. 
 about the foot of their stems, having first clear'd them of weeds, and a 
 little stirr'd the earth. 
 
 Now because the excessive scorchings of this and the two following 
 months (and not seldom the winters also), do frequently indanger the 
 untimely falling both of blossom and fruit before their maturity, place 
 a vessel of impregnated water near the stem of the tree, and lap a rea- 
 sonable long piece of flannel, or other woollen or linnen clout about it 
 letting one end thereof hang in the water, by which the moisture 
 ascending will be suck'd thro' the very bark, and consequently nourish 
 and invigorate the tree to re-produce its former verdure. The water is 
 to be supply'd as you find it convenient, and no longer, lest it sob your 
 stem too much. This manner of refreshing is more to be preferr'd than 
 by suffering it to drop only upon the earth (which yet in other occa- 
 sions is profitable) per lingulam; which, if too plentifully, endangers 
 the chilling and rotting of the fibres. 
 
 Note, that sick trees, as orange,i&c. frequently impair'd by removes, 
 carriage, ill handling, and other accidents, are many times recover'd by 
 a milk diet; that is, diluting it with a portion of water discreetly 
 
465 
 
 admlnlster'd, as you find amendment. Sometimes also by plunging 
 them in the hot-bed ; or by letting the tree down into a pit of four or 
 five foot depth, covering the head, and the rest pf the tree above, with 
 a glaz'd frame. Either of these remedies projSt according as the plant 
 is affected, wanting warmth or nourishment. 
 
 Ply weeding as in the former month. 
 
 Look to your bees for swarms and casts ; and begin to destroy insects 
 with hoofs, canes, and tempting baits, &c. Gather snails after rain, &c. 
 
 Fruits in primes or yet lasting. 
 
 Apples. — Juniting (first ripe), pippins, john-apples, robillard, red 
 Fennouil, &c. French. 
 
 Pears. — The maudlin (first ripe), madeira, green-royal, St. Lawrence 
 pear, &c. 
 
 Cherries, &c. — Duke, flanders, heart (black, red, white), luke- 
 ward, early flanders, the common cherry, Spanish black, naples 
 cherries, &c. 
 
 Rasberries, corinths *, strawberries, melons, &c. 
 
 To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden. 
 
 Transplant autumnal cyclamens now, if you would change their 
 place ; otherwise let them stand. Take up iris chalcedon. 
 
 Gather the ripe seeds of flowers worth the saving, as of choicest 
 oriental jacinth, narcissus (the two lesser, pale, spurious daffodils, of a 
 whitish green, often produces varieties), a^iculas, ranunculus's, &c. 
 and preserve them dry. Shade your carnations from the afternoon sun. 
 
 You may now begin to lay your gilly-flowersf . Sow some annuals to 
 flower in the later months. 
 
 * Currants were formerly considered to be a species of the gooseberryj and had no other name 
 until they were called CorinthSj from their similitude to the small Z&Dte grapes (the currants of 
 the grocers), which grew in great abundance about Corinth, and which now bear also the cor- 
 rapted name of currants. 
 
 f This alludes to the clove gilly-flower, Dianthus Cary&phyllm. The name of gillyflower was 
 common to several plants, as the stock-gillyflower, and the wall-gillyflower. Our great Lexicogra- 
 
 3o 
 
466 
 
 Take up your rarest anemonies and ranunculus's after rain (if it 
 come seasonable, not before), the stalk wither'd, and dry the roots well. 
 This about the end of the month. In naid-June inoculate jasmine, 
 roses, and some other rare shrubs. Sow now also some anemony seeds. 
 Take up your tulip bulbs, burying such immediately as you find naked 
 upon your beds, or else plant them in some cooler place ; and refresh 
 over-parch'd beds with water. Water your pots of narcissus of Japan 
 (that precious flower), &c. Stop some of your scabious's from running 
 to seed the first year, by now removing them, and next year they will 
 produce excellent flowers. Also you may now take up all such plants 
 and flower-roots as endure not well out of the ground, and replant 
 them again immediately; such as the early cyclamen, jacinth oriental, 
 and other bulbous jacinths, iris, fritillaria, crown imperial, martagon, 
 muscaris, dens caninus, &c. The slips of myrtle set in some cool and 
 moist place, do now frequently take root. Also cytisus lunatus will be 
 multiplied by slips in a damp place, such as are an handful long of that 
 spring, but neither by seeds nor layers. Look now to your aviary ; for 
 now the birds grow sick of their feathers ; therefore assist them with 
 emulsions of the cooler seeds bruised in their water, as melons, cucum- 
 bers, &c. Also give them succory, beets, groundsel, chickweed, fresh 
 gravel, and earth, &c. 
 
 Flowers in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Amaranthus, anemonies single, antirrhinum, asphodel, campanula, 
 convolvolus, cyclamen, clematis panonica, cyannus, blattaria, digitalis, 
 gladiolus, hedysarum, geranium, horminum creticum, hieracium, hes- 
 peris, bulbous iris, and divers others, lychnis var. generum, martagon 
 (white and red), millefolium (white and yellow), nasturtium indicum. 
 
 pher concludes that the word is corrupted from July flower, because Lord Bacon says, " in July 
 come gillyflowers of all varieties ;" and Mortimer is also quoted, who writes, " Gillyflowers, or 
 rather July flowers, are called from the month they blow in;" or, says Johnson, " from GixoJUe, 
 of the French." It is evidently not derived from July, since Chaucer, who frequently uses French 
 words, spells it gilofre. The learned Dr. Turner, in his History of Plants of 1568, calls it gelouer. 
 Gerard, who succeeded Turijer, and after him" Parkinson, call it gilloflower, and thus it travelled 
 from its original orthography, until it was called July-flower. Flora Historica, vol. II. 
 
467 
 
 nigella, aster atticus, hellebore, alb. gentlana, trachelium, ficus indica, 
 fraxinella, shrub nightshade, jasmines, honey-suckles, genista hisp. 
 carnations, pinks, armerius, ornithogalum, pansy, phalangium virgini- 
 anum, larksheel (early), philosella, roses, thlaspi creticum, &c. vero- 
 nica, viola pentaphyl. campions or sultans, mountain lillies (white, 
 red), double poppies, palm christi, stock -gilly-flowers, corn-flag, holly- 
 hock, muscaria, serpillum citratum, phalangium allobrogicum, oranges, 
 rosemary, gelder, and cynomon roses, tuber-rose, lentiscus, pomgranade, 
 the lime-tree, &c. 
 
 SI JULY 
 
 Hath xxxi days — long, IS"- 69<°. Sun rises 4'' 0" — sets 8" 1». 
 
 To he done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden. 
 
 Sow lettuce, raddish, &c. to have tender salleting. 
 
 Sow later pease, to be ripe six weeks after Michaelmas. 
 
 Water young planted trees, and layers, &c. and re-prune now abri- 
 cots and peaches, saving as many of the young likeliest shoots as are 
 well placed ; for the now bearers commonly perish, the new ones suc- 
 ceeding. Cut close and even, purging your wall-fruit of superfluous 
 leaves, which hinder from the sun, but do it discreetly ; as also vines. 
 
 It were now fit (and especially when the fruit is either forming or 
 requires filling, and before if. the season be very dry), to give plentiful 
 refreshments to your mural fruit-trees, pouring it leisurely into holes 
 made with a wooden-pointed stake, at competent distance from the 
 stem,' and so as not to touch or wound any of the roots. You may 
 leave the short stakes in the holes for a while, or fill them with mould 
 again. Thus may you feed your vines with blood, sweet, and mingled 
 with water, &c. But this, and all pther summer refreshings, is only 
 to be done early in the morning, or late in the evenings. 
 
 You may now also begin to inoculate. 
 
 Let such olitory-herbs run to seed as you would save. 
 
468 
 
 Towards the latter end, visit your vineyards* again, &c. and stop the 
 exuberant shoots at the second joint above the fruit (if not finish'd 
 before), but not so as to expose it to the sun, without some umbrage. 
 
 Remove long-sided cabbages planted in May, to head in autumn ; 'tis 
 the best cabbage in the world. Remember to cut away all rotten and 
 putrify'd leaves from your cabbages, which el^e will infect both earth 
 and air. 
 
 Now begin to streightfen the entrance of your bees a little, and help 
 them to kill their drones, if you observe too many : setting the new- 
 invented cucurbit-glasses of beer mingled with honey, to entice the 
 wasps, flies, &c. which waste your store. Also hang bottles of the 
 same mixture near your red roman nectarines, and other tempting 
 fruits and flowers, for their destruction ; else they many times invade 
 your best fruit. Set therefore up hoofs of neats'-feet for the earwigs, 
 and remember to cleanse and shake them out at noon, when they con- 
 stantly repair for the shade. They are cursed devourers; nor ought 
 vou to be less diligent to prevent the ants, which above all invade the 
 orange-flower, by casting scalding brine on their hills and other 
 receptacles. 
 
 Look no'iy also diligently under the leaves of mural-trees for the 
 snails ; they stick commonly somewhat above the fruit. Pull not off" 
 what is bitten, for then they will certainly begin afresh. 
 
 Have still an eye to the weeding and cleansing part. Begin the 
 work of hau'ghing as soon as ever they begin to peep ; you will rid 
 more in a few hours than afterwards in a whole day ; whereas, neglect- 
 ing it till they are ready to sow themselves, you do but stir and pnepare 
 for a more numerous crop of these garden-sins : I cannot too often 
 inculcate and repeat it. 
 
 Fruits in primes or yet lasting. 
 
 ApPLES.-^-Deux-ans, pippins, winter russeting, iandrew apples, cin- 
 namon-apple, red and white juneting, the margaret-apple, &c. 
 
 * Vineyards were common in England in the time of Evelyn. See " Pomarium Britannicum," 
 .3d edit. p. 185. 
 
469 
 
 Pears.— The primat, russet pears, summer pears, green chesil pears, 
 orange pear, cuisse madame, pearl pear, &c. 
 
 Cherries. — Carnations, morella, great-bearer, morocco cherry, the 
 egriot, bigarreux, &c. 
 
 Peaches. — Nutmeg, isobella, persian, newington, violet, muscat, 
 rambouillet. 
 
 PruMs, &c. — Primordial, myrobalan, the red, blue, and amber 
 violets, damasc. denny damasc. pear-plum, damasc. violet, or cheson 
 plum, abricot-plum, cinnamon plum, the king's plum, Spanish, mo- 
 rocco-plum, lady Eliz. plum, tawny, damascene, &c. figgs. 
 
 Rasberries, gooseberries, corinths, strawberries, melons, &c. 
 
 To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden. 
 
 Slip stocks, and other lignous plants and flowers. From henceforth 
 to Michaelmas you may also lay gilly-flowers and carnations for in- 
 crease, leaving not above two or three spindles for flowers, and nipping 
 off superfluous buds, with supports, cradles, canes, or hoofs, to establish 
 them against winds, and destroy earwigs. 
 
 The layers will (in a month or six weeks) strike root, being planted 
 in a light loamy earth, mixed with excellent rotten soil, and sifted. 
 Plant six or eight in a pot to save room in winter. Keep them well 
 from too much rains ; yet water them in drought, sparing the leaves. 
 If it prove too wet, lay your pots side-long ; but shade those which 
 blow from the afternoon sun, as in the former month- 
 
 Yet also you may lay myrtles, laurels, and other curious greens. 
 
 Water young planted shrubs and layers, &c. as orange-trees, myrtles, 
 granades *, amonlum especially, which shrub you can hardly refresh 
 too often, and it requii'es abundant compost ; as do like\vise both the 
 myrtle and granade-trees ; therefore, whenever you trim their roots, 
 or change their earth, apply the richest soil (so it be sweet and well 
 consum'd) you can to them, &c. Clip box, &c. in parterres, knots, 
 and compartiments, if need be, and that it grow out of order : do it 
 after rain. 
 
 * Note, that the granade flourishes best in earth not over-rich. 
 
470 
 
 Graff by approach, inarch, and inoculate jasmines, oranges, and 
 other your choicest shrubs. 
 
 Take up your early autumnal cyclamen, tulips, and bulbs (if you 
 will remove them, &c.) before mentioned ; transplanting them imme- 
 diately, or a month after, if you please, and then cutting off and trim- 
 ming the fibres, spread them to air in some dry place. But separate 
 not the off-sets of tulips, &c. until the mother bulb be fully dry. 
 
 Gather tulip-seed, if you please ; but let it lie in the pods. 
 
 Gather now also your early cyclamen-seed, and sow it presently in, 
 pots. 
 
 Remove seedling crocus's sow'd in September constantly at this 
 season, placing them at wider intervals till they begin to bear. 
 
 Likewise you may take up some anemonies, ranunculus's, crocus, 
 crown imperial, persian iris, fritillaria, and colchicums ; but plant the 
 three last as soon as you have taken them up, as you did the.cyclamens ; 
 or you may stay till August or September ere you take them up, 
 and replant colchicums. 
 
 Remove now dens caninus, &c. 
 
 Take up your gladiolus now yearly, the blades being dry, or else 
 their off-sets will poison the ground. 
 
 Latter end of July, treat your orange-trees, &c. as directed in Mav, 
 by refreshing the surface of the cases, to nourish and keep the fruit 
 cool and in vigour. Sift your beds for off-sets of tulips, and all bulbous 
 roots ; also for anemonies ranunculus's, &c. which will prepare for re- 
 planting with such things as you have already in pots, to plunge or set 
 in the naked earth till the next season ; as amaranths, canna ind. mira- 
 bile peruv. capsicum ind. nasturtium ind. &c. that they may not lie 
 empty and disfurnished. 
 
 You may sow some anemonies, keeping them temperately moist. 
 
 Continue to cut off the wither'd stalks of your lower flowers, &c. and 
 all others, covering with, earth the bared roots, &c. 
 
 Now (in the driest season) with lime, brine, pot-ashes (which is the 
 very best of all, because being cast on fine turf it destroys the worms, 
 and improves the grass, which most other applications mortify), and 
 water, or a decoction of tobacco refuse, water your gravel-walks, &c. 
 
471 
 
 to destroy both worms and weeds, of which it will cure them for some 
 
 years. 
 
 Flowers in primes or yet lasting. 
 
 Amaranthus, asphodel, antirrhinum, campanula, clematis, cyanus, 
 convolvolus, sultana, veronica purple and odoriferous, digitalis, eryn- 
 gium planum ind. phaseolus, geranium triste, nocte olens, and creti- 
 cum, gladiolus, gentiana, hiesperis, nigella, hedysarum, fraxinella, 
 lychnis chalcedon, jacea (white and double), nasturt. ind. millefolium, 
 musk-rose, flos africanus, thlaspi creticum, veronica mag. et parva, 
 volubilis, balsam-apple, holy-hoc, corn-flower, alkekengi, lupines, scor- 
 pion-grass, caryophyllata omn. gen. stock-gilly-flower, scabiosa, mirab. 
 peru, spartum hispan. monthly rose, jasmine, indian tuberous jacinth, 
 limonium, linaria cretica, pansies, prunella, delphinium, phalanglum, 
 periploca virgin, flos passionis, flos cardinalis, yucca, oranges, amomum 
 plinii, oleanders (red and white), agnus castus, arbutus, olive, 
 ligustrum, tilia, &c. 
 
 m AUGUST 
 
 Hath xxxi days — long, 14'' SS". ■: Sun rises, 4"' 43"' — sets 7l» 17m. 
 
 To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden. 
 
 Inoculate now early, if before you began not, and gather your bud 
 of that year. Let this work be done before you remove the stocks. 
 
 Prune off yet also superfluous branches and shoots of this second 
 spring; but be careful not to expose the fruit without leaves sufficient 
 to screen it from the sun, furnishing and nailing up what you will 
 spare to cover the defects of your walls. Continue yet to cleanse your 
 vines from exuberant branches that too much hinder the sun. Do this 
 discreetly, lest the fruit shrivel, being too much expos'd. 
 
 Pull up the suckers. 
 
 Clip roses now done bearing. 
 
 Sow radish, especially the black, to prevent running up to seed, pale 
 tender cabbages, cauly-flowers for winter plants, corn sallet, marigolds, 
 
472 
 
 lettuce, carrots, parsnips, turnips, spinage, onions ; also curl'd endive, 
 angelica, scurvy-grass, &c. 
 
 Strip or tread down onions, and strip the leaves of beets, carrots, 
 parsnips, &c. to improve the roots. 
 
 Note, that if plants run up to seed over-hastily (as they will be apt 
 to do, being early sown, and the weather hot), pull their roots a little 
 out of the ground, and lay them along in it somewhat slanting, and 
 clap some mould about them. 
 
 Cauly-flowers over-speeding to pome and head (before they have 
 quite perfected their heads) should be quite eradicated, and may be 
 buried in a cellar, or some cool place, both root and stalk up to the 
 very head, and so they will furnish goodly heads, without sun or 
 exposure abroad. 
 
 Likewise now pull up ripe onions and garlick, &c. 
 
 Towards the end sow purslan, chard-beet, chervil, &c. 
 
 Transplant such lettuce as you will have abide all winter. 
 
 Gather your olitory-seeds, and clip and cut all such herbs and plants 
 within one handful of the ground before the full. Lastly, 
 
 Unbind and release the buds you inoculated, if taken, &c. ; likewise 
 stop and prune them. 
 
 Pluck up strawberry runners, extirpate the tall stalks, and purge the 
 old tufts and leaves. 
 
 Now vindeniiate, and take your bees towards the expiration of this 
 month, uidess you see cause (by reason of the weather or season) to 
 defer it till mid-September ; but, if your stocks be very light and weajs, 
 begin the earlier. 
 
 Make your summer perry and cider. See " Discourse of Cider," at 
 the end of our "Pomona." 
 
 Fruits in prime, and yet lasting. 
 
 Apples. — The ladies longing, the kirkham apple, johji-^pple, the 
 seaming apple, cushion apple, spicing, may-flower, sheeps snout. 
 
 Pears. — Windsor, sovereign, orange, bergamot, slipper pear, red 
 Catherine, king Catherine, denny pear, prussia pear, summer peppering, 
 sugar pear, lording pear, &c. 
 
473 
 
 Peaches and Abricots. — Roman peach, man peach, quince peach, 
 rambouillet, musk peach, grand carnation, portugal peach, crown peach, 
 bourdeaux peach, lavar peach, maudlen, minion peach, the peach des 
 pot, savoy malacoton, which lasts till Michaelmas. 
 
 Nectarines. — ^The muroy nectarine, tawny, red roman, little green 
 nectarine, cluster nectarine, yellow nectarine. 
 
 Plums.— Imperial, blue, white dates, yellow pear-plum, black pear- 
 plum, white nutmeg, late pear-plum, great anthony, turkey-plum, the 
 jane- plum. 
 
 Other Fruit.— Cluster-grape, muscadine, corinths, cornelians *, 
 mulberries, figs, filberts, melons, &c. 
 
 To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden. 
 
 Now (and not till now, if you expect success) is the just season for 
 the budding of the orange-tree. Inoculate, therefore, at the commence- 
 ment of this month, upon seedling stocks of four years growth. And 
 to have excellent buds, cut off the head of some very old orange-tree of 
 a good kind, which making large shoots, will furnish the best. 
 
 Now likewise take up your bulbous iris ; or you may sow their seeds, 
 as also those of larks-^heel, candy-tufts, columbines, iron-colour'd fox- 
 gloves, holly-hocks, and such plants as endure winter, and the approach- 
 ing seasons. 
 
 Plant some anemony roots to have flowers all winter, if the roots 
 escape, and take up your seedlings of last year, which now transplant 
 for bearing. Also plant dens caninus, autumnal crocus, and colchicums. 
 Note, that English saflPron may be suflfered to stand for increase to the 
 third or fourth year without removing. 
 
 You may now sow narcissus and oriental jacinths, and re-plant such 
 
 * This fruit is no longer seen in our orchards or at our tables. Phillips says, in his " Sylva 
 Florifera," "The cornelian cherry, carnvs mascula, is now removed from the orchard to the 
 shrubbery; but in this latter situation it is at present so seldom seen, that many persons do not 
 even know that this beautifully-transparent fruit exists, which flourished in the earliest English 
 gatdens, graced the desserts of our forefathers, and furnished their dames with fruit for tarts, rob, 
 and marmalade." Vol. I. p. 185. 
 
 3 p 
 
474. 
 
 as will not do well out of the earth ; as fritlUaria, hyacinths, martagon, 
 dens caninus, lillies. 
 
 GlUy-flowers may yet be slipp'd. 
 
 Continue your taking up of bulbs, dry them, and lay them up; 
 lillies, &c. of which before. 
 
 Gather from day to day your alaternus seed as it grows black and 
 ripe, and spread it to sweat and dry before you put it up ; therefore 
 move it sometimes with a broom or whisk, that the seeds clog not 
 together, unless you will separate It from the mucilage ; for then you 
 must a little bruise it wet : wash and dry them in a cloth. 
 Water well your balsamine fcem. 
 
 Most other seeds may now likewise be gather'd from shrubs, as you 
 find them ripen. 
 
 About mid-August transplant auriculas, dividing old and lusty roots ; 
 also prick out your seedlings. They best Jike a loamy sand, or light 
 moist earth, yet, rich and shaded. You may likewise sow auricula. 
 
 Now, towards the latter end, you may sow anemony seeds, ranun- 
 culus's, &c. lightly cover'd with fit mould in cases, shaded, and fre- 
 quently refreshed. Also cyclamen, jacinths, iris, hepatica, primroses, 
 fritillaria, martagon, fraxinella, tulips, &c. but with patience, for some 
 of them, because they flower not till three, four, five, six, and seven 
 years after, especially the tulips, unless you sow the seeds so shallow 
 that they cannot penetrate or sink above an inch or two ; which is a 
 secret. Therefore disturb not their beds (but hand-weed them), and 
 let them be under some warm place, shaded yet, till the heats are past, 
 lest the seeds dry; only the hepaticas and primroses may be sow'd in 
 some less expos'd beds. 
 
 Now, about Bartholomew-tide, is the only, secure season for removing 
 and laying your perennial, greens, oranges, lemons, myrtles, phillyreas, 
 oleanders, jasmines, arbutus, and other rare shrubs, as pomegranads, 
 monthly roses, and whatever is most obnoxious to frosts ; taking the 
 shoots and branches of the past spring, and pegging them down in 
 very rich earth, and soil perfectly consum'd, watering them upon all 
 occasions during the summer ; and by this time twelventionth they will 
 be ready to remove, transplanted In fit earth, set in the shade, and kept 
 
475 
 
 moderately moist, not over- wet, lest the young fibres rot': after three 
 weeks set them in some more airy place, but not in the sun till fifteen 
 days more. Vide our observations in April and May, for the rest of 
 these choice directions. 
 
 Flowers in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Amaranthus, anagallis, lusitanica, aster atticus, blattaria, Spanish 
 bells, belvedere, carnations, campanula, clematis, cyclamen verhum, 
 datura turcica, eliochryson, eryngium planum et amethystinum, gera- 
 nium creticum, and triste. Yellow stocks, hieracion minus alpestre, 
 tuberose hyacinth, limonium, linaria cretica, lychnis, mirabile peruvian, 
 yellow millefolium, nastur. ind. yellow mountain hearts-ease, maracoc, 
 africanus flos, convolvolus's, scabious, asphodils, delphinium, lupines, 
 colchicum, leucoion, autumnal hyacinth, holly-hock, starwort, heliotrop, 
 french marigold, daisies, geranium nocte olens, common pansies, larks- 
 heels of all colours, nigella, helleborus, balsamin. fcem. Lobels catch- 
 fly, thlaspi creticum, rosemary, musk rose, monthly rose, oleanders, 
 Spanish jasmine, yellow Indian jasmine, myrtles, oranges, pomegranads 
 (double and single flowers), shrub spiraea, agn us castus, the virginian 
 martagon, malva arborescens, &c. 
 
 ^ SEPTEMBER 
 
 Hath XXX days — long, 12li 37™. Sun rises 5li 4ini — sets 6^ 19™. 
 
 To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden. 
 
 Gather now (if ripe) your winter-fruits, as apples, pears, plums, &c. 
 to prevent their falling by the great winds. Also gather your wind- 
 falls from day to day. Do this work in dry weather. 
 
 Release inoculated buds, or sooner, if they pinch. You may yet 
 inoculate peaches. 
 
 Sow lettuce, radish, splnage, chervil, parsnips, skirrets, &c. cauly- 
 flowers, cabbages, onions, &c. scurvy-grass, anniseeds, &c. And fill 
 your vacant beds with sallading, this month and the next. 
 
476 
 
 Now you may transplant most sorts of esculent or physical plants, &c. 
 
 Also artichoaks and asparagus -roots *. 
 
 Sow also winter herbs and roots, and plant strawberries out of the 
 woods. Set them a foot or more asunder. 
 
 Bind up and blanch sellery, chardon, &c. but tie not up in wet 
 weather. 
 
 Towards the end, earth up your winter-plants and sallet-herbs, and 
 plant forth your caulyflowers and nursery-cabbages under shelter, for 
 winter store, which were sown in August. Prepare compost (see 
 January) ; and for trenching and preparing the earth, see " Discourse 
 of Earth," p. 14. 
 
 No longer now defer the taking of your bees, streightening the 
 entrances of such hives as you leave to a small passage, and continue 
 still your hostility against wasps, and other robbing insects. 
 
 Cider-making continues. 
 
 Fruits in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Apples. — ^The belle-bonne, the william, summer pear-main, lording- 
 apple, pear-apple, quince-apple, red-greening ribb'd, bloody pippin, 
 harvy, violet-apple, &c. 
 
 Pears. — Hamden's bergamot (first ripe), summer bon-chrestien, 
 norwich, black Worcester (baking), greenfield, orange, bergamot, the 
 queen hedge-pear, lewis-pear (to dry excellent), frith-pear, arundel 
 pear (also to bake), brunswick-pear, butter-pear, winter poppering, 
 bing's-pear, bishop's pear (baking), diego, eraperor's-pear, cluster- 
 pear, messire jean, rowling-pear, balsam-pear, bezy d'hery, pear 
 Evelyn, &c. 
 
 Peaches, &c. — ^Violet peach, admirable, purple peach, malacoton, 
 and some others, if the year prove backwards. 
 
 Almonds, &c. Quinces. Figs perfectly ripe. 
 
 * See " Discourse of Earth," p. 38. 
 
477 
 
 Litde blue grape, nmacadine-grape, frontiniac, p^rsly, great blue 
 grape, the verjuice grape, excellent for sauce, &c. 
 Barberries, &c. Melons as yet. 
 
 To he done in the Parterre and Flower Garden. 
 
 Plant some of all the sorts of anemonies in good, rich, natural earth, 
 especially the latifol. after the first rains, if you will have flowers very 
 forward ; but it is surer to attend till October, or the month aft^r, lest 
 the over moisture of the autumnal seasons give you cause to repent. 
 
 Now is the most proper season to sow auricula-seeds, setting the 
 cases in the sun till April. (See April.) 
 
 Begin now also to plant some tulips, unless you will stay till the 
 latter end of October, to prevent all hazard of rotting the bulbs. Plant 
 daffodils and colohicum. 
 
 All fibrous plants, such as hepatica, hellebore, camomile, &c. also 
 the capillaries, matricaria, violets, primroses, &c. may now be trans- 
 planted : as likewise iris chalcedon, cyclamen, &c. 
 
 Now you may also continue to sow alaternus, phillyrea (or you may 
 forbear till the spring), irig, crown imperial, martagon, tulips, del- 
 phinium, nigella, candy-tufts, poppy; and generally all the annuals 
 which are not impaired by the frosts. 
 
 Sow primroses likewise. Remove seedling digitalis, and plant the 
 slips of lychnis at the beginning. 
 
 Your tuberoses will not endure the wet of this season, therefore set 
 the pots (having laid them side-long to drain) into your conserve, and 
 keep them very dry. It is best to take them out pf the pots about the 
 beginning of this month, and either to preserve them in dry sand, or 
 wrap them up in papers, and so put them in a box near the chimney. 
 
 Bind now up your autumnal flowers and plants to stakes, to prevent 
 sudden gusts, which will else prostrate all you have so industriously 
 raised. 
 
 Now you may take off gilly-flower-layers with earth and all, and 
 plant them in pots or borders shaded. 
 
 Crocus will now be rais'd of seeds. 
 
478 
 
 You may yet transplant evergreens, and other rare shrubs of the last 
 month. 
 
 Prune pines and firs a little after this Equinox, if you omitted it in 
 March (much the better season). Vide March. 
 
 About Michaelmas, sooner or later, as the season directs, the 
 weather fair, and by no means foggy, retire your choice greens and 
 rarest plants (being dry), as oranges, lemons, indian and Spanish jas- 
 mine, oleanders, barba jovis, amomum plin. cytisus lunatus, chamelsea 
 tricoccos, cistus ledon clusii. dates, aloes, sedums, &c.* into your con- 
 servatory ; ordering them with fresh mould, as you were taught in May 
 and July, viz. taking away some of the upmost exhausted earth, and 
 stirring up the rest, fill the cases with rich and well-consumed soil, to 
 wash in and nourish the roots during winter ; but as yet leaving the 
 doors and windows open, and giving them free air, so the winds be not 
 sharp and high, nor weather foggy ; do thus till the cold *being more 
 intense, advertise you to inclose them altogether. Myrtles will endure 
 abroad near a month longei". 
 
 The cold now advancing, set such plants as will not endure the 
 house into the earth ; the pots two or three inches lower that the 
 surface of some bed under a Southern exposure. Then cover them 
 with glasses, having cloathed them first with sweet and dry moss; but 
 upon all warm and benign emissions of the sun, and sweet showers, 
 give them air, by taking off all that covers them. Thus you shall pre- 
 serve your costly and precious marum syriacum, cistus's, geranium 
 nocte olens, flos cardinalis, marcocs, seedling arbutus's (a very hardy 
 plant when greater), choicest ranunculus's and anemonies, acacia, 
 aegypt, &c. Thus governing them till April. Secrets not till now 
 divulged. 
 
 Note, that cats will eat and destroy your marum syriacum, if they 
 can come at it ; therefore guard it with a furse or holly-branch. 
 
 Flowers in prime, or yet lasting. 
 Amaranthus tricolor (and others), anagallis of portugal, antirrhi- 
 
 * This contains a catalogue of nearly all the green-house plants of the day in which the Author 
 lived. 
 
479 
 
 nam, afrlcan flo. amomum pllnii, aster atticus, belvedere, bellis, cam- 
 panula's, colchlcum, autumnal cyclamen, clematis, chrysanthemum 
 angustlfol. eupatorium of Canada, sun-flower, stock gll. flower, geranium 
 creticum and nocte olens, gentianella annual,. hieracion minus alpestre, 
 tuberous indian jacinth ,( linaria cretica, lychnis, constant, (single and 
 double), limonium, indian lilly, narciss. pomum aureum, amoris, et 
 spinosum ind. marvel of peru, millefolium (yellow), moly monspeliens. 
 nasturtium indicum, persian autumnal narcissus, Virginian phalangium, 
 indian phaseolus, scarlet , beans, convolvolus divers, gen. candy-tufts, 
 veronica, purple volubilis, asphodil, crocus, or english safiron, garnsey 
 lilly, or narcissus of japan, poppy of all colours, single and double, 
 malvse arborescens, indian pinks, aethiopick apples, capsicum ind. gilly- 
 flowers, passion flower, datura (double and single), portugal ranuncu- 
 lus's, Spanish jasmine, rhododendron (white and red), oranges, myrtles, 
 balaustia, musk rose, and monthly rose, &c. 
 
 iri OCTOBER 
 
 Hath xxxi day — long, 10'' 47°!. — Sun rises 6^ 38™ — sets 5'' 22™. 
 
 To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden. 
 
 Trench grounds for orcharding and the kitchen -garden, to lie for a 
 winter mellowing *. Finish what you begun the last month. 
 
 Plant dry trees: 1. Fruit of all sorts, standard, mural, or shrubs 
 which lose their leaf, and that so soon as it falls; but be sure you 
 chuse no trees for the wall of above two years grafting at the most, 
 sound and smooth -j". 
 
 Now is the time for ablaqueation, and laying bare the roots of old, 
 unthriving, and over-hastily blooming trees; stirring up new planted 
 grounds, as directed in March. 
 
 Moon now decreasing, gather winter-fruit that remains, weather 
 dry ; take heed of bruising ; lay them up clean, lest they taint. Cut 
 and prune roses yearly, reducing them to a standard not over tall. 
 
 * See "Discourse of Earth," p. 13. t Ibid, p. 39; and "Pomona," cap. 6. 
 
480 
 
 To prevent bruising by windfalls and gusts, now usually hapning, 
 lay some sweet straw under your fruit-trees. 
 
 Plant and plash quick-sets. 
 
 Remove graffs after the second year, unless dwarfs, which you may 
 let stand till the third. 
 
 Save and sow all stotty and hard kernels and seeds, such as black 
 cherry, morellos, black heart, all good ; pear-plum, peaches, almond- 
 stones, &c. Also nuts, haws, ashen, sycamore, and maple keys ; 
 acorns, beech-mast, apple, pear, and crab kernels, for stocks ; or you 
 may defer it till the next month, towards the latter end, keeping them 
 drv and free from mustiness, remembering to cover the beds with littler. 
 See Directions in our " Sylva for Forest Trees," and " Pomofrta," c. 1. 
 
 You may yet sow genoa lettuce, which will last all the winter*, 
 radish, &c. Make winter cider and perry. Towards the latter end 
 plant abricots, cherries, plums, vines, winter pears, &c. 
 
 Fruits in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Apples. — Belle -et-bonne, william, costard, lording, parsley-apples, 
 pearmain, pear-apple, honey-meal, apis, &c. 
 
 Pears. — The caw-pear (baking), green-butter-pear, thorn-pear, 
 clove-pear, roussel-pear, winter bon-chrestien, town -pear, lombart-pear, 
 russet-pear, saffron- pear, and some of the former month, violet-pear, 
 petworth-pear, otherwise called the winter-windsor, lansac, bearn- 
 pear, admirable, violet peach, rambouUet, paves, &c. 
 
 BuUis, and divers of the September plums, the chasselas, and other 
 grapes, pines, arbutus-f, &c. 
 
 To he done in the Parterre and Flower Garden. 
 
 Now your narcissus tuberose, not enduring the wet, must be set 
 into the house, and preserved very dry till April. (See September.) 
 
 * Especially under glass bells, or frames, with a little straw over them, when the hard frosts 
 come ; but then touch them not till they thaw, lest you break the glasses. 
 
 t The arbutus, or strawberry-tree, was rare in Evelyn's time. This fruit has never been held 
 in estimation in England, although it frequently ripens well in this country. It is common in the 
 markets of Constantinople. 
 
481 
 
 Continue sowing, what you did in September, if you please. Like 
 wise cypress may be sown, but take heed of the frost; thetrefore forbea 
 much clipping. (Vide March.) Also, 
 
 You may plant some anemonies *, :eispecially the tenuifolias, -am 
 ranunculus's in fresh sandish earth, taken from under the turf, but la 
 richer movild at the bottom of the bed, which the fibres may reach, bu 
 not to" touch the main roots, which are to be cover'd with the natura 
 earth two inches deep ; and so soon as they appear secure them wit] 
 mats or dry straw from the winds and frosts, giving them air in al 
 benign intervals, if possible once a day. 
 
 Plant also ranunculus's of Tripoly, vernal crocus's, &c. Remov 
 seedling hollyhocks, or others. 
 
 Plant now. your choice tulips, &c. which you fear'd to interr at th 
 beginning of .September ; they will be more securfej and forward enough 
 but plant them in natural earth somewhat impoverish'd with ver 
 fine sand, else they will soon loose their variegations i some more ricl 
 earth may lie at the bottom, within reach of the fibres (as above). No\ 
 have a care your carnations catch not too mudi wet ; therefore retir 
 thena to covert, where they may be keptirom the rain, not the air, o 
 lay them on their sides, trimming them wiith fresh mould. 
 
 AH sorts of bulbous roots may now alsfr be safely btaried; likewis 
 iris's, &c. 
 
 . You may yet sow alatemus and phillyrea seeds. It will now b 
 good to beat, roll, and mow carpet walks and camomile ; for now th 
 grQundbkisiupple, and it will even all inequalities. Finish your las 
 weeding, &c. 
 
 Sweep and cleanse your walks, and all Other places, from autumna 
 leaves fallen, lest the worms draw them into their holes, and foul you 
 gai^ens, &c. 
 
 t^lowefs in prime, or yet lasting. 
 Amaranthus tricolor, &cv; aster attieuSj amomums, antirrhinum 
 
 * The observations on planting anemonies, ranunculuses, and tulips, have not been improve 
 upon since the Author's time; and were they more generally attended to, we should see thes 
 flowers in greater beauty than the generality of modern gardens present them. 
 
 3q 
 
482 
 
 colchicum, saiFron, cyclamen, clematis, heliotrops, stock -gilly-flowqr, 
 geranium triste, ind. tuberose, jacinth, limonium, lychnis (white and 
 double), pomum amorls and "aethiop. marvel of peru, miilefol. luteam, 
 autumnal narciss. pansies, aleppo narciss. sphserical narciss. nasturt. 
 persicum, gillyfl. virgin phalangium, pilosella, violets, veronica, arbu- 
 tus, span, jasmine, and yellow ind. jasmine, monthly rose, oranges, 
 myrtks, balaustor, pomegranade. 
 
 f NOVEMBER 
 
 Hath XXX days — long, 8h S?". Sun rises 7^ 34m — sets 4h Sem, 
 
 To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden. 
 
 Carry compost out of your melon-ground, or turn and mingle it with 
 the earth, and lay it in ridges ready for the spring. Also trench, and 
 fit grounds for artichoaks, &c. * 
 
 The hot-bed must now supply for sallets, young lettuce, cresses, 
 chervil, &c. and trust not to the accidental -mildness of the weather, 
 so as to neglect timely cover to your tender olitorles. Shelter fig-trees^ 
 Plant also gooseberries, raspis, corinths, and other shrub fruit. 
 
 Note, that the leaves fallen in the. woods may supply for long-dung, 
 laid about artichoaks and other things, even to the end of March. ' 
 
 Continue your setting and transplanting of trees ; lose, no time, hard 
 frosts come on apace. Yet you may lay bare old roots ^. 
 
 Remember in all transplantings to observe the former aspects and 
 quarter of the compass, as of much importance, whatever some fancy. 
 Nor set any deeper than it stood, establishing it against winds. You 
 cannot plant too early in autumn, wind South or West. 
 
 To sow moderately dry, plant inoist, a general rule ; but cover not 
 too thick with earth what you sow, for nature covers nothing. You 
 cannot sow too shallow, so you preserve the seeds from, birds. 
 
 Plant.young trees, standards, or mural J. 
 
 * See " Discourse of Eartli," p. 38. f Ibid. p. 39. + Ibid. p. 39. 
 
483 
 
 Furnish your nursery with stocks to grafF on the following year. 
 
 Prepare now stocks for all sorts of fruit. The proper ones are, the 
 €rab-stock for standards. For dwarfs, stocks of the paradise or sweet 
 apple-kernel, which are likewise to be had from layers and suckers. 
 Pears, on the pear-kernel stock or sucker. Dwarfs, on the suckers of 
 the Portugal quince. 
 
 Cherry standards, on the black cherry-stone stock. Dwarfs for walls 
 or palisades, on the morello stock, black heart, or small, bitter, early 
 cherry-stock. 
 
 Peaches, inoculate on the peach or plum-stock. If you bud upon 
 the almond, let it be on a stock which has never been removed, and so 
 continue. But the best way to prepare these stocks, see in M. de la 
 Quintinye's Gompleat Gard'ner, vol. ii. part vi. p. I72, too long here 
 to be inserted. 
 
 Nectarines, on peach, or pear-plum stock. Abricots, oq the white 
 pear-plum stocks. 
 
 Plums, on plum-stocks. The white and black pear-plum stock are 
 best, and from the stones of damsons, and may all be gotten also from . 
 their suckers. 
 
 Graff the medlar on the white-thorn or quince stock, near the 
 ground, it vi^ill bear the second year. 
 
 Figs and mulberries will be propagated by their suckers, cuttings, 
 and layers; of all which see our Treatise of Earth, for their culture in 
 the nursery. 
 
 Sow and set early beans and pease till Shrovetide ; and now lay up 
 in your cellars for spending, and for seed, to be transplanted at spring, 
 carrots, parsnips, turnips, cabbages, caulyflowers, &c. 
 
 Cut off the tops and stalks of asparagus, and cover it with long dung, 
 or make beds to plant in spring, &c. 
 
 Now, in a dry day, gather your last orchard-fruits. 
 
 Take up your potatoes for winter spending ; there will enough remain 
 for stock, tho' never so exactly gathered *. 
 
 Ablaqueation now profitable, and to visit the roots of old trees, purge 
 
 * This shows how little the eultivation of this excellent root was understood. 
 
484 
 
 the sickly, and apply fresh mould. Cover also your most delicate 
 stone-fruit and murals, skreening them with straw-hurdles, as long as 
 the East and Northern winds continue, even to the end of March, to be 
 sure of fruit. Stand therefore not so much u-pon, the beauty, as for its 
 preservation and production. 
 
 Fruits in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Apples. — ^The belle -bonne,, the william, summer pearmain, lording- 
 apple, pear-apple, cardinal, winter chestnut, calvil, shortstart, &c, and 
 some other of the former two last months. 
 
 Pears. — Messire jean, lord-pear, long bergamot, warden (to bake)*, 
 burnt-cat, sugar-pear, lady-pear, amadot, ambret, ice-pear, dove-pear, 
 virgoule, deadman's pear, winter bergamot, bell-pear, &c. 
 
 Arbutus, bullis, medlars, services. 
 
 « 
 
 To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden. 
 
 Sow auricula seeds thus : prepare very rich earth, more than half 
 dung ; upon that sift some very light sandy mould, and the earth 
 gotten out of old hollow willow trees, and then sow. Set your cases 
 or pans in the sun till March or April. 
 
 Cover your peeping ranunculus's, &g. And see the advice in March 
 for evergreen seedlings, especially if . long snows and bitter winds be 
 feared: prepare, therefore, store of coverings. 
 
 Now is your best season (the weather open) to, plant your fairest 
 tulips in places of shelter, and under espaliers; but let not your earth 
 be too rich. (Vide October.) Transplant ordinary jasmine, &c. 
 
 About the middle of this month (or sooner if weather require) quite 
 enclose your tender , plants, and perennial greens, shrubs, &c> in your 
 conservatory, secluding all entrance of cold, and especially sharp winds ; 
 and if the plants become exceeding dry, and that it do not actually 
 freeze, refresh them sparingly (see April) with qualified water mingled 
 with a little sheep's or cow-dung. If the season prove exceeding 
 
 * The fifteenth Plate of P. Tempest's "Cryes of the City of London, drawne after the Life,"^ 
 and publfahed in the seventeenth century, represents a female carrying a covered vessel on her 
 head, with these words subjoined, " flb« 6aO Wardens Aqa." 
 
485 
 
 piercing,, (whieh yoa may know by tfeie freezing of a dish of water 
 or moistned cloth, set foe that purpose in your greenhouse,) kindle 
 some charcoals, and when they have done smoaking, put them in a hole 
 s«nk a little into the floor, about the, middle of it;; unless your green- 
 house have a subterranean! stove*,, which moderately and withjudgment 
 temper'd, is much to be preferr'd. In the mean, time, I could wish, that 
 some curious person would make trial of what we have described at 
 the end of this Kalendar. At all other times,; when it does not 
 actually freeze, or the weather not raiay or misty,, and that the air is 
 warm'd by' the beams of a fine day,, (and the sun darts full upon the 
 house, vwthout the least wind stirring, shew them the light through 
 the glass windows, (for light is half their nourishment, philosophically 
 consider'd,) but inclose them again before the sun be gone ofl', if it be 
 inclin'd to frost, otherwise keep open housejall ni^tlong. 
 
 Note, that when, thro' continuance of hard and sharp weather, housed 
 trees grow tainted with mustiness, make fire in your stove, and open 
 all the windows from ten in the morning till three in; the afternoon. 
 Then closing the double-shuts, (or chasses rather^) continue a gentle 
 heat, renewing the fire at night t)nly.. 
 
 Note, that you must never give your aloes or sedums one drop of 
 water during the whole winter; and indeed you, can hardly be too 
 sparing of water to your hous'd plants (orange- trees especially).; the 
 not observing of this^ destroys more plants than all the rudenesses of the 
 season. To know when they want refreshing, consider the leaves : if 
 they shrivel and fold up, give them drink; if pale and whitish, they 
 have already too much, and the defect is at the roots, which are in 
 peril ©f rotting, and require larger cases. Take also^ this; for a rule, 
 that you are not much to regard the surface mould alone, which will 
 oftentimes be dust, when the earth about the roots is sufficiently 
 
 * The heating of greenhouses by means of stoves was not understood at this period, but in the 
 year 1685 this method is noticed by Evelyn, who writes thus in his Diary, 7th AugfiSt of that date : 
 "I wentttjsee Mr. Wats, keeper of the i^ottoecariBs" Gatxlen of Simples, at Chelsea, where.there 
 is a coUection of innumerable rarities of that sort particularly, besides. many rare annuals, the tree 
 bearing Jesuits bark, which had don such wonders in quartan agues. What was very ingenious, 
 was the subterranean heate conveyed by a stove under the conservatory, all vaulted with brick, so 
 as he has the doores and windowes open in the hardest frosts, secluding only the snow." 
 
486 
 
 moist ; search it, therefore, by thrusting down your hand, and as you 
 find it, govern the watering, for in this secret of seasonably refreshing, 
 consists the health, and even life, of all your hous'd curiosities. 
 
 Note, that water made over-rich with dung, and too frequently us'd, 
 is apt to infect the orange-leaves, and those of other rare plants, with a 
 black smut, which must be wip'd off. 
 
 If your aloes grow manifestly too dry, expose them a while to the 
 air, when clear, 'twill immediately recover them ; but give them not a 
 drop of water, how dry soever their pots be. 
 
 House your choicest carnations, or rather set them under a penthouse 
 against a South wall, so as a covering being thrown over them to pre- 
 serve them in extremity of weather, they may yet enjoy the freer air at 
 all other times. 
 
 Prepare also matrasses, boxes, cases, pots, &c. for shelter to your 
 tender plants and seedlings newly sown, if the weather prove very 
 bitter. 
 
 Plant roses, althea frutex, lalac, syringas, cytisus, pseonies, &c. 
 
 Plant also fibrous roots specified in the precedent month. 
 
 Sow also stony seeds mentioned in October. 
 
 Plant all forest-trees for walks, avenues, and groves. 
 
 Note, that you may transplant not only any fruit trees, but remove 
 almost any of the foresters, even in the midst of summer, if taking the 
 trees up with some mould about the roots, you immediately plunge 
 them into earth made into a pap like mortar, keeping it fresh and 
 under shade, and not suffering the ground quite to dry up and harden 
 till rain comes down. 
 
 Sweep and cleanse your garden walks, and all other places, from 
 autumnal leaves, the last time. 
 
 Flowers in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Anemonies, meadow saffron, antirrhinum, stock -gilly-flowers, bellis 
 clematis, pansies, some carnations, double violets, veronica, Spanish and 
 indian jasmine, myrtles, musk rose, &c. 
 
487 
 
 H DECEMBER 
 
 Hath xxxi days —long, 7^ 40m. Sun rises 8n lom— sets 3I1 SO™. 
 
 To be done in the Orchard and Olitory Garden. 
 
 Prune and nail wall-fruit (which yet you may better defer a month 
 or two longer), and standard trees that are hardy. 
 
 You may now plant vines, &c. * Also stocks for graffing, &c. 
 
 Sow, as yet, pomace of cideT-pressings to raise nurseries; and set all 
 sorts of kernels, stones, &c. 
 
 Sow for early beans and pease, but take heed of the frosts ; therefore 
 surest to defer it till after Christmas, unless the winter promise very 
 moderate. 
 
 Expect no fresh sallet but from your hot-bed f. 
 
 All this month you may continue to trench ground, and dung it, to 
 be ready for borders, or the planting of fruit-trees, &c (See the note 
 , in January.) 
 
 Either late in this month or in January, prune and cut ofF all your 
 vine shoots to the very root, save one or two of the stoutest, to be left 
 with three or four eyes of yOung wood. This for the vineyard. 
 
 Now feed your weak stocks. 
 
 Turn and refresh your autumnal fruit, lest It taint, and open the 
 windows where it lies, in a clear and serene day. 
 
 Fruits in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Apples.^ — Roiisseting, pippins, leather-coat, winter reed, chestnut 
 apple, apis, fennel apple, great-belly, the go-no-further, or catshead, 
 with some of the precedent month. 
 
 Peahs. — -The squib pear, spindle pear, doyonere^ virgin, gascogne 
 bergomot, scarlet pear, stopple pear, vergbules, portail, white, red, and 
 french wardens (to bake or roast), the dead-man's, pear, excellent, &c. 
 
 * See " Discourse of Earth/' pp. 14, 26. ' 
 
 t See how to majke it, and to force asparagus, in M. de la Quintinye, vol. ii. part vi. pp. 169, 181. 
 
488. 
 
 To be done in the Parterre and Flower Garden. 
 
 As in January, continue your hostility against vermine. 
 
 Preserve from too much rain and frost your choicest anemonles, 
 ranunculus's, carnations, &c. 
 
 Be careful now to keep the doors, and windows of your conservatories 
 well matted and guarded from th« piercing air; f^f your oranges, &c. 
 are now put to the test. Temper the eoJd with a few charcoal, 
 governed as direetefd in November ; but never accustom your plants to 
 it, unless the utmost severity of the season require; therefore, if the 
 pjlace be exquisitely close, they wiU even then ihardly require it. 
 
 :Set bayberries, &c. dropping lipe. 
 
 Look to your fountain-pipes, and cover them with fresh and warm 
 littier out of the stable, a good thickness, lest the frosts crack them : 
 remember it in time, and the advice m\\\ save you both itrouble and 
 charge *. 
 
 Flowers in prime, or yet lasting. 
 
 Anemonies'(some), ipersiau and common wihiter cyclamen, antirrhi- 
 num, black hellebore, laurus-tinus, single primroses, stock-giUy-flo. 
 iris clusii, snow;flawers or drops,. yucca, &c. 
 
 sFoKiby such a Kalendar it is that a Royal Garden or Plantation 
 may be contrived according to my Lord Verulam's design, pro singulis 
 anni mensihus, for every month of the year. 
 
 But, because it is in this cold season that our gard'ner is chiefly 
 diiigenfc'jabfiatt pr^erving his more tender, rare, exotic, and costly 
 shrubs, plants, and; flowers, w^ have thought fit to add the Catalogue 
 as it is (^much after this sort) collected to our hands, by tbejearned and 
 industrious J>Qctor jSbajriiods. (thaa' with some refonnation and improve- 
 meat) of all such as^ according to. their different natupes, do require 
 more or 'ies;s indulgence. And: these we have distributed likewise into 
 the ihrea foUowin^ classes. 
 
 * This was one of the expensive and principal ornaments of the- pleasure-gardefls of Evelyn's 
 dap, and we cannot but regret that it has so nearly disappeared in this country, since it might fre- 
 quently be introduced so as to add to the charms of the grove, and to the benefit of the parterre. 
 
489 
 
 » I. CliASSE. 
 
 Beirtg hast patient of cold, and therefore to be first set into the 
 , Conservatory, or other ways defended. 
 
 Acacia aegyptiaca, aloe american. amaranthus tricolor, aspalathus 
 cret. balsamum, helichryson, chamelsea tricoccos, nasturtium indicum, 
 indian narcissus, ornithogalum arab. ind. phaseol. capsicum ind, pomum 
 aethiop. aureum spinosum, summer sweet ibajoran, the two marums 
 syriac, &c. dactyls, pistacio's, the great indian fig, lilac flo. alb. 
 lavendula multif. clus. cistus ragusaeus flo. alb. colutea odorata, cretica, 
 narcissus tuberosus, styrax arbor, &c. 
 
 II. CLASSE. 
 
 Enduring the second degree of Cold, and accordingly to he secured 
 
 in the Conservatory. 
 Amomum plinii, carob. chamela alpestris, cistus ledon. clus. citron, 
 vernal cyclamen, summer purple cyclamen, digitalis, hispan. geranium 
 triste, hedysarum clypeatum, aspalathus creticus, Spanish jasmine, virgin, 
 jasmine, suza iris, jacobsea marina, alexandrian laurel, oleanders, limo- 
 nium elegans, myrtles, oranges, lentiscus, levantine tufted narcissus, 
 -gill. flo. and choicest carnations, phalangium creticum, asiatic double 
 and single ranunculus's, narcissus of japan, cytisus rub. canna indica, 
 thymus capitatus, verbena nodi flo. cretica, &c. 
 
 III. CLASSE. 
 
 TVhich, not perishing hut in excessive Colds, are therefore to he last 
 set in, or rather protected under mattrasses, and slighter coverings, 
 ahroad in the earth, cases, boxes, or pots, §"<?, 
 
 Abrotanum mas. fcem. winter aconite, adianthum verum, bellis hispan. 
 calceolus mariae, capparis, cineraria, cneorum matthioli, cytisus maran- 
 thse, rub. lunatus, eryngium planum totum cseruleum, fritillaria 
 mont. genista hispan. flo. alb. pomegranads, orient, jacinth, bulbous 
 iris, laurels, cherry laurel, lychnis (double white), matricaria (double 
 flo.) olives, pancratium, papaver spinosiss. marcoc, rosemary, sisyri- 
 chium, tupentine tree, teuchriummag tithyraal. myrtifol. veronica 
 
 3 R 
 
490 
 
 double flo.), single violets, lavender, serpentaria trifol. &c. ornithoga- 
 um arab. (white and doub.}, narcissus of Constantinople, late pine 
 ipplee, moly, persian jasmine, opuntia, or the smaller indian fig, jticca, 
 eseli sethiop, agnus castus, medva arborescens, cistus mas. althaea 
 iutex, sarsaparilla, cupressus, crithmum marinum, &c. 
 
 For to these might innumerable others be added ; but we conceive 
 hem sufficient, and more than (we fear) some envious and mercenary 
 prd'ners will thank us for; but they deserve not the name of that com- 
 nunicative and noble profession. However, this as a specimen of our 
 iffection to the publick, and to gratify divers honourable and industri- 
 ms persons, whose inclination to this innocent toil has made them spare 
 lo treasure nor pains for the furniture of their parterres with variety ; 
 he miscarriage whereof being sometimes universal to the curious, has 
 nade us the more freely to impart both what we have experimentally 
 earned from our own observations, and from others of undoubted 
 andor and ingenuity. 
 
 A NEW CONSERVATORY, OR GREEN-HOUSE. 
 
 'Tis now after many severe winters observation, both whilst they made 
 ise of the ordinary iron stoves, and other inventions, to moderate the 
 harp air in the Green-house (as they call it), and even since the sub- 
 erranean caliducts have been introduc'd, I often took notice, that tho' 
 he most tender and nicer plants, such as commonly are brought in out 
 )f the air, for their preservation (during the rigid frosts and piercing 
 vinds), did out-live and escape those rigorous seasons for the most 
 )art, and some of them make considerable advance, producing and 
 Maintaining both fruit and flowers ; yet, that even the hardiest among 
 ;hem very rarely pass'd their confinements without sickness, a certain 
 angour or taint, discoverable by their complexions : many of their 
 eaves parch'd about their edges, or falling, dry, and depriv'd of their 
 latural verdure, with other symptoms, which can proceed from no other 
 ;^so likely) cause, as their being kept from breathing (as I presume to 
 
491 
 
 call it) the pure and genuine air, impregnated with its nitrous pabulum, 
 which is not only the nourishment and life of animals, but of all plants 
 and vegetables whatsoever, 
 
 This, whilst I could not but impute to the consumption of that 
 inspiring balsamick nouriture, by reason of dry heat emitted from the 
 common stoves, pans of charcoal, and other included heaters, which 
 continually prey'd upon, wasted, and vitiated the stagnant and pent-in 
 air, without any due and wholsom succession of a more vital and fresh 
 supply : it came into my thoughts, that there might haply be found 
 out some contrivance whereby to remedy this inconvenience, with con- 
 siderable improvement, and no great charge or difficulty ; if, instead of 
 that imprison'd and effaete air within the green- house, there might a 
 constant stream of fresh and untainted be let in and issue out as freely, 
 and that so qualified in its intermediate composition (which is another 
 consideration I suspend the mentioning at present) as should be very 
 agreeable to the nature and constitution of the several plants that were 
 to pass their hybernation in the green-house. 
 
 Communicating these thoughts to some of the Royal Society * (not 
 only approving but concurring with the proposal), it produced the fol- 
 lowing Scheme, which I recommend to the curious at adventure, the 
 speculation being, I think, so very rational, and (by some experiments 
 on that element demonstrated) the practice so little chargeable, and the 
 benefit of so great concernment to our gard'ner. 
 
 In describing this, I shall not need to say any thing concerning the 
 necessary dimensions or ornaments of the structure : every experienc'd 
 gardener will consider, that of whatsoever length his green-house be, 
 the depth should not much exceed twelve or thirteen feet (tho' as our 
 stove is, and may be contriv'd, it may be of much greater capacity), 
 nor the height above ten or eleven at most. That being placed at the 
 most advantageous exposure to the sun, that side be made to open with 
 large and ample windows or chasses (for light itself, next to air, is of 
 wonderful importance), the joints and glazing accurately fitted arid 
 cemented. And (to the end that having occasion at any time to go into 
 
 * Sir Christopher Wren, and Mr. Hooke. 
 
492 
 
 the house, no crude air rush in) I add, that it were convenient a porch 
 were so made that the door of it may shut very close after the gard'ner, 
 before he open the green-house door, which he is to shut again at his 
 going out, before he open the door of the porch at which he entred 
 from abroad. And this may be contriv'd to a small wicket, at the end 
 of the green-house, without being oblig'd to open any of the larger 
 valves and double doors without necessity. This work of the doors, 
 windows, and porch requiring good season'd stuflF, aind a skilful work- 
 man, I pass to the explanation of the following Table. 
 
 At one of the ends of the conservatory or green-house ('tis not 
 material whether the East or West) erect on the outside wall your 
 stove, be it of brick, or (which I prefer) of Rygate-stone, built square, 
 of the ordinary size of a plain single furnace, (such as chymists use in 
 their laboratories for common operations,) consisting of a fire-hearth 
 and an ash-hole only; which need not take up above two feet from out 
 to out. Let it be yet so built that the fire-grate stand about three feet 
 higher than the floor or area of the house. The flue, shaft, fire, and 
 ash-hole, to be without, tho' joining close to the end wall, as in 
 Figure I. which represents the conservatories inside, with the South 
 side quite open, and stove abroad in the air. 
 
 Note, that in the following Plate or Perspective of the Green-house, 
 Fig. I. D. the stove-pipes at 3 are plac'd a little too low and near the 
 grate ; and somewhat too high from it in Fig. 3. c c c \ easily 
 reform'd in the structure of the furnace. 
 
^93 
 
 FIGURES 1. AND 3. 
 
 'The whole Green-house and Furnace in Perspective. 
 
 A. The roof, whether round or 
 flat withinr 
 
 B. The North blind wall. 
 
 C. The area, or floor within. 
 
 D. The stove or furnace. 
 
 1. The ash-hole. >Themouths 
 
 2. The fire-hearth. J of both to 
 be fitted with doors or plugs, for 
 regulating of the heat. 
 
 3. The extremities of certain 
 pipes, passing thorow the brickwork 
 and furnace, and projecting both 
 without and within the house. 
 
 4. The funnel or shaft applied to 
 the wall without, which carries up 
 both the smoke pf the fuel and ex- 
 hausted air of the green-house, tho- 
 row the air-pipe, &c. 
 
 5. The air ground-pipe, laid, the whole length of the green-house, 
 in the middle of the floor, a little under the ground or pavement 
 thereof, and 'reaching from end to end. 
 
 6. The hole, or opening at the end of the ground pipe, opposite to 
 the stove end; which hole is to be left open, or govern'd with its 
 register, to attemper the air, which entring by the furnace-pipes, 
 circulates thro' this to the grate of the stove, and blowing the fire, 
 issues out of the funnel. 
 
 7- The thermometer hanging over the nose of the ground-pipe, by 
 which to govern the heat. 
 
 F. Represents the whole stove, or furnace. 
 
 a. The ash-hole. 
 
 b. The fire-grate. 
 
 c c c. The projection of the air-pipes which pass thorow the furnace 
 and green-house end wall into the house. 
 
494 
 
 d d. The air-pipes to be seen as tbey pass thro' the furnace, 
 e. The funnel, or shaft. 
 
 ff. Part of the end wall of the green-house, thorow which the air- 
 pipes pass, and project their noses. 
 
 ^i9^- Fig. 2. — E. Represents the furnace air-pipes, and how 
 
 they are plac'd to pass thro' the fire and brickwork, with 
 '^^the projecture of their noses, to take fresh air from with- 
 out, and carry it into the house. 
 a. The frame, or square of brickwork, on which they lie horizon- 
 tally to receive the heat of the fire. 
 b b b. The air-pipes. 
 
 c c c. The noses of the pipes projecting beyond the brickwork both 
 without and within. 
 
 j^4 jTjQ 4 — Q Represents the ash. 
 
 1^^^ hearth. 
 
 a. The ash-hole. 
 
 b b. One of the ends of the floor- 
 pipe, turning up, and inserted into 
 the ash hearth, within a little of the 
 grate. 
 c c cc. The ground, or floor pipe, communicating with the inserted 
 pipe b b. 
 
 d d. The fire-grate. 
 
 e. The register at the other end of the ground-pipe. 
 Thus the fresh air entring perpetually thorow the heated earthen 
 pipes into the conservatory, and as constantly circulating thorow the 
 orifice of the floor pipe, will give continual supply of qualified air and 
 nutrition to the plants, as far as concerns that element j and as they 
 are placed nearer or farther from the noses of the stove-pipes, enjoy the 
 several climates and 'degrees of warmth which shall be found most 
 natural and agreeable to them. 
 
 The best pipes, and only proper for this purpose, are such as are made 
 of the best crucible-earth ; for should they be of the best cast iron, a 
 too intense heat of seacoal or charcoal fire would indanger their melting. 
 Let, therefore, the fire be rather constant than vehement. 
 
 mm^^ 
 
495 
 
 I doubt not but one single- pipe of competent bore would be as 
 effectual as three or four, which should not be of above inch and half 
 bore. 
 
 Note, that any sort of fuel whatsoever may be used safely in this stove. 
 
 I conclude all with a Catalogue of such excellent Fruit-trees, as may 
 direct gentlemen to the choice of that which is good, and store sufficient 
 for a moderate plantation. Species and curiosities being otherwise 
 boundless, and without end. 
 
 [^Note, that (M) signifies mural, or wall fruit ; (S) standard ; (D) 
 dwarf.] 
 
 Apples. — Kentish, russet, holland, golden (S), and golden russet 
 pippin, pearmain, Loane's permain, hervy-apple, reinet flat (S_), deux- 
 ans, or John, passe-pome, pome apis, cour pendue, calvile of all sorts 
 golden mundi (excellent), July -flower, queen, marigold, winter queening, 
 leather-coat, chesnut, kirkham, cats-head, juniting (red and white, 
 first ripe), codling (Kentish, &c.) red strakes and genet moyle (cider). 
 Peaks.— Bonne Chrestienne (M) summer and winter, bergamot 
 (ordinary), bergamot de .busy, vergoleuse (excellent), poire a double 
 fleure, windsor sovraigne, green-field, boeurie du roy, ambret, chessom, 
 espine d'yever, petit muscat, petit blanquet, blanquet musque (S), 
 orange bergamot, petit rouslet (excellent), cuisse madame, boudin 
 mpsque, mouille en bouehe, brute e bonne, king pear^ lewes, bezy 
 d'hery, rouslet de rhemes, vert longue, cussolet, rousslet carapagne, petit 
 topin, messire jean, amadot, french king, jargonelle, st. andrew (D), 
 ambrosia, vermilian, lunsac, elias rose, calliot rosat, swans egg, musque 
 robin, golden de xaintonge, poire sans pepin, popering, rolling pear of 
 lewes, madera, hampdens bergamot (S), norwich, Worcester, arundel, 
 lewes warden (best without compare), dove, squib, stopple, deadmans 
 (S), winter musque, chesil, Catherine (red, king), sugar, lording; red 
 squash, bosbery, and watford (for perry). 
 Quinces. — Portugal, brunswick, barbery. 
 
 Peaches and Nectarins.— rAdmirable (M), alberge. Sir H. 
 Capels, alberge (small yellow), almond violet, bourdin, belle cheuv- 
 reuse, elrage nectarin (excellent), maudlin, mignon, inorella, musque 
 
496 ' 
 
 violet, murry nectarin, red roman nectarin, nutmeg (white, red), man 
 peach, newington (excellent), persique, rambuUion, syoii (excellent), 
 Orleans, savoy mala cotton, &c. 
 
 Abricots.— Musk abricot, bishop of london, fulham (excellent) (M), 
 orange, great bearer, or ordinary. 
 
 PliUMS. — Perdrigon (white, blue), primordial, reine claud (S), and 
 mirabel, white nutmeg (M), pear-plum (white, black), peasecod, 
 prune de I'isle vert, damasq. violet date, Catharine, date (S) white, 
 damazeene, damson (white, black), muscle, chessom, imperial, jane, 
 saint Julian, queen-mother, morocco, bullas (white, black). 
 
 Figs. — Scio (M) white and purple, blue (D), yellow, dwarf. 
 
 Cherries. — Carnation (D), Hartlib, duke flander (S), and kentish, 
 black cherry of Sir William Temple (M), black heart (true),' black 
 Orleans, great bearer, duke, luke ward, morocco, prince royal, petworth 
 amber, croone, bleeding heart, may cherry, begareux, egriot, guynnes, 
 cluster, cologne, Darking wild cherry for wine, excellent. . 
 
 ViNES.-r—Ambpise, frontinac (grizlin excellent, white excellent,. blue), 
 burgundian grape, early blue, muscatell (black, white excellent), 
 morillon, chasS^ela, cluster grape, parsley, raisin, bursarobe, burlet, 
 corinth, large verjuice (excellent for sauces and salleting). 
 
 Gooseberries. — Crystal, amber great, early red, englisb and great 
 yellow. 
 
 CoRiNTHS. — White and red (English, Dutch), black (medicinal). 
 
 Raspis. — White and red (large), black (wild). 
 
 MuLiBERRiES. — Black or red, white Virginia, for the silkworm. 
 
 Berberries. — Great berberry, berberry, without stones. 
 
 Strawberries. — Common wood, englisb garden, american or Vir- 
 ginian, polonian, white coped, long red, the green strawberry, scar- 
 let, &c. 
 
 Medlars. — The great dutch, neapolitan, and one without stones. 
 
 Services*. — Wild, pear sorb, azerole. 
 
 * This fruit, which is a native of England, is now as little known, and as rare in the London 
 market, as the fruits of the most distant parts of the world ; and the service-berry tree is now so 
 thinly scattered over the country, that many farmers do not even know its existence. 
 
497- 
 
 Walnuts. — The early, great double, tender scull and hard, bird-nut. 
 
 Filberts. — White and red avelans, large hasel, long, thin, and 
 great round nuts. 
 
 CoRNELiONS. — White, red, &c. 
 
 Most of which, and innumerable more, dispers'd (for most part) 
 after the several months in the foregoing Kalendar, were here recited 
 for such as will be contented with a confin'd and choice furniture for 
 their plantations. And such as would not be impos'd upon, will find 
 the best ware and dealing at Brampton Park near Chelsey, cultivated 
 by Mr. Wise, and the joint direction of that excellent gard'ner Mr. 
 London, worthy of his royal title. 
 
 ^ Letter from Sir Dudley Cullum * to John Evelyn, Esq. con- 
 cerning the lately invented Stove for the Preservation of tender 
 Plants and Trees in the Green-house during Winter ; formerly 
 published in the Phil. Trans. Vol. xviii. No. 212. p. 191. 
 
 Sir, 
 I cannot but think my self oblig'd in gratitude to give you an 
 account how well your lately invented Stove for a Green-house succeeds 
 (by the experiment I have had of it), which certainly has more perfec- 
 tion than ever yet art was before master of. Sir, I have pursu'd your 
 directions in laying my pipes (made of crucible earth), not too near the 
 
 * Eldest son of Sir Thomas Cullum, Bart, of Hawsted, co. Suffolk. He was educated at Bury 
 school, from whence he removed to St. John's College, Cambridge in 1675. On the death of his 
 father, he resided chiefly at his family seat, being remarkably fond of his garden, into which he 
 introduced most of the curious exotics then known in England ; and speaks in particular, in 
 1694, of his orange-trees, which were then much less common here than at present, as thriving 
 in the most luxuriant manner. His gi-een-house was 58 feet long, 14 feet wide, and 10 feet high. 
 He corresponded with the philosophic gardener and planter, Mr. Evelyn, who directed his botani- 
 cal pursuits, and whose stove for the preservation of green-house plants he adopted. He died 
 without issue in 1720. See the Rev. Sir John CuUum's Hist, and Antiq. of Hawsted and Hardwick," 
 4to. 1813. 
 
 3s 
 
498 
 
 fire-grate, which Is nigh lipon or better than sixteen Inches ; and by 
 making a trench the whole length of my house, under the paving (for 
 the air to Issue out and blow the fire), of a convenient breadth and 
 depth (that Is, eighteen Inches both ways, cover'd with an arch of 
 bricks), and at the other end of the trench, having a square Iron plate 
 answerable to that of my paving (which is eighteen Inches), to take off 
 and put on, with a round hole at the corner, of about three Inches 
 diameter, with a lid to slide open and shut, upon every end of them, as 
 you may have seen upon some porridge-pot covers; so that by opening 
 any of these holes, or all of them, more or less, or taking off the whole 
 plate, I can release such a quantity of air out of the house to blow the 
 fire, so, as to Increase or diminish thp blasts; and, as you were pleas'd 
 by letter to inform me concerning dlstrlbiitlng the air at its admission 
 more equally thro' the houSe, I have Inserted my pipes Into a channel 
 all along the wall, at the end of the house, with those several overtures 
 you mention'd. All which. Sir, I assure you, prove most admirably 
 well ; and by which free and generous communication of yours, you 
 have most highly oblig'd all the lovers of this hortulan curiosity and 
 recreation, as well as, Sir, 
 
 Your most faithful and humble Servant, 
 
 D. CXJLLUM, 
 
499 
 
 DEDICATORY EPISTLE TO THE MYSTERY OF JESUITISM. 
 
 The following dedicatory Epistle is attached to a presentation copy 
 of the " Mysterion tou Anomias, or another Part of the Mystery" of 
 Jesuitism," Lo'nd. 1664, 12mo. preserved in the British Museum, and 
 to which the following manuscript note is prefixed on a fly-leaf, bv 
 which Evelyn's connection with the work is suflBciently identified: 
 " For my most honor'd friend the hon^|^ S-^ Hen. Herbert, from his 
 most humble servant, J. Euelyn." 
 
 To my most honour' d Friend from whom I received the Copy. 
 Sir, — I transmit you here the French Copy which you were pleased to 
 consign to me, and with it the best effects of your injunction that my weak 
 talent was able to reach to ; but with a zeal so much the more propense, 
 as I judged the publication might concern the world of those miserably- 
 abused persons who resign themselves to the conduct of those bold impos- 
 tors, and who may indeed be said to be what the Athenians mistook St. Paul 
 for, Sivtav AatiJioviuv KuTuyyEXeTg, Setters forth 6f strange Gods*, as well as 
 of strange and unheard-of doctrines, whilst they take upon them thus to 
 attribute as much to Dominus Deus Papaf, their Lord God the Pope, 
 as to God Almighty himself. I stand amaz'd that a Church which pre- 
 tends so much to puritie, and that is so furious against the least dissenters 
 to her novelties amongst Protestants, should suffer such swarms of 
 impure insects amongst themselves ; lest these cancerous members (in- 
 stead of edifying the Church and conducting consciences) eat out, in 
 fine, the very heart and vitals of the common Christianity. For my 
 part, after I have seen what Mr. White has lately publish'd J concern- 
 ing the method of the Roman Court in her decrees, and of her rare 
 
 * 17 Acts xviii, t Gloss, in Extr. Jo. c. 22. de verborum signif. 
 
 J Extasis sive Tho. Albii Purgatio. 
 
 / 
 
500 
 
 ability to discern as he there afFords us the prospect, I have no great 
 reason to hope for any redress of these enormities : and then to what a 
 monstrous growth this head is like to arrive, let all the world com- 
 pute by the strange pretences of these audacious sycophants. Nor let 
 any man wonder how those other errors are crept into their religion, 
 who in a day of so universal light permit such pernicious doctrines to 
 be publickly asserted, to the dishonour of our B. Lord, the scandal of 
 his beloved Spouse, and the hinderance of that glorious Unity, 
 which none do more earnestly breathe after then he who subscribes 
 himself, Sir, your most humblfe and most obedient Servant. 
 21 Sept. 1664. 
 
 1665. 2d Jan. This day was publish'd that part of "The Mysterie of 
 Jesuitism*" translated and collected by me, tho' without my name, 
 containing the imaginarie heresy, with 4 Letters, and other pieces. 
 
 25th Jan* This night being at Whitehall, his Ma*y came to me 
 standing in the withdrawing roome, and gave me thanks for publishing 
 "the Mysterie of Jesuitism," which he said he had carried two days in 
 his pocket, read it, and encouraged me, at which I did not a little, 
 wonder : 1 suppose Sir Robert Morray had given it to him. Sfee 
 Memoirs, vol. I. pp. 354^ 355 ; and vol. II. p. 100. 
 
 Also, 1 March, 1666, we find the following notice : Gave his 
 Ma*y my book, intitl'd, "The pernicious Consequences of the new 
 Heresy of the Jesuits against Kings and States." 
 
 * In the library at Wotton there are three volumes, in duodecimo, upon this subject, uni- 
 formly bound in morocco, viz. 
 
 1. "LesProvinciales, or the Mystery of Jesuitisme, discovered in certain Letters vfrritten upon 
 occasion of the present difference at Sorbonne between the Jansenists and the Molinists, displaying 
 the pernicious maxims of the late Casuists." Second Edition, 1658. 
 
 2. The volume to which the foregoing Dedication is affixed is entitled, " Mtirrnfiov tjj; 'Avo^jiaf 
 that is. Another Part of the Mystery of Jesuitism, or the new Heresie of the Jesuites, publickly 
 maintained at Paris, in the College of Clermont, the xii of December, 1661, declared to all the 
 Bishops of France, 1664." In a Letter to Lord Cornbury, dated 9th Feb. 1664, Mr. Evelyn 
 states ihat he undertook the translation of this second part, by command of his Lordship and his 
 father, the Chancellor (Clarendon). 
 
 3. " The Mqral Practice of the Jesuites, demonstrated by many remarkable Histories of their 
 Actions in all Parts of the World : collected either from books of the greatest authority, or most 
 certain and unquestionable records and memorials.'" This volume was translated by Dr. Tongue 
 for Mr. Evelyn, and was printed in 1670. 
 
PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, 
 
 AND 
 
 AN ACTIVE LIFE, WITH ALL ITS APPANAGES, 
 
 M>\icii ai $amt, CommatiD, ^ititt^, €on1aec^atitin, $c. 
 
 PREFER' D TO SOLITUDE; 
 
 IN REPLY TO A LATE INGENIOUS ESSAY OF A CONTRARY TITLE. 
 
 By J. E. Esq. S.R.S. 
 
 "AvBpiiinos S&ov voXiTixdv' Arist. 1. PoLIT. 
 
 Excute istos, qui quae cupiere deplofant, et de earum rerum loqnuntur lagi quibus carere non possunt : videbis 
 voluatariam esse illis in eo moram, quod segrfe ferre ipsos et tniser^ loquuntur. Sen, £p. xxii. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 pniNTED BY J. M. FOR 11. HERRINGMAN, AT THE SIGN OF THE BLEW ANCHOR, 
 IN THE LOWER WALK OF THE NEW EXCHANGE. 
 
 1667. 
 
The volume to which the following reprint is an answer, was the production of Sir. 
 George Mackenzie, of Rosehaugh, King's Advocate for Scotland, whose numerous works 
 were published with his life at Edinburgh in 1716 — 1722, in two volumes folio, and was 
 entitled " a Moral Essay upon Solitude, preferring it to Publick Employment and all its 
 Appendages, such as Fame, Command, Riches, Pleasures, Conversation, &c." Edinb. 
 1665, 8vo. reprinted in London 1685 and 1693, 12mo. 
 
503 
 
 Notwithstanding the . asperity which is usually supposed to be 
 attached to literary and philosophical disputes ; and although the 
 ensuing Tract is not deficient of good-humoured and gentlemanly 
 satire, yet the annexed Letters, now first printed from the originals in 
 the Editor's possession, which passed between Sir George Mackenzie 
 and his amiable opponent, shew how little of the spirit of angry dispu- 
 tation was to be found within the breast of either. 
 
 Sir George Mackenzie to John Evelyn. 
 Sir, 5 Mart. I667. 
 
 IflF yee had not bryb'd mee with too much compliment (wherby I am 
 becom incapable to be a judge of these your abilities, which wer for- 
 merlie too great to be subject to my censure), I had assur'd you that 
 your book is rarely weel writ, and yet yee have shew'd more kyndnesse 
 to morall philosophie, In Introducing this civill way of replying, then I 
 have in pleading for these recesses to which philosophie is so oblidg'd. 
 It is strange for ane opposit to shew no passion bot that of kyndnesse, 
 and yee compliment mee to such ane excesse beyond my merit, that I 
 begin to be jealouse that yee magnifie mee only to shew how easilie yee 
 canne vanquish such as deserve praise, and that yee thus attire mee in 
 these titles as the Romans did ther prisoners with riche robbes, that 
 therby they might adorne so much the more these ther triumphs, to 
 which they were destinat as trophees. But, Sir, without enquyring too 
 superstitluslie into your designs, I shall resolve to returne you no other 
 answer besyds this ; and to evidence how much I am prbselited by your 
 booke, I resolve to continue in employment, but I hope not so longe as 
 I shall in the resolution of bearing the name and inclinations of 
 
 Deare Sir, 
 Your most humble Servant, 
 
 Geo. Mackenzie. 
 For my honoured friend Master Eveline. 
 
 Thus endorsed by J. Evelyn : " S' Geo. Mackenzie, 5 Mar. I667, 
 Edenburg, vpon my reply to his booke." 
 
504 
 
 J. Evelyn's Anstver. 
 
 I had often repented me of the faults you have forgiuen, that is, of 
 my whole booke, 'til this most ciuil lett', which I now receiu'd from you 
 by the favour of S' R. Muray : because I find, but for that attempt, I 
 had not receiv'd the honour you have don me, by the notice you are 
 pleased to take of y' servant, nor ben so fully assur'd that my hand did 
 not erre, when to describe y"" character it assembled all those perfections 
 which make up a consum'ate vertue. S% upon y"^ acc'pt, I do justifie a 
 victory, and a triumph too, w* no vulgar ambition : but it is to see the 
 acc|uisition I have made, and to assure you that I will use it with all 
 the modesty and deference which becomes me to a person so infinitely 
 obliging as you are to, S% 
 
 Y-,&c, , ' 
 ' . Land. 15 Mar. ^ ^v^ly^. 
 
 7. 
 
505 
 
 TO THE 
 
 HON. SIR RICHARD BROWNE, Kt. and Bart. 
 
 LATE RESIDENT AT "THE COURT OF FRANCE FOR THEIR MAJESTIES OF GREAT 
 BRITAIN, CHARLES I. AND II., GENTLEMAN OF THE PRIVY-CHAMBER, AND ONE 
 OF THE CLERKS OF HIS MAJESTIES MOST HONOURABLE PRIVY-COUNCIL, MY 
 MOST HONOURED FATHER-IN-LAW. 
 
 Sir, 
 I AM bold to present this liberal discourse with the greater confidence 
 to you, becausej you alone being witness with how little application I 
 have been able to frame it (importuned as I was by several avocations'), 
 it may with the better grace presume upon your indulgence ; there is 
 this only which I have infinite cause to regret, that the tenuity of the 
 oblation bears so little proportion to the duty, and the service which I 
 owe you ; but, though I might happily have oppressed you with a 
 larger volume, I could not with a more illustrious and becoming argu- 
 ment ; nor indeed, made choice of a fitter arbiter than yourself to deter- 
 mine- between us, who have passed so much of your time in the public 
 service of your Prince and Country, and in a period when a less steady 
 virtue must have succumbed under your temptations. With what fide- 
 lity and success you discharged that Ministry, and how honourably you 
 supported the change during the nineteen years space of your honour- 
 able character abroad, I leave others to report, and to the great and 
 most illustrious persons of this nation, whose loyalties mingle their glori- 
 ous misfortunes with yours : I say nothing of your hospitality, and of 
 the civility of your house, which cannot but be gratefully recounted by 
 as many as have made any stay at Paris, and that shall consider the 
 circumstances of those lessning times : and your modesty since your 
 Royal Master's most signal Restauration, has made it appear, that you 
 served him without designe, as esteeming your whole fortune a sacrifice 
 too cheap, to preserve the dignity of a charge in which his Majesties 
 
 3t 
 
506 
 
 reputation was concerned. I might here mention the constant asylum 
 whiqh the persecuted Clergy found within your walls upon all occasions, 
 because I have seen the instances, and have heard them frequently ac- 
 knowledged both to yourself, and to your most excellent lady, when 
 your Chappel was the Church of England in her most glorious estate, 
 at least in the account of Heaven ; for she was then the most perse- 
 cuted Church in the world ; but this is already recorded by better * pens. 
 Shall I descend to your other noble and more personal qualifications ? 
 That amidst your busie employments for the concern of States, and the 
 interest of Kingdomes, you still held correspondence with the Muses, 
 and conversation w"" letters; so as what others know but at a great 
 distance, and by reflection only, you derive from the fountaines them- 
 selves, and have beheld what has pass'd in thfe world from the very summit 
 of Olympus: thus Xenophon, Thycidides, Bolybius, Caesar, and Taci- 
 tus, conceal nothing from you who are a critic both in the Greek and the 
 Latine tongues, as well as in all the modern languages : to these I might 
 add the sweetness and comity f of your disposition, the te(iiper of your 
 customes, the sedatenesse of your mind, your infinite contempt of vanity 
 and gilded appearances ; and, in short, all those perfections which are the 
 result of a consunimate experience, a prudent and just estimation of th^ 
 vicissitude of things : but I am first to beg' pardon for this attempt on 
 your modesty, or rather indeed for this imperfect description of your 
 virtues: but, Sir, I pretend not to oblige you by your character, but the 
 
 * Sir, the benediction the Doctor gives to you and yours, in allusion to that which issued from 
 the Ark to Obed. Edoms house, I have a particular obligation to sufFrage in, &c. ' 
 
 The publick exercise of our Liturgy, is the antitype we reflect upon, which, by God's singular 
 indulgence to you, hath, when chaced out of the Temple took refuge in your house j so that we 
 have been forced many times to argue from your oratory for a visibility of our Church ; your easie 
 admission of me to oiliciate in it for some moneths, and your endeavours to have such an esta- 
 blishment for me, as whereby, in the most difficult of times, I might have had a comfortable sub- 
 sistence, and a safe protection under your sacred roof, beside the other graces and civilities I had 
 from you, exact this open retribution of my thanks, &c. to you, whose name and memory must 
 be ever venerable to the English Clergy, as your person hath been most obliging to many pf 
 us, &c. See.Richard Watson, in his Epist. Dedicat. before Dr. Basiers Treatise of the Antient Liberty 
 of the Britannick Church, and exemption thereof from the Roman Patriarchate, &c. Printed Lend. 
 1661. 
 ■ t Courtesy, civility, good breeding, from the Latin comi<as. 
 
507 
 
 publiek by yoar example; and if that have beeri the chief design of 
 thislittle piece to declare it id thfe -Wttrld, I dttain my purpose. Yoii 
 haye obliged me with toany signal kindnesses, with a continu'd affec- 
 tion, a prdlitable and noble conveiisation, and in a wofd, with all these 
 in Qne, with an excellent wife, to make this just acknowledgement, aiid 
 to subscribe myself. Sir, 
 
 Your most obedient htimble servant, and Son-in-Law, 
 
 Says-Court, J. EvelyjSt. 
 
 Feb. 5, 1666-7. 
 
 TO THE READER. 
 
 I HAVE this request to make, and this account to give of the ensuing 
 Discourse ; that, as it was but the effects of a very few hours, a cursory 
 pen, and almost but of a sitting, the Reader will be favourable in his 
 suffrage,, and not hastily pronounce against the merits of the cause. I do 
 not speak this tojusti6e my .discretion, that being conscious of my defects, 
 I would presume to engage : let me be looli't on but as the forelorn, who 
 though resign'd for lost, do service in, the day of battel; and lead on 
 the rest : I dare assure the most instructed for fight, that it will be no 
 disgrace to be o'erthrown by such an hero ; who, if I discern rightly of 
 his spirit by that o;f his style, is too generous to insult over tlie van- 
 quish'd; and it will be, no shame, to resigne our arms. 
 
 I ingenuously acknowledge, that amongst so many pens as the writ- 
 ers of this age employ,. J find not many that are better cut. On the 
 other side, it.must.be granted, that he has all the topics and discourses 
 of almost all the Philosophers who ever writ; and that, whilst he de- 
 clares for solitude, I am forc'd to tread the most unfreqi^ented and soli- 
 tary paths; an4 if for. that reason I jjia,vp not ablig'd myself to the 
 exactest method, ^^ have yet pursu'dmy antagonist, rightly paraff'dand 
 compar'd, who has himself laid down and resum'd as pleas'd him; nor 
 in these prolusive and oratorious. contentions, Jsthe_liberty. without good 
 example : but that which wo^ld best of all justifie me, and the seeming 
 
508 
 
 incohereticies of some parts of my discburse, would be the noble authors 
 piece it self, because of the antithesis and the forms of his applications. 
 But, as I said, I do not pretend to laurels and palms, but to provoke 
 some -stronger party to undertake our aggressor. The war is innocent, 
 and I would be glad this way of velitation * and short discourses upon 
 all arguments, in which other languages greatly outdo us, might exercise 
 our reasons, and improve the English style, which yet wants the culture 
 of our more Southern neighbours, and to be redeem'd from the province, 
 without wholly resigning it to the pulpits and the theatre, to the neglect 
 of those other advantages which made the Romans as famous for their 
 eloquence as for their armes, and enabl'd them to subdue more with 
 their tongues then with their swords. Let us consider It was but their 
 native language, which they familiarly us'd, and brought to that per- 
 fection ; and that there is nothing so course and stubborn but is polished 
 by art. 
 
 This ingenious stranger for some expressions and some words (yet 
 apt, and well inserted), perswade me he is so (though a subject of his 
 Majesties), will justifie what I aim at; and the felicity which we have 
 of gracefully adopting so many languages and idioms into our own, 
 frustrates all pretences of not infinitely improving it. This was once 
 the design of the Royal Society ; and as it was worthy their thoughts, 
 so I hope they will resume it. I add not this, as presuming my self to 
 have attain'd the most vulgar talent of this kind; my business has been 
 only the vindication of an oppress'd subject, and to do honour to em- 
 ployment. In the mean time, 'twere pretty, if at last it should appear 
 that a public person has all this while contended for solitude, as it 
 is certain a private has done for action ; but as I perswade myself 
 if it be so, he has power to retreat from business ; I protest I have 
 not the least inclination to it, though for want of a better, I have 
 undertaken this. 
 
 The gentleman is pleas'd to call his book but an Essay ; mine hardly 
 pretends to so much ; which makes me presume he will not judge 
 me uncivil, nor take any thing I have said in ill part, the nature of this 
 
 Quarrelling or disputing with Vvords, from the Latin veliiaiio. 
 
509 
 
 der'd. But if he shall esteem it so important, and think fit to 
 so far promise to assert his cause, and the just conceptions I 
 is rare abilities, that though I would willingly incite some bet- 
 [) wait on him, that I may still enjoy the diversion and benefit 
 icpurses, I will for ever be silent my self, and after all I, have 
 to the contrary, prefer his Solitude. 
 
 J. E. 
 
5ia 
 PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT, &c. 
 
 PkEt'ERR'D TO SOLITUM*. 
 
 It was an ill omen to the success of his argument, that in ipso limine, 
 the very threshold of his Essay, he should think to establish it upon so 
 wide a mistake as what is derived from the sense of an impious poet, 
 and the sentences of a few philosophers ; insinuating, by the uncon- 
 cerned and inactive life of Him who gives life and activity to all beings, 
 that to resemble God (wherein consists our greatest perfection) we 
 should sit still and do nothing. Dissolvitur autem religio, si credamus 
 JEpicuro ilia dicentif. Be this our faith, says Lactantius, and farewell 
 religion : and if Memmius be persuaded to gratifie his ease by being 
 made to believe that the supreme Arbiters of our actions would take 
 little notice of them, it was no conclusion to the more illuminated 
 Christian, that, to approach the tranquillity of the Deity, men should 
 pursue their ease, or hide their talents in a napkin. God is always so 
 full of employment, that the most accurate definers of him stile him to 
 be actus purus, to denote his eternal and incomprehensible activity, 
 creating, preserving, and governing; alwaies doing justice and giving 
 laws, rewarding the virtuous, and defending the innocent. For what 
 Cicero affirms of the philosophic life, relates to their science, not their 
 solitude ; and so, indeed, the conscience of our duty, joined with our 
 performance of it, renders us like our Maker, and therefore rightly in- 
 ferred by Plutarch, that the lives of great persons should resemble that 
 of the gods, who delight in such actions as proceed from beneficence, 
 and doing good to others ; since the contemplation of it alone was supe- 
 rior to all other satisfactions. But what if the same Cicero tell us in 
 another place, that those who do nothing considerable in this world are 
 
 * "Feb. 1667. My 'Answer to Sir George Mackenzie on Solitude' was published, intitled, 
 ' Public Employment, and an active Life, with all its Appanages, preferred to Solitude'." Diary, 
 yol. I. 381. 
 
 In a Letter to A. Cowley, dated 12th March 1666, printed in the second volume of Memoirs, 
 p. S??'. he apologizes for becoming an advocate for that life which he had joined with Mr. Cowley 
 in so much admiring, assuring him he neither was nor could be serious. 
 
 t De ira Dei, c. 8. 
 
m 
 
 o be reputed but ^a so mny dead m^n in it ? MiM enim qui nihil 
 igit, esse omnino nonvidetur, s^ys Ije*; and what is yet more remark- 
 ible, as it is opp9§ed to ^hat he seepos, to press from the lazy deity pf 
 Epicurus : certainly God that would nof permit th? world it self to 
 •emain in idea only, but published aqd brought it forth to lighjt,; by thp 
 ^ery noblest of all his actions (for such was its educing out of nothing), 
 md that of seven whole days ^nd nights f reposed but one himself, and 
 m been ever since preserving and governing what he made, shews us 
 )y this, and by the continual motion of tlje stars, and: revolutions of the 
 leavenly bodies, that to respmhle him (whjch is the sum of felicity) we 
 ihould alwaies be in action, and that there is no<;hing more agreeable to 
 lis nature. If we have recourse to the mystic theology pf the antients, 
 ve shall find there also, that even Minerva could not conceive without 
 he operations of Vulcan, which signifies labour and the a<?]tive life, no 
 nore than Jupiter himself; and that Hercules was not admitted into 
 he coelestial courts, 'till he had first produc'd the tiophies of his heroic 
 itchievements. To all tlijs the mythology of the heathens refer; an^ 
 herefore, doubtless, if beatitude be our summiim bonum (as all consent it 
 o be), 'twas y<ell said of the philosopher, evSoii[^ovici ^ft^l'ff Utiv, that besatir, 
 ude was action J, and that action, by way of transcendency, was proper 
 •nly to man. 
 
 But to pursrue the method of our ingenious author. Whilst he is 
 hus eloquently declaiming against public employment, fame, command, 
 Iches, pleasure, conversation, and all the topics of his frontispiece, and 
 should perswade us wholly to retire from the active world, why js he at 
 11 concern'd with the empty breath of fame, and so very fond of it, 
 hat vi^ithout remembering the, known saying, Nemo eodeni tempore 
 ssequi potest i^agnam famam, §• magnam quietem, would have men 
 elebrated for doing nothing ? Verily, there is more of ainbition, and 
 mpty glory in some solitudes, and aflFected retreats, tl^ap in the mo;st 
 xp^psed and conspicuous actions whatsoever, ^mbitjon, i^ no|; only in 
 ublic places, and pompous circumstances, but at home, and in the 
 iterior life ; heremlts themselves are not recluse enough to seclude that 
 
 * Cicero de Nat. Deorum, Lib-. 2. t Gen. ch. 2. verse 2. 
 
 % Arist. 7- de Repub. c. 3. Ethic. 1. 1. c. 12. 
 
512 
 
 subtle spirit — vanity * : Gloriari otio iners amhitio est : 'tis a most 
 idle ambition to vaunt of idleness, and but a meer boast to lie concealed 
 too apparently, since it does but proclaim a desire of being observed. 
 Wouldst tbou be indeed retir'd, says the philosopher, let no man know 
 it. Ambition is never buried ; repress'd it may be, not extinguish'd. 
 
 Neocles, brother to Epicurus, as Suidas tells us, veas the father of 
 that wary expression, Latenter esse vivendum, whence Balzac assumed 
 it. What says Plutarch ? Even he that said it, said it that he might 
 be known. I will not add how severely he pursues it (because our 
 author may be concern'd, that a second impression has, I'm told, trans- 
 mitted us his name), but if it be the property of those who are exces- 
 sively ambitious themselves to redargue f the glory and dignity of their 
 corrivals, that they alone may possess it, the resemblance was not inept, 
 which compar'd those decriers of public employment to the slaves in 
 gallies J, whose faces are averse from the place to which they tend, and 
 advance forward whilst they seem to go backwards. That which ren- 
 ders public employment culpable is, that many affect gi'eatness, few 
 virtue, for which honours are alone desirable ; be good and you cannot 
 be too popular, community makes it better ; for permit me to affirm, 
 that there is an honourable and noble ambition, and nothing, I think, 
 which more distinguishes man from brutes, their low and useless ape- 
 tites ; whilest this |MwpoiI/u%/«, this despising of glory, is the mother of 
 sloth, and of all unworthy actions ; well, therefore, did the philosopher 
 assign its contrary, magnanimity §, and even some sort of ambition too, 
 a kind of rank amongst the virtues; and we know contemptus Jamee, 
 contemni virtutes, and that even life it self (if the circumstances be 
 handsome) will be parted withal to preserve It. 
 
 But let us suppose the motives why men pursue greatness to be some 
 of the particulars here enumerated; may we not as well affirm Celador 
 flies It for the appendant burthen, and because 'tis expensive, out of 
 closeness and avarice, humour, or want of ability ? Some grow sullen 
 and peevish that they be not advanc'd ; others are naturally bypocon- 
 
 * Sen. Ep. 78. f To refute, from the Latin redarguo. 
 
 * Plut, § fityaXo^vxix, Eth. ad Eud. c. 5. 
 
513 
 
 driacs and saturnine, tempers of the basest aloy. But when opulent 
 and great persons (says he) undertake publick charges, the very rabble 
 have so much of prudence as to condemn them for mad ; when philo- 
 sophers, they serve their country, not their inclinations, &c. None, 
 indeed, but the rabble make that judgment ; for, being commonly mad, 
 they think all other! like themselves ; and when philosophers pretend 
 it, it seems by him they cease to be philosophers, and then 'tis no matter 
 what they say. The truth is, men then begin to praise retirement, 
 when either no longer vigorous and capable to act, that their spirits 
 and bodies fail, through age, infirmity, and decay of senses, or when 
 they cannot otherwise attain to what they aspire; which sufficiently 
 justifies the preference of employment, since to be thus happy they 
 must first begin to dote. Nor does the merchant traffick so dearly for 
 solitude, but for his ease, and the difference is wide between them. If 
 to be owner of a stately house, to be bravely furnish'd, to have a fair 
 lady, a rich coach, and noble retinue ; if to eat good meat, drink the 
 most generous wine, and make more noise amidst his jolly friends than 
 ever he did either at sea or the camp, be a merchants or a souldiers soli- 
 tude, who would not desire the pretty retreat which he describes ? For 
 this (I take it) 'tis that both merchants plow the seas, that lawyers 
 break their brains, and souldiers fight battels ; in sum, to live at ease 
 and splendidly, who before, and whitest employ'd, were the pillars and 
 ornaments of their country. When Caesar is brought for an instance, 
 aliquando licehit mihi vivere, were it possible to wrest it to the sense 
 of this argument, it ought yet so far to disswade us from the pursuit of 
 his example, as 'tis perfectly opposite to an evangelical, as well as moral 
 position. No man (saith St. Paul) liveth to himself*. No man, says 
 Cicero is born for himself. Certainly the great Augustus had learn'd 
 that lesson too well to aflFect repose for himself only, or with an inten- 
 tion to relax the excellent government which rendred that age of his so 
 happy above others. He knew justice and fortitude were active vertues, 
 and that princes are shepherds, whose function 'tis not to play all day on 
 the pipe, and make love to Amarillis, but to attend to the good of their 
 
 * Rom. xiv. 7, 
 
 3 u 
 
514 
 
 flock. Nor, indeed, ghould they trifle their hours in giving audience to 
 bouflFoons, or sport with apes. Would it become an Emperor, who 
 should march before legions, and give laws to kingdoms, to play with 
 cockle-shells, or be stabbing flyes when Ambassadors are attending him, 
 as Domitian did ? For what can this mihi vivere less signifie in a 
 Prince, whose greatest glory proceeds from adions, profitable and 
 publick, and to live for others, such as renown'd the memory of this 
 gallant hero ? whilest the rest, abandoning themselves to ease, effemi- 
 nacy, and phantastique pleasures (like Tiberius in his Caprit^J, became 
 the pity of their age, and the subjects of tragedy and satyr. Caesar, 
 then, breath'd after retirement for relaxation only, and that he might 
 revert to his charge with the more courage and vigour. Thus Scipid 
 and Lselius went apart, thus Cicero and Varro, and not to sing verses 
 to the forests and rocks, and dialogize with echoes, the entertainments 
 of solitude. Neither does he less erre in preferring it to publick busi- 
 ness in respect of dignity, seeing that which takes care for the being of 
 so many societies, is infinitely more honourable than what has only re- 
 gard to it self; and if his logic hold, quod efficit tale, est magis tale, 
 those are most to be reputed happy who render others so, since God and 
 nature come under the consideration. Could his happy man remain in 
 that desirable estate without the active lives of others to protect him 
 from rapine, feed and supply him with bread, cloaths, and decent neces- 
 saries ? For 'tis a grand mistake to conceive that none are employ'd 
 but such as are all day on horse-back, fighting battels, or sitting in 
 tribunals. What, think you of plowmen and artificers? nay, the 
 labours of the brain, that excogitates new arts, and produce so many 
 useful things for humane society, opposed to our gentleman-hawker and 
 hunter, who rises so early, and takes so much pains toso little purpose? 
 A good architect may, without ^eat motion, operate more than all the 
 inferior workmen who toil in the quarries, and dip their hands in mortar. 
 And when the historian had summ'd up a world of* gallant persons 
 who fought braively for their country, he did not esteem those to be less 
 honourably employed who serv'd it by their counsel. The commonwealth 
 
 * EJtij Jt» •yvuiins iim<ri tiv»?j ^te Jt 0!r^«v. £lian. 
 
515 
 
 is an assembly regulated by active laws, maintain'd by commerce, dis- 
 ciphn d by vertue, cultivated by arts, which would fall to universal con- 
 tusion and solitude indeed, without continual care and publickinten- 
 dency ; and he that governs as he ought, is master of a good trade, in 
 the best of poets sense as well as mine : 
 
 Strive, thou, brave Roman, how to govern well, 
 Be these the arts in which thou dost exceil ; 
 Subjects to spare, and the bold rebels quell *. 
 
 For when Epicurus (who chose the private life above all) discourses of 
 publick ministers, he is forc'd to acknowledge that to be at helme is better 
 than lying along in the ship; not as 'tis indeed, more honourable and 
 conspicuous alone, but because *tis more noble benejicium dare quhm 
 UQcipere; and the sentence is of God as well as man; for so the 
 Apostlef, it is more blessed to give than to receive. But 'tis not for 
 nothing that patron of the idle does now and then so much, celebrate 
 action, and public employment; since unless salva Jit respublicq^ the 
 commonwealth be secure, even the slothful man himself cannot enjoy his 
 sloth. 
 
 We may with more justice condemn: the ambition of jPyrrhus than 
 derive any advantage from his reply. For my part I think we are 
 obliged to those glorious conquerors for the repose, knowledge, and 
 morality they have imparted to us ; when, hut for their atchievenients 
 and heroic actions, more than half the world had still remained barba- 
 rous, and the universe but one vast solitude indeed. The activity of men 
 does best cover their frailties : arts and industry having supplyed that 
 which nature had denyed us ; and if felicity consist in perfection, cer- 
 tainly whatever makes us to approch it neerest, renders us most happy. 
 But his wise-rmans wit consists, it seems, in repute only. I had rather 
 be wise than so r^fmted; and then this is no more advantage to Soli- 
 tude than the melancholy and silence he speaks of; . the onie being tlie 
 basest of humors, and the other the most averse from instruction, which, 
 is the parent of virtue ; whilst felicity in this .article appears the result of 
 
 * ^n. 6. Tu regere imperio popu|os f Acts xx. 35. 
 
516 
 
 cheat and imposture, and in making men seem what indeed they are 
 not ; whereas active persons produce themselves to the world, and are 
 sooner to be judged what they are by what they do, according to that 
 well known test, officium indicat virum. As therefore truth. is prefer- 
 able to hypocrisie, so is employment before this solitude. Had he 
 affirm'd peace was better than war, he had gain'd my suffrage almost 
 to an unjust one ; but whilst his antitheta are Solitude and Employment 
 to state the period of felicity, he as widely mistakes, ias one that should 
 affirm from the text, that the milk and honey of Canaan dropp'd into 
 the mouths of the Israelites without a stroke for it; whilst it cost so 
 many years travels in the desert, and bloody battels, and that the wisest 
 and happiest men in it, were the most active and the most employed. 
 
 To instance in the passion of statesmen breathing after self-enjoy- 
 ment, and that to possess it a moment, they are even ready to disoblige 
 their dearest interest, is not certainly to commend retirement*, but declaim 
 against it. Had David been well employed, fair Bathsheba had washed 
 in her garden securely, and poor Uriah outlived many a hard siege. Tis 
 an old saying and a true one. Quern Diaholus non invenit occupdtum, 
 ipse occupat, the Devil never leaves the idle unbusied ; but if nature, in- 
 clination, and pleasure vote (as is pretended) for Solitude, even the most 
 contemplative men will tell us, as well as philosophers and divines, that 
 nature is deprav'd, inclination prepense to evil ; and pleasure itself, ; if 
 not simply evil, no moral virtue. PubHck employment is not unnatural 
 in its ascent, for there are degrees and methods to it ; but if ambitious 
 men will needs leap when they may safely walk, or run themselves out 
 of breath when they may take time and consider, the fault is not, in the 
 steps but in the intemperance of the person. Those who indeed arrive to 
 greatness by their vices, sit in slippery places, whilst virtue only is able 
 to secure her favourites; and in these sublunar orbs, if men continue 
 humble and govern their passions amidst the temptations of pride and 
 insolence ; if they remain generous, chast, and patient against all the 
 assaults of avarice, dissolution, and the importunity of clients ; how does 
 such a person's example improve the world, illustrate and adorn his 
 station? how infinitely exceed the miser's diampnd and all his tinsell, 
 which shines indeed, but is lock'd up in the dark, and like a candle is set 
 
517 
 
 under a bushell ? Men of parts should produce their talents, and not 
 enclosing themselves as conjurors within their circles, raise a thousand 
 melancholy devils that pervert their abilities, and render them, if not 
 dangerous, useless to their generation. Anaxagoras was a wary person, 
 yet he conversed with Pericles ; Plato with Dion ; Panetius with Scipio ; 
 Gato with Athenodorus, and Pythagoras with all the world. Would 
 Philosophers be more active and Socratical, Princes and great men 
 would become philosophers, and states consummately happy ; you know 
 who said it. The truth is, ' a wise man is a perpetual magistrate *,' and 
 never a private person ; not one city or place, but the world is his domi- 
 nion ; whilst those who introduce the example of Dioclesian and the 
 Fifth Charles, to justifie the honour and delices of Retirement, take 
 for the one a proscribed Prince, whose former tyrannies had deiprived 
 him of a kingdom, and his fears of a resumption ; and for the other a 
 decrepid old Emperor, whose hands were so unable to manage a scepter, 
 that, as one tells us, he had not strength enough to open a letter ; not 
 to insist on his other infirmities and suspicion which induc'd the more 
 impartial historians to write ; he did it plainly to prevent an ungrateful 
 violence ; or (as others) out of indignation to see himself so far out- 
 done by our English Harry •}•. Whatever motive it were (for there are 
 more assign' d), so far was this felicity from smiling on those who acted 
 the scene, that the very grimaces of fortune alone so affrighted them 
 from society and the publick, as to unking themselves whilst they were 
 living. I will say nothing of another pageantry resembling this, wliich 
 has happened in our own times; because the frailty of the sex carries 
 more of excuse with it. But it seems no retreat can secure greatness 
 from the censures and revenge of those they have once injured ; and' 
 therefore even Solitude it self is not the asylum pretended. But that 
 which can best protect us Is, and that certainly is, grandeur, as more 
 out of reach, and neerest to Olympus top. Mleas, the king of Scythia, 
 was wont to say ingenuously, that whilst he was doing nothing, he 
 
 * Plato. 
 
 t Los degno di veder si soprafar dal Re Arrigo, & altri che esso havea voluto a questo modo 
 schifare la fortuna aversa, &c. See more in Lodovico Dolci's Vita di Carlo V. 
 
518 
 
 differed nothing from his groom ; and Plutarch exceedingly reproves 
 this shameful abdication of Princes without cause. What a dishonour 
 (says he) had it been for Agesilaus, Numa, Darius, Pericles, Solon, or 
 Cato to have cast off their diadems, torn their purple, and broken their 
 scepters in pieces for the despondency of a Dioclesian ; or to have given 
 place to proud and aspiring boys ? How was Caius Gracchus reproch'd 
 but for retiring from his charge a little, though on the death of his own 
 brother ? If ever such retreat be justifiable, 'tis when tyrants are at 
 the helm, and the commonwealth in the power of cruel persons. When 
 the wicked (says Solomon) rise, men hide themselves * ; then, hene 
 vixit, bene quilatuit, if it were not infinitely more laudable, with Demos-^ 
 thenes, even then to be most active, and endeavour its rescue ; for things 
 can never arrive at that pass, ut nuUi actioni honestcesit locus ; 'tis 
 Seneca's inference from the bravery of Socrates, who resisted no less 
 than thirty of those Athenian monsters together ; and how many thirtys 
 more our glorious Prince did not desist to oppose, we have Ilv'd to see 
 in the fruits of our present felicity ; and to the eternal renown of that 
 illustrious Duke, who so resolutely unnestled the late juncto of iniquity, 
 Turpe est cedere oneri, 'tis a weakness to truckle under a burthen, and 
 be weary of what we have with good advice undertaken ; he is neither 
 worthy nor valiant that flies business, but whose spirit advances in 
 courage with the pressure and difficulties of his charge. Were it not 
 gallant advice (says Plutarch) to dissuade Epaminondas from taking 
 care of the army ? bid Lycurgus enact no more wholesome laws ? and 
 Socrates to teach wisdom no longer ? Would you bring vertue into 
 oblivion ? should not arts improve ? becomes it doctors to be silent ? 
 This were taking light out of the world, and pulHng the sun from his 
 glorious orbe ; would dissolve laws, humane sciences, and even govern- 
 ment itself. But he proceeds : had Themistocles never been known of 
 the Athenians, Greece had never given Xerxes a repulse ; had the 
 Romans still slighted Camillus, where had that renowned city been ? 
 if Plato had not known Dion, Sicily had yet groan'd under tyranny. 
 But as the light not only makes us known to each other, but also ren- 
 
 * Prov. xxviii. 38. 
 
519 
 
 ' ders us mutually useful ; so the being public and conspicuous to i 
 tvorld, does not only acquire glory, but presents us with the means 
 illustrating our virtues ; whilst those who through sloth or diffidei 
 never exercise themselves, though they possibly may have godd in the 
 yet they do none. •- ! i. 
 
 ". Indeed tKe Petalism in Sicily caused the most able statesmen 
 retire themselves ; becaiise they would not' be subject to the aspiri 
 humour of those pragmatical spirits who affected a rotation In the pu 
 lick affairs ; by which means experienced persons 'being laid aside, th( 
 pretenders to the politics had in a short time so confounded thin 
 together, that the very people who assisted to the change, were the fi 
 that courted them to resume their power ; abrogating that foolish h 
 which themselves had more foolishly enacted. To the like conditi 
 had the Athenian Ostracisme neer reduced that once glorious republi 
 and what had like to be the catastrophe even of this our nation, up 
 the same model (when every man forsooth would be a magistrate) s 
 has been the experience. Men may be employed, though not all as sen 
 tors and kings ; every wheel in a watch has its operation in the mov 
 ment without being all of them springs. Let every man (says Ef 
 curus} well examine his own genius, and pursue that kind of life whli 
 he is best furnished for : If he be. of a slothful nature, he is not f 
 action f if active, he will never become a good private man ; for as 
 the one rest is business, and action labour ; so to the other otium 
 labour, and activity the most desirable repose. 
 
 • I am now arrived to the second period, which commiences with tl 
 anxiety of great and public persons, upon the least subtraction of .the 
 jjast enj(^ments. To this I rejoin, that we can produce so many prej 
 nant instances of the contrary, even in this age of ours, as all antiquii 
 can Iiardly parallel. Never was adverse fortune' encountred with greatc 
 fortitude and gallantry, than when so many brave men suffered patient] 
 the spoiling of their goods, sequestring their estates, dissipating the 
 substance, imprisoning their bodies, exiling their relations, and all thi 
 can be named calamity, to preserve their loyalty and religion. In sun 
 when our Princes submitted to the axe, and our heroes to the haltai 
 whilst we beheld people of meaner fortunes and private condition, lovei 
 
520 
 
 of solitiide and ease, repining at every inconsiderable loss, prostitute 
 both their honour and conscience to preserve or recover what they but 
 feared the loss of, and this elogy is due to thousands of them yet surviv- 
 ing. I acknowledge that the ambitious person is in his sense a bottom- 
 less pit, and that ingratitude and treason are too often pay'd for favour 
 and good offices. Though I have likewise asserted in what circumstances 
 even anfcibition itself is laudable and maybe stiled a vertue ; but have pri- 
 vate men no thoughts of amplifying their fortunes, and of purchasing the 
 next lordship ? Marrying, not to say sacrificing, their children to the 
 next rich heir, and marketing for the portion ? Is there not in the best 
 governed families of country gentlemen, as much purloyning, ingrati- 
 tude, and infidelity amongst their few servants and small retinue (not 
 to naention ungracious and disobedient children), as in the greater eco- 
 nomy of a commonwealth, proportionably speaking ? Where is there 
 more emulation, contention, and canvasing, than in the remoter vil- 
 lages, or the next good towns ? They sell us repose too dearly (says 
 Plutarch *) which we must purchase at the rate of idleness ; ■ and adds a 
 pretty instance. If, says he, those who least meddle in publick em- 
 ployment, enjoy the greatest serenity of mind, then should, doubtless, 
 women be of all other the quietest lambs in the world, and far exceed 
 men in peaceableness and tranquillity, since they seldom stir out of their 
 houses ; yet we find the contrary so notorious, and this gentle sex 
 (whom so much as the wind dares not blow on) as full of envy, anger, 
 anxiety, jealousie, and pride, as those who most of. all converse in 
 publick, and are men of business. And therefore we are not to mea- 
 sure felicity and repose from the multitude and number of affairs, but 
 from the temper and vertue of the subject ; besides that, 'tis often as 
 criminal to omit the doing well as to commit evil, and some wise states 
 have accounted them alike. Indeed If all the world inhabited the 
 desarts, and could propagate like plants \vithout a fair companion ; had 
 we goods In common, and the primitive fervour of those new made prose-? 
 litesf; were we to be governed by Instinct ; In a word,, were all the uni- 
 verse one ample con vent, we might all be contented, and all be happy; but 
 
 * De tranq. animi. f Acts ii. 44. 
 
521 
 
 this is an idea no where existant on this side Heaven ; and the hand may 
 as well say, I have no need of the feet *, and the ears I have no need of 
 the eye, as the world he governed without these necessary subordina- 
 tions. Men must be prohibited all rational conversation, and so come 
 under the category of brutes, to have no appetites besides eating and 
 drinking ; no passions save the sensual. I have known as great animo- 
 sities among the vulgar sort, as much bitterness of spirit, partiality, 
 sense of injury, and revenge upon trifling occasions and suggestions, as 
 ever I observed in the greater and more busied world ; 'twas evident that 
 the Lacedemonians were more proud of their mean apparel at the 
 Olympic courses, than the most splendid Rhodians in all their bravery 
 SLudciinquant ; and Socrates soon espied the insolence of a slovenly phi- 
 losopher through his tatter'd mantle. The Cynic in his tub currishly 
 flouted the Eastern Monarch, and despised his.purple that secluded him 
 from the common beamsof the sun. He ought to be a wise and good 
 man indeed that dares trust himself alone ; for ambition and malice, lust 
 and superstition, are in solitude as in their kingdom : Peritstulto, says 
 Seneca : recess is lost to a fool, or an ill man ; and how many weak 
 heads are there in the world for one discreet person ? It was Crates, 
 the disciple of Stilpo, that bid the morose walker take heed he talked 
 not with a fool. Some men, says Epictetus, like unskilful! musitians, 
 sing no where tolerably but in consort ; and 'tis noted, that he must 
 have an excellent voice that can charm the ear alone, which renders 
 them so difficult to be entreated. There are few plants that can nourish 
 themselves with their own juice ; every man grinds indeed, but the mill 
 that has no corn in it grinds either chaffs, or sets fire on it self. 
 
 But he declaraes only against the most conspicuous vices ; and every 
 defect in the brightest luminaries is observed, whilest the lewd recesses 
 of Tvberius eclipsed none of his prodigious debaucheries. So true is 
 that of the philosopher f , wherever men abscond themselves, humane 
 miseries or their Tices find them out and attaque them. Malta intus, 
 says he ; many tilings within enslave us even in the midst of solitude, v 
 Were not the greatest philosophers, nay the very^ fathers of them. 
 
 * 1 Cor. xii. 21. t Sen. Ep. 82. 
 
 3 X 
 
522 
 
 severely taxed for the lowest pleasures, and sins not fit to be named ? 
 Seneca himself escaped not the censure of covetous and ambition ; Pliny 
 of excess of curiosity ; Epicurus of riot ; Socrates of psederastie ; The- 
 mistocles of morosity; all of them of vanity, contempt, and fastidi- 
 ousness. 
 
 To the instance of great men's submissions to the commands of 
 Princes, be they just or unjust, it holds well, had the discourse con cern'd 
 tyrants only and barbarians ; but to produce that example of Parmenio 
 and Oleander, is to quit the subject, and borrow the extravagance of a 
 mad-man and a drunkard, to decry princes and statesmen who are the 
 most conspicuous examples of temperance. But I proceed to the maxime. 
 If nothing be good which labours of the least defect, then so long as 
 his Celador is not an angel, he does no more come within the first part 
 of the definition, than the greatest and most employ'd person living ; 
 and if he insist upon degrees, I answer, he lyes not under the same 
 temptation, and therefore neither can he pretend to approch his merit ; 
 but if I prove the most diabolical arts and cursed machinations to have 
 been forg'd by persons of the most obscure condition, and hatch'd by 
 the sons of night, recluse, and little conversant in affairs, I shall infi- 
 nitely distress that opinion of its virtue or advantage ; for being either 
 happy in it self, or rendering others so. The monkeshave been so dex- 
 trous at the knife, and other arts of mischief, that they have not 
 trembled to make the holy and salutary Eucharist the vehicle of 
 destruction, when they had any kings to dispatch and, put out of the 
 way ; and have made such havoc of the French Henrys, that but for 
 these solitary birds, those princes might have survived all their sad mis- 
 fortunes. It was not for nothing that Jeroboham withdrew- so long 
 into ^gypt (that kingdom of darkness *) when he contriv'd the defection 
 of no less than ten whole tribes at a clap ; and how much mischief, sin, 
 and bloodshed it caus'd, the sacred story has accurately recorded. The 
 blackest treasons have been forged in the closets and gloomy recesses ; 
 who is not amaz'd at the very image and thought of the Gun^powder 
 Conspiracy ? carried on and excogitated by the devil, and a pack of these 
 
 * 1 Kings, chap xii. 
 
523 
 
 solitary spirits ! 'Twas but an Arian Monk and an obscure Jew who 
 first encouraged and instructed that mighty Impostor, occasioning 
 more evil in the Christian church and state than was ever done by all 
 the tyrants since it began ; for it spawn'd not only an heresy but blas- 
 phemy : razing the Christian name out of almost half the world ; and 
 the issues of the cell are to this day conspicuous in the fire and the 
 sword which has destroyed not cities only, but whole empires, and made 
 more fatherless and widows, more desolation and confusion, and done 
 more harm to letters, than can be recounted ; nor did the uttermost 
 machination of the greatest person in employment, ever approch what 
 one monk set on foot out of his holy den, that ever I could read in 
 story ; and what are all our truculent champions of the Fift-Monarchy 
 amongst us at this day, but so many persons who seem to be the most 
 self-denying people, and the highest affected with solitude and devout 
 enthusiasme, despising honours and public charges, whilst they breathe 
 nothing save ruine and destruction ? They are the close, stagnate, and 
 covered waters which stink most, and are fullest of mud and ordure, 
 how calm and peaceable soever they seem upon the surface ; whilst men 
 of action and publick spirits, descending as from the highest rocks and 
 eminences, though they sometimes make a noise, have no leisure to 
 corrupt, but run pure and without mixture. There is an heavy woe 
 denounced, in Scripture to those who thus settle on their lees *. Physi- 
 cians tell us the body is no longer in health than the bloud is in motion 
 and duely circulates, action is the salt of life, and diligence the life of 
 action"! All things in Heaven are in motion, and though 'tis there only 
 that we can promise repose to our selves ; yet neither dare I say, we shall 
 do nothing there, since the admiration of the beatifical vision will certainly 
 take up and employ all our faculties, and set them in operation ; nor 
 whilst we shall there be in perpetual ecstasie, shall we live tbour selves, 
 but to God alone. There is then, doubtless, no such thing as rest 
 (unless it be that from earthly toil, anxieties, and the works of sin, 
 which is that repose mentioned by the Apostle) ; since action is so 
 essential to our Hves f that it constitutes our being ; and even in all 
 
 * Zeph. i. 12. t Hebrews, iv. 9. 
 
524 
 
 theory and contemplation it self, there is a kind of action, as philoso- 
 phers do universally agree. 
 
 Let it be confess'd, the Court is a stage of continual masquerade, and 
 where most men walk incognito ; where the art of dissimulation (which 
 Donna Olympia has named the Keys of the Vatican) is avow'd; yet it 
 cannot be deny'd but there are some in that warm climate too, as per- 
 fectly sincere as in the country ; and where virtue shines with as much 
 lustre as in the closest retirement, where, if it givie any light, it is but in 
 a dark-lanthorn ; and to -be innocent there, where there is so much 
 temptation, is so much the greater merit. Believe it, to conserve one- 
 self in Court is to become an absolute hero ; and what place more be- 
 coming heros than the Courts of Princes ? for not only to vanquish 
 armies in the field, defend our country, and free the oppressed, are the 
 glorious actions of those demi-gods ; but to conflict with the regnant 
 vices, and overcome our selves, greater exploits than the winning of 
 enchanted castles and killing of gyants ; for what violence must be 
 apply'd to be humble in the midst of so much flattery ; chast amongst 
 such licence, where there is so much fire, and so much tinder, 
 and not to look towards the fruit which in that Paradise is so glorious 
 to the eye and so delicious to the taste ? What a disposition to purity 
 to come forth white from the region of smoke, and where even the star% 
 themselves are not without their spots ! In sum, not to fall into the 
 nets which the noon-day Devils spread under our feet, above our heads, 
 and- about us ; and who pursue those that flye, and bear down those who 
 resist. But, as I said, if the difficulties be so great, how much greater 
 the glory ? Whilst pretending to no such temptation in his solitude, 
 there is less exercise for his virtue ; it being rather a privation from 
 evil, than any real habit to good. Certainly, there is not in the 
 country that admirable slmplielty pretended, nor do they altogether 
 transact with that integrity. For is there not among them as much ini- 
 quity in buying and selling ? as much over-reaching in the purchase of 
 a cow, or a score of sheep ? as much contention about the encrochment 
 of a dirty fence ? as much regreatlng with the farmer, keeping up the 
 prlce-of corn, when the pOor are starving ? How ma«y oaths and exe- 
 crations are spent to put off" a diseas'd horse ? Have we not seen as 
 
525 
 
 much ambition and state where the country Justices convene on the 
 
 market-days at the petty towns, to have the caps land the knees of the 
 
 bumkins? as much canvassing for suffrages and voices ? not to insist on 
 
 the prodigious debauches, drinkings, emulation, and perjuries at elections; 
 
 and even greater pride, deadly feud, railing, and traducing, amongst 
 
 the she-Pharisees, or little things of the neighbourhoodj for the upmost 
 
 place in the church pew, Or at a gossiping-meeting, as at court, 
 
 and in the city, between the ladies of the best quality ? and all this 
 
 while we grow weary of the publick, and resolve against employment, 
 
 and the sound of affairs, repenting of the lost moments that are past in 
 
 conversation; and yet, in every cave and every cottage there is a chair 
 
 for ambition, and a bed for luxury, and a table for not, though Hell be 
 
 raining out of Heaven. And it may be observ'd, that we do not hear 
 
 the least evil of Lot, or the virtue of his daughters, whilst they liv'd 
 
 in the midst of Sodom* it self, 'till abandoning even his little Zoar to 
 
 his more solitary and cavernous recess, he fell into those prodigious 
 
 crimes of ebriety and incest. Verily, that is truly great to retire from 
 
 our vices, not from cities or conversations. If you be virtuous, let your 
 
 example profit ; if vitious, repent and amend. Striye not so much to 
 
 conceal your passions as to reform them ; for little do solitary persons 
 
 profit, without a mind adapted for it ; wise men only enjoy themselves, 
 
 not the voluptuous or morose ; and I have seen some live discontented 
 
 even in houses of pleasure, and so in their solitudes, as if none were 
 
 more full of business. 
 
 When he celebrates recess for the little it wants, he gratifies the 
 Cinick ; he could attribute as much to his tub, and the treen disji that 
 he drank in, which was all the house and furniture we read of; and an 
 owl and a pelican want as little as the philosopher; but he does not 
 say by this that solitude is fertile ; it is not from the abundance that it 
 supplies them, but from its sterility and defects, which, if it be a com- 
 mendation to that, is so to nothing else in nature. 
 
 He proceeds again to the passions of great men, which are, indeed, 
 more conspicuous, as lightning and thunder are amongst the meteors, 
 
 * Gen. xix. 32. 
 
526 
 
 and in the air ; but we do not take notice of the corruscations, conflicts, 
 and emotions, which are every day in the bowels of the earth. How 
 impatient and unjust are some of your country gentlemen to their 
 domestics ? how griping to their tenants ? how unnatural to their chil- 
 dren, and uncivil to their wives ? Pardon me these reflections, he has 
 compell'd me ; and it is for your justification (O ye great ones !) that I 
 find my self obliged to produce these odious comparisons ; whilest I 
 could give Celador's friend such an example in our first Charles, of 
 blessed memory, Philip the Second of Spain, Alphonso of Arragon, 
 and divers of the later Emperors, for acts of the highest patience, forti- 
 tude, dfevotion, constancy, and humanity, as would shame all the pre- 
 tenders to moral vertues, in his so celebrated retirements and private 
 persons. With what constancy, spirit, and resignation, did our royal 
 Martyr unjustly suff'er from the machinations of the most insolent and 
 implacable of his vassals, is not certainly to be parallel'd by any thing 
 posterity has recorded, save that grand exemplar, our blessed Saviourj 
 who was a King too, but more than man ; from whose emulous pattern 
 he has transmitted to us, not only all the perfections of the most inno- 
 cent private persons, but the vertues of the most eminent Saints. He 
 was imprison'd and revil'd, spit on and injuriously accused; he was 
 arraign'd, and, by a barbarous contradiction, condemn'd and despoil'd 
 of three kingdoms, by the most nefarious parricide that ever the sun 
 beheld, and that before his own very palace. Tell me yet, you admirers 
 of solitude, in what corner of your recesses dwelt there a more excellent 
 soul, abstracted from all the circumstances of his birth and sacred cha- 
 racter, and considered only as a private person ? Where was there a 
 more sincere man in his actions ? a more constant devotee to his religion ? 
 more faithful husband to his wife ? and a more pious father to his chil- 
 dren ? In a word, a more consummate Christian ? Look on him then 
 as a King, to be superlatively all this, and all that a good and a most 
 vertuous Prince can be to his subjects, and you have the portralcture of 
 our Charles opposed to all the petty images of your solitary gentlemen, 
 and decryers of publick employment. One day that Philip the Second 
 had been penning a tedious dispatch, Importing some high afiair of 
 state, which employed almost the whole day, he bid the secretary that 
 
527 
 
 waited by him to throw some dust on the paper ; he, instead of the 
 sand, snatching up the ink-bottle, poured it on all tlie letters; the 
 Kmg, taking a large sheet of clean paper, wrote it verbatim over again, 
 and when he had finished, calmly delivering it to the confounded secre- 
 tary, bid him dry it : but, says the Prince, take notice that this is the 
 ink, and this the sand-box ; which was all the reproof he gave him. 
 I instance in this (because of the rest of those vertues I have enumerated 
 there are such volumes of examples) to, put to silence all that can be 
 produc'd upon the account of that passion which is so frequently charg'd 
 on great persons, but which, indeed, upon the most trifling occasions, 
 use to discompose the most retired persons. And what if amongst 
 these, besides many others, I should instance in S. Hierome himself, 
 and other fathers of the church, as recluse and private as they were known 
 to be religious, 
 
 As to the comparative exemption of solitude from vice for the want 
 of opportunity, the advantage is very slender, since (with what I have 
 already furnish'd to evince it) it implies only what monsters it would 
 else produce ; and indeed the most formidable that were ever hatch'd 
 have thence had their original, as I have abundantly prov'd by the dark 
 and infernal machinations of solitary persons; so as his happy man 
 seems at best to, be but a starv'd or chained lyon, who would do mischief 
 enough had he liberty, and a power eqiial to his will. 'Tis iristanc'd in 
 the madness of some few heathen Emperors; but he passes by the 
 salutary laws promulg'd by them for the universal good. Nor were 
 there so many debauch'd and vicious of the Roman heretofore, but I 
 can name you as many Christian Princes, religious to miracle, and 
 without reproach, if what is already said be not suflficiently irreplicable. 
 As for the rest, whatever they might once have been in their ascent, it 
 was said of Caesar, that either he should never have aspir'd to dominion, 
 or, having once attaiii'd it, been immortal; so j list, sO equal, and so 
 merciful, was his successive reign. Never was it pronounc'd of any 
 private person, that he was a man after God's own heart ; but we may 
 know it was so of a King, and that from the Almighty himself. And 
 not to mention Hezekias, Josias, Jehosaphat, and many others recorded 
 in holy writ, I durst oppose an Augustus, a TituS, a Trajan, Antoninus, 
 
528 
 
 Aurelius ; to omit Constantine, Theodosios, Jastinian, Charles the 
 Great, S. Edward, S. Lewes, both the Alphonsos, and divers more of 
 the crowned heads, before any or all he can produce. It's true they ail 
 dyed not in their beds ; no more do all in his solitude ; for they often 
 hang themselves, linger in consumptions, break their necks in hunting, 
 inflame themselves with tipling, perish of the unactive scorbut, country 
 agues, and catharrs. And if he speak it out who they were that stabb'd 
 the two Henrys, and our gallant Buckingham whom he mentions, it 
 must be avow'd they were all murther'd by private persons. But whikt 
 he is thus exact in recording all the vices of ill princes, because the 
 spots in the sun are so easily discern'd by his optic, he takes no notice 
 of the light it universally diffuses, and is silent of the virtues of the 
 good and the beneficent, who have both in all ages rewarded, cherished^ 
 and protected, gallant men. But when he shall have passed through 
 all the examples of the great ones who are come to ruine and*destruction, 
 he does not examine how many private men, gentlemen and others, 
 remain in any one country, whose patrimonial estates are not'impair'd 
 by as trifling contests, neglects, prodigality, and ill husbandry, as any 
 he charges upon those eminent persons. 
 
 If solitude be assistant to religion and devotion, how much more is 
 society ? " Where two or three are assembled together in my name 
 there am I in the midst of them*." I know no text where acts of religion 
 are commended for being solitary. It is true, our blessed Saviour went 
 apart into desart places ■f to avoid the importunities of a malicious and 
 incredulous people, but he was tempted there J ; and though he some- 
 times retired to pray, and which was commonly in the night §, when 
 conversation with the world was less seasonable, he was all day teaching 
 in the temple, or continually going about doing good ||, and healing all 
 manner of diseases among the people^, giving counsel to and instructing 
 his disciples, whom he dispersed over the world to evangelize his holy 
 doctrine **. We are indeed bid to oflFer up our prayers to our Heavenly 
 Father in secret, and to do our almes without a trumpet ++, not because 
 
 * Matt, xviii. 20. f Luke, ix. 10. J Matt. iv. 1. § Luke, vi. 1% 
 
 II Luke, xxi. 37. i[ Matt. iv. 23. ** Mark, xvi. 15. ff Matt. vi. 2, 6. 
 
529 
 
 it adds to the dignity of the service, but to avoid the temptation of 
 hypocrisie, and because we have infirmities ; whilest vi^e are yet in ano- 
 ther place commanded to render our works so illustrious, that both men 
 may see them, and God may have the glory*. Certainly the most 
 instructive motives to religion are from our imitation of others, and the 
 incentives of devout congregations, as they approach the neerest resem- 
 blance to the church catholick militant here on earth, so doubtless do 
 they to the communion of Saints triumphant in Heaven, Is there, 
 then, no devotion save in conventicles and cells ? and yet even the most 
 recluse Carthusians spend eight hours of the twelve in divine offices 
 together. The commendation of a true Christian consists in doing, not 
 in meditating- only ; and it were doubtless an admirable compendium of 
 all our notional disputes In religion, if less were believed and more were 
 practised. 'Tis true, Mary's sitting at the feet of our Saviour, and 
 hiearkening to his instructions, was preferr'd before busie Martha's em- 
 ployment ; but the man who laid up his master's talent, and actively 
 improv'd it not f , did worse ; she was gently reprov'd, he severely con- 
 demn'd. 
 
 , But he adds, that most temptations are in solitude dlsarm'd of the 
 chains which render them formidable to us In publick, as there wanting 
 the presence of an inflaming object, &c. But what. If I sustain that 
 absence does oftentimes augment the passion he speaks of, and that our 
 fansles operate more eagerly when alone, than when we are possess'd 
 of the object ? 
 
 Nor is there half so warm a fire 
 In fruition as desire ; 
 When we have got the fruit of pain, 
 Possession makes us poor again ; 
 Sense is too niggardly for bliss. 
 And pays as dully with what is : 
 Whilst Phancy's liberal and gives, all 
 That can within her largeness fall, &c. 
 
 Thus we are ever the most Inquisitive after mysteries and hidden 
 
 * Matt. V. 16. t Luke xix. 20. and Matt. xxv. 26, 30. 
 
 3 Y 
 
530 
 
 things, whilest those we enjoy, we neglect or grow weary of. But I 
 proceed. The most superstitious of men have been the greatest Eremites, 
 and besides the little good they do by their example, there is not in the 
 world a life more repugnant to nature, and the opportunities of doing 
 our duty; since even the strongest faith without works will not save us. 
 For how can he that's immur'd perform those acts of misericord, which 
 shall be so severely exacted of us at the last judgment ; to feed the 
 hungry, visit the sick, cloath the naked *, unless it be in the mock 
 sense of St. James — "depart in peace,. be you warmed and filled -f"," 
 whilst they give neither meat nor cloaths to refresh the miserable? 
 But I am altogether astonished at his instance in David again, as 
 prompted to his lust and murther by the ill fate of hispublick character; 
 when 'tis evident had he been employ'd, or but in good company/he 
 had never fallen into so sad a crime. Let it be remembered that he was 
 alone upon the battlements of his palace, and then all ^the water in 
 Bathsheba's fountain was^not cold enough to extinguish his desires J; so 
 mighty, a protective is society from that particular temptation, that even 
 the presence of a child has frustrated an opportunity of being wanton. 
 If it were God's own verdict, that to be alone was an evil state §, how 
 come we to have Adam's society blam'd .^ for even Adam, he says, 
 could not live innocent a day. in it. But, besides that the short dura- 
 tion, of his felicity is but a conjecture, I have some where read, that 
 but for Eve's curiosity, which prompted her to stray from the company 
 and presence of her husband, the serpeftt (as subtle as he was) had 
 never found an opportunity to tempt her. He was indeed too easily 
 enticed by her example, and no marvel God had forsaken his sweet 
 associate, and then the first effects of both their shame and disobedience 
 was their dark retirement ||. Doubtless there are many heinous sins 
 which company preserves us from ; for it is a shame to speak of some 
 things which are done by men in secret. 
 
 I suppose it was no widow (as he speaks her to be) who so hospita- 
 bly entertained the great Elisha, but a married lady, and of an ample 
 
 * Matt. XXV. 35, 36, f Ja. ii. 16. + 2 Sam. xi. 2. 
 
 § Gen. ii. IS. || Gen.iii. 10. 
 
531 
 
 ;ne; for the text* calls her a great woman; and we find her 
 king to her husband in another place, concerning the building and 
 iture of the prophet's chamber ; nor does the answer she return'd 
 at all imply her wants, she plainly needed nothing that the court 
 i confer upon her, only an heir she wanted to inherit ; she lived 
 ngst her people, and had company enough ; and verily we shall 
 the solitude of the same prophet to be the effect of a persecution, 
 of his preferring it before society ; and we meet the holy man 
 h oftner at court, in the camp, at the colledge, and perpetually 
 loy'd, than either in the mountains or in the wilderness. But let 
 rant that some devotions are best performed in our closets, yet does 
 life of a christian consist only in wearing the marble with our knees ? 
 ave already shew'd that there are works of charity that can no 
 re be so well performed as in company ; nor can I assent that the 
 g alone contributes half so much to our zeal as the examples of 
 rersation. How frequently does David repeat his ardent affections, 
 address to the tabernacle and the great congregation -f* ? and 
 igh the countrv round about Sinai were a howling desart J, yet 
 it at one time in it no " less than six hundred thousand fighting 
 I together §, whereof the most devout were the most publickly em- 
 fed ; witness Moses, Aaron, Joshua, Caleb, Phineas, &c. which 
 ig but in the minority and pupillage of the churchy were all this 
 le but preparing for God's publick worship, and the constitution of 
 !ople in the world the most busie and employed, 
 ^o the text in Hosea ii. 14, where God says he will " comfort his 
 rch in the wilderness," I oppose his innumerable sweet compellations 
 er the type of the daughter of Zion, which was a great and mdst 
 nent part of that populous city, and that glorious accession of the 
 itiles described by Isaiah ||. The tabernacle was indeed for a time 
 he wilderness ; but neither did that, nor the extraordinary presence 
 jod in it, restrain a rebellious people from committing more crimes and 
 ilences in it in forty years, than in four hnndred before, when they 
 
 2 Reff. viii. 1. t Psalm xxii. 22. xxxv. 18. ix. H. J Deut. xxxU. 10. 
 
 Numb. i. 46. II Chap. Ix. 3. 
 
532 
 
 dwelt in the cities of iEgypt ; for (as the Psalm) " Lust came upon 
 them in the wilderness, and they tempted God in the desart *." It is 
 well known that the first occasion of the monastical life, was because 
 men could no longer live quietly in the more frequented places, by 
 reason of the heat of persecution, and yet even in their remotest re- 
 cesses, he that looks into St. Hieroms description of itf shall find 
 that they were so near to one another, that they were almost perpe- 
 tually in company ; nor does any, I think, consider the stories of 
 Onuphrus, Anthony, Simon Stylites, and the rest of that spirit, but as 
 hypocondriacs, singular persons and authors of much superstition and 
 unprofitable severity. The invasion of the Gotbes on the Roman 
 Ernpire, drove multitudes of those holy persons to these Latehrce, and 
 the present distress (to use St. Paul's expression J) might sometimes 
 be a sufficient argument to recommend, if not prefer the coelibate be- 
 fore the conjugal estate, and the barbarity of that age to the extraor- 
 dinary mode of living which, from compulsion and a certain cruel 
 necessity, became afterwards to be of choice and a voluntary obliga- 
 tion. But does he think to derive any force to his darling solitude,^ 
 from the servile and busie occupations which none, save Heathens and 
 Mahometans teach, shall be among infernal torments ? Turks and 
 scoffing Lucians may possibly broach those fancies of the impertinent 
 employments of Alexander and Csesar in the other world ; but I pre- 
 sume he takes them but for the dreams of that philosophical drol, and 
 to have no solid foundation besides their scoffing and Atheistical wits. 
 He is now pleased again to imagine that there is nothing which does 
 more prevail with men to affect grandure, than what he thinks due 
 only to phantasms and ghosts ; though Fame be indeed a bubble in the 
 estimation of those who are not much concerned for the future, I find 
 yet how impossible it was for him to secure any praise to solitude it self 
 by the neglect of it; whilest he so carefully has consecrated to pos- 
 terity the names and elogies of so many as seemingly despis'd it, on 
 purpose to obtain it; but this stratagem, is very thin and transparent; 
 
 * Psalm cvi. 14. f Passim in Epist. + i Cor. vii. 96. 
 
533 
 
 for sack as he mentions not, I presume never were, and those he does 
 J-ecord, have purchas'd more by that artifice than if they, had continu'd 
 men of the busiest employment. Chiles the Fifth and the rest he 
 enumerates, being more celebrated for their supposed voluntary abdica- 
 tion (whatever the true motives were) than for all the most glorious 
 passages of their former reigns ; but however these great men are 
 beholden to their patron, I confess the pedants (as he calls them) and 
 the poets are not less obliged to him for the power he attributes to 
 them of bemg able to make great whomsoever theyplease; but those 
 persons, I should think, to have little merited of posterity, whose me- 
 mory has no other dependance than their ayrie suffrages; when it is 
 from the sober pens, and the veritable memoires of grave and faithful 
 historians, that the heroick lives of deserving men receive life and im- 
 mortality after death. Let the pedants and the poets then celebrate 
 the soft and weakest circumstances of the reignes of those princes they 
 ^ould justifie ; the pens of great and illustrious authors shall eternize 
 those who persever'd in their grandure, and publick charges to the end ; 
 for such were Xenophon, Polybius, Tacitus, Livy, and even Caesar 
 himself, besides many others, as well of antient as modern times, from 
 whose writings we have received the noblest characters of their virtues; 
 and if it be retorted, that whilst they actually writ, they were retired, 
 I grant it; but if men had not done things worthy writing, where had 
 been either the use or fame of what they so bravely acted and trans- 
 mitted to posterity ? In the mean time I acknowledge, that the 
 greatest empire is to command one's self, and that the courts of princes 
 have alwaies had this of ungrateful to generous souls, that they but 
 too frequently subject galJant men to caparison'd asses; gay, but 
 vitious or insipid. Princes are not always happy in their choice of 
 favourites; but it is not universally so, and that it is in the breast of 
 the same prince to turn them off, or lay by the counters, to advance 
 good men, and bring virtue into reputation ; these external submissions 
 may the better be supported, for wise men do not bend the kijee to 
 the beast (we have the example of Mordecai*) but to the shrine it bears 
 
 * Esther iii. 2. 
 
534 
 
 as those who adored Isis upon the back of the animal that carried it, 
 and so the sunne may shine upon a dung-hill unpolluted, and thus it 
 shall be done to the man whom the king is pleas'd to honour ; which 
 though it denotes obedience in the observer, does no real dignity to the 
 recipient, nor can they themselves but believe it, with some useful re- 
 flection, as oft as they see a respect paid them, which they must needs 
 be conscious to themselves they do not deserve. I cannot, therefore, 
 accuse the deferent of so much adulation, as praise him for his obedi- 
 ence, so long as he offers no divine or consumptive oblations to the 
 idol, and offends not God ; for there is certainly no man, meerly by 
 being a courtier, obliged to imitate their vices, or subject themselves 
 to the unworthy cotnplyances he would insinuate ; since in that ease, a 
 fair retreat is alwaies In one's power ; and if on that score, or the expe- 
 rience of his personal frailty, he be prompted to it, how infinitely more 
 glorious will be the example of his quitting those specious advantages, 
 which can neither be conserved or attain'd without succumbing under 
 a temptation ? And when he discourses of society, instancing In the 
 trifling conversation of idle persons and knights of the carpet, who 
 consume their precious moments at the feet of some insipid female, or 
 in the pursuit of the pleasures of the lower belly, I heartily assent. 
 There are a sort of bouffoons and parasites which are the very excre- 
 ments of conversation, as well In country as courts ; and to be there- 
 fore treated as such, wip'd off, and east from us ; and there are wor- 
 thier diversions for men of refin'd sense, when they feel themselves 
 exhausted with business, and weary of action. Certainly, those who 
 either know the value of themselves or their imployments, may find useful 
 entertainments, without retiring Into wildernesses immuring themselves, 
 renouncing the world and deserting publick affairs ; and wheti ever you 
 see a great person abandon'd to these dirty and mean familiarities, he 
 Is an object of. pity, arid has but a little soul ; nothing being more true^ 
 Noscitwr ex socio y qui non cognoscitur ex 5e; but, God be thanked 
 the age is not yet so barren of ingenuous spirits, but that man rnay 
 find virtue with facetiousnesse and worthy conversation, without mo- 
 roslty to entertain the time with ; he has else been strangely unhappy 
 in his acquisitions, who is to seek for good company to pass an hour 
 
535 
 
 with, if ever he sought one of the sweetest condiments of life: and 
 doubtlesse, did great persons but once taste the diflFerence which Is 
 between the refined conversation of some virtuous men, who can be 
 injfinitely witty, and yet inoflFensive ; they would send some of their 
 f?imiUars with a dog- whip .out of .'their companies; because a "man 
 of honour (to use Job's expression *) would disdain to set them with 
 the dogs of his flock ;" for after their prostituted and slavish sense 
 and contrivances are spent upon the praise or acquisition of some fair 
 sinner, or the derision of what is more excellent then themselves, to sup- 
 ply their want of furniture, fill their emptinesse, and keep up a worthy 
 and truely recreative and profitable conversation, they degenerate into 
 flatness and shame, and are objects rather of pity then envy. Men of 
 businesse do not sell their moments to these triflers ; conversation 
 should whet and adorn our .good parts, and the most excellent endow- 
 ments both of nature, industry, and grade, would grow dull and effete 
 without culture and exercise ; let men chuse their company as they 
 ought, and let them keep as much as they please ; it is but to sit on a 
 bright place, and the camelion it self is all shining ; men will contract 
 both colour and perfume from the qualities of their associates ; this 
 made Moses's face to glister, and the conversation of good men as well 
 as bad, is alike contagious. 
 
 But 'tis objected, that "familiarity creates contempt." 1 reply, it 
 was never seen, amongst those who know truly what it signified : 'tis one 
 thing to be civil and affable, useful, and accessible, without being im- 
 pudent, rus tick, or cheap in our addresses. They skill little of the 
 pleasure and delices of a worthy, friendship, who know not how to enjoy 
 or preserve it without satiety.; that's left to the meaner sort, and was 
 indeed not to have been instanc'd in so generous a discourse. There is 
 no better means to preserve our esteem with others, then by setting a 
 value on our selves. 
 
 To what's alledg'd of the variety private persons enjoy in their own 
 eogitationsj and the reading of other men's books, so much superior to 
 conversation, and the reading of men; one of the greatest bookrwriters 
 
 * Job XXX. 1. 
 
536 
 
 in the world will tell you *, that should a man ascend as high as Heaven 
 it self, not by contemplation only but ocular intuition, and survey all 
 the beauty and goodly motions of the starrs ; it would be little delight 
 or satisfaction to him, unlesse he had some Body to communicate his 
 speculations to — Sic natura solitarium nihil amat ; whence he nobly 
 infers, how highly necessary conversation is to friendship ; and that he 
 must certainly be of no good nature/ who does not prefer it before all 
 other enjoyments of life whatsoever. We know who it is has pro- 
 nounced the vce soli, and how necessary God has found the conjugations 
 of mankind f, without which nor had the earth been inhabited with 
 men, nor heaven fill'd with saints. Solomon says, " Two are better than 
 one, and a threefold cord is not easily broken J;" and Plutarch tells us, 
 that of old they were wont to call men Phota, which imports light ; not 
 only for the vehement desire which there is in him to know and to be 
 known ; but (as I would add) for it's universal communication ; there 
 being few of whom it may be affirm'd, as 'twas of Scipio, that he was 
 never Fesse idle than when alone, and which, as the Oratour has it, do in 
 Otio de negotiis cogitare, 8f in solitudine secum loqui. But thus did 
 those great persons neither affect nor use it, other than as the greater 
 vessels and beaten ships after a storme, who go aside to trim and 
 repair, and pass out again : so he, tanquam inportum, and therefore by 
 that master of eloquence, infinitely preferr'd to those who quite retir'd 
 out of business for ease and self-indulgence only. Seneca, in his book 
 De Otio Sapientis, totally condemns this cogitative virtue, as a life 
 without action, an imperfect and languishing good ; and in the same 
 chapter, why does a wise man retire himself but as a bow is unbent, 
 ut cessanda majora ; instancing the recess of Zeno and Chrysippus, 
 whose vei-y repose was, it seems, more busie than other men's actions ; 
 but let us hear him speak : what, says he ! " Solitude makes us love 
 our selves, conversation others; the one to comfort, the other to heal; 
 the one allays, the other whets and adds new vigour : nothing pleases 
 alwaies ;" and therefore God who has built us for labour, provides us 
 
 * Cic. de Amicit. -I- Eccles. iv. 10. 
 
 X Eccles. iv. 9. 12. 
 
537 
 
 also with refreshment. Socrates himself was not ashamed to play the 
 child with children ; severe Cato took sometimes a chirping cup ; and 
 Asinius PoUio diverted himself after pleading ; and the wisest I^egisla- 
 tbrs ordain'd holy-daysj and some grave men took their pastime at dinner, 
 or walking in their gardens, and among their facetious friends, when the 
 greatest persons laid off their state, constraint, and other circumstances 
 which their characters obliged them to personate ; but they did never 
 grow angry with business, and depose themselves, for multum interest, 
 remittas aliquid an solvas, there's a wide difference 'twixt relaxation 
 and absolute relinquishing ; and to imagine that great persons have 
 little repose, when 'twixt every stroke of the anvil the very smith has 
 leisure to breathe, is an egregious mistake. The compas which moves 
 in the largest circle has a limb of it fix'd to the center ; and do we think 
 that honour, victory, and riches (which render all things supportable, 
 besides the benefits which it is in the power of great ones to place on 
 worthy persons,) are not pleasures equal to all other refreishments of the 
 spirits ? For my part, I believe the capacity of being able to do good 
 to deserving men so excessive a delight, that as 'tis neerest to the life 
 of God himself, so no earthly felicity approches it. Wherefore wisely 
 (says Plutarch) did the ancients impose those names upon the Graces, 
 to shew that the joy of him that does a kindness, exceeds that of the 
 beneficiary.; many (says he) blushing when they receive favours, but 
 never when they bestow them. 
 
 As for books, I acknowledge with the philosopher, Otiufn sine 
 Uteris*, to be the greatest infelicity in the world ; but on the other 
 side, not to read men, and converse with livitig libraries, is to deprive 
 ourselves of the most useful and profitable of studies. This is that de- 
 plorable defect which universally renders our bookish -men so pedantically 
 morose and impolish'd, and in a word, so very ridiculous ; for, believe 
 it. Sir, the wisest men are not made in chambers and closets crowded 
 with shelves, but by habitudes and active conversations. There is nothing 
 more stupid than some of these jjLova-oireiTcai.Toi, letter-struck men ; fpr 
 Toafiftctru. fAeiOetv JeT xai (luBovTa. vqvv emv; learning should not do men ill 
 
 * Seneca. 
 
 3z 
 
sag 
 
 offices. Action is the proper fruit of science, and therefore they should 
 quit the education of the coUedge when fit to appear in btisineiss, and 
 take Seneca's advice, Tamdiu istis immorandwm, quamdiu nihil agere 
 animus majus potest; rudimenta sunt nostra, non opera; and lam able 
 to prove, that persons of the most pubHck note for great affairs, have stored 
 the world with the most of what it knows, even out of books them- 
 selves ; for such were Csesar, Cicero, Seneca, both the Piinys, Aristotle, 
 ^schylus, Sophocles, Plato, Xenophon, Polybius, not to omit those of 
 •later ages, and reaching even to our own doors, in our Sidney, Verulam, 
 Raleigh, the Count of Mirandula, Scaliger the father, Ticho Bralie, 
 Thuanus, Grotius, &c. profound men of letters, and so active in their 
 lives, as we shall find them to have managed the greatest of publick 
 charges, not only of their native countries, but some of them of the 
 world it self, ^lian has employed two entire chapters expressly to 
 vindicate philosophers from the prejudices and aspersions of those (who 
 like our antagonist) deem'd the study of it inconsistent with their admi- 
 nistration of publick affairs. There he shews us that Zaleucus both 
 constituted and reformed the Locrian Republick * ; Charondas that of 
 Catana, and after his exile that of Rhegium ; the Tarentine was exceed- 
 ingly improv'd by Archytas ; Solon governed the Athenians ; Bias and 
 Thales much benefited Ionia, Chilo the Lacedemonians, and Pittacus 
 that of Mitylena ; the Rhodians Cleobulus ; and Anaximander planted 
 a colony at ApoUonia from Miletus ; Xenophon was renowned for his 
 military exploits, and approv'd himself the greatest captain amongst all 
 the Greeks in the expedition of Cyrus, who with many others perish'd ; for 
 when they were in a strait for want of one to make good their retreat^ he 
 alone undertook and effected it ; Plato, the son of Ariston, brought back 
 Dio into Sicily, instructing him how he should subvert the tyranny of 
 Dionysius ; only Socrates indeed deserted the care of the Athenian 
 Democracy, for that it more resembled a tyranny, and therefore refused 
 to give his suffrage for the condemning those ten gallant commanders, 
 nor would he by any means countenance the thirty tyrants in any of 
 their flagitious actions ;. but when his dear country lay at stake, then he 
 
 * Van Hist. 1,3, c. 17, 
 
539 
 
 cheerfully took up arms, and fought bravely againBt.Delium, Amphi- 
 polls, and Potidea ; Aristotle, when his country was not only reduc'd to 
 a very low ebb, but almost Utterly ruin'd, restored her again ; Deme- 
 trius Phalarius govern'd Athens with extraordinary renown till their 
 wonted malice expell'd him; and yet, after that, he enacted many 
 wholesome laws, whilst he sojourn'd with KIngPtolomy in ^gypt. Who 
 will deny Pericles the son of Xanthippus to have been a most profound 
 philosopher ? or Epaminoiidas, Phocion, Aristides and Ephialtes the 
 sons of Polymnes, Phocus, Lysander, and Sophonidas, and some time 
 after Carnedas and Critolaus ? Who were eoiploy'd Embassadours to 
 Rome, and obtain'd a peace, prevailing so far by their eloquence and 
 discreet behaviour, as that they us'd to say, the Athenians had sent 
 Embassadors hot to perswade them to what they pleased, but to compel 
 them. Nor can we omit Perseus his knowledge in politics, who 
 instructed Antigdnus ; nor that of the great Aristotle, who instituted the 
 young, but afterward great Alexander in the study of letters ; Lysis, the 
 disciple of Pythagoras, instructed Epaniinondas. I shall not need to 
 importune you with more recitals (^though he resumes the same in- 
 stances in the 14th chapter of his 7th book) to celebrate the renown of 
 learned men for their knowledge and success in armies, as well as in 
 civil government, where he tells us of Plato's exploit at Tanagra, and 
 many other great scholars; but shew you rather how he concludes: 
 He (says ^lian, for it seems there were some adniirers'of solitude 
 before our days,) that shall affirm philosophers to be dv^dxrpus, unfit for 
 publick employment and businesse, talks childishly *, and like an igno- 
 rant : and,Seneca-|' gives so harsh a term to those who pretended that 
 publick affairs did hinder the progresse of letters and the enjoyment of 
 our selves, that the language would be hardly sufferable from any save a 
 stoic: Mentiuntur, says he : " Wise men do not.subject themselves to the 
 employments they undertake, but accommodate and lend themselves to 
 them only." So as our antagonist could not have chosen a topic lesse 
 to the advantage of SoHtude, or the humour of his happy Celador, whilst 
 being confin'd to speculation and books alone, he deprives himself of 
 
 * 'Af,%. ' ' t Ep. 62. 
 
540 
 
 that pleasing variety which he contends for. These great men were 
 men of action, and men of knowledge too, and so may persons of the 
 busiest employments, were they as careful to improve their time and 
 opportunities as those glorious heroes were ; which puts me in mind of 
 what I have heard solemnly reported, that 'tis an ordinary thing at 
 Amsterdam to find the same merchant, who in the morning was the 
 busiest man in the world at Exchange-tinje, to be reading Plato or 
 Xenophon in Greek, or some other of the learnedst authors and poets, 
 at home in the afternoon. And there is no man (says my Lord Bacon) 
 can be so straitned and oppress'd with businesse and an active course of 
 life, bat he may reserve many vacant times of leasure (if he be diligent to 
 observe it, and how much he gives to play, insignificant discourses, and 
 other impertinences,) whilst he expects the returns and tides of affairs ; 
 and his own example has sufficiently illustrated what he writes, those 
 studies and productions have been so obliging to the learned world, as 
 have deservedly immortafe'd his name to posterity. 
 
 But he proceeds, and indeed ingenuously acknowledges, that men of 
 letters are in constraint when they speak before great persons and in 
 company : and can you praise solitude for this virtue ? Oh prodigious 
 effect of learning, that those who have studied all their lives-time to 
 speak, should then be mute, when they have most occasion to speak ! 
 Loquere ut te videam, said the philosopher ; but he would have men 
 dumb and invisible to«; the truth is, 'tis the only reproch of men of 
 letters, that, for want of liberal conversation, some of them appear in 
 the world like so many fantasmes in black, and by declining a season- 
 able exerting of themselves, and their handsome talentsj which use and 
 conversation would cultivate and infinitely adorn, they leave occasion 
 for so many insipid and empty fopps to usurp their rights, and dash 
 them out of countenance. 
 
 Francis the First, that great and incomparahle prince (as Sleidan 
 calls him), was never brought up to letters, yet by the reading of 
 good trans^lations, the delight he took to hear learned discourses, and 
 his inviting of scholai^s to converse freely with him upon all subjects 
 and occasions, he became not only very eloquent, but singularly know- 
 
541 
 
 ing ; for this doubtless it was, that Plutarch composM that express 
 treatise amongst his morals, PhiloSophandum esse cum Principibus, 
 where he produces us several rich examples of these profitable eflFects •, 
 and indeed (says one) a philosopher ought not to be blam'd for being a 
 courtier, and that we now and then find them in the company of great 
 and opulent persons ; nor imports it that you seldom see their visits 
 return'd, since 'tis a mark he knows what he wants of accomplishments, 
 and of their ignorance, who are so indifferent for the advantages they 
 may derive from their conversations. But I might proceed and shew youj 
 not only what makes our learned book-worm^ come forth of their cells 
 with so ill a grace into company, but present you. likewise with some of 
 the most specious fruits of their so celebrated recesses ; were it not 
 better to receive what I would say from the lively character whicb 
 Seneca has long since given us of them. In earnest, marvellous is the 
 pains which some of them take after an empty criticism, to have all the 
 points of Martial and Juvenal ad unguem, the scraps of the ancient 
 poets to produce upon occasion. Some are for roots, genealogies, 
 and blazons; can tell you who married whb, what his great grand- 
 father was, and the portion that came by his aunt. This was of old 
 (says Seneca *) the epidemical disease for men to crack their brains to 
 discover how many oars Ulysses gaily carried ; whether it were first 
 written Ilias or Odyssea ; and a profound student amongst the learned 
 Romans would recount to you who was the first victor at sea ; when 
 elephants came into use at triumphs ; and wonderful is the concern 
 about Caudex, for the derivation of Codices, Caudicarius, &c, ; Gellius 
 or Agellius, Vergilius or Virgilius ; with the like trifles that make men 
 idly busie indeed, not better ; yet are these amongst the most consider- 
 able effects and rare productions of recess, solitude, and books, and 
 some have grown old in the learning, and been greatly admired for it; 
 but what says our philosopher to it ? " Cujus isti errores minuent ? 
 cuj'us cupiditates prement, quern fortiorem, quern justiorems, quern 
 liberaliorem facient ? " Who's the better^ less covetous, more valiant, 
 
 * De Brevitate Vitae. 
 
542 
 
 justj or liberal, for them ? I tell you Fabianus preferr'd ignorance be^ 
 fore this unprofitable science; and certainly therefore useful and pub- 
 lic employment is infinitely superior to it ; if need we will be learned 
 out of books only, let it be in something more useful; qui fructuosa, 
 non qui multa scit, sapit ; for 'tis no paradox to affirm a man may be 
 learned and know but little, and the greatest clerks are not alwales the 
 wisest men. The Greek orator* gives us this description of usefully 
 knowing men. " Reckon not those (says' he) for philosophers, whom 
 you find to be accurate disputants, and that can contest about every 
 minute scruple ; but those who discourse pertinently of the most im- 
 po'-tant affairs, who do not entertain men about a felicity to which they 
 can never arrive; but such as speak modestly of themselves, and nei- 
 ther want courage nor address on all emergencies, that are not in the 
 least discomposed with the common accidents of life, but that stand 
 unshaken amidst all vicissitudes, and can with moderation support both 
 good and adverse fortune; in sum, those who are fit for action, not 
 discouraged, or meditating retreat upon every cross adventure;" to this 
 purpose the orator: but neither would I by this be thought to dis- 
 countenance even this kind of erudition, which, more than any other, is 
 the effect- of solitude and very great leisure, not to call it pedanti'y, 
 much less bookish and studious persons, who would prove the most 
 dear to princes and great men of all other conversations, had they such 
 generous encouragements as might sometimes invite them to leave their 
 beloved recesses, as did those great philosophers whom we have brought 
 on the stage ; but we bestow more now-a-days in painting of a scene, 
 and the expense of a ridiculous farce, than in rewarding of the poet or a 
 good historian, whose laurels no longer thrive and are verdant, than 
 they are irriguous and under showers of gold, and the constellations of 
 crowns, for which they give immortality even to crowns themselves. 
 For what would there remain of so many, pyramids and obelises of 
 marble, so many amphitheaters, circi, colosses, and enormous pomps, 
 if books and bookmen, cere perenniores, did not preserve them to 
 posterity ? If under Heaven then, there be any thing great that ap- 
 
 * Isocrates. 
 
543 
 
 *^ pK)aches eternity, it is from their hands who have managed the pen. 
 Tis from their labours (ye great ones) that you seek to live, and are 
 not forgotten as the dust you He mingledwith. Never had we heard 
 of: Achilles hut for poor Homer; never of the exploits of thousands 
 more, but from the books and writings of learned men, who have it in 
 their power to give more lustre to their heroes than their crown and 
 puxple ; and can with one dash of the pen, kill more dead, then a stab 
 with a stiletto. 
 
 There is no man alive that affects a country life more than my self ; 
 no man it may be, who has more experienc'd the dellces of it; but 
 even those without action were intoUerable, You will say it is not 
 publick. If it contribute and tend to it, what wants it but the name 
 and. the sound ? for he does not mean by business to reside only in 
 lanes or courts; since without that of the country, there would be 
 neither court nor city; but if he would have this life spent only in 
 theory and fancy, extasie and abstractions, 'twere fitter for bedlam, and 
 a potion of hellebor, then for sober men, whose lives and healths, wits 
 and understanding were given them for action, and not to sit with their 
 arms acrosse, and converse with shadows; whilst the fates of rPytha-^ 
 goras, Archimedes and Pliny, whose curiosity cost them their lives, 
 may well be ranked amongst those whom he ils pleas'd to name the 
 nobly senselesse, as far indeed transported beyond themselves, as they 
 had transported themselves beyond the world ; but 
 
 It is after he has celebrated the pedant for being inchanted at > the 
 story of Pompey, that he again introduces the Country Gentlemen, 
 whose easie and insignificant life is preferr'd before that of the happiest 
 favourite ; and can be as well pleased with a few bawling currs, or 
 what he calls an happy chase, as with the acquisition of the most use- 
 ful office In the state. But does he call this solitude and recesse } • 'Tis 
 exceedingly pretty what Seneca* observes of -Servillus Vatia, who, it 
 seems, had long retired himself to the most pleasant part of the Baise : 
 
 •there it was' (says he) that this gentletoan pass'd his time, and had 
 never been known but from his famous solitude : no man eat nor drank 
 
 r T * Ep. 55. 
 
544 
 
 better: he had rare fish-ponds and parks (1 suppose he kept good 
 hawks and excellent dogs), in sum, he was thought the only happy 
 man; for arrive what wpuld, as to change in the Commonwealth, Vatia 
 still enjoy'd himself; and O Vatia (they us'd to say) tu solus scis vi- 
 vere : for my part (adds my author) I never pass'd by his house, but I 
 cry'd Fatia hie situs est; " Here lies Vatia," esteeming him as dead 
 and buried, whom others thought the only man alive : but he proceeds ; 
 There are a number* (says he) who seem to have abandon'd the world, 
 that are as full of businesse in their villas and rural retirements as other 
 men who live in towns and cities, and trouble themselves extreamly in 
 their very solitude : though there be no body with them, yet are they 
 never in repose : of these we must not say their life is idle, but an idle 
 occupation. Do you fancy him retired that goes a madding after me- 
 dals and curiosities, and spends his time in raking a tinker's shop for a 
 rusty piece of copper ? or that is dieting and breathing his jockies for 
 the next running match ? or that consumes his time trifling amongst 
 barbers, razing and sprucing himself, powdering, combing, and sum- 
 moning a council upon every hair ; raging like an Hector at a slip of the 
 scissars, or a lock out of curl ; and of which sort of wretches are some 
 who had rather see the cotiimon wealth out of order than one of, their 
 hairs : call you these retir'd and at rest, who are so eternally inter pec- 
 tinem speculumque occupati ? or those who are alwaies humming or 
 whistling of a tune as they go about ? These persons (says Seneca) are 
 not in repose, but impertinently active. If at any time they make a 
 feast, there's nothing more pretty than to observe, but the grave con- 
 sultations about plaiting of the nappery, ordering the plate and glasses, 
 and setting out the services : O how sollicitous shall you have them, 
 that the courses come up in time ; that the fowl be skilfully carv'd, and 
 the isauces exquisitely miade ! and all this forsooth that men may say, 
 such a one knows how to treat, lives handsomely, and at his ease, &c. 
 when, God knows, all this while they are of all other in the most mise- 
 rable anxiety. There were of these soft and retir'd gentlemen, that had 
 their officers to mind them, when 'twas time to go to supper, and aban- 
 
 * De Brevitate Vitae, c. 11, 12. 
 
545 
 
 doned themselves so prbdigiously to their ease, that they hardly knew 
 when they were ,'hungry. I read of one of them, who when he was lifted 
 out of his bath, and put on his cushion^ asked his attendant whether he 
 sate or stood, and was so buried in sloth that he could riot tell it with- 
 out witnesses. Such another we have in Stobseus, that was wont to 
 demand of his men if he had wash'd, arid whether he had din'd or no ? 
 'Twere endless to proceed with the like instances of retir'd persons^ and 
 who seem to be so full of self-enjoyment, and yet whose very pleasures 
 are of the lowest and sordid'st actions of our life. What shall we then 
 say of our lazy Gamesters, who sit long at the cards, the wine, and the 
 smoke, without a grain of sense from dinner to midnight ? because they 
 are all of them slothful diversions, inactive, and opposed to publick em- 
 ployment ; since those who are qualified with business, and have any 
 thing to do in the worlds cannot part with such portions of their time 
 to so little purpose : by all which we see, that ease and solitude presents 
 us ,with some pleasures that are not altogether so fit for our recreation, 
 and as little suitable to our reason and stoical indifferency ; nor seldom 
 less dangerous and ridiculous in their objects than the most publick em- 
 ployment : for I find that one of the chief prerogatives of our happy-man 
 ('and whom by a contradiction to his argument, he thinks ill defiri'd by 
 being termed a little world) is by the advantage of his recess to mould 
 ideas of a thousand species, never yet in being ; and, to use his own ex- 
 pression, produces more monsters than Africa itself; more novelties 
 than: America; to fancy building navies, courts, cities, and castles in 
 
 the air. ' 
 
 On the other side, do we think that men of business never vacate to 
 admire the works of Nature, because they possess so many works of Art ? 
 I have sufficiently she w'd how competent philosophy is with pdblick 
 empjoyment; and instanc'd In as great persons as ever the world pro- 
 duct ; and yet I said nothing of Moses, learn'd in all that .^Sgypt 
 knew * ; nor of Solomon, to whom God gave wisdom f and understand- 
 ing, exceediiig much ; that spake of trees and plants ; of beasts, fowls, 
 fishes, and reptiles ;. those fruitful subjects of natural experience; and 
 
 * Acts vii. 2a. t 1 Reg- iv- 29—33. 
 
 4 A 
 
546 
 
 as to that of Astrology, and those other parts of Mathematics which he 
 
 mentions, we have deriv'd to us more science from princes^ Chaldeanj 
 
 Arabian, and Egyptians, than from all the world besides. The great 
 
 Caesar was so skilful, that with admirable success he reformed the year, 
 
 when to perfect that sublime knowledge he was wont (even when his 
 
 army lay in the field) to spend so much of his time in studious pernoc-^ 
 
 tations. 
 
 media inter praelia semper 
 
 Stellarura, Cqelique plagis, superisque vacarit. — Lucan. 
 
 Alphonsus, the tenth King of Spain was author of those tables which 
 adorn his memory to this day: and Charles "the Second, Emperor of 
 Germany, was both a profound astronomer and great . mathematician ; 
 arts which have been so conspicuous and lucky in princes and men of 
 the most public employment ; as if those high and lofty studies did in- 
 deed only appertain to the highest, and most sublime of men. 
 
 But if the unmeasurable pursuit of riches have plung'd so many great 
 ones into vices, and frequently become their ruine; we may find more 
 private persons, who neither built, feasted, nor gam'd, as greedy and 
 oppressive; -defrauding even their own belliesy and living in steeples, 
 squalid cottages, and sordid corners, -to gratifie an unsatiable avarice; and 
 ■that have no other testimony to prove they have liv'd long, besides their 
 ease, their avarice, and the number of their years. None to appearance 
 more wise and- religious than these wretches, whose apology is commonly 
 their declining of power, and contempt of worldly vanities. The sole 
 diflference which seems to be between them is, that the great rich man 
 disposes of his estate in building some august fabrick or public work, 
 which cultivates art, and employs a world of poor men that earn their 
 bread ; and that the other unprofitably hoards it up : besides, that co- 
 vetousness seldom goes unaccompanied with other secret and extermi- 
 nating vices. But the wisest of men has said so much, and so well con*- 
 earning this evil under the sun, that I shall only need address yott to 
 his book of Vanities. As for the recreative part of solitude, which he 
 again resolves here into hunting, hawking, angling, and the like,, would 
 any man think it in earnest, when he undertakes to oppose them to an 
 useful and active life ? But even as to these also, who is fit more to 
 
B47 
 
 enjoy them than those that can best support them ? whereas they are 
 pleasures which for the most part undo private persons, and draw 
 expences along with them, to the ruine of some no inconsiderable 
 families. 
 
 For the rest which he mentions as sinful and of so ill report, I cannot 
 suppose that all great men aflFect them, because I know of many who 
 detest them ; nor that all private persons use them not, because I know 
 of too many which do. 
 
 The greatest persons of employment are frequently the simplest and 
 plainest in their apparel, and enjoy that prerogative above the meaner 
 sort, that they can make their ease the mode, and can adopt it into 
 fashion without any note of singularity. Herein, therefore, I suppose 
 they are worthy of imitation ; for I suppose he will not rank the gallanta 
 of the antit^chsambers and Hectors of the town amongst the garbati 
 and men of fashion in the sense of his essay. For my part, I take no 
 more notice of these gay things than of so many feathers and painted 
 kites that the giddy air tosses about^ and therefore cannot so much as 
 consider them in a paragraph. The same may I affirm of food as of 
 cloaths ; for though great men keep noble tables (or at least should do), 
 yet no man constrains them to intemperance, and if they be persons of 
 real employment indeed, they will procure as good an appetite to their- 
 meat as those who thrash, and do the most laborious exei'cise ; and th6 
 affairs of many are so methodical and regular, that there is nothing 
 more admirable than their excellent oeconomy, besides the honour of 
 their hospitality, which 1 take to be an evangelical and shining virtue*; 
 not to praetermit the benefit which even a whole country receives by 
 liberal tables, for so the grazier and the farmer are made able to pay 
 their rents, assist the publick, and support their families. 
 
 So that when he has done all, and run through all the topics of his 
 promising frontispiece, turn'd it to all sides and lights,, he is at last, I 
 find^ oblig'd to acknowledge, that publick employment and an active 
 life is at least necessary, nay, preferable, even in his own estimation 
 of it. For if (as he says) it be the object of our duty, it is un>- 
 
 * Rom. arii. la. 1 Tim. iii. 2. Tit. i. 8. 1 Pet. iv. 9. 
 
548 
 
 doubtedlv to . be preferr'd before our choice, since the depravedness of 
 our nature renders that (for the most part) amiss. We seldom elect 
 the best. 
 
 He would have men in employment, only he would have them drawn 
 to it (like bears to the stake), or never to serve their country till it were 
 sinking; as if a statesman or a pilot could be made on an instant, aind 
 emerge a politician, a Secretary of State, or a souldier, like Gincinriatus' 
 from the plough ; but no man certainly is made an artificer so soon. 
 Nemo repent^, says the proverb, and* I suppose there is required as 
 much dexterity, at least to the making of a statesman,' as to the making 
 of a shooe, and yet no man sets up that mystery without an apprentice- 
 ship. The truth is, and I confess, this petulant and hasty pretending 
 of men to places of charge in the comraonwealthj without a natural 
 aptitude, a previous and solid disposition to business^ is the baiie of 
 states. Men should not immoderately press into eraployihent ; 'tis a 
 sacred thing, and concerns the well-being of so great a bodyj as nothing 
 can be more pi'ejudicial to it than the ignorant experiments of stat6 
 emperics and new counsellors, though I do not deny that some young 
 persons are of early hopes, and have in all ages been admitted to no 
 mean degrees of access. Augustus, Tyberius, and Nero, enter'd very 
 young into affairs, and Pompey we know triumphed bptimes. Let men 
 be early great on God's name if men be early fit for it; they shallhave 
 my vote. And 'twas very wittily said of one of the Scipios (who was 
 another young gentleman of early maturity), se sat annoruni habiturum, 
 si P. Mo. voluerit, that he should soon be' old enough if the 1 people 
 pleas'd; and accordingly the people thought fit to send him general 
 into Spain, which he reduc'd into a Roman province by his valour and 
 discretion, when so many older men refus'd the charge, for the difficulty 
 „ of the enterprise and the miscarriage of their predecessors. Great 
 men, therefore,, should not, like overgrown trees, too much shade the 
 sujbnascent plants and young imps, who would grow modestly under 
 their influence; but receive, protect, and encourage them, by inductive 
 opportunities and favourable entrances, to inform and produce their good 
 parts, preserving the more arduous difficulties to the aged and more 
 experienc'd. This noble and worthy comity of great men in place, 
 
549 
 
 tarch has much commended in that excellent discourse of his, An 
 \ gerenda sit Repub. But, as I said, it became not every one to 
 ire; so I carmot but pronounce it glorious to those who are accom- 
 h'd for it, and can be useful to their generation in the most important 
 .irs, and alleviation of the common burthen. But if all wise persons 
 
 have qualified genius's, cannot attain to be (as it were) Intelligences 
 these sublimer orbs of publick administration, let them gratifie theoi-;; 
 ^es yet with this, that (as the philosopher says) every virtuous, man* 
 L magistrate,' and that Seneca, Zeno, Chrysippus, and infinite otheriS,: 
 ^e done as much for the publick by their writings and conversation 
 y, as the greatest politicians of their times ; and withal consider, 
 iv difiBcult a province he assumes who ddes at all engage himself in 
 blick business : since if he govern ill he shall displease God, if well, 
 
 ! people. At least call to mind the prudent answer of Antisthenes^ 
 lO, being demanded quomodo ad JRefnpuh. accedendum, how he should 
 Iress himself to publick affairs, reply 'd as to the fire : neither too neer, 
 fear of scorching, nor yet too far off, lest he be starv'd with 'cold, 
 id I confess the suffrage is so axiomatical with me, that I know no 
 diocrity I would sooner recommend to a*person whom I lov'd ; whitest 
 to an absolute and final retreat, though it appear indeed great in story, 
 jvided the resignation be not of compulsion, I should in, few cases 
 prove the action ; 'tis (as Seneca has it) ex vivorum numero eodre 
 tequam morieris, to die even before death, and as aftecward he adds, 
 imum malorum. Counsel is with the gray head * ; and for the man 
 lom experience in publick affairs has ripen'd and consummated to 
 thdraw aside, prsesages ill. With' reverence be it spoken, no man 
 tting his. hand to that plow, and looking back, is fit for so high a 
 
 ■vice -j". 
 
 1 know not whose advice it is, that since governors of states and men 
 action, favourites and prime ministers, cannot always ; secure them- 
 ves of envy and competition J, they should so order circumstances as 
 netimes to hold the people in a kind of appetite for them, by letting 
 ;m a little feel the want of their influence and addresses to solve 
 1 dispatch the weighty and knotty affairs of state. For, thus did the 
 
 Job. xii. 13. t Luke, ix. 62. j: Platarch prsec. de Repub. regend. 
 
550 
 
 African Scipo retire into the country to allay his emulous delators, 
 and some others have more voluntarily receded, but freiquently without 
 success ; for as envy never makes holiday, so nor does distance of place 
 protect men from her malignity ; and therefore Seneca * does some where 
 describe with what flying colours men of business (even in the greatest 
 infelicities of times, and when, it may be, there is a kind of necessity 
 of more caution) should manage their retreat from action. But in the 
 mean time, let those who desire to take their turns attend, in the name 
 of God, till it fairly invites them. I am not for this prseposterous 
 rbtation suggested in our essay ; 'twas born to Oceana, and I hope shall 
 never manage the Scepter, save in her romantick commonwealth ; since, 
 should great men foresee their employments were sure to determine in 
 so short a space, the temptation to rapine and injustice (which he there 
 instances in) would prove infinitely more prejudicial. Frequent changes 
 of officers are but like so many thirsty spunges, which affect only to be 
 fill'd, and invite to be squeez'd ; and therefore 'twas wittily insinuated 
 by the apologue, that the fox would not suffer the hedge- hog to chase 
 away the flies and ticks that sucked him, lest when those were replete, 
 more hungry ones should sudfceied in their places. But the rest is clos'd 
 with a florid apology for ease (not to give it a less tender adjunct), in 
 the specious pretences of contemplation and philosophy, oppos'd to 
 those little indifferent circumstances, which the vainer people, who yet 
 converse with the world without any considerable design, are obnoxious 
 to ; whilst there's no notice taken of the vanity of some men's contem- 
 plations, the dangers and temptations of solitude, which has no other 
 occupation superior to that of animals, but that it thinks more and acts 
 less, and cannot in his estimate be wise or happy without being morose 
 and uncivil. Doubtless action is the enamel of virtue; and if any 
 instance produc'd in that large paragraph' merit the consideration, it is 
 when it exerts itself in something profitable to others; since those who 
 have derived knowledge the most nicely, according to the philosophy 
 he so amply pleads for, to degrade man of his most political capacityf 
 (ranking him beneath bees, ants, and pigeons, who affect not company 
 more passionately than man), allow him society as one of the main 
 
 • De Tranq. c. 3. f i Eth. c. 2. 
 
551 
 
 ingredients of his definition ; and 'tis plain immanity, says Cicero, to 
 flie the congress and conversation of others, even when Timon was not 
 able to endure himself alone ; no, though man had all that nature could 
 aflPord him to render him happy, society only deny'd him, quis tarn esset 
 ferus ? who could have the heart to support it ? solitude alofte would 
 embitter the fruits of all his satisfactions. And verily solitude i$ 
 repugnant to nature ; and whilst we abandon the society of others, we 
 many times converse with the worst of men — our selves. But neither 
 is the life and employment of our sociable creature taken up (as has 
 sufficiently been shew'd) in those empty impertinencies he reckons, nor 
 as a Christian in ideas only, but in useful practice; and wisdom is the 
 result of experience, experience of repeated acts. 
 
 Let us therefore rather celebrate public employment and an active 
 life, which renders us so nearly ally'd to virtue, defines and maintains 
 our being, supports society, preserves kingdoms in peace, protects them 
 in war; has discover'd new worlds, planted the Gospel, encreases 
 knowledge, cultivates arts, relieves the afflicted ; and in sum, without 
 which, tlie whole universe it self had still been but a rude and indi- 
 gested chaos. Or If (to vie landskips with our Celador) you had rather see 
 it represented in picture, behold here a Sovereign sitting in his august 
 assembly of Parliament enacting wholesome laws ; next him ray Lord 
 Chancellor and the rest of the reverend Judges and Magistrates dis- 
 pensing them for the good of the people ; figure to yourself a. Secretary 
 of State, making his dispatches and receiving intelligence ; a Statesman 
 countermining some pernicious plot against the commonwealth,; here a 
 General bravely embattailing his forces and vanquishing an enemy; 
 there a colony planting an island, and a barbarous and solitary nation 
 reduc'd to. civility ; cities, houses, forts, ships, building for society, 
 shelter, defence, and commerce. In another table, the poor relieved 
 and set to work, the naked clad, the oppress'd deliver'd, the malefactor 
 punish'd, the labourer busied, and the whole world employed for the 
 benefit of mankind. In a word, behold him in the neerest resemblance 
 to his Almighty Maker, always in action, and always doing good. 
 
 On the reverse, now represent to yourself, the goodliest piece of the 
 creation, sitting on a cushion picking his teeth ; his country-gentle- 
 man taking tobacco, and sleeping after a gorgeous meal ; there walks a 
 
552 
 
 contemplator, like a ghost in a church-yard, or sits poring on a book 
 whiles his family starves ; here lies a gallant at the feet of his pretty 
 female, sighing and looking babies in her eyes, whilst she is reading the 
 last npw romance, and laughs at his folly ; on yonder rock an ancho- 
 rite at his beads ; there one picking daisies, another playing at push- 
 pin, and abroad the young potcher with his dog and kite, breaking his 
 neighbours', hedges or trampling o're his corn for a bird not worth six- 
 pence: this sits basking himself in the sun, that quivering in the cold; 
 here one drinks poyson, another hangs himself; for all these, and a 
 thousand more, seem to prefer solitude and an inactive life as the most 
 happy and eligible state of it. And thus have you land-skip for your 
 land-skip. 
 
 The result; of all is, solitude produces ignorance, renders us barbarous, 
 feeds revenge, disposes to envy, creates witches, dispeojples the world, 
 renders it a desart, and would soon dissolve it : and if after all this, yet 
 he admit not an active life to be by infinite degrees more noble ; let the 
 Gentleman whose first contemplative piece* he produces to establish 
 his discourse, confute him by his example ; since I am confident, there 
 lives not a person In the world whose moments are more employed than 
 Mr. Boyle's, and that more confirms his contemplations by his actions 
 and experience ; and if it be objected, that his employments are not 
 publick, I can assure him, there is nothing more publick than the good 
 he's always doing. 
 
 How happy in the mean time were it for this ingenious adventurer, 
 could it produce us more such examples, were they but such as himself; 
 for I cannot imagine, but that he who writes so well, must act well ; and 
 ]that he who declaimes against Publick Employment in Essay, would 
 refuse to essay a Publick Employment that were ^worthy of him. These 
 , notices are not the result of inactive contemplation only, but of a pub- 
 lick, refin'd, and generous spirit ; or if in truth I be mistaken, 1 wish him 
 store, of proselytes, and that we had more such solitary gentlemen that 
 could render an account of their retlrments, and whilst they argue against 
 conversation (which is the last of the appanages he disputes against), 
 prove the sweetest conversation in the world. 
 
 * Seraphic Love j or, some Motives and Incentives to the Love of God, By the Hon. Robert 
 Boyle. 8vo. 1660. 
 
AN 
 
 IDEA OF THE PERFECTION OF PAINTING, 
 
 DEMONSTRATED FROM THE PRINCIPLES OF ART, ■ ' 
 
 AND BY 
 
 EXAMPLES CONFORMABLE TO THE OBSERVATIONS WHICH PLINY AND QUINTIUAN HAVE 
 MADE UPON THE MOST CELEBRATED PIECES OF THE ANCIENT PAINTERS, 
 
 TARAILEl'd with SOMiE WORKS OP THE flioST FAMOUS MODERN PAINTERS, 
 
 LEONARDO DA VINCI, RAPHAEL, JULIO ROMANO, AND N. PQUSSIN. 
 
 WRITTEN IN FRENCH BY ROLAND FREART, SIEUR DE CAMBRAY, 
 
 AND RENDERED ENGLISH 
 
 -By J. E. EsQuiBE, Fellow^ of the Royal Society. 
 
 IN THE SAVOY : 
 
 PRINTED FOR HENRY HEKRINGMAN, AT THE SIGN OF THE ANCHOR, 
 IN THE LOWER WALK OF THE NEW EXCHANGE, 
 
 1668. — Octavo, pp. 174. 
 
 4 B 
 
" 28 Aug. 1668, Published my book of ' The Perfection of Painting," dedicated to Mr. 
 jward." The foregoing was Evelyn's own notice of his Translation of M, Freart's French 
 ict ; but the only original article added by him, was the Dedication, which follows the pre- 
 it note, 
 
 " This excellent ' Idea,' very lately come out of the London press, in thin 8vo, is drawn in that 
 mner, as that 'tis demonstrated from the principles of art, and by examples conformable to the 
 servations which Pliny and jQuintillian have made upon the most celebrated pieces of the an- 
 nt painters ; parallel'd with some works of the most famous modern painters, Leonardo da Vinci, 
 iphael Urbino, Julio Romano, and N. Poussin, 
 
 "Those principles of art, constantly observed by the antients in this work, are here enumerated 
 be five: — 1. Invention, or the History. 2. Proportion, or Symmetry. 3, Colour (as herein is 
 ntained the just dispensation of lights and shades). 4. Motion, in which are expressed the ac- 
 ns and passions. 5. The regular position of the figures of the whole workj of which the in- 
 ition and. expression are more spiritual and refined ; the proportion, colouring, and perspective, 
 i more mechanical part of this art. 
 
 "The works made use of among those of our most eminent painters, for applying those princi- 
 !S unto, are, 1, The Judgment of Paris. 2. "The Massacre of the Innocents, 3, Our Lord's De- 
 !nt from the Cross, all three by Raphael. 4. The Last Judgment of Michael Angelo. 5. The 
 ipresentation of a vast Cyclop, in a narrow table by Timanthes. 6, Imitation of the same kind, 
 Julio Romano. 7, The Gymnasium, or Academy of the Athenian Philosophers, by Raphael. 
 The Seven Sacraments, by Poussin, the real parallel of that famous master-piece of Timanthes 
 on the sacrifice of Iphigenia, 
 
 "All this is now represented in English with so much perspicuity, and rendered so weighty by 
 sry period of the excellent interpreter's addition, that it justly deserves high recommendation, 
 d will, doubtless, animate many among us to acquire a perfection in pictures, draughts, and 
 alcography, equal to our growth in all sorts of optical aydes, and to the fulness of our modern 
 icoveries. Painting and Sculpture are the politest and noblest of antient arts, true, ingenuous, 
 d claiming the resemblance of Life, the emulation of all beauties, the fairest record of all appear- 
 ces, whether celestial or sublunary, whether angelical, divine, or humane. And what art can be 
 3re helpful, or more pleasing to a philosophical traveller, an architect, and every ingenious ine- 
 anician ? All which must be lame without it." — Phil. Trans, vol. iii. No. 39, p. 784. 
 
555 
 
 TO THE ILLUSTRIOUS 
 
 HENRY HOWARD, OF NORFOLK, 
 
 HEIR- APPARENT TO THAT DUKEDOM. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 There is no man who has heard of the house of Norfolk, and espe- 
 cially of that of Arundel and Surrey, but will justifie the resolution I 
 have taken to inscribe your name in the front of this piece ; since the 
 names of Painting and Sculpture (two of the most celebrated and re- 
 nowned arts that ever appear'd in the world) had scarce been known 
 amongst us in England, but for your illustrious Grandfather,*, who 
 brought into and adorn'd this nation with more polite and useful things 
 than it had received for some ages before, and who continu'd a Mecae- 
 nas and protector of all the sublimer spirits, as long as this island was 
 vvorthy of him, which was as long as it remained loyal. 
 
 I have great reason to consecrate thus his memory, of whose more 
 particular favours I have so frequently tasted both at home and abroad ; 
 especially in Italy, where I had the honor to be cherish'd by him, and 
 from whence I afterward receiv'd one of the last letters that ever he writ, 
 which I reserve by me amongst the choicest of my treasures. 
 
 From him, through a most illustrious Father, this aflPection to great 
 and noble things is deriv'd to you. Witness, the asylum which the 
 Royal Society found in your own palace, when the most fierce and mer- 
 ciless of the elements subverted her first abodes ; and now (besides other 
 accumulations) your free and glorious donation of a fonds upon your 
 own ground ; to establish her on for ever, and fix her at your very 
 threshold, by which you not only oblige the most grateful and useful 
 Assembly that any age has produc'd ; but do honor likewise to his 
 
 * Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, justly celebrated for his large collection of Sculpture, 
 Design, and Painting. He died at Padua in 1646. 
 
556 
 
 Majesty, our founder, by signifying your respect so eminently to his 
 Royal Institution *. 
 
 But, Sir, I have something yet to add, and the very stones would even 
 exclaim against me, should I omit your never-to-be foi'gotten munifi- 
 cence to the University of Oxford ; because it was upon my first, and sole 
 suggestion (for instigation, the generosity of your nature needs not,) 
 that you were pleas'd to inrich that renowned seat of the Muses with a 
 greater gift, than all the world, can present it, because the world cannot 
 shew such a Collection of Antiquities ; and this great thing you did. 
 
 * About the year 1645, several ingenious men, wlio resided in London, and were interested in 
 tiie progress of niathematics and natural philosophy, agreed to meet once a week io discourse 
 upon subjects connected with these sciences. The meetings were held sometimes in Dr. God- 
 dard's lodgings, in Wood-street, because he kept in his house an operator for grinding glasses for 
 telescopes ; sometimes in Cheapside ; and sometimes in Sir Thomas Gresham's house, which stood 
 on the East side of Winchester-street, fronting to Bishopsgate-street. In 1648 and 1649,. several 
 of these gentlemen being appointed to situations in the University of Oxford, institiited a similar 
 society in that . City, in conjunction with several eminent men already established there. The 
 greatest part of these Oxford gentlemen coming to London in 1659, held their meetings twice a 
 week in Gresham College, in New Broad-street, by permission of the Professors of the founda- 
 tion of Sir Thomas Gresham, and on the 15th July 1662 were incorporated by Royal Charter. 
 About the beginning of 1667, Mr. Henry Howard, afterwards Duke of Norfolk, at the instigation 
 of John Evelyn, made the Society a present of the Arundel Library, which had been purchased by 
 his grandfather, during an embassy to Vienna. It had formerly been part of the library of Mat- 
 thew Corvinus, King of Hungary, erected by him at Buda, in 1485, and after his death, in 1490, 
 it came into the possession of Biiibaldus Pirckeimerus, of Nuremburg, who died in 1530. At 
 the same time, Mr. Howard gave the Society convenient apartments in Arundel House in the 
 Strand, where, according to Evelyn (see " Diary," vol. I. p. 380), they held theii- first meeting 9th 
 January 166?', and to which they removed, because Gresham College had been rendered unfit for 
 that purpose in consequence of the Fire of London. In 1673 they were invited back to Gresham 
 College, by a deputation of the Professors and of the Mercers' Company ; and were induced to 
 accept the oflFer because their apparatus and collection of curiosities were deposited there and 
 because Mr. Hooke, their operator, resided in that building. A grant of old Chelsea College had 
 been given them by King Charles II. and they formed the project of converting it into a house 
 proper for their meetings. Lord Henry Howard had likewise made them a present of a pi^ce of 
 ground near Arundel House (alluded to by Evelyn in this Dedication), upon which they resolved 
 to build convenient apartments by subscription. But neither of these designs was put into execu- 
 tion. They at last purchased a very convenient house in Crane-court, Eleet-street, in which they 
 continued to hold their meetings, till the British Government, about forty years ago, furnished them 
 with apartments in Somerset House, where their meetings have ever since been held, and their 
 library and apparatus deposited. See Thomson's History of the Royal Society, 4to. 1812 ; and 
 Pennant's London. 
 
55T 
 
 \vhen you plae'd the Marmora Arundeliana there * '> First, the Greek, 
 and then the Latlne Inscriptions; by- which you not only nobly cbn^ 
 Suited the most la'stitig way to perpetuate your name in the learned world, 
 and gav« eternity to those (almost) obliterated titles, by transferring 
 them to a less corrosive ayr; but did likewise a piece of justice, and 
 piety too, in restoring that to the daughter, which came from the mo- 
 ther, and consigning those antiquities to Oxford, which were taken away 
 from Athens. 
 
 - Sir, m my Letter to you into Surrey (now about a year since) con- 
 cerning this largesse, I cannot forbear to repeat a line or two, which was 
 to move your honor in one particular more ; and that is, that you Would 
 one day cause the choicest of your statues, basse relievos, arid other 
 noble pieces of Sculpture, standing in" your galleries at Ariindel-house, 
 to be exquisitely design'd by some sure hand, and engraven in copper, 
 as the late Justiniano set forth those of Romef , and since him (and seve- 
 ral others) Monsieur de Lion-Court, by the draughts of Perrier|, as for- 
 merly that incomparable historical Column of the Emperor Trajan, was 
 cut by Villamena, with the notes of divers learned men upon them : be- 
 cause by this means, the world might be inform'd in whose possession 
 those rarities are ; and that it would so much contribute to the glory of 
 the countrey, their illustrious owner, and his family; as it has formerly, 
 and yet does, to those noble Italians, and great persons beyond the Alps, 
 who have not been able to produce such a collection as you are furnish'd 
 with, but who are honor'd and celebrated for it all the world over, by 
 this virtuous and yet no very expenseful stratagem. 
 
 I was the rather incited to mention this here, because I understand 
 there are some learned persons now at Oxford, adorning a new impres- 
 sion of the Marmora §, in which such a work could not pass without due 
 ]f_ ^^_ 
 
 * See Diary, Sept. 19, 1667, vol. 1. p. 388. 
 
 f Galleria March. Giustiniana, 2 vol. Rom. 1631. 
 
 J Statuae Antiquae, Rom. 1 638, folio. 
 
 § Of the publications to which J. Evelyn excites the Duke of Norfolk, there were four separate 
 editions, bearing the following titles : 
 
 I. Marmora Arundeliana: sive Saxa Graecfe incisa ex venerandis priscae Orieritis Glorise Ruderi- 
 bus, auspiciis et impensis Herois Illustrissimi Thoraae Comitis Arundelliae et Surriae, Comitis IVIares- 
 calli Anglise, pridem vindicata et in ^dibus ejus Hortisque cognominibus, ad Thamesis Ripam, 
 
558 
 
 veneration, and would prove a considerable ornament to the deslgne j 
 and, indeed, because the argument of the discourse I am entertaining 
 your honour with (dedicated lately to the French king's onely brother) 
 does prompt me to it, as my very great obligations, to subscribe myselfe, 
 
 Illustrious Sir, 
 your most obedient, and most humble servant, 
 Says-Court, J. Evelyn. 
 
 June 24, 1668. 
 
 dikposita: publicavit et Comtneutariolos adjecit Joannes Seldenus, I.C. Lond. 1629, 4to; re-printed 
 by'H. Prideauxj with additions, folio, Oxford, 1676. 
 
 2. Marmorum Arwndellianorum, Seldenianorum, aliorumque, Academiee Oxoniensi donatorum : 
 cum variis Ck)mmentariis et Indice M. Maittaire. Lond. 1732, folio, with 19 plates on the letter- 
 press. 
 
 3. Marmora Oxoniensia : edidit R. Chandler. Folio, Oxon. 1763, 76 plates. 
 
 4. Marmorum Oxoniensium Inscriptiones Graecae ad Chandler! exempla edit«e, curanti Gul. 
 Roberts, A. M. Octavo, Oxon. 1791. 268 pages. 
 
559 
 
 TO THE READER. 
 
 I DID once think, and absolutely resolve, that I had for ever don 
 with the drudgery of translating of books (though I am still of the opi 
 nion, that it were a far better and more profitable work to be still dig 
 ging in that mine, than to multiply the number of ill ones by produc 
 tions of my own) ; but this small piece coming casually to my hands 
 and from an author whose knowledge of the most polite and useful art 
 has celebrated him abroad ; and upon a subject I had formerly bestowe 
 some reflections on; partly, in that "Parallel of Architecture " (whic 
 from the same hand, I not long since publish'd for the assistance an 
 encouragement of Builders), and partly in my " History of Sculpture ; 
 I did believe I might do some service, not only to Architects and Sculp 
 tors, but to our Painters also, by presenting them with this curious tree 
 tise, which does, I think, perfectly consummate that deslgne of mine, c 
 recommending to our countrey, and especially to the nobless, those thre 
 illustrious and magnificent arts, which are so dependent upon eac 
 other, that they can no more be separated than the very Graces them 
 selves, who are always represented to us holding hand in hand, and mu 
 tually regarding one another. 
 
 The Reader will find in this discourse (though somewhat verbost 
 according to the style of this overflowing nation) divers useful remarks 
 especially, where he treats of costume, which we have interpreted de 
 corum, as the nearest expression our language will bear to it; and 
 was glad our author had reprov'd it in so many instances ; because i 
 not only grows daily more licentious, but even ridiculous and intollera 
 ble. But it is hop'd this may universally be reform'd, when on 
 modern workmen shall consider, that neither the exactness of the! 
 designe, nor skilfulness in colouring, has been able to defend thei 
 greatest predecessors from just reproaches, who have been faulty i 
 this particular. I could exemplifie in many others whom our authc 
 has omitted; and there is none but takes notice what injury it ha 
 done the fame of some of our best reputed painters ; and how in 
 
560 
 
 decorous it is to introduce circumstances wholly improper to the usages 
 and genius of the places where our histories are suppos'd to have been 
 acted. This was not only the fault of BassSnO, \yho would be ever 
 bringing in his wife, children, and servants, his dog and his cat, and very 
 kitchin stuff, after the Padualn mode; but of the great Titian himselfe, 
 Giorgiorie, Tintoret, and the rest; as Paolo Veronese is observ'd also to 
 have done, in his story of Pharaoh's diaughter drawing Moses out of the 
 river, attended with a guard of Swisses. This puts me in mind of that 
 piece of Mabugius in his majesties gallery at Whitehall, which not only 
 represents our first parents with navils upon their bellya, but has plac'd 
 an artificial stone-fountain carv'd with imagerys in the midst of pai 
 radise*. Nor does that excellent and learned: painter Rubens, escape 
 without being perstring'd, not onely for making most of his figures of 
 the shapes of brawny Flemmings, but for other sphalmata and circum* 
 stances of the like nature; though in some he has acquitted himself 
 to admiration' in the diie observation of costume, particularly In his 
 crucifixes, &c. as I might largely exempllfie. Raphael Urbino was 
 doubtless one of 'the first who reform'd these inadvertencys ; but it was 
 more conspicuous In his latter, thari in his former piec?. 
 
 As for Michael Ang^lo, though I heartily consent with our critic in 
 reproving that almost idolatrous veneration of his works, who had cer- 
 tainly prodigiously abus'd the art, not only in the Table this discourse 
 arraigns him for, but several more which I have seen ; yet I conceive 
 he might have omitted some of those imbitterr'd reproaches he has 
 revll'd him with, who doubtless was one of the greatest masters of his 
 time; arid (howevfer he might succeed as to the decorum) was hardly 
 exceeded for what he perform'd In sculpture and the statuary art by 
 many even of the antlents theiliselves, arid happ'ly by none of the 
 moderns'; witness his Moses, Christo in gremio, and several other 
 figures at Rome ; to say nothing of his talent in architecture, and the 
 obligation the world has to his memory, for recovering many of its 
 
 * This painting is described in Vertue'^ Catalogue of King Charles's Colleetion as " a defaced 
 old picture at length, being Adam and E,ve,_ intire figures, being little less than the life, painted 
 upon a board, in an old defaced gilded frame." It is stated in a MS note to the copy 5n the Editor's 
 possession to be at-this time iii the Palace of St. James. 
 
561 
 
 piost useful ornaments and n^embers, put of the neglected fragments 
 which lay so long buried ; and for vindicating that antique and mag- 
 nificent manner of building, from the trifling of Goths and Barbarians. 
 
 The next usual reproach of painting, has been the want of judge- 
 ment in perspective, and bringing more into history then is justifiable 
 upon one aspect, without turning the eye to each figure in particular, 
 and multiplying the points of sight j which is an error into which, our 
 very author (for all the pains he has taken to magnifie that celebrated 
 decision of Paris) has fail'd in ; for the knowing in that art do easily 
 perceive, that even Kaphael himself has not so exactly ohserv'd it; 
 since instead of one (as Monsieur de Cambray takes it to be, and as 
 indeed it ought to have been), there are no less than four or five, as 
 Du Bosse has well consider'd in his late Treatise of the Converted 
 'Painter ; where by the way also, he judiciously numbers amongst the 
 faults against costume, those landskips, grotesques, figures, &c. which 
 we frequently find (abroad especially, for in our countrey we have few 
 or none of those graceful supplements of steeples) painted horizontally, 
 or vertically on the vaults and cielings of cupolas ; since we have no 
 examples for it from the antients, who allow'd no more than a frett to 
 the most magnificent and costly ones which they erected. 
 
 But would you know from whence this universal caution in most of 
 their works proceeded, and that the best of our modern painters and 
 architects have succeeded better than others of that profession: ; it must 
 be consider'd that they were learned men, good historians, and gene- 
 rally skill'd in the best antiquities. Such were Raphael, and doubtless 
 his scholar Julio ; and if Polydqre arriv'd not to the glory of letters, 
 he yet attain'd to a rare habit of the ancient Gusto, as may be inter- 
 preted from most of his designs and -paintings : Leon Baptist Alberti 
 was skill'd in all the politer parts of learning to a prodigy, and has 
 written divers curious things in the Latine tongue. We know that of 
 later times Rubens was a person universally studied, as may be seen in 
 several Latine epistles of his to the most famous scholars of his age : and 
 Nicholas Poussin, the Frenchman, who is so much celebrated, and so 
 deservedly, did, it seems, arrive to this culture by his indefatigable in- 
 dustry ; as the present famous statuary Bernini, now living, has done to 
 
 4 c 
 
562 
 
 so universal a mastery ; that not many years since, he is reported to have 
 built a theatre at Rome, for the adornment. whereof he not only cut the 
 figui'eSj and painted the scenes, but writ the play, and compos'd the 
 musick which was all in recitativo. And I am perswaded that all this 
 is not yet by farre so much as that miracle and ornament of our age 
 and countrey, Dr. Christopher Wren, were able to perform if he were 
 so dispos'd, and so encouraged ; because he is master of so many admir- 
 able advantages beyond them. 
 
 I alledge these examples partly to incite, and partly to shew the dig- 
 nity and vast comprehension of this rare art ; and that for a man to 
 arrive to its utmost perfection, he "should be almost as universal as the 
 orator in Cicero, and the architect in Vitruvius : but certainly some tinc- 
 ture in history, the optics, and anatomy, are absolutely requisite, and 
 more (in the opinion of our author) than to be a steady designer, and 
 skill'd in the tempering and applying of colours, which, anfongst most 
 of our modern workmen, go now for the onely accomplishments of a 
 painter. 
 
 I had once thoughts to have added the stamps and prints themselves, 
 which our author does so critically discourse upon ; but then considering 
 that as this piece is of most use to the virtuosi, and that such as are curi- 
 ous must needs already be furnish'd with them ; and that it had been 
 doubtless impossible to have procur'd originEils sufficient to adorn this 
 impression, and would have immensely exalted its price(I myself having 
 been ofFer'd twenty shillings but for one of them), I soon laid those in- 
 tentions aside : besides that our author has also publish'd his book with- 
 out them, and to have gotten them well copied, had been equally dif- 
 ficult. 
 
 J. Evelyn. 
 
THE 
 
 HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 THREE LATE FAMOUS IMPOSTORS; 
 
 PADRE OTTOMANO, MAHOMED BEI, AND SABATAI SEVI. 
 
 TU£ ONE, 
 
 PRETENDED SON AND HEIR TO THE LATE GRAND SIGNIOR; 
 
 THE OTHER, 
 
 A PRINCE OF THE OTTOMAN FAMILY, BUT, IN TRUTH, A VALACHIAN COUNTERFEIT; 
 
 AND THE LAST, 
 
 THE SUPPOSED MESSIAH OF THE JEWS, IN THE YEAR OF THE TRUE MESSIAH, 1666. 
 
 WITH 
 
 A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE GROUND AND OCCASION 
 
 O; THE 
 
 PRESENT WAR BETWEEN THE TURK AND THE VENETIAN. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH THE CAUSE OF THE FINAL EXTIRPATION, DESTRUCTION, AND BXILE OF 
 THE JEWS OUT OF THE EMPIRE OF PERSIA. 
 
 IN THE SAVOY: 
 
 PRINTED FOR HENRY HERRINGMAN, AT THE SIGN OF THE ANCHOR, 
 
 IN THE XOWER WALK OF THE NEW EXCHANGE. 
 
 1669. 
 
565 
 
 TO THE 
 
 Right Honourable HENRY LORD ARLINGTON, &c. 
 
 PRINCIPAL SECRETARY OF STATE. 
 
 My Lord, 
 These ensuing Discourses intitle their original to the noble industry 
 and affection to truth of an illustrious person, and to the great and 
 worthy ingenuity of a Persian stranger lately amongst us *, from whose 
 mouth I have received the two following first narrations, and from 
 whom I have been abundantly satisfied, that the particulars are of un- 
 doubted verity. For the third and last, which concerns the story of 
 that impudent Jew, it will need little apology; since it proceeds not 
 onely from an eye-witness, but from the hand of a person who has 
 already gratified the publique with the fruit of many rare and excellent 
 observations, and which becomes due to your Lordship upon a just 
 claim ; so as your Lordship having been so pleased with the first rela- 
 tion, cannot be less with the following, though I should never have 
 presum'd to be their deferent in this unpolish'd dress had I not received 
 some assurances of your pardon. 
 
 It will doubtless appear very strange, that impostures of this magni- 
 tude should so long abuse the world, were there no other interest in it 
 than the vanity of the persons who assume to themselves the titles: 
 whatever the reason of it be, here we have matter of fact ; and it was 
 more than time the world should at last be disabus'd which has been so 
 long impos'd on, and even labour'd under the common mistake, that 
 the cause of this obstinate war and quarrel 'twixt the Turk and the 
 Venetian was grounded onely upon the taking of Sultan Osmon and his 
 mother (pretended son and wife of Sultan Ibrahim} by the gallies of 
 Malta. This was, my Lord, the believed report at my being at Venice 
 the very year this action fortun'd ; and it has since gain'd credit, and 
 
 * Signer Pietro Cisij, See Diary, vol. I. p, 394. 
 
566 
 
 fill'd our ears, and all the histories of this age, as a thing unquestion- 
 able, but with what pretence of truth these papers will both inform 
 your Lordship, and give day to some other passages worthy the notice 
 of inquisitive men, and of a conjuncture so seasonable for it, while the 
 eyes and thoughts of all Europe are intent upon the success of Candia. 
 What concerns the Va:lachian vagrant will be a service both to his 
 Majesty and other Christian princes whom this bold Impostor has had 
 the front to abuse ; but, eripitur persona — the mask is now off; and 
 I have no more to add, than that pf being, 
 
 My Lord, 
 Your Honors most obedient, , 
 
 obliged, and humble servant, 
 
 J. E. 
 
567 
 
 TO THE READER. 
 
 The great Scaliger was wont commonly to say, omnis historia bona, 
 that all history was good ; meaning, that it was worthy of notice so it 
 were true and matter of fact, though the subject of it were never so 
 trivial. This, though but a pamphlet in bulke, is very considerable for 
 the matter it containes, and for that it endeavours to informe and dis- 
 abuse the world of a current error, which has mingled and spread it 
 selfe into divers grave relations that have been printed, and confidently 
 published many yeares without suspition. 
 
 How I came to be enlightened for these pieces, I have in part declared 
 in my dedicatory addresses ; and if I forbear to publish the name of 
 that intelligent stranger, and that other person, from whom I receiv'd 
 my informations, you are to know that it is not out of fear of being 
 detected of impostures, whil'st we declare against it, and which cannot 
 serve any interest of the relators, but because, being strangers, or itine- 
 rants, and one of them upon his return into his native country (which 
 may possibly engage them to passe by Malta, and other Levantine parts 
 obnoxious to these Discourses), it would appear but ingrateful in us to 
 expose them to an inconvenience. Let it suffice, to assure you, that 
 they are persons of no mean parts, ingenuity, and candor; well ac- 
 quainted with the Eastern countrevs and afiaires, and that have them- 
 selves been witnesses of most of these transactions. 
 
 It were to be wish'd that our Christian Monarchs had alwayes near 
 them some dextrous person of this gentlemans abilities, were it but to 
 discover such cheates, as frequently appearing under the disguise of dis- 
 tressed princes, merchants, &c. are, in truth, but spies and bold impos- 
 tors, and whom otherwise 'tis almost impossible to detect, not to sug- 
 gest the many other good offices, as to the Eastern commerce and 
 affaires, they might be useful in : but this is more than I have commis- 
 sion to say, from those who have no other design in what they relate 
 than their affection to truth. It is not yet a full year since there went a 
 crafty varlet about the countrey, who pretended himself to be the brother 
 
568 
 
 of the famous Peter Serini (whose brave and heroick actions had so 
 celebrated him against the Turkes), and related a story by his feign'd 
 interpreter, how he fortun'd to be cast on shore on the West of Eng- 
 land, as he was conducting supplies from abroad. This he perform'd 
 with a confidence and success so happily, as caus'd him to be receiv'd, 
 presented, and assisted (like another Mahomed Bei) by divers persons 
 of quality, and some of them my nearest acquaintance, in his pretended 
 journey to court ; but being at last discover'd in a tipling house on the 
 rode, where, un-mindful of his part and character, he call'd for a pot of 
 ale in too good English, and a more natural tone than became so great 
 a stranger, and the person he put on, we heard no more of the game- 
 ster. I wish our Fin-land spirit, who is of late dropt out of the clouds 
 amongst us, prove not one of his disciples, for the age is very fertile, 
 and I am told that our Mahomed having receiv'd his Adjuda de Costo 
 from the bounty and charity of a great person of more easie belief, is 
 slipt aside for fear of the porters-lodge ; and yet 'tis possible you may 
 hear more of him before his ramble be quite at a period. 
 
 You have at the end of the last Impostor an account of the Jews exile 
 out of that vast empire of Persia, happening but the other day ; which, 
 together with the miscarriage of their late Messiah (the twenty-fifth 
 pretender of it, as I am crfedibly inform'd it stands in their own records), 
 it might, one would think, at last open the eyes, and turne the hearts of 
 that obstinate and miserable people : but whil'st the time is not yet 
 accomplish'd, I could wish bur modern enthusiasts, and other prodigious 
 sects amongst us, who dreame of the like carnal expectations, and a 
 temporal monarchy, might seriously weigh how dearly their characters 
 approach the style and design of these deluded wretches, least they fall 
 into the same condemnation, and the snare of the devil. 
 
569 
 
 THE HISTORY OF PADRE OTTOMANO, 
 
 THE FIRST IMPOSTOR *. 
 
 Sultan Ibrahim began his reign In the year 1049, according to the 
 Turkish Hegira pr period, which was of our style anno 1640. He was 
 about nine years Emperorj and had born to him (after the first three 
 years) a son nam'd Mahomed, who Is the present Grand Signlor now 
 swaying the Ottoman scepter : the HasakI or Great Sultana, his mother 
 ("for by that adjunct of Great she is distinguished from the rest of that 
 high title), being extreamly weak after her delivery, necessitated them 
 to seek out and provide a fitting nurse for the new-born Infant. But, 
 before we can proceed In the event of that, some other circumstances 
 require the readers attention. 
 
 It fortun'd that from the year 1640 to 1644 there llv'd In Constanti- 
 nople one Giovanni Jacobo Cesli, native pf Persia, but descended from a 
 noble family In Rome, who, being by profession a merchant, did use to 
 traflBque not onely In this port, but held commerce likewise In divers 
 other places of the Levant ; so as being a man of more than .ordinary 
 note, he came at last to be particularly favour'd by the Grand Signlors 
 chief eunuch, whose name was Jumbel Aga, otherwise called Kuslir 
 AgasI, a great minion of Sultan Murad, who deceasing a while after, 
 his following successor confirm'd to him his former charge, which was ta 
 take care of the ladles, who were kept In the seraglio, and superintended 
 the women (for so the name Imports), nor Is the dignity of less esteem 
 than that of the vizier himself, within the precincts of the seraglio; 
 since it intitules him to the same access to the emperor his lord and 
 master, whom he serves as pimp of honour, if there be any true honour 
 in so vile an employment. 
 
 * 13 Feb. 1669. I presented his Majesty with my " Historie of the Foure (Three) Impusters j'- 
 he told me of other like cheates. I gave my bboke to Lord Arlington, to whom I dedicated it. — ' 
 It was now that he began to tempt me about writing " The Dutch War." , " Diaiy," vql. I. p. 397. 
 This narrative is reprinted almost verbatim in Knolles's History of the Turks, edited by Sir P. 
 Rycaut^ folio, vol. II. p. 55. 
 
 4 D 
 
570 
 
 This Kuslir Aga, eunuch as he was, would for all this be thought a 
 lover of women, because it is the style of the countrey, and a mark of 
 good breeding and courtly grandeur. 
 
 It was upon this occasion that he one day sent for Jacobo Cesii, and 
 desir'd that he would search out and purchase for him the most elegant 
 and handsome wench he could possibly light upon amongst such slaves 
 as are daily expos'd to sale in the Turkish donj'inions. The merchant 
 was not long; ere he happen'd upon a very beautiful creaturE, of a. mo- 
 dest countenance, and> as near as could be guess'd;, a virgin. He bought 
 her, and brought her to the Aga, who being extreamly taken with her 
 shape and mien, pay'd hini for her 450 dollars, which was the price she 
 was valued at. But this pretty girle had, for all .her simpering and 
 innocent demieanour, been corrupted, it seems, before she came to the 
 eunuch; and after some time that she had been with him (for he kept 
 her in a house bf his own, ahd not in the seraglio) was suspected to 
 be vsath child. Her lord was wonderfully importunate to sift out. who 
 it was that tnight be the father of the offspring; but she wouldf by'no 
 means be induc'd to discover it, which so incensed him, that the Aga 
 forthwith causes her to be turn'd out of doores ; and thus: for some time 
 she remained in disgrace, though in the house of his major domo, tq 
 whom he had given her to be disposed of, till she was at last brought to 
 bed of a goodly boy. n. . ~;,' 
 
 Some time after the child was born, the Aga, whether mov'd with 
 compassion or curiosity, we need not enquire, begins, to discpver a most 
 passionate desire to sfee the little bastard, which was no sooner brought 
 to him, but, being exceedingly pleas'd with the babe, he immediately 
 orders it a rich vest, and' other fine things to wear, though it was then 
 not above eight or nine moneths old; commanding that it, should still 
 be kept in his stewards house, where it was born. 
 
 It fortun'd, that not long after was the birth of the present Turkish 
 emperor; and the Great Sultana (as we said) being indisposed, the 
 grand Aga was sent for to provide a nurse for the young prince,; that 
 care belonging likewise particularly to his charge : immediately tjhe Aga 
 reflects upon his disgrac'd slave, whom he speedily sent for to him, and 
 brought to court (together with her pretty by-blow, the present Padre 
 
571 
 
 Ottomano)i recommending her for a nurse to the =royal infant ; upon 
 which account she stay'd near two whole years in the seraglio. Sultan 
 Ibrahim (father of the yoiing prince) during this time grew so taken 
 with. the nurses boy, as being much a lovelier child than his own, that 
 he became infinitely foiider of him, which so inraged and displeas'd the 
 Great Sultana'i who being now no longier able to dissemble her resent' 
 rnent,; grew in Wroth with Ibrahim, and gave a second and more 
 cruel exilement to the unfortunate nurse and her darling child, whom 
 she banish'd out of the seraglio, and could never after abide the Aga 
 that introduc'd them. 
 
 This violent action of the Sultana madej you may imagine, a foul 
 house in the court, and it grew at last to that height that the Emperour 
 (who took it greatly to heart, his pretty favourite should be thus thrown 
 out of the seraglio)j running one day to the Sultana, he snatches his son 
 out of her arms, and threw him into a piscina, oriarge fountain, which 
 was near them, where he had like to have been drown'd. This pas- 
 sionate and unnatural action of Ibrahim inrag'd the Sultana now more 
 then ever against the Aga, so as she sought all occasions possible to 
 put him to death, as imputing the ill-nature of her lord the emperor to 
 some wicked impressions of his favorite ; - but chiefly, for his bringing 
 the fair slave and her bastard into the sieraglio. 
 
 The continual hatred and machinations of the G. Sultana caused the 
 Aga to consult his safety; and besides, he was not a little apprehensive 
 of the capricious a:nd unconstant humour of Ibrahim, who .being of a 
 weak complexion and understanding, he feared might in time be wrought 
 upon by the Sultana to destroy him; and therefore makes suit to the 
 Emperour that he would permit him to go on pilgrimage to Mech a, since 
 absence might possibly mitigate her fury ; And for that he was now 
 grown aged, and less. capable of doing him service in his charge, which 
 he desired he would give him leave to resign. 
 
 But Ibrahim, finding him by long experience to be a discreet person, 
 and one that had faithfully served the EmperOul" his brother, would by 
 no means hearken to his request, or permit him to go from him ; since, 
 as the constitution of the seraglio stands, that had been for ever to have 
 depriv'd him of a servant whom he so deaHy loved. For you are to 
 
572 
 
 understand, that whoever obtains leave to go that holy pilgrimage is 
 ipso facto made free: no eunuch belonging to the seraglio (being slaves 
 of honour to the Grand Signior) can obtain his liberty but by the 
 Emperours especial grace ; which also entitles him to a certain annual 
 pension, arising from the revenue of Grand CairOj set apart for suqh 
 rewards. And for this reason it was, that Ibrahim was very unwilling 
 to part with his eunuch : however, being vanquish'd at last with his 
 continual importunity, and for that it was upon condition, that notwith- 
 standing the custome and style of the seraglio in such cases, he should 
 go but as his slave, and, having perform'd his devotion, return to him 
 again, and to the office which he would have resign'd ; he grants him 
 his request. Upon this stipulation he dismisses his favourite, and the 
 eunuch prepares for his journey in the caravan of Alexandria, the Grand 
 Signior having at that time never a man of war in the port. 
 
 The whole fleet consisted of but eight vessels, whereof Giafer com- 
 manded the first ; Mahumedj the second ; Arab Ogli, the third, (this 
 Arab Ogli was partner with the above-named Gio. Jacobo Cesii) ; Cura 
 Mahumed commanded the fourth; Memi, the fifth; Bodur, the sixth; 
 Nicola, a Christian, the seventh ; and Jani, another Christian captain, 
 the eighth, who brought up the rear. These being ready to set saile, 
 the Aga embarkes with his family^ and whole equipage (amongst 
 which was his beautiful slave and her little son), in the first ship, 
 whereof, as we said, Giafer wasrcommander. And now directing their 
 course towards Alexandria, they, touch'd a while at Scio (an island in 
 the Archipelago), where lingering some little time, they. happen'd to 
 meet with a certain Dominican fryar (well beloved of the chief of the 
 country), whom, for a former prevarication with them In matter of reli- 
 gion, they would needs have constrained to abjure his faith, and become 
 a Turke ; which the religious man refusing to do, the cruel eunuch 
 caus'd him to be immediately burnt alive. This was in the year 1644. 
 
 Loosing from Scio, they were surpriz'd with a dismal tempest, which 
 caus'd them to put in at Rhodes^ where they were likewise forc'd to 
 continue for some days ere they durst adventure out ; but at last pur- 
 suing their intended voyage from thence (being now about 15 leagues 
 distant from Rhodes), they discover six gallies. It fortun'd to be a 
 
great calme, and yet they were hardly within ken, so as to distinguish 
 what they were; yet supposing they might be the gallies of Bailo 
 (who are certain Turkish guardians of the Archipelago) that were 
 making towards them, they seem'd not to be so much concern'd ; but 
 when a little after they came to find their mistake, and that they be- 
 longed to Malta, they were strangely surpriz'd, and in great confusion 
 what to resolve on, for divers vessels of their company were so dis- 
 pers'd, by reason of the calme, that they could not possibly joyn them 
 for want of wind. This happen'd upon the tenth of May, in the year 
 1644. 
 
 Well,, for all this, the Aga resumes courage, prepares for the conflict, 
 and, upon their approach, begins bravely to defend himself. The fight 
 continues for some time very fiercely on either part, and not without 
 mutual loss, till by an unlucky broad-side from one of the Malta -rgallies 
 the eunuch receives a cannonade on his breast, which dash'd him into 
 the sea; and at that same instant fallen dead the fair Sciabas (for so was 
 that female slave nam'd, a Russe by nation, and mother of our Padre 
 Ottomano), without any mark or wound, or so much as the least bruise 
 to be found, which made divers believe she dy'd of very fright and ap- 
 prehension ; and with these perish'd likewise divers others in that vessel, 
 upon which the rest immediately struck saile, and submitted tq mercy. 
 
 The Maltezes now boarding their prizes,, and seeing so many women, 
 eunuchs, and other passengers (for, as we recounted, one of these ves- 
 sels was wholly taken up by the Aga and his domestlcks), asked, what 
 pretty child that was ? The distracted peoplcj partly out of terror, 
 and haply, uponliope of better quarter, tell them, that he was the son 
 of Sultan Ibrahim, going to Mecca to be circumcis'd. Greatly pleas'd 
 with their success, they set saile immediately for Malta, where the 
 hopes of their fancied prize had so far exalted them, that they soon 
 noys'd it over all Christenddme, that they had taken the Grand Signiprs 
 son, and the Sultana his mother, with many like stories that pass'd 
 about the world for current, and it gain'd credit, and was indeed gene- 
 rally bellev'd by themselves : nay, the whole CoUedge and Religious of 
 Malta were so elated and possessed with the conceit of it, that they 
 began seriously to consult of proposing an exchange for Rhodes, which 
 
574 
 
 had been their antient seat, and which they almbst made themselves as 
 good' as sure of. 
 
 The Great Master and the Grand Croci were absolutely of this (Opi- 
 nion, and did thereupon write letters to Constantinople, to Smyrna, and 
 to several other places and correspondences, to certifie where they might 
 find their young prince, and his mother, provided they would come up 
 to their conditions. For though she were dead in the coin bate, yet it 
 seems they had either drest up a property to personate her amongst the 
 she-slaves that were taken, or willing to have it belicA^ed so, and both 
 her own and the portrait of her young son were painted to the life, ahd 
 familiarly ^old in Italy and France, for, the better confirmation of this 
 bellefe ; but after long expectations, receiving ilo answer to their satis- 
 faction, they begin to be in some doubt, and could not well divine what 
 to make of it, and whether they were not all this while deluded of their 
 boast, and entertain'd in suspense to abuse them ; for so it appears they 
 were to the very year 1649. But how far this contributed to the quar- 
 rel with the Venetians, whom they unexpectedly surpriz!d soon afterj 
 will be made appear by the sequel. 
 
 It was in this year that the person who gives us this information 
 returning from Rome, where he hiad finish'd his studies in the Colledge 
 de propagandu Fide, into his native country of Persia, happeii'd in his 
 journey to arrive at Malta, where making some stay, he came to be 
 known to divers of the Order, and principal persons there; as, namely, 
 to the Treasurer, several of the Grand Croci, to the Great Master him- 
 self, the Commahdator, the General of the gallies, and most of the no- 
 bility. The Grand Master was then Joharnles Lascaris, the Grand 
 Commandatori Monsieur de la Helle, the General, Monsieur de Beau- 
 champ, &c. to omit the rest. These enter into a solemn consultation, 
 what was to be done to sift out the truth and value of their prize ; that 
 is, to know whether the child were indeed Sultan Ibrahims son or not; 
 and finding this person, as they conceiv'dj a fit instrument for their pur- 
 pose, being well experienc'd in the Turkish language', and the cus- 
 tomes of their country, and for some other relations of his at the Porte, 
 and one who had given them good marks of his capacity and faithfulness, 
 they resolve to dispatch him forthwith to Constantinople, accompanyed 
 
575 
 
 onely with three or four Turkish slaves, who had redeem'd themselves, 
 and with instructions to their Envoye how the design was tq* -be managed! 
 Signior Pietrq (for so we will now call him) sailes from Malta; arrives 
 at, Constantinople j makes friends in the Seraglio ; enquires with all the 
 sedulity imaginable, whether any child of the Grand Signiors were 
 missing : and whether it were true, that the Hasaki, or Great Sultana, 
 had some years since been lost, or takpn by the Malteze in her pilgrim- 
 age towards Mecha, &c. But after all the diligence he could possibly 
 make, he could never discover any likelihood, or so much as shadow of 
 it. In sum, he finds there, was not a syllable of it true; and that the 
 Religion * of Malta had all the while but abused themselves in their cre- 
 dulity, apd all Christendom in the report of it. Pietro writes back to 
 the Beligion, and assures them by many indubitable evidences, nay 
 oathes and aflBdavits, which he had procur'd, and several other effects 
 of his diligence, that it was all imposture, and that they ought to give 
 credit to the romance no longer, or hope for the least advantage by it. 
 This was in the year 1650 ; for. so long, and somewhat longer it was, 
 ere they would, be dis-abus'd. And now at last they begin to defide 
 themselves, and by little and little to let their boasting dye, andto neg- 
 lect any farther ceremony to their pretended royal captive; in short,; 
 they now grew very cold, hardly made anymore account of him; yet 
 so, that having for a long time abus'd the world, as asham'd at their 
 credulity, and to prevent repyoach^ they continually endeavour'd to have 
 it still thought true ; and therefore gave the boy the title of Ottomano, 
 which he weares to this day, non per dignita (sayes our ingenious in- 
 former) ma per la vanita. 
 
 This is the true and real history of the so much talk'd-of Padre Ot- 
 tomano, and consequently of that groundless and vulgar opinion which 
 has been spread so long about, that this accident alone was the onely 
 source. and cause -of the Grand Signiors quarrel with the Venetians, but 
 of -which there is so little appearance; the interest of that republick 
 being so different from that of the Malteze, who are sworn never to be 
 at peace with those miscreants; whil!st the Venetians^ on the contrary, 
 were in a profound and un -interrupted league with them. 
 
 ' * Viz. of the Knights of Malta. 
 
576 
 
 It is indeed commonly pretended, that, contrary to a stipulation with 
 the Grand Signior, the Venetians had protected the Knights of Malta, 
 after this exploit of surprizing the Sultana and her son, going with an 
 infinite treasure to Mechq, ; but the truth is, finding no occasion to com- 
 mence the war upon this suggestion, they give out another, and which 
 is believed was the more real ground of it. 
 
 In the reign of Sultan Amurat, there were destroy'd and burnt by the 
 Venetians no less than five and twenty Fusti Harbaresche, or Barbarv 
 gallies, who were rovers and pyrates upon those seas, and greatly infested 
 the commerce ; these they attaqu'd in the Port of Avelona, demolishing 
 withal their castle. Complaint hereof being made to Morat (or Amurat), 
 he was provok'd to declare war against them as the first aggressors ; 
 though in truth this had been no violation of any article between them. 
 However, upon their earnest instigation, Amurat seems highly to resent 
 the afii'ont, as done against his allies. Hereupon the Venetians offer 
 to give ihevaivfo galeasses in satisfaction, and to pay for all the losse 
 which they had sustain'd. But in this interim the Grand Signior in- 
 gag'd in the war at Babylon, dyes soon after his return, and leaves the 
 quarrel to his brother Ibrahim ; who, insensed also somewhat more for 
 the vessels that were destroy'd, upon the neck as it were of this, by the 
 Malteze, when Padre Ottomano was taken by them, and his favorite 
 Aga slain (his design, which was first against the Malteze failing), 
 without the least pretence of reiiewing his predecessors quarrel with the 
 Venetians, or declaring any formal war, with a fleet of near 500 saile, 
 he lands an army of threescore thousand men near the city Canea, and 
 in little time became master of that, and of the whole kingdome be- 
 side ; Candia the metropolis. Spina Longa, Carbusa, Suda, and some 
 very few posts more excepted, and leaves the pursuit of this war to his 
 son Mahomed, who has continued it to this present day. By what ac- 
 cident the Malteze contributed to the fatal rousing of this immane lyon 
 we have seen, but without the least appearance of intituling it to the 
 merit of this supposititious child and his mother, upon which yet it is 
 so vulgarly and so weakly founded. 
 
 But what may farther elucidate the utter impossibility of Padre Otto- 
 mano's title, as heir to that family, 'tis notoriously, known, that the last 
 
5ff 
 
 Eimperor of the Turks (father to the Sultan now reigning) never had 
 but three sons ; that the present Grand Sigriior was always the eldest ; 
 and that the other two (by an extraordinary eflFect of their brothers 
 good-nature, or address of the present Valadir or dowager) are still 
 Ijving in the seraglio, out of whose precincts they are never allow'd to 
 stir abroad, but in company of the Grand Signior, and under the strict- 
 est guard. Next, that no prince of the Ottoman blood, or the Sultana 
 herself, does ever travel to any place whatsoever out of the palace, but 
 when the Emperor goes himself in person. ■ This being so, hpw proba- 
 ble and likely it is he should hazard the Great Sultana, and the heir of 
 the crown in a weak and ordinary caravan, with, so small aq equipagp, 
 arid so little concernment for their losse as never so much as totreate 
 about their release, &g. let any Tatiohal man determine upon mature con- 
 sideration, and. prospect of the circumstances. 
 
 Besides, as our intelligence airgues, and assures us, those of Malta are 
 so insatiably covetous, that if they could sell even the very Malteze 
 themselves, they would not stick jto make money of them ; and that it is 
 familiar with these holy CorSaires to spoil all the Oriental Christians 
 without distinction^ who come in their way; neither regarding their 
 faith nor their iprofession : so as when ever they surprize any miserable 
 slaves, who for the dread of torment have been forc'd to turne renega- 
 does, but would now most chearfuUy revert to their faith again ; the 
 Malteze will not hearken to them, but sell them a second time to the 
 Turkes, to satisfie their prodigious avarice. How much more then (as 
 our informer concluded) had it been to their advantage, to have sold this 
 pretended royal boy, being a natural Turke, than to have sufier'd him 
 to become a Christian ? But they reserv'd him upon future hopes, and 
 when they perceiv'd that fail them, to rid their hands of the expense of 
 the mock-state, they had so long been at, and yet tq preserve their re- 
 putation, make out their boast, and credit their religion ; they find, a 
 pretence of sending him to be bred in Italy, and now suffer him to be 
 made a Dominican Fryar forsooth, under the pompous title of " Padre 
 Ottoiriano." 
 
 4 E 
 
578 
 THE STORY OF MAHOMED BEI, 
 
 WHO CALLS HIMSELF, 
 
 JOHANNES MICHAEL CIGALA ; 
 
 BEING AT THE WRITING HEREOF IN THE COURT OF ENGLAND, WHERE THIS SECOWD 
 IMPOSTOR WAS FIRST DETECTED. 
 
 The better to acquaint our reader with the successful impudence of 
 this famous impostor, he is to understand, that this rodomontade has 
 lately publish'd a book, at his being not long since in France, to which 
 he has procur'd the French Kings licence, with all the formalities of it, 
 which he intitles, " The History of Mahomet Bei, or John Michel de 
 Cigala, Prince of the Imperial Blood of the Ottomans ;" to which he 
 annexes other his dignities, Bassa and Soveraign Plenipotentiary of 
 Jerusalem, and of the kingdome of Cyprus, Trebizond, &c. Dedicated 
 to the French King, with a front of Steele*. 
 
 In this treatise, or rather romance of his knight-errantry, he sums 
 up the antiquity of the family of Cigala, which he extracts out of seve- 
 ral grave and sober authors ; intituling it to most of the royal houses 
 and crown'd-heads of Europe ; making himself at last to be descended 
 from Scipio, son of the famous Vicount de Cigala, who was taken pri-- 
 soner by the Turkes, anno 1561, after that signal battel and victory of 
 the great Andrea d'Oria. This Scipio being now a captive with his 
 father, and perswaded to renounce the faith, was, as he pretends, ad- 
 vanc'd to the dignity and charge of Grand Visier, by Solyman tlie 
 Magnificent, under the new name of Sinan Bassa ; after that honour, 
 he was made prime Aga, or Generalissimo of the Janizaries ; then 
 Seraschieror General of the whole army ; sometimes higher, and some- 
 times lower ; and at last again First Vizier, and Second Bassa of the 
 Porte, and had, above all this, preferred to him in marriage several great 
 ladies, whom he narnes, and among the rest, Canou Salie Sultana, 
 
 * Originally printed in 12mo, in 1 668, viz. " Histoire de Mahomet Bei auiourd'huy nomin^ lean 
 Michel de Cigala, Prince du Sang Imperial des Ottomans." See Mor6ri, Dictionnaire Historique j 
 also, Les Impostures Insignes, par 1. B. de Roeoles, 12mo, Amst. 1683, and published in English 
 in 1686, octavo. 
 
579 
 
 daughter of Sultan Achmetj sister of Osman, and Sultan Amurad (wha 
 took Babylon), and of Ibrahim, father to the Emperour now reigning. 
 
 From this illustrious mother our Bei deriving himself, he goes on to 
 relate the story of his princely education under the Mufti, and of the 
 strange and prodigious accidents that advanc'd him first to Tephlici or 
 Vice-roy of the Holy-land, where we have the miraculous dream, and 
 vision, and the assistance of the good hermite, and his own Christian 
 physitian, by which he became converted to the faith, and diverted from 
 his sacrilegious purpose of plundering thechappel of the Holy Sepulchre 
 in Jerusalem of the silver lamps, and other sacred treasure, which h^ 
 reports to be there in great abundance ; but that still dissembling his 
 profession, he got to be advanc'd to the government of Cyprus, &c. 
 Hene he acquaints the reader how he came to be made absolute com- 
 mander of all the forces design'd against Candy; and that being of the 
 first who entred that city, he privately heard, and assisted at mass, de^ 
 liver'd many Christian slaves, &c. Hence, after two years gallantry, 
 and notorious exploits (which no man ever heard of but himself) the 
 succeeding Emperor constituted him Soveraign of Babylon, Caramania, 
 Magnesia, and divers other ample territories. In his journey about 
 these governments another miracle confirms him at Iconium, by the 
 wonderful luster of an inclosed Host, in which a splendid child appear'd 
 through the chest or cabinet of a certain Christian woman that had 
 procur'd and lock'd up a consecrated wafer, for fear of her jealous and 
 unbelieving husband ; to this adding the phenomenon of no less than 
 nine ex^traordinary and refulgent stars, which appear'd for divers nights 
 over a place where certain Christians had lately been martyr'd. Coming 
 back from Iconium to Candy a second time, he communicates his reso-. 
 lution of openly declaring his conversion, and consequently of quitting 
 his high employments : but the poor Jesuit (his ghostly father) unhap-* 
 pily dies before it could be accomplished, and so, as fate would have it, 
 does that other intimate confident of his designs, Lazaro Moccenigo, 
 the Venetian General. Upon this disaster our illustrious Bei conveys 
 himself again to Constantinople, where hie is made Vice-roy of Trabi- 
 sond, and Generalissimo of the Black Sea, in order to his purpos'd 
 retreat.^ Upon the confines of this it was, that he trusts a vast treasure 
 
580 
 
 ©f jewels, &c. to a great person whom he had redeemed out of slkvery 
 from the Tartars, and dispatch'd before him into Moldavia, which was 
 the rendezvous, agreed upon, and where he had appointed to meet him 
 upon the first opportunity of totally renouncing the Grand Signiors ser- 
 vice, to declare himself the Christian, which he had hitherto but dis- 
 guised. Chamonsi (Tor so was this confidents name), in stead of receiv- 
 ing his friend and benefactor, at the place design'd, plotted with the 
 Governour of Moldavia to have perfidiously surpriz'd and slain him; 
 but our Don Herchio Bei^ after wondrous proofs of his valour, and 
 giving death to almost all that oppos'd him, escapes their hands, though 
 extreamly wounded : in this plight, he meets with a poor shepherd, 
 with whom he changes his princely robes for the shepherds gray coat, 
 and travels on his ten-toes a tedious and unknown way for many days 
 together. In this unfortunate encounter it was that he lost his faithful 
 counsellour, another Jesuite, and all his glorious retinue^ who were 
 evei'y one of them kill'd upon the spot, save one poor honest Jew, and 
 in this lamentable condition came our devout prince on foot, and in the 
 snow to the Cossaque army, then in hostility against the Muscovite, 
 amongst whom he found three souldiers that he had formerly freed froni 
 Turkish captivity. These were the first who made his quality known 
 to their chief, by whom he was civilly treated, arid perswaded to honour 
 Muscovy with his intended baptism : but our prince designing from the 
 beginning to make his solemn profession at Rome, and receive that 
 sacrament from his Holiness's own hands, the captain beirig, it seems, 
 a schismatick, and of another church, neglects and des^pises him, whom 
 he had hitherto so generously treated. Upon this the Prince steals se- 
 cretly away from the Cossaques, and by the assistance of another vir- 
 tuous Jew (who likewise knew him) he at last got safe into Poland 
 where the then Queen, Lovize de Gonzagues, hearing the report of his 
 approach, and illustrious quality, receives him (as himself relates it) 
 with infinite respect; ^nd, in fine, prevails with him to honotir the 
 cathedral of Warsovia with his baptism, which is perform'd by the 
 Archbishop of the place, the Queen her self standing at the font, and 
 giving the name of John, to our cousen gerikian of the Ottoman Empe- 
 rour. Here we have a relation of the extraordinary pomp of that cere- 
 
581 
 
 laome, as well as of that of his confirmation, which dignified him with 
 another name. 
 
 Taking now leave of Warsovia, he travels towards Lauretto in pilgf i- 
 mage to our Lady; fronfv thence he goes to Rome; at first incognito, 
 making himself known onely to his sanctity, with a brief recajiitulatlon 
 ofiiis adventures. This was to Alexander the Vllth, whose benediction 
 receiv'd, he returns into Poland again to visit and pay his duty to his 
 royal god-mother. In this joutney he was.know^n to divers great per- 
 sons travelling through Germany, especially to the famous N. Serini *, 
 and this being at a time when the Eniperour was at difference with the 
 Tiirk, our^Jaero could not but shew some marks of his courage, and 
 affection to the cause he had espoused, which he now signalizes; in not 
 onely ofiering himself a voluntier, but by fighting hand to hand with 
 the Turkish General himself, whom he kill'd upon the spot before both 
 the armies, performing other stupendous lexploits, which would have 
 seem'd incredible had not himself related it. 
 
 For this, and other his egregious services, his Imperial Majestie after 
 fi thousand caresses and presents of infitiite value, creates him Captain 
 Gaardian of his artillery^, and 'tis a wonder how he escap'd the golden 
 fleece. But nothing of all this would prevail with him to stay, longer 
 at Vienna. For the peace being now conclujded, he returns incognito 
 to Lauretto again, thence makes an excursion into Sicily to visit some 
 alliances and great kindred, which he had living there. Excessive are 
 the complements and presents that he received from the great princes 
 of Germany and Italy in this progress. Arriv'd in SicUy, Don Pedro 
 d'Arragon receives and treats him iii his palace, and the whole city of 
 Messina meet and attend him, acknowledging him of the illustriouis 
 house of the Cigala's, fr6m which that Country had, it seems, received 
 many great benefits. From Sicily he passes through Calabria towards 
 Rome again, visiting divers of his friends and kindred in the way, and 
 arriving at Naples has. done him the same honors of. the Vice-roy and 
 nobility there, and so by sea inabaJrks for Rorne, into which he now 
 makes his publike entry, and obtain'd audience accordingly of Clement 
 
 * See Mor^ri, Diet Hlstorique, torn. IX. p. 364, 
 
682 
 
 the IX*"", before whom, in a bravado, he draws and flourishes his dres 
 ful cimeter, in token of his defiance of the enemies of the Church- H« 
 it is you have him received, and presented by the Pope, the nephew, t 
 Cardinals, Ambassadors, and in summe by all the nobility of this m 
 tress of the world ; till resolving to bless France with his present 
 touching a little at Venice and Turino, he at last arrives at Paris, wK« 
 he was received . of that great monarch, who no sooner hears of 1 
 arrival, but he forthwith commands the Duke of St. Agnan, with coacl 
 and an equipage suitable to this princely guest, to introduce thisgloric 
 Stranger*. The King receives him according ^' to his higb qualify, 
 nearly related to his antient allie the Tut'k ; and so does Monsieur t 
 Dauphin, his Vitesse-royal, and all the grandees of that Court, not f( 
 getting the Grand Prior, and to be sure, the Knights of Malta, &c. 
 palace being assign'd him, and at last a present made him, no less th 
 two chains of gold (they should have been doubtless something els 
 with the King and Queens effigies medalized, at his taking leave 
 that kingdom. 
 
 Thus far goes the printed relation of our Errant, I had almost sa 
 recreant Knight, with the elogies Latine and French, which prepj 
 the reader for the wonders and adventures of his JL*}fe. 
 
 But now, if upori examination of all this geer and enormous rha 
 sody, we take the boldness to deplume our gallant of his, mutuatitic 
 and borrow'd feathers ; and that our Ottoman Prince, who has brav'd 
 so long, and so successfully Amongst the birds of feather, shall prove 
 last but a jack-daw. 
 
 Spectatum admissi risum teneatisj amici ? 
 
 This Impudent vagabond then, and pretended Mahomed Bei, that 1 
 indeed abused the French King, and believ'd he should have done t 
 same to his Majestic of England, Is in fine a native of Walachia, be 
 of Christian parents in the city of Trdgovisti. They were formerly v< 
 opulent and'well to pass, and his father In good esteem with the Prir 
 Matthias Vaivoda of Moldavia. His father dying, our pretended Cigi 
 was taken into the service of the Prince, as his father had been befi 
 him, and sent in the retinue of his resident to Constantinople ab( 
 twenty years since 5 after some time spent there, he returns into] 
 
583 
 
 teountrey, where he grew intimately acquainted with a married priest 
 (as in that place they are permitted to be), and made love to his wife ; 
 but the woman, the better to colour and conceal the familiarity and 
 courtship that was between them, makes her husband believe he had 
 a kindness for her daughter, and in so honourable and decent a way, 
 that the simple man believes her, and entertaining him more like a 
 domestique now than a lover, suffers him even to govern his little 
 family. But it seems our rampant Amoroso could not so govern him- 
 self, but the priest began to suspect and discover his villany'; for either 
 he did, or would have lain with both mother and daughter. 
 
 Upon this he is complained of to the Vaivoda, who sought all means 
 possible to have apprehended and executed him according to their law ; 
 and that not only for this his inhospitable crime, but for sundry other 
 most notorious delicts and misdemeanors, of which he had been for- 
 merly convicted. But it seems, having timely notice of it, he gets 
 away again, to Constantinople, where he remained till the decease of 
 Prince Matthias, after which he came back impudently into Walachia 
 again, thinking all had been now forgotten, and that by some address 
 or other he might procure to be receiv'd amongst the great men of his 
 countrey ; but when upon some attempts that he made, he perceived 
 they had discovered who he was, and would have laid hold on him, 
 and chastiz'd him for his former insolencies ; to Constantinople he 
 retires a third time, where, despairing after awhile of his designs at 
 home, he makes himself Turk, and turns perfect renegado. 
 
 Since these exploits he has rang'd from place to place about Chris- 
 tendom, and in countries where he was wholly unknown, with that 
 specious story, or rather monstrous imposture, of his being so nearly 
 related to the present Grand Signior, and the dignities' and charges he 
 has quitted for the love of Christ ; by which he has roam'd about the 
 world, been caress'd and really presented by divers great persons, and 
 especially by the French king, &c. With this confidence and expecta- 
 tion he came lately into England, had the fore-head to present him- 
 self and the legend of his life to his Majestie; frequented the court 
 in his Ottoman garb and Eastern mode, 'till a person of great quality, 
 who bad seen him the last year at Vienna in Austria (where he durst 
 
584 
 
 Fetend to nothing of all this), defeated the iniposture, and a Persian 
 entleman, lately a stranger, and by meer accident here at that time, 
 )nfirms this relation of him, from whose mouth ive receiVd it, to- 
 ether with this account of the illustrious family of the Cicala,' which, 
 ith a few reflections upon some passages of the pamphlet we riien- 
 on'd (which does abundantly discover this audacious hypocrite), shall 
 ispatch this second impostor. 
 
 SiNEN Bassa, otherwise called Cigala, had but two sons, grand-* 
 lildren of Sultan Soliman. The eldest son of Sinen was named Alii, 
 le second Mahomed. Alii deceas'd after his father Sinen, a little 
 (ice, and the second remained alive. This Mahomed married the 
 3ters daughter of Sultan Mahomed about the year of their Hegira 
 )03, and of our sera 1594, of which daughter he had born a son, 
 lied also Mahomed, after the name of his father. Tiiis youth was 
 
 a singular good disposition, ingenious, and of a sprit-full wit, with- 
 it great ambition, or affecting of command, but addicted rather t'b 
 e softer pleasures of life, and was in sum me the darliiig both of 
 dtan Mahomet and Achmet, and indeed of all that succeeded in the 
 apire to the reign of Sultan Mahomed Han, the present Grand 
 gnior, who called him Giovan Capuci Pasha, a title the Eniperor 
 ually bestows on those who are dignified with the office of ' secret 
 irters of the Seraglio, and whose charge it is to attend upon all extra- 
 dinary occasions, and that are sometimes dispatch'd to cut off the 
 :ad of a Visier or Bassa, and such signal executions. 
 This Capuci Pasha we find afterward made general in Candia,'and 
 ' degrees, ascended to be Grand Visier, but he enjoys not that honor 
 Qg, for he died in that war about fifteen or sixteen years since. 
 This is what we can yet discover concerning Sinen, otherwise Cigala! 
 it there is, indeed, besides this, another very noble fa rail v of the 
 gal^s about Scio ; who are, 'tis believed, a branch of the race of the 
 anoveses, and who are at present called at Scio, Cigal Ogli, which 
 ports as much as to say, as son of Cigali, or sons of Meni Pasha 
 gala. 
 
 This Meni Pasha had two sons that arriv'd both to be Bassas arid 
 
585 
 
 3 of galHes ; one of which was called Beker Pasha^ the other 
 Bassa. Beker died some while since, and Hol'ein is yet, I sup- 
 iving; it is not to be believed that our impostor Mdhomed 
 brother to Holein, as he somewhere boasts himself, because it 
 1st all appearance of truth; neither is it probable, that though 
 F the Cigali might be merchants, - that therefore any of them 
 go into Christendom to change their religion, and renounce a 
 ment so great and glorious, as that of being sole Moderator of 
 ole Ottoman empire (for to no less>does this impostor pretend), 
 t that ever we should hear of it but from his own trumpet. - If 
 ure may be admitted in this case, how this braggadocio comes 
 me the name of Cigala, 'tis possible his fathers name may be 
 :o have been Cigo ; which sounding near that of Cigala', might 
 :! him' to usurp the title of that illustrious house. * 
 re are innumerable instances throughout his legend which fall 
 the same suspicion ; some whereof are notorious falsities, divers 
 m incongruous and contradictory; and if there were no other 
 lat of his egregious ignorance in the Turkish language, (which 
 tends to be his maternal tongue, but blatters very iinperfectly,) 
 i his gross unskilfulness in the Ottoman court and 'Oriental 
 it were sufficient to disabuse the world, and to brand him. for a 
 Mpudent impostor. . i 
 
 Some Passages out of his Book animadverted. 
 
 e 14. That the Viscount Cigala dying in Constantinople in the 
 F his captivity, his funeral was openly solemniz'd by permission 
 yman ; his corps publiquely carried through the town with the 
 nd holy water, followed and accompanied by all the ambassadors 
 istian Princes then at the Porte, and all the religious orders of the 
 ) the church of St. Francis, where he was interred according to 
 ms of Christian burial ; almost every particular of which carries a 
 lus confutation, as all who understand any thing of that time and 
 lo well know. 
 
 e 1. Selim made Cipio Cigala Visier, and second Bassa of the 
 Consider if this were likely, that being a descent ; and 
 
 4f 
 
586 
 
 F-age 21."! Whether to be Gaptaip BjSssa be a greater honor than to 
 be Prime Vizier ? 
 
 Pagis 45. Whether the Grdad Sigtiior uses to permit any oflScer to 
 suspend execution^ or use ceremony in decollation^ when he is the high^ 
 est 'incensed ? 
 
 Page 58i Whether there be any such, treasures of plate, &c; and 
 other precious things among the poor Friers >at the. Holy.' Sepuldhrei in 
 Jerusalem* 
 
 Page 86s Whethesr the Turks make use ofttay Christian physicians } 
 :i Page 9O4) Whether f the war with the Venetian was onely for .the 
 suj!prisi(Hg : of Ibrahims eldest 'Son, by. the Knights of Malta:^ with the 
 Siiiltana -hisKmotherj as shewent to> hayehim eirouBioised: at Mecca.? 
 which we have already confuted. 
 
 Page 112. 'T*s- to. be*, considered, how^timiely he makes- hisi two 
 Jesuits and Maccenigo die, the cshief and onely tacEthentique; testimonies 
 ,ef his conversion and rpreteffldedfea^loits* 
 
 • Page 150, ■? That> thrisi: bappcBa to be know« by none «ave. two or 
 three poor slaves, and as many Je way -neither of which appear with him* 
 (. Page 167< That he^i produces not his story 'till after the; death of 
 both"tli)B Qiueen of Poland his god'-mother, .and^ I suppose,. the Arch- 
 bishop too, who he pretends to have baptiz'd him. 
 
 Page I67. The Captain Guardianship of the Emperor's aridUeryj 
 is (as we are informed) no more than Master of the Carriages; which 
 is all he had to produce here for his gi^hd diploma-, without a word of 
 any thing, elise to the purpose of 4;he rest of his high pretences. ' 
 
587 
 
 THE 
 
 HISTOR-K OF SABATAI 'SEVI, 
 
 THE PRETENDED MESSIAH OF THE JEWES, IN THE YEAR OF OUR LORD, 1666. 
 
 THE THIRD II^jPQSTOR. 
 
 '. According to the predactionsof severai Ghn«tiaJ:i writers, especially ©f 
 ;such ; wkoi convment on the Apocaly ps, of ReVelatioHS j 'this year of 1566 
 was to! prove a year of woiidieTs,' of strange revelutions in the worldj ^and 
 particularly of. blessing to fcbe Jewess ieitheii? in respect of th«ir. conversion 
 to the Christian; faith, or jof their restoration to their temporal ■king'- 
 .doXBe ; ithis Qpiaian was sa^ dilated,. and fixt-in thecountreys of* the re-- 
 formed religion^aHdin the hfia^siof fanatical enthusiasts^ whodreanaed 
 pf a fift monardhy, the idownfall ; of ( jthe, Sope^ i and Antiohristy aiwl the 
 greatnesa of the Jewes ; in so much, that this subt-le people jimdgedi this 
 year the time tor stir, and to fit their motion,' a«cordifflg« to the season' of 
 the modern prophesies ;> whereupon.strangei reports flew from. place to 
 place, of the march ;of multitudesirf. people from- unknown p»Tts> into 
 the jremote . desarts of Arabia, supposed to be the Ten Tribes and halfe, 
 Jipsteifor so juanytages. That a ship was arrived in'Jthe nopfchern* parte 
 pf Scotland with hec sails; aaad>oewlage of silke^ navigsited by niprioers 
 who:iSpake nothing but Hebrew; 'with this motto on- their sails,* th<e 
 Twelve ;Tribes. of Israel. ; These reportes agreeing thus 'near to, for- 
 mer predictions, ipiui the wild sort of the world into an expectation of 
 strange accidentsjibis year should produce in reference to the Jewish 
 
 monarchy. 
 
 : In this majnner .millions of people were ipossessed^whenSabataiSevi 
 first appear'd at Smyrna, and published himself to the Jewes for their 
 jVIessiah, ^elating the greatness of their approaching jkingdome, the 
 strong. hand whereby. God was about to deliver them ir&m bondage, 
 and-ggther them from all partes of the world, It was strange to see 
 hpw the fancy tookj and how fast the report of ^Sabatai and his doctrine 
 fiew^thFOUghall partes where Turkes and Jews inhabited ; the latter of 
 w\mh were, so deeply pos»essied^witiiiabeliefe.of. their newkingdome^ 
 
588 
 
 and riches, and many of them with promotion to offices of government, 
 renown, and greatness, that in all parts from Constantinople to Buda 
 (which it was ray fortune that year to travel) I perceiv'd a strange trans- 
 port in the Jewes, none of them attending to any business unless to 
 winde up former negotiations, and to prepare themselves and families 
 for a journey to Jerusalem. All their discourses, their dreames, and 
 disposal of their affaires, tended to no other design but a re-establishment 
 in the, land of promise, to greatness, glory, wisdome, and doctrine of the 
 Messiah, whose original, birth, and education are first to be recounted. 
 
 Sabatai Sevi was son of Mordechai Sevi, an inhabitant and natural 
 of Smyrna, who gained his livelihood by being- broker to an English 
 marchant in that place; a person, who before his death was very decre- 
 pit in his body, and full of the goute, and other infirmities ; but his son j 
 Sabatai Sevi, addicting himself to study, became a notable proficient in 
 ihe Hebrew and raetaphysicks, and arrived to that point of sophistry in 
 divinity and metaphysicks, that he vented a new doctrine in the law, 
 drawing to the profession of it so many disciples as raised one day a 
 tumult in the synagogue, for which afterwards he was by a censure of 
 the ohochams (who are expounders of the law) banished the city. 
 
 During the time of his exile he travelled to.Thessalonica, now called 
 
 Salonica, where he iharryed a very handsom'e woman; but either not 
 
 having that part of oeconomy as to govern a wife, or being impotent 
 
 towards women, as was pretended, or that she found not. favour in his 
 
 eyes, .she was divorc'd from him. Again, he took a second wife, more 
 
 beautiful than the former, but the same causes of discontent raising a 
 
 difference between them, he obtained another divorce from this wife 
 
 also. And being now free from the incumbrances of a family, his wan- 
 
 dring head mov'd him to travel through the Morea, thence to Tripoli 
 
 in Syria, Gaza, and Jerusalem ; and by the way picked up a Ligerhese 
 
 lady, whom he made his third wife, the daughter of some Polonian or 
 
 German, her original and parentage not being verv well known. And 
 
 being now at Jerusalem, he began to reforme the law of the Jewes 
 
 and abolish the Fast of Tamuz (which they keep in the moneth of 
 
 June) ; and there meeting with a certain Jew called Nathan, a proper 
 
 instrument to promote, his design, he communicated to him his condi^ 
 
589 
 
 , his course of life, and intentions to proelaime himselfe Messiah of 
 world, so long expected' and desired by the Jewes. This diesigrf 
 : wonderfully with Nathan, and because it was thought necessaW, 
 >rding to Scripture and antient prophesies, that Elias was to pre- 
 : the Messiah, as St. John Baptist was the fore-runner of .Christ, 
 han thought no man so proper to act the part of the prophet as 
 self; and so no sooner had Sabatai declared himself the Messiah,' 
 a Nathan discovers himself to be his prophet, forbiditig all the fasts 
 ;he Jewes in Jerusalem, and declaring, that the bridegroom being 
 »e, nothing but joy) and triumph ought to dwell in their habitatityns, 
 ting to all the assemblies of the Jewes to perswade them to the 
 le beliefe. : 
 
 Lnd now the schisme being begun, and many Jewes really believing 
 it they so much desired, Nathan took the courage and boldness to 
 phesie, that one year from the 27th of Kislen (which is the moneth 
 Tune) the Messiah shall appear before the Grand Signor, and take 
 n him his crown,. and lead him in chaines like a captive, 
 mbatai also at Gaza preached repentHnce to the Jewes, and obe- 
 nce to himself and doctrine, for that the coming of the Messiah was at 
 id : which novelties so affected the Jewish inhabitants of those 
 tes, that jthey gave up themsejves wholly to their prayers, almes, 
 1 devotions ; and to confirme this beliefe thei more, it happen'd that 
 the same time that newes thereof, with all perticulars, were dis- 
 ched from Gaza, to acquaint the brethren in foreign partes^ the 
 lour of the Messiah, hath flown so swift, and gained such reception, 
 t intelligence came from all partes and countreys where the Jewes 
 abit, by letters to, Gaza and Jerusalem, congratulating the happiness 
 :heir deliverance, and expiration of the time of their servitude, by the 
 tearance of the Messiah. To which they adjoyned other prophe- 
 i relating to that dominion the Messiah was to have over all the 
 rid: that for nine moneths after he was to disappeare, during which 
 e the Jewes were to suffer, and many of them to undergoe martyr- 
 n; but then,. returning againy mounted on a celestial lyon, with his 
 lie made of serpents with seven heads, accompanyed with his bre- 
 en the Jewes who inhabited on the other side of the river Sabation, 
 
■J 
 
 I 
 
 mo 
 
 he should be acknowledged .for the solemotwaKch of the univepse, 
 then, the Holy Temple should descend from Heavien^ akeafdy< b 
 framed, and beautlfied^wherein they should offisr sacrifi<sei for ever. 
 
 And here I leave you tocoRsider how istriangeJy this dfeceivedpec 
 was. amttsedy when these, eonfijientaied vain xeports and dreamer os^po 
 and kingdom^s had wholly transported thera; frotti the oEdinafyeoi 
 of their trade and interest. 
 
 This noise and rumour of the Messiah havingibegura toifillall plai 
 Sabatai Sev.i. resolved to- travel towards Smyrna^ the country of his n 
 vity, and; thence to Constantinople, :the : leaipltal city^wherethe prii 
 pal work of preaching was to have heen perfiaEoaed.^' Nathan) thou 
 it not fit to be long after him, and therefore travels by the wayjof 
 mascus, where, resolving to continue) some. timeifor (better pro^aga^ 
 of this new, doctrine, in . the meane while wrJJtes .^his' letter to Sabi 
 Sevi, as followetb : 
 
 22. Kesjianiof'this yem 
 
 To the Kingj,, our King, Jjord of our Lordisii. who gathers ihe i 
 perspd of Israel, who redeems our captivity, the man elevated- to 
 height of all sublimity, the Messiah of the God of Jaenb, the true M 
 siah,* the Coelestial Lyon, Sabatai Sevi,; whose honour be iexalted,; 
 his dominion raised in a short time, and for ever, Amen. ; '. -After hav 
 kissed your hands, and, swept the dust frflm your feet, as my duty i: 
 the King of Kings,- whose majesty be exalted, and his enupire enlarg 
 these are to make known to the supreme iexcellency of; that/ plaeej wh 
 is adorned with the: beauty of your sanctity, ithat i the word of the Ki 
 and of his law, hath enlightened our faces :; thaticlay.'hajth ibeen a sole 
 day unto Israel,, and a day of light unto our rulers, for immediately 
 applyed our selves to performe your commands^ as our duty is. J 
 though we have: heard of many strange things, yet: we are courag-it 
 and our heart is as the heart of a lyon 5 nor ought we to inquire « 1 
 son of your doings, for your workes: are anaTweUousii and past find 
 out : and we are confirmed in our fidelity without :all exception, resi 
 irig up our very souk for the holiness of your name j And now we 
 come as fer as Damascus, intending shortly to proceed in our joiir 
 to Scanderone; according as ^jou have command^ us ; that so we r 
 
591 
 
 vrid see the face of Godin-ligkt^ a» the light* of th€ face d^f the 
 life: and wej-servants of your^s^vaatSf shall cleanse the dost 
 ar feet, beseeching the majesty of your excellency and glory to 
 le from your habitation to have a care of us, and help us with 
 i of your right hand of strength^ and shorten our way which is 
 s : and we have our eyes towards Jah, Jah, who will make 
 ielp;US, and save us, that the children of iniquity shall not hurt 
 towards whom our hearts paijt, and are consumed within us; 
 11 give us tallons of iron to.be worthy to stand under the shadow 
 asse. These are the words of the servant '.of yoiir servants j who 
 ^himself to be trod on by the.,soles of your feet, 
 
 Nathan Benjamine. 
 
 ;hat he might publish this doctrine of himself and th&^^s^iah 
 linlyj he wrote from Damascus this following letter to the Jewes 
 )o, and parts' thereabouts : 
 
 the residue or remnant of the Israelites, peace without end. 
 
 J my words are, to give you notice,. how that I am arrived in 
 t Damascus, and behold I go tq meet, the face of our Lord, 
 lajesty be: exalted ; .for he is. the sovereign of the King of Kings, 
 mpire be enlarged. According as he liath commanded us and 
 ribes to elect unto him 12 men, so.-have we done* : and we now 
 ^inderone by: iiis command,<to shew our faceS' together, with 
 the principal, of those particular friends, to whom he bath 'given 
 to assemble in. that same place. And now I come to make 
 into you, that though you have heard strange things of our 
 3t let not your hearts faint, or fear j but rather forti fie your selves 
 faith, because aUiiis actionsare miraculous and secret, which 
 ttB^derstanding cannot comprehend, and who cannot penetrate 
 h;of them. In a shonfc.time all things shall be manifested to you 
 n their purity ; and you ; shall know, and shall consider, and be 
 id. by the inventor hjmselfji blessed is he who can expect, and 
 
 * Subatai-wrote-a letter to elect one. man out of everytf'Jbe, 
 
592 
 
 arrive to the salvation of the true Messiah, who will speedily publish 
 his authority and empire over lis, now and for ever. 
 
 , . Natitan. ■ 
 
 . And now all the cities of Turky where the Jewes inhabited were full 
 of the expectation of the Messiah ; no trade nor course of gaine was fol- 
 lowed : every one ifnagin'd that dayly provisions;, riches, hon outs, and 
 government,, were to descend upon them by some unknown and mira- 
 culous manner; an^example of which is most observable in the Jewes at 
 Thessalonica, who now, full of assurance that the restoration of their 
 kingdome, arid the accomplishment of the time for the coming of the 
 Messiah was at hand, judged themselves obliged to double their devo- 
 tions, and purifie their conscienciss from all sins and enormities which 
 might be obvious to the scrutiny of him who was now come to pene- 
 trate into the very thoughts and imaginations of mankinde. In which 
 work certain chochams were appointed to direct the people how to regu- 
 late their prayers, fasts, and other acts of devotion. But so forward was 
 every one now in his acts of penance, that they stay'd not for the sen- 
 tence of the chocham, or prescription of any rules, but apply'd them- 
 selves immediately to, fasting: and some in that manner beyond the 
 .abilities of nature, that having for the space ■ of seven dayes taken no 
 sustenance, were famished to death. Others buried themselves in their 
 'gardens/ covering their naked bodies with earth, their heads onely ex- 
 cepted, remained in their beds of dirt until tbeir bodies were stifned 
 with the cold and moisture : others would endeavour to have melted Avax 
 •dropped upon their shoulders; others to rowle themselves in sriow, and 
 throw their bodies in the coldest season of winter into the sea, or frozen 
 -waters. But the most common way of mortification was fir^t to prick 
 their backs and sides with thornes;? and theli to give thbmselves thirty 
 nine lashes. All business was laid aside ; none worked or opened shop, 
 unless to clear his. warehouse of merchandize at any price; who had 
 'Superfluity in hoUsehdld-stuffe sold it for what be could, but yet not to 
 Jewes, for they were interdicted from bargaines- or sales, on the pain of 
 excommunication, pecuniary mulcts, or corporal punishments ; for all 
 business and employment was esteemed the test and touchstone of their 
 
593 
 
 feith. It being thq general teneiit, that in thedayes that the Messiah 
 peares, the Jewes shall; become masters of the estates and inheritanci 
 the infidels, until when they are tQ Content themselves with matters or 
 necessary to maijitiain and support life. But because every one was 
 master of so much, fortune and provision as to live without dayly labc 
 therefore to quiet the clataours of the poor, and prevent the enorm 
 lives of some who upon these occasions vvould becpme vagabonds : 
 desert their, cities, due order was taken to mate collections, which w 
 so liberally bestow'd, that in Thessalonica onely 400 poore were si 
 ported by the meer charity of the richer. And as they indeayour'd 
 purge their consciences of sin, and to apply themselves to good wort 
 that the Messiah might find the city prepared for his reception; 
 least he should accuse them of any omission in the law, and parti( 
 larly in their neglect of that antient precept of increase and multip 
 they marryed together children of ten yeares of age, and some und 
 without respect to riches or poverty, condition or quality ; but, bei 
 promiscuously jpyned, to the number of 6 or 700 couple, upon bet 
 and cooler thoughts, .after the deceipt of the false ^ Messiah was dis( 
 vered, or the expectation of his coming grew cold, were divorced, or 
 consent separated from each other. 
 
 In the heat of all this talk and rumour comes Sabatai Sevi to Smyri 
 
 the pity of his nativity, infinitely desir'd there by the common Jew< 
 
 but by the chpchams, or doctors of the law, who gave little or no ci 
 
 dence to vyhat he pretended, was iU receiv'd, not knowing what misch 
 
 or ruine this doctrine and prophesie of a new kingdome might produ 
 
 Yet Sabatai bringing with him testimonials -of his sanctity, holy li 
 
 wisdom, and gift of prophesie, so deeply fixed himself in the heart 
 
 the generality, both as being holy and wise, that thereupon he to 
 
 courage and boldness to enter into dispute with the Grand Chochs 
 
 (who is the head and chief expositor; of the law, and superintendent 
 
 their will and government), between whom the arguments grew so big 
 
 and language so hot, that the Jewes who favoured the doctrine of Sab 
 
 tai, and feared the authority of the Chocham, doubtful what might 
 
 the issue of the contest, appear'd in great numbers before the Cadi 
 
 Smyrna, in justification of their new prophet, before so much as ai 
 
 4 G 
 
594 
 
 accusation came against him. The Cadi, according to the custom of 
 the Turkes, swallows money on both sides, and afterwards remits them 
 to the determination of their own justice. In this manner Sabatai 
 gaines ground dayly; and the Grand Chocham, with his party, losing 
 both the affection and obedience of his ^eoplte^ is displaced from his 
 office, and another constituted, more affectionate and agreeable to the 
 liew prophet, whose power daily increased by those confident reports, 
 that his enemies were struck with phrensies and madness, until being 
 restdr'd to their former temper and wits by him, became his friends, 
 admirers^ and disciples. No invitation was now made in Smyrna by 
 the Jewes, nor marriage or circumcision solemnized, where Sabatai was 
 not present, accompahyed with a multitude of his followers, and the 
 streets cover'd with carpits or fine cloath for him to tread on ; but the 
 humility of this Pharisee appeared such, that he would stoop and turne 
 them aside, and so pass. And having thus fixed himself in the opinion 
 and admiration of the people, he began to take on himself the title of 
 Messiah, and the Son of God; and to make this foUovi^ing decjaration 
 to all the nations of the Jewes, which being wrote originally in Hebrew, 
 was translated for me faithfully into Italian, in this manner : 
 
 L' unico figliolo, e primogenito d' Dio, Sabatai Sevi, il Messiah, e 
 Sedvatore d' Israel, eletti di Dio pace essendo che seta fatti degni di veder 
 quel grangiorno della deliberatione e salvatione d' Israel, e consumma- 
 tione delle parole di Dio, promessa per gli sur profeti, e padri nostri, per 
 il suo diletto figlio d' Israel, ogni vestra amaritudine si converta in alle- 
 grezza, e li vestri digjuni facino feste, per che non piangerete, O miei 
 figliole d' Israel havendovi, dati Iddio la consolatione inenarrabile, feste- 
 giate cbntimpani e musiche, ringratiando quello chi ha adempitb il pro- 
 messo dalli secoli, facendo ogni giorno quelle cose che solete fare nelle 
 callende, e quel gierno dedicato all' afflictione e mestitia, convertite lo 
 in giorno giocondo per la mia comparsa, e non spaventate niente, per 
 che haverete Dominio sopra le genti, non solamente di quelle, che si 
 vedodono in terra, ma quelle che sono in fondi del mare, il tutto pro 
 vestra consolatione & allegrez^aii 
 
 Which, translated into English, runs thus : 
 
595 
 
 The onely and firat^born Son of God, Sabatai Sevi, the Messiah and 
 Saviour of Israel, to all the sons of Israel, peace. Since that you are made 
 worthy to see that great day of ' deliverance and sdlvation unto Israel, 
 and accomplishment of the word of God, promised. by his prophets, and 
 our fore-fathers, and by his beloved 3on of' Israel, let your bitter sor- 
 rowes be turned into joy, and your fasts into festivals, for you shall 
 weep no more, O my sons of Israel, for God ha^i^iijg given you this un- 
 speakable comfort, rejoyce with drums, organs, and musick, giving 
 thanks to him for'performing his promise from aUages; doing that every 
 day, which is usual for you to do upon the new-moons ; and, that day de- 
 dicated to affliction and sorrow convert you into a day of mirth for my 
 appearance j and fear you nothings for you shall have dominion over 
 the nations^ and not onely over those who are on earth, but over those 
 creatures also' which are in the depth of the sea. All which is for your 
 consolation and rejoycing. 
 
 Sabatai Sevi. 
 
 Notwithstanding the disciples of Sabatai Sevi were not so numerous, 
 but many opposed his doctrine, publiquely avpuching that he was an 
 imposter and deceiver of the people, amongst which was one Samuel 
 Pennia, a man of a good estate and ireputation in Smyrna, who arguing 
 in the synagogue that the present signs of the coming of the Messiah 
 were not apparent, either according to Scripture, or the doctrine of the 
 Rabbins, raised sucha sedition, and tumult among the Jews as not onely 
 prevailed against arguments, put had also against his life, had he not 
 timely conveyed himself out of the synagogue, and thereby escaped the 
 hands of the multitude^ who now could more easily endure blasphemy 
 against the law of Moses, and the prophanation of the Sanctuary, than 
 contradiction or misbelief of the doctrine of Sabatai. But, howsoever, \t 
 fell out, Pennia in a short time becomes a convert, and preaches up Saba- 
 tai for the Son of God and deliverer of the Jews: and not onely he, but 
 his whole family; his daughters prophesie, and fall into strange extasies; 
 and not onely his house, but four hundred men and women prophecie of 
 the growing kingdom of Sabatai ; and young infants, who could scarce 
 stammer out a syllable to their mothers, repeat and pronounce plainly the 
 
596 
 
 name of Sabatai, the Messiah and Son of God. For thus far had God 
 permitted the devil to delude this people, that their very children were 
 fpr a time possessed, and voices heard to sound from their stoHiach and 
 intrails. Those of riper years fell first into a trance, foamed at the 
 mouth, and recounted the future prosperitie and deliverance of the Isra- 
 elites, their visions of the Lion of Judah, and the triumphs of Sabatai, 
 all which were certainly true, being eflfects of diabolical delusions, as 
 the Jews themselves since have confessed' unto me. ' 
 
 With these concomitant accidents and successes, Sabatai Sevi, grow- 
 ing more presumptuous, that he might correspond with the prophesies of 
 greatness and dominion of the Messiah, proceeds to an election of those 
 princes which were to govern the Israelites in their march towards the 
 Holy Land, and to dispense judgement and justice over their restora- 
 tion. The names of them were these which follow, men well known at 
 Smyrna, who never (God knows) had ambition to aspire to the title of 
 princes, until a strange spirit of deceit and delusion had moved them, 
 not onely to hope it as possible but to expect it as certain : 
 
 Isaac Silvera, King David. 
 
 Saloman Lagnado, was Salomon. 
 Salom.Lagnado,jun. named Zovah. 
 
 Joseph Cohen, Uzziah. 
 
 Moses Galente, Josaphat. 
 
 Daniel Pinto, Hilkiah. 
 
 Abraham Scandale, Jotham. 
 
 Mokiah Gaspar, Zedekiah. 
 
 Abraham Leon, Achas. 
 
 Ephraim Arditi, Joram. 
 
 Salam Carmona, Achab. 
 
 Matassia Aschenesi, Asa. 
 Meir Alcaira, Hehoboam. 
 
 Jacob Loxas, Ammon. 
 
 Mordecai Jesserun, Jehoachim. 
 Chaim Inegna, Jeroboam. 
 
 Joseph Scavillo, Abia. 
 Conor Nehemias, was Zarobabel. 
 Joseph del Calre, named Joas. 
 Elcukin Schavit, Amasia. 
 Abraham Rubio, Joslah. 
 
 iCing of the King of Kings. 
 
 Elias Sevi had the title of the 
 Elias Azar, his Vice-king, or Vizier, 
 Joseph Sevi, the King of the Kings of Judah. 
 Joseph lernuch, his Vice-king. 
 
 In this manner things ran to a strange height of madness amongst 
 
597 
 
 the Jews at Smyrna, where appear'd such pageantry of greatness^ that 
 no comedy- could equal the mock-shews they represented, aiid though 
 none durst openly profess any scruple or doubt of this common receiv'd 
 belief, yet for confirmation of the Jews in their faith, and astonishment 
 pf the Gentiles, it was judged no less than necessary that Sabatai should 
 shew, some miracles whereby to evince to all the world that he was the 
 true Messiah ; and as the present occasion seemed to require an evi- 
 dence infallible of this truth, so it was daily expected by the vulgar, 
 with an impatience sutable to humours disposed to noveltie, who out of 
 every action and motion of their prophet began to fancy something ex- 
 traordinary and supernatural. Sabatai was now horribly puzzled for a 
 miracle, though the imagination of the people was so vitiated that any 
 legerdemaine or slight of hand would have passed more easily with 
 them for a wonder than Moses striking the rock for water, or dividing 
 the Red Sea. • And occasion happening that Sabatai was, in behalf of 
 his subjects, to appear before the Cadi, or judge of the citie, to demand 
 ease and relief of some oppressions which aggrieved them, it was 
 thought necessary a miracle should now be wrought or never ; when 
 Sabatai appearing with a formal and pharisaical gravitie, which he had 
 starcht on, some on a sudden avouched to see a pillar' of fire between 
 him and the Cadi, which report presently was heard through the whole 
 room, filled with Jews that accompanied Sabatai, some of wht)my who 
 strongly fancied it, vow'd and swore they saw it; others in the outward 
 yard, or that could not come near to hear or see for the crowd, as 
 speedily took the alarm, and the rumour ran, and belief receiv'd by the 
 women and children at home in a moment, so that Sabatai Sevi returned 
 to his house triumphant, fixed in the hearts of his people, who now 
 needed no further miracles to confirm them in their faith. And thus was 
 Sabatai exalted, when no man was thought worthy of communication 
 who did not believe him to be the Messiah: others were called kophrOn^ 
 infidels or heretics, liable to the censure of excomnmuication, with whom 
 it was not lawful so much as to eat: every man produc'd his treasure, his 
 goldj and jewels, ojBfering them at the feet of Sabatai, so that he could 
 have commanded all the wealth of Smyrna, but he was too subtil to 
 accept their money, . least he should render his design suspected by any 
 
598 
 
 act of covetousness. Sabatai Sevi having thu^ fully fixed himself in 
 Smyrna, and filled other places with rumors of his fame, declared that 
 he was called by God to visit Constantinople, where the greatest part 
 of his work was to be accdmplisht ; in order whereunto he privately ships 
 himself, with some few attendants, in a Turkish' saick^ "in the mbneth of 
 January 1666, least the crowd of his disciples,' and such who would 
 press to follow him, should endanger him in the eyes of the Turks, who 
 already began to be scandalized at the reports and prophecies concern- 
 ing his person. But though Sabatai took few into the vessel" to him, 
 yet a multitude of Jews travell'd overland to meet him again at Con- 
 stantinople, on whom all their eyes and expectations were intent. The 
 wind proving northernly, as comtnonly it is in the Hellespont ajid Pro- 
 pontis, Sabatai was thirty nine days in his voyage, and yet the vessel 
 not arriv'd, so little power had this Messiah over the sea atid winds, in 
 which time news being come to Constantinople that the Jews Messiah 
 was near, all that people prepared to receive him with the same joy and 
 impatience as was exprestin other parts where he arrived. The great 
 Vizier (then also at Gonstantinopley being not yet departed on his 
 expedition- for Candaa) having heard some rumors of this man, and 
 the disorder and madness he had raised amongst the Jews, sent two 
 boats, whil'stfthe saick was detained by contrary winds, with com- 
 mands to bring him up prisoner to the Porte ; where accoi:dihgly Sabatai 
 being come, was committed to the most loathlsom and darkest dungeon 
 in the town, there to remain in farther expectation of the Viziers- sen- 
 tence. The Jews were not at all discotffaged at this ill treatment of 
 their prophet,; but rather confirmed in their belief of him, as being the 
 accomplishment of the 'prophefeie of those things which ought to pre- 
 cede his glory and dominion ; which consideration induc'd the chiefest 
 persons amongst. the Jews to make their visits and addresses to him 
 with the same ceremony dnd respect in the dungeon as they would have 
 done had herthen satfexalted oh the throne of Israel. Severeil of them, 
 with one Anacago by name, a man of great esteem amongst the Jews, 
 attended a whole day before him. With their eyes cast down, their 
 bodies bending forward, and hands crost' before them (which are pos- 
 tures of humility and service ita'^the Eastern cduntreys), the undecency 
 
599 
 
 of the place, and present subjection, not having in the least abated 
 their high thoughts and reverence towards his person. The Jews in 
 Constantinople were now become as mad and distracted as they were in 
 other places, all trade and traffique forbidden^ and those who owed mo- 
 ney in no manner careful how to satisfie it; amongst which wild crew 
 some were indebted to our merchants at Galata^ who not knowing the 
 way to receive their money, partly for their interest, and partly for curi- 
 osity, thought fit to visit this Sabatai, complayning that such particular 
 Jews, upon his coming, took upon them the boldness to defraud them 
 of their right, desired he would be pleased to signifie to these his sub- 
 jects his pleasure to have satisfaction given ; whereupon Sabatai with 
 much affectation took pen and paper, and wrote to this effect : 
 
 " To you of the nation of the Jews, who expect the appearance of the 
 Messiah, and the salvation of Israel, peace without end. Whereas we 
 are informed that you are indebted to several of the English nation, it 
 seemeth right to us to enorder you to make satisfaction to these your 
 just debts ; which if you refuse to do, and not obey us herein, know 
 you, that then you are not to enter with us into our joys and dominions." 
 
 In this manner Sabatai Sevi remained a prisoner at Constantinople 
 for the space of two moneths ; at the end of which, the Vizier having 
 designed his expedition for Candia, and considering the rumour and dis- 
 turbance the presence of Sabatai had made already at Constantinople, 
 thought it not secure to suffer him to remain in the' Imperial citie, 
 whil'st both the Grand Signior and himself were absent, and therefore 
 changes his prison to the Dardanelli, otherwise called the Castle of 
 Abydos, being on the Europe side of the Helespont, opposite to Sestos, 
 places famous in Greek poetrie. This removal of Sabatai from a worse 
 prison to one of a better air, confirmed the Jews with greater confidence 
 of his being the Messiah, supposing that had it been in the power of 
 the Vizier, or other officers of the Turks, to have destroyed his person, 
 they would never have permitted him to have lived to that time, in 
 regard th^ir maximes enforce them tp quit all jealousies and suspitions 
 of ruine to their state by the death of the party fearedj which much 
 
600 
 
 rather they ought to execute on Sabatai, who had not onely declared 
 himself the King of Israel, but also published prophesies fatal to the 
 Grand Signior and his Kingdoms. 
 
 With this consideration, and others preceding, the Jews flock in great 
 numbers to the castle where he was imprisoned, not onely from the 
 neighbouring partsi, but also from Poland, Germanie, Legorne, Venice, 
 Amsterdam, and other places where the Jews reside ; on all whom, as 
 a reward of the expence and labours of their pilgrimage, Sabatai be- 
 stowed plenty of his benedictions, promising increase of their store^ and 
 enlargetttent of their possessions in the Holy Land. And so great was 
 the confluence of the Jews to this place, that the Turks thought it 
 requisite to make their advantage thereof, and so not only raised the 
 price of their provision, lodgings, and other necessaries, but also denied 
 to admit any to the presence of Sabatai unless for money, setting the 
 price, sometimes at five, sometimes at ten doUers, or more or less, ac- 
 cording as they guessed at their abilities or zeal of the person, by which 
 gain and advantage to the Turks no complaints or advices were carried 
 to Adrianople, either of the concourse of people, or arguments amongst 
 the Jews in that place, but rather all civilities and libertie indulged unto 
 them, which served as a farther argument to ensnare this poor people 
 in the belief of their Messiah. 
 
 During this time of confinement, Sabatai had leisure to compose and 
 institute a new method of worship for the Jews, and principally the 
 manner of the celebration of the day of his nativity, which he prescribed 
 in this manner:, 
 
 " Brethren, and my people, men of religion inhabiting the city of 
 Smyrna the renowned, where live men, and women, and families, peace 
 be unto you, from the Lord of Peace, and from me his beloved Son, King 
 Salomon. I command you that the . ninth day of the moneth of Ab 
 (which according to our account answered that year to the moneth of 
 June) next to come, you make a day of invitation and of great joy, ce- 
 lebrating it with choice meats and pleasing drinks, with many candles 
 and lamps, with musick and songs, because it is the day of the birth 
 of Sabatai Sevi, the high King above all the Kings of the earth. And 
 
601 
 
 as to matters of labour, and other things of like nature, do, as becomes 
 you, upon a day of festival, adorned with your finest garments. As to 
 your prayers, let the same order be used as upon festivals. To converse 
 with Christians on that day is unlawful, though your discourse be of 
 matters indiflferent; all labour is forbidden, but to sound instruments is 
 lawful. This shall be the method and substance of your prayers on this 
 day of festival : After you have said, ' Blessed be thou, O holy God ! ' 
 then proceed arid say, ' Thou hast chosen us before all people, and hast 
 loved us, and hast been delighted with us, and hast humbled us more 
 than all other nations, and hast sanctified us with thy precepts, and hast 
 brought us near to thy service, and the service of our King. Thy holy, 
 great, and terrible name thou hast published amongst us; and hast given 
 us, O Lord God, according to thy love, time of joy, of festivals, and 
 times of mirth, and this day of consolation for a solemn convocation 
 of holiness, for the, birth of our King the Messiah, Sabatai Sevi, thy 
 servant and first-born son in love, through whom we commemorate our 
 coming out of Egypt. ' And then you shall read for your lesson the 1, 
 2, and 3 chapters of Deut. to the 1/ verse, appointing for the reading 
 thereof five men, in a perfect and uncorrupted Bible, adding thereunto 
 the Blessings of the morning, as are prescribed for days of festival ; and 
 for the lesson out of the Prophets usually read in the synagogue every 
 Sabbath, you shall read the 31 chapt. of Jeremiah. To your prayer 
 called mussaf (used in the synagogue every Sabbath and solemn festi- 
 val) you shall adjoyn that of the present festival ; in stead of the sacri- 
 fice of Addition, of the returning of the Bible to its place, you shall 
 read with an audible voice and clear sound, the Psalm 95. And at the 
 first Praises in the morning, after you have sang Psalm 91, and just be- 
 fore you sing Psalm 98, you shall repeate Psalm 132; but in the last 
 verse, where it is said, as for his enemies I shall cloath them with 
 shame, hut upon himself shall his crown flourish, in the place of {upon 
 himself) you shall read, upon the most high; after which shall follow 
 the 126 Psalm, and then the 113 to the 119. 
 
 At the consecration of the winp upon the vigil, or even, you shall 
 make mention of the Feast of Consolation, which is the day of the birth 
 of our King the Messiah, Sabatai Sevi, thy servant and first-born son, 
 
 4 H 
 
602 
 
 giving the blessing, as followeth : ' Blessed be thou, our God, king of the 
 world, who hast made us to live, and hast maintain'd us, and hast kept 
 us alive unto this time.' Upon the eve of this day you shall read also 
 the 81 Psalm, as also the 132 and 126 Psalmes, which are appointed 
 for the morning praises. And this day shall be unto you for the remem- 
 branee of a solemn day unto eternal ages, and a perpetual testimony 
 between me and the sons of Israel." 
 
 Audita audiendo & manducate bonam. 
 
 Besides which order and method of prayers for solemnization of his 
 birth, he prescribed other rules for divine service, and particularly pub- 
 lished the same indulgence and privilege to every one who should pray 
 at the tomb of his mother, as if he had taken on him a pilgrimage to 
 pray and sacrifice at Jerusalem. 
 
 The devotion of the Jews toward this pretended Messiah increased 
 still more and more, so that not onely the chief of the city went to 
 attend and proffer their service toward him in the time of his imprison- 
 ment, but likewise decked their synagogue with S. S. in letters of gold, 
 making for him on the wall a crown, in the circle of which was wrote 
 the 91 Psalm at length, in faire and legible characters ; attributing the 
 same titles to Sabatai, and expounding the Scriptures in the same man- 
 ner in favour of his appearance, as we do of our Saviour. However, 
 some of the Jews remained in their wits all this time, amongst which 
 was a certain Choqham at Smyrna, one zealous of his law, and of the 
 good and safety of his nation : and observing in what a wilde manner 
 the whole people of the Jewes was transported with the groundless be- 
 Uefe of a Messiah, leaving not onely their trade and course of living, 
 but publishing prophesies of a speedy kingdom?, of rescue from the 
 tyranny of the Turk, and leading the Grand Signior himself captive in 
 chaines ; matters so dangerous and obnoxious to the state wherein they 
 lived, as mightjustly convict them of treason and rebellion, and leave 
 them to the mercy of that justice which on the least jealoilsie and sus- 
 picion of matters of this nature used to extirpate families, and subvert the 
 martsion-houses of th^ir own people, much rather of the Jewes, on whom 
 the Turkes would gladly take occasion to dispoile them of their estates. 
 
603 
 
 and condemn the whole nation to perpetual slavery. And indeed it 
 would have been a greater wonder than ever Sabatai shewed, that the 
 Turkes took no advantaige from all these extravagances, to draine the 
 Jewes of a considerable sum of money, and set their whole race in 
 Turkey at a ransome, had not these passages yielded them matter of 
 pastime, and been the subject of the Turkes laughter and scorne, sup- 
 posing it a disparagement to the greatness of the Ottoman empire, to be 
 concerned for the rumours and combustions of this dispersed people. 
 With these considerations, this Cocham, that he might clear himself of 
 the blood and guilt of his countrey-men, and concern'd in the common 
 destruction, goes before the Cadi, and there protests against the present 
 doctrine, declaring that he liad no hand in setting up of Sabatai, but 
 was an enemy both to him and to his whole sect. This freedome of the 
 Cocham so enraged and scandalized the Jewes, that they judged no 
 condemnation or punishment too severe against such an offender and 
 blasphemer of their law and holiness of the Messiah ; and therefore with 
 money and presents to the Cadi, accusing him as disobedient in a capi- 
 tal nature to their government, obtain'd sentence agaitist him, to have 
 his beard shaved, and to be condemn'd to the gallies. There wanted 
 nothing now to the appearance of the Messiah, and the solemnity of 
 his coming, but the presence of Elias, whom the Jews began to expect 
 hourely, and with that attention and earnestness, that every dreame or 
 phantasme to a weak head was judged to be Elias, it being taught, and 
 averred, that he was seen in divers formes and shapes, not to be cer- 
 tainly discovered or known, before the coming of the Messiah ; for this 
 superstition is so far fixed amongst them, that generally in *heir fami- 
 lies they spread a table for Elias the prophet, to which they make an 
 invitation of poor people, leaving the chief place for the Lord Elias, 
 whom they believe to be invisibly present at the entertainment, and 
 there to eate and drink, without diminution either of the dishes or of 
 the cup. One person amongst the Jewes commanded his wife, after a 
 supper of this kind, to leave the eup filled with wine, and the meat 
 standing all night, for Elias to feast and rejoyce alone ; and in the 
 morning arising early, affirmed, that EHas took this banquet so kindly, 
 that in token of gratitude and acceptance he had repleni^h'd the cup 
 
.604 
 
 oyle in stead of wine. It is a certaine custome amongst the Jewes 
 he evening of the Sabbath to repeat certain praises of God (called 
 Ula), which signifies a distinction or separation of the Sabbath from 
 prophane dayes (as they call them), which praises they observe to 
 3rme in this manner. One takes a cup filled with wine, and drops 
 rough the whole house, saying, " Elias the prophet, Elias the pro- 
 :, Elias the prophet, come quickly to us with the Messiah, the son 
 rod and David ;" and this they affirme" to be so acceptable to Elias, 
 
 he never failes to preserve that family so devoted to him, and aug- 
 t it with the blessings of increase. Many other things the Jews 
 ich of Elias, so ridiculous as are not fit to be declar'd, amongst which 
 
 one is not far from our purpose ; that at the circumcision there is 
 lyes a chair set for Elias. And Sabatai Sevi being once invited at 
 rna to the circuincision of the first'-borne son of one Abraham Gu- 
 , a kinsman of Sabatai, and all things ready for the» ceremony, 
 itai Sevi exhorted the parents of the child to expect a while until 
 farther order. After a good halfe hour, Sabatai order'd them to 
 eed and'cut the prepuce of the child, which was instantly perform'd 
 I all joy and satisfaction to the parents : and being afterwards de- 
 ded the reason why he retarded the performance of that function, 
 inswer was, that Elias had not as yet taken his seat, whom, as soon 
 e saw placed, lie ordered them to proceed ; and that now shortly 
 s would discover himself openly, and proclaime the news of the 
 ;ral redemption. -; 
 
 his being the common opinion amongst the Jevves, and that Sabatai 
 
 was the Messiah, being become an article of faith, it was nbt hard 
 erswade them, that Elias was cpme already, that they met him in 
 r dishes, in the darke, in their bed-chambers, or any where else in- 
 ile, in thfe same manner as our common' people in England believe 
 lobgbblins and fairies. For so it was, when Solomon Cremona, an 
 ibitant of Sinyr'na, making a great feast, to which the principal 
 s of the city were invited, after they had eaten and drank freely, one 
 lem starts from his seat,' and avouches that he saw Elias upon the 
 , and with that bowes to him, and complements him with allreve- 
 e and humility. Some others having in like manner their fancies 
 
605 
 
 prepossessed, and their eyes with the fume of wine ill prepared to di 
 
 tinguish shadowes, immediately agreed upon the object, and then the 
 
 was not one in the company who would say he did not see him : 
 
 which surprize every one was struck with reverence and awe ; and tl 
 
 most eloquent amongst them, having their tongues loosed with joy ai 
 
 wine, directed orations, encomiums, and acts of thankfulness to EHe 
 
 courting and complimenting him as distracted lovers doe thfe suppos 
 
 presence of their mistresses. Another Jew at Constantinople report€ 
 
 that he met EHas in the streets, habited likeaTurke, with whom he h 
 
 a long communication, and that he enjoyn'd the observation of many ne 
 
 lected ceremonies, and particularly the Zezlt (Numb. 15, v. 38): "Spe 
 
 unto the children of Israel, and bid them that they ra&kQ fringes in t 
 
 borders of their garments throughout their generation, and that they p 
 
 upon the fringe of the border a ribbon of blue." Also the Peos (Levit. 1 
 
 V. 27) : "Ye shall not round the corners of your heads, neither shalt th 
 
 marr the corners of thy beard." This apparition of Elias being believed 
 
 soon as published, every one began to obey the vision, by fringing thi 
 
 garments; and for their heads, though alwayes shaved, according to t 
 
 Turkish and Eastern fashion, and that the suffering hair to grow, to m 
 
 not accustomed, was heavy, and incommodious to the healths and head 
 
 yet to begin again to renew, as far as was possible, the antient ceretr 
 
 nies, every one nourished a lock of hair on each side, which might 
 
 visible beneath their caps : which soon after began to be a sign of d 
 
 tinction between the believers and Jcophrims, a name of dishonour, si 
 
 jiifying as much as unbelievers or hereticks, given to those who co 
 
 fessed not Sabatai to be the Messiah; which particulars, if not observe 
 
 it was declared, as a menace of Elias, that the people of the Jewes w 
 
 come from the river Euphrates, as is specified in the second book of Esdr: 
 
 chap. 13, shall take vengeance of those who are guilty of these omissioi 
 
 But to return again -to Sabatai Sevi himself, we find him still remai 
 
 ing a prisoner in the Castle of Abydos upon the Hellespont, admii 
 
 and ador'd by his brethren with more honour then before, and visit 
 
 by pilgrimes from all parts where the fame of the coming of the Mt 
 
 siah had arriv'd ; amongst which one from Poland, named Nehemi 
 
 Cohen, was of special note and renown, learned in the Hebrew, Syriac 
 
and ChaWee, and versed in the doctrine and Ara&qZa of the rabines as 
 welias Sabatai himself, one of whom it was said, had not this Sevi anti- 
 cipated the design, esteemed himself as able a fellow to act the part of 
 a Messiah as the other : howsoever, it being now toolate to publish any 
 su(>h pretence, Sabatai having now eleven points of the law by posses- 
 sion of the office, and with that the hearts and belief of the Jewes, 
 N&hemiah was contented with some small appendage, or relation to the 
 Messiah ; and therefore, to lay his design the better, desired a private 
 conference with Sabatai. These two great Rabines being together, a 
 hot dispute arose between them ; for Cohen alledged that according to 
 Scripture, and exposition of the learned thereupon, there were to be two 
 Messiahs, one called Ben Ephraim, and the other Ben David : the first 
 was to be a preacher of the law, poor and despised, and a servant of the 
 secpjid,. and his fore-runner; the other was to be great and rich, to re- 
 store the Jewes to Jerusalem, to sit upon the throne of David, and to 
 performe and act all those triumphs and conquests which were expected 
 froin Sabatai, Nehemiah was contented tobe Ben Ephraim, the afflicted 
 and poor Messiah ; and Sabatai (for any thing I hear) was well enough 
 contented he should be so : but that Nehemiah accused him for being 
 too forward in publishing himself the latter Messiah, before Ben 
 Ephraim had first been known unto the world. Sabatai took this re- 
 prehension, so ill, either out of pride, and thoughts of his own infallibi- 
 lity, or that he suspected Nehemiah, being once admitted for Ben 
 Ephraim, would quickly (being a subtile and learned person) perswade 
 the world that he was Ben David, would by no means understand or 
 admit of this doctrine, or of Ben Ephraim for a iiecessary officer : and 
 thereupon the dispute grew so hot, and the. controversie so irreconcile- 
 able, as \yas taken notice of by the Jewes, and controverted amongst 
 them, as every, one fancy'd : but Sabatai being of greater authority, his 
 sentence prevall'd, and Nehemiah was rejected as schismatical, and an 
 enemy tp the Messiah, which afterward proved the ruine and downfal 
 of this impostor. 
 
 For Nehemiah being thus baffled, and being a person of authority, 
 and a haughty spirit, meditated nothing but revenge ; to execute which 
 to the full, he takes a journey to Adrianople, and there informes the 
 
607 
 
 chief ministers of state and officers of the courts who (by reason of the 
 gain the Turks made of their prisoner at the castle on the Hellespont) 
 heard nothing of all this concourse of people, and prophesies of the re- 
 volt (^ the Jews from their obedience to the Grand Signior; and taking 
 likewise to his counsel some certain discontented and unbelieving Cho- 
 chams, who being zealous for their nation, and jealous of the ill- con- 
 sequences of this long-continued and increasing madness, took liberty 
 to inforrae the Chimacham (who was deputy of the Great Vizier then at 
 Candia) that the Jew, prisoner at the castle, called Sabatai Sevi, was a 
 Jewd person, and one who endeavoured to debauch the mindes of the 
 Jewes, and divert them from their honest course of livelihood and obe- 
 dience to the Grand Signior ; and that therefore it was necessary to 
 dear the world of so dangerous and factious a spirit. The Chimacham, 
 being thus informed,, could do no less then acquaint the Grand Signior 
 with all the particulars of this man's condition, course of life, and doc- 
 trine ; which were no sooner understood,. but a Chiaux, or messenger, 
 was immediately dispatched to bring up Sabatai Sevi to Adrianople. 
 The Chiaux executed this commission after the Turkish fashion in haste, 
 and brought Sabatai in a few days to Adrianople, without further ex- 
 cuse or ceremony ; not affording him an hours space to take a solemn 
 farewell of his friends, his followers and adorerSj who now were come to 
 the vertical point of all their hopes and expectations. 
 
 The Grand Signior having by this time received divers informations 
 of the madness of the Jews, and the pretences of Sabatai, grew big \vith 
 desire and expectation to see him; so that he no sooner arriv'd at Adria- 
 nople, but the same hour he was brought before the Grand Sigiiior. 
 Sabatai appeared much dejected, and failing of that courage which he 
 shewed in the synagogue, and being demanded several questions in 
 Turkish by the Grand Signior, he would not trust so farr to the vertue 
 of his Messiahship as to deliver himself in the Turkish language, but 
 desired a doctor of physick (who had from a Jew turned Turk) to be 
 his interpreter, which was granted to him, but not without reflection of 
 the standers by, that had he been the Messiah and Son of God, as he 
 fornjerly pretended, his tongue would have flown with varietie as well 
 as with the perfection of languages! But the Grand Signior would not 
 
608 
 
 be put off without a miracle, and it must be one of his own choice, 
 
 which was, that Sabatai should be stript naked, and set as a mark to his 
 
 dexterous archers; if the arrows passed not his body, but that his flesh 
 
 and skin was proof like armour, then he would believe him to be the 
 
 Messiah, and the person whom God had design'd to those dominions 
 
 and greatnesses he pretended. But now Sabatai, not having faith 
 
 enough to stand to so sharp a trial, renounced all his title to kingdoms 
 
 and governments, alledging that he was an ordinary Chocham, and a 
 
 poor Jew, as others were, and had nothing of priviledge or vertue above 
 
 the rest. The Grand Slgnlor, notwithstanding, not wholly satisfied 
 
 with this plain confession, declared, that having given publlque scandal 
 
 to the professors of the Mahometan religion, and done dishonour to his 
 
 soveraign authoritie, by pretending to draw such a considerable portion 
 
 from him as the Land of Palestine ; his treason and crime was not to be 
 
 expiated by any other means then by a conversion to the Mahometan 
 
 faith, which if he refus'd to do, the stake was ready at the gate of the 
 
 seraglio to empale him. Sabatai being now reduced to extremltie of his 
 
 latter game, not being the least doubtful what to do (for to die for 
 
 what he was assured was false was against nature, and the death of a 
 
 ipad man), replyed with much chearfulness, that he was contented to 
 
 turn Turk, and that It was not of force, but of choice, having been a 
 
 long time desirous of so glorious a profession ; he esteemed himself 
 
 much honoured that he had opportunity to own it first in the presence 
 
 of the Grand Slgnlor. And here was the non plus ultra of all the 
 
 bluster and noise of this vain impostor. And now the reader may be 
 
 pleased to pause a while, and contemplate the strange point of conster- 
 
 *natlon, shame, and silence to which the Jews were reduc't, when they 
 
 understood how speedily their hopes were vanished, and how poorly and 
 
 ignomlnlously all their fancies and promises of a new kingdom, their 
 
 pageantry, and offices of devotion, were past like a tale, or a midnights 
 
 dream. And all this was concluded, and the Jews sunk on a sudden, 
 
 and fallen flat In their hopes, without so much as a line of comfort or 
 
 excuse from Sabatai, more than in general to all the brethren, that now 
 
 they should apply themselves to their callings and services of God, as 
 
 formerly, for that matters relating unto him were finished, and the sen- 
 
609 
 
 tence past. The news that Sabatai was turned Turk, and the Messiah 
 to a Mahumetan, quickly filled all parts of Turkey. The Jews were 
 strangely surprised at it, and ashamed of their easie belief, of the argu-. 
 ments with which they had persuaded one the other, and of the prose- 
 lytes they had made in their own families. Abroad they became the 
 common derision of the towns where they inhabited : the boys houted 
 after them, coyning a new word at Smyrna (^poAftai) which every one 
 seeing a Jew, with a finger pointed out, would pronounce with scorn 
 and contempt; so that this deceived people for a long time after remained 
 with confusion, silence, and dejection of spirit. And yet most of them 
 affirm that Sabatai is not turned Turk, but his shadow onejy remains 
 on earth, and walks with a white head, and in the habit of a Mahome- 
 tan ; but that his natural body and soul are taken into Heaven, there to 
 reside until the time appointed for accomplishment of these wonders. 
 And this opinion began so commonly to take place, as if this people 
 resolved never to be undeceived, using the forms and rules for devotion 
 prescribed them by their Mahumetan Messiah ; insomuch, that the 
 Chocharos of Constantinople, fearing the danger of this error might 
 creep up, and equal the former, condemned the belief of Sabatai being 
 Messiah as damnable, and enjoyned them to return to the antient me- 
 thod and service of God upon pain of excommunication. The style and 
 tenor of them was as followeth : 
 
 To you who have the power of priesthood, and are the knowing, learned, 
 and magnanimous Governours and Princes, residing in the citie of 
 Smyrna, may the Almighty God protect you. Amen : for so is his will. 
 
 These our letters, which we send in the midst of your habitations, 
 are upon occasion of certain rumors and tumults come to our ears from 
 that citie of your holiness. For there is a sort of men amongst you who 
 fortifie themselves in their error, and say, let such a one, our King, 
 live, and bless him in their publique synagogue every Sabbath day ; 
 and also adjoyn psalms and hymns invented by that man for certain 
 days, with rules and methods for prayer, which ought not to be done, 
 and yet they will still remain obstinate therein ; and now behold it is 
 
 4i 
 
610 
 
 known unto you, how many swelling waters have passed over our souls 
 for his sake, for had it not been for the mercies of God, which are with- 
 out end, and the merit of our forefathers, which hath assisted us, the 
 foot of Israel* had been razed out by their enemies. And yet you 
 continue obstinate in things which do not help, but rather do mischief, 
 which God avert. Turn you therefore, for this is not the true way, but 
 restore the crown to the antient custom and use of your forefathers, and 
 the law, and from thence do not move. We command you, that with 
 your authoritie, under pain of excommunication, and other penalties, 
 that all those ordinances and prayers, as well those delivered by the 
 mouth of that man, as those which he enjoyned by the mouth of others, 
 be all abolished and made void, and to be found no more, and that they 
 never enter more into your hearts, but judge according to the antient 
 commandment of your forefathers, repeating the same lessons and 
 prayers every Sabbath as hath been accustomary, as also collects for 
 kings, potentates, and anointed, &c. ; and jjless the King, Sultan Ma- 
 homet, for in his days hath great salvation been wrought for Israel, 
 and become not rebels to his kingdom, which God forbid. For after 
 all this, which is past, the least motion will be a cause pf jealousie, and 
 you will bring ruine upon your own persons, and upon all which is near 
 and dear to you, wherefore abstain from the thoughts of this man, and 
 let not so much as his name proceed out of your mouths. For know, 
 if you will not obey us herein, which will be known who and what those 
 men are vyho refuse to conform unto us, we are resolved to prosecute 
 them, as our duty is. He that doth hear, and obey us, may the blessing 
 of God rest upon him. These are the words of those who seek your 
 peace and good, having in Constantinople, on Sunday the fifth of the 
 moneth Sevat, underwrote their names. 
 
 JoAM ToB, son of Chananiah Ben Jacar. 
 
 Isaac Alnacagna. Eliezer Castie. 
 
 Joseph Kazabi. Eliezer Gherson. 
 
 Manasseh Barneo. Joseph Accohen. 
 
 Kalib, son of Samuel. Eliezer Alupf, 
 
 * The" Jews scruple to say, the head of Israel. 
 
611 
 
 During the time of all these^transactions and passages at Constanti- 
 nople, Smyrna, Abydos, iipon the Hellespont, and Adrianople, the 
 Jews leaving their merchantlie course, and advices, what prizes com- 
 modities bear and matters of traffique, stuffed their letters for Italy 
 and other parts, with nothing hut wonders and miracles wrought by 
 their false Messiah : as that when the Grand Signior sent to take 
 him, he caused all the messengers immediately to die; upon which 
 other Janizaries being again sent, they all fell dead with a word 
 only from his mouth; and being desir'd to revive them again, he 
 immediately recall'd them to life, but of them only such who were 
 true Turks, and not those who had denied that faith iri which they 
 were born and had profest. After this they added, that he went 
 voluntarily to prison, and though the gates were barr'd and shut with 
 strong locks of iron, yet that Sabatai was seen to walk through the 
 streets with a numerous attendance, and when they laid shades on his 
 neck and feet, they not onely fell from him, but were converted into 
 gold, with which he gratified his true and faithful believers and disci- 
 ples. Some miracles also were reported of Nathan, that bnely at read- 
 ing the name of any particular man or woman, he would immediately 
 recount the story of his or her life, their sins or defaults, and accord- 
 ingly impose just correction and penance for them. These strong 
 reports coming thus confidently into Italy and all parts, the Jews of 
 Casel di Monferrato resolved to send three persons in behalf of their 
 society, in the nature of extraordinary legates, to Smyrna, to make 
 inquiry after the truth of all these rumours, who accordingly arriving in 
 Smyrna, full of expectation and hopes, intending to present themselves 
 with great humility and submission before the Messiah and his prophet 
 Nathan, were entertain'd with the sad news that Sabatai was turned 
 Turk, by which information the character of their embassy in a manner 
 ceasing; every one of them laying aside the formalities of his function, en* 
 deavoured to lodge himself best to his own convenience. But that they 
 might return to their brethren at home, with the certain particulars bf 
 the success of the affairs, they made a visit to the brother of Sabatai, 
 who still continued to perswade them that Sabatai was notwithstanding 
 the true Messiah ; that it was not he who had taken on him the habit 
 
612 
 
 aild form of a Turk, but his angel or spirit, his body being ascended 
 into Heaven, until Gpd shall again see the season and time to restore it, 
 adding further, that an effect hereof they should see by the prophet Na- 
 than certified, now every day expected, who, having wrought miracles in 
 many places, would also for their consolation reveal hidden secrets unto 
 them, with which they should not onely remain satisfied but astonished. 
 With this onely hope of Nathan, these legates were a little comforted, 
 resolving to attend his arrival, in regard they had a letter to consign 
 into his hands, and, according to their instructions, were to demand of 
 him the grounds he had for his prophesies, and what assurance he had 
 that he was divinely inspir'd, and how these things were reveal'd unto 
 him which he had committed to paper, and dispersed to all parts of 
 the world. At length Nathan arrives near Smyrna, on Friday the third 
 of March, towards the evening, and on Sunday these legates made 
 their visit to him. But Nathan, upon news of the success of his be- 
 loved Messiah, began to grow sullen and reserved, so that the legates 
 could scarce procure admittance to him ; all that they could do was to 
 inform him, that they had a letter to him from the brother-hood of 
 Italy, and commission to conferr with him concerning the foundation 
 and authority he had for his prophesies; but Nathan refused to take the 
 letter, ordering Kain Abolafio, a Chocham of the city of Smyrna, to 
 receive it; so that the legates returned ill contented, but yet with hopes 
 of Nathan's arrival at Smyrna to receive better; satisfaction. . . 
 
 But whir st Nathan intended to enter into Smyrna, the Chochams of 
 Constantinople, being before advised of his resolution to take. a journey 
 into their parts, not knowing by which way he .might come, sent their 
 letters and orders to Smyrna, Prussia, and every way round, to hinder 
 his passage, and interrupt his journey, fearing that things beginning 
 now to compose, the Turks appeas'd for the former disorders, and the 
 minds of the Jews in some manner settled, might be moved, and com- 
 bustions burst out afresh by the appearance of this new impostor, and 
 therefore dispatched this letter as followeth : 
 
613 
 
 To you who are the shepherds of Israel, and rulers, who reside for the 
 great God of the whole world in the city of Smyrna, which is mother 
 in Israel, to her princes, her priests, her judges, and especially to the 
 perfect wise men, and of great experience, may the Lord God cause 
 you to live before him, and delight in the multitude of peace, Ame|i ; 
 so be the will of the Lord. 
 
 These our letters are dispatched unto you, to let you understand, that 
 in the place of your holiness we have heard that the learned man which 
 was in Gaza, called Nathan Benjamin, hath published vaine doctrines, 
 and made the world tremble at his words and inventions ; and that at 
 this time we have receiv'd advice, that this man some dayes since de- 
 parted from Gaza, and took his journey by the way of Scanderone, 
 intending there to imbarke for Smyrna, and thence to go to Constanti- 
 nople or Adrianople : and though it seem a strange thing unto us, that 
 any man should have a desire to throw himself into a place of flames 
 and fire, and into the sparkes of hell, notwithstanding we ought to 
 fear and suspect it, fw ihefeehof man dlwayes guide him to the ivorst : 
 wherefore we under-written do advertise you, that this man coming 
 within the compass of your jurisdiction, you give a stop to his journey, 
 and not suffer him to proceed farther, but presently to return back. For 
 -We would have you know, that at his coming he will again begiti to 
 move those tumults which have been caused through the imaginations 
 .of a new kingdome, and that miracles are not to be wrought every day. 
 
 God forbid that by his coming the people of God should be destroy'd 
 in all places where they are, of which he will be the firstj whose blood 
 be upon his own head ; for in this conjuncture every little error or fault 
 is made capital. You may remember the rdanger of the first combus- 
 tion ; and it is very probable that he will be an occasion of greater, 
 which the tongue is not able to express with wprds. And therefore, 
 by vertue of ours and your own authorityj you are to hinder him frpm 
 proceeding farther in his journey, upon paine of all those excommuni- 
 cations which our law can impose, and to force him to return back again, 
 both he and his company. But if he shall in any manner oppose you, 
 
6U 
 
 and rebel iagaioist your word, your indeavours and law are sufficient to 
 hinder him, for it will be well for him and all Israel. 
 
 For the love of God, let these words enter into your eares, since they 
 are not vain things ; for the lives of all the Jewes, and his also, consist 
 therein. And the Lord God behold from Heaven, and have pitty upon 
 his people Israel, Amen. So be his holy will. Written by those who 
 seek your peace. 
 
 JoAM TOB, son of Cha- Caleb, son of Chocham 
 nania Jacar. Samuel, deceased. 
 
 MoisE Benveniste. Moise Barndo. 
 
 Isaac Alcenacagne. Elihezer Aluff. 
 
 Joseph Kazabi. Jehoshuah Raphaei* 
 
 Samuel Acaz sine* BenVeniste, 
 
 By these meanes Nathan being disappointed of his wandring pro- 
 gress, and partly ashamed of the event of things, contrary to his pro- 
 phesie, was resolved, without entring Smyrna, to returne again : howso- 
 ever, he obtained leave to visit the sepulchre of his mother, and there 
 to receive pardon of his sins (according to the institution of Sabatai 
 before mentioned), but first washed himself in the sea, in manner of 
 purification, and said his tephilld, or prayers, at the fountain, called by 
 us the fountain Sancta Veneranda, which is near to the cymeterie of the 
 Jewes, and then departed for Xio, with two companions, a servant, and 
 three Turks to conduct him, without admitting the legates to audience, 
 or answering the letter which was sent him from all the communities 
 of the Jewes in Italy. And thus the embassy of these legates was con- 
 bluded, and they returned from the place from whence they came, and 
 the Jewes again to their wits, following their trade of merchandize and 
 brbkage as formerly, with more quiet and advantage then the meanes of 
 regaining their possesisioris in the Land of Promise. And thus ended 
 this ritiad phrensie amongst the Jewes, which might have cost them 
 dear, had not Sabatai renounc'd his Messiah-ship at the feet of Mahomet. 
 
ei5 
 
 THE HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 LATE FINAL EXTIRPATION AND EXILEMENT OF THE JEWES 
 
 OUT OF 
 
 THE EMPIRE OF PERSIA. 
 
 You have heard in the foregoing 9tory from what glorious expectar 
 tions i the whole nation of the Jewes were precipitated by the itnpogtQ- 
 rious but improsperous villany of their late pretended Messiah: you 
 will in this Relation perceive farther, how signally the hand of Almighty 
 God (about the same time) wept out to their yet greater shame and 
 extermination : and if any thing were capable to reduce that miserably 
 deluded people, certainly one would think these continu'd frownes and 
 accents of his displeasure against all their enterprises, as it ought to 
 confirme the truth of the Christian profession, so it should even con- 
 straine them to hasten to it, for the wrath is come upon then^ to the 
 uttermost. 
 
 In the reign of the famous Abas, Sophy of Persia, and grand-father, 
 to the present Emperour, the nation being, low, and somewhat exhausted 
 of inhabitants, it entred iiito the mind of this prince (a wise and prudent 
 man, and one who exceedingly studied the benefit of his subjects) tq 
 seek some expedient for the revival and improvement of trade, and by 
 all manner of priviledges and immunities to encourage other contiguous 
 nations to negotiate and trade ampngst them ; and this project he forti- 
 fied with so many immunities, and used them so well who came, that 
 repiairing from all partem to his cquntrey, in a short time the whole 
 kingdome was filled with multitudes of the most industrious people and 
 strangers that any way bordered on him. 
 
 It happened, that amongst those who came, innumerable flocks of 
 Jewes ran thither from all their dispersions in the East^ attracted by the 
 gaine which they universally make where ever they set footing, by 
 their, innate craft, sacred avarice, and the excessive extortions which 
 
616 
 
 they continually practice. And it was not many yeares but by this 
 meanes they had so impoverished the rest, and especially the natural 
 subjects of Persia, that the clamor of it reached to the eares of the Em- 
 perour; and indeed it was intollerable, for even his own exchequer 
 began to be sensible of it, as well as his peoples purses and estates, 
 which they had almost devoured. 
 
 How to repress this inormity, and remedy this inconvenience, without 
 giving umbrage to the rest of those profitable strangers now settled in 
 his dominions, by falling severely upon the Jewes on the sudden, he 
 long consulted ; and for that end call'd to his advice his chief ministers 
 of state, the Mufti, and expounders of the law. After much dispute 
 'twas at last found, that the Jewes had already long since forfeited theii; 
 lives by the very text of the Alcoran, where it is express'd, that if 
 within six hundred yeares from the promulgation of that religion they 
 did not universally come in and profess the Mahumetan 'faith, they 
 should be d.estroy'd. The zealous Emperor would immediately have 
 put this edict into execution ; but, by the intercession of the Mufti, and 
 the rest of the doctorsj 'twas thought fit to suspend it for the present : 
 but that these growing evils might in time have a period, his majesty 
 commanded that all the Chochammi, Rabbins, and chiefe among the 
 JeweS, should immediately appear before his tribunal, and make answer 
 to some objections that were to be propounded to them. 
 
 The Jewes being accordingly conven'd, the Sophy examines them 
 about several passages of their law, and particularly concerning the 
 prbphet MoySes, and those rites of his which seem'd to have been so 
 long annihilated amongst them, since the coming of Isai (for so they 
 call Jesus), after whom they pretended their Mahomet was to take place, 
 and all other predictions to determine. 
 
 The Jewes, much terrified with the manner of these interrogatories, 
 and dubious what the meaning and drift of them might signifie, told the 
 Emperor, that for Christ they did not believe in him, but that they 
 expected a Messiah of their own to come, who should by his miraculous 
 power deliver them from their oppressors, and subdue all the world to 
 his obedience. 
 
 At this reply the Sophy appear'd to be much incens'd. How ! sayes 
 
ei7 
 
 he; do you not then believe Christ, of whom our very Alcoran makes 
 so honourable mention? as that he was the spirit of God, sent down 
 from himy and returning to him ? If we believe him, why do not 
 you ? What say you for your selves, you incredulous wretches ? The 
 confounded Jewes, perceiving the Emperor thus provoked, immediately 
 prostrated themselves on the ground, humbly supplicating him to take 
 piity on his -slaves, who acknowledged themselves altogether unable to 
 dispute with his Majesty ; that for the Christians they seem'd indeed to 
 them to be gross idolaters, men who did not worship God, but a cruci- 
 fied malefactor, and a deceiver ; which still the more displeased the 
 Sophy, not induring they should so blaspheme a person for whom their 
 Alcoran had so great a reverence. However, for the presenthe dissem- 
 bles his resentment. " 'Tis well," sayes he, " you do not believe the God 
 of the Christians : but, tell me, what think you of our great prophet 
 Mahomet ?" This demand exceedingly perplexed them, not knowing 
 what to reply : and Indeed it was contriv'd on purpose, that convincing 
 them of blasphemy (as they esteem'd it) against their prophet, the 
 Sophy might find a specious and legal pretence to ruine and destroy 
 them, without giving any jealousie or suspition to the rest of the 
 strangers, who were traficking in his country, of several other religions, 
 but who were not in the least obnoxious to his displeasure. 
 
 After a long pause, and secret conference with one another, it was at 
 last resolved atnong them, that though they had deny'd Christ, they 
 would yet say nothing positively against Mahomet ; therefore they told 
 the Emperour, that though their reHgion forbad them to believe any 
 prophet save Moses, &c. yet they did not hold Mahomet for a false 
 prophet, in as much as he was descended of Ismael the son of Abraham; 
 and that they desii-ed to remaine his Majesties humble vassals and slaves, 
 and cirav'd his pity on them. 
 
 The Sophy, easily perceiving the cunning and wary subterfuge of 
 their reply, told them, this should not serve their turne ; that they 
 were a people of dissolute principles, and that under pretence of their 
 long expected Messiah they persisted in a false religion, and, kept off 
 from proselyting to the true bellefe, and therefore required of them to 
 set a positive time When their Messiah was to appear, for that he 
 
 4 K 
 
618 
 
 would support them no longer, who had impos'd on the world, ar 
 cheated his people now so many yeares; but, withal assuring them, thi 
 he would both pardon and protect them for the time they should assigi 
 provided they did not go about to abuse him by any incompetent ptt 
 crastinations, but assign the year precisely of his coming, when, if a< 
 cordingly he did not appear, they were sons of death, and should all ( 
 them either renounce their faith, or be certainly destroyed, and the 
 estates confiscated. 
 
 The poor Jewes, though infinitely confounded with this unexpecte 
 demand and resolution of the Sophy, after a second consultation amon 
 themselves (which the Emperor granted), contriv'd to give him thi 
 answer. That according to their books and prophesies their Messia 
 should infallibly appear within seventy yeares ; prudently (as the 
 thought) believing, that either the Emperor or they should be all c 
 them dead before that time, and that, in the interim, such alteration 
 might emerge, as all this would be forgotten or averted, and that, s 
 the worst, a good summe of money would reverse the sentence; buttha 
 something was of necessity to be promis'd to satisfie his present humc 
 rous zeal. 
 
 The Emperor accepts of the answer, and immediately causes it to b 
 recorded in form of a solemn stipulation between them ; that in cas 
 there were no news of their Messiah within the Seventy years asslgn'i 
 (to which of grace he added five more), they should either turn Mahu 
 metans, or their whole nation utterly be destroyed throughout Persia 
 and their substance confiscated : but with this clause also inserted ; tha 
 if their Messiah did appear within that period, the Emperor wouli 
 himself be obliged to become a Jew, and make all his subjects so witl 
 him. This, drawn (as we said) in form of instrument, was reciprocal! 
 sign'd and seal'd on both parts, and the Jews for the present dis 
 miss'd ; with the payment yet of no less than two millions of gold (a 
 my author affirms) for the favour of this long indulgence. 
 
 Since the time of this: Emperor Abas, to the present Sophy nov 
 reigning, there are not only these seventy yeares past, but one hundrei 
 and fifteen expir'd ; during which the, Persians have been so moleste( 
 by the Turks, and by continual war in the East Indias, &c. that th 
 
619 
 
 succeeding princes no more minded this stipulation of their predecessors, 
 'till Jjy a wonderful accident in the reign of the second Abas (father of 
 him who now governs), a person extreamly curious of antiquities, 
 searching one day amongst the records of his palace, there was fouud 
 this -writing in the journal of his father, intimating what had so so- 
 lemnly pass'd between him and the chiefs of the Jews in the name of 
 their whple nation. 
 
 Upon this, the Sophy instantly summons a council, produces the in- 
 strument before them, and requires their advice, what was to be done; 
 and the rather, for that there began now to be great whispers, and some 
 letters had been written to them from merchants out of Turkey, of the 
 motions of a pretended Messiah, which was the famous Sabatai. This 
 so wrought with the Emperor and his council, that with one voice, and 
 without longer pause, they immediately conclude upon the destruction 
 of the Jews, and that this wicked generation of impostors and oppressors 
 of his people were no longer to be indured upon the earth. 
 
 In order to this resolution proclamations are issu'd out and published 
 to the people, and to all that were strangers and inhabitants amongst 
 them, impowering them to fall immediately upon the Jews in all the 
 Persian dominions, and to put to the sword man, woman, and child, 
 but such as should forthwith turn to the Mahumetan belief, and to seize 
 on their goods and estates without any remorse or pity. 
 
 This cruel and bloody arrest was accordingly put in execution first at 
 Ispahan, and suddenly afterwards in all the rest of the cities and towns 
 of Persia. Happy was he that could escape the fury of the inraged 
 people, who by vertue of the public sentence, grounded upon the de- 
 clared stipulation, and now more encouraged by the dwindling of their 
 pretended Messiah, had no commiseration on them, but slew and made 
 havock of them, where-ever they could find a Jew through all the vast 
 territories, falling upon the spoil, and continuing the carnage to their 
 utter extermination. Nor did the persecution cease for several years, 
 beginning from about sixty-three till sixty-six, at Ispahan, the cities and 
 countries of Seyra, Ghelan, Humadan, Ardan, Tauris, and, in summe, 
 through the whole empire, without sparing either sex or .age, excepting 
 (as was said) such as turned Mahumetans, or escaped through the 
 
620 
 
 deserts into Turkey, India, and other farr distant regions, and tha 
 without hopes of ever re-establishing themselves for the future in Per' 
 sia, the hatred of that people being so deadly and irreconcilable agains 
 them. And, in truth, this late action and miscarriage of their pre- 
 tended Messiah has rendred them so universally despicable, that nothing 
 but a determined obstinacy, and an evident and judicial maledictior 
 from Heaven, could possibly continue them in that prodigious blind- 
 ness, out of which yet, God, of his infinite mercy, one day delivei 
 them, that they may at last see and believe in him whom they have 
 pierced ; and that so both Jew and Gentile may make one flock under 
 that one shepherd and bishop of our souls, Jesus Christ the true Mes- 
 siah. Amen. 
 
621 
 
 A LETTER OF JOHN EVELYN, Esq. 
 
 TO THE 
 
 LORD VISCOUNT BROUNCKER, P. R. S. 
 
 CONCERNING THE SPANISH SEMBRADOR, OR NEW ENGINE FOR PLOUGHING, EQUAL 
 , SOWING, AND HARROWING AT ONCE*. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 I CANNOT devise better how to express my great respects to you 
 Lordship, than by my utmost endeavours to promote the interest of tha 
 Society over which you hav6 so long, with so much ability and aiFec 
 tion, and so faithfully presided. Tfpis, therefore, will plead my excus 
 with your Lordship, if in some confidence of gratifying the generou 
 designes of that noble assembly, I communicate to them, through yQU 
 hands, ;not only the instrument (which 1 herewith present them), bu 
 the description of the use and beri^fit of it from such a deferent, as I an 
 sure they will very highly value. -My Lord, it is now almost two year 
 since, ;that (by somewhat an odd accident), lighting upon a paper lateh 
 printed in Spanish, I found a short passage in it, giving notice of a cer 
 ta^nplougM newly brought out o^ Germany into Spain; in both whicl 
 places it had, upon tryal, so generally obtain'd, as (besides the roya 
 priviledge.yw\i\ch. was granted to the investor) to procure the universa 
 approbation. Upon this hint, I took the boldness to write to iny Lore 
 Ambassador, intreating his Excellency, that, as his more weighty affairs 
 would give him leave, he would not disdaih to inform himself mort 
 particularly concerning it. This his Lordship was not only pleas'd tc 
 do, but so highly obliging as to transmit to me the engine itself, toge- 
 ther with a full description of it and its use; -all of it written with his 
 own noble hand, which I do here consecrate to the Royal Society, to b€ 
 inserted among their precious cimelia. 
 
 * A description of the contrivance and use of this instrument, by Don Joseph Lucatelo,Knighl 
 of the Province of Corinthea, a subject of the House of Austria, inventor of the engine, accom- 
 panies this dedication, with an engraving, by which a great quantity of seed corn is saved, and g 
 rich increase yearly gained. Phil. Trans. June 1670. No. 60. vol. V. p. 1056. 
 
622 
 
 My Lord, being not so happy as to wait on you myself with it at 
 your publick assembly this day, I desire your Lordship will cause these 
 papers to be read there, and expose the instrument to their examina- 
 tion and tryal. There are many gentlemen who will not he offended 
 with these rusticities, and who know how highly such inventions, and 
 even attempts, have been valued by the greatest and best of men. 
 Something, 'tis possible, may happen to be out of order, by reason of 
 the long journey it hath passed; but their ingenious Curator* will soon 
 be able to reform, and, if need be, improve it. ^ 
 
 My Lord of Sandwich is that illustrious person to whom the Society 
 is obliged for this, and many other favors and productions of his own 
 more consummate genius, which enrich their registers. But, let me 
 tell them, his Lordship hath made, and brought home with him, such 
 other polite notices and particulars of Spain and other forrain parts, as 
 I know no person of the most refined mind and publick spirit who hath 
 approached him, besides your Lordship ; an emulous and worthy ex- 
 ample, certainly, to the rest of our Noblemen and Ministers of State 
 abroad, who may travel with so many advantages to inform themselves 
 above others : and it is to me a shining instance of both your Lordship's 
 happy talents and great comprehension, that in the throng of so many 
 and so weighty employments, you can think of cultivating the arts, and 
 of doubly obliging your country. How do such persons enamel their 
 characters, and adorne their titles with lasting and permanent honors ! 
 This testimony of my just veneration to both your Lordships I could 
 not, upon this occasion, but superadd, who am, 
 
 My Lord, 
 Your Lordship's most humble, most devoted, 
 
 and most obedient servant, , 
 
 J. Evelyn. 
 Says Court, 23 Feb. \6%. 
 
 * Robert Hooker, a man of great mechanical genius^ elected Curator, by office, to the Royal 
 Society January 11, 1664-5. He died in 1702. 
 
623 
 DEDICATION TO RENATUS RAPINUS OF GARDENS; 
 
 IN FOUR BOOKS : 
 ORIGINALLY WRITTEN IN LATIN E VERSE, AND MADE ENGLISH 
 
 By JOHN EVELYN*. 
 
 M- 
 
 TO THE RIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 HENRY EARL OF ARLINGTON, VISCOUNT THETFORD, &c. 
 
 HIS MAJESTIES PRINCIPAL SECRETARY OF STATE, OF HIS MOST HONOURABLE PRIVY 
 COUNCIL, AND KNIGHT OF THE MOST NOBLE ORDER OF THE GARTER, &c. 
 
 My Lord, 
 'Tis become the mode of this writing age to trouble persons of the 
 highest rank, not only with the real productions of wit, but (if so I 
 may be allowed to speak) with the trifles an3 follyes of it : hardly does 
 an ill play come forth without a dedication to some great Lady, or man 
 of Honour; and all think themselves sufficiently secure, If they can ob- 
 tain but the least pretence of authority to cover their imperfections. 
 My Lord, I am sensible of mine ; but they concern only my self, and 
 
 * London, printed by T.R. & N.T. for Thomas Collins and John Ford, at the Middle-Templq 
 Gate, and Benjamin Tooke, at the Ship in St. Pauls Church Yard, lf)73. Octavo, 276 pages. 
 Although the transposition of a Latin poem into English has usually a considerable degree of on-. 
 ginality in itself, yet the prose Dedication of this tract only is printed, because, in general, the 
 verses of Evelyn were far from being in the first rank of merit ; and on the same account also, his 
 translation of the first book of Lucretius, printed in 1656, and his " Panegyric at his Majesty K. 
 Charles [I. his Coronation," 1661, are omitted in the present collection of his minor pieces. 
 
624 
 
 can never lessen the dignity of a subject which the best of poets, and 
 perhaps the greatest wits too, have celebrated with just applause. 
 
 I know not how, my Lord, I may have succeeded with this adven- 
 ture, in an age so nice and refined ; but the die is cast, and I had rather 
 expose my self to the fortune of it, then loose an occasion of acknow- 
 ledging your Lordship's favours, which, as they have oblig'd the father, 
 so ought they to command the gratitude of the son : nor must I forget 
 to acquaint your Lordship, that the author of this Poem addressed it to 
 one of the most eminent persons in France* ; and it were unhappy should 
 it not meet with the same good fortune in England. I am sure the 
 original deserves it, which, though it may have lost much of its lustre 
 by my translation, will yet recover its credit with advantage, by having 
 found in your Lordship so illustrious a patron. Great men have in all 
 ages bin favourable to the Muses, and done them honour ; and your 
 Lordship, who is the true model of virtue and greatness, cannot but 
 have the same inclinations for the delights which adorn those titles, 
 especially when they are innocent, and useful, and excellent, as this 
 poem is pronounced to be by the suffrages of the most discerning. I 
 had else, my Lord, suppress'd my ambition of being in print, and set- 
 ting up for a poet, which is neither my talent nor design. But, my 
 Lord, to importune you no further, this piece presumes not to in- 
 trude into your cabinet, but to wait upon you in your garden at _Em5^ow, 
 where, if, when your Lordship's more weighty affairs give leave, you 
 vouchsafe to divert your self with the first blossoms of my youth, they 
 may, by the influence of your Lordship's favour, one day produce fruits 
 of more maturity, and worthy the oblation of. 
 
 My Lord, 
 Your Lordship's most dutiful 
 
 and most obedient servant, 
 
 J. Evelyn. 
 
 * William de Lamoignon, Marquis de Baville, First President of the Parliament of Paris, born 
 23 Oct. 1617, and died 10th Dec. 1677- 
 
NAVIGATION AND COMMERCE, 
 
 THEIR ORIGINAL AND PROGRESS. 
 
 CONTAINING 
 
 A SUCCINCT ACCOUNT OF TRAFFICK IN GENERAL; ITS BENEFITS AND IMPROVEMENTS: 
 SDf ^cotieiie0, saSars, anS Conflirta at Sea, &am tf)z ottQtnal of Babieation to t^is Das j 
 
 WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE ENGLISH NATION ; 
 
 THEIR SEVERAL VOYAGES AND EXPEDITIONS, TO THE BEGINNING OF OUR 
 LATE DIFFERENCES WITH HOLLAND; 
 
 IN WHICH HIS MAJESTIES TITIE TO THE DOMINION OF THE SEA IS ASSERTED, 
 AGAINST THE NOVEL AND LATER PRETENDERS. 
 
 By JOHN EVELYN, Esq. S. R. S. 
 
 Qui mare teneat, eum necesse est Reram potiri. Cicero ad Attic. L. 1 0, £p. 8. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PKINTED BY T. K. FOR BENJ. TOOKE, 
 AT THE SIGN OF THE SHIP IN ST. PAUI.'s CHURCH-YAfiD. 
 
 1674. 
 
 4 L 
 
'.' ) 
 
 TO THE KING. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 That I take the boldness to Inscribe your Majesties name on the front 
 of this little history, is to pay a tribute, the most due, and the most 
 becoming my relation to your Majesties service of any that I could< 
 devise ; since your Majesty has been plieas'd, among so many noble arid 
 illustrious persons, to name me of the Councel of your Commerce, and 
 Plantations : and if it may afford your Majesty some diversion, to 
 behold, as in a table, the course, and importance of what your Majesty 
 is the most absolute arbiter of any potentate on earth, arid, excite in 
 your loyal subjects a courage and an industry becoming the advantages 
 which God and Nature have put into their hatlds, I shall have reach'd 
 my humble ambition, and Your Majesty will riot reprdve these expres- 
 sions of it in, 
 
 Sir, 
 Your Majestie's most dutiful, most obedient, 
 
 and ever loyal subject, and servant, 
 
 J. Evelyn. 
 
628 
 
 NAVIGATION AND COMMERCE, 
 
 THEIR ORIGINAL AND PROGRESS.* 
 
 1. Whosoever shall with serious attention contemplate the divine 
 fabrick of this inferiour orb, the various and admirable furniture which 
 fills and adorns It; the constitution of the elements about It; and, 
 above all, the nature of man (for whom they were created), he must 
 
 * Navigation and Commerce, their Originial and Progress, &c. By J. Evelyn, Esq. F. R. S. 
 1674. 8vo. 
 
 "Inthis elegant discourse, besides the largeness of the historical collections, the worthy author 
 eKcites England, and adviseth the most advantageous preparations for our future defence, and for 
 aggrandising our Trade and Commerce : vrhich ought to be our care, whilst we have the oppor- 
 tunity, and whilst we are less concern'd spectators of the wars round about us." — Phil. Trans. 
 Vol, IX. June 1674.- No. 104. p. 88. 
 
 " 18 June 1670.. My Lord Arlington carried me from Whitehall to Goring House, with the 
 Marquis of Worcester: there we found Lord Sandwich, Viscount Stafford (since beheaded), the 
 Lieutenant of the Tower, and others. After dinner my Lord communicated to me his Matys desire 
 that I would undertake to write the History of our" late War with the Hollanders, which I had 
 hitherto declined: this, 1 found,, was ill-taken, and that I should disoblige his Maty, who had made 
 choice of me to do him this service ; and if I would undertake it, I should have all the assistance 
 the Secretary's office and others could give me, with other encouragements, which I could not 
 decently refuse." Diary, vol. L p. 403. 
 
 " 19th Aug. 1674. ' His Majesty (Charles H.) told me how exceedingly the Dutch were dis- 
 pleased at my treatise of " The Historic of Commerce," that the Holland Ambassador had com- 
 plained to him of what I had touched of the Flags and Fishery, &c. and desired the booke might 
 be called in; whilst- on the other side he assured me he was exceedingly pleas'd with what I had 
 done, and gave me many thanks. However, it being just upon the conclusion of the Treaty of 
 Breda (indeed, it was designed to have been published some moneths before, and when we were 
 at defiance), his Maty told me he must recall it formally, but gave order that what copies should be 
 publiqly seiz'd to pacific the Ambassador, should immediately be restored to the printer, and that 
 neither he nor the vendor should be molested. The truth is, that which touch'd the Hollander was 
 much lesse then what the King himselfe furnished me with, and oblig'd me to publish, having 
 caus'd it to be read to him before it went to the presse ; but the error was, it should have been 
 publish'd before the peace was proclaim'd. The noise of this book's suppression made it presently 
 be bought up, and turn'd much to the Stationer's advantage. It was no other- than the Preface 
 prepared to be prefixed to my History of the whole warr, which I now pursu'd no further.'' Diary 
 vol. L p. 444. 
 
 In the Index attached to the Diary and Letters, under the article " Dutch War," will be found 
 
629 
 
 needs acknowledge, that there is nothing more agreeable to reason, 
 than that they were all of them ordain'd for mutual use and communi- 
 cation. • t, a t- , , 
 .^2. The earth, and every prospect of her superficies, presents us with a 
 thousand objects 0f. utility and delight, in which consists the perfection- 
 of 'all sublunary things: and though, through her rugged and dissever'd 
 parts, rocks, sieasj and. remoter islands, she seem at first to chsck our 
 addpesses ; yet, when we ag'en behold in what ample baies,. creeks, 
 trending-shores, : inviting harbours and stations, she appears spreading 
 her arms upon. the bordures of the ocean ; whiles the rivers, who re-pay: 
 their), (ributies to it, glide not in direct and praecipitate courses from 
 their conceil'd and- distant heads, but in various flexures and, meanders 
 (as:well to temper, the rapidity of their streams, as to water and refresh 
 the fruitful plains), niethinks she seems, from the very beginning, to 
 have:been dispos'd for trafick and commerce, and even courts us to visit. 
 her most solitary recesses. < 
 
 3. This meditation sometimes affecting my thoughts, did exce,edingly 
 confirm, and not a little surprize me ; when reflecting^ on the situation 
 of the Mediterranean sea (so aptly contriv'd for inter-course to so vJast 
 apart of the wofld}, I coriclud'ed, that if the Hollanders: themselves) 
 (who of-all the inhabitants in it, are the best skill'd in making canalesi 
 and'trenches, and to derive waters) hadjoyn'd in consultation, how the 
 scattered- parts of the earth might be rendred most accessible, and easie' 
 for Coinmerce, they could not have contriv'd where to have made the 
 in-let-, with so much . advantage as ; .'God and Nature have dOne it for* 
 us ; since 'by means of this sea we have admission to no less than three 
 parts of the habitable worldy and there seems nothing, left (in this 
 regard) to humane industry, which could render it more consummate ; 
 so impious was the saying of! Alphonsus * (not worthy the name of 
 
 several references to the various circumstances connected with this subject. Evelyn, from his own 
 account of his proceedings, appears to have used considerable labour in the composition of his 
 work, as In the reading of the numerous oificial papers which were sent him for the purpose ; but 
 when he had only planned the History, finding his intentions unsupported, he resigned them with 
 fidmething like disgust, and the ensuing fragment is all th^t remains of them. 
 * Roderigo de Toledo, lib. I.e. 6. 
 
630 
 
 Prince) that had be been of counsel with the Creator when he made the 
 universe, he could have fram'd it better. 
 
 4. If we cast our eyes on the plains and the mountains, behold them 
 naturally furnish'd with goodly trees ; of which some there are which 
 ffFow as it were spontaneously into vessels and canoes, wanting nothing 
 but the launching to render them useful : but when the heart of man, 
 or of God rather (for it was he who first instructed him to build), con- 
 spires, and that he but sets his divine genius on work, the same earth 
 ftirnishes materials to equip and perfect the most beautiful, useful, and 
 stupendious creature (so let us be permitted to call her) the whole world 
 has to shew : and if the winds and elements prove auspicious (which 
 was the third instance of our contemplation), this enormous machine 
 (as if inspir'd with life too) is ready for every motion ; and to brave all 
 encounters and adventures undertakes to fathom the world itself; 
 to visit strange and distant lands; to people, cultivate, and civilize 
 uninhabited and barbarous regions ; and to proclaim to the universe 
 the wonders of the architect, the skill of the pilot, and, above all, the 
 benefits of Commerce. 
 
 5. So great and unspeakable were the blessings which mankind re- 
 ceived by his yet infant adventures, that it is no wonder to see how 
 every nation contended who should surpass each other in the art of 
 Navigation, and apply the means of Commerce to promote and derive 
 it to -themselves ; God-Almighty (as we have shew'd) in the consti- 
 tution of the world, prompting us to awaken our industry for the supply 
 of our necessities : for man only being obliged to live politickly, and in 
 society, for mutual assistance, found it would not be accomplish'd 
 without labour and industry. Nature, which ordains all things necessary, 
 for other creatures, in the place where she produces them, did not so 
 for man ; but ennobling him with a superiour faculty, supply'd him with 
 all things his needs could require. Wheresoever therefore men are 
 born (unless wanting to themselves), they have it in their power to 
 exalt themselves, even in these regards, above the other creatures ; and 
 the lilUes which spin not, and are yet so splendidly clad, are npt in this 
 respect so happy as ^n industrious and prudent. man; because they 
 have neither knowledge nor sense of their being and perfections : and 
 
631 
 
 though few things indeed are necessary for the animal life, yet has it 
 no prerogative by that alone ahove the more rational, which man onely 
 enjoys, and for whom the world was made; seeing the variety of 
 blessings that were ordained to serve himj proclaims his dominion, and 
 the vastness of his nature ; nor had the great Creator himself been so 
 glorified, without an intellectual being, that could contemplate and 
 make use of them. We are therefore rather tO admire that stupendious 
 mixture of plenty and want, which we find disseminated throughout 
 the creation ; what St. Paul afiirms of the members of the little world 
 being so applicable to those of the greater, and no one place, or country 
 able to say, * I have no need of another,' considered not onely as to con- 
 summate perfections, but even divers things, if not absolutely necessary, 
 at least convenient. 
 
 6. To demonstrate this in a most conspicuous instance, we need look 
 no farther than Holland, of which fertile (shall we say) or inchanted 
 spot 'tis hard to decide, whether its wants or abundance are really 
 greater than any other countries under Heaven ; since by the quality 
 and other circumstances of situation (though otherwise productive 
 enough), it affords neither grain, wine, oyle, timber, mettal, stone, 
 wool, hemp, pitch, nor almost any other commodity of use ; and yet 
 we find there is hardly a nation in the world which enjoyes all these 
 things in greater affluence ; and all this from commerce alone, and the 
 effects of industry, to which not onely the neighbouring parts of Europe 
 contribute, but the Indies, and Antipodes : so as the whole world (as vast 
 as it appears to others) seems but a farm, scarce another province' to them ; 
 and indeed it is that alone which has built and peopled goodly cities, 
 where nothing but rushes grew j cultivated an heavy genius with all 
 the politer arts ; enlarged and secured their boundaries, and made them- 
 a name in the world, who> within less* than an age, were hardly con- 
 sider'd in it, 
 
 7. What fame and riches the Venetians acquir'd whilsl they were 
 true to their spouse, the sea (and in adsJQowledgment whereof they 
 still repeat and celebrate the nuptials), histories are loud of: but this, 
 no longer continu'd thaa whUst they had fegard to their fleets and their 
 traffick, the proper business, and the most genuine to their situation. 
 
632 
 
 From hence they founded a glorious city, fixt upon a few muddy and 
 scatter'd islands; and thence distributed over Europe the product of 
 the eastern world, 'till, changing this industry into ambition, and applyr 
 ing it to the inlarging of their territories in Italy, they lost their 
 interests and acquists in the Mediterranean, which were infinitely more 
 considerable. Nor in this recension of the advantages of Cpmmerce 
 is her neighbour Genoa to be forgotten ; whose narrow dominions (not 
 exceeding some private lordships in England) have grown to a consi- 
 derable state ;' , and from a barren rock to a proud city, emulous for 
 wealth and magnificence, with the stateliest emporiums" of the world. 
 
 ' 8. The Easterlings arid Anseati.ck towns (famous for early traffick) 
 had perhaps never been heard "of,. but for courting this mistress; no 
 more than those vaster tracts of Sweden, Norway, Muscovy, &c. which ., 
 the 'late industry of our own people has rendred considerable. The 
 Danes, 'tis confess'd, ,had long signaliz'd themselves by. their importu- 
 nate descents on this island, , and universal piracies, whilst negligent of 
 oilr advantages at sea, we often became obnoxious to them; but, when; 
 once we set-up our moving fortresses, and grew numerous in shipping,- 
 we liv'd in profound tranquillity, grew opulent and formidable to our 
 enemies. • , 
 
 9.' It was Comtnerce and Navigation (the daughter of peace - and 
 good intelligence) that gave reputation to the most noble of our. native 
 staples. Wool, exceedingly improv'd by forreigriers ; especially since :.the' 
 reigns of Edward the Second, and Third; and has been the principal* 
 occasion of instituting and establishing our merchant adventurers, and 
 other worthy fraternities ; to mention onely the esteem of our horses," 
 corn, tin, lead, iron, saffron, fullers-earth, hid^s^ wax, fish, and other 
 natural and artificial commodities, most of which are^ indigene and 
 domestick, others imported, and brought from forraign countries. . Thus^ 
 Asia refreshes us with spices, recreates us with perfumes, cures us with! 
 drougs, and adorns us with jewels ; Africa sends us ivory and • gold ; 
 America,, silver, , isugar, and cotton ; France, Spain, and Italy; giveus 
 
 wine, oyl, and silk; Russia warms us in furrs ; Sweden supplies us 
 with copper; Denmark and the Northern tracts, with masts an^ mate- 
 rials for shipping, withoutvwhich all this .were nothing. : It is Com-* 
 
633 
 
 merce and Navigation that breeds and accomplishes that^most honour- 
 able and useful race of men (the pillars of all magnificence) to skUl in 
 the exportation of superfluities, importation of necessaries; to settle 
 Staples with regard to the public stock : what 'tis fit to keep at horae, 
 and what to send abroad ; to be^ vigilant over the oours^e of exchange ; 
 to employ hands for regulated salaries; and by their dexterity to mode- 
 rate all this by a true and solid interest of state, which, without, this 
 mystery, cannot long subsist, as not alwaies admitting permanent and 
 immutable rules : in a word, the sea (which covers half the. patrimony 
 of man, renders the whole world a stranger to it self and the inhabitants 
 for whom 'twas made, as rude as Canibals) becomes but one family by 
 the miracles of Commerce, and yet we have said nothing of the most 
 illustrious product of it; that It has taught us religion, instructed us 
 in polity, cultivated our manners, and furnish'd us with all the delica- 
 cies of virtuous and happy living, 
 
 10. Whether the first author of. traffick were the Tyrians, Trojans, 
 Lydians, those of Carthage, or (as Josephus* will) the mercurial spirits 
 soon after the flood, to repair and supply the ruines of that universal 
 overthrow, we are not solicitous : that it entered with the earliest and 
 best dales of thef restored world we shall prove hereafter, by the. timely 
 applications of industrious men to inlarge and improve their condition. 
 The Romans, indeed, were not of a good while, favourable to merchan- 
 dizing; for the patricians, senators, and great men might not be 
 owners, in particular, of any considerable vessel, besides small barks, 
 and pleasure boats; and the most illustrious nations have esteem'd the 
 gain by traflSck and commerce ineompatible with nobhs&e.; not for being 
 enemies tO trade, but because they esteem'd it an ignoble way of gain 
 CqutEstus omnis indecorus patribus, sales Livy), and were all for , con- 
 quest and the sword; for, otherwise, they so encourag'd this, industry, that 
 the Latins § (whom for a long time they held under such servitude that 
 they might not devise their estates when they dyed)i^if any. one of them 
 came to be able to build an handsome ship, fit for burthen and traflick, 
 
 * Antiq.l. ]. 
 ■ f .Latini multis modis consequuntur civitatem Rotnanam ; ut, si navem eedificaverint duorum. 
 millium modiorum capacenij &c. Ulpian. In'stit. Tit. Latinis, N. 6. 
 
 4 M 
 
, 634 
 
 he was libertate donatus, anA obtained his freedom, with power to 
 make his testament, and capable of hearing office. And one would won- 
 der that traffick being so profitable, Lycurgus (that great law- giver 
 amongst the Lacedemonians) should prohibit it : some believe it was 
 for its being so obnoxious to corruption, and the luxury introduc'd 
 amongst the people by commerce with strangers ; the lying and deceit, 
 perjury and theft, in buying, selling, and making bargains; for which 
 reason Plato design'd the towns of his common-wealth to be built far 
 distant from the sea; and our Saviour scourg'd the money-changers out 
 of the temple; so difficult a thing it is for those who deal much to 
 preserve their hands clean. But 'tis said Plato chang'd his mind; and 
 we all know that as the Romans themselves grew wiser, so they dig- 
 nified it, and took off that ill-understood reproach, as the Orator has 
 himself told us, when (condemning the pedlary and sordid * vices of 
 retailers) he acknowledges, that where staple and useful commodities 
 can be brought in to supply the needs of whole countries, 'tis a com- 
 mendable service, videturque Jure optimo, posse laudari; nay, shew'd 
 by their own example, that for the greatest men to turn merchants did 
 less taint their blood than their sloth and effeminacy; and upon this 
 account the wisest of the heathens (for such were Thales, Solon, Hip- 
 pocrates, and even Plato himself,) have honour'd merchandize, and, of 
 latter times, many kings and princes ; and then indeed does traffick rise 
 to its ascendent, when 'tis dignified by their example, and defended by 
 their power. This the Dukes of Florence and other potentates have 
 long since understood, and now, at last, the French King: witness the 
 repair of his ports, building of ships, cutting new channels, instituting 
 companies, planting of colonies, and universal encouragement of manu- 
 factures, by cherishing and ennobling of sedulous and industrious per- 
 sons. But, more yet than all this, or, rather, all this in more perfect 
 tion, his Majesty (our glorious monarch), by whose influences alone 
 (after all the combinations of his late powerful enemies) such a trade 
 has been reviv'd and carried on, and such a fleet and strength at sea to 
 
 * Cicero de Offic. lib. i. cap. 43. Mercatura autem, si tenuis est, sordida putanda est. Nihil 
 
 enim proficient, nisi admodum mentiantur. 
 
635 
 
 , as never this nation had a greater, nor any other of the past 
 approach'd ; witness, you three mighty neighbours, at once, 
 submit to him ! For the blessings of navigation and visiting 
 imes does not stop at traffick only; but (since 'tis no less per- 
 keep than obtain a good) it enables us likewise with means to 
 lat our honest industry has gotten, and, if necessity and jus- 
 re, with inlarging our dominions too, vindicating our rights, 
 injuries, protecting the oppress'd, and with all the offices of 
 ' and good nature; in a word, justice, and the right of na- 
 i the objects of commerce; it maintains society, disposes to 
 nd communicates the graces and riches which God has va- 
 mparted : from all which considerations 'tis evident that a 
 commerce, and strength at sea to protect it, are the most cer- 
 ks of the greatness of empire, deduced from an undeniable 
 hat whoever commands the ocean, commands the trade of the 
 id whoever commands the trade of the world, commands the 
 the world, and whoever is master of that, commands the world 
 as had the Spaniard treble his wealth, he could neither be rich 
 vith his prodigious sloth; since, whilst he has been sitting still, 
 ather nations have driven the. trade of the East Indies with 
 ire of the West, and, uniting, as it were, extreams, made the 
 kiss. They are not therefore small matters, you see, which 
 □auch contend about, when they strive to improve commerce, 
 Bgrees promote the art of navigation, and set their empire in 
 from whence they have found to flow such notable advantages. 
 I of this we might add in abundance; and that it is not the 
 3f territory, but the convenience of situation; nor the multitude 
 )ut their address and industry, which improve a nation. Cosmo 
 es would often say, that the prince who had not the sea for his 
 as but half a prince; and this Charles the Fifth had well con- 
 irhen he gave it for a maxime to his son Philip, that if ever he 
 quiet at home, and advance his affairs abroad, he should be 
 sep up his reputation on the waters. The truth is, this great 
 had neglected his interest at sea, and it laid the foundation of 
 ion of his Low Country subjects agairist his successor. To 
 
636 
 
 pretend to universal monarchy without fleets, was long since looked on 
 as a Dolitick chymaera, and was wittily insinuated* to Antigonus by 
 Patroclus, when (being a commander under Ptolemy Lagus's son) he 
 sent him a present of fish and green figgs, intimating that unless he 
 had the sea in his power, he had as good sit at home and trifle; it was 
 but labour in vain. And this was the sense of another as great a cap- 
 tain, when reckoning up the infinite prerogatives which the sea afforded. 
 Xenophon f seems to despise the advantages of the land in comparison. 
 Truly, the Romans themselves were longer in struggling for a little earth 
 in Italy only, than in subduing ,the whole world after once their eagles 
 had taken flight towards the sea, and urg'd their fortune on the, deep. 
 When once they subdu'd Agrigentum J, Carthagfe was no longer im- 
 pregnable ; and after they had pass'd Gades and the Herculean Streight, 
 nothing was too hard for them; they went whither they would, and 
 cruiz'd asfar as Thule. * 
 
 11. We shall not adventure to divine who the hardy person was who 
 first resolv'd fo trust himself to a plank, within an inch of death, §, to 
 compel the woods to descend into the waters, and to back the most im- 
 petuous and unconstant element ; though probably, and for many rea- 
 sons, some-body long before the deluge ; isti sunt potentes (6. Gen. 4). 
 Grotius, on the place, will have the navigationis repertores piratce, such 
 as in succeeding ages were Jupiter Gretensis, Minos, &c. since it is 
 not imaginable the world, that must needs be so populous^ and was so 
 curious, should have continu'd so many ages without adventures by sea: 
 but the first vessel which we read of, was made by divine instinct and 
 direction, and whilst the prototype lasted (which, histories tell us, was 
 many hundred years), doubtless they built many strong and goodly 
 ships. But, as all things are in continual flux and vicissitude, so the 
 art in time impair'd, and men began anew to contrive for their safety 
 or necessity in rafts and hollow trees; nay^ paper, reeds, twigs, and lea- 
 ther (for of such were the rude beginnings of the finish'd pieces we now 
 admire); till, advancing the art, by making use of more durable mate- 
 
 * Athenaeus Deipnosoph. 1. S. f In Repub. Athen. % Polybius. 
 
 § Illi robur & ass triplex circa pectus , Hor. 
 
 Digitis k morte remotus quatuor. 
 
637 
 
 rials, they then began to build like ship-wrights, when Pyrrhon the 
 Lydlan invented the bending of planks by fire, and made boats of several 
 eontignations ; nor contented with the same model, the Platenses, 
 Mysians, Trojans, and other nations, contended for the various shapes. 
 Thus to Sesostrls is ascribed the long-ship fitted for expedition : Hippus 
 the Tyrian devis'd carricks and onierary vessels of prodigious bulk, for 
 traffick or offence : Athenseus speaks of some that for their enormous struc- 
 ture had been taken for mountains and floating islands ; such was that of 
 Hiero describ'd by the Deipnosophist *, a moving palace,' adorn'd with 
 gardens of the choicest fruit, and trees for shade : Hippagines -j- is said 
 to have transported the first horses in larger boats ; others ascribe it to 
 Darius, when he retir'd into Thrace; though we think them rather of 
 antienter date, for what else means the ferrying over King David's goods 
 and carriages, mention'd in the second book of Samuel J? Thus.far 
 ,the keel ; for to the divers parts of vessels, for better speed and govern- 
 ment, several were the pretender^. The Thasii added decks ; Piseeus 
 ihe rostrum, or beak-head ; Tiphys the rudder ; Epalamius compleated 
 the anker, which was at first but of one flook ; but before all these was 
 the use of oars, which from the Bireme §, invented by the Erythrsei, 
 came at last to no less than fpurty ordines, or banks (for so many had 
 Ptolomy Philopater's gaily ||), which,' how to reconcile with possible 
 (though that famous vessel were built for pomp and ostentation only, 
 and therefore with a double prow), together with those monstrous ships 
 of war set forth by Demetrius, which had in thena 4000 rowers, let; the 
 curious consult the most learned Palmerius, in his Diatriba' upon a 
 fragment of Memnon % ; and for portentous and costly vessels, the late 
 Vendosme built by Lewis the Xlllth of France, the Swedish Maga- 
 leza, the Venetian Bucentoro, not to omit those carricks which the 
 Spaniard emploies yearly to his Indies. But, neither did all these helps 
 suffice, 'till they added wings too : they attribute indeed the invention 
 of masts and cross-yards to those of Greete; but to Thesetis, Icarus, 
 
 * Oneraria cerealis Siracusia, ^. , 
 
 t Vide Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. vii. cap. 57. edit. I. G. Franzio. Lips. 1779. vol. III. p. 303, note s, 
 
 + 2 Sam. xix. 18. § Biremis pistrix, vallata turrita, &c. 
 
 II Plutarch, in Demet. Athenaeus, lib. c. 9. IT Phoc. 717. 
 
638 
 
 andDedalus the application of sails, which, 'tis said, Proteus first skill'd 
 to manage, and shift with that dexterity, as he was fain'd to turn 
 himself into all shapes ; and it was, doubtless, no little wonder to see 
 that a piece of cloth (or, as Pliny, wittily, a despicable seed, for so he 
 calls that of hemp, of which sails were made,) should be contriv'd to 
 stir such a bulk, and carry it with that incredible celerity from one ex- 
 tream of the earth to the other. Of that esteem was this ingenious 
 invention, that, besides Prometheus and the rest we nam'd, whole coun- 
 tries challeng'd it, and the Rhodians, lonians, CorinthianSj those of Ty- 
 rus, Mgypt, JEgineta, Boetia, with innumerable other, vaunt themselves 
 masters of the science ; nor is there any end of their names. It were a 
 thing impossible to investigate by whom the several riggings of vessels 
 and compleat equipments were brought into use : the skill of pilotage 
 has aids from mathematics and astronomy*; and that of governing 
 ships in fight is another and a different talent. These, and many more, 
 were the daughters of time, necessity, and accident ; so as even to our 
 daies there is ever something adding or still wanting to the complement 
 of this incomparable art. Of the magnet we shall speak hereafter, nor 
 are we to despair in the perfecting of longitudes, dies diem docet, and 
 whilst many pass, science shall be still improv'd. We shall onely ob- 
 serve, concerning men of war, fleets, and armadas for battel, that Minos 
 was reported to be the author, which shews that manner of desperate 
 combat on the waters to be neer as antient as men themselves, since the 
 Deluge: indeed, to this prince do some attribute the first knowledge of 
 Navigation f , and that he disputed the empire of the seas with Neptune 
 himself, who, for his power on the watry element, was esteem'd a god. 
 But however these particulars may be uncertain, we are able to make 
 proof, that the first fregats were built by the English, and, generally, 
 the best and most commodious vessels for all sort of uses in the world ; 
 and, as the ships, so those who man them acknowledg'd for the most 
 expert arid couragious in it. But, 
 
 12,' From the building of ships we pass to the most celebrlous expe- 
 ditions that have been made in them. The Gentiles (who doubtless 
 
 * Consult Vegetiusj Pollux, Laz. Bayfius, CrescentiuSj &c. f Diodorus, 1. 6 ; Strabp, 1. 10. 
 
639 
 
 took Saturn for Noah, and his sons for other of the deities,) naagnifie 
 sundry of their adventures by sea : and, if from the immediate off- 
 spring of that ancient patriarch, Shem and Japhet, the Asiatick-Iles, 
 and those at remoter distances in the Mediterranean and European seas, 
 were peopl'd (^whilst the Continent, and less dissever'd Africk, was left 
 to Cham), we have a certain epoch e for the earliest expeditions, and 
 shall less need to insist on those of the mythical a!rid heroic age ; the 
 exploits of Osiris, Hercules, Cadmus J the wandrings of Ulysses, and 
 the leaders that expugn'd Troy. To touch but a few of these : Bacchus, 
 whose dominion lay about the Gulph of Persia, made of the first adven- 
 tures, when from him (after the rape of Ariadne) the Tyrrian pirates 
 learn'd the art of navigation, or rather to become more skillful rovers ; 
 if at least they were not of the first for antiquity in this art ; since the 
 Phoenicians (whether expell'd by Joshua, or transported by their curio- 
 sity,) having spread their name in the Mediterranean, were admir'd as 
 gods for their boldness on the waters, and esteera'd among the first that 
 navigated, according to that of the Poet, 
 
 Prima ratem ventis credere docta Tyros*. 
 
 That Cadmus sail'd into Greece, peopl'd those iles in the ^gean, taught 
 them letters and sciences, as he had learn'd them from the Hebrews, 
 we have undoubted testimony. Some affirm that the Phoenicians circl'd 
 the world long since ; and Herodotus has something to that purpose, 
 where in his Melpomene he speaks of those whom King Necus caus'd 
 to embark from the Red Sea, and that ten years after return'd home by 
 the Columns of Hercules through the Streights : however, that they 
 penetrated far beyond the Western Ocean, and the shores of Africk, the 
 expedition of Hanno, in a navy of lx ships, makes out by grave writers ; 
 so their coming as far as our Britain, the pillars which they fixt at 
 Gades and Tingis f , to which some report they were crept in early daies : 
 and as towards the West, so Eastward, taking colonies from Elana and 
 the Persian-Gulph. As to what they might be for merchants, illus- 
 trious is the proof out of Esay J, where Tyrus is call'd " the crowning 
 
 * Tibullus, lib, i. eleg. vii. + Procopius. t Isaiah, jcxiii. S. 
 
640 
 
 ciVj/y whose merchants are princes, whose traffickers are the honourabl&sf 
 the earth ;" when, under the pretence of transporting commodities into 
 Greece, they carried away lo, daughter of Inaqhus, which the Cretans 
 requited, when shortly after their amorous god sail'd away with the 
 fair Europa in the White-Bull ; for so was the vessel call'd, which gave 
 occasion to the fable, and serves to prove howantient is the giving 
 names and badges.*. Indeed, so expert were those of Crete in sea-aflFairs, 
 and so numerous in shipping, as, by the suffrage of ancient times, there 
 were none durst contend with them for sovereignty. Let us hear the 
 tragedian : , . 
 
 O Magna vasti Cr eta dominatrixfreti, . 
 
 Cujus per omne littus innumerae rates 
 ; Tenuere pontum, quidquid Assyria tenus 
 
 Tellure Nereus pervium rostris secat-j~. 
 
 13. The Colchick exploit in the famous , Argo (so call'd i from , her 
 nimble sailing) was perform'd by above 50 gallants, of which nine 
 were chief under Jason, and Glaucus his experienc'd pilot : but, whe-; 
 ther they went to those countries about the Euxine shores in hopes of 
 golden mines (shadow'd by the fleece), or in expectation of the philoso- 
 pher's stone (said to be in possession of King JEta), we leave to the 
 romancers. There is in Homer a list of heros, and ships under their 
 command, mention'd lo be set out by the n«ya%a/o<, or States-General of 
 those provinces, reported to have been no less than a thousand : 
 
 Non anni domu^re decern, non mille Carinaet. 
 
 And that this number is not fictitious, not only the wondrous exactness of 
 the poet in describing the commanders by name, but the nun^ber of ships 
 under each flag, as the learned Mr. Stanley shews vis, makes it good 
 beyond exception in his excellent notes upon ^schylus, and we propose 
 the instance, because it is so very remarkable for its aiitiquity. 
 
 14. But, to quit these dark and less certain memorials, and mingle 
 that of commerce with martial undertakings. The first for whorn we 
 
 * Vide Valer. Flaccum Argonaut, 1. 8. Herodot. Hesychium, Suidam, Senecam, Lucianum, Stra- 
 bonem. Amongst the Poets, Virgil, Persius, Statius, &c, 
 t Senec. Trag. in Hippolyto, act. 1. + Jliad. 2^. * 
 
641 
 
 have divine and infallible recqrd, is of the greatest and the wisest pr 
 
 that ever sway'd a scepter: for though it appear the Phoenicians had 
 
 the sea before, and perhaps were the first* merchants in the world s 
 
 the deluge, yet it was Solomon doubtless who open'd the passage to 
 
 South ; when, animated by his directions, and now leaving-off t 
 
 Tkfts, and improving their adventures in ships and stouter vessels, < 
 
 assay'd to penetrate the farthest Indies, and visit an unknown hemisph 
 
 or, if haply they prevented him, yet were now glad to joyn with this | 
 
 rious monarch, because of those advantagious ports his father had ta 
 
 from the Idiimeans, which might otherwise interrupt their expedite 
 
 What a mass of gold and other precious things (the peculiar treasur 
 
 princes) this fleet of his brought home the succeeding story relatesf . 1 
 
 there is farther notice of mariners, whose trading was for spices 
 
 curiosities ; and the voyage to Tarshish (which by some is interpre 
 
 the Ocean, as indeed it signifies in the Chaldean language, but do'u 
 
 less means Tartessus in Spain), is again repeated. Jehosaphat, a 
 
 Solomon, neglected riot these prosperous beginnings, though not v, 
 
 ' equal success ; for the ships were broken at Esion-Geber. We si 
 
 onely remark, upon the account of cohjmerce, that Solomon had no ] 
 
 than two fleets destin'd for traffick, of which one went to Ophir (p 
 
 haps Sophra, Taprobana, or Ceilon) in the East Indies, and the othei 
 
 Tarsis, that is (Tartessus) Cales ; which being then and long after 
 
 teem'd the utmost confine of the world, had its name from the Phce 
 
 cians, as well as divers other places, and ports of Europe (even as fai 
 
 Italy, France, and Brltanny it self), which both they and- we reserve 
 
 this day in no obscure footsteps : and that Spain abounded in plenty 
 
 gold too (whatever some superficial searchers think) we learn fn 
 
 Strabo, Diodorus, Mela, Pliny, and several grave authors J, whose atti 
 
 tation may be of good weight, the Tyrians and Phoenicians frequen 
 
 sailing into those parts. But, though we had yet no print of this fn 
 
 the sacred volumes, it is not to be devls'd how the isles of the Gentll 
 
 and other places of inaccessible distance, could be planted and furnisl 
 
 u ' • ■ — 
 
 * IIjaTOj o £jiMrojf»i5 a%t,SU-.0(; l/jivvircano, Dionvs, Tlifiny, 
 
 f 2 Chron ix. 21. J See Doehartus Phaleg. 1. 3. c. 7. Canaan, 1. I.e. 34. 
 
 4 N ' 
 
642 
 
 without those early intercourses by sea, which by degrees, (as in part is 
 shew'd) accomplish'd the dominions of warlike men and states, and 
 encourag/'d some to stupendious attempts. sn 
 
 =- 15: To proceed to instances of unquestionable credit,: we, have those 
 of the Persians and Greeks, both before and since the Peloponnesiack 
 war :. and, indeed, the Greeks were the first of the heathens "that joyn'd 
 learning with arms, that did both do and write what was worthy to 
 be remembred ; and that small parcel qf ground, whose greatness was 
 then onely valu'd by the vertue of the inhabitants, planted Trapizond 
 in the East, and divers other cities in Asia the Less, the protection 
 of whose liberties was the first cause of war between them and the 
 Persians. As to exploits, the Athenians, and smaller islands of the 
 JEgean, excdediogly amplified their bounds vpith their naval-power; so 
 as -Thucydides enumerates their annual descents upion Peloponnesus, 
 •during that quarrel. But the feploits. of Alcibiades, both when so 
 ungratefully exil'd from his country and after he was again restor'd to 
 it, werecelebratied in story, as well as those of 'Conon*, under whom 
 we first hear of a treasurer of themavy, for. the, better paying of the' 
 sea-men, even in those early daies: but these conflicts did many of 
 -thera concern the Persian by Tissaphernes under Darius, Artaxerxes, 
 and others : the differences also with the' Megarences, where Pisistratus 
 obtain'd the Victory, and the iexploits of Themistocles ; but especially 
 that decretory battle in which Xerxes's fleet of 1500 men of War, was 
 vanquish'd by less than 400, which gave the absolute dominion of the 
 sea to one city, and so inrich'd it that the Lacedemonians (envious at 
 her prosperity) maintain'd a war against it, to the almost ruine of both. 
 See the effects of avarice ! But this was indeed before the Peloponne- 
 sian war, between the xxxx and i^xxxi v Olympiad, and first com- 
 menc'd against strangers, and then the Lacedemonians, Gorcyreans, 
 and other their neighbours, for the space of. seven years continu- 
 ance, till by the courage and good conduct of Lysander, a peace was 
 at last concluded, with the destruction of Athens, as it usually happens 
 to the first who give the occasion, and are the a^ressors. She was yet 
 
 * Justini, Hist. PhilippicBe, lib, 5. 
 
643 
 
 set-up once again, by that gillant exile whom we nam'd, under the. 
 banner of Artaxerxes*; but so to the desok'tion'of poor Greece (weakn'd- 
 by her many conflicts) that King. Philip, and \u& son Alexander, soon 
 took their advantage, to make themselves first masters: at sea, and then: 
 of the world; for they. are infallible consequents. And here.we mi^ht 
 speak: something of Corinth^ a city (if ever any) emulous' of the 
 highest praises for trafiSct and exploits at sea; but we involve, her 
 amongst the Grecians, and pass over to the opposite shpar; , where, 
 upon division of the Macedonian empire, we find the Carthaginians 
 (a people originally: from Tyrus) of the earliest famefor Gommerce, 
 and so well appointed for the sea, as gave terrour to Rdmei herself: 
 nor do we forget the Syracusans, reriown'd for their many glorious 
 actions at sea, which continu'd to the very Punick War, the most obsti- 
 nate that history has recorded. . . < 
 
 16. It was 49iJ years from the foundation of the city, before they had 
 atchieved any thing considerable on the waters ; when finding the 
 wonted progi-ess of their victories obstructed •- by those of Carthage 
 (then lords at sea), they fell in earnest to the building of ships of war, 
 and devising engines of offence, which before they hardly thought of. 
 Their first expedition' by sea was under Appius GlaudiuSj against the 
 Sicilians, which made those of, Africa look about them, and gave rise to 
 the Punick War under GajusDuillius, and his coUegue, with an .hun- 
 dred rostrated vessels^* and seventy-five gallies : but the most memo- 
 rable for number was when the two admirals M. Regulus and L. Manlius,; 
 with above an hundred thousand men (In ships that had every one 
 three hundred at the oar), were encounter'd with a yet more prodigious 
 force in the battle at Heraclea, unfortunate to the Carthaginians : but, 
 neither did it so determine: for, when Hannibal (returning out of 
 Spain) invaded Italy, the Romans ,found no better expedient to divert 
 him, than by dispatching Scipio, witha fleet into Africa. The third and 
 last contest (after a little repose) deteririin'd not till the utter ruineand- 
 subversion of that emulous neighbour. These several conflicts with 
 this hostile^ city (which Jasted near twenty years) are^admitably de- 
 scrlb'd by Polybius ; especially; that, of M. Regulus, who with that 
 unequal power fought three battels in one day ; and in another. 
 
644 
 
 ^milius (with about the same number of ships) took and sunk abov© 
 an hundred more, and slew near forty thousand of the enemy, though; 
 by the terrible and unfortunate wrack which afterwards surpriz'd hiniy 
 such another victory had undone them. They made war, after this,' 
 with the Achaians, Balearians, Cilicians, Sertorlans, and those of Crete ; 
 indeed, wheresoever they found rji^^istance, diffident yet at first of this 
 unaccustom'd manner of combate, and which for sometime cans'd them 
 to lay it by ; but they quickly resum'd it, and overcoming all difficul- 
 ties, then onely might be said to speed conquerours of the world when 
 they had conquer'd the sea, and subdu'd the waters. 
 
 17. The Piratick- War of Pompey we find celebrated by Tully, pro 
 lege Manilia: he inyaded the Cyclades, won Corcyra, got Athens,. 
 Pontus, and Bithynia*, and cleared the seas with that wonderful dili-. 
 gence, that in forty daies time he left not a rover in all the Mediterra- 
 nean, though grown to that power and number as to give terrour to 
 the Gommon-wealth. We forbear to speak of Sextus, his. unfortunate 
 son, vanquish'd by the treachery of his liibertus Menodorusf, and 
 pass, to the great Augiistus, who in many sea conflicts signaliz'd his 
 courage; especially in that decretory battail at Actium, where the 
 contest was de summa rerum, and the world by sea, first subdu'd to 
 the empire of a single person. What discoveries this niighty prince 
 made, did as far exceed his praedecessours,' as the frozen north and 
 horrid coasts of Cimbria tlie milder clime of our Britain, which was 
 yet in those daies esteem'd another world, and her boundaries as much 
 unknown as those of Virginia to us; 't was call'd -^^Zfer Orhis ; arid 
 grave authors J, who speak of the unpassibleness of the ocean, mention 
 the worlds that lay beyond it : Morinorum gentem ultimam, esse mor- 
 taliumy says Ptolomy; and the prince of poets, 
 
 Extremique hominum Morini. 
 
 For it appears no late fancy, that all was hot discover*d long before 
 Gblumbus ; though those who took the heavens for a kind of hollow 
 
 * Florusand Plutarch. t Call'd also Menas by Horace, lj!pod. on Ode IV. 
 
 J Especially Clem. Komanus. See also Josephus, Die, Eutronius,,Scaliger, &c. 
 
645 
 
 arch, covering orrely what was then delected, little jdream'd of A 
 pddes. 'Tis famous yet what .the prophetick tragaedian* has pffer'd 
 and a thing beyond dispute, that the antients had the same notion 
 our country as of America : but to leave these enquiries , at pre: 
 (till we come more particularly to speak of our country in the foil 
 ing- series), we shall onely, as to the Romans, give the curious a.ti 
 what care these wise people had of their naval preparations, when c 
 (as we have shew'd) they found the importance of it, and, after 1 
 prudent a method they dlspos'd it. 
 
 18. Augustus had in his military establishment one squadron of r 
 of war at Ravenna, as a constant guard of the Adriatic ; and anol 
 riding at Misenum f , to scowr the Tyrrhen-Sea, together with a brig 
 (»f foot-souldiers at either port, to clap on. board upon any sud 
 occasion. The Misenian fleet lay conveniently for France, Sp, 
 Morocco, Africk, ^gypt, Sardinia, and Sicily J ; that at Ravenna, 
 Eplrus, Macedon, Achaia, Propontls, Pontus ; the Levantine pa 
 Creete, Rhodes, and Cyprus, &c. § So as by the number of tl 
 vessels and arms they made a bridge (as it were) to; all their p 
 vlnces and vast dominions, at what distance soever || : and mi 
 of these particulars we could farther illustrate by medals and nc 
 ifiscriptions to be gather'd out of good records, did we need 
 ostentation of any farther researches ^ : we shall only observe, t 
 they had their prcetorio prtBfectus, who Inspected all this. ]\ 
 ■rlne laws and customes they also had : vyhence was it else that 
 corn fleet was still from Alexandriato make Puteoli, as it were 
 coquet bound ; so the ships of that port: SeeActs xxvlll. 11, 12, 
 Whence else was it that onely the same corn fleet as being of 
 absolute necessity for the sustenance of the imperial city, had the j 
 vlledge to come into harbour with top and top gallant; unless the r 
 did supparum dimere, or strike sail to the ports of the empire ? 
 early was the claim to the flag, and the ceremonies of naval-hon< 
 stated. Yet higher; their rostrate crowns*, and that pretty ipsolei 
 
 » Senec. in Med. \ Sueton. in Aug. c. 49. } Vegetius. § Notitia Imperii. 
 
 IJ MIL. CL. P. R. AR. Miles Clnssis Pratoria Ravennatis. 
 
 ^ PRiETOR. MAR. ET. CL. M. R MilUus Ravennatis. ** See Tiilly de Senec 
 
64fi 
 
 by act of senate allow'd to C. Duilllus, after having won the Romans 
 their first victory at sea, that he. should, all his life after, be brought to 
 the publick entertainments in the Town-Hall with a pipe playing 
 before him, and flambeaux on each side*; that column too, whose 
 fragments yet preserv'd, exhibit with the memory of that illustrious 
 action perhaps the ancientest piece of Latin now extant, at least in the 
 originals. All these allegations do abundantly testifie with what trans- 
 ports of joy that aspiring people receiv'd the accession of power by sea. 
 They also had their Demrice fabi^onim JRhavennatiumy master shvp- 
 wrights of the dock at Rhavenna ; and we fiiid fire-ships mention'd in 
 Frontinusf ; stinkTpots, nay snake-pots, and false-colours ; for such 
 we read were usM by Cassius, Scipio, Annibal, M. Fortius, Iphicrates, 
 Pisistratu.Sj and others. And if the Trajan port at Ostia were now 
 extant, we might see such a pattern of a mole, Jantern, magazine for 
 ships, and accommodation for merchants goods, as was never- before in 
 the world, and would put to shame all modern industry of that nature; 
 to shew the care they had, and the. prodigious expences they made, for 
 this so important and necessary a work : but these things hapning in 
 her early and best daies, the fervour quickly abated ; for from the death 
 of Augustus, and some few of the succeeding em perours (as in that 
 decline J, by the conduct of' Behsarius, Artabanes, and some of the 
 later captains) the Romans, as powerful by land as they were, performed- 
 not much at sea : those glorious actions were the consequents of a 
 frugal and vigilant people; but, when softness and prodigality took 
 off their minds from the great and noble enterprizes of their ances- 
 tors and the defence of their country was discompos'd by factions 
 among themselves, the Goths, Vandales, Lombards, and Saracens 
 broke in upon them, to the utter ruine and subversion of that renowned 
 
 empire. 
 
 ■ 19. But the business of Navigation and Commerce (which could not 
 
 long: be eclips'd, so soon as a magnanimous prince appear'd) was again 
 
 reviv'd under Charles the Great ; about whose time it were not hard to 
 
 * Grutei's Inscripiions. t Front. Stratagem, 1. 4. c. 7. 
 
 + Vide Piocopium, 1. 3. Paulus Diaconus, 1. 14. 
 
647 
 
 find out the original of almost all the naval- offices, a.nd thalassiarchia 
 or admiralty, to this day continuing; as appears in both the Notitiee 
 Imperii Qcddentalis Sp Ch'ientalis, wherein there octur divers notable 
 particulars concerning them, even till the loss of Gonstantinople and 
 the imperial seat itself: but to trace this great article from its source, 
 arid shew the progress it has made in the ages past, we have but to look 
 over the catalogue which Eusebius* has given us, adjusted to the 
 epoche in which they had successive dominion of the sea : namely, the 
 LydiansXvhom (as appearing the most conspicuous) he sets in the van : 
 then the Pelasgi, Thrac^s, Rh'odians, Phrygians, Phoenicians, the Egypt- 
 ians, Milesians, those of Caria, Lesbia, the Phocenses, Naxli, Eretrlen- 
 ses, JEginetae, and others -too long to recite: let us lookback to the 
 JEgyptians, who we read were so addicted to''"traffick as they essayed to 
 joyn the Mediterranean with the Red-Sea, and "thereby open a passage 
 to the Commerce of Arabia, Ethiopia, and the shears of India : which 
 attempt (unsuccessful as it prov'd) did not yet impeach the " Alexan- 
 drian staple, from whence Rome of old, the Genoezes, Venetians, and 
 others of later datte, have inricht themselves : for the eastern scale being 
 in Caesars time at Coptos, arid afterwards remov'd to Alexandria ; 
 when the Arabs and Goths overran the world (a,nd the Indian trade 
 interrupted), was convey'd to Trebezdnd upon the Euxine, and from 
 thence by caravan to Aleppo, thence again recover'd to the Red-Sea, 
 and Alexandria by the Sultan, who then possessed Cairo^ where it was 
 long monopoliz'd by the Venetians, of whom we give a more .particular 
 account. What immense treasure the Romans received out of Asia 
 and Syria; out of Afiica from Egypt, and by the Nile; the Persian 
 Gulf, and from India, we are told out of Strabof. This merchandize 
 was first convey'd over-land from Berenice, by Philadelphus (to avoid 
 the perils of navigating the Red-Sea (to Popta on the Nilus ; and 
 thence (with the stream) to Alexandria, though many ships adventur'd 
 to pass from Muris (or the Berenice above-men tion'd) even to the very 
 Indies ; by which means there came yearly to Rome no less than 1000 
 tuns of gold, besides other precious commodities. But, whfin the 
 
 * In Thesaurus Tetoporum. t Lib. 17. 
 
648 
 
 empire fell to decay, the Venetians (as we noted) took their advantage, 
 till then a few scatter'd cottages of poor fisher-men and others, fugitives 
 from the Gotic Inundation, and setling by degrees upon a cluster of 
 divers muddy and almost inaccessible islands : see what Commerce can 
 effect ! But these industrious people assay'd another way, namely, from 
 Ganges through Baclria, and the River Oxus, and so by the Caspian 
 Lake, Astracan, and the Volga ; thence to Tanais by the Euxine, and so 
 to Venice ; trulv an immense circle, and which soon wearied them out, 
 when even of later times the negoce of India was supplied from 
 Tripoly, and Alexandretta (cities of Syria), and from Aleppo by cara- 
 van, to which scale merchants came from Armenia, Arabia, ^gypt, 
 Persia, and generally from all the oriental countries. From Alepjx) 
 again they return'd to Bir near the Euphrates ; thence to Badaget, or 
 Ophram in Media ; Balsara, and the gulph all down the stream : to 
 this Balsara is yet brought all sorts of Indian commodities, as far as 
 -Ethiopia, and the islands of that oeean ; where, being charg'd on 
 smaller vessels, they are tow'd-up against the Euphrates to Bagdet ; 
 in which passage being now and then interrupted by the thievish 
 Arabs (especially at the frontiers), in,telligence is familiarly convey'd by 
 the inter-nunce of pidgeons trained up for the purpose, that is, carried 
 in open cages from the dove-houses, and freed with their letters of 
 advice (contriv'd in narrow scrowls- about their bodies, and under the 
 wing), whiclr they bring with wonderful expedition : as they likewise 
 practise it from Scanderoon to Aleppo upon the coming in of ships, and 
 other occasions. These were the later intercourses from Venice to and 
 from the oriental parts, till in the year 149/ that the famous Vasco 
 de Gama (that fortunate Portugueze, and whom we may truly call the 
 restorer of Navigation,) found out a nearer way, by going farther about : 
 for Henry, the third son of John the First of Portugal*, hearing that 
 Bethencourt, a Norman,,had detected certain islands in the Atlantick 
 Ocean some years before f, sent two ships in search' of the Africa shoars 
 southwards : ten years after this, Gonsalves Zargo and Tristan Vaz 
 made discovery of Madera J, and certain Genoezes had sail'd as far as 
 
 * mO- t 1344. + Detected before by one Machin, an English man. 
 
649 
 
 ,^lerra Leonai wjthjn eight degress of tlie Equator ; after which, there 
 was little advance till the reign of Alphonsus the Second, in whose 
 time the Portuguezes coasted as far as the promontory of St. Katherine, 
 jander the second degree of southern latitude ; but John the Second 
 sending men by the old way of Alexandria, and the Midland-Sea to 
 Goa, Peter Covilan, an active spirit amongst them, hearing of a 
 famous cape, which extending itself far into the sea, and that being 
 doubl'd, did open a passage into the east, brought news of It to King 
 Emianuel (then reigning), who thereupon employ'd the two brothers 
 Vasques (whom we nam'd) and Paulo, with four vessels and 1 60 men, 
 with that -success, as to discover a passage to the Indies bv Loi^-Sea, 
 to the almost utter ruine of Venice ; and, in a short time after, to the 
 total interruption of that tedious circle by land, rivers, and lakes, 
 which we have been describing; nor are we to forget Petrus Alvarez, 
 Alriieida, and others : and in this manner for divers years (at least till 
 the reign of John the Third) did the Portugals and Spaniards carry the 
 trade of the world, from the rest of the world, till the Hollanders 
 (bding prohibited all intercourse with the ports belonging to the 
 Gatholick-Kings) attempted the same discovery, and in short time so 
 out-did the former, that by the year 1595 they had establish'd a 
 company for the East-Indies, and within a while after, another for the 
 West*, which has subduM the best part of Brazile, and in the year 
 rl628 fought and took the ^Spanish Plate-fleet to their immense 
 inrichment: but in what manner they have setled themselves and 
 factories in those parts, and by what arts maintain'd it, will require a 
 fuller discovery. ; 
 
 20. We hot long-since mention'd the Goths and Vandals, and who 
 almost has taken notice of the ancient port of Wisby, formerly a 
 receptacle of ships, and famous emporium in those parts ? when even 
 the laws and ordinances of Wisby tjook place, like those of Oleron, 
 frorn Muscovy, to the streights of Gibraltar; and though both Olaus 
 Magnus, Herbestan, and others, have exceedingly celebrated this city, 
 and haven ; yet we cannot learn how it came to be deserted, unless by 
 
 * 1624. 
 
 4 o 
 
650 
 
 luxury and dlssentions of the inhabitants ; by none (that we can find 
 recorded : but that it was once in so flourishing a state, testifie the ye 
 remaining heaps, the columns of marble, jasper, and porphyrie ; th( 
 gates of brass and iron, exquisitely wrought, and other foot-steps o 
 august foundations. Albertus the Swedish King endeavour'd by grea 
 privileges to have (it seems) establish'd again, and restor'd it to it 
 ancient splendour, but it did not succeed : nevertheless, the laws W( 
 mention'd (written in the old Theutonick language, and without date) 
 obtain'd amongst the Germans, Danes, Flemmings, and almost all th( 
 northern people ; we mention the instance to shew, that as some places 
 have Tset-up and thriven by their industry, so others have lost whai 
 they once possess'd ; and that this vicissitude is unavoidable, Tyrus, anc 
 Carthage, and Corinth, and Syracuse (that in their turns contendec 
 with all the world for Navigation and Commerce), are pregnant exam- 
 ples. The famous Brundusium (whence the great Pompey fled frona 
 the fortune of Caesar) is now quite choak'd-up : Joppa is no more, and 
 Tinjis, which of old deriv'd its name from Commerce, and was a 
 renown'd emporium near three hundred years before Carthage was a 
 city, was lately the desolate Tangiers ; though now again, by the influ- 
 ence of our glorious monarch, raising its aged head with fresh vigour. 
 But what's become of hundreds we might name ; Spina near Ravenna, 
 Luna in Etruria, Lesbss, and even Athens her self*? When nearer 
 home, and at our own doors, Stavernen in Friezland, anciently a famous 
 port, now desolate ; Antwerp (lately the staple for the- spice and riches 
 of the East, and that sold more in one month than Venice did in four 
 and twenty) lies abandoned. The stately Genoa (which once employ'd 
 twice-twenty thousand hands in the silken manufacture) is now, with 
 her-elder-sister Venice, ebbing apace ; Venice, I say, the belov'd of the 
 sea, seems now forlorne, compar'd to what she was, and from how 
 small a principle she had spread ! 
 
 21. The Bretons and Normans (especially against the Saracens), those 
 of Province, Marseilles, Narbonne, &c. had long since been famous at 
 We say long since, for the ancient Gaules had great commerce with 
 
 * Strabo, Dionys. Halicainas. See Isaiah, chap, xxiii. 
 
651 
 
 those of Carthage (as appears out of Polybyus and Livy), but the 
 French in general have of later dales, and since the reign of Charles 
 the Eighth, performed little considerable. Francis the First (that 
 magnificent Prince,- who had made the famous Andrea, Dorla his admi- 
 ral) built indeed no less than fifty gallies for the Italick-War, and had 
 some conflicts with our king his neighbour; but Henry the Fourth 
 seem'd wholly negligent of sea-afiPairs, relying upon the generosity 
 of Queen Elizabeth, in whose dales neither he nor any other poten- 
 tate about her, durst pretend to shipping, or such fleets as might give 
 jealousie to their allies ; which, had this incomparable Princess, or 
 rather her peaceful successor, as well observ'd with the Hollanders in 
 point of Commerce and Trade too, the ages to come, as well as present, 
 had been doubly oblig'cl to their memory. But the scene is now chang'd, 
 as well with them as with France; since Cardinal de Richelieu, in the 
 reign of Lewis the Thirteenth, instituting a colledge and fraternity of 
 merchants about thirty years since ; and by opening, enlarging, and im- 
 proving their ports and magazines, has put the present Monarch into 
 such a condition, as has exceedingly advanc'd his Commerce, and given 
 principle to no inconsiderable navy ; and if Claud. Pat. Sesellius *, the 
 Bishop of Marseilles' prophecies succeed (who writ about the time of 
 Lewis the Twelfth), the northern world is like to have an importunate 
 neighbour within few years to come, from his growing power, even upon 
 the ocean, 
 
 22. The Danes and more northern people were formidable (especially 
 to this island) under the conduct of their brave Canute, Ubbo the Fri- 
 zian, and other captains ; making frequent descents upon us in mighty 
 fleets, encounter'd by the Saxons : but all these living more by brigandize 
 and piracy than by traffick, gave place to the Spaniard and Portugals, 
 whose successful expeditions and discoveries have rendred them deserved- 
 ly more worthy for these last six or seven hundred years, than any we have 
 hitherto mention'd, for their shedding of blood and invasions. Nor with 
 less glory, and timely application of themselves to sea-affairs, did the for- 
 merly-mention'd Genoezes, and others of the Ligurian coast, signalize 
 
 * De Repub. Galli2e, I. 2. 
 
652 
 
 their courage, as well as their dexterity in traffick, especially i 
 the Saracens; since which they did exceedingly flourish, till the 
 of Tuscany, by better policy, and the direction of Count Dudle 
 tended Duke of Northumberland), raising its neighbour Ligorn 
 despicable and neglected place to a free and well-defended p( 
 well nigh ruin it ; for by this means the greatest merchants for 
 in the world (namely, those of Genoa) are become the greate 
 sordidst usurers in it ; as having otherwise little means to empl 
 riches which they formerly got by a more honest and natural 
 trade. But as the opening of Marseilles may in time endanger 
 Ligorn, whilst the French King is courting all the world with i 
 lization, and other popular immunities ; other princes are ins 
 how to render themselves considerable, who are blest with any 
 tagious post upon the bordures of the ocean ; and of this. Got 
 (not to mention Villa-Franca, and some other ports,) is now a 
 instance, which till of late was hardly known beyond its i 
 suburbs, though it must be acknowledg'd that both the Dan 
 Sweeds had perform'd notable exploits ; the former from Hei 
 Third, by the conduct of Ubbo the Frisian (not to insist o 
 heavy impositions on this island), and the latter from Gustavus thi 
 who serv'd himself of gallies even upon the Northern Seas, bi 
 him by the Venetians, and set out that enormous ship we men 
 which carryed thirteen hundred men. What conquests the lati 
 Adolphus made, with an armada of two hundred ships, is knowr 
 amazement of Europe. 
 
 23. We have more than once shew'd from how humble a rise 
 had exalted her head, and spread the fame of her conquests, as 
 Navigation, over Asia, -^gypt, Syria, Pontus, Greece, and othei 
 tries bordering upon the ocean : she war'd against the Istrians, ai 
 quish'd the Saracens. In the Holy-land they won Smyrna, d 
 all the Phoenician shpars, especially under Dominico Michael 
 with two hundred vessels, having rais'd the siege of Joppa, took 
 Samos, Lesbos ; to omit their successes against the Genoezes e 
 of their growth, but never to forget the former, and of late sti 
 resistance against the Turk ; especially in that signal battle of L 
 
653 
 
 and what their famous general Capello did at Tunis and Algiers fjf 
 later time, and the building, furniture, and oeconomy of their arsenal 
 and magazines celebrated throughout the world ; when (before the 
 lucky Portuguezes had doubl'd the Cape of Bon-Esperanza) the sweet 
 of the Levantine Commerce (transfer'd from this port onely) invited 
 men to build not ships alone, but houses and palaces in the very bosom 
 of Neptune, with a stupendious expence, and almost miraculous. The 
 government of their maritime affairs, care of their forrests, victualling, 
 courage and Industry of their greatest noble-men, \vho are frequently 
 made captains of single gallies, and sometimes arriving to be chief 
 admirals, come near a dictatorship ; are things worthy of praise, and 
 of the name they have obtain'd. Genoa (whom we mentlon'd) had 
 signaliz'd It self against the Saracens, the Republic of Pisa, and even 
 Venice it self, especially under Paganus Doria In the year 1352, near 
 the Bosphorus strelght ; and with the Island of Tenldos had been hir'd 
 by the young Andronlcus to come into his assistance. From the time 
 of Cosmo dl Medices, and Sylvius PIccolomlnl their Admiral, the Flo- 
 rentines gave proof of their valour In Africa, and of their care for sea 
 affairs, the Arsenal at Pisa gives a commendable instance. 
 
 24. The Rhodans (to whom some attribute even the invention of 
 Navigation, and whose constitutions were universally recelv'd,) obtain'd 
 a mighty repute at sea ; and the courageous exploits of the Maltezes 
 and other military orders against the common enemy, the Turk, are 
 renown'd over the world ; vvltness ten thousand which they slew, and 
 half as many that they took In the year 1308, with hundred thousands . 
 of those miscreants destroy'd by them since their removal to Malta ; 
 especially when joyn'd with the gallies of Venice and Genoa, in the 
 years 1601, 1625, 1638, and other slaughters Innumerable. We name 
 the Turk, and they give us cause to remember them, by what the 
 Christian Pale has too often felt, when, more by their numbers than 
 their courage, they took from It Cyprus, Rhodes, and the never to be 
 forgotten Candla, besides their conquests and incursions on the rest of 
 Europe and Asia ; they are not, 'tis confess'd, of any name for much 
 Commerce, but for the disturbance of It, which calls aloud upon the 
 Christian world to put a timely period to their insolence, before It be 
 
654 
 
 incorrigible, and to pursue the bold and brave exploits of our Blakes, 
 Lawsonsj and Sprags, against the Moores and Barbares, and by example 
 of our heroic prince, to restore that security to trade, which can oaelv 
 make it re-flourish. 
 
 25. The Ethiopians, Persians, Indians, and .Chinezes (for those of 
 Tartary present or ancient Scyths come hardly into this account), may 
 be reckon'd among the nations of traffic ; especially the last nam'd, as 
 who are by some thought to have had knowledge of the magnet before 
 the Europeans ; nay, so addicted were they to sailing, that they in- 
 vented veliferous chariots, and to sail upon the land : it was long since 
 that they had intercourse with those of Madagascar, and came some- 
 times as far as the Red-Sea with their wares ; and for vessels have to 
 this day about Nankin, jonks of such prodigious size, as seem like cities 
 rather than ships, built full of houses, and replenish'd with whole fami- 
 lies : in short, there is hardly a nation so rude, but who in some degree 
 cultivate navigation, and are charm'd with the advantages of commerce. 
 But it would cost an immense volume to discourse at large of these 
 things in particular, and to mention onely the brave men who have in 
 all ages signalized themselves at sea for their arras, or more peaceful 
 arts ; to count the names of the famous captains and adventures of later 
 times, whose expeditions have been war-like, and for invasion, and 
 many for discoveries and commerce. Here then we contract our sails, 
 and shall direct our course nearer home, from whence we have been so 
 long diverted. 
 
 26. The first that presents itself to our second consideration, are the 
 Spaniards and Castilians, who (upon the success of their neighbours the 
 Portugals), making use of that fortunate stranger Columbus, prompted 
 by a magnanimous genius and a little philosophy, discover'd to us a 
 new world. This great man being furnish'd out by Ferdinand and 
 Isabella of Castile, in four voyages, which he made from the year 1492 
 to 1502, detected the Antillias, Cuba, Jamaica, &c. with some of 
 the Terra jirma ; though, to let pass Zeno (a noble Venetian, reported 
 to have discover'd the North-east part of America above an hundred 
 years before *), there be who tells us, that a certain obscure mariner 
 
 » 1390. 
 
655 
 
 (Alphonso Zanches de Huelva by name) had the first sight of this 
 goodly prospect eight years before this glorious Genoeze (for Columljus 
 was of that city), or any of the pretenders. This poor sea- man, hurried 
 upon those unknown coasts by tempests, which continu'd for almost a 
 full month, was carried as far as St. Domingo in Hispaniola : how be 
 return'd is not Said ; but that from the observations of this adventure 
 Christophero receiv'd the first notices of what he afterwards improv'd, 
 being at that time in the Maderas, where Zanches arriving, died not 
 long after, and bequeath'd him all his charts and papers. There are per- 
 sons likewise who affirm, that some mean Biscayers (losing themselves in 
 pursuit of whale-fishing) had fall'n upon some of the American Islands, 
 above an hundred years before either of the former ; but, since of this 
 we have no authentic proofs : certain it is that Columbus, taking his 
 conjectures from the spiring of certain winds from the Western points, 
 by strong impulse, concluded that there must needs be some continent 
 towards those quarters. Upon this confidence, he offers first his service 
 to John King of Portugal, and then to our Henry the Seventh of Eng- 
 land, by both which princes rejected for a rbmantlc dream, he repairs to 
 the Court of Spain, where, partly by his importunity, and much by the 
 favour of Isabella, he was with great difficulty set out at last ; when to 
 equip him, the royal lady was fain to pawn some of her jewels : but it 
 was well repaid, when for the value of 17>000 crowns he not long after 
 return'd her almost as many tuns of treasure, and within eight of nine 
 years, to the Kings sole use, above 1,500,000 of silver, and 360 tuns 
 of gold*. See the reward of, faith, and of things not seen! These 
 fortunate beginnings were pursu'd by Americus Vesputius (a Floren- 
 tine, and a stranger too), who being sent by Emanuel of Portugal to, 
 the Molucca Islands (five years after), hapning to be driven upon the 
 same coast, carried away the name, though not the honour, from all the 
 former, though there be who upon^good proof affirm that John Chabot, 
 a Venetian, and his son Sebastian (born with us at Bristol), had disco- 
 ver'd Florida, and the shoars of Virginia, with that whole tract as far as 
 New-found-land, before the bold Genoeze ; nay, that Thorn and Eliot 
 Cboth countrymen of ours) detected this New-world before Columbus 
 
 * 1497. 
 
656 
 
 ever set foot upon it; for we will say nothing of the famous Owen Gwy- 
 nedd, whose adventures are of yet greater antiquity, and might serve 
 to give reputation to that noble enterprize, if we had a mind to be con- 
 tentious for it. But, 
 
 27- That indeed the most shining exploits of this age of discoveries 
 were chiefly due to the several heros of this island, we have but to call 
 over the names of Drake, Hawkins, Cavendish, Frobisher, Davis, Hud- 
 son, Raleigh, and others of no less merit : for Impossible it was that 
 the English should not share in dangers with the most renowned in so 
 glorious an enterprize; our Drake being the first of any mortal to whom 
 God vouchsafed the stupendious atchievement of encompassing not this 
 New-World alone, but New and Old together; both of them twice em- 
 brac'd by this demi-god ; for Magellan, being slain at the Manlllias, 
 was interrupted in his intended course *, and left the exploit to Sebas- 
 tian Camus his colleague. 
 
 28. This voyage of Drake was first to Nombre de Dios; where coming 
 to a sight of the South-Seas, with tears of joy in his eyes, his mind was 
 never in repose till he had gotten into it, as in five years after he accom- 
 plish'd it, when passing through the Magellan Streight towards the 
 other Indies, and doubling the famous promontory, he circumnavigated 
 the whole earth, and taking from the Spaniard, St. Jago, Domingo, 
 Cartagena, and other signal places, crown'd in the name of his mistress 
 the Queen, at Nova Albion, he return'd to his country, and to a crown 
 of immortal honour. This gallant man was leader to Cavendish, an- 
 other countryman of ours, of no less resolution ; for these brave persons, 
 scorning any longer to creep by shoars, and be oblig'd to uncertain 
 constellations, plow'd-up unfathomable abysses, without ken of earth 
 or heaven, and really accomplish'd actions beyond all that the poets of 
 old, or any former record, fruitful in wonders, could invent or relate. 
 
 29. And now every nation, stimulated by these adventures, daily 
 , added new things to the accomplishment of the art ; things, I say, un- 
 known to former ages. And herein were the Portugals very prosperous, 
 one of whose princes brought first into use the astrolabe, and tables of 
 declination, with other arithmetical and astronomical rules applicable to 
 
 * 1528, 
 
657 
 
 navigation ; besides what several others had from time to time invented : 
 but neither were these to be compar'd to the nautic box and feats 
 of the magnet, before which the science was so imperfect, and mari- 
 ners so terrified at long voyages, that there were laws to prohibit sail- 
 ing, even upon the Mediterranean, during the winter season ; and, 
 however great things have been reported of Plato's Atlantic, the dis- 
 coveries of Hanno, Eudoxius, and others of old time, from the Per- 
 sian Gulph, as far as Cales : it was still with sneaking by the shoar, in 
 continual sight of land, or by chance, which indeed has been a fruit- 
 ful mother in these and most other discoveries, that men might learn 
 humility, and not sacrifice to their own uncertain reasonings. In that 
 memorable expedition* of the French to invade our country, there 
 was hardly a pilot to be found who durst adventure twenty leagues 
 into the main; and those who had been the most assur'd did hardly 
 reach within many degrees of the ^Equinoctial. The Azores were 
 first stumbl'd upon by a roaming pirat, surpriz'd by storm: all the 
 Asiatic Indian seas, and some of Africa, lay almost as much in the dark 
 as the Hyperboreans and horrid North. And though this defect was 
 encounter'd more than two ages past ■j', by that ever to be renown'd 
 Italian, Flavio of Mel phi (for we pass what is reported of the ancient 
 Arabs, Paulus Venetus, and others), yet was it near fourscore years after 
 ere it came so far North as these countries of ours, to which his needles 
 continually pointed. But it was now when the fullness of time was 
 come, that bv this means the Western Indies should be no longer a 
 secret and what have been the incomparable advantages which this 
 despicable stone has produc'd (the property whereof is ever to have Its 
 poles converted to the poles of the world, and its axes directed parallel 
 to the axes of the world). Is argument of admiration : but that by virtue 
 of this dull pebble such a continent of land, such myriads of people, 
 such inexhaustible treasures, and so many wonders should be brought to 
 light, plainly astonishes, and may instruct the proudest of us all not to 
 contemn small things, since so it oftentimes pleases the Almighty to 
 humble the loftiness of men, and to choose the base things of the world 
 to confound the things that are mighty. And less than this we could 
 
 * 1305. t 1465. ^ 
 
 4p 
 
658 
 
 not say concerning that inestimable jewel by whose aid and direction^ 
 the coniBaerce and jtraffick of ^he. world has receiv'd such advantages. : 
 
 30. We have now dispatcli'd the JRortugals and the Spaniards : there 
 remain the English and the Hollanders, who, courting the good graces 
 of the same mistress, the trade of the world, divide the world between 
 them. Deservedly thpn wCr, celebrate the industry of the Batavians : 
 they must really be look'd upon as a wqnderful people; nor do we di- 
 minish our selves whilst we magrjifie any Worthy actions of theirs, since 
 it capnipt but redound to our glory, who have been the occasion pf it, 
 and.thatasi. often as they have. forgotten it, we have been able to chas- 
 tize them for it : it is, I say, a. miracle, that a people (who have no 
 principle of trade among theijiselves): should in so short a space become 
 such masters of it : their growth ('tis confess' d) is admirable ; and if -it 
 prove as solid and permanent- as it has been speedy, Rome must her self 
 submit to the comparisoi^ : but we know who has calculated her nati- 
 vity *, and that violent things are not alwaies lasting.; We will yet give 
 them their due; they are gyants for stature, fierce in beard and counte- 
 nance, full of goodly towns, strong- in munition, numerous; in shipping ; 
 in a word, highland n;iighty states, and all this the product of commerce 
 and navigation ; but by w^hat just arts equally and in all parts improv'd, 
 we may hereafter enquire, as well as to whose kindness they have been 
 the most obliged and the most ingratefiul. We omit to speak here of 
 their discoveries and plantations, which the curious may find in the 
 journals of Heem^kerk, Oliver Vander-Nordt, Spilberg, Le Maire (wfeo 
 went six degrees farther South than Magellan himself, and found a 
 shorter passage into those seas) ; to these we may add L'Eremite, the 
 late compilers of their Atlasses, and others, which many volumes would 
 hardly comprehend, because they are generally known. Tacitus, and 
 other famous authorjs, have celebrated their early exploits at sea; 
 and, of later times f, Fredric Barburossa did bravely against the Sara- 
 cens at Pelusium in ^gypt. The Frisians greatly infested the Danes 
 and those of Flanders, especially under William the son of John Count 
 pf Holland, and in the time of Philip the good Duke of Burgundy. 
 They were the first that wore the broome, when, anno 1438, they had 
 
 * Bentivoglio, Guerra di Fiandra. -f 1219. 
 
659 
 
 clear'd the Levantine seas, subdu'd the Geribezes, and vanqulsh'd the 
 French about an bundred years after*: how they plagu'd the Spaniard and 
 Portugals, from the year 1572 to almost this day, there is'no body igno- 
 rant of ; and for that of their discoveries, (^eei)ero i^rioM ntariUni U- 
 tora^quasvedesinentis mundi oras scrutata noii est Belgar^umndiiticdf} 
 was justly due to -them from Strada; and the truth is, they hkve merited 
 of fame for mapy vertues, and shew'd from what small and despJcabk 
 rudiments great things have emerged; and that trafEck alone, which at 
 the first raised, has hitherto supported this grandure against a most 
 puissant toonarch for almost an age intire : but; their admission of'for- 
 reigners, increase of hands, encouraging manufactures, free and open 
 ports, low customes, toUeration of Teligions,' natural frugality, and in- 
 defat^able industry, could^ indeed, portend no less. We conblude then 
 with England, which, though last in order, was not the last in our de- 
 sign; whet)', upon refleetibn on our late differences with our neighbours 
 of Holland^ \ve thought it not unsuitable to preface something concern- 
 ing the progress of that commerce which has been the subject of so 
 many conflicts between us. • , .. i' . , 
 
 31. To the little which has been hithertb said of the great things 
 which our nation hasperform'd by sea in the latfer ages,' we might super- 
 add the gallantry and brave adventures of former'; since from no obscure 
 authors we learn J, 'the Britains to have accompanied the CImbrians 
 and Graulsin their meniorable expedition into Greebe, long before the 
 Incarnation of our Lord, and whilst they were yet strangers to the Ro- 
 man ^ world; not to insist on the C^asslterides^ known to thie Phceniciansj 
 and wItb;sovmuch judgment vindicated by a learned author § in that his 
 exceUent and useful Institution. In 'all events we resort to the greateist 
 captain, and, .without dispute, the purest bf ancient writfers: the descrip- 
 tion which Caesar II makes of the supplies' this island afforded the Gauls 
 (and which miade him think it worth his while to brifig bver his legions 
 hither)-, will Inform us, that the structure of their vessels was not altp- 
 
 * V. Pont, Heuterus Austr. 1. 13. ■' 
 
 f Stradae de Bello Belgico, Decas. 1. lib. 1, pa^. 18. folio, Rom. 1632. 
 
 + Camden ; Strabo, 1. 3. 
 
 § W. Howell, Institution of Gen. Hbt, — Bocharti Canaan, 1. 1. c. 39. & 1. 3. c. 9. 
 
 II DefielloGall.lib. 3. 
 
660 
 
 gether of twigs and oxes-hides ; and the Veneti, it seems, had then 
 navy of no less than 200 sail, built of goodly oak, tall, and so brave 
 equipped for war, and to endure the sea, as that great general ackno\ 
 ledg'd the Romans themselves had nothing approach'd it : which v 
 mention, because divers grave authors believe the British vessels (se 
 sometime as auxiliaries) were thought to be like them. And the slend 
 experience which the Gauls (or, in truth, any other neighbour of their 
 had of the opposite shoars, when the Britains were thus instructed boi 
 for defence and commerce (and at that time permitted certain me 
 chants onely to frequent their coasts), is a fair praescription how ear 
 she intituled her self to the dominion of the seas; which, if at any tin 
 interrupted by barbarous surprise or invasion (as in the ages followin 
 it seem'd to be), yet neither did that continue any longer than till tl 
 prevalent force was established, which soon asserting the title, as lord 
 and in right of England^ raaintain'd her prserogative from time imme 
 morial. I know not why, therefore, a solitary writer or two should g 
 about to deprive this nation of more than twelve hundred years at onci 
 because an heroick prince has had the misfortune to have his mighl 
 actions reported by some weak and less accurate pens ; yet such as tl 
 times wherein they liv'd could furnish, especially too, since this hi 
 been the fate of as brave men as any wh,om history has recorded : bu 
 by this pretence, some there are who would take from us the renowne 
 Arthur, who is reported to have led his squadrons as far as Ice-land ^ 
 and brought the Northern people under his flag, planting the confint 
 of the British Ocean as far as the Russian tracts ; and this (togeth< 
 with all the Northern and Eastern isles) to be, de Jure, appendice 
 unto this kingdom, we may find in the leges Edwardi, confirm'd by tli 
 Norman Conquerour, for so it had been left to the famous Edgar (< 
 mention onely Egbert, Alfred, Ethelred, &c. princes all of them sig 
 nally meritorious for their care of the sea), who, soon finding by expt 
 rience what benefit and protection his country receiv'd by the extraord 
 nary vigilancy on the coasts, and the vindicating of his dominions o 
 the waters, cover'd them at once with no less than four thousand sail 
 
 * See 'APXAIONOMIA, sive, de Priscis Anglorum Legibus, written by Lambard, and publishf 
 by Mr. Wheelock, 
 
661 
 
 nor, it seems, without cause (the time consider'd), since we lay so ex- 
 pos'd to a barbarous enemy. Alfred (whom we mention'd) found it so 
 in his daies (a sober and well-consulted prince), and therefore provided 
 him self of the same expedient against the troublesome Danes, whom he 
 not seldome humbl'd; but this maxime, as often neglected, did as cer- 
 tainly expose the nation to prey and contempt, as not long after it, to 
 the Norman power*, and may so again to a greater, when through a fatal 
 supineness we shall either remit of our wonted vigilance and due provi- 
 sions, or suffer our upstart neighbours to incroach upon us ; so true is 
 that saying, hy what means any thing is acquir'd, by the same 'tispj'e- 
 serv'd. Did this island wisely consider the happiness of not needing 
 many frontiers to protect her from hourly alarms, or inland fortresses 
 to check the suddain and rude incursions to which all continents are ob^ 
 noxious, she would not think her bounty to her Prince a burthen, who, 
 by maintaining a glorious and formidable navy at sea, not onely renders 
 her inhabitants secure at home, without multiplying of governours and 
 guarnisons (which are ever jealous to a free and loyal people), but, un- 
 less wanting to themselves, repairs their layings-out with immense 
 advantages ; and by securing and improving that trade and commerce 
 which onely can render a nation flourishing, and which , has hitherto 
 given us the ascendant over the rest of the world : so true is another 
 axiom. Qui mare teneat, eum necesse est rerum potiri-\\ but without 
 which 'tis in vain to talk of sovereignty. 
 
 32. By these politicks King John was enabl'd to pass the seas into 
 Ii:eland with a fleet of 500 sail, imperiously commanding whatever ves- 
 sels they should meet withal about the eight circumfluent seas, to arrest 
 them, and bring them to understand their duty : but our third Edward 
 (to whom the house of Burgundy ow'd so much) equipp'd above a 
 thousand tall ships upon another occasion, with gin handful whereof he 
 defeated a prodigious navy of the French and Spaniard that were gotten 
 together ; and we have seen a perfect and undoubted list of no fewer 
 than 700 men of war which this Prince brought before Calais, though 
 
 * Nimis multa exstare documenta Britanniae esse dominos qui assent maris. Grotii, Annales 
 et Hist. Belgicis, lib. 13. 
 t Cic. ad Attic. 1. 10. ep. 8. 
 
662 
 
 he made use of but 200 of them, to vanquish a fleet consisting of moi 
 than double the number, with the loss of thirty thousand French ; whic 
 had such an infliience on his neighbours, that whereas till then ther 
 had been some remisness in the nation, and a declension of sea-affair; 
 the bravest and greatest men in the land began greedily to eimbrac 
 maritime empl®yments, and the title of Admiral*, introduc'd in h' 
 prsedecessors time, was now held in the highest esteem. 
 
 33. We inention'd the house of Burgundy, and it had reason to n 
 member us and our wool, which was the fairest flower of that duc£ 
 coronet^ and, as some good antiquaries remark, really gave institutio 
 to their goldeti fleece : however it were, this wise prince, represehtio, 
 to the Flemings their miserable posture (at that time obnoxious to th 
 French, as of late they have likewise been), and inhibiting the imports 
 tionof forraign cloths, the serene and quiet condition of this happ 
 island invited them over to settle here, erect their manufacture amongs 
 us, and joyn their art to our nature. 
 
 34. We pass by the exploits and glorious atchievments perform'd b 
 our Kings against the Saraicens in the Holy- War, which charg'd th 
 shields of the ancient nobless, and of which all Asia resounded. Her 
 our Edwards, Henries, and Richards, did memorable things ; in parti 
 cular, Richard the Second took tif the French almost an hundred ship 
 at once, of which some were vessels of great burthen, richly fraite ; an 
 an Earl of Arundel (bearing this Princes name) beat, took, and destroy' 
 226 ships, deep laden^ with 13,000 tuns of wine, coming from La Ro 
 chelle, after an obstinate encounter, and many brave exploits. To these w 
 might' add, the gallant preparations of Henry the Fifth^ and of seven 
 more, had we a design or any need to accumulate instances of our puis 
 sance and successes at sea, so thickly;sown in forreign as well as dbmesti 
 histories : but he that would be instructed for a more ample discourse 
 may take notice of the League made between Charles the Great and on 
 Mercian Offa (now more' than 700 years since), as he may find it in a 
 epistle of the learned Albinus, or the learned Alcuin ('tis all one), an 
 consult our countrymen Walsingham, (William of) Malmesbury, ani 
 
 * Thalassiarcha. See Vossius de Vitiis Sermonis et Glossematis Lat. 1. 2. It is deriv'd froj 
 EmiT, or Amir Prcefectus, in Arab. 
 
663 
 
 other writers, where he will see In what higL repute ihis nation has been, 
 both for its riumerous shipping and the, flourishing coajnierce it wain- 
 tain'd: in the most known parts of the \<^orld ; and .which we may farther 
 confirm by the several autfienticstatutes.and immunities, yet extant, not 
 omittingthe;3QZic3/ of keeping the sea, f^qetio^isly, yet solidly set forth in 
 the good old prologue, intituled. The Process of the Libel, written more 
 than 200 years past, not unworthy our deepest reflexions : and -verily, 
 it were a madness in us to neglect the care of tho^e causes from wbenqe 
 (as by a series of them will yet appear) the effects of all our temporal 
 blessings spring, and by vertue whereof they can only be maintain'd. 
 - 35. Henry the Seventh, and his magiiificent successor, were both of 
 them powerful at sea, though the too weak faith of. the former deprlv'd 
 him of the.most glorious accession that was ever offer'd to. mortal ma©. 
 This he endeavour'd to have repair'd by the famous Cahott, whom he 
 afterwards employ'd to seek adventures ; and, though the success were 
 not equal, it was yet highly laudable, and (as we hayg shew'd) notako- 
 gether without fruit; 
 
 36. Henry the Eighth, his son, had divers qonflicts with the Freneh^*, 
 triumphing sometimes in sails of cloth-of-gold, ' and cordfige of silk: 
 but that which indeed ;repair'd the remissness of the one and profusion 
 of the other, and gave a demo^nstration of how absolute concern traflSc 
 and strength at seaiare to this island, was the care which Queen Eliaa* 
 beth took, when, by her address alone, she not only secur'd her king- 
 doms from the formidable power of Spain, but reap'd the harvest too ofi 
 thait opulent monarch^ and brought his Indies into her own Exchequer ^ 
 whilst that mighty prince had onely the trouble to conquer the New- 
 World, and prepare the treasure for her : ^nd this she did fey her influ»» 
 ence on navigation, and by the courage and conduct of- those renowned' 
 heros who made her reign so famous. ' 
 
 ■ 37. This glorious Princess had 130 sail of fair ships, when^ she sent 
 over for the Island voyages, of; whiqh 60 were stout men of War ; andi 
 with' these (besides mpiy other exploits) she defended Holland^ defied-' 
 
 * Lord Herbert of Cherbnry, Hist. Hen. VHI. See also that rare piece of Hans Holbein's in his 
 Majesty's Gallery at Whitehall. 
 
664 
 
 Parma, and ' aw'd the whole power of Spain : with an handful of the 
 (comparatively) she defeated the invincible Armada in 1588, encou 
 ter'd and took gallions and other vessels of prodigious strength ai 
 bulk ; and what havock was made at Cales, by yet a smaller niimbe 
 her enemies to this day feel. Grotius *, speaking of this actio 
 tells us, that the wealth gotten there by the Earl of Essex was nev 
 any where parallel'd with the like naval success ; and that if these b 
 ginnings had been pursu'd (as with ease they might, had the bra 
 man's counsel been follow'd), it had prov'd one of the most glorious ei 
 terprises that history has recorded : however, besides the immense sp( 
 and treasure they took, and the marks they left of their fortitude ( 
 the loss of 12.00 great guns of the enemies, irreparable in those daies 
 the Spaniard was not so redoubted abroad - as they left him miserab 
 weakn'd at home. To these we may number the trophies won by part 
 cular adventurers : Sir Francis Drake having, with four ships onel 
 taken from the Spaniard a million and 189,200 ducats in one eJcped 
 tion, anno 158/ ; in a single bottom, 25,000 pezos of the most refine 
 gold; and after, with a squadron of five and twenty sail, terrifying tl 
 whole ocean, he sack'd St. Jago, Domingo, and Cartagena (as befo: 
 mention'd), and carried away with him, besides other incredible boot 
 240 pieces of artillery, which was a prodigious spoil in those early daie 
 and when those instruments of destruction were not in such plenty ; 
 now they are. What, shall we say of John Oxenham, one of the Argc 
 nauts with Drake ? who, in a slender bark, near Nombre-de-Dio 
 having drawn up his vesselto land, and cover'd it with a few bough 
 marched with his small crew over unknown paths, till arriv'd at a certai 
 river, and there building a pinnace with the timber which they felF 
 upon the spot, he boldly launches into the South Sea, and, at the Islan 
 of Pearls, took from the Spaniard 60,000 lb. weight of massie-gold, an 
 200,000 in silver ! though lost in his return with it, by the perfidy t 
 his associates. Such an exploit is hardly to be parallel'd in any ston 
 Sir;Richard Grinvill, in another voyage to Cadiz, with but 180 soul 
 diers (of which 90 were sick and useless) in the ship Revenge, main 
 
 * Annal. I. 5. 
 
665 
 
 ^\nd a conflict for 24 hours against 50 Spanish galllons, sinking four of 
 their best vessels. Than this, what have we more ! what can be 
 greater \ In sum, so universal was the reputation of our countrymen 
 in those dales for their strenuous exploits at sea, that even those who 
 took all occasions to depress and extenuate them, are forc'd here to 
 acknowledge, and that from the pen of an author whose word goes 
 far " That the Greeks and Romdns, who of old made good all their 
 mighty actions by naval victories, were at this time equal'd by the for- 
 titude and courage of the English *." 
 
 38. 'Twas in her dales they dlscover'd far Into the North-east, and 
 North-west, Catbaian, and China passages, by the indefatigable dili- 
 gence of Willoughby, Burrough, Chancelor, Button, Baffin, Froblsher, 
 James, Middleton, Gilbert, Cumberland, and others f , worthy to be con- 
 sign'd to fame : in her brother's, the Sixth Edward's reign, the formerly- 
 mentlon'd Chabott had six times attempted the North-\test tracts to the 
 Indies ; and long before these, a bold prince of ours essay'd to pass the 
 Moluccas by the same course, entred the streights of Anlan, and is by 
 some intituled to the first discovery of the Canaries. The Summer- 
 Islands, and the goodly continent of Virginia, were first detected, and 
 then planted by the English ; among whom we may not pass by the in- 
 dustry of Captain Jones, Smith, and other late adventurers, whose great 
 exploits (as romantic as they appear) were the steady effects of their cou- 
 rage and good fortune. We have said yet nothing of Pool, who began 
 the whale-fishing; nor of Captain Bennet, who dlscover'd Cherry- 
 Island ; Pet and Jackman, that pass'd the Vaigates, Scythian Ices, 
 and the river Ob, as far as Nova Zembla ; of John Davis, who had per- 
 netrated to 86 degrees of latitude, and almost set his foot upon the 
 Northern Pole : here let us also remember Captain Gillan, to the last- 
 ing honour of his highness Prince Rupert, and the rest of those illus- 
 trious adventurers; nor forget to celebrate the heroic Inclination of his 
 sacred Majesty, our great Charles, under whose auspices Sir John Nai^- 
 
 * Graiorum Romanorumque gloriee, qui res oHm suas navales per acies asseruerunt, non dubite 
 tunc Anglorum & fortuna, & virtus respondit. Grptii, Annales et Hist. Belg. 
 t See Hakluyf s Ctollection of Voyages, folio, 1599. 
 
 4q 
 
666 
 
 borough has lately pass'd and repass'd the Magellan Streight, by whi 
 that modest and industrious man has notonely performed what w 
 never done before, but has also made way for a prospect of immen 
 improvement. Finally, 
 
 39. It was Queen Elizabeth who began and establlsh'd the trade 
 Muscovy, Turky, Barbary, and even that of the East Indies too, ho\ 
 ever of late interrupted by ungrateful neighbours : nor less was si 
 vigilant at land than at sea ; mustering at once no fewer than oi 
 hundred and twenty thousand fighting-men of her own vassals, not 1 
 uncertain computation, but effectually fit for war. And indeed, hi 
 for the extraordinary virtue of this brave virago, not England alon 
 but even France and Holland, had truckl'd under the weight of Spaii 
 whose ambition was then upon its highest pinnacle : in one won 
 Navigation and Commerqe were in her days in so prosperous a conditio] 
 that they seem to have ever since subsisted but upon the reputation < 
 it ; and the success of our countrymen in their attempts at sea was 5 
 far superiour to other nations, as by the suffrage of the most learnt 
 strangers (and to shew it was universal) they could but acknov 
 ledge. Omnibus hodie gentibus Navigandi industrid 8f peritid, sup( 
 riores esse Anglos, 8f post Anglos, Hollandos * ; for we do not fear i 
 give, even our greatest enemies their dues, when they deserve it.. 
 
 40. We now arrive to King James and Charles the First (Princes « 
 immortal memory) ; and for the former, there was in his time bui 
 (besides many others) those two gallant ships, the Trades-Increase, an 
 the Prince; the one for encouragement of Commerce, and th 
 other a Man of War; and though upon different accounts, and e 
 different times, they both unhappily miscarried, yet they serv'd to tes 
 tifie that neither defence nor trade were neglected, since as to that c 
 the first, Sir Walter Raleigh doubts not to affirm, that the shipping 
 of this nation, with a squadron of the Navy-Royal, was in this Prince 
 time able, in despight of Europe, to command the ocean, much more t 
 bring the Nether-Lands to due obedience : but says he, as I shall neve 
 think him a lover of his country or Prince who shall perswade hi 
 Majesty from cultivating their amity, so would I counsel them t( 
 
 * Keckermanni, Systema Politicum, Svo, 1635. 
 
femefnber arid consider it ; that seeing their intercourse lies so much 
 through the British seas that there is no part of France, from Cakia 
 to Flushing, capable of succouring. them; that, frequently, out- wards 
 by Western-winds, and ordinarily, home-wards, both from the Indies, 
 Straites, and Spain, all Southerly-winds '(the breezes of our climate) 
 thrust them of necessity Into his Majesties harbours ; how much his 
 Majesties favour does import them. For if (as themselves confess) 
 they subsist by Commerce onely, the disturbance of that (and which 
 Bngland alone can disturb) will also disturb their subsistence. I omit 
 the rest ; because I can never doubt either their gratitude or their 
 prudence. But this brave man was, it seems, no prophet to foresee 
 how soon they would forget themselves : they began in his days to be 
 hardly warm in comparison, and indeed it is not (as observes the same 
 person) much beyOnd a century, that either the French, Spanish, or 
 Hollander, had any proper fleets belonging to them as kingdoms or 
 states ; the Venetians, Genoezes, and Portugals, being then (as we have 
 noted) the only competitors both for strength and traffick; the Dutch 
 little considerable, since within these fifty years, the Spanish and 
 Portugals employ'd many more ships at sea than the Hollander (their 
 fishing-busses excepted), who, 'til furnish'd with our artillery, were 
 iVery contemptible, as may be made out by undeniable evidence : inso- 
 much that the formerly-mention'd Raleigh affirms, one lusty ship of 
 his Majesties would have made forty Hollanders strike sail, and come 
 to an anchor : they did not then (says he) dispute de Mari Libera. 
 But will you know in a word from him, what It was that has exalted 
 them to this monstrous pitch ? It was the employing their own people 
 in the fishery upon our coasts ; by which they infinitely Inrich'd them, 
 selves; 2. Their entertaining of auxllliaries in their difficult land- 
 services, by which they preserved their own vassals ; 3. The fidelity of 
 the house of Nassaw, from which they had a wise and experienc'd 
 general ; 4. The frequent excursions of the Duke of Parma into 
 France, hindring the prosecution of his growing successes ; 5. The 
 imbargo of their ships in Spain, and interdicting them free trade with 
 that nation, which first set them upon their Indian adventures ; 6. And, 
 above all, the kindness of Queen Elizabeth. But the case is (it seems) 
 
668 
 
 much alter'd since that worthy Knight made his observationsj and took 
 his leave of the Prince of Orange at Antwerp ; when (after Leicester's 
 return) he pray'd him to say to her Majesty, Suh umbra alarum tuarum 
 protegimur; for that they had wither'd in the bud without her assist- 
 ance. 
 
 41. We have yet but only mention'd the inherent right of the crown of 
 
 England to the dominion of the seas, because the legality and the 
 
 reason of it have been asserted by so many able and famous pens, from 
 
 which we learn that it doth of justice appertain to the Kings of Great 
 
 Britain *, not only as far as protection extends (though there were no 
 
 other argument to favour us), but of sacred and immemorial royalty : 
 
 but 'tis pretended by those great names ■j' who have of late disputed 
 
 this subject, and endeavoured to depose our Princes of this empire Jure 
 
 naturce §• gentium, that the sea is Fluxile elementum, §■ quod nun- 
 
 quam idem possideri non posse ; that 'tis always in succession, and, 
 
 that one can never anchor on the same billow ; that water is as free as 
 
 the air ; and that the sea terminates empires which have no bounds ; 
 
 and therefore that no empire can terminate that which acknowledges 
 
 none; and though all this were nothing; that his Majesties father 
 
 had tamely lost it to the late usurpers, which is an insolent scofF of 
 
 Marisotus's, triumphing over a fetter'd lion ; whilst for all this, to 
 
 patch up a wretched pretence, he descends to take hold of a certain 
 
 obsolete and foeudatarie complement, sometime since passing between 
 
 the two Kings ; as if a ceremonious acknowledgment for a province or 
 
 two in France (which is an usual deference among Princes upon certain 
 
 tenures) gave sufficient title and investiture to all that the Kings of 
 
 England possess in the world besides. But in this sort do the parti- 
 
 zans of aspiring monarchs manage their egregious flatteries,, whilst to 
 
 silence all the world, we can shew it prescription so far beyond the 
 
 present race of Kings, that even the name of their Pharamond was not 
 
 known J when the empire on the sea set limits to the coasts of Gaul, 
 
 and said^ " hitherto shall ye come."^ — Nor to that alone, but even as far 
 
 • * Seldenij Mare Clausum, folio, 1635. f Grotius. Is. Pontanus. Moriscoti oibis 
 
 Maritimii fol. 1643. Cleirac Coustuiiqes de la Mer, 4to, 1647. + Mela. 
 
669 
 
 as Spain it self; for to what pretence could those Princes have to thb 
 dominion, whose very monarchy is but of yesterday, in respect to the 
 goodly extent which now they call France? and especially wh«n the 
 only maritime provinces were shread into so many fragments and 
 cantons, under their petty Princes ; for so were N^rhonne, Bretayne, 
 Aquitaine, and even Normandy it self (portions belonging then to our 
 Kings), nor had they 'till of later days so much as the office of admiral 
 belonging to the sea, that is, till their expedition into the Holy-Land, 
 when yet they were fain to make use of the Genoezes to transpbrt 
 them, as we have it confess'd by their own authors*. As to their 
 other arguments, we need not spend much breath to dilute those 
 pittiful cavils of the instability and fluctuation of the waves, &c. ; 
 which could not be there without a channel and a bottom to contain 
 them, as if we contended for the drops of the sea, and not for its 
 situation, and the bed of those waters ; and since rivers and streams 
 have the same reason on their side to exempt them from being in com- 
 mon, and at every man's disposure. 
 
 , And these things I have only touch'd to repress the pruriency of 
 some late flatterers, who not only injure a truth as resplendent as the 
 sun, but the justice of a great Prince, whom by these false colours 
 they would provoke to unrighteous, disputes; whilst we pretend to 
 nothing but what carries with it the strongest eviction a thing of this 
 nature is capable of.- 
 
 . 42. Needless it would be to amuse the reader with recounting to him 
 at large how, in the ancient division of things, the sea having been 
 assign'd over with the land, there sprung up from the same original a 
 private dominion ; but undoubtedly, when God gave to man the sove- 
 raignty of the ocean, by intitl'ing him to the fish which were produced 
 in the bowels of it, (that is, to the thing itself by its use and enjoy? 
 meat,) by the same grant he passed over to him, and consign'd to his 
 disposure the distribution of it, and introduction of a separate and 
 peculiar jurisdiction. There is nothing more perspicuous than our case, 
 and as to his Majesties claim (the reasons for it rightly consider'd) from 
 
 * Jo. Tilius de Rep. Gall. 1. 2. 
 
6;o 
 
 nany royal predecessours, and so long a tract of years, who for 
 arlty of Navigation and Commerce between their neighbours and 
 es were at such vast expences to equip and set forth great ships and 
 ies; and that upon the intreaty and solicitation of those who recurr'd 
 :heir protection, and might themselves justifie the prescribing rules 
 I boundaries to such as should pass the seas, and receive such recog- 
 ons and emoluments as were peculiar and within their circle, both for 
 ir honour and maintenance. 
 
 The deduction shall be very short, considering how vast an ocean of 
 tter lies before us ; but it shall be full. 
 
 13. Caesar, ere he had invaded Britain*, summoning the Gallic mer- 
 ints to inform him of the shores and situation of our ports, could it 
 ms learn nothing from them ; for, says he, not a man ^ of them 
 juented that rivage without licence ; and when Claudius had subdu'd 
 : more Southern parts of the nation, the British Sea following the fate 
 the whole island, came with the same privileges to be annex'd to 
 empire, and did never loose them through all the revolutions which 
 jpen'd ; but that as soon as the prevalent power came to he settl'd, 
 sy immediately asserted their dominion on the sea. * That of very 
 le extent this nation had peculiars of its own, the consternation of 
 : Calldonians evince f, when in the time of Domitian, Agricola 
 ling round the island, they were in such perplexity to see him in 
 nr chambers, for so they called those northern streams. But not 
 iger to insist on these early beginnings, and what the Romans did 
 len the frame of that empire was chang'd about the time of the 
 ;at Constantine J, the Comitesof the Saxon shore (substitutes to him 
 lo commanded the West) had their jurisdiction over all the sea, from 
 ; borders of that shoar, and West part of Denmark, to the Western 
 lUia all along the other side. 
 
 44. There are who put some stress here upon ancient inscriptions, 
 jecially that mentioned by Gruter of a prsefect of a British fleet ; 
 d on the ornaments and ensigns of dominion found in several medals 
 A antiquities to be met withal in the collections of learned men ; 
 
 De Bello Gall. lib. 4. t Tacit, in Vit. Agric. ; Notitia Imp. Occid. 
 
671 
 
 vindicating the peculiar we contend for, and continu'd from Edward the 
 Third in several fair stamps, nor are they to be rejected. It suffices 
 us, that whatever the government were, still the dominion of the sea 
 return 'd with that of the land to the nation * ; as when the Britaina 
 rejected the Roman yoak, which now extended when it came under the 
 power of the English Saxon Kings and Danes, is known to all the 
 world, as well as with what mighty navies Edgar, Canute, and others, 
 asserted and protected it, under no lower style than that of King, 
 Supreme Lord and Governour of the Ocean lying round about 
 .Britain ; for so runs the settlement of certain revenues given by King 
 Edgar to the Cathedral of Worcester, says Mr. Selden. 
 
 45. Since the Norman conquest, the government of the several 
 provinces or sheriffs exercised jurisdiction on the sea as far as their 
 countys extended. Henry the Third constituted captain guardians, 
 and our first Edward distributed this guard to three admirals ; so did 
 the second of that name ; and the form of our ancient commissions to 
 the several admiralties, mention the dominion of our Kings upon the 
 sea, nor did any other nation whatsoever contest it as having little or 
 nothing on the opposite shoars j whilst 'tis evident the English Mo-, 
 narchs possess'd their right in its intire latitude for more than a thou- 
 sand years under one intire empire, and an uninterrupted enjoyment of 
 the sea as an appendant, 
 
 46. To this we might add the pass-ports sued for by forreigners from 
 the reign of Henry the Fourth, and so down to Queen Elizabeth, who 
 during her war with Spain soinetimes gave leave to the Swedes, Danes, 
 and Ansiatic Towns, and sometimes prohibited them petitioning for 
 passes to sail through her seas ; nay more, she caus'd to be taken and 
 brought into her harbours laden ships of those nations transgressing 
 her orders, as far as the streights of Lisbon, which she could never 
 havejustify'd had she not been acknowledged Sovereign of the seas 
 through which they were to pass. And though her successor King 
 James appointed certain hmits on the English coast bjr imaginary 
 lines drawn from point to point round the island, in which he some- 
 
 * Zosimus, lib. 6. Vide Claiidiani de Laudibus StilichOriiS, lib. % 
 
.672 
 
 nes extended them far. into the sea; it was not to circumscribe a 
 nsdiction (a thing which he most industriously caution'd his Minis- 
 rs never to yield * so much as in discourse) beyond which he did not 
 etend, but in relation only to acts of hostility between the two great 
 itagonists, the Spaniard and the Hollander, declaring himself both 
 ard and Moderator of the British seas from his royal predecessors. 
 
 47. In several commissions -j* given to sea commanders by Edward 
 e Third, the words are, " Our progenitors the Kings of England have 
 fore these times been lords of the British seas on every side ;" and in 
 certain bill prefer'd in Parliament J to the same Prince, 'tis said that 
 e English were ever in the ages past so renown'd for navies and sea 
 fairs, that the countries about them usually esteem'd and call'd them 
 (veraigns of the. sea ; and from the same parliamentary testimony in 
 e reign of Henry the Fifth we learn that the Estates in that august 
 sembly, did with one consent affirm it as a thing unquestionable that 
 e Kings of England were lords of the sea§, and that that sea was ^11 
 tiich flow'd between the streata on both sides, and made no doubt but 
 tribute might be impos'd by authority of parliament upon all stran- 
 srs passing through them, as we shall find Richard the Second to 
 ive done long before. 
 
 48. In thfe reign of Edward the Second ||, Robert Earl of Flanders, 
 •mplaining of injuries done his subjects at sea, alledges that the King 
 
 England is bound in right to do him justice, for that he was Lord of 
 le sea. But there cannot in the world be a more pregnant instance 
 r the vindication of this dominion, and the silencing all objections) 
 ;an the famous complaint against the Genoeze Grimbaldi, who, during. 
 ;e war between the French and those of Flanders, infesting the seas 
 id disturbing Commerce, occasion'd all the nations of Europe border- 
 g on the sea, to have recourse and appeal to the kings of England.; 
 hom from time to time and by right immemorial they acknowledged to 
 ; in peaceable possession of the sovereign lordship and dominion of 
 le seas of England, and islands of the same ; this libel or complaint 
 
 *: Rot. Pat. 2 Jac. part 32. t ^ot. Scot. 10 Ed. Meiubran. 16. 
 
 X Rot. Pat. 46 Ed. III. n. 2. § Rot. Pat. 8 Hen, V, Mem. 3. Art. 6. 
 
 II Rot. Pat. 14 Edw. II. p. 2. m. 26. in dorso. 
 
673 
 
 was exhibited" In the time of Edward the First, almost three hundred 
 ■years since, and is still extant in the archives of the Tower. 
 
 49. And thus we have seen how the sea is not only a distinct pro- 
 vince, capable of propriety, limits, and other just circumstances of 
 peculiar dominion, as a bound, not bounding his Majesties empire, but 
 as Dounded by it in another respect ; and that this was never violated so 
 much as by syllogism 'till some mercenary pens were set on work against 
 Spain, through whose tender sides, at that time, and with great arti- 
 fice, the Bafnevelt faction endeavour'd to transfix us*. Soon it was per- 
 ceiv'd, and as soon encounter'd ; in the mean time that one would smile 
 to find their mighty champion then fairly acknowledge upon another oc- 
 casion, and when it seems he resolv'd to speak out, — Anglice Regina 
 oceani imperium •j', that the Queen of England was dominat'rix of the 
 sea. So great is the truth, and will prevail. In a word, if the premier 
 occupant be a legal and just plea to the right of other possessions, the 
 Kings and Queens of England, descending from or succeeding to them 
 who first asserted the title are still invested with it : sure we are, this 
 argument w^s held good and illustrated by the first and best foundation 
 of empire, when the state of Venice {^claiming the Adriatic by no other) 
 held that famous controversie with Ferdinand of Friuli, by their advo- 
 cate Rapicio and Chizzola, commissioners being mutually chosen to de- 
 termine it ; and how far antiquity is on our side, the Greeks, Romans, 
 Tyrians, Phoenicians, and others, have abundantly declar'd, arid with 
 what caution they interdicted strangers ' here with us, till the Claudian 
 expedition annex'd it, with the dominion of all Britain, to that glorious 
 empire, which to protect against the piratical Saxons (then not seldom 
 infesting our coasts) the comites maritimi tractus were by the Praefeci: 
 establish'd, as we have already shew'd;.and so it continu'd for near 
 five hundred years after, when the Saxons, taking greater advantage of 
 the Roman remissness (distracted as they grew by intestine troubles)), 
 made their descent upon us, and with the fortune of conquest carried 
 that likewise of the sea. 
 
 50. We have but menjtion'd King Edgar, whose survey is so famous 
 
 * 1509. Treaty with Spain, concerning trade to the Indies. f 1570. Grot. Anna), lib. 2. 
 
 4 R 
 
i, *' ' 
 
 story, when with more than four thousand vessels he destln'd a qua- 
 nlon to every sea, which annually circl'd this Isle, and, as a' monu- 
 :nt of their submission, was sometime row'd in his royal gaily by the 
 nds of eight kings. This signal action becoming the reverse of a 
 :dail, was by a" like device illustrated in the rose -noble, in which we 
 ve represented the figure of a king invested with his regalia, standing 
 the middle of a ship, as in his proper and most resplendent throne ; 
 ' the same reason likewise (as some interpret) did Henry the Eight 
 i the portcluse to his current money, as a character of his peculiar title 
 this ditlon, exclusive to all others. 
 
 51. We have spoken of the Danes and Normans, and their successive 
 im, and of the custodes maritimi, more antient than that of Admiral, 
 now constituted, which indeed began with the Edwards, when the 
 ench, at war with Flanders, but pretending to usurp that dignity, 
 re fain to abolish their nevv office, and, acknowledging they had no 
 ;ht, pay the damages of the depredations they made, as appears by 
 »t famous record in the Tower mention'd by Sir John Burroughs, in 
 lich the title of our Kings is asserted from immemorial prescription ; 
 y, when at this time he had not all the opposite shoar to friend. 
 
 52. The constitution of our Cinque-Ports give another noble testi- 
 my to this claim, and the addition of two more Admirals by our Third 
 Iward, guarding as many seas as tKere were superiour officers of this 
 lomination, not omitting the title of Lords of both Shoars, anciently 
 d from hence to Henry the Fifth ; nay, when Edward renounc'd his 
 im to Normandy (as at the treaty of Charters *), the French them- 
 ves acknowledg'd this right, and therefore neither here, nor at the 
 lurt of Delegates in France, did they claim any pretence to the Islands 
 interfluent seas. But what need we a more pregnant instance than 
 It universal deference to the laws of Oleron (an island of Aquitania 
 Ml belonging to this Crown), published after the B-hodan had been 
 )g antiquated, which obtain'd over all the Christian world. And to 
 is we might add the Dane-gelt (in plain English, a ship-nioney tax), 
 pos'd as well on strangers as'denisons that practic'd commerce upon 
 
 * 1166. 
 
675 
 
 oor coasts and seas East and North, where the great intercursus was ; 
 norexpir'd it here, but continu'd customary, as appears by innumerable 
 records for enabling the King to protect the seas, and to obstruct or 
 open them as he saw convenient, with title to all royal fishes, wracks, 
 and goods found floating in alto-mari, as we can prove by several com- 
 missions and instruments, and confirm by precedents, not of our muni- 
 cipal constitutions alone, but such as have been binding, and accepted for 
 such, of the nations about us ; witness that famous accord made between 
 our Edward the First and the French King, Philip the Fair, calling 
 him to account for the piracies we have mention'd. And, 
 
 53. To this we might produce the spontaneous submission of the Fle- 
 mings in open Parliament, in Edward the Second's reign, and the honour, 
 or rather duty of the flag, which King John, with his Peers, had many 
 ages since challeng'd upon the custom ordain'd at Hastings*, decreed to 
 take place universally, not barely as a civility, but as a right of import- 
 ance for the making out and confirmation*of our title to the dominion we 
 have been vindicating ; and that this has been claim'd and paid cum debitd 
 reverentid (to use the express words of those old commissions which had 
 been long since given by William and Maurice Princes of Orange) to 
 all rtie sea commanders in those daysj we have for almost this whole 
 later century seen the matter of fact testified not only by continiial 
 claims, orders, commissions, and instructions, but by searching divers 
 authentick journals, which have noted the particulars in a thousand 
 instances: nor has this been paid to whole fleets only, bearing the royal 
 pavillion, but to single vessels, and those of the smaller craft (as they 
 are stifd) wearing his Majesties cognizance, to whom this homage has 
 been cli>ne, even by the greatest navies, meeting them in any of the Bri- 
 tish seas in their utmost latitudes. Nor has this been so much as ques- 
 tioned (1672), till that arch rebel, for ends of his own, would once have be- 
 trayed itf, and that the late demagogue De Witt, with no less insolenc,, 
 would have perverted his countrymen, by entring into an injurious dis-, 
 (juisition in justification- of the wrong he would have made us swallow; 
 
 * 1200. MS, Commen. de Rebus Admir. fol. 28. 
 
 t Oliver Cromwell. See his letter to the Ambassador at London. 
 
6fi5 
 
 but his Majesty was not so to be hectot'd oiit of his right, |asap|tears by- 
 the honourable provision he ha||iii»arfe to secure it, in the late treaty 
 with the Dutch, and what all the world has^paid us, which puts it out 
 of dispute. In the mdan time it Was necessOT^^ and no way impropef 
 to the* scope of this Treatise, that after what has been so newly pre- 
 tended, to the prejudice of the title we have asserlfed, some thing should 
 be said to abate the confidence of impertinent men, and to let the world' 
 know that our Princes (to whom God and Nature has imparted such 
 prerogatives) will not be baffl'd out of them by the sentences and sophisms 
 of lawyers, much less .by sycophants, and such as cai'ry not the least sha- 
 dow of 'reason. But it would fill many volumes to exemplifie the forms 
 of our ancient comniissions, from titne to time,- investing our Admirals 
 with the exercise of this soveraign power ; as well as that of safe con- 
 ducts, writts of seizure and arrests, the copies of giiahts and permission 
 to fish (of which in the riext period) obtain'd of our Kings by petition, 
 (&c. to be found at large in oifr books, Parliament Rolls, and Mother au- 
 tlientick pieces too long for this tract : but, if any will be contentious, 
 because they are some of them of ancient date, we have, and shall yet 
 shew instances sufficient, and eoc ahunddnti, for this last age, to which 
 our antagonists have from time to time submitted, not only in the wide 
 and ample sea, or at our own coasts, but in the very ports and harbouirs 
 of strangers, where they looked for protection ; that all the world may 
 blush at the weak and unreasonable contentions which would invalidate 
 this claim, if at least there be in the world any such thing as right, pre- 
 scription, deference, or other evidence, which, amongst sober men, is 
 agreed to be law for the clearing of a. title. To sum up all, then, .if 
 right or prescription, succession of Inheritance, continual claim, matter 
 of fact, consent of history, and confessions even from the mouths and 
 pens of adversaries, be of any moment to the gaining of a cause,, we 
 may bespeak our nation, as he did King James upoil another occasion 
 and as justly transfer it to his glorious successor, — Quels dai jura 
 mart, Sfc. * ;,4» 
 
 And with this I should conclude, did not the fishery, which Is an-. 
 
 * Grot. Sylva, 1. 2. 
 
6f^ 
 
 other irrefragable proof of his Majesties 4Bni»nions, require a little survey 
 before we shi;t up this jdispour;se, 
 
 (1^4. How far this royal jufisdictioii has ext«in4ed may best be gathei:'4 
 out of the reverend Gauiden, speaking of King James the Sixth of Scot^ 
 land, and of Qijeen Elizabeth of England *, who, fipt discovering the 
 whale-fishing, had consequently title to those seas, as far as Green 'land 
 !^orthward; and wh^t it was to, the South the proclamation of our 
 Third Edvu^a^d (yet extant) abundantly makes appear. This, confirm'd 
 by the Fourth of that name, guards and convoys were appointed to pre- 
 serve the rights, inviolable; as was likewise continued by the three suc- 
 ceeding Henrys, Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh, and their des/;endents, who 
 impos'.d a certain tribute upqn all forreiners, in recognition of their in- 
 dulgence to them "I".: Witness the French, the Dukes of BrJtai%of 
 Burgundy (especially Philip), and those of Flanders, who never pre- 
 sum'd to cast a net. without permission, and a formal instrument first 
 obtained, the originals whereof are yet to be seen, and may be collected 
 out of both the French and Burgundian stories ; and, as it doth indeed 
 to this day appear, by his Majesties neighbourly civility, -granted to,th6 
 French King for the provision of his own table, and to the town of 
 Bruges in Flanders, by a late concession J, the number and size of 
 boats and other circumstances being limited, upon transgression whereof 
 the offenders have been imprison'd, and otherwise mulcted. 
 
 55. And as the French, so the Spaniards did always sue to our Princes 
 for the like privlledge and kindness., King Phillip the Second (as- nearly 
 ^elated as he was to Queen Mary his wife), finding a. proviso in an act 
 pf Parliament §, that no forreiner should fish In those seas without per- 
 mission, paid into the Exchequer no less than, an annual rent of one 
 thousand pounds, for leave to fish upon the North of Ireland for the 
 supply pf his dominions in Flanders. Now for the Dutch. 
 
 56. That famous record pro hominibus HoUandice (so the title runs) 
 poini^s to us as far as our First Edward ||, not only how obsequious then 
 they were in acknowledging the King's dominion on the sea, but his 
 
 *~* Annates Rerum Ang. regnante Eliz. et Britannia. 
 ^ 14^9, X Rot. Franc. 38 Memb. 9 et 14 Hen. VI. 
 
 J Stat. Hib. Ed. IV. cap. 6.— iJacob. Proclam. 6 Mar. || 1295. 
 
67.8 
 
 C ■ 
 
 protection and permission to fish on the environs of it*: and his Spc- 
 cessor, Edward the Third, as he gave leave to the Counts of Holland 
 (who always petition'd for it), so he prescribed laws and orders concerning 
 the burden of the vessels to be employ'd aliout it. The like did Henry 
 the Sixth to the French and others f, with the season, place, and ifiethod 
 to be observ'd, which are all of main importance in the cause: and this 
 was so religiously inspected in former times, that Edward the Fourth 
 constituted a triumvirat power to guard both the seas and the fishery 
 against all pretenders whatsoever, as had Richard the Second long be- 
 fore him,' who impos'd. a tribute on every individual ship that pass'd 
 through the Northern Admiralty, for the maintenance of that sea-guard, 
 amounting to six-pence a tun upon every fishing vessel weekly, as ap^, 
 pears by a most authentick record, and the opinion of the most eminent 
 judges at that early day ; who, upon consideration that none but a sove- 
 reign power could impose such a payment, gave it in as their opinion 
 that this right and dominion was a branch of the royal patrimony, and 
 inseparable. Nay, that wise Prince, Henry the Seventh, thought it so 
 infinitely considerable, that (upon deeply weighing the great advan- 
 tages) he was setting up a trade, or staple of fish, in preference (say 
 some) to that of wool itself, and all other commerce of his dominions; 
 which being long before the Low-Countries had a name for merchants, 
 they had still perhaps neglected, if some renegados of our own (Violet 
 and Stephens by name) had not encourag'd the Dutch of Enchusen 
 (with other mal-contented persons of the craft, deserting their country 
 and their loyalty,) to molest his Majesties streams upon the accompt of 
 these men, since which they and others have continu'd their presump- 
 tions even to insolence. 
 
 57. Neither was less the care of King James J to vindicate this in- 
 comparable prerogative than any of his predecessors §, who, having de- 
 riv'd that accession of the Shetland Islands by marriage with a daugh- 
 ter of Denmark ||, publish'd his proclamations immediately after his 
 coming into England : for it must be acknowledg'd that Queen Eliza- 
 
 * Rot. Pat. 23 Ed. I. memb. 5. f Rot. Pat. 22 Ed. IV. mem. 2. 
 
 t 1606. k 145S. ^ II 1609. 
 
670 
 
 l)eth did not, so nicely and warily look after this jealous article as had 
 been wish'd, diverted by her extraordinary pityahd abundant indulgence 
 to .the, distressed States. But this Prince roundly asserts his patrimony, 
 upon many prudent reasons of state*, and especially for encouragement 
 of the maritime towns, fallen much to decay, and plainly succumbing 
 under the injurious dealing of such as took: the fish from before their 
 dore^, and renew'd his commands, that none should for the future pre- 
 sume so much as to hover about, much less abide on our coasts, without 
 permission first obtain'd under the Great Seal of England, and upon 
 which the Hollanders petition'd for leave, and acknowledg'd the limits 
 appointed them as formerly they had done. Let us hear the historian 
 describe it, and blush. ; : : 
 
 " The Hollanders (says, he -}-) taking infinite plenty, of herring upon 
 this coast, and thereby making a most gainful trade, were first to procure 
 leave (by antient custom) out of Scarborow-Castle, for the English to 
 permit them to fish ; reserving indeed the honour to themselves, but re- 
 signing the benefit to strangers, to their incredible inrichihg,' &c." What 
 could be said noiore to our purpose, or to oiir reproach ? This was that 
 which King James endeavour'd to bring into a better method, whfen, 
 taking notice of the daily incroachment of our neighbours, he enjoyn'd 
 his ^bassador (who was then Sir Dudley Carleton J) to expostulate it 
 with the States, as may be seen in that sharp letter of Mr. Secretaries^ 
 dated.thetwenty-first of December 1618^ in, which he tells them, "That 
 unless they sought leave from his Majesty, and acknowledg his right, 
 as other Princes had done and did, it might well come to pass, that 
 they who would; needs bear all the world before them by their- mare 
 Uberum, might soon fendanger their having neither terrain, nee solum^ 
 nee rempublicam Uberam." I do only recite the passage as I find it 
 publish'd, and take notice how prophetick it had lately like to have been. 
 ' 58. This happy Prince, taking umbrage at the war between the 
 Hollander and the Spaniard, did fix limits by commission and survey, 
 nearer than which (though as moderator he ofier'd equal protectiom to 
 
 » See copy of a letter in Sir Robert Cotton's library, and the credentials given to Sir Henry 
 ^yotton. t Camden's Britannia. t 1618. 
 
680 
 
 bodi) no eneniy to another state might commit any ho&tile act*, dird 
 producing his reasons for it, asserted his right so to do j not as if those 
 boundaries circumscrib'd his dominions, but as being sufficient for the 
 vindication of his due in that great article. And their not observing 
 this, incited King Charles the First, of blessed memory, to animadvert 
 upon it, when in the year 1639 our good friends behaved themselves 
 with so little respect in that memorable conflict with the Spaniard ; and 
 when approaching too near our shaaiis, they were check'd for their irre^ 
 verence in his Majesties imperial chambers, indeed, for the first (but 
 seeming) affront, that this nation did ever receive upon it. 
 
 59. And now it will not be amiss, nor inconsistent with our title, 4o 
 let the world see the immense advantages of the trade which has been 
 driven upon the sole account of the fishery, by the prodigious emd'lu- 
 ment which it has (to our cost and reproach) afforded our more indtis- 
 trious neighbours, the foundation of whose greatness has been laid in, 
 the bottom of our seas, which has yielded them more treasure than the 
 mines of Potosi, or both Indies to Spain. 
 
 . Who would believe that this people raise yearly by the herring and 
 other fisheries a million of pounds sterling, and that Holland and Zea> 
 land alone (whose utmost verge doth hardly exceed many English 
 shires) should' from a few despicable boats be able to set forth above 
 twenty thosand vessels of all sorts, fit for the rude seas, and of which 
 more than 7000 are yearly employ'd upon this occasion ? 'Tis evident 
 that by this particular trade they are able to breed above fourty thousand 
 fisher-men, and one hundred and sixteen thousand mariners (as the cen- 
 sus has been accurately calculated), and the gain of' it is so universal, 
 that there's hardly a beggar, nor an hatld in their country which doth 
 not earn its bread. This is literally true, and the consideration of it 
 seem'd so important, that even in the days of Charles the Fifth, tliat 
 great monarch is reported to have sometimes visited the tomb of Buec- 
 keld (where he had been above two hundred years interr'd) in solemn 
 recognition of his merit, for having, as 'tis said, been the inventor of 
 pickling and curing herrings : in a word, so immense is the advantage 
 
 * Seldenus, 1. 2. c. 22. f 1639. 
 
681 
 
 which this article aldne brings the state, that a very favourable rent, 
 still in arrear to his Majesties Exchequer, for permission to fish (as 
 should be prescribed and appointed them), amounts to more than half a 
 million of pounds, and the custom only at home of what they take, 
 with the tenth fish for waftage, to near five hundred thousand pounds 
 more ; but the quantities which they sell abroad, to a sum almost not to 
 he reckon'd. Then,. let it be computed, the hands employ 'd for spinning 
 of yarn, weaving of nets, and making other necessaries for the salting, 
 curing, packing, and barrelling, building of vessels, and fitting them 
 out to sea : it is certain the shipping (which is more than all Europe 
 can assemble besides), sea- men, commerce, towns, harbours, power, 
 publick-wealth, and affluence of all other things, is sprung from this 
 source ; and that in barter for fish (without exportation of coin) they 
 receive from Spain, Italj', Germany, &c. oil, wine, fruit, corn, honey-, 
 wax, allum, salt-, wool, flax, hemp, pitch, tarr, sope-ashes, iron, copper, 
 steel, claw-boards, timber, masts, dollars, armour, glass, mill-stones, 
 plate, tapestry, munition, and all things that a country (which has no 
 ■one material of these of proper growth), can need to render it consum- 
 mately happy. The Indies and farthest regions of the earth participate 
 of this industry ; and, to our shame be it spoken, we blush not to buy our 
 own fish of them, and purchase that of strangers which God and Nature 
 has made our own, inriching others to our destruction by a detestable 
 sloath ; whilst to encourage us we have timber, victuals^ havens, men, 
 and all that at our dores which these people adventure for in remoter 
 seas, and at excessive charges. And thus the prize is put into our 
 bands, whilst we have not the hearts to use it ; nor do we produce any 
 reasons why we are thus uncoricern'd, that ever I could find were solid * : 
 some objections, indeed, are presented, but they appear-d to me so dilute 
 and insignificant, that 'tis not possible to compose one's indignation at 
 the hearing of them, and see a kingdom growing every day thinner of 
 people, and fuller of indigence, without some extraordinary emotion : 
 to see with what numerous and insulting fleets our neighbours have 
 
 * See Roger L'Estrange's late Discourse of the Fishery, 4to, 1674, and 8vo, 1695. 
 
 4s 
 
682 
 
 been often prepar'd to dispute our title to theseadvantages^sby thebene- 
 fit.and supply of that which we. neglect and cpndernn. as unpracticable. 
 If thisrbe not enough to raise in us some worthy resentments, letJthe 
 confession of the Dutch themselves incite, us to it, who (in a proclama- 
 tion publish'd near fifty years since*) have. stil'd their fishing trade, the 
 golden mines of their provinces, and stimiilated an industrious and emu* 
 lous people with all the topicks of encouragement.. Were this alone 
 well consider'd and briskly pursu'd, there would need no. great magick 
 to reduce our bold .supplanters, to a more neighbourly temper : the sub- 
 jects of this nation have no more to do than apply themselves to the 
 fishery to recover at once their losses, and as infallibly advance the pras-? 
 perity of the kingdom as 'tis evident it has enabled our late antagonists 
 to.humble Spain, and from little of tjiemselves, tograpple with the most 
 puissant monarch of Europe, andbring him. to the. ground. For my 
 part, I do not see how we can .be abje to answer this prodigious sloath 
 of ours any longer, and especially since 'tis evident it will cost iis but a 
 laudable industry, and (in regard of our situation and very many advan- 
 tages above, them) much less trouble and charge : or suppose a consir 
 derable part of our forrein less-needful. expences were diverted to this 
 work, what were the disadvantages ? We talk .npiuch of France (and 
 perhaps with reason) ; but are we. so safe from our dear friend, upon this 
 composure, as never to apprehend any future, unkiridness? For my own 
 part, I wish it with my soul : but of this I am sure, we may prevent or 
 encounter open defiance ; but whilst we are thus undermin'd, we .suffer a 
 continual hostility,' since the effects of .it ruine our commerce', and by 
 consequence the nation. Nor speak I here of our neighbours the Hol- 
 landers only, but of those of Hamborough, Lubec, Embden, and other 
 interlopers, who grow exceedingly opulent whilst we sit still and pet- 
 rishi whose advantages for takmg, curing, uttering, and employing of 
 hands (were the expedients mention'd put in .practice, or the ruinous 
 .numbers, of our men daily flocking to the American, plantations, and 
 from whence so few return, prudently stated, and acts of naturalization 
 promoted,) are so infinitely superiour to theirs; but so our cursed neg.- 
 
 * 1634. 
 
683 
 
 llgehce will yet have it, not for want of all royal encouragement; but a 
 fatality plainly insuperable. 
 
 60. We have said little yet of our American fishery, and the loss we 
 make of a vast treasure on the coasts of Virginia, Grfeen-land, Barmu- 
 das, &c. sacrificing infinite wealth, both at home and abroad, to the 
 Spaniards, French, those of Portugal, and Biscay. 'Tis well known 
 that Green-land was first detected by the English about the latter end 
 of Queen Elizabeth's reign, and afterwards tlje royal standard erected 
 there, in token of dominion, by the name of King James's New-land, 
 his Majesty asserting his just rights by many acts of state, as more par- 
 ticularly on the tenth of January 1613, when he signified his pleasure 
 by Sir Noel Carbon, then in Holland, in vindication of his title both to 
 the Island fishery, and all other emoluments whatsoever y^re dominii, 
 as first discoverer, and to prohiblte strangers interposing and fishing in 
 his seas without permission *. For this effect, commissioners were esta- 
 bhsh'd f at Loiidon to grant Hcences, yearly renewable, for such as 
 would fish on the English coast; atEdehbrough on the Northern, and 
 by proclamation X ihterdlctlng all un-licericed practices, the Duke of 
 Lennox (as Admiral of Scotland) being order'd to assert the right of 
 the assize-herring, which was paid. 
 
 61. The following years § what Interruptions happen'd, upon our 
 neighbours desires of coming to an a;djustment for the Indulgences they 
 bad', found, is universally known, 'till the year 1635, when, to prevent 
 some incroachments and disorders of those who fished under his protec- 
 tion, the late King Charles of blessed memory issu'd out his proclama- 
 tioris, and gave instructions to his ministers abroad (|, signifying that no 
 strangers should presume' to fish in the British seas without his Majes- 
 ties licence ; and that those who desired them might be protected, he 
 thought fit to equip and set forth such a fleet as became his care and 
 vigllancy for the good and safety of his people, and the honour of the 
 nation. This was the year and the occasion of building^ several consi- 
 derable ships, and, amongst others, that famous vessel the Royal Sove- 
 
 * 1608. t 1609. ^ % 1616. § I6I7. 
 
 II See Mr. Secretary Cook's lettef, .April 16, 1635, to his Majesty's Resident at the Hague. 
 
684 
 
 raign, which to this day bears our triumphant Edgar for its badge and 
 cognizance, and to raind the world of his undoubted right to the domi- 
 nion of the seas, which he had by this time asserted and secur'd beyond 
 danger of dispute, had not a deluded people (as to their own highest 
 concern, glory, and interest,) and the fatality of the times disturh'd the 
 project of an easie tax as an imaginary invasion of their liberties, which 
 that blessed Prince design'd only to protect them : it is fresh in memory 
 what were the opinions of Attourny Noy, many learned civilians, and 
 near a jury of grave Judges upon this conjuncture ; and the instances of 
 King Etheldreds having levy'd it many hundred years before, shew'd it 
 to be no such innovation ; nor could there be a more pressing occasion 
 than when all our neighbours around us were (as now) in a state of hos- 
 tility. But I list not here to interrupt my reader upon this chapter, 
 which has already sufFer'd so many sore digladiations and contests ; only 
 as to matter of fact, and as concern'd the navigation and improvement of 
 commerce, I touch it briefly, and pass to what followed, which was the 
 setting out no less than sixty tall ships, first under the Earl of Lind- 
 sey *, and afterwards Northumberland f , by the account of whose accu- 
 rate journal, it appears how readily our neighbour fishermen (though 
 under convoy of fleets superiour to ours in number) sued for and took 
 licences to the value of fifteen hundred pounds fifteen shillings and 
 two pence, as I have perus'd the particulars. I do only mention the 
 licences which were also taken and accepted at land, and they not a 
 few, distributed by Sir William Boswell at the Hague itself, upon which 
 his Majesties Minister then at Bruxelles advertis'd the Infanta, that 
 the Dunkerkers should take care not to molest such of the Hollanders 
 (though at that time in actual hostility with them) as had his Majesties 
 permission, and accordingly the Cardinal did grant them passes, which 
 they took without scruple ; so as we find it was not for nothing that 
 they came under protection, but receiv'd a realbenefit. Nor was this a 
 novel imposition, but familiar and customary, as appears by the many 
 precedents which we have recited ; to which we may add that of the 
 Scotch fishery under King James the First, 1424, 21 Act of the first 
 
 * 1635. * t 1636. 
 
685 
 
 Parliament, having already spoken of what concern'd our own Princes, , 
 especially what Richard the Second impos'd, Henry I. V. VI. VII. 
 Queen Mary, &c. with that of Edward the First pro hpminibus Hol- 
 landieB, Sec. which protection Is yet extant, and granted frequently hy 
 treaties, as a priviledg only during the subsistance of such treaties, and 
 no farther, totally rescinding and abolishing the pretences grounded by 
 some upon the intereursus magnus made with the Dukes of Bur- 
 gundy*: so as to summ up all that has been produc'd to fortlfie our do- 
 mestlck evidences, we have many Acts of Parliament, we have the seve- 
 ral successours of our Princes granting licences to strangers, we have 
 the assiduous instances made by King James by his Ambassadours and 
 Secretaries of State, we have the acknowledgments actuallv and already 
 paid and accounted for to the Exchequer, and have seen the occasion of 
 the late interruptions of it, and the Invalidity of mens pretences ; and if 
 these be not evidences sufficient to subvert the sophisms of a few merce- 
 nary pens, and dismount the confidence of unreasonable, people, it is 
 because there is so little vigour in our resolutions at home, and so little 
 justice in the vi^orld abroad., Nor has this been arrogated, by the mo- 
 narchs of this nation, but a right establish'd upon just reason, namely, 
 that thev might be enabled to clear the seas of rovers and pirates, and 
 protect such as foUow'd their lawful affairs : and for this effect the Kings 
 of England did not only take care to defend their own subjects, but to 
 convoy and secure all strangers, sometimes (as we have seen) by pro-, 
 clamation, soirietimes by fleets and men of war, where they fish'd by 
 agreement, upon treaty, or leave obtain'd, yet restraining them to cer- . 
 tain limits, retaining the dominion of the, neighbouring seas, as in the 
 reign of Henry the Fourth, where we find an accord made between him 
 and the French Kingf, that the subjects of either nation migUt.,fish in 
 one part of the seas and not in another; the possession of all privileges 
 of this nature ever accompanying the royal licence, and strangers having, 
 either special indulgences, or being under protection of special officers, 
 appointed in former times J for the safe guarding of the fishery, who 
 were so impower'd by patent, and had certain dues appointed for that 
 
 * 1495. t Rot. Fra. Hen. IV. 29. J Edw. IV, Rich. III. Hen. VH. 
 
686 
 
 tteivdance, vt^hich they levied upon all forrelilefs, with the express dl- 
 ^ction(In the reign of Henry, the' Seventh) that the acknowledgment 
 ?as to be so levied, nbtwithstianding any letter' of safe-conduct vs^hich 
 ti'anger fishiermen might pretend from any' king, prince, or government 
 whatsoever: so as by all the arguments of right, claim, and prescrip- 
 ion, the title is firm ; all other pretSilces of right or possession inter- 
 apted, arrogated, and precarious, or else extinguish'd by infractions of 
 reaties, never since reviv'd by aiiy subsequent act. 
 
 62. We might here mention the toll paid the King of Denmark at 
 tie Sundt, and the respect which strangers shew to his castle at Cron- 
 enberg, acCoi'ding to a treaty made between them arid the Dutch * ; and 
 3 the Swedish King, whom they acknowledg soveraign of the Baltick 
 nd Northern tracts to an immense extent, where he receives tribute, 
 S well as those of Denmark and Poland, by impositions at Dantzick 
 nd the Pillau, where they orily enjoy for it a cold arid hungry* passage, 
 ?hil^t with us we give them ndt only passiage, harbours and protection 
 brough a dangerous sea, but an eniolunient accompanying it, which 
 iriches our neighbours with one of the most' inestimable treasures arid 
 dvantagious cbmrilerce under heaveri.' To this we also might add what 
 as obtain'd the suffrages not orily of our own countrynien of the long 
 obe, and othefs, but of almost all the disinterested learned persons who 
 lave discussed tbis subject, universally agreeing, that as to a peculiar and 
 estrictive right, fisheries may and' ought to be apipropriated, and that as 
 /ell in the high-seas (as the lawyers term them) as in lakes and rivers, 
 nd narrower confinements, and as the Republick of Genoa does at this 
 lay let to farm their fishery for Thunnies in their neighbouring seas ; and 
 he contract between Queen Elizabeth arid Denmark about the like 
 iberty"upon thb coast of Norway, arid the prohibitions made, and the 
 icences given by that crown at this present, do abundantly evince, 
 tamely, that the Dane is, and hath of long time been in possession upon 
 he coasts we have mention'd, and of as much as we assert to be due 
 his Majesty in the British seas. 
 
 16497 
 
6^7 
 
 MR. EVELYN'S LETTER TO MR. AUBREY*. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 With incredible satisfaction I have perus'd ypur Natural History of 
 Swrey, &c. and greatly admire both your industry in undertaking so 
 profitable a work, and your judgment in the (several observations which 
 you hftve made. It is so useful a piece, and so obliging, that I cannot 
 suflSciently applaud it. Something I would contribute to it if it were 
 possible ; but your Spicelegium is so accurate, that ypu have jeft no- 
 thing almost for tho&e who shall come after.you. Surrey is the country 
 of my birth, and my delight; but my education has b^en so little Jn it, 
 by reason of several accidents, that I am asham'd to discover how 
 ignorant I am of a thousand of those excellent remarks which I find 
 you have taken notice of to my reproach. *" 
 
 You have been pleas'd to mention Wotton (the, seat pf my brother), 
 invirori'd as it is with wood (from whence it takes its denomination) 
 arid water, and that from diflPerent sources, capable of furnishing all the 
 amcEuities of a villa sand garden aft^rthe Italian manner, as running 
 fifty foot higher than the area of the first parterre. That which I 
 would observe to you from the wood is, that where goodly oaks grew and 
 were cut down-by my grand-father almost a hundred years since, are 
 now altogether beech ; and where my brother has extirpated .the beech 
 there rises birch : under the beech spring up innumerable hollies, which, 
 growing thick and close together in one of the. woods next the meadow, 
 is a viretum all the year 'long, which is a very beautiful sight when the 
 leaves of the taller trees are fallen. * 
 
 It is in my Sylva where I give the dimensions of a plank of prodi- 
 gious amplitude, cut from an oak growing in one of the parks there 
 about or near that house, which holds almost six foot in breadth, and 
 about ten in length, half a foot in thickness, as it remains supported on 
 a frame of brick-work f. There are in the skirts of this parish (which 
 
 * Extracted from his History of Surrey, 1719, 8vo, vol. I. 
 
 t The table to which Evelyn alludes is still preserved in the family house at Wotton ; it is 
 shortened in its length, andJbut 5 feet 2 inches in diametei:, % 
 
688 
 
 extends almost as far as the wild of Sussex) certain pits out of which 
 they dig jeate. The stone ahout the grounds in other parts is the rag, 
 and what you call iron-stone, of which there lies abundance loose 
 in the sands, and about certain sugar-loaf mountains South-west of 
 Wotton ; which, with the boscage upon them, and little torrents 
 between, make such a solitude as I have never seen any' place more 
 -horridly agreeable and romantick. In the church-yard at Wotton, 
 digging to enlarge the vault where our family lies interr'd, was found an 
 entire skeleton of gigantic stature; it is not yet twenty years since ; 
 but after the workmen and labourers , had done wondering at it, and 
 taken measure of divers of the boneSj &c. (^which tho' I have- iipt at 
 present, I can recover from an ingenious servant of my brothers) with- 
 out farther curiosity they flung into the foundation they were digging, 
 and superstructed upon them. ' 
 
 In this parish upon Whlre-d'Owri, (which is contiguous to that tract 
 of hills which runs from Darking towards Guildford, and so to Ports- 
 mouth,) in the Chalk-delves is frequently foutod cockle-shells, peri- 
 winkles, &c. andjn the cart-roats where the rains have guH'd, thstt 
 : kind of pyrites which the country-people call thunder-stones. It is 
 incredible what goodly beeches grow upon that hill, expos'd as they are 
 'to the most impetuous winds, and with a very little earth, and that 
 '.extreamly loose adhering: to their roots. From hence is one of the 
 latgest prospects in England ; but superior to this is another about two 
 mjles South of my brothers house*, from the summit whereof in a clear 
 day may be seen (besides the whole vale or wild of Sussex, and much 
 of Kent) part of eleven other shires ';' so as for the extent and circum- 
 ference of Vista, I take it to be much beyond that from the Keepe'at 
 Windsor, or any that I have ever observ'd either in England or else- 
 where. The ascent to it is yet northward, almost upon an even line 
 from the foot of Whiterdowne. The brow from whence this prospect 
 is beheld with little acclivity (caused by the sliding some parts of it 
 into the grounds below, either by its own weight or some earthquake^) 
 goes descending nine or ten miles, almost as far as Horseham in 
 
 * Leith Hill, the highest ground ia this.county. 
 
689 
 
 Sussex ; and the bare places from whence the earth Is slid, I have seen 
 as far as Lewes, thirty miles from it. I 
 
 Somewhat below this rising is the famous Roman way, call'd now 
 Stpne-street Causeway, which had been very well worth your taking 
 notiqe of, both for the length, breadth, and materials of it, to have 
 continu'd so firm in so rotten and deep a country for so many years ; 
 but it is now interrupted by divers inclosures which would be search'd 
 by some diligent person. Not far from my brothers house, upon the 
 streams and ponds- since fill'd up and drain'd, stood formerly many 
 powder-mills, erected by my ancestors, who were the very first who' 
 brought that invention into England ; before which we had all our 
 powder out of Flanders. , My grand-father transferr'd his patent to 
 the late Sir John Evelyns grand-father, of Godstone in the same 
 county ; in whose family it continu'd 'till the late Civil Wars. That 
 which I would remark upon this occasion' i%, the breaking of a huge' 
 beam of fifteen or sixteen inches diameter in my brothers house (and* 
 since crampt with adeg of iron) ; upon the blowing up of one of those 
 mills, without doing any other mischief that I can learn; but another 
 standing below towards Shire, shot a piece of timber thro' a cottage, 
 which took oflF a poor womans head as she was spinning. 
 
 The barren hills formerly cover'd with a fine carpet of turf have 
 within these forty years been exceedingly improv'd by Devonshirlng, 
 as we call it, that is by paring off, drying, burning, and spreading the 
 swarth. ForiiAerly they 'were full of sheep feeding among the wild 
 thyme j now they are sown with corn, and m&intairi'd in heart with 
 liming and other manuring. The mutton is small, but very sweet. 
 Wheat-ears do often frequent these downs. , 
 
 In this parish were set up the first brass-mills for the casting; ham- 
 mering into plates, cutting, and drawing it into wire, that were in 
 England: first they dreW the wyre by men sitting harness'd in certain 
 swings, taking hold of the brass thongs fitted to the holes, with pincers 
 fasten'd to a girdle which went about them ; and then with stretching 
 forth their feet against a stump, they shot their bodies from it,^ closing 
 with the plate again ; but afterwards this was quite left off, and the 
 effect performed by an /wgrem'o brought out of Sweden; which I sup- 
 
 4 T 
 
690 
 
 pose liieyi still coritmtie : but the 'nailis ai-e ireto'ov'd to feifhet dfetahi* 
 from my brothers house. . -"i'li.. i - 
 
 There was- likewise a fulling-mill Upofi the sdrne stream, n6W de- 
 molished ; ibut the him'met for iron remainSv These I rnentiitfn because 
 I do not remember to have seen such variety of mill^i iind Works "upon 
 so narrow a brook, and in so little a compass ; there belrJg mills for 
 corn, cloth, brass,- iron, powder^ &c. -v; 
 
 These streams are naturally full of trouts, • but they grow to no 
 bigness, by reason of the frequent di'aming 6f the waters to irrigate- 
 their lands, i c 
 
 You well observe the number. of ponds and little lakes in this coun- 
 try : one of my brothers (now deceas'd) had at a place call'd Baynafds, 
 within- his park, a pond of sixty acres. The house was honourably 
 built ty Sir George Moore, many years past Lieutenattt of the Tower. 
 The soil is so. addicted to oaks, that to tell of their prodigious growth 
 within fifty years would astonish those who should measure the timber 
 now growing. It is a sour loamy ground. '• 
 
 1 do not find you have yet made your thordUgh journey about Ban- 
 stead, where was tKe famous Woodcbt of which you shall find mention' 
 in Mr. Burtons notes upon Antoninus's Itinerary. There are to this 
 day Roman coins, urns and bricks, &c. dug up by the rusticks. 
 
 At Ashted near Ebisham (belonging to the Right Honourable the' 
 Earl Marshal) are found a certain huge aiid fleshy snail, which the 
 Italians call bavoli or drivelers brought out of Italy, propagnted here ' 
 and had in delicm by his grand-father Thomas Earl of Arundel, &c. 
 .. In the^ sandy banks about Al bury do breed the trogladytic niartines, 
 who make their boroughs in the earth. ■-■ . 
 
 - I' know not whether you took notice of the smoke-jack in mv 
 brothers kitchen-chimney, which has been there I have heard near a^ 
 hundred years, and has seldom stood still from its first setting up, night 
 or day; it makes very little noise, needs no winding up, and for that 
 preferable to the more noisy inventions. I am -told Mr-. Smith of 
 Michams spits are turn'd by the Water, which indeed runs thro' his 
 house. It is indeed the most chrystal stream We have in our country, and-' 
 comes by Bedington, which I do not find you have yej visited, no more 
 
mi 
 
 than Wlmbleton, Nonsuch, Richmond, Oatlands, Coomb, Roehampton, 
 Cammerwell, Lambeth, Battersey, Kingston, Ditton, Southward, and 
 divers other observable places, whkfc I douSt not but , you reserve for 
 another perambulation *. 
 
 Sir, I beseech you to accept or pardon these trifling interpolations, 
 wKifh.l have presum'drto send you; not thast they can a^d any thipg 
 to yoiir wort, but testify the disposition I have to serve you, if it lay in 
 the power of, ; i ; Sir,. 
 
 Your most faithful Servantj 
 
 Feb. 8. 1 675-6. J. Evelyn. 
 
 ;\ Sir, 
 
 My :hasty writing will require your pardon ; I have set things dowft 
 tum«ltuarily as they came into my sudden-thoughts. 
 
 Mr. Aubrey afterwards visited these places, anrio 1692. 
 
692 
 
 AN ABSTRACT 
 
 OF A 
 
 LETTER FROM THE WORSHIPFUL JOHN EVELYN, Esq. 
 
 SENT TO ONE OF THE SECRETARIES OF THE R. SOCIETY CONCERNING THE DAMMAGE 
 DONE TO HIS GARDENS BY THE PRECEDING WINTER*. 
 
 Sir, 
 
 I SHOULD be altogether inexcusable for not having been to wait upon 
 the Society of late if my health had permitted, with some other unex- 
 pected occasions, before I remov'd from Lbnd. which I could not de- 
 cently avoid. This was, I assure you, a sensible affliction to me ; and 
 now I am come into the country, have beheld the havock which a rude 
 season has made in my poor gardens, and receiv'd your letter, wherein 
 you acquaint me that the Society expects an account of my sufferings. 
 I must begin with the Poet — -juhes renovare dolorem: in a word, the 
 past winter has been so severe in my territories, and where it could ex- 
 pugne the more defensible, and such as were inclosed ; it has ravaged all 
 that lay open and were abroad without any mercy. 
 
 As to timber trees. I have not many here of any considerable age 
 oj stature, except a few elms, which (having been decaying many years)^ 
 one cannot well find to have receiv'd any fresh wounds distinguishable 
 from old cracks and hoUownesses ; and indeed I am told by divers, that 
 elms have not sufFer'd as the great oaks have done ; nor do I find 
 amongst innumerable of that species (elmsj which I have planted, and 
 that are now about 25 and 30 years standing, any of them touched. 
 The same I observe of limes, wall-nuts, ash, beech, horne-beams, birch, 
 chesnut, and other foresters. But, as I said, mine are young compara- 
 tively ; and yet one would think that should less protect them, because 
 more tender: so as it seems the rifting so much complain'd of has hap- 
 
 * See Philosophical Transactions, No. 158, 1684, p. 559 j and Evelyn's Diary, vol. I. p. 533. 
 
693 
 
 'petVd chiefly among the over-grown trees, especially oaks. My Lord 
 Weymouth made his lamentations to me, and so has the Earl of Chester- 
 field, Lord Ferrars, Sir William Fermor, and others concern'd in the same 
 calamity, which I mention hecause of their distaiit habitations. But, if 
 rightly I remember^ one of these noble persons lately told me, that 
 since the thaw, the trees which were exceedingly, split, were come toge- 
 ■ther and clos'd again, and I easily believ'd it; but that they are really as 
 solid as before, 1 doubt will not appear when they shall come to be exa- 
 jmin'd by the axe, and converted to use : nor has this accident happen'd 
 only to standing timber, but to that which has been fell'd and season'd, 
 as Mr. Shish *, the master builder in his Majesties ship yard here, in- 
 form'd me. So much for our indigince. < . 
 
 As for exotics^ I fear my cork-trees will hardly recover: but the 
 spring is yet so very backwardj even in this warm and dry spot of minei 
 that I cannot pronounce any thing positively, especially of such whose 
 bark is very thick and rugged, such as is the cork, enzina, and divers 
 of the resinous trees. The Constantinopolitan, or horse-chesnut, is 
 turgid with buds, and ready to explain its leaf. My cedars y\ think^ 
 are lost ; the ilex and scarlet oak not so ; the arhwtus doubtful, and so 
 are hays, but some will escape, and most of them repuUulate and spring 
 afresh, if cut down near the earth at the latter end of the month. The 
 Scotch fir, spruce, and white Spanish (which last uses to suffer in their 
 tender buds by the spring frosts) have receiv'dno dammage this winter : 
 I cannot say the same of the pine, which bears the greater cone, but 
 other Norway s waA pinasters are fresh. iawreZ is only discoloured, 
 and some of the woody branches mortified, which being cut to, the quick 
 \vill soon put forth again, it being a succulent, plant. Amongst our 
 shrubs, rosemary is entirely, lost, and to my great sorrow, because I had 
 not only beautiful hedges of it, but sufficient to afford me flowers for the 
 making a very considerable quantity of the Queen of Hungaries cele- 
 brated water : so universal, I fear, is the destruction of this excellent 
 plant, not only over England, but our neighbour countries more South- 
 ward, that we must raise our next hopes from the seed. Halimus, or 
 
 * An account of this ingenious man may be seen in Evelyn's Diary, voU I, p. 488, 
 
694 
 
 arseslan, of which I had a pretty hedgej is also perish'dj arid sq 
 er of '^renchjurses; the cypress are all of them scorch'd, and 
 to death, especially such as were kept shorn in pyramids; but 
 gst great numbers there will divers escape, after they,, are well 
 ts'd, that is, with a tough hazel or other wand to beat.oflF thejr 
 and dusty leaves, which, growing much closer than other shrubs;, 
 r the air and dews from refreshing the intjej'ipr parts.. This disci*- 
 I use to all niy tonsile shrubs vi^ith good success,, as oft as a winr 
 irches.them. The berry l>earing savine, which, if well understp.od 
 ultivated, were the only, best succedaneum to cypress, has not suf- 
 jn the least; it perfectly resembles the cypress, and grows very 
 id thick. I think the arbor thuya is alive, and so, is the Amerir 
 7dci(i, acanthus, paliurxis, and poniegranad. My ^lawustii],us lopks 
 :iously; some large and oldalaturrius's are kill'd, esj)ecially suclj 
 re more expos'd to the sun, whereas those that grow in the shade 
 i I the reason of which I conjecture to be from the reciprocations 
 ng somewhat relax'd every day, and then in^de rigid and stifiF again 
 ^ht, which hepding and unbending so often, opening and closing 
 li-tfe, does exceedingly moj-tifie them, and ajl other tender plants 
 t, growing in shady: places, undergo but one thaw and change. Most 
 ise yet will, revive again at the root, being. cut close to the ground> 
 phillyreas angusti aviA' serratif olio's (both of them incomparahlv 
 ;st for ornamental bedgeis of any the perennial greens I know) have 
 f been sensible of the least impression,, more than tarnishing of 
 leaves; no more have the Spanish ja^wiienes, and; Pema^2.; and I 
 erate these particulars^ihe more minutely, that gentlemen who ar^ 
 IS may take i notice what plants they may trusit to abroad in aU 
 s,. for I speak only of such as are exposed. As for the choicer 
 ;s which are set in for hyematlonj they certainly escapet, or are im- 
 1 accordingly as they are treated by the more or less experienced and 
 trious gardener, or commodiotisness of the conservatory. But to 
 hat may be added on this- subject would require a large chapter^ 
 letter: I would in the mean time advise such as have suffer'd de^ 
 nt in the green houses not to despair when they see the leaves of 
 rm/rtks, oranges, oleanders, Jasmines, apd other preqious shrubs, 
 
'695 
 
 rsisset, or ai together sBrlvell'd and falling; but to cut them to ffie,qui»V, 
 plaster the wounds, and plunge their cases and pots^ trimra'd with fresh 
 mould, &c. in a warm bed/carefully refresh'd, shaded, air'd and treated 
 as sick patients, and as the prudent gardener best knows how; but, 
 above all, that he be sure not to ^expose them 'till these Eastern winds 
 (which I call our English ete^z'aw*, and which makes our springs so un- 
 comfortable, when we think winter and all danger past) be qualifiedi 
 for they are deadly to all our plants abroad, and frequently do us more 
 'prejudice than the most churlish winters, as commonly finishing the de» 
 structibn of what the frosts have spared. Nor are we to be flatter'd 
 \vilh a warm day or two, which: are apt. to tempt gardners to set out 
 their plants before the end of April, or that we find the' wise malherry 
 put "forth, which' is certainly the most faithftfl monitor; hor\shoHld we 
 indeed cut or transplant any of the 'perennials 'till of themselves they 
 begin to sprout. ■ 
 
 ' I need say nothing of %ally, yew^ bode, juniper, &c. hardy and sponta- 
 Tieous to our country ; and yet, to my grief again, I find an holly stan- 
 dard, of near 100 years old, drooping and of doubtful aspect.; and a very 
 beautiful hedge, tho' indeed much younger, being clipp'd about MichaeLr 
 mas, is mortified near a foot beneath the top, and in some places to the 
 Very groijnd ; so as there's nothing seems proof against such a winter 
 which is late cut and expos'd. This hedge does also grow against the 
 South, and is very russet, whilst the contrary side is as, fresh and green 
 •as ever; amtin all Other places of my plantations that are shaded, the 
 unshorn hollies maintain their verdure, and ar^, I judge, impregnable 
 against all assajults of weather. • ' t ' 
 
 Among the fruit trees and murals, none seem to have suffer'd, save 
 Jicrs; but they, being cut down, will spring again at the root. The 
 vines have escaped ; and of the esculent plants and sallads most, except 
 artichokes, which are universally lost, and (what I prefer before any 
 sallad eaten raw when young) my sampier'ih all rotted to the very. root. 
 How to repair my loss I know not, for I could never make any of the 
 seed which came from the rock sampire, though mine were of the very 
 
 kind to grow. 
 
 The arborescent, and other sedums, aloes, &c. tho' hous'd, perished 
 
696 
 
 with me; hut the i/ucca and opuntia escap'd. Tulips, many are lost ; 
 and so the Constantinojle narcissus, and such tuberoscB as were not 
 kept in the chimney corner where was continual fire : some anemojiies 
 appear, but I believe many are rotted ; but I have made no great search 
 in the flowery parterre, only I find that most capillaries spring, and 
 other humble and repent plants, notwithstanding all this rigorous 
 season. 
 
 My tortoise, which, by his constant burying himself in the earth at 
 approach of winter, I look upon as a kind oi plant -animal, happning to 
 be obstructed by a vine-root from mining to the depth he was usually 
 wont to interr, is found stark dead, after having many years escaped the 
 severest winter. Of ^sA I have lost very few ; and the nightingales, 
 which, for being a short wing'd bird, and so exceeding fat at the time 
 of the year, we commonly suppose them to change the climate 
 (whereas indeed they are hardly able to flee an hundred yards), are as 
 brisk and froUic as ever ; nor do 1 think they alter their summer stations, 
 whatever becoriie of them all winter. I know not yet of any body wh^o 
 has given tolerable satisfaction in this pa!rticular amongst our ornitho- 
 logists. 
 
 Thus, Sir, I have sent you a rhapsody of such obsecvations as I haye 
 been able to make since my return home, and I wish they may prove pf 
 any importance to the Society, to whicTi, arid to yourself, 
 
 I am. Sir, 
 
 a most devoted and obedient servant. - 
 Says Court, Deptford, 
 April 14, 1684. 
 
OR, 
 
 THE LADIES DRESSING-ROOM UNLOCK'D, 
 
 AND 
 
 HER TOILETTE SPREAD. 
 
 IN BURLESQUE. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 THE F O P-D I CT I O N A R Y, 
 
 COMPILED fOR THE USE OF THE FAIR BEX. 
 
 ' Tanquemfavms discrimen agatur, 
 jjut ammis :. taTda est q-U(srendi cura decoris. Juvenal, Sat. 6. 
 
 Such care for a becoming dress they take, 
 As if their life and honour were at stake. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR R. BENTLEY, IN RUSSEL-STREET, IN COVENT-GARDEN. 
 
 1690. 
 
 Quarto, 30 pages, including the title-page. 
 
 4 u 
 
lu the Diary, 10th March 1685, when delineating the character and accomplishments of his 
 scellent daughter Mary, who died of the small-pox on the 14th of the same mpnth, J. Eve- 
 n has a slight reference to this Poenj, at that time five years previous to its publication ; 
 id from the manner in which he mentions it, the tract would almost seem to have been of 
 er own composition, illustrated by his notes. The passage alluded to states that " she could 
 impose happily, and put in pretty symbols, as in the Mundus Muliehris, wherein is an 
 numeration of the immense variety of the modes and ornaments belonging to the sex." 
 
699 
 PREFACE. 
 
 as 
 
 This paper was not to come abroad without a Preface, as well 
 Gomment for instruction of our young master, who, newly launch'd 
 from the University (where he has lost a year or two), is not yet tra- 
 vell'd, or if haply he has made le petit tour (with the formall thing his 
 governour *), having never read Tully's Offices through since he came 
 from school, sets up for a beau^ and equipp'd for the town at his return, 
 comes to seek adventures in an ocean full of rocks and shelves, and wants 
 a skilful pilot to steer him as much as any vessel that goes to the Indies; 
 and oftentimes returns home leaky, and as poorly freighted as those 
 who have been near shipwreck'd, or lost their voyage. 
 
 It is for direction of such as are setting out towards this great and 
 famous emporium (whether the design be for miss or marriage), what 
 cargo he must provide ; not as merchants do for America, glass-beads 
 and baubles in exchange for gold and pearl, but gold and pearl, and all 
 that's precious, for that which is of less value than knives and childrens 
 rattles. 
 
 You see, squires, what you are to prepare for as adventurers, or by 
 way of barter, if you think to traffick here and to carry the fair one, 
 especially if she be at her own disposal, or (being come some consider- 
 able time out of the country) has been initiated into the conversation of 
 the town. The refined lady expects her servants and humble admirers 
 should couch her in the forms and decencies of making love in fashion ; 
 in order to this, you must often treat her at the play, the parJc, and the 
 musick; present her at the raffle; follow her to Tunhridge at tbe season 
 of drinking of waters, though you have no need of them your self : you 
 must improve all occasions of celebrating her shape, and how well the 
 mode becomes her, though it be ne'er so fantastical and ridiculous; that 
 she sings like an angel, dances like a goddess, and that you are charmed 
 with her wit and beauty ; above all, you must be sure to find some fault 
 
 * Whom the French call, mattre des ours, a bearward. 
 
700 
 
 or imperfection in all other ladies of the town, and to laugh at the fopps 
 like yourself. With this, a little practice will qualifie you for the con- 
 versation and mistery of the ruelle ; and if the whole morning be spent 
 between the glass and the comb, that your perruque fit well, and cravat- 
 strings be adjusted, as things of importance; with these and the like 
 accomplishments you'll emerge a consummate i&eerM,^ng-?/C(^ a cox- 
 comb. But the dancing-master will still be necessary to preservis your 
 good meen, and fit you for the winter-ball. 
 
 Thus you see, young sparlis, how the stile and met"hod of wooing -is 
 quite changed, as well as the language, since the days of our fore-fathers 
 (of unhappy memory, simple and plain men as they were), who courted 
 and chose their wives for their modesty., frugality, keeping at hdine, 
 good-housewifery, and other oeconomical virtues then in reputation : 
 and when the young damsels were taught all these in the country, and at 
 their parents houses, the portion they brought was more in virtue than 
 money, and she was a richer match than one who could have brought a 
 million, and nothing else to commend her. The presents which were 
 made when all was concluded were a ring, a necklace of pearls, and per- 
 haps another fair jewel, the bona paraphernalia of her prudent mother, 
 whose nuptial kirtle, gown, and petticoat, lasted as many anniversaries 
 as the happy couple liv'd together, and were at last beq'ueath'd, with a 
 purse of old gold, rose-nobles, spur-rroyals, and spankees, as an house- 
 loom to her grand -daughter. 
 
 They had cupboards of ancient useful plate, whole chests of damask 
 for the table, and store of fine Holland sheets (white as the driven snow), 
 and fragrant of rose and lavender, for the bed ; and the sturdy oaken bed- 
 stead, and furniture of the house, lasted one whole century ; the shovel- 
 board, and other long tables^ both in hall and parlour, were as fixed as 
 the freehold ; nothing was moveable save joynt-stools, the blackjacks, 
 silver tankards, and bowls: apd though many things fell out between 
 the cup and the lip, when happy ale, March beer, metheglin, malmesey, 
 and old sherry, got the ascendant amongst the blew-coats and badges, 
 they sung Old /S^won and Cheviot- Chase, and danc'd JSrctiye Arthur ^ 
 and were able to draw a bow that made the proud Monsieur tremble at 
 the vvhizze of the grey-goose-feather. 'Twas then ancient hospitality 
 
701^ 
 
 vvaskeptfup iii town and^cqiintry^ by whiah the tenaqts were enabled, 
 to: pay their landlords at punctual day; the, poor were relieved bouatin) 
 fuUyj and charity, w&s as warm as the kitchen, where the fire was per-, 
 
 PetUa}. , ; , . , 
 
 In those happy days. Sure-foot, the grave and steady mare, carried 
 the good knijght, and hiscpurteous lady behind him, to church and;to 
 viiS^t {the neighbourhood, vvithout so many hell-carts, ratling; coaches, 
 ^d. a crue of Zacsyt/qy*, which a grave livery servant or two supply'd, 
 who rid before and made- way 'for his worship. -^ .. 
 
 Things of use were natural, plain, and wholesome ; nothing was su- 
 perfluous, ijiothing' necessary \yanting; and naen of estate, studied the; 
 publick good, and gave examples of true piety, loyalty, justice, sobriety,; 
 oharity,. and the good neighbourhood ? compd^'d most differences; per- 
 jury^ suborning witnesses, alimony, avowed adulteries, and misses (pub-j 
 li<?kly own'd), were prodigies in those days, and laws^were reason, no^ 
 crafty when mens titles ^were' secure, and t|iey served their gene^atioa 
 with honour, leftth^ir patrimonial estates improv'd to an hopeful -heir,, 
 whoj passing from the free-sphool to the college, and thence to the inns, 
 of court, acquaititing himself with a dpmpeteht tincture of the laws of 
 hm country^ followed the example of his worthy ancestors, and if he 
 travell'd abroad, it was riot to count steeples, and bring home feather 
 and ribbon, and the sins of other nations, but to gain such experience as 
 rendred him useful to his prince and his country upon occasion, and 
 confirm'd him in the love of both of 'em above any other. 
 
 The virgins and young ladies of that golden age* qucesierunt lanam 
 ^ linum, put their hands to the spindle, nor disdain'd they the needle ; 
 ivere obsequious and helpful to their parents, instructed in the managery 
 jf the family, and gave presages of making excellent wives. Nor then did 
 :hey read so many romances, see so many plays and smutty farces ; set 
 ip for visits, and have their days oi audience, and idle pass-time : honest 
 rleek, ruff, and horumrs, diverted the ladies at Christmas, and they knew 
 Jot so much as the names of ombre, comet, and basset. Their retire- 
 nents were devout and religious books, and their recreations in the dis- 
 
 * Prov. ch. xxxi. vei'ses 13. 19. 
 
702 
 
 tillatory, the knowledge of plants and their virtues, for the coinfc 
 their poor neighbours and use of the family^ which whalesome 
 dyet and kitchen physick preserved 'in perfect health. In those 
 the scurvy, spleen, &c. were scarce heard of, till forreigii drink: 
 mixtures were wantonly introduc'd. Nor were the young gentlewmr 
 universally afflicted with hysterical fits, nor, though extremely modt 
 all melancholy, or less gay and in good humour : they could touc 
 lute and virginal, sing like to the damask rose, and their breath v, 
 sweet as their voices : they danc'd the Canarys, Spanish Pavan 
 Selengers Round, upon sippets, with as much grace and lovelini 
 any Isaac, Monsieur, or Italian of them all, can teach with his fo] 
 and apish postures. 
 
 To shew you then how the world is alter'd among us, since for 
 manners, the luxury (more than Asiatick, which was the final rui 
 the greatest, wisest, and most noble monarchy upon earth) has ur 
 sally obtained among us, corrupting ancient simplicity ;. and in 
 extravagant forms the young gallant we describ'd is to court the 
 and make his addresses (whether his expedition be for marriage or 
 tresse), it has been thought good by some charitable hands that 
 contributed to this catalogue, to present him with an enumerati( 
 particulars, and computation of the charges of the adventurer, as fol 
 
703 
 A VOYAGE TO MARRYLAND; 
 
 OR, THE LADIES DRESSING-ROOM. 
 
 Negotii sibi qui volet vim parere, 
 Navem St muUerem, heec duo comparato. 
 Nam nulla magis res duee plus negotii 
 Habent, forte si occeperis exomare. 
 Neque unquam satis hce dues res ornantur, 
 Neque eis ulla omandi satis satietas est. 
 
 Plaut. PtENULUs, Act. 1. SceH. 2. 
 
 Whoever has a mind to abundance of trouble. 
 
 Let him furnish himself with a ship and a woman ; 
 
 For no two things will find you more employment. 
 
 If once you begin to rig them out with all their streamers, 
 
 Nor are they ever sufficiently adorned. 
 
 Or satisfy'd, that you have done enough to set them forth *. 
 
 He that will needs to Marry-Iand 
 
 Adventure, first must understand 
 
 For 's bark what tackle to prepare, 
 
 Gainst wind and weather, wear and tare : 
 
 Of point d'Espagne a rich cornet. 
 
 Two night-rails, and a scarf beset 
 
 With a great lace, a coUeret : 
 
 One black gown of rich silk, which odd is 
 
 Without one colour'd, embroider'd boddice : 
 
 Four petticoats for page to hold up. 
 
 Four short ones nearer to the crup : 
 
 Three manteaus, nor can madam less 
 
 Provision have for due und.ress ; 
 
 Nor demy sultane, spagnolet, 
 
 Nor fringe to sweep the Mall forget: 
 
 " The man that wants employment in abundance. 
 Let him procure a woman and a ship ; 
 For no two things can furnish you more business : 
 Especially when you begin to rig them. 
 These two things are never rig'd enough ; 
 Nor is there any end of 't, they so love it." 
 
 Thornton's Translation. 
 
ro4 
 
 Of under bodice three neat pair 
 Embroider'd, and of shoos as fair : 
 Short under petticoats pure fine, 
 Someof Japan stuff, some of Chine,. - 
 With knee-high galoon bottomed ; 
 Another quilted white and red ; 
 With a broad F|anders lace below : 
 Four pair of has de soy shot through 
 With silver, diamond buckles too, 
 For garters, and as rich for shoo : 
 Twice twelve day smocks of Holland fine 
 With cambric sleeves, rich point to joyn 
 (For she 'despises Colbertine); 
 Twelve more for night, all Flanders lac'd. 
 Or else she '11 think her self disgra,c'd ; 
 The same her night-gown, must adorn. 
 With two point wastcoats for the morn : 
 Of pocket mouchoirs nose to drain, 
 A dozen lac'd, a dozen plain : 
 Three night-gowns of rich Indian stuff j' 
 Four cushioii-cloths are scarce enough,. 
 Of point and Flanders, not forget 
 Slippers embroider'd on velvet : 
 A manteau girdle, ruby buckle. 
 And brilliant diamond rings for knuckle : 
 Fans painted and perfumed three : 
 Three muffs of sable, ermine, grey; 
 Nor reckon it among the baubles, 
 A palatine al^so of sables. 
 A saphire bodkin for the hair, 
 Or sparkling facet diamond there : 
 Three turquois," ruby, emerauld rings 
 For fingers, and such pretty things. 
 As diamond pendants for the ears. 
 Must needs be had ; or two pearl pears. 
 Pearl necklace, large and Oriental, 
 And diamond, and of amber pale ; ^ .n,. 
 For oranges bears every bush, ■ ' ', 
 
 Nor values she cheiip things a rush. 
 
705 
 
 Then bracelets for her wrists bespeak 
 
 (Unless her heart-strings you will break)> 
 
 With diamond croche for breast and — — , 
 
 Till to hang more on there 's no room. 
 
 Besides these jewels, you must get 
 
 Cuff buckles, and an handsome set 
 
 Of tags for palatine, a curious hasp 
 
 The manteau 'bout her neck to clasp : 
 
 Nor may she want a ruby locket. 
 
 Nor the fine sweet quilted pocket; 
 
 To play at ombre, or basset. 
 
 She a rich pulvil purse must get, 
 
 With guineas fiU'd, on cards to lay. 
 
 With which she fancies most to play : 
 
 Nor is she troubled at ill fortune. 
 
 For should the bank be so iipportune 
 
 To rob her of the glittering store. 
 
 The amorous fop will furnish more. 
 
 Pensive and mute, behind her shoulder 
 
 He stands, till by her loss grown bolder, 
 
 Into her lap rouleau conveys, 
 
 Th€ Softest thing a lover says : 
 
 She grasps it in her greedy hands. 
 
 Then best his passion understands ; 
 
 When tedious languishing has fail'd. 
 
 Rouleau has constantly prevail'd. 
 
 But to go on where we left off, 
 
 Though you may think what 's said enough ; 
 
 This is not half that does belong 
 
 To the fantastic female throng: 
 
 In pin-up ruffles now she flaunts. 
 
 About her sleeves are engageants ; 
 
 Of ribbon various echelles. 
 
 Gloves trimm'd, and lac'd as fine as Nell's *. 
 
 Twelve dozen Martial^ whole and half, 
 
 Of jonquil, tuberose (don't laugh), 
 
 Frangissan, orange, violett. 
 
 Narcissus, jassamin, ambrett : 
 
 » Eleanor Gwynn, better knovm by the familiar name of Nell, one of the ipistresses of Charles II. 
 
 4 X 
 
706 
 
 And some of chicken skin for night, 
 
 To keep her hands plump, soft, and white 
 
 Mouches for pushe?, to be, sure. 
 
 From, Paris the tnds^ne procure. 
 
 And Spanish paper, lip, and cheek. 
 
 With spittle swe^Jy to belick : 
 
 Nor therjBfore spare in the next place. 
 
 The pocket sprmMng lookitig-glass : 
 
 Calembuc combs in pulvil case 
 
 To set aud trim the hair and face:: 
 
 And that the cheeks ijiay both agree, 
 
 Plumpers Jto fill the cavity. 
 
 The set^^e, cup^e, place aright, 
 
 Frelcmge^fontange, favorite ; 
 
 Montd la haute, and palisade, 
 
 Sorti,Jlandan (great helps to trade), 
 
 Bourgoig^e,jardihS, cornett, 
 
 Frilal next upper painer set. 
 
 Round which it does our ladies please, 
 
 Tq\spread the hood .called rayonn^s : 
 
 Behind the npddle every baggage 
 
 Wears bundle choux, in English cabbage : 
 
 Nor cruches she, nor vor^fidetits. 
 
 Nor passages, nor bergers wants:; 
 
 And when this grace Nature denies. 
 
 An artificial tour supplies ; 
 
 All which with meurtriers^unite, 
 
 And creve cceurs silly fops to smite. 
 
 Or take in toil at park or play, 
 
 Nor holy Church is safe, they say. 
 
 Where decent veil was wont to hide 
 
 The modest sex religious pride : 
 
 Lest these yet prove too great a load, 
 
 Tis all corapris'd in the commode ; 
 
 Pins tipt with diamond point and head. 
 
 By which the curls are fastened. 
 
 In radiant firmament set-out, 
 
 And over all the hood sur-tout : 
 
707 
 
 Thus face that erst near head was plac'd, 
 Imagine now- about the wast,-;! 
 For tQur on tour, and tire on tire, 
 Like steeple Bow, or Grauthiiin spire, ; 
 Or Septizonium, once atKome, • < i 
 
 (But does nft'half so welLbecome 
 Fair ladies head), you. here hehold 
 Beauty by tyrknt inode controlHd. 
 The graceful oval, and the rounds, 
 This ho^setbedoeslquite coiifoiibd; 
 And ears like satyr, large ajad raw,'>^i.\ ' 
 And bony face, and bdBow j aw ; 
 This monstrous dre^ does now reveal, 
 Whiph well-plac'd curls did once conceal, 
 Besides all these, 'tis always meant 
 You furnish her apartment . 
 With Moreclacktapestry, damask bed, 
 Or velvet richly embroidered : 
 Branches, btinsserd, c4s$oleU, 
 A cofre-Jhrt, and cabinets, 
 Vasas of silver, porcelan, store 
 To set, and range about the floor : 
 The chimney furniture of plate. 
 (For iron 's now quite out of date) j , 
 Tea-table, skreens, trunks, and stand. 
 Large looking-glass> richly japa.nn'd ; 4.> 
 An hanging shelf, to which belongs^ ■>"/ 
 Romances, plays, and amorous songs ; ' 
 Repeating clocks the hour to show 
 When to the play 'tis time to; go. 
 In pompous coach, or else sedan'd 
 With equipage along this Strand, 
 And with her new beau fopling mann'd. 
 
 A new scene to us next presents. 
 The dressing-room and implements. 
 Of toilet plate, gilt and emboss'd. 
 And several other things of cost . 
 The table miroir, one glue pot, 
 One/or pomatuma, and what not ? 
 
708 
 
 Of washes, unguents, and cosmeticks ; 
 
 A pair of silver-candlesticks ; 
 
 Snuffers and snuff-dish ; boxes more, 
 
 For powders, patches, waters store. 
 
 In silver flasks, or bottles, cups 
 
 Cover'd, or open, to wash chaps ; 
 
 Nor may Hungarian Queens be wanting. 
 
 Nor store of spirits against fainting ; 
 
 Of other waters, rich and sweet. 
 
 To sprinkle'handkerchief is meet ; 
 
 D'ange, orange, mill-Jleur, myrtle, 
 
 Whole quarts the chamber to bequirtle : 
 
 Of essence rare, and7e meillure. 
 
 From Rome, from Florence, Montpellieri 
 
 In filgran casset to repel 
 
 When scent of gousset does, rebel, 
 
 Though powder'd alum be as good. 
 
 Well strew'd on, and well understood; 
 
 For vapours that offend the lass 
 
 Of sal-ammoniack a glass : 
 
 Nor brush for gown, nor oval salver. 
 
 Nor pincushion, nor box of silver. 
 
 Baskets of fil'gran, long and round. 
 
 Or if Japonian to be found, 
 
 And the whole town so many yield, 
 
 Calembuc combs by dozens fill'd 
 
 You must present, and a world more, 
 
 She 's a poor miss can count her store. 
 
 The working apron, too, from France, 
 
 With all its trim apurtenance ; 
 
 Loo masks, and whole, as winds do blow. 
 
 And miss abroad 's dispos'd to go: 
 
 Hoods by whole dozens, white and black, 
 
 And store of coiffs she must not lack, 
 
 Nor velvet scarfs about her back. 
 
 To keep her warm ; all these at least 
 
 In amber'd skins, or quilted chest 
 
 Richly p^rfum'd, she lays, and rare 
 
 Powders for garments, some for hair. 
 
709 
 
 Of Cyprus, and of Corduba, 
 
 And the rich polvil of Goa : 
 
 Nor here omit the bob of gold 
 
 "Which a pomander ball does hold ; 
 
 This to her side she does attach 
 
 With gold crochet, or French pennache, 
 
 More useful far than ferula 
 
 For any saucy coxcomb's jaw ; 
 
 A graceful swing to this belongs, 
 
 Which he returns in cringe and songs, 
 
 And languishing to kiss the hand. 
 
 That can perfumed blows command. 
 
 All these, and more, in order set, 
 
 A- large rich cloth of gold toilet 
 
 Does cover, and, to put up rags. 
 
 Two high embroidered sweet bags. 
 
 Or a large perfum'd Spanish skin. 
 
 To wrap up all these trinkets in : 
 
 But I had almost quite forgot 
 
 A tea and (likewise) chocolate pot, 
 
 With molionet and caudle cup. 
 
 Restoring breakfast to sup up ; 
 
 Porcelan saucers, spoons of gold. 
 
 Dishes that refin'd sugars hold ; 
 
 Pastillos di Bocca we 
 
 In box of beaten gold do see, 
 
 Inchas'd with diamonds, and tweeze 
 
 As rich and costly as all these. 
 
 To which a bunch of onyxes 
 
 And many a golden seal there dangles. 
 
 Mysterious cyphers,, and new fangles. 
 
 Gold is her toothpick, gold her watch is, 
 
 And gold is every, thing she touches : 
 
 But, tir'd with numbers^ I give o'er ; 
 
 Arithmetick can add no more. 
 
 Thus rigg'd the vessel, and equipp'd. 
 
 She is for all adventures shipp'd, 
 
 Andfortion, 'ere the year goes round, 
 
 Does with her vanity confound. 
 
710 
 
 THE FOP -DICTIONARY, 
 
 OH, 
 
 AN ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE OF THE HARD AND FOREIGN NAMES 
 AND TERMS OF THE ART COSMETICK, &c. 
 
 TOGETHER WITH 
 
 THEIR INTERPRETATIONS, FOR INSTRUCTIoiH OF THE UNLEARNED*. 
 
 Attache. Kivj thing which fastens to another, &c. 
 
 Bas de soye shot through. Silk stockings, with gold or silver threac 
 
 wove into the clock. 
 Berger. A plain small lock fd, la sheperdesse) turn'd up with a puflf 
 Bourgoigne. The first part of the dress for the head next the hair. 
 Branches. Hanging candlesticks, like those used in churches. 
 Brasiere. A large vessel, or moving-hearth of silver, for coals, tranS' 
 
 portable into any room, much used in Spain. 
 Calumbuc. A certain precious wood, of an agreeable scent, brough 
 
 from the Indies. 
 Campaine. A kind of narrow picked lace. 
 Casset. A dressing-box. 
 Cassolet. Perfuming pot, or censer. 
 Chouoc. The great round boss or bundle, tesembling a cabbage, fron 
 
 whence the French give it that name. • 
 Cofre-fort. A strong box of some precious or hard wood, &c. bouni 
 
 with gilded ribs. 
 Colhertine. A lace resembling net-work, of the fabrick of Monsieu 
 
 Colbert, superintendent of the French King's manufactures. 
 Collaret. A sort of gorget, 
 
 Commode. A frame of wire, cover'd with silk, on which the whol 
 
 head-attire is adjusted at once upon a bust, or property of wood carve( 
 
 to the breasts, like that which perruque-makers set upon their stalls 
 
 Confidants. Smaller curies near the eares. 
 
 , Cornet. The upper pinner, dangling about the cheeks like hounds ears 
 
 * London: Printed for R. Bentley, in RusselUstreet, in Covent-garden. 1690. 
 
711; 
 
 raeticks. Here used for any eflFeminate ornament; also, artificial 
 
 )mplections and perfumes. 
 
 ve-coeur. Heart-breakers, the two small curl'd locks at the nape of 
 
 le neck. 
 
 chet. The hook to which are chain'd the ladies watch, seals, and 
 
 ther intaglias, &c. 
 
 ',ches. Certain smaller curies, placed on the forehead. 
 
 ip^e. A kind of pinner. 
 
 helles. A pectoral, or stomacher, lac'd with ribbon, like the rounds 
 
 f a ladder. 
 
 pageants. Deep double ruffles, hanging down to the wrists. 
 
 lorites. Locks dangling on the temples. 
 
 •ula. An instrument of wood us'd for correction of lighter faults, 
 
 aore sensibly known to school-boys than to ladies. 
 
 -grain' d. Dressing- boxes, baskets, or whatever else is made of 
 
 ilver wire-work. 
 
 indan. A kind of pinner joyning with the bonnet. 
 
 •mantent. Diamonds, or other precious stones heading the pins, 
 
 vhich they stick in the tour and hair, like stars. 
 
 "ilan. Bonnet and pinner together. 
 
 %t-jln,ge. The top-knot, so call'd from Mademoiselle de Fontange, 
 
 )ne of the French Kings mistresses, who first wore it. 
 
 is. The grey furr of squirrels bellies. 
 
 oonian. Any thing varnished with laccar, or China polishing, or 
 
 :hat is old or fantastical. 
 
 ^din^e. That single pinner next the Bourgogne. 
 
 o Mash. An half mask. 
 
 irtial. The name of a famous French perfumer, emulating the Fran- 
 
 ripani of Rome. 
 
 roir. In general, any looking-glass ; but here, for the table, toilet, 
 
 jocket sprunJcing glass. 
 
 dionet. The instrument us'd to mingle chocolate with the water. 
 
 mte la haui. Certain degrees of wire to raise the dress. 
 
 mchoire. It were rude, vulgar, and unseemly to call it handkerchief. 
 
 mches. Flies, or black patches, by the vulgar. 
 
712 
 
 Meurtrieres. Murderers ; a certain knot in the hair, which ties and 
 unites the curls. 
 
 Palatine. Formerly called Sables, or Tippet, because made of the tails 
 of that animal. 
 
 Palisade. A wire sustaining the hair next to the dutchess, or first knot. 
 
 Passagere. A curl'd lock next the temples. 
 
 Pastillo di Bocpa. Perfum'd lozenges to improve the breath. 
 
 Pennache. Any bunch or tassel of small ribbon. 
 
 Plumpers. Certain very thin, round, and light balls, to plump out 
 and fill up the cavities of the cheeks, much us'd by old Court-Coun- 
 tesses. 
 
 Polvil. The Portugal term for the most exquisite powders and perfumes. 
 
 JRaggs. A compendious name generally us'd for all sorts of point, lace, 
 &c. whence the women who bring them to ladies chambers are call'd 
 ragg women, but whilst in their shops, Exchange women. 
 
 Rare, les meilleures. Best, and most excellent; but in language de beau, 
 rare 8f la meilleure, happily rhyming with Montpellier. 
 
 Rayonnd. Upper hood, pinn'd in circle, like the sun-beams. 
 
 Rouleau. Is forty nine guineas, made up in a paper roll, which Mon- 
 sieur F , Sir J , and Father B , lend to losing gamesters 
 
 that are good men, and have fifty in return. 
 
 Rttffles. By our fore-fathers call'd cuJfFs. 
 
 Settle. The double pinner. 
 
 Sorti. A little knot of small ribbon, peeping out between the pinner 
 and bonnet. 
 
 Septizonium. A very high tower in Rome, built by the Emperor Seve- 
 rus, of seven ranks of pillars, set one upon the other, and diminishing 
 to the top, like the ladies new dress for their heads, which was the 
 mode among the Roman dames, and is exactly describ'd by Juvenal 
 in his 6th Satyr : 
 
 Tot premit ordinibus, tot adhuc compagibus altum 
 JEdificat caput. Andromachen a fronts videbis : 
 
 Post minor est : 
 
 Such rows of curies press'd on each other lye, 
 She builds her head so many stories high. 
 
713 
 
 That look on her before, and you would swear 
 Hector's tall wife Andromache she were, 
 Behind a pigmy— r 
 
 panish Paper. A beautiful red colour, which the ladies, &c. in Spain 
 
 paint their faces withal. 
 
 pagnolet. A kind of narrow-sleev'd gown, a la Spagnole. 
 prunking. A Dutch term for pruning, tiffing, trimming, and letting 
 
 out, by the glass or pocket miroir. 
 uUane. A gown trimm'd with buttons and loops. 
 urtout. A night-hood covering the entire dress. 
 oilet. Corruptly call'd the twilight, but originally signifying a little 
 
 cloth. 
 
 bur. An artificial dress of hair on the forehead, &c. 
 res fine. Langage de beau; extremely fine and delicate : cum muU 
 
 tis aliis. 
 
 or, besides these, there are a world more ; as assassin, or venez a may, 
 a. certain breast-knot, as much as to say, Come to me,. Sir, ,&c.,: 
 Diichesse,.^ knot next the hair, immediately above the; tqur, .&c. 
 with innumerable others now obsolete, and for the present out of use; 
 but we confine ourselves to those in vogue. 
 
 3, conclude, those who haVe the curiosity, by comparing these terms 
 with the ancients, thereby, to inform themselves how this elegant 
 science is improv'd, especially since we have submitted to and still 
 continue under the empire of the French (for want of some royal or 
 illustrious ladies invention and courage to give the law of the mode 
 to her own country, and to vindicg.te it from foreign tyranny), may 
 for divine history consult Isaiah, ch. iii. Ver. 16, &c. ; and for pro- 
 phane, read Plautus his Poenulus, act i. seen. 2. and his Aulularia, 
 act iii. seen. 5. 
 
 4 Y 
 
714 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT TO THE "COMPLEAT GAEDENER*," 
 
 BY MONS. DE LA QUINTINYE, 
 
 CHIEF DIRECTOR OF ALL THE GARDENS OF THE FRENCH KINGS 
 
 MAIliE ENGLISH BY JOHN EVELYN. ESQ. 
 
 I cannot conceive but it must needs be a very acceptable Advertise- 
 ment, and of universal concern to all noble-inen and persons of quality, 
 lovers of gardens, and improvers of plantations, of all diversions and 
 employments the most natural^ usefull, innocent and agreeable (at 
 what distance soever) from a place of so easy and speedy correspon- 
 dence, and which is so nere this great city to give this notice. 
 
 That of all I have hitherto seen, either at home or abroad^ or found 
 by reading many books publish'd on this subject, pretending -to speak 
 of nurseries and plantations for store and variety; directions for the 
 designing (or as they term it) the skillful making, plottiiag, laying-out, 
 and disposing of a ground to the best advantage j f n a word for what- 
 soever were desireable for the furniture of such a ground, with the 
 most^ excellent and warantable fruit (I say warantable, because it is 
 peculiarly due to their honest industry, and so rarely to be met with 
 elsewhere) and' other accessories to gardens of all denominations, as in 
 that vast and' ample collection which I- have lately seen, and well 
 considered at Brompton Park near Kensington -j? ; the very sight of 
 
 * " Or, Directions for cultiv^ing and right ordering of Fruit Gardens and Kitchen Gardens ; 
 with divers Reflection^ on several Parts of Hingbaudry. In Six Books. By the famous Mons' De 
 La. (Quiptinye, Cfeief Pirector of all the Gardens of the French King, To which is added, his 
 Treatise of Orange Trees, with the Raising of Melons, omitted in the French Editions. Made 
 Englisli by John Evelyn, Esq. With Plates. London: Printed for Matthew ^llyflower, at the 
 Spread Eagle in Westminster Hall, and James Partridge, at the Post-houge at Ch^^ing Cjcoss. 
 1693." Folio, 518 pages. 
 
 t April 24, 1694. " 1 went to visit Mr. Waller, an extraordinary young gentleman of greate 
 accomplishments, an excellent botanist, a rare ingraver on brass, writer in Latin, and a poet. I 
 carried him to see Brompiori Park, where he was in admiration at the store of rare plants, and 
 the method he found in that noble nursery, and how well it was cultivated>'" Diary, 4to. vol. ii. p. 4 1 , 
 
 " Brompton Park garden, belonging to Mr. London and Mr. Wise, has a large long green-house, 
 the front all glass and board, the north side brick. Here the King's greens, which were in sum- 
 
715 
 
 which alone gives an idea of something that is greater than I can well 
 express, without an enumeration of particulars ; and of the exceeding 
 industry, method, and address of those who have undertaken and culti- 
 vated it for publick use ; I mean Mr. George London (chief gardner 
 to their Majesties^ and his associate Mr. Henry Wise^ For I have 
 long observ'd (from the daily practice and effects of the laudable industry 
 of these two partners) that they have not made gain the only mark of 
 their pains ; but with extraordinary and rare industry endeavour'd to 
 improve themselves in the mysteries of their profession, from the great 
 advantages, and now long experience they have had, in being employed 
 in most of the celebrated gardens and plantations which this nation 
 abounds in ;- besides what they have learn 'd abroady and where horti- 
 culture is in highest reputation *. 
 
 I find they not only understand the nature and genius of the several 
 soils, but their usual infirmities, proper remedies, composts and applica- 
 tions to re-invigorate exhausted mould, sweeten the foul and tainted, 
 and reduce the sower, harsh, stubborn and dry^ or over moist and dilu- 
 ted earth to its genuine temper and constitution; and what aspects and 
 situations are proper for the several sorts of mural, standard, dwarf, 
 and other fruit trees. 
 
 iner at Kensington, are placed, but they take but little room in comparison of their own. Their 
 garden is chiefly a nursery for all sorts of plants, of which tliey are very full." See Account of 
 several Gardens near London upon a view of them in December 1691, by li Giyon, Archaeolbgia, 
 vol. xii. p. 189, 
 
 * Tliese distinguished nurserymen were the most eminent in their profession at the end of the 
 seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth century. George Ldndon was apprentice to Rose, the 
 royal gardener, often mentioned by Evelyn, and sent by him to France to study- the beauties of 
 Versailles. On his return he was made head-gardener to Dr. Compton, Bishop of London, and at 
 the beginning of the revolution was appointed superintendant of the royal gardens, at a salary of 
 200/. a year, and Page of the Back-Stairs to jQueen Mary, In connection with Cooke (gardener to 
 Lord Essex), Lucre, and Field (gardeners to the Earl of Bedford), he established the Brompton 
 Nursery. The first place they laid out was Lord Weymouth's (now the Marquess of Bath). at Long- 
 leat, where each partner staid a month. Switzer, in his " Gardener's Recreation," says that Lon- 
 don might have been called director-general of the gardens of England, most of which he visited 
 once or twice each year, riding generally fifty or sixty mites a day. Two of the partners di^d, arid 
 a third selling his share to Wise, the whole fell to London and Wise, and was then worth from 30 
 to 40,000/. perhaps, says Switzer, as much as that of all the nurseries of France put together. 
 London's last work was Edger in Essex. Me died in 1713. 
 
 Of Wise little is known, excepting that he laid out grounds; and in p&rticul&r Blenheim. 
 
716 
 
 Fhey have made observations, and given me a specimen of that long, 
 : hitherto waqting particular, of discriminating the several kinds of 
 its by their characterisiical notes, from a long and critical observa- 
 a :of the ' leafe, taste, colour, and other ' distinguishiiig qualities ; 
 as one shall not be impos'd upon with fruits of several names ; when 
 truth there is but one due to them. For instance, in peares albne^, a 
 itlemen in the country sends to the nurseries for the liver hla^ch', 
 fAigny de chouille, rattan blanc, &c. ; the English St. Gilbert, 
 anboiirn pears, and several other names; when all this while they are 
 
 o'ther than the well known cadillac. The same also hap'ning in 
 aches, apples, plums, cherris and other fruit ; for want of an accurate 
 amination (by comparing of their taste, and those other indications 
 bave mentioned), for which gentlemen compliain, and not without 
 ise, ; that the nursery-men abuse them ; when 'tis their ignorance, or 
 5 exotic name of which they are so fond. 
 
 I find they have likewise apply'd themselves to attain a sufficient 
 iste'ry in lines and figures for general design, and expeditious methods 
 ■ casting and levelling of grounds ; and to bring them into the most 
 t form they are capable of ; which requires a particular address ; and 
 determine the best proportions of walks and avenues, starrs, centres, 
 ;. suitable to the lengths ; and how, and with what materials, whe- 
 er gravel, carpet, &c. to be layed. 
 
 They have a numerous collection of the best designs, and I perceive 
 e able of themselves to draw and contrive others applicable to the 
 aces, when busie works and parterres of imbroidery for the coronary 
 d flower gardens are proper or desired. And where fountains, 
 itues, vases, dials, and other decorations of magnificence are to be 
 ac'd with most advantage. 
 
 To this add a plentiful aiid choice collection of orange trees, lemon, 
 ertil, baies, jassminesj arid all other rarities and exotics requiring the 
 inservatpry ; after they have embellish 'd their proper stations abroad 
 iring the Summer, and for continuing a no less ornament in the green 
 3use during Winter. ^ ^ 
 
 They have a very brave and noble assembly of the flowery and other 
 ees : perennial and variegated ever greens and shrubs, hardy and fittest 
 
717 
 
 for our climate ; and understand what best to plant the humble bos- 
 cage, wilderness, or taller groves with ; where and how to dispose and 
 govern them, according as ground and situation of the place requires, 
 both for shelter and ornament. For which purpose (and for walks and 
 avenues) they have store of elms, limes, platans, Constantinople-ches- 
 nuts, black cherry-trees, &c. 
 
 Nor are they, I perceive, less knowing in that most useful, though less 
 pompous part of horticulture, the potagere, meloniere, cullnarie gar- 
 den : where they should most properly be plac'd for the use of the 
 family ; how to be planted, furnish'd and cultivated so as to afford 
 gresat pleasure to the eye, as well as profit to the master. And they 
 have, also seeds, bulbs, roots, slips for the flower garden, and shew 
 How they ought to be order'd and maintain'd. 
 
 Lastly, I might super-add the great number of grounds and gardens 
 of nobW-men and persons of quality which they have made and 
 planted a& origine, arid' are still ubder their care and inspection, 
 though at considerable distances, and how exceedingly they prosper, to 
 justifie what I hear freely said in their behalf. 
 
 And as for the nursery part in voucher, and to make good what I 
 have said on that particular, one needs no more than take a, walk to 
 Brompton Park upon a fair morning, to behold and admire what a 
 magazine these Industrious men have provided, fit for age and choice in 
 their several classes, and all within one inclosure : such an assembly I 
 believe, as is no where else to be met with in this kingdom, nor in any 
 other that I know of. 
 
 I cannot therefore forbear to publish (after all the encomiums of 
 this great work of Monsr. de la Quintinye which I confess are very 
 just) what we can and are able to perform in this part of agriculture ; 
 and have some amoenities and advantages peculiar to our own, which 
 neither France nor any other country can attain to ; and is much due to 
 the industry of Mr. London and Mr. Wise, and to such as shall imitate 
 their laudable undertakings. 
 
 Be this then for their encouragement, and to gratifie such as may 
 
 need or require their assistance. 
 
 J. Evelyn. 
 
718 
 
 ADVERTISEMENT BY J. EVELYN, 
 
 PREFIXED TO 
 
 M. DE LA QUINTINYES DIRECTIONS CONCERNrNG MELONS. 
 
 It is now more than twenty years since Monsieur de la Quintinye, 
 being in England, that receiving the honour of a visit from him at my 
 house*, and falling Into discourse of gardens, he afterwards, on my 
 request, sent me some directions from Paris concerning the ordering of 
 melons ; it being in effect the same, though somewhat more ample, 
 which was about that time published by Mr. Oldenburg. It may not 
 perhaps be unwelcome to our gard'ner, or improperly an nex'd to this 
 useful part of horticulture, especially coming from the most experlenc'd, 
 (^Trans. Royal Soc.) in relation to this delicious fruit : however (and for 
 what reason I enquire not) omitted as to any particular and full 
 Instructions In this long expected work of his. 
 
 I give It therefore in the method I long since cast It for some friends 
 of mine. 
 
 J. Evelyn. 
 
 AN ADVERTISEMENT TO THE CURIOUS, 
 
 iPREFIXED TO 
 
 M. DE LA QUINTINYES TREATISE OF ORANGE TREES. 
 
 " — ♦— 
 
 It were to be wish'd that the author (whom I had the honour to 
 know) had llv'd to put his last hand to this whole work, and added to 
 his potagere the culture of melons, in which he was the most exquisite 
 master, hut has In a manner quite omitted it. Not that what he has 
 obliged the world withal, is not the most perfect and consummate piece 
 
 * When Quintinye came to England to visit Evelyn, King Charles the Second offered him a pen- 
 sion to stay and superintend the royal gardens here, but this he declined, and returned to serve his 
 own master. 
 
719 
 
 that was ever I believe publi&h'd on this agreeable subject, but because 
 tis said, he did himself intend it, and perhaps to have abbreviated some 
 periods and repetitions which now and then occur to the translator, but 
 which he cannot honestly pretermit to justifie the version. As to what 
 imports this little treatise in which I have been concern'd out of my 
 affection to this sweet and innocent toil, and to prevent mistakea and 
 needles circumlocution; (had I over-nicely followed the text), let the 
 reader take notice that, I use the word Gx«e indifferently for the box, 
 table, or other vessel, in which these . choice trees are commonly 
 planted. ^ 
 
 Ori^mtf for the gard'ner pretending to the culture of orange trees. 
 
 Casing or In-easing,, for the action, or putting the trees into the 
 case or yessel. 
 
 Un- easing ySor the taking them, out. of the case or vessel. 
 
 Me-Casing, for the planting them again into the same, or some other 
 case or vessel. 
 
 Gr^^nrhouseyiov the place or conservatory where the trees are in- 
 closed and silfcutup during the winter. 
 
 Ctod (or WXotJi for that earth, sod, or whole mass of mould adhering 
 to the roots : the rest are obvious. 
 
 As to what the author has mention'd in chap. ix. speaking to the 
 prejudice of using fire, and supplying it with lighted flambeaux and 
 lamps ; besides that he no where says how the smoak is to be convey'd 
 out of so verv close a place, nor any thing of the number of lights and 
 lamps, if the house be large and ample, which would be a considerable 
 charge if maintain'd with wax, or oyl-olive (for such it ought to be, to 
 avoid the intoUerable smell anAfuligos of gross and cheaper materials), 
 it gives me an opportunity of adding something to the justification and 
 melioration of what I lately publish'd in the last edition of my Horten- 
 sial Kalender. It is certain that a naked or stov'd fire, pent up within 
 the house without any exit or succession of external, fresh, and unex- 
 hausted vital air, must needs be extreamly noxious and pernicious to 
 these delicate and tender plants. But that which answers all the ends 
 and operations of natural air, and the objections against the use of fire, 
 any other way save by lamps and flambeaux, I conceive is preferable to 
 
720" 
 
 them. I acknowledge to have seen by experrence, that the naked fire made 
 too near the pipes is intolerable, melting even cast iron itself: but as I 
 no where recommend that metal, but that the pipes be made of crucible 
 earth, and propose the whole but as a laudable experiment; so I do not 
 question but if such pipes were contriv'd to be placed at farther distance 
 from the fire, or that there were a** reasonable thick fire-stone laid flat 
 or rather arch-wise (on which there might be strew'd a bath or bed of 
 sand) between the naked fire and the pipes, to intercept and moderate 
 the intenser heat (with due regard to register and govern the blast}, 
 but that a gentle and benign warmth would ensue, and such as should 
 only recreate, without the least inconvenience' to our nicest exotics : add 
 to this, and for the more equal distribution of this genuine temper, that 
 the noses of the pipes might easily be inserted into a larger pipe of 
 laton, which should be applied either to the blind wall the whole length 
 of the house within, or in the middle, which being pierced with 
 frequent small holes, would breathe it more equally through the conser- 
 vatory. There might also be placed a vessel or kettle upon the fire- 
 stone-diaphragma, to be at any time fiU'd and supplied by a tunnel 
 from without with water, the vapour of which would exceedingly 
 temper the pipes, and contribute to the perfection of this experiment. 
 
 Facile est inventis addere. 
 
 J. Evelyn, 
 
A DISCOURSE OF SALLETS. 
 
 By J. E. S. R. S. 
 
 AUTHOR OF THE KALENDARIUM, 
 
 Oil vavTos avSpoi eariv aprvaat KaXZs. 
 
 Crat. in Glauc. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 PRINTED FOR B. TOOKE, AT THE MIDDLE TEMPLE GATE 
 IN FLEET STREET. 
 
 1699. 
 
 4z 
 
As this tract was the last, and at the same time one of the most singular of Evelyn's publica- 
 tions, it is probably entitled to a more particular notice than most of the preceding, ^ince it was 
 written at a very advanced period of his life^ he being then upon the verge of eighty. His in- 
 dustry and his abilities were however still unimpaired : but notwithstanding the matured judg- 
 ment and the agreeable vivacity of language which this tract evinces, it had not the same rapi- 
 dity of sale that marked some of his former productions. In 1706 it was re-published with a 
 new title-page only, printed upon paper of a lighter colour, professing to be a second edition, 
 but as a proof that it was nbt so, the same list of errata is attached to it as appeared to the first 
 edition of 1699. Mr. Evelyn presented this book to the Chancellor Sommers, to whom it was 
 dedicated, 21st October 1699, and received his Lordship's thanks in a letter of extraordinary 
 civility (see Diary, vol. II. p. 66). 
 
 In a letter to Dr, Beale, dated 11th July 1679, he says, " I have sometimes thought of pub- 
 lishing a treatise oi Acetaria, which (though but one of the chapters oi Elysium Britannicum*) 
 would make a competent volume, accompanied with other necessaries, according to my man- 
 ner ; but whilst I as often think of performing my so long since promised, more universal, hor- 
 tulan work, I know not how to take that chapter out, and single it for the presse, without, some 
 blemish to the rest. When again I consider into what an ocean I am plunged, how much I have 
 written and collected for above these twenty years, upon this fruitful and inexhaustible subject 
 (I mean of horticulture), not yet fully digested to my mind, and what insuperable paines it will 
 require to insert the dayly increasirig particulars into what I have already in some measure pre- 
 pared, and which must of necessitie be don by my owne hand, I am almpst out of hope that I 
 shall ever have strength and leisure to bring it to maturity, having for the last ten years of my 
 life been in perpetual motion, and hardly two moneths in a yeare at my owne habitation, or con- 
 versant with my family." — Ibid. p. 106. 
 
 * Never completed : but amongst the MSS. at Wotton there are parts of a projected work 
 bearing this title, consisting of miscellaneous observations on a variety of subjects, but nothing 
 digested. 
 
723 
 
 TO THE BIGHT HONOURABLE 
 
 LORD JOHN SOMERS, OF EVESHAM, 
 
 LORD HIGH CHANCELLOR OF ENGLAND, AND PRESIDENT OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY. 
 
 My Lord, 
 
 The idea and plan of the Royal Society having been first conceiv'd 
 and delineated by a great and learned Chancellor, which high office 
 youf Lordship deservedly bears, not as an acquisition of fortune but 
 your intellectual endovyments ; conspicuous (among other excellencies) 
 by the inclination your Lordship discovers to promote natural know- 
 ledge ; as it justifies the discernment of that assembly to pitch upon 
 your Lordship for their President, so does it no less discover the can- 
 dor, yea, I presume to say, the sublimity of your mind, in so generously 
 honoring them with your acceptance of the choice they have made. 
 
 A Chancellor, and a very learned Lord *, was the first who honoured 
 the chair ; and a no less honorable and learned Chancellor f resigns it to 
 your Lordship : so as after all the difficulties and hardships the Society 
 has hitherto gone through, it has thro' the favour and protection of its 
 Presidents not only preserv'd its reputation from the malevolence of ene- 
 mies and detractors, but gone on culminating, and now triumphantly in 
 your Lordship, under whose propitious influence, I am perswaded, it 
 may promise it self that which indeed has hitherto been wanting to jus- 
 tifie the glorious title it bears of a Royal Society. The emancipating 
 it from some remaining and discouraging circumstances,, which it as yet ■ 
 
 * Lord Viscount Brouncker, Chancellor to the late Queen Consort Henrietta-Maria, now Dow- 
 ager. His Lordship sat as President from 1698, in which year he was elected a Fellow, to 1703, 
 and died of an apoplexy April 26, 1716. 
 
 f The Right Honourable Charles Montague, Chancellor of the Exchequer ; created Earl of 
 Halifax at the accession of. George L He is also known as one of the authors of the poem enti- 
 tled "The Oty Mouse and Country Mouse," a burlesque of Dryden's " Hind and Panther," which 
 he wrote in conjunction with Prior. He was the son of George Montague, a younger son of the 
 Earl of Manchester, was born at Horton in Northatnptonshire April 16, 1661, and died May 19, 
 1715. 
 
724 ; 
 
 labours under ; among which, that of a precarious and unsteady abode is 
 not the least. 
 
 This honor was reserv'd for your LordshipVand an honor, permit me 
 to call it, not at all unworthy the owning of the greatest person living, 
 namely, the establishing and promoting real knowledge ; and (next to 
 what is divine)^ truly so called; as far, at least, as humane nature extends 
 towards the knowledge of nature, by enlarging her empire beyond the 
 land of spectres, forms, intentional species, vacuum, occult "qualities, 
 and other inadaequate notions, which by their obstreperous and noisy 
 disputes affrighting, and (till of late) deterring men from adventuring 
 on further discoveries, confin'd them in a lazy acquiescence, and to be 
 fed with fantasms and fruitless speculations, which signifie nothing 
 to the specifick nature of things, solid and useful knowledge j by the 
 investigation of causes, principles, energies, powers, and effects of bo.- 
 diesand things visible; and to improve them for the good and benefit 
 of mankind. 
 
 My Lord, that which the Royal Society needs to accomplish an en- 
 tire freedom, and (by rendering their circumstances more easie) capable 
 to subsist with honor, and to reach indeed the glorious ends of its insti- 
 tution, is an establishment in a more settl'd, appropriate, and commo- 
 dious place * ; having hitherto (like the Tabernacle In the Wilderness) 
 been only ambulatory for almost forty years : but Solomon built the first 
 temple; arid what forbids us to hope that as great a prince may build 
 Solomon's house, as that great Chancellor (one of your Lordship*s 
 learned predecessors) had design'd the plan f, there being nothing in 
 that august and noble model impossible, or beyon^d the power of nature 
 and learned industry. 
 
 Thus, whilst King Solomon's temple was consecrated to the God of 
 nature and his true worship, this may be dedicated and set apart for the 
 works of nature, deliver'd from those illusions and impostors that are 
 still endeavouring to cloud and depress the true and substantial philo- 
 phy; a shallow and superficial insight wherein (as that incomparable 
 person rightly observes) having made so many atheists, whilst a pro- 
 
 * See the note, p. 556. t Verulamil Atlantis. 
 
725 
 
 found and thorow penetration into her recesses (which Is the business of 
 the Royal Society) would lead men to the knowledge and admiration of 
 the glorious Author. 
 
 And now, my Lord, I expect some will wonder what my meaning is, 
 ta usher in a trifle with so much magnificence, and end at last in a fine 
 receipt for the dressing of a sallet with an handful of pot-herbs ! But 
 yet, my Lord, this subject, as low and despicable as it appears, chal- 
 lenges a part of natural history ; and the greatest princes have thought 
 it no disgrace, not only to make it their diversion but their care, and to 
 promote and encourage it in the midst of their weightiest affairs : he 
 who wrote of the cedar of Llbanus wrote also of the hysop which grows 
 upon the wall. 
 
 To verlfie this, how much might I say of gardens and rural employ- 
 ments, preferrable to the pomp and grandeur of other secular business, 
 and that in the estimate of as great men as any age has produc'd ! And 
 it is of such great souls we have it recorded, that after they had per- 
 form'd the noblest exploits for the publick, they sometimes changed 
 their scepters fof the spade, apd their purple for the gardiner's apron. 
 And of these, some, my Lord, were emperors, kings, consuls, dictators, 
 and wise statesmen, who amidst the most important affairs, both in 
 peace and war, have quitted all their pomp and dignity in exchange of 
 this learned pleasure ; nor that of the most refin'd part of agriculture 
 (the philosophy of the garden and parterre only), but of herbs and 
 wholesome sallets, and other, plain and useful parts of geoponicks, and 
 wrote books of tillage and husbandry, and took the plough-tackle for 
 their banner, and their names from the grain and pulse they sow'd, as 
 the marks and characters of the highest honour. 
 
 But I proceed no farther on a topick so well known to your Lordship; 
 nor urge I examples of such illustrious persons laying aside their gran- 
 deur, and even of deserting their stations (which would Infinitely preju- 
 dice the publick, when worthy men are in place and at the helm), but 
 to shew how consistent the diversions of the garden and villa were with 
 the highest and busiest employment of the commonwealth, and never 
 thought a reproch, or the least. diminution to the gravity and veneiation 
 due to their persons and the noble rank they held. 
 
726 
 
 Will your Lordship give me leave to repeat what is said of the younger 
 Pliny, nephew to the naturalist, and whom I think we may parallel 
 with the greatest of his time, and perhaps of any since, under the wor- 
 thiest Emperor the Roman world ever had ? A person of vast abilities, 
 rich, and high in his master's favour, that so husbanded his time, as in 
 the midst of the weightiest ajBPairs to have answered, and by his example^ 
 made good, what I have said on this occasion. The ancient and best 
 magistrates of Rome allow'd but the ninth day for the city and publick 
 business ; the rest for the country and the sallet garden. There were 
 then fewer causes indeed. at the bar, but never greater justice, nor bet- 
 ter judges and advocates. And 'tis hence observed, that we hardly find 
 a ^reat and wise man among the ancients, qui nullos habuit hortos, ex- 
 cepting only Pomponius Atticus ; whilst his dear Cicero professes, that 
 he never laid out his money more readily than in the purchasing of gar- 
 dens, and those sweet retirements, for which he so often left the rostra 
 (and court of the greatest and most flourishing state of the world), to 
 visit, prune, and water them with his own hands. 
 
 But, my Lord, I forget with whom I am talking thus ; and a gardlner 
 ought not to be so bold. The present I humbly make your Lordship 
 is indeed but a sallet of crude herbs : but there is among them that 
 which was a prize at the Isthmian games; and your Lordship knows 
 who it was both accepted and rewarded as despicable an oblation of this 
 kind. The favor I humbly beg is your Lordship's pardon for this pre- 
 sumption. The subject is mean, and requires it, and my reputation in 
 danger, should your Lordship hence suspect that one could never write 
 so much of dressing sallets, who minded any thing serious, besides the 
 gratifying a sensual appetite with a voluptuary Apician art. 
 
 Truly, my Lord, 1 am so far from designing to promote those sup- 
 plicia luosurice (as Seneca calls them) by what I have here written, that 
 were it in my power I would recall the world, if not altogether to their 
 pristine diet, yet to a much more wholesome and temperate than is now. 
 
 * Si quid teaiporis k civilibus negotiis, quibus totum jam intenderat animum, sufFuraii potuit, 
 colendis agris, priscos illos Romanos Numam Pompilium,- Cincinnatum, Catonem, Fabios, Cice- 
 I'ones, aliosque virtute claros viros imitare ; qui in inagno honore eonstituti, vit^s putare, stereo- 
 rare agros, et irrigare requaquam turpe et inhonestum putarunt. In Vit, Plin. 2. 
 
727 
 
 fashion : and what if they find me like to some who are eager after 
 nting and other field-sports, which are laborious exercises; and fish- 
 ^, which is indeed a lazy one ? who, after all their pains and fatigue, 
 ver eat what they take and catch in either: for some such I have 
 own ; and tho' I cannot affirm so of my self (when a well drest and 
 cellent sallet is before me), I am yet a very moderate eater of them. 
 I as to this book -luxury, I can affirm, and that truly, what the Poet 
 ys of himself (on a less innocent occasion), Lascwa pagina, vita 
 oba. God forbid, that after all 1 have advanc'd in praise of -sallets, 
 should be thought to plead for the vice 1 censure, and chuse that of 
 picurus for my lemma; in hac arte consenui; or to have spent my 
 ne in nothing else. The plan annext to these papers, and the appa- 
 tus made to superstruct upon it, would acquit me of having bent all 
 y contemplations on sallets only. What I humbly oflFer your Lord- 
 ip is (as 1 said) part of natural history, the product of horticulture and 
 e field, dignified by the most illustrious, and sometimes tilled laureato 
 \mere; which, as it concerns a part of philosophy, I may (without 
 iulty) be allow'd to have taken some pains in cultivating, as an infe- 
 3r member of the Royal Society. 
 
 But, my Lord, whilst you read on (If at least you vouchsafe me that 
 jnor to read at all), I am conscious I rob the publick of its most pre- 
 ous moments. ' ' 
 
 1 therefore humbly again implore your Lordship's pardon ; nor in- 
 ;ed needed I to have said half this to kindle in your breast that which 
 aljeady shining there (your Lordship's esteem of the Royal Society), 
 ter what you were pleas'd to express in such an obliging manner, 
 hen it was lately to wait upon your Lordship, among whom I had the 
 jnor to be a witness of your' generous and favourable acceptance of 
 
 leir addresses, who am, 
 
 My Lord, 
 Your Lordship's most humble 
 
 and most obedient servant, 
 
 J. Evelyn. 
 
728 
 THE PREFACE. 
 
 The favourable entertainment which the " Kalendar " has found, 
 encouraging the bookseller to adventure upon a ninth impression, I 
 could not refuse his request of my revising and giving it the best im- 
 provement I was capable, to an inexhaustible subject, as it regards a 
 part of horticulture, and oflfer some little aid to such as love a diversion 
 so innocent and laudable. There are those of late who have arrogated, 
 and given the glorious title of " Compleat and Accomplish'd Gardiners " 
 to what they have publish'd, as if there were nothing wanting, nothing 
 more remaining, or farther to be expected from the field; and that 
 Nature had been quite emptied of all her fertile store; whilst those who 
 thus magnifie their discoveries have, after all, penetrated but a very 
 little way into this vast, ample, and as yet unknown territory, . who see 
 not that it would still require the revolution of many ages, deep and 
 long experience, for any man to emerge that perfect and accomplish'd 
 artist gardiner they boast themselves to be. Nor do I think men will 
 ever reach the end and far extended limits of the vegetable kingdom ; so 
 incomprehensible is the variety it every day produces, of the most useful 
 and admirable of all the aspectable works of God; since almost all we 
 see, and touch, and taste, and smell, eat and drink, are clad with and 
 defended (from the greatest prince to the meanest peasant), is furnished 
 from that gi-eat and universal plantation, epitomiz'd in our gardens, 
 highly worth the contemplation of the most profound divine and deepest 
 philosopher. 
 
 I should be asham'd to acknowledge how little I have advanc'd, could 
 I find that ever any mortal man from Adam, Noah, Solomon, Aristotle, 
 Theophrastus, Dioscorides, and the rest of Nature's interpreters, had ever 
 arriv'd to the perfect knowledge of any one plant or vulgar weed what- 
 soever : but this perhaps may yet possibly be reserv'd for another state 
 of things, and a longer day * ; that is, when time shall be no more, but 
 knowledge shall be encreas'd. 
 
 * Ut hujusmodi Historiam vix dum inchaatum, non ante absolvendatn putem, 
 
 Exitio terras quam dabit una dies. Joan. Raius Preefat. Hist. Plantarum, fol. 1686. 
 
729 
 
 We have heard of one who studied and contemplated the nature of 
 bees only, for sixty years ; after which, you will not wonder, that a per- 
 son of my acquaintance shoUld have spent almost forty in gathering and 
 amassing materials for an hortulan design, to so enormous an heap, as 
 to fill some thousand pages, and yet be comprehended within two or 
 three acres of ground; nay, within the square of less than one (skilfully 
 planted and cultivated) sufficient to furnish and entertain his time and 
 thoughts all his life long, with a most innocent, agreeable, and useful 
 employment. But you may justly wonder, and condemn the vanity of 
 it too, with that reproach, « This man began to build, but was not able 
 to finish * ! This has been the fate of that undertaking, and, I dare 
 promise, will be of whosoever imagines, (without the circumstances of 
 extraordinary assistance, and no ordinary expence) to pursue the plan, 
 erect, and finish the fabrick as it ought to be. 
 
 But this is that which abortives the perfection of the most glorious 
 and useful undertakings ; the unsatiable coveting to exhaust all that 
 should or can be said upon every head. If such a one have any thing 
 else to mind or do in the world, let me tell him, he thinks of building 
 too late ; and rarely find we any who care to superstruct upon the foun- 
 dation of another, and whose ideas are alike. There ought therefore 
 to be as many hands and subsidiaries to such a design (and those mas- 
 ters too) as there are distinct parts of the whole (according to the sub- 
 sequent table), that those who have the means and courage may (tho' 
 they do not underitake the whole) finish a part at least, and in time 
 unite their labours into one intire, compleat, and consummate work 
 indeed. -.^ 
 
 Of one or two of these, I attempted only a specimen in my " Sylva " 
 and the "Kalendar;" imperfect, I say, because they are both capable 
 of great improvements : it is not therefore to be expected. Let me use the 
 words of an old and experienc'd gardinerf, " Cuncta me dicturum, 
 quae vastitas ejus scientise contineret, sed plurima ; nam illud in unius 
 hominis prudentiam cadere non poterat. Neque enim est ulla disciplina 
 lut ars, quae singulari consummata sit ingenio. 
 
 * Luke, ch. xiv, v. 30, t Columella, de Re Rustic a, lib. 5. cap. 1. 
 
 5 A 
 
730 
 
 May it then suflSce aiiquatn partem tradidisse, and that I have done 
 my endeavour. 
 
 '— Inutilis olim 
 
 Ne videar vixisse. 
 
 Much more might I add upon this charming artd fruitful subject (I 
 mean, concerning gardening). But this is not the place to expatiate, 
 deterr'dj as I have long since beeri, from so bold an enterprise as the 
 fabrick I mention'd. I content my self then vi^ith an humble cottage, 
 and a simple potagere, appendaltit to the Kalendar ; which, treating only, 
 and that briefly, of the culture of moderate gardens, nothing seems to 
 me shou'd be more welcome atod agreeable, than whilst the product of 
 them is come into more request and use amongst us than heretofore (be- 
 side what we call and distinguish by the name of fruit), I did annex 
 some particular directions concerning Sallets. 
 
 THE PLAN OF A ROYAL GARDEN, 
 
 Describing and shewing the Amplitude and Extent of that Part of Georgicks which belongs 
 
 to Horticulture. — In Three Books. 
 
 BOOK I. 
 
 Chap. I. Of principles and elements in general. 
 
 Chap. II. Of the four (vulgarly reputed) elements; fire, air, watfer, earth. 
 
 Chap. III. Of the celestial influences, and particularly of the sun, moon 
 and of the climates. 
 
 Chap. IV. Of the four annual seisons. 
 
 Chap. V. Of the natural mould and soil of a garden. 
 
 Chap. VI. Of composts, and stercoration, repastination, dressing and stir- 
 ring the earth and mould of a garden. 
 
 BOOK II. 
 
 Chap. I. A garden deriv'd and defin'd ; its dignity, distinction, and sorts. 
 Chap. II. Of a gardiner, how to be qualify'd, regarded, and rewarded ; his 
 
 habitation, cloathing, diet, under-workmen and assistants. 
 Chap. III. Of the instruments belonging to a gardiner-; their various uses, 
 
 and mechanical powers. 
 
731 
 
 HAP. IV. Of the terms us'd and aiFected by gardiners. 
 
 HAP. V. Of enclosing, fencing, platting, and disposing of the ground ; 
 and of terraces, walks, allies, malls, bowling-greens, &g. 
 
 HAP. VI. Of a seminary, nurseries ; and of propagating trees, plants, and 
 flowers, planting and transplanting, &c. 
 
 HAP. VII. Of knots, parterres, compartiments, borders, banks, and em- 
 bossments. 
 
 HAP. VIII. Of groves, labyrinths, dedals, cabinets, cradles, close-walks, 
 galleries, pavilions, porticos, lanterns, and other relievos ; of topiary 
 and hortulan architecture. 
 
 HAP. IX. Of fountains, jettos, cascades, rivulets, piscinas^ canals, baths, 
 and other natural and artificial water-works. 
 
 HAP. X. Of rocks, grotts, cryptse, mounts, precipices, ventiducts, conser- 
 vatories, of ice and snow, and other hortulan refreshments. 
 
 HAP. XI. Of statues, busts, obelisks, .columns, inscriptions, dials, vasas, 
 perspectives, paintings, and other ornaments. 
 
 HAP. XII. Of Gazon-theatres, amphitheatres, artificial echos, automata, 
 and hydraulic musick. 
 
 HAP. XIII. Of aviaries, apiaries, vivaries, insects, &c. 
 
 HAP. XIV. Of verdures, perennial greens, and perpetual springs. 
 
 HAP. XV. Of orangeries, oporothecas, hybernacula, stoves, and conserva- 
 tories of tender plants and fruits, and how to order them. 
 
 HAP. XVI. Of the coronary garden ; flowers and rare plants, how they are 
 to be raised, governed, and improved ; and how the gardiner is to keep 
 his register. 
 
 HAP. XVII. Of the philosophical medical garden. 
 
 HAP. XVIII. Of stupendous and wonderful plants. 
 
 HAP. XIX. Of the hort-yard and potagere; and what fruit-trees, olitory 
 and esculent plants, may be admitted into a garden of pleasure. 
 
 HAP. XX. Of sallets. 
 
 HAP. XXI. Of a vineyard, and directions concerning the making of wine 
 and other vinous liquors, and of teas. 
 
 HAP. XXII. Of watering, pruning, plashing, pallisading, nailing, clipping, 
 mowing, rowling, weeding, cleansing, &c. 
 
 HAP. XXIII. Of the enemies and infirmities to which gardens are ob- 
 noxious, together with the remedies. 
 
 HAP. XXIV. Of the gardiner s^almanack, or halendarium hortense, direct- 
 ing what he is to do monthly, and what fruits and flowers are in prime. 
 
732 
 
 BOOK III. 
 
 Chap. I. Of conserving, properating, retarding, multiplying, transmuting, 
 and altering the species, forms,' and (reputed) substantial qualities of 
 plants, fruits, and flowers. 
 
 Chap. II. Of the hortulan elaboratory ; and of distilling and extracting of 
 waters, spirits, essences, salts, colours, resuscitation of plants, with other 
 rare experiments, and an account of their virtues. 
 
 Chap. III. Of composing the hortus hyemalis, and making books, of natu- 
 ral, arid plants and flowers, with several ways of preserving them in 
 their beauty. 
 
 Chap. IV. Of painting of flowers, flowers enamell'd, silk, calicos, paper, 
 wax, gums, pastes, horns, glass, shells, feathers, moss, pietra comessa, 
 inlayings, embroyderies, carvings, and other artificial representations 
 of them. ' . 
 
 Chap. V. Of crowns, chaplets, garlands, festootfs, encarpa, flowerrpots, 
 nosegays, poesies, deckings, and other flowery pomps. 
 
 Chap. VI. Of hortulan laws and privileges. 
 
 Chap. VII. Of the hortulan study, and of a library, authors, and books as- 
 sistant to it. 
 
 Chap. VIII. Of hortulan entertainments, natural, divine, moral, and politi- 
 cal ; with divers historical passages, and solemnities, to shew the riches, 
 beauty, wonder, plenty, delight, and universal use of gardens. 
 
 Chap, IX. Of garden burial. 
 
 Chap. X. Of Paradise, and of the most famous gardens in the world, an- 
 cient and modern. 
 
 Chap. XI. The description of a villa. 
 
 Chap. XII. The corollary and conclusion. 
 
 — '■ — Laudato ingentia rura, 
 Exiguum colito. 
 
733 
 
 AGETARI A. 
 
 Sallets in general consist of certain esculent plants and herbs, Im- 
 prov'd by culture, industry, and art of the gard'ner ; or, as others say, 
 they are a composition of edule plants andi»roots of several kinds,' to be 
 eatenraw or green, blanch'd or candied; simple and ;jer se, or inter- 
 mingl'd with others according to the season. The boil'd, bak'd, pickl'd, 
 or otherwise disguis'd, variously accommodated by the skilful cooks, to 
 render them grateful to the more feminine palate, or herbs rather for the 
 pot, &c. challenge not the name of sallet so properly here, tho' some- 
 times mention'd j and therefore. 
 
 Those who criticize not so nicely upon the word, seem to distinguish 
 the olera*, which were never eaten raw, from acetaria, which' were 
 never boil'd ; and so they derive the etymology of olus from olla,i\\Q 
 pot. But others deduce it from o>ios, comprehending the universal genus 
 of the vegetable kingdom, as from irSiv pdnis, esteeming that he who 
 had bread and herbs f was suflSciently bless'd with all a frugal man 
 could need or desire : others again will have it ah olendo, i. e. crescendo, 
 from its continual growth and springing up : so the younger Scaliger 
 on Varro. But his father Julius extends it not so generally to all 
 plants as to all the esculents, according to the text. " We call those 
 olera (says Theophrastus J) which are commonly eaten ;"^ in which sense 
 it may be taken to include both boil'd and raw. Last of all, ab alendo'. 
 
 * Olera k frigidis distinct. See Spartianus in Pescennio. Salmas. in Jul. Capitolin. 
 ,f Panis erat § primis virides mortalibus herbae j 
 Qu&a tellus nullo sollicitante dabat. 
 £t modo carpebant vivaci cespite gramen ; 
 Nunc epulse tenera fronde cacumen erant. 
 
 Ovid. Fastor. lib. iv. 395. 
 } KaXoD/iE» y»f Xa'^ava ra itp^.nt iJftfTBjav, pt?*^""; Theophrasti Plant. 1. vii. cap. 7. 
 
 § Quoted incorrectly ; the original beginning, " Messis erant." 
 
734 
 
 as having been the original and genuine food of all mankind from the 
 creation *• 
 
 A great deal mofe of this learned stuff were to be pick'd up from the 
 cumini sectores, atid impertinently curious ; whilst as it concerns the 
 business in hand, we are by sallet to understand a particular composition 
 of certain crude and fresh herbs, such as usually are, or may safely be 
 eaten with some acetous juice, oyl, salt, (&C. to give them a grateful gust 
 and vehicle, exclusive of the ipf^f"*^ rpu'Tre^ai f, eaten without their due 
 correctives, which the learned Salmasius J, and, indeed generally, the 
 old physicians § affirm (and that truly) all crude and raw T^d^ocva require 
 to render them wholsome ; so as probably they were from hence, as 
 Phny thinks II , call'd acetaria, and not (as Hermolaus and some others) 
 <icceptarw ab accipiendo, nor from accecfere, though so ready ^ at hand, 
 and easily dress'd, requiring neither fire, cost, nor attendance, to boil, 
 roast, and prepare them, as did flesh and other provisions ; from which, 
 and other prerogatives, they were always in use. ^nd hence indeed 
 the more frugal Italians and French, to this day, accept and gather qgni 
 verdura, any thing almost that is green and tender, to the very tops of 
 nettles ; so as every hedge affiprds a sallet (not unagreeable), season'd 
 with its proper oa;y;6fl|pAow of virjegar, salt, pyl, &c, which doubtless 
 gives it both the relish and name of salad, eTz^flj^ac?®,**, as with us of 
 sallet, from the sapidity, which renders not plants and herbs alone, 
 but men themselves, and their conversations, pleasant and agreeable. 
 But of this enough, and perhaps too much ; least, while I write of salt 
 and sallet, I appear myself insipid. I pass therefore to the ingredients, 
 which we will call 
 
 TURT^ITURE AND MATERIALS. 
 
 The materials of sallets, whibh, together with the grosser olera, con- 
 sist of roots, stalks, leaves, buds, flovvers, &;c. fruits (belonging to a.no- 
 
 * Gen. ch. i. v. 29. f Plutarch Sytnpos. 
 
 X Salmas. in Solin, contra Hieron. Mercurialis. 
 § Galen. 2 R. Aliment, cap. I. et Simp. Medic. Averroes, lib. v. coilo'c. 
 
 II Plin. lib. xix. c. 4. ^ Convictus facilis, sine arte mensa. Mart. ep. 74. 
 
 ** "Awujov Tpo^ijy, which Suidas calls T^xa^a, olera quse cruda sumuntur ex aceto. Harduin. 
 in loco. 
 
735 
 
 ler class) would require a much ampler volume than would suit our 
 ^akndar (to which this pretends to be an Appendix only), should we 
 stend the folio wittg catalogue further than to a brief enumeration only 
 f such herbaceous plants, oluscula, and smaller esculents, as are chiefly 
 sed in cold sallets, of whose culture we have treated there ; and as we 
 ather them from the mother and genial bed, with a touch only of their 
 Ualities, for reasons hereafter given. 
 
 1. Alexanders, hipposelinum i S. Smi/rnium vulgare (much o£ the 
 lature of persly) is moderately hot, and of a cleansing faculty, deeb- 
 tructing, nourishing, and comforting the stomach. The gentle fresh 
 proutsj buds, and tops are to be chosen, and the stalks eaten in the 
 pring; and when blanch'd, in winter likewise, with oyl, pepper, salt, 
 fcc. by themselves, or in composition. They ina?ke also an excellent 
 rernal pottage. 
 
 2. Artichaux, cinara^ (eardaus satwusj^ hot and dry. The beads 
 >eing slit in quarters first, eaten raw, with oyl, a little vinegar, sait, and 
 jepper, gratefully recommend a. glass of wine^ Dr. MufFet says, at tfe$ 
 ;nd of tneals. 
 
 They are likewise, whilst teBder*aHd small, fried in foesH butter with 
 aersley : 'but then become a most delicate and excellent restorative, when 
 ■"ull grown: they are boil'd the common way. The bottoms are also 
 jak''dirn pies, with rdarrow, dates, and other rich ingredient-s. In Italy 
 they sometimes broil them, and as the scaly leaves open, baste them with 
 iresh and sweet oyl, but with care extraordinary, for if a drop fall upon 
 the coals, all is marr'd ; that hazard escap'd, they eat them with the 
 juice of orange and sugar. 
 
 The stalk is blanch'd in autumn, and the pith eaten raw or bpil'd. 
 The way of preserving them fresh all winter, is by separating the bot- 
 toms from the leaves, and after parboiling, allowing to every bottom a 
 small earthen glaz'd pot, burying it all over in fresh melted butter, as 
 they do wild fowl, &c.; or if more than one, in a larger pot, in the same 
 ied and covering, layer upon layer. 
 
 They are also pfeserv'd by stringing them on -pack-thread, a clean 
 paper being put between every bottom, to hiiider them from touching 
 3ne another, and so hung up in a dry place. They are likewise pickl'd. 
 
736 
 
 'TIs not very long since this noble thistle came first into Italy, im- 
 prov'd to this magnitude by culture; and so rare in. England, that they 
 were commonly sold for crowns a piece : but what Carthage yearly spent 
 in them (as Pliny computes the sum) amounted to sestertia sena millia, 
 30,000/. sterling. 
 
 Note, That the Spanish cardon, a wild and smaller artichoak, with 
 sharp-pointed leaves, and lesser head; the stalks being blanch'd.and ten- 
 der, are serv'd up a la poiverade (that is, with oyl, pepper, &c.), as the 
 French term is. 
 
 3. Basil, ocimum (as haulm), imparts a grateful flavour, if not too 
 strong, somewhat offensive to the eyes ; and therefore the tender tops 
 to be very sparingly us'd in our sallet. 
 
 4. Baulm, melissa, baum, hot and dry, cordial and exhilarating, sove- 
 reign for the brain, strengthening the memory, and powerfully chasing 
 away melancholy. The tender leaves are us'd in composition with other 
 herbs; and the sprigs fresh gather'd, put into wine, or other drinks, 
 during the heat of summer, give it a marvellous quickness. This noble 
 plant yields an incomparable wine, made as is that of cowslip-flowers. 
 
 Beet, beta; of which there is both red, black, and white. The costa, 
 or rib of the white beet (by the French call'd the chard), being boll'd, 
 melts, and eats like marrow. And the roots, especially of the jed, cut 
 into thin slices, boil'd, when cold, is of itself a grateful winter sallet ; or 
 being mingl'd with other oluscula, oyl, vinegar, salt, &c.> 'Tis of qua- 
 lity cold and moist, and naturally somewhat laxative: but however 
 by the epigrammatist stil'd foolish and insipid, as innocentior quam olus 
 (for so the learned Harduin* reads the place), 'tis by Diphilus of old, 
 and others since, preferr'd before cabbage, as of better nourishment. Mar- 
 tial (not unlearn'd in the art of sallet) commends it with wine and pep- 
 per : he narafts \t m^e&A fabi'orum prandia\, for its being so vulgar^ 
 But eaten with oyl and vinegar, as usually it is, no despicable sallet. 
 There is a beet growing near the sea, which is the most delicate of alL 
 The roots of the red beet, pared into thin slices and circles, are bv the 
 French and Italians contriv'd into curious figures to adorn their sallets. 
 
 * Plin. Hist. Nat. lib.xix. cap. 8. f Epjg lib. xiii. 13. 
 
737 
 
 ' 6. Elite, htiturki English Mercury, or (as our country house-wives 
 call it) all-good. The gentle turiones and tops may be eaten as spara- 
 ^s, or sodden in pottage. There is both a white and red, much us'd in 
 Spain and Italy; but besides its humidity and detersive nature, 'tis insi- 
 pid enough. 
 
 7. Borrage, borrago (gaudia semper ago), hot, and kindly moist, 
 purifying the blood, is an exhilarating cordial, of a pleasant flavour : 
 The tender lekves^ and flowers especially, may be eaten in composition ; 
 but above all, the sprigs in wine, like those of baiim, are of known 
 vertue to revive the hypochondriac, and chear the hard student. See 
 Bugloss. 
 
 8. , Brooklime, anagallis aquatica ; moAev^^te\y hot and moist, preva- 
 lent in the scorbute and stone. 
 
 9. Bugloss, huglossum; in nature much like borrage, yet something 
 more asjtringent. The, flowers of both, with the intire plant, greatly 
 restorative, being conserved : and for the rest, so much commended by 
 Averroes, that for its effects, cherishing the spirits, justly call'd euphro- 
 synum. Nay, some will have it the nepenthes of Homer. But, indeed, 
 what we now call bugloss was not that of the ancients, but rather bor- 
 rage, for the like virtue named corrago. 
 
 Burnet. See Pimpinella. 
 
 10. ~R\JiAs, gemmee^ turiones; the fir^t rudiments and tops of most 
 sallet-plants, preferrable to all other less tender parts; such as ashen- 
 Jieys, broom-buds, hot and dry, retaining the vertue of capers, esteem'd 
 to be very opening, and prevalent against the spleen and scurvy ; and 
 being pickl'd, are sprinkl'd among the sallets, or eaten by themsielves. 
 
 11. Cabbage, bra&sica (and its several kinds), Pompey's beloved 
 dish, so highly celebrated by old Cato*, Pythagoras, and Chrysippus 
 the physician (as the only panacea), is not so generally magnify'd by 
 the rest of doctors, as affording but a crass and melancholy juice; yet 
 loosening if but moderately boil'd ; if over-much, astringent, according 
 to C. Celsus; and therefore seldom eaten raw, excepting by the Dutch. 
 The cynKB, or sprouts rather, of the cole are very delicate, so boil'd as to 
 
 '* De Re Rustica, cap. clvii. 
 5 B 
 
738 
 
 retain their verdure and green colour. In raising this plant great care 
 is to be had of the seed. The best comes from Denmark and Russia, 
 especially the cauly-flower (anciently unknown), or from Aleppo. Of 
 the French, the pancalikre a la large costd, the white, large, and pon- 
 derous are to be chosen ; and so the cauly-flower. After boiling, some 
 steep them in milk, and seethe them again in beef- broth : of old tbey 
 added a little nitre. The broccoli from Naples, perhaps the halmerida 
 of Pliny (or Athenaeus rather), capitata marina Sfjlorida, our sea-keele 
 (the ancient erambej, and growing on our coast, are very delicate ; as 
 are the savoys, commended for being not so rank, but agreeable to most 
 palates, arid of better nourishment. In general, cabbages are thought 
 to allay fumes, and prevent intoxication. But some will have them 
 noxious to the sight ; others impute it to the cauly-flower rather : but 
 whilst the learned are not agreed about it, Theophrastus affirms the 
 contrary, and Pliny commends the juice raw, with a little hon^, for the 
 moist and weeping eye, not the dry or dull. But, after all, cabbage 
 ('tis confess'd) is greatly accus'd for lying undigested in the stomach, 
 and provoking eructations; which makes me wonder at the veneration 
 we read the ancients had for them, calling them divine, and swearing 
 per hrassicam. 'Tis scarce an hundred years since we first had cabbages 
 out of Holland, Sir Anth. Ashley*, of Wiburg St. Giles in Dorsetshire, 
 being (as I am told) the first who planted them in England. 
 
 12. Cardon. See artichaux. 
 
 13. Carrots, dauci, or pastinaca sativa ; temperately warm and dry, 
 spicy ; the best are yellow, very nourishing. Let them be rais'd in 
 ground naturally rich, but not too heavy. 
 
 14. Chervile, chcBrophyllum,myrrhis ; the sweet aromatick Spanish 
 chervile, moderately hot and dry. The tender cimce, and tops, with 
 other herbs, are never to be wanting in our sallets (as long as they may 
 be had), being exceedingly wholsome and chearing the spirits : the roots 
 
 * Ancestor of the Earls of Shaftesbury. He sat in several Parliaments, and was distinguished 
 by the favour of Queen Elizabeth, who appointed him Secretary to her Council of War. He was 
 knighted for his valour at the taking of Cadiz 1597. and sent home to give the Queen a relation 
 of it. He died January 13, 16'28. 
 
739 
 
 re also boil'd and eaten cold ; much commended for aged persons. This 
 
 as likewise spinach) is us'd in tarts, and serves alone for divers sauces. 
 
 Cibbols.\ 
 
 p- YY'ide onions, schoenoprasum. 
 
 15. Clary, horminum, when tender not to be rejected, and in omlets, 
 aade up with cream, fried in sweet butter, and are eaten with sugar, 
 uice of orange, or limpn. 
 
 16. Cleavers, aparine; the tender winders, with young nettle-tops, 
 re us'd in Lenten pottages. 
 
 17- Corn-sallet, valerianella ; loos'ning and refreshing. The tops 
 ind leaves are a sallet of themselves, seasonably eaten with other sallet- 
 ng, the whole winter long, and early spring. The French call them 
 alad de prefer, for their being generally eaten in Lent. 
 
 18. Cowslips, paralysis. See flowers. 
 
 19. Cresses, nasturtium, garden cresses ; to be monthly sown : but 
 ibove all the Indian, moderately hot and aromatick, quicken the torpid 
 ipirits, and purge the brain, and are of singular effect against the scor- 
 )ute. Both the tender leaves, calices, capuchin capers, and flowers, are 
 audably mixed with the colder plants. The buds, being candy'd, are 
 ikewise us'd in strewings all winter. There is the nastur. hyberni- 
 rum commended also, and the vulgar water-cress, proper in the spring, 
 ill of the same nature, tho' of different degrees, and best for raw and 
 :old stomachs, but nourish little. 
 
 2Q. Cucumber, cucumis; tho' very cold and moist, the most approved 
 sallet alone, or in composition, of all the vinaigrets, to sharpen the ap- 
 petite, and cool the liver*, &c. if rightly prepar'd ; that is, by rectifying 
 ;he vulgar mistake of altogether extracting the juice, in which it should 
 •ather be soak'd. Nor ought it to be over oyl'd, too much abating of 
 ts grateful acidity, and palling the taste, from a contrariety, of particles. 
 Let them therefore be pared, and cut into thin slices, with a clove or two 
 )f onion to correct the crudity, macerated in the juice, often turn'd, and 
 noderately drain'd. Others prepare them, by shaking the slices be- 
 ;ween two dishes, and dress them with very little oyl, well beaten, and 
 
 * 'E$9o;, Joo-wi/oj, a-TToiKoi, aKyovrof, ol/'flTixoj. Athen. 
 
740 
 
 mingled with the juice of liraon, orange, or vinegar, salt, and pepper., 
 Some again, arid indeed the most approv'd, eat them as soon as they are 
 cut, retaining their liquor, which being exhausted (by the former me- 
 thod) have nothing remaining in them to help the concoction. Of old 
 they boil'd * the cucumber, and paring oflF the rind, eat them with oy], 
 vinegar, and honey, sugar not being so well known. Lastly, the pulp 
 in broth is greatly refreshing, and may be mingl'd in most sallets, with- 
 out the least damage, contrary to the common opinion; it not being long 
 since cucumber, however dress'H, was thought fit to be thrown away, 
 being accounted little better thao poyson. Tavernier tells us, that in 
 the Levant, if a child cry for something to eat, they give it a raw cu- 
 cumber instead of bread. The yoUngones may be boil'd in white wine. 
 The smaller sort (known by the name of gerckems), muriated with the 
 seeds of dill, and the mango pickle, .are for the winter. .?i 
 
 21. Daisy, bwpthalmum, ox-eye, or hellis-major. The youn^ roots are 
 frequently eaten by the Spaniards and Italians all the spring till June. 
 
 22. Dandelion, dens lisonis, condrilla ; macerated in several waters, to 
 extract the bitterness, tho' somewhat opening, is very wholesome, and 
 little inferior to succory, endive, &c. The French country-people eat 
 "the roots-; and 'twas with this homely sallet the good-wife Hecate en- 
 tertain'd Theseus. See Sowthistle. 
 
 23. Dock, ootylapd,thu7n, or sharp-pointed dock ; emollient, and tha' 
 otherwise not for our sallet, the roots brewed in ale or beer, are excellent 
 for the scorbute. 
 
 Earth-nuts, bulbo castanum (found in divers places of Surry, near 
 Kingston, and other parts), the rind par'd off, are eaten crude by rus- 
 tics, with a little pepper ; but are best boil'd like other roots, or in pot- 
 tage rather, and are sweet and nourishing. 
 
 24. Elder, sambucus ; the flowers infus'd in vinegar, grateful both to 
 the stomach and taste ; attenuate thick and viscid humours ; and tho' 
 the leaves are somewhat' rank of smell, and so not commgndaBle in sal- 
 let, they are otherwise (as indeed is the intire shrub) of the most sove- 
 Teign vertue; and the spring buds and tender leaves, excellently whol- 
 some in pottage at that season of the year. See Flowers 
 
 * Cucumis elixus delicatior, innocentior. Athenseus. 
 
741^ 
 
 25. Endive, endivium, intybum sativum; the largest, whitest, and 
 teuderest leaves best boll'd, and less crude. It is naturally, cold, profit- 
 able for hot stomachs; incisive, and opening obstructions of the liver* 
 The curled is more delicate, being eaten alone, or in composition, with 
 the usual intinctus. It is also excellent, being boil'd ; the middle part 
 of the blanch'd-stalk separated, eats firm, and the ampler leaves, by 
 many preferr'd before lettuce. See Succory. 
 
 Eschalot. See Onions, 
 
 26, VQimt\,fosniculum; the sweetest of Bolognia; aromatick^ hot, 
 and dry ; expels wind, sharpens the sight, and recreates the braini;. espe-; 
 cially the tender umbella and seed-pods. The stalks are ia be peel'd 
 when young, and then dress'd like sellery. The tender tufts and leaves 
 emerging, being minc'dy are eaten alone with vinegar, or oyl, and pepr 
 per, and, to correct the colder materials, enter properly into composi- 
 tion. The Italians eat the blanch'd stalk (which they call cartucci) all 
 winter long. There is a very small green- worm which sometimes lodges 
 in the stem of this plant, which is to be taken out, as the.. red- one in 
 that of sellery. . 
 
 27- Flowers, ^07*65 ; chiefly of the aromatick esculents and plants are 
 preferable, as generally enddw'd with the vertues of their simples, in a 
 more intense degree, and may therefore be^ eaten alone in their proper 
 vehicles, or composition with other sal leting, sprinkl'd among' them ; 
 but give a more palatable relish, being infused in vinegar; especially 
 those of the clove-gillyflower, elder, orange, cowslip, rose-mary, arch- 
 angel, sage, nasturtium infiicum, &c. Some of them are pickl'd, and 
 divers of them make also very pleasant and wholsome theas, as do like- 
 wise the wild time, bugloss, mint, &c. 
 
 28. Garlick, allium; dry towards excess; and tho' both by Spaniards 
 and Italians, and the more southern people, familiarly eaten, with 
 almost every thing, and esteem'd of such singular vertue to help con- 
 coction, and thought a charm against all infection and poyson (by which 
 it has obtain'd the name of the country-man's theriacle), we yet think 
 it more proper for our northern rustics, especially living in uliginous 
 and moist places, or such as use the sea; whilst we absolutely forbid it 
 entrance into our sallets bv reason of its intolerable rankness, and which 
 
742 
 
 made it so detested of old, that the eating of it was (as we read) part 
 of the punishment for such as had committed the horridest crimes. To 
 be sure, 'tis not for ladies palats, nor those who court them, farther than 
 to permit a light touch on the dish, with a clove thereof, much better 
 supply'd by the gentler roccombo. 
 
 Note, That in Spain they sometimes eat it boil'd, which taming its 
 fierceness, turns it into nourishment, or rather medicine. 
 
 Ginny-pepper, capsicum. See Pepper. 
 
 29. Goats-beard, tragopogon. The root is excellent even in sallet, 
 and very nutritive, exceeding profitable for the. breast, and may be 
 stew'd and dress'd as scornozera. 
 
 30. Hops, lupulus; hot and moist, rather medicinal than fit for sallet, 
 the buds and young tendrels excepted, which may be eaten raw, but 
 more conveniently being boil'd, and cold like asparagus. They, are diu- 
 retic ; depurate the blood, and open obstructions. * 
 
 31. Hyssop, hyssopiis ; thymus capitatus creticus, majoran, mary-^ 
 gold, &c. as all hot spicy aromatics (commonly growing in kitchin-, 
 gardens) are of faculty to comfort and strengthen ; prevalent against 
 melancholy and phlegm. Plants, like these, going under the name of 
 pot-herbs, are much more proper for broths and decoctions than the ten- 
 der sallet : yet the top^ and flowers, reduc'd to powder, are by some 
 reserv'd for strewings upon the colder ingredients, communicating no 
 ungrateful fragrancy. 
 
 32. Jack-by-the-hedge, aZ/ia»'ia, or sauce-alone; has many medicinal 
 properties, and is eaten as other sallgts, especially by country people,- 
 growing wild under their banks and hedges. , 
 
 33. Leeks, and cibbols, porum ; hot, and of vertue prolifick ; since 
 Latona, the mother of Apollo, long'd after them. The Welch, who eat 
 them much, are observ'd to be very fruitful. They are also friendly to 
 the lungs and stomach, being sod in milk ; a few therefore of the slender 
 and green summities, a little shred, do not amiss in composition. See 
 Onions. 
 
 34. Lettuce, lactuca ; tho' by metaphor call'd mortuorum cibi * (to 
 
 * Eubulus. 
 
743 
 
 say nothing of Adonis* and, his sad mistriss), by reason of Its soporife- 
 rous quality, ever was, and still continues the principal foundation of the 
 universal tribe of sallets, which is to cool and refresh, besides its other 
 properties ; and therefore in such high esteem with the ancients, that 
 divers of the Valerian family dignify'd and enobled their name with that 
 of lactucinii. 
 
 It is indeed of nature more cold and moist than any of the rest ; yet 
 less astringent, and so harmless that it may safely be eaten raw in fevers ; 
 for it allays heat, bridles choler, extinguishes thirst, excites appetite, 
 kindly nourishes, and, above all, represses vapours, conciliates sleep, 
 mitigates paiii ; besides the effect it has upon the morals, temperance, 
 and chastity. Galen (whose beloved sallet it was), from its pinguid, 
 subdulcid, and agreeable nature, says it breeds the most laudable blood., 
 No marvel then that they were by the ancients called sana, by way of 
 eminency, and so highly valu'd by the great Augustus f, that attributing 
 his recovery of a dangerous sickness to them, 'tis reported he erected a 
 statue and built an altar to this noble plant. And that the most abste- 
 mious and excellent Emperor Tacitus J (spending almost nothing at his 
 frugal table in other dainties) was yet so great a friend to lettuce, that 
 he was us'd to say of his prodigality, somnum se mercari ilia sumptiis 
 effti^ione. How it was celebrated by Galen we have heard ; how he 
 us'd it he tells himself, namely, beginning with lettuce in his younger 
 days, and concluding with it when he grew old, and that to his great 
 advantage. In a word^ we meet with nothing among all our crude ma- 
 terials and sallet store so proper to mingle with any of the rest, nor so 
 vvholsome to be eaten alone, or in composition, moderately, and with the 
 usual oxelseum of vinegar, pepper, and oyl, which last does not so per- 
 fectly agree with the alphange, to which the juice, of orange, or llmon 
 and sugar, is more desirable. Aristoxenus is reported to have irrigated 
 his lettuce-beds with an oinomelite, or mixture of Wine and honey: 
 
 * In lactuca occultatum ^ Venere Adonin cecinit CalUmachus, quod allegoric^ interpretalus 
 Athenaeus illuc referendnin putat, quod in Venerem hebetlores fint lactucis vescentes assidue. 
 
 t Apud Sueton. 
 
 • Vopiscus Tacir. For the rest, both of the kinds and vertues of lettuce, see Vlin. H, Nat. 1. xix. 
 c. 8. and xx. c, 7. Fernel, &c. 
 
744 
 
 aricl certainly 'tis not for nothing that our garden-lovers and brothers of 
 the sallet have been so exceedingly industrious to cultivate this noble 
 plant, and multiply its species; for, to name a few in present use, we 
 have the alphange of , Montpelier (crisp and delicate), the Arabic, A^- 
 bervelleres, Belgrade, cabbage, Capuchin, coss-lettuce, curl'd, the Ge- 
 noa (lasting all the winter), the imperial, Iambs or agnine,,and lobbs or 
 lop-lettuces, the French minion (a dwarf kind), the oak-leaf, passion, 
 Roman, shell, and Silesian (hard and crimp), esteemed of the best and 
 rarest, with divers more. And here let it be noted, that besides three 
 or four sorts of this plant, and some few of the rest, there was within 
 our remembrance rarely any other salletting serv'd up to th,e best tables ; 
 with unblanch'd endive, succory, purselan (and indeed little . other 
 variety), sugar and vinegar being the constant vehicles, without oyl ; 
 but now sugar is almost wholly banishM from all, except the more effe- 
 minate palates, as too much palling, and taking from the grateful acid 
 now in use, tho' otherwise not totally to be reproved. Lettuce, hoil'd 
 and cohdited, is sometimes spoken of. 
 
 35. Uimon, limonia, citrea mala ; exceedingly refreshing, cordial, 
 &c. ; the pulp being blended with the juice, secluding the over-sweet or 
 bitter. See Orange. 
 
 36. Mallow, malva; the curl'd^ emqllifent and friendly to the. ventri- 
 cle, and so mther medicinal : yet may the topsj well boil'd, he admitted, 
 and the rest (tho' out of use at present) was taken by the poets for all 
 sallets in general. Pythagoras held malvce folium sanctissimum ; and 
 we find Epimenides in Plato* at his mallows and asphodel; and indeed 
 it was of old the first dish at table. The. Romans had it ailso in deliciis, 
 Malvce saluhres CQr'por.i\, approved by Galen J and Disoscorides § ; 
 namely, the garden-mallow, by others the wild ; but I think both proper 
 rather for the pot than sallet. Nonius supposes the tall rosea, arbores- 
 cent holi-hocks, that bears the broad flower, for the best, and yery laxa- 
 tive II ; but, by reason of their clamminess and lentor, banished from our 
 
 * De Leglb. f Hor. epod. U . J De Simp. Medic. 1. vii. § Lib. ii. cap 3. 
 
 ■ II Exoneraturas veatretn mihi villica- tnalvas 
 
 Attulit, et varias, (juas liabet hortusj opes. — Mart. lib. x. 48. 
 
745 
 
 sallet, tho' by some commended and eaten with oyl and vinegar, and 
 some with butter. 
 
 Mercury, bonus Henricus^ English mercury, or lapathum unctuosum. 
 See BHtum. 
 
 37. Melon, melo,' to have been reckon'd rather among fruits; and 
 tho' an usual ingredient in our sallet, yet for its transcendent delicacy aiid 
 flavor, cooling and exhilarating nature (if sweet, dry, weighty, and well- 
 fed), not only superior to all the gottrd-kind, but paragon with the no- 
 blest productions of the garden. Jos. Scaliger and Casaubon think our 
 melon unknown to the ancients (which others contradict), as yet Under 
 the name of cucumbers : but he who reads how artificially they were 
 cultivated, rais'd under glasses, and expos'd to the hot sun (for Tibe- 
 rius), cannot well doubt of their being the same with ours. 
 
 There is also a winter-melon, large, and with black seeds, exceedingly 
 cooling, brought us from abroad, and the hotter climates, where they 
 drink water after eating melons; but in the colder (after all dispute) 
 wine is judg'd the better. That it has indeed by some been accus'd as 
 apt to corrupt in the. stomach (as do all things else eaten in excess) is 
 not deny'd ; but a perfect good melon is certainly as harmless a fruit as 
 any whatsoever, and may safely be mingled with sallet, in pulp or slices, 
 or more properly eaten by it self, with a little salt and pepper ; for a 
 melon which requires sugar to commend it wants of perfection. 
 • Note, That this fruit was very rarely cultivated in England so as to 
 bring it to maturity till Sir George Gardner came out of Spain, I my 
 self remembering when an ordinary melon would have been sold for five 
 or six shillings. The small unripe fruit, when the others are past, may 
 be pickl'd with mango, and are very delicate. 
 
 38. Mint, mentha; the angmtjfolia spicata, spear-mint; dry and 
 warm, very fragrant, a little press'd, is friendly to the weak stomach, 
 and powerful against all nervous crudities. The gentler tops of the 
 
 And our sweet Poet ; ' * 
 
 . Nulla est humanior herba. 
 
 Nulla magis suavi commoditate bona est. 
 Omnia tam placidfe regerat, blandfeque relaxat, 
 
 EmoUitque vias, nee sinit esse rudes. — Cowley, Plan. 1. 4. 
 
 5c 
 
746 
 
 ye-mlut enter well into our composition, or are grateful alone (as 
 Iso the other sorts"), with the juice of orange and a little sugar. 
 '. MushfQoms, jft^wg-z! ; by the orator* call'd terrce, by Porphyry 
 umjilii, without seed (as produc'd by the midwifry pf autumnal 
 der-storms, portending the mischief they cause) ; by the French 
 ipignom, with all the species of the boletus, Sec. for being, as some 
 , neither root, herb, flower, nor fruit, nor to be eaten crude, should 
 lerefore banish'd entry into our sallet, were I to order the composi- 
 
 however so highly jcdntended for by many, as the very principal 
 :op of all the rest; whilst I think them tolerable only (at least in 
 climate), if, being fresh and skilfully chosen, they, are accommo- 
 l with the nicest care and circumspection ; generally reported to 
 
 something malignant and noxious in them : nor without cause, 
 
 the many sad examples, frequent mischiefs, and funest accidents 
 have produc'd, not only to particular persons, but to whole fami- 
 
 Ex;alted indeed they were to the second course of the Caesarian 
 S, with .the noble title jS^wjwa 6buk, a dainty fit for the gods alone ; to 
 n they sent the Emperor Claudius -f, as they have many since, to 
 other world. But he that reads how Seneca J deplores his lost 
 d, that brave commander Annseus Serenus, and several other gal- 
 persons with him, who all of them perish'd at the same repast, 
 d be apt to ask with the naturalist § (speaking of this suspicious 
 ty), QucB voluptas tanta ancipitis (dbi? And who indeed would ba- 
 it, so true is that of the Poet,- — ^Hethat eats mushrooms many times 
 impUus edit, eats no more perhaps all his life after. What other 
 [•ring epithets are given for our caution, jGa^i? TruiyqEvra (jlukvituv, heavy 
 
 choaking (Athenaeus reporting of the Poet Euripides finding a 
 lan an,d her three children strangl'd by eating of them), one would 
 k sufficient warning. 
 
 mong these comes in the fungus reticularis, to be found about 
 don, as at Fulham and other, places; whilst at no small charge wei 
 1 for them into France : as we also do for trufles, pig-nuts, and other 
 
 * Cic. ad Attic. t Sueton. in Vit. Claudian. 
 
 X Sen. Ep. Ixiii. § Plin. Nat. Hiat;.l, xxii. c. 23. 
 
subterraneous tubera, which in Italy they fry in oyl, and eat with pep- 
 per. They are commonly discovered by a Nasute swine, purposely 
 brought up; being of a chesnut colour, and heady smell, and not seldom 
 found in England, particularly in a park of my Lord Cullen's, at Rush- 
 ton in Northamptonshire *, and doubtless in other places too, were they 
 sought after. How these rank and provocative excrescences are to be 
 treated ^ (of themselves insipid enough, and only famous for their 
 kindly taking any pickle or conditure), that they may do the less mis- 
 chief, we might here set down. But since there be so many ways of 
 dressing them, that I can encourage none to use them, for reasons given 
 (besides that they do not at all concern our safer and innocent sallet fur- 
 nitui'e), I forbear it; and refer those who long after this beloved ragout, 
 and other voluptuaria venena (as Seneca calls them), to what our 
 learned Dr. Martin Lister says "^ of the many venomous insects har- 
 bouring and corrupting in a new found-out species of mushroms had 
 lately in deliciis. Those, in the mean time, which are esteemed best, 
 and less pernicious (of which see the Appendix), are such as rise in rich, 
 airy, and dry pasture-grounds §, growing on the staff or pedicule of 
 about an inch thick and high ; moderately swelling (target-like), round 
 and firm, being underneath of a pale, saffronish hue, curiously radiated 
 in parallel lines and edges, which becoming either yellow, orange, or 
 blac;k, are to be rejected,. But besides what the harvestrmonths pro- 
 duce, they are likewise rais'd artificially ||; as at Naples, in their wine- 
 cellars, upon an heap of rank, earth, heaped upon a certain supposed 
 stone, but in truth (as the curious and noble Peiresk^ tells us he found 
 to be) nothing but an heap of old fungus's, reduc'd and compacted to a 
 stony hardness, upon which they lay earth, and sprinkle it with warm 
 water in which mushroms have been steeped : and in France, by making 
 
 * See Philos. Trans, vol. xvii. num. 202. art. 4, by Tancred Robinson, M. D. 
 
 f Apitius, lib, vii. cap. 13. J Philos. Transact, vol. vii. num. 89. p. 5U6". 
 
 § — ' Pratensibus optima fungis 
 
 Natura est : aliis male creditur. — Hor. Sat. lib. ii. sat. '4. 
 II Lord Bacon's Nat. Hist. cent. vii. 547, 548, &c. 
 
 ^ Gassendus, in Life of Peiresk, book iv. octavo, 1657, translated from the Latin by Wm. 
 Rand, and dedicated " to the ingenious and learned gentleman, the worshipful John Evelyn, es- 
 quire." Raderus Mart. lib. iii. epig'. 60. in ponticum, says, within four days. 
 
748 
 
 an hot bed of asses dung, and when the heat is hi temper, water 
 (as above) well impregnated with the parings and oflFals of refus( 
 gus's ; and such a bed will last two or three years ; and sometim* 
 common melon-beds afford them, besides other experiments. 
 
 40. Mustard, sinapi; exceeding hot and mordicant, not only i 
 seed but leaf also ; especially in seedling young plants, like the 
 radishes (newly peeping out of the bed), is of incomparable effe 
 quicken and revive the spirits ; strengthening the memory, exp( 
 heaviness, preventing the vertiginous palsie, and is a laudable ceph 
 Besides, it is an approv'd antiscorbutick ; aids concoction, cuts an< 
 sipates phlegmatick humours. In short 'tis the most noble embar 
 and so necessary an ingredient to all cold and raw salleting, that 
 very rarely, if at all, to be left out. In Italy, in making mustard, 
 mingle limon and orange peel with the seeds. How the best is t 
 see hereafter. 
 
 Nasturtium Indlcum. See Cresses. 
 
 41. Nettles, wr^zca; hot, dry, diuretic, solvent; purifies the b 
 The buds, and very tender cimse, a little bruised, are by some eaten 
 by others boil'd, especially in spring-pottage, with other herbs. 
 
 42. Onion, cepa, porrum; the best are such as are brought us c 
 Spain, whence they of St. Omers had them, and some that have wei 
 eight pounds. Choose therefore the large, round, and thin ski 
 Being eaten crude and alone, with oyl, vinegar, and pepper, we 
 them in sallet not so hot as garlick, nor at all so rank : boil'd, they 
 a kindly relish, raise appetite,. corroborate the stomach, cut phlegm, 
 profit the asthmatical ; but eaten in excess, are said to oflPend the 
 and eyes, unless edulcorated with a gentle maceration. In the i 
 time, as to their being noxious to the sight, is imputable only t( 
 vapour rising from the raw onion, when peeled, which some comr 
 for its purging and quickning that sense. How they are us'd in 
 tage, boil'd in milk, stew'd, &c. concerns the kitchin. In our cold 
 let we supply them with the porrum sectile to)ps of leeks, and esch 
 (ascaloniaj, of gust more exalted, yet not to the degree of garlick 
 (by what of later use is much preferr'd) with a seed or two of raccoi 
 of a yet milder and delicate nature, which, by rubbing the dish ( 
 
749 
 
 imparts its vertue agreeably enough. In Italy they frequently make k 
 sallet of scalllons, cives, and chibbols only, season'd with oyl and pep- 
 per; and an honest, laborious country-nian, with good bread, salt, and 
 a little parsley, will make a contented meal with a roasted onion. How 
 ibis noble bulb was deified in Egypt * we are told, and that whilst they 
 were building the pyramids there was spent in this rootf ninety tun of 
 gold among the workmen. So luscious and tempting It seems thej^ 
 were, that as whole nations have subsisted on them alone, so the Israel- 
 ites were ready to return to slavery and brick- making for the love of 
 them. Indeed, Hecamedes we find presents them to Patroclus,In Ho- 
 mer, as a regalo ; but certainly we are either mistaken in the species 
 (which some will have to be melons), or use poetick licence when we 
 so highly magnify them. 
 
 43. Orach, atriplex; is cooling, and allays ihepztuit humor. Being set 
 over the fire, neither this, nor lettuce, needs any other water than their 
 own moisture to l)oil them in, without expression. The tender leaves 
 are mingl'd with other cold salletting, l^ut 'tis better In pottage. See 
 Blitum. 
 
 44. Orange, arantice (malum mreumj; moderately dry, cooling; 
 and incisive; sharpens appetite, exc^dingly refreshes, and resists putre- 
 faction : we speak of the sub-acid, the sweet and bitter orange being of 
 no use in our sallet. The limon is somewhat more acute, cooling aud 
 extinguishing thirst, of all the o|u/3«(pathe best succedaneum to vinegar. 
 The very spoils and rinds of orange and limon, being shred and 
 sprlnkl'd among the other herbs, correct the acrimony. But they are 
 the tender seedlings from the hot-bed which impart an aromatic exceed- 
 ingly grateful to the stomach. Vide I^Imon/ 
 
 45. Varsnep,pastinaca, carrot ; first boll'd, being cold, is of it self a 
 wlnter-sallet, eaten with oyl, vinegar, &c. and having something'lof 
 Spicy, is by some thought more nourishing than the turnep, - • > 
 
 46. Pease, pisum ; the pod of the sugaf^ease, when first begmnihg 
 
 * O sanctas gentes, quibus hsec nascuntur in hortis 
 
 Numina. — Juv; Sat. 15. 
 ■\ Herodotus. 
 
750 
 
 to appear, with the husk and tendrels, affording a pretty acid, enter into 
 the composition, as do those of hops and the vine. 
 
 47. Pepper, piper ; hot and dry in a high degree; of approv'd vertue 
 against all flatulency proceeding from Cold and phlegrtiatic constitutions, 
 and generally all crudities whatsoever ; and therefore for being of tuii- 
 versal use to correct and temper the cooler herbs, and such as abound in 
 moisture, it is a never to be omitted ipgredlent of our sallets, provided it 
 be not too minutely beaten (as oft we find it) to an almost impalpable 
 dust, which is very pernicious, and frequently adheres and sticks in the 
 folds of the stomach, where, instead of promoting concoction, it often 
 causes a cq,rdialgium, ajnd fires the blood. It should therefore be grosly 
 contus'd only. ' 
 
 Indian capsicum, superlatively hot and burning, is yet by the Africans 
 eaten with salt and vinegg.r by it self, as an usual condiment ; but would 
 be of dangerous consequence with us, being so much more of ,an acri^ 
 monious and terribly biting quality, which by art and mixturie is not- 
 withstanding render'd not only safe, but very agreeable in our sallet. 
 
 Take the pods, and dry them well in a pan ; and when they are be- 
 come sufficiently hard, cut them into small pieces, and stamp them in a 
 mortar to di^st ; to. each ounce of which add a pound of wheat-flour, 
 fermented with a little levain : kneed and make them into cakes or loaves 
 cut. long-wise, in shape of Naples-biscuit. These re-bake a second 
 time, till they are stone-hard : pound theoi again as before j and serce it 
 through a fine sieve, for a very proper seasoning, Instead of vulgar pep- 
 per. The mordlcancy thus allay'd, be sure to make the mortar very clean, 
 after haying beaten Indian capsicum, before you stamp any thing in it 
 else. The green husks, or first peeping buds of the walnut-tree, dry'd 
 to powder, serve for pepper in some places, and so do myrtle-berries. 
 
 48. Persley, petroselinum, or apium hortense ; being hot and dry, 
 opens obstructions, is very diuretic, yet- nourishing, edulcorated in 
 shifted warm water (the rpoits especially), but of less vertue than alex- 
 anders ; nor so convenlentSn our crude sallet, as when decocted on a 
 medicinal account Some few tops of the tender leaves may yet be ad- 
 mitted ; tho' it was of old, we read, never brought to table at all, as sa- 
 cred to oblivium and the defunct. In the mean time, there being no- 
 
751 
 
 thing more proper for stuffing (farces), and other sauces, we consign it 
 to the olitories. Note, That persley is not so hurtful to the eyes as is 
 reported. See Sellery. 
 
 49. Pimpernel, pimpinella ; eaten hy the French and Italians, is our 
 common burnet ; of so chearing and exhilarating a quaUty, and so ge- 
 nerally commended, as (giving it admittance into all sallets) 'tis pass'd 
 into a proverb : 
 
 L'insalata non h buon, ne bella, 
 Ove non h. la pimpinella. 
 
 But a fresh sprig in vv^ine recommends it to us as its most genuine ele- 
 ment, 
 
 50. Furslain, portulaca; especially the golden whilst tender, next the 
 seed-leaves, with the young stalks, being eminently moist and cooling? 
 quickens appetite, asswages thirst, and is very profitable for hot and bi- 
 lious tempers, as well as sanguine, and generally entertain'd in all our 
 sallets, mingled with the hotter herbs. 'Tis likewise familiarly eaten 
 alone with oyl and vinegar, but with moderation, as having been some- 
 times found to corrupt in the stomach, which, being pickl'd, 'tis not so 
 apt to do. Some eat it cold, after it has been boil'd, which Dr. MufFett 
 would^ have in wine, for nourishment. 
 
 The shrub halimus is a sort of sea-purslain. The newly peeping 
 leaves (tho' rarely us'd) aflFord a no unpleasant acidulce, even, during 
 winter, if it prove not too severe. 
 
 Purslain is accus'd for being hurtful to the teeth, if too much eaten. 
 
 51. Radish, ro,phanus; albeit rather medicinal, than so commendably 
 accompanying our sallets (wherein they often slice the larger roots), are 
 tnuch inferior to the young seedling leaves and roots, raised on the 
 monthly hot-bed*, almost the whole year rounds affording a very grate- 
 ful mordacity, and sufficiently attempers the cooler ingredients. The 
 bio-ger ^oots (so much desir'd) should be such as being transparent, eat 
 short and quick, without stringiness, and not too biting. These are 
 eaten alone with salt only, as carrying their pepper in them ; and were 
 indeed by Dioscorides and Pliny celebrated above all roots whatsoever, 
 
 * Xlm^a TO ^aSlu; (paina^M, quia tertio ^ satu die apipareat.^ 
 
752 
 
 insomuch as in the Delphic temple there was raphanus ex nuro dicaiu^, 
 a radish of solid gold ; and 'tis said of Moschius, that he wrote a whole 
 volume in their praise. Notwithstanding all which, I am sure, the 
 great Hippocrates * ' utterly condemns them, as vitiosoe, mnatantes ac 
 ^a-re concoctiles. And the Naturalist callsit cibus illiheralis, fitter for 
 rustics than gentlemens tables. And indeed (besides that they decay 
 the teeth), experience tells us, that as the prince of physicians writes, 
 it is hard of digestion, inimicous to the stomach, causing nauseous eruc- 
 tations, and sometimes vomiting, tho' otherwise diuretic, and thought to 
 repel the vapours of wine, when the wits were at their genial club. 
 Dioscorldes and Galen f differ about their eating: one prescribes it be- 
 fore meals ; the latter, after. Some macerate the young roots in warm 
 milk, to render them more nourishing. 
 
 There is a raphanus rusticanuSf the Spanish black horse-radish, of a 
 hotter quality, and not so friendly to the head, but a notable antiscor- 
 butic, which may be all the winter, and on that account an excellent 
 ingredient in the composition of mustard ; as are also the thin shavings, 
 mingled with our cold herbs. And now, before I have done with this' 
 root, for an excellent and universal condiment : Take horse-radish, 
 whilst newly drawn out of the earth, otherwise laid to steep in water a 
 competent time ; then grate it on a grater which has no bottom, that so 
 it may pass thro', like a mucilage, into a dish of earthen ware : this tem- 
 per'd with vinegar, in which a little sugar has been dlssolv'd, you have 
 a sauce supplying mustard to the sallet, and serving likewise for any 
 
 dish beside. 
 
 52. Rampion, I'apunculus, or the esculent campanula; the tender 
 roots eaten in the spring, like those of radishes, but much more nou- 
 
 rishine;. 
 
 53. Rocket, eruca, Spanish ; hot and dry, to be qualified with lettuce, 
 purcelaln, and the rest, &c. See Tarragon. 
 
 Roccombo. See Onions. 
 
 54. Rosemary, rosmarinus ; soverainly cephalic, and for the memory, 
 sight, and nerves, incomparable. And tho' not us'd in the leaf with our 
 
 * De Diseta, liU ii. cap. 25. f De Aliment. Faciilt. lib. ii. 
 
753 
 
 sallet furniture, yet the flowers, a little bitter, are always welcome i 
 vinegar; but, above all, a fresh sprig or two in A glass of wine. Se 
 Flowers. 
 
 . 55. Sage, salvia; hot and dry. The tops of the red, well pick'd an 
 wash'd (being often defile4 with venomous slime, and almost impercep 
 tible insects), with the flowers, retain all the noble properties of th 
 other hot plants, more especially for the head, memory, eyes, and a 
 paralytical affections. In short, 'tis a plant endu'd with so many an 
 wonderful properties, as that the assiduous use of it is said to reude 
 men immortal. We cannot therefore but allow the tender summities ( 
 the young leaves, but principally the flowers in our cold sallet, yet s 
 .as not to domineer. 
 
 Salsifax, scorzonera. See Viper-grass. 
 • 56. Sampier, critji'muin; that growing on the sea-clifFs (asaboi 
 Dover, &c.), not only pickl'd, bu,t crude and cold, when young and ten 
 der (and such as we may cultivate arid have in our kitchin -garden 
 almost the year round), is, in my opinion, for its aromatic and other ex 
 cellent vertues and effects against the spleen, cleansing the bassages 
 sharpning appetite, &c. so far preferable to most of our hotter herb 
 and sallet ingrediepts, that I have often wonder'd it has not been Ion 
 since propagated in the potajgere, as it is in France, from whence I hav 
 frequently receiv'd the seeds, which have prosper'd better and more kindl 
 with me than what comes from our own coasts : it does not indee 
 pickle so well, as being of a more tender stalk and leaf; but, in all othe 
 respects for composing sallets, it has nothing like it. ' 
 
 57. Scalions, ascaloriia, cepte; the French call them appetites, whic 
 it ' notably quickens' and stirs up, corrects crudities, and promotes con 
 coction. The Italians steep them in water, mince, and eat them cold 
 with oyl, vinegar, salt, &c. * 
 
 58. Scurvy-grass, cochledria, of the garden, but especially that of th 
 sea, is sharp, biting, and niot; of nature like nasturtium, pi-evalent i 
 the scorbute. ' A few of the tender leaves may be admitted in our com 
 poisition. See Nasturtium Indicum. 
 
 59. Sellery, apium Italicum (and of thepetroseline family), was for 
 merjy a stranger with us (nor very long since in Italy), is an hot an 
 
 5 D 
 
754 
 
 more generous sort of Macedonian persley, or smallage. The tender 
 leaves of the blanched stalk do well in our sallet, as likewise the slices of 
 the whiten'd stems, which being crimp and short, first peel'd and slit 
 long wise, are eaten with oyl, vinegar, salt, and pepper; and for its high 
 and grateful taste is ever plac'd in the middje of the grand sallet at out- 
 great mens tables and praetors feasts, as the grace of the whole board. 
 Caution is to be given of a small red worm, often lurking in these stalks, 
 as does the green in fennil. 
 Shallots. See Onion. 
 
 60. Skirrets, sisarum; hot and moist, corroborating and good for the 
 stomach, exceedingly nourishing, wholsome, and delicate ; of all the 
 root kind, not subject to be windy, and so valued by the Emperor Tibei- 
 rius, that he accepted them for tribute. 
 
 This excellent root is seldom eaten raw ; but being boil'd, stew'd, 
 roasted under the embers, bak'd in pies, whole, sliced, or in pulp, is 
 very acceptable to all palates. 'Tis reported they were heretofore some- 
 thing bitter. See what culture and education eflpects ! 
 
 61. Sorrel, acetosa ; of which there are divers kinds : the French 
 acetocella, with the round leaf, growing plentifully in the North of Eng-- 
 land ; Roman oxalis ; the broad German, &c. ; but the best is of Green- 
 land," by nature cold, abstersive, acid, sharpning appetite, asswages 
 heat, cools the liver, strengthens the heart, is an antiscorbutic, resisting 
 putrefaction, and imparting so grateful a quickness to the rest, as sup- 
 plies the want of orange, limon, and other omphacia, and therefore 
 never to be excluded. Vide Wood -sorrel. 
 
 62. Sow-thistle, sonchus ; of the intybus kind. Galen was us'd to 
 eat it as lettuce ; exceedingly welcome to the late Morocco ambassador 
 and his retinue. 
 
 63. Sparagus, asparagus Cab asperitate) ; temperately hot and 
 moist, cordial, diuretic, easie of digestion, and next to flesh, nothing 
 more nourishing, as Sim. Sethius, an excellent physician, holds. They 
 are sometimes, but very seldom, eaten raw, with oyl and vinegar; but 
 with more delicacy (the bitterness first exhausted), being so speedllj^ 
 boil'd as not to lose the verdure and agreeable tenderness, which is done 
 by letting the water boil before you put them in. I do not esteem the 
 
^55 
 
 tch great and larger sort (especially l-ais'd fey the rankness of the 
 s) so sweet and agreeable as those of a moderate size. 
 '4. Spinach, spinachia ; of old not us'd in sallets, and the oftiier 
 t out the better: I speak of the crude. But being boil'd to a pulp, 
 without other water than its own moisture, is a most excellent coh- 
 lent with butter, vinegar, or limon, for almost all sorts of boiled flesh, 
 I may accompany a sick man's diet. 'Tis laxative and emollient, 
 I therefore profitable for the aged, and (tho' by original a Spaniard) 
 y be had at almost any season, and in all places, 
 itone-crop, sedum minus. See Trick-madame. 
 
 35. Succory, cichorium^ intyhus ; erratic and wild, with a narrow 
 k leaf, different from the sative, tho' probably by culture only ; and 
 being very bitter, a little edulcorated with sugiir and vinegar, is by 
 ae eaten in the summer, and more grateful to the stomach than' the 
 ate. See Endive. ' 
 
 36. Tansy, tanacetum ; hot and cleansing ; but in regard of its db- 
 aeering relish, sparingly mixt with our cold sallet, and much fitter 
 lo' in very small quantity) for the pan, being qualified with the juices 
 other fresh herbs, spinach, green corn, violet, primrose-leaves, &c. 
 entrance of the spring, and then fried brownish, is eaten hot, with 
 ! juice of orange and sugar, as one of the most agreeable of all the 
 I'd herbaceous dishes. '^ 
 
 67- Tarragon, draeo herha; of Spanish extraction^ hot and spicy: 
 ; tops and young shoots, like those of rochet, never to be secluded our 
 nposition, especially where there is much lettuce. 'Tis highly cordial 
 1 friendly to the head, heart, liver, correcting the weakness of the 
 itricle, &c. • 
 
 68. Thistle, carduus Marice ; our Lady's milky or da;pprd thistle, 
 arm'd of its prickles, is worth esteem. The young stalk, about May, 
 ing peel'd and soak'd in water, to extract the bitterness, boil'd or 
 V, is a very wholsome sallet, eaten with oyl, salt, and pepper: some 
 : them sodden in proper broatb, or bak'd in pies, like the artichoak : 
 t the tender stalk boil'd or fry'd some preferr; both nourishing and 
 
 itorative. 
 
 69. Trick-madame, sedum minus, stone-crop j is cooling and moist. 
 
75& 
 
 grateful to the stomach. The cim'ata and tops, when young and ten- 
 der, dress'd as purselane, is a frequent ingredient in our cold sallet. 
 
 70. Turnep, rapum; moderately hot and moist : napus ; the long 
 navet is certainly the most delicate of them, and best nourishing. Pliny 
 speaks of no fewer than six sorts, and of several colours,' some of which 
 were suspected to be artificially tinged. But with us, the yellow is pre- 
 ferr'd; by others the red Bohemian. But of whatever kind, being 
 sown upon the hot-bed, and no bigger than seedling radish, they do ex- 
 cellently in composition ; as do also the stalks of the common turnep, 
 when first beginning to bud. 
 
 And here should not be forgotten, that wholsome, as well as agree- 
 able sort of bread we are taught* to make, and of which we have eaten 
 at the greatest persons tables, hardly to be distinguish'd from the best 
 of wheat. 
 
 Let the turneps first be peel'd, and boil'd in water till soft and ten- 
 der; then strongly pressing out the juice, mix them together, and when 
 dry (beaten or pounded very fine), with their weight of wheat-meal, 
 season it as you do other bread, and knead it up; then letting the dough 
 remain a little to ferment, fashion the paste into loaves, and bake it like 
 common bread. 
 
 Some roast turneps in a paper under the embers> and eat them with 
 sugar and butter. 
 
 71. Vine, vitis ; the capreols, tendrels, and claspers (like those of the 
 hop, &c.), whilst very young, have an agreeable acid, which may be ' 
 eaten alone, or, with other sallet. 
 
 72. Viper-grass, tragopogon^ scorzonera, salsifex, &c. ; tho* medici- 
 nal, and excellent against the palpitation of the heart, faintings, ob- 
 struction of the bowels, &c. are besides a very sweet and pleasant sallet ; 
 being laid to soak out the bitterness, then peel'd, may be eaten raw, or 
 condited ; but best of all stew'd with marrow, spice, wine, &c. as arti- 
 choak, skirrets, &c. sliced or whole. They likewise may bake, fry, or 
 boil them; a moi'e excellent root there is hardly growing. 
 
 73. Wood-sorrel, trifoUum acetosum, Or lujuld, of the nature of 
 other sorrels. 
 
 * Philos. Trans, vol. xvK. num. 205^ p. 970. 
 
To all which might we add sundry more, foriiierly had in delicm,\ 
 since grown ohsolete or quite neglected with us; as amongst the noblest 
 bulbs that of the tulip, a root of which has been valued not to eat, but 
 for the flbwer (aiid yet eaten by mistake), at more than an hundred 
 pounds. The young fresh bulbs are sweet and high of taste. ■■, n 
 
 The asphodil, or daffodil; a sallet so rare in Hesiod's days, that Label 
 thinks it the parsnep; tho' not at all like it; however, it was (with the * 
 mallow) taken anciently for any edule-root. 
 
 The ornitholdgum roasted, as they do chestnuts, is eaten by the 
 Italians, the wild yellow especially, with oyl, vinegar, and pepper. And' 
 so the small tuberous roots oi gramen amygdahsum, which they also 
 roast, and make an emulsion of, to use in broaths, as a great restorative. 
 The oasylapathum,ua'd of old, in the time of Galen was eaten frequently; 
 As also dracontium, with the mordicant arum THeophrasti, which 
 Dodonaeus teaches how to dress. Nay, divers of the satyaions,' which 
 some condited with sugar, others boil'd in milk for a great nourisher,' 
 now discarded. But what think we of the cicuia, which there are who 
 reckon among sallet herbs? But whatever it is in any other country, 
 'tis certainly'^ mortiferous in ours. To these add the viola matronalisy 
 radix lunaria, &c. nay, the green popy, by most accounted among the 
 deadly poysons. How cautious then ought our sallet-gatherers to be 
 in reading ancient authors, lest they happen to be impos'd on, where 
 they treat of plants that are familiarly eaten in other countries, and 
 among other nations and people of more robust and strong constitu- 
 tions; besides the hazard of being mistaken in the names of divers sim- 
 ples, not as yet fully agreed upon among the learned in botany. 
 
 There are besides several remaining; which, tho' abdicated here with 
 us, find entertainment still in foreign countries; as the large heliotrope 
 and sun-flower (ere it comes to expand and shew its golden face), 
 which, being dress'd as the artichoak, is eaten for a dainty. This I add 
 as a new discovery. I once made macaroons with the ripe blanch'd 
 seeds, but the*turpentine did so domineer over all, that it did not answer 
 expectation. The radix personata, mounting with their young heads, 
 lu^machia siliquo&a glabra minora when fresh and tender, begins to 
 coipe into the sallet-tribe. The pale whiter popy is eaten by the Gef- 
 
758 
 
 Douese : by the Spaniards, the tops of wormwood, with oyl alon^y and 
 without so much as bread ; profitable indeed to the stomach, but oflFen- 
 sive to the head : as is. also coriander; and rue, which Galen was accus- 
 tom'd to eat raw, and by it self, with oyl and salt, as exceedingly grate- 
 ful, as well as wholsome, and of great vertue against infection. Pliny, 
 I remember, reports it to be of such effect for the preservation of sight, 
 that the painters of his time us'd to devour a great quantity of it. And 
 it is still by the Italians frequently mingled among their sallets. The 
 lapathn personata (^common burdock) comes now and then to the best 
 tables about April,, and, when young, before the burrs and clots appear, 
 being strip'd, and the bitterness soaked out, treated as the chardoon, is 
 eaten in poiverade; some also boil them. More might here be reckon'd 
 up, but these may suffice ; since as we find some are left off", and gone 
 out, so-pthers be introduc'd, and come in their room, and that in much 
 greater plenty and variety than was ever known by our ancestors. The 
 cucumber it self, how so universally eaten, being accounted little better 
 than poyson, even within our memory, as already noted. 
 
 To conclude, and after all. that has been said ,of plants and salletting, 
 formerly in great esteem (but since obsolete and quite rejected), what if 
 the exalted juice of the ancient silphium should come in, and challenge 
 the precedency ? It is a plant* formerly so highly priz'd and rare, 
 for the richness of its taste and other vertues, that as it was dedicated to 
 Apollo, and hung up in his temple at Delphi, so we read of one single 
 root brought to the Emperor Nero for an extraordinary present, and the 
 drug so esteem'd, that the Romans had long before amassfd a quantity 
 of It, and kept it in the treasury, till Julius Caesar robb'd it, and took this 
 away, as a thing of mighty value: in a word, it was of that account'that 
 as a sacred plant those of the Cyrenaic Africa hpnour'd the very figure of, 
 it, by stamping it on the reverse of their coin f; and when they would com- 
 mend a thing for its worth to the skies, ^cUttou ariXcpiov grew into a proverb, 
 Battus having been the founder of the city Cyrene, near which it only 
 
 * Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xix. cap. 3. et xx. c. 22. See Jo. Tzetzes Chiliadas. lib. vi. cap. 4S. at 
 lib. xvii. cap. 119. 
 
 t Spanheim, de Usu et Praest. Numis. Dissert. 4to. It was sometimes also the reverse of Jupiter 
 HammoD. 
 
759 
 
 grew. Tls indeed contested among the learned botano-sopbists, whe- 
 ther this plant was not the same with laserpitium, and the laser it yields 
 the odoriferous hen%oin*} But doubtless, had we the true and genuine 
 silphium (for it appears to have been often sophisticated, and a spurious 
 sort brought into Italy), it would soon recover its pristine reputation, 
 and that it was not so celebrated for nothing extraordinary ; since, be- 
 sides its medicinal vertue, it was a wonderful corroborator of the sto- 
 mach, a restorer of lost appetite and masculine vigour, and that they 
 made use of it almost in every thing they eat- 
 But should we now really tell the world that this precious juice is by 
 many thought to be no other than the foetid assa f , our nicer sallet> 
 eaters (who yet bestow as odious an epithet on the vulgar garlick) would 
 cry out upon it as intolerable), and perhaps hardly believe it : but as 
 Aristophanes has brought it in, and sufficiently describ'd it, so the Scho- 
 liast upon the place puts it out of controversy; and that they made use 
 both of the leaves, stalks, and extract especially, as we now do garlick,, 
 and other haut-gouts, as altogether nauseous. In the mean time. Gar- 
 cius, Bontius, and others, assure us, that the Indians at this day uni- 
 versally sauce their viands with it; and the Bramins, who eat no flesh at 
 all, inrich their sallets by constantly rubbing the dishes with it. Nor 
 are some of our own skilful cooks ignorant how to condite and use it, 
 with the applause of those who^ ignorant of the secret, have admir'd the 
 richness of the gust it has imparted, when it has been substituted inr 
 stead of all our cipollati and other seasonings of that nature. 
 
 And thus have we done with the various species of all such esculents 
 as may properly enter the composition of our acetaria and cold sallet> 
 And if I have briefly touch'd upon their nature, degrees, and primary 
 qualities, which intend or remit, as to the scale of heat, cold, dryness, 
 moisture, &c. (which is to be understood according to the diflFerent tex- 
 
 * —— — Oi?o' at Et Stini y I'*"* 
 Toy ir\ovToy »i/tq» «»1 to Bwttou o-iK^iot, — Arjstoph. in Pluto. act. iv. sc. 3. . 
 j- Of which some would have it a coarser sort inamceni odoris, as the same Comedian names it 
 in his Equites, pp. 239 and 340, edit. Basil. See likewise this discuss'd, together with its proper- 
 ties, most copiously, in Jo. Budaeus a Stapu). Comment in Theophrast. lib. vi. cap. I. and Bauhin. 
 Hist. Plant. lib. xxvii. cap. 53. 
 
^60 
 
 turei of their component particles), it has not been without what t 
 thought necessary for the instruction of the gatherer and sallet-dresser, 
 how he ought to choose, sort, and mingle his materials and ingredients 
 
 together. 
 
 What care and circumspection should attend the choice and collec- 
 tion of sallet herbs has been partly shew'd., I can therefore by no 
 means approve of that extravagant fancy of some, who tell us, that a 
 fool is as fit to be the. gatherer of a sallet as a wiser man ; because, Sa^ 
 they, one can hardly choose amiss, provided the plants be green, young, 
 and tender, where-ever they meet with them. But sad experience shews 
 how many fatal mistakes have been committed by those who took the 
 deadly cicutce, hemlocks, aconits, &c. for garden persley and parsneps; 
 the myrrhis si/lvestris, or cow- weed, for choerophilium (chervil); thapsia 
 for fennel; the wild cAowdfnY/a for succory ; dogs-mercury instead ;of spi- 
 nach ; papaver corniculatum lutewn, and horn'd poppy, for eringo ; 
 iknantheaquatica iovi\\Q palustral apium, and a world more, whose dire 
 effects have been many times sudden death, and the cause of mortal acci- 
 dents to those who have eaten of them unwittingly. But supposing 
 some of those wild and unknown plants should not prove so deleterious 
 and unwholsome * ; yet may others of them annoy the head, brain, and 
 genus nervosum, weaken the eyes, offend the stomachy affect the livery 
 torment the bowels, and discover their malignity in dangerous and 
 dreadful symptoms : and therefore, such plants as are rather medicinal 
 than nourishing and refreshing are studiously to be rejected. So highly 
 necessary it is, that what we sometimes find in old books concern ing 
 edules of other countries and climates (frequently call'd by the namies 
 of such as are wholsome in ours, and among us), mislead not the un- 
 skilful gatherer; to prevent which we read of divers Popes and Emperors 
 that had sometimes learned physicians for their master-cooks. I cannot 
 therefore but exceedingly approve of that charitable advice of Mr. Ray-j*, 
 who thinks it the interest of mankind, that all persons should be cau- 
 tion'd of adventuring upon unknown herbs and plants to their prejudice. 
 
 * Vide Cardanum, de usu Cibi. * Philos, Trans, vol. xx, numb. 238. 
 
761 
 
 Of such I say, with our excellent Poet * (a little chang'd), 
 Happy from such conceal'd, if still do lie, 
 Of roots and herbs the unyv'holsome luxury. . ' 
 
 The illustrious and learned Columna has, by observing whatinsec 
 did usually feed on, make conjectures of the nature of the plants. 
 I should not so readily adventure upon it on that account, as to 
 wholsomness : for tho' indeed one may safely eat of a peach or abri( 
 after a snail has been taster, I question whether it might be so -of 
 other fruits and herbs attack'd by other insects; nor would one cohcli 
 the hyoscyamus harmless, because the cimeic feeds upon it, as the lean 
 Dr. Lister has discover'd. Notice should therefore be taken what-ej 
 of insects are found adhering to the leaves of sallet-herbs, and \ 
 quently cleave so firmly to them as not easily to be wash'd off, and 
 not being taken notice of, passing for accidental and harmless sp 
 only, may yet produce very ill effects. 
 
 Gpillus, who according to the doctrine of transmigration (as Plutai 
 tells us) had in his turn been a beast ; discourses how much better 
 fed and liv'd than when he was turn'd to nian again, as knowing th 
 what plants were best and most proper for him : whilst men, sarcopl 
 gists (flesh eaters), in all this time were yet to seek. And 'tis inde 
 very evident that cattle and other '7ra,v(pa,yot and herbaceous animals' Whi 
 feed on plants are directed by their smell, and iaccordingly make electi 
 of their food ; but men (besides the smell and taste) have, or shoi 
 have I'eason, experience, and the aids of natural philosophy to be th 
 guides in this matter. We have heard of plants that (like the Basilis 
 kill and infect by looking on them only J; and some by the touc 
 The truth is, there's need of all the senses to determine analdgical 
 concerning the vertues and properties even of the leaves alone of mai 
 
 * Cowley. 
 
 Ov^' ciray h fUiXcix^ te ko,] ar^oSeTuii lily' ovEisg 
 
 Kpu'it'*''"; yotp e;^ouo-» 6eo\ Sim avSjaiffoio-i. — Hesiod. Opera et Dies. Vi 1 1, 
 t Concerning this of insects, see Mr. Ray's Hist. Plant, lib, i. cap. 24. " 
 } The poyson'd weeds. " I have seen a man who was so poyson'd with it, that the skin pee 
 off hie fece, and yet he never touch'd it, onely looked on it as he pass'd by." Mr. Stafford, Phi] 
 Transact, vol. III. num. xl. p. 794. 
 
 5 £ 
 
762 
 
 edule plants. The most eminent principles of near the whole tribe of 
 sallet vegetables inclining rather to acid and sowre than to any other 
 quality, especially salt, sweet or luscious. There is therefore skill and 
 judgment required how to suit and mingle our sallet ingredients so as 
 may best agree with the constitution of the (vulgarly reputed) humors 
 of. those who either stand in need of, or affect these refreshments, and 
 by so adjusting them, that as nothing should besufFer'd to domineer, so 
 should none of them lose their genuine gijst, savour, or vertue. To 
 this end, 
 
 The cooler, and moderately refreshing, should be chosen to extinguish 
 t^hirst, attemper the blood, repress vapours, &c. 
 
 . The hot, dry, -aromatic, cordial and friendly to the brain, may be qua- 
 lify'd by the cold and moist : the bitter and Sitpmachical, with the sub- 
 acid and gentler herbs: the mordicant and pungent, and such as repress 
 ^r discuss flatulency, revive the spii^its, and aid concoction, with such as 
 abate and take off the keenness, mollify and reconcile the more harsh 
 and churlish : the mild and insipid, animated w^t^i piquaqt and brisk : 
 the astringent and binders, with such, as are laxative and deobstruct ; 
 the over-sluggish, raw, and unactive, with those that q.re eupeptic and 
 promote concoction. There are peqtoral^ for the breast aijd bowels. 
 Those of middle nature, according as they appear to be more or less 
 specific, and as their characters (tho' briefly) are describ'd in our fore- 
 going catalogue j for notwithstanding it seem in general that raw sal- 
 lets and herbs have experiroeptaHy been found to be the mo^t soveraign 
 diet in that endemial (and indeed with us epidemical and almost uni- 
 versal) contagion the scorbute, to which we of this nation, and most 
 other islanders, are obnoxious ; yet, since the nasturtia are singly, and 
 alone as it were, the most effectual and powerful agents in conquering 
 and expugning that cruel enemy, it were enough to give the sallet- 
 dresser direction how to choose, mingle, and proportion his ingredients, 
 as well as to shew what remedies there are contain'd in our magazine of 
 sallet-plants upon all occasions, rightly marshal'd and skilfiilly apply'd. 
 So as (with our sweet Cowley *), 
 
 * Cowley's Garden, stanza 8, somewhat altered by Evelyn. 
 
763 
 
 If thro' the strong and beauteous fence 
 
 Of temperance and of innocence, 
 
 And wholsome labours, and a quiet mind, 
 Diseases passage find ; 
 They must not think here to assail 
 
 A land unarm'd, or without guard, 
 
 They must fight for it, and dispute it hard, 
 Before they can prevail ; 
 
 Scarce any plant is used here 
 
 Which 'gainst some aile a weapon does not bear. 
 We have said how necessary it is, that in the composure of a sallet 
 every plant should come in to bear its part, without being-overpower'd 
 by some herb of a stronger taste, so as to endanger the native sapor and 
 vertue of the rest, but fall into their places, like the notes in music, iri 
 which there should be nothing harsh or grating: and tho' admitting 
 some discords (to distinguish and illustrate the rest) striking in the 
 more sprightly, and sometimes gentler notes, reconcile all dissonancies, 
 and melt them into an agreeable composition. Thus the comical mas- 
 ter-cook, introduc'd by Damoxenus, when asked wSg e<rriv aCrois avu(povia, 
 (what harmony there was in meats ?) the very same (says he) that a 
 diatessaron, dic^ente, and diapason have one to another in a consert of 
 music; and that there was as great care requir'd not to mingle sapores 
 minime consentientes *, jarring and repugnant tastes, looking upon him 
 as a lamentable ignorant who should be no better vers'd in Democritus, 
 The whole scene is very diverting, as Athenseus presents it ; and to the 
 same sense Macrobius, Saturn, lib. 1, cap. 1. In short, the main skill 
 of the artist lies in this : 
 
 * Sapores minime consentientes k«,\ <TU]ji,irXix.oitims oux^ <rvii.(puiaui; a^it: hftc despicere ingeniosi 
 est artificis : neither did the artist mingle his provisions without extraordinary study and conside- 
 ration : 'Axx»^ /iJfaj vavra Katd <nfi.^'mlat. Horum singulis seorsum assumptis, tu expedito : sic 
 
 ego tanquam oraculo jubeo. Itaque literarum ignarum coqUum, tu cum videris, & qui Demo- 
 
 criti scripta omnia non perlegerit, vel potius, impromptu non habeat, eum deride ut futilem : ac 
 ilium mercede conducito, qui Epicuri canonem usu plane- didicerit, &c. as it follows in the Gastro- 
 nomia of Archestratus^ Athen. lib. xxiii. Such another braggadocio cook Horace describes^ 
 Nee sibi coenarum quivis temerb arroget artem, 
 Non prius exacts tenui ratione saporum. — Sat. lib. ii. sat. 4. 
 
764 
 
 What choice to choose, for delicacy best ; 
 What order, so contriv'd as not to mix 
 Tastes not well j bin' d, inelegant, but bring 
 Taste after taste, upheld by kindliest change. 
 
 As our Paradisian Bard * introduces Eve, dressing of a sallet for her 
 angelical guest. 
 
 Thus, by the discreet choice and mixture of the oxoleou (oyl, vine^ 
 gar, salt, &c.) the composition is perfect, so as neithef the prodigal, 
 niggard, nor insipid, should (according to the Italian rule) prescribe, in 
 my opinion; since one maybe too profuse, the other over-saving f, and 
 the third (like himself) give it no relish at all : it may be too sharp, if 
 it exceed a grateful acid; too ins;ulse and flat, if the profusion be ex- 
 tream. From all which it appears, that a. wise man is the proper com- 
 poser of an excelleiit sallet, arid, how many transcendencies belong to an 
 aceomplish'd sallet-dresser, so as to emerge an exact critic indfeed. He 
 should be skill'd in the degrees, terms, and various species of tastes, ac- 
 cording to the scheme set us down in the. tables of .the learned Dr. 
 Grew J, to which I refer the. curious. . , 
 
 'Tis moreover to be consider'd,. that edule plants are not in all their 
 tastes and yertues alike : for as Providence has made us to consist of 
 diflferent parts ancl members, both internal and external, so require they 
 different juices to, nourish and supply them: wherefore, the foirce and 
 activity of ^oxne plants lie in the root ; and even the leaves of some bit- 
 ter roots are sweet, and ^ contra: of others in. the stem, leaves,. buds, 
 flowers, &c. Some exert their vigour without decoction ; others, being 
 a little press'd or contus'd ; others again, raw, and best in consort ; 
 some alone, and per se, without any (rxsvourici, preparation, or mixture at 
 all. ~ Care, therefore, must be taken by the collector, that ,what he ga- 
 thers answer to these qualities,, and that as near as he can, they consist 
 (I speak of the cruder salleting) of the oluscula, and exfoliis pubescen- 
 
 * Milton's Paradise Lost, book v. 1. 333, 
 
 t —Qui 
 
 Tingat olus siccum muri^ vafer in calice empt&. 
 Ipse sacrum irrorans piper. — Pers. sat. vi. 
 J Dr. Grew, Lecture vi. chap. 3, 3, read before the Royal Society. 
 
765 
 
 ibm, or (as Martial calls them) prototomi rudes*, and very teuclerest 
 arts, ^erms, young buds, and even first rudiments of their several 
 ilants ; such as we sometimes find in the craws of the wood-culver, 
 tock-dove, partridge,' pheasants, and other upland fowl, where we have 
 natural sallet, pick'd, arid almost dress'd to our hands. 
 
 I. Preparatory to the dressing therefore, let your herby ingredients 
 le exquisitely cull'd, and cleans'd of all worm-eaten, slimy, canker'd, 
 ry, spotted, or any ways vitiated leaves. And then, that they be rather 
 iscreetly sprinkl'd, than over-much soaked with sprhig- water, especially 
 ittuce, whicli Dr. Muffet^ thinks impairs their vertue"; but this, I sup- 
 ose he means of the cabbage-kind, whose heads are sufiiciently pro- 
 2cted by the outer leaves which cover it.' After washing, let them re- 
 aain a while in the cullender, to drain the superfluous moisture : and 
 istly, swing them altogether gently in a clean course napkin, and so 
 tiey will be in perfect condition to receive the intinctus following. ' 
 
 II. That the oyl, an ingredient so indispensib'y and highly necessary 
 s to have obtain'd the name of ciharium (and with us of sallet-oyl) be 
 ery clean, not high-coldur'd, nor yellow, but' with an eye rather of ,e^ 
 allid olive greien, without smell, or the least touch of rancid, or indeed 
 f any other sensible taste or scent at, all; but smooth, light, and plea- 
 int upon the tongue, such as the genuine bmphacine, and native Lucca 
 lives afford, fit to allay the tartness of vinegar and other acids,- yet 
 ently to warm and humectate where it passes. Some who have an 
 *rersion to oyl substitute fresh butter in its stead; but 'tis so' exceedingly 
 logging to the stomach as by no means to be allpw'd. 
 
 III. That the vinegar, and other liquid iacids, perfectly clear, nei- 
 ler sowre, vapid, or spent, be of the best wine vinegar, whether dia- 
 ll'd, or otherwise aromatiz'd, and impregnated with the infusion of 
 love-gillyflowers, elder, roses, rosemary, nasturtium, &c. inrich'd with 
 levertues of the plant. 
 
 A verjuice not unfit for sallet is made by a grape of that name, or the 
 reen immatur6'clusters of most othier grapes, press'd, and put into a 
 nail vessel to ferment. 
 
 * Epigram, lib. x. 48. ver. 17. , , t Muffet, de Diteta^ c. 23. 
 
766 
 
 IV. That the salt (aliorum condimentorum condimentum, as Plu- 
 tarch calls it), detersive, penetrating, quickning (and so great a re- 
 sister of putrefaction, and universal use, as to have sometitti€# merited 
 divine epithets), be of the brightest bay-salt, moderately dried and con- 
 tus'd, as being the least corrosive : but of this, as of sugar also, which 
 some mingle with the salt (as warming without heating), if perfectly 
 refin'd, there would be no great difficulty, provided none, save ladies, 
 were of the mess ; whilst the perfection of sallets, and that which gives 
 them the name, consists in the grateful saline acid point, temper'd as is 
 directed, and which we find to be most esteem'd by judicious palates. 
 Some, in the mean time, have been so nice and luxuriously curious as 
 for the heightning, and (as they aflFect to speak) giving the utmost 
 poignant and relevde, in lieu of our vulgar salt, to recommend and cry 
 up the essential salts and spirits of the mdst sanative vegetables, or such 
 of the alcalizate and fixt, extracted from the cakination of haulm, rose- 
 mary, Wormwood, scurvy-»grass, &c. affirming, that without the gross 
 plant we"' might have healing, cooling, generous, and refreshing cordials, 
 and all the materia medica, out of tVie salt-cellar only. But, to say no 
 more of this impertinence as to salt of vegetables, many indeed there be 
 who reckon them not much unlike in operation, however different in 
 taste, crystals, and figure ; it being a question whether they at all retain 
 the virtues and faculties of their simples, unless they could be made 
 without calcination. Franciscus Redi gives us his opinion of this, in a 
 process how they are to be prepar'd ; and so does our learned Doctor * 
 (whom we lately nam'd), whether lixivial, essential, marine, or other 
 factitious salts of plants, with their qualities, and how they differ. But 
 since 'tis thought all fixed salts, made the common way, are little bettei: 
 than our common salt, let it suffice, that our sallet-salt be of the best 
 ordinary bay-salt, clean, bright, dry, and without clamminess. 
 
 Of sugar (by some call'd Indian salt), as it is rarely us'd in sallet, it 
 should be of the best refined, white, hard, close, yet light and sweet as 
 the Madeiras ; nourishing, preserving, cleansing, delighting the taste, 
 and preferable.to honey for most uses. — ^Note, That both this, salt, and 
 
 * Dr. Grew, Anat. Plant, lib. 1. sect. iv. cap. 1, &c. See also Phil. Transact, num. 107. vol. ix. 
 
7Q7 
 
 vinegar, are to be proportipn'd to the constitution, as well as what is 
 said of the plants themselves ; the one fof cold, the other forhotsto- 
 machs. 
 
 V. That the mustard (another i. noble, ingredient) be of the best 
 Tewksbury, or else compos'd of the soundest and weightiest Yorkshire 
 seed, exquisitely sifted, winnow'd, and freed from the husks, a little, not 
 over-much) dry'd by the fire, temper'd to the consistence of a pap with 
 vinegar, in which shavings of the horse-radish have been steep'd ; then, 
 cutting an onion, and putting it into a small earthen gally^pot, or some 
 thick glass of that shape, pour the mustard over it, and close it very 
 well with a cork. There be who preserve the flower and dust of the< 
 bruised seed in a well-stopped glass, to temper, and have it fresh when 
 they please. But what is yet by some esteem'd beyond all these is 
 compos'd of the dried seeds of the Indian nasturtium, reduc'd to powder, 
 fi,nely bolted, and mixt with a little levain, and so from time to time 
 made fresh, as indeed all other mustard should be. 
 
 Note, That the seeds are pounded in a mortar, or bruis'd with a po- 
 lish'd cannon "bullet, in a large wooden bowl-dishj or, which is most 
 preferr'd, ground in a quern contriv'd for this purpose only. 
 
 VI. That the pepper (white or black) be not bruis'd to too small 
 a dust, which, as we caution'd, is very prejudicial. And here let 
 me mention the root of the minor pimpinella, or small burnet saxifrage, 
 which, being dried, is by some extpU'd beyond all other peppers, and 
 more wholsom. 
 
 Of other strewings and aromatizers which may likewise be admitted 
 to inrich our sallet we have already spoken, where we mention orange 
 and limon peel ; to which may also be added, Jamaica-pepper, juniper- 
 berries, &c. as of singular vertue. 
 
 Nor here should I omit (the mentioning at least of) s^flfron, which 
 the German housewives have a way of forming into balls, by mingling it 
 with a little honey, which, throughly dried, they reduce to powder, and 
 sprinkle it over their sallets for a noble cordial. Those of Spain and 
 Italy, we know, generally make use of this flower, mingling its golden 
 tincture with almost every thing they eat ; but its being so apt to preyail 
 above every thing with which 'tis blended, we little incourage its ad- 
 mittance into our sallet. ^ 
 
768 
 
 VII. That there be the yolks of fresh and new-laid eggs, boil'd 
 derate] y hard, to be mingl'd and mash'd with the mustarc^,;; oyl, 
 vinegar; and part to cut into quarters, and eat with the herbs. 
 
 VIII. That the knife with which the sallet herbs are cut, ace 
 ing to the super-curious. (^especially oranges, limons, &c.), be of si] 
 and by no means of steel, which all acids are apt to corrode, and re 
 a metalic relish of. 
 
 IX. Ninthly and lastly, that the saladiere (sallet-dishes), be of 
 celane, or of the Holland delft- ware ; neither too deep nor shalloWj 
 cording to the quantity of the sallet ingredients ; pewter, or even si] 
 not at all so well agreeing with oyl and vinegar, which leave their s 
 ral tinctures. And note, that there ought to be one of this dishe 
 which to beat and mingle the liquid vehicles ; and a second to rec 
 the crude herbs in, upon v^hich they are to be pour'd ;..and then wi 
 fork and spoon kept continually stirr'd, till all the furniture be eqt 
 moisten'd. Some, who are husbands of their oyl, pour at first the 
 alone, as more apt to communicate and diffuse its slipperiness, \ 
 when it is mingled and beaten with the acids, which, they pour on las 
 all ; and 'tis incredible how small a quantity of oyl (in this quality 
 the gilding of wyer) is sufficient to imbue a very plentiful assembl; 
 sallet-herbs. . . ' 
 
 The sallet;-gatherer likewise should be provided with a light and ne 
 made withy Dutch basket, divided into several partitions. 
 
 Thus instructed and knowing in the apparatus, the species, pro] 
 tions, and manner of dressing, according to the several seasons, 
 have in the following table. 
 
 It being one of the inquiries of the noble Mr. Boyle *, whfit h 
 were proper and fit to make sallets with, and how best to order th< 
 we have here (by the assistance of Mr. London, his Majesty's princ 
 gardtier) reduc'd them to a competent number, not exceeding thi 
 five, but which may be vary'd and inlarg'd, by taking-in, or leaving 
 any other sallet-plant mention'd in the foregoing list, under these tl 
 or four heads. 
 
 * Philosoph. Transact, vol. Ill, num. xl. p. 799. 
 
769 
 
 But all these sorts are not to be had at the very same time, and there- 
 fore we have divided them into the Quarterly Seasons, each containing 
 and lasting three months. 
 
 Note, That by parts is to be understood a pugil; which is no more 
 than one does usually take up between the thumb and the two next fin- 
 gers, ^y fascicule a reasonable full grip, or hatidful. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Ordering and Culture. 
 
 Blanch' d. 
 
 Tied-up to blanch. 
 
 1. Endive, 
 
 2. Cichoi-y, 
 
 3. Sellery; 
 
 4. Sweet-1 
 
 5. Rampi( — , _ , , , 
 
 6. Roman -\ /■ Tied-up to blanch. 
 
 a SiTesLi fLettuce, ^ xied closfe np. 
 
 9. Cabbage J \.pome and blanch of themselves. 
 
 ^fennel, \ Earth'd-up. 
 ions, J 
 
 Green Unblanch'd. 
 
 10. Lob-lettuce, 
 H. Corn-Sallet, 
 J 2. Purslane, 
 
 13. Cresses, broad, 
 
 14. Spinach, curl'd, 
 
 15. Sorrel, French, 
 
 16. Sorrel, Greenland, 
 
 17. Radish, 
 
 18. Cresses, 
 
 19. Turnep,^ 
 
 20. Mustard, 
 
 21. Scurvy-grass, 
 
 22. Chervil, 
 
 23. Burnet, 
 
 24. Rocket, Spanish, 
 
 25. Persly, 
 
 26. Tarragon, 
 
 27. Mints, 
 
 28. Sampler, 
 
 29. Balm, 
 
 30. Sage, Red, 
 
 31. Shalots, 
 
 32. Cives and Onion, 
 33; Nasturtium, Indian, 
 34.' Rampion, Belgrade, 
 35. Trip-madame, 
 
 > Leaves, all of a middling size. 
 
 J Seed-leaves, and the next to them. 
 
 7 The fine young leaves only, with the first 
 3 shoots. 
 
 Only the tender young leaves. 
 
 The seed-leaves, and those only next them. 
 
 } 
 } 
 
 The seed-leaves only. 
 
 The young leaves immfediately after the 
 seedlings. 
 
 I The tender shoots and tops. 
 
 >The young tender leaves and shoots, 
 
 i?The tender young leaves. 
 
 The flowrers and bud-flowers. 
 ? The seed-leaves and young tops. 
 
 5 F 
 
770 
 
 onth. 
 
 Ordering 
 
 and 
 Culture. 
 
 Species. 
 
 Proportion. 
 
 Month. 
 
 Ordering 
 
 and 
 Culture. 
 
 Species. * 
 
 Proportior 
 
 an. 
 
 •eb. 
 
 fRampions, 
 
 _, , , , Endive, 
 Blanch d, J g^^^^^ 
 
 as before. > — -■' 
 
 nd 
 
 arch. 
 
 Green 
 and un- « 
 blanch'd," 
 
 ri'O 
 I 2 
 
 < 5 
 
 Fennel, sweet, | 10 
 Sellery, 
 
 "Lamb-lettuce, 
 Lob-lettuce, 
 Radish, 
 Cresses, 
 Turneps, 
 Mustard Seed 
 
 lings. 
 Scurvy-grass, 
 Spinach, 
 Sorrel, Green-' 
 
 land. 
 Sorrel, French, 
 Chervill,sweet, 
 Burnet, 
 Rocket, 
 
 Roots in 
 
 number. 
 
 j-Apugilofeach 
 [•.Three parts ea 
 
 ■} 
 
 Of each one 
 part. 
 
 Two parts. 
 
 !>One part of ea. 
 
 Tarragon, 
 
 Balm, 
 
 Mint, 
 
 Sampler, 
 
 Shalots, 
 
 Gives, 
 
 {Twenty large 
 leaves. 
 
 I One small part 
 J of each. 
 
 > Very few. 
 
 Cahhap-P Win- f^'^" P"Sils or 
 Cabbage, Wm- I ^^^^^ ^^^^ 
 
 ^^'' \ fuls. 
 
 pril. 
 
 Jay, 
 
 nd 
 
 rLop» 
 
 Silesian 
 Blanch'd •( winter 
 E.oman 
 
 winter 
 Radishes, 
 Cresses, 
 
 . Green 
 "^ herbs un 
 
 blanch'd. 
 
 Note, 
 That the 
 Lyoung 
 
 }{ 
 
 ^ i Of each a 
 ( pugil. 
 
 ■^ Purselan, 
 
 Sorrel, French, 
 .Sampler, 
 
 {■ 
 
 Three parts. 
 
 Two parts, 
 fasciat, or 
 pretty full 
 gripe. 
 
 Two parts. 
 
 One part. 
 
 June. 
 
 "seedling, 
 leaves of 
 Orange & 
 Limon 
 
 . may all 
 "^ these 
 monthsbe 
 mingled 
 with the 
 
 LSallet. 
 
 "Onions, young, Six parts. 
 Sage-tops, red. Two parts 
 Persley, T 
 
 Cressesjlndian 
 Lettuce, Bel- 
 grade, 
 Trip-madame, 
 Chervil, sweet 
 Burnet, 
 
 
 Of each oi 
 part. 
 
 Two parts. 
 
 July, 
 Aug. 
 and 
 
 Sept. 
 
 "Blanch'd, 
 and may 
 be eaten 
 by them- 
 selves with 
 some Nas- 
 turtium- • 
 flowers. 
 
 Green 
 herbs by ■< 
 them- 
 selves, or 
 mingl'd 
 with the 
 .blanch'd. 
 
 "1 One whole L 
 I tuce. 
 
 } 
 
 Two parts. 
 
 "Silesian Let- 
 tuce, 
 Roman LiCt- 
 
 tuce. 
 Cress, 
 .Cabbage, 
 "Cresses, 
 Nasturtium, 
 Purslane, 
 Lop-lettuce, 
 Belgrade, or 
 
 Crumpen-let 
 
 tuce. 
 
 Tarragon, One part. 
 
 Sorrel, French,"! Two parts 
 Burnet, J each. 
 
 .Trip-madame, One part. 
 
 Four parts, 
 
 1 * 
 
 > Two parts. 
 
 l One part. 
 
 -} 
 
 Two parts. 
 
 Oct. 
 
 Nov. 
 
 and 
 
 Decem. 
 
 Blanch'd 
 
 fTwo if larj 
 
 Endive, 
 Sellery, 
 
 Green < 
 
 four if sm£ 
 stalk and p 
 of the roc 
 and tender 
 L leaves. 
 Lop-lettuce, •> An handful 
 Lambs-lettuce, J each. 
 Radish, Three parts. 
 
 _Cresses, Two partg. 
 
 Turneps, "j 
 
 Mustard Seed- >One part of i 
 lings, - J 
 j Cresses, broad,"! Two parts i 
 LSpinach, J each. 
 
771 
 
 FURTHER DIRECTIONS CONCERNING THE PROPER SEASONS FOR THE 
 GATHERING, COMPOSING, AND DRESSING OF A SALLET. 
 
 And first, as to the season, both plants and roots are then properly 
 to be gather'd, and in prime when most they abound with juice and in 
 vigour. Some in the spring, or a little anticipating it before they 
 blossom, or are in full flower. Some in the autumnal months ; which 
 later season many preferr, the sap of the herb, tho' not in such exu- 
 berance, yet as being then better concocted, and so render'd fit for sal- 
 leting, 'till the spring begins afresh to put forth new and tender shoots 
 and leaves. 
 
 This, indeed, as to the root, newly taken out of the ground is true ; 
 and therefore should such have their germination stopt the sooner. The 
 approaching and prevailing cold, both maturing and impregnating them; 
 as does heat the contrary, which now would but exhaust them. But 
 for those other esculents and herbs imploy'd in our composition of sal- 
 lets, the early spring, and ensuing months (till they begin to mount, 
 and prepare to seed) is certainly the most natural, and kindly season to 
 collect and accommodate them for the table. Let none then consult 
 Culpeper, or the Jigure-Jlingers, to inform them when the governing 
 planet is in its exaltation ; but look upon the plants themselves, and 
 judge of their vertues by their own complexions. 
 
 Moreover, in gathering, respect is to" be had to their proportions, as 
 provided for in the Table under that head, be the quality whatsoever. 
 For tho' there is, indeed, nothing more wholsome than lettuce and 
 mustard for the head and eyes ; yet either of them eaten in excess, were 
 highly prejudicial to them both. Too much of the first extreamly de- 
 bilitating and weakning the ventricle, and hastning the further decay 
 of sickly te6th : and of the secpnd, the optic nerves, and sight itself; 
 the like may be said of all the rest. I conceive, therefore, a prudent 
 person, well acquainted with the nature and properties of sallet-herbs, 
 &c. to be both the fittest gatherer and composer too ; which yet will 
 
772 
 
 require no great cunning, after once he is acquainted with our table and 
 catalogue. 
 
 We purposely, and in transitu only, take notice here of the pickl'd, 
 muriated, or otherwise prepared herbs ; excepting some such plants, 
 and proportions of them, as are of hard digestion, and not fit to be eaten 
 altogether crude (of which in the Appendix), and among which I reckon 
 ash-keys, broom-buds and pods, haricos, gutkems, olives, capers, the 
 buds and seeds of nasturtia, young wall-nuts, pine-apples, eringo, cher- 
 ries, cornelians, berberries, &c. together with several stalks, roots, and 
 fruits ; ordinary pot-herbs, anis, cistus hortorum, horminum, pulegium, 
 Satureia, thyme ; the intire family of pulse and legumena ; or other 
 sauces, pies, tarts, omlets, tansie, farces, &e. condites and preserves 
 with sugar, by the hand of ladies ; tho' they are all of them the genuine 
 production of the garden, and mention'd in our kalendar, together with 
 their culture ; whilst we confine our selves to such plants and esculeuta 
 as we find at hand ; delight our selves to gather, and are easily prepar'd 
 for an extemporary collation, or to usher in and accompany other (more 
 solid tho' haply not more agreeable) dishes, is the custom. 
 
 But there now starts up a question, whether it were better, or more 
 proper, to begin with sallets, or end and conclude with them ? Some 
 think the harder meats should first be eaten for better concoction; 
 others, those of easiest digestion, to make way and prevent obstruction ; 
 and this makes for our sallets, horarii, and fugaces fructus (as they 
 call 'em), to be eaten first of all, as agreeable to the generaL opinion of 
 the great Hippocrates, and Galen, and of Celsus before him. And 
 therefore the French do well to begin with their herbaceous pottage, 
 and for the cruder, a reason is given : 
 
 Prima tibi dabitur ventri lactuca movendo 
 
 Utilis, & Poris fila resecta suis *. 
 
 And tho' this custom came in about Domltlan's tlme-f-, o fji.ev dmtoCioi, 
 they anciently did quite the contrary, 
 
 Gratdque nobilium lactuca ciborum :}:. 
 
 * Mart. Epig. lib, xi. 39. 
 
 f Athen. 1. 2. Of which change of diet, see Plut. iv. Sympoa, 9. Plinii, Epist, 1. ad Eretrium. 
 
 X Virg. Moreta 
 
But of later times, they were constant at the ante-coenia, eating plen- 
 tifully of sallet, especially of lettuce, and more refrigerating herbs. Nor 
 without cause. For drinking liberally, they were found to expell and 
 allay the fumes and vapors of the genial compotation, the spirituous 
 liquor gently conciliating sleep. Besides, that being of a crude nature, 
 more dispos'd and apt to fluctuate, corrupt, and disturb a surcharg'd 
 stomach, they thought convenient to begin with sallets, and innovate 
 the ancient usage. 
 
 Nam lactuca innatat acri 
 
 Post vinum stomacho * 
 
 For if on drinking wine you lettuce eat, 
 It floats upon the stomach 
 
 The Spaniards, notwithstanding, eat but sparingly of herbs at dinner, 
 especially lettuce, beginning with fruit, even before the olio and hot- 
 meats come to the table ; drinking their wine pure, and eating the best 
 bread in the world ; so as it seems the question still remains undecided 
 with them, 
 
 Claudere quse ccenas lactuca solebat avorum, 
 Die mihi, cur nostras inchoat ilia dapes? "I- 
 
 The sallet, which of old came in at last. 
 Why now with it begin we our repast ? 
 
 And now since we mention'd fruit, there rises another scruple : 
 Whether apples, pears, abricots, cherries, plums, and other tree, and 
 ort-yard-fruit, are to be reckon'd among salleting ; and when likewise 
 most seasonably to be eaten ? But as none of these do properly belong 
 to our catalogue of herbs and plants, to which this discourse is confin'd 
 (besides what we may occasionally speak of hereafter), there is a very 
 useful treatise J on that subject already publish'd. We hasten then in 
 the next place to the dressing and composing of our sallet. For by this 
 
 * Hor. Sat. lib. ii. Sat. 4. t Mart. Epigr. lib. xiii. Ep. 14. 
 
 + Concerning the use of fruit (besides many others) whether best to be eaten before or after 
 meals? published by a physician of Rochelle, and render'd out of French into English. Printed 
 by T. Basnet, in Fleet-street, 
 
■//4 
 
 time, our scholar may long to see the rules reduc'd to practice, and re- 
 fresh himself with what he finds growing among his own lactuceta, and 
 other beds of the kitchin-garden. 
 
 DRESSING. 
 
 I am not ambitious of being thought an excellent cook, or of those 
 who set up and value themselves for their skill in sauces ; such as was 
 Mithacus a culinary philosopher, and other erudites gulce, who read 
 lectures of hautgouts, like the Archestratus in Athenseus. Tho' after 
 what we find the heroes did of old, and see them chining out the slaugh- 
 ter'd ox, dressing the meat, and do the offices of both cook and butcher, 
 (for so Homer * represents Achilles himself, and the rest of those illus- 
 trious Greeks} I say, after this, let none reproach our sallet-dresser, or 
 disdain so clean, innocent, sweet, and natural a quality ; compar'd with 
 the shambles, filth, and nidor, blood and cruelty; whilst all the world 
 were eaters and composers of sallets in Its best and brightest age. 
 
 The ingredients therefore gather'd and proportion'd, as above ; let 
 the endive have all its outside leaves stripp'd off, slicing in the white. 
 In like manner the sellery is also to have the hollow green stem or stalk 
 trimm'd and divided ; slicing in the blanched part, and cutting tne root 
 into four equal parts. 
 
 Lettuce, cresses, radish, &c. (as was directed) must be exquisitely 
 pick'd, cleans'd, wash'd, and put into the strainer ; swing'd, and shaken 
 gently, and, if you please, separately, or all together ; because some like 
 not so well the blanch'd and bitter herbs, if eaten with the rest. Others 
 mingle endive succory, and ramplons, without distinction, and generally 
 eat sellery by it self, as also sweet fennel. 
 
 From April till September (and during all the hot months) may 
 Gulnny-pepper and horse-radish be left out ; and therefore we only men- 
 tion them in the dressing, which should be in this manner : 
 
 Your herbs being handsomly parcell'd, and spread on a clean napkin 
 before you, are to be mingl'd together in one of the earthen glaz'd dishes. 
 Then, for the Oxoleon ; take of clear, and perfectly good oyl-oHve, three 
 
 * Achilles, Fatroclus, Automedon. Iliad ix. et alibi. 
 
parts ; of sharpest vinegar (sweetest of all condiments *), limon, or 
 juice of orange, one part ; and therein let steep some slices of horse- 
 radish, with a little salt. Some in a separate vinegar, gently bruise a 
 pod of Guinny-pepper, straining both the vinegars apart, to make use of 
 either, or one alone, or of both, as they best like ; then add as much 
 Tewkesbury, or other dry mustard grated, as will lie upon an half-crown 
 piece. Beat and mingle all these very well together; but pour not on 
 the oyl and vinegar 'till immediately before the sallet is ready to be 
 eaten ; and then with the yolk of two new-laid eggs (boyl'd and pre- 
 par'd,. as before is taught) squash and bruise them all into mash with a 
 spoon ; and lastly, pour it all upon the herbs, stirring and mingling 
 them 'till they are well and throughly imbib'd ; not forgetting the 
 sprinkling of aromaticks, and such flowers as we have already men- 
 tioned, if you think fit, and garnishing the dish with the thin slices of 
 horse-radish, red beet, berberries, &c. 
 
 Note, That the liquids may he made more or less acid, as is most 
 agreeable to your taste. 
 
 These rules and prescriptions duly observ'd, you have a sallet (for 
 a table of six or eight persons) dress'd and accommodated, se- 
 cundum artem. For, as the -j- proverb has it, 
 
 'Ou "sruvTog uv^pog Iqtv apTU<ra< TcaXug. 
 Non est cujusvis rect^ condire. 
 
 And now, after all we have advanc'd in favour of the herbaceous 
 diet, there still emerges a third inquiry ; namely. Whether the use of 
 crude herbs and plants are so wholesom as is pretended ? 
 
 What opinion the prince of physicians had of them, we shall see 
 hereafter ; as also what the sacred Records of elder times seem to^, infer, 
 before there were any flesh-shambles in the world ; together with the 
 reports of such as are often conversant among many nations and people, 
 who to this day, living on herbs and roots, arrive to incredible age, in 
 
 * For so some pronounce it. V. Athenaeum, Deip. Lib. ii. cap. ?6. i'Joj quasi d'SuVjuk, perhaps 
 for that it incites appetite, and causes hunger, which is the best sauce, 
 t Gratinus in Glauco. 
 
7tQ 
 
 constant health and vigour : which, whether attributable to the air and 
 cUmate, custom, constitution, &c. should be inquir'd into ; especially, 
 when we compare the antediluvians mention'd. Gen. i. 29. — the whole 
 fifth and ninth chapters, ver. 3. confining them to fruit and wholesom 
 sallets. I deny not that both the air and earth might then be less hu- 
 mid and clammy, and consequently plants and herbs better fermented, 
 concocted, and less rheumatick, than since, and presently after; to say 
 nothing of the infinite numbers of putrid carcasses of dead animals, 
 perishing in the Flood (of which I find few, if any, have taken notice), 
 which needs must have corrupted the air. Those who live in marshes 
 and uliginous places (like the Hundreds of Essex) being more obnoxi- 
 ous to fevers, agues, pleurisies, and generally unhealthful. The earth 
 also then a very bog, compar'd with what it likely was before that de- 
 structive cataclysm, when men breath'd the pure Paradisian air, sucking 
 in a more sethereal, nourishing, and baulmy pabulum, so foully vitiated 
 now, thro' the intemperance, luxury, and softer education and effeminacy 
 of the ages since. 
 
 Custom and constitution come next to be examin'd, together with the 
 qualities and vertue of the food ; and I confess, the two first, especially 
 that of constitution, seems to me the more likely cause of health, and 
 consequently of long-life ; which induc'd me "to consider of what quality 
 the usual sallet furniture did more eminently consist, that so it might 
 become more safely applicable to the temper, humour, and disposition of 
 our bodies ; according to which, the various mixtures might be regu- 
 lated and proportion'd. There's no doubt, but those whose constitu- 
 tions are cold and moist, are naturally affected with things which are 
 hot and dry ; as on the contrary, hot and dry complexions, with such as 
 cool and refrigerate ; which perhaps made the junior Gordlan (and 
 others like him) prefer \\\efrigidce mensce (as of old they call'd sallets) 
 which, according to Cornelius Celsus, is the fittest diet for obese and 
 corpulent persons, as not so nutritive, and apt to pamper. And conse- 
 quently, that for the cold, lean, and emaciated, such herby Ingredients 
 should be made choice of as warm and cherish the natural heat, depure 
 the blood, breed a laudable juice, and revive the spirits ; and therefore 
 
777 
 
 iqrd Bacon* shevvfi what are best raw," what boil'd, and what parts 
 ints fittest to ilourish. Galen, indeed,'*seems to exclude them all, 
 s well accompanied with their due correctivesj, of which we have 
 care. Notwithstanding, yet^ that even the most crude and herby, 
 lly cold and weak, may potentially be hot and sfrengjthningi as we 
 n the liiost vigorous animals, <whos^ food is only grass. , 'Tis true, 
 tl, nature lias providentially mingl'd and dressl'd a sallet for them 
 ;ry field, besides what they distinguish by smell ; nor question I, 
 lan at first knew what plants and fruits weregood, before the fall, 
 i natural sagacity, and not' experience ; which since, by art ^nd 
 and long observation of their properties and effects, thev hardly 
 jr. But in all events, supposing with Cardan f, that plants nou- 
 ittle, they hurt as little. Nay, experience tells , us that they not 
 lurt not at all, but exceedingly benefit those who use them; in- 
 is they are with such admii'able properties as they every, day disco- 
 For some plants not only nourish laudably, but induce a manifest 
 holesome change ; as onions, garlick, rochet, &c. which are both 
 ive and warm; lettuce, purselan, the intybs, &c. and indeed most 
 olera, refresh and cool. And as their respective juices being con- 
 . into the substances of' our bodies,! they become aliment; so in 
 I of their fchange and alteration, we may allow them medicinal ; 
 ally the greater numbers, ' among' which we all this* while have 
 lut of very few (not only in the' vegetable' kingdom^ but; in the 
 Materia Medical which may be justly call'd infallible specifics, 
 3on whose performance we may as safely depend, as we may on 
 s we familiarly use for a crude herb-sallet, discreetly chosen, mingl'd 
 ess'd accordingly. Not but that many of them may be iraprov'd 
 nder'd better in .broths and decoctions, tlian in oyl, vinegar, and 
 iquidsand ingredients : but as this holds not In all, nay, perhaps 
 comparatively (provided, as I said, the choice, mixtui-e, constitu- 
 
 . Hist. cent. vii. 630. See Arist. Prob.- sect. xx. qusest. 36. Why some fruits and plants 
 aw, otiiers boil'd, roasteilj.&c. as becbining sweeter ; but the crude more sapid, and grateful. 
 1, Contradicent. Med. 1. iv. Cant. IS. Diphilus not at all. Athenseus. 
 
 5 G 
 
778 
 
 tion and season rightly understood) we stand up iri defence iand Vihdtca- 
 tion of our sallet against all attacks iand opposers whoever. 
 
 We have mentioned season, and with the gffeaf Hippocrates proribuHde 
 tKem more proper for the summer than the winttir,' and when those 
 parts of plants us'd in sallet are yet tender, delicatei, and impregnated 
 with the'vertue of the spring, to cool, refresh, and allay th6 heat arid 
 drought of the hot and bilious, young and' over-sanguine, cold, pitiiit, 
 and melancholy ; in a word, for persons of all ages, humours, and' con- 
 stitutions whatsoever. 
 
 . To this of the annual seasons We add that of culture also,' as' of very 
 great importance.^' And this is often discOver'd in the taste, and conse- 
 quently in the "goodness of such plants and salletirig as are rais'd and 
 brought us fresh out of the country, compar'd with those which the 
 avarice of the gardiner, or luxury rather Of the age, tempts them to 
 force and resuscitate of the most desirable, and delicious plants. 
 
 It is certain, says- a learned jier'son *, thatabout populous cities, where 
 (grounds are'over-forc'd for fruit and early isalletingi nothing is more 
 unwholsomei' Men in the country look so much more healthy and fresh ; 
 •arrd commonly are longef liv'd than those who dwe'Il in the middle and 
 skirts of vast' and crowded cities, inviron'd with rotten dung, loathsome 
 :and common lay-stalls; whose noisome ^teata's, 'wsifted 'by the wind, 
 poison and infect the ambient air and tital' spirits, with those pernicious 
 exhalations and materials, of which they make the hot* beds for the rais- 
 ing those prsecoces indeed, and forward plants and 'roots for the wantoh 
 palate; hut which being corrupt in the' original, cannot but produce 
 malignant and ill effects to those who ffeed upon thein;- And the saime 
 was well observed by the editor of our famous Roger Bacon's treatise 
 concerning the Cure of Old Age, and Preservation of Youth. There 
 being nothing so proper for sallet herbs and other edule plants, as the 
 genial and natural mould, impregnated and eiirich'd with well-digested 
 compost (^when requisite) without any mixture of garbage, odious car- 
 rion, and other filthy ordure, not half consum'd and ven'tilated, and in- 
 deed reduc'd to the next disposition of earth it self, as it should be ; and 
 
 * Sir Thomas Brown's Miscellaneous Tracts, folio. 
 
hatiiHiSweetj rising ^^ aery ^ and mode;^lyp^cflatile grounds; where 
 lot only plants but. men- do .last, and live much, longer. Nor doubt I, 
 )ut th%t every body would prefer corn and^ other grain rais'd from marie, 
 :halk,/lime^:and.'Other sweet spil and amendments, before that which is 
 irodu&'d from ihe. dunghill only, i Besides, experience shews, that the 
 ■ankness'of .dung i^ frequently the cause of blasts and smuttiness ; as if 
 :he.liord of the Universe, -by an act of visible providence would check 
 IS, to take heed of all unnatural sordidness and mixtures. We sensibly 
 ind this diflference in cattle and. their pasture;' but most powerfully in 
 jowl,ifrom suchas, arenourish'd with. corn, sweet and dry food. And 
 IS. of, vegetable ,m.eats, so of . drinks, 'tis observ'd, • that the same vine, 
 iccording to the soil,, produces a wine twice as heady as in the same and 
 i less forc'd ground; and the like I believe of all otherfruit, not to de- 
 termine any. thing of the peach, said to be poison in Persia, because 'tis 
 1 jVidgar error. 
 
 ,Nowj :beeause among other th.ings^ nothing more betrays its unclean 
 ind / spurious , jijirth. thari -what, is so impatiently longed after> as early 
 ^paragus, &c. Dr. .Lister (according to his communicative and oblig- 
 ing nature) has taught us how to, raise such as our gardiners cover with 
 oasty litter during the winter, by rather laying of clean and sweet wheat- 
 jtraw upon the beds;, ^superrseminating and over-strowing them thick 
 with: the. powder of Jbruisedjoyster-shells, &c. to produce that most ten- 
 der and delicious sallet. . In the mean while, if Hfothing will satisfie save 
 what is. rais'd ea; iewjaorcy and by miracles of art so long before the 
 [lime ; let them study (^like the Adepti) as did a very ingenious gentle- 
 man whom I knew; that having some friends o^ his accidentally come 
 to dine with him, and wandng an early sallet, before they sate down to 
 bable.^ sowed lettuce and some other seeds in a certain composition of 
 mould be had prepared ; which, within the space' of two hours, being 
 risen near two inches high, presented them with a deUcate and tender 
 sallet; and this,. without making use of any nauseous or fulsotoe mix- 
 ture; but of ingredients not, altogether so cheap perhaps. Honoratus 
 Faber(nomean philosopher) shews us another method, by sowing the 
 
 * Caule suburbano, qui siccis crevit in agris, 
 Dulcior.— Hor. Sat. lib. 2, eel. 4. 
 
780 
 
 seeds^ steep'd in vinegar, casting on it a good quantity of bean~she! 
 ?ishes, irrigating them with spirit of wine, and keeping the beds we' 
 cover'd under dry matts. Such another process for the raising earl 
 peas and beans, &c. we have the like accounts of. But were they prac 
 ticable and certain, Iconfess I shoiild not be fonder of them than of sue 
 as the honest industrious country-man's field, and good-wife's garder 
 s'eiisonably produce, where they are legitimately born in just time, an 
 without forcing nature. 
 
 But to return again to health and long life, and the wholesoraness c 
 the herby diet. John Beverovicius *, a learn'd physician (out of Pete 
 Mdxa, a Spaniard), treating of the extream age which those of Americ 
 usually arrive to, asserts in behalf of crude and natural herbs. Dlphilu 
 of old, as Athenseus tells us-f-, was on the other side, against all th 
 tribe of olera in general ; and Cardan of late, as already noted, no grea 
 friend to them ; affirming flesh-eaters to be much wiser and more saga 
 cious. But this his learned antagonist J utterly denies. Whole nations 
 flesh- devourers (such as the farthest northern) becoming heavy, dull 
 unactive, and much more stupid than the southern ; and such as feei 
 much on plants, are more acute, subtil, and of deeper penetration ; wit 
 ness the Chaldseans, Assyrians, Egyptians, &g. And further argue 
 from the short lives of most carnivorous animals, compared with gras 
 feeders, and the ruminating kind, as the hart, camel, and the longsevou 
 elephant, and other feeders on roots and vegetables. 
 
 1 know not what is pretended of our bodies being composed of dissi 
 milar parts, and so requiring variety of food. Nor do I reject the opinior 
 keeping to the same species: of which there is infinitely more variet 
 in the herby family than in all nature besides : but the danger is in th 
 generical difference of flesh, fish, fruit, &c. with other made dishes ani 
 exotic sauces, which a wanton and expensive luxury has introduc'd, de 
 baiichlng the stomach, and sharpening it to devour things of such diffi 
 cult concoction, with those of more easie digestion, and of contrary sub 
 stances, more than it can well dispose oi , otherwise foqd of the sam 
 
 * Thesaur. Sanit. c. 2. f As Delcampius interprets the place. J Scaliger ad Can 
 
 Exercit. 213. 
 
781 
 
 cind would do' us little hurt. So true is that of Celsus, Mduntur faci- 
 mSf ad concactionem autem materiee, genus et modus pertineat. They 
 ire (says he) easily eaten and taken in : but regard should be had to 
 heir digestion, nature, quantity, and quality of the matter. As to that 
 )f dissimilar parts, requiring this contended for variety; if we may judge 
 3y other animals (as I know not why we may not) there is (aifter all the 
 ate contests about comparative anatomy) so little difference in the 
 structure, as to the use of those parts and vessels destin'd to serve the 
 jffices of concoction, nutrition, and other separations for supply of life, 
 that it does not appear why there should need any difference at all of 
 rood; of which the most simple has ever been esteem'd the best and 
 most Avholsome, according to that' of the naturalist*, hominis cibus 
 utilissimus simplex. And that so it is in other animajs, we find bv 
 their being so seldom afflicted with mens distempers, deriv'd from the 
 causes aboye-mentioned. And if the manv diseases of horses seem to 
 contradict itf, I am apt to think it much imputable to the, rack and 
 manger, the dry and wither'd stable commons, which they tpust eat or 
 starve, however qualified; being restrained from their natural and spon- 
 taneous choice, which nature and instinct directs them. to. To these a(Jd 
 the closeness of the air, standing in an almost continu'd posture ; be- 
 sides the fulsome drenches, unseasonable waterings, and other practices 
 of ignorant horse- quacks and surly grooms. The tyranny and cruel 
 usage of their masters in tiring journeys, hard labouring, and unmerciful 
 treatment, heats, colds, &c. which wear out and destroy so many of 
 those useful and generous creatures before the time. Such as have been 
 better us'd, and some whom their mpre gentle and good-natur'd patrons 
 have in recompence of their long and faithful service, dismissed, and 
 sent to pasture for the rest of tljeir lives (as the Grand-Seignior does.his 
 Meccha-camel) have been known to live forty, fifty, nay (says Aristo- 
 tle J) no fewer than sixty-five years. When once Old Par came to 
 
 * Plin. TVal. Hist. 1. iii; c. 12. 
 
 t Hanc brevitatem vitae (speaking of horses) fortasse homini debet. Verul. Hist. Vit. & Mort. 
 See this throughly controverted, Macrob. Saturn. 1. vii. c. v. 
 J Arist. Hist. Animal. 1. v. c. 14. 
 
783 
 
 change his simple homely dietj tp that of the Court and Arundel house, 
 he quickly sunk and dropt away: for, as we have shew'dj, the >stonjach 
 easily concocts plain and familiar food;? but finds it aa hard arid. diflSjcult 
 task to vanquieh and overcome meats of dijSferent substances *. Whence 
 we so often see temperate, and abstemious persons of a jcoUegiate .-.diet, 
 very healthy ; husbancjmen and laborious people. more robust and lawyer 
 liv'd than others of an. uncertain extravagant diet. 
 
 Nam varise res 
 
 Ut Hoceant homini, eredas, memor ilHus^escas, 
 Quae, simplex olim tibi sederit "f- 
 
 For different meats do hurt ; remerabdr how 
 
 When to one dish confin'd, thou healthier wast than now : 
 
 was Osellus's memorandum in the poet. 
 
 Not that variety (which God has certainly ordain'd to delight and 
 assist our appetite) is unnecessary, nor any thing more grateful,*;refresh- 
 ing, and proper, for those especially who lead sedentary and studious 
 lives ; men of deep thought, and such as are btherwise distUrb'd with, 
 secular cares and businesses, which hinder the function of the stomach 
 and other organs : whilst those who have their minds free, use much 
 exercise, and are more active, create themselves a natural appetite, 
 which needs little or no variety to quicken arid content it. 
 
 And here might we attest the patriarchal vyorld, nay, and many per- 
 sons since, who, living very temperately, came not much short of the 
 post-diluvians themselves, counting from Abraham to this day; and 
 some exceeding them, who liv'd in pure air, a constant, though course 
 and simple diet ; wholsome and uncompounded drink ; that never tasted 
 brandy nor exotic spirits; but us'd moderate exercise, and observ'd good 
 hours. For such a one a curious missionary tells us of in Persia, who 
 had attaiu'd the age of four hundred years (a full centufy beyond the 
 famous Johannes de Temporibus), and was living annb 1636, and so 
 may be still for ought we know. But taour sallet. 
 
 Certain it is, Almighty God ordaining herbs J, and fruit for -thC: food 
 
 * 'AvojMta ra^ta^^u. f Hor; Sat. lib. ii. sat. 2. Macr. Sat. lib. vii. 
 
 i Gen. ch. ix. ver. 3 and 4, 
 
783 
 
 of Itten, speaks> not a word concerning flesh for two thousand years. 
 And when after, by the Mosaic constitution, there were distinctions and 
 prtthibitions about ;the legdl? uneleanness of animals; plantsj.of what 
 kind soever, were left free and indifferent for every one to choose what 
 best he lik'd. And what, if it was held; undecent and unbecoiping the 
 excellency of man's nature, before sin entred, and grew, enormously 
 wieked, that any creature should be put to death and pain for him who 
 had!su<ih infinite store of the most delicious and nourishing fruit to de- 
 light, and the=tree of life to sustain him ? Doubtless there was no need 
 of it. ;' Infants sought the mother's nipple as soon as born ; and when 
 grown,' and able to feed themselves, run naturally to fruit, and still will 
 choose to eat it rather than flesh, and certainly might so persist to do, 
 did not 'Custom prevail, even against the very dictates of nature. Nor 
 .question I, but that' what the heathen poets ^ recount of the happiness 
 of the Golden Age, sprung from some tradition they had received of the 
 Paradisian fare, their innocent and healthful lives in that delightful 
 gaitden. Let it suffice, that Adam, and his yet innocent spouse, fed on 
 vegetables and other hortulan productions before the fatal Japse; which, 
 by i:he way, many learned men will hardly allow to have fallen 'out so 
 soon as those imagine who scarcely grant them a single day; nay, not 
 half a one, for their continuance in the state of original perfection ; 
 whilst the sending him into the' garden ; instructions how he should 
 k^p and cultivate it; edict and prohibition concerning the sacramental 
 trees ; the imposition of names -j-, so"apposite to the nature of such kn 
 infinity of living creatures (requiring'deep inspection) the* formation of 
 Eve, a meet companion to relieve his solitude; the solemnity of their 
 marriage ; the 'dialogues and success of the crafty tempter, whom we 
 cannot reasonably think made but one assault; and that they should so 
 quickly forget the injunction of their Maker and Benefactor; break their 
 faith and fast, and all other their obligations in so few moments. I say, 
 all these .particukrs consider'd, can it be supposed they were so soon 
 trarisacted as those do fancy, who take their measure from the summary 
 
 * Ovid, Metam. 1. fab. iii. and xv. t Gen. eh. xi. ver. 19. 
 
784 
 
 Moses gives us, who did not write to gratifie ' mens curiosity, bu 
 transmit what was necessary and sufficient for us to know. 
 
 This then premis'd (as I see no reason why It should not), and 
 during all this space they liv'd on fruits and sallets ; 'tis little probE 
 that after their transgression, and that they had forfeited their domi: 
 over the creature (and were sentenc'd and exU'd to a life of sweat 
 labour on a cursed and ungrateful soil), the offended God. should re 
 them with pampering flesh, or so much as suffer them to slay the i 
 Innocent animal. Or, that if at any time they had permission, it 
 ;for any thing save skins to cloath them, or in way of adoration 
 holocaust for expiation, of which nothing of the flesh was to be ea 
 Nor did the brutes themselves subsist by prey (tho' pleas'd perhaps \ 
 bunting, without destroying their fellow creatures), as may be presu 
 from their long seclusion of the most carnivorous among them 
 the ark.. 
 
 Thus then, for two thousand years the universal food was herbs 
 plants ; whicn abundantly recompens'd the want of flesh and o 
 liixurlous meats, which shortened their lives so many hundred ye 
 the [/,uK^.ol3foTviTci * of the patriarchs, which was an emblem of eternit 
 it .were (after the new concession) beginning to dwindle to a little s] 
 a nothing in comparison. 
 
 On the other side, examine we the present usages of several o 
 heathen nations, particularly (besides the Egyptian priests of old) 
 Indian Bramins, relicts of the ancient Gymnpsophists, to this day 
 serving the institutions of their founder. Flesh, we know was banii 
 the Platonic tables, as well as from those of Pythagoras, (seePorphyi 
 and their disciples) tho' on different accounts. Among others of 
 philosophers., from ,Xenocrates, Polemon, &c. we hear of many, 
 like we find . in. Clement Alexand. ^ Eusebius § names more. Zi 
 Archinomus, Phraartes, Chiron, and others, whom Laertius reckons 
 In short, so very many, especially of the Christian profession, that so 
 even of the ancient Fathers || themselves, have almost thought that 
 
 * Gen. ix. f Poi'phyr. de Abstin. Proclum, Jambleum, &c. J Strom, vi. 
 
 § Prsep. Ev. passim. || Tertul. de Jejun. cap. iv. Hieron, advers. Jovin. 
 
785 
 
 permission of eating flesh to Noah and his sons, was granted them no 
 otherwise than repudiation of wives was to the Jews, namely, for the 
 hardness of their hearts, and to satisfie a murmuring generation that a 
 little after loathed manna it self, and bread from Heaven. So difficult 
 a thmg it is to subdue an unruly appetite ; which, notwithstanding, 
 Seneca * thinks not so hard a task ; where speaking- of the philosopher 
 Sextms, and Socion's (abhorring cruelty and intemperance), he cele- 
 brates the advantages of the herby and sallet diet, as physical and na- 
 tural advancers of health and other blessings ; whilst abstinence from 
 flesh deprives men of nothing but what lions, vultures, beasts and birds 
 of prey, blood and gorge themselves withal. The whole epistle deserves 
 the reading, for the excellent advice he gives on this and other subjects ; 
 and how from many troublesome and slavish impertinencies, grown into 
 habit and custom (old as he was) he had emancipated and freed him- 
 self. Be this apply'd to our present excessive drinkers of foreign and 
 exotic liquors. And now 
 
 I am sufficiently sensible how far, and to how little purpose I am 
 gone on this topic. The ply is long since taken, and our raw sallet, deckt 
 in its best trim, is never like to invite men who once have tasted flesh 
 to quit and abdicate a custom which has now so long obtain'd. Nor 
 truly do I think conscience at all concern'd in the matter, upon any 
 account of distinction of pure and impure ; tho' seriously consider'd (as 
 Sextius held) rationi magis congrua, as it regards the cruel butcheries 
 of so many harmless creatures ; some of which we put to merciless and 
 needless torment, to accommodate them for exquisite and uncommon 
 epicurism. There lies else nq positive prohibition ; discrimination of 
 meats being condemn'df as the doctrine of devils. Nor do meats com- 
 mend us to God, One eats quid vult (of every thing) ; another olera, 
 and of sallets only. But this is not my business, further than to shew 
 how possible it is by so many instances and examples to live on whol- 
 jome vegetables, both long and happily : for so, 
 
 The Golden Age with this provision blest. 
 Such a grand Sallet made, and was a feast. 
 
 * Sen, Epist. 108. f 1 Cor. ch. viii. ver. 8, 1 Tim. eh. iv. Rom. ii, 3. 
 
 5h 
 
786 
 
 • • The demi-gpds, with bodies large and -sound^. 
 Commended then the product of the ground. 
 Fraud then, nor force were known, nor filthy lust,. 
 Which over-heating and intemp'rance hurst : 
 Be their vile names in execration held, 
 Who with foul gluttony first thd world defil'd i 
 Parent of vice, and a:ll diseases since, 
 "With ghastly death sprung up alone fram thence. 
 Ah ! from such reeklngj bloody tables fly, 
 "Which death for our destruction does supply. 
 In health, if sallet herbs you can't endure ; 
 Sick, you'll desire them ; or for food, or cure*. 
 
 ■ As to the other part of the controversie, which concerns us, -dtf^otror 
 (pd-yoi, and Occidental Blood^eaters-; some grave and learn'd men of late 
 seem to scruple the present usage, whilst they see the. prohilMtion ap- 
 pearingj and to carry such a face of antiquity. Scripture, .councils, 
 canons, fathers, imperial constitutions, and universal practice, unless.- it 
 be among us of these tracts of Europe, whither, with other barbarities, 
 that of eating the blood and animal life of creatures first was brought; 
 and. by our mixtures with the Goths,: Vandals, and other spawn of 
 Pagan Scythians, grown a custom, and since which I am persuaded 
 more blood has been shed between Christians than there ever was before 
 the water of the Flood ■ covered this corner of the world.- Not that I 
 impute it only to our eating blood, but sometimes wonder .how it hapned 
 
 * Has epiilas habuit t^neii gens aurea mundi,^ 
 
 Et ccense ingentis tunc caput ipsa fui. 
 Semidetiinque meo creverunt corpora pucco, 
 
 Materiam tanti sanguinis rile dedit. 
 Tunc neque fraus nota est, neque vis, nequefgeda libido;' 
 
 Hbbc nimii proles seeva caloris erat. 
 Sit sacrum illorum, sit detestabile noinen, 
 
 Qui primi servae regna dedere gate. 
 Hinc vitiis patefacta ^iajest, morbisque secntis 
 
 Se lethi fades exerufere novae. 
 Ah ! fuge crudeles Animantum sanguine mensas, 
 
 Qu^que tibi opsonat mors inimica dapes. 
 Posces tandem ffiger, si sanus negligis, herbas. 
 
 Esse cibus >nequeunt ? at medicamen erunt. — Coiileii Plant. ]|b. i.^Lacluca. 
 
787 
 
 that so strict, so solemn, and famous a sanetiony not upon a ceremonial 
 account, but (as some affirm) a moral and perpetual from Noah, to 
 whom the concession of eating flesh was granted, and that of blood for- 
 bidden (nor to this day once revok'd)^ and whilst there also seems to lie 
 fairer proofs than for most other controversies agitated among Christians, 
 should be so generally forgotten, and give place to so many other im- 
 pertinent disputes and cavils about other superstitious fopperies, which 
 frequently ended in blood, and cutting of throats. 
 
 As to the reason of this prohibition, its savouring of cruelty excepted, 
 (and that by Galen, and other experienc'd. physicians, the eating blood 
 is condemn'd as unwholsome, causing indigestion and obstructions) if a 
 positive command of Almighty God were not enough, it seems suffi- 
 ciently intimated ; because blood was the vehicle of the life and animal 
 soul of the creature. For what other mysterious cause, as haply its 
 being always dedicated. to expiatory sacrifices, &c. it is not for us to en- 
 quire. 'Tis said that Justin Martyr, being asked why the Christians 
 of. his time were permitted, the eating flesh and not the blood ? readily 
 answer'dy that God might distinguish them from beasts, which eat them 
 both together*. 'Tis likewise urg'd, that by the Apostolical Synod 
 (when the rest of the Jewish: ceremonies and types were abolish'd) this 
 prohibition was mention'd as a thing necessary f, and. rank'd with ido- 
 latry, which was not to be local or temporary, but universally injoyn'd 
 to converted (strangers and proselytes, as well as Jews. Nor could the 
 scandal of neglecting tp observe it concern them alone, after so many 
 ages as it was and still is in continual use ; and those who transgress'd 
 ^o severely punish'd, as by an imperjal law to be scourg'd to blood and 
 bone. Indeed, so terrihle was the interdiction, that, idolatry excepted 
 (which was also moral and perpetual), nothing in Scripture seems to be 
 more express. In the mean time, to. relieve all other scruples, it does 
 not, they say, extend to that dxpifieta. of those few diluted drops of ex- 
 travasated blciod which might happen to tinge the juice and gravy of 
 the flesh (which were indeed to strain at a gnat) but to those who de- 
 vour the venal and arterial blood separately, and in quantity, as a choice 
 ingredient of their luxurious prreparations^nd Apician tables. 
 
 * Qusest. et Kesp. ad'Orthod. - Tiiomas Bartholinus, de usu-^anguinis. f Acts xv. 20, 29. 
 
788 
 
 But this and all the rest will, I fear, seem but oleribus verba facere, 
 and (as the proverb goes) be labour-in-vain to think of preaching down 
 hogs-puddings, and usurp the chair of Rabby-busy. And therefore 
 what is advanc'd in countenance of the antediluvian diet, we leave to be 
 ventilated by the learned, and such as Curcellaeus, who has borrow'd of 
 all the ancient fathers, from Tertullian, Hierom, S. Chrysostom, &c. to 
 the later Doctors and Divines, Lyra, Tostatus, Dionysius Carthusianus, 
 Pererius, amongst the Pontificians ; of Peter Martyr^ Zanchy, Aretius, 
 Jac. Capellus, Hiddiger, Cocceius, Bochartus, &c. amongst the Pro- 
 testants ; and instar omnium, by Salmasius, Grotius, Vossius, Blundel. 
 In a word, by the learn'd of both persuasions, favourable enough to 
 these opinions, Cajetan and Calvin only excepted, who hold, that as to 
 abstinence from flesh, there was no positive command or imposition con- 
 cerning it ; but that the use of herbs and fruit was recommended rather 
 fortemperance sake, and the prolongation of life. Upon which score I 
 am inclin'd to believe that the ancient ^e^aTrevTcn, and other devout and 
 contemplative sects, distinguish'd themselves; whose course of life we 
 have at large describ'd in Philo* (who liv'd and taught much in gar- 
 dens), with others of the abstemious Christians; among whom, Clemens 
 brings in St. Mark the Evangelist himself, James our. Lord's brother, 
 St. John, &c. and with several of the devout sex, the famous Diaconesse 
 Olympias, mention'd by Palladius (not to name the rest), who, abstain- 
 ing from flesh, betook themselves to herbs and sallets upon the account 
 of temperance, and the vertues accompanying it ; and concerning which 
 the incomparable Grotius declares ingenuously his opinion to be far 
 from censuring, not only those who forbear the eating flesh and blood, 
 experime,nti causd, and for discipline sake ; but such as forbear ex opi' 
 nione, and (because it has been the ancient custom) provided they 
 blam'd none who freely us'd their liberty; and I think he's in the 
 right. 
 
 But leaving this controversie (h^ nimium extra oleasj it has often been:, 
 objected, that fruit and plants, and all other things, nay, since the be- 
 ginning, and as the world grows older, have universally become effcete, 
 
 * Philo de Vit. Contemp. Joseph, Antiq. lib. xiii. cap. 9, 
 
789 
 
 inapair'd and divested of those nutritious and transcendent vertues they 
 were at first iendow'd withal. But as this is begging the question, and 
 to which we have already spoken ; so all are not agreed that there is 
 any, the least decay in nature, where equal industry and skill's apply'd. 
 'Tis true, indeed, that the ordo foliatorum Feuillantines (a late order of 
 Ascetic nuns) amongst other mortifications, made trial upon the Jeaves 
 of plants alone, to which they would needs confine themselves, but were 
 not able to go through that thin and meagre diet, But then it would 
 be enqulr'd, whether they had not first, and from their very childhood, 
 been fed and brought up with flesh and better sustenance till they en- 
 ter'd the cloyster ; and what the vegetables, and the preparation of them, 
 were allow'd by their institution ? Wherefore this is nothing to our mo- 
 dern use of sallets, or its disparagement. In the mean time, that we 
 still think it not only possible, but likely, and with no great art or 
 charge (taking roots and fruit into the basket) substantially to maintain 
 mens lives in health and vigour. For to this, and less than this, we 
 have the suflFrage of the great Hippocrates* himself, who thinks, ah 
 initio etiam hominum (as well as other animals) tali victu usum esse, 
 and needed no other food. Nor is it an inconsiderable speculation, that 
 since all flesh is grass (not in a figurative, but natural and real sense), 
 man himself, who lives on flesh, and I think upon no earthly animal 
 whatsoever, but such as feed on grass, is nourish'd with them still ; and 
 so becoming an incarnate herb, and innocent canibal, may truly be said 
 
 to devour himself. 
 
 We have said nothing of the Lotophagi, and such as (like St. John 
 the Baptist, and other religious ascetics) were feeders on the summities 
 and tops of plants. But as divers of those, and others we have men- 
 tion'd, were much in times of streights, persecutions, and other circum- 
 stances, which did not in the least make it a pretence, exempting them 
 from labour, and other humane oflices, by ensnaring obligations and 
 vows (never to be useful to the publick in whatever exigency), so I can- 
 not but take notice of what a learned critic, speaking of mens neglect- 
 ing plain and essential duties, under colour of exercising themselves in 
 
 * Hippoc. de Vet- Medicin4, cap. 6. 
 
 '> I- 
 
790 
 
 a more sublime course of piety, and being righteous above whatsis coi 
 manded (as those who seclude themselves in monasteries^, that they rr 
 nifestly discover excessive pride, hatred of- their neighbour^ impatience 
 injuries; to which add, melancholy plots and machinations; and tl: 
 he must be- either stupid or infected with thesame vice himself^ who a 
 mires thlsldBXoTre^tua-ToQ^a-Keioi, or thinks they were for that cause the m( 
 pleasing ,to God. This being so, what may we then think of- su 
 armies of hermits, monks, and friars, who, pretending to -justifie a-^m 
 taken zeal and meritorious 'abstinence ; not only by a peculiar diet a 
 distinction of meats (which God without distinction has made the m 
 derate use of common and indifferent* among Christians)^, but by oth 
 sordid usages and unnecessary hardships, wilfully prejudice their heal 
 and constitution ? and through a singular manner of living, dark a: 
 Saturnine, whilst they would seem to abdicate and forsake the- world* ( 
 imitation, as they pretend, of the ancient Eremites), take care to sett: 
 and; build their warm and stately nests in the most populous cities, a 
 places of resort^ ambitious doubtless of the peoplee veneration and oj 
 nion of an- extraordinary sanctity, and therefore flying the de&artsy whe 
 there is indeed no use of them, and flocking to the towns and citi 
 where there is less, indeed none at all, atid therefore lio marvel that t 
 Emperour Valentin Ian banished them the cities, and'Gonstantine Copr 
 nymus, findingthem seditious, oblig'dthem to-marryj to leave their Gel 
 and live .as did others. For of these, some there are who seldom spea 
 and therefore edifie none ; sleep little, and lie hard, are clad nastily, ai 
 eat meanly (and oftentimes that which is unwholsom), and therefo 
 benefit none.- Not because they might not, both for their own, and tl 
 good of others, and the publick, but because they will not ; custom,^ at 
 a prodigious •j' sloth accompanying it ; -which renders it* so far f*o 
 penance, and the mortification pretended, that they know not how 
 live, or spend their time otherwise. This, as I have often- consider'd, i 
 was I glad to find it justly perstring'd, and taken notice of by a learn( 
 person J, amongst others of his useful remarks abroad. 
 
 * 1 Tim. ch. iv. ver. 3. 
 
 f 'This, with their prodigious ignorance, see Mabillon des Etudes Monast. Part ii. c. 17. 
 X Dr. Lister's Journey to Paris, See L'Apocalyps de Meliton, ou Revelation des Mysteres Cen 
 bitiques. 
 
791 
 
 *' Th6se,''^says -be,* " wiilingljs renouncing the innocent eomforts of 
 ife, plainly shew It to proceed more from a chagrin and morose humouri 
 ;han from any true and serious principle of sound religion, which teaches 
 nentob.e useful in their generation, sociable and communicative, un- 
 iflPected,and by no means singular and fantastic in garb and habit, as 
 ire -these, forsooth, feithers (as they affect to be call'd), spending their 
 Jay? in idle and fruitless forms and tedious repetitions ; and thereby 
 ihinking to merit the reward of those ancient and truly- pious solitariesy 
 ivho, , God knows, were driven from their countries and repose by the 
 ncursions of barbarous nations (whilst these have no such cause), and 
 jompell'd to austerities, not of their own chusing and making, but the 
 publick calamity ; and to labour with their hands for their own and 
 jthers necessary support, as well as with their prayers and holy lives, 
 jxamoles .to all tbe world. And some of these, indeedj ("besides tl^e 
 Solitaries of the Thebaid, who wrought for abundance of poor Chrifrtians, 
 sick, and in captivity,) I might bring in, as such who deserv'd to bave 
 Lheir names preserved; not for their rigorous fare and uncouth disguises, 
 but for teaebing that the grace of temperance and other verfcues, con- 
 sisted in a cheerful, innocent, and profitable conversation." 
 
 And now to reqapitulate What other prerogatives the Hortulan Pro- 
 krision has been celebrated for, besides its antiquity, health and longer, 
 v^ity. of the antediluvians; -that temperance, frugality, leisure, ease, and 
 Innumerable, other vertueis and advantages, which accompany it, are no 
 less attributable to it. Let us hear our excellent botanist, Mr* Ray *. 
 
 " The use of plants," says he, " is all our life long of that universal 
 Importance and concern, that we can neither live nor subsist in any 
 plenty with decency or conveniency, or be said to live indeed at all with - 
 [»ut them. Whatsoever food is necessary to sustain us, whatsoever con? 
 
 * Plantarum usus latissimb patet, et in omni vitae parte bccurriti Sine itlis kutfe, sine illis com- 
 nodfe non vivitur, at nee vivitur omnmb. QuBECUnque ad victuia' necessaria sunt, quaecunque ad 
 lelicias feciunt, fe locupletissitno suo penu abunde subministrant. Quantb ex iis mensa innocen- 
 ior mundior, salubiior, quhm ex animalium caede et Laniena ? Homo certfe nature animal carni- 
 ^orum non est, nuUis ad prsedam et rapinaifi armis instructum, non de^tibus exertis et serratis, 
 ion unguibus aduncis. Manus ad fnictus colligendoiS, dentes rid iharidendos comparati. Nee legi- 
 nus ei ante diluvium carnes ad esum concessas, &c — Raii Hist. Plant. Lib. i. cap. '24. 
 
792 
 
 tributes to delight and refresh us, are supply'd and brought forth out of 
 that plentiful and abundant store : and ah, how much more innocent, 
 sweet, and healthful, is a table cover'd with these, than with all the 
 reeking flesh of butcher'd and slaughter'd animals ! Certairily, man by 
 nature was never made to be a carnivorous creature ; nor is he arm'd at 
 all for prey and rapin, with gag'd and pointed teeth and crooked claws, 
 sharpned to rend and tear; but with gentle hands to gather fruit and 
 vegetables, and with teeth to chew and eat them. Nor do we so much 
 as read the use of flesh for food, was at all permitted him, till after the 
 universal Deluge, &c. 
 
 To this might we add that transporting consideration, becoming 
 both our veneration and admiration of the infinitely wise and glorious 
 Author of Nature, who has given to plants such astonishing properties ; 
 such fiery heat in some to warm and cherish, such coolness in others to 
 temper and refresh, such pinguid juice to nourish and feed the body, 
 such quickening acids to compel the appetite, and grateful vehicles to 
 court the obedience of the palate, such vigour to renew and support our 
 natural strength, such ravishing flavour and perfumes to recreate and 
 delight us. In short, such spirituous and active force to animate and 
 revive every faculty and part, to all the kinds of human, and I had 
 almost said, heavenly capacity too. What shall we add more ? our gar- 
 dens present us with them all ; and whilst the shambles are cover'd with 
 gore and stench, our sallets scape the insults of the summer fly, purifies 
 and warms the blood aga:inst winter rage. Nor wants there variety In 
 more abundance than any of the former ages could shew. 
 
 Survey we their bills of fare, and numbers of courses serv'd up by 
 Athenseus, drest with all the garnish of Nicander and other Grecian 
 wits. What has the Roman Grand Sallet worth the naming ? Parat 
 convivium, the guests are nam'd Indeed, and we are told, 
 
 ~ Varias, quas habet hortus opes. 
 
 How richly the garden's stor'd ! * 
 
 In qiiibus est luctuca sedens, et tonsile porrum. 
 Nee deest ructatrix Mentha, nee herba salax, &c. 
 A goodly sallet ! 
 
 * Mart, lib. x, epig. 48. 
 
793 
 
 • Lettuce, leeks, mint, rocket, dole wort- tops, with oyl and eggs, and 
 mch an hotch-pot" following (as the cook in Plautus would deservedly 
 laugh at). But how infinitely out-done in this age of ours, by the va- 
 riety* of so many rare edules unknown to the ancients, that there's no 
 room forth^ comparison. And, for magnificence, let the sallet d rest by 
 the lady for an entertainment made by Jacobus Catsius (described by the 
 poetvBarlseus *) shew ; not at all yet out-doing what we every day 
 almost find at bur Lord Mayor's table, and other great persons, lovers 
 of the gardens ; that sort of elegant cookery being capable of such won- 
 derful variety; tho' no^ altogether wanting of old, if that be true which 
 is related' to us of Nicomedes -j-, a certain king of Bithynia, whose cook 
 made him a pilchard (a fish he exceedingly long'd for) of a well dissem- 
 bl'd turnip, carved in its shape, and drest with byl, salt, and pepper, 
 that so deceiv'd, and yet pleas'd the prince, that he commended it for 
 the best fish he had ever eaten. Nor does all this exceed what every in- 
 dustrious gardiner may innocently enjoy, as well as the greatest potent- 
 ate on earth i 
 
 Vitellius his table, to which every day 
 
 All Countries did a constant tribute pay. 
 Could nothing more delicious afford 
 
 Than nature's liberality. 
 
 Help*d with a little art and industry, 
 Allows the meanest gard'ners board. 
 
 The wanton taste no fish, or fowl can chuse, . : •. 
 
 , For which the grape or melon she would lose. 
 ' Tho' all th' inhabitants of sea and air 
 
 Be listed in the glutton's bill pf fare ; 
 Yet still the fruits of earth we see 
 
 Plac'd the third story high in all her luxury. 
 
 So the sweet poet ^, whom I can never part with for his love to this 
 delicious toil, and the honour he bas done me. 
 
 Verily, the infinite plenty and abundance, with which the benign and 
 bountiful Author of Nature has stor'd the whole terrestrial- world more 
 
 * Barl. Eleg, lib. iii. t Af hen. Deip. 1. 1 . t Cowley, Garden, stanz. <J. 
 
 5 I 
 
794: 
 
 with plants and vegetables than with any other prpvisioh '{Whatsoever ; 
 and the variety not only equal, but by far exeeeding.the pleasure and 
 delight of; taste (above all the art of the kitchen, than ever .Apicius* 
 ^new) seems loudly to call, and kindly invite, all her living inhabitants 
 (none excepted) who are of gentle nature and most useful, to the same 
 hospitable and common board, which first she furnish'd with plants and 
 fruit, as to their natural and genuine pasture ; nay, and of the most wild, 
 and savage too, ah origine. ; As in Paradise, where, as the evangelical 
 prophet Isaiah adumbrating the future glory of the Catholick Church, 
 -(of which that happy gardea was the antitype), the wolf and the lamb, 
 the angry and furious lion, should eat grass and herbs together with the 
 px. But after all, latet unguis in hei'ha, there's a snake in the grass ; 
 luxury, and excess in our most innocent fruitions. There was a time 
 indeed when the garden furnish'd entertainments for the mostrenown'd 
 herpes, virtuous and excellent persons ; till the blood-thirsty and ambi- 
 tious, over-running the nations, and by murders and rapine rifl'd the 
 world, to transplant its luxury to its new mistress, Rome* Those whom 
 heretofore \ two acres of land would have satisfied and plentifully main- 
 tain'd, had afterwards their very kitchens almost as large as their 
 first territories. Nor was that enough. Entire '^ forests and parks, 
 warrens and fish-ponds, and ample lakes to furnish their tables, so as 
 men could not live by one another without ' oppression. Nay, and to 
 shew how the best and most innocent things may be perverted, they 
 chang'd those frugal and inemptas dopes of their ancestors, to that, 
 height and profusion, that we read of edicts § and sumptuary laws en- 
 acted to restrain even the pride and excess of sallets. But so it was not 
 when the pease-field spread a table for the conquerors of the world, and 
 
 * Hence in Macrobius, Sat. lib. vii. c, 5. we find Eupolis the comedian, in his .ffiges,, bringing in 
 goats boasting the variety of their food, Bos-KojiiES' uXus a?rq n-avToJairiif, Ix.»tii{, &c. After which fol- 
 lows a banquet of innumerable sorts; 
 
 ; t Bina tunc jugera populo Romano satis erant, nullique^majorem mcdum attiibuit : quo servos 
 paulo ante principis Neronis, contemptis hujus spatii viridariis, piscinas juvat habere majores; 
 gr'atli'mque,' si non aliquem et culinas. — Plin. Hist. Nat. lib, xviii. c. 2. 
 
 -^ Intereagustuselementa per omnia quserunt. Juv Sat. xi. 1. 14. 
 
 § Cicero, Epist. lib. vii. ep. 26. Coniplainipg of a costly sallet, that had almost cost him his life. 
 
'79o 
 
 their grounds were cultivatefd mmere laureato et iriumphaU aratore. 
 The greatest princes took the spade and the plough-stafF in the samb 
 hand they held the sbeptre; and the npblest families* thbdght it no 
 dishonour to derive -their names from plants and sallet-herbs. They 
 arriv'd, I say, to that pitch of ingrossing all that was but green, and 
 could be vary'd by the cook C^eu quhm prodiga ventris !) that, as Pliny 
 tells us (hon sine pudore, not without blushing), a poor man could 
 hardly find a thistle to dress for his supper; or what his hungry assf 
 would not touch, for fear of pricking his lips. 
 
 Verily the luxury of the East ruin'd the greatest monarchies ; first 
 the Persian, then the Grecian, and afterwads Rome her self. By what 
 steps, see elegantly described in old Gratius the Faliscian, deploring 
 his own age compar'd with the former : 
 
 O quantum et quoties decoris frustrata paterni ! 
 At quails nostria, qu^m simplex mensa Camillis ! 
 Qui tibi ciiltus eratposttot, Serrane, triumphos? 
 Ergo illi ex habitu, virtutisque indole priscse, 
 Imposuere orbi Romam caput ; — - ^ 
 
 Neighb'ring excesses being made thine own, 
 How art thou fall'n from thine old renown ! 
 But our Caniilli did but plainly fare, , . , 
 
 No port did oft triumphant Serran bear : ,,^. 
 
 < Therefore such hardship, and their heart so great, 
 
 Gave Rome to be the world's imperial seat. 
 
 But as these were the sensual and voluptuous, who abus'd their plenty, 
 spent their fortunes and shortned their lives by their debauches ; so 
 never did they taste the delicaces and true satisfaction of a sober repast, 
 and the infinite conveniences of what a well-stor'd garden aflFords; so 
 
 • Valeriana, that of Leetucini, Achilleia, Lysimachia., Fabius, Cicero, Lentulus, Piso, &c. k 
 Fabis, Cicere, Lente, Pisis bene serendis dicti. Plin. , 
 
 f Miruui asset non licere pecori Carduis vesci, non licet plebeij &p. And in another plape, 
 Quoniam portenta quoque terrarum in ganeam vertimus, etiam ea quae refugiunt quadrupedes con- 
 iciffi. Plin. Nat. Hist. lib. xix. c. 19—43. 
 
 + Gratii Falisc. Cynegeticon^ k Wase. See concerning this excess, Macr. Sat. lib.ii. c. 9. et sequ. 
 
"^96 
 
 elegantly describ'd by the naturalist *, as costing neither fuel nor fiiie to 
 boil, pains or time to gather and prepare, res eocpedita et parata semper. 
 All was so near at hand, readily drest, and of so easie digestion, as nei- 
 ther to offend the brain, or dull the senses ; and in the greatest deaa-th of 
 corn, a little bread suffic'd. In all events, 
 
 Panis ematUr, olus, vini sextarius ; adde 
 puts humana sibi doleat natura negatis ■jf., 
 
 Bread, wine, and whdlsome sallets you may buy, ^ 
 What nature adds besides, is luxury. 
 
 They could then make an honest meal, and dine upon a sallet, with- 
 out so much as a grain of exotic spice ; and thp potagere was in such 
 reputation, that she who neglected her kitchen-garden (for that was 
 still the good woman's province) was never reputed a tolerable huswife. 
 Si vespertinus subitb te oppresserit hospes, she was never surpriz'd, had 
 all (as we said) at hand, and could in a trice set forth an handsome 
 sallet. And if this was happiness, convictus J'acilis sine arte mensa (as 
 the poet reckons), it was here in perfeqtion. In a word, so universal 
 was the sallet, that the un-bloodyj shambles (as Pliny calls them) 
 yielded the Roman § state a more considerable custom (when there was 
 little more than honest cabbage and worts) than almost any thing be- 
 sides brought to market. 
 
 They spent not then'so much precious time as afterwards they did, 
 gorging themselves with flesh and fish, so as hardly able to rise, with- 
 out reeking and reeling from table : 
 
 * Horti maximb . placebarit, quia non egerent igni, parcer^ntque ligno, expedita res et parata 
 semper : unde et Acetaria appellantur, facilia concoqui, nee oneratura sensum cibo, et quae minjin^ 
 accenderent desiderium panis. Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xix. c. 19. And of this exceeding frugality of the 
 Romans, till after the Mithridatic war, see Athenseus, Deip. lib. vi. cap. 21. 
 
 t Horat. Serm. Lib. i. Sat. 1. 74. 
 
 X Nequam esse in donio matrem familias (etenim h?ec cura feminee dicebatur) ubi indiljgens. 
 esset hortus. Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. xix, cap. 19. 
 
 § Alteram succidium. Cic. in Catone. 
 
 Tiberias had a tribute of skirits paid him. 
 
797 
 
 3o r- - . v:" - yidds, ut pallidus omnis 
 
 GcEna desurgat dubia ? quin corpus onustum , 
 Hesternis vitiis animum quoque praegravat unk, 
 Atque adfligit hiimo divinae particulam aurae*. 
 
 See but how pale they look, how wretchedly. 
 With yesterday's surcharge disturbed they be ! , 
 Nor body only sufFring, but the mind, 
 That nobler part, dull'd and depress'd we find. 
 
 Drowsie and unapt for business, and other nobler parts of life. 
 
 Time was before men in those golden days : their spirits were brisk 
 and lively. 
 
 ■ Ubi dicto citius .curata sopori , 
 
 Membra dedit, vegetus praescripta ad munera surgit., 
 
 With shorter, but much sweeter sleep content,- ■ 
 Vigorous and fresh, about their business went. 
 
 \nd men had their wits about them ; their appetites were natural, their 
 \}ee^ molli sub arhore, sound, sweet, and kindly. That excellent Ein- 
 )erour (M. Claudius) Tacitus being us^d to say of lettuce, that he did 
 omnum se mercari, when he eat of them, and call'd it a sumptuous 
 least, with asallet and a single pullet, which was usually all the fle&h- 
 aeat that sober prince eat of; whilst Maximinus (a profess'd enemy 
 o sallet) is reported to have scarce been satisfied with sixty pounds of 
 iesh, and drink proportionaible. ■' 
 
 There was then also far less expensive grandure, but far more true 
 tate; when Consuls, great statesmen (and jBuch as atchiev'd the most 
 enown'd actions), supp'd in their gardens ; not under ..costly, gilded, 
 nd inlaid roofs, but the spreading platan ; and drank of the chrystal 
 rook, and by .temperance and healthy frugality, maintain'd the glory 
 f sallets, ah, quanta innocentiore victu / with what content and satig- 
 iction ! Nor, as we said, wanted there variety ; for so in the most 
 
 * Hor. Sat. lib. ii. 3. 76. Vix prae vino sustinet palpebras^ eunti in consilium^ &c. See the ora- 
 m of C, Titius de Leg. Fan, Macr. Sat. lib. ii. c. 12. 
 
 * 
 
79S 
 
 blissful place and innocent state of nature, see how the first empress 
 the world regales her celestial guest : 
 
 With sav'ry fruits, of Taste to please 
 
 True appetite, and brings 
 
 Whatever earth, all-bearing mother, yields 
 
 Fruit of all kinds, in cpat 
 
 Rough, or smooth rind,-r-or bearded husk, or shell. 
 Heaps with unsparing hand : for drink the grape 
 She crushes, inoffensive must, and meathes 
 From many a berry, and from sweet kernels prest, 
 She tempers dulcet creams *. — — • 
 
 Then for the board, 
 
 Rais'd of grassy turf 
 
 Their table was, and mossy seats had round ; 
 And on her ample square from side to side. 
 
 All autumn pil'd -f" ; ah innocence 
 
 Deserving Paradise! 
 
 Thus the Hortulan provision of the Golden Age J fitted all plac 
 times, and persons ; and when man is restor'd to that state again, it v 
 be as it was in the beginning. 
 
 But now after all (and for close of all), let none yet imagine, tl 
 whilst we justifie our present subject through all the topics of panegyj 
 we would in favour of the sallet, drest with, all its pomp and advanta, 
 turn mankind to grass again ; which were ungratefully to neglect 
 bounty of Heaven, as well as his health jand comfort. But by th 
 noble instances and examples, to reproach the luxury of the present ,a£ 
 and by shewing the infinite blessing and eflFects of temperance, and i 
 vertues accompanying it ; with how little nature, and a civil § appei 
 
 * Milton's Paradise Lost, Book v. ver. 304, &c. f Id. line 391, &c. 
 
 * At vetus ilia aetas, cui fecimns Aurea. nomen, 
 Fcetibus arboreis, et, quas humus educat, herbis 
 Fortunata fuit Ovid. Met. xv. 1. 96. 
 
 § Behe moratus venter. 
 
7^9 
 
 may be happy, contented with moderate things, and within a little com- 
 pass, reserving the rest to the nobler parts of life. And thus of old. 
 
 Hoc erat in votis, modus agri non ita magnus, &c. 
 
 He that was possess'd of a little spot of ground, and well-cultivated 
 garden, with other moderate circumstances, had hceredium. All that 
 a modest man could well desire. Then, 
 
 Happy the man, whotn, from ambition freed, 
 A little field and little garden feed. 
 The field gives frugal nature what's requir'd ; 
 , The garden, what's luxuriously desir'd ; 
 The specious evils of an anxious life. 
 He leaves to fools to be their endless strife *. 
 
 O fortunatos nimium bona si sua norint 
 Horticulos ! 
 
 * Foelix, quern mLser^ procul ambitione remotum. 
 
 Parvus ager placid^, parvus et hortus, alit. 
 Frsebet ager quicquid frugi natura requirit, 
 
 Hortus habet, quicquid luxuriosa petit, 
 Csetera sollicitse speciosa incommoda vitae, 
 
 Permittit stultis quaerere, habere malis. Couleiii PI. lib. iv. 
 
800 
 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Tho' it was far from our first intention lo qharge this small volume and 
 discourse concerning, crude sallets, with any of the following receipts; yet 
 having since received them frpm an experienc'd housewife ; and that they 
 may possibly be useful to correct, preserve, and improve our Acetaria, we 
 have allow'd them place as an appendant variety upon occasion ; nor ac- 
 count we it the least dishonour to our former treatise, that we Mndly enter- 
 tain'd them ; since (besides divers learned physicians, and siuch as have ex 
 professo written de Re Cibaria) we have the examples of many other noble 
 and illustrious persons *, both among the ancient and modern. 
 
 1. AaTicHOAK.-r-Clear it of the leaves, and cut the bottoms in pretty thin 
 slices or quarters ; then fry them in fresh butter with some parsley, till it 
 is crisp, and the slices tender ; and so dish them with other fresh melted 
 butter. , . ^ 
 
 How a Poiverade is made, and the bottoms preserved all the winter, see 
 Acetaria, p. 735. 
 
 Ashen-keys — Asparagus — Beets — Broom — Buds— Capers. See Pickle. 
 Carrot. See Pudding. 
 Champignon. See Mushrom. 
 
 2. Chessnut. — Roasted under the embers, or dry fryed, till they shell 
 and quit their husks, ipay be slit, the juice of orange squeezed on a lump of 
 hard sugar dissolv'd ; to which add some claret wine. 
 
 COLLYFLOWER CuCUMBER — ElDER-FLOWERS™FlOWERS— GiLLY-FLOWERS. 
 
 See Pickle. 
 
 Herbs. See Pudding and Tart. 
 LiMON. See Pickle. 
 
 * Pliny, Athenseus, Macrobius,- Bacon, Boyle, Digby, &c. 
 
801 
 
 3. MusHROM. — Chuse the small, firm, and white, buttons, growing upon 
 ^et pasture .grounds, neither under nor about any trees ; strip off the upper 
 :m, and pare away all the black spungy bottom part ; then slice them in 
 larters, and cast them in water a while to cleanse ; then boil them in fresh 
 ater, and a little sweet butter (some boil them a quarter of an hour first) ; 
 id then taking them out, dry them in a cloth, pressing out the water, and 
 hilst hot, add the butter ; and then boiling a full hour {to exhaust *he 
 alignity) shift them in another clean water, with butter as befove, till 
 ley become sufficiently tender. Being taken out, pour upon them as 
 uch strong mutton {or other) broth as will cover thema with six spoonsful 
 ' white wine, twelve cloves, as many pepper-corns, ibur small young 
 lions, half an handful of persley bound up with two or three sprjggs of 
 yme, an anchovy, oysters raw or pickled, a little salt, sweet butter ; and 
 
 let them stew. See Acetar. p. 73^5. 
 
 Anotfier. — Prepar'd and cleans'd as above, and cast into fountain-water, 
 
 preserve them from growing black ; boil them in fresh water and salt, and 
 lilst on the fire, cast in the mushrooms, letting them toil tilF they become 
 nder ; then stew them leisurely between two dishes (the water being draijied 
 )m them) in a third part of white wine, and butter, and a small bundle 
 
 sweet herbs at discretion. To these add broth as before, with cloves, 
 ice, nutmeg, anchovies (one is sufficient), oysters, &e. a small onion, with 
 B green stem chopt small ; and lastly, some mutton-gravy, rubbing the 
 ih gently with a clove of garlick, or some rocombo seeds in its stead. 
 me beat the yolk of a fresh egg with vinegar, and butter, and a little 
 pper. 
 
 In France, some (more compendiously being peel'd and prepared) cast 
 ;m into a pipkin, where, with the sweet herbs, spice, and an onion, they 
 w them in their own juice, without any other water or liquor at ;all, and 
 ;n taking out the herbs and onion, thicken it with a little butter, and so 
 
 them, 
 
 [n Polverade. — The large mushrooms well cleansed, being cut into quar- 
 s, and strewed with pepper and salt, are broil'd on the grid-iron, and eaten 
 h fresh butter. 
 
 ;n Powder.~~-Be'mg fresh gathered, cleans'd, and cut in pieces, stew 
 m in water and salt; and being taken forth, dry them with a cloth, then 
 ting them into an earth-glazed pot, set them into the oven after the 
 ad is drawn ; repeat this till they are perfectly dry ; and reserve them in 
 ers to crumble into what sauce you please. For the rest, see Pickle. 
 
 5 K 
 
802 
 
 4; Mustard. — Procure the best and weightiest seed, cast it into wa 
 two or three times, till no more of the hiisk arise ; then taking out the soi 
 (which will sink to. the bottom) rub it very dry in warm coarse cloths, shi 
 ing it also a little to the fire in a dish or pan; then stamp it as small 
 to pass through a fine -tiffany sieve; slice. some horse-radish, and la; 
 to soak in strong vinegar, with a. small lump of hard sugar (which so 
 leave out) to temper the flower withj being drained from the radish, and 
 pot it all in a glaz'd mug, with an onion, and keep it well stop'd with a C( 
 upon a bladder, which is the more cleanly ;' but this receit is improv'd 
 instead of vinegar, water only, or the broth of powder'd beef be made i 
 of. And to some of this mustard adding verjuice, sugar, claret-wine, a 
 juice of limon, you have an excellent sauce to any sort of flesh or fish.. 
 
 Note, that a pint of good seed is enough to make at one time, and 
 keep fresh a competent while. "What part of it does not pass the sarse, m 
 be beaten again ; and you may reserve the flower in a well closed glass, a 
 make fresh mustard when you please. See Acetaria, p. 748. • 
 
 Nasturtium. Fide Pickle. 
 
 Orange. See Limon, in Pickles. 
 
 5. Parsnip. — Take the large roots, boil them, and strip the skin; th 
 slit them long- ways into pretty thin slices, flower and fry them in frt 
 butter till they look brown. The sauce is other sweet butter melted. Soi 
 strow sugar and cinamon upon them. Thus you may accommodate otl 
 roots. 
 
 There is made a mash or pomate of this root, being boiled very tenc 
 with a little fresh cream ; and being heated again, put to it some butter 
 little sugar, and juice of limon, dish it upon sippets ; sometimes a few < 
 rinths are added. 
 
 Penny-royal. See Pudding. 
 
 PICKLES. 
 
 6. Pickled Artichoaks. See Acetaria, p. 735. 
 
 7- Ashen- keys. — Gather them young, and boil them in three or fo 
 waters to extract the bitterness ; and when they feel tender, prepare a syr 
 of sharp white-wine vinegar, sugar, and a little water. Then boil them or 
 very quick fire, and they will become of a green colour, fit to be potted 
 soon as cold. 
 
803 
 
 8. Asparagus.— Break off the hard ends, and put them in white-wine 
 vinegar and salt, well covered with it; and so let them remain for six 
 weeks. ■ Then taking them out, boil the liquour or pickle, and scum it care- 
 fully. If need be, renew the vinegar and salt ; and when 'tis cold, pot them 
 up again. Thus may one keep them the whole year. 
 
 9. Beans. — Take such as are young and^ fresh, and approaching their full 
 growth. Put them into a strong brine of white-wine vinegar and salt able to 
 bear an egg. Cover them very close, and so will they be preserved twelve 
 months; but a month before you use them, take out what quantity you 
 think sufficient for your spending a quarter of a year (for so long the second 
 pickle will keep them sound) and boil them in a skillet of fresh water till 
 they begin to look green, as they soon will do. Then placing them one by 
 one (to drain upon a clean coarse napkin) range them row by row in a jarr, 
 and cover them with vinegar, and what spice you please; some weight 
 being laid upon them to keep them under the pickle. Thus you may pre- 
 serve French-beans, haricos, &c. the whole year about. 
 
 10. Broom-buds and PODS. — Make a strong pickle as above, stir it very 
 well, till the salt be quite dissolved, clearing off the dregs and scum. The 
 next day pour it from the bottom; and having rubbed the buds dry, 
 pot them up in a pickle glass, which should be frequently shaken, till they 
 sink under it, and keep it well stopt and covered. 
 
 Thus may you pickle any other buds ; or as follows : 
 
 11. Of Elder. — Take the largest buds, and boil them in a skillet with 
 salt and water^ sufficient only to scald them ; and so (being taken off the 
 fire) let them remain covered till green ; and then pot them with vinegar 
 and salt, which has had one boil up to cleanse it. 
 
 12. CoLLYFLOWERS. — Boil them till they fall in pieces. With some of 
 the stalk, and worst of the flower, boil it in a part of the liquor till pretty 
 strong. Being taken off, strain it; and wheii settled, clear it from the 
 bottom. Then with dill, gross pepper, a pretty quantity of salt, when cold, 
 add as much vinegar as will make it sharp, and pour all upon the colly- 
 flower; and so as to keep them from touching one another; which is pre- 
 vented by putting paper close to them. 
 
 Cornelians are pickled like Olives. 
 
804 
 
 1^. Cowslips. — Pickt very clean ; to each pound of flowers allow abaut 
 one pound of loaf sugar, and one pint of white-wine vinegar, which boil to 
 a syrup-, and cover it scalding hot. Thus you may pickle clove-gilly-floWers^ 
 elder, and other flowers, which being eaten alone, make a very agreeable 
 salletine. 
 
 14. Cucumbers. T — Take the gerkems, or smaller cucumbers ; put them 
 into rape-vinegar, and boyl and cover them so close, as none of the. vapour 
 rnay issue forth; and also let them stand till the next day or longer. Then 
 boil them in fresh white-Wine vinegar, with large mace, nutmeg, ginger, white 
 pepper and a little salt (according to discretion), straining the former liquor 
 from the cucumbers; and so place them in a jarr, or wide mouthed glass, 
 laying a little dill and fennel between each rank ; and covering all with the 
 fresh scalding-hot pickle : keep all close, and repeat it daily till you find 
 them sufficiently green. 
 
 In the same sort cucumbers of the latge&t size, being peel'd and cut into 
 thin slices, are very delicate. Note. That the cucumbers and the gerkems are 
 not to be boiled in either of the vinegars, but poured scalding hot upon them. 
 
 Another. -^"^'vprng them clean, put them in a very strong brine of water 
 and salt, to soak two or three hours or longer, if you see cause. Then range 
 them in the jarr or barrellet with herbs and spice as usual ; and cover them 
 with hot liquor, made of two parts beer-vinegar, and one of white-wine vine- 
 gar. Let allbe very well closed. A fortnight after scald the pickle again, and 
 repeat it, as above. Thus they will keep longer, and from being so soon 
 sharp, eat crimp and well tasted, tho' not altogether so green. You may 
 add a walnut-leaf, hysop, costmary, &c. ; and as some da, strow on them a 
 little powder of roch-allom, which makes them firm and eatable within a 
 month or six weeks after. 
 
 Mango of Cucumbers. Take the biggest cucumbers (and most of the 
 mango size) that look green. Open them on the top or side, and scooping 
 out the seeds, supply their place with a small clove of garlick, or some 
 roccombo seeds. Then put them into an earthen glazed jarr, or wide 
 mouth'd glass, with as much white-wine vinegar as will cOver them. Boil 
 them in the vinegar with pepper, cloves, mace, &c. and when off the fire, 
 as much salt as Will make a gentle brin« ; and so pour all boyling hot on the 
 cucumbers, covering them close till the next day. Then put them with a 
 little dill and pickle into a large skillet, and giving them a boyl or two, - 
 return them into the vessel again ; and when all is cold, add a good spoon- 
 
805 
 
 fill of the best mustard, keeping it from the air, and so yom have an excellent 
 ittango. When you have occasion to take any out, make use of a spoon, 
 and not ycfu^ fingers. 
 
 Elder. 5'ee Buds. 
 
 Flowers. <See Cowslips, and for other flowei's. , 
 
 15. LiMON. — Take slices of the thick rind limon, bodl and shift thejati in 
 several waters, till they are pretty tender. Then drain and wipe them dry 
 with a clean doth ; and make a pickle with a little white-wine vinegar, one 
 part to two of fair water, and a little sUgar, carefully scuna'd. When all i^ 
 cald, pour it on the peel'd rind, and- cover it all close in a convenient glass 
 farr. Some make a syrup of vinegar, white-wine, and sugar, not too thick, 
 and pour it on hot. 
 
 16. Melon. — The abortive and after-fruit of Melons being pickled as 
 cucumber, make an excellent sallet. 
 
 17' MusHROM.-^Take a quart of the best white-wine vinegar, as much 
 of white-wine, cloves, mace, nutmeg a pretty quantity, beaten together ; let 
 the spice boil therein to the consumption of half ; then taken off, and being 
 cold, pour the liquour on the mushroms, but leave out the boiled spice, and 
 cast in of the same sort of spice whole, the nutmeg only slit in quarters, with 
 some limon-peel, white pepper, and, if you please, a whole raw onion^ which 
 take out again when it begins to perish. 
 
 Another. — The mushroms peel'd, &c. throw them into water, and theii 
 jlto a sauce-pan, with some long pepper, cloVes, mace, a quarter'd nutmeg, 
 vith an onion, shallot, or roccombo-seed, and a little salt. Let them all boil 
 I quarter of an hour on a very quick fire. Then take out, and cold, with a . 
 jretty quantity of the former spice, boil them in some white-wine, which 
 being cold) cast upon the mushroms, and fill up the pot with the best 
 vhite-wine, a bay-leaf or two, and an handful of salt : afterwards cover them 
 vith the liqubur; and if for long keeping, pour sallet- oil over all, tho' 
 hey will be preserved a year without it. , . 
 
 They are sometimes boil'd in salt and water, with some milk, and laying 
 hem in the colender to drain, till cold, and wiped dry, cast them into the 
 >ickle with the white- wirie, vinegar and salt, grated nutmeg, ginger bruised, 
 loves, mace, white jJepper and limon-peel ; pour the liquor on them cold 
 without boiling. 
 
806 
 
 Nasturtium Indicum. — Gather the buds before they open to flower ; 
 lem in the shade three or four hours, and putting them into an earthen 
 d vessel, pour good vinegar on them, and cover it with a board. Thus 
 stand for eight or ten days. Being taken out, and gently press'd, cast 
 into fresh vinegar, and let them so remain as long as before. Repeat 
 L third time, and barrel them up with vinegar and a little salt. 
 :ange. See Limon. 
 
 . Potato. — The small green fruit (when about the size of the wild 
 y) being pickled, is an agreeable sallet. But the root being roasted 
 r the embers, or otherwise, open'd with a knife, the pulp is butter'd in 
 kin, of which it will take up a good quantity, and is seasoned with a 
 salt and pepper. Some eat them with sugar together in the skin, 
 
 I has a pleasant crimpness. They are also stew'd and bak'd in pyes, &c. 
 
 , PuRSELAN. — Lay the stalks in an earthen pan. Cover them with 
 vinegar, and water, keeping them down with a competent weight to 
 >e, three days. Being taken out, put them into a pot with as much 
 !-wine vinegar as will cover them again ; and close the lid with paste to 
 in the steam ; then set them on the fire for three or four hours, often 
 ng and stirring them. Open the cover, and turn and remove' those 
 3 which lie at the bottom to the top, and boil them as before, till they 
 
 II of a colour. When all is cold, pot them with fresh white-wine vine- 
 md so you may preserve them the whole year round. 
 
 , Radish. — The seed-pods of this root being pickl'd are a pretty sallet. 
 
 . Sampier. — Let it be gathered about Michaelmas (or the spring) and 
 wo or three hours into a brine of water and salt ; then into a clean tin'd 
 pot, with three parts of strong white-wine vinegar, and one part, of 
 r and salt, or as much as will cover the sampler, keeping the vapour from 
 ig out, by pasting down the pot-lidj and so hang it over the fire for half 
 3ur only. Being taken ofi', let it remain cover'd till it be cold ; and 
 put it up into small barrels or jars, with the liquor, and some fresh 
 jar, water, and salt ; and thus it will keep very green. If you be near 
 ea, that water will supply the place of brine. This is the Dover receipt. 
 
 . "Walnuts. — Gather the nuts young, before they begin to harden^but 
 
807 
 
 lot before the kernel is pretty white. Steep them in as much water as will 
 nore than cover them. Set them on the fire, and when the water boils, and 
 frows black, pour it off, and supply it with fresh, boiling it as before, and 
 sontinuing to shift it till it becomes clear, and the nuts pretty tender. Let 
 hem be put into clean spring water for two days, chattging it as before with 
 resh, two or three times within this space. Lay them to drain, and dry on 
 I clean coarse cloth, and put them up in a glass jar, with a few walnut leaves, 
 iill, cloves, pepper, whole mace, and salt ; strowing them under every layer 
 )f nuts, till the vessel be three quarters full ; and, lastly, replenishing it with 
 ;he best vinegar, keep it well covered ; and so they will be fit to spend within 
 ;hree months. 
 
 To make a Mango with them.— The green nuts prepared as before, cover 
 ihe bottom of the jar with some dill, an handful of bay-salt, &c. and then a 
 jed of nuts ; and so stratum upon stratum, as above, adding to the spice 
 some roccombo-seeds ; and filling the rest of the jar with the best white- 
 svine .vinegar mingled with the best mustard; and so let them remain close 
 :overed during two or three months time. And ,thus have you a more agree- 
 ible mango than what is brought us from abroad ; which you may use in any 
 sauce, and is of it self a rich condiment. 
 
 Thus far Pickles. 
 
 25. PoTAGE Maigre. — ^Take four quarts of spring-water, two or three 
 anions stuck with some cloves, two or three slices of limon-peel, salt, whole 
 tvhite pepper, mace, a raze or two of ginger, tied up in a fine cloth (lawn or 
 tiffany), and make all boil for half an hour ; then having spinage, sorrel, white 
 beet- chard, a little cabbage, a few small tops of cives, wash'd and pick'd 
 :;iean, shred them well, and cast them into the liquor, with ,a pint of blue 
 pease boil'd soft and strain'd, with a bunch of sweet herbs, the top and botr 
 tom of a French roll ; and so suffer it to boil during three hours ; and then 
 Jish it with another small French roll, and slices about the dish. Some cut 
 3read in slices, and frying them brown (hieing dried) put them into the ppt- 
 ;age just as it is going to be eaten. 
 
 The same herbs, clean wash'd, broken and pulled, asunder only, being put 
 n a close cover'd pipkin, without any other water or liquor, will stew in 
 ;heir own juice and moisture. Some add an whole onion, which after a while 
 ihould be taken out, remembring to season it with salt and spicCj and serve 
 t up with bread and a piece of fresh butter. 
 
808 
 
 ^6. Pudding of Carrot. — Pare off the crust and tougher part of a 
 two-penny white loaf, grating the rest ; as also half as much of the root. 
 Then take half a pint of fresh cream or new milk, half ^a pound of 
 fresh butter, six new laid €ggs (taking out three of the whites), mash and 
 mingle them well with the cream and butter. Put in the grated bread and 
 fcarrot, with near half a pound of sugar, and a little salt, some grated nutmeg 
 and beaten spice ; and pour all into a convenient dish or pan, butter'd, to 
 keep the ingredients from sticking and burning; set it in a quick oven for 
 about an hour, and so have you a composition for any root-pudding. 
 
 27. Penny-royal. — The cream, eggs, spice, &c. as above, but not so much 
 sugar and -salt. Take a pretty quantity of penny-royal and marigold flower, 
 k6. 'very weU 'shred, and mingle with the cream, eggs, Sec, four spoonfuls of 
 sack ; half a pint more of cream, and almost a pound of beef-suet chopt very 
 small, the gratings of a two-penny loaf, and stirring all well together, put it 
 into a bag flower'd, and tie it fast. It will be boil'd within an hour. Or 
 may be bak'd in i3ie pan like the carrot-pudding. The sauce is for both, a 
 little rose-water, less vinegar, with butter, beaten together and poured on it, 
 sweetened with the sugar caster. 
 
 Of this plant discreetly dried, is made a most wholsom and excellent tea. 
 
 28. Of Spinage. — Take a sufficient quantity of spinach, stamp and strain 
 out the juice ; put to it grated manchet, the yolk of as many eggs as in the 
 former composition of the carrot-pudding ; some marrow shi'ed small, nut- 
 meg, sugar, some corinths (if you please), a few carroways, rose, or orange- 
 flower water (as you best like J, to make it grateful. Mingle all with a little 
 boiled cream, and set the dish or pan in the oven, with a garnish of puff- 
 paste. It will require but very moderate baking. Thus have you receipts 
 for herb-puddiugs. 
 
 29. Skirret-milk. — Is made by boiling the roots tender, and the pulp 
 strained out, put into cream or new milk boiled, with three or four yolks of 
 eggs, sugar, large mace, and other spice, &c. And thus is composed any 
 other root-milk. See Acetari^, p. 754). 
 
 30. Tansie. — Take the gratings or slices of three Naples-biscuits, put 
 them into half a pint of cream, with twelve fresh eggs, four of the whites 
 
809 
 
 cast out, straih the rest, and break them with two spoonsfull of rose-water, a 
 little salt and sugar, half a grated njitmeg. And wheU ready for the pan, 
 put almost a pint of the juice of spinach, cleaver, beets, corn-sallet, green 
 corn, violet, or primrose tender leaves (for of any of these you may take 
 your choiice), with a very small sprig of tarisie, and let it be fried so as to look 
 green in the dish, with a strew of sugar, and store of the juicg of orange. 
 "Some affect to have it fryed a little brown and crisp. 
 
 31. Tart of HERBs.T*-An herb-tart is mjade thijs: Boil fresh cream or 
 milk, with a little grated bread or NapleS'biscuit (which is better) to thicken 
 it ; a pretty quantity of chervile, spinach, beete (or what other herb you 
 please) being first par-boil' d and chop'^d. Then add macaron, or almonds 
 beaten to a paste, a little sweet butter, the yolk of five eggs, three of the 
 whites rejected. To these some add corinths plurap'd in milk, or boil'd 
 therein, sugar, spice at discretion, and stirring it all together over the fire, 
 bake it in the tart-pan. 
 
 3Q. Thistle.— Take the long stalks of the middle leaf of the milky-thistle, 
 about May, when they are young and tender : wash and scrape them, and 
 boil them in water, with a little salt, till they are very soft, and so let them 
 lie to drain. They are eaten with fresh butter melted, not too liiin, and is 
 a delicate and wholsome dish. Other stalks of ihe same kind may so be 
 treated, as the bur, being tender and disarmed of its prickles, &c. 
 
 33. Trufles, and other Tubers, and Boletj, are roasted whole in the 
 embers ; then slic'd and stew'd in strong broth with spice, &c. as mushroms 
 are. Vide Acetaria, p. 801 and 805. • 
 
 34. TuRNEP. — ^Take their stalks (when they begin to run up to seed) as 
 far as they will easily break downwards : peel and tie them in bundles. 
 Then boiling them as they do sparagus, are to be eaten with melted butter. 
 ^Lastly, . ., . 
 
 35. MiNc'p, or Sallet-all-sorts.— Take almopds blanch'd in cold water, 
 cut them round and thin, and so leave l^em in the water ; then have pickl'd 
 cucumbers, olives, cornelians, capers, berberries, redrbeet, buds of nastur- 
 4;ium, broom, &c. purslan-stalk, sampier, ash-keys, walnuts, mushrooms, (and 
 almost of all the pickl'd furniture,) with raisins of the sun ston'd, citron and 
 
 5 L 
 
810 
 
 orange-peel, corinths (well cleahSed .and dried), &c. mince them severally 
 (exqept the corinths), or all together ; and strew them over with any. candy'd 
 flowers, and so dispose of them in the same dish both mixt, and by them- 
 selves. To these add roasted maroons, pistachios, pine-kernels, and qf air 
 monds four times as much as of the rest, with some rose-water. Here also 
 come in the pickled flowers and vinegar in little china dishes. And thus have 
 you an universal winter-sallet, or an all-sort in compendium, fitted for a city 
 feast, and distinguished from the grand-sallet, which shou'd consist of the 
 green, blanch'd, and unpickled, under a stately pennash of sellery, adorn'd 
 with buds and flowers. . ' ; . : v ,- . 
 
 ... i . ' . 
 
 . And thus have we presented you a taste of. our English Garden House- 
 wifry in the matter of Sallets. And though some of them may be vulgar (as 
 are most of the best things), yet she was willing to impart them, to shew 
 the plenty, riches, and variety of the sallet-garden. And to justifie what has 
 been asserted of the possibility of living (not unhapily) on herbs and plants, 
 according to original aud Divine institution, improved by time and long 
 experience. And if we have admitted mushroms among the rest (contrary 
 to our intention, and for reasons given, Aceteria, p. 746), since many will 
 by no means abandon them, we have endeavoured to preserve : them from 
 those pernicious effects which are attributed to, and really in them; i We 
 cannot tell, indeed, whether they were so treated and accommodated for the 
 most luxurioiis of the Caesarean tables, when that monarchy was in its 
 highest strain of epicurism, and ingross'd this haut-gout for their second 
 course ; whilst this we know, that 'tis but what nature affords all her vaga- 
 bonds under every hedge. 
 
 And now, that our sallets may not want a glass of generous wine of the 
 same growth with the rest of the garden to recommend it, let us have your 
 opinion of the following: 
 
 CowsLiP-wiNE. To every gallon of water put two pounds of sugar ; boil 
 it an hour, and set it to cool. Then spread a good brown toast on both sides 
 with yeast. But before you make use of it, beat some syrop of citron with 
 it, an ounce and half of syrup to each gallon of liquor. Then put in the 
 toast whilst hot, to assist its fermentation, which will cease in two days ; 
 during which time cast in the cowslip-flowers (a little bruised, but not much 
 stamp'd) to the quantity of half a bushel to ten gallons (or rather three pecks) 
 four limons slic'd, with the rinds and all. Lastly, one pottle of white or 
 
811 
 
 thenish wine ; and then, after two days, tun it up in a sweet cask. Some 
 jave out all the syrup. 
 
 And here, before we conclude, since there is nothing of more constant 
 ise than good vinegar ; or that has so near an affinity to all our Acetaria, we 
 hink it not amiss to add the following (much approved) receipt : 
 
 Vinegar. To every gallon of spring water let there be allowed three 
 founds .of Malaga-raisins. Put them in an earthen jar, and place them 
 ^here they may have the hottest sun, from May till Michaelmas. Then 
 (ressing them' well, tun the liquor up in a very strong iron-hoop'd vessel to 
 irevent its bursting. It will appear very thick and muddy when newly 
 iress'd, but will refine in the vessel, and be as clear as wine. Thus let it re- 
 aain untouched for three months before it be drawn off, and it will prove 
 ixcellent vinegar. 
 
 Butter. Butter being likewise so frequent and necessary an ingredient 
 o divers of the foregoing appendants ; it should be carefully melted, that 
 t turn not to an oyl ; which is prevented by melting it leisurely, with a little 
 air water at the bottom of the dish or pan ; and by continual shaking and 
 tirring, kept from boiling or over-heating, which makes it rank. 
 
 Other rare and exquisite liquors and teas (products of our gardens only) 
 ve might superadd, which we leave to our lady housewives, whose province, 
 ndeed, all this while it is. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Where the letter n is attached to a figure, the particulars will be found in a Note upon the page referred to. 
 
 A. A., by whom used as a cypher, 30^. 
 
 Abacus, derivation and description of the, 382. 
 
 Abbas, King of Persia, his plan for recruiting his 
 kingdom, 615. his examination of the Jewish 
 faith, 616, 617. his covenant with the Jews, 
 618 ; discovery of ditto by Abbas II. and his 
 proceedings thereon, 619. 
 
 Abdication of kings and princes censured, 517, 
 518. 
 
 Academies of art instituted, 317> 319. 
 
 Acadiae, sculpture used by the, 275. 
 
 Acids for salads, directions for, 765. 
 
 Acetafia, a Discourse of Sallets, 1 699, notice of 
 the work, xx. reprint of, 721 ; notice of the 
 editions of, 722. defence of its subject, 725, 
 726, 727. 
 
 Acetaria, what plants are signified by the name, 
 733, 734. 
 
 Acroteria, derivation and description of, 416. 
 
 Act of Parliament against Moor-burning, 234. 
 
 Action, the exi|pnce of God, 510; blessedness 
 of, 511 ; blessings produced by, 551. 
 
 Actions, ever to be consecrated, 115, 139. 
 
 Activity productive ofTiappiness, 515, 516. 
 
 Adam, said to have invented sculpture, 263, 267; 
 books said to have written by, ib. 264 ; so- 
 ciety not the cause of his fall, 530. 
 
 Addison, Joseph, his observation concerning the 
 buildings of Rome, 213 n. 
 
 Admiral, of France, his rank and office, 75. in- 
 stitution and derivation of the title, 662 and n. 
 
 Admiralty Court, of France, 74. office Of the,' by 
 whom instituted, 647. 
 
 Adolphus, Gustavus, II. king of Sweden, his na- 
 val victories, 652. 
 
 Adoxous, explanation of the word, 230. 
 
 Adversity met with fortitude during the civil 
 wars in England, 519. 
 
 Advocates General in the Parliamentary Courts 
 of France, 72. 
 
 .ffileas. King of Scythia, his saying concerning 
 inactivity, 517. 
 
 yEIianus, ClaUdus, his praise of patriotic council- 
 lors, 514. his list of philosophers and scholars 
 in public employment, 538, 539. 
 
 Aelst, Peter Van, engravings executed by, 302. 
 
 ^milius, Paulus, causes his son to be taught en- 
 graving, 326. 
 .^mylius, his naval victory, 644. 
 Aeragus, beautiful carvings of, 272. 
 iEsculapius, sacrifices of hair made to, 138. 
 Africa, discovered by Cham/ 639. 
 A. G. by whom used as a mark, 291. 
 Agathias, reference to concerning the Roman 
 
 philosophers, 19. 
 Aglaphontes used but one colour in his paintings, 
 
 323. 
 Agogice, metal figures cast with wax, 258. 
 Aides of France, when instituted and what, 66/ 
 Air, names and nature of, 215. character of the 
 
 most pure, 216. ditto of hot, cold, and dry, 
 
 ib. continual food of the body, 217. danger 
 
 of corrupting it, 218. how it circulates 
 
 through the body, 226. how damaged by 
 
 smoke, 235, 236. effect of upon the passions, 
 
 238. 
 of London, smoky nature of, 210. 219. Fide 
 
 London. 
 of Paris, dry and healthy nature of the, 94, 
 
 95. 
 Alaturnus, destruction of by the winter of 1683, 
 
 694. seeds of, directions for gathering, &c. 
 
 474. 
 Alban's, St. Henry Jermyn, Earl of, notice of his 
 
 mansion, 342 n. 
 Alberti, Cherubino, his engravings, 287. 
 Leon Baptista, his term for the Volute 
 
 381. do. for Guttae, 396. his learning and 
 
 publications, 561. 
 Aldegrever, Henry, his mark and engravings, 
 
 291. 
 Alexander the Great, his ungraceful carriage, 30. 
 
 flattery of by Nicesius and Anaxander, 33. hlis 
 
 rejection of flattery, 37. his order concernihg 
 
 his effigy, 271- 
 Alexanders, their Latin names and nature as 
 
 herbs, 735. 
 Alexandria, merchant fleet to, 572. extensive 
 
 commerce of, 647. ' 
 Alfred, King of England, naval power of, 661. 
 Almoner, Great, of France, head of the French 
 
 ecclesiastics, 61, 
 
814 
 
 GENERAL, INDEX. 
 
 Alms bestowed by the Jews in expectation of a 
 Messiah^ 593. 
 
 AloSs, general directions for, 484, 485. 
 
 Alphonso, King of Castile, his impious saying 
 concerning the world, 629. ' ' 
 
 Ambition, to be found in solitude, 511. cannot 
 be extinguished, 512. virtue afld vice of con- 
 sidered, 520. 
 
 America, butchers removed from the Spanish 
 towns in, 2^7. sculptures found in various 
 parts of, 275. several claims to the discovery 
 of, 654, 655. 
 
 Ammanus, Jost, or Justus, his book of trades en- 
 graved on wood, 294. 302. 
 
 Amphiprostyle, its nature and number of co- 
 
 . lumns, 390. 
 
 Ampoulle, Sainte, or Holy Phial, legend of, 54. 
 
 Amsterdam, learning of the merchants at, 540. 
 
 Anaglyphice, casting of embossed metal images, 
 258i more modern than sculpture, 269. 
 
 ^naxagoras, resigns his patrimony for freedom, 
 26. . 
 
 Anaxander, his flattery of Alexander, 33. 
 
 Anaximines, his belief that air was the cause of all 
 things, 215. 
 
 Aiicaesa Vasa, notice of the, 260. 
 
 Anchors, first invention and improvement of, 
 637. 
 
 Anemonies, directions for planting, 48 1. 
 
 Angels, their struggles after liberty, 9. 
 
 Anger, seat of in the human body, 128. how to 
 be governed in youth, 129, 130. 
 
 Anjou, Mons.,the E>uke of, his character, 55. 
 
 Annates, a source of the French revenue, 66. 
 
 Ante Pilasters, or Antes, what they are, 385, 390. 
 
 Antinous, relation of his apotheosis, 30. 
 
 Antisthenes, his reply on public employment,, 
 549. 
 
 Antonio, Marco, copies the engravings of Albert 
 Durer, 278. praised and employed by Raf- 
 faeile, 279. character of his engravings and 
 notice of his other works, ib. 280. marks in- 
 serted on his plates, 280. recommended to 
 Albert Durer, ib. designs of J. Romano and 
 B. Bandinelli, engraved by; 281. 
 
 Antonius Pius, his maxim concerning natural af- 
 fections, 21. 
 
 Apelles, his picture of Alexander, 37. 271- 
 
 Apicius Cselius, his methods of dressing mush- 
 ' rooms referred to, 747 n. 
 
 Apollo, sacrifices of hair made to, 138» 
 
 ApoUonins, his objection to hunting, 9. 
 Apoiogyfor the Roynl Parly, 1659, notice of the 
 work, X. reprint of, 169 — 192. the author's 
 intent in wrhuig it, 189. 
 Apophyges, what is meant by the, 376, 379. 
 Apogphragismata, Pliny's notice of the, 271. 
 Apothecaries Garden at Chelsea, heating of the 
 
 greenhouse at, 485 n. 
 Appanages, a source of wealth to the crown of 
 France, 63. 
 
 Appius Claudius, naval expedition under, 643. 
 
 Apples, names of those in prime »nd lasting in 
 January, 445 ; do. in February, 448 j do. in 
 March, 451 ; do. in April, 456 j do. in May, 
 460 ; do. in June, 465 ; do. in July, 468 ; do. 
 in August, 472 ; do. in September, 476 ; do. 
 in October, 480 ; do. in November, 484 ; do. 
 in December, 437. catalogue of the best, 495. 
 
 Applientlceship in France, a diminiUtion of ho- 
 nour, 81. 
 
 Apricots, catalogue of the best, 496, 
 
 April, length of the days, &c. in, 454. work to 
 be done in the orchard and kitchen-garden, 
 ib. fruits in prime and lasting in, 456. work to 
 be done in the parterre and flower garden, ib. 
 flowers in prime and lasting in, 458, 
 
 Aquinas, St. Thomas, reference to concerning 
 the fallen angels, 9. his mention of the 
 writings of Adam, 264. 
 
 Arabia, why called the Happy, 208. 
 
 Arare campum cereum, cleaning of a W9xen ta- 
 blet, 262. 
 
 Arahceologia, notice of Brompton Park Gardetif 
 in the, 714 n. 
 
 Archbishop of Paris, his jurisdiction, 94. 
 
 Archbishops of France^ their number and nature, 
 78. 
 
 Archers of the Royal Guard of France, described, 
 63. . : 
 
 Arches, or Vaults, various kinds of described, 386, 
 387. triumphal ornaments and figures anciently 
 
 , used for, 421. 
 
 Architects, to be more perfect in geometry, per- 
 spective, and design, 344.373. qualities re- 
 quired in, 356, 357. excellence and rank of, 
 359. should be gifted by sch^ls and lectures, 
 ib. knighted in Italy, 362. 
 
 Architects and Architecture, an Account of, notice" 
 of the work, xvi. reprint of, 349 — 424. its use 
 to the workmen at St. Paul's, 352. origin of 
 . the book, 353. derivation and extent of the 
 word Architect, 353 — 358. matter and form of 
 buildings not treated of, and why, 360. styles of 
 architecture intended to be spoken of, 365. 
 terms used by : Taxis and Ordonance, 368 ; 
 tiathesis, 369 ; Ichnography, Orthography, 
 Seenography, 371 ; Eurythmia, Decor, 372j 
 Foundation, Stereobata, Stylobata, 374 j orna- 
 ments and members of the latter, 375 ; Sca- 
 milli impares, ib. ; the Base and its parts, 376 • 
 the Plinth, Torus, Trochile, and Astragal, 377,; 
 Sulos, 378; Capital, 379, 380— 382 ; Striges, 
 383 ; Pilasters, 384 ; Imposts and Pilse, 385 j 
 Arches, 386 ; Mensula, 387 5 Intercolumnia- 
 tlon, 388; Areostylos, Diastylos, Systylos,,ib. • 
 Species of Columns, 390, 391 j Architrave, 
 391; Facias, Cymaticum, 392, 393; Taenia, 
 .393; Frieze, 394; Trlglyphs, Guttse, 395 j 
 Metopae, Cornice, 396 ; Ovolo, Dentelli, 397 ; 
 Modilions, 398 : Mutules, Projectures, Corona, 
 399 ; Regula, 401 j Module, 404 ; Orders of. 
 
GENERAL INDEX, 
 
 815 
 
 described : Tuscan, 405 ; Doric, 406 ; Ionic, 
 Corinthian, 408; Composite, 410; Caryatides, 
 411 i Columns of various species, 419; Tym- 
 panum, 414 ; Acroteria, Cupola, 416} Dome, 
 Windows, Niches, 417; Tribunals, Relievos, 
 419 J Ornaments, 4';20; how appropriated to 
 various buildings^ 421; Emblema, 422; Mo- 
 saic and Tessellations, 423 ; conclusion, ib. 424. 
 
 Architecture, derived of the Greeks, 355. not 
 cultivated in England, but greatly encouraged 
 in Italy, 362. rude originals of, 363, etymon 
 of the word, ib, extensive meaning of, 364. 
 connection between military and civil, 365, 
 Greek and Roman the roost perfect kinds, ib. 
 monastic style of, censured, ib, 366. by^hom 
 corrupted, 366. names of its chief revivers, 
 367. numerous requisites of, 368. its con- 
 nection with painting and sculpture, 559, 
 
 Arctutectus Ingenio, what is intended by, 358, 
 
 ■ Sumptuarius, do. 358, 
 
 Manuarius, 358. 
 
 Architrave, its derivation and meaning, 391, in 
 the Doric Order, 407. 
 
 Areostylos, what it signifies in Architecture, 388. 
 
 Argentum aspenim et pustulatum, rough and 
 embossed silver, 259. 
 
 Aristippus the elder, his boast of free speaking, 21. 
 
 Aristophanes, passage from concerning the Sil- 
 phium, 759 u. 
 
 Aristotle, various quotations from and references 
 to, 21. 326. 329. 501. 51 1. 777 n. 781. 
 
 Aristoxenus, his moisture for Lettuce-beds, 743. 
 
 Arlington, Henry Earl of. Dedications addressed 
 to, 565, 623. requests Evelyn to write a His- 
 tory of the Dutch War, 628 n. 
 
 Armada, Naval, of France, account of the, 76. 
 
 Armies of France, numbers of the standing, 76. 
 auxiliaries serving in the, SO. ' 
 
 Army of England, its monopoly of power in the 
 Civil Wars, 182. deception of the, by the Par- 
 liament, ib. 
 
 Army's plea for their present practice, 1659. ex- 
 tracts and animadversions on, 180, 181, par- 
 ticulars concerning the, ISOn. 
 
 Arrests, or Acts of the Parliament of France de- 
 clared, 72. 
 
 Arrian, reference to concerning the Stoical doc- 
 trine of Vice, 15. his Manual of the Stoic 
 Morality, and discourses of Epictetus, 24. 
 
 Arthur, King of Britain, his naval expeditions, 660. 
 
 Artichokes, Latin names and methods of dressing 
 and preserving, 735. 800. introduction of, to 
 England, and ancient price of, 736. 
 
 Artillerie, Grand Mailre de 1', in France, 75. 
 
 Artillery, at Havre de Grace, Motto on the, 58, 
 excellent stores of in France, 86. 
 
 Artists, encouragement of in all ages and places, 
 317. intellectual endowments requisite to, 318. 
 names of such as used but two colours, 323. 
 
 Arts, decay of the, in Greece and Rome, 273. 
 
 lamentation for the, by Petronius, 274. means 
 of recovering in England; ib. 275.310.311. 
 eulogy on the Patrons of the, 290. 317. aca- 
 demies of, as instituted by Princes, 317. 319. 
 terms of various, preserved by the French, 354, 
 
 Arundel,. Thomas Earl of, his saying concerning 
 Drawing, 312. eulogium on, and notice of, 
 555. Evelyn's notice of his Library, 556 n. 
 marbles belonging to, presented to Oxford and 
 published, 557 n. 
 
 Ascham, Anthony, notice of, 178 n. ' 
 
 Ashen-keys, directions for preserving, 802. 
 
 Ashley, Sir Anthony, Cabbages brought into £ng> 
 land by, 738. biographical notice of him, ib. n. 
 
 Ashmole, Elias, notice, of him, 290 n. 
 
 Asia, discovered by Shem and Japhet, 639. 
 
 Asiatics, eflfects of the air on the, 216. 
 
 Asparagus, qualities of, and method of dressing, 
 754. Dr. Lister's method of forcing, 779. do. 
 for potting, 803. 
 
 Assafoetida, historical notices of, 759 and note. 
 
 Astragal, its derivatioa and meaning in Architect 
 ture, 377, 378. 
 
 Astronomy, great importance of to Gardeners, 
 431. 
 
 Astyages, King of Media, anecdoteof his cnielty, 33 . 
 
 Athanasius, St. his mention of sacrificing hair, 138, 
 
 Athenxus, various references to and quotations 
 from, 30. 33. 636. 637. 739, 740 n. 746. 763, 
 and note. 772 n. 774, 775 n. 777 n, 780. 793 n, 
 796 n. 
 
 Athenians, consequences of their abandoning 
 their Kings, 52. their naval engagements and 
 fall, 642. 643. 
 
 Attic base, how it is formed, 376. 
 
 Attila, King of the Huns, his rejection of flat- 
 tery, 37. 
 
 A. V. signification of the mark, 281. 
 
 Aubrey, John, his notice of Nonesuch and Dur- 
 dans Palaces. 419 n. Letter of Evelyn to. from 
 his History of Surrey, 687. additions to ditto, 
 691 n. 
 
 Audran, Charles, hi§ print of St. Catherine. 304. 
 
 Avernus. Lake of. notice concerning the, 221 n. 
 
 August, length of the days, &c. in. 471. work 
 to be done in, in the orchard and kitchen gar- 
 den, ib. fruits in prime and lasting in, 472. 
 work to be done in the parterre and flower gar- 
 den in, 473. flowers in prime and lasting in, 
 
 . 475. 
 
 Augustine, St. D. Aurelius, reference to concern- 
 ing servitude, 11. his admiration of Epictetus, 
 24. his praise of his son, 107. his sorrow for 
 him. 111. calls Adam the inventor of sculp* 
 ture, 263. 
 
 Augustinoi Venetiano, his engravings and cypher, 
 280. employed by fi. Baldinelli, ib. . ' 
 
 Augustus Octavianus Csesar, Emperor of Rome> 
 appoints Dioscorides his Sculptor, 271. com- 
 mands Poditis to be taught drawing, 330. ac- 
 
816 
 
 GENERAL INDEX; 
 
 tive viftiCes of, celebrated, 513. his naval dis- 
 coveries and conquests, 644. his fleets and 
 squadrotis enumerated, 645. his praise of let- 
 tuce, 743. 
 
 A. V. I. explanation of the mark, 280. 
 
 Aviaries, various directions concerning, 448. 454- 
 466. 
 
 Avicenna, his remark concerning the Ethiops, 217. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bacchus, his discoveries and instruction in navi- 
 gation, 639. 
 
 Bacon, Sir Francis, Lord Verulam, various refe- 
 rences to, and quotations from, xxi. 540. 747- 
 777, 781 n. 
 
 Bainein, signification of the word, 376. 
 
 Baldini, Baccio, his engraving and printing, 277. 
 
 BalduSj Bernardinus, his Lexicon ta Vitruvius, 
 354. his term for a capital, 374. explanation 
 of Sulos, 378. observation on the architrave, 
 391. 
 
 Balls, style of the English defended, 161. de- 
 scription aiid censure of one, 164. 
 
 Ballusters, general rules concerning, 422. 
 
 Balm, its nature as an herb, and method of using, 
 736. 
 
 Bandinelli, Baccio, A. Venetiano employed by, 
 281. his designs engraved by M. Antonio, ib. 
 
 Bankside, notice of buildings on the, 223. 
 
 Banquets of England, tedious formality of, 167- 
 
 Barbaro, Daniel, his description of foundations, 
 373. notice of him ib. note, his derivation of 
 the Italian word Cortice, 377- 
 
 Barbarini, Rome despoiled of its architecture by 
 the family of, 389. 
 
 Barberries, catalogue of the best sorts of, 496. 
 
 Barclay, John, his praise of Greenwich Palace, 
 232, and note. 
 
 Bark, anciently used for writing on, 267. 
 
 Barlacchi, Tomaso, his engravings after Michel 
 Angelo, &c. 283, 284. 
 
 Barlseus, Gaspard, salad described by, 793. 
 
 Barlow, Francis, his engravings to Ogilby's ^sop, 
 310. 
 
 Barristers of England, their inferiority to those 
 of France, 166. 
 
 Bas-de-Soie shot through, what they were, 710. 
 
 Bases, ornaments of, 375. their derivation, mean- 
 ing, and parts, 376. various kinds of, ib. of 
 the Tuscan Order, 406. of the Doric ditto, 
 407. of the Ionic ditto, 408. of the Corin- 
 thian ditto, 409. of the Composite ditto, 411. 
 
 Basil, its nature as a sallad, 736. 
 
 Bassano, Giacomo da Ponte, fault committed by, 
 in his pictures, 560. 
 
 Bastone, the Italian name for the Trochile, 377. 
 
 Baur, John William, Battles etched by, 298. 
 
 Beale, John, his Latin verses to Evelyn on his 
 book of architecture, 347. 
 
 Beans, directions for pickling, 803. 
 
 Beatrice, Nicole, engravings executed by, 303. 
 
 Beccafumi, Domenlco, engravings by, 283. 
 Bees, various directions concerning, 445. 448. 45l. 
 
 456. 460. 465. 468. 472. 476. 
 Beet, different kinds of, their nature and metHod 
 
 of dressing, 736. 
 Beham, Hans Sebald, his mark and works, 291. 
 Belial, import of his name, 10. 
 Bella, Stephano della, his excellent collection of 
 
 etchings, 288. 
 Berkeley, the Earl of, notice of his villa, at Dur- 
 
 dans> 419, and note. 
 ■ House, inlaid floor at, 423. 
 
 Bernard, Solomon, the Little, excellence of Tiis 
 
 small engravings, 303. 
 Bernini, Caivalier, his wreathed and enlibossed 
 
 columns, 412, extensive abilities of, 561. 
 Beverovicius, John, vegetable diet defended by, 
 
 780. 
 Bibliander, Theodore, his idea of the origin of 
 
 letters and sculpture, 267. 
 Bindley, James, Esq. his MS. note in Evelyn's 
 tract on Liberty and Servitude, 3. his copy of 
 the First Edition of the^French Gardiner, 97 n. 
 his MS. note iin Evelyn's Translation of St 
 Chrysostom's Golden Book, 1 12 n. 
 Bischop, John de, an Advocate and Engraver, 301,. 
 Bishops of France, their number, 78. 
 Blagrave, Joseph, his engraved diagrams, 327. 
 Blazons, Heraldic, expressed by lines, 323. 
 Bleau, 'Willianj Jansen, his observation concern* 
 
 ing Durer's prints, 290. 
 Blite, its names, kinds, and manner of dressing, 
 
 737. 
 Bloemart, Abraham and Cornelius, their engrav- 
 ings, 298. 
 Blood, eating of considered and censured, 786, 
 
 787. 
 Bochart, Samuel, various references to, 641 ij. 
 
 659 n. 
 Body, vliberty of the, 10. continually feeding, on 
 air, 217. how the air enters it, 226. archi- 
 tectural proportion derived from the, 403. 
 Boetius a Boot, Arnold, his sentiments on New- 
 castle coal, 227. notice of him, ib. n. 
 Bolino, Bblio, an Italian graving tool, '262. 
 Bolswert, Adam, his rustics after Bloemart, 295. 
 
 portraits and other plates by, 296. 
 Boltel, a name for the Astragal, 378. 
 Bonasoni, Giulio, engravings by, 284. 
 Borgiani, Horatio, his engravings in Raffaelle's 
 
 Bible, 288. 
 Borrage, its nature and mode of using, 737. 
 Borromeo, Cardinal St. Charles, his admiratiqri qf 
 
 the Discourses of Epictetus, 24. 
 Bosse, Abraham du, his excellent copies after Cal- 
 lot, 307. peculiar style of his engravings, 308. 
 small ornamental plates by, and his work on 
 engraving, ib. 335. his remarks on the per- 
 spective of irregular surfeces, 322. his inven- 
 tion for executing single hatchings, 323. his 
 censure of errors in costume, &c, 561. 
 
GEJifERAL INPEX. 
 
 817 
 
 Boulla, import of tbe word, 362, 
 Bourbon, House of, how descended, 53. 
 . Louis de. Prince of Cond^, his descent 
 
 and character, 55, 56. Grand Maitre de France, 
 
 60. a Member of the Conseil d'en haut, 67. 
 , Armand de, Prince of Contv, chaiacter 
 
 of, 56. 
 Bourdeaux, Chambre Miparties established in, 72. 
 Bow,' proposal for removing the t.ondon Brewers 
 
 to, 233. , 
 Bowling-greens of England, delightful, 167. 
 Box, how to remove its offensive smell, 458. 
 Boyle, Hon. Robert, Dedication of the Sculptura 
 
 to, 243. eulogy on, and work of referred to, 
 
 552 and note, his queries concerning Sallads, 
 
 768. 
 Brass plates used for engraving, 277. 
 wire, mills for the drawing of first built in 
 
 Surrey, 689. 
 Bread, engraving of, mentioned by Pliny, ' 272. 
 
 made of Turnips, recipe for, 756. 
 Breast, supposed to be the seat of anger, 128. 
 Breughels, subjects engraved by the, 301. 
 Brewers of London, proposal for settling them 
 
 at Bow, 233. 
 Bridges with extraordinary arches, 386. 
 Bridgewater, the Earl of, his house and gardens 
 
 in Barbican, 222. notice of the family, ib. n. 
 Brill, Paul, his engraved landscapes, 295. 
 Britain, ancient unknown state of, 644. 
 Britons, early naval exploits of the, 659. 
 
 lordship of the sea exhibited, 670. 673. 
 Brocoli, historical mention of, 738. 
 Bromptojti Park Nursery-gardens, 714 and note. 
 
 715,716,717. recommended, 497. 
 Bronchorst, John VE(n, his excellent etchings, 295. 
 Brooke, Robert, Lord, death of, 178 n, 
 Brooklime, nature and qualities of the herb, 737. 
 Broom-pods and buds, directions for pickling, 803. 
 Brossehaemer, Hans, his Triumph of Maximilian, 
 
 294. 
 Brotihcker, Lord Viscount, Letter to on the Spa- 
 nish Sembrador, 1669-70,621. notice of, 723 n. 
 Browne, Sir Richard, Dedication addressed to, 
 
 505. his shelter of the loyalists and clergy, in 
 
 the civil wars recorded, 506 and note. 
 
 _, Sir Thomas, reference to his tracts, 778 n. 
 
 J Major General, particulars concerning 
 
 thfcir 
 
 him, 177 «• 
 Brussels, the late news from, unmasked, 1660, notice, 
 
 of,xi. reprint of, 193 — 204. reprint of the tract 
 
 itself, 195n. — 202 n. notice concerning them 
 
 194. character of the tract answered by Eve-- 
 
 lyn, xi. 195 n. vide Charles II. 
 Bruyh, Nicholas de, his engir^ved wodd scenery, 
 
 295. 
 Bry, Theodore de, his illustrated voyages 295. 
 Bucher, Buch-mast, analogy of with books, 267. 
 Buckland, Mr. hrs recommendation of the culture 
 
 of potatoes in England, 447 n. 
 
 .S M 
 
 Budaeus, Gulielmus, his definition of architect 
 355. ' 
 
 Buds of herbs, their qualities and use, 737. 
 
 Bugloss, its qualities,»'737. 
 
 Buildings, requisites wanted for the constructiqm 
 of, 358. their matter and form, why not 
 treated of, 360. rude origihais of, 363. various 
 kinds of, all called architecture, 364. of Rome, 
 how erected and despoiled, 389. 
 
 Buonarroti, Michel Angelo, his. distinction con- 
 cerning sculpture, 261. retouches an engrav- 
 ing by Martin of Antwerp, 2"7. engravings 
 after, ib. 283. 285. defence of his works, 560. 
 
 Burdock, its use as a sallad, 758. 
 
 Bureaux, signification of, 65. 
 
 Burials, ancient laws concerning, 236. 
 
 Burine, the French graver, 262. 
 
 Butchers should be removed from cities, 236, 237, 
 
 Butter, directions for preparing for sallad, 811, 
 
 C. 
 
 Cabbage, historical remarks on, nature and me- 
 thod of dressing, 737, 738. 
 
 Cadmus, his colonies and inventions, 639. 
 
 Caelatura, different kinds of work signified by, 
 259,260. 
 
 Caelum, Caeles, Caeltes, names for a style, 261. 
 
 Caelum Tornos, embossed metal cups, 260. 
 
 Caesar, C. Julius, various references to, and quo- 
 tations from, 88. 415. 513, 659! 670. 
 
 Caesari, Alessandro, fine medals executed by, 389,, 
 
 Calaber, Peter, his mistake concerning printing, 
 267. 
 
 Calathus in a Corinthian capital, 381. 
 
 Calcar, or Kalcker, John Van, his anatomical 
 designsj 284. 
 
 Cales, or Cadiz, expedition of the Earl of Essex 
 to, 664. 
 
 Calices Diatreti, mentioned by Martial, 259. 
 
 Caligulii, C. Emperor of Rome, his endeavour to< 
 tempt Demetrius, 25. 
 
 Calligraphers, names of eminent French, 305. 
 do. of English, 3 10. 
 
 Callimachus, the inventor of the flowery volute, 
 381.383. 
 
 Callot, Jacques, eulogium on, 307. principal en- 
 gravings ,of, ib. 3Q8. . , , 
 
 Cambyses, King of Persia, anecdote of his cruelty, 
 33. 
 
 Camden, William, Clarenceux King of Arms, 
 various references to, 419. 677, 679. 
 
 Camp, Maitres de, in France, 75. 
 
 Cape of Good Hope, passage to India by the, 649. 
 
 Capel, Arthur Richj Lord, his • defence of Col-- 
 Chester, and fate, 176 n, 
 
 Gapitaine de la Porte in France, his guard, 61. 
 
 Capital of a column, 379. and its parts, ,3807- 
 382. determines its Order, 405. of the Tus- 
 can Order, 406. of the Doric do. 407. of the 
 
818 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 . Ionic do. 408. of the Corinthian, do; 409. 
 
 of the Composite do. ib. 410. 
 Capitolinus, Julius, reference to concerning Anto- 
 
 nius Pius, 21. * 
 
 Capsicum, Indian, nature and method of prepar- 
 ing the, 75o; 
 Cardanus, Jerome, his remarks on wild plants, 
 > -760n.' vegetable diet rejected by, 777,. 
 
 Cards, skill of the English females in playing at 
 defended, 159 n. their advantages at play, 160, 
 161. 
 
 Carew, Sir George, his relation of the state of 
 France, ix. 
 
 Carmen, extreme rudeness of the, in England, 
 150. 
 
 Carpi, Ugo da, his engravings in Chiaro-scuro, 
 282. 
 
 Carracci, Annibale, print of, impossible to coun- 
 terfeit, 324. 
 
 , Augustine and Annibal, their engravings, 
 
 285, 286. 
 
 Carrots, Latin names of, and method of raising, 
 738. directions for making a pudding of, 808. 
 
 Carter, Francis, an eminent artist with the pen, 
 316. 
 
 Carthaginians, their ancient commerce and naval 
 povper, 643. frequent sea-fights with the Ro- 
 mans, ib. 
 
 Carthusians, Order of the, their social prayer, 529. 
 
 Caryatides, 357. historical account of and use, 
 411,412. 
 
 Gassianus, notice of his martyrdom, 262. 
 
 Gathetus in the Ionic volute, 382. 
 
 Catholics, Roman, of France, their character, 82. 
 
 Gato, Marcus Fortius, the Cgnsor, reference to 
 his commendations of cabbage, 737. 
 
 Catsius, Jacobus, his sallad, 793. 
 
 Cavaglieri, Giovanni Battista, his engravings, 2S3. 
 
 Cavaglio, Giacomo del, his works and abilities, 
 283, 
 
 Cavalry of France, regiments of, 76. excellence 
 of, 85. 
 
 Gavatores, engravers anciently so called, 261. 
 
 Caverns, subterranean, mortality- of, 225. 
 
 Gaukerken, or Caukern, Cornelius Van, his en- 
 gravings, 299. 
 
 Cauliflowers^ to secure good heads of, 472. his-' 
 torical mention of, 738. directions for pick- 
 • ling, 803. 
 
 Ceilings first painted, 401. 
 
 Celery, 753. domestic use of; for a sallad, 754. " 
 
 Celsus, Aurelianua Cornelius, impiety of, con- 
 cerning Epictetus, 24. his rule concerning 
 ■foods, 781. 
 
 Cerei Pugillares, hand-tables of- wax, 262. 
 
 Cesij, Giovanni Jacopo, account of him, 569. 
 commissioned to procure a slave for Jumbel 
 
 - Aga, 570. 
 
 Chabot, John and Sebastian, discoveries attributied 
 
 - to, 655. 
 
 Chalk, excellency' of drawingtipon colouried paper 
 with, 316.- 
 
 Cham, his exploits, 264. sculptured columns of, 
 
 . 265. parts of the earth discovered by, -639. 
 
 Chamberlain, High, of France, his duties and 
 officers,. 60. 
 
 Ghambre^ La Grand, of France, its officers and 
 duties, 7l. 
 
 Chancellor of France, office and ceremonies of 
 the, 69. peculiarities of his dress, 70. 
 
 Chaperon, Nicholas,' his engravings after Raf- 
 faelle, 304. 
 
 Character of England, 1659, 141 — 167. vide 
 England. 
 
 Character of France, 1659, notice of, 143 n. 
 
 Characters, a satirical game so called, 164 n. 
 
 Charasch, Charasao, Carath, Charatto, their con- 
 
 I uection and signification, 263. 
 
 Chardoon, the Spanish, method of dressing, 736. 
 
 Charlemagne, Emperor, his' institution of naval 
 offices, 646, 547. 
 
 Charles' V. Emperor of Germany, his abdication 
 censured, 577- his visits to the tomb of Buec-^ 
 
 : keld; 680. his maxim concerning the sea, 635. 
 
 Charles I. King of England, eulegium on his 
 virtuous' suffering, vii.522r his proclamations, 
 &c. on the British fisheries and fleet for guard- 
 ing them, 683,684. 
 
 Charles II. King of England, his restoration, xi. 
 adopts the Eastern costume, xiii. his enquiry 
 into the state of English timber, xiv. pre- 
 sented with the first pine-apple raised in Eng- 
 land, loin. 432 n. > vindication of, from the 
 charge of revenge, 185. 195, 196. 198. 203, 
 from popery, 186. 203. eulogy on him and 
 his brothers, 187- 201.202,203. pretended 
 calumnious letter concerning, 195 n. — 202 n. 
 his virtuous conversation vindicated, 197. as- 
 sertion of his intentions of vengeance, 199 n, 
 202 n, his [)retended courtesy to the Presby- 
 terians, 200 n. Dedications addressed to, 207. 
 339. 627. his encouragement of Evelyn's 
 
 ' Fumifugium, 207 n. his buildings, planta- 
 tions, &c. celebrated, 340, 341. 345. his char- 
 ter and grant of Chelsea College to the Royal 
 Society, 556. his encouragement of com- 
 merce, 634. his encouragement of naval dis- 
 coveries, 665. 
 Chart and Map engravers of France, &c. 309. 
 ehast''ity of Youth, importance and means of pre- 
 serving, 132. to be preserved by an early mar- 
 riage, 134. ... 
 Chaucer, Geoffrey; his orthography of Gilly-flower, 
 
 466 n. . • 
 
 Chauveau, Francis, his . invention and. engravings, 
 
 305. 
 Chaulmes, the Duchess of, immense value of her 
 
 bed plumes, 81. > 
 Cheerfulness of the people of France, 92. 
 Chemice, casting of. liietal figures, 258. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 819 
 
 Cheret) Explanation and connection of the word, 
 263., 
 
 Cheffies, .in prime and lasting in May, 460. 
 ditto in June, 465. ditto in July, 469. Ca- 
 talogue of the.bestkinds of, 496. 
 
 Chervil, or Scandix Cerefolium, its variety in the 
 kitchen garden, 445 n. Latin names and cha- 
 racter of as asEjllad, 738. . 
 
 Chesnut, directions for dressing, 800. 
 
 Chiaro-scuro, first engravings in, 283. 
 
 Children (vide Youth), of France, the character 
 and disposition of, 90. St. Chrysostom's book 
 on the education of, 103 — 140. how sorrow for 
 their deaths should be mitigated, 105, 106. 
 anxiety of fathers to clothe them richly, 113. 
 their manners to be early and carefully cul- 
 tured to virtue, 114, 115. advice for the go- 
 vernment of the speech of, 115, 116, 117. 119. 
 ditto for their correction, 118. ditto for guard- 
 ing their sense of hearing, 119. examples for 
 introducing them to the knowledge of the 
 Scriptures, 120. 122. 126, 127, 128. and the 
 duties of religion, 122. repetitions of Scrip- 
 ture stories to be made by, 122. 124. advice 
 for naming them, 124. their smelling to be 
 kept , from . perfumes, 126. sight of to be 
 guarded, 127. means of doing it, ib. their 
 touch to be carefully preserved, 128. how their 
 anger should be governed, 129. duties of 
 vyards their domestics, 130,. 131, 132. ' of Lon- 
 don, great mortality of, 214. exposure of in 
 heathen countries, ib. importance of teaching 
 them by pictures, 329,330. 
 
 Chimnies, means of improving those in the works 
 in London, 213.. 
 
 China, early use of sculpture and chalcography, 
 274, 275. pretended antiquity of the Chinese 
 printing, .275. 
 
 Chinese, their strangely-built ships, 654. 
 
 Choice of mankind generally erroneous, 548. 
 
 Christ, cause of his seeking retirement, 528. 
 
 Chrysippus, his praise of Dion, 17. 
 
 Chrygostom, St. John (vide Children), Evelyn's 
 translation of the Golden Book of, 1659, x. 
 103 — ■,140. reasons for its publication, 106. dis- 
 covery of the manuscript of, 112. . concluding 
 blessing of, 137. notfes to,: 138. his Marriage 
 Homily referred to, 140. allusion to another 
 work by him on the education of children, ib. 
 
 Chrysostom, Dion, reference to, 8. 
 
 Chrystal, ancient name for graving on, 259. 
 
 Church of France, notice of, 78. possessions of 
 the, 87. 
 
 of England, desolate state of in the civil 
 
 wars, 153 n. # - 
 
 Churches, censure of the English during the civil 
 wars, 154. organs taken from the, and set up 
 in taverns, 157. ornaments and figures pro-- 
 per for, 421. 
 
 Church-yards should be removed from tha city, 
 
 213. 236. 
 
 Cicero^ Marcus T., various references to and .quo- 
 tations from, 226, 327. 356. 510, 511. 5131 
 .536. 551; 625. 634. 644, 645. 661. 726. 746. 
 794 n. 796 n. , * 
 
 Cigala, Jbhannes Michael, a pretended Ottoman 
 
 , prince, vide Mahomed Bei, 578 — ,586. his 
 pretended descent, 576. 
 
 , Scipio, his capture, -profession, of Ma- 
 
 hometanism, and advancement in Turkey, 578. 
 
 , Sinen Bassa, his real issue, 584.' 
 
 , account of the families of, 585. 
 
 , Mahomed, notice of him, 584. 
 
 ■, Meni Pasha, his issue, 585. 
 Viscount, false account of his burial. 
 
 585. 
 
 Circuses, ancient ornaments, and figure^ of, 421. 
 Cisij, Signor Pietro, his account of two impos- 
 tors, 565.. 
 Cities, importance of their improvement and de- 
 coration, 345. their neighbourhood un&vor- 
 
 able to vegetables, 778.. 
 Cities of France, , having parliaments, 72. in 
 
 what they differ from that of Paris, ib. 
 Civil wars, dreadful state of religion in England 
 
 during the, 152,153. miseries of, the, 172,' 
 
 173, 174. 185. I 
 
 City, parallel between, the government of a, .and 
 
 the mind of a child, 115, 116. 128. the gates 
 
 of allegorized, 116, 117- 119. 126, 127, 128, 
 
 vide London. 
 Clarendon, Sir Edward Hyde, Earl of, notice of 
 
 his mansion, 341 n. 
 Clary, method of dressing, 739. 
 Claversi how used as a sallad, 739- , 
 Claudian, various references to and quotations 
 
 from, 6. 48,49. 221. 
 Claudius, Emperor of Rome, poisoned by. eating 
 
 mushrooms, .746. 
 Clement of Alexandria, his name for the Egyptian 
 
 priests, 43. 
 Cleophanes, cblours introduced by, 323. ,,. 
 Cleyn, Francis and John, their astonishingiflraw- 
 
 ings with the pen, 316. , 
 
 Coal, the rarity of in ■ London of benefit to the 
 
 gardens and orchards, 212, 222. 
 , sea, desirable to be freed from smoke, 213. 
 
 immoderate use of in London, 220. danger of 
 
 to the air, 227, 228. 230. 
 Coasts of France, their fortifications, 87. 
 Cochin, Nicholas, his engravings after, Beaulieu, 
 
 306. 
 Cock, Jerome, engravings executed by, 291. . ' , 
 Cocu, Girolamo, engravings by,~283. 
 Cohen, Nehemiah, notice of him, 605. di^pytes 
 
 with Sabatai Sevi, 606. his revenge, ibid. 607- 
 Colaptice, carving or cutting in stone, 528. 
 Colchis, Argonautic expedition to, 640. 
 Cold, : names of plants bearing different degrees 
 
 of, 489. 
 Colignon, Francis, his engravings,, 306. 
 Collaert, Adrian, his engravings on steel, 298. 
 
820 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Colours used by the ancient artiste, 323. first 
 
 use of, il). 
 Columella, L. Junius Moderatus, various quota- 
 tions from and references to, 425. 431 and 
 note, 432 n. 434 n. 729. 
 Columbus, Christopher, his maritime discoveries, 
 
 654, 655. 
 Colurhns, proportions of and propriety in using, 
 372. 375. Sulos, the name for, 378. their 
 increase and diminution considered, ib. 379. 
 striges in, 383. spaces or intercolumniations, 
 388. various dispositions of named and consi- 
 dered, 390, 413. human figures anciently 
 used for, 391. 411, 412. of the Tuscan' order, 
 406. of the Ionic order, 408. various other 
 kinds of described, 412. wreathed ones, when 
 used, ib. notice of double ones, 413. 
 Columna, Fabius, his discovery of the nature of 
 
 plants by the insects feeding on them, 761. 
 Combabus, his sacrifice, 31. 
 Combefis, Padre Francesco, his discovery of the 
 original MS. of St. Chrysostom's Golden Book, 
 112. his translation of St. Chrysostom referred 
 to, 140. 
 Comines, Philip de, his commendation of English 
 
 manners; 146 n. 
 Commenius, John Amos, his Orbis Sensualium 
 
 Pictus, 329, 330. 
 Commerce, opulence of many nations caused by, 
 632. its origin and progress considered, 633, 
 634. vast utility and importance of, 635. 
 earliest memorials of noticed, 641. notice of 
 the Hebrew, Phenician, &c. ib. of the Ro- 
 man, 645, 646, 647- improvement of under 
 Charlemagne, 647. account of the Egyptian, ib. 
 of the Venetian and Portuguese, 648. of the 
 Dutch and Northern nations, 649. 651. decay 
 of in several eminent ports, 650. notice of the 
 French, ib. of the Genoese, 652. of the 
 Dutch, 658, 659, 681. of England, e«rly flou- 
 rishing state of, 663. 
 Comtiiode, meaning of the word, 710. 
 Commons of France, their misery and litigious 
 
 nature, 80. passions and manners of the, 91. 
 Commonwealth, importance of pubUc oHicers in 
 
 the, 515. ' 
 Company, trifling and virtuous described, 534,535. 
 Compo-Composite Order, what it is, 411, 
 Composite Order, how its base is formedi 376. 
 echinus in the, 380. volute in the, 381. aba- 
 cus in the, 382. striges in the, 383. impost 
 in the, 385. intercolumniation of the, 388. 
 architrave and fascias in the, 392. modilions 
 of the, 398. account and parts of the, 410. 
 Compts, Chambre d^s, receipts and officers of, 73. 
 
 Maitres and Auditors des, their number, 
 
 73. 
 Comte, Florent le, his mention of Nanteuil's por- 
 trait of Evelyn, 306 n. 
 Coninxlogerisis, ,ffigidius, his excellent wood 
 scenery, 295. 
 
 Connestable of France, rank and office of thfe, 74. 
 Conquerors, good eflects produced by, 515. 
 Conseil I'Etat et Priv^, account of, 67. objects 
 of the, 68. 
 
 Conseil d'en haut, account of, 67. 
 Conseil des Parties, objects of the, 68. 
 Conservatory (vide Green-house) stove, new plan 
 for one, 490 — 495. engraved views of it, 493. 
 
 Consoles, figures supporting; an architrave, 391. 
 
 Constantine, Empej-or of Rome, despoils Rome of 
 its architecture, 389. 
 
 Constantine the Great, checks the flattery of a 
 priest, 33. 
 
 Constantinople, imprisonment there of the pre- 
 tended Messiah, 598. conduct of the JeXvs 
 there regarding him, 599. order published' in 
 concerning Sabatai Sevi, 609. second letter of 
 theChochams of, to the Jews of Smyrna, 6 12,613. 
 
 Continent, advantageous situation of the, 83. 
 
 Continental Travel, advice for, viii. 45. 
 
 Conversation, worthless condemned, 534, 
 
 CoOte, Sir Charles, republicain slander of, 196 n. 
 197. 
 
 Copper-plate engraving and printing, when first 
 known, 276. ' 
 
 Corinth, why used as a name' for the currant, 
 465 n. 
 
 Corinthian Order, capital of the, 357. how its 
 base js formed, 376. astragal in the, 378. 
 echinus in the, 381. volute in the, ib, 382. 
 abacus in the, ib. striges in the, 383. impost 
 in the, 385. intercolumniations of the, 388. 
 architrave and fascias in the, 392. ovolo and 
 dentelli in the, 397. modilions of the, 398^ 
 corona ofthe, 401. height of a column in 
 the, 404. historical account and measurement 
 of the, 408. parts, &c. of the, 409. 
 
 Corn Fleet of the Romans, its laws and privileges, 
 645. 
 
 Corntelian Cherry, historical notice of the, 437 n. 
 list of the best sorts of the, 497. 
 
 Cornice, its name and parts, 397, 398. 402. 
 
 Coriolano, Christophero, his portraits of the 
 painters, 285. 
 
 Corona, its architectural description, use and ex- 
 amples of, 399, 400, 401. 
 
 Coronation, duties of the French peers at a, 59. 
 
 Coronix, what it signifies in architecture, 403. 
 
 Corporations of France, cause of their unimport- 
 ance, 81. 
 
 Cort, Cornelius, engravings by, 292. 
 
 Cortice, why the Trochile is so called, 377, 
 
 Corvinus, Matthew, King of Hungary, notice of 
 his library, 556 n. 
 
 Cosmo de Medicis, Duke of Florence, his maxim 
 concerning the sea, 635. 
 
 Cosroes, Kin^ of Persia, his protection of the 
 Roman philosophers, 19, 
 
 Costume, carelessness of by eminent painters, 559, 
 
 Cotys, the embossed Figulian vase destroyed by, 
 272. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 821 
 
 Covilan, Peter, his discovery of a new passage to 
 
 India, 649. 
 Councils of France, 67. 
 Council of Direction, objects of the, 68. 
 Council of War, of France, 76. 
 Country, vices in persons residing in the, 590. 
 624, 525, 526 n. life in the, often mistaken, 
 . 543. 
 
 Cours in Paris, notice of the, 162 n. 165. 
 Court, the servitude of considered, 27. the con- 
 tinual disguise and confinement of, 31. offi- 
 cers of the French, 60, superior splendour of 
 English, 61. virtue and vice of the, consi- 
 dered, 524. 
 Court of Peers, the title of the French parlia- 
 ment, 73. 
 
 Courtiers, unhappiness of their pursuit, 28. an- 
 cient instances of the complaisance of, 30. 
 their persons in continual servitude, 31. often- 
 times worthless men, 533. 
 
 Courts of France, manner of proceeding in the, 
 68. parliamentary ditto, and their officers, 
 71, 72. 
 
 ■I of Justice, ornaments and figures proper 
 
 for, 421. 
 
 Courtships, descriptive account of ancient ones, 
 700. 
 
 Couvay, John, engravings by, 304. 
 
 -: Dr. his hieroglyphical grammar, 329. 
 
 Cowley, Abraham, his connection with Evelyn's 
 Kakndarium Hortense, 427. dedication of 
 that work to him, 429. his letter and poem 
 to Evelyn, called the Garden, xvi. 435, 436. 
 Evelyn's letter to, referring to his tract against 
 solitude, 510 n. poetical quotations from, 
 xvi, 745 n. 761. 763. 793. 799. 
 
 Cowslips, directions for pickling, 804. ditto for 
 makirfg wine of ditto, S 10. 
 
 Cranach, Lucas, nature of his engravings, 302. 
 
 Crassus, L. Licinius, his richly engraven clips, 272. 
 
 Crates, his advice to the morose man, 521. 
 
 Craven, William Earl of, destruction of his houses 
 during the civil wars, 175 and note. 
 
 Crayon, drawing with the, described, 314. 
 
 Creation, excellence, beauty, and use of, 628, 
 630, 
 
 Cremona, Solomon, his false vision of Elias, 604. 
 
 Cresses, various kinds and qualities of, 739. 
 
 Cretans, their invention of masts and yards, 637. 
 their great skill in navigation, 640. 
 
 Crinitus, Peter, verses quoted by on the origin of 
 letters, 267- 
 
 Cromwell, Oliver, excessive tyranny of his go- 
 vernment, 173., particulars of his terrific 
 death, 179 n. his treason to the English flag, 
 675. 
 
 Cucumber, various methods of dressing, 739, 740. 
 diiections for pickling, 804. 
 
 Cullum, Sir Dudley, his letter to Evelyn on the 
 
 , new green-house stove, 497. account of him 
 and his green-house, ib. note. 
 
 Cullutti, Rev. Sir John, reference to his History of 
 Hawsted, 497 n. 
 
 Cupplas, description and examples of, 416. de- 
 rivation of the word, 4i7. 
 
 Cups, account of ancient engraved ones, 272. 
 
 Currants, historical notice concerning, 465 ji. 
 catalogue of the best sorts of, 496. 
 
 Gustos, Dominic, portraits engraved by him, 301. 
 
 Cymatium, derivation and description of, 392. 
 various names and places of the, 393. 
 
 Cypress, destruction of by the winter of 1683, 
 694. 
 
 Cyprian, Thascius Caecilius, his idea concerning 
 letters and sculpture, 267. 
 
 D. 
 
 Daedalus, sails invented by, 638. 
 
 Daffodil, formerly eaten as a sallad, 757. 
 
 Daisy, Latin names and use of the, 740. 
 
 Damascus, wrought scimetai's brought from pro- 
 bably the first hint for etching, 282. 
 
 Damoxenus, cook described by, 763. ■ 
 
 Dancing-masters in England,' their rudeness, 164. 
 
 Dandelion, Latin, names and uses of, 740. 
 
 Dane-Gelt, a proof of English naval sovereignty, 
 674. 
 
 Danes and Norwegians, Runic writing of the, 273. 
 
 Danes, their ravages and piracies stopped by the 
 commerce of England, 632. character of their 
 navigation, 651, 652. tribute paid to the, by 
 Holland, €86. 
 
 Darius King of Persia, ferry-boats used by, 637- 
 
 Dates and marks, when first used on copper- 
 plates, 276. 
 
 Daughters of France, how disposed of, 56. 
 
 Daughters, notice concerning their education, 137. 
 
 Dauphin of France, notice of his title, 54. 
 
 David, evil produced by his want of employment 
 
 - and solitude, 516, 530. his desire of social 
 worship, 531. 
 
 D'Aviler, Mons. his remark on Gothic ^hitec- 
 ture, 366. his diagram for constructing a 
 tympanum, 415. 
 
 December, length of the days, &c. in, 487. work 
 to be done in, in the orchard and kitchen gar- 
 den, ib. fruits in prime and lasting in, ib. 
 work to be done in the parterre and flower 
 garden in, 488. flowers in prime and lasting 
 in, ib. 
 
 Decks to vessels, by whom invented, 637. 
 
 Declaration of the pretended Messiah in Italian, 
 594. ditto in English, 595. 
 
 Decor, in architecture, explained, 372. 
 
 Decuriae Fabrorum Rhavennatium, what he was, 
 646. 
 
 Delices de la Campagne, notice of the work so 
 called, 100. 
 
 Demetrius Phalerus, his contempt of wealth, 25. 
 
 — Poliorcetes, flattery of at Athens, 33. 
 
 his immense ships of war, 637. 
 
822 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 ■Demosthenes, recommends exertion even, in a 
 Corrupt state, 518. 
 
 Denham, Sir John, dedication to of the Parallel of 
 Architecture, 343. 
 
 Denis, St. deposed fibni -being the patron saint of 
 France, 53. often the frontier of France, 94. 
 ])rivileges of the abbot of in the French par- 
 liament, 73. 
 
 Dentelli in architecture, 397- 
 
 Dephilus, vegetable diet rejected by, 777 n. 780. 
 
 Desectores, carvers in ivory, 258. 
 
 Desgodetz, Anthony, his rule for the increase of 
 columns, 379. 
 
 Design, great and universal importance of, 312. 
 -definition of, and its dilFerehce from drawing, 
 
 . 313. 
 
 Devotion, summary of the duties of, 528, 529. 
 
 Diaglyphice, hollow carving in metals, 258. 
 
 Diamond, when first engraven on, 290. 
 
 Diastylos, what it signifies in architecture, 388. 
 
 Diathesis, in architecture, explained, 369. 
 
 Diatretice, a work on chrystaj, 259. 
 
 Digby, Sir Kenelm, his observations on the pes- 
 ■tilent nature of the air of London, 227. and 
 of coal, 228. 
 
 Dijon, difference between its parliament and that 
 of Paris, 72. 
 
 Dimidiae Emmentiae, explanation of the term, 259. 
 
 Dioclesian, Cains Valerius .^ovius, -Emperor of 
 Rome, his maxim concerning a gardener, 98. 
 instances of Volutes taken from his Baths, 
 381. his delight in a garden, 442. his abdi- 
 cation censured, 517- 
 
 Diodati, John, his wish concerning church musicj 
 158. noticeof him, 15Sn. 
 
 Diodorus Siculus, illustration from concerning 
 slaves, 11., attributes to Minos the earliest na- 
 vigation, 638. . 
 
 Diogenes, his. saying when a slave, 22. contempt 
 of imperial favorj, 26. saying concerning Cal- 
 listhienes, ib. deification of the air by, 215. 
 hispude treatment of Alexander, 521. 
 
 Diomedes, his orthography of the word sculptura, 
 258. 
 
 Dionysius, jun. King of Sicily, 'complaisance of 
 bis courtiers to, 30. 
 
 Djoseordes, Pedacius, his praise of mallows, 744. 
 his mention of radish, 751, 753. 
 
 Dioscori^es, engraver to the Emperor Augustus, 
 
 271. 
 Diptere, columns and measurements of, 390. 
 Discoveries made by, the earliest -navigators, 639. 
 
 made by sea in Elizabeth's reign, 665. 
 Diseases commended in sport, 229. 
 Divines of France, character'of ,the, 89. 
 Dock, botanical name and use of, 740. 
 Dolci, Ludovico, passage from concerning Charles 
 
 V. 517 n. 
 Dome, its derivation and meaning, 417. 
 Domestic Officers of the Court of France, 60. 
 Domestics of Children. to be carefully selected. 
 
 118, 119. and, watched, 126. to assist in 
 their education, 129. 
 
 Dominican FHar burned by the Turks, 572. 
 
 Domitian, .Titus Flavins, idle leisure of, 514. 
 
 Donatellus, his eulogy on design, 312. - 
 
 Doric Order, plinth and trochile in the, 377. 
 striges in the, 383. pilaster -of the, 384. im- 
 post of the, 385. intercolumniation in the, 
 388, 407. architrave in the, 392. cymatiurh 
 in the, 393, frieze of the, 394. roses on thfe 
 abacus of the, 395. trjglyphs of the, ib. guttae 
 of the, ib. metopae in the, 396. regula, ovtolo, 
 and dentelli of the, 397. ; modilions of the> 398. 
 mutules for the, 399. measurement used in 
 
 . the, 404. historical description of the, 406. 
 parts and proportions of the, 407. ' 
 
 Doiislaws, Isaac, biographical account of, 178 n. 
 
 Double Columns considered, 413, 414. 
 
 Double Pedestal, what it is, 374. 
 
 Doucine, vide Cymatium, 393. 
 
 Douse, Mr. Vander, an eminent artist for pen 
 .drawings, 316. 
 - Drake, Sir Francis, his circumnavigatory voyages, 
 656. his valiant actions against the Spaniards, 
 664. 
 
 Drawing, nature .and definition . of, 313. sup*- 
 posed invention of by a shepherd, 314. with 
 the crayon and pen, described, ib. directions 
 concerning the outline in, 315. eminent artists 
 in pen drawing, 316. in chalk, excellent effect 
 of, ib. great and general importance of, 317. 
 326. use of to the dumb, 33 1 . 
 
 Drawings,, the original ones of the old- masters 
 widely scattered and carefully kept, 312. dif- 
 ferently executed at various peridds, 317- 
 
 Dress, expensive, the folly and danger of, 113, 
 1 14. not the folly of the. greatest persons, 547. 
 poem descriptive of ancient female, 703—709. 
 dictionary of terms relating to, 710. references 
 to ancient accounts of, 713. 
 
 Drink-Ordel of France, explained, 159 n. 
 
 Droit d'Aubaincj nature of the, 66. 
 
 Druef ken, engravings of, 301. 
 
 Duillius, Caius Nepos, Roman naval expedition 
 
 , under, 643. naval triumph allowed to, 646. • - 
 
 Durdens, Villa of, ornamented from the materials 
 of Nonesuch House, 419. 
 
 Durer, Albert, his manner of marking his plates^ 
 276. engravings executed by, 277,' 278. 281. 
 his contests with M. Antonio, and L. Van Ley- 
 den, 278. his designs engraved by the former} 
 280. great value of his works, 290. his vvo6d- 
 cuts to the Tewrdanhckks, 302. ' to Petrarch's 
 Utriusque Fortunae Remedia, ib. to Apuleius' 
 GoldenAss,and.Cicero's Epistles, ib., his prints 
 copied by painters, 319. his measurements of 
 the human body, 404. • ' 
 
 Dutch, character of their travels, 47. their early 
 
 . establishment of -India. Corapanies,^649. cha-' 
 racter of their commerce, navigation, and naval 
 exploits, 658, 659. inferiority of their navy<to 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 823 
 
 that of the English, 667. causes of their na- 
 tional success, ib, 'their petition to Queen 
 Elizabeth, 668. dispute the claim of the Eng- 
 lish to naval sovereignty, 673. ' respect paid to 
 the British flag by, 675. privilege of fishing 
 granted to the by England, 677i' 684. their 
 molestation of the British fisheries, 678. free 
 fishing of interrupted, 679. ' their insolence 
 checked by Kings James and Charles I. ib, 
 680. naval power of the, derived from the 
 
 - herring fishery, 680. rent due from the, to 
 England for the use of ditto, 681. 
 
 Dutch Ambassador, his complaint of Evelyn's 
 
 ' tract on Navigation, 628 n. 
 
 Dutch war, notice of Evelyn's intended history of 
 the, 628 n, 629 n. 
 
 E. 
 
 Earth Nuts, method of dressing, 740, 
 
 Ease, laboured for more than retirement, 513. 
 examples of slothful and luxurious, 544, 54S. 
 
 E^t, ancient circuitous routes of communication 
 with the, 648. 
 
 Eastern Nations, their navigation and ships, 654; 
 
 Eaux, La cour de les, et les For&ts, 74.. 
 
 Ebur pingue„unpolished ivory, 259. 
 
 Ecclesiastical ofiBces of the French Court, 61. 
 
 . — ^— '■ Peers of France, 59. 
 
 State of France, 78. 
 
 Ecclesiastics of France, dues paid by, 66. free of 
 taxes, ib. their seats in the French Parliament^ 
 73. 
 
 Ecclesiasticus, references to the Book of, 34. 358 n. 
 
 Echinus, in architecture, its meaning and deriva- 
 tion, 380. 
 
 Edgar, King of England, his sovereignty over the 
 sea commemorated, 673. 
 
 Edict, Chambre. de 1", of France, a Court for 
 . French Protestants, 71. 
 
 Education, St. John Chrysostom's book on, 103. 
 140. assisted by the use of engravings, 329. 
 
 Edward I. King of England, his institution of ad- 
 mirals, 671. 
 
 II. . his sovereignty over 
 
 the seas, 672. 
 III. 
 
 — . ■ his extensive naval 
 
 force, 661. his sovereignty over the seas, 672. 
 grants the Dutch a privilege of fishing, 678. 
 
 Eggs, use of in sallads, 768. 
 
 Egypt, immense use of onions in, 749. 
 
 Egyptians, mysteries and learning of the, 43. an- 
 cientand extensive commerce of the, 647. 
 
 Elder, ■ botanical name and nature of, 740. di- 
 rections for potting, 803. 
 
 Elias, impostor representing, 589. preparations 
 for by the Jews,, 603. ceremonies in honour of, 
 604. supposed revelations of, ib. 605. 
 
 Elisha, the condition of his entertainer consi- 
 dered, 530. 
 
 ■Eh/sium Brilannicum, notice of Evelyn's unfinished 
 work so called, xx. 722. 
 
 Elizabeth, Queen of England, her policy regard- 
 ing Spain, S8,_ numerous bad pictures of, 271. 
 her policy and naval forces, 663, her maritime 
 exploits and discoveries, 664, 665, 666. her 
 sovereignty over; the seas, 671. 
 
 Emblema, description and use of in architecture, 
 423. 
 
 Empedocles, refuses sovereignty, 26. 
 
 Employment, public, preferred to solitude, 1667, 
 notice of, xvii. reprint of, 501 — '552. great- 
 ness afiected in more than virtue, 512.- rea- 
 sons for its being shunned by many, ib. 513, 
 general views of such as accept it, 513. not 
 all alike, 514. value and importance of, 515, 
 to be entered gradually, 516. ' riot the fcause of 
 evil passions, 520, scholars and philosophers 
 engaged in, 538. not inconsistent with the 
 love of nature or learning, ^545. should not 
 be forced upon men, 548. %ould be entered 
 into in youth, ib. general advice concerning, 
 549. descriptive sketch of, 551. 
 
 Enamelling, the first hint of printing engraved 
 plates, 277. 
 
 Encaustic art, explanation of the, 258. occa- 
 sioned the invention of brass prints, ib. vari- 
 ous parts of, 259. 
 
 Encolaptice, explanation of the word, 258. 
 
 Endive, botanical names and qualities of, 741. 
 
 England, defrauded of rule in France, by the pre- 
 tended Salique Law, 54. splendour of its 
 court preferred to that of France, 61. nobi- 
 lity of less advantage here than in France, 66. 
 disproportion between the revenues of and 
 those of France, 67. may probably keep 
 France in awe, 88. balance of, witb regard to 
 France and Spain, ib. singular decay (vide 
 London) of vineyards in, 102;'' and of timber,_ 
 ib. reprint of the tract entitled A Character of, 
 1659.141 — 167. notice of ditto, ix. Letter in 
 vindication of ditto, 143 — 146. satire contained 
 in it of great use, and qXioted in a sermon, 144. 
 the author of it vilified, 144 n, 145 n. satirical 
 examination of it, 146 n. — 162 n. vide Galtus 
 Casiratus. address to the reader prefixed to, 
 147. opening compliments of the work, 148. 
 fertility and beauty of England and its inhabit- 
 ants, 149. suspicion and rude manners in, ib, 
 150.. 167. vide church, civil wars, London, 
 Paul's, St, Presbyterians, Parliamentarians, 
 Royalists, numerous residences of the kings" 
 of, 150 n, fanatical religious sects in, 156, 
 beauty of the country and parks of, 167. rapi- 
 dity of riding and driving -in, ib. tedious for- 
 mality of the banquets and visits of, ib. miser- 
 . able state of in the civil wars, 173, 174, 175. 
 180. 184, 185. 188. their probable effects to, 
 188, 189. notice of the principal engravers of, 
 and their works, 309, 310. means for improv- 
 . ing the art of engraving in, 310, 311. con- 
 
824 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 ceited and idle nature of the workmen of, 360, 
 3(S1. the study of architecture recommended 
 to, 362. the importance of commerce to, 632. 
 dominion of the sea belonging to, 668. 674. 
 respect paid to the flag of at sea, 675. kings 
 
 .. , ^i, Iprds of the pce.an,jf71 . 674, 675, .676. ex- 
 tent of the naval sovereigiity of, 677- curious 
 
 . description of a,ncient manners and house-keepf 
 
 ' ing in, 700, 70li 702. 
 
 English, their youth- compared with tjiose of 
 •the JFrench, 91. rude familiarity of the, il). 
 hatred and' contempt o! the, French for 
 the, ^2. suspicion and rudeness of the,. 1^9, 
 150. attempted defence of it, 146 n. .147 n. 
 
 . their a.bilities in any prpfeggion,. 361. , first 
 builders of frigates, 633. . maritime diseo- 
 
 ' veries made by ,the, 656. early navigation 
 of the," 659. and excellent navies of . the,, 660. 
 ^heir ancient discoveriejs and maritime forces, 
 ib. importance of the sea and navy to. the, 
 
 661. naval forces under John and Edward III., 
 ib. ditto, under Richard II. and Henry V., 
 
 662. ditto, under Henry VII. and VIII, and 
 Elizabeth, 663, 664, 665, 666. celebration of 
 their numerous naval discoveries, 665, their 
 naval strength and exploits under James I.,. 666, 
 667. their claims to the dominion of the sea 
 exhibited, 670—679. 685. their attention to 
 fisheries important, 681, 682, 683. 
 
 English tongue, decay of from the Saxon, 3,53. 
 
 Engravers, their ancient manner of marking their 
 plates, 276. not to make their shadows too 
 dark, 322. of Italy, their names and principal 
 works, 279 — 289, of Germany and Flanders, 
 do. 277, 278. ^90—302. of France, do. 303— 
 309. of England, do^ 301, 302. 
 
 JEjigraving, instruments for, various ancient names 
 ' for, 262. vide Sculptura, 243—335. on silver, 
 272. when first used on copper })l,ateSj 276. 
 supposed inventor of, 277. , on plates how first 
 printed, ib. means for improving the art of in 
 England, 310. recommended to be practised 
 by painters, 311. .lights and shades, stuffs, 
 &c. how they are expressed in, 320, plate and 
 illustration of the manner, 321., a mixture of 
 the kinds of, most excellent, 325. practised by 
 eminent characters, ib. 326. flourished most 
 in the most eloquent ages, 327, " new method 
 of, invented by Prince Rupert, 333, 
 
 Eiioch, books said V have been written -by, 264, 
 supposed inventor of letters, 267 . 
 
 Enqufets, Chambres des, of France, officers of, 71. 
 
 Entablature of the Tuscan Order, 406. of the 
 Doric do. 407. of the Ionic do. '408. .of the 
 Corinthian do. 409. 0/ the Composite, 411. 
 
 Entasis or swelling of columns, 378.. 
 
 Epalamius, his improvement of the anchor, 637, 
 
 ilpaptroditus, anecdote of, 24. 
 
 Ephesians, their law concerning buildings, 358. 
 
 Epibateriupi, derivation of the word, 49. 
 
 JEpicurus, his limitation of freedom, 19, his 
 
 pleasure in gardens, 439. his idea of the in- 
 activity , of the gods, 510, his praise;Of public 
 minister^, ,513, his , observation on tKe :dispo- 
 positions of men, 519. . .1 
 
 Epictetus, his derisioq of the Nicopolitans> 16, 
 his absolute, independence of spirit, 23, cha- 
 jact^ and anecdote of, 24- . immense price 
 given for his earthen lamp, 25,. his obsierva- 
 tipnspn society, 521. 
 
 Epictheates, vide .CymatJKm, 393. 
 
 Epigenes, his remark on the antiquity of sculp- 
 ture', 263. 
 
 Epigingsko, rpal signification of the word, 140, 
 
 Epfmenides, his unhealthy residence, 224, 
 
 Epiphanias, , Bishop of S^il^mis,. his quotation of 
 the Books of Adam, 263. ... .v. ... 
 
 Epistilium, the Greek name of the Architrave, 391. 
 
 Epitaph on Richard Evelyn, jun. 112. 
 
 Erasmus, Desiderius, his satire on butchers and 
 fishmongers, 237. 
 
 Erixion, notice of his death, 26,2. 
 
 Erythrsei, oars invented by the, 637. 
 
 Eschevins of Paris, nature of their office, 94. 
 
 Escuyer, Grand, of France, his duties and officers, 
 61. 
 
 — ^ , Premier, , his duties and officers, 
 
 61. 
 
 Esprit, St., order of knighthood of, institution 
 and ceremonies of the, 77. 
 
 Essex, Robert Devereux, Earl of,, biographical 
 notice of, 176 n, 177 n! his successful expe- 
 dition to Cadiz. 664. 
 
 Essex House, London, particulars of its scite, &c. 
 101 n. pictures of Queen Elizabeth destroyed 
 at, 271. 
 
 Etching with Aqua Fortis, fisst used, 282. 
 
 Ethiops, effect of the air on the life of, 217. said 
 to have the books of Seth andEnocb, 264. 
 
 Eubulus, his term for lettuces, 742. 
 
 Eve, solitude the cause of her temptation, 530. 
 
 Evelyn, John, his early custom of journal- 
 ising, vii. notices of his literary productions, 
 vii — xxii. his endeavours to gain Colonel 
 .Morley to the royal cause, x. his mention of 
 Charles II. entering London, xi. his letter toDr. 
 Godolphin on his translation of Naud^, xii n. 
 engaged to write an account of English forest 
 trees, xiv. his letter to Cowley concerning so- 
 litude, xviii. his Scheme for a Lay Monastery, 
 and public labours of, ib. sqlicits the engrav- 
 ing of the Arundel Marbles, xix. his notions 
 concerning gardens, xxi. scheme for a general 
 history of trades, ib, works of in manuscripit, 
 ib. his love for Wotton, ib. summary of his 
 worth and writings, xxii, his first literary un- 
 dertaking, vii. 3, 4. ■ commendatory poem ad- 
 dressed to, 6. reference to his Sylva, 102 n. 
 his grief for his son's death, 105. (vide Evelyn, 
 Richard), supposed to be the translator of .<# 
 Character of England, and author of the letter 
 in vindication of it, ix. 143 n. Jiotice of his. 
 
GEffERAL INDEX. 
 
 €25 
 
 portrait engraved ty Nanteuil, 306, and note, 
 his translation of Du Bosses work on En- 
 graving, 33.^. Latin verses addressed to on 
 his book of Architecture, 347. extract from a 
 letter by, on his Kalendarium Hortense, 4<27. 
 
 ■ letter and poem called the Garden, addressed 
 to him by Cowley, 435, 436. his books rela- 
 ting to the Jesuits, 500, and note, his an- 
 swer to Sir G. Mackenzie concerning his Tract 
 on Public Employment, xvii. xviii. 504. his 
 account of his translation of Freart's idea of the 
 perfection of painting, 554. his letter to Lord 
 Brounckev on the Spanish Sembrador, 621. 
 notice concerning his poetical works, ix. 623 n. 
 requested to write the history of the Diitch 
 war, 628 n. notice of ditto, xix, xx. his 
 letter to Mr. Aubrey concerning an oak at 
 Wotton, &c. 687. his letter to the Royal So- 
 ciety on the damage done to his gardens> in 
 1683, 692. his last publication, 722. notice 
 of his Elysium Britannicuni, xx. 722. allusions 
 
 ■ to his Hortulan Kalendar, 729. his plan for 
 a royal garden, 730, 731. 732. translation of 
 Gassendus' Life of Peiresk, dedicated to, 747 n. 
 various references to, and quotations from his 
 Memoirs and Diary, xiii. lo5 n. 112 n. 113 n. 
 143 n. 152 n, 153 n. 155 n. 1.58 n. 165 n. 171 n. 
 175 n, 194. 207 n. 243 n. 333 n. 339 n. 341 n. 
 342 n. 343 n. 351 n. 485 n. 500. 510. 554. 
 .556 n. 557 n. 569 n. 628 n. 692 n. 693 n. 698. 
 714 n. . dedications, prefaces, and addresses by, 
 5. 97. 99, 100, 101. 10.5. 112. 207—209. 212. 
 243. 337. 343.351. 353. 429.499. 505. .507. 
 
 ■ 555—558, 559—562. 565. 567. 623. 627. 714. 
 723. 728. various references and quotations 
 from his otherworks, vii. — xxii. 157 n.209. 339. 
 427. 434. 444 n. 449 n. 450, 451 n. 452 n. 
 461 n. 464. 472. 476. 480. 483. 487 n. 6'87. 
 
 Evelyn, George, Esq. dedications addressed to, 5. 
 
 105. 
 "i , Mary, supposed author of the Muridns 
 
 Muliebris, xx. 698. 
 . , powder mills brought to England bylthe 
 
 family of, 689. damage done by their explo- 
 sions, ib. 
 . , Richard, juii. son to John, his early 
 
 death, 105. precocious abilities of, 107.- 108. 
 
 piety of, 109, 110. blessedness of his death, 
 
 111. Latin epitaph on, 112. 
 
 -, Richard, Esq.dedication addressed to, 1 OS. 
 
 Europa, fable of explained, 640. 
 
 Burythmia, harmony and proportion in architec- 
 ture, 372. 
 
 Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, reference to his life 
 of Constaiitine, 33. his account of the origin 
 and progress of commerce, 647. 
 
 Eusebius, Paoiphilus, his idea of the invention of 
 letters and sculpture, 267. 
 
 Eustylos, an intercolumr|iation so called, 389. 
 
 Exchequer of France, offices of the, 73. 
 
 Exotics destroyed at Says Court in 1^83, 693, .694. 
 
 F. 
 
 Faber, Honoratus, his method for rapidly raising 
 sal lad, 780.. 
 
 Fable, a Persian one concerning court favourites, 
 35. 
 
 Fairfax, Thomasj Lord, particulars of, 177 n. 
 
 Faithorne, William, excellent engravings by, 310. 
 work on engravings byj 335. 
 
 Falcon Inn, curious particulars concerning the, 
 223 and note. 
 
 Fame, not due to inactivity, 511. the love of ex- 
 cites to virtue, 512. 
 
 Familiarity and rudeness of the English censured, 
 91. 149, 150. 162. definition of worthy, 535. 
 
 Fascias, dimensions and description of, 392. 
 
 Fasting days recommended to youth, 132. 
 
 , Fathers, their solicitude for richly clothing their 
 children censured, 113. compared to kings 
 and gaverriors ■ of cities, 115, il6'. improved 
 by the education of their children, 130. gene- 
 . ral concluding directions to, 137. the ancient 
 christian, refrained from eating flesh, 784, 
 ■788.- 
 
 Fauconnier, Grand, of France, 62. 
 
 Favi, SignOr' Giacomo Maria, eulogy on, 246. 
 account of him by M. Sorbiere, 247. curious 
 collections of art made by, 248. his great ge- 
 nius and travels, 249. his remains and in- 
 tended publication, 250. 
 .Favorihus, his servility, 34, commended a Quar- 
 tan Ague, 229. 
 
 Favourites of kings too often courted, 34, 35. 
 , February, length of days, &c. in, 447. worl$ to 
 be done in, in the orchard and kitchen garden, 
 r ib. fruits' in prime and lasting in, 448. work 
 
 to be in the flower garden in, ib. ' 
 . Fellian^ J., a pupil of Faithorne, 310. 
 . FemaleSj no succession of in the royal family of 
 France, 54. allowed peerages in France, 59. 
 should not be allowed to approach youthi 126, 
 128. their vanity censured by St. Chrysosfom 
 and Juvenal, 139. comparison between those 
 of England and France, 161 
 
 Fennel, medicinal qualities of, in Sallad, 741. 
 
 Ferdinand, King of Spain, his encouragement of 
 
 Columbus rewarded, 655. 
 . Ferry-boats, by whom invented, 637. 
 
 Feuillantines, their vegetable diet, 789. 
 
 Fifth-Monarchy-men, of whom they were com- 
 posed, 523. 
 
 FigS, catalogue of the best, 496. 
 
 Figulina Vasa Effilata, anecdote of the, 272. 
 
 Figures, pedestals proper for various,. 376. an- 
 ciently used for Columns, 391: for acroteria, 
 . . 416. to correspond with their Niches, 418. 
 appropriate one placed on public buildings, 
 421. . i 
 
 Filberds, catalogue of the best sorts of, 497. 
 
 Fillet, a name of the. astragal, 378. 
 5 N 
 
826 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 finances of France, superintendant of, his duties 
 and officers, 64. 
 
 — : ; — , Conlroller General of, 65. 
 
 Finigiierra, Maso, supposed inventor of engraving, 
 
 277. „ 
 
 ■Finisliing, not the most important part of draw- 
 ing, 315. 
 
 Fisheries, right of the English to the, 677, 678, 
 679. 683, 684. 636. their importance to Eng- 
 land,. 681, 682, 683. licenses granted for using 
 
 . the, 683, 684. ■ 
 
 Fishmongers, Erasmus' satire bn, 237. 
 
 Flag, duty of 'they ancient English claim of, 675, 
 
 Flattery, remarkable instances of, 32, 33, 37. 
 
 Flemish engravers and their works, notices of, 
 277,278.290—302. 
 
 Flemings, their settlement in England, 662. 
 
 Flesh, the eating of productive of heaviness, 780. 
 the use of first permitted to man,' 783, 784, 
 785. 
 
 Floors, of inlaid wood, 423. works on the con- 
 struction of, ib. 
 
 Flora Historica, notice of the Gilly flower from 
 the, 466 n. 
 
 Florence, weavers of guarded against coal smoke, 
 227. 
 
 Flo'ris, Francis, the Flemish Micliel Angelo, 292. 
 
 Florus, L. Annaeus Lucian, his account of Pom- 
 pey's pirate wars, 644. ' 
 
 Flower-garden, directions for working in the, in 
 January, 446. do. for February, 448. do., in 
 March, 451 . do. for April, 456. do. for May, 
 460. do. for June, 465. do. for July, 469. 
 do. for August, 473. do. for September, 477. 
 do. for October, 460.- do. for November, 484. 
 do. for December, 488. 
 
 Flowers proper for planting near London, 240, 
 241. , ■ 
 
 Flowers, in prime and lasting in January, 446. 
 do. in February, 449. do. in March, 454. do. 
 in April, 458. do. in May, 461. do. in June, 
 466. do. in July, 471 • do. in August, 475. 
 do. in September, 478. do. in October, 481. 
 do. in November, 486. do. in December, 488. 
 classed list of tender and hardy, 489. taking 
 up of, directions for, 463. 466. 470. 473, 474. 
 damage done to by the winter of 1683, 695, 
 696. what sorts of are used in sallad, 741. 
 
 Foliage of the Corinthian capital considered, 409. 
 
 Food, the use of various kinds considered, 780, 
 781, 782, 783. 
 
 Fop Dictionary, 1690, reprint 710 — 713. 
 
 Forces of France, account of, 76. S3, 84, 85. 
 
 Forest Trees, destruction of, and Evelyn's work 
 on, xiv. 
 
 Fojindation, what it is, and its parts, 374. 
 
 Fountains, ancient figures and ornaments of, 421. 
 their pipes to be covered in the winter, 488. 
 
 France, (vide Paris,) tract on the state of,- under 
 Louis XIF. viii." 39 — 95. excuse for writing 
 of, 41. 51. • intent of, 42. use of residing in. 
 
 50, 51.. importance of the Empire of, -52. 
 Machiavelli's saying of, ib. King of, absolute, 
 53. its patron Saint changed, ib. founda- 
 tion and races of its monarchy, ib. pretended 
 Salique Law. of, 54. ancient legend of, ib. 
 titles and births of the Kings and Princes of, 
 ib. characters of the Royal Family of, 55. 
 daughters of, how disposed of, 56. lata King of, 
 without illegitimate issue, ib. how the King be- 
 came absolute, ib. 57, 58. Parliament of, only a 
 name, 57. Princes and Peers of, nature of their 
 estates, 58. names and number of thePeers 
 of, 59. officers belonging to the Crown, of, 
 60 — 62. ceremony at the dgaith of the King of, 
 60. - household and officers of the Queens of, 
 62. Royal guard of, 62 — 64. increase of the 
 revenues of, by King Pepin. 65, 66; domain 
 of, cannot be alienated, , 66. Nobility and 
 Clergy free from taxes, ib. the King of, - his 
 gabels ofi salt, ib. 67- do. his immense reve- 
 nue, 67.- officers and councils of State in, ib. 
 manner of propeeding in them, 68. officers 
 of justice of France, 69. Secretaries of State 
 of, 70. other officers of, ib. officers of the 
 Parliament of, ib. 71. cities of, ivvhich have 
 Parliaments, 72 . difference between them and 
 that of. Paris, ib.^ Exchequer Offices of, 73. 
 great military officers of, 74. officers of the 
 Crown of, 75. Grand Prieur de, his rank and 
 office, 76, military andnaval forces pf, ib.:83, 
 84, 85. orders of Knighthood iri, 77. eccle- 
 siastical members and church of,. 78. 87'' pre- 
 sent Government of, 78. various ranks of, 79, 
 rebellions not prosperous in, 80, Commons 
 and farmers of, ib. auxiliaries to the armies 
 of, ib. mechanics of, ib. 90. merchants ot^ 
 81. Nobility of, their- dress and manner of 
 living, ib. ^ learning much pretended to in, ib. 
 ecclesiastical state of, 82. Catholics of, .ib. 
 Protestants of, ib. 88. sects of, 83. .advan- 
 tageous scite of, ib. abundance of its popula- 
 tion and provision, 86. state of its armsj &c. 
 ib. ancient and modern acquisitions of, 87. 
 fortifications of,, ib. present exalted state of, 
 ib. nature and genius of the inhabitants of, 
 88, learned men iu, 89. ° physicians and sur- 
 geons of, ib. youth and" women of, 90;i91. 
 passions and character .of the people of, 91. 
 the King reverenced in, ib. dislike pf ; the 
 English in, 92. persons and temper of the 
 people of, ib. . its frequent changes, 95. no- 
 tice of the tract entitled Jl Character of France 
 1659, 143 n. character of the Roysll , Palaces 
 in, 149 n.. Protestants in, their customs, ] 53. 
 satire on the gallants and females of, -156 n. 
 157 n; 158n.."i59n. 160 n. 161 n. manners 
 in, preferable, to those of England, 162, 163. 
 odoriferous atmosphere of some towns in, 208. 
 excellence of the air in, .225. vines of injured 
 by the smoke from England, 234. , notices of 
 the principal engravers of, and their works. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 827 
 
 303 — 309. eminent print collectors in, 328. 
 encouragement of navigation in, 634, absur- 
 dity of its claim to naval dominion. 669. • 
 Francis I. King of France, his intention to call 
 in the Turks censured, 84. good effects of his 
 love for learning, 32. how he, became learned 
 540, his naval wars, 651. 
 Franco, Baptista, engravings executed by, 284. 
 Freart, Roland, Sieur de Chambray, Epistles De- 
 dicatory attached to Evelyn's Translation of 
 the Parallel of Architecture, 337. authors 
 cited in, 342. excellence of the work, 343. 
 > Latin verses in praise of, 347. various refer- 
 ences to do. XV. 382. 391. 395. 404. 411. in- 
 troductory epistles attached to Evelyn's Trans- 
 lation of his Idea of the Perfection of Paint, 
 ing, &53 — 562. Evelyn's account of'do. xix, 
 554. and character of, 559, 
 Freggio, what is signified by, 394. 
 French, their vanity in altering the Composite 
 order, 410. rise and progi-ess of their navigation 
 and commerce, 650. their acknowledgements 
 of British naval sovereignty, 674, 675. pri- 
 vilege of fishing granted to, by the English, 
 677. acknowledge the English claim to the 
 fisheries, 635. 
 French Gardiner, 1658. 1669, Epistles Dedica- 
 tory to the, 98, 99. account of the editions 
 of the, xi. 97 n. various references to, the, 444. 
 Frieze, in Architecture, description and nature of 
 
 a, 394. in the Doric Order, 407- 
 Frigates, the first attributed to the English, 638. 
 Frisius, Simon, his etchings, 293. 
 Frontiers of France, fortifications of the, 87. 
 Frontinus, Sextus Julius, Roman marine stores 
 
 mentioned by, 646. 
 Frosts, cautions relating to, 453. 474. 487. 
 Fruit, various directions for preserving, 451.475. 
 479. 483. remarks concerning the eating of, 
 773 and note. 
 Fruits, exquisite nature of, 439. vide Orchard., 
 names of those in prime and lasting in Janu- 
 ary, 445. do. in February, 448. do. in March, 
 451. do. in April, 456. do. in May, 460. 
 do. in June, 46.^. do. in July, 468. do. in 
 August, 472. do. in September, 476. do. in 
 October, 480. do. in November, 484. do. for 
 December, 487. 
 Fruit-trees, directions for preserving the moisture 
 ■ in, 564. do. for feeding of, 467. catalogue 
 of the best, 495. damage done to, by the 
 winter of 1683, 695. 
 Fumifugium, 1662, notice of, xii. reprint of, 20,5 
 — 242. preface to the reprint of 1772,212. 
 Analysis of the tract referred to, 215 n. 
 Fungus Reticularis, its place of growth and par- 
 ticulars of the, 746, 747. 
 Furnace, vide Stove. 
 
 Furniture, list of old English, used by females, 
 707, 70s. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gabels paid upon salt, in France, 66. immense 
 
 pro&t and rigorous exaction of, 67. 
 Gaffarel, Jacques, his account of Talismans, 269. 
 Galenas, Claudius, various referencesto, and quo- 
 tations from, 227. 236. 734 n. 743, 744 n. 752. 
 754.757,758.777.787. 
 Galdres, G^n^ral des, his rank and office, 75. ' 
 Gallants of England, intemperate and unpolished - 
 customs of the, 157. 159. 160. 163. their in- 
 feriority to those of France, 161. some ex- 
 ceptions to this, 1 63. advice to, on entering* 
 upon the town, 699. 
 Galle, Cornelius, notice of his works, 295. 
 
 ~ Theodore, his engraved works, 296, 
 
 Galli Insubres, C8esar's Saying concerning the, 88. 
 Galius Castratus, an answer to the Character of 
 England, 1659, notice of, ix. reprint of the, 
 143 n. — 162 n. author of it censured, 14.3, 
 144, 145, 146. opening address of, to the 
 ladies of England, 144 n. censure of the au- 
 thor of the Character of England, -ih.^ 145 n. 
 151 n. 152 n. scurrilous examination of that 
 work, 146n.-^liS2n. 
 Gauia, Vasco di,* discoveries in Asia made by, 648, 
 Game and wild-fowl destroyed by moor-burning, 
 235. i^ , ; 
 
 Gamesters, debasing nature of their pleasures, 545. 
 Garden, The, letter and poem by Cowley so called, 
 xvi. 435, 436. 
 
 plan for a royal one," 730, 731, 732. 
 
 Garden-tools to be kept in order, 445. 1. 
 Gardens, list of the luxuries attached to ancient, 
 98. and orchards of London, damaged by .the 
 smoke, 212. 221. improvement of, during the 
 siege of Newcastle, 222. proposal for plant- 
 ing, near London, '240. poem in, praise of, 
 436. the enjoyments of, 429. 437, 438. 440. 
 • first made by God, 437. .the Creator to be 
 seen in, 441. vide Flower-garden,^ Olitory, Or- 
 chard, Parterre. " notice of ,the Apothecaries at 
 Chelsea, 485 n. of Says Court, damage done 
 to the, in 1683, 692— 696. 
 Gardener, excellence and industry of the. life of 
 a good one, 430. should be acquainted with 
 Astronomy, 43 1 . 
 Gardener's Almanack, vide Kalendarium. 
 Gardeners, plan for the encouragement and bene- 
 fit of, near London, 241, 242. 
 Gardening, anciently- encouraged at Rome, 726 
 and note, extensive nature of the study of/ 
 728, 729. 
 Garlick, qualities, character of, and manner of 
 dressing, 741, 742, ■• , , i 
 
 Gassendus, Peter, translation of his Life of Pei- 
 
 resk dedicated to Evelyn, 747 n, ... 
 
 Gassion,-Mareschar de, preserves Paris from the 
 Spanish, 94. . • . 
 
8^8 
 
 QSNBRAL; INDEX.. 
 
 Gates of a city allegorised, 116, lir. 119. 126, 
 
 127, 128. 
 Gellius, Aulus, his mention of the adoxous of 
 
 the GrfeekS, 230, and opt?. 
 Gems, sculptures used on, 271. name? of emi- 
 nent artists in, 289. 
 Generals of the English Parliament, instances of 
 their fall, and biographical notices of, 176 — 179 
 and notes. 
 GeneraUies;bf France explained, 65.. 
 Genoa, odoriferous atmosphere of, 208. com- 
 merce the caiise of its, wealth, 632. Tunny- 
 fishery formed by, 686. 
 Genoese, their trade and navigation, 652. naval 
 
 exploits of the, 653. 
 Gens d'Armes of France, notice of, 64. 
 Gentry of England, their ignorance of architec- 
 ture lamented, 362. 
 Gerkins, or Gerekems,. method of preserving, 740, 
 German language, excellent use pi the, 50. 
 Geraiajiy, account of the principal engravers of, 
 
 and their works, 277- 290— 3Q2. 
 Giolito, Gabrielle, his engrayipgs for Ariosto, 284. 
 Gilly-flower, varieties of the, 465 n, etymology 
 
 of the.name,.446ji.. 
 Glasses moulded into form by laboi^r, 139. 
 Globe, the doctrine of shadows illustrated , by a, 
 
 321. . , . 
 Gloves, list of those anciently worn by fenifiles, 
 
 705. 
 Gluttony, how to guard agaiiist it in children, 
 
 124. 
 Glyphice, sculptors of metals, 258. 
 Glyphion, Stylus, notice concerning, .261. 
 Goar, James, reference to, concerning the sacri- 
 fice of the hair, 138. 
 Goats" -heard, medicinal qualities of, 742. 
 Gold, the power of, in courtship, 705.. 
 Goldman, Nicholas, reference to his Treatise on 
 
 Architecture, 382. 
 Goltzius, Henry, his excellent engravings, 294. 
 his imitations of Lucas Van Leyden, 302. his 
 singular drawings with a pen .and oil, .3.16. 
 , Hubert, his heads pf the Roman Empe- 
 rors on wood, 302. 
 Gombousf, Mons. his plan of Paris, 309. 
 Gooseberries, catalogue of the best kinds of, 496. 
 Gorlaeus, .Abraham, his account of ancient engraved 
 
 rings and seals, 269. 
 Goths, their invasion destroyed the Roman arts, 
 273. invasion of the, the origin of Monachism, 
 532. and Vandals, their navigation, 649. 
 Goudt, Count, plates by .him,.29,5, ... 
 Government, modern of France, 78. character 
 
 of ditto, 79. of Paris described, 94. 
 Governors of Provinces in France, their rank and 
 
 commission, 76. 
 G. P. I. B. by whom used as a mark, 291. 
 Gracchus, Caius, censured for. retiring from his 
 duty, 518. 
 
 Gradetti, their meaning and place on eoJamns, 
 
 ' 379. 38 J . 
 Graef'sex, of the Danes and Norwegians explained, 
 
 •273.', . 
 Grafting, the wonderful nature of. celebrated by 
 Cowley, 441. various directions concerning, 
 
 . 447. 449. 483, 
 Grand Conseil of France, nature and office of the; 
 
 .. 63,69. 
 
 Granger, Rev.. J^nies, his, character of -Sir John 
 Hothatb, 177 n. his notice of the Princess! of 
 Bohemia, 326 ri. , 
 Grapes in prime and lasting in September, 477. 
 
 . ditto in October, 480. 
 Graphatores, engravers, 261. 
 Gratius, Faliscus, verses from, 795. 
 Grave, Robert, his engravings from a curious pic- 
 ture at Strawberry-hill, 101 n. 432 'n. 
 Greatness, why some persons shun it, 512. how 
 it should be achieved and secured, 516. the 
 
 , ,best defence against censure, &c. 517. 
 
 Greeks, their tradition concerning slaves, 10. 
 
 , their custom of sacrificing their hair, 138. 
 earliest writings known to, 268. when they 
 received and perfected sculpture^ ibid. 270. 
 drawing, &c. cultivated by, 326. architecture 
 derived from the, 355. - 
 
 , their naval exploits and discoveries, 742. 
 
 fall of the, 643. 
 
 Greffier en Chef, Clerk of the Parliament of 
 France, his office, and pension, 72. 
 
 Green-houses and green-house-plants, various di- 
 rections concerning, 453. 478. 484. 4S8. me- 
 thods of warming, 485. 492, 493, 494. 497, 
 
 f 498. vide Conservatory, errors of (he com- 
 mon green-house, 490, 491. proper measure- 
 ments, &c. for-, 491. notice of Sir Dudley Cul- 
 lum's, 497n. 
 
 Greenland, its discovery and appropriation to 
 England, 683. 
 
 Greenwich Palace, Barclay's praise of>.232. 
 
 Grenoble, Chambre Miparties established in, 72. 
 
 Grenville, Sir Richard, his valiant engagement 
 with the Spaniards, 664. 
 
 Gresham College, meetings of the Royal Society 
 at, 556 n. 
 
 Greuter, Matthew, his engraved works, 294. 
 
 , Frederick, plates by, 295. 
 
 Grew, Dr. Nehemiah, his tables of the tastes of 
 plants, 764 and note, his mention of vegeta- 
 ble salts, 766. 
 
 Groennighen, Swart Jan Van, character of his 
 engravings, 302. 
 
 Grotius, Hugo, various references to, and qnota- 
 tions from, 1,11. 636. 661. 664, 665. 673 and 
 note, 788. 
 
 Gruter, Janus, various references to and quota- 
 tions from, 646 n. 670. 
 
 Gryllus, his transmigration, 761. 
 
 Guard of the French King described, 63. 
 
PKNBRAL INDEX* 
 
 829 
 
 Guernsey lily^ direction for the planting of, &c. 
 
 457. 
 Guido, Rafiaellej^ notice of his engravings, 388. 
 Gustavus I. King of Sweden, immense ship built 
 
 byi 652. 
 Gunpowder Plot, contrived by a recluse, 522. 
 Guttae or drops- in architecture, 395. 
 Gut-temberg, John, the supposed inventor of 
 
 printing, 276. 
 Gymnastic exercises and academies of the French,, 
 i 85. 
 Gypsochi, workers in plast-er, 258. 
 
 H. 
 
 Hadrianus, Emperor of Rome, his love for Anti- 
 
 . nous, 30, 
 
 Hair, ancient sacrifices of, and method of wearing 
 
 . it, 1 13. 13S. technical words for the dressing 
 of it, &C.710, 711,712. 
 
 Hakluvt, Rev. Richard, his collection of voyages, 
 665n. 
 
 Halifax, Charles Montague, Earl of, notice of, 
 
 . 723 n. 
 
 Hampden, John, notice of his death, 178 n. 
 
 Harlaem, City of; bleachers of the, prohibit the 
 use of coal, 228. 
 
 Harmony and proportion in architecture, 372. 
 
 Harpagus, cruel treatment of by Astyages, 33. 
 
 Harrington, James, allusion to the coarseness of 
 language in his Oceana, 145- notice of him^ 
 ibid. n. 
 
 {latching;, in drawing, what it is, 314, 315. in 
 engraving, directions and plate illustrative of 
 the various effects produced by, 320, 321, 322. 
 single opes recommended 322. counter hatch- 
 ings sometimes of good effect, 323. 
 
 Havens of France, vessels riding in the, 84. 
 
 Havre de Grace, motto on the artillery of, 58. 
 
 Head, examples of shadows falling on one, 321. 
 
 Head-dresses, anciently worn by ladies in Eng- 
 land, 706, 707. terms used in, 710, 711, 
 
 '.' 712. 
 
 Health-drinking in France, uncompulsive nature 
 of, 160. defence of. the custom, 158 n. 
 
 Hearing, advice for guarding the sense of in chil- 
 dren, 119. 
 
 Heart, supposed to be the seat of anger, 128. 
 
 Heaven, not a place of indolence, 523. 
 
 Heathens, their custom of sacrificing their hair, 
 138. 
 
 Heliodorus, Bishop of Tricca, amiable disposition 
 
 of, 109. 
 
 Hemicircular arch, 386. 
 
 Henrietta-Maria, Queen of Charles I, her orange- 
 trees and orange-garden sold, 460 n. 
 
 Henry III. King of England, his institution of 
 naval commanders, 671. 
 
 V . , his sovereignty over 
 
 the seas, 672. 
 
 Henry VII. King of England, his naval forces, 663: 
 his increase of the fisheries, 67S. 
 
 VIII. , his naval forces,. 663. 
 
 emblem used on his coin, 674. 
 Henry III. King of France, effects of hip example, 
 
 32. institutes the Order "of St. Esprit, 77. 
 Henshaw, Thomas, Esq. epistles- dedicatory to, 
 
 97. 99. account of, 97 n. 
 Heraclea, naval battle at, 643. 
 Herbs, directions for 'gathering and drying, 464. 
 
 directions for makings tart of,_809. 
 Hercules, Hesiod's account of his shield, 269. 
 Heraclitus, his contempt of worldly power, 26. 
 Herbert, Lord Edward, of Cherbury, reference to 
 
 his History of Henry VIII., 663 n. 
 
 Hermits, their unhealthy abodes, 224. their 
 
 superstitious and useless lives of, 530. notice 
 
 concerning the early ones, 532, ' . , 
 
 Herodotus Halicarnassensis, various references to 
 
 and quotations from, 22; 33.2/0. 639.749., :. 
 
 Herring fishery, amazing extent and produce of 
 
 the, 680. 682; rent idue for th^ to England 
 
 from the Dutch, 681. 
 
 Hertford, Sir William Seymour, Marquess of, his 
 
 . house and gardens in the Strand, 222. notice 
 
 of him, ibid:^, 
 Hertocks, A. plates engraved by, 300. 
 Hesiod various references to and quotE(tions from, 
 
 268,269.761. 
 Hesychius, reference to concerning the impiety of 
 
 Tribonius, 33. 
 Hevelius or Hevelke, John, plates in his^ Seleno^ 
 
 graphia, 1647,301. 
 Heuter, Pontus, his mention of the naval exploits 
 
 of the Dutch, 659 n. 
 Hexastylos, signification of in architecture, 388. 
 Hills of Surrey, various particulars concerning the 
 
 688, 689. 
 Hiensius, his eulogy on vermin, 230. 
 Hiero, hi? floating palace, 637. 
 Hieroglyphics, what they were, 266. of the 
 Danes, notice of, 273. of the^ Mexicans, 275. 
 Hieronicae, vvhere preserved, 268. 
 Hippagines, ferry-boats invented by, 637. 
 Hippocrates, various references to and illustra.-, 
 tions from, 216, 217. 236. 241. 752. 778. 789. 
 Hippodromes, ancient ornaments and figures of, 
 
 421. 
 Hippus, large vessels invented by, 637. 
 Historians, fame given by the best' only, 533. 
 
 their rewards neglected, 542, 
 Holbein, Hans, rarity of his engravings on wood, 
 294. old English sea-fight painted by, 663 n. 
 Holborn, ancient improvements in, 345. 
 Holland, its wants and abundance equally great, 
 631. wealth of arising from the herring 
 fishery, 681, 682. 
 Hollar, Wenceslaus, multitude and excellence of 
 his etchings; 300. plates relating to London, 
 309. his views round London, &c. 31 1. 
 
830 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Holly, fine one destroyed at Says Court, 695. 
 Holthlizen, his skill in engraving On wood, '294, 
 Homer, vaiiOus reFerences to, and illustrations 
 
 from, IS. 43. 268, 269. 640. 749. 774 n. 
 Hondius, William, his maps and other engravings, 
 
 299. 
 Hooker, Robert, notice of, 622 n. 
 Hoole, Charles, bad plates to his edition of Com- 
 
 roenius, 330. 
 Hops, how to be used and dressed, 742. 
 Hciquencourt, Mareschal de. Grand Prev&t of 
 
 France, 62. 
 HorapoUinis Notae, hieroglyphical obelisks, 266. 
 Horatius Flaccus, Quintus, various references to, 
 
 and quotations from, 139. 259. 271. 313. 329. 
 
 636. 644 n. 744. 747 n. 763 n. 773 n. 778 n. 
 
 782 and note. 796 n, 797. 
 Horologium Beatse Mariie, earliest European let- 
 ters in, 275. ' - 
 llorsemanship, natural excellence of the French 
 
 in, 85. 
 Horse, Master of the in France, his officers, 61. 
 Horse-Radish, Spanish black, method of pre- 
 ■ paring, 752. 
 
 Horses, causes of their many diseases, 781. occa- 
 sional longevity of, ib. 
 Hosts of taverns in London, amazing success of, 
 
 157. 166. 
 Hot-beds, various directions concerning, 449. 
 
 452. 456. 
 H6tel de Bourgoigne, a theatre in Paris, 164 n. 
 Hotham, Sir John, his character by Granger, 
 
 177 n. execution of him and his son, I78 n. 
 Housekeeping, descriptive account of old English, 
 
 700, 701. 
 Houses, general order and heights of rooms in, 
 
 369. bad situations often selected for, 370. 
 
 continual repairs of, costly, ib. flat-roofed ones 
 
 of the Jews, 375. 
 Howard, Henry, of Norfolk, dedication to, 555. 
 
 his jirotection and encouragement of the Royal 
 
 Society, ib. 556 n. 
 Howel, James, his Instructions for Forreine Tra- 
 vel, viii. 
 , Dr. William, his defence of early British 
 
 navigation, 659 and note. 
 Hoyle, Thomas, biographical particulars of, 179 n. 
 H. S. B. by whom used as a mark, 291. 
 'Humboldt, Frederick Baron Von, his specimen of 
 
 Mexican Hieroglyphics, 275 n. 
 Humours of children to be irequentTy crossed, 
 
 129. 
 Hundred gentlemen of thfe Guard of France, 62. 
 Hunter, Dr. Andrew, his edition of Evelyn's Sylva, 
 
 1772, xiv. editions of Evelyn's other works by, 
 
 note, XV. 
 Hyde Park, ancient description of, 165. a toll on 
 
 entering it, 165 n. 
 Hydriae, or water pots engraven, 272. 
 Hypethre, how it is formed, 391. 
 
 Hypotrachelium,! in architecture, its derivatipn 
 
 and meatiing, 380. 
 Hyssop, medicinal virtues of, 742. 
 
 J. 
 
 •laek-by-the-Hedge, its vegetable uses, 742. 
 Jamblichus,; reference to concerning • Pythagoras, 
 
 18. 
 James I. King of England, his act against Moor 
 burning, 234! fine ships built by, 666. his 
 sovereignty over the seas, 671. his proclama- 
 tion concerning his sovereignty of the seas and 
 fisheries, 678, 679. limits the seas round Eng- 
 land, 679. prohibits' fishing in the island 
 fishery, 683. 
 
 Jansen, Cornelius, Bishop of Ypres, his sect in 
 france, 83. notice of him, ib. n. 
 
 January, length of days in, 443. work to be 
 done in, in the orchard and kitchen-garden, ib.' 
 fruits in prime and lasting in, 445. work for 
 the parterre and flower-garden in, 446. flow- 
 €fs in prime and lasting in, ib. 
 
 Japan, encouragement of artists by the Emperor 
 of, SI7. 
 
 J. B. M. signification of the mark, 282, 
 
 Ibrahim, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, his de- 
 scent, 569. becomes attached to a slave's 
 child, 571. nearly drowns his son, ib. per- 
 mits his Aga to go to Mecca^ 572. his war 
 with the Venetians, 576, his issue particu- 
 larized, 577. 
 
 Ichnography in architecture, derivation and ex- 
 planation of, '371. 
 
 Idolatry, the origin of, 266. 
 
 Jegher, Christopher, his wood-cut of Rubens' 
 Temptation of Christ, 297, 
 
 Jermaiii, Lord H. Republican calumny of, 195 n 
 197. 
 
 Jerome, St. reference io concerning the fallen 
 angels, 10. concerning travel, 44. passage 
 from his epitaph on Marcellus, 107 n. • his cha- 
 riicter of Heliodorus, 109. his account of the 
 early hermits, 533 n. 
 
 Jesuitism, the Mystery of, notice of Evelyn's trans- 
 lation of 1664, xvii. 
 
 Jesuits of Spain, their endeavours to alienate the 
 people of France, 88. infamous conduct of the, 
 499. volumes relative to the in the library at 
 Wotton, 500 n. 
 
 Jewels, list'of anciently used by females in Eng- 
 land, 704, 705f 709. 711. 
 
 Jews, their flat-roofed houses, 375, their ex- 
 jaectations of a Messiah, 587, 588, 589. 592. 
 letter to the from the false Elias, 59 1, their 
 penance, alms, &c. in expectation of the Mes- 
 siah, 592, 593. his declaration to the, 59^4; 
 
 595. fictitious princes appointed' over the, 
 
 596. their constancy to the false Messiahy 598.' 
 conduct of those at Constantinopleitahira, 599. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 831 
 
 their visitations to ditto. 600. 605. form oF 
 
 - prayer appointed, fotthe, bydittb, ib. 601. theif 
 honours to him, 602. disbelief of some con- 
 cerning him, ib. their revenge, against such, 
 603. their preparations, &c. for Elias, ib. 604, 
 
 .' 605. their distress and'derision of, on discover- 
 ing the imposture of Sabatai Sevi, 608, 609. 
 their assertion . concerning him, ib. orders re- 
 lating to hiin sent tothe, ib. miracles attri- 
 buted, by; the Jews to him, 6U.. some still 
 believe on him and Nathan, ib. letter to the, 
 
 . against Nathan Benjamin, 612,613. .history 
 of their extirpation from Persia, 615. — 620. 
 their settlement in ditto, 615. their usuryand 
 danger in ditto, 616. exam.ination of the, by 
 the Sophy, ib. 617. assign a jJeriOd for the 
 Messiah's coming, '618. cause of their terrible 
 destruction throughout Persia, 619. 
 
 Jmpostorg, history of the three late famous, 1669, 
 notice of, xix. reprint of, 563 — 620. vide 
 Mahomed, Ottomano, Sabatai, Turks, Venetians. 
 
 Imposts in Architecture explained, 385. 
 
 Inactivity, not the life of the Almighty,-510. Ci- 
 cero's censure of, 511. not deserving of fame, 
 ib. nor vyorthy of ambition, 512. 
 
 Incurhbee, vide Imposts. 
 
 Independence, the. sum of liberty, 12. 
 
 Independents in England- during the. civil wars, 
 155. their miserable character, 156. 
 
 India, ancient marts' for its merchandise, and 
 circuitous modes of trading to, 648. new 
 passage to, discovered by the Portugese, 649. 
 
 Indies, East and West, views, &c. of, recom- 
 mended to be engraven, 311. 
 
 Infanterie de la France, Colonel of, his lucrative 
 office, 75. compared ■ with the Spanish, S5. 
 Machiavel's saying concerning the, ib. im-r 
 proving state of the, 86. 
 
 Inferior, officers of the French Court, 61. 
 
 Ink-maker in China, his privileges, 275. 
 
 Insects, various'directibns for removing, 455. 466. 
 468. 476. feeding on herbs indicative of their 
 nature, 761. their eggs to be removed from 
 sallads; ib. • 
 
 Insulata Columna, what it signifies in architec- 
 ture, 388. 
 
 Intaglia, an Italian seal, 262. very ancient use of, 
 • 269. 
 
 Intemperance, not the vice of the greatest per- 
 sons, 547. 
 
 Intercolumniation, what. it signifies in Architec- 
 ture, 388. • ' 
 
 Intoxication, common in England, and fatal ef- 
 fects of it, 159. . 
 
 Jode, Peter de, his engraving* after Vandyke, 297. 
 and other works, 298. 
 
 John, Kirig of England, great naval force of, 661, 
 Duty of the Flag claimed by, 675. 
 
 Johnson; Dr. ; Siamwel, his authorities for the 
 derivation of. Gilliflower, 466 n. 
 
 Jones, Inigo, his . banquetting house compared 
 with Henry the Sevenths chapel, 366. 
 
 Ionic. Order, capital of tlie, 357. how its base Is 
 formed, 376. sitiiatian of the Astragal in the, 
 
 . 378, Volute in the,. 382. Striges in the, 383. 
 Intercolumniation in the, 388. . Dentelli in the 
 397.' Modillipns of the, 398. historical ac- 
 count, description, and parts of the, 408. 
 
 Joppa, astronomical sculptures erected at, 264. 
 
 Jose[)hus, Flavius, his notion'of the origin of let- 
 ters, 267. his, idea of the oldest Greek writ- 
 ings, 268. his idea of the origin of commerce, 
 633, 
 
 Journal of Science, Literature, and the Arts, analy* 
 sis of Evelyn's Fumifiigium in the, 315 n. 
 
 Ireland, dangerous air of, 218. 
 
 Iron weapons, the. carrying of, made a capital 
 offence, 202.. ,. ; 
 
 Irefeon, Henry, biographical particulars of, 1*9 n. 
 
 Isabella of Castile, her encouragement of Colutn- 
 bus lewarded, 655. 
 
 Isles, a double portico, 391. ^ 
 
 Isocrates, his praise of men usefully learned, 
 542. ';.' < 
 
 Israel Van Mechlin, one of the earliest copper- 
 ( plate engravers, 276. 
 
 Italians, their phrase for the hope of a Courtier, 
 28. :■ 
 
 Italy, excuse for not fully • treating of; 51. ac- 
 count of the principal engravers of, and their 
 works, 279 — 289. architects and architecture 
 encouraged in, 362. seasons in, to be care- 
 fully observed by gardeners, 431. - • 
 
 July, length of the days in &c. 467. work to be 
 in, in the orchard and kitchen garden, ib. 
 fruits in prime and lasting in, 463. work to 
 be;done in, in the parterre and flower garden, 
 469. flowersin prime arid lasting in, 471. 
 
 Jumbel Aga, Chief Eunuch of the Seraglio, 569. 
 a slave bought for him, 570. brings up hei' 
 natural child, ib. incurs the Sultana's'^ hatred, 
 ib. vainly tries to resign his office, 571.' but 
 at length departs for Mecca, 572. Dominican 
 Friar burned by, ib. storm on his voyage ib. 
 his fight with Maltese vessels and death, 573. 
 
 June, length of the days in, &c. 463. work to 
 be done in, in the orchard and kitchen garden, 
 ib, fruits in prime and lasting in, 465. work 
 to be done in the parterre and flower garden 
 in, ib. flowers in prime and lasting in, 466. 
 
 Junius,' Francis, praise of his Lexicon, 354. his 
 his translation of a passage in Kings, 260. 
 his names for the style, 261i 262." ., 
 
 Justice, officers of, in France, 69. 
 
 Justin Martyr, his assertion concerning Socrates, 
 26. his account of Greek navigation referred , 
 to, 642 n. 
 
 Justinian, Emperor, Tribonius' flattery of, 33. 
 
 Justihus, M. Junianus, his history of the Greek 
 wars, 642 and note. 
 
 Juvenal, Decius Junius, various references to and 
 quotations from, 138, 139. 259; 697- 712. 749. 
 
 Ivory, ancient names for gravers and carvers in, 
 258. 
 
832 
 
 GENERAL INDEX; 
 
 Kalendarium Hortense, 1664, notice of, xvi. re- 
 
 , print of do. 425-i-498. bibliographical note on 
 the editions, &c. of the,, 4S7. introduction to 
 the, 430. importance of the monthly direc- 
 tions and hiethod pursued in, 431, 432, 433. 
 notice of the authors consulted for, 434. let- 
 ter and poem addressed to Evelyn on this work, 
 435, 436. vide the respective months. 
 
 Keckermann, Dr. Bartholomew, his praise of the 
 English navigation, 666. 
 
 Kephalidion, what it signifies, 383. 
 
 Key-storte, its'use, 386, 387. general rule for or- 
 namenting the, 422. 
 
 Kilianus, Lucas, engravings executed by,, 299. 
 
 King-kitting, History pf, 1719. particulars of the 
 life of Dorislaus from the, 178 n. 
 
 Kings, servittide of, 14. wise nien called so by 
 the kStoics, 17. modesty to be observed in the 
 presence of, 34. their love of extensive power, 
 ib, the source of honour, 3.5. the servants of 
 vanity, 38. effects of the government of > pow^ 
 erful and prudent sovereigns, 52, 53. evil con- 
 
 - sequences from forsaking of,' 52. of France, 
 absolute, 53. 56, 57- titles of do. 54. of 
 
 ,' France, ceremony at their death, 60. do. 
 their guard, 62. do. ancient revenue of, 65, 
 66.. " do. amount Of their present revenue, 67. 
 do.' his "affability and the reverence he expe- 
 riences, 91. their abdication censured, 517. 
 
 - examples of excellent, 526, 527. deaths of by 
 recluses, 52S. their power of dismissing bad 
 
 ' cofurtiers and advancing good men, 533. learn- 
 ing greatly derived from, 546. should be at- 
 tended by an eastern minister, 567. 
 
 Kings of England, their sovereignty over the 
 seas, 672. their rights on the seas, 675. ex- 
 tent of their sovereignty on do. 677. 685. 
 
 Kircher, Athanasius, his mention of the obelisks 
 of Misra, &c. 265, 266. 
 
 Kitchen-garden, vide Olitory. 
 
 Knighthood, Orders of in France, 77. 
 
 Labacco, Antonio, his book of architecture, 284. 
 
 Lacedemonians, their pride, 521. .. . 
 
 (Lactantius, God's inactivity rejected by, 510. 
 
 Ladles of England, their free, and intemperate 
 customs, 158.. 160. . defended; from thosei as- 
 sertions, 155 n. 156 n. 159 n. 160 n. their 
 
 . skill in card playing, 160, 161. inferiority of 
 their treatment to that customary iii France, 
 161. censure of their dress and mannersy 162. 
 some exceptions to this, 163. conduct of in 
 Hyde Park, 165.: their 'expectations ;Qf, their 
 admirers, 699. mannei-s of the old English, 
 
 ■ 701, 702. poetical description of the ,dress and 
 dressing rooms of, 703 — 709, 
 
 , LaeJ, , John, his. mention, of. Acadian. sculpture, 
 275. 
 
 L'Alzato, what it signifies in architecture, 37L 
 
 Lambard,'. William, early British navigation men- 
 tioned by, 660 n. - 
 
 Lambert, Major General, John, character and no- 
 tice of, 182 n. . . 
 
 Lambeth, notice of the spring gardens ats 240, 
 and note. 
 
 Lamoignon, Guillaume de, notice of, 624 n. 
 
 Land forces of France, excellence of, 84i 85. 
 
 Lanferri, Antonio, his engravings after Michel 
 Angelo, &c. 283, 284. 
 
 L'Asne, Michael, numerous portraits engraved by, 
 305. , . ■ 
 
 Latins, commercial privileges permitted the, 633. 
 
 Layers of . Gilliflowers and Carnations, directions 
 concerning, 469. 
 
 Laws ever to be enforced, 1 16, 139.' 
 
 Lead, Hesiod's poems engraven on, 268. 
 
 Learnipg, state of in France, 89. much derived 
 from princes and public men, 546. 
 
 Lfidus, his sculptured battles, 272. , 
 
 Leeks, their medicinal qualities, 742. 
 
 Leisure to be improved, not idle, 514. 
 
 Leith-hill, beautiful and. extensive prospect from, 
 688 and note. 
 
 Lemons, botanical names and qualities of, 744. 
 directions for pickling, 805. 
 
 L'Estrange, Sir Roger, his Discourse of the Fishery, 
 681 n. 
 
 Letters, high antiquity of, 263, 264. dispute 
 concerning their invention, 266. earliest in 
 Europe, 275. names of French engravers of, ' 
 305. 
 
 Letters from the pretended Elias to the false Mes- 
 siah, 590. fiom do. to the Jews, 59 h of de- 
 claration to do. from the false Messiah, 595, 
 599, 600. from the Chochams of Constanti- 
 nople to the Jews of Smyrna, 609. 612. 
 
 Lettuce, Genoa, direction for preserving, 480 n.- 
 
 Lettuces,. historical notice of, and method of 
 dressing, 742, 743. various kinds of, 744. 
 
 Lex Julia de AduUeriis, reference to Horace con- 
 
 I cerning the, 139. 
 
 Lexicons, defective in terms of arts, 354. 
 
 -Libanius, his supposition that the powers of mars 
 are lost, 313. 
 
 .Liberty,, enjoyed by few, but contended for by 
 many, 8. the gift of nature, ib. essential to 
 
 -'i allrexistence, 9. . struggles after, by the angels, 
 ib. 10. in what it consists, 10. .of the body, 
 ib. of.the mind, 11. * independence of action, 
 the sum of, 12. philosophical notions of, 13. 
 
 -. 17, 18. 21. vice an'. enemy to, 15. by 
 whom enjoyed, 16. important limitations to, 
 19. dangers of unrestrained, 20. reason, the 
 bestower of, ib. where it most probably exists, 
 
 . 23. extreme rarity of, 27. not enjoyed by 
 
 any, 38. i 
 
 Liber.ty and Servitude, notice of Evelyn's tract on 
 
 1649, vii. reprint of do. -1 — 38. 
 Licetusi Fortunius,. his book of antique rings, 
 269.. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 833 
 
 J^ghtfoot, William, his character as an engraver, 
 .310. 
 
 Light Horse of France, 76. 
 
 Lights .and shades, how produced in drawing with 
 tJie pen, 314. and in what manner expressed 
 in engraving, 320. 
 
 Lime and sulphur, how beneficial to the lungs, 
 2^3 n. 
 
 Lime-kiln on Bankside, notice of, 223. 
 
 Lime-trees in St. James's Park, first planting of 
 the, 241. 
 
 L'lmpiedi Facciata, what it signifies in architec- 
 ture, 371. 
 
 (Lines in engraving, rules for laying of the, 321. 
 their perspective, 322. used for heraldic bla- 
 zons, 323. 
 
 Lister, Dr. Martin, his paper on mushrooms re- 
 fen-ed to, 747. his notices of insects feeding 
 on plants, 761. his- method for forcing aspa- 
 ragus, 779. his censure of religious recluses, 
 790 n, 79U ... 
 
 Litboxoi, sculptors in stone, 258. 
 
 Literary men, their diffidence on speaking, 540. 
 reason for do. 541. 
 
 Literature, consistent with public employment, 
 538, 539, 540. fri'vqlaus pursuits of, 541. 
 
 Littleton, Adam, Hebrew Etymons mentioned by, 
 
 . 263. 
 
 Livius, Titus, journeys made to hear liis elo- 
 quence, 44, his mention of embossed plate, 
 260. bis mention of the Roman contempt for 
 
 ; commerce, 633. 
 
 Loadstone, eulogy on the discoveries produced by 
 
 the, 657. 
 Lomatius, Giovanni Paolo, his rule concerning 
 
 , Dentelli, 397. 
 
 Lombart, Peter, excellent engravings by, 300. 
 
 Londerselius, his engraved landscapes, 295. 
 
 London,, vide St. Paul's, scheme for removing the 
 smoke of, xiii. difficulty of comparing it with 
 Paris, 83. continual revelry of, 95. rudeness 
 of the common people in to foreigners, 150. 
 fine situation, 218, 219. and poor appearance 
 of, 151. lop. 210. defence of, 148 n. 149 h. 
 praise of, 150 n. smoke and foggy atmo- 
 sphere, of, 219, 220, 221. and taverns in, 167- 
 intemperance common in, 158, 159. smoke of 
 assails the Court, 207^ how to improve the air 
 
 ' «/, 208. 213. improvements required in, 210. 
 
 " and the probability of their taking place, 211. 
 
 unwholesome and coarse trades and works of 
 
 , on the river banks, 207. 210.212. 22a 231. 
 gardens, pf, damaged by the smoke of, 212. 221. 
 means for removing the smoky works of, 213. 
 church-yards should be removed from, ib. 
 
 ' mortality of its air, 214. 220; soil of, 219. 
 pestilent nature of its coal smoke, 220, 221. 
 223.225.227,228.230. diseases, induced by 
 the air of, 224, 225, 226. 228. scheme for re- 
 
 ' moving the smoky works of, 232. and for sup- 
 plying i* with their commodities, 23?.. import- 
 
 5 o 
 
 ance of t>urifying its altmbsphet-e, 238. ahd 
 improvement of by way Of plantations, 239. 
 spring-gardens in, noti<^ df, 240, and note, 
 ancient city of, 484 n. improvements and 
 building of palaces and churches in, executed 
 under Charles II. 34a 344. notices of noble- 
 men's houses anciently in, 341 n, 342n. ancient 
 improvements in, 344. 351. 
 
 London, Mr. George, his garden near Chelsegt re- 
 commended, 497. account of him and his 
 
 . garden, 7 14, 715 and notes, 716, 717. 
 
 Longevity, remarkable instance of, 782. 
 
 Losses, how they should be borne by youth, 132. 
 
 Louis XI. King of France, his saying of the 
 French Kings, 53. his institution of the Order 
 of St. Michael, 77. consequence of his disarm- 
 
 ■ ing the Commons of France, 86. 
 
 — — XIII. -■ — — 1 his peculiarities in 
 
 large vessels built by. 
 
 selecting his guard, 63. 
 637. 
 
 — XIV. 
 
 Court, 36. state of France under, 39 — 95 
 
 panegyric 
 
 on his 
 de- 
 
 scent of, 54. his birth, education, and rela- 
 tions, ib. 55. 
 
 Louise Princess of Bohemia, paintings of, 326. 
 
 Lufoinus, Eilhardus, his method of education by 
 prints, 329. 
 
 Lucan,M.Anneeus, quotations from, 225, 226. 546. 
 
 Lucas Van Leyden, his manner of marking Ms 
 engravings, 276. his copies of Albert Durer's 
 plates, 278. other engravings by, 279. 
 
 Lucatelo, Don Joseph, his account of the Spanisti 
 Sembrador, 621 n. 
 
 Lucian, his anecdote of Combabus, 31. do. of 
 Alexander, 37. sacrifice of hair mentioned by, 
 136. his mention of Alcxaiider and Cssar in 
 another world, 532. 
 
 Lucretius, Carus T. character of Evelyn's trans- 
 lation of into verse, ix. motto from on a 
 smoky atmosphere, 205. 
 
 Lycurgus, did not encourage commerce, and why, 
 634. 
 
 Lysippus, his effigy of Alexander, 37. 
 
 M. 
 
 Mabugius, John, historical error of in one pf 
 
 his pictures, 560. notice of the painting, ib. 
 
 note; <» 
 
 Machiavelli, Njeolo,!his saying concerning France, 
 
 52. do. on the French Infantry, 85. do. on 
 , the geiiius of the people of Flrance, 88, 89. on 
 
 the oaths of princes, 197 n. 
 Mackenzie, Sir George, his Essaif on Solitude, and 
 
 Evelyn's answer to do. xvii. 503, 504. notice 
 
 of him and his works, 502; 
 Maerobius, Aurelius, various references to, 794 n, 
 
 795 n. 797. 
 Madeira, discovery of the island of, 648. 
 JMagaseines, ornaments and figures proper for, 42 1 . 
 3({aggi, Giovanni, his engravings, 286, 287. 
 
834 
 
 GENERAX INDEX. 
 
 •Magi,. pretended Chaldean books of the, 265. > 
 
 Mahomed, Han, Sultaun of the Ottoman Empire, 
 his descent, 569. is nearly drowned, .571. his 
 war with the Venetians, .576. i 
 
 Mahomed Bei, the second Impostor, his story and 
 pretensions, 578 — 586. his history published in 
 France, 578 and note, his descent, and bring- 
 ing up, 578, 579. his adventures and near 
 •.conversion in Palestine, 579. loss of his trea- 
 sure and consequent travels, 580. is baptized 
 at Warsaw, ib, pilgrimage and travels of, 581. 
 his imposture spread,, ib. and encouragement 
 of him at various courts, ib. 582. his reception 
 in France, 582.,. his real descent, ib. infamous 
 amours of, and departure from hi§, native coun- 
 try, 583. his wanderings and impostures, ib, 
 discovery of in England, ib. 58^. probable 
 fainily of, 585. remarks on the pamphlet con- 
 cernitig, ib, his .ignorance and errors in his 
 pamphlet, 585. proofs of his deceit and falsity 
 in do. 586. 
 
 Mahometanism invented by recluses, 523. 
 
 Majoragius, Mark Anthony, his commendation of 
 dirt, 230. 
 
 Maltre,, Grand, of France, his duties and offices, 60. 
 
 Malleiy, Charles de, excellence of his works, 296. 
 
 Mallows, medicinal qualities and historical notices 
 of, 744. 
 
 Malta, island of, value of the mastership of its re- 
 ligion, 7'6. 
 
 Maltese, spread the error of Sultaun Ibrahim's 
 son;. 573, 574. examine the identity of Padre 
 Ottoniano, 574. and send a messenger to Con- 
 stantinople for that purpose, ib. the imposturfe 
 discovered to them, 575. instances of their 
 covetousness, 5,77. naval exploits of the, 653. 
 
 Man, his greatest excellence in action and society, 
 550, '551. prudence and industry required foi" 
 
 .. his support, 630. 
 
 Manch, Gard de la, vide Archers, 63. 
 
 Manchester, Edward Montagu Earl of, biogra-- 
 phical notice of, 177 n. 
 
 Mangos, directions for pickling, S04. 
 ^Manners, curious description of Old English, 700, 
 701,702. 
 
 Mantegna, Andrea, designed for Eaccio Baldini, 
 277- engravings by, 285. 
 
 Mantuana, Andrea, engravings by, 285. 
 
 Mantuano, Giorgio, plates engraved by, 282. 
 
 — ^- '—, Giovanni Battista, 281, , plates en- 
 graved by, 282. 
 
 Manure; various directions concerning in gardens 
 and orchards, 443, 448, 461. 482. 
 
 Manutius, Aldus, his explanation of a passage in 
 Martial, 259, 
 
 Map Engravers, eminent foreign ones, 309. 
 
 Marbre, Table de, an admiralty court of France,74. 
 
 Marca, Giovanni Battista, his engravings, 288. 
 
 March, length of the days, &c. in, 449.' work to 
 
 : . be done in, in the orchard and kitchen garden, 
 ib. . fruits in prime and lasting in, 451. work 
 
 ,: to be done in, in the parteri'e and fldwer gar- 
 den, ib. flowers in prime and lasting in, 454. 
 
 Marco di Ravenna, his works, 280. 
 
 Marcolini, Francesco, his engravings, 284. 
 
 Mareschals of France, offices and rank of, 74. 
 
 Maritime forces of France, improving state of 
 
 , the, .84. 
 
 Marmora Arundeliana, &c. list of editions of, 
 557 n, 
 
 Marriage, hovv to be spoken of to youth, 128. to 
 be early with secular youth, 134, 135. 
 
 •Marriages of the Jews in expectation of the Mes- 
 siah, 593. 
 
 Marryland, a Voyage to, reprint of the poem so 
 called, 703—709. 
 
 Martelay, M. de la, his collection of prints for 
 teaching all sciences, 329. 
 
 Martens found in Surrey, 690. • 
 
 Martial, Marcus Valerius^ various quotations from, 
 and references .to, 7. 138. 259, 260. 272. 339 n. 
 344 n. 734 n. 736. 744. 747. 765. 772 n, 773 n. 
 792. 
 
 Martin of Antwerp, engravings executed by, 277. 
 
 Martyr, Justin, his reasons why blood should not 
 be eaten, 787. ' 
 
 Mary, the blessed Virgin, made the patron saint 
 of France, 53. ' 
 
 Masts and yards, to whoin their invention is attri- 
 buted, 637. 
 
 Matbam, James, his engraved fruits, 295, 
 
 Mauperche, 'Henri, his landscapes, 304, 
 
 Mausolea, ornaments and figures anciently used 
 for, 421. 
 
 Maximinus, Caius JuliusVerus, Emperor of Rome, 
 gluttony of, 797. 
 
 May, length of the days, &c. in, 459. work to be 
 done in, in the orchard and kitchen garden, ib. 
 fruits in prime and lasting in, 460. work to be 
 done in, in the parterre and flower garden, ib. 
 flowers in prime and lasting in, 463. 
 
 May, Hugh, notice of him, 343 and note. 
 
 Mazarine, Cardinal Julius, dedication addressed 
 to, 4. his office and character, 78. 
 
 Measurements .in architecture, 404. 
 
 Mechanics and tradesmen of France, character of 
 the, 80. excellence of the former, 90. 
 
 Mecca, privilege of making a pilgrimage to, 572. 
 
 Medallists, of Rome, times of their excellence, 
 273. names of eminent modern Italian, 289. 
 of eminent English, 310. 
 
 Medicine in France, miserable state of, 90. 
 
 Mediterranean Sea, excellence of its situation, 629. 
 
 Medlars, catalogue of the best kinds of, 496, 
 
 Megalopsuchia, magnanimity, 512., 
 
 Mela, Pomponius, empire of the Sea mentioned 
 by, 668 and note. . 
 
 Mellan, Claude, his singular engraving of St. Ve- 
 ronica's napkin, 304. 
 
 Melon, its nature and various particulars of the, 
 745. directions for pickling, 805. 
 
 Membretti, an Italian name for pilasters, 384. 
 
GENERAl.' INDEX. 
 
 835 
 
 Memmius, his belief that the gods were inactive, 
 510. 
 
 Menapius; Gul. Insulanus, his commendation of 
 
 a quartan ague, 229. 
 Men of War, supposed to have been first built by 
 
 Minos, 638. 
 Mensula: or Iseystone, its use, 386, 387. 
 Mentor, his richly-wrought ctips, 272. 
 Mentum, origin of tliat term in Architecture, 
 
 400. 
 Merchants, their value in a state, 633. ancient 
 
 splendour and exploits of, 639, 640. notice of 
 
 the earliest, 641. 
 Merchants of France, character of the, 81, 
 Mercurius Trisn^egistus, his mystical engravings, 
 
 265. 
 Mercury, English, 745. 
 Messiah, vide Sabatai, numerous pretenders to be 
 
 the, 568. prophecies concerning a pretended 
 
 one, 589, 590. two expected by the JewS, 606. 
 
 ideas of the Jews concerning the, 616. yeaC 
 
 of his coming assigned by the Jews, 618. 
 Metals, ancient names for casting figures and, 
 
 carving in, 258. 
 Metopae, meaning, derivation, and ornaments of 
 
 the, 396. 
 Metropolis, the best map of a country, 92. 
 Metz, diflFerence between its parliament and that 
 
 of Paris, 72. 
 Meurtrieres, what is meant by the term, 712 
 Mexico, hieroglyphical sculptures found in, 275. 
 Mezzo-tinto Engraving, enigmatical account of, 
 
 333,334. increased perfection of, 334 n. 
 M. F. explanation of the mark, 280. 
 Michael, St. Order of Knighthood, notice of, 77. 
 Michelino, his imitation of ancient medals, 
 
 289.- 
 Migades, nature of the word explained, 139. 
 Mikropsuchia, despising of gloi'y, 512. 
 MiUtary and civil architecture, how connected, 
 
 365. 
 Milton, John, harmony of edible plants mentioned 
 
 by, 764. 798. 
 Mills in Wotton, for powder and brass wire, 689. 
 
 fulling do. 690. 
 Minced Sallad, directions for making, 809. 
 Mind, liberty of the, 11. wholly enslaved at 
 
 court, 32. 
 Ministers of state, their value, 515. why they 
 
 should sometimes retire, 549. evils of their 
 
 serving by rotation, 550. 
 Mint, Latin names and qualities of, 745. 
 Minos, Kiiig- of Crete, the inventor of ships of 
 
 war, 638. :, 
 Miparties, Chambres des, members of, and why 
 
 established, 72, 73. 
 Miracles, related by Mahomed Bei, 579. falsely 
 
 attributed to the pretended Messiah, 697. 611. 
 Mirandula, Giovanni Picus, earl of, his possession 
 
 of the books of the Magi, 265. 
 Miriam, Matthew, Jiis etchings, 293. 
 
 Misra, king of Egypt, sculptured obelisk erected 
 by, 265, 
 
 M. M 3. M.C. marks of early engravers, 276, 277. 
 
 Model in architecture recommended, 368. 373^ 
 
 Modilions, description of, and rules for, 398. 
 
 Modules, intention, and quantity of, 404. 
 
 Modulus, use of the, 259. 
 
 Monarchy of France, when founded, 53 . male ra- 
 ces of ditto, ib. how it became absolute, 56, 57, 
 numerous guards a sign of the French, 64. 
 
 Monconys, Balthasar, his notice of the spring gar- 
 dens at Lambeth, 240 n. 
 
 iVIonier, P. his work oh engraving, 334 n. 
 
 Monkish aichitecture, censure of, 365, 366, j nu- 
 merous specimens of extant, 366. 
 
 Monks, frequent crimes (jf, 522. notice of the 
 early ones, 532, censure of their idle and un- 
 wholesome lives, 790, 791. 
 
 Monnoyes, Cour des, its officers and duties, 74. 
 
 Monochromists, painters who used but one colour 
 in their works, 323. 
 
 Monthly advice to gardeners, great importance 
 of, 431. 
 
 Monument of London, its carved pedestal, 375. 
 
 Moor-burning, act of parliament against, 234. 
 penalties for, 235, 236. 
 
 Moors and. Arabs the corruptors of architecture, 
 365. 
 
 Mor^ri, Louis, his account of Mahomed Bei re- 
 ferred to, 578 n. of N. Serini, 581 n. 
 
 Mdrin, John,. notice of his engravings, 304. 
 
 Morisot, Claude Bartholomew, opposes the British 
 claim to the dominion of the Sea, 668. ' 
 
 Moro, Giovanni Battista d'Angeli del, 283. 
 
 Morris, Corbyh, his enquiry into the mortality of 
 London, 214. . . , 
 
 Mortality, Bills of, increase of from the atmos« 
 phere of London, 214. 
 
 Mortier, President au, his office and habit, 7L 
 
 Mosaic- work, nature and examples of, 423. 
 
 Moses, sculpture existing before his time, 265. 
 sculpture mentioned by, 266. supposed .inven- 
 » tor of letters, 267. ; 
 
 Mother, how she should assist in the education 
 of a child, 118. 121, 122. 137. 
 
 Motto on the artillery at Havre de Grace, 58. 
 
 Mould, various directions concerning in gardens 
 arid, orchards, 443, 444. 450. 452. 469. 486, 
 
 Mouhn, Peter du, his sect in France, 83. notice 
 of him, ib. n. . . - 
 
 M. R. signification of the mark, 231 , ; 
 
 Muffet, Dr. Thomas, his directions concerning 
 sallads,,765. ' 
 
 Mulberries, list of the best sorts of, 49C. 
 
 Muller, Herman, his engravings, 293. 
 
 Mundus Muliebris, 1690, notice of, xx, reprint 
 of the, 697— 713. 
 
 Murat, Ottoman Sultaun, his war with the Vene- 
 tians, 576* 
 
 Museum, the British, presentation copy of the 
 Mystery of Jesuitism there, 499. 
 
836 
 
 GENEUAL INDEX. 
 
 Mushrooms, various historical and other paxticu- 
 Jars of, 746, 747. directions for gathering, 
 
 . dressing, and preserving, 801. 805. 
 
 Musquetiers of the royal guard of France, .62. 
 
 Mustard, medicinal qualities and use of, 74S. di- 
 rections for making and using in sallads, 767. 
 directions for making, 802. 
 
 Mutules, architectural use of, 399. 
 
 Mys, his excellent works in sculptm-ed metals, 272. 
 
 Mystery of Jesuitism, notice of' a presentation co- 
 py of the, 499. dedicatory epistle to the, I664<, 
 lb. editions of in the Wotton library, 500 n. 
 
 Mythology, actiife life celebrated in the heathen, 
 511. 
 
 N 
 
 Naming of children, .pious advice for the, 124. 
 
 Nanteuil, Robert, Evelyn's portrait engraved by> 
 306, and note, other works of, lb. 307. his 
 drawing with a pen, 316. 
 
 Nasturtium. Vide Cresses; various kinds and qua- 
 lities of, 739. directions for pickling,. 806. 
 
 Natalis, Michael, his engravings, 298, 299. 
 
 Nathan, Benjamin, a Jew perscnating Elias, 589. 
 letter written by do, to the prjetended Messiah, 
 590. his. letter to tha Jews, .5ai. miracles 
 attributed to him, 611. his imposture still 
 supported, 612. .is opposed by the Chochams 
 of Constantinople, ib. . letter addressed to the 
 Jews concerning, him, 612, 613. conclusion 
 of his imposture, 614. 
 
 Naval Architecture, king Charles the Second's 
 knowledge and encouragement of,. 340. 
 
 Naud^, Gabriel, Evelyn's translation of his VKork 
 concerning libraries, x. 
 
 Nasigation, eulogium on its utility and power, 
 635. the,invention of claimed by several coun- 
 tries, 638. numerous improvements in, ib. 
 notice of the Hebrew and Pheniqian, 64.1. of 
 the Persian and Greek, 642. of the Roman, 
 643. its improvement under Charlemagne, 
 646. notice of the Egyptian, 647. of the Ve- 
 netian and Portuguese, 648. of the, Dutch, 
 649.658. of the. Goths, and Vandals, 649. of 
 the French, 650. of the Danes, &c. 651, 652. of 
 the Genoese and Swedes, 652, 653.' of the 
 Rhodians, Maltese, and 'Turks, 653. of the 
 Eastern Countries and Spaniards,. 654. of the 
 English, 656. 658. Portuguese inventions in 
 aid of, 656. early and imperfect state of, 657. 
 success and increase of, under Elizabeth, 665.. 
 
 Navigation and Commerce, their Original and Pro- 
 gress, 1674, notice of, xix. reprint of, 625-- 
 686. publication of, suppressed, 628 n. 
 
 Navigators, the earliest noticed, 636. 
 
 Navy, superiority of the English, under James I. 
 666, 667. . . , , 
 
 Nazianzen, St. Gregory, his praise of pictures, 330. 
 
 Nectariijes, names of those in .prime and lasting 
 in August, 473. catalogue of the best, 495. 
 
 Needham, :Marbhmont, his News fronc 'Brussels', 
 
 1659, and Evelyn's answer to, xi. 
 Netherlands, importance of travelling in the, 50i 
 
 excuse for not speaking of, at full, 51. danger 
 
 to England in their accession to France,'88. 
 Nettles, qualities and use of, 748. 
 Newcastle, siege of, how of benefit to London, 
 
 212. 222. coal of, diseases induced by, 227. 
 Niceisius, his gross flatteiy of Alexander, 33. 
 Niches, general account of, and rules for, 417, 
 : 418. ' ■ 
 
 Nieias, used but one colour in painting, 323. 
 Nicomedes King of Bithynia, deceit of his cook, 
 
 793. 
 Nicolas, Mons. first president of the Chambre des 
 
 Compts, 73. 
 Nieulant, William Van, his etchings after Paid 
 
 Brill, 295. 
 Nightingales, their existence through the winter, 
 
 696. 
 Nobility of England, their ignorance of architec- 
 ture lamented, 362 < 
 Nobility of France, free of taxes, 66. nature of 
 
 the, 79. their service to the king, ib. arms and 
 
 chivalry their profession,- ib. 84. their garb 
 
 and manner of living, 81. magnificence' of, 
 
 ib'. great pretenders to learning, ib. their 
 
 contempt of law and medicine, 82. 
 Nolpe, Peter, engravings by, 300. 
 Nonesuch House, materials of, used by the earl of 
 
 Berkeley, 419 and note. 
 Nonius, Louis, reference to his commentary on 
 
 Martial, 744. 
 Northern Countries, singular effect of the air on 
 
 the, 215, 216. navigation of the, 650, 651. 
 Northumberland House obscured bythe smoke of 
 
 London, 223. yet remaining in perfection, 
 
 ibid. n. 
 Norwegians, Runic writing of the, 273. 
 Nova Francia, Hieroglyphics in,. 275. ■ > 
 Nova Zembla, deleterious nature of its fuel,"2B7. 
 November, length of the days, &c. in, 4.S2. work 
 
 to be done in, in the orchard and. kitchen garden 
 ■ ib. ■ fruits in p)rime and lasting in, 484. work 
 
 to be done in, in the parterre and flower garden, 
 
 ib. Sowers in prime and lasting, in, 426> 
 Nouvolstell, George, his engravings, 294. 
 Numismata, a Discourse of Medals, 1697, notice- of 
 
 Evelyn's work so called, xx. 
 
 O 
 
 Oak at Wotton Park,, immense size of .one, 687. 
 destruction of, in 1683, 693. 
 
 Oars, first invention and increase of, 637. 
 
 October, length of the days, &c. in, 479. work to 
 be done in, in the orchard and kitchen garden^ 
 ib.. . fruits in prime and lasting in, 480. work 
 to be done in, in the parterre and flower garden, 
 ib. flowers in prime and lasting in, 481. . 
 
 Octostyle in architecture, 390. 
 
G^ENERAJt JNDEX^ 
 
 837 
 
 O^a.l^i^g ofJMeifcia, hi$ league with Charlemagne, 
 
 Officers of t^e crown of France, their, duties and 
 assistants, 60 — 62. 
 
 Offices iiiFrance may descend to widows, €5. 
 
 Oil, directions for using in sallads, 765. 
 
 Qle^ra, lyhat |)l%nts are sigmfied by the name, 73^- 
 
 Oleron, laws of, referred tp, ,674. 
 
 Olitory or kitchen garden, directions for work it* 
 the, in January, 443. do. in February, 447. 
 do. in March, 449. do. in April, 454. do. in 
 May, 459. do. in June, 463, do. in July, 467. 
 do. in Augustj 470. do. in September, 475. 
 do. in October, 479. do. in November, 482. 
 do. in Oecember, 487.-' 
 
 Onions, methods of dressing and medicinal quali- 
 
 . ties of, 748. historical notices of, 749. 
 
 Orach, nature and use of, 749- 
 
 Oratfiges, directions for planting, &c.- 454. 457; 
 460. 470. 473. nature and use of, 749. 
 
 Oi<ftnge-trees, various, directions concerning, 719. 
 sold by the parliament, 460 n. 
 
 Qrators to be instructed in all aits, 327, 
 
 Orchards, directions for work in the, in January, 
 
 , 443. do. ia February, 447. do, in March, 449. 
 do. in April, 454. do. in May, 459. do. in 
 June, 463. 4o. in July, 467. do. in August, 
 470. do. in September, 475. do. in October, 
 479. do. in November, 482. do. in December, 
 
 i 4S7. catalogue of fruit trees for a moderate* 
 sized one, 495. 
 
 Orders of Architecture determined by capitals, 
 405. names and descriptions of the, ib. - Tus- 
 can, ib. Doric, 406. Ionic, Corinthian, 408. 
 what they represent, 410. the Composite, ib. 
 
 Orders of; Knighthood in France, 77. 
 
 Ordonance in Architecture, what it is, 368. 
 
 Ordonation, vide Module, 404. 
 
 Organs taken from the English Churches, put up 
 in taverns, 157. 
 
 Origen, Adamantius, his censure of the blasphe- 
 my of Ceisus, 54. • 
 
 Orleans, Gaston Jean Baptist, duke of, his offices 
 and character, 55. a member of the Conseil 
 d'en haut, 67. holds the office of Constable 
 of Frwce, 74 chief of the French council of 
 
 war, 76. . . , ,^ , 
 
 ., Duchess of, her complamt or the smoke 
 
 of London, 208. 
 
 -, Anne Marie of, her character, 55. 
 
 Orlo, an Italian name for a plinth, 377. 
 
 Ornaments in architecture, their nature and use, 
 420. how tliey were adapted to ancient pub- 
 lic buildings, 42 1 . general rules for their use, 
 
 423. . ' ' 
 Ornithogalums, formerly eaten as sallads, 757- 
 Orthography, in architecturej explanation of, Sfl. 
 Ostia, excellence of the ancient Trajan port at, 
 
 646. 
 Ostracism, fatal efifect of, in Athens, 519. 
 Ottomano, Padre, the first Impostor; his history 
 
 and . {wetensiojQs, !569''-577'- his birth, S70. 
 his mother's death, 573. first called the son 
 of Ibrahim,^ib. the imposture spread byfhe 
 Maltese, ib. 574. . his identity first eji;amined, 
 574. and the imposture discovered, 575. be- 
 comes a dominican friar, 577. " 
 
 Ottomans, their power fpom supporting their so- 
 vereigns, 53. 
 
 Ovidius Naso, P. quotations fjom, 221. 268, 783 
 note.-78Sn. 798 n. 
 
 Ovolo, its description in architecture, 397- 
 
 Outline in drawing not to be too precise, 315. 
 
 . directions for making and finishing, ib. 
 
 Owen, Rev. Mr. preaches in Evelyn's house du- 
 ring the Civil Wars, 1.53 n. 
 
 Oxenham, John, his valiant expedition against 
 the Spaniards, 664. ' 
 
 Oxford, University of, Arundel marbles presented 
 to the, 557. 
 
 p. , 
 
 Painters, parallel between them and the guardians 
 of a child; 115. . recommended -to practise en- 
 graving, 311. recommended to draw with the 
 pen, 319. names of some who used but one 
 colour, 323. passions expressed by the artcient 
 ones, 33 1. careless of costume, 557. - sipgular 
 errors o£in their pictures> 560. their inatten* 
 tion to perspective, 561. such as were learned ' 
 the best skUled in costume, ib. extensive 
 knowledge required in, 562. • 
 
 Painting, principles of the perfection of, by M. 
 Freart, 554. pictures used in treating of ditto, 
 ib. its close connection with architecture and 
 sculpture, 559. 
 
 Paintings, difficulty of copying byengravings,S24. 
 
 Palladio, Andrea, reference to his comments on 
 
 Vitruvius, 373i regulated the proportions of 
 
 . pedestals, 375. his rule concerning pilasters, 
 
 383 . ditto for the Doric pedestal, 407. ditto 
 
 for the Corinthian ditto, 409. - • 
 
 Palma, Giacomo, his graphical works, 285. 
 
 Pamphilius, the first decorator of ceilings, 401. 
 
 Panderen^ Egbert Van, engravings by, 295. 
 
 Paper, materials for writing on used befoi''e its 
 
 . invention, 267- -■ ' • 
 
 Paracelsus, P. A. T. his observation on air, 222. 
 
 Paradigmatice, explanation of the art, 258. 
 
 Paradise, vegetable food used in, 783, 784, time 
 of man's fall from, consideredj 783. 
 
 Parallel of Ancient and Modern^ Architecture, 
 1664, Evelyn's translation of, xv. other edi- 
 tions of, xvi. 
 
 Parasol, Lionardo,^ Isabella, and Bernardino, their 
 engravings and works, 287. - ■ 
 
 Parastatae, a Greek name for pilasters, 383. 
 
 Parents, how to excite in children a reverence for 
 them, 123. 
 
 Paris,- recommended for a traveller's residence, 
 50,. the archbishop of,. 94. his privilege in 
 
B28 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 the French parliament, 73. excellent scite and 
 buildings of, 92. immense crowds in the 
 Streets and houses of, 93. houses of the qua- 
 lity In, ib. difficulty of comparison of with 
 London, ib. increase and beauty of the new 
 buildings in, ib. government of, 94. nightly 
 disorders of, ib. its strength not equal to a 
 siege, ib. excellence of the air of> ib. plaster 
 of, a repeller of the plague, 95. superior to 
 London in its appearance,- 15 L vulgar ■ attack 
 upon,' 149 n. cours in, what, 162 n. Hotel de 
 Bourgoigne there, 164 n. comparison between 
 the course in and Hyde Park, 165. slaughter- 
 houses banished from, 237 n. 
 
 Parkinson, John, notice of him and his works, 
 433 h. 
 
 Parliament of France, a name only, 57. charac- 
 ter of, 70. established by Philip the Fair, 71. 
 ' courts and officers of, ib. tlieir habits, ib. 
 arrests or acts of declared, ib. names of the 
 French cities possessing one, 72. how it differs 
 from that, of Paris, ib. prerogative title of the 
 French, 73. duties of ditto, and manner of 
 pleading iii, ib. how ecclesiastics sit in it, ib. 
 
 ^, Act of the English against moor burn- 
 
 ■ ing,234. 
 
 -, Rump, political change produced by 
 
 the, 174. 
 
 Parliamentarians, their coveteousness and cruelty, 
 175, 176. 180. instances of their fall, ib. and n. 
 detestable conduct of the, 183, 184. their dan- 
 gerous state, 184, 185. 
 
 Parmegiano,' Francesco, his engravings in chiaro- 
 scuro, 282. one of the first who engraved with 
 aquafortis, 283. 
 
 Parr, Old, his change of health in London, 224. 
 change of diet the cause of his death, 782. 
 
 Parsley, its qualities and use, 750, 751. 
 
 Parsnips, method of dressing, 749, 802. 
 
 Parterre, directions for working in the, in Ja- 
 nuary, 446. ditto for February, 44S. ditto 
 for March, 451. ditto for April, 456. ditto 
 for May, 460. ditto for June, 465. ditto for 
 July, 469- ditto for August, 473. ditto for 
 September, 477. ditto for October, 480. ditto 
 for November, 484. ditto for December, 488. 
 
 Passe, Crispin and Magdalen, excellent engravings 
 by, 303. 
 
 Passions, instances of servitude to the, 15. men 
 
 ' generally governed by some of them, 22. sup- 
 posed seats of in the human body, 128, 129. 
 how they are to be moderated in children, 129. 
 of great men, conspicuous, 525. 
 
 Patent Rolls, various references to the, concern- 
 ing the British sovereignty of the seas, 672 ns 
 677 n. 680 n. 685 n. 
 
 Patriarchs, causes of their long life, 782. 
 
 Patroclus, his present to Antigonus, 636. 
 
 Paulet, La, explanation of, 65. 
 
 Paul's, St. Cathedral Church of, profanation of 
 during the civil wars, 151. 351. the neigh- 
 
 ■ bourhood of infested with smoke, 223. in- 
 tended reparation of, 351. 
 
 Pautre, John Le, his engravings of ornaments 
 and ceremonies, 304. 
 
 Payne, John, his abilities as an engraver, 309. 
 
 Peaches, names of those in prime and lasting in 
 July, 469. ditto in August, 473. ditto in 
 September, 476. catalogue of the best, 495. 
 
 Pearls," popular belief concerning the formation 
 of, 115. 139. 
 
 Pears, names of those in prime and lasting ' in 
 
 - January, 445. ditto in February, -448.; ditto 
 in March, 451. ditto in April, 456. ditto in 
 May, 460. ditto in June, 465. ditto in July, 
 468. ditto in August, 472. ditto in Septem- 
 ber, 476. ditto in October, 480. ditto in No- 
 vember, 484. ditto in December, 487.' cata- 
 logue of the best, "495. 
 
 Peas, Sugar, their use in sallad, 749. 
 
 Pedantry of some French professors, 89. 
 
 Pedestal, various pans and names of a, 374, 375, 
 376. instances of historically-carved ones, 375. 
 where most generally used, ib. what kinds 
 were used for various figures, 37^. of the 
 Doric order, 407. of the Ionic, 40S. of the 
 Corinthian, 409. of thfe Composite ditto,- 411, 
 
 Peers of France,- their origin and number, 58. 
 immunities and privileges of, 59. Court of, a 
 title of the French parliament, 73. ■ 
 
 Peiresk, Nieh; CI. Fabricius, Lord of, artificial 
 method of raising mushrooms described by, 
 747 and note. 
 
 Pen, art of drawing with the, 314, 315. objec- 
 tions to it, 315. names of masters who ex- 
 celled with it, 316, 319. 
 
 Penance performed by the Jews respecting a pre- 
 tended Messiah, 592. 
 
 Pennant, Thomas, reference to concerning Bridge- 
 
 . water House, 222 n. 
 
 Penni, Luca, engravings executed by, 284. 
 
 Pennia, Samuel, his conversion to the false Mes* 
 siah in Smyrna, 595. 
 
 Pennyroyal-pudding, directions for making, 8O8. 
 
 Pepper, medicinal qualities and various kinds of, 
 750. use of in sallads, 767. 
 
 Pepin, King of France, increases the possessions 
 of the crown, 65. 
 
 Parelle,' Gabriel, his engraved landscapes and 
 views, 304. ' ' ■■ ■■ 
 
 Periptere, arrangement and number of columns 
 in the, 390. - 
 
 Peristyle, what it is, 391. 
 
 Perrault, Claude, his explanation of taxis in archi- 
 tecture, 368. of diathesis, 369. his rule for 
 the diminution of columns, 379. observation 
 on ante-prlasters, 385." place of the taenia 
 mentioned by, 393. his idea of the Composite 
 order, 410. dispositions of columns considered 
 by, 413. double tympanum mentioned by, 414. 
 
 Perrier, Fraticis, his engravings of antique Roman 
 sculpture, 304, 557 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 839 
 
 Persia, settlement oE the Jews'in.l615. 
 
 Persians, their naval engagjements and discoveries, 
 642. 
 
 Persius Flaccus, Avilus, quotations from, 139. 
 764 n. 
 
 Perspective of -lines, treated of by Du Bosse, 322. 
 inattention of painters to,..561. 
 
 Penizzi, Baldassare, his engravings in chiaro- 
 scuro, 282. 
 
 Petalism, fatal effects of in Sicily, 519. . 
 
 Peter's, St. at Rome, number of columns in the 
 peristyle of, 388. cupola on, 416. 
 
 Petit, Mons.-some account of, 248. 
 
 Petronius Arbiter, his lamentation of the decay 
 of art and virtue, 274. 
 
 Philander, William, his argument in favour of a 
 model in architecture, 373. his distinction 
 concerning the taenia, 394. his derivation of 
 the frieze, ib. ditto of modilions, 398. 
 
 Philip H. King of Macedoh, complaisance of his 
 courtiers to, 30. 
 
 King of Spain, anecdote of his mildness 
 
 and patience, 526. his payment to England 
 for' thfe privilege Sof fishing, 677- 
 
 Phillips, ,. : . , particulars. from, on the planting 
 of the potatoe in England, 447 n. ancient 
 prices of orange trees from, 460 n. historical 
 notice of the Cornelian cherry by, 473 n. 
 
 Philo, his treatise on virtuous liberty, 17- 
 
 Philo Judaeus, his notion af the origin of letters 
 and sculpture, 267- ' 
 
 Philosophers, their giving liberty to confined ani- 
 mals, 9. Indian ditto, prohibit the use qf 
 servants, 11. their ideas concerning liberty, 
 13.17, 18.21. their retirement into Persia, 
 19. boldness and confidence of, 21. difiBculty 
 Of finding their free man, 22. instances of 
 such as refused kingdoms for freedom, 26. tra- 
 vels of in search of knowledge, 43. their ex- 
 pression for air, 215. diawing, &e. practised 
 by^the, 331. their action and conversation, 617. 
 crimes charged upon the, 522. their relaxa- 
 tion, 537. much in public employment, 538. 
 not unfitted for business by study, 539. re- 
 frained from eating flesh, 784. 788. 
 
 Philosophical Liberty, nature of, 17- 
 
 Philosophical Transactions, various quotations 
 from and references to the, 497 n. 554. 621 n, 
 628 n. 692 n. 747 n. 756. 760 n, 761 n. 766 n. 
 
 768 n. 
 Philostratus, illustration from concerning natural 
 
 liberty, 9. his expression for design, 313. 
 
 freedom in copying mentioned by, 315, 445. 
 Phoenicians, supposed the oldest navigators and 
 - mefchahts, 639,'641, 
 Phrygiones, its true signification, 394. 
 Physicians of France, character of the, 89. 
 _ of Englknd, their desire to purify the 
 
 air of London, 228. 
 Pickles, various directions for making, -802 —807. 
 Pictures, eminent collections of in England open 
 
 to engravers, 310. the collecting of, a relax- 
 ation from business, 332. 
 
 Pietro, Signor, his labours to discover the im- 
 posture of Padre Ottomano,.574, 575. . 
 
 Pigeons Used by merchants as letter carriers, 648. 
 
 Pite in Architecture explained, 385. 
 
 Pilasters, their nature described, 384 — 385. 
 
 Pimpernel, general use of, in sallids, 751. 
 
 Pine-apple, first one raised in England presented 
 to Charles IL 101 n. 432 n. 
 
 Pinto,' Ferdinand Mendez, Chinese act of devo- 
 tion related by, 9. 
 
 Pipes for green-houses, of what material they 
 should be made, 494. 
 
 Pirckhemierus, Billbaldus, his commendation of 
 the gout, 229. notice of his library, 556 ni 
 
 Pisa, extraordinary arches in the bridge at, 386. 
 
 Pisaeus, his improvements in ships,- 637. • ' 
 
 Pius, II. Pope, reference to his mismes of Courts, 
 29. 
 
 Plague, not always to be found in Paris, 95. sel- 
 dom in France, 225. singular scheme for re- 
 moving the, 239. ' 
 
 Planceres, what is signified by,. 400. 
 
 Planta, Edward, his account of the French slaugh- 
 terrhouses, 237. 
 
 Plantations round London, scheme for making, 
 240. 
 
 Plants, vide Vegetables, classed list of tender 
 and hardy, 489. damaged by Winter how to 
 recover, 694,' 695. wild and unknown ones 
 to be avoided, 760. 
 
 Plaster of Paris a probable repeller of the plague, 
 95. 
 
 Plastice, explanation of, 258. more modern than 
 sculpture, 269. 
 
 Plato, various quotations from and references to, 
 10. 19. 106. 215. 357. 517. 634. 744. 
 
 Plautus, his satire upon ships and women, 703. 
 
 Plebeians of France, their misery, 79. 
 
 Plinth, what it is, and its parts, 377. 
 
 Pliny, C. Cselius Secundus, various references to 
 and quotations from, 43. 232, 259, 260. 263. 
 267. 270, !271, 272. 313. 326. 401. 637, 638. 
 
 • 726 and note. 734. 736. 738. 743 n. 746, 758. 
 781 and note, 794 n, 795 n, 796 n. 
 
 Plumpers, ancient use of them, 712. 
 
 Plums, names of those in prime and lasting in 
 July, 469. do. in August, 473. do. in .Octo- 
 ber, 480. catalogue of the best, 496. 
 
 Plumstead Marshes, remedy for the foul air. of, 
 ^32. 
 
 Plutarch, various references to, and quotations 
 from, 17. 43. 138. 272.510.518. 520. 536, 537. 
 541. 549. 644. 734. 761, 772 n. 
 
 Podius, Q. a mute who was taught drawing, 331. 
 
 Poetry in English and Latin, various pieces and 
 fragments of, 48, 49. 53, 138, 139. 234. 267. 
 271. 339 n. 344. 347. 431 n. 436. 515. .529. 763, 
 764, 785j 786 and note, 793. 795, 796,797, 
 798, 799. 
 
840 
 
 GENERAL. INDEX. 
 
 Poets, their rewajfds neglected, 542. 
 
 Poilly, Nicholas, his portrait of Cardinal Richelieu, 
 305, 
 
 Poisonous plants, wonderful power of, 761 and n. 
 . Pollux, his. names for engraving instruments, 262. 
 
 Polybius, his mention of the Roman conquests 
 by sea, 636. his account of the Roman naval 
 battles with the Carthaginians, 643, 
 
 Pdycletus, exactness of a statue sculptured by, 
 315. 
 
 Poinpey, Cneus Magnus, his pirate wars5'644. 
 
 Pontius, Paul, portraits and other prints engraved 
 by, 296. 
 
 Pope, blasphemous title given to the, 499. 
 
 Poppy, used as a sallad, 757. 
 
 Porphyry, his title for mushrooms, 746. 
 
 Portraits of eminent persons abused as signs, 271. 
 
 Ports, decay of ancient eminent, 650. 
 
 Portuguese, idolatrous request of one, 19. disco- 
 veries made by the at sea, 648, 649. their in- 
 ventions in aid of navigation, 656. 
 
 Potage/maigre, directions for making, 807. 
 
 Potatoes, notice concerning the planting of, in 
 England, 447 n. directions for dressing and 
 pickling, 806. 
 
 Pot-herbs, for what they are most proper, 742. 
 
 Powder Mills, by whom first brought to England, 
 689. 
 
 Prayer, to be early cultivated by youth, 134. why 
 ordered to be secret, 528. form of, established 
 by the false Messiah, 600, 601. 
 
 Prayers of the Church neglected during the civil 
 wars in England, 155. 
 
 Preachers, irreverent habits of, during the civil 
 wars, 153. 
 
 Presbyterians, irreverent devotions of during the 
 civil wars, 152, 153. their character and cus- 
 toms, 154, 155. qualification of the censure 
 of the, 192. the origin of the civil wars in 
 England, 196 n. pretended courtesy of Charles 
 II. to the, 200 n. 
 
 Presidents, &c. over the Parhamentary Courts of 
 France, 71. 
 
 Prevosts of Merchands in Paris, 94. 
 
 Prev6t, Grand, of France, his office and power, 62. 
 
 Prieur, Grand, of France, his rank and revenue,76'. 
 
 Primstaf of the Danes and Norwegians, what, 273. 
 
 Princes of France, nature of their estates, 58. 
 
 Princes, fictitious Israelitish made by the -pre- 
 tended Messiah, 596. 
 
 Printing, earliest instances of in Europe, 275. 
 very ancient use of in China, ib. unknown to 
 the Greeks and Romans, 276. doubt concern- 
 ing its production, ib. 
 
 Prints, account of some of the most ancient, 276. 
 proper for learning of hatching from, in draw- 
 ing, 314, 315. names of painters who copied 
 from, 319. copies in, most easily detected, 324. 
 astonishing collection of, of the Abb6 Marolles, 
 328. value of some mentioned by, ib. excel- 
 lent use of, in the education of chMren, 329. 
 
 Procaccia, an Italian Guide, 49. 
 
 Process of the Libel, reference to the book «o 
 
 called, 663. 
 Procharagraphia, the first draught or outline, 31 5. 
 Procopius, anecdote of Tribonius cited J&om, 33. 
 
 his mention Of the early navigations of the 
 
 Phoenicians, .639. 
 Proctors of France, their number, 7S. how they 
 
 plead in Parliament, 73. 
 ProjectureS in Architecture, names and nature of, 
 , 399. 
 Prophecies concerning the year 1666, 587. of 
 
 the pretended Messiah, 589. 596. 
 Proplaatic'e, what explained, 258. materials of 
 
 the Proplastic art, 259. 
 Proportion in Architecture exemplified, 372. de- 
 rived of the human figure, 403, 
 Prostyle, number of columns used in the, 390. 
 Protestants of France, doctrine and feeble state of, 
 
 82. unanimity of, 83. praise of the, 155. 
 Proteus, his skilful management of sails, &c. 638. 
 ProtogeneS, his excellent effigies, 271. 
 Prototypus, use of the, 259. 
 Proverbs, various, 14. 27. 139. 231. 274. 312. 
 
 315.389. 511, 512. 516. 540,543. 544.746. 
 
 751. 758. 
 Provinces of France, rank of the Governors of, 76. 
 Prudence how to inspire youth with, 136. 
 Prudentius, Aurelius Clemens, his mention of 
 
 ancient styles, 262. 
 Pruning, various directions for, 444. 447. 449, 
 
 450. 455. 459. 467. 471. 487. 
 Pseudo-diptere, arrangement and number of co- 
 lumns in the, 390. 
 Ptolemy, King of Egypt, sends the youth, of his 
 
 Country to travel, 43. 
 Ptolemy Philopater, number of oars in his galley, 
 
 637. 
 Puddings of carrot, penny-royal, spinage, and 
 
 tansie, directions for making, 808. 
 Purslain, qualities and mode of preparing, 751. 
 
 directions for potting, 806. 
 Pycnostylos, what it signifies in Architecture, 388. 
 Pyrrhon, his invention of bended |danks, 637. 
 Pyrrhus, his reply concerning wisdom, 515. 
 Pythagoras, various references to, 43, 44. 744. '■ 
 Pythagoreans, gave liberty to confined animals, 
 
 9. custom of the concerning rings, 11. their 
 
 ideasof' liberty, 18>. 
 
 Q- 
 
 Queens of France, their household and officerSj 62. 
 
 Quinces, catalogue of the best, 495. 
 
 Quintenye, Mons. John de la, method of prepar- 
 ing stocks in his Complete Gardener, 482. do. 
 of forcing sallad and asparagus, 487 n. his 
 Complete Gardener, 714 and note, his Direc- 
 tions concerning Melons tend Oranges, 716. 
 
 Quintilian, Marcus FabiUs, various references to, 
 258. 260. 313. 326, 327. 331. 
 
©ENEBA.L INBE36. 
 
 641 
 
 Quiaf us CurtioaRufus^Ms mention of the Yihi- 
 , cula Gaelata, ^69. 
 
 R. 
 
 sRadJsh, medical.qualities and domestic use of, 751. 
 historical notices of the, 752. 
 
 Rafi^elle Sanzio, d' Urbino, his praise of M. Anto- 
 nio, 279. his care In hajing the plates of his 
 works printed and marked, 280. recommends 
 M. lAntQhio to Albert Durer, ib. works of his 
 engraven, 279, 280, 281, 282. his bible, 288. 
 his cartoons copied with S pen, 316. his im- 
 provement of costume, 560. 
 
 Rag-women, what they were, 712. 
 
 Rainsborough, Colonel Thomas, particulars of, 
 179 n. ' 
 
 Raleigh, Sir Walter, his praise of the English 
 navy under King James I. 666, 667. 
 
 Rampion, its use as a sallad„752. 
 
 Rapinas, Renatus, Evelyn's translation of his 
 Latia poem Ongardens, 623 n. 
 
 Raspberries,, list of the best sorts o£, 496. 
 
 Ray, Dr. John, passage quoted from his Historia 
 
 ■ Plantarum, 728 n. his paper on heiTjlock re- 
 terfed to, 760. his notices of insects feeding 
 on plants, 761 and note, his defence of plants 
 as a diet, 791 and note, 792. 
 
 Raziel the Angel, said to have invented sculpture. 
 
 Reason, true liberty in the government of, 20. 
 Rebellions in France not prosperous, 80. 
 Recluses, many crimes devised by, 522 . fre- 
 quently impatient, 527. misfortunes of, 528. 
 vices and miseries of, 54,6. descriptive cha- 
 racters of do. 551, 552. . religious, censured, 
 790 and notes, 791. 
 Reformation, great persons in France inclined to 
 
 one, 83. 
 Reggio, Sebastiano del, plates engraved by, 2S'2. 
 Regiment des Gardes de la France, notice of, 63. 
 Rdgula ia architecture, what, 397, 401. 
 Regulus,.M. Attilius, his, naval battle. at Hefaclea, 
 
 643, 
 Relaxation, importance of to public men, 537. . 
 Relievo, 'Basso and Mezzo, 259. their nature and 
 
 situations, 419. 
 
 Religion; servitude occasioned by the want of it, 
 
 16. of France, divisions of the, 82. indif- 
 
 , ference of the French to, 91. children to be 
 
 early instructed in, 114. 122. not assisted by 
 
 solitude, 528. 
 
 Rembrandt Van Rhyn, his admirable etchings, 
 
 300; . 
 Renato, engravings by, 284. 
 Requ^ts^ Malttes des, iln France, 68. their num- 
 ber and duties, 70. 
 «—- ri— rdu Paiak, Chambres des, nature of, 73. 
 Restoration, calumnious and forged letter con- 
 cerning the,, 195 h.i-202 n. 
 Resurrection, manner of. giving an idea of the to 
 a child^ 121. 
 
 5 p 
 
 Retirement, when men prai?e it, 513, how it 
 ' should be employed, 514. wh^n it is justifiable, 
 518, should- be universal . t;o be good, 520^ 
 lost on wickedness and folly, 521, no defence 
 against vice, &c. ib. 625. 527, • not productifte 
 of wise men, 537. occupations and feelings of 
 idle men in, 543, 544, sloth and debasing 
 pleasures of, 545. its sjlvan sports qei»side«ed, 
 546. 
 Revenge, instances of lawful cited, 130. 
 Reveqje of France, uncertain nature, and oflScers 
 
 of, 64, ancient increase of, .65, 66, 
 Rheims, difference between its parliament and 
 
 -that of Paris,, 72, 
 Rhodians, navigation of the, 653. 
 Rialto, Arch of the at Venice, 387. 
 Richard II. King of England,, his naval vifltory 
 over the French, 662. his tribute .on thp 
 fisheries, 678. 
 Richards, his translation of Palladio, 423. 
 Richelieu, Armand du Plessis, Cardinal de, im- 
 moral saying of, 56. his subtilty. in rendewng 
 the Kii^ of France absolute, 57, hisinerease 
 of the French King's Revenue,. 67, infringes 
 the privileges of the French. Parliament, 73. 
 his augmentation of thje office of Admiral of 
 , France,, 75, seducer of the Scots in t^e civil 
 wars, 172, his encouragement of navigation, 
 • 651. , ■ 
 
 Rirastoc of thp Danes and Norwegians, what, 
 
 273. 
 Rings with engraved seals, use and dignity of 
 
 269. 
 Rings round pillars, various names, places, and 
 
 proportions of, 379. 
 Robinson, Dr. Tancred, his paper on mushrooms 
 
 referred to, 747 n. 
 Roccha, Angelas, his mention of the columns of 
 ■ Seth, 267. 
 
 Rocket, its use as a sallad, 752. 
 Rocoles, J. B. his Impostures Insignes, 1683, 578. 
 Roman way in Surrey, notice of the, 68.9. 
 Roman remains found in Surrey, 690. 
 Romans, evil consequences of their forsaking their 
 kings', 52. their custom concerning burials, 
 236. invasion of the Goths, destroyed their 
 arts, 273. their contempt for commerce, 633. . 
 their great successes by sea, 636. their early 
 naval expeditions, 643,. 644, 645. frequent 
 sea-fights with the Carthagipians, ib. their 
 naval triumphs, 646, and stores for maritime 
 war, ib. decline of their power at sea, ib. 
 their extensive commerce, 647. 
 Romano, Julio, engravings after his works, 2S1, 
 
 282. 
 Rom^ character of its buildings, 213 n. its de- 
 formiti.es.!and reformation celebrated by Martial, 
 344, the sumptuous buildings of, how erected 
 and despoiled, 389. gardeuiQganciently much 
 practised in, 726 ^nd note, excess of food in, 
 794,795,796,797. 
 
842 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Robfs, various kinds of, 414. 
 
 Rooms, order of arranging in a house, 369. and 
 general dimensions of, ib. proper situations 
 for, 370. 
 
 Rose, John, publication of his English Vineyard 
 Vindicated, 1669, 97 n. 101. various refe- 
 rences to, 444 n. painting of his presenting 
 the first English pine-apple to Charles 11. 
 101 n. 432 n. 
 
 Rosemary, general destruction of in 1683, 693. 
 medicinal use of, 752. * 
 
 Ross, Alexander, Hexastichon by, addressed to 
 John Evelyn, 6. 
 
 Propertia di, her works in sculpture and 
 
 engraving, 285. 
 
 Rota, Martin, engravings executed by, 285. 
 
 Roti, Mons. praise of as a medalist, 290. 
 
 Rouen, difference between its parliament and that 
 of Paris, 72. 
 
 JJoussellet, Giles, his frontispiece to the Polyglot 
 
 - Bible, 305. 
 
 Royal Society, Evelyn's Sculptura presented to 
 the, 245 n. culture of potatoes recommended 
 by the, 447 n. Evelyn's Sylva, written at, the 
 desire of the, 339. Technical Lexicon \mder- 
 taken by the, 354. historical account of, 556 n. 
 its encouragement from Lords Chancellors, 
 723. its frequent removals, 724. 
 
 Royalists of England, their sufferings during the 
 
 . civil wars, 174. 179. 1 83, 184. had no thoughts 
 of vengeance, 195 n. 204. 
 
 R. S. signification of, 280. 
 
 Rubens, Sir Peter Paul, engravings after his 
 works, 296. his attention to costume, 560. 
 
 Rudder, by whom invented, 637. 
 
 Rueus, Francis, his account of Talismans, 269. 
 
 Runic writings of the Danes and Norwegians, ac- 
 count of, 273. 
 
 Rupert, Prince, his excellent engravings and 
 etchings, 324. his new invented -kind of en- 
 graving, 333, 334. his encouragement of 
 naval discoveries, 665. 
 
 S. 
 
 •Sabatai Sevi, pretended Messiah of the Jews, his 
 story and impostures, 587 — 614. state of af- 
 fairs at his first appearance, 587- his real de- 
 scent and education, 588. banished from 
 Smyrna and married, ib. travels and reforms 
 the Jewish law, ib. and commences his impos- 
 ture, 589. spread of do. ib. letter to do. 590. 
 his directions to the Jews, 591. his arrival at, 
 and disputations in Smyrna, 593. his recep- 
 tion and declaration of his office there, 594. 
 amazing spread of his imposture, 595. delu- 
 
 " sions of, and Jewish Princes made by^ 596. 
 his false Miracle, 597. departs to Constanti- 
 nople, and his imprisonment there, 598. ad- 
 dress to the Jews there, 599. his prison 
 -changed, ib. visitations of the Jews to, 600. 
 605. aVid a new form of prayer established by, 
 600^ 601. honours paid to by the Jews, 602. 
 
 his announcement of "Elias, 604. his dispute 
 with Nehemiah Cohen, 606. imposture of, 
 discovered to the Turks, 607- is carried to 
 the Grand Signor, ib. announces his imposition 
 and becomes a Turk, 608. assertion of the 
 Jews concerning him, 609. order published iq 
 Smyrna relating to, ib. farther miracles attri- 
 buted to him, 611. his imposture still sup- 
 ported, ib. 612. 
 
 Sacraments, neglected in England during the civil 
 wars, 153. 
 
 Sacrifice, ancient place of with the Jews, 236. 
 
 Sadeler, Justus, John, .^gidius, and Ralph, their 
 engravings, 292. 302. 
 
 Saenredamus, John, notice of his works, 295, 
 
 Saffron, use of in sallad, 767. 
 
 Sage, nature and use of, 753. 
 
 Sails, by whom invented and manoeuvred, 638; 
 
 Salamanca, Antonio, engravings by, 285. 
 
 Salique law of FrancCj deceitful intent of, 54. 
 
 Sallad, rapid means of raising, 779, 780. com- 
 mon nature of the Roman, 792, 793. 795, 796. 
 
 i dishes, directions concerning, 768. 
 
 ■ — gatherers, basket for, 768. 
 
 Sallad-all-Sorts, directions for composing, 809. 
 
 Sallads, vide Acetaria. general signification of, 
 733, 734. furniture and materials of, 734, 
 , easily procured in France and Italy, ib. 
 names of several sorts anciently used, 744. 757, 
 758. remarks on the gatherers of, 760. skill 
 required in the selecting and dressing of, 761. 
 general physical qualities pf, 762. 764. con- 
 geniality in ' the composing of, '^63, 764. di- 
 rections for the dressing of, 765. 768. list of 
 herbs for making of, "68, 769. tables of their 
 species, ordering, and culture, 769, 770. di- 
 rections on the seasons for gathering, com- 
 posing, and dressing, 771, 772. .774, 775, 776. 
 times for eating considered, 772, 773. ,' 
 
 Sallow or Sally, a name for the willow, 240. 
 
 Salmasius, Claude, his notice of Cavatores, &c'. 
 261. do. of painted ceilings, 401.' his direc- 
 tion concerning sallads, 734. 
 
 Salt, French duty paid upon, 66, immense profits 
 and arbitrary exaction of, do. 67. directions 
 for using in sallads, 766. 
 
 Samphire, qualities and growth of, 753. direc- 
 tions for pickling,i 806. 
 
 Sandwich, the Earl of, a practiser of engraving, 
 325. 
 
 SartOi Andrea del, his copies from the prints of 
 A. Durer, 31i9. 
 
 Satire, useful for the improvement of a nation, 
 144. 147. 
 
 Savile, Sir Henry, his edition of Si. Chrysostom's 
 works, 1610-12, 140. 
 
 Says Court, damage done to the garden of in 
 1683, 692, 
 
 Scalse Cochlides, winding stairs, 387. 
 
 Scalae Ocultae, bapk stairsi 387; ■ 
 
 Scaliger, Julius Caesar, and Josfephus Justus, 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 843 
 
 various references to, 49. 275. 377. 567. 733- 
 780 and note. 
 Scallions, use of as sallads, 753. 
 Scalprum what, 261, 262. 
 
 Scamilli impares Vitruviani, considered and ex- 
 plained, 375, 376. 
 Sceaux, Garde de, office of the in France. 69. 
 Scenography and sciography, their signification 
 
 in architecture, 371. 
 Schoen, Martin, one of the earliest copper-plate 
 
 engravers, 276. 
 Schurmann, Anna Maria k, an engraver, 301. 
 Sciabas, bought as a virgin; slave, 570. her 
 natural son, ibid, introduced to the sultana 
 who persecutes her, 571. leaves Cairo for 
 Mecca, 572. her death, 573. 
 Scipio, his active retirement, 536. his early em- 
 ployment for, Rome, 548, 
 Scotia of pedestals, what they were, 375. 377. 
 Scots, base conduct of the in the civil wars reca- 
 pitulated, 172. civil, wars first engendered by 
 the, i96n.- defence of the, 197. 
 Scottish archers of t"rance described, 63. 
 Scriptural books, ancient writing and authors of, 
 
 265. , 
 
 Scriptures,' Samples for introducing the histo- 
 ries of, the to a child, 120. 122. when the 
 terrors of the should be taught to children, 126. 
 Scriptures, vii^rious allusions and references to, and 
 illustrations from the, 6. ,11. 19, 20. 34„ 35. 
 105.110. 113, 114. 117.120. 122. 125. 130, 
 13f. 133. 139. 140, 147. 171. 17'4.' 183, 184, 
 185. 187, lS8i 189,, 190, 191. 197, 198. 236. 
 243. 260, 261. 265, 266. 358., 419. 430. 499. 
 506n. 511 n. 513 n. 515 n. 517 n. 520 n, 521 n, 
 522 n, 523 n. 525 n. 528 n, 529 n, 530 n, 531 n, 
 .532 n, 533 n. 535 n, 536 n. 545 n. 547 n. 549 n. 
 601, 602. 604. 631. 634. 636, 637. 639. 641. 
 645. 650. 713. 724, 725. 729. 734. 776. 782 n, 
 783 n, 7 84 n, 785 n . 787 n . 794. 
 Sculptores Marmoris, multitudes of, 270. 
 Sculptors, names of eminent preserved by Pliny, 
 
 271, 272. 
 Sculplura, 1662, notice of Evelyn's work so 
 called, XV. xxi. re-print of, 242— :336. vide 
 table of contents and table of titles, 251 — 257. 
 notice concerning the additions to, 257 n. a 
 diflference between it, scalptura, and cselatura, 
 258, 259. numerous arts signified by, ib. 261. 
 Sculpture, its derivation and distinguishing names 
 instruments, &c 258— 262. definition of, 261. 
 account of its original, 263—269. on brazen 
 and brick columns, 265. existence of after the 
 flood, ib. mention of it by Moses, 266. older 
 than idolatry, ib. more ancient than modelling, 
 269. time and place of its perfection, 270. 
 used on gems, 271. its existence and decay in 
 Greece and Rome, 273. of the Danes, ib. of 
 the Chinese, 275. at Nonesuch and .Durdans, 
 419. its close connection with architecture 
 and painting, 559. 
 
 Scurvy.grass, its nature and use, 753, 
 
 Sea, importance of its command to a sovereign, 
 635, notice of the most ancient voyages, on 
 the, 639. disputes concerning the dominion 
 of the, 668. ancient property of noticed, 669. 
 claims of the English. to its dominion exhi- 
 bited, 670—679. 685. government of after 
 the Norman Conquest,. 671, 
 
 Sea-kail, historical mention of, 738. 
 
 Seal of France, ,the great, kept by the Chancellor, 
 69. .days and manner of "sealing with, ibid. 
 
 Seals, ancient name and etymons of, 262, 263. 
 
 Secretaries of the King's-chamber and cabinet in 
 France, 61. , ; ' ■ 
 
 Sects during the civil vyars in England, 1 75. 
 
 Seine, river of Fra,nce, notice of the, 93. , 
 
 Selden, John, his Mare clausurn referred to, 668 n. 
 his mention of the Kings of England being 
 lords of the sea, 671. 
 
 Self-denial, how to be taught to youth, 132. 
 
 Sembrador, a Spanish machine for ploughing, 
 sowing, and harrowing, notice of, 621. 
 
 Semedo, .Alvarez, attributes an immense antiquity 
 to the Chinese printing,, 275. 
 
 Seneca, Lucius Annseus, various references to and 
 quotations from, 15. 17. 20, 21. 23. 25, 26, 27. 
 34. 331. 501. 512. 518. 520, 521. 537. 539. 541. 
 543, 544. 549, 550. .640. 645. 726.' 746.- 7.85. 
 
 September, length of the days, ; &c. in, 475. 
 work to be done in, in the orchard and kitchen- 
 garden, ib. fruits in prime and lasting; in, 476. 
 work to be done in, in the parterre and flower- 
 garden, 477. flowers in prime and lasting in, 
 478. 
 
 Seraglio, slaves of the, how they are made free, 
 
 572- 
 Serenus, his mention of the sculpture of Cham, 
 
 265. 
 Serini, Peter, an impostor pretending to be his 
 
 brother, 568. 
 
 N. mention of, 581. 
 
 Serlio, Sebastiano, his book of architecture, 284. 
 Servants, origin of, 10. 131. how to assist in the 
 
 education of the children, 129, 130. ancient 
 
 Greek names of, 140- 
 Service berry, list of the best sorts. of the, 496. 
 Servillus Vatia, his luxurious retirement, 543. 
 Servitude, universal, existence of, 13. . regal, 14. 
 
 to avarice, 15. to the passions, ib, 20, to 
 
 the world, 16. 
 Sesostris, King of Egypt, his invention of swiftly- 
 sailing ships, 637. 
 Seth, notice of bopks . written by, 264. Brazen 
 
 pillars sculptured by, 267. 
 Sethius, Simon, his praise of asparagus, 754. 
 Severus, Emperor of Rome, septizonium tower 
 
 erected by, 712. 
 Sextius, his censure of eating tlesh, 785. 
 Shadows, how they are produced, by -hatching, 
 
 S14, 315. 320. plate and illustrations relating 
 
 m, 321. harmony of requireid in engraving, 
 
 324. 
 
B44 
 
 GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 Shallots, vide Onion^ 749. 
 
 Sharrocikj Dr. Robert, his classed list of tender 
 
 and hardy plants, &c. 489. 
 Shepherdz-syp^sed invention of drawing by one, 
 
 314. 
 Shields embossed and engraved, 260. 269. 
 Ship,-extraordiDary one seen in Scotland, 57S. 
 Ships, construction ■of the most ancient, 636. by 
 whom improved, 637, 638. of the ancient 
 Britons, 659.- eminent ones built by James 1. 
 ■666. 
 Shrubs, flowering, classed list of tender and 
 
 hardy, 489; 
 Shute, John, notice of him and his work on 
 
 architecture, 403 and note. 
 Siderophoreia, explanation of, 262. 
 Sightof children and yoiith to be guarded and 
 
 bow, 127. 
 Signa, immense numbers of in Greece^ 270. 
 Signcw, the Grand, his treatment of the false Mes- 
 * siah, 607, 608. 
 
 Silphium, historical notices of the, 758, 7.^9. 
 .Silver, ancient names for graving and casting in, 
 
 269. anciently often engraven on, 272, 277., 
 'Simple fornix arch, 386. 
 Simus, vide Gymatium, 393. 
 - Sinai, mount, population and piety of, 53 1 . ■ 
 Skeleton, gigantic one found at Wotton, 688. 
 Skirret^milkj how it is inade,- 808. 
 Skirrets, medicinal and domestic qualitiesof, 754. 
 Slaves not permitted to draw or paint, 326. 
 Sleidane, John, his praise of Francis I. 540. 
 Smelling of children to be kept from perfumes, 
 
 126. 
 Smoke, vide Air. London, derivation of the word, 
 220. of London, pestilent effects of the, 157. 
 207. 212. 223. -its chief sources, 231. 
 Smoke-jack, notice of a singular one, 690. 
 Smyrna, conduct of the pretended Messiah in, 
 
 593. his great success and declaration in, 
 
 594, 595. fictitious Israelitish Princes made 
 in, 596. false miracle in, 597. ridicule of 
 the Jews concerning their false Messiah, 608. 
 order sent tb concerning ditto, 609. and of 
 Nathan, 612. 
 
 Snails found in Surrey, 690. 
 
 Society, often a preservation from vice, 530. 
 scriptural proofs of its excellence, 531. de- 
 scriptive sketch of its blessings, 551. 
 
 Socrates, his excellent life and refusal of court 
 honours,' 96. his censure of useless travel, 44. 
 resists the thirty tyrants, 518. 538. Mdiscovers 
 the proud philosopher, 521. 
 
 Soil, vide Manure. Mould, causes of its foulness 
 and excellence, 778, 779. 
 
 • Soldiers of France, commendation of, 85. their 
 fury at the first charge, 89. 
 
 Solinus, C. Julius, his expression for a traveller's 
 return, 46. 
 
 Solis, Virgilius, his eyes put out for his lewd^en- 
 gravings, 294. » 
 
 Solitude^ vide Employment. Retirement, titfe of 
 Sir G. Mackenzie's vyork on, :502. praised by 
 most ancient writers, 507. ambition to Tie 
 found in, 511. how proiductive of evil, 516, 
 not free from vice, 521. 525. 527. of no bene- 
 fit to religion, 523. its frugality not prai^ 
 worthy, 525. no defence from temptation, 
 530. the real use of, 536. its miseries, 551. 
 descriptive sketch of ditto, ib. 552. summary 
 of the evils of, 552. 
 Somers, John Lord, Baron, of Evesham, dec^ca- 
 
 tion addressed to, 723. notice of him, ib. n. 
 Sornerset House, inlaid floor at, 423. 
 Sophia, Saint, grand cupola upon the Church of, 
 
 416. 
 Sorbiere, Samuel, his eulogium on Signer Favi, 
 
 246. his account of him, 247. 
 Sorrow, reasons for mitigation of in the loss pf 
 
 children, 105, 106. 
 Sorrel, various kinds and qualities of, 754. 
 Southampton, Thomas Wriothesley, earl of, no- 
 tice of his mansion, 342 n. 
 Sowing, directions for, 482. 
 Sow thistle, notice of, 754. 
 Spagnolet, a gown, 713. 
 
 Spain, its greatness dangerous to England, 88. 
 iiseful to England to check France, ib. Queen 
 Elizabeth's policy concerning, ib. has no pre- 
 tence to alienate the subjects of France, ib. 
 odoriferous atmosphere of, 208. 
 Spanheim, Ezekiel, Silphion Coins mentiofied by, 
 
 758 n. 
 Spaniards, historical notice of their navigation, 
 
 654. their custom in eating saliad, 773. 
 Spanish, privilege of fishing granted tb the, by 
 
 England, 677- 
 Spanish Infantry, excellence of the, 85. 
 Spanish Paper, what it is, 713. 
 .Sphragida, nature and signification of the word, 
 139. 
 Spinach, method of di'essing and qualities of,. 755. 
 
 pudding, directions for making, 808. 
 Spits turned by water, 690. 
 Spring gardens, notice of some plantations in 
 
 London so called, 240. 
 Sprunking glass, 713. 
 Stafford, Richard, poisonous plants mentioined 
 
 by, 761 u. 
 Stairs, observations on, 387. 
 Stanley, Thomas, reference to his commentary oh 
 
 iEschylus, 640. 
 Stapelton, Sir Philip, notice of, 178 n.. 
 Stapely, Col, Anthony, notice of, 179 n. 
 State, officers and counsellors of in T'rance, 67, 69, 
 
 Secretaries of, their number and duties, 70." 
 Statesmen, their desire of retirement, 516. why 
 
 they retired in Sicily, 519. 
 Statins, P, Papicius, verses from, 261. 332. 
 Statuaries, parallel between them and the^ar- 
 
 dians of aehild, 11-5. . , ' 
 
 Stawel, Sir John, biographical notice of, 176 A. 
 
GENEBA.L' mUES:.' 
 
 S45 
 
 Stelai, derivation of the" word, 375. 
 
 .^teFcobata in «:rcbitecture, wh^ it signifies, 374. 
 
 Stobsus, example of slotliful ease cited from, 
 
 545. ■ 
 
 . $tacks, various directions concerning, 483. 
 
 Stoics, their notions concerning vice, 15. con- 
 , cerning the liberty of wisdom, 17. 
 
 Stone, ancient names of carving and carvers in, 
 anciently used for writing, 267- Chinese en- 
 ' graving and printing on, 275. dug in the pa- 
 riah of Wotton, 6S8. 
 
 Stone-street causeway, notice of, 689. 
 
 Storms raised in the air by moor-burnijag, 335, 
 236. 
 
 Stove, bad effects ofthe common one used in con- 
 servatories, 420. new invented one, directions 
 and plans for, 492, 493, 494. 497, 498. letter 
 from Sir J). CuUum to Evelyn concerning it, 
 497 — 498. for greenhouses, various rema-rks 
 on, 719. 720, * 
 
 Strabo, attributes to Minos the most ancient na- 
 vigation, 838. his account of the early Roman 
 commerce, 647. early British navigation men- 
 tioned by, 659 n. 
 
 Strada, Famii^ianus, his praise of the Dutch iiavi- 
 
 . gation, 652 n. 
 
 Stradanus, John, his Nova Reperta, 296. 
 
 Strafford, Thomas Wentworth Earl of, his execu- 
 tion, 175 and note. 
 
 Strait or turning arch, 386. 
 
 .Stratonicus,' fine sculpture executed by, 272. 
 
 Strawberry^ historical notice concerning the, 480 
 note. . list of the best sorts of the, 496. 
 
 Strawberry hill, curious Picture there referred to, 
 
 , 101 n. 432 n. 
 
 Striges, their derivation and meaning,383. some- 
 
 ' times partly filled up, ib. " ' ". 
 
 Structure in Architecture, what it is, 374.. 
 
 Stylobata in architecture explained, 374. 
 
 Stylus, various names for the, 261, 262. fre- 
 quently instruments of death, 262. made of 
 hone, ib. 
 
 Suave, Lamberto, engravings by, 284. 
 
 Substruction in architecture, various interpreta- 
 tions of, 374. 
 
 Succory, its use as a salkd, 755. 
 
 Suetonius, C. Tranquillus, various references to, 
 645. 743 n. 746. 
 
 Sugar, directions for using in sallads, 766, 767. 
 
 Suidas, various references to, 262. 264: 266. 513. 
 
 Suisses, Colonel G6a6raldes, in France, his rank 
 and troops, 75. 
 
 Sulos, the name for a column, 378, 
 
 Sulphur, when beneficial to the lungs, 223 n. 
 
 Sultana, the Grand, her weakness at the birth of 
 of Mohi»med, 569. nurse provided for her, 
 570; banishes that slave and her son, 571. 
 and becomes Jumbel Aga's enemy, ib. 
 
 Sultane, what it is, 713. ._.,,,, , 
 
 Sunderland, the Countess of, Evelyns letter to 
 conceraing the Kalendarium Hortense, 427. 
 
 -Snn-flower, egten as a sallad, 757.= ' ■ ,' 
 
 Supercilium in architecture, what it signifies, '392; 
 -Stn-geons of France, character of the, S9. 
 Surrey,' various pattiemlars nelaiting to, 687^^691. 
 Suyderhoef, Jonas, his engraved portraite, 298. 
 Swanevelt, Herman, engravings' of, 295i 
 Swedes, thei'r navigation and fleet^i>652. tribute 
 . paid to the, by theDutch, 686. 
 Swiss Guard of France described, '63. 
 Switiei's, Christopher, his engravitigs on wood, 
 
 310. 
 Sylva, or a discmrse of Forest frees, 1662, notice 
 
 of, xiii. occasion of writing it, xiv. Me 6di- 
 
 tiori of. ivi, 
 Sylvestre, Israel, extent and character of his w©rks, 
 
 306. 
 Symonds or Simon, ThOnsais, a medal' engraver, 
 
 310. 
 Syracusans, their naval exploits, 643. 
 Systylos in architecttu-e, what it signifies, 38S, 
 
 Table-shook,, curiousallusiah to a, 132. ancient 
 Greek names of, 140. waxen ones and styles 
 for, 262. • 
 
 Table of oak at Wotton Park, immense size tif 
 one, 687.' 
 
 Tables for inscriptioiis, rules ' and dh^ctions fiif , 
 421. 
 
 Tacitus, C. Cornelius, his expression for hierc^ly- 
 phical monuments, 266. his testimony 'to the 
 British naval dominion, 670. ■ / 
 
 Vopiscus, Emperor, his fondness few let- 
 luce, 743. his temperance in food, 797> 
 
 Taille-douce, French engraving so called, 262. 
 when invented and Used, 303. 
 
 Talismans, constellated fighres engraved, 269. 
 
 Talon, the French name of the astragal, 378. 
 
 .Tansy, qualities and manner of" dressing of, 755. 
 pudding, directions for making, 808. 
 
 Tarragon, excellent qualities of,' 755. 
 
 Tart of herbs, directions for making, 809. 
 
 Tatian, his time of floiirishing, 268. passage 
 from proving the antiquity of recording by 
 Sculpture, ifa. 
 
 Taverns in London, intemperance and success of 
 the, 157. organs taken from the churches set 
 tip in, 158. in Hyde Park, account -of,- 165, 
 166. 
 
 Tavernier, Bernier Jean Baptiste, his mention of 
 cucumbers in the Levant, 740. 
 
 Taxes of France how collectedj 65* sources of, 
 ib. 66. 
 
 Taxis in architecture explained, 368. 
 
 Taylor, Jeremy, Bishop of Down and Connor, 
 his mention of Evelyn's Lucretius, x. 
 
 Telamones, figures supporting an ai*chitrave, 3f)l 
 
 Temples, ancient ornaments and figures of, 420. 
 
 T^pest, Peter, reference to his plates of the 
 CTies of London, 484 n. 
 
846 
 
 GENERAL" INDEX. 
 
 Tempesta, Antonio, account of his principal etch- 
 ings, 287. 
 Temporal Peers of France, their names and num- 
 ber, 59. duties of at a coronation, ib. 
 Tenia, its signification in archi|ecture, 393. 
 TertuUian, J. Septimius Florens, his defence of 
 
 the books of Seth and Enoch, 264. 
 Tessellated pavements and floors, varieties of, 423. 
 Testudo arch 386. 
 Tetrastylos, their signification in architecture, 
 
 388. 
 Tewrdannkks, notice of the Romance so called, 
 
 302 and note. 
 Thames river preferable to the Seine, 93. nu- 
 'merous smoky works on its banks, 207. 210. 
 
 212. 220. 223. infected with coal smoke, 230. 
 
 works of London to be carried down the, 232. 
 
 waters of sometimes brackish near Greenwich, 
 
 233. offensive trades should be removed from 
 
 its banks, 237. . * 
 
 Thasii, decks to vessels invented by the, 637. 
 Theatres, ornaments and figures anciently used 
 
 for, 421. 
 ThemistocleSjhis triumph over the fleet of Xerxes, 
 
 642. 
 Theocritus, Greek phrase quoted from, 263. 
 Theophrastus, his definition of the plants called 
 
 Olera, 733. 
 Thermae, ornaments and figures anciently used 
 
 for, 421. 
 Thistle, milky, manner of dressing as asallad, 755. 
 Thistles, directions for dressing, 809. 
 Thomasinus, Philip, number and excellence of 
 
 his engravings, 302. ■ - 
 
 Thomson, ,Dr. Thomas, his history of the Royal 
 
 Society, 556 n. ' 
 
 Thucydides, allusion to his early admiration of 
 
 Herodotus, 108. his account of the Greek 
 
 naval engagements, 642. 
 Thulden, Theodore Vander, engravings by him, 
 
 298. 
 TibuUus, Aulus Albius, his mention of the earliest 
 
 navigators, 639. 
 Tilius, John, his confession of the naval weakness 
 
 of the French, 669 and note. 
 Timaeus, his expressive name for air, 215 
 Timber of England, decay of, 102. 
 Tiphys, the rudder invented by, 637. 
 Titian Vecelli, his engravings and designs, 284. 
 Todesco, his singular surname, 275. 
 Toilet of the ancient ladies of England described, 
 
 706, 707, 708, 709. dictionary of the terms 
 of the, 710— 713. 
 Tomicae, what explained, 258. 
 Tondino, the Italian name of the Astragal, 378. 
 Tone in shadow, what it is, 824. 
 Tongue, advice for the government of in a child, 
 
 115, 116, 117. 
 Tooke, Benjamin, the publisher of Evelyn's works, 
 
 97 n. ■ -^ 
 
 Toreumata, embossed metal cups, 260. 
 
 Toreutice, explanation of, 358. 
 
 Tortoise destroyed at Says Court in the winter of 
 1683, 696. 
 
 Torus, nature and derivation of the, 377. 
 
 Touch of youths and children to be guarded, 123. 
 
 Toulouse, Chambre Miparties established in, 72. 
 
 Tornelle, Court of La, its objects and officers, 17. 
 
 Trajan Port at Ostia, its excellence, 646. ' 
 
 Trajan's Column, its carved pedestals, 37'5. en- 
 graved plates of, 557. 
 
 Trallanus, Alexander, his account of talisnians, 
 269. 
 
 Transplanting, directions for, 482, 486. 
 
 Travel, remarks on foreign, viii. use and end of, 
 43, 46. instances of useful, ib. 44. censure 
 of careless, 44. various advices for, 45. in- 
 conveniences of, 48. scheme of European, 50. 
 
 Tray tor's Perspective Glass, 1662, references to 
 the, 177 n. 179 n. 
 
 Treasurer of the Navy, first mention of, 642. 
 
 Treasurers de I'Espargne of France, character of, 
 64. ditto of their office, 65. . 
 
 of the Parties Casuelles,' their duties, 65. 
 
 Treccia, of Milan, the first engraver on diamond, 
 290. 
 
 Trento, Antonio di, his engravings in chiaro- 
 scuro, 282. 
 
 Tribonius, his flattery of Justinian, 33, 
 
 Tribunals, what are meant by in architecture, 419. 
 
 Trick-Madame, its qualities and. use, 755, 756. 
 
 Triglyphsy derivation, origin, and nature of, 395. 
 
 Trochile, derivation and nature of the", 377- 
 
 Tropheis, signification of the word, 140. 
 
 Truffles, directioni for .dressing, 809. 
 
 Truncus, in architecture, its signification, 374, 
 
 375. ■ , 
 Tuberose, Indian, directions for planting, &c. 457, 
 
 477. 
 
 Tuilleries, Palace of the, its gardens and company 
 preferable to those of Hyde Park, 1 66: 
 
 Tulips, method of taking up, 463, 466. directions 
 fur planting, 481, 484. formerly eaten in sal- 
 lads, 757. 
 
 Turkish dominions, extreme barbarity and idola- 
 try of the, 184, 1S5. 
 
 Turks, supposed cause of the war between them 
 and the Venetians, 565. 576. real cause of 
 ditto, 5/5. their imprisonment of the false 
 Messiah, 598, 599, 600. reason of their tolera- 
 tion of the Jews who followed him, 602, 603. 
 made acquainted with his imposture, 607. 
 their conquests from Christendom and piracy, 
 653. 
 
 Turner, Mr. notice of, and his works, 433 n. 
 
 Turnips, various sorts, use and qualities of, 756. 
 directions for dressing, 809. . , 
 
 Tuscan Order, .base of the, how it it is formed, 
 
 376. impost in the, 385. intercolumniation 
 of the, 388, 406. architrave in the, 392, 406. 
 
 ■ frieze in the, 394. regula and ovolo in the, 
 396. historical description and examples, of 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 847 
 
 the, 405; parts and measurements of the, 406. 
 
 ballusters of the, 422. 
 Tuscans, sculpture received and perfected by the. 
 
 270. ' 
 
 Tusser, Thomas, notice of his book of husbandry, 
 
 Tyinpanum, its description and situation, 414. 
 
 other parts so called, 4 15. how ornamented,416. 
 Tyrannm, or the Mode, 1661, notice of the 
 
 tract, xiii. 
 
 V. 
 
 Vandyke, Sir Anthony, portraits engiaved. after, 
 ^97. his own etchings, ib. ' "* 
 
 Vanier, Jacques, his verses on the smoke of Eng- 
 
 ■ l^rid, 234n. 
 
 Vankessell, Theodore, portraits engraved by, 299. 
 
 Varenius, Bernardi his mention of the ericourage- 
 ; merit of artists in Japan, 317. i 
 
 Varro, Marcus' Terentius, references to concern- 
 ing engraving, 259, 260. his mention of an- 
 cient materials for writing on, 267. his men- 
 tion of Mentor, the sculptor's works, 272. his 
 
 .' mention 'of drawing,'326. 
 
 Va^ari, Giorgio, his account of the invention of 
 engraving, 277. his heads of the painters, 285. 
 
 .Vassallacci, Antonio, studied drawing from prints, 
 319. - 
 
 Vatablius, Franciscus, his translation of a passage 
 in Kings, 260. 
 
 Vaults or arches, various kinds of, 386. 
 
 Vauxhall,. anciently infested by smoke, 223. 
 
 Vayer,. Francois de la Mothe le, character of his 
 writingsi viii. his dialogue on retirement, xix. 
 notice of him and his works, 3 n. his dedica- 
 tion' to Cardinal Mazarine, 4. 
 
 Vegetable diet, its excellence considered, 775, 
 776—799. 
 
 Vegetables,, proper to be planted near London, 
 ^41. /.'their use as an aliment considered 777, 
 7 73. cause of their corruption in the neigh- 
 bourhood.^ Of .cities,- 778. < grounds fittest for 
 the growth of, 779- nutritious '"qualities; of, 
 impaired,.788,789. - varietyof the diet, and its 
 subsequent excess, 794. . names of noble fami- 
 lies derived from, 795 and note. 
 
 Vegetius, squadrons of Augustus mentioned by, 
 
 , 645. .. 
 
 Velde, John Van de, his engraved landscapes, 295. 
 
 Venice, supposed caVise of the waf between it and 
 
 . .Tutkey„565. 576. real origin of ditto, 575. 
 
 Venetians, Barbary gallies destroyed by the, 576. 
 their success in navigation, 631 . rise and pro- 
 gress of their extensive commerce, 648. 652. 
 their claim to the Adriatic, 673. 
 
 Veneur, Grand, of France, 62. 
 
 Verd^ri; his; perspective, views, 299. 
 .Vermin, paste for destroying, 446. directions 
 ibrremovifig in:gardensj''448. 455. 466.468. 
 470. 
 
 Veronese, Paolo, copied the prints of A. Dujrer, 
 
 3 19. singular error in one of his pictures, 560. 
 
 Vertue, George, his notice of Mabugius' picture 
 of Adam and Eve, 560 n. 
 
 Vesputius, Anhericus, his claim to the discovery of 
 America, 655. 
 
 Vestigii Description what it is, 371. 
 
 Vestigium Operis, what it is, 371. 
 
 Vessels, structure of the earliest, 636, by whom 
 improved, 637, 
 
 Vice, an enemy to liberty, 15. intrudes itself into 
 solitude, 521. 525. 527. 
 
 Vico, .ffirieas, his medals and engravings, 283, 
 
 Victories unwelcome to the French, 92. 
 
 Views near London, &c. recommended to be en- 
 graven, 311. 
 
 Vignola, Giacomo Barozzio de, his book of archi- 
 tecture, 284. • ' V 
 
 Villalpando, John Baptist, his notice of a capital 
 - in the Temple of Solomon, 381. 395, 
 
 Villamena, Franciseo, excellent engravings by^ 
 286. his engravings of Trajan's column, 557. 
 
 Villeloin, Mons. de Marolles, Abb^ de, his Theatre 
 of the Muses, 299. extract from his Memoirs, 
 327. his wonderful collection of prints, 328. 
 
 Vincentino, Baptista, engravings by, 283. 
 
 — : Valeria, his works as a medallist, 289. 
 
 Vine, parts of the, used in sallad, 756. 
 
 Vinegar, directions for making, 811. 
 
 Vines, various directions concerning, 447. 463. 
 467, 468. 471. 487. list of the best kinds of, 
 496. 
 
 Vineyards in England, decay of, 102. common 
 in the time of Evelyn, 468 n. 
 
 in France, damaged by smoke fronv 
 
 England, 234. 
 
 Viper-Grass, medicinal qualities of and manner pf 
 dressing it, 756. 
 
 Virgilius Maro, Publius, various extracts from 
 and references to, 1.219 .222.231.240. 259. 
 425, 431 and note. 435. 515 n. .772. 
 
 Virgin-love, a preservative ib chastity, 134, 135. 
 
 Virtues and vices, various siipposed'seats of,- 129'. 
 
 Vischer, Cornelius, engravings^ by, 299. 
 
 -Visits in England, tedioiis formality of, 167. 
 
 Vitellius Aulus, Emperor of Rome, luxury of his 
 table, 439. 
 
 Vitruvius Pollio, M. his rule concerning air and 
 water by buildings, 218. ancient artists cele- 
 brated by, 318, editions of mentioned, 353". 
 Lexicons to, 354. qualities required by him in 
 an architect, 356, 357. 391.' his wish concern- 
 ■ irig the estimates of architects, 358. encou- 
 ragement shewn to him,' 360. his definition of 
 architecture, 364. his connection between mi- 
 litary and civil architecture, 365. propriety of 
 columns practised by, 372.- • recommends that 
 architedts should understand 'drawing, ib. his 
 ' name for imposts, 385. his' ide'as of the dis- 
 ' positions of columns, 390. his distinction of a 
 monoptere, 39 1 . his derivation of architectural 
 pifiportion, 403. ^ 
 
84a 
 
 aENEKAX,' INDEX* 
 
 Ulpian, Domitius, his mention of the commerci&l 
 
 privileges of tibe tuatinSi 633 n. 
 Ulysses, King oF Ithaca, character of his tfiavels, 
 
 47. Boticeof his enahosse^ shield, 260.' ,' 
 
 Understanding, nature of the liberty, of the, 11. 
 
 supposed seat of, 1^9. " ' 
 Voice, effect of the air of London on the, 226. 
 Votota, its <derivatipn, meaoing, and varieties, 
 
 381. ferther notices of, 383. 40^. .. 
 Vflpiscus, Flavius, his mention of ancient mater- 
 rials for Writing on, 297. 
 Vorst, Van, excellent engravings by, 297. 
 Vossius, Gerard, his account of the title of Admir . 
 
 rals, 662n. > 
 
 , Isaac, his censure of Peter Calaber, 267. 
 
 Vosterman, Liicas, his effective way of engraving 
 
 Vandyke's Heads, 297. 
 Vouilleiuont, Sebastian", Etching by, 299. 
 Voyages by sea, notice of the most ancient, 639. 
 Vrie^ or Frisius, John Fredeman de, his perspec- 
 » tive views, 299. 
 
 W. 
 
 Waldegrave, the Earl of, curious painting in his 
 
 possession, 432 n. 
 Waller, Sir William, biographical notice of, 177 n. 
 
 ■ , Mr. his extraordinary abilities, 714 n. 
 
 Walnuts,, catalogues of the best kinds of, 496. 
 
 directions for pickling, 806, 807. . 
 War, Council of th France, place of meeting, 76. 
 Warden Pears formerly sold baked in London 
 
 streets, 484 n. '\ 
 
 Warwick, Robert Rich. Earl of, his death, 177 n. 
 Wase, Christopher, his Latin Epitaph on Richard 
 
 Evelyn, jun. 112 n. 
 Water, eulogium on the excellence and beauty of, 
 
 630. 
 Watering, of*garcJf ns and various directions for, 
 
 451. of trees, directions for, 464. .474. 485. 
 Water-pipes, direcy|)ns for preserving, 488. 
 Wa(ers in Wotton, various notices of the, 689, 
 
 690. 
 Water-spouts of London, inconvenience of the, 
 
 210. 
 Water-works of London, unwholesome smoke 
 
 arising from their engines, 212. 
 Watson, Dr. Richard, his testimony of the shelter 
 
 afforded to the sequestrated English clergy by 
 
 Sir Richard Browne, 506 n. 
 Western winds of London, 232. 
 Westminster, much molested by smoke, 223. Hen- 
 ry VII. chapel at censured, 366. 
 Whistler, Dr. instance cited' by, of the unwhole- 
 some nature of London air, 224. 
 White, Thomas, reference to his Extasis, 499. 
 Whitehall, Court of invaded by smoke, 207. 223. 
 Whitelock, Bulstrode, reference to his Memorials 
 
 concerning the Earl of Strafford, 175 n. do. 
 
 on Col. Rainsborough, 179 n. 
 Widows in France, casual offices hereditary 10,-65. 
 
 Wilderness, no pceservatidn to Israel^ froia: Sin 
 
 532. 
 Will; liberty, of the considered, 11. continual r^ 
 
 nunciation of itin a Court, 31. 
 Windows, warjous general directions for, 417. 
 " Winegayd, his engraved vestiges,"of Rome, 299. 
 Winter Of 1683-84, effects of its severity, 693-*. 
 
 696. 
 Wire, mills for drawing of brass, first building o^ 
 
 689. .< ; 
 
 Wisby, ancient port and Gommercial laws' of, 649. 
 Wisdom, produced by society and conversation, 
 
 537. ■■ ■'' 
 
 Wisdom of Solomon, origin of idolatry mentioned 
 in the, 266, 
 
 Wise, Henry, a gardener at Broinpton Park, re- 
 commended, 497. notice of him and his gar- 
 dens, 714, 715 and notes, 716, 717. 
 
 Wisemen, of the ancient philosophers difficult to 
 discover, 22. some similar to them in modern 
 times, 22, 23. 
 
 Wolson, Chevalier, his invention of heraldic 
 colour lines, 323. 
 
 Women, in France, sudden and early decay- of, 
 90. hove to* sj)eak of. to youth, .128. danget 
 of their acquaintance with do. 133. drawing 
 of importance to, 326. prone to bad passions, 
 520. Plautus' satire: on, 703. descriptive 
 poem on the dress of, 703 — 709. 
 
 Wood, means for the better supply of London 
 with, 231. ancient names for carving and 
 carvers in, 25S. used anciently for writing on, 
 267. 273. 275. nature of engraving on, 287. 
 inlaying of for floors, 423. growing in the 
 parish of Wotton in Surrey, 687, 688. 690. 
 damaged at Says Court, &c. in 1683, 692. 
 recovery of after a thaw, 693. 
 
 Wood Sorrel, notice of, 756. 
 
 Wool, exceljence of the English, 662. 
 
 Workmen of England, conceited and idle dispo- 
 sitions of, 360, 361. 
 
 World, enslaving nature of the, 16. excellence 
 of all its features, 629. 
 
 Wormius, Olaus, his notice of Danish hierogly- 
 phics, 273. 
 
 Worms, vide Vermin. 
 
 Wormwood, used for sallad, 758. 
 
 Wotton, Sir Henry, his observations on statues, 
 270. his censure of Albert Durer, 277. his 
 remark on the English language,. 353. his 
 idea of the model in architecture, 368. 373. 
 his remark on pilasters, 383. 
 
 Wotton, Surrey, Evelyn's Eulogy on, xxii. library 
 at, volumes there relating to the Jesuits, 500 n. 
 wood surrounding the estate of, 687. various 
 notices of the parish of, 688 — 690. 
 
 Wreathed columns, bisstorical notice of, 412. 
 
 Wren, Sir Christopher, his house on the Banksidfe, 
 223 n. his skill in engraving, 327. dedication 
 addressed to, 351. his works compared with 
 gothic architecture, 366. eulogy on, 562. 
 
GENERAL INDEX. 
 
 849 
 
 Wren, Matthew, the, editor of Harrington's 
 Oceana, 145 n. 
 
 Writing, vide Letters, Sculpture, with ink, a mo- 
 dern, invention, 267. Ancient materials used 
 for, ib. earliest known to the Greeks, 268.' 
 of the Danes and Norwegians, 273. 
 
 V 
 
 X. 
 
 Xenppfaon, his high.estimation of the sea, 636. 
 Xenophanes, his saying concerning great men, 
 
 31. 
 Xerxes, King of Persia, his defeat at sea, 642. 
 Xoilos, kind of engraving signified by, 260. 
 
 conduct of towards their domestics, 129, 13p, 
 131, 132. impprtance of their chastity and 
 means of preserving it^ 132 — 135. their regu- 
 lar lasting recommehded, 133. do. of watch- 
 ing, and early prayer, 184. to be early mar- 
 ried, ib. how to inspii'e them with a love of 
 virginity'and virtue, 135.. and with prudence 
 in tempqt^l and spiritual aifairs, 136. excel- 
 lence of thus educated, and of their posterity, 
 ib. how to be advanced to the duties of life, 
 ib. piincipal dangers of, 137- to be educated 
 by means of engravings, 329. should el^ter 
 into public employment, 548. 
 
 Y. 
 
 Youth, of France, character and disposition uf 
 the, 90. nature of their education, ib. com- 
 parison between the French and English, 91. 
 not to be approached by #iy females, 126. 128. 
 their smelling to be kept from perfumes, ib. 
 s^d the sight of to be guarded, 127. danger of 
 the theatre to, ib. encouragements for vir- 
 tuous, 128. touch of to be watched, ib. the 
 
 Zanches de Huelya, Alphonso, his supposed dis- 
 covery of America, 655. |( 
 
 ZeuT^s, used only one colour in painting, 323. 
 
 Zoccolo in architecture, what it signifies, 374. 
 
 Zopirus, his beautiful engravings on a cup, 272. 
 
 Zopyrus, allusion to bis zeal for his sovereign, 29. 
 
 Zowaster, vide chain. 
 
 Zuylichen, Mons. his inventions and discoveries, 
 296,