I>.A,.'^a\;icWVYX_ arW9649 °°™" """"rally Library Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031426301 WEBSTER'S SECONDARY-SCHOOL DICTIONARY ABRIDGED FROM WEBSTER'S NEW INTERNATIONAL DICTIONARY 1000 ILLUSTRATIONS NEW YORK CINCINNATI CHICAGO AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY ^ SPRINGFIELD, MASS. : G. & C. MERRIAM CO. WEBSTER'S SECONDARY-SCHOOL DICTIONARY This new dictionary has been prepared especially for the use of students in Academies, Seminaries, College Preparatory Schools, Public High Schools, and, in short, in any grades in which etymologies are taught. It is not only a handy reference manual, but it gives such infor- mation as the schools require and cannot readily obtain else- where except in Webster's New International Dictionary. Its large Vocabulary contains All the words used in ordinary speech or in school literature (including the names of characters in fiction, folklore, and mythology) with their proper capitalization, spelling, pro- nunciation, derivation, and irregularities of inflection, and with adequate, intelligible and accurate definitions, such as have always characterized the great Webster series. In separate tables are A pronouncing geographical and biographical dictionary, A pronouncing dictionary of foreign words and phrases, A. large list of abbreviations in use in writing and printing. Copyright, 1913, By G. & C. MERRIAM CO. Copyright in Great Britain and Ireland and in all countries aubscribing to the Bern ConTention. PREFACE Webster's Secondary-School Dictionary is designed for the use of pupils in the Sec- ondary Schools and in the higher grades of the Elementary Schools, but will be found of equal value as a desk companion for everyday use. The corresponding dictionary of the older series was Webster's Academic Dictionary. The Secondary-School Dictionary, however, while intended for the same grades of echool work, is in no sense a revision of the Academic, but is a direct abridgment from Webster's New International Dictionary, the latest of the great dictionaries of the Webster series, prepared under the supervision of Dr. W. T. Harris as editor in chief. The smaller book rests upon the high authority of its source ; but in adapting the material to the needs of pupils new problems of selection and presentation were en- countered that made necessary a very careful study of textbooks and curricula and extended consultation with many teachers of conspicuous ability in public and private schools, so -as to determine just what words are most likely to be sought by the pupils in their school work, what the scope of the etymologies should be, the extent to which the definitions of the New International should be simplified and abridged, and the kind of grammatical information that should be included. The making of this new dictionary has been in the hands of editors of long expe- rience in active lexicography, selected, because of their peculiar fitness for this special _. -nij-4. task, from the large corps that prepared Webster's New Interna- tional Dictionary. As a result, the book has received such search- ing criticism that one will look in vain for the looseness of statement, the perf unctoriness of definition, or the inelegance of diction that heretofore has seemed inevitable in a small, highly condensed, dictionary. The necessity of covering the varied literature now read by the pupils of the second- ary schools has produced a vocabulary of extraordinary fullness. It includes the ordinary words now in use in standard English, such scientific words as are VOCaDUlary ^^ general use, even those of recent origin (as radiogiraph, ion, radio-active, monoplane, air hole, etc.), as well as the vocabulary of the more important English classics. It is thus possible with the help of this dictionary to read understand-, ingly not only the literature of to-day, even when of a more or less scientific character, but also works, such as those of Scott or Hardy, that contain many local or dialect words, or, again, the great poems of Milton and the great plays of Shakespeare, where are preserved many words and meanings now no longer in use. The preferred forms of spelling and pronunciation of Webster's New International Dictionary are followed in this abridgment. Alternatives are included where these are _ . p supported by sufficient usage, especially where British usage pre- opelunganaiTo- ^^^^ ^ different form, or where a simpler form is coming into use. nunciation j^ indicating pronunciation, the same simple system of key notation is used as in the New International, with one symbol only for each sound. It is the system tliat most nearly corresponds with the English sounds of the letters, and is the one used in practically all the schoolbooks in the country and in most reference books. The Guide to Pronunciation has been condensed directly from that in the New Inter- national and simplified so as to adapt it to the needs of pupil and teacher. (iii) iv PREFACE Proper names or words derived from them, titles, and the like, that should be writ- ten or printed with an initial capital have this fact indicated either by beginning the Cat>italization vocabulary entry itself with a capital or by inserting [c£ip.] at the specific definition affected. In the etymologies is given such essential information as throws light upon a word's meaning and the important changes in its form. Perhaps too little use is made of this ■pij.__„_1__- important department by most users of the dictionary. The con- suiter may not be interested in the forms a word has taken, and yet if he knows that " committee " is derived from cum and mitto he will be less likely to omit an m or a t, and a knowledge of tlie origin of correspond may lead to spelling it with the correct number of ?''s. However, to the pupil, the etymology of a word will be most helpful in showing its fundamental meaning, that on which all others are based. He who knows the source of splendid and awful will not be so apt to speak of a " splendid " time, noi' of an " awfully nice " girl. Inflected forms, as the plurals of nouns and pronouns, masculine and feminine forms, principal parts of verbs, comparatives and superlatives of adjectives, are indicated when- T fl + rl TT ever they are irregular or when, from analogy, an irregular form might be expected. Thus, the plurals of words ending in o, the principal parts of verbs ending in silent e, etc., are included. The definitions are taken directly from the New International except where a change of wording would make the meaning more easily understood, or where closely related _. „ ... meanings could be covered in one statement. The intention has been to presei've the Webster tradition by giving an exact state- ment of each word's meaning, following this usually with one or more synonyms, but scrupulously avoiding the use of synonyms alone. It is a common fault of abridged dictionaries that the definitions of terms inherently difficult have been made apparently " easy " at the expense of accuracy. Extraordinary pains have been taken in this book to achieve simplicity, but accuracy has in every in- stance been preferred to slipshod facility ; and it will be found that when a definition is difficult, it is so only because the idea to be expressed is in itself so abstract or in- volved that no definition that is " easy " can be accurate. The order of the definitions under individual words is in general the historical order, an arrangement that links together in a logical sequence all of a word's meanings, from the earliest etymological sense down to the one that is only just coming into good usage. It is thus often the readiest and surest means of differentiating the senses of related or synonymous words. In a book of this size the giving of full quotations from authors is impossible, but wherever a mere definition is inadequate, or open to misinterpretation, or where some Tp 1 peculiarity of idiom is involved, examples have been added. Where a word is often or invariably used in particular phrases, as a verb with certain prepositions, these facts are indicated. English literature is so saturated with the conceptions and associations belonging to proper names that it cannot be read appreciatively by one unacquainted with mythologi- Pro-nor ■NTsmoss "^^ ^"'^ literary lore. Nevertheless, this is tlie first abridged diction- ary to accord to such terms as a class a place in its vocabulary, or to afford in its definitions more than the merest scraps of information, such as in most cases would already be known to the consulter. Furthermore, there has heretofore been an entire neglect of the great Biblical characters, with which, unfortunately, we can no longer assume a familiarity to exist. These names and others of similar importance in literature are given a place in the main vocabulary of this dictionary, and~ each has received a characterization sufficient to convey the ideas or associations with which the name is most closely connected. PREFACE y The synonyms deserve especial mention, for in no other dictionary of equal scope has 80 much space, or such careful attention, heen given to this important subject. The number — of articles devoted to the careful discrimination of synonymous ^ ^ words is 1170. In additiou to these, some 1260 lists of synonyms are included. The nice phrasing of Professor Lowes and Professor Kittredge in Web- ster's New International Dictionary has been retained except where a less extended or -more simple treatment seemed to demand sligiit modifications. Illustrations are inserted wherever they add clearness to the definition or replace a long description. They are more than 1000 in number, but a single picture often explains Pi tnreq * large number of words, so that in all more than 1700 words are actually illustrated. Such illustrations as those at castle and armor must aid in understanding a story like " Ivanhoe;" those at Zeus SkaA. Mercury show the ancients' conception of their deities ; while those at. harness and loom, explain impor- tant processes and instruments of everyday life. As a rule, derivatives are fully defined. Certain classes of derivatives, as adverbs ending in ly, nouns ending in -ness or -er, are entered after the primary word with no riBTiTT-n+i-D-Btj definition, if their meaning may be easily understood from the meaning of the primitive combined with that of the sufiix. Where necessary, a direct cross reference to the suffix is entered, as, " preservable. See -able," "stickiness. See -ness." A little effort to learn thoroughly the meaning and use of any suffix referred to in this way will make immediately intelligible other words having the suffix, if the sense of the primary word is understood. The important prefixes and suffixes are defined, each in its vocabulary place, and the definitions are supplemented by numerous examples. Many prefixes may be regarded T- fl J as adjectives or adverbs that usage consolidates with the word _ ~5 modified. Their compounds are so many and so freely formed that no abridged dictionary can include them all. It is sufficient to record the important compounds and leave the consulter to gather the meaning of others from a study of the prefix. The use of suffixes is indicated above under derivatives. The wide interpretative purpose of this dictionary has made it necessary to include many words that are no longer, or never were, in good use. The slang of Shakespeare's R+ /I (^ 1? clowns, the colloquialisms of Dickens's rascals, the archaisms or ,. , Scotticisms of Stevenson, all demand explanation if the pupil is to understand what he reads. Yet the consulter must be safeguarded from writing or talking a hodgepodge made up from the language of widely separated centuries and civilizations. For this reason there has been added vi;ith painstaking care to every word that is not standard English the warning that it is Slang, Obsolete, Collo- quial, or the like, and hence not to be used in formal discourse of to-day. In the Geographical and Biographical Dictionary are included such names of places and persons as are likely to be sought by users of this dictionary. In addition to the spell- _, „ , ing and pronunciation is given such biographical and geographi- ine faupp em - ^^ information as will be of greatest interest to the consulter. ®® Thus, a man's nationality, the date of his birth and that of his death, with some hint as to his achievements, are given for a biographical entry, while for a geographical entry are recorded location, size, population, or the like, together with any striking event or characteristic. The collection of Foreign Words and Phrases is not the ready-made table so often found in small dictionaries, but one selected for its special fitness to the purpose of the book. Cave was taken to include, with accurate translations, the many phrases current in literature, the mottoes of nations, states, or great organizations, proverbial expres- sions, and the like. A very helpful feature is the indication of the pronunciation. CONTENTS Paok PREFACE iii-T CONTENTS , GUIDE TO PEONUNCIATION -rii-xvii: Key to the Symbols 'i: Elements of Spoken English viii-xv SotTNDS Classified according to Place or Manner of Formation .... xv Assimilation of Sounds xt DcPLicATioN OF Sounds xv Accent rri Additional Symbols for indicating Pronunciation without rbspelllng . . xvi Rules for the Pronunciation of Latin xrii-xviii Rules for the Pronunciation of Spanish xriii RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS xjx-xx ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK sad EXPLANATORY NOTES xxii A DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE . . . 1-790 A PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF GEOGRAPHICAL AND BIOGRAPHICAL NAMES, ANCIENT AND MODERN 791-«28 FOREIGN WORDS AND PHRASES 829-836 ABBREVIATIONS USED IN WRITING AND PRINTING o 837-«42 A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION KEY TO THE SYMBOLS gg^ For ruLL diboussion of thb BOUHDa of the language, see slbmsnts of bfoken ENaLisB, below. RErsBSNCBa. Numbers following the reapelliug for pronunciation of some words in the vocabulary refer to sec- tions in tliis GuuB. Accents and Htprens. The principal accent is indicated by a heavy mark ('}, and the secondary accent by a lighter mark ('), at the end of the syllable. Syllabic division is indicated by a light hyphen, except where this is replaced by an accent mark, or by a huavier hyphen used to join the members of words written or printed with a hyphen. For a SYSTEU of marking wobds without bespellino, see page xvi. FoRBioN sounds for which no special symbols are provided are represented by the nearest English eqmvalents. ft. a. b, , ch, , 6> as in ale, fate, la'bor, cha'os. „ sen'ate, preface, leg'ia-la-tlve. „ c&re, p&r'ent, coiu-p4re'. „ &m, 3,dd, ftc-cept', re'ftd-mit'. „ fi'nul, in'fdnt, lius'bdnd, mad'Am. „ arm, far, farther, ah, p^lm. „ ask, grass, dance, staff, path. „ so'fd, i-de'd, d-bouud', moldr. „ baby, be, bit, bob, but. „ chair, much ; also for tch, as in match ; for ti as in question ; for te as in righteous. d, as in day, do, add'ed ; also for ed as in robbed, du : for du as in ver'dure ; for deu as in gran'deur. e, as in eve, mete, se-rene'. e, „ „ 6-vent', de-pend', cre-ate', ao-ci'e-ty. „ 6ud, 6x-cuse', 6f-face', car'pSt. „ re'cent, de'cen-cy, nov'el. „ ev'er, speak'er, per-verf, in'fer-ence, ru- mor (roo'mer). as in fill, feel ; also for ph as in philosophy, tri- umph ; for gh as in laugh. g (always "hard"), as in go, begin; also for gu as in guard ; for gue aa in plague ; for gh as in ghost. gz : for X as in ex-isf , ex-act', ex-am'ple. h, as in hat, hot, hurt, oho. hw: for wh as in what, "why, where. 1, as in ice, sight, in-spire', i-de'a, bi-ol'o-gy. I, „ „ ill, admit', divide', pity (pIt'T). j) *t II joke, jolly; also for "soft'* g, as in gem, giant ; for gl and ge aa in religion, pigeon; for di as in soldier; for dg(e), as in edge, judg'ment. k, as in keep, kick ; also for " hard " ch, as in chorus, epoch; for "hard" c, as in cube; for ck, as in pack ; for qn as in conquer, coquette ; for q ue as in pique. K (small capital) : for ch as in German ich, ach, etc. ks : for X as in vex, exit, perplex, dextrous. kw: for qu as in queen, quit, quality. 1, as in late, leg, lip, lot, lull, holly. m, „ „ man, men, mine, mob, hum, hammer. n, „ „ no, man, manner ; also for gn as in sign. N (small capital) : indicates nasal tone (as in French) of pre- ceding vowel, as In bon (bSs); ensemble (SN'saN'br). I) (like ng) : for n before the sound of k or " hard *' g, as in bank, junction, linger, canker, ng, as in long, sing'er ; also for ngue, as in tongue. 5| as in old, note, bold, he'ro, cal'i-c5. 6, „ „ o-bey', to-bac'co, a-naf &-my. d, „ „ drb, Idrd ; law (16), saw (&&), all (81). 5, n It Add, n5t, fSr'est, hSr'ror. dt n M con-nect', cdn-troP, cdm-bine'. o, „ ,, soft, dog, cloth. oi, „ „ oil, nois'y, a-void', gol'ter. do, „ „ food, moon; rude (rood), ru'mor (roo'mSr). &6j ,, „ f^t, wdbl; put (pfiSt), pull (p661). ou, „ „ out, thou, de-TOur'. p, ,, ,, papa, pen, pin, pop, put. r, ,, ,, rap, red, rip, rod ; also for rh, as in rhodo- dendron, rhomboid. s (always voiceless, or " sharp **), aa in so, this, haste ; also for c as in cell, vice ; for sc as in scene, sci- ence; for ss as in hiss. sh, as in she, ship, shop ; also for ch as in machine, chaise ; for ce as in ocean ; for el aa in social ; for scl as in conscious ; for s as in sure ; for se as in nauseous ; for si as in pension ; for ss as in Issue ; for ssi as in passion ; for ti aa in nation. t, as in time, talk ; also for ed as in baked, capped ; for th aa in thyme, Thomas. th (voiceleas), as in thin, through, wealth, breadth. th (voiced) : for th as in then, this, smooth, breathe. tu: for tu as in cul'ture, na'ture, pic'ture. a, as in use, pSre, tune, lute, dii'ty, hu'man. u, „ ,, u-nite', for'mu-late, hu-mane'. fi, „ „ iim, fiirl, oon-cfir'; her (hQr), fern (ffirn), fir (fOr) ; for 6er. d, oe, as in schon (shOu), Goethe (gQ'tS) ; for Fr. eu, as in jeu (zhQ). ti, as in up, tiib, stiid'y, iip-hill'. Ti, ,, „ cir'cus, cau'cus, cir'cwm-stance. u : for French u, as in nienu (me-nii') ; for Qerman U, as in griin, Sun'de. V, as in van, vent, vote, revoke ; also for f as in of. w^, „ „ w^ant, w^in, w^eed, w^ood. yi II II yard, yet, yellow, beyond. z, „ „ zone, haze; also for voiced ("soft") s, as in is, wise, figs ; for x as in Xenophon, xylography. zh : f or z as in azure ; for zi as in glazier, brazier ; for s as in pleasure; for si as in vision; for ssi as in abscission ; for g aa in rouge, cortege. ' aa in pardon (pSr'd'n), eaten (ef'n), evil (§'v'l) : in- dicates the elision of a vowel or its reduction to a mere vocal murmur. (Cf. § 26.) (Til) A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION ELEMENTS OF SPOfiEN ENGLISH ^^ In this discuBBion, unleBs otherwise indicated, it ia the sound of a letter that is meant in any iuBtauce, and not its name. Thus, t is called " te " ; its sound may be heard by pronouncing a word like as in day, bed, hard, wed'ded, etc., is the voiced denial ipv often alveolar) stop (i. e., consonant formed with stoppage of the voiced, or intonated, breath by placing the point of the tongue against the back of the upper front teeth, or the gums just above). The sound differs from t (§ 82) only in being uttered with voice, or vtical tone. D, when preceded in the same syllable by a voiceless sound (i. e., one uttered without vocal tone), is pronounced like t ; as in hissed (hist), looked (Iddkt) It is silent in the first syllable of Wednesday, as usually pronounced, and in handkerchief and handsome. D often assimilates with a following i, the two taking the sound j (§§ 48, 87). § 21.easin eve, be, mete, etc., commonly called"long e,^' is the name sound of the letter e in modern English. The sound is formed with the tongue in nearly the same po- sition as for i (§ 44), but slightly raised and tenser, the front of the tongue being raised higher than for any of the other " front " vowel sounds (t, a, fi, 3,, ^). A further raising of the tongue, or a slight increase in the force of utterance, by causing audible friction of the breath, turns the sound into a consonant, as y in yes. This sound is also otherwise represented, in the ordinary spelling, as in Oae'sar, beam, feet, de-ceive', peo'ple, key, machine', field, Phoe'bus, quay, Por'tu-guese. § 33. e as in e-venf, cre-ate', so-ci'e-ty, etc., is a modification of e (eve) in unaccented syllables. In ordi- nary speech it is uttered with the tongue slightly lower and less tense than for the accented e, the sound tending toward that of i (ill), wliich it often becomes in colloquial speech. § 33. e as in €nd, p6t, fir'ror, etc., commonly called "short e," corresponds nearly to the main part of " a" (§1). The sound (6), which usually occurs in accented syllables closed with a consonant, is also otherwise represented, in the ordinary spelling, as in any, di-ger'e-sis, said, says, feath'er, heifer, leop'ard, friend, as^a-foef i-da, etc. § 34. Short e (6) also occurs in unaccented initial sylla- bles, as in ex-cnse', 6n-large', df-face', etc. Inmany fi- nal unaccented syllables, the sound verges toward that of i in ill, as in end'ed, car'pet, hors'es, Tvool'en, etc., and la given as i by many phoneticians, where others give fi, or a sound intermediate between 6 and i. In this Dictionary the more formal sound (6) is preferred, although the t sound is allowable colloquially. Otherwise, the 6 in unaccented syllables usually is obscured toward the soiuid of e (ev'er). (See §§25, 27.) § 36. e as in mo'mdnt, de'c£n-cy, nov'^, gos'p^l, etc., usually before n or 1, is pronounced in formal speech like 6 (dnd). From this there is an allowable colloquial weakening or obscuration in the direction of e (ev'er, § 27), the vowel sometimes appearing to be almost elided, as in mo'm'nt, nov'*l. (Cf. §26.) The formal sound, together with its allowable obscuration, is indicated by the italic {&), § 36. In some words — as eafen, o'pen, g^old'en, shriv'el, etc. — the e is so far reduced that it becomes a mere vocal murmur, or even drops out altogether, leaving to the n or the 1 the function of the vowel. Such words are marked in the respelling for pronunciation with an apos- trophe (') to indicate the reduction or elision of the vowel ; thus, eaVen (et"n), gold'en (gol'd'n). § 37. e as in read'er, sev'er-al, per-form', etc., is the sound of unaccented e before r. The tongue position in the articulation of this sound is nearly the same as that for u (§ 88), or ii (§ 89), but in pronouncing either u or ii the tongue is tenser, making a perceptible difference in the sound, as may be felt and heard by pronouncing such pairs of words as cur and mak'@r, cut and sev'Sr. The sound (e) is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- nary spelling, as in al'tar, e-lix'ir, ac'tor, zeph'yr, etc. § 38. The sound of e as in fern, err, her, herd, in- fer', etc., as ordinarily pronounced, is the same as i^ in iim, and is indicated in the respelling by u. (See § 88.) § 39. IS as in there, where, etc., is identical in sound with 4 (§ 3), by which it is represented in the respelling. § 30. E as in veil, rein, they, etc., with the sound of a (§ 1), occurs in English words only in the digraph ei (or ey final), and it is, properly speaking, the digraph that rep- resents the sound, and not the single letter. § 31. £ with consonant value. An unaccented e imme- diately followed by another vowel often assumes more or less of a consonant y sound, as in rifi^hf eous, as pronounced by some, rit'ySs. Even with careful speakers, tliisy sound, however, often assimilates with a preceding t or d or s, or c with the sound of s, modifying its sound more or less, as in right'eous (rl'chSs, by some rit'ySs), gran'deur (grSn'^sr ; by some grSnd'yer, by others grSn^jer), o'cean (o'shSn), nau'seous (nS'shfis, by some -shTus), etc. Cf. § 87. The e does not always disappear even when, by par- tial assimilation, it has changed the sound of the preceding consonant, especially if the accent falls upon the following syllable, as i:i o'ce-an'iQ (o/she-5nTk). . § 33. E silent. When it follows a consonant at the end of a syllable, e is usually silent in modern English, but in- dicates: (1) Generally, that a preceding vowel is long; as in came, tone, home. In many words, however, the preceding vowel is short; as in bS.de, ol'ive, promise, etc. (2) That a preceding c or g is "soft" (i. e., pro- nounced as sor j); as in serv'ice, rav'age, etc. A final silent e, also, often occurs after certain consonants not usual in a final position, as y, th (when sounded as in them), and single s (when not the sign of the plural), or z ; as in leave, w^reathe, mouse, nurse, bronze, etc. In the ending -ed of the past tense and participle of verbs, the e, except in solemn or poetic speech, is usually elided, as in sealed (seld), waved (wavd), hoped (hopt), un- less the verb ends in d or t, as in add'ed , suif ed. When the e is thus elided in pronunciation, the d following a voice- less consonant (i. e., one uttered without vocal tone) is pro- nounced as t ; as, stopped (stopt), hoped (hopt). Ee § 33. "Ee has usually the sound of e (eve) ; as in beet (bet), deep (dep). In been, it has usually, in America, the sound of 3. In breech'es and coffee, it has the sound of i. Eu, ew ^ 34. Eu regularly has the sound of u(§ 85), as in feud (fud), deuce (dus), or, when unaccented, of a (§ 87), as in eu-phtm'ic (Q-fSn'Tk), etc. A GUIDE TO PRONUNCUTION Eir, having usually the same sounds as eu, is common at the end of words or eyllablea ; as in pew (pu), new (nu), etc. It also occurs (rarely) initially and medially; as in etre (ii), ew'er (u'er), newt (nut). After certain consonants, it has the sound of oo; as in flew (floo), threw (throo). fCf . § 86.) It has exceptionally the sound of o ; as in sew (so), shew (sho). F § 36. F as in fame, fly, staff, oft, etc., iathevoiceless labiodental open consonant (i. e., cousonant pronounced by bringing the lower lip and upper teeth lightly together but without complete stoppage of the breath, which is emitted without accompanying voice, or vocal tone). F is the same as T, except that -v is pronounced with voice (§ 95). The commonest equivalent of f in the ordinary spelling is ph (chiefly in words from the Greek), as pha'lanx, plio'- to-graph, etc.; the sound being otherwise sometimes rep- resented by gh (§ 40). In of, and usually in hereof, thereof, w^hereof , f has the sound of v. G § 36. G as in gay, go, gun, is called " hard " g. This sound of gis the voiced guttural, or velar, stop (i.e., couso- nant pronounced by stopping the voiced, or intonated, breath by contact between the back of the tongue and the back pal- ate). It corresponds to k (§ 49), except that the latter is uttered without voice. As used in the respelliug for pro- nunciation, g has invariably its " hard " sound. In modem English, g has its "hard" sound: (a) Always at the end of a word ; as in hug, hag, tug ; also in deriva- tives of such words even when the g (doubled in the spell- ing) is followed by e, i, or y, as in rag'ged, drug'gist, fog/gy. (6) Before a, o, or u, or an 1, r, or s in tho same sylDible ; as in gay, glad, grow, lin'gual, bags (except in the Bribish gaol, gaoler), (c) In words of Teutonic origin before e and i, as in get, giTe ; also when doubled before y , as in hug'gy , mug'gy . (rf) In a few words and namesfromthe He]t)rew; asge'rah, Gid'e-on. Thesound of " hard " g, followed by z, is also often represented by x; as in ex-ist' (5g-ziat'), ex-am'jile (Sg-z5m'p'l). See § 100. This sound of g- is otherwise indicated, in the ordinary spelling, by gu, as in guard, guest ; by gh, as in ghost; and by g^ue final, as in plague. § 37. " Soft " g, as in gem, en'gine, gy'rate, has the soxmd of j (§ 48), and is represented by j in the respelling. The letter g has this sound usually before e, i, or y, ex- cept in words of Teutonic origin (§36, c). At the end of a syl- lable, the sound is usually represented by dg, dge, or ge, as in badg'er, badge, rage. § 38. G with sound of zh. In a few words from the French, as rouge, mirage, cortege, etc., g retains its French sound of z in azure. § 39. G iasilentm modem English before m and n final, and when initial before n ; as iu phlegm, sign, gnat, gnaw, etc. In the digraph ng, as in sing, the g blends with the n to form a new sound (§ 55). Gh § 40. Gh occurs initially in a few words, in which it has the sound of " hard " ^ (§ 36) ; as in ghost, gliosfly, a- ghasf . In other positions it either has become silent or has the sound of f. It is silent: (a) after i (or ei), as in high, nigh, sleigh, etc. ; (6) before a t in the same syl- lable, as in caught, eight, right, etc. (an exception is draught [drSf t]) ; (c) often at the end of a word or sylla- ble after au or ou, as in daugh'ter, dough, bough, etc. It often has the sound of f after au or ou at the end of a word or syllable, as in laugh, langh'ter, cough, e-nough', etc. In hough, it has, exceptionally, the sound of k. § 41. H as in hate, hire, house, hoot, etc., is a sim- ple breath soimd, and is often called the aspirate. It usu- ally begins as a weak, voiceless glottal consonant produced by friction of the breath against the vocal cords, while its latter part is articulated with the same position of the vocal organs as for the following vowel. An h initial in a word is sounded in the best present Eng- lish, except in heir, honest, honor, hoar, and, esp. in America, herb, and their derivatives, while in hostler (when so spelled), humble, humor, present usage is di- vided, but on the whole favors the sounding of the aspirate. The h is frequently silent at the beginning of a syllable ; as in ex-hausf , ex-hort', shep'herd, Dur'ham, etc. After a vowel in the same syllable, as in ah, oh, the h is regularly silent. The h is silent in John and phthisic (tiztk) ; and is either silent, or blended with a neighboring sound, in ch, gh, kh, ph, rh, sh, th, and wh. § 42. 1 as in Ice, time, child, etc., commonly called "long ]," is the name sound of the letter i in modern Eng- lish. The sound (i) is a diphthong having for its initial ele- ment in the best American usage the sound of a (arm) or the same soimd shortened (as in ar-tis'tic). In some locali- ties, notably the South of England, the initial element lies between u (iip) and S (ev'er). The sound is also otherwise represented, in the ordinary spelling, as in aisle, ay or aye (yes), height, eye, vie, choir, guile, buy, thy, rye. § 43. Long i unaccented, ns in i-de'a, dl-am'e-ter, etc., does not differ essentially from T in ice, but is commonly pronounced more quickly, and is hence somewhat shortened. § 44. i as in ill, pit, ad-mit', etc., is commonly called " ^ort i," though formed with nearly the same tongue po- sition as for e (§ 21 ), but with the tongue slightly lower, and less tense. Short i unaccented is usually followed in the same syllable by a consonant, as in caVin, in-hablt. Otherwise, as in qual^-ty, trinl-t^, di-vide', etc., the sound tends slightly toward e (ev'er, § 27), but in careful speech its quality is maintained. The sound (i) is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- nary spelling, as in guin'ea, for'eign, sur'feit, car'riage, mis'chief, cir'cuit, etc., and, exceptionally, in English, breeches, been (§ 33), wo'men, tor'toise (by some), lef- tuce, bus'y ; also, colloquially, in add'ed, etc. (Cf. § 24.) § 45. I before r, as in fir, bird, irk'sonae, etc., is the equivalent of uin urn (§88), and is represented by u in the respelling, as in fir (ffir), bird (bflrd), etc. When unac- cented, the sound is equivalent to e in ev'er ; as in ta'pir (ta'per), e-lix'ir (S-lik'ser). (Cf. § 27.) § 46. I as in ma-cliine', po-lice', etc., occurs in mod- em English chiefly in words of foreign origin or under for- eigninfluence, and is equivalent to e in eve (§ 21), being rep- resented by e in the respelling for pronunciation. § 47- I wiih consonant value. A short i (5) when closely followed by another vowel often falls into a y sound ; as In fil'ial(fil'yai), gen'ial(jen'ySl), etc. A preceding "sharp" 8 (as in sun), "soft" c (as in cede), or sc (as in science), by assimilation with the y sound, commonly takes an sh sound, as in man'sion, vi'cious, con'scious; and a voiced 8 (as in as) or a z similarly takes a zh sound, as in vi'sion, gla'zier, etc., the i in either case being wholly absorbed. A preceding t is affected in the same way, as in na'tion, par'tial, etc. ; but when preceded by a syllable ending in s, the ti (ty) takesach (tsh) sound, as in qnes'- tion, Chris'tian, etc. A g followed l>y j similarly takes, by fusion with the i sound, the sound of j, as in reVion ; and di in like manner often takes the sound of j, as in sol'- dier, cor'dial. § 48. J as in jar, jest, jute, etc., is a consonantal diphthong, commonly analyzed as d-l-zh(dzh). Bntthese elements are not simply pronounced in succession, as are, for instance, the sounds of g and z in eggs (Sgz) ; they blend into a composite sound in which both elements are somewhat changed. The sound is the voiced (sonant) cor- relative of ch in chin (cf . § 16). The equivalents of j, in the ordinary spelling, are ** soft " g, ge, and dg(e), by which it is usually represented at the end of a syllable, as in page, badg'er, judge (cf. § 37)- exceptions being prej'u-dice, proj'ect, maj'es-ty,and caj'e-put. _ Also, j (or d j) occurs at the end of a syllable in some foreign words, mostly Oriental. Otb^r equivalents of j, in the ordinary spelling, are di as in sol'dier, ee as insur'geon,giasmre;gion. (Cf. §§ 47, 87.) In ha) lelujah, ] has the sound of y. A GUIDE TO PRONUNCUTION § 49. K as In kitei ark, oak, etc., is the voiceless gut- turcU^ or velar, stop, formed in the same manueraB'^hard" S (§ 36), but uttered without voice, or vocal tone. The sound (k) is oIbo otherwise indicated, in the ordinary spel^g, as in call, choir, hough (h5k), kliau, co-quet', an-tique^ sacqiie, queen. The sound Is also a component of one of the sounds commonly represented, in the ordinary spelling, by x (§ 09). Before n in the same syllable, k-is now silent in English ; aa in knot, knee, etc. Ck has the sound of k, aa in tack, as has Ik, usually, after the sound of a in all (61) or of o in old, as iu walk, folk, etc. § 50. A small capital k (thus, k) is used in the respell- Ing to indicate any of certain fricative sounds, often popu- larly called "gutturals," which occur in German, Scottish, Dutch, and other languages. These sounds are of two typical classes ; (a) The palatal fricative is made with the tougue nearly iu position for y in yes, but raised closertothe palate, so that there is more distinctly audible friction. It may be imitated by exagger- ating the slightly fricative sound of y in yes (without utter- ing voice), or of h in hue ; or by pronouncing k in key so that the breath passes through a very narrow passage, in- stead of being entirely stopped between the tongue and the palate. This sound is typically that of chin standard Ger- man " ich," and commonly occurs after or before "front " vowels, as i, e, Emd after consonants. (&) The guttural fric- ative is usually deeper and stronger than the palat£^, and somewhat resembles a light hawking, or clearing of the throat. It may be imitated by pronouncing c in cow, with the closure between the back of the tongue and the palate loosened so that the breath passes through a very narrow passage, instead of being entirely stopped. This sound is typically that of ch in standard German " ach,'* and com- monly occurs after or before " back " vowels, as a, o, u. The nature of the preceding or the succeeding sound sufB- ciently determines the character of these fricative sounds. Those not familiar with the foreign pronunciation may pro- nounce the K as simple k. § 51. !Lasinlie,low, ill, clay, etc., is normally formed with partial closure of the oral passage by contact of the point of the tongue with the back upper gums at the same place as for d (§ 20) and t (§ 82), the voiced (intonated) breath passing out either at both sides or at one side, whence it has been called the point-divided, or point-side, conso- nant, li has no voiceless correlative in English, In certain combinations the 1, originally sounded, has regularly become silent,asin would, alms, balm, salm- on, almond, half, salve, talk, folk, and like words, and their derivatives. Ij often fulfills the oflBce of a vowel in an unaccented syllable, as in haftle (bItfU), bus'tle Cbiis"l), etc. (Cf. §26.) M § 5Z. M as in me, tame, smile, etc., is the voiced labial natal {labionasal) consonant, formed by bringing the lips together, as for b and p, at the same time lowering the soft palate, and thus allowing the intonated breath, or voice, to pass into or through the nasal passage. Initial m before n, occurring in a few words from the Greek, is silent ; as in mne-mon'lcs (ne-mSnOTks). N § 53. I^ as in none, inn, ten, etc., is the voiced dental nasal {deniinasal) consonant, formed with closure of the oral passage by the tongue in the same position as for d and t, while, at the same time, the soft palate is lowered, allow- ing the intonated breath, or voice, to pass into or through the nasal passage. N often serves as a vowel in unaccented syllables, as in eafen (ef'n). (Cf. § 26.) After m, a final n is silent, aa in hymn, condemn, etc. ; but when a suffix is added to such a word, the n isxxsu- ally sounded, as in hym-nol'o-pfy, con'dem-na'tion, au-tum'nal, etc. In damned, damning, limning, usage is divided; in condemning, contemning, hymn- ing, condemner, contemner, present usage favors the silent n. In kiln the n is usually silent. In the initial Zl combinations kn, pn, mn, only the n is now sounded in English, as in know, pneumatic (cf . § 72), mnemonics. § 64. A small capital n (thus, N) is used in tlie respell- iug to indicate that a precedvng vowel is pronounced as a nasal, as iu French bon (b8N). There are four such nasal vowels in French, indicated by a following n in tlie ordinary spelling (not if the u is doubled or followed by a vowel in the same syllable), as in the phrase un bon vin hlanc (ilH bdN vSn blau), " a good white wine." These are pronounced by opening the moutli very wide and uttering the vowels as here marked, while allowing the soft palate to bang loose, the breath or voice passing out through &o2/t nose and mouth, only the vowel be- ing pronounced in any case, the printed n merely indicating the nasalization. Many English-speaking people substitute for such nasal vowels similar, but not nasalized, vowels /o/- lowed by the English nasal consonant sound ng, or n as in ink (§ 55) and this, though inaccurate, is allowable for those who find the true nasal vowels too difficult. Similar nasal vowels occur in some other languages, as Portuguese. q. ng § 55. Ng as in sing, hang, bang'ing, etc., is a nasal consonant sound formed with complete closure between the back of the tongue aud the soft palate^ in the same manner as for "hard " g (§ 36), and is hence called the guttural, or velar, nasal. In its pronunciation the sounds of ii and g are BO closely blended that neither can be distinguished. The digraph occurs only at the end of syllables ; as in sing, sing'er, hang, etc.; or with ue added, as in tongue. An added inflection usually causes no change ; as in sine'er, hang'ing, etc. ; but in the comparatives and supenatives of long, young, etc., the g goes, with the sound of " hard " g, with the inflection, while the n takes to itself the ng sound; as in lonVer, lou'gest. When ng is followed in the same syllaUe by a silent e, as in flange, range, it does not take the sound as in sing, but is simple n, followed by the sound of ge (= j). At the end of an accented syllable, an n followed im- mediately, either in the same or the . succeeding syllable, by the sound of k or of " hard " g (go), commonly takes more or less of the ng sound (being marked in the respell- ing for pronunciation with ij) ; as in ink (ii]k), fin'ger (fTi]'ger), etc. ; also, often, in unaccented syllables, as in e''lon-ga'tion, pro'lon-ga/tion, etc. The n does not take this sound (q) in the prefixes in-, en-, on-, un-, non-. O § 56. 5 as in old, note, bone, etc., commonly called "longo," is the name sound of the letter o in modem English. The main part of the sound (5) in standard Eng- lish is pronounced with the back of the tongue raised toward the soft palate, its maximum elevation being about mid- way between that for d (drb, § 59) and that for ob (food, § 68). In its pron\mciation the lips are contracted to a cir- cular opening. In addition to this main element, the vowel commonly takes a distinct vanishing sound of in f<^t(§ 69), and is represented by <^ in the respelling. § 65. O as in son (sQn), done (dSn), otb'er (Stti'er), etc., is equivalent to fi. in up (§ 89), and is indicated by a in the respelling. The o in na'tion (na'shi^n), cau'tion (kd'shi^n), etc., has this sound, usually more or less obscured in ordinary speech, as indicated by the italic -u. (Gf. § 90.) § 66. O as in worm (wfirm), work- (wflrk), world ^wiurld), etc. , occurs only before r in accented syllables, and IB equivalent to ii in urn (§ SB). Oo § 67. Oo in modem English regularly has the sounds of do as in boot (§ 68), and db in fdbt (§ 69) ; exceptiooally it has the sound of «1 in up, as in flood (flild), blood (bltid), etc., (§ 89), and of o (old), as in door (dor), floor (flor), etc. (§ 57). § 68. do as in moon, food, toot, etc., is articulated with, the back of the tongue raised close to the back palate and the lips firmly and closely rounded. The height of the tongue and the degree of lip rounding are greater than for any of the other " back" vowels (a, o, 6, 6). (Cf. § 60.) The sound (oo) is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- nary spelling, as in rude, group, drew^, fruit, do, canoe, rheum, manoeuvre. § 69. db as in fd^t, g'dbd, crdbk is called the short of do, although the two soimds differ not only in quantity, but also somewhat in quality. The db is f orijped with nearly the same tongue position aa db, but in pronQuncing it the tongue is slightly lower and less tense. The sound (db) is also commonly represented, in the or- dinary spelling, by u, as in full (f 561), pull (p851), etc. ; and exceptionally by o, as in w^olf , woman, and by ou, as in would, could. Oi and oy § 70. Oi regularly represents the diphthong heard in oil, coil, etc., and is used in the respelling always witb this value. Its first element, which takes the accent, is approx- imately 6 and Its final element is i, the elements being pro- nounced in a single wave of sound (thus, d'i)> In the ordinary spelling, oi exceptionally represents sev- eral other sounds ; as in chaiii'ois, av'oir-du-pois', choir, tor'toise, etc. The diphthongal sound of oi when final is commonly represented, in the ordinary spelling, by oy, as in boy (hoi), toy (toi), etc. Ou and ow^ § 71. Ou in modem English regularly represents the diphthong heard in out, a^-bouf, house, a sound never represented by au in English, This sound of ou is approxi- mately a (art) + db (bdbk), pronounced in one wave of sound, with the accent on the first element (a'db). The diphthong is used in the respelling always with this value. In the ordinary spelling, ou exceptionally represents sev- eral other sounds; as in soup, brought, soul, cou'ple, griev'oua. The diphthongal sound as in out is also repre- seuted by ow, in the ordinary spelling, especially when final, as in owl, cow, prow, etc. Ow also has the sound of o (old), as in know^, bow^l- § 73. P as in pea, pay, cup, happy, etc., is the voice- less labial stop^ differing from b (§ 12) only in the absence of voice, or vocal tone. Both p and b have the same artic- ulative position as the nasal m (§ 52). The letter p is silent when initial before s, eh, and t, as in psalm, pshavr, ptarmigpan, and, usimlly, before n in words from the Greek, as pneu-mafic, pneu-mo'ni-a, etc., though some scholars pronounce the p in words of the latter class, except the more common ones. It is also silent in raspberry, receipt, sempstress, accompt, corps, and their derivatives. Ph § 73. Ph occurs chiefly in words of Greek derivation. It usually has the sound of f as in five (§ 35), and is repre- sented by f in the respelling. Exceptionfuly, it has the sound T, fMi in Stephen, and in nepheiv as pronounced by some. In diph'thong, diph-the'ri-a, naph'tha, etc., the pronunciation with f is the best present usage. Q § 74- Q is not used in the respelling. In the ordinary spelling, it is in all cases followed by u, and the two letters together commonly have the sound of kw^, as in queen, con'quest, etc. They have the sound of k in a few words, mostly from the French, as in coquette, etiquette, etc., and in the ending que, as in antique, burlesque, etc. B § 76. R as in room, rope, merry, ia usually pro- nounced in English as an open, voiced (jsonant) consonant, in the articulation of which the point of the tongue is raised towards but not to^ the back of the upper front teeth, or the hard palate, the exact position and height varying somewhat according to the adjacent sounds. The r also differs quite markedly as pronounced in different sections, but is now rarely trilled in standard English, though it still is in the Scottish and some other dialects, and as it usually is in for- eign languages. In some localities, especially in the South of England and in New England, r is commonly omitted in certain positions or is replaced by a vowel sound, as of S in ev'er (§ 27), even by educated speakers. It IS never preceded by the regular short sound of a vowel in an accented syllable, except when the r ends a syUable and is followed in the succeeding syllable of the same word by a vowel or 'another r, as in mftr'ry, vSr'y, spir'it, etc., — and not even then if there is a primitive form ending in r ; as in bar, bar'ring ; in-fer', in-fer'ring, etc. S § 76. S, either alone or by assimilation with a following element, represents four sounds in the ordinary spelling, all of which are open dental fricatives (i. e., consonants formed A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION by bringing the tongue near enough to the teeth to cause de- cided friction of the breath, but not complete closure). Two of the sounds are voiceless, or surd, as in sun (sSn), sure (ahoor), and two voiced, or sonant, as in has (hSz), vi'- sion (vTzh't2n). § 77. (1) Voiceless, or surd, s ("sharp" s), as in see, hiss, basis, etc., is the primary sound of the letter, which is used in the respelliug invariably with this value. The sound Is variously formed by different speakers. It is most often pronounced with a rather narrow aperture between the blade of the tongue and the back of the upper front teeth, or the gums just above. The uniutonated breath is forced through this aperture, and, impinging upon the edges of the teeth, produces the sound commonly called "hissing. " If the sound is clear it is not advisable to change the usual tongue position. Tliis sound of s is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- nary spelling, by c "soft" (§ 13), as in cell, vice; by so, as in scene, science ; by sch, as in schism. § 78. (2) Voiced, or sonant, s ("soft" s), as in is, has, easy, accuse, etc., is the same sound as z (zeal, § 105), and is represented by z in the respelliug for pronunciation. It is formed with the same tongue position as for " sharp " g, but the tongue is more tense for the voiced sound. The s is sometimes voiced as the final sound of verbs, and voiceless as the final sound of the cognate nouns or ad- jectives; as in use, abuse, house, diffuse, close, etc. § 79. (3) S sometimes takes the sound of sh (§ 81), by a.ssimilation with a following i or y sound, as in mansion, gure, sugar, censure, etc. (§§ 47, 87). In the case of a doubled s, the first s is assimilated to the second ; as in pas'sion (pSsh'ttn), is'sue (ish'u), etc. In a few words B takes the sh sound while leaving the following vowel unchanged ; as in one pronunciation of A'si-a (a'sht-d ; a'ahd),innau'se-a(n6'8he-d),o'ce-an'ic(o/sh6-Sn'Tk),etc. § 80. (4) S, when preceded by a vowel in an accented syllable, takes the sound of zh as in az'ure (§ 106) by as- similation with a following 1 or y sound ; as in fu'sion, de-ci'sion, ex-plo'sion, etc. When doubled in this po- sition, the fijst s is assimilated to the second (cf . § 79) ; as in ab-scis'sion (Sb-sTzh'i^n), re-scis'sion (re-stzh'^u). Sh § 81. Sh as in she, rash, usher, etc., is a voiceless dental friccUive (i. e., consonant formed by narrowing the oral passage near the teeth so that the unintonated breath is forced out with audible friction). It is formed with a rather narrow opening between the blade of the tongue and the back upper gums, somewhat further back than for s (§ 77). The current of air is broader, and the resulting sound fuller and softer, than in the case of s. The sound (sh) is a simple element, the voiceless correlative of zh in azure (§ 106). This sound is otherwise represented, in the ordinary spell- ing, by c or 8 with or before e or i (§§ 13, 79) ; by sc or t with or bcKtore i (§§ 47, 87) ; by the s element of x combined with a following i (§ 99) ; by chs in fuch'si-a (fu'shT-d ; -shd), as a common plant name, and by sch in schist, etc. § 8/S. T as in tie, it, note, etc.,i8thev(}icefefj{f€nifa2(or often alveolar) stop^ corresponding to d (§ 20), but uttered without voice, or intonated breath. In combination with a following i, or the initial element of a ii or A (§§ 47, 87), t often has the sound of sh, as in na/tion, mo'tion, etc., or of ch, as in ques'tion, na'- tnre, etc. The sound of t is otherwise represented, in the ordinary spelling, by th {§ 84, 3 ) ; also by the verb inflection -ed in certain positions (§ 20). The t is silent in Mat^ the-w^, mort^agre, hautboy, chasten, hasten, of- ten, listen, etc. Th § 83. Th has two chief sounds: one voiceless (surd) as in thin, birth, etc., marked with plain th in the respell- ing for pronimciation ; the other voiced (sonant) as in the, Xlll than, breathe, etc., marked th; thus: ^S, ^Sn. Both sounds have the same tongue position, which varies slightly with different speakers, the point of the tongue being brought against or near or between the edges of the teeth, producing a "lisping " sound. § 84. (1) The plural of nouns ending in voiceless th in the singular usually retains the voiceless th, especially after a short vowel or a consonant, as in breaths, deaths, myths, breadths, etc., but in some cases, esp. when fol- lowing a long vowel, the plural has preferably th, as in baHis, cloths, laths, moths, mouths, oaths, paths, sheaths, tru^s, wreaths. (2) Verbs and nouns ending in th often differ in pronun- ciation, the noun having the th, the verb tlie th, sound ; as mouth, n. & v., south, n. & v., etc. The voiced sound In the verb is often indicated byafinal eilente; as breath, n., breathe, v. ; Tvreath, wreathe ; bath, bathe, etc. (3) Th has exceptionally tlie sound of t in thyme, Thomas, Thames (Eng.), Esther, and, with ph, in phthisic. It is commonly silent in isthmus andasthma. V § 85. u as in use, pure, cube, mu'sic, hii'man, etc., commonly called " long u," is the name sound of the letter u in modern English. The sound varies considerably, not only wiUi different speakers, but also in the pronuncia- tion of the same person, according to its position with refer- ence to other sounds. The main element of u is always the soimd of ob (food), which in a full pronunciation of the u is preceded by the sound of y (yes). In certain positions ' the initial element becomes i (ill), often so much liglitened as to be scarcely audible, and in some positions disappears altogether, leaving simply ob (see § 86). At the beginning of a syllable, as in Ujse, un'ion, dis- un'ion, etc., the mitial element of the u is y (yes), the u in such cases sounding the same as you. Otherwise the y element comes in most clearly after p, b, m, v, f , c "hard" (= Is), and g " hard" (as in go) ; as in pure, bu'reau, beau'ty, mute, view (vu), f u'tile, cube, ague. After n, it is less prominent, often becoming i (HI) ; as in jxe^v (nu), nu'mer-ous. After d, 1 (except as below, § 86), s, t, and th, as in duke, lute, suit, as-sume', tune, eu- thu'si-asm, the y sound comes in with more difficulty, and the initial element usually becomes 1, but is not, how- ever, properly entirely omitted. Thesound(u) has various equivalents in the ordinary spell- ing, as in beauty, feud, pew, ew^e, lieu, view^, cue, suit, yule, yew, you. § 86. After r, aa in rude (rood), true (troo), u is now pronounced as simple ob in the best usage. The same is true of the u after the sound of sh, as in sure (shoor), chute (shoot), and, usually, after 1 preceded by another consonant, as in blue (bloo), flute (floot), and after j, as in ju'ry (joo'rT). § 87. tl as in ll-nite', val'ti-ap-ble, etc., is a modifica- tion of u, in imaccented syllables. It differs from u by tak- ing forthe final and main element the sound of d^ (fdbt). A preceding t tends to assimilate with the y or i element of the fi, the two together forming a more or less clear cli sound ; as in na/ture, pic'ture, naf u-ral. A preceding d in like manner tends to assimilate with the y or i ele- ment, the two forming a more or less clear j sound ; as in ver'dure, grad'u-al. The pronunciation of such words with ch and j, though common, is considered colloquial, and they are marked in this Dictionary with a tie bar con- necting the t or d with the following fl ; as in na^ture (na't^re), nat'u-ral (nSt;^-rftl). The tendency to assimila- tion is thus shown, and the pronunciation with the sounds of ch and j, as na'chur, n^Lch'u-ral, ver'jur (with u pronounced as &o^ often obscured to @ m ev'er) may be considered allowable in colloquial speech. A preceding s in a syllable not Initial (as in cen'sure, sen'su-al) com- monly takes an sh sound, and a preceding z or a voiced s (as in az'ure, lei'sure, cas'u-al) a zh sound. The pre- ceding s usually remains unchanged in initial, and some- times in medial, syllables; as in su-preme', con'su-Iar, etc. But in su'gar (shddg'Sr), sure (shoor), and their derivatlTea the assimilation occurs. A GUroE TO PRONUNCUTION § 88. u as in firii, iirge, hurl, etc., Taries eomewtaat with different speakers and as occurring in different posi- tions. The sound (u) occurs in standard English only in syllables under some degree of accent, and before r in the same syllable (but not when the r is doubled, as in h'^r'- ry; except in derivatives, as fiii/ry). Orthoepists have long divided words containing this sound (u) into two groups, one typified by such words as her, feru, bird, etc., the other by urn, burn, etc., and have considered those of the first group to have a sound produced somewhat further forward in the mouth than is that of the second. But the great majority of English- speaking people do not make the distinction. Most pho- neticians of the present day regard the words of both groups as having the same sound, and no distinction is made in this Dictionary. In articulating this sound the tongue lies nearly flat in the mouth, neither front nor back articulation pre- dominating, but it is tenser than for e in mak'er (§ 27). The sound (li) is variously represented, in the ordinary spelling, otherwise than by u ; as in fern, earn, bird, word, journal, worthy, myrrh, etc. § 89. u as in iip, iis, iiii'der, etc., is called " short u." The sound is formed with the tongue in nearly the same position as for e in ev'Sr (§ 27), but slightly re- tracted and tenser. The vowel sometimes occurs unac- cented, as in the prefix un-, but otherwise is usually more or less obscured in pronunciation when unaccented. (See § 90.) The sound (u) is also otherwise represented, in the ordi- nary spelling, as in son, does, blood, touch, etc, § 90. u as in cir'cus, silb-inif , is a variation of ii (§ 89), occurring unaccented. In formal speech it is often given as ii, but ordinarily it is lightened and obscured, readily falling into the sound of e in ev'er (§ 27). The usuid colloquial lightening is indicated by making the u italic (u). The ou in pi'ous, etc., oi in por'poise, eo in dun'- geon, etc., the final element of the ecu in right'eous, etc., and of iou in g^a/cious, etc., and the o in af om, Irk'sozne, na/tion, etc., also have this sound. (Cf. §65.) § 91. ii as in French menu (me-uii'), German grriin, etc., occurs only in foreign loan words not yet naturalized. The French sound may be imitated by firmly rounding the lips as if to pronounce ob (mcfbii), and then, while hold- ing the lips in this position, pronouncing e (eve). The German sound is in some words the same as the French, in others it is approximately i (iU) pronounced with somewhat less rounding of the lips. § 93. XT as in bull, put, push, etc., has the same sound as dh in fdbt (§69), and is indicated by db in the respelling ; thus, bull (b661), push (p66sh). The u in Bu'gar (sbddg^r) also takes this sound after the sound of sh. This sound of u occurs unaccented in the syllable ful ; aa in joy'f ul, ful-fill', etc. After r, as in fru-gal'i-ty, the unaccented sound often becomes dt>, but usually, in de- liberate speech, retains more of the quaUty of do. § 93. A silent u often occurs after g^ which is then al- ways " hard " (as in go) ; as in guard, guess, plague. For u silent after q, see § 74. § 94. U with consonant valuey equivalent to tt, often occurs after q or hard g (go) and before another vowel, as in qual'i-ty", quite, ques'tion, gua'no, lan'guage, etc. ; also after b, as per-suade', suite, etc. § 95. T as in vain, ever, live, etc., is the voiced labio- dental open consonant, correlative of f , from which it differs only in being uttered with voice, or vocal tone. (See § 36.) W § 96. "W as in -we, -wet, di^rarf , twin, etc., is a voiced labicU open consonant (i. e., consonant pronounced with the lips brought close together so as to cause friction, but not complete stoppage, of the voiced, or intonated, breath). The sound is produced with so little audible friction as closely to resemble a vowel, and is clanRpd as a semivowel. It has a close relationship to ob and d^, the highest and closest of the " back " rowels (§§ 68, 69). A slight further elevation of the tongue from the db position, or an increase in the force of utterance, produces the consonantal friction of -w. Thus for -w, as for oh^ there is not only rounding of the lips, but also a constriction between the back of the tongue and the palate. Tlie w, therefore, has two places of articulation, and is a back, or guttural, as well as a labial (labiogultural) consonant, though commonly classed as a labial. § 97. When not silent or forming part of a diphthong, tt is always followed by a vowel. Its sound is sometimes repre? sented by u before a vowel, as in quail, lan'guage (§ 94): After a vowel in the same syllable, the w either forms a diphthong with the vowel, as in eow^, town, few ; or is silent, asinglow^, mow^, sometimes determining the vowel sound, as in awe, la'w. W is silent before r in the same syllable, as in w^ring, -wrote, etc. ; also in answer, sw^ord, toward, two,andin w^ho,'whoiu,'whoop,etc. "Wh § 98. Wh as in w^hen, w^hat, which, is usually pro- nounced as h + a voiceless w, no voice, or vocal tone, being heard imtil the beginning of the following vowel. By some it is regarded simply as a voiceless (surd) -w. In this Dic- tionary it is indicated by the respelling hw^, which repre- sents the usually accepted sound. § 99. The voiceless (surd) sound of x, as in box, wax, ex-claim', etc., is equivalent to ks, by which it is repre- sented in the respelling. This, the commoner sound of x, occurs usually in accented syllables, or when the x is fol- lowed by a sounded consonant. In such words as anx'ions, lux'u-ry, the s component of the x takes the sound of sli by assimilation with the following sound of i or y (§§ 47, 87). § 100. The voiced (sonant) sound of x, as in ex-ist', ex-alf, ex-hausf, ex-hiVit, etc., is equivalent to gz, by which it is represented in the respelling. The x usually takes this sound when unaccented and followed by an ac- cented syllable beginning with a vowel or a silent h. § 101 . When initial in a word or syllable, x has the sound of z (zeal) ; as in xan'thic, xe'bec, etc. § 102. T as a consonant (as in yes), with which value it is invariably used in the respelling, is a voiced {sonant) pala- tal fricative (i.e., consonant pronounced with a passage be- tween the blade of the tongue and the palate narrow enough to cause audible friction of the voiced, or intonated, breath). The friction of y, however, is slight. In pronouncing con- sonant y, the tongue has nearly the same position as for e (§ 21), but is raised slightly and more of it is involved in forming the constricted passage. The sound is sometimes represented by i (§ 47), and also, less often, by e (§ 31). T, consonant, occurs usually at the beginning of a syllable ; at the end or in the middle, it is more often a vowel. (Cf . § 104.) § 103. As a vowel, y has four sounds : (a) y = i, as in de-fy', style, hy-e'na ; (6) y = i, as in nymph, lyr'ic, pify (also ey final, as in hon'ey, montLey) ; (c) y = &, as in myrrh, myr'tle ; (d) y = g, as in zepli'yr, etc. The y, therefore, as a vowel, has all the sounds of i, except e as in pique (pek). These sounds of y are replaced in the respelling by the various equivalents as here given. § 104. T is classed with w^ as a semivowel, becatise of its use, in the ordinary spelling, both as a consonant and as a vowel, but it differs from tv in that it often is the only vowel in a syllable ; as in my, sky, myth, etc. The y is also interchangeable with i in diphthongs and digrapha which usually have the y when final; as, ai, ay ; ei, ey, oi, oy. Z § 105. Z as in zeal, fro'zen, diz'zy, etc., Is ordina- rily a voiced {sonant) dental fricative^ the voiced correlative A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION of " BDarp" a (§ 77). The sound Ib often repreBented, in the ordinary spelling, by s (§ 78); rarely, by c (§ 13). § 106. In some words z, by assimilation with a following i or y sound, takes a sound (zh) which is the voiced (so- naut) correlative of sli (§ 81) ; as in az'ure, sei'zure, etC4 (Cf . §§ 47, 87.) The same sound is represented by si in fu'- sion, etc. (§ 80); by ti, exceptionally, in the preferred pro- nunciation of tran-si'tion ; and by g in rouge, etc. (§ 38). SOUNDS CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO PLACE OR MANNER Of FORMATION VOWEL SOUNDS Sack MimA Front Sigh Mid LaiL Sit (food) d& (fSSt) o (old) a (art) 6 (6rb) » (nSt) e (ever) a(Bp) fi (tflrn) e (eve) i(IU) a (ale) e (mSu) a (ctre) a (mSn) High Mid Law Explanations : * ' Front " vowels mre such as are pronounced with the front of the tongue more or less raised toward the palate, forming a place of constrictioa at the/ftm/ of the mouth. '* Back " vowels are such as are pronounced with the back of the tongue similarly more or less raised toward the palate at the hack of the mouth. "Mixed " vowels are those in which neither " front " nor " back " articulation predominates. " High," " mid," and '* low " refer to the " height " of the tongue, that is, its relative distance from the palate at the place of constriction, the raising and lowering of the tongua being accompanied by raising and lowering of the lower jaw. CONSONANT SOUNDS Oral Nasal stopped Open Open Pla4ie of Formation Voiced Voiceless Voiced Voiceless Voiced b d P t k« w' T z zh y f th B SHI ch»i li m u ng(r|) Lips (Labials), Lower lip and upper teeth {Labiodentals). Tip of tongue and edge of teeth. | Tip of tongue and gums back of upper teeth. -S Blade of tongue and teeth. ' g Blade of tongue and gums back of upper teeth. Middle of tongue and hard palate {Palatal). Root of tongue and soft palate {Gutturals^ or Velars). Same position as following vowel. Cf. §41. (Aspiraie.) Notes : ^ See §§ 96, 98. * See § 75. ' cli (chop) and j (jet) are compound consonants, equivalent respectively to tsli and dzh (§§ 16, 48), and the place of formation for each therefore shifts during its pronunciation, beginning with that of t or d and moving into that of sh or zh, the latter, however, being the most characteristic. So, also, x (§ 99) combines the positions of k (or g) and s. * The place of formation for k and g varies widely according to the vowel which precedes or follows, as in key or g^im'let, call or go, but the sounds are usually classed as gutturals, or velars. Explanations : '* Voiced " consonants, or sonants, are consonants pronounced with voice, or vocal tone. " Voiceless " consonants, or surds, are consonants that are uttered with breath only, without voice, or vocal tone. " Stopped" con- sonants, or stops, are consonants in the pronunciation of which the voice or breath is completely stopped momentarily at some point in the mouth passage. ^* Open " consonants are those in the pronunciation of which, though the passage is more or less impeded, the voice or breath issues through the mouth or nose with no complete stoppage, or break. ASSIMILATION OF SOUNDS § 107. When a voiced (sonant) consonant and a voice- less (surd) consonant come together in the same syllable, it is often difficult to preserve each in its regular sound. Thus, in cats the voicelesB & is easily pronounced after the voiceless t, but in dogs the s takes more naturally its voiced sound (= z) after the voiced sound g. Such confor- mation of one sound to another, called assimilation, is a marked characteristic of English. Four common inflectional terminations come under its influence ; namely : (1) Posses- sives in s, as luaid's (madz). (2) Plurals in g, as tubs (tGbz), groves (grovz). (3) S in the third person singular of verbs, as loads (lodz), smooths (eraoothz). (4) Pret- erits and participles in d preceded by e mute, as in dashed (dSsht). Usually, it is the second consonant that is assimi- lated to the first, but in some cases it is the reverse, as in spasm (spSz'm), prism (prTz'm). ABBimilation is some- times reflected in the ordinary spelling, as in leapt, spelt, etc., instead of leaped, spelled, etc. For other forms of assimilation see §§ 13, 31, 47, 79, 80, 87, 99, 106. DUPLICATION OF CONSONANTS § 108. In many words, a consonant is doubled between two vowels, in the ordinary spelling, although in pronuncia- tion it is sounded but once. In banner, for example, it is possible to utter two complete n sounds only by pronounc- ing ban, then intermitting the voice entirely, opening the organs, and closing them n second time. But as the word is ordinarily pronounced the vocal organs are closed only once between the first and second syllables, and, moreover, the n position is not held long enough to produce the acous- tic effect of a doubled sound. Hence, in all such cases, when a consonant is doubled in the ordinary spelling, to indi- cate that a preceding vownl in Rhort. as in banner, rob- A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION bing:, madden, letter, horrid, it is repreaented by the single cunBonaut in the reapelling for pronunciation. In muiiy derived words, however, in which the primitive ends or begins with the same letter as that with which an added suflQxor a prefix of Eiiglieti origin respectively begins or ends, as in soulless, foully, keenness, misstep, outtravel, unnatural, the position of the doubled con- sonant is held long enough to make upon the ear the im- pression of a doubled consonant, though there rarely is any actual pause or break between the two consonant sounds. The same effect occurs in compound words in which the second part begins with the same sound as that with which the first part ends, as in headdress, nighttime. In all such cases as those mentioned in this paragraph, the conso- nant is written twice in the respelling. ACCENT § 109. Accent (stress) is a special articulative effort distin- guishing certain syllables of words or phrases from the others by a greater distinctness and loudness of pronunciation. There are various degreesof accent, only two of which need be marked. These are the primary^ as in in-tend', where the full force of the voice is on the last syllable, and the second- ary^ as in su'per-in-tend', where the first syllable has a stress greater than that laid on the second ftnd third sylla- bles, but less than that laid on the last. In some words two subordinate accents are shown, as in in- com' pre- hen' si- bil'i-ty. While there are no fixed rules for English accent, the following general principles may be mentioned : (1) English accent is recemve; that is, the general tenden* cy of the language is to carry the chief accent back toward or to the first syllable. The working of this principle is seen in such words as bal'co-ny, formerly bal-co'ny, con'fib- cate, v.^ formerly, and still by some, con-fis'cate, etc. Often, the struggle between this principle and former usage is reflected in varyiug present usage, as in ad'ver-tize and ad-ver^tize', il'lus-trate and il-lus'trate, etc. (2) The general tendency of accent, whether primary or secondary, is to shorten all vowels but u, when further back than the penultimate syllable, as in ten'ement, an'- atom'ical, person'ifica'tion, etc. (though we say lu'- bricate, not lub'r icate ; su'perabun'dant, not sup^- erabun'dant, etc.). This tendency generally fails if the first of the two following syllables ends, and the second begins, with a vowel ; as in pe'ri-od , o'ri-en'tal, etc. (3) In many adjectives, as red'-hof, un-armed', etc., the accent is often variable, being stronger on one syllable or the other according to the rhythm of the sentence. Thus we say, a redf-hot' stove ; but, the siove is red' -hot f ; a man uji-anned^; but, usually, an unharmed' man^ etc. Such shift- ing, or variable, accent was formerly more common than at present, and there are many examples of it in thp poets. The attributive use, as in a 'well'bred' man, being the more usual and characteristic one, the accent proper to such use is the one usually given in the dictionary. (4) Many in America give a marked secondary accent in certain words which properly have but one accent, and that on a syllable preceding the penult, as in ter'ri-to'ry, cir'- cum-stanc'es, in'ter-est'ing, etc. This fault may be corrected by giving the accented syllable a sharp percussion, which carries the voice lightly through the rest of the word. ADDITIONAL SYMBOLS FOR USE IN INDICATING PRONUNCIATION WITH- OUT RESPELLING For indicating PRONtTNCIATIOIf BY RESPELLING, tlie table on page vii. is complete in itself, and is alone used throughout this Dictionary. To indicate PRONUNCIATION WITHOUT RESPELLING, the table below may be used in connection with that on page vii. The table here given is to be used only when any letter of a word has a sound that is represented in the other table by a different letter. Thus, in the respelling^ s is used for one sound only, that in Bin or so, never for that in his (hTz), is (Iz). To show the pronunciation of his, therefore, without respelling^ the a is marked with a diacritic ; thus : hi§; the fii-st two letters (hi) being from the table on page vii., and the g from the table below. In this table, the symbols in parentheses are the equivalent symbols from the respelling table. In digraphs, mark only the letter that is to be regarded as sounded, as in break, hrSad, yield, Tell,, etc. Ce, d, sci, se, si, and tl, before a vowel and immediately after an accented syllable, usually have the sound of sh, and need not be marked. Silent e at the end of a syllable, as in fate, etc., need not be marked. When desirable, a silent letter may be shown as an unmarked italic. In a few words, the pronunciation can be indicated only by respelling. a (= e) as im ll'Sr, cow'ard, inu8't9rd. » (= 6)t .... „ ,, what, was, qual'1-ty. A, a (= 6) ,, „ ^11, ^we, swftriu, tj^lk. An, an, aw (= 6), „ „ An Sable, au'thor, law. E, e (=: a), .... „ „ elg;ht, prey, vein, o-bey' j or (z= ft), as in os'prey. £l, 6 (= ft), ... „ „ thfire, heir, whfirein'. fi, e (= A), .... „ ,, Sr'mine, e-tSr'nal, swSrve. Be, ee (= §),... „ „ eel, feet, fee'ble, un-seen'. Ew, ew (^ a), . . „ „ ewe, dew, hewn ; or (— oo), as in bre\r. 1, St (= e), „ „ piqne, ma-chlne', po-l!fce' ; or (= e), as in H-as'co. I, i (= e), „ „ Tir-gin'i-ty, e-llx'ir ; or (= ii), as in ii'k'some, fir. 9 (= db), ... „ „ W9lf, W9m'an,-w9l'ver-ine'. Q, Q (= 55), ...„,, f;oze, djj, whjj, t^uib. 6, 6 (=: 0), ,, Ath'er, sdn; or (= it), as in wel'c6me. S (= S), gail'Sr, ml'nSr ; or (= (i), as in w3rk, wSrth. Ow, OTT (= on), . Oy, oy(= ol), . . y, n (= (To) U, u (= So), . . . . y (= i) Y,f{.= \) y (= e), C, « (= k) 9. « (= s) Ch, «h C= k), . . . fh, 9h (= sh), . . 5, § C= e) 6,e(=J) dfe (= j) i (= ^) X (ks), 5 (= gi-), ■ ■ ■ • Ph, ph (= f), . . . Qn, qn (=i kw), . Wh, wh (= bw), as in owl, cow'ard, voTv'el. .1 11 oya'ter, boy , roy'al, en-joy'. 11 11 fnll, put, push, joy'fuL ,1 „ rude, rji'mor, In-trude'. 1, „ fly, sky, style, de-fy',dy'lngr 11 11 yt'tri-a, hymn, lyr'lc. „ „ sat'yr; or (= 11), as in myrrh „ „ «at, «on-«ur'. „ 1, 9ell, Ti^. ,1 ,1 «ho'rus, e«h'o, ep'oeh. „ ,, fhaise, ma-^hine'. 11 11 get, be-g!n', an'ger. „ ,1 gem, en'gine. It I, edge, bridge, badg'er. „ „ ig, hag, wig'dom. 1, 1, Tex, ex'it. t, ,1 es-ist', e^-am'ple. ■I „ phan'tom, Bul'phur „ „ queen, con'quest. 1, 1, when, what. A GUIDE TO PRONUNCIATION RULES FOR THE PRONUNCIATION OF LATIN Two methods of pronouncing Latin are now in extended general English use; one, the su-called English method, follows ill gtiueral the analogies ol English pronunciation ac- cording to certain formal rules ; the other, the Bo-called Roman method, attempts to follow more or loss clojely, as far as it is known, the pronunciation of the Romans them- selves at the height of their civilization (about b. c. 50 to A. D. 50). The English method was until recently taught iuboth Eng- land and America, and is still used almost exclusively in the prouunciation of Latin scientific words, and in names, phrases, and quotations, when these are in English context. Since most of the Latin words and phrases contained in the Dictionary fall in one or another oi these categories, their pronunciation is indicated according to the Engli^ method. SYLLABICATION AND ACCENT OF LATIN WORDS Every Latin word has as many syllables as it has vowels or diphthongs. In the English method, words are syllabi- fied according to English analogies. In the Roman method, words are syllabified as follows : (a) A single consonant (in- cluding consonant i and v) or, by many, any consonant group (as sp, st, gu) that can begin a word, when between two vowels is written and pronounced with the following vowel. Doubled consonants are separated. Examples: mi'li-tes, de'ti-net. Some carry over an x to the follow- ing syllable, as in di'xit ; but the division dix'it is, on the whole, to be preferred. (6) Prefixes and suffixes are kept separate. Words of two syllables are accented on the first syllable ; as, pa'ter, mi'les. Words of more than two syllables are accented on the penult (next to the last syllable), if it is long ; otherwise they are accented on the antepenult (last syllable but two). Note. No attempt is made to cover the rules for deter- mining the quantities of Latin vowels and syllables. A complete statement of these is to be found in any Latin grammar. The proper accentuation is indicated for all Latin words and phrases. In accordance with most pres- ent usage, Latin words and phrases which are considered to be purely such are divided into syllables according to the Roman method, and further indication of the pronunciation is usually omitted, except that when such division would lead to mispronunciation of any word according to the Eng- lish method, the pronunciation of the word according to that method is shown ; as, non is not so clear as in English, but has more or less of the sound of th in this. Between vowels, especially in endings like -ado and -ido, and at the end of words, it is like th in this. At the eud of words it is often so faint as tiardly to be heard, and in colloquial speech it often dis- appears entirely in tliis position and between vowels. G before a, o, ii, or a consonant is like g in go; before e or i it is like 1i in hew prouounced with strong friction of the breath, about like German ch in ich, ach. Gu in the combinations gue and ^ui is like g; in go, or like gu in English guess. If the u is marked with the diaeresis (Sp. erenia), as in agiiero, the gii is like gu iu guano (gwa'- no), as is gu in the combinations gua and guo. In gn the two sounds are always distinct, as in signo (seg'no). H ia always silent. J has always the strong sound of h like that of g before e and 1. lA is like Ui in William, as villa (vel'yii). Colloqui- ally it is like y iu yes, and this pronunciation is very com- mon iu Spanish words and names in the southwestern United States. Si. is like ni in onion, as dona (do'nya). Q occurs only iu the combinations que and q.ui, aud ia like k in keep, as Quijote (ke-ho'ta). R is strongly trilled with the tip of the tongue. S is always like s in sun. X formerly had the sound of Spanish j, in many words and names in which it is replaced by j in the modem spell- ing of the Spanish Academy. In the spelling of the Academy it now represents the sound of x as in box, but the old spelling and sound often remain, esp. in Spanish America. In Mexican names x often has the sound of s, audiu some dialects is silent or nearly so. Y is like y in you, or, at the'end of aword after a vowel or when used alone as the conjuuction y (aud), it is like e in me. Z in Castilian Spanish is like th in thin, but in parts of Spain, in Spanish America, and in the Philippine Islands it ia commonly like s in sun, although the Castilian sound is often taught in the schools. 3. Accent. Words ending iu a consonant, except n or s, are regularly accented on the final syllable. Words ending in a vowel, or in n or s, are regularly accented on the next to the last syllable. If the accent is irregular it is indicated by placing the mark (') over the vowel of the accented sel- lable, as in Cordoba (Cordova^. RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS FOUNDED ON THE ORTHOGRAPHY OF DR. WEBSTER, AS EXHIBITED IN THIS VOLUME 1^^ The preferred spellings in this dictionary are in accordance with these rules. Other spellings are given as alternatives where they are very common, especially if they are the preferred forma in British usage. FINAL CONSONANTS § 1. The letters f , 1, and s at the end of monosyllables, and standing immediately after single vowels, are gener- ally doubled ; as in staffs cliffy doff^ puff", all, bell, hUl, toll, null, grass, press, hiss, moss, truss. Exceptions : Cl^, if, of, pal, as, gas, yes, his, this, pus, plits, bus (for omnibus)^ thus, and us. The s is not doubled when (as in o'a, spaders, tones, loves, has, is, was, etc.) it is used to form the possessive case or the plural of a noun, or the third person singular of a verb. § 2. C, h, j, k, q, V, tt, and y are never doubled when final. IS, d, g-, m, n, p, r, t, and z, when final, are doubled in only a few words, the moat important being ebb, add, odd, egg, mumm (to mask), Ann, inn, Mnn, Lapp, err, shirr, butt, fizz, frizz, buzz, fuzz. % 3. Monosyllables ending with the sound of k, and having c following the vowel, usually have k added after the c ; as in black, fleck, click, knock, and buck. Exceptions : Lac, sac, roc, arc, § 4- Words of more than one syllable, ending in -ic or -iac, are now written (except derrick) without the k ; as, maniac, elegiac, zodiac, cubic, Tnusic, public. Words of more than one syllable, in which e is preceded by other vowels than i or ia, commonly end in ck; as, arrack, barrack, hammock, hillock, wedlock. EicBPnoNs : Almanac, sandarac, limbec, rebec, xebec, manioc, havoc. FORMATION OF DERIVATIVES § 6. Words ending in c have a h inserted when adding a termination beginning with e, i, or y, so that the c shall not be pronounced like s: as, colic, colicky; trajffic, trafficked, trafficking, trafficker ; physic, physicked, phys- icking ; zinc, ziTicked, zincking, zincky. § 6. Final consonant doubled. Words accented on the last syllable (including words of one syllable) if they end in a single consonant (except h or x) preceded by a single vowel, double the consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel : as, clan, elan'nish ; plan, planned, plan/ning, planfner ; bag, bag'gage ; hot, hot'ter, hot'test ; wit, wit'ty ; cabal', cabaUler ; abet', abet'ted, nbp.t'ting, abetHor ; begin', begin'ning, begii^ner ; infer', inferred', infer'ring. The con- sonant is doubled to preserve the short sound of the vowel. Thus, planned, hottest, and abutted, would naturally be pro- nounced planed, hdtest, and abeted, if the consonant were not doubled. Exceptions : Gaseous, inferable, transferable, and deriva- tives in which the accent of the primitive is thrown back upon another syllable : as, cabal' ^ cab'alism., cdb'alist ; prefer', preference, refer', reference^ defer', deference, etc. § 7. Final consonant not doubled. Words ac- cented on any syllable except the last, words ending in more than one consonant, and words ending in a single consonant preceded by more than one vowel, do not double the final consonant before a suffix beginning with a vowel : as, daub, daubed, dauber ; need, need'y ; brief, briefer, briefest ; trav'ail, trav'ailed, trav'ailing ; rev'el, rev'eled, rev'eling ; trav'el, trav'eling, trav'eler ; profit, profited ; act, acPed, ac'tor ; perform', perform/ er ; stand, stand'vng. Exceptions : In humbug and a few other words ending in g, the g is doubled (humbugged, humbugging) before e or i, so that the g shall not be pronounced like j\ The derivatives of kidnap are preferably spelled with one p, although the forms kidnapper, kidnapping, kidnapped are not uncommon. The form woolen, with one /, is usual in the United States, but woollen, with two Vs, is preferred in British usage. § 8. Double consonant retained. Words ending in a double consonant commonly retain both consonants when adding snfQxes : as, ebb, ebbing; odd, oddly; stiff', stiffness ;fell, fellahle ; skill, skillful, skillfulness ; loill, will- ful, willfulness ; dull, dullness ; full, fullness. So also the double I is retained in the words installment, i/nthrallment, thralldom, and enrollment (from install, inthrall, thrall, and enroll), in order to prevent a false pronunciation if spelled with one I. Exceptions : Illy; dully ; fully. § 9. Silent e retained. Words ending with silent e generally retain this e before suffixes beginning with a con- sonant: as, pale, paleness; hate, hateful ; incite, incitement ; chaste, chastely, chasteness ; move, movcTnent ; and the de- rivatives and compounds of these words. Exceptions : Wholly, nursling, abridgment, acknowledg- ment, lodgment, judgment, and, often, certain words (as, due, duly ; argue, argument ; true, truly ; awe, awful) in which the final e of the primitive is preceded by another vowel. § 10. Silent e omitted. Words ending with silent e generally drop the e before suffixes beginning with a vowel : as, bride, bridal ; guide, guidance ; plume, plumage ; w*c, usable, usage ; grieve, grievance ; come, coming ; shape, shap- ing; move, movable; sale, salable ; fleece, fleecy ; force, forcible ; true, truism. Exceptions : The e is retained in hoeing, shoeing, and toe- ing {irora hoe, shoe, and^oe), to guard against mispronuncia- tion, but is generally excluded from shoer. It is retained in dyeing, singeing, sprmgeing, swingeing, tingeing (from drje, singe, springe, swinge, tinge), to distinguish them from dying, singing, springing, swinging, tinging (from die, sing, spring, swing, ting). The word mileage, as commonly writ- ten, does not omit the e. Words ending in ce or ge retain the e before suffixes beginning with a or o, so that the c org shall not be pronounced with the hard sound : as, peace, peaceable ; notice, noticeable ; manage^ manageable; change, changeable ; advantage, advantageous ; outrage, outrageous. Mortgagor, pronounced mor'ga-jor', from mortgage, and pledgor, pronounced plej-or', from pledge, are the forms preferred in usage. In derivatives in -able, as usable,useable, salable, saleable, etc. , usage is divided and often inconsistent. § 11. X^nding -ing added to ie. Words ending in ie usually drop the e and change i toy when adding ing, BO as to prevent two i^s from coming together : as, die, dying ; hie, hying ; lie, lying ; tie, tying ; vie, vying. § 12. y preceded by a consonant. Words ending (xix) RULES FOR SPELLING CERTAIN CLASSES OF WORDS in y preceded by a consonant usuaUy change y to i before any auffix except one beginning with t.* as, icy, idest^ idly ; mercy, mtrcUess; tidy, tidiness; modify, modifies; foggy, fogginess; earthy, earthiness ; pity^ pitifuL The derivatives of adjectives of one syllable usually re- tain the y: as, shy, shyness; sly, slyest; dry, dryly ; spry, spryer, spryest ; wry, leryness. But drier and driest, from dry, are commonly written with i instead of y ; and drily, shiiy, slUy, are not uncommon. Before -ship and -like, as secretaryship, surety. "ihip, ladyship, citylike, countrylike, and in derivatives formed from baby and lady^ the y is retained. The y also is retained in the possessive case of oouns, when formed by adding s with the apostrophe ; as, couniry^s, everybody's. § 13- y preceded by a To^vel. Words ending in y preceded by a vowel generally retain the y unchanged be- fore all suffixes : as, gay^ gayety, gayly ; play, player, plays ; sway, swayed ; obey, obeying ; joy, joyful ; enjoy, enjoyed ; buy, buying ; gluey, glueyness. ExcBPnoNS : Daily, laid,paid, said, saith, slain, and staid (from day, lay, pay, say, slay, and stay), with their com- pounds ; dewiness. § 14. Adding^ a Tovrel to a Tovrel ending:- Words ending with a rowel sound generally retain the letter or letters representing such sound before a suffix beginniug with a vowel : as, huzza, huzzaed; agree, agreeable, agree- ing ; weigh, weighing ; dough, doughy ; echo, echoed ; woo, wooer ; bow, bowed ; beau, beauish. Sometimes cooes, wooes (from the verbs coo, woo) are found ; but coos, woos^ like taboos, shampoos, are preferable. Cooed and wooed are proper, like other participles in -ed. PLURAIiS 1^=- For irregular plurals, as of man, foot, brother, ox, deer, and for plurals of foreign words, as of daium, genus, index, crisis, consult the individual words in the Vocabulary. See also the Note under the word plubai. in the Vocabulary. § 15. The plural of English nouns reg^ularly ends in s, or, in certain classes of Tvords, in es. When the singular ends in a sound with which s can unite and be pronoimced without forming a separate syllable, s only is added in forming the plural : as, bay, bays / shaJi, sTuihs ; sea, seas ; tree, trees ;pie, pies ; Hindu, Hindus ; woe, woes ; canto, cantos ; virtue, virtues ; purlieu, purlieus ; claw, claws ; co6, cabs ; panic, panics; bead, beads ; chief, chiefs ; bag, bags ; path, paths ; ache, acltes ; plague, plagues ; lock, locks ; bell, bells; gem^ gerns; fan, fans ; cup, cups ; ear, ears ; act, acts. Singpilars ending in o generally add s only to form their plur^. Certain words (as, echo, echoes ; cargo, cargoes; embargo, embargoes; motto, mottoes; potato, potatoes, etc.) ending in o preceded by a consonant add e* to form their plurals. Other nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant generally form their plurals regularly, though usage differs with regard to some of them. As to nouns ending: in i usage differs, though, as a rule, their plurals are preferably written with the termination is. When the singular ends in a sound (as that of ch in much, sh, j, s, X, or z) with which s cannot unite in pronunciation, but must form a separate syllable, e is inserted before the s in forming the plural, unless tlie word ends with silent e, which then forma a separate syllable with the s : as, church, churches ; rush, nu^hes ; age, ages ; edge, edges ; lace, laces ; gas, gases ; class, classes ; alias, aliases ; marquis, marquises; case, cases ; loss, lo-tses ; box, boxes ; maze, mazes. § 16. Sinffulars ending in y preceded by a con- sonant form their plurals by adding es and changing y into t; as, mercy, m,ercies; lady, ladies; sky, skies; army, ar- mies; pity, pities; Mary, Maries (sometimes Jtfarys). This rule includes words ending in guy, in which u is strictly a consonant ; as, colloquy, colloquies. Singrulars ending: in 1/ preceded by aTowel (ex- ceptuhaTingtbepowerofw), form their plurals by adding # only: as, day, days; key^ keys; money, moneys ; monkey, monkeys ; attorney, attorneys ; allay, alloys; guy, guys. § 17- The plurals of a few nouns ending in /or fe are irregularly formed by changing / or/e into ves. The principal examples are : life, lives; knife, knives ; wife, wires; leuj^ leaves; sheaf, sheaves; loaf, loaves ; beef, beeves; thief, thieves ; calf, calves; half, halves ; elf, elves; shelf, shelves; self, selves; wolf, wolves. See staff, whahf, soabf, hoof, TURF, in the Vocabulary. The plurals of other nouns ending in /) /«> or jf , are formed regularly by the addition of s only. § 18. Plural of a letter, figpare, Bign, etc. To ex- press the plural of a letter, a figure, or any character or sign, or of a word mentioned without regard to its meaning, the letter s, generally preceded by the apostrophe, is appended, as in the phrases, " The two Vs in all ; " "• The two O's in 400;" "Two *'j in Orion; " "He uses too many it^s." Some, however, omit the apostrophe in such cases. MISCELLANEOUS RULES § 19. There are numy words in respect to which naage, even that of the best authors, is variable. In such cases this variation of usage is indicated in the Vocabulary. § 20. -able or -ible. See -able, in the Vocabulary. § 21. -er or -re. There is a class of words ending in -er, some of which are written by many authors with the termination -re y as, center, meter, theater, etc., often writ- ten centre, metre, theatre, etc. Acre, chancre, lucre, nacre, massacre, and ogre retain the termination -re, in order to preserve the hard sound of the c and g. Still, we have the adjective eager, the noun eagre or eager, and the preposition Tnauger or maugre. § 22- -izeor-ise. Certain words ending, as pronounced, with the sound of long i, followed by z, are written with either -ize or -ise: as, ailicize or cHticise; ciinlize or civi- lise; naturalize or naturalise ; patronize or patronise. But the spelling in -ise for this class being now less often used, only the form in -ize is given in this book. Words still re- taining the spelling -ise are : those derived from the French verb prendre (participle prw or prijc), as apprise, comprise, emprise, enterprise, suiprise; and, also, advertise, advise, affranchise, arise, chastise, circumcise, compromise, demise, despise, devise, disenfranchise, disfranchise, disguise, en- franchise, exercise, exorcise, francJiise, merchandise, pre- mise, revise, supervise, surmise. § 23. mold or mould. The words mold and molt, and their compounds and derivatives, are written in this Dic- tionary with o instead of ou, in analogy with the words bold, bolt, colt, gold, etc., from which the u has been dropped. Many authors, however, write these words mould and mouU, and their derivatives in like manner ; and this spelling is also given in this Dictionary as alternative. § 24. -or or -our. There is a numerous class of words almost universally written in the United States with the termination -or, many of which are also written, esp. in England, with the termination -our ; as, candor, favor, honor, labor, rumor, vigor. English usage, however, is not uniform with respect to these words, many of them being written with -or in English books. ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THIS WORK a Adjective. ab About. A. D Anno Domiui (L., year of our Loi'd). adv Adverb. AF. Anglo-Frencli. a/t After. Amer American. Anat Anatomy. Atic Ancient. Anihropnl. . . . Anthropology. Aiiiiq Antiquities. ^r Arabic. Ai-ch Architecture. Archaeol Archaeology. Arith Arithmetic. Ai-moT. Armoric. AS Anglo-Saxon. Astrol Astrology. Asiron Astronomy. augm Augmentative. av Avoirdupois. Babylon Babylonian. S. C Before Christ. bet Between. Biol Biology. Bol Botany. Brit British. Can. F. . .Canadian French. cap Capital, capitalize ; that is, make the initial letter a capital. Carp Carpentry. cf. Confer (L., compare). Ch Charles, Church. Chem Chemistry. Chin Chinese. Ch. ofEng. . . Church of Eng- land. Class Classical. Col Colonel, Colossians. collog Colloquial. com Commonly. Com Commerce. camp Composition. compar Comparative. con ir., contract. Contraction. Coi-n Cornish, corrupt Corruption. Cryst. . ■ .Crystallography. cu Cubic. D Butch. Dan Daniel, Danish. deriv Derivative. Dial. Eng. Dialectic English, dim Diminutive. disting Distinguished. dr Dram. divt. . Pennyweight (denarius weight). E English, East. Feci Ecclesiastical. Egypt Egyptian. Flee Electricity. Embryol Embryology. Eng England. Engirt Engineering. etc Et cetera (L., and so forth). eguiv Equivalent. Ex Exodus. exc Except. excl Excluding. F. French. fern Feminine. Jig Figuratively. form Formerly. Fort Fortification. fr From. freg Frequentative. ft Foot, feet. g Gram. G German. Gael Gaelic. Gen Genesis. Geog Geography. Geol Geology. Geom Geometry. Gr Greek. Gram Grammar. Ifeb Hebrew. JTer Heraldry. Hind Hindustani. Hist History, historic. Hung Hungarian. Tcel Icelandic. i. e Id est (L., that is). imp Imperative. in Inch, inches. inclio Inchoative. incor Incorrectly. indie Indicative. inf. Infinitive. iniens Intensive. Introd Introduction. Tr Irish. It Italian. Jap Japanese. Jav. Javanese. L Latin. Lai Latin. lb., lbs Pound, pounds. I. c Lower case; that is, make the initial a small letter, not a capital. LG Low German. LGr Low Greek. lit Literally. LL. . . Late Latin, Low Latin. Mach Machinery. Malay Malayan. Man Manage. masc Masculine. Math Mathematics. Matt Matthew. ME Middle English. Mech Mechanics. Med Medicine, Meteor Meteorology. Mex Mexican. Mil Military. Min Mineralogy. Myth Mythology. n Noun. N. North. Nai. Hist. . .Natural History. Naut Nautical. Nav Naval. neut Neuter. NGt New Greek. NL New Latin. Obs Obsolete. Obsoles Obsolescent. OD Old Dutch. OF. Old French. OHG Old High German. Olr Old Irish. Org Organic. OScand. . . Old Scandinavian. OSp Old Spanish. OS. Ounce, ounces. p. a. ..Participial adjective. Faint Painting. Per Persian. perh Perhaps. pers Person. pert Pertaining. Petrog Petrography. Pg Portuguese. Pharm Pharmacy. Phon Phonetics. Philol Philology. Philos Philosophy. Photog Photography. Photom Photometry, Phys Physical. Physiol Physiology. pi Plural. Poet Poetic. p. p Past participle. p. pr Present participle. Pr Provengal. prep Preposition. p7-es Present. pret Preterite. Print Printing. prob Probably. prop Properly. Pros Prosody. B Rare. R. C. CA. ..Roman Catholic Church. Ref. Sp Reformed Spell- ing. Relig Religion. Rev Revelation. Rhet. , .Rhetoric, rhetorical. Russ Russian. Sam Samuel. sc Scilicet (L., to wit, namely). Scand Scandinavian. Scot Scottish. Shak Shakespeare. sing Singular. Skr Sanskrit. Sp Spanish. specif. Specifically. subj Subjunctive. superl Superlative. Surg Surgery. jj/n Synonym. Teut Teutonic. Theol Theology. Tim Timothy. Turk Turkish. JJniv University. JJ. S United States. var Variant, vb. n Verbal noun. v.i Verb intransitive. v.i Verb transitive. W. ...Welsh. yd Yard, yards. Zool ZoSlogy. (xii) EXPLANATORY NOTES Preferred FormB of Spelling or Pronunciation. When two or more forms of spelling or of pronunciation are re- corded the general rule has been to place first the one that has been selected as preferable. Each form entered, how- ever, has the support of good usage, and in many cases this usage is practically equally divided. Varying degrees or specific variations of usage have been indicated by limiting words, aaalso, o/fera, someWmes (see mandrel, patent, con- jure). When instead of a definition there is a cross refer- ence (introduced by ^, by Var. of, or by see) to another spelling, the form referred to is the one preferred. Oapltallzatlon. When a word in writing or print should begin with a capital letter the vocabulary word itself be- gins with a capital. Where, in a specific use, a different style from that shown by the vocabulary entry is to be fol- lowed, [cap.'] (meaning a capital initial) or [/. c.] (mean- ing a lower case or small initial) is inserted at the defini- tion affected. Thus Italic in sense 1 should begin with a capital, but in sense 2 a small letter is preferred. Hyphened Words- Words that are to be written or printed with a hyphen have this hyphen indicated by a mark — longer and heavier than the short light hyphen - used to show division into syllables ; as in a'ble— llOd^led, liglLt-heart'ed-ness. Pronunciation- A part or the whole of a pronunciation is often omitted when it is the same as that of a word imme- diately preceding. The accentuation only is given for some compound words, and for some derivatives ending in common suffixes like -ess, -est, -ing, -ist, -less, -like, -ness, -ship, if the pronuncia- tion is perfectly regular and can therefore be easily learned from the separate parts. Figures within the parentheses with the pronunciation refer to sections of the Guide to Pronunciation, pp. ix.-xx. Principal parts of verbs are given in small capitals after the vocabulary titles, except when the parts are regularly formed by the simple addition of -ed or -d and -ing (see Rules for Spelling, pp. xxi--xxii.). Plurals are given whenever they are irregular in form or when, from analogy, an irregular form might be expected. For the regular formation of plurals see Rules for Spell- ing, pp. xxi.-xxii. See PLURAL, after such words as blachfish, deer, quail, trout, etc., refers to the Note under the word plural in the Vocabulary, for information as to the two plural forms in use and the differences in their meanings. See -ics, as at matkematics, refers to the entry at -ics for information as to the use of words with this ending both as singular and plural. Tbe comparative and superlative forms of adjectives are given in small capitals after the vocabulary word except where these forms are made by the simple addition of -er and -est or by the use of more and most. See coupabb, V. i., 3 in the Vocabulary. Etymologies are printed within brackets [ ], the words from which the vocabulary word is derived being in italics with definitions in romans. Thus : ap-poar'. [fr. F., fr. L. apparere to appear ; ad -\-parere to come forth.] This may be read : appear is derived from a French word that came from the Latin apparere meaning *' to appear ; '* apparere is made up of tbe Latin ad (a prefix that is defined in its vocabulary place) and parere meaning "to come forth." CUr'lew. [fr. OF., fr. covrir to cover + feu fire, fr. L. focus hearth.] This may be read : curfeiv is from an Old French word that is derived from the Old French covrir meaning "to cover" and/eu meaning " fire" ; feu is from the Latin /ocu5 meaning "hearth." Certain derivatives are run on after the primitive word when the meaning may easily be gathered from the mean- ing of the suffix and that of the primitive. Each suffix so used, as -er, -hood, -ic, -mejit, -ness, -ship, is fully defined in its vocabulary place. Often a direct reference to the suffix (as, see -ness, see -ly, see -hood) is inserted. Music, Scot,, A.rchaic, Colloq,, or a similar label, when preceding the first numbered definition of a word applies to all of the definitions ; when preceding a group of definitions distinguished by a, b, c, etc., it applies to the entire group (see skep, targe, sue, suite, tales). Other- wise, such a label applies only to the definition to which it is joined. Soth or Ail may precede a label (as. Both Obs.) to show that it applies to two or more parts of speech, as a noun and a verb, defined under one vocabulary title (see splutter). II prefixed to a vocabulary word indicates that this word is from a foreign language and that it would ordinarily be printed in italic letters when used in English ; as, || aftisjl'- don\ II An'no Do'xni-nl. X 2, X 6, |, |, or the like^ inserted at an illustration indicates that a picture is twice, six times, one half, one sixthf etc., as long and as high as the original. = preceding a word in small capitals indicates that the vocabulary word has the same meaning as the word in small capitals and that the latter is the preferred form. (xxii) DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE A (a) ; pi. A'8, AE3. or as (Sz). The first letter of the English alphabet. Eipron. Corrupt, of I, he, she, it, thbt. Obs. or Dial. a (d), V. t. Corruption of have. 06*. or Dial. a {unstressed^ a; emph., a.\,adj., or (as usually called) the indefinite article. 1. The shortened form of ak, signi- fying, but less emphatic ^^an, one or any, and commonly uaed before words beginning with a conaonant soimd. See AA. 2. In each ; to or for each ; as, " a dollar a yard." a (d), prep. [AS. of off, from.] Of. Obs. a id), prep., a-, a- (d-), prefix. [AS. an, on."} On; in ; at ; aa in afloat, afield, afire, asleep, " a Monday," " thrice a year," a hunting. a-. [Gr. iv; a, not, d- being used before consonants.] A prefix, appearing as a7i- before vowels or the letter A, de- noting not, witkotU, un-; as in abyss, osexual, anhydrous. A 1 (a wQn). A registry mark given to ships in first-class condition. Hence, prime ; first-class. aard'-vark' (Hrd'vark'), ». [D., earth-pig.] Either of two ant-eating eden- tates of Africa. Aar'on (fir'fin), n. [fr. L. or Gr., fr. Heb. AharSn.'l The brother of Moses. Aaron is the first liigh priest men- tioned in the Bible. ab- (Sb-). A prefix f r. Lat. ab-t/rom, away. a-back' (d-bSk'), adv. Back; backward; — said specif., NaiU., of sails when pressed back by the wind, or of the ship when so checked, whence the phrases to be taken abaek^ all aback, etc., often used fig. Bb'a-cns (Jn/d-kSs), n./ pi. E. -cuses (-Sz ; 24), L. -oi (-si). [L. ahactts, abaz, Gr. dfiai-'] !• A table or frame for arithmetical calculation by means of sliding balls or counters. 2. The uppermost member or division of the capital of a column, next under the architrave. A-bad'don (d-bSd'fin), n. [Heb.] 1. Lit., (place of) destruction ; the place of the lost in Sheol ; the abyss of hell. 2. Apol- lyon {Rev. ix. 11). a-bafr (d-h&ftr), prep, [o-on -f ME. baft, AS. beseftan; be by + SBftan behind.] Naut. Behind ; toward the stern from. — adv. Naut. Toward or at the stem ; aft, a-ban'don (d-b5n'dfin), «. t. [fr. OF., . bandon authority, deriv. fr. LL. bannire to proclaim.] 1. To give up absolutely ; forsake or renounce utterly. 2. To yield (one's self) unrestrainedly; —often in a bad sense. 3. To banish ; expel. Obs. Syn. Leave, quit, resign, surrender, relinquish. — Aban- don, DESERT, FORSAKE agree in the idea of quitting,^ or leaving in the lurch. Abandon denotes an absolute giving up, often with implication of surrender to the mercy of A Abacus, 2. fr. a (L. ad) -f- ABBACY something or some one else ; as, to abandon a wreck, oi one's self to despair. Desekt (except sometimes as ap- plied to places ; as, the" deserted village, deserted streets) denotes the quitting of an object in vltujation of duty; as, to desert one's colors, one's principles. Forsake, which may or may not involve culpability, implies the breaking off of association with something familiar or dear ; as, to forsake one's friends ; the blood forsook bis cheeks. II a'bau'don' C^baM'dSK'; ^71^. d-bSn'diin),n. [F.] A com- plete giving up to natural impulses ; careless ease. a-ban'doned (d-b5n'dwnd), p. a. 1. Forsaken; deserted. 2. Self-abandoned ; extremely or irreclaimably wicked. Syn. Depraved, corrupt, vicious, vile.— Abandoned, prof- ligate, DISSOLUTE, REPROBATE all cxpress great personal de- pravity. Abandoned suggests unresisting self-surrender to vice; profligate, ojwnand shameless disregard of decen- cy (and often squandered means); dissolute, utter laxity of morals and the throwing off of all restraint ; reprobate, complete insensibility to reproof. a-ban'dMl-meilt (-di2n-m£nt), n. Act of abandoning ; state of being abandoned ; absence of self-restraint. Ab'a-rls (Sb'd-rTs), n. Gr. Myth. A sage said to have ridden through the air on an arrow given him by Apollo. a~baae' (d-bas^), v. t. ; a-based' (d-bast') ; a-bas'ino. [OF. abaissier. See base, a.] 1. To lower ; throw or cast down. Archaic. 2. To cast down or reduce, as in rank or estima- tion ; to degrade. — a-base'Dieilt (-m&t), n. Syn, Disgrace, dishonor, mortify, shame, depose. — Abase, debase, degrade, reduce, humble, humiliate agree in the idea of bringing down to a lower state. Abase expresses a bringing down, always in the feeling of one's estate or con- dition ; as, to abase the proud. Debase involves an actu- al deterioration in quaUty or worth ; as, to debase the coin- age. Deoeade implies a lowering in rank (so also reduce) or in moral standard. Humble always suggests a sense of lowered dignity or lost prestige, and when reflexive often implies self-ahasement without loss of se1f-respect,thusdif- fermg from humiliate, which always implies ignominy. a-bash' (d-bSsh'), V. t. [OF. esbahir, fr. L. ex + bah, in- ter], of astonishment.] To destroy the self-possession of ; confuse ; put to shame ; discomfit. — Syn. See embarrass. a-bat'a-ble (d-bafd-b'l), a. See -able. a-bate' (d-baf), v. t. ; a-bat'ed (-bat'Sd) ; a-bat'ing. [f r. OF., fr. LL. abcUere to beat down; ad + bnttere to beat, L. batucre.^ 1> To beat or throw down ; demolish ; hence, to put an end to. Obs. , exc. in Law. 2. To reduce in amount, number, degree, intensity, etc.; lessen ; moderate. 3. To reduce (in respect of); deprive. 06*. 4. To deduct; omit. ■^ V. i. To be abated ; speciflcally : a To come to naught; fall through, b To decrease. — Syn. Diminish, wane, slacken, sink, ebb, recede, decline. fl-bate'inent (-m^nt), n. An abating; state of being abated; also, amount abated ; decrease. ab'a-tls, ab'at-tlB (Sb'd-tTs ; F. VbA'te'), n. [F. abatis mass of things cut down.] Fort. A defense of felled trees with the branches sharpened and turned toward the enemy. II a^bat^toir' (a^bft'twar'), n. / pi. -ToiRS {Eng. -twarz'). [F., fr. abattre to beat down.] A slaughterhouse. Abn^a (Sb'd), 71. [Syriac a66d father.] Father ; — used by Jesua of the Deity. ab'ba-oy (-si), n. ; pi. -cies (-bTz). [L. ahbalia.'] Dignity, estate, jurisdiction, or term of tenure of an abbot. ale senate, care, am, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, find, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, ftbey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, connect ; use, Qnite, iirn, up, circus, menii; food, fdot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; tben, thin; nature, verdure (87); K = chin G. ich,acU (50^; boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to''*''" '^"'''- ExpianatlonsTrt'AbbreTlatlons, Signs, etc, precede VoeabulBrj. " " ' '^~'' -*--.. _ .-.- J] Foreign Word, -f combined with. in Guide. ei)ual((. ABBASSIDE Ab-bas'slde (S-bSsTd ; -Id), a. Pert, to or designating the dynasty of caliphs claiming descent from Abbas, uncle of Mohammed. They ruled (about 750-1258) at Bagdad. ab-ba'tial ((i-ba'ahSl), a. Pertaining to an abbot or abbey. II aiybd' t4/ba'), n. [F.] Abbot ; — now a title in France for any secular ecclesiastic holding no benefice. abnieSB (Sb'Ss), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. abbaOssa, fern. otabbas abbot.] A female superior or governess of a nunnery. aiybey (-T), n. ;pl. -beys (-Tz). [fr. OF., fr. L. abbatia^ fr. abbas abbot.] 1. A monastery or society of persons se- cluded and devoted to religion and celibacy; also, the monastic building or buildings. 2. The church of a mon- astery. — Syn. Convent, nunnery, priory. See cloistee. ab^Ot (Sb'ut), n. [AS. abbodf abbad, L. ahbas^ abbatis, Gr. ia/3/3as, fr. Syriac abba father.] Superior or head of an abbey of monks. — aVbot-cy (-sT), n. — ab'bot-Sllip, n. ab-bre'Vi-ate (fi-bre'vl-at), v. t.; -at/rd (-afgd) ; -at/ing. [L. abbrevicUus, p. p. of abbreviare. See abbidqe.] To make briefer ; shorten, esp. by contraction or omission, as words. — Syn. Contract, reduce. See abbidqe, ab-bre'vi-a'tion (-a'shSn), n. Act or result of abbreviat- ing ; abbreviated form of a word or phrase, as d. for died. ab'di-cate (Sb'dT-kat), v. t. ; -CAT'ED (-kat'Sd) ; -cat'ing. [L. abdieatus^ p. p. of abdicare ; ab -j- dicare to proclaim.] To give up or relinquish formally, as sovereign power ; to renounce ; surrender, as a trust, duty, right, etc. Syn. Abdicate and resign imply a yielding up of ofiQce, authority, or trust. Abdicate applies particularly to the relinqui^ment of authority or dignity which is inherent or sovereign ; as, to abdicate the crown ; resign, to the re- linquishment of an unexpired office or trust. — V. i. To renounce a throne, high office, or dignity, — ab^dl-ca'tlon (-ka'shfin), n. — ab'dl-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. Ab'di-el (Sb'dT-Sl), n. [Heb. Abdlel, lit., servant of God.] Tiie angel mentioned by Milton as boldly opposing Satan's traitorous designs. ab-dO'men (fib-do'mgn), n. [L.] 1. The belly. 2. The posterior section of the body, behind the thorax, in insects, crustaceans, etc. — ab-dom'l-nal (-dSm'I-nSl), a. ab-du'cent (-du'sSnt), a. Physiol. Abducting. ab-duct' (-dukf), V. t. [L, abducius, p. p. of abducere to lead awayj 1. To take away surreptitiously by force ; kidnap. 2. Physiol. To draw away from a part or axis, — ab-dnc'tlon (ab-diik'shfin), n. — ab-duc'tor (-ter), n. a-boam' (d-bem'j, adv. NatU. On a line at right angles with the ship's keel ; opposite the middle of the ship's aide. a-boar' (-bSr'), V. l. [AS. dberan; a-, orig., out + freran to bear.J To put up with ; endure. Dial. a-bed' (a-bSd'), adv. In bed, or on the bed. A-bed'ne-go (o-bSd'ne-go). Bib. See Shadrach. AHdoI (a'bfl), n. In the Bible, the second son of Adam and Eve, slain by his elder brother Cain, See Gen. iv. a-bele' (o-bel' ; a'bei), n. [fr. D., fr. OF., fr. a dim. of L. albtis white.] The white poplar. ab-er'rant (Sb-Sr'ftnt), a. [L. aberrans^ -raniis, p. pr. of aberrare to go astray; ab -f- errare to wander.] 1. "Wan- dering ; straying from the right way. 2. Abnormal. — ab-er'rance (-Sns), ab-er'ran-cy (-Sn-sl), n. ab^er-ra'tion (Sb^er-a'shlln), n. 1. A wandering ; devia- tion, esp. from what is right, natural, or typical. 2. Men- tal disorder. 3. Aatron. A small periodical apparent change of position in the stars and other heavenly bodies, due to the effect of the motion of li^ht and the motion of the ob- server. 4. Optics. Convergence to different foci, by a lens or mirror, of rays of light emanating from the same point, or deviation of such rays from a single focus. a-bet' (o-bSf), V. t. ; a-bbt'tbd ; a-bet'tino. [fr. OF. abeter; a (L. ad) -\- beter to bait (as a bear).] To insti- gate, encourage, support, or uphold, as by aid or counte- nance ; — now chiefly in a bad sense. — a-beVment, n. a-bet'ter, a-bet'tor (d-bSt^r), n. One who abets. Syn. Abettor, accbssort, accomplice, confederate, conspirator. In legal use these words import guilt in common. Confederate is applied to any person who in- tentionally contributes to the commission of any unlawful act. Of civil joint wrongdoers the usual term is conspira- tor. An ACCESSORY is one who accedes to, or becomes in- volved iUj the guilt by some act either previous or subse- quent to its commission, as of instigating, aiding, conceal- ing, etc. An ABETTOR IS one actually or constructively present at the commission of the deed and contributing to it by moral or physical force. An accomplice is one who with criminal intent i>aTticipates in the commission of an offense, whether as principal, abettor, or accessory. ! ABLUTION a-boy'ance (d-ba'SnB),n. [fr. OF., fr. a (L. ad)-^baerf beer, to gape, expect.] 1. Law. Expectancy; condition of being undetermined. 2. Suspension; temporary suppression. ab-bom'l-na-ble (Sb-h5m'I-nd-b*l), a. Old spelling of abouinable. abhor' (Sb-h9r'), v. t. ; -hoerbd' (-hSrd') ; -hor'eing. [L. abhorrere ; ab + horrere to bristle, shudder.] 1. To shrink with shuddering from ; detest to extremity. 2. TofiUwitb horror or disgust. O&f.— Syn. See hate. ab-bor'ronce (-li5r''gnB), n. Act or state of abiiorring. ab-hor'rent (-^nt), a. 1. Having or showing abhorrence ; loathing, 2, Contrary or repugnant ; — followed by to. a. a. — a-bld'ing-ly, adv. Ab'i-gail (Sbl-gal), n. 1. Feminine proper name. 2. [/.c] A lady's waiting maid. Cf. 1 Sam. xxv. 24-31. a-bil'l-ty (d-bTl'I-tl), n.; pi. -ties (-tiz). [fr. F.,fr. L. habililas aptitude, ability, fr. kahilis. See able.] Quality or state of being able ; power to perform ; capacity ; suffi- ciency of strength, skill, etc. ; in p^., faculty, talent. — Syn. Energy, strength ; capability, efficiency, aptitude. ab'Ject (Sb'jSkt), a. [X. o6jectos,p. p. oiabjieere to throw away ; ah-^jacere to throw.] 1. Cast down ; low-lying. Oba. or Archaic. 2. Sunk to a low condition ; cast down in spirit or hope. — Syn. Mean, groveling, cringing^lavisb, ignoble, vile, beggarly. — n. An abject person. Rare. — — ab']ect-ly, adv. — ab'Ject-noss, n. — ab-]ec'tion (Sb- jSk'shfln), n. _ ab-Jure' (Sb-joor'), v. t. & i. ; -JURED' (-joord') ; -jue'iho. [L. afeytiTore to deny on-oath ;a6+j'wrare to swear.] 1. To renounce upon oath ; forswear ; disavow. 2. To renounce with solemnity ; recant ; abandon ; repudiate. — Syn. See renounce. — ab'ja-ra'tlon (ab/j6b-ra'shun ; 86), n. ab-la'tlon (-la'shftn), n. [L. ablatio, f r, ablatus, p, p. of au- Jerre to carry away.] A taking away ; removal. ab'Ia-tlve (Sb'ld-ttv), a. [fr. F., fr. L. ablativus, fr. abla- tus, p. p.] Designating, or pert, to, a case of the noun in Latin and Sanskrit, fundamentally implying esp. removal^ or direction away. — n. The ablative case, or a form in it. ablaut (aplout), n. [G. , off-sound.] The variation of the root vowel in different forms of the same word, indicating a change of use or meaning ; as in get, gat, got. a-blaze' (d-blSz'), cuiv. <& a. On fire ; gleaming ; ardent. -a-ble (-d-b'l), -1-ble (-T-b'J), or -ble. [F., fr. L. -abUiSy -ibilis, -bilis.'] A suffix used to form adjectives, and mean- ing: 1. Capahleo/being,fittobe,worthytobe{&ct&6\rpon in a certain way) ; — now the usual sense in English. Examples : apprehensi&Ze, capable of being apprehended; desirad/e, worthy of being desired ; lo-vable,Jit to be, or worthy of being, loved ; breaka6/e, capable of being broken. 2. Able to, capable of, capable of causing, productive of, characterized by ; also, inclining to, liable to, subject to. Examples : dura6/e, able to endure ; pleasurad/e, capable of causing pleasure, productive of pleasure ; peaceal»/e, in- clined to peace, characterized by peace ; perisba^/e, liable t o per ish; vmtable, capable of, or subject to, mutation. |^^~* The form -able, originally in words formed on Latin verbs in -are, is now used with native English verbs and nouns ; -ible occurs mostly with words directly from Latin verbs in -ere, -ire. See Rules for Spelling, §§ H, 28. aHble (a'b'l), a.; a'bler (a'bler) ; a'blest (a'blSst; 24). [OP., fr. L. habilis easily held or managed, apt, fr. habere to have, hold.] 1. Having sufficient power, force, skill, etc.; competent; capable. 2. Having intellectual qualifi- cations, or strong mental powers ; talented ; clever. — v. t. To vouch for ; warrant. Obs. a'ble-bodled (-bSd'Td ; 109), u. Having a sound, strong body; physically competent. able-gate (SbHe-gat), n. [L. ablegatus, p. p., sent away.] R. C. Ch. A representative of the Pope charged with im- portant commissions in foreign countries. ab-ln'tlon (Sb-lu'shfin), n. [L. ablutio, fr. abluere to wash away; a6 + ^«ere to wash.] 1. A washing or cleansing; specifically, washing of the person, or some part of it, as a religious rite. 2. The liquid used in cleansing. ale, senate, c&re, &in, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, find, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, drb 5dd sdft, connect ; use, finite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, fd&t; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ink; tben, thin- ABLY a'bly (a'bll), adv. In an able manner ; with ability. ab'ne-gate (fiVuS-gat), v. t. ; -oat^ed (-gat'3d) ; -GAiyiNO. [L. abnegatus^ p. p. of abnegare ; ab -\- negare to deny,] To deny and reject ; abjure. — ab'ne-ga'Uon (-ga'shilu), n. aTt-noi/lIial (Sb-u&r'mSI), a. [for earlier anonnal^ fr. F., derir. of Gr. avcdjutaAof. Confused with L. abnorrals.^ Not conformed to rule or system ; deviating from the type ; irregular. — ab'nor-mal'l-ty (Sb'uSr-mai'I-tT), n. — ab- nor'mal-ly, adv. — ab-nor'ml-ty (-ml-tT), n. a-board' (d-bord' ; 57), adv. 1. On board ; into or within a boat or railroad car. 2. Alongside. —^rep. Onboard of. a-bode' (d-bod'),pre^ Higher in rank or power. — prep. 1. In or to a higher place than ; higher than ; over. 2. Fig., higher than ; superior to ; surpassing ; beyond. 3. Surpassing in number or quantity ; more than. Syn. Above, over, on, upon. Above, over, and on {upon) differ in that on {upon) always implies contact, while over and above allow an interval* Over implies verticality, above may or may not. Thus, the entire second story ox a building is above, but only a small part of it is directly over, one who stands on [upon) the ground floor. Upon and 071 are generally^racticaliy absolute synonyms ; upon is the more emphatic word, but the choice is often deter- mined by considerations of euphony alone. ^ a. Being above ; that is, situated, placed, said, written, mentioned, or the like, above. — n. Something above. a-bove'board^ (-bord''; 57), adv. & a. Above the board or table ; hence, in open sight ; without trick or concealment. ab^ra-ca-dab'ra (Sb^rd-ko-dSb'rd), n. [L.] l. A mystical word or collocation of letters ar- abracadabra ranged in a certain triangular way, abracauabr used aa a charm. 2. Something abbacadap meaningless; jargon. ab-rade' (Sb-rad'), v. t. ; -rad'ed (-rad'Sd); -rad'inq. [L. abradere, -rasum, to scrape off; afi + radei-e to scrape.] To rub off; wear away by friction. — ab-rad'er (-er), n. a A'bra-bam (a'brd-hitm), n. [Heb.] Bib. The first patri- arch, founder of the Hebrew race. Gen. xi. ff. ab-ra'Slon (Sb-ra'zh«n), n. [h. abrasio, fr. abradere to abrade.] Act of abrading; also, an abraded place. ab-ra'slve (-siv), a. Tendingtoabrade. — n. A substance used for abrading ; aa, emery is an abrasive. a-breast' (d-brSsf), adv, 1. Side by side. 2. Up to a certain level or line; equally advanced. a-brldgO' (d-briJO, V. ;.; A-BRiDGED'(a-brTjd'); A-BBiDo'iNa. [fr. OF., fr. L. abbreviare ; ad (or ab) -\- breviare to shorten, brevis short.] To shorten; lessen; diminish ; curtail ; spe- cifically, to shorten or contract by uaing fewer words, while still retaining the sense; condense. — Syn. Epitomize, contract, compress ; diminish, reduce. a-brldg'ment (-mSnt), n. l. Act of abridging ; state of be- ing abridged. 2. Something produced by abridging; dim- inution ; reduction ; compend. -~ Syn. See compendium. a-broach' (d-broch'), adv. 1. Broached ; in a condition for letting out liquor. 2. Hence, afoot; astir. a-broad'(fl-br8d'),o;rfv. 1. At large; widely; broadly. 2. Out- side a certain confine; as: a Outdoors: b Outside of a country ; in foreign countries. 3. Astray ; wide of the mark. ab'ro-gato(Sb'ro-gat),'i'. i.;-GAT'ED(-gat/Sd);-GAT'iNO. [L. abrogatus, p. p. of abrogare ; ab -\- rogare to ask, propose.] To annul by an authoritative act. — Syn. Annul, revoke, repeal. See abolish. — abTo-ga'tion (-ga'shftn), n. ab-rupt' (5b-rQpf), a. [L. abruptv^, p. p. of abrumpere to break off ; a& -)- rumpere to break.] 1. Rising or descend- ing sharply from a given surf ace or level. 2. Sudden;ha8ty. 3. Having sudden transitions ; unconnected; broken. Syn, — Rough, curt, brusque, blunt, unceremonious : dis- connected, broken ; sheer, perpendicular, vertical, sharp. — Abrupt, steep, precipitous. Abrupt applies to a sur- face (as an acclivity or declivity) which rises or descends at a sharp pitch or angle. Stebp implies auch an angle as renders ascent, less frequently descent, difficult. Pre- cipitous suggests an angle approximately vertical. ^n. An abrupt place. Poetic. ab-rnp'tlon (-rQp'shfin), n. A sudden breaking off. ab-rapt'ly , adv. In an abrupt manner. — abruptly pinnate, Bnt., pinnate without an odd leaflet at the end. ab-rupt'neSB, n. State or quality o{<* being abrupt. Ab'8a-loni(ab's(i-l»m),'Ti. [L.,fr.Heb.] In the Bible, King David's favorite, but Abruptly Pinnate rebellious, son. See 2 Sam. xviii. Leaf. natsu^^i verdure (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50J ; boN ; yet ; zh — z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Bxplttnatlonsot^AbbrevlatloiiB, Slffns, etc, precede Vocabularr. U Forelfrn Word, -t- combined with. = equals. ABSCESS ^ ab'SOess (Sb'sSa), n. [L. abscessus, lit., a going away, deriv. of aft, abs -j- ceaere to go off.] A collection of pus in the body, usually due to injury, poisoning, or infectiou. ab-aclS'sa (Sb-sls'a), n. ; pi. £. -bas (-az), L. -sm (-ej. [From fern, of L. absoissus, p. p. of abscindere to cut oil ; ab -|- scindere to cut.] Geom. One of the elements of reference by which a point, aa of a curve, is referred to a system of fixed rectilineal coordinate axes. ab-Bcis'sion (-slzh'un), n, [L. abscissio.^ Act or fact of cutting off, or putting an end to ; state of being cut off. ab-SCOnd' (-skSnd'), v, i. [L. abscondere to hide ; ab, abs ~{- conffere tolayup.] 1. To hide. i2. 2. To depart cUmdeft- tinely; steal off and secrete one's self. — at>-8C0nd'er, n. aVaence (Sb's^s), n. [F., fr. L. absentia.] 1. State or time of being absent ; — opp. to presence. 2. Want; lack. 3. Inattention to things present; abstraction (of mind). ab'sent (-sgnt), o. [F., fr. L. absens, absentis, p. pr. of aficwe to be away from ; ab -[- esse \,o^b.'\ 1. Being away; withdrawn; not present. 2. Not existing; lacking. 3. In- attentive to what is passing ; absent-minded. Syn. Musing, dreaming, lost. —Absent, abstbacted, PREOCCUPIED denote a want of attention to one's surround- ings. Absent implies an unconscious wandering of one's thoughts from present topics ; as, he was so absent that he heard nothing. Abstracted suggests a positive drawing off of the mind trom present thiogs to some weighty mat- ter for reflection ; as, abstracted in speculation. Preoccu- pied suggests absence of attention due to previous absorp- tion in a more engrossing thought or pursuit ; as, he was so preoccupied that he spoke mechanically to me. ab-sent' (Sb-sgnf), v. t. To withdraw (one's self) to such a d istance as to prevent intercourse. — ab-sent'er, n. ab'Sdn-toe' (Sb'sen-te'), n. One absent, as from his coun- try, office, post, or specif., from the district where he owns an estate. — al^fieii-tee'lsin (-Tz'm), n. ab'aent-ly, adv. in an absent or inattentive manner. ab'aent-mind^ed (Sb^s^t-min^dSd ; 109), a. Being in a temporary state, or having a habit, of mind in which one fails to respond to the ordinary demands on his attention. ab'Bintb \{Si/aiuth; F.&psisV),n. ['P. absinthe.^ 1. Ab- ab'slntbe f sinthium. 2. A green alcoholic liquor con- taining oils of wormwood and anise, and other aromatics. ab-Sln'thl-um (^stn'thT-j^m), n. [L.,fromGr. a.^ivOiov.'] The common wormwood. ab'so-lute (Sb'so-lut), a. [L. absolutus, p. p. of absolvere. See ABSOLVE.] 1. Absolved. Obs. 2. Perfect; com- plete. 3. Free from mixture; simple; pure. 4- Free from limit, restriction, or qualification ; as, absolute mon- arch ; absolute veto. 6- Free from relation to something else ; esp., free from the variability and error natural to human cognitions and perceptions; hence, actual; real. 6. Gram. Standing apart from its usual construction with another word or words ; as, the ablative absolute; " ours " is the absolute form of " our." 7. Positive ; certain; also, authoritative ; peremptory. Rare. — Syn. See pure. — aVso-lnte-ly, adv. — ab'so-lnte-ness, ». ab'^SO-lu'tion (-lu'sbi2n), n. 1. Act of absolving; forgive- ness. 2. Remission of sin in the sacrament of penance. ab'SO-lat'ism (Sb'sd-luVTz'm), n. state or quality of being absolute, or without limitation or condition. ab'ao-lut^lst (-1st), n. One who favors an absolute or auto- cratic government. — al^so-la-tls'tlc (-lu-tls'ttk), a. ab-BOlve' (5b-851v'), V. t. ; -SOLVED' (-s31vd') ; -solv'ing. [L. absolvere; ab -f- solvere to loose.] 1. To set free, or release, as from an obligation or from the consequences of guilt; pronounce free. 2- To free from involving a pen- alty ; pardon ; remit (a sin). 3. To finish. Obs. — Syn. See EXCULPATE. — ab-solv'a-ble, a. — ab-80lT'er, n. ab-BOrb' (-s8rb'), v. t. [L. absorbere; ab-\-sorbere to suck in.] 1. To swallow up ; engulf. 2. To suck up ; drink or take in ; imbibe. 3. To engross wholly ; occupy fuUy. — ab-sorb'a-ble, a. — ab-sorVa-biH-t7t n. ab-BOrbed' (-sdrbd'), p. a. Swallowed up ; engrossed. ab-BOrb'ent (-sdr'bgnt), a. Absorbing; swallowing; ab- sorptive, —n. Anything which absorbs. ab-aorb^lng (-bTng), p. a. That absorbs ; engrossing. ab-sorp'tion (-sdrp'sh^n), n. [L. ahsorptio.'] Act of ab- sorbing ; fact or state of being absorbed. ab-sorp'tlve (-ttv), a. Able or tending to absorb. ab-Staln' (-stan'), v. i. [fr. OF., fr. L. abstinere, abstentum^ to keep from ; oft, abs -|- ienere to hold.] To hold one's self aloof ; forbear voluntarily. — ab-staui'er (-er), n. Syn. Withhold, desist. —Abstain, refrain agree in the ABUSE idea of a self-imposed check or arrest upon action. Zo ab- stain is deliberately to withhold one's self from an object or action, often implying that indulgence would be hurtful or wrong. Refrain is not so emphatic as abstain, and ap- plies less often to the appetites or passions. It often im- plies the checking of a momentary impulse or inclination or often merely voluntary nonperformance ; as, to refrain from laughter. ab-ate'ml-OUB (Sb-ste'ml-^), a. [L. abstemius.'] 1. Spar- ing in diet; temperate; abstinent. 2. Sparingly or temper- ately used. 3. Marked by, or spent in, abstinence. — ab- ste'ml-oiis-lv, adv. — ab-ste'mi-ouB-ness, n. ab-Bten'tion (-stSn'shfin), n. [F.] Act of abstaining. ab-Bterg^e' (-atfirj'), V. t [L. abstergerct abstersum, to wipe away.] To clean by wiping; cleanse. Hare. — ab-Ster'- Blon (-stQr'shfin), n. — ab-stor'slve (-slv), a. — ab-ster'- sive-nesB, n. ab'atl-nence (Sb'etT-n^s), n. [F. , f r. L. ahsiinentia, tt. ab- stinere. See abstinent.] Act or practice of abstaining ; abstention ; voluntary forbearance, esp. from indulgence of appetite or propensities. Specifically, habitual abstaining from intoxicating beverages, or total abstinence. Syn. Abstinsnoe and temperance express restraint in the gratification of appetites or passions, esp. in reference to strong drink, and are often used as convertible, though temperance more exactly implies habitual moderation. ab^atl-nent (-n^nt), a. [F., fr. L. obstiTiens, p. pr. See ab- stain.] Refraining from indulgence, esp. of appetite ; ab- stemious. — ab'stt-nent-ly* adv. ab'Stract (Sb'strSkt), a. [L. abstractus, p. p. of abstra^ he-re to draw from, separate ; a6, abs + trahere to draw.] 1. ''^nsidered apairt from any particular object; as, ab- straci truth. Hence : Ideal ; abstruse ; difficult. 2. Ex- pressing a quality apart from any subject; as, '^honesty," *' whiteness," are abstract words. 3. Absent-minded. — n. 1. That which comprises or concentrates in itself the es- sential qualities of a larger thing or of several things ; sum- mary; epitome, as of a book; brief. 2. State of aepara- tionfrom other things. 3. An abstract term ; also, an ab- stract idea. — Syn. Synopsis, digest. See compendium. ab-Stract' (ab-strSkf), v. t. l. Xo withdraw; separate; take away. 2. To separate mentally, as ideas; consider separately, as a quality. 3. To epitomize; summarize; abridge. 4. To take secretly or dishonestly ; purloin. ab-Stract'ed,^. a. 1. Separated ; withdrawn. 2. Absent in mind. — Syn. See absent. — ab-Btract'ed-ly, adv. ab-Strac'tlon (-strSk'sbftn), n. 1. Act of abstracting ; state of being abstracted. 2. A separation from worldly ob- jects ; a recluse life. 3. That which is abstracted ; hence, an abstract idea or term ; loosely, a theory. 4. Absence of mind. — ab-strac'tlve (-ttv), o. ab'Stract-ly (Sb'strSkt-lT), adv. In an abstract state or manner ; separately ; absolutely ; by itself. ab'stract-ness, n._Quality or state of being abstract. ab-Btmse' (Sb-stroos'), a. [L. abstrusus, p. p. of abstru- (f ere to conceal ; aft, a6j-fir«derc to thrust-] 1. Hidden. 065. 2. Difficult to be understood ; recondite. — Syn. See BEcoNDrrE. — ab-strnsely, adv. — aJb-BtruBe'nesB, n. ab-snrd' (Sb-aQrd'), a. [L. absurdus harsh-sounding, in- congruous, absurd.] Contrary to reason or propriety ; obviously and flatly opposed to truth ; nonsensical; ridicu- louB. — Syn. Irrational, preposterous, inconsistent. — ab- Bnrdl7, adv. — ab-snrd'nesB, n. ab-snid'i-ty (-sflr'dT-tl), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). 1. Quality or state of being absurd. 2. That which is absurd. a-ban'dance (d-bGn'dSns), n. [fr. F., fr. L. abundaniia, fr. abundare. See abound.] An overflowing fullness; great plenty ; profusion ; copious supply. a-bim'dant (-dSnt), a. [fr. F,, fr. L. almndans^ p. pr. See ABOUND.] Fully sufficient ; plentiful ; copious in sup- ply. —Syn. Ample, plenteous, exuberant, overflowing, profuse, bountiful. See plentiful. — a-bon'dant-ly, adv. a-bnae' (a-buz'), v. t. ; a-bused' (-buzd') ; a-bus'ing (-buz'- Tng). [fr. F., fr. L. abusus, p. p. of abuti to abuse ; ab + uti to use.] 1. To put to a wrong or bad use ; misapply; misuse ; pervert. 2. To use ill ; maltreat. 3. To revile ; reproach coarsely; disparage. 4. To dishonor. —Syn! Revile, vilify, vituperate, asperse, traduce, malign. a-bUBe'(d-bus'),n. [F. a6w.!.] 1. Improper treatment or use; misuse. 2. Physical ill treatment ; injury. 3. Evil practice or custom ; offense ; fault. 4. Vituperative words ; coarse, insulting speech ; reviling. Syn. Berating, rating, scolding, vilification, contumely, ale, senate, c&re, &m, wccount, arm, ask, sof^ ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old obey Srb fidH adft, connect ; use, Unite, iim, up, clrcuB, menii; fd5d, foot; out, oil; chair; e^i sing, ink; itben thin- ABUSER insult, acurrility. — Abuse^ vitupkration,oblo(jdt, objub- QATioN, INVECTIVE. Abose IS generally prompted by auger aud is vented iu harsb or scurrilous words : as^ abuse is al- ways unjustifiable. Vituperation suggests the overwhelm- ing of some oue with a torrent of abuse. Obloquv denotes calumnious or censorious speech, such as tends to bring disgrace upon its object; as, ne was crushed by the obloquy his mistake brought upon him. Objurqation applies to a sharp berating or scolding ; invective, rather to a vehe- luent aud bitter denunciation, which is often public, and may be in a good cause and expressed in refined language. a-biis'er (d-buz'erj, n. Oue who abuses. a-bu'slve (d-bu'siv)^ a. 1. Wrongly used ; misapplied. 2. Practicing abuse ; prone to maltreat, as by insulting words. 3. Containing, orserving for, abuse ; vituperative ; scurrilous. — a-bu'sive-ly, adv. — a-bu'slve-ness, n. a-but' (d-bQf ), V. i. ; a-but'ted ; a-bot'tihg. [fr. OF., fr. o- (L. ad) + OF. hoi&i\ bitter ^ to push.] To end or border ; to be contiguous ; — with on, upon^ or against. a-but'ment (-mSnt), n. l. Act or state of abutting. 2. That on which a body abuts ; specifically, the part of a buttress, wall, etc., which receives lateral pressure ; iu a bridge, the support at either end of the entire bridge. a-bnttal (-fil), n. The butting or boundary of lauds. a-but'ting, p. a. That abuts. — Syn. See adjacent. a-by' i (d-bi'), V. t. cfc i. ; prei. & p. p. a-bocght' (d-b8t'). a-byo' J [AS. abycgan to pay for ; S- + tycgan to buy.] To pay, suffer, or atone, for ; make amends for. Archaic. a-bysm' (d-bTz'm'), n. [fr. OF. deriv. of L. abysms. See abyss.] An abyss. — a-bys'mal (d-btz'm<£l), a. B-byS8' (o-bls'), n. [L. ahyssus^ fr. Gr. afSucro-o? bottom- less ; a- not -f- ^vcrcro; bottom.] 1. The bottomless gulf or chaos of old cosmogonies ; hell ; hence, any deep, im- measurable space ; abysm. 2. A vast intellectual or moral depth. — V. t. To engulf. Rare. — a-byss'al {-Q\\a. Ab'yB-sin'l-an (aVT-sTnt-fin), a. & n. See -an. a-ca'cla (a-ka'&bd),n. [L., fr. Gr. aKaKia, orig., a thorny tree found in Egypt.] 1. Bot. Any of a genus {Acadia) of trees and shrubs of warm regions. Some species pro- duce valuable gums. 2. Gum arable. ac'a-deme' (Sk^d-dem' ; Sk'd-dem), n. An academy ; spe- cifically [cap.], the Academy. Poetic. ac^a-dem'lc (-dSmtk) l a. 1. Belonging to an academy ac'a-dem'1-cal (-i-k&l) J or higher institution of learning ; scholarly ; literary or classical, rather than technical or sci- entific. 2. Conforming to scholastic traditions or rules ; formal. — Syn. See bcholaelt. — a&'a-dem'l-oal-ly, adv. ac^a-dem'lc, n. A member of an academy (esp. def . 1 or 2). ac^a-deml-cals (-T-killz), n. pi. Dress prescribed and worn at some colleges and universities. a-cad'e-inl'clan (d-kSd^e-mTsh'^En), n. A member of an academy. See acadeatt, n., 4. a-cad'e-my (d-kSd'e-mt)^ n. ;pl. -MIES (-miz). [fr. F., fr. L. acad&mia^ Gr. aKaSi^/aeta.] 1. {cap.'] A grove near Athens where Plato and his followers held their philo- sophical conferences. 2 An institution for the study of higher learning; popularly, a school ranking between a common school and a college. 3. A place of training in any subject ; a school. 4. A society of learned men united to advance the arts and sciences, or an art or a science. A-Ca'dl-an (d-ka'dl-ffin), a. Of or pertaining to Acadia, or Nova Scotia, — often with an implication of pastoral sim- plicity. — n. A native or inhabitant of Acadia. ao^a-leph (5k'd-l6f ) 1 n. [fr.Gr. axaA^^ir nettle.] Any one ac'a-lephe (-lef ) ( of a group of invertebrates including the jellyfishes and their allies. a-can'thua (d-kSn'thSs), n. ; pi. B. -thuses (-Sz ; 24), L. -THi (-thi). [L., fr. Gr. aKav9o's.'] 1. Any of a genus {Acanthus) of prickly herblike plants of the Mediterra- nean region. 2- A form of architectural ornamentation thought to be studied from the leaves of the acanthus. The Corinthian capital offers the best type. a-cat^a-lec'tlc (d-kSfd-lSk'tlk), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. oko- toAtjkto?; a- not -\- KaraK-qyeiv to cease.] Pros. Not de- fective, esp. in the last foot. -^n. An acatalectic verse. ac^aa-lea'cent (5k/8-lSs'gnt), a. [a- not + caulescent.'] Bot. Having no true stem or axis, or only a very short one concealed in the ground. — ac'an-les'cence (-^ns), n. ac-cede' (Sk-sed'), v. i. ; -ced'ed (-sed'Sd) ; -ced'ino. [L. accedere to approach, accede; ad + cedere to move, yield.] 1. To enter on an office or dignity ; attain. 2. To give one's adhesion ; hence, to agree ; assent. Syn, Consent, concur, comply, yield, conform. — Aocbdb, ' nature, verdure (87) ; K = cli in G. ich, acTi (50) ; boN; yet; zh= z in aa ExBlanatlona of Abbwvlatlous, Sisns, etc, precede Vocabuljuy. U Forelffu ExplBnatlons ) ACCIDENCE AOQDIEBOE. AcoEDB Implies a yielding of adhesion or as- sent; as, he acceded to my request. AC9UIBSCE implies tacit acceptance, or forbearance of opposition ; as, he ac- qwiesced in the denial of his request. ao-cel'er-ate (Sk-sSl'er-at), v. t. & i. ; -at^ed (-af Sd) ; -at'- INO. [L. acceleralus^'^. p. of accelerare; ad-^-celerare to hasten, celer quick.] 1. To move faster ; quicken ; — op- posed to retard. 2. To quicken the natural progression or process of. 3- To hasten, as tlie occurrence of an event. — syn. Expedite, dispatch, forward, advance, further. — ac-ceFer-a'tion (-a'shi^), n. — ac-cel'er-a-tive (-a-ttv), a. — aC'CeFer-a^tor (-a'ter), n. a-to-ry (-d-t6-rl), a. ac'oent (Sk'sSnt), n. [F., fr. L. aceentus (translation of Gr. Trpoo-uifiia, cf. PROSODY) ; ad + cantus a singing.] 1. A special articulative efiort giving prominence to a syllable of a word or a phrase. 2. A mark or character used to regulate pronunciation ; esp. : a A mark to indicate the nature and place of the spoken accent, b A mai'k to in- dicate the length or quality of sound of the letter marked. 3. Modulation of the voice in speaking; manner of pro- nouncing; tone. 4. A word; pl.^ language; speech. 6. Music. A stress or special emphasis, or a mark indi- cating such ; esp., a regularly recurring stress on a tone. 6. Distinctive mode of expression ; a distinguishing mark. ac-cent' (Sk-sSnf ), v. t. 1. To express the accent of ; utter or mark with accent. 2. To emphasize. ac-cen'tU-al (-sSn'lja-ftl), a. Of or pertaining to accent; characterized or formed by accent. _ ac-cen'tu-ate (-at), v. t. ; -at^bd (-afSd) ; -at/ing. [LL. accentuatv^^ p. p. of acceniuare.'\ To pronounce or mark with an accent or with accents ; emphasize. — ac-ceu'tU- a'tlon (-a'sh^n), n. ac-cept' (5k-BSpt')i'U.'' [fr. F.,fr. L. a^ceptare^ freq.of aeci- pere; ad + capere to take.] 1. To receive (a thing offered) with a consenting mind. 2. To receive with favor; approve. 3. To assent to. 4- To understand. 5. To receive as oblig- atory and promise to pay, as a draft. — Syn. See take. ac-ce^t'a-ble (Sk-sSp'td-b'l), a. Capable, worthy, or sure of being accepted ; agreeable ; welcome. — ac-cept^a-bU'- 1-ty, ac-cept'a-ble-ness, n. — ac-cept'a-bly, adv. ac-cepVance (-tSns), n. 1. Act of accepting; esp., favor- able reception ; approval. 2. State or quality of being ac- cepted ; acceptableness. 3. An accepted bill of exchange. ac-cept'an-cy (Sk-sSp'tSn-sT), n. Acceptance. ac-c^t'ant (-t^nt), a. Accepting ; receiving. ac^cep-ta'tlon (Sk^sgp-ta/shun), n. 1. Acceptance. Obs. or Archaic. 2. The meaning in which a word or expres- sion is understood, or generally received. ac-cept'eiT fSk-sS^ter), n. Oue who accepts, ac-cep'tor (-sSp'ter; -tSr), n. One who accepts; specifi- cally, one who accepts an order or a bill of exchange. ac'cess (Sk'sSs; Sk-sSs'), n. [F. acc&s, L. accessus, fr. acce- dere. See ACCEDE.] 1. Act of coming to or near ; admis- sion ; accessibility. 2. Means, place, or way of approach; passageway. 3. Increase by addition; accession. 4. An attack of disease. 6. A paroxysm; outburst. A Gallicism. ac-ces'sa-ry (Sk-sSs'd-rT), a. <& n.' Accessory. flS^ Etymologically the noun, or substantive, is prima- rily accessary and the adjective is accessory; but present usage favors accessory for both. See accessory. — ac-ces'sa-rl-ly (-rt-iT), adv. — ac-ces'sa-rt-ness, n. ac-ces'Sl-ble (-T-b'l), a. 1. Easy of access ; approach- able. 2. Open to influence ; — with to. 3. Obtainable. — ac-ces's!-bil'l-ty (-bTl't-tT), n. — ac-ces'sl-bly, adv. ac-ces'slon (-sSsh'iin), n. [L. accessio."] 1. A coming to; act of acceding and becoming joined. 2. Increase by something added; that which is added. 3. Act of com- ing to a throne, oflSce, or dignity. 4. A fit or paroxysm ; access. — Syn. Addition, augmentation, enlargement. ac-ces'SO-ry (-sSs'fi-rl), a. [LL. accessorius. See access.] Accompanying as a subordinate; aiding or contributing in a secondary way; esp., of persons, uniting in, or contrib- uting to, a crime, but not as chief actor. — Syn. Contribu- tory, subsidiary, subservient, additional, ^n.; pi. -ribs (-riz). 1. Something additional and subordinate ; adjunct. 2. Law. One who, not being present, contributes to the commission of an offense, or one who, knowing a crime has been committed, aids, assists, or shelters the offender with intent to defeat justice. — Syn. See abettor. ac'cl-dence (Sk'st-d^ns), n. [For accidents, pi. of acci- dent (in sense 2).] The accidents, or inflections, of words; the rudiments of grammar, or, fig., of any subject. in Guide. = equals. z in azure. Numbers refer to §( Word* + combined with. ACCIDENT 6 ac'cl-dent (Sk'sl-ddnt), n. [F., f r. L. acddens^ -dentia, p. pr. of accidere to happen ; ad + cadere to fall.] 1. Lit., a befalling; an event that takes place without one's foresight or expectation; chance; contiugency, often of an unfortu- nate character ; casualty ; mishap. 2. Gram. A property of a word, but one not essential to it, as gender. 3. Any accidental property, fact, or relation ; a uonesaential. Syn. Mischance, misfortune ; disaster, calamity, catas- trophe. — Accident, casvaltv designate an unforeseen oc- currence, usually untoward or diaastroua. Casualty is usually confined to mischances involving bodily injury ; ACCIDENT is more general ; as, the casualty ward in a hos- pital ; an accident to a locomotive. See quality. ac'cl-den'tal (-dSn'tftl), a. 1. Happening by chance, or unexpectedly; casual; fortuitous. 2. Nonessential; not necessarily belonging ; incidental. Syn. Undesigned, unintended, chance, unforeseen, un- expected, unpremeditated ; acceaaory, collateral, second- ary, subordinate ; extrinsic^ extraneous, additional, adaci- titious ; dependent, conditional. — Accidental, inciden- tal, CASUAL, FORTUITOUS. ACCIDENTAL applies to that which happens without design, or whoUy-outaide the regu- lar course of things ; as, an accidental meeting. Inciden- tal implies a reaiand, it may be, even a designed relation, but one secondary and nonessential ; as, an incidental re- sult. C ASUAL suggests entire absence of prearrangement or premeditation, and relative unimportance; as, a casual glimpse. Fortuitous applies to that which occurs with- out known cause, or is regarded as the result of chance ; as, &/ortuitous concourse of atoms. — n. 1. A property not essential; a nonessential, 2. Mu- sic. A sharp, fiat, or natural, changing the pitch of a note to one foreign to the key of the piece or passage. — ac^- cl-den'tal-ly, adv. — ac^cl-den'tal-ness, n. ac-cip'l-tralCSk-slfp't-trSl}, a. Like or pert, to a hawk. ac-claim' (ft-klam'), v. t. [L. acdamare ; ad + clamare to cry out.] 1. To applaud. 2- To declare or proclaim by acclamations. 3. To shout; call out loudly. — v.i. To shout applause. — n. Acclamation. — ac-clalm'er, n. ac^Cla-ma'tion(Sk/la-ma'shitn),n. [Xi. acclamatio.'] 1. Act of acclaiming ; that which is uttered in acclaiming ; loud applause. 2. In parliamentary usage, act or method of vot- ing orally. — ac-clam'a-to-ry (S-klSm'd-tfi-rlt), a. ac-cU'mate (S.-kWrntt), v. t. as i.; -uat-ed (-ma-tSd) ; -BfAT-iNQ. [fr. F., fr. h (L. ad) -\- elimat climate.] To ha- bituate or to become inured to a climate not native ; acclimatize. — ac-oli'mat-a-ble, a. — ac-cU^nui-ta'tion (-mo-ta'sht^n), n. — ac'cll-ma'tlou fSk^lI-ma'ahi^n), n. — ac-cU'ma-tize (ft-kli'md-tlz), v. t. & i. ; -tized (-tizd) ; -Ti2'iNa(-tiz'Ing). tl-za'tion (-tt-za'shl£n ; -ti-za'-), n. ac-OllV'1-ty (a-kllvT-tl), n. ; pi. -TIBS (-tTz). [L. accHvi- tas^ fr. accliviSf acclivns,, acclivous ; ad ~\- clivus hill.] A slope of the earth, as a hill, considered as ascending ; ascent ; — opposed to declivity. ac-cli'VOUB ((i-kli'vQa), a. [L. acclivus."] Sloping upward. ac^co-lade' (Sk/S-lad'; -lad'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. accollare to embrace ; L. ad-\-eolbmi neck.] Lit., an embrace; specifically, a salutation used in conferring knighthood, consisting in an embrace, a kiss, or, now usually, a tap on the shoulders with the fiat blade of a sword. ao-OQin'mo-date (££-k5m'd-dat), v. ^/-dat'ed (-dafSd); -dat'ing. [L. accommodatHS,^. p. of accommodare ; ad-\~ commodare to make fit, help ; con- ~\- modus measure, pro- portion.] 1. To render fit or correspondent ; adapt ; con- form. 2. To jriug into agreement ; reconcile ; adjust. 3. To furnish with something desired, needed, or con- venient ; oblige. — Syn* Suit, arrange. See conform. ac-Com'mo-daVlng, p. a. Affording, or disposed to afEord, accommodation ; obliging. — ac-GOm'mo-wlt'lng-ly, odi/. ac-COm^mo-da'tlon (-da'shi^n), n. 1. Act of accommodat- ing; state of being accommodated ; adaptation ; adjustment. 2. Willingness to accommodate. .3. Whatever supplies a want or affords ease, refreshment, or convenience ; often, in pl.f lodgings and food. 4. Adjustment of differences ; settlement. 6. Commerce. A loan of money or credit. 6. Physiol. The automatic adjustment of the eye for see- ing, or of the tympanic membrane for hearing. ac-com'IIlO-da-tlTe (S-lE5m'o-da-tTv), a. Giving, ortending to give, accommodation. tivo-ness, n. ao-com'pa-nl-er (-kttm'pd-nl-Sr), n. One that accompanies. ac-GOm'pa-nl-meilt (-msnt), n. That which accompanies as a circumstance, or by way of ornament, or to give sym- metry ; MvMc^ a subsidiary part, vocal or instrumental, ac- companying another to enrich or support it. ACCOUTER ac-COIil'pa-IllBt(^ktim'pd-nTat),n. Music, Theperformer who takes the accompanying part, ac-COtn'pa-ny (-nl), v. t. ; -nied (-ntd)^ -hy-ino (-nY-Tng). [fr. OF., fr. a (L. ad) -f- compaigne company.] 1. To at- tend aa a companion ; go along or consort with. 2. Music. To play or sing an accompaniment to or for. Syn. Follow^ convoy, conduct. — Accompany, attend, escort agree m the idea of going with some one. Accom- pany implies companionship ana (usually^ equality of sta- tion ; attend, a waiting upon one (often in a subordinate capacity) in order to serve him if necessary ; escort, at- tendance to give protection or for courtesy or honor. ac-com'pUce (S-k5m'plTa), n. {ac- (perh. for ad-) + com- plice.'] 1. An associate in guilt. See abettor, Syn. 2. A cooperator ; associate. Rare. ac-com'pllsh (-plish), v. t. [OF. acompHr; L. ad -)- com- plere to fill up, complete.] 1. To complete, as time or distance. 2- To bring to a successful issue ; effect ; fulfill. 3. Formerly, toequipthoroughly ; hence, to render accom- plished. — Syn. Do, achieve, perform, carry out; consum- mate, perfect. See effect. — ac-COm'pUsb-a-ble, a. ac-com'pUshed (-plTsht), p. a. 1. Completed ; effected. 2. Complete in acquirements, esp. as the result of training. ac-COm'^llSll-ineilt (-pUsh-m^nt), n. 1. Accomplilihing ; completion ; fiUfillment. 2- That which completes, or equips thoroughly ; that which constitutes an excellence of mind or an elegance of manners, acquired by education or training ; attainmenb. — Syn. See acquirement. ab-compt'(S-kounf; -k5mpt'),ac-compt'a-ble, ac-compt'- ant, etc. Archaic forms of account, etc. ac-OOrd' (ft-k6rd'), v. L [fr. OF., fr. LL. accordare; L. ad -|- cor, cordis^ heart.] 1. To bring to agree ; reconcile; har- monize. 2. To grant as suitable or proper; concede; award. — v.i. To agree; correspond; harmonize. — n. 1. Agree- ment; concurrence; harmony ; specifically, consent; assent. 2. Harmony of sounds ; concord. 3. Voluntary or sponta- neous motion or impulse ; — preceded by own ; as, of one's own accord, — ac-cord'a-ble, a. — ac-cord'er, n. ac-COrd'ance (-kSr^dSne), n. Agreement ; harmony. ac-OOrd'ant (-dSnt), a. Agreeing ; harmonious ; — with wiih or to. — Syn. See consonant. — ac-cord'ant-ly, adv. ac-cord'ing, j7. a. Agreeing ; harmonious. — adv. Accord- ingly. Ohs. — according as, precisely as ; the same as. ac-cord'tng-ly, adv. 1. Agreeably ; suitably ; conformably. 2. In natural sequence ; consequently ; so. ^ — Syn. "Wbere- fore, so, hence, uien. See therefore. ac-cor'dl-on (S-k8r'dI-fin), n. A small, keyed wind instru- ment in which the wind is forced upon free metallic reeds by means'of a bellows. ac-C0St'(a-k5at'; 62), v.«. [fr. F.,fr.LL accoj(are to bring side by side; L. ad-^ casta rib, side.] 1. To approach. Archaic. 2. To apeak to first ; address; greet. II ac^OOUche'meiir (^koosVm'aN')* n. [F.] Delivery in childbed. II ac'COU'Cheur'(4'koo/shfir'), masc. ) n. [F.] An obste- II ac'coU'cheUBe'(&'koo/shQz'),/fim. ] trician. ac-COUnt' (ft-kounf ), v..i, [fr. OF., fr. a (L. ad) -\- center to count, L. computare.'] 1. To credit (to) in an account ; assign ; — with to. Rare. 2. To value ; estimate ; hold ; judge; deem. — v. i. 1. To render, or state the terms of, an account, as of money expended. 2. To answer ; — with/or; as, we must occown/ for our opportunities. 3. To givea satisfactory reason; explain ; — with /or. — n. 1. A reckoning ; computation. 2. A statement of business dealings aubjected to a reckoning or review ; hence, a right or claim the items of which make up such a statement. 3. A statement in general of reasons explanatory of some event. Hence, reason, ground, consideration, motive, or the like ; as, on no account. 4. A statement of facta ; nar- rative ; report. 6. Importance ; worth ; value ; advantage ; profit. — Syn. See narrative. ac-COUnt'a-ble (a-koun'td-b'l), a. 1. Liable to be called to account ; answerable. 2. Capable of being accounted for; explicable.— Syn. See responsible. — ac-count^a- bll'l-ty (-bll'T-tT), ac-counra-ble-nesB, n. — a-Wy, adv. ac-COUnt'an-cy (-tSn-sT), n. Accountant's art or occupation. ac-OOunfant (-tffint), n. 1. One who renders an account. 2. A reckoner; calculator. 3. One who is skilled in, or who keeps or adjusts, accounts. ac-COU'ter 1 (ffi-koo'ter), v. t. ; -tered or -tred (-terd) ; ac-con'tre | -teh-ino or -thing, [fr, F.] To furnish with dress or equipments, esp. for military service; equip. ale, senate, cftre, am, account, krm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, find, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, ftbey, drb, Add, sdft, cSnnect ; use, anite, fim, tip, circus, menii; fdod^fdbt; out, oil; chair; go; sine, iijk; tfaen, thin; ACCOUTERMENT ao-cou'ter-ment ) (S-koo'ter-mSnt), n. 1. pi. Dress; equip- aO'COU'tre-ment I ment. 2. Actorprocessof accoutering; state of being accoutered. ac-cred'it (a-krSd'tt), v. t. [fr. F., fr. it (L. ad) + A writing evi- dencing a discharge ; a receipt in full. a'cre (a'ker), n. [AS. ascer.] A measure of land; 160 square rods, or 43,560 square feet. It equals 40.46 metric ares. a'cre-age (-aj), n. Acres collectively. ac'rid (Sk'rtd), a. [L. acer sharp.] Sharp and harsh, or bitter and hot ; pungent; irritating. — Syn. See sour. — a-crid'l-ty (d-krldl-tl), ac'rid-ness, n. — ac'rld-ly, adv. ac'rl-mo'lll-Olls (Sk'rl-mo'nT-j^s), a. Caustic ; bitter-tem- pered ; sarcastic ; acrid. — ac'H-mo'ni-ons-lyt adv. ac'rl-mo-ny (Sk'rl-mft-nl), n. ;pL -NiES (-nlz). [L. acrimo- nia^ fr. acer sharp.] 1. Corrosiveness ; also, harsh or bit- ing sharpness, as of plant juices. Archaic. 2. Sharpness or severity, as of language or temper. Syn, Bitterness, pungency ; roughness, rudeness, crabbed- ness; sourness, sharpness, astringency.— Acrimony, asper- ity, ACERBITY, TARTNESS agree in the idea of sharpness or bitterness of temper or language. Acrimony suggests a caustic temper and biting, even corrosive, speech. Asper- ity su^ests irritability and resentfulness of disposition, quick to display itself m words. Acerbity characterizes the utterances of one who is sour and embittered ; tart- ness also suggests acidity of speech or temx)er, but often somewhat piquant; as, suffering tinged her speech with acerbity ; in the tartness of her reply he read displeasure. ac'ro-bat (Sk'r$-b5t), n. [F. acrobate, fr. Gr. aKpoparos walking on tiptoe, chmhing aloft ; aKpo^ high -f- paivetv to go.] One who practices daring gymnastic feats. — ac'IO- bat'lc (-bStik), a. — acro-batl-cal-ly (-T-kSi-T) adv. ac'ro-gen (-jSn), n. [Gr. axpos highest, apex, tip -(- -gen.'] Bol. A plant of the highest class of cryptogams, including the ferns, fern allies, mosses, and liverworts. a-crog'e-noUB (d-kr5j'e-nfis), a. [Gr. aicpo? top + -genousJ^ Bot. a Increasing by growth from the summit or apex, fi Pertaining to an acrogen. - — a-croE'e-nons-ly, adv. a-cron'y-cal 1 (d-krSnT-kSl), a. [Gr. a.Ka6wxo To as- sume the office or character of ; play ; personate ; as, to act the hero, Hamlet, etc. 4. To feign or counterfeit ; tiimu- late. — r. i. 1. To exert or put forth enei'gy or power ; per- form functions ; do somethiag ; specifically, to carry into effect a determination of the will ; as, I shall act at ouce if he fails. 2. To have effect ; exert influence ; as, most acids do not ac/ on glass. 3. To behave ; bear or deport one's self. 4> To perform on the stage ; to play a part ; also, to admit of being performed or acted. — act'a-ble, a. AG-tse'on (Sk-te'9n), n. [L.,fr. Gr.'AKraiiov.] Class. Myth. A huntsman who, liaving surprised Biaua bathing, was changed into a stag, and torn to pieces by his own hounds. aGt'lllg(I£k'ting),j9.a. Thatacts; as, ac^mj^ trustee; specif., doing Juty (for another) ; officiating ; as, an acting mayor. ao-tln'i-a (Sk-ttn'I-d), n. ; pi. L. -im (-e), E. -ias {-dz). [Gr. aKTw, aKTivos, ray.] Any sea anemone or related animal. ac-tin'lc (-Tk), a. Of or pertaining to actinism. ac'tln-lsiIl(5k'tTn-Tz'm),7i. [Gr. okti'?, aKTii/os, ray.] The property of radiant energy by wluch chemical changes are produced, as in photography. ac-tlnl-niii (Sk-tln'T-iim), n. A radioactive substance, probably an element, resembling thorium chemically. ac^tl-no-ZO'ail (Sk'tt-no-zo'fin), n. [Gr. aKTt's, a/cTivos, ray -}- C,iMov animal.] Zo'oL Any of a class {Actinozoa) of coslen- terates consisting of polyps with radial partitions, and in- cluding the corals and sea anemones. ac'tion (Sk'shSn), n. [OF., fr. L. actio^ fr. agere to do.] 1. Function or operation of that which acts ; the doing of something. 2. Process of change considered as a natural condition ; state of motion ; activity ; — distinguished from. rest. 3. Law. A legal proceeding by which one demands or euforces one's right in a court of justice. 4- An act ; thing done ; deed ; enterprise ; also, enterprise or efficiency generically ; as, a man of action. In pi. : Habitual deeds ; hence, conduct ; behavior. 6. The event or series of events forming the subject of a play, poem, or other composition. 6. Military operation or combat ; battle; fight. 7. Mech- anism ; as, the breech action of a gun. S^n. Agency, activity. — Action, act, deed. Action refers primarily to the process of acting ; act and deed, to the re- sult, the thing done. An action is usually regarded as oc- cupying some time, and involving more than one step ; an act 13 more often thought of as momentary or instantano- otis, and as individual ; as, the rescue of a shipwrecked crew is a heroic action ; the launching of the lifeboat, a brave act. Deed often connotes an act as illustrious or as an achieve- ment. aCtlon-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. Subject to, or giving ground for, an action, or suit at law. ac'tlve (-tlv), a. [F. acti/, L. activus, fr. agere to act.] 1. Having the power or quality of acting; causing change ; acting ; — opposed to passive. 2. Quick in physical move- ment ; agile ; nimble. 3. Being in action ; working ; being in force; — opposed to quiescent^ dormant^ or extinct^ etc. 4. Given to actiou ; energetic ; busy ; — opposed to dull^ sluggish^ lasj/y or inert. Also, practical ; — opposed to speculative or theoretical. 6. Requiring or implying action ; as, anac/iwe employment; — o^posedto sedentary or to tran- quil. 6. Brisk ; lively ; as, an active demand. 7. Gram.. Pertaining to or designating : a The form, or voice, of the verb which represents the subject as the doer of the action. b Verbs asseiiiing that the subject acts on something ; — distinguished from Tieuter and passive ; as, killf demolish^ as distinguished from suffer, /eel, etc., die, rise, etc. Verbs expressing action as distinct from mere existence or state ; — distinguished from neuter; as, go, strike, etc., are active verbs, as distinguished from be, exist, etc. — ao'tlVO-ly, adv. — ac'tive-nesB, n. Syn. Vigorous, alert, ready, prompt ; smart, spirited, animated, sprightly. —AcxrvB, aoils, nimble, brisk imply quickness of movement. That which is active (opposed to lazy, inert) is thought of as busy or energetic as well as quick ; as, an active child. Agile implies dexterity and ease in the management of one's limbs; as, agile as a monkey. Nimble suggests lightness and swiftness ; brisk, liveliness and animation ; as, nimble fingers ; a brisk walk. ao-llv'1-ty (Sk-tlvT-tl), n.;pl. -TrE8(-ttz). 1. Stateofac- tion, or quality of being active. 2. State or quality of vig- orous or energetic action ; liveliness in doing, functioning, etc. ; energy. 3. Anything active ; an active agent or force. ao'tor (Skter),n, 1. One who acta ;adoer. 2. A tlieatri oal performer ; a player. ac'tniBS (-trSs ; 24), n. A female actor. ac'tn-al (-tiS-^l), a. [F. actuel, L. aclualis, fr. actus act.] 1. Of or pert, to acts or actions. Obs. 2. Existing in act, reality, or fact ; real ; — opposed to poteittiul, possible, vir- iualy conceivable, theoretical, nominal, etc. 3. In action at the time being ; now existing ; present. — Syn. See real. ao'tU-al'I-ty (-ai'I-tl), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). State of being actual; reality; esp., phenomenal reality ; fact. ac'tu-al-lze (Sk't$-ai-iz), v. t. ; -izED (-izd); -iz'inq (-iz'Tng). To make actual ; realize in action. — ac'tu-al-l-Za'tlOIl (-Y-za'shiJn ; -l-zS'shuu), n. ac'tU-al-ly, adv. In act or in fact ; really. at/tU-a-ry (-a-rt), n. ;pl. -ries (-rlz). [L. actuarius copy- ist, clerk, fr. actus act.] One who calculates insurance risks and premiums, etc. — ac'tU-a'ri-al (-a'rt-^l ; 3) , a. ac'tu-ate (-at), v. t. ; -at'bd (-afSd) ; -at'ino. [LL. actuatus, p. p. of actuare, fr. L. actv^ act.] To put into action ; move to action. — Syn. See move. — ac^tu-a'tlon (-a'shi^u), n. a-cn'le-ate (d-ku'le-£t), a. [L. aculealus, fr. aculeus little needle.] Having a sting, prickle, or the like, as a plant. a-Cll'men (-mSn), n. [L., fr. aeuere to sharpen.] Keenness of perception or discernment. — Syn. See DISCBRHMBNT. a-CU'ml-Iiate (-mt-nat), v. t.; -nat/ed (-uat'Sd); -nat/ino. [L. acumijiotus, p. p. of acuminare to sharpen.] To render sharp or keen. — (-uSt), a. Tapering to a slender point; pointed. ao^u-punc'ture (Sk^li-ptink't^r), n. [L. acus needle -|~punc^u'''z a pricking.] Pricking with a needle, esp. for remedial purposes. Acumi- a-CUte' (d-kuf), a. [L. acutus, p. p. of aeuere to **"* ^*"' sharpen.] 1. Sharp at the end; pointed; — opposed to blunt OT obtuse. 2. Having nice discern- ment ; penetrating ; clever ; — opposed to dull or stupid. 3. Having nice or quick sensibility ; susceptible ; as, acute j sight ; also, sharp ; intense ; as, acute ' pain. 4. High or shrill; — opposed to low or grave. 5. Med. Attended with severe symptoms, and coming speedily to a crisis; — opposed to chronic. ■ — Syn. Subtle, sagacious, discerning, perspica- cious, discriminating. See sharp. — a- cute0.y, adv. — a-cute'ness, n. ad-. A prefix from I^tiu ad, meaning to, toward, in addi- tion to, etc. ad'age (Sd'aj),n. [F.,fr. L.adog^iwn.] A saying which baa acquired credit by long use; proverb. — Syn. See axiom. a-da'glo (o^a'jo), a. & adv. [It. adagio, adv.] Music. Slow. — n. A piece of music in adagio time. Ad'am (Xd'Sm), n. [fr. Heb.] 1. In the Bible, the first man. See Gen, i.-v. 2. Fig.: "Original sin;" human frailty or unregeneracy. ad'a-mant (Sd'd-mSnt), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. adamas, -mantis, the hardest metal, Gr. aSdfxa^, -avro^ ; a- not -{- Safi-av to subdue.. The sense of ma^^ne^ arose in ME. from confusion with L. adamare to love.] 1. A stone imagined as of im- penetrable hardness ; — a name given to very hard sub- stances, asthe diamond. Now, Poetic or Rhetorical, impen- etrable hardness. 2. Loadstone ; magnet. Obs. — ad^a- maii-te'an (-mfin-te'Sn), ad^a-man'tlne (-n^n'ttn), a. A-dam'lc (d-dSm'Tk) ) a. Of or pertaining to, or resem- A-dam'l-cal (-T-kSl) ] bling, Adam. Ad'am-ltd (Sd'Sm-Tt), n. A descendant of Adam ; a human being ; also, one who imitates Adam in goingnaked. Adam's ale. Water. Colioq. Adam's apple. 1. Avariety of thelime. 2. The projec- tion formed by the thyroid cartilage in the neck in front. a-dapt' (a-dSpf), V. t. [L. adaptare ; ad-\-aptare to fit.] To make suitable ; fit ; suit ; adjust. — Syn. See conform. — a-dapra-ble, n. — a-dapta-bll'I-ty (a-dSp/td-bI11-tT), n. — a-dap'tion (-shi^n), n. ad^ap-ta'tlon (Xd'ap-tS'shitn), n. Act of adapting ; state of being adapted ; also, an adapted form or copy. a-dap'tive (d-dSp'tlv), a. Suited or tending to, or showing, adaptation. — a-dap'tive-ly, adv. — a-dap'tive-neSB, n, a-day' (d-da'), adv. [see adats.] Daily ; on each day. a-days' (d-daz'), adv. [a- (for on) -\- day-\--s, gen. ending.] By day. Obs. , except in nowadays. add (Sd), V. t. [L. addere ;ad-\- dare to give, put.l 1. To Atnite Leaves. nature, verdare (87); k = ch in G. ich , ach (50) ; bow; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbere refer toj Expianatlonrof Abbreviations, Slens, etc., precede VocabulaiT* II Forelffn Word. + combined with. ^ in Guide. = equalB. ADDENDUM 10 ADJOIN give (/o); bestow (on). 2. To join or unite so as to increase the number, augment the quantity, or form into one aggre- gate ; Math.f to unite in one sum or quantity. Hence : To Bum up ; put together mentally. 3. To append, as a state- ment; say further, ^v. i. To make an addition. ad-den'dum (fi-dSu'dum), n. ; L. pi. -da (-dd). [L.] A thing to be added ; an addition. add'er (Mfer)^ n. Oue that adds. ad'der (Sd'er), n. [AS. nxdre adder, snake. An adder is for a nadder,^ Any of several snakes ; esp. : a The com- mon venomous viper of Europe, b In North America, any of several harmless snakes ; aa, the milk adder. ad'der's-tongue' (-erz-tiingO, n. a A kind of fern ; — so called from the shape of its fruiting spike. 1) A species of plantain, c The dogtooth violet. add'1-ble (Sdt-bU), a. Capable ol being added. — add'l- bU'l-ty (-bTl'I-tT). n. ad-dlot' ((£-dTkf ), V. i. [L. addictus^ p. p. of addicere to ad- Judge, devote ; ad -\-dicere to Bay."]- To apply habitually ; to give (one's self) up or over (to) as a constant practice ; devote ; habituate ; — with to. ad-dlct'ed, p. p. Skillful manage- ment; dexterity; adroitness. — Syn* Readiness, Ingenuity, tact, adroitness. See speech, tact. ad-dresa'ee' (S-drSs'e'), n. One to whom anything, as a letter, is addressed. ad-duoe' (ffi-dus'), V. t.; -duced' (-dust'); -duc'ino (-dus'- Ing). [L. adducere^ -ductum, to lead to; ad-\-dvcere to lead.] To bring forward or offer, as a reason ; cite. — ad- dUC'1-ble (-dus'I-b'l), a. — Syn. Advance, assign ; quote, name. ad-du'cent (S-du'sSnt), a. [L. additcejis, p. pr.] Physiol. Adducting; — opposed to abducent. ad-duct' (a-dfikf ), V. t. [see adduce.] Physiol. To draw toward the axis or middle line. ad-duc'tlon (S-dGk'sh^n), n. An adducing or adducting. ad-dUO'tlve (-tlv), a. Bringing toward or to something. ad-dno'tor (-t€r), n. Anat. An adducting miiscle. ad'e-noid (Sd'^-noid), a, [Gr. aSevoeiBT^^ glandular; aS^^i' gland -|- elSoi form.] An^. Like or pertaining to a gland. •«n. Med. A swelling due to hypertrophy of the adenoid tissue in the upper part of the pharynx; — usually in pi. a-dcpt' (d-dSpf), n. [L. adeptus obtained (sc. artem)^ that has obtained an art, p. p. of adipisci to obtain ; ad -f- apisci to pursue.] One fully skilled or well versed ; a proficient. — a. Proficient. — Syn, See exfebt. — a-dopt'neas, ». ad'e-QUa-cy (Sd'S-kwd-sT), n. Quality of being adequate. ad'e-QUate (-kwat), a. [L. adaequatv^, p. p. of adaequare to make equal to. See ad- ; equate.] Equal to or suflg- cient for some (specific) requirement ; fully sufficient. — ad'e-quate-ly, adv. — ad'e-q.iiate-neBS, n. Syn. Proportionate, commensurate, comi>etent, suitable, fitting; equal, full, satisfactory, ample. — Adequate, suf- ficient, ENOUGH a^^ree in the idea of competency. That is ADEQUATE which IS squal to, or commensurate with, a re- quirement ; that is sufficient which completely fulfills a proposed end ; that is enough which satisfies desire or meets a want ; as, his means are adequate to his needs ; her answer was sufficient to deter me ; I have enough. ad-here' (fid-her'), v. i. ; -hbbed' (-herd') ; -HEs'iNa (-her'- Ing). [L. adhaerere^ adhaesum; ad-\-haerere to stick.] 1. Tostickfastasif glued; become joined or united. 2. To hold, be attached, or devoted; specifically, to give support by an overt act. 3. To be consistent or coherent ; agree. Syn. Cleave, cling, hold. — Adhere, cohebe agree in the idea of sticking fast. Adhere denotes a mere cleaving of one object to another, and usually implies little or nothing as to a resulting unity ; as, the stamp did not ot^Aeje to the envelope. Cohere often suggests a more or less unified body or substance ; as, the flakes in a snowball cohere. ad-her'ence (-her'gus), n. Quality, act, or state of adher- ing ; specifically, steady attachment or support ; devotion. Syn. AdherencEj adhesion are, as a rule, somewhat sharp- ly distinguished m present usage, which tends to confine adhesion to the physical, adherence to the figurative, sense. Adhesion^ however, is still occasionally applied to mental or moral concurrence or assent. ad-her'eilt (-^nt), a. Sticking ; clinging ; adhering. — n. One who adheres; follower; partisan. — Syn. Upholder, supporter, ally, backer. See follower. ad-he'slon (-he'zhfin), n. [L. adhaesio, fr. adhaerere.'] Act or state of adhering ; specifically, a sticking together of substances in contact ; Physics, the molecular attraction exerted between the surfaces of bodies in contact (cf. co- hesion). — Syn. Bee adherence. ad-he'cdve (-sYv), a. l. sticky; tenacious ; of the nature of adhesion. 2. Apt or tending to adhere ; clinging. — ad-he'slve4y, adv. — ad-he'slve-ness, n. adieu' (a-du' ; F. Ardyfi'), interj. ''■ '• / -JUdsbd' (-jEijd') ; -judq'inq. [OF. ajugier^ f r. L. aajudicaret adjudicatum ; ad -\- judicare to judge.] 1. To decide judicially ; adjudicate; order; decree; asy to adjudge a case. 2. To regard or hold ; judge ; deem. 3- To sentence ; condemn. 4. To award judicially in a case of controversy ; as, the house was adjudged to her. — Syn. Ordain, assign. ad-]u'di-cate (fi-joo'dT-l^t), v. t. ; -cat'bd (-kaVSd) ; -cat'- IHQ. [see adjudge.] To hear or try and determine judi- ciaUy; adjudge. — Syn. Decree, settle, ordain, award, as- sign ; try, pass sentence, doom, condenm; reckon, consider, regard, deem, esteem. ^ v. i. To come to judicial deci- sion ; act as judge. — ad-JU'dl-ca'tlOU (-ka'sh^n), n. ad-Jn'dl-ca^tor (-ka^ter), n. One who adjudicates. ad'Jimct (Sj'Qijkt), a. [L. adjunctus^ p. p. of adjimgere. See adjoin.] Conjoined ; attending. ^ n. 1. Something joined or added to a thing, but not essentially a part of it. 2- A person joined to another in some duty or service; asso- ciate. 3. 6rram. A word or words added to qualify the force of other words. ad-Junc'tlon (a-jili]k'shun), n. Act or process of adjoining ; a thing joined or added. ad-]linc'tlve C-tTv), a. Joining ; forming an adjunct. ad'ju-ra'tion (5j/56-ra'shMn), n. Act of adjuring. ad-jure' (fi-joor' ; 86), V. t. ; -jueed' (-joord') ; -jur'ing (-joorTng). [L. adjurare^ adjuraium^ to swear to ; later, to adjure.] To chaise, hind, or command, solemnly, as if under oath ; entreat earnestly. — ad-1ur'er, ad-ju'ror, n. ad-]ust' (a-jiisf), V. t. [F. ajuster; a (L. ad) -\- juste just, L. Justus just, right.] 1. To settle or arrange ; free from differences or discrepancies. 2. To make exact; fit ; make correspondent or conformable. 3. To put in order; reg- ulate. — Syn. Dispose ; adapt, suit, rectify. See conform. — ad-lost'a-ble, a. — ad-]ust'er, n. — ad-]ast'ment, n. ad'ju-tan-cy (Sj'^fe-tSn-sT), n. OflBce of an adjutant. ad'Ja-tant (-tant), n. [L. adjutwns, p. pr. of adjuiare to help.] 1. A helper. 2. MU. A staff officer who assists a commander in the details of field or garrison duty. 3. A very large stork, common in India. — ad'jU-tant-Slllp, n. ad'ju-vant (Sj'cJS-vSnt), a. [L. adjuvans^ p. pr. of adjuvare to aid.] Helping ; helpful. — n. An assistant. Bare. ad-meas'llTe (Sd-mSzh'fir), v. t. To ascertain or set the lim- its of ; measure. — ad-meas'are-ment (-m^nt), n. Ad-me'tUS (5d-me'tlis), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'A6/i,ijTos, lit., un- tamed.] Gr. Myth. See Alcestis. ad-llUll't-Cle(Sd-mln'T-k'l), n. [L. adminiculum support.] 1. Help; an auxiliary. 2. Law. Corroborative evidence. ad'ml-Illc'll'l^te (Sd'mT-nlk'u-lat), v. t. [li. adminicula- tus, p. p. of adminiculari to prop.'] Scots Law. To support by evidence. — ad^ml-nlc'u-la'tlon (-la'shun), n, ad-mln'ls-ter (ad-mlnTs-ter), V. t. [fr. OF., fr, L. admini strare ; ad -\- ministrare to serve.] 1. To manage or con- duct, as public affairs ; to direct the execution, application, or conduct of. 2. To dispense ; serve out ; supply. 3. To give or apply, as medicine or a remedy. 4. To tender, as an oath. 5. Law. To settle, as an estate. — v. i. 1. To contribute; conduce; minister. 2. To manage affairs; Law, to administer an estate or other property. — Syn. Give out, distribute, furnish. See minister, execute. ad-mbi'la-trant (Sd-mTn'Ts-trSnt), a. Executive ; manag ing alfairs. — n. One who administers. ad-mln'ls-tra'tlon (-tra'shiin), n. Act of administering (in any sense) ; Law A certain prayer beginning *^Agnus Dei.^^ a-gO' (o-go'), n. & adv. [old p. p., deriv. of AS. dgdn to pass away; a- -f- gdn to go.] Past ; gone by. a-gog' (d-g6g'), a. & adv. In eager desire ; eager ; astir. a-gotng (d-go'tng), adv. V. t. 1. To call to arms for defense ; notify of danger ; rouse to vigilance. 2- To excite with sudden fear. — v. L To sound an alarm. — a-larm^a-ble* a. a-lami'ist, n. One prone to sound or excite alarms, esp. needlessly. — a-larm'lsm (-Tz*m), n. a-lar'um (d-ISr'i^m ; d-Iar'i^m), n. Var. of alarm. Now Rare, except to denote an alarm signal or mechanism. a'la-ry (a'ld-ri ; Sl'd-rT), a. [L. alarius, fr. ala wing.] Of or pertaining to wiugs ; also, shaped like a wing. a-las' (d-las'), interj. [OF., fr. a interj. (L. ah) + las weary, wretched (that I am), L. lassus weary.] An excla- mation expressive of sorrow, pity, or apprehension of evil. A-las'kan (d-lSs'k^n), a. See -ah. A-las'tor (-t3r), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AAao-rwp ; a- not + KaQia-Bai to forget.] A relentless avenging deity or spirit ; — applied to Zeus i and the Erinyes among the Greeks, and in \ the Middle Ages to Satan^s demons. alate (alat), a. [L. alatus, fr. ala wing.] Winged ; having wings or winglike parte. alb (aib), n. [LL. cUba, fr. L. albus white.] Eccl. A kind of^ white linen vestment. Al-ba'nl-a (Sl-ba'nT-d), n. An ancient name of the Highland region of Scotland. Al-ba'nl-ail (-fin), a. Of or pert, to Albania in the Balkan peninsula. — n. One of the mixed race living there. al'ba-troBS (Sl'bd-trBs ; 62), n. [f r. Pg. or Sp. alcatraz.] Any of several web-footed birds related to the petrels. They are the largest of sea^ birds. aVbe'it (81'be'It), conj. [ME. al (all) be although it be.] Even though; although. Arber-lch(aI'ber-TK),n. [G.] | In German legend, the all- powerful king of the dwarfs, and chief of the Nibelungs. al-bes'cent(Si-b5s'^nt),a. [L. albescens, p. pr.] Becoming white or whitish. — al-bes'- cence (-Sns), n. ainbl-nism (Si'bT-nTz'm), n. State or quality of being an al- bino. Wandering Albatross. (^) al-bl'no (Sl-bi'no), n. ; pi. -sos (-noz). [Sp. or Pg. albino, orig., whitish, alho white, L. albiis.'] 1. A person born with deficiency of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes. Albinos in extreme cases have skin of a milky color, very light hair, and eyes with a deep red pupil and pink or blue iris. 2- An animal or plant similarly deficient in pigment. Al'bl-on (Sl'bT-Jin), n. [L.] England. Obs. or Poetic. aVTauai (iVhUm), n. [L.,neut. of aZ&iJ5 white.] 1. A regis- ter for visitors' names. 2- A blank book in which to insert autographs, sketches, photographs, etc. al-bu'men (Sl-bu'mgn), n. [L., fr. albus white.] 1. The white of an egg (formerly supposed to be nearly pure albu- min). 2. Boi. Nutritive parenchyma. al-bn'men-lze (-iz), v. t.; -ized (-izd); -iz^iho (-iz'Tng). To cover, saturate, or treat with albumen. al-bu'mlll (-mTn), n. Chem. Any of a class of proteids forming the most important constituent of serum in blood, and found also in milk, muscle, etc., and in vegetables. al-bu'ml-noid (-mT-noid), a. \albumin-\--oid.'] Resem- bling albumin, —n. Proteid, in its broad sense. al-bu'ml-nous (-n&s), a. Pertaining to, containing, or of the nature of, albumen or albumin. al-bur'num (Sl-bflr'nttm), n. [L., fr. albus white.] Bot. The soft wood of a dicotyledonous tree, consisting of living tissues near the cambium layer and outside heartwood. al-cai'de (al-kal'da), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al-q&dx judge.] A Spanish aHniinistrative official (usually mayor) or judge. al-cayde' (Sl-kad' ; Sp. al-kl'tfea), n. [Sp. alcaide, fr. Ar. a/-g5'trf governor.]^ 1. A commander of a castle or fortress among Spaniards, Portuguese, or Moors. 2. A jailer. al-ca'zar (Sl-kii'zar ; sp. al-ka'thar),n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al the + qa^r (in pi.) castle.] A fortress ; also, a palace. ale, senate, care, am, wccount, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, ©vent, find, recent, maker; ice, ai ; old, 5bey, drb, 6dd, s5ft, cSnnect ; iise, Dnite, urn, up, circus, menii; f^^d, foot; out, oil; chair; go; eing, ii)k; tben, tbin; ALCESTIS 19 ALIGN Al-cestlB (ai-BSs'tta), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AAkijo-tw.] Wife of Admetus, King of Thessaly, whose life she preserved by dy- ing in his stead. Hercules brought her back from Hades. al-chem'ic (^-kSm'Tk) l a. Of or pertaining to alchemy. — alcliem'l-cal(-i-km) f al-chem'l'Oal-ly, adv. al'chG-mlst (Sl'ke-mlst), n. One given to the study or prac- tice of alchemy. — al'che-mia'tlc (-mts'ttk), a. al'che-my (51'ke-ml), n. [fi-. OlP. & F., fr. Ar. al-kimld.'} 1. The medieval chemical scionce, the great objects of which were to transmute baser metalsinto gold and to findapanacea and a means of indefinitely prolonging life. 2. A variety of brass; hence, a trumpet. Obs. Al-Ci'des (Sl-si'dez), ?i. [L.^ fr. G-r. 'AAiceifiTjs.] Gr. Myth. Hercules; — a patronymic. Al-cln'CKlia (-sTn'd-ua)t n. [L., fr. Or.'AAKii/oo$/1 A king of the Phseacians celebrated for his gardens. Cf . NadsigaK. AlC-me'ne fSlk-me'ue), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AAk/lljjoj.] Gr. Myth. See Amphitryon. al'GO-hol (Sl'ko-hSI), n. [Ar. al-kohl a powder of antimony or galena to paint the eyebrows with, hence, from the fine- ness of this powder, highly rectified spirits.] 1. A color- less, volatile, inflammable liquid, which is the intoxicating principle in fermented and distilled liquors; loosely, any liquor containing it. 2. Ckem. Any of a class of analogous compounds. — al''CO-hOl'lC (-bSl'Tk), a. al'GO-hOl-lsm (-tz'm), ». A diseased condition due to ex- cessive use of alcoholic liquors. Al^co-ran' (Sl'ko-ran'; Sl'ko-rSn), n. [F., fr. Ar. al-qor&n, orig., the reading, the book.] The Koran, al'C0V©(Sl'kov; Sl-kov'), n. [deriv. of Ar. al-qobbah arch, tent.] 1. Arch. A recessed portion of a room, or a small room opening into a larger one; esp., a recess to contain a bed or a latei*al recess in a library. 2. A garden bower. Al-cy'O-ne (Sl-si'o-ne),n. [L.,fr. Gr. 'AAKVoin;.] Gr.Myth. 1. = Halctone. 2. One of the Pleiades. al'de-hyde (Si'dS-hid), n. [fr. alcohol dehydvo^ens^ turn, alcohol deprived of hydrogen.] Chem. a A very volatile liquid got from alcohol by oxidation. b Any of a class of com- pounds of this type. al'der (61'der), n. [AS, air, aler^ alor._ Any of a certain genus of trees or shrubs, the wood of which is used by turners and the bark by dyers and tanners. al'der-man (-mSn), n. ,- pi. -uen (-m&n). [AS. aldormon, ealdorman; ealdor a parent, head of a family (f r. eald, aid, old)-f-mrtn.] 1. In Eng- land and Ireland: a Formerly, a city or borough magistrate ranking next to the mayor, b A member of the smaller of the two classes composing the town or county council. Brit. 2- In the XJ. S., a member of a city governing body, usually of one of two legislative chambers. ale (al), n. [AS. ealu.'] 1. A fermented liquor made from an infusion of malt, usually with the addition of hops, 2. A country festival, so called from the ale drunk. Sng. A-lectO (a-lSk'tti), n. [L,, fr. Gr. 'AAtjktw.] See Erinys. a-lee' (a-le'), adv. Naut. On or toward the lee. ale'honse' (al'hous')) w- A house where ale is retailed. a-lem'bic (d-lSmnjIk), n. [F. alambic, Ar. nl-anbiq, fr. Gr. a/x0t^ cup, cap of a still.] An apparatus formerly much used in distillation. a-lert' (o-lGrt^), a. [F. alerte, earlier & Verie on the watch, fr. It. aW erta on the watch, prop., on a height, fr. erta steep place, deriv. of L. erectus. See erect.] 1. Watchful ; vigilant, 2. Brisk ; nimble. — Syn, See vigilant. — n. Mil. An alarm from a real or threatened attack ; also, a warning signal for a guard. — a-lert1y, adv. — a-lert'ness, n. ale'Wlfe' (al'wif), n.; pi. -WIVES (-wivz'). 1. A woman who keeps an alehouse. Alembic, a Head; 2. [perh. a different word.] A certain feCucurbitjcRe- fiflh of the herring family. It enters ceiver ; (/Lamp, streams to spawn, a few weeks before the shad. It is a poor food fish. Alder, Bhowine LeaveB and FruitingAmentsi Stamlnate Ament. Al'OS-axi'drl-an (Sl'8g-zSn'drt-Sn), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Alexandria in Egypt or Alexander the Great. 2. Desig- nating a kind of heroic verse. See Alexandrine, ». Al'es-an'drlne (Sl'Sg-zSn'drtn), a. [L. Alexa7idrinux.'\ Alexandrian. — n. iF. alexandrin ; because used in OF. poems on Alexander the Great.] A verse consisting reg- ularly of six iambic feet, with the caesura after the third. al-fal'fa (ai-fai'fd), n. [Sp., fr. Ar. al-fagfagah.-] A valua^ ble f abaceous forage plant with trifoliate leaves and bluish purple cloverlike flowers ; lucern ; purple medic. al-fll'a-rl'a (ai-fri'd-re'd), n. [Mex. Sp., fr. Sp. aljiler pin.] A European geraniaceous herb cultivated as a forage plant. II al-flOB'CO (^1-frSs'ko), adv. & a. [It. al fresco in or on the f resh.j In the open air ; open-air, al'ga (Sl'gd), n. ; pi. -QM (-je). [L.] A seaweed (broadly used to include both marine and fresh-water forms), as kelp, dulse, sea lettuce, etc. al'gEB (fil'je), n. pi. Bot. a Pi. of alga, b [cap.] A for- merly recognized primary division of the phylum that in- cludes also the fungi and lichens ; hence \l. c], popularly, the seaweeds as a whole. — al'gal {Sl'gftl), a. al'ge-bra (-je-brd), n. [LL., fr. Ar. al-jebr reduction of parts to a whole, or fractions to whole numbers, boneset- ting, jafiaro to bind together.] Mathematical calculation by means of letters and other 83anbols. — al'ge-bra'lc (-bra^- tk), aVge-bra'l-cal (-T-kdi), a. — aFge-bra'i-cal-ly, adv. Al-ge'rl-an (Sl-je'rl-ttn), a. <& n. See -an. AVge-rlne' (Sl'jfe-ren'), a. & n, Algerian. al'^d (Sl'jTd), a. [L. a/g-idu* cold.] Cold; chilly. al'gold (ai'goid), o. lalga + oid.l Like an alga. Al-gou'qul-an c51-g5i)'kI-Sn), a. Also Al-gon'kl-an (-kT- ffin). Pertaining to or designating the most extensive of the linguistic families of North American Indians, including the Ojihwas (Ghippewas), Ottawas, Crees, Algonquins, Mic- macB, Blackfeet, etc. ^ n. An Algonquian Indian. Al-gon'qntn (-kin), n. An Indian of an Algonquian tribe or group of tribes of whom the greater number live in the province of Quebec ; loosely, any Algonquian. Al-ham'bra (5I-hSm'brd), n. [Sp.,fr. Ar. al the -}- hamra red.] The fortress palace, or alcazar, of the Moorish kings at Granada. a'li-as (ali-Ss), adv. [L.,fr.aZiM« other.] Otherwise; other- wise called. •— n. Another name ; an assumed name. A'U Ba'ba (a'le ba'ba). [Ar.] A woodcutter, in the " Ara- bian Nights," who enters the cave of the Forty Thieves by the use of the mi^ic password Sesame. al'l-bl (51'I-bi), n. [L., elsewhere, fr,aZi«s other.] The plea, or the fact or state, of having been, at the alleged time of the commission of an act, elsewhere than at the alleged place of commission. arien (al'ySn), a. [OF , fr. L. alienus, fr. alius another.] 1. Of or pertaining to another, esp. another country; for- eign. 2. Wholly different in nature; inconsistent (wt7A); in- congruous ; — with from or to. — n. 1. A person of anoth- er family, race, or nation ; a foreigner. 2. A foreign-born resident of a country in which he is not a citizen. 3. One excluded from certain privileges or estranged. — v. t: To alienate ; estrange ; transfer, as property. al'len-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. That may be alienated, ai'ien-age (-tj), n. Status of an alien. al'len-ate (-at), a. [L. alienatus, p. p. of alien.are to alien- ate, fr. alienus alien.] Estranged. — v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'gd) ; -AT/iNO. 1. To convey or transfer, as property. 2. To with- draw, as the affections ; make indifferent or averse, where love or friendship before subsisted; estrange. al^ien-a'tlon (-a'shJ2n), n. 1. Act of alienating. 2- Men- tal derangement J insanity. al'len-a'tor (al'yen-a^ter), n. One who alienates. aFlen-ee' (-e'), n. One to whom property is aliened, al'ien-lsm (al'ySn-Tz'm), n. 1. Status of an alien ; alienage. 2. The study or treatment of diseases of the mind, al'len-lst, n. A specialist In diseases of the mind. al'len-or (al'ygn-er ; -6r'), n. One who alienates property. al'l-lorm (51'I-f Orm ; a'li-), a. [L. ala wing + -form.] Wing- shaped ; winglike. a-llght' (d-lif), V. i.; -light'ed, Rare -lit' (d-lTf); a-lioht'- iNO. [AS. dlihtan, deriv. of IVU, UoM, light (in weight).] 1, To spring down ; get down; descend; dismount. 2. To lodge, rest, or stop. 3. To come or chance {upon). Rare a-llght', a. & adv. [orig. a p. p., deriv of AS. oMhtan to light,] Lighted; flaming; in a flame. a-Ugn', a-lme' (-lin'), v. U &%.; a-lignhd', a-lined' (-llnd') ; natpre, ver^jire (87) ; k = cli in G. ich, ach (50} ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Explanations of AbbrevlatloaB* filffns. etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = equals. ALIGNMENT 20 ALLIGATOR A^LION'ING, A-LiH'iNfl. [F. aligner ; it (L. ad) -f- ligne (L. linea) line.] To adjust or form to a line; range in line. — a- Ugn'ment, a-Une'ment (d-Hn'mgnt), n. a-llke' (o-llk'), a. [AS. onlic or gelic.} Having resem- blance or similitude; similar. ■— adv. In the same manner, form, or degree ; in common; equally. al'l-ment (Slt-m^ot), n. [L. alitnenitim^ fr. alere to nour- ifih.] Food; nutriment. Hence, sustenance; means of sup- port. — Syn. See pabulum. — v. t. To give aliment to. — al^-men'tal (-mSn'tfil), a. al^l-meil'ta-ry(-mSn'td-rT), a. Of or pertaining to aliment or nutrition; nutritious; alimental. — alimentary canal, Anat., the canal extending from the mouth to the anus. aH-men-ta'tlon (-mSn-ta'shtin), n. Act or process of ali- menting ; nutrition ; state or mode of being nourished. al'l-mo-ny (51'T-mo-nT), n. [L. a^imon/a sustenance, a^ere to nourish.] 1. Aliment. 2. Law, An allowance made to a woman out of the property of him who is or was her hus- band, on legal separation or divorce, or during a suit for it. a-llne' (a-lm'), v. t. & i. Var. of align. — a-une'ment, n. al'i-llliailt (Sl'i-kwfirit), a. [L. nliguanius some, moderate; alius other -|- 3Man/M5 how great.] Math. Designating a part of a number that does not divide the number without leaving a remainder ; — opposed to aliquot. al'i-quot (-kwtft), a. [L. aliquot some, several ; alius other + quot how many.] Math. Designating a part of a number that will divide the number without a remainder. a-llve'(d-llv'), a. 1. Living. 2. Being in a state of action, force, or operation; unextinguished ; existent. 3. Full of, or swarming with, beings or things in motion. 4- Sprightly; lively ; brisk. 6- Susceptible; sensitive. al'1-za'rl (Sl't-z^rT), n. Levant madder. al'ka-hest (Sl'kd-hgst), n. [LL. alchahest or F. alcahest.'} The fabled " universal solvent" of the alchemists. al^ka-les'cent (-Igs'^nt), a. Slightly alkaline. — al'ka- les'cence (-gns), al^ka-les'cen-cy (-2n-sT), n. allca-U (Sl'kd-li; -IT), n. ;pl. -libs or -lis (-Hz ; -ITz). [deriv. ot At. al-qali aahes of aaitwort.'] 1. Soda ash. 2- Chem. Any of various substances characterized by their peculiar taste, their action on test papers (red litmus, e. g., being changed to blue), and their forming salts with acids. The stronger alkalies are caustic. In a wider sense alkali is used to include lime, magnesia, sodium carbonate, etc. al^a-llne (-lln ; -ITn), a. Of, pert.'to, or having the proper- ties of, an alkali or alkalies, —alkaline earths, Chem., the oxides of barium, calcium, and strontium. Some include also magnesium oxide. — al'ka-llnl-ty (-Iin'T-tT), n. al'ka-lold (-loid), n. Chem. An organic substance, esp. one occurring naturally in plants or animals, having alkaline, or basic, properties. Specifically, a vegetable base. — al'- ka-lold, al'kalol'dal (loiMSl), a. Al^ko-ran'* Var, of Alcoran. all (81),o. [AS. ca?,pl.ea/ife.] 1. The whole quantity, ex- tent, duration, amount, quality, or degree of; the whole, col- lectively or diatributively ; any whatever ; every. 2. Any. Obs. 3. Only ; alone ; nothing but ; as, it was all profit and no loss. — adv. Wholly ; entirely ; quite ; very. — conj. Al- though; albeit. 06*. — n. The whole; totality; hence, every- thing or every person, all in all, everything ; also (adverbially), wholly ; altogether. — at all, in any way or res:5ect; in the least degree or to the least extent ; under any circumstances ; — used, chiefly in negative or interrogative sentences, for emphasis. — all but, almost; nearly. — all the same, nevertheless. Ariah (JEl'd ; Ar. al-la'), n. [Ar., fr. al the + ilah God.] The Supreme Being ; — used by Arabs and Mohammedans, Al'lan-a-Dale^ (ai'an-d-dalO, n. In English ballads, a youth who (aided by Robin Hood) breaks up the wedding of his sweetheart to an old knight, and marries her himself. al-lan'tO-iS (S-lSn'tfi-Ts), n. A certain fetal membrane in reptiles, birds, and mammals. — al-lan'told (-toid), a. al-lay'Ca-lSO,".'. [A.8.afecgan;a'-\-leGganto'la.y.} 1. To make quiet or put at rest ; pacify ; appease ; quell ; calm, as a tumult. 2. To alleviate ; abate ; mitigate, as pain. — Syn.. Check, repress, assuage, subdue, compose, soothe, quiet. See aIiLEViate. -—v. i. To diminish in strength ; abate. Obs. or R. — n. Alleviation. Obs. al'le-ga'tion (Sl'e-ga'shKn), n. [L. allegation fr. nllegare, -gatum, to send a message, cite ; ad + legare to send, com- mission.] Act of alleging ; that which is alleged ; positive assertion ; formal averment. al-lege' (^-ISi'), v. t. ; -lbged' (ISid') ; -LEc/iNa (-ISjTng). [OF. esligier to buy, prop. , to free from legal difficulties ; L. ex + litigare to quarrel, sue.] 1. To bring forward with positivenesa ; declare ; affirm ; assert. 2. To produce or urge as a reason, plea, or excuse. — al-lege'a-ble, a. Syn. Allege, adduce, advance. To allege is to assert without proof, but with implication of readiness or ability to prove. To adduce is to bring forward as evidence for what has been alleged. To advance is to put forward or propose for acceptance ; as, theories advanced by Newton. al-le'giaiice(ffi-le'ians),n. [iiL'Ei.alegeaunce;a-j-0¥. lige, liegeyliege.] 1. The relationofafeudal vassal to hisauperior, or liege lord ; duty of fidelity to one's king, government, or sovereign state. 2. Devotion or loyalty where obedience or service and respect are due. — Syn. See loyalty. al-le'glant (ft-le'jSnt ; -jt-Snt), a. Loyal. al'le-gor'ic (Sl'e-gGr'Tk) ) a. Belonging to, or consisting aMe-gorl-cal (-gSr'T-kai) J of, allegory ; figurative. — al'- le-gor'l-cal-ly, adv. — aMe-gor'i-cal-ness. n. al'le-gO-rist (Sl'S-go-rlat), n. A writer of allegory. al'le-gO-rize (-r»z), v. t. ; -rized (-rizd) ; -hiz'ing (-rizTng). 1. To form or turn into allegory. 2. To treat or understand aa allegorical, —v. i. To use allegory. — al'le-gor'l-za'- tion (-gSr'i-za'shfin), n. — al'le-go-rlz^or (-riz'er), n. al'le-go-ry (-gS-rt), n. ; pi. -hies (-rTz). [fr. L., fr. Gr. dAAijyopia description of one thing under the image of an- other.] Representation by a figurative story of something metaphorically suggested, but not expressly stated. An al- legory is a prolonged metaphor. II aVle-gret'to (aPla-grBf to), a. & adv. [It.] Music. Quicker than andante, but not bo quick as allegro. II aMe'gro(al-la'gro),a. ifcodv. [It., merry, gay.] Music. Brisk ; lively. aMe-lU'la * (Sl/S-loo'ya), n. <& mterj. [L. alleluia, f r. Gr., al^le-lu'iah I fr, Heb. hallelu-ydh.] = hallelujah. II al'le-mande' (al'mSsd' ; Sl'S-mSna'), n. [F., fr. allemand German.] 1. Music, a Any of several lively German dances, b A dance movement in moderate twofold time. 2. A certain figure in dancing. al-len'ar-ly (ffi-lSn'dr-lT), adv. lall + anerly singly, fr. ane one.] Solely; only. Scot, al-le'vi-ate (a-le'vl-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'Sd) ; -at'ing. [L. alleviaius, p. p. of alleviare ; ad + levis li^ht.] To lighten or lessen (physical or mental troubles) ; mitigate. — 2Q-le^- vl-a'tlon (-a'shfin), n. — al-leM-a-tlve (-d-tTv), a. — al- le'vl-a'tor (-a'ter), n. — al-le'vl-a-to-ry (-d-tS-rt), a. Syn. Diminish, moderate, relieve, abate, soften, soothe, pacify, quiet, compose. — Alleviate, mitigate, assuage, ALLAY express relief from some painful state. To alleviate is to lighten, or render more tolerable ; mitigate, to soften or make milder ; assuage, to quiet or render less violent ; ALLAY, to abate or bring down from tumult or disturbance. alley (Sit), n.; pi. -leys (-Iz). [contr. of alabaster, of which it was orig. made.] A choice taw, or marble. al'ley(Sl'T), n. [fr. OF.,fr. a/ertogo.] A narrow passage; esp. : 1. A bordered walk in a garden or park. 2- A nar- row way in a city. — alloyed (-id), a. — al'ley-way', n. All'— f a'tlier, n. Father of all; — appellation of chief deities. All Fools' Day. The first day of April, a day on which sportive tricks are practiced. all fours. All four legs of a quadruped ; or the two legs and two arras of a person ; — formerly all four. all hall. All health ; — a phrase of salutation. all'-hail', v. t. To greet with "all hail." Hare. All'liallows (dl/hSl'oz), AU'haiaow (-5), n. All Saints' Day, or November lat. All'hal'low-mas, n. The feast of All Saints ; Hallowmas. AlVhal'lOWn (Sl/hSl'on), a. [AS. halgena, gen. pi.] Of or pertaining to the time of AUhallows. Obs. aVli-a'ceoUS (SVT-a'shiis), a. Of or pertaining to the genus {Allium) containing the garlic, onions, leeks, etc.; having the smell or taste of garlic or onions. {d-U'anoe((i-li'cina),7t. [OF.aliance. See ally.] 1. State of being allied ; act of allying or uniting ; union of inter- ests, esp. between families by marriage, or states, esp. inde- pendent ones, by treaty. 2- Union by relationship in qual- ities; affinity. 3. A person or persons allied. — Syn. Com- bination, association, compact, covenant, fusion, league, coalition, confederacy, confederation, federation. al'U-chol-ly (SI'T-kSl-TJ, n. f Abbreviations, Slsna, etc., precede Vocabulary. 1| ForelBu Word. + combined with. =eQuals. -«5LfcA* ALMOST almost (Sl'mSst ; emphatic Ql'moaf), adv. [AS. ealmt$st, selmsesi, quite the moat, almost all.] Nearly; well-nigh j all but ; for the greatest part. al'mous (a'muB), n. [Icel. almusa^ fr. same source as £. alms & OF. almos7i€.'\ Alma. Obs. or Dial. Eng. alms (amz), n. sing. &pl. [AS. telmysse, fr. L. ele&mosyna, Gr. iKeTjfiotrvvn mercy, chariU', alms, fr. e\eelv to pity.] 1. Charity ; work of mercy. Obs. 2. Anything giveugra- tuitouBly to relieve the poor ; a gift of charity. aXms'deed' (-dedO, n. An act or the practice of charity. alms'glv^lnS (-giving), ». The giving of alms. — Syn. See PHILANTHROPY. alms'house' (-hous^), n. A house for the use of paupers. alms'man (-mSn), n. ; fern, alms'wom'an {-vfd6mf&n). 1. A recipient of alms. 2. A giver of alms. Rare. a-lo'dl-al, OT al-lo'dl-al (ft-lo'dr-ai), a. Law. Of or pert. to, or of the nature of, alodium ; — opposed to feudal. a-lo'di-um, al-lo'dl-um (-fim), n. [LL., of G. origin.] Law. Land held iu absolute indepeudence, not subject to any su- perior ; — opposed to feud. al'oe (Sl'o), n. ; pi. -0E8 (-6z). [L. a/oe, G-r. aKoi), aloe.] 1, in pi. The fragrant resin or wood of the agalloch. 2. Any of alarge genus (Aloe) of succulent liliaceous plants, chiefly South African, sev- eral of which yield a medicinal juice ; also, usually in pl.^ the in- spissated juice. — al^o-et'lc i-t- St'tk), a. a-loft' (o-l6ft'; 62), adv. [a- on -f loj't^ which properly meant air.] 1. On high ; high above the ground or the earth. 2. Naut.ln. the top ; overhead. a-lone' (d-lon'), a. [all + one.] Quite by one's self or itself ; spe- cifically : a Solitary ; as, to be alone, b Being, considered, or taken without anything more or Aloe, a Entire plant (much any one else ; only; as, to live by reduced). 6 Single flower, bread altme. c Sole ; exclusive. ' ^^^ Rare, d Unique; rare; matchless. The adj. a^one com- monly follows its noun. — adv. Solely; simple; exclusively. — Syn, See solitary. a-lone^y, adv. Only ; singly. Obs. a-long' (d-l5ng'; 62), adv. [AS. andlang.'] 1. By the length; lengthwise. 2. In aline, or progressively; onward. 3. In company; together. 4. At length i hence, in full. Obs. ^prep. By the length of; lengthwise of. a-long', adv. [AS. gelang owning to.] Now used only in along of, along on (often shortened to long of), owing to ; on account of. Obs. or Dial. Eng. a-long'side' (-aid')i ndv. &prep. Along or by the side ; aide by side with ; — often with of. a-loor (d-loof), adv. 1. At or from a distance, but within view ; apart ; away. 2. Without sympathy ; unfavorably. ^prep. Away from ; clear from. Obs. — a-lOOf'UOSB, n. a-loud' (d-loudO, adv. Loudly ; audibly. a-lOW' (-lo'l, adv. Below. Chiefly Navi. alp (Sip), n. [L. ^^pef the Alps.] A lofty mountain. Spe- cif, [cap.], pl.y the highest chain of mountains in Europe. al-pac'a (Sl-pSk'd), n. [Sp., fr. Peruvian.^ A kind of do- mesticated llama with fine long woolly hair ; also, its hair or a thin kind of cloth made wholly or chiefly of it. al'pen-stock' (ai'pSn-stSk'), n. [G. ; Alp-\-stock stick.] An iron>pointed staff used in mountain climbing. al'pha (-fd). n. [L., fr. (Jr. aK^a.., of Semitic origin.] 1. The flrst letter (A, a) in the Greek alphabet. 2. Hence, the first or beginning ; formerly, also, the chief. al'pha-bet (-bSt), n. [L. alphabelum, fr. Or. a\^a and ^^Ta, the flrst two Greek letters.] The letters of a lan- guage in their customary order ; a series or set of letters or signs which form the elements of a written language. aVpha-bet'lc (-bSt'Tk) ) a. Of or pertaining to, or in the al^pha-beVi-cal (-T-kSl) ) order of, the letters of the al- phabet. — aVpha-betl-cal-ly, adv. al'pha-l>et-lze(Sl'fd-bSt-iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Tzd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'- Tng). To arrange alphabetically. alpha rays. Physics A Chem. Rays of low penetrating power emitted by radioactive substances, and capable of slight deflection by a strong magnetic or electric field. 22 ALTERNATIVELY Al-pho'ns (Sl-fe'Qs), n. [Gr. 'AA<^elo;.] Sea AsBTHnBA. Al'plne (Sl'ptn ; -pin), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or like, the Alps, or [/. c] any lofty mountain. 2. Pert, to, or growing in, a mountain zone so lofty as to have an arctic climate. al-read'y (Ol-rgdt), adv. [ail -^ ready. "] Prior to some specified time ; previously. Al-sa'tlan (Sl-aa'shan), a. Pertaining to Alsatia, or Alsace, in Germany, or to Alsatia, the precinct of Whitefriars in Loudon, where there formerly stood a Carmelite mouas- tery, and whither lawbreakers formerly resorted for sanc- tuary. — n. An inhabitant of either of these places. aVsike (Sl'sTk), n. [from Alsike, in Sweden.] A European clover with pinkish or white flowers. al'SO (8K8o; 9Kso), adv. & conj. [from AS., lit., all so; hence, "quite so."] In the same manner (a^ something else) ; likewise ; hence, in addition ; as well ; too. Syn. Also, too, likewise are used in adding one proposi- tion or consideration to another. Also adds to a statement something which may be affirmed equally with what pre- cedes. Too is less formal than also. Likewise is more for- mal and sli^^htly more explicit than also ; but it no longer necessarily implies specific likeness or connection. alt (Sit), a. Music. High in the scale. — n. The octave above tliB treble staff. al'tar (Si'ter), n. [AS., fr. L. al- tare.'] 1. A raised structure, or any structure or place, on which sacrifices are offered or incense burned in religious worship. 2. In the Christian church, the Communion table. al'tar-plece' (-pes'), n. The rere- dos of an altar. al'ter (5l'ter), v. t. [fr. F., fr. LL., f r. L. alter other.] To make otherwise; make different with- out changing iuto something else; vary ; modify. — v. i. To become different; change. — al'ter-a-blO Ancient Roman Altar, m (-d-b'l), a. — al'ter-a-bly, adv. the Mueeum at Aries. al'ter-ant (-Snt), a. Altering. — n. A thing that alters. aVter-a'tion (-a'shiin), n. 1. Act of altering ; state of be- ing altered. 2. Result of altering; modification. al'ter-a-tlve (81'tSr-a-tTv), a. Causing alteration ; specifi- cally, Med.., gradually changing, or tending to change, a morbid state into one of health without sensible change in the evacuations. ^ n. An alterative medicine or treatment. al'ter-cate (ai'ter-kat ; 81'-), v. i. ; -cat'ed (-kat'Sd); -CKf- iNG. [L. oiltercaius., p. p. of altercai-i, fr. aZteJ- another.] To contend warmly in words ; dispute ; wrangle. al'ter-ca'tioil (-ka'sht^n), n. Warm contention in words; controversy ; wrangle. — Syn. See dispute. artern (Sl'tSm ; 81M, a. [L. aliemus.'] Alternate. al-ter'nate (Sl-tflr'nat ; Sl'ter-), a. [L. altematus, p. p. of altemare to alternate, fr. alternus, fr. a/i«" other.] 1. Oc- curring or succeeding by turns ; one following the other; first one and then the other by turns ; hence, reciprocal. 2- Every other ; every second ; as, read the alternate lines. 3. Bot. Specif., distributed, as leaves, sin- gly at different heights of the stem, and at equal intervals as respects angular di- vergence. ^ 7t. A substitute ; one desig- . nated to take the place of another. al'ter-nate (Sl'ter-nat ; 81'-), v. t.; -nat'ed {-nat'Sd) ; -nat'ing. To perform by turns, or in succession ; interchange reg- ularly ; cause to alternate. — v. i. 1. To happen, succeed, act, or the like, by turns, or in alternation. 2. £/ec. Of a current, to reverse periodically and rapidly in di- Alternate Leaves, rection of flow. Also, to produce, or be operated by, a cur- rent that alternates. — al^ter-na'tiOIl (-na'shiin), n. al-ter'nate-ly, adv. of alternate, a. See -LT. al-ter'na-tlve (Sl-tGr'nd-tTv ; 81-), a. Offering a. choice (strictly a necessary one) of two (or, loosely, several) things ; offering for choice a second thing or proposition. ^ n. 1. An offer or statement of two things, one of which may, or strictly must, be chosen, but not both ; also, either of the things offered. 2. A choice or offer of choice be- tween more than two things or courses; hence, any of the things so offered. — al-ter'na-tive-ly, adv. Syn. Alternative, choice, option, election, preference ale senate, cfiie, am, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill; old, obey, 6rb,6dd, s5ft, connect ; uae, tmite, &m, iipi circus, meniit food,fddt; out, oil; chair; go; aingr,ii)k; fe;ben,thin; ALTH^A 23 AMBER Imply opportunity to choose. An alternative, as strictly used, on'era two things, of which one must be chosen. A CHOICE otfei'S the opportunity, without compulsion, of choosing between two or more things. Option stresses still further bhe liberty of choice. Election emphasizes the se- lective element in making a choice : preperbmce, the desire or predilection that accompanies the act of choosing. al-thSB'a, al-tbe'a (Sl-thi'a), n. Any of various malva- ceouB plants, including several common garden tlowers. al-though', al-thO' (8l-tho'), conj. {_all -f ihougk,'] Grant all this ; notwithstanding ; though. — Syn. Although, THOUGH. Although, originally more emphatic than though, is now interchangeable with it. al-tlm'e-ter (Sl-tTm'e-tSr), n. [LL. allm high + metrum, Gr. fjLfTpov measure.] An instrument for taking altitudes, as a quadrant, sextant, etc. — al-tim'e-try (-tn), n. al^tl-tUlle(Sl'tT-tud),n. {Ij,altiludo,fr.aUushigh.'] 1. Ex- tentupward; vertical elevation. 2- Astron. Elevation of a point or celestial body above the horizon. — Syn. See HEIGHT. — al'U-tuMl-nal (-tu'dl-nai), a. alto (Sl'to), n. ; pi, -Tos(-toz). [It., high.] Music, a The part sung by the lowest female, or contralto, voices, between tenor and soprano, b An alto voice or singer. alto-geth'er (Sl'tdS-gSth^r), adv. Without exception ; wholly ; completely. al'tO-re-Ue'TO (Sl'tft-rS-le'vo) ) n. ; pi. E. -vos (-voz) ; |] al'tO-ri-lle'VO (al'to-re-Iya'vo) ) It.-vi(-ve). [It. aZ/o- rilievo.'] Sculp. High relief ; sculpture in high renef. al'tru-lsm(Sl'troo-Tz'm),n. [fr.F.,It. rfi/rwi of or to others, L.ate-auother.] Regard for, and devotion to, the interests of others ; — opposed to egoism or selfishness. — al'tru-lst, n.— al'tru-is'tic(-Ts'tTk), a. al'Uin{Sl'fim),ra. [OF., fr. L. alumen alum.] An astrin- gent sulphate of potassium and aluminium. a-lu'ml-na (d-in'mT-nd), n. [L. alumen, almninis, alum.] The oxide of aluminium. Alumina is the most widely dis- tributed earth, and is the chief constituent of all cla}^. al'a-min'l-aiii (SPu-min'T-^m), or a-lu'mi-num (d-iu'mt- num), n. [see alumina.] A bluish silver-white malleable metal, noted for its lightness (sp. gr., about 2.6) and resist- ance to oxidation, It is the most abundant metallic ele- ment, but always occurs in combination. Symbol, Al ; at. wt., 27.1. Aluminum is the common form in commerce in the United States ; aluminium is used with practical uni- formity in Great Britain and generally by chemists in the United States. — a-lu'iiiI-nous(a-lu'mT-nfis), a. a-lnm'nus (-liim'nfis), n. masc. ; pi. -ni (-ni). [L. , f r. alere to nourish.] A graduate of a college or other institution of learning. — a-luin'lia (-nd), n.fem. ; pi. -tsm {-ne). al-ve'O-lar (SI-ve'A-ldr ; Sl've-o-ldr), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, alveoli ; Anat. , pertaining to the part of the jaws where the sock'ets for the teeth are situated. fd've-0-late (SKve-o-lat ; Sl-ve'-) ) a. Fitted like a honey- al've-o-Iat^ed (-laVSd) j comb. al-ve'O-lUStSl-ve'o-lSs), n. ; L.pl. -li (-li). [L.,dim. of. al- veus a hollow.] Anat. t& Zool. A small cavity or pit, as a socket for a tooth, an air cell of the lungs, etc. al'vine (51'vTn; -vin),«. [L. a^vws belly,] Of, from, in, or pertaining to, the belly or the intestines. al'way (81'wa ; 81'wa'), adv. Always. Archaic. al'ways (81'waz ; -wazj, adfv. At all times; ever; perpet- ually ; continually ; invariably ; uniformly. a-lys'S11IIl(d-ll8'i2m),n, [Gr. aAuo-o-or, name of a plant.] 1. Any of a genus {Alyns^im) of low, brassicaceous Old "World herbs, with small yellow flowers. 2. Sweet alyssum. am (Sm). [AS. am, eom.'] The first person singular pres- ent indicative of the verb be. Am'a-(lls(Sm'd-dIs),re. [Sp., lit., love of God.] Amadisof Gaul ; hence, a constant lover. — Amadls of Gattl, the hero of a cycle of romances of chivalry. He is the illegitimate son of the King of Gaul, and had many adventures in win- ning his ladylove. Oriana. a'mall (a^mi ; Sm'd), n. [Pg. afna.] A nurse ; esp., a wet nurse; also, any female servant. Oriental. A-marmon, or A-may'moii (d-ma'm3n ; d-m!'-), n. A mythical king of the East, one of the principal devils who might be temporarily bound or restrained from doing hurt, a-main' (d-man'), adv. [a- on -|- Tnam power.] 1, With might ; violently. 2. At full speed ; also, at once. Am'a-lek-lte (Sm'd-lSk-it), n. [Heb. 'Amaleki.'] In the Bible, orig. , one of a marauding Bedouin tribe settled about Kadesh, who, according to Gen. xxxvi. 12, were descended from Esau ; later, probably, any marauding nomad. a-mal'gaill(d-mSKgSm), n. [F. amalgame.^ 1. An alloy of mercury with another metal or metals. 2. A mixture, compound, or union of ditferent things. a-mal'ga-mate (d^mSl'gd-mat), v. t. & i. ; -MATTED (-mat^- 8d); -MAT'iNG. To unite or mix so as to form an amal- gam. —Syn. Gonsolidate^comblne, coalesce. See join. a-maV^a-ma'tlon (-ma'shun), n. Act or process of amal- gamating; state of being amalgamated; also, an amalgam. Am^al-thaa'a, Am/al-the'a (Sm/ai-the'd), n. [L. Amal- thea, fr. Gr. 'Afj.aKOeia.'} Class. Myth. The nurse of Zeus, described as a goat. The horn of AjnaWisea was one of the goat's' horns which became filled with whatever its posses- sor wished, hence called /to»7i of plenty, or cornucopia. am^a-nl'ta (5m'd-ni'td), n. [fr. Gr. a/xavirat asort of fun- gus.] Any of various fungi (genus Amanita) mostly very poisonous, often mistaken for edible mushrooms. a-man'U-en'sls (d-mSn/fi-Sn'sts), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [L., fr. a, ab + manus hand.] One employed to write what an- other dictates, or to copy what another has written. am'a-ranth (%m'd-rS!nth), n. [fr. L., f r. Gr. a/u.apai'Tos ; a- not -f- fxapaLveiv to wither.] 1. An imaginary unfading flower. Poetic. 2. Any of various plants, including sev- eral cultivated for their green, purple, or crimson flowers. am'a-ran'thine (-rSn'thln), a, 1. Of or pertaining to am- aranth. 2. Unfading; undying. 3. Purplish. Am''a-ryl11s (-rTl'Is), n. 1. A rustic maid or sweetheart, — in various pastoral poems. 2 . [I. c] Any of various bulb- ous plants, some of which are cultivated for their flowers. a-mass' (d-m4s'), v. t. & ?. [F. amiO^ser, LL. amassare ; L. ad -f-7nassa lump, mass.] To collect into a mass or heap ; accumulate. — Syn. See accumulate. — a-mass'a-ble, a. — a-mass'er, n. — a-mass'ment (-mgnt), n. am'a-teur' (5m'd-tflr'; am'd-tjBr), n. [F., fr. L. amator lover, fr. amare to love.] 1. One attached to or following a particular pursuit, study, or science, but not pursuing it professionally. 2. Specif., in sports and esp. athletics, one not rated as a professional. — am^a-teur'lsh, a. — am'- a-teur^lsh-ly, adv. — am^a-teur'lsh-ness, n. — am^a- teur'ism (-iz'm), n. — am^a-teur'shlp, n. Syn. Amateur, dilettante agree in implying the culti- vation of an art or study for amusement or personal grati- fication, as opposed to its professional pursuit. But dilet- tante now commonly suggests the elegant trifler. ain'a-tive (5m'd-tTv), a. [L. amatus, p. p. of amare to love.] Full of love ; amatory. — am'a-tlve-ness, n. am'a-tO-ry (-tft-rT), a. [L. amatorius.'] Pert, to, causing, or expressing, sexual love. — am^a-to'rl-al (-to'ri-ftl), a. am^'au-ro'sis (5m'8-ro'sTs), n. [Gr. ojLLaiJpwiTts, fr. d/ioupo? dim.] A decay of sight from loss of power in the optic nerve, without perceptible external change. a-maze' (d-maz'), v. t. ; a-mazed' (-mazd^; a-maz'ing (-maz'Ing). [a- + maze.~\ 1. To bewilder ; stupefy. Obs, 2. To confound, as by fear or wonder ; astound. — Syn. See SURPRISE. — n. Bewilderment due to fear, surprise, or wonder. Chiefiy Poetic. — a-mazed' (d-mazd'), p. a. — a-maz^ed-ly (d-maz'6d-iT), adv. — a-maz'ed-nesa, rt. — a-maz'lng (d-maz'ing), p. a. — a-maz'ing-ly, adv. a-maze'ment (d-maz'm^nt), n. 1. State of being amazed. 2. Frenzy; madness. Ohs. Ain'a-Z0lnSm'd-z5n),n. [L.,fr.Gr.'Anta^wv.] X.Gr.Myth. One of a race or nation of female warriors with whom the Greeks repeatedly warred. 2. [often I.e.] A tall, strong, masculine woman; a virago. Am'a-ZO'ni-an (-zo'uT-$n), a. 1. Of or pertaining to, or like, an Amazon ; warlike. 2. Of or pertaining to the river Amazon in South America. am^tiage (Sm'baj), n. ; pi. -BAGES {L. Sm-ba'jez; E. Sm'ba- jSz). ill. amhages; ambi'-^agere to diTvre.^ X. Acircuit; winding, 2. Circuitous way or proceeding; quibble. am-bas'sa-dor (Sm-bSs'd-dSr), em-bas'sa-dor (Sm-), n. [F. ambassadeur, It. ambasciatore.'\ An envoy or minister of state. 065. or Hist. , except: A minister of high rank sent by one sovereign or state to another, usually called amtaa- sador extraordinary. Speciflcally, a minister of the highest rank accredited to a foreign court to reside there and repre- sent his sovereign or country ; — formerly called ambassa- dor ordinary or resident ambassador. — am-bas^sa-do'rl- al C-do'rT-ai), a. — am-bas^sa-dresB (-drSs), n. fem. am'ber (Sm'ber), n. [F. ambre, Sp. dmbar, fr, Ar. ^anbar ambergris/] 1. A yellowish translucent resin, found fossil. It takes a fEne polish, and by friction becomes strongly elec- tric. 2. Amber color, or something amber-colored. 3. Am- bergris. Obs. — a. Amber-colored. native, verdure (87) ; k = c1i in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN; yet; zli= z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Explanations of Abbreviations, Slitns, etc^ preceae Vocabulary. U Foreign Word* + combined wlth> =eauals. AMBERGRIS 24 AMICABLY am'ber-grls (Sm'ber-gres), n. [F- ambre gris^ i. e., gray amber.] A waxy substance found floatinR in tropical seas, and also as a morbid secretion in the sperm whale, whence it is all believed to come. It is highly valued in perfumery. am^bi-dex'ter (Sm'bT-dStB'ter), a. ILL., fr. L. ambo both + dexter right, dexira (ac. manus) right hand.] Using both bauds with equal ease; hence, two-sided; double-dealing.— n. 1. An ambidexter person. 2. A double-dealer. — am'- 1)l-des-ter'l-t7 (-dSks-tSr'I-tl), n. am'bl-dez'trous (-trJis), a. l. Using both hands with equal ease. 2. Unusually dexterous ; versatile. 3. Prac- ticing or siding with both parties ; double-dealing. am'bl-ent (5m'bT-gnt), a. [L. ambiem, p. pr. of ambire to go around ; amb- around + ire to go.] 1. Moving round. Obs. or R. 2. Encompassing on all sides ; investing. am^bl-gu'1-ty (-gu'T-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). Quality of beiuf ambiguous ; also, an ambiguous word or expression. am-blg'U-OUS (Sm-bTg'u-fis), a. [L. ambiguus, f r. ambigere to wander about, waver ; amb- around + agcre to drive.] Doubtful ; uncertain, esp. as to meaning ; capable of being understood in either of two or more senses. — Syn. See EQui ocAL. — am-big'u-ous-ly, adv. — oas-ness, n. amOiit (Sm'bit), n. \L. ambitus circuit, fr. ambire to go around.] 1. Circuit; compass; esp., a space about a house, castle, etc.; precmct. 2. Bounds ; limits ; compass; extent. am-bl'tion (5m-bish'fin), n. [F., fr. L. ambiiio a going around, esp. of candidates in Rome, to solicit votes.] 1. A canvassing or soliciting. Obs. 2. An eager or inordinate desire for preferment, honor, superiority, power, or attain- ment ; also, an object of such desire. — am-bl'tion-less, a. Syn, Ambition, aspiration imply strong desire for ad- vancement. AuBiTiON has personal advancement or pre- ferment as its end; it may oe praiseworthy. Aspiration implies as its object something felt to be above one, the Btnving after which is uplifting or ennobling : as, aspira- tion after holiness. Aspiration is sometimes derogatorily used (esp. in the pi.) of ambition felt to be unwarranted ; as, his aspirations must be nipped in the bud. — V. t. To seek after ambitiously or eagerly; covet. Rare. am-bi'tlons (-fis), a. l. Possessing, or controlled by, am- bition. 2. Strongly desirous; — with of or the infinitive. 3. Springing from, characterized by, or indicating, ambi- tion, — am-bl'tlons-ly, adv. — am-bi'tlous-ness, n. amnblo (Sm'b'l), V. I. / -BLED (-b'ld); -blinq (-bltng). [fr. F.,fr. L. amfiw^arctowalk.] Togoatanamble.-^re. 1. An easy gait of a horse in which the legs on either side are lifted together; loosely, any easy gait. 2. An easy movement suggestive of the amble of a horse. — amHller (-bier), n. am-bro'si-a (Sm-bro^zhT-a ; -zT-d), n. [L., fr. G-r. aju/Spoai'a, fr. ojLi^poTos immortal ; i- not + ^pord? mortal.] 1. Class. Myth. The substance which, with nectar, formed the food and drink of the gods, and which made immortal those who partook of it. 2. A perfumed unguent, salve, or draft. — am-bro'sl-al (-51), a. — am-brb'sl-an {-fin), a. am'bry (ara'bri), n.; pi. -bries (-brtz). [fr. OF., fr. L. armaj-ium chest, cupboard, orig. for arms, L. arma arms.] 1. A repository ; esp., aniche, cupboard, or locker. 2. Al- monry. Incorrectly so used. ambs'ace (amz'as; Smz'-), n. [OF. ambesas; ambes both (L. ambo) + as ace.] Double aces, the lowest throw at dice ; hence, the last chance ; bad luck ; thing of no accoimt. aiIl'bll-lanGe(am'b6-lSns),7i. [F., fr. L. ambulare to walk.] 1. A field hospital following an army. 2. A covered ve- hicle for conveying the sick or injured, as from the field of battle, to a hospital, etc. am'bn-lant (-lant), a. "Walking ; moving about. Rare. am'bU-la-tO-ry (-Id-td-rT), a. l. Of or pertaining to walk- ing ; fitted for walking. 2. Not stationary; movable. «- n. ;pl. -RiES (-rTz). Arch. A place to walk in, as a gallery. am'bUS'Cade'CSm^biis-kad'), 71. {F. embuscade.^ 1. A ly- ing in wait, concealed, to attack an enemy by surprise; snare; ambush. 2. Mil. A body of troops in ambush ; the place of ambush. — am^bus-ca'do (-ka'do), n, Obs. am^bnsh (5m'b65sh), V. t. [fr. OP., fr. LL. imboscare; in -\- LL. boscuSy buscus, a wood.] 1. To station in ambush. 2. To attack by ambush; waylay.— u.-i. To lie in ambush; lurk. ^n. 1. Arrangement of troops in concealment to attack an enemy unexpectedly. Hence: Unseen peril; trap; snare. 2. A concealed station where troops or enemies lie in wait to attack by surprise. am^bush-ment (-mSnt), n. An ambush. a-moer', a-xnll' (d-mer'), n. iaee emir.] A Mohammedan noble, esp. a ruling prince of Afghanistan or of Sind. a-mel'lo-rate (d-mel'yo-rat), V. t. t& i. ; -RAT'BD (-iSfSd) ; -rat'ing. [L. ad + meliorare to make better.] To im- prove ; meliorate. — Syn. SeeiMPROVE. — a-meMo-ra'- tlon (-rS'shttn), n. — a-znel'lo-ra-tlve (-ra-tTtv), a a'meil' (a'mSn' ; often — in singing always — a/mSn'), adv. <& inter). [L., fr. Gr. i/i^f, Heb. am^ certainly, truly.] So be it ; verily ; assuredly ; — a term of solemn ratification, esp. in religious ceremony. — n. 1. The word "amen," its utterance or use. 2. The assent or ratification expressed by "amen." ^v. t. To say "amen" to; sanction. a-me'na-ble (d-me'nd-b*l), a. [F. amener to lead; h (L. ad) -\- mener to lead, L. minare^ minari^ to threaten, drive ammals, in LL. to lead ; L. minae threats.] 1. Liable to be brought to account or punishment ; answerable ; account- able. 2. Responsive ; tractable — Syn. See responsible. — a-me'na-bly, adv. — a-me^na-bil'1-ty (-bti't-ti), «. a-mend' (d-mSnd'), v. t. [F. amender, L. emendare ; e {ex) -\- mendum^ menda^ fault.] 1. To reform (a person). Obs. 2. To free, as conduct, from fault or error ; correct ; hence, tomend; repair. 3. Toimprove; better. 4. Inparliamen- tary procedure, to alter formally in any way. ^ v. i. To re- form ; become better. — Syn. See mend. a-mend'a-to-ry (d-mgn'dd-td-ri), a. Corrective. II a'mende' (A^maNd' ; E. d-mSnd', formerly the usual pron.), n. [F.] A fine, penalty, or reparation made for a wrong, a-mend^ment (d-m@nd'mgnt), n. Act of amending; thing done by way of amending. — Syn. Improvement, reforma- tion, correction. a-mends' (d-mSudz'), n. sing. & pi, [F. amendes^ pi.] 1. Compensation for a loss or injury ; recompense. 2. Im- provement, esp. in health. Obs, — Syn. See reparation. a-men'i-ty (d-mSn1-tT), n, ; pi. -TIES (-tTz). [F. amSnUS^ L. amoenUas, fr. amoenus pleasant.] Quality or state of being pleasant or agreeable ; civility; suavity ; also, esp. in pL, an act, pursuit, civility, or the like, expressing or fur- thering pleasantness or smoothness of social intercourse. am'eilt (Im'Snt; a'mSnt), n. [L. amentum thong, strap.] An in- florescence consisting of a close, bracted spike ; a catkin. — am'- en-ta'ceoas (Sm'€n-ta'sh&s), a. a-merce' (d-mflrs'), v. t.; a- merced' (d-mfiraf) ; a-herc'ino (-mQr'sTng). [AP. amerci'er, fr. a meroi at the mercy of, liable to a punishment.] 1. To punish by a discretionary, pecuniary penal- ty. 2. To punish; mulct. — a- merce'ment (-mSnt), n. A-meT'l-can (d-™Sr^-k3n), a. [after .<4meriews Vespucius.] Of or pertaining to America or the United States. — n, a A native of America ; orig., an American aborigine ; now, a person of European descent bom in America, b A citizen of the United States. A-mer'I-can-ism (-tz*m), n. 1. Attachment to the United States. 2. A custom, word, or phrase peculiar to America or to the United States. ames'ace. Obs. var. of ahbsace. am'e-ttayst (Sm'e-thTst), n. [fr. OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. a|tie- dtro-TOf without drunkenness, a remedy for drunkenness ; a- not +jLt€flueti' to be drunken.] Min. a A clear purple or bluish violet crystallized quartz much used as a jeweler's stone, b A purple variety of corundum, called specifically Oriental amethyst. — am'e-thys'tlne (-thls'ttn), a. Am-for'tas (am-fdr'tas), n. [MHG. Anfortas.^ See Parsi- fal, Klinosor. a'ml-a-ble (a'mT-d-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. amicabifis friendly, amicus friend.] 1. Lovable ; admirable ; also, lovely ; de- sirable. 2. Good-naturedly amicable ; good-naturedly com- plaisant. —Syn. Agreeable, charming, pleasing. See lova- ble. — a'mi-a-bU'i-ty C-bii'T-tT), n.— a'ml-a-ble-ness, n. — aOnl-a-bly, adv. am'1-ca-ble (SmT-kd-b'l), a. [L. amicabilix.'] Friendly; arising from, or exhibiting, friendliness. — am'l-ca-bll'- 1-ty (-kd-bilT-tT), am'1-oa-ble-ness, n- — ca-bly, adv. Syn. Peaceable, harmonious, kind. — Amicable, friendly. Neither of these words denotes great warmth of affection. Friendly (though less strong than friendship) implies cor- diality, or at least good will ; as, a friendly nod, call. Ami- cable often implies little more than absence of a disposi- tion to quarrel ; as, an amicable adjustment. Amenta, or Catkins, a Stamlnate Ament ; b Pis- tlllate AinentB. ale, senate, c&re, ftm, dccount, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, drb, 5dd, 8dft, cSmiect ; nae, finite, urn, Op, ci7Cif9, meaU; food, foot; out, oil; Gbair; go; 6ins,ii)k; &en,thin; AMICE fim1oe(Sm'Ts),n. [ME. amy^e.] J2. CCA. An oblone piece of white liaen worn about the neck and shoulders, under the alb and chasuble, by priests at Mass. am'lce, n, [OF. almuce, aumuce, LL. almucium, almucia^ aumucia.! EccL A hood, or hooded cape of, or lined with, fur (usually gray), formerly worn by the clergy. a-mld' (a-nild'), prep. lu the midst of; amidst. a-mld'shlps (-ships), adv. NauL lu or toward the middle of a ship, esp. with regard to her length, a-mldat' (d-mTdaf), a-mld' {d-miii'),prep. In or into the - midst or middle of ; among. — Syu. See among. a-mir' (d-mer'). Var. of amber. a-mlsa' (o-mls'), acfv. \a--\-iiiiss.'\ Astray; faultily; im- properly. — a. Wrong ; faulty ; improper. Used only in the predicate, — n. A fault. Obs. am'l-ty (Smt-tT), n.; pi. -TIES (-ttz). [fr. F., fr. L. ami- cus friendly.! Friendship ; friendly relations ; good under- standing. — Syn. Harmony, friendliness, good will, peace. aiU'me''tet (-me'tSr), n. [aT/tpere + -meter.'\ Eleo. An instrument for measuring the amperage of a current. Am'mou (Sm'iJn), n. [L. , f r. Gr. 'i\n.y.titvy fr. Egypt, omen. See Amon.] Egypt Myth. = Amon. Am'mon, n. sing. & pi. [Heb. ^A7iimSn.'] In the Bible, a people (usually called the children of A/iimon) east of the Jordan, belonging to the Aramaean branch of the Semites. am-mo'nl-a(rt-m6'nT-a),». [from sal amHiomac] 1. Chem. A colorless gaseous compound of hydrogen and nitrogen, with extremely pungent smell and taste, commonly prepared in aqueous solution. 2. Popularly, ammonia water. — am- mo'nl-ac, am^mo-nl'a-cal (Sm'o-ni'fi-kai), a. am-mo'nl-ac (-Sk), n., or gum ammoniac [fr. L., fr. Gr. atiiMtiii/iaKov a gum said to distill from a tree near temple of Jupiter Amman.'] The aromatic gum resin of a Persian herb of the celery family. Am'mon-lte (5m'5n-it), n. In the Bible, one of the people called Ammon. am'mOIl-ite, n. [L. cornu Ammonis horn of Ammon.] Any of numerous fossil shells. am-mo'Ill-lim (ft-mo'nI-Sm), n. The radi- cal in salts formed by ammonia and acids. am^mu-nl'tlon (Sm'S-nTsh'ttn), n. [F. Ammonite. ainuniticm^ formerly used for munition. See BlUNinoN.] 1. Articles used in charging firearms and ordnance, as powder, shot, etc. 2. Any stock of missiles. am-ne'sl-a (Sm-ne'sT-d ; -zT-d), n. [Gr. afivijcta forgetful- ness.] Med. Defect of memory, esp. for certain words. — am-ne'slc (-sTk ; -zTk), am-nes'tlc (-nSs'tTk), a. am'nea-ty (Sm'ngs-tT), ?*. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). [fr. L., fr. Gr. afxvTjiTTia a forgetting, derir. of a- not -|- fx-vauOat to re- member.] An act of the sovereign power granting obliv- ion, or a general pardon, for a past ofFenae. — v. t. ; -tied (-tid) ; -TT-iNG (-tl-Tng). To grant amnesty to. am'nl-on (5m'nT-Sn), n. ; pi. E. -nions (-Snz), L. -NiA (-nt-d). [Gr. aixviov, dim. of afLvo'; lamb.] A thin mem- brane forming a closed sac about the embryo of a reptile, bird, or mammal. — am^nl-Ot'iC (-3t'Tk), a. a-moB'ba (d-me'bd), n.;pl. E. -bas (-bdz), L. -b^ (-be). [Gr. a/xot^^ change,] Any of several microscopic rhizopods common in stagnant fresh water. It is one of the simplest animals, consisting of a nucleated mass of protoplasm without a distinct cell wall. a-mcsniold (-bold), a. Like an amoeba. Vmon (a'm^n), n. [Egypt, amen, 'prop., the hidden.] Egypt. Mxjih. At first a deity of reproductive ' forces, but later united with the sun god and called " the father of the gods," and eventually conceived of as a supreme deity, with the other gods as his members or parts. He is often represented as ram-headed. t-mong' (d-mSng') 1 pre/p. [AS. onmang^ ovgemang, ge- ^-monsst' (-mfingsf) ( mang, in a crowd or mixture.] 1. Slixed or intermingled with ; surrounded by. 2. As- sociated with ; in the number or class of, often expressing a relation of dispersion, distribution, etc., or a relation of reciprocal action ; as, human sacrifice is practiced among them ; to quarrel among themselves. Syn, Among, AMIDST. Among denotes a mingling or inter- mixture with distinct or separable objects ; be fell among 25 AMPHISB^NA thieves ; aTnong the people. Amidst denotes literally in the midst or middle of, hence surrounded by (distinct or separable objects, or a single object). Am'o-rite (3m'6-rit), n. [Heb. Aa-^ww-i.] Any of an ancient Palestinian people mentioned in the cuneiform inscriptions of Sargon, and in the Bible (2 Sam. xxi. 2 ; Ajnos ii. 9-10). am'0-rous (-rws), a. [fr. OF., fr. LL, amorosus, fr. L. amor love.] 1. Inclined to love ; loving, fond. 2. Affected with love; in love; enamored, 3. Of or relating to, or produced by, love. — Syn. Tender, passionate, ardent. See pond. — ■ am'o-rou8-ly, adv. — am'o-rous-ness, n. a-mor^phism (d-m6r'fTz'm), n. Amorphous quality or state a-mor'phoUS (-ffis), a. [Gr. dfiop^ios ; a- not-f ^iop^ii form.] 1. Having no determinate form ; shapeless ; specifically, of solids, not crystallized in the ultimate texture, as glass. 2. Of no particular kind or character ; anomalous. a-morr (-m8rt'), a. [F. d to -{-mori death.] As if dead; lifeless ; spiritless ; dejected. a-mor'ttze (d-m8r'tiz ; -tTz), V. t. ; -tized (-tizd , -tizd) ; -Tiz- ING. [LL. amortisare, admortizare, or F. amoriir ; L. ad -\- 7rt07-5death.] 1. To sell in mortmain. 2. To clear oif, liq- uidate, or otherwise extinguish, as a debt, usually by a sink- ing fund. — a-mor'tiz-a-ble, a. — a-mor'ti-za'tion (-tl- za'shzin ; -ti-za'-), n. — a-mor'tize-ment (-ttz-mgnt), n. A'mos (a'mtts), n. [Heb. Mmos.] In the Bible : a A He- brew prophet of the 8th century b. c. b The Book of Amos in the Old Testament. a-mo'tlon (d-mo'shfin), 71. [L. amo^i'o.] Removal ; ousting. a-mount' (d-mounf), v. i. [OF. amonier to increase, as- cend, fr. amont (equiv. to L. ad viontem to the mountain) upward.] To rise, reach, or extend {to) in quantity, num- ber, effect, substance, or influence. — n. 1 Sum total of two or more sums or quantities; aggregate. 2. Effect, substance, value, significance, or result. — Syn. See sum. a'mour' (A'moor'), n, [F., fr. L. a7nor love.] Love mak- ing ; a love affair ; usually, an illicit lave affair. t'mou^rette' (A/moo'rSf), n. [F.] j Amffiba. 1 Nucleus ; S Contractile Vacuole { 3 Food Vacuolee. a'mou^rette' (A/moo'rSf), n. [F.] A petty amour. am-per'age (Sm-par'Sj ; jJm'per-aj) , n. The strength of a current of electricity measured in amperes. am-pere' (Sm-pSr') l n. [After A. M. Amphre, French II am'pfere' (aN/pSr') f electrician.] The practical unit of electrical current ; the current produced by one volt acting through a resistance of one ohm. am-pere'me'^ter (Sm-pSr'me'ter), am''per-om'e-ter (Km'- per-5m'e-ter), w [_ampere -\- meter.'] Blee. Anammeter. am'per-sand (Sm'per-sSnd ; fim'per-sand'), n [corrupt. Qiandperseand^\.e., ©"by itself makes and.] The char- acter &■, (fc, or &. Am^phl-a-ra'iis (-fT-d-ra'«s). [L., fr. Gr. A/x*iapaos.] Gr. Myth. A celebrated hero and seer of Argos Am-phiM-a (Sm-ftb'T-d), n. pi. [see amphibious.] Zo'oL A class of vertebrates including the frogs, toads, newts, and allies. They are mostly oviparous and pass through an aquatic larval stage called a tadpole, in which they liave gills, afterwards losing the gills and breathing by Jungs. am-phlb'1-an (-iin), A. Amphibious; of the Amphibia. — n. An nmphibious animal or plant ; one of the Amphibia. am-pllib'l-oas {-Ks), ff. [Gr aju.<^t'/3ios living a double life; i/i^t+pios life.] 1. Able to live both on land and in water, as frogs. 2. Of or pert, to, or adapted for, both land and water. 3. Of a mixed nature ; partaking of two natures. — am-phlb'l-oiis-ly, ndv. — am-phlb'l-ous-ness, n. am'phl-bole (am'ft-bol), n. [F., fr. Gr. afx4,i^o\o^ doubt- ful.]" A silicate of calcium and magnesium and usually one or more other metals, as iron. am-;phlc'ty-on (Sm-fTk^tT-5n), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. ifx^t. KTvoues, pi, Prob. orig. a/i.i^iKTt'oi'e? dwellers around, neigh- bors.] Or. Hist. A deputy to an amphictyonic council. am-phic't7-on'iG (-5n'Tk), a. Of or pert, to the amphic- tyona. —amphictyonic councllj the council held by the depu- ties of the states associated m an amphictyony. am-pbic'ty-O-ny (-fTk'tt-ft-nT), n.; pi. -nies (-nTz). [Gr. atiLKTvot'ia.'} Gr. ffist. A league of tribes associated to protect, and maintain worship in, the temple of some deity. Am-phl'On (5m-fi'»n),re. [L.,fr. Gr. 'AjLufrtwv.] Asonof Zeus and Antiope. He built the walls of Thebes by charm- ing the stones into place with the music of his lyre. am^phl-ox'ua (Sm/ft-Sk'sSe), n. [Gr. a[jL€tf to write.] The change of one word or phrase into another by the transpositioa,of its letters. — an'a-gTam-matIc (-gre^-mSt^k), an'a-gram-mat'i-cal (-kffii), a. — an'a-gram'ma-tlst (-grSui'd-tlst), n. An'a-klm (Sn'd-ktm), n. pi. [Heb.] In the Bible, a race of giants conquered by the Jews {Numbers xiii. 33, etc., Jo^. xi. 21) ; —often called children ol A'nak (a'nSk). a^nal (a'n&l), a. Pertaining to, or situated near, the anus. an'a-lOGtS (Sn'd-lSkts), n. pi. [Gr. avdXeKTo., deriv. of avd -\- Aeyeif to gather.] A collection of literary fragments. ail'al-ge'si-a(-51-ie'sT-d; -zl-d),re. [_Qr. a.va\yY}(Tia; a;*- not -j- aKyrnrts sense of pain.] Med. Insensibility to pain. — an'al-ges'lc (-jSs'Tk), a. & n. an'a-log'lc (-d-lSjtk) l a. 1. Founded on, or of the na- an'a-log'l-cal (-IBj'T-kffil) ( ture of, or implying, analogy. 2. Having analogy ; analogous. — an^a-logl-cal-ly, adv. a-nal'a-glst (d-nSl'S-jIst), n. One who analogizes. a-nal'O-glze (-jiz), v. i. ; -oized (-jizd) ; -oiz^ing (-jfz'Tng). To employ, or reason by, analogy ; show or seek analogy. a-nal'O-gOUS (-g&s), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. dva-Koyo^ proportion- ate ; dvd^\6yo';rQ.t\o.'] Having analogy; bearing some resemblance or proportion. — Syn. Correspondent, simi- lar. — a-nal'o-gous-ly , adv. — a-naro-gous-ness, n. an'a-logue (Sn'a-15g), n. [F.] That which is analogous to, or corresponds with, some other thing. a-nal'O-gy (d-nSl'd-jt), n.; pi, -oiES (-jTz). Resemblance of relations; agreement between things in some circumstances but not in others. — Syn. See reseublance. an'a-lyae, v., an'a-lys'er, n., etc. Vars. of analtze, etc. a-nal'y-ste (d-n5l1-sTs), n., pi. -sbs (-sez). [Gr. oraAuo-t?, fr. dvakvetv to unloose, resolve ; dva. up-|- A.ueti' to loose.] 1. A resolution of anything into elements ; an examination of component parts separately, or in relation to the whole ; Chem.^ the determination of an ingredient of a substance as to kind or amount. 2. A table of the heads of a discourse. an'a-lyst (5n'd-lTst), n. One who analyzes. an^a-lyt'lc (-nt'Tk) \a. [Gr. ii/aAuTiKo?.] Of or per- an'a-lyt'l-cal (-t-kSl) ( tainingto analysis ; resolving into elements or constituent parts. — an^a-lyt'l-cal-ly, adv. an^ytlc, or analytical, geometry, geometry subjected to alge- braic treatment by means of coordinates. an'a-lyt'iC8 (-llt'Iks), n. The science of analysis. an'a-lyze, an'a-lyse (Sn'd-hz), v. t. ; -lyzed or -ltsed (-lizd) ; -LTz''iNO or -lys'ing (-llz'tng). To resolve into elements or constituent parts ; separate or discriminate the parts of in relation to the whole and to one another ; to sub- ject to analysis. — an^a-ly-za'tlon, an'a-ly-sa'tlon (-1T- zifshfin ; -U-za'shfin), n. — an'a-lyz^er, an'a-lys^er (-liz'- er), n. An'a-nl'as (Sn'o-nl'tJa), n. In the Bible, a follower of the Apostles, who, with his wife, Sapphira, was struck dead for lying. See iicfe V. Hence, often, CoWog., a liar. an'a-pSBt, an'a-pest (Sn'd-pgst), n. [fr. L. , fr. Gr. (xi'airai- (TTos, i, e., a dactyl reversed ; avaback + Trateti' to strike.] Pros, a A foot of three syllables, the first two short or un- accented, the last long or accented (" " ~). b An anapaestic verqe. — an^a-psBS'tlc, -pes' tic (-pSs'ttk), a. an'arcb (Sn'ark), n. [Gr. dvapxo'; without a head ; dv- not ■+- opx^ beginning, first place, government.] An author or aider of anarchy, or of lawless revolt. a-nar'chlG (d-nar'kTk) 1 a. Of or pertaining to, involving, a-nar'chl-cal (-kt-kffil) ( or of the nature of, anarchy. fin'aroh-ism (Sn'dr-kTz'm), n. 1. The principles underly- ing anarchy ; especially, the theory that all government is an evil. At its best, anarchism stands for a society made orderly by good manners rather than by law ; at its worst, for a terroristic resistance to all present government and social order. 2. Advocacy or practice of anarchistic prin- ciples ; esp., anarchistic revolution; terrorism. an'arch-lst (-ktst), n. Advocate of anarchy or anarchism, an'arch-y (-kl), n. [Gr, dfap^^a.] 1. State of society where there is no law or supreme power ; hence, a state of lawlessness or political disorder. 2- Confusion ; disorder. Syn. Anarchy, lawlessness. Anarchy implies the total absence or suspension of government ; lawlessness is less . definite than anarchy^ and signifies rather a prevalent or habitual disregard of existing law and order. a-nas'to-mose (d-nSs'td-moz),v. i. /-uosEo(-mozd) ; -uos^- iNo (-moz'Tng). To intercommunicate by anastomosis. a-nas'to-mo'sis (-mo'sTs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [Gr. dva- (TTd/iuxrif opening, deriv. of dvd -\- tnoiia mouth.] Anat. & Biol. Union of one vessel with another, or the joining of branches, so as to form a network. a-nas'tro-phe (d-nSs'trS-fe), n. [Gr. ai'ao-rpot/)^, deriv. of dvd -\- aTpeeLv to turui^ Mh^, Inversion of the natura'' order of words. an'a-the'ma (Sn'd-the'md), n. ; pi. -themata (-thSm'd-td). [L. anaihema, Gr. dvddrffxa. See 2d anathema.] A thing devoted to a divinity or to sacred purposes. a-nath'e-ma (d-nfith'e-md), n. ; pi. -MAS (-mdz). [fr L., fr. Gr. dvdBep.a. thing devoted, esp. to evil, a curse, fr, ai/a- TiBivai to set up as a votive gitt, dedicate ; dvd -f- nOevai to set.] 1. A solemn ban or curse pronounced by ecclesi astical authority, esp. withexcomnmnication. 2. A curse. 3. Any person or thing anathematized. — Syn. See curse. a-nath'e-ma-tize (-tiz), v. t. <& i. ; -tizbo (-tizd) ; -tiz^ino (-tiz'Tng). To pronounce an anathema against ; to curse — a-nath^e-ma-tl-za'tlon (-tl-za'shiJn , -ti-za'shiin), n. an^a-tom'lC (Sn/d-t6mtk) ) a. Of or relating to anatomy. an'a-toml-cal (-T-kai) | — an^a-tom'1-cal-ly, adv. a-nat'O-mlSt (d-nSt'd-mTst), n. A person skilled in anatomy. a-nat'O-mlze (-miz), v. t. ; -mized (-mizd) ; -miz'ing (-miz'- Tng). 1. To dissect so as to display or examine the struc- ture and use of the parts. 2. To discriminate carefully ; analyze. — a-naVO-ml-za'tion (-mT-za'shfin ; -ml-), n. a-nat'O-my (-mT), n. ; pi. -mies (-mTz). [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. kva.TQp.i\ dissection, fr. dvd -f- rip-yeiv to cut.] 1. Art of dissecting an animal or plant to discover the situation, structure, and economy of the parts. 2. The science of the structure of animals or plants. 3. Structure or organiza- tion of an animal or plant. 4. Analysis. 5. A skeleton. a-nat'to. Var. of annatto. -ance, -ancy, -enoe, -ency. Suffixes forming nouns, and signifying: 1. Primarily: a Act of. Examples; continuance, ac^o/ continuing; resistance, ac2 of resisting ; emergewcc or, less usually, emergency, act of emerging ; appearance, act of appearing ; radiance, act of radiating, radiation. b Quality or stale of. Examples : contingency/, or, rarely, contingence, quality or state of being contingerit ; radiance, radiancy, convenience, convenience, exigency, quality or state of being radiant, etc. 2- Secondarily, a (particular) thing that exhibits^ or is pro- duced bpf or causes (the quality, state, or action denoted by the word in its primary senses) ; that which^ or a thing that^ is (of the nature indicated by the corresponding adjec- tive in -ant or -en^. Examples : contingency, that which is contingent ; {promi- nence, protuberance, contrivance, that which i* prominent, protuberant, contrived ; convenieTice, that wJiich causes con- venience, a thing that is convenient. an'ces-tor (Sn'ses-ter), n. [OF. ancestre, fr. L. antecessor one who goes before, deriv. of antecedere, fr. ante before -}- cedere to go.] One from whom a person is descended ; a progenitor ; forefather. — an'ces-trOBS (-trSs), n. fern. — an^ces-to'rl-al (-to'ri-ai ; 57), a. — ^an-ces'tral (Sn-sSs'- trffil), a. an'ces-try (Sn'sSs-trT), n. Ancestral lineage; hence, birth ; honorable descent. An-chi'seS (Sn-ki'sez), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Ayx^ff^)?-] See .<^NEA8. an'chor (Sn'kSr), n. [AS. ancra^ fr. L. anachoreta. See AN0H0RET.1 An auchoret. Obs. _ ^^ ichinG. Ich, ach(50); boNj^yet; a!li=z inazure, Ki#l»nBtloxi» About ; con- cerning ; in respect to. au'er-old (Sn'er-oid), a. [a- not + Gr. vijpds wet, moist + -oid.] Containing no liq- uid, — said of a kind of barometer registering by the atmospheric pressure on a partially exhausted metallic box. ^ n. An an- eroid barometer. an^es-the'sl-a, an'es- Uiet'ic Vars, of anes- thesia, ANESTHETIC. an'eu-rysm. an'eu-rism (Sn'fi-ris'm), n. [Gr, Ac- Aneroid Barometer, a Exhausted Ei>puKe- pendagea on the head, by which ''ex Angle i B Vertex. latter it is said to lure fish within reach. An'gles (-g'lz), n. pi. A Germanic people who, with Sax- ons and Jutes, conquered England in the 5tli century a. d. From their name come the worda England and English. — An'gll-an (-glT-Sn), a. & n. an'gle-WOrm^ (Sij'g'l-wQrm'), n. An earthworm. An'gU-can (Jhi'glT-kSn), a. 1. English; esp.,of orpert. to the C hurch of England and churches in communion with it. 2. Of or pert, to the High Church party of the Church of England. — n. A member of an Anglican church or the An- glican pai-ty. — An^gll-can-lsm (-Tz'm), n. [| An'gU-ce (-se), adv. [NL.] la the English language or fashion. An'gU-clsm (-sTz'm), n. l. Anglicized language or idiom. 2' Quality of being Bngllsli; an English characteristic. An'gli-clze (-siz), v. i. <& i. ; -cizbd (-aizd); -ciz'mo (-sTz'- Tng), To make or become English ; Anglify. — An''gll- Ol'Za'tion (-at-za'shJ2n ; -ai-za'shi£n), n. An'gll-fy (-fi), V. t. ; -FiED (-fid) ; -fy'ino. To Anglicize. An'glO-Frencll' (Sq^gld-), a- 1. Of or pert, to England and France. 2- Designating or relating to Anglo-French. ^ n. The French language as spoken in England after the Norman Conquest, esp. by the Normans then living in England and by their descendants. An'glo-ma'ni-a (-ma'nt-d), n. Prejudice in favor of Eng- lish customs, institutions, etc. — An'glO-ma'nl-ac (-Sk), n. An^glO-Nor'mail (-n8r'm&n^, n. One of the English Nor- maiia, or the Normans who lived in England after'the Con- quest ; also, the form of French spoken by them and their descendants. — An^glo-Nor'niailT a. An^glO-Sax'on (-sSk'sSn; -s'n), n. 1. a pi. The Low German tribes wliich conquered southern and eastern Eng- land and southern Scotland in the 5th and 6th centuries. b A member of the nation created by these toibes, together with native and Danish elements, which ruled England until the Norman Conquest. 2. A person belonging to, or descended from, the mixed race which forms the English nation. 3. The language of the Anglo-Saxons (sense 1). An-gola (Sq-go'ld), n. A corruption of Angora. An-gO'ra (-go'rd), n. [after Angora^ the city of Asia Minor, or Anatolia.'] A cloth, fringe, shawl, or the like, of An- gora wool. — Angoiacat, a variety of the domestic cat with very long, silky hair. — Angora goat, akind of domestic goat reared for its long silky hair (called Angora wool), the true mohair of commerce. an'gos-tn'ra bark (aq'giJs-too'rd bark), [from Angostura, in Venezuela.] An aromatic bark used as a tonic, obtained from a certain South American rutaceouB tree. an'grl-ly (Si)'grT-lt), adv. In an angry manner. an'grl-neSB (Sq'grl-ngs), n. Quality or state of being angry an'gry (aij'grl), a.; -ori-er (-grI-Sr); -gri-bst. [see ahger.] 1. Atfected with anger; enraged. 2. Showing, or proceed- ierament prone to anger, but not necessarily to violent wrath. As applied to speech, pas- sionate implies vehemence, but not necessarily anger. an'guish (Si/gwTsli) , n. [F. angoisse^ fr. L. angustia nar- rowness, difficulty, distress, fr. angustus narrow, difficult, fr. angere to press together.] Extreme pain of either body or mind; excruciating distress. Rarely used inpl. — Syn, Agony, pang, torture, torment. See distress, —v. t. & i. To distress, affect, or suffer with anguish. an'gn-lar (Jij'gu-ldr), a. [L. angularis.] 1. Of or pert, to an angle or angles ; having or forming au angle ; sharp- cornered. 2. Fig. : Lean ; lank ; sharp and stiff in charac- ter. — au'gu-lar'1-ty (-iSr't-tT), n. — an'gu-lar-ly, adv. an-hun'gered (Sn-hQi]'gerd), a. Hungry. Archaic. an-hy'dride (Sn-hi'dnd ; -drTd), n. Also -drid. [See ah- HYDRODs.] Cheni. a An oxide of a nonmetallic body or an organic radical, capable of forming an acid by uniting with water, or of being formed from an acid by abstrac- tion of water, or of uniting with basic oxides to form salts. b A compound formed by abstraction of water. an-by'drons (Sn-hl'drSs), a. [Gr. dwSpo^ wanting water.] Destitute of water, esp. water of crystallization. a-lllght'(d-nit'),a-nlgbtS' {-nits'), flf^i'. Atnight. Archaic. an'il (Sn'il), n. [fr. F., Sp., or Pg., f r. Ar. an-nil, al-nll indigo plant, fr. Skr. nUa dark blue, nlll indigo, indigo plant.] 1. A West Indian fabaceous shrub, one of the sources of indigo. 2. Indigo. Rare. an'lle (Sn'Il ; -Tl), a. [L. anilis, fr. anus old woman.] Old- womanish ; hence, imbecile. — a-nll'l-ty (d-nil'I-tl), n. ; pi. -TIES (-ttz). an'l-llne (|-T-ltn ; -leu), n. Also -lln. [anil indigo (from which it is obtainable) + -inc.] Oi'g. Chem. An oily poi- sonous basic liquid, colorless when pure, now chiefly made by reduction of nitrobenzene, used in making dyes. an^i-mad-ver'sion (Sn^T-mSd-vflr'shtJn), n. [L. animad- versio. See animadvert.] Remark by way of criticism and usually of censure ; adverse criticism ; blame. Syn. Censure, reproach, aspersion, condemnation.— Ani- MADVBRSION^ CRmciSM, STRICTURE, REFLECTION, An ANI- MADVERSION IS a critical observation or remark, usually ad- verse, sometimes carping; as, animndi'ersions prompted by hate. A CRrricisM is a more explicit expression of judg- ment, implying previous scrutiny ; as here compared (<3. REVIEW) it is commonly unfavorable ; aa, explanations in- tended to forestall o-Uicism. Stricture always implies censure, which may be either ill-natured or judicious; as, his stHctures on English customs displayed much bad tem- per. Reflection implies some imputation or aspersion cast (often indirectly) upon its object ; as, the reflections on his honesty were entirely gratuitous. an^l-mad-vert' (-vflrf), v. i. [L. animadvert&'e ; animus mind + adver^ere to turn to. See advert.] 1. To notice. Hare or Archaic. 2- To consider or remark by way of crit- cism or censure. — Syn. Comment, criticise, censure. an'l-mal (Sn'T-mai), n. [L., fr. anima breath, soul.] 1. Any member of the group of living beings typically en- dowed with sensation and voluntary motion. 2 . One of the lower animals ; a brute or beast, as disting. from man. Syn. Animal, brute, beast. In ordinary literal use, ani- mal refers to sentient beings, as distinguished from plants and inanimate objects ; brute, to animals regarded as irra- tional or savage ; beast, usually to four-footed animals. Fig., as applied to human beings, animal stresses the as- cendancy of the animal nature ; brute, dullness of the sen- sibilities, or unrestrained passion ; beast, surrender to ap- Setite or sensual indulgence ; as, one may speak of a prize ghter as a superb animal^ oi a cruel husband as a bi-ute, of a drunkard as making a beast of himself. — a. 1. Of, relating to, resembling, or derived from, ani- mals or their characteristics. 2. Pertaining to the merely sentient part of a creature. an'l-mal'oule (-mSl'kul), n. [as if fr. a L. animalculumy dim. of animal.] 1. A small animal, as a spider. Obs. 2. A minute animal, invisible, or nearly so, to the naked eye. — an'l-mal'cn-lnin (-I5m), n./ L.pl. -la (-id). an'l-mal-lsni (Sn'T-mfil-Tz'm), n. 1. state, activity, or en- joyment of animals ; mere animal life ; sensuality. 2< The doctrine that men are mere nonspiritual animals. an'l-inal'l-ty (-mSKT-tT), n. Animal life ; animalism. nature, Ter4nre (87) ; K = ch In 6. ich, ach (50) ; bon ; yet ; xh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. £xplaiiationa of Abbreviations, Slfcns* etc, precede Vocabulary. 1) Forelffn Word* + combined with. = equals. ANIMALIZE 30 ANON an'l-mal-lze (SnT-mSl-Sz), v. t, ,• -izbd (-izd) ; -iz'ino (-!z'- Tng). To render animal ; reduce to animaliem ; sensualize. an'1-mal-ly, adv. As to bodily qualities -, physically. an'i-mate (-mat), v. t. ; -that'ed (-mSt/Sd) ; -UAiyma. [In animaiits^ p. p. of animare^ fr. anima breath, soul.] 1. To give natural life to; make alive; quicken. ^2. To give powers to, or to heighten the powers or effect of. 3. To give spirit or vigor to; rouse. — Syn. Enliven, inspirit, stimulate, exhilarate, inspire, instigate, urge, prompt, in- cite, quicken. — (-m£t}, a. Alive ; living ; animated. an'l-mat^ed (-maVgd), p. a. Alive ; full of life or spirit ; lively. — an'l-mated-ly, adv, — Syn. See lively. an'l-maMng (-mSf Tng), p. a. Causing animation ; life- giving ; inspiriting ; rousing. - — an'l-maVlng-ly, adv. an'l-ma'tloil (-ma'shiJn), n. Act of animating; state of being animate or animated. — Syn. Liveliness, vivacity, spirit, buoyancy, airiness, Bprightliness; enthusiasm, ardor, earnestness, energy. anl-mlsm (-mtz'm), n. [L. anima soul.] 1. The doctrine that the soul is the vital principle. 2. The belief that all objects have a natural life or vitality or indwelling souls. — an'1-mlst (-mist), n. — an^-mlB'Uc (-mls'tTk), a. an'i-mos'l-ty (-mBsT-tT), n,:pl. -ties (-tiz). [F. animogiU^ fr. L. animositas.l Violent hatred leading to active oppo- sition ; active enmity. — Syn. See hostility. ail'l-mus(Sn'I-mfis), n.;£.pi. -Hi(-nu). [L.,mind.] Mind; will ; animating spirit ; also, inclination ; disposition ; bad or malicious intention or disposition. an'i-on (Sn'i-dn), n. [Gr. avuav^ neut. avtov, p. pr. of avii- vat to go up.^ Chem. a The product evolved at the anode in electrolysis. It is regarded as electronegative with re- gard to the cation, b In general, a negative ion. See ion. an'lse (Sn'ts), n. [F. anis, L. anisum^ Gr. avicroi/.] A plant of the celery, parsley, or carrot family cultivated for its carminative and aromatic seeds ; also, the fruit or seeds. an'1-seed (SnT-sed), n. The seed of the aniae. an-l'SO-tn>p'lc (Sn-i^sft-tr5p1k), a. Not isotropic. anlEle (Sq'kU), n. [AS. anclSow.^ The joint between the foot and the leg ; also, the region of this joint ; the tarsus. an'klot (-klSt), n. Something embracing the ankle, as an ornamental ring or a fetter. anlEy-lose, an'chy- (-kt-los), v. t. & i. /-losbd (-lost); -los^- INO (-ISs'Tng). To a£fect or be affected with imkylosis. an'ky-lO'sls, an^chy- (-lo'sTs), n. [Gr. ayKvXoitrii, fr. ay- KvKovv to stitfen.] 1. Med. Formation of a stiff joint. 2. Afiai. & Zo'dl. Union of hard parts to form a single part. anlace (Snlas), n. An old broad form of dagger. an'nal-lst (Sn'al-Tst), n. A writer of annals. — an^nal- Is'Uc (-Ts'tTk), a. an'nalS (-Slz), n.pl.; sing, annal (-S1). [L. annalis (sc. liber\ pi. annaies (sc. liori), chronicles, fr. annus year.] 1. A relation of events in chronological order. 2. Histor- ical records; chronicles ; history. 3- sing. The record of a single eventor item. 4> A periodic publication, containing records of discoveries, transactions of societies, etc. an'nates (Sn'ats), anliats (-Sta), n. [deriv. of L. armus year.] Eccl. Law. The first fruits of a benefice. an-nat'to (&-na'to), n. A reddish dye prepared from the pulp around the seeds of a certain small tropical tree. an-neal' (Ji-nel'), v. t. [AS. anMlan ; an on -j- xlan to bum.] 1. To subject to high heat and then cool, so as to soften thoroughly and render less brittle. 2. Fig.: To temper or toughen ; make enduring. , an'ne-lid (Sn'e-lTd), a. [F. annSlide^ deriv. of L. aneUus a ring.] JZobl. Of or pertaining to the phylum including the earthworms, marine worms, leeches, and allies. ail-nex'(^-nSks') , v t. [fr. F., fr. L. ann€xus,-p. p. of annec- /eretobindto; ad -\~nectere to He."] 1. To join (one thing, usually something smaller or subordinate, to another); at- tach ; affix ; append. 2. To attach as a consequence, con- dition, etc. — Syn. See attach. — an-nex'ment, n. an-nex' (t^nSks' ; Sn'Sks), n. Something annexed. an'nex-a'tlon (Sn'Sk-sa'shiJn), n. 1. Act of annexing; attachment; addition. 2. The thing or things annexed. an-nl'JU-late ((i-ni'hi-]at), v. t. ; -lathed (-laV€d) ; -lat'ino. [L. annihilatus^ p. p. of annihilare; ad + nihilum^ nihil, nothing.] 1. To reduce to nothing. 2. To destroy the form or essential character of, so that the thing as such no longer exists. 3. Todestroytheforce, etc., of; makevoid. — Syn. See destroy. — an-nl^hl-la'tlon (-la'ahttn), n. an'nl-ver'sa-ry (Sn'T-vfir'so-rT), a. [L. anmversarius ; an- niLS year -\- veriere, versum, to turn.] 1. Returning with the year ; annual. 2. Of or pert, to an anniversary, ^n. pi. -BiES (-rTz). 1. The annual return of the day of a past event, esp. a notable event. 2. An anniversary celebration. Ilan'no Do'ml-nKSn'o dSml-nl). [L.,intheyear of [our] Lord, i. e. Jesus Christ.] In the (specified) year of the Chris- tian Era. Abbr., a. d. ; as, a. d. 1887. an'no-tate (Sn'iS-tat), v. t. ; -tatted (-tafSd) ; -tat/inq. [L. annotatus, p. p. of annotare to annotate ; ad -)- notare to mark.] To explain or criticize by notes, ^v. i. To make notes or comments. an'no-ta'tion (-ta'shi^n), n. An annotating; note made in an- notating. — Syn. Bee rbmaek. — an'no-ta'tor (-ta'ter), n. an-noonce' (^-nouns'), v. t. ,- -nouitced' (-nounsf); -houhc'- iMG (-noun'slng). [fr. OF., fr. L. annuntiare; ad + nun- Hare to relate, nuniius messenger.] 1. To give public no- tice, or first notice, of; publish , proclaim. 2. To give no- tice of the arrival or presence of. — Syn. Herald, promul- gate. See DECLARE. — an-nounce'meiit (-mSnt), n. an-noy' (fi-noi'), n. [of. anoi^ anui^ enui, fr. L. in odio in hatred.] Annoyance. Archaic.— v. t. 1. To disturb or irri- tate, esp. by continued or repeated acts ; tease ; vex. 2. To molest, harm, or injure. — Syn. See harass. an-noy'ance (-Sns), n. 1. Act of annoying ; state of being annoyed; molestation; vexation. 2. That which annoys. an-noy'lng, p. a. That annoys ; molesting ; vexatious. — an-noy'lng-ly, adv. — an-noylng-ness, n. an'nu-al (Sn'u-til), a. [fr. F., fr. L. annualis, fr. annt» year.] 1. Of or pertaining to a year ; coming or happen- ing once a year ; >;early. 2. Done in a year ; reckoned by the year. 3. Lasting only a year or, of plants, one growing season. ^ n. 1. A thing happening or recurring yearly; esp., a literary work published once a year. 2. An3rthing that lasts but one year or season. — an'nu-al-ly, adv. an-na'l-tant (tl-nu'T-ttlnt), n. One entitled to an annuity. an-nn'l-ty {-ti),n.; pi. -ties (-tIz). [fr. F., fr. LL., fr. L. annu^year.] 1. An amountpayable yearly. 2. Finance. The aggregation of a single series of payments to be made annually or oftener ; the right to receive such payments. an-nul' (ffi-niSl'), v. t. ; -NULLED' (-nQld') ; -Nmc/LiNQ. [fr. F., fr. LL., fr. L. oif to -j- nullum nothing.] 1. To annihilate. 2. To nullify; abolish; avoid. —Syn. See abolish. an'nu-lar (Sn'u-ldr), a. [L. annularis, anularis, f r. annulus^ anvlus, ring.] Pertaining to a ring ; forming, or marked with, a ring or rings ; ringed ; ring-shaped. an'nu-late (-lat) ) a. Of, furnished with, or having, an'nu-laVed (-lat'Sd) \ a ring or rings ; ringed. an''nu-la'tlon (-la'shun), n. Formation of rings ; a i an'nu-let (-ISt), n. A little ring. an-nul'ment (S-nill'mgnt), n. See -uent. an'nu-Ias (Sn'ii-lus), n. ; pi. L. -u (-11), E. -luses (-1I2s-Sz). [L., better anulus.^ A ring ; a ringlike part, structure, marking, space, or the like. — an'nn-lOSO (-los), a. an-niin'Gl-ate (S-ni^'shT-at), v. t. ; -at^bd (-at^Sd) ; -AT/mo. [L. annuntiaiuSy p. p. of annuiUiare.'\ To announce. ail-niin'Cl-a'tion(-8i-a'shl2n; -shT a'shiin),n. 1. Actof an- nouncing; announcement. 2. a The announcement of the incarnation, made by Gabriel to Mary, b [cop.] Thechurch festival (March 25th) in memory of this; lAdyDay. an-niin'Ci-a'tor (S-nan'shT-aaer^, n. One that announces ; any of several mechanical signaling devices, or the device for displaying the indicating pointers, lights, or the like. an'Ode (Sn'od^, n. [Gr. kvo. up + ofids way.] Elec. The positive ternunal of an electric source. Cf. cathode. an'O-dyne (-S-din), a. [F., fr. L., fr. Gr. ai/tufiui'o; free from pain ; av- not -{- hhvvt\ pain.] Serving to assuage pain ; sooth- ing. — n. An anodyne drug or agent. a-nolnt' (a-nomf ), v. t. [fr. OF. p. p., fr. L. inungere ; in ~\- ungere, unguere, to anoint.] To smear or rub over with oil or an unctuous substance ; also, to spread over, as oil. — anolnt'er, n. — a-noint'ment (-m?nt), n. a-nom'a-lism (d-ni5m'd-ltz*m), n. Anomaly. a-nom^a-Us'tlc (-lls'ttk) ) a. Of or pertaining to an a-nom'a-Us'tl-cal (-ti-kSl) f anomaly. a-nozn'a-louB (d-nom'd-lj/s), a. [L. anomdlus, Gr. avufia- Aos irregular ; a.v- not + ojua^dc even.] Deviating from a general rule, method, or analogy ; abnormal ; irregular. — Syn. Exceptional, unusual, singular, peculiar. — a-noiu'- a-lous-ly, adv. — a-nom'a-lons-ness, n. a-nom'a-ly (-it), n. ; pi. -lies (-ITz}. [L. anomalia, Gr. av~ lofiaKia. See ANOMALOUS.] Deviation from the common rule ; irregularity ; anything anomalous. a-non' (d-n5n'), adv. [lit., in one (moment) ; AS. o» in -f E rings ; a rmg. ale, senate, c&re, a,xa, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event. Sad, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, obey, 5rb Add s5ft connect; use, Unite, firn, iip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ipk; titon, thin* ANONYM 31 ANTHELMINTIC anone.] 1. Atonce. Archaic. 2. Soon; in a little while. 3. At another time; then ; again. — m^er/. Immediately; hence, at your service. an'O-nym (Sn'S-ntm), 71. One that is anonymous. a-non'y-mous (d-nOn'T-mfis), a. [Gr. aciofu/ios ; av not + 6»'i/jua, o;'0(u.a, name.] Nameless; of unknown name; also, of unknown or unavowed authorship. — a-aon'y- mons-ly, adv. — an^o-nym'1-ty (an'o-nlml-tl), n. A-noph'e-les (d-n5f'l-lez), n. [Gr. ai'oj^EAyj? useless, hurt- ful.] A genusof mosquitoes whose bite is the usual, if not the only, means of infecting man with the malaria parasite. an-Oth'er (S-nfith'er), pron. & a. [an a, one -f- other."] 1. One more, by way of addition ; an additional one, simi- lar in likeness or effect. 2. Not the same; different; — often with to, from, or, now usually, ihan. 3. Any or some other; any one else ; some one else. an-Otil'er-gates' (-gats'), a. [another -j- gate, gait, way.] Of another sort. Obs. — an-Oth^er-guess', a. Archaic. an'sate (Sn'sat) ) a. [L. aiisatus, fr. ansa handle.] Hav- an'sat-ed (-aa^Sd) J ing a handle, or handle-shaped part. an'ser-ine C-ser-iu; -in), a. [L. ansej-ijius, fr. imser goose.] Pertaining to or resembling a goose or the skin of a goose ; hence, stupid. an'swer (an'8er),n. [AS. andswaru; and- against + sive- rian to swear.] 1. A reply to a charge, question, call, argument, etc. ; also, a correct or adequate reply. 2. A responsive or retaliatory action. 3. A solution, the result of a mathematical operation. — Syn. See rbplt.^v. i. 1. To make an answer ; respond. 2. To render account ; be responsible. 3. To be or act in return. Hence : a To serve the purpose, b To be or act as an equivalent, or as adequate or sufficient, c To conform ; correspond ; suit. — V. t. 1. To speak in defense against ; reply to. 2. To make answer to ; reply to ; respond to. 3. To be or act in return or response to or in satisfaction of. an'awer-a-ble (-d-b'l), a. l. Liable to be called to ac- count ; accountable ; responsible. 2. Capable of being answered, or refuted. 3. Correspondent; conformable; hence, comparable. 4. Proportionate; suitable. — Syn, See RESPONSIBLE. — an'swer-a-blc- ness.^i. — an'swer-a-bly, adv. an'BWer-er,n. One who answers. ant (&nt), n. [ME. ante, amete. emete, AS. semete.'] Any of cer- tain social hymenopterous in- sects constituting a family ; em- met ; pismire. -ant (-ant). [F. -anty or L. -arUeTn^ -entem, ace. p. pr. ending, nom. -ans, -ens.] A suffix used to form : a Adjectives, often clearly with the force of a present parti- aple; as in errand, defi- ant, valia?!^, etc. b Nouns Ant, o Winged Femnle : /» Male j denoting a person or thing c Worker, or Neuter, as the agent of an action; as in claimant second, servant, etc. ant-ac'ld (Snt-Sstd), n. See anti-. An-tas'nB (Sn-te'fis), An-tai'OS (-ti'Ss), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AvTolog.'} Gr. Myth. A giant of Libya, invincible in wres- tling while he touched the earth, his mother. Hercules throttled him while holding him off the ground. an-tag'O-nlsni (Sn-tSg'S-nTz'm), n. [Gr, avTayJavitrfJia, deriv. ofavrC^ayMv contest.] Opposition of action ; also, im opposing agent or principle. an-tag'O-nlst (-ntst), n. One who contends with another, esp. in combat ; adversary ; opponent. — Syn. Enemy, foe, rival, competitor. See opponent. an-tag^O-nls'tlc (-nts'tTk) ) a. Opposing in combat. — an-tag^onls'tl-cal (-tt-k^l) f an-taflf'o-nls'tl-cal-ly, adv. an-tag'O-nize (Sn-tSg'd-mz), v. t. & i. ; -nized (-nizd) ; -Hiz/iNO (-nlz/Tng). 1, To contend with ; oppose actively. 2. To cause to oppose ; make an opponent of. Colloq. ant-arc'tic (Snt-ark'tTk), a. [fr. OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. avr- apKTiKos; avTL -\- apKTOs bear.] Opposite to the north, or arctic, pole ; — applied esp. to a circle, or parallel of latitude, distant from the south pole 23° 28^. ant bear. ^o'dl. The anteater of South America, an eden- tate with mostly gray fur. an'te- (Sn'te-). A prefix meaning before (in position, order, or time), used to form nouns, adjectives, and verbs. Examples : an/etaste, a taste be/ore, apnortaBte,/oretaste; antepovch, a porch be/ore, an anterio?- (or entrance) porch ; on^epalatal, situated before the palate ;.anifemo8aic, belong- ing to the time t>ef07-e Moses ; CTi^edate, n., a date before (some other one), a prior date ; antedate, v., to date before. ant'eat'er (^nt'et^er), n. Any of several mammals which feed largely or entirely on ants. an^te-cede' (Sn'te-sed'), v. t. dc i. ; -oed'ed (-sed'Sd) ; -cei/- iNG. [L. aniecedere ; ante + cedere to go.] To go before in time or place ; to precede ; to surpass. an''te-ced'ence (-sed'^ns) ) n. Act, fact, or state of going an'te-ced'en-cy (-te-sl) ) before ; precedence ; priority. an'te-ced'ent (-Snt), a. [L. antecederis, p. pr.] 1. Going before in time ; prior ; preceding. 2- Presumptive. Syn. Antecedent, preceding, precedent, foregoing, pre- vious, PRIOR, former, anterior agree in implying temporal succession, antecedent (opposed to subsequent, consequent) sund FKECEvma (opposed to succeeding, foitoiring) diner in that preceding usually applies to that which goes imme- diately before (as, the preceding day), whereas antecedent often suggests an indefinite interval ; as, a period ante- cedent to the Conquest. Antecedent, unlike preceding, often involves logical, as well as temporal, connection or depend- ence; 3LS.a.n antecedent cause,probability. Precedent often applies to that on whose going before the validity or effect- iveness of something else depends; as, conditions jj^-ecec/era/. Foregoing ^opposed to following) applies almost exclu- sively to statements. Previous and prior (opposed to sub- sequent) are often used convertibly , esp. with to. But prior sometimes implies a closer relation than previous ; thus, a p}'£Vtouf obligation is one merely earlier in time, whereas a pHor obligation may be one that takes precedence. For- mer (opposed to latter), more definitely than prioj\ implies comparison. Anterior (opposed to posterior), also compar- ative in force, applies to position, usually in space. — n. 1. That which goes before in time ; that which pre- cedes. 2. pi. The earlier events of one's life ; previous principles, conduct, course, history. 3. Gram. A noun or noun equivalent, whether word, phrase, or clause, referred to by a pronoun. 4. Math. The first of the two terms of a ratio ; the first or third of the four terms of a proportion. — an^te-ced'ent-ly, adv. an'te-ces'BOr (Sn^te-eSs^r ; Sn'te-sSs^er), n. One that goes before ; predecessor. an'te-Cham'ber (Sn'te-cham'ber), n. [fr. F., fr. It., fr. L. ante before + camera vault.] A chamber before the chief apartment and leading into it ; an outer chamber. an'te-date' (-daf), n. Prior date. — v. t. 1. To date before the true time ; assign to, or put at, an earlier date. 2. To anticipate ; take before the true time. an^te-dl-lQ'Vl-an (-dT-lu'vT-Sn), a. Of or relating to the period before the Deluge; hence, antiquated. — n. An an- tediluvian person. an'te-lOpe (Sn'te-lop), n. [fr. OF., fr. Gr. av96\o}f/, -otto?.] Zool. Any of a group of ruminants of the family consti- tuted by the oxen, sheep, and goats, distinguishable from the true oxen chiefly by their lighter and more graceful build, uid by their upward and backwardly directed horns. an^te-me-rld'l-an (-mt-rld'T-Sn), a. [L. antemeridianus. See ANTE- ; meridian.] Being before noon. Abbr. ,A.M. an'tO-mun'dane (-mQn'dan), a. Being or occurring before the creation of the world. an'^te-na'tal (-na'tSl), a. Being or coming before birth. an-ten'na (Sn-tSn'd), n. ; L.pl. -N£ (-e). [L., yard of a sail.] 1. Zool. A movable, segmented organ of sensa- tion on the head of insects, myriapods, and crustaceans. 2. Wireless Teleg. A wire or wires supported in the air for directly transmitting or receiving electric waves. an^te-nup'tlal (Sn'te-niip'shfil), a Preceding marriage. an^'te-pas'clial (-pSs'kSl), a. Coming before the Passover or Eaiter. an'te-pe'nnlt (-pe'nSlt ; -pe-niilt') I n. [L. antepaenul- an^te-pe-nnl'tl-nia (-pe-n^l'tl-md) t tima (sc. syllaba) an- tepenultimate. See PENULT.] Pros. The last syllable ex- cept two of a word, as -syl- in moTWsyllable, — an'tfl-po- nul'tl-mate (-pg-niiKtI-mSt), a. & n. an-te'li-or (5n-te'rT-er), a. [L., comp. of ante before.] 1. Being before in time ; antecedent. 2. Being before, or toward the front, in place ; — opposed toposterior. — Syn. See antecedent. — an-te'rl-or-ly, adv. an'te-room'^ (Sn'te-roomO, n. See ante-. an^thel-mln'tlc (SnahSI-mTn'ttk), a. lan(i--^<3tT. eAjnii'?, -ti'do;, worm.] Med. Expelling or destroying intestinal worms. ^ n. An anthelmintic remedy. native, ver^jire (87) ; K=ch in G. ioh, ach (60) ; boN; yet; zh= z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. KxplanatlonB of Abbrevlatloiist Slffns. eto., preceae Vocabulary* |) Forelsn Word* ■+ combined with. = equals. ANTHEM 32 ANTIPATHY anthem (SnthSm), n. [as. antefen^ fr. LL., fr. Gr. avri- ^avoy aiitiphon, anthem, deriv. of afrt over againat -|~ i^uivi\ Bound, voice.] 1. Formerly, a hymn sung respon- fiively ; now, a prose composition, usually a selection from the FsalmSt set to sacred music. 2. A song of praise or gladness. — v. U To celebrate with anthems. Poetic. an'ther (Sn'thSr), n. [fr. F., through L. fr. Qr. avBrfpov flowery, avdos flower.] In seed plants, the part of the sta- men which bears the pollen. See flower, fUust. an-tllol'O-Ky (Sn-th51'4-jT), n. ; pi. -qies (-jTz). [Gr. av- ^oAo-yia, deriv. of a^0o$ flower -{- Keyeiv to gather.] A collection of flowers (beautiful passages) of literature ; a collection of poems or epigrams. — an'tho-log'l-oal (So'- thi-lSil-kftl), a. — an-thol'0-glat (Sn-th51'fi-jTst), n. an'tbra-cite (Sn^thrd-«t), n. [L. anthracites a kind of blood- stone, fr. Gr. avSpaKirtii like coals, avBfta^y -aico?, coal.] A hard natural coal, dilferiog from bituminous coal in con- taining little volatile matter. — an'tlira-clt'io (-atflk), a, an'tbraz (Sn'thrSks), n. [L., fr. Gr. aydpai coal, carbun- cle.] An infectious, and usually fatal, bacterial disease of animals, esp. cattle and sheep, rarely transmitted to man. an'Uiro^O- (Sn'thro-po-; Sn-thro'-). A combining form fr. Greek avOpun-og, hu/man being, man. an'tluro-pold (Sn'thrd-poid), a. [aiUhropo- -\- -oid.'\ Re- sembling man; — applied esp. to certain Bpes.^7i. An an- thropoid ape. an'tbro-pO-lOg'lO (-p$-15jtk ; Sn-thro'-) ) a. Of or pert, to ail'tlir(hpO-10g'l-cal(-15j'T-kal) f anthropology. an'thro-poro-gy (Sn'thr$-p51'S-jT), n. {anihropO'-\--logy.'] The science of man : a The science of the human organ- ism, b The science of man in relation to physical charac- ter, distribution, the origin and classification of races, envi- ronmental and social relations, and culture. an'tluo-pom'e-try (Sn'thrS-p5m'$-trI), n, \anthrt^o- -f~ -7inetry.'\ Art or practice of measuring the different parts of the human body. — an^tbro-po-mefrlc, an'thro-po- met'ri-cal (Sn'thrS-pS-mSt'rtk; -rl-kftl; Sn-thro'-), a. an'tliro-pO-mor'plllsni (lEn^thrd-pd-mSr'flz'm ; Sn-thro'-), n. [Gr. ai'dpuird/i.op4>o5 of human form ; avQptaiToa.yeiv to eat.] Man-eaters ; cannibals. an^thro-poph'a-glte ^jit), ». A cannibal. ail'tliro-poph'a-gOU& (-gfis), a. Feeding on human flesh. an^thro-poph'a-Ky (-jl)* n. Cannibalism. an'ti' (Su'tf-). [Gr. avTi against.] A prefix signifying in general opposite, against, counter, contrary, reverse^ and, sometimes, spurious, counterfeit. The prefix anti' is chiefly used : 1. To form nouns, anti- having the force of an at- tributive limiting a noun, and meaning : a Opposed or op- posite in action or position, counter^ opposing, and hence, sometimes, spurious. Examples : Antichrist, lit., one whoopposes Christ ; a spu- rious Christ ; an/iprism, a prism opposite or reversed. b Contrary or opposite of in kind^ the reverse of. Examples : anticlimax, the opposite or reverse of a climax ; aniihero, the opposite or reverse of a hero. 2. To form adjectives and nouns, anti- having the force of a preposition limiting a noun expressed or implied in the word to which anti- is prefixed, and meaning : acting counter to^ opposed to, hostile to, counter^ 'h.&ncQ^ preventive of. Examples: antitMst, (^posed to rxx^t, preventive o/rust; anfzhydrophobic, acting counter to hydrophobia; trnK-Athe- nian, hostile to, or opposing, Athens or what is Athenian. an'tlc (-tTk), a. [var. of antique.'] Odd; fantastic; grotesque. ^ n. 1. A buffoon; merry-andrew; the Fool of the old play. 2. An odd imagery or device. 3. A grotesque trick; piece of buffoonery; caper. — v. t. ; -ticked (-tTkt), -tickt. To make appear like a buffoon. Obs. — v. i. To perform antics. an'tl-catll'OdB (-tT-kSth'od), n. Ttie part of a vacuum tube opposite the cathode. See R6ntgen rat, Illust. An'tl-cbrlst (Sn'tT-krist), n. 1. One who denies or opposes Christ, esp. , a great antagonist expected to fill the world with wickedness, but to be conquered forever by Christ at His second coming. 2. [I. c] A pretended Christ. Ctobb Section of Strata Bhow- ing Anticline, ab Axial Plane. an'tt-Clols'tlan (Sn'tt-kris'chdn), a. Of or pertaining to Antichrist ; also, opposed to the Christian religion. an-tic'l-pant (Sn-tls'T-pSnt), a. Anticipating; expectant. an-tic'1-pate (-pat), v. t. ; -patted (-pafgd) ; -pat'ing. [L. aniicipatus, p. p. of aniidpare to anticipate ; ante -\- a deriv. of coperff to take.] 1. To do,take up,or deal with, before an- other ; preclude or prevent by prior action. 2. To take up, use, or introduce before the proper or normal time. 3. To be before (another) in doing or acting; forestall. 4- To fore- see (a wish, command, etc.) and execute it beforehand. 5. Toforetaste or foresee. — Syn. See expect, forestall. — an-Uc'l-pa'tor (-palter), n. an-tiol-pa'don (-pa'shi^n), n. An anticipating.— Syn. Pre- occupation, preclusion, prevention; foresight, forethought. an-tlc'l-pa-Uve (Sn-tls'T-pa-tlv), a. Anticipating ; contain- ing anticipation. — an-Uc'l-pa-Uve-ly, adv. an-tlc'1-pa-to-ry (-pd-cd-rt), a. Forecasting ; of the nature of anticipation. — an-tlc'1-pa-to-rl-ly (-rl-lT), adv. an'tlck. Obs. var. of ahtic, antique. an'ti-olerl-oal (Sn^t-klSrl-kSl), a. Opposed to the clergy or clericalism, or, in Europe, to the Roman Catholic clergy. an'tl-cll'max (-kli'mSks), n. Rhet. A sentence or pas- sage in which the ideas fall aS. in dignity or importtmce at the close ; — the opposite of climax. an'tl-cU'nal (-kli'nfil), a. [anti- -f- Gr. kXLvslv to incline.] Pertaining to, or having inclination in, opposite directions; of or pertaining to an anticline. Cf. stncunal. an'tl-cUne (Sn'tT-klin), n. Geol. A fold or arch oi rock strata dipping in opjposite di- rections from an axis. an'tlc-l7 (« n't Ik-It), adv. Oddly ; grotesquely. an'U-cy'clone (Sn'tl-si'kiou), n. Meteor, a A condition of the atmosphere opposite, as regards direction of the wind and distribution of barometric pre8sure,to that of a cyclone; also, the high-pressure area where this condition centers and where winds blow spirally outward, b An atmospheric dis- turbance on the edge or front of such an area. — an'U-oy- donlc (-sI-klSnTk), a. an'tl-dotal (an'tl-dot^Sl ; Sn'tT-do'tal), a. Acting as, or of the nature of, an antidote. — an'tl-dot'al-ly, adv. an'U-dOte (Snal-dot), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. ax'TtSoToi', deriv. of avTt against -\- SiSofai to give.] 1. A remedy for poison. 2. Whatever tends to prevent or counteract evil, an'tl-feHirlle (-fe'brTl ; -fSb'rll), a. d: n. Febrifuge. An-tlg'O-ne (5n-tTg'o-ne). [L., fr. Gr. 'AvTiyoci;.] Gr. Myth. A faithful daughter of (Edipus and Jocasta. She per- forms funeral rites over the body of her brother Folynices against the command of her uncle, Creon. an'U-helix (Sn'ti-he'Hks), n. Anat. The curved elevation of the ear cartilage. See bar, Illust. an^tl-im-pe'rl-al-lsm (-Tm-pe'rl-fil-Tz'm), n. See anti-, 2. an'tl-ma-cae'sar (-md-kSs'dr), n. A cover to protect the back or arms of a chair, sofa, etc. ; a tidy. an'tl-mo-nar'cblc (-md-nar'klk), an'U-mo-nar'chl-oal (-kl-kSl), a. See anti-, 2. an'tl-mf/nl-al (-mo'nT-Jil), u. Of, pert, to, or containing, antimony. an'ti-mo-ny (5n'tT-mft-nt), n. [LL. aniimonium.'] An ele- ment of metallic appearance and crystalline structure, tin- white in color, hard and brittle, used chiefly in alloys to give hardness and the property of expanding on solidification. Symbol, Sb (L. Stibium) ; at. wt., 120.2. an'ti-no'llll-ail(-no'mT-an),n. Eccl.Hist. One who main- tains the moral law to be of no obligation, faith alone being necessary to salvation. — an'U-no'inl-ail-lBXll (-Tz'm),n. an-tin'O-my (Sn-ttn'o-ml), n. ;pl. -subs (-mlz). [fr. L., fr. Gr. ai'TifOjui'a ; avri against -p i/djuos law.] Opposition of one law or rule to another. An-tl'O-pe (Sn-ti'6-pS), n. [Gr. 'Avtiotttj.] Gr. Myth. The mother by 2ieus of Amphion and Zethus. See Dibob. an^t!-pa-tbet'lc (JCn'tT-pd-thStTk) ) a. Naturally contrary ; an'ti-pa-theri'Cal(-pd-thgt't-kdl) ) marked hy antipathy. an-Up'a-ttay (Sn-tlp'd-thi), n. ;jal. -thtes (-thiz). [fr. L., fr. Gr. aiTtTrafleto ; avrC f^mst + TraSelv to suffer.] 1. Contrariety or opposition in feeling ; settled aversion; repugnance. 2. Contrariety in nature ; incompatibility ; repugnancy of qualities. 3. One that occasions antipathy. Syn. Dislike, disinclination, reluctance, ant^onism, hos- tility; distaste, disrelish, detestation, abhorrence, loath- ale, senate, c^re, a,m, account, firm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, end, rec«nt, maker ; ice. 111 ; old, dbey, 6rb, ftdd, sSft, c5nnect ; use, finite, iim, iip, circus, menii; fdod, f^t; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ii|k; tbeUithin; ANTIPHLOGISTIC 33 APART ing, nausea. — Antipathy, aversion, repugnance, disgust agree in the idea of intense dislike. Antipathy iupliea an instinctive or constitutional dislike, sometimes manifested in an involuntary shrinking or recoil from its object. Avbr- bion {to, now rarely from) ex;presses a fixed and settled, sometimes even a cherished, distaste, usually exhibited in a voluntary avoidance of its object. Repugnance adds the implication of antagonism or opposition. Disgust is repug- nance to what is offensive to one's taste or feelings. an'tl-phlO-gls'tiC (Sn'tl-fid-jTs'ttk), a. Med. Counteract- ing inflammation. — n. An antiphlogistic agent or diet. An-tlph'o-lus ot Eph'e-SUB ) (Su-tTfi-ltis). Twin broth- An-tiph'O-lua of Syr'a-CUSe ) ers indistinguishable one fromtheother, in Shakespeare's "Comedy of Errora." They have indistinguishable twiu slaves, each named Dromio. antl-phon (Su'tl-f5n), n. [see anthem.] 1. A musical re- sponse, as in a chant. 2. A piece of devotional verse or prose reaponsively sung as a part of the liturgy. an-tlph'O-nal (Su-tlf'd-n^l), a. Of or pert, to autiphony, ~- n. A book of autiphous. — an-Uph'o-nal-ly, adv. an-tlph'O-ny (-o-nT), n. ; pi. -nibs (-ntz). 1. A musical re- sponse ; also, antiphonal chanting or singing. 2. A musical piece, as an anthem, sung alternately by parts of a choir or congregation. — an''tl-phonlO (Sn'tT-ffin'tk), a. an-tlph'ra-sls (Sn-tTf'rd-aTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. aj-rt^patris, fr. af T(,<^pa^€Lf to express by antithesis.] Rhet. Use of words in a sense opposite to their proper meaning. — au'ti-phras'- tlc Can'tT-frfis'ttk), an'tl-phras'ti-cal (-tt-kai), a. an tlp'O-dal (Sn-ttp'd-dSl), a. 1 Pertaining to the antip- odes ; opposite on the globe. 2. Diametrically opposite. an'U-pode (Sn'tt-pod), n.; pi. -podbs (-podz). One of the antipodes; a direct opposite. — an-tlp^O-de'an (Sn-tTp^o- de'Sii ; Sn'tT-po'de-Sn), a. an-tSp'O-deS (Sn-tTp'd-dez), n. pi. In senses 2 & 3 some- times erroneously used as a sing. [L., pL, fr. Gr. avrtn-ov? with the feet opposite ; a.vri against -f^ ttou'?, ttoSo?, foot.] 1. Those who live on the diametrically opposite side of tlie globe. 2. The regions or country of the antipodes. 3- The direct opposite or contrary. an'U-pOle' (Sn'tl-pol'), n. Opposite pole ; direct opposite. an'tl-pope' (-pop'), n. One elected, or claiming to be, pope in opposition to the pope canonically chosen. an^tl-py-ret'iC (-pi-rSt'Tk), a. & n. Febrifuge. an'tl-py'rlne, or -rin(-pi'rTn), n. Med. A basic substance used as a remedv for pain, fever, and rheumatism. an'tl-qua'rl-an (~kwa'rT-£n ; 3), a. Of or pertaining to anti- quaries or antiquities. — n. An antiquary. — an'U-Qlia'- ri-an-lsm (-Iz'm), w. an'U-qaa-ry (Sn'tT-kwa-rT), a. [L. antiguarius.'] Antiqua- rian.-^ n. ,' pi. -BUSS (-rtz). A student of antiquities. an'tl-qnate (-kwat), v. t. ; -quat/ed (-kwafSd) ; -(JUAt'ing. [L. antiquaiuSf p. p. of ariiiquare, f r. antiguus ancient.] To make old, obsolete, or antique; to make void as out of date. an'tl-qnat'ed (-kwat^Sd), p. a. Grown old. Hence : By- gone ; obsolete ; old-fashioned. — Syn. See old. an'tlqae (Sn'tik). Obs. var. of ANTIC. an-Uq.ue' (Sn-tek'), «- [F., fr. L. antiguus^ anticus^ old, an- cient, fr. ante before.] 1. Old ; belonging to antiquity, esp. to ancient Greece or Rome. 2. Old, as respects the pres- ent age or modem time ; antiquated. 3. Belonging to the style of antiquity; old-fashioned. — Syn. Ancient. See old. — n. 1. In general, anything very old ; esp., a relic or ob- ject of ancient art. 2. Print. See type. an-tlq.'lll-ty (-tlk'wl-tt), n. ;pl. -ties (-ttz). 1. Quality of being old or ancient ; ancientness. 2- Ancient times, esp. those before the Middle Ages. 3. The ancients. 4. Usu- ally in pi. A relic, monumeut, etc., of ancient times. an'tl-SOp'tlc (&i'tT-sSp'ttk), a. 1. Tending to prevent pu- trefaction, pus formation, etc., by destroying, or arresting , the growth of, the bacteria causing it. 2. Med. tfc Surg. Using, or pertaining to the use of, antiseptics. ^ n. An antiseptic substance. — an^tl-sep'tl-Clsm (-tl-sTz'm), n. an'U-Blav'or-y (-slav'Sr-T), a. See anti-, 2. an'tl-spas-iiiod'lc (-spSz-mSdIk), a. Med. Preventing or allaying spasms. '— n. An antispasmodic agent. an-tijS'&O-plie (an-tTs'trft-f&), n. [L., fr. Gr. avTurrpotf)^.] In the Greek choral dance or song, a pait answering to a previous airopke. — an'tl-BtropMc (Sn'tT-strKfTk), a. Bn-Uth'O-SlS (Sn-tlth'S-sTs), n. ;pl. -bes (-aez). [L., fr. Gr. avTlBetrii, deriv. of avri against + rt^eVat to set.] 1. Rhet. Anoppoaitionorcontrast of words or ideas. 2. Opposition; contrast ; an opposite. — an'tl-Uietlc (Sn'tT-thBt^k), an'- tl-thet'1-oal (-t-kJil), a. — an'tl-thet'l-oal-ly, adv. ail'tl-tOZ'ln(Sn/tT-t0k'BTn),n. Also-lne. Any of certain sol- uble chemical compounds in the blood that have the power of neutralizing some specific poison, eap. a apecific poison produced in the body by pathogenic bacteria. anti-trade' (£tn'tt-tradO, n. An upper tropical wind blow- ing steadily in a direction opposite to the trade wind, be- yond which, in the north temperate and the south temper- ate zone, it becomes a surface wind. an-tlt'ra-gua(an-tTt'rd-gS8),n. [fr.Gr.ai/TiTpayos.] Anai. A certain prominence of the external ear. See eab. an'tl-type' (-tip'), "^ [Or. kvriTviros of corresponding form.] That of which the type is the pattern or repreaen- tation. — an'U-typ'lO («n/tT-tiptk), -1-cal C-tTpOf-kai), a. antler (fint'ler^, n. [fr. OF., fr. L. ante before -f oculus eye.] The entire horn, or any branch of the horn, of an animal of the deer family. See horn. — antlered (-iSrd ), a. ant lion. Any of various insects the larva of which digs a pit, lying in which it catches insects, esp. ants, that fall in. An-tO'nl-0 (Sn-to'nT-o). See Shtlock ; Portia. an'tO-nym (Sn'tfi-nTm), n. [Gr. avTinwikia. a word used in place of another ; avri -\- ovofio., ovvfia, word.] A word which is the opposite, in meaning, of another word in the same language; — contrasted with synonym. an'tre{Su'ter),n, [F.^fr.li. antrum.'] A cavern. Archaic. A-nu'bls (d-nii'bTs), n. [L.] Egypt. Myth. A jackal god of the necropolis, conductor (with Thoth) of the dead. a-nu'ran (-rftn), 71. [an-not-|-Gr. oupatail.] Zo'ol. Any of an order {Anura) comprising the majority of existing amphibians, marked by absence of the tail in the adult, including the frogs, toads, and tree toads. — a-nu'ran, a. a-nu'roos (-riJs), a. Tailless. a'nus (a'n^s), n. [L.] The posterior opening of the alimentary canal. an^l (an'vtl), n. [AS. anfilt, mifilt.'} A block, usually of iron faced with , steel, on which metal is shaped, as by hammering. Anvil, a Horn; b, c anx4'e-ty (ang-zi'fe-tT), n. ; pi. -ties ?°itl*«i-?.l*»^?tl"*''' (-tiz). Ih: a^etasjr. anxiZs. See Swage Blocka, etc ANXIOUS.] Painful uneafiiness about a future or uncertain event. — Syn. Misgiving, worry, disquietude. See oabe. ans'loUB (ai]k'shus), a. [L. anxius, fr. angere to pain, choke.] 1. Disquieted over a possible or impending ill ; concerned or solicitous, esp. as to a future or unsown thing ; ^with /or, about, etc. 2. Accompanied with or causing anxiety ; worrying ; as, anxious toil. 3. Eameatly desirous. — anx'ious-ly, adv. — ans^ions-ness, n. an'y (SnT), a. &pron. [AS. s^nig^ fr. an one.] One indif- ferently out of a number ; one (or, asp^, some) indiscrim- inately of whatever kind or quantity. — Syn. See bomb, ^ adv. To any extent ; in wiy degree ; at all. an'y-bod-y (-bSd-t), n. &pron. Any person ; any one. an'y-hOW (-hou), adx>. & oonj. In any way or manner what- ever ; at any rate ; in any event. an'y-tlllng (-thing), n. Any object, act, atate, event, or fact whatever ; thing of any kind ; something or other. an'y-way (-wS), an'y-ways (-waz), adv. d? conj. Any- wiae ; at all ; in any case. an'y-where (-bwSr), adv. In any place. an'y-wlse (Sn'T-wiz), adv. In any wiae, or way ; at all. A-0'nl-an (S-o'nT-ffin), a. [L. Aonitts^ Gr. 'Aoftos, fr. *Aoi/ta.] Of or pertaining to Aonia, the region of the moun- tains Helicon and Cithseron, in ancient Boeotia, or pert, to the Muaes, who were aupposed to dwell there. a'o-rlst (a'fi-rist), n. [Gr. adpttrro; indefinite ; a- not -\- opi^eiv to define, bpo$ limit.] Gram. A tenae of the Greek verb which denotes simply thatan action or occurrence took place in an indefinite past time. a'0-rlS'tlc(-rts'tTk),a. 1. Indefinite; undetermined, 2. Of or pertaining to the aorist tense. a-or'ta (a-8r'td), n. [Gr. oopr^, fr. deipetv to lift.] The great artery which carries the blood from the heart to all the body except the lungs. — a-or'tic (-tYk^, a. a-paC6' (o-pas'), adv. At a quick pace ; quick; fast. A-pa'che (-pa^cha ; common/v-pSch'e), n. Any of a group of warlike nomad Indians, orig. of New Mexico and Arizona. a-pale'. Obs. var. of apfale. aj^a-nage. Tar. of appanagb. a'pa-re'JO (a'pa-ra/ho), n. ; pi. -job (-hoz ; Sp. -bos). [8p.] A kind of packaaddle of stuffed leather or canvas. ajart' (a-part')i adv, [F. ft part; A (L. ad) -\-part part.] X. Separately in regard to space or company; aside. natnre, verdure (87) ; K= ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. ExpUDBtlonBof Abbreviations, Slsrns, etc., precede Vocabulary. 1) Forelsn Word. ■{■ combined with. » equals. APARTMENT 34 APOPLEXY 2. Separately as to purpose, use, characteri or considera- tion ; independently. 3. Aside ; away ; as, jesting apart. 4. In two or more parts ; asunder. a-part'ment (d-pSrt'mgnt), n. [F. appartemerUf fr. L. ad -f- parsy partis, part.] 1, A suite, or set, of rooms. 2. A room in a building. — Syn. See booh. aya-thet'lc (Sp'd-thStTk) ) a. Void of feeling; passionless; ^a-thet'l-cal (-t-kai) { indifferent. ~ Syn. Bee pas- sive. — ap'a-tliet'l-cal-ly, adv. ap'a-thy (fip'o-thlj, n.;pl. -THiBB (-thiz). [fr. L., fr. Gr. airddeia ; a- not -f- Taflos, fr. iraflety*to suffer,] 1. Want of feeling ; lack of passion, emotion, or excitement ; dispas- aion. 2. Indifference to what ordinarily stirs the feelmgs or activities. — Syn. Id sensibility, unconcern, stoicism. ape (ap), n. [AS. apa."] 1. Any monkey, esp. one of the larger tailless Old World forms. 2- An imitator ; mimic. — V. t. ; APED (apt) ; AF'ma (aping). To mimic, — Syn. See lUiTATE. a-peak' (d-pek'), adv. <& a. Naut. In a vertical line. a-pe'rl-ent (d-pe'rI-Snt), a. [L. aperiens^ p. pr. of ape- rire to uncover, open ; o- = ab- -f parire, parere, to bring forth.] Med. Laxative. ap'er-tnro (Sp'er-^r), n. [L. apertura, fr. aperire. See AFERIEHT.] An opening ; gap ; hole. — Syn. See orifice. ap'er-y (ap'er-T), n. ;pl. aperies (-tz). Apish action. a-pet'al-OUS (d-pSfdl-Ss), a. See a-, not. a'pes (a'pSks), n. ; pt. E. apexes (-pSk-sSz ; 24), L. apices (apt'Sez). [li., summit.] The tip, point, or angular sum- mit of anything. a-pha'Sl-a (d-ta'zhl-d), n. [Gr. a^aa-ia; a.-not-\~i'.] Gr. Relig. The god of manly youth and beauty, of poetry, music, and oracles. He was also god of healing, the sender and stayer of plagues, and the bringer of sudden death. He was, even in early times, a divinity of radiance and light, but not until late was he identified with the sun god Helios. See Abtemis. A-pollos(-Ss),n. [Gr.'ATToAAiis.] In the Bible, an eloquent Alexan- drian Jew who continued Paul's work at Corinth. A-pol'ly-on (-I-3n ; -yiin),». [Gr. airoKKviav destroying.] The angel of the bottomless pit ; Abaddon. In " Pilgrim's Progress," he is a fiend overcome by Christian. Apollo of the Belvedere. a-pOl'O-SetlC (-i-jSt^k) l a. [Gr. iTroAoYijTtKds, fr. diroAo- a-pol'0-get'l-cal C-T-kdl) ) yeiaOai to speak in defense of ; oLTTo from -j- Ad705 speech.] Defending by discourse ; of the nature of an apology. — a-pol'O-get'l-cal-ly, odv. a-poFo-getlOB (-Tks), n. (See -ics.) That branch of theol- ogy which formally defends, on grounds of reason, the di- vine origin and authority of Christianity. a-pol'O-glst (d-p51'd-jlBt), n. One who makes an apology. a-pol'0-glze (-jiz), V. i. ; -oized (-jlzd); -oiz'ikg (-jIz'Tng). To make an apology. — a-pol'0-glz'er (-jTz'er), n. ap'O-lOgne (Sp'ft-log), n. [L. apologus, Gr. dirdAoyo? ; dird from -f- Adyo9 speech.] A fictitious story intended to con- vey a moral truth ; a moral fable. ' a-poVo-gy (d-pSl'o-jT), n. / pi. -oiBS (-jTz). [fr. L.. fr. Gr. airokoyia. See APOLOOETic] 1. Something said or writ- ten in defense or justification. 2. An acknowledgment intended as an atonement for an improper or injurious re- mark or act. 3. What serves as an excuse for the absence of something ; a makeshift. Syn. Explanation, justification, vindication. — Apoloot, EXCUSE. An APOLOOT Implies that one has been, at least ap- parently, in the wrong; it may offer palliating circum- stances, or frankly acknowledge error and express regret. Anapology is in place when one has been guilty of a breach of propriety or decorum, and may involve humiliation. An * EXCUSE implies neglect, which it explains or extenuates. ap'oph-thegm (Sp'S-thSm), n., ap^oph-tbeg-mat'lc (-thSg- mSt'Tk), a., etc. Vara, of apothegm, etc. a-popb'y-'sls (d-p3f'T-sTs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez) . [Gr. dTrd^w- (Tic offshoot.] Anat. A process of a bone, esp. of a vertebra. ap'0-ploG'tlc (Sp'$-plSk'tTk),a. Less commonfy, ap'O-plec'- U-oal (-tt-kftl). Of the nature of, relating to, or causing, apoplexy ; affected with, inclined to, or symptomatic of, apo- plexy. — n. One liable to or having apoplexy. ap'0-plez (Sp'd-plgks), v. t. To strike with apoplexy. Obs. ap'o-plex'y (-plSk'sI), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. diroTrAijIitv f r. d7roirAi](r9eytia thing ut- ap'oph-uhegm ( tered, apothegm, deriv. of aw6 from -(- ^0eyyeiT9ai to speak.] A short, pithy, and instructive say- ing ; a sententious precept or maxim. — ap^O-theg-mat'- Ic (-thSg-mSt'Tk), ap^o-theg-mat'l-cal C-I^kai), ap^opb- theg-mat'lc, -mat'1-cal (Sp/S-), a. — Syn, See axiom. ap'O-tbem (5p'S-thSm), n. [Gr, airo -f- 0efj.a that which is placed.] Math. The perpendicular from the center to aside of a regular polygon. ap'O-ttae'O-sls (Sp^ft-the'S-sTs; d-p5th'e-o'sTs), n.; pi. -oses (-aez). [L., fr. Gr. aTro^eoHTts, fr. airoOeovv to deify.] 1. Deification. 2. Exaltation, as of a person or an ideal. ap'O-the'O-Slze (Sp/ft-the'6-sTz), v. t. To deify ; glorify. ap-pale' (<£-palOi v. t. To weaken; appall. Obs. ap-pall' (S-pdl'), V. t. [OF, apalir to grow or make pale ; a (L. ad) -f-pale pale.] To overcome, depress, or discour- age with fear or horror ; dismay. — Syn. See dismay. ap-pall'lng, p. a. Such as to appall. — Syn. See fearful. ap'pa-nage, or ap'a- {5p'd-naj), n. [fr. F., fr. OF. npaner to nouriah, deriv. of L. ad -\- pamis bread.] 1. Provision made by a sovereign or prince for the younger members of his family, as by a grant of lands ; loosely, any property apj^ropriated to or by a person as his perquisite. 2. That which belongs by custom or right ; a natural endowment. ap^pa-ra'tUB (-ra'tfis), n.; pi. -EATns; -ratuses (-tiis-8z; 24). [L., fr. apparare^ apparcUum^ to prepare ; ad + pn- rare to make ready.] 1. Things provided as means to an end. 2. A set of implements or utensilB for a given work ; any complex instrument or appliance for a specific action or operation : machinery ; mechanism. ap-par'el (S-par'Sl), n. [fr. OF., fr. a (L. ad) +pareil like, deriv. of h. par equal.] 1. Dress; garb. 2. Naut. The equipment of a ship, as masts, sails, etc. ^ v. t. ; -bled or -BLLED (-gld) ; -EL-iNG or -EL-LING. 1. To fumiah with appa- ratus ; equip. 2. To clothe. 3. To deck ; embellish. ap-par'ent (a-par'gnt ; ffi-pfir'-), a. [OF. aparani, p. pr. of aparoir. See appear.] 1. Open to view ; visible. 2. Clear or manifest to the understanding ; plain ; evident. 3. Ap- pearing as actual to the eye or mind (distinguished from, but not necessarily opposed to, actual^ true^ or real) ; seeming. — Syn. Distinct, obvious, certain, indubitable ; seeming. ^n. An heir apparent. Obs. — ap-pai'eilt-ly, adv. ap'pa-rl'tion(ap/d-rTsh'ftn),7i. lF.,iv.Ij.apparaio.} 1. Act of becoming apparent; appearance. 2. Semblance; aspect. Obs. 3. The thing appearing ; visible object ; form. 4. A preternatural or unexpected appearance ; ghost ; specter ; phantom. — Syn, See ghost. — ap'pa-rl'tion-al (-51), a. ap-par'1-tor (d-pSr'r-tSr), n. [L., fr. apparere. See ap- pear.] An officer executing the orders of magistrates. ap-peach' (d-pech'), v. t. [fr. OF.] To impeach. Obs. ap-peal'(a-pel'), V. /. [fr. OF., fr.L.oppe/farf to approach, invoke.] 1. Law. a To charge with a crime or offense; accuse. 'Hist, b To take an appeal of. 2. To challenge. Archaic— V i, 1. Law. To make or take an appeal. 2. To call on another to decide a matter controverted, to vindicate one's rights, conduct, taste, etc. Hence : To call on one for aid or sympathy. — n. 1. Law, a A formal ac- cusation of a heinous offense with a demand for punish- ment for the private injury. Hist, b A proceeding by which a cause is brought to a superior court for reexamina- tion ; also, right of taking such proceeding. 2. A summons to answer to a charge. 3- A call on a person, a faculty of mind, or any kind of authority, for proof or decision in one's favor ; a call for help or a favor; entreaty. — ap-peal'a- ble, a. — ap-peal'lng-ly, adv. ap-pear' (a-per'), v. i. [fr. F., fr. L. apparere to appear ; ad -\-parere to come forth.] 1. To come or be in sight; become visible. 2. To attend before some authority, tri- bunal, or superior, either in person or by attorney, to an- swer a charge, plead a cause, etc. 3. To come before the public. 4. To become visible or clear to the mind ; be ob- vious or manifest. 5. To seem ; look. — Syn. See sebu. ap-pear'ance (-dns), n. l. Act of appearing. 2- Sem- blance ; external show. 3. Manner of appearing; look; aspect ; air. 4. A thing seen ; phenomenon ; apparition. Syn. Appearance, aspect. Appearance refers to the out- ward look or semblance ; aspect, to a particular phase of ajppearance, or to appearance regarded as characteristic or significant ; as, the sky, wliich already had a gloomy ap- pearance, suddenly assumed a threatening asppct. ap-pease' (d-pez'), v. t. ,- -peasbd' (-pezd') ; -peas'ing. [OF. apaisier^ fr. a (L. ad) -\-pais peace, L. ;?ctx, paats."] To make quiet ; calm ; still; allay. — Syn. Conciliate, propi- tiate, assuage, compose, allay. See pacify. — ap-jkeas'a- ble (d-pez'd-b'l), a. — ap-poase'ment (-mgnt), n. a^-pel'lant (d-pSl'dnt), a. [L. appeltarbs, p. pr.] Appeal- mg. — n. One who appeals. ap-periate (-at), a. [L. appdlatus, p. p.] Pertaining to, or taking cognizance of, appeals. ap^pel-la'tion (Sp/^-Ia'shlfn), n. 1. Act of calling by a name. 2. An appellative. — Syn. See name. ap-pel'la-tive (d-p51'd-tTv), n. 1. A common name or noun, in distinction from a proper name or noun. 2. The word by which a person or thing is called ; appellation ; title ; de- scriptive name. — a. 1. Of or pertaining to a common name; denominative; naming. 2. Gram.. Common, as opposed to proper. — ap-pol'la-tlve-ly, adv. ap'pel-lee' (£p'e-le'), n. Law. The person against whom an appeal is taken. ap-penor Cff-pSl'6r; Sp'g-18r'), n. Law. One who appeals; usually, Hist.^ one who appeals (accuses) another of a crime, ap-pend' (d-pSnd'), v. t. [L. appendere or F. appendre, de^ riv, of L, ad-\-pendere, v i,, to hang, pendh'e^ v. t., to hang.] 1. To hang or attach, as by a string, so as to sus- pend. 2. To add as accessory; annex. — Syn. See attach. ap-pend'age (d-pSn'daj), n. 1. Something appended to a principal or greater tiling ; an appurtenance. 2. Biol. A subordinate part ; esp., a limb of an articulate animal, Syn. Appendage, appurtenance refer to something re- natpre, ver4!ire (87) ; k =: ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh £xpbiiiatlon» of Abbrevlatlono, SfgnSf etc, preceae Vocabulary. | = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Foreign Word< -I- combined with. = equals. APPENDANT 36 APPREHENSION irarded as additional, and also as subsidiary, to another ob- ject. Appendaob implies a certaiu closeness of attachment or connection, and emphasizes, sometimes even to mild con- tempt, the idea of subordination ; as, tlie caudal apvtuidugt. Appurtenance usually implies possession ot the subsidiary by the principal object ; as, a bed with all its appurte- nances of mattresses, pillows, etc. ap-pend'ant (S-pSnM&nt), a. Hanging ; annexed ; adjunct. — >7i. Anything attached as incidental or subordinate to another. ap-pen'dl-ces ((t-pSn'dT-sez), n., L. pi. of appendix. ap-peil'dl-cl'tisC-sI'tiB), n. Med. Inflammation of the ver- miform appendix. ap-pen'dlk (^-pSn'dlks), n. ; pL E. -DiXEs (-dik-sSz ; 24), L. -DICES (-dT-eez). [L. appendix^ -dicis^ iv. appendere to append.] 1. Something appended ; appendage; adjunct. 2. Matter added to a book but not necessarily essential to its completeness, as a body of notes. 3. A nal. itL* Zobl. An outgrowth ; appendage ; specif., the vermiform appendix. S^n. Appendix and supplement (as applied to matter sub- jomed to a book). Appendix is used of matter appended to what is relatively complete in itself. Supplement implies additional matter essential to complete treatment, but sug- gests large compass, and often material added after some uipse of time, and as a separate publication. ap'per-cep'tion (Sp'er-sSp'shwn), 7i, lap- (for L. ad to) ^- perception. '\ Psychol, a Perception involving self-con- eciousness. b Cognition through the relating of new ideas to familiar ideas. — ap'per-cep'tive (-ttv), a. ap'per-tain'^ (-tan'), v. i. [fr. F., fr. L. appertifiere ; ad + p&'Hnei-e. See pertain .] To belong or pertain by right, na- ture, appointment, or custom; relate. — Syn. See pertain. ap'pe-tence (Sp'e-tgns), w. Appetency. ap'pe-ten-cy (-tgn-sT), n. ; pi. -oies (-alz). [L. appetentia, fr, nppetere to strive after, long for. See appetite.] 1. Fixed and strong desire; esp., natural desire ; craving; appetite. 2. An instinctive propensity in animals to per- form cei'tain actions, as in aquatic fowls to swim. ap'pe-tite (-tit), «. [fr. F., fr. L. nppetitus, fr. appeiere to strive after, long for ; a d-^-peiere to seek. ^ 1. An inher- ent or habitual desire or propensity for some personal grat- ification of body or mind; craving. 2- Desire for, or relish of, food or drink. 3- An object desired. Archaic. — Syn. Longing, hunger, appetency, passion. ap'pe-ti'tive (-ti'tiv), a. Having or giving appetite. ap'pe-tlz^er (-tiz'er), n. That which stimulates appetite. ap'pe-tizJng (-tiz'Tng),jo. a. Exciting appetite. Ap'pl-an (Sp'i-an), a. [L. Appiits^ Appiamts.'] Of or pert, to Appius, or the gens of the Appii. — Appian Way, the great Saved highway from ancient Kome to Brundusium, now rindisi, oegun by Appiits Claudius Caecus, about 312 a. c. aj^plaud' (a-pl6d'), v. i. [L. applaudei'e; ad -^ platidere to clap the hands.] To express approbation loudly, em- phatically, or significantly. — w. /. 1. To show approval of by clapping the hands, acclamation, etc. 2. To praise ; approve. — Syn. Extol, ms^ify. — ap-plaud'er, «. ap-planse' (3-pl8z'), n. [L. applaudere^ applausum, to ap- plaud.] Act of applauding ; public approbation. — Syn, Acclaim, acclamation, plaudits ; commendation. Bp-plau'sive (S-pl6'sTv), a. Expressing applause. ap'ple (Sp''l), n. [AS. seppel^ sepl-l 1. The pome fruit of any of certain trees of a family including the quince, pear, hawthorn, medlar, etc. 2. A tree that bears apples. ap'ple-John^ (-jSn^), n. A kind of apple said to be best when old and withered. Obs. Apple of Discord. Gr. Myth. A golden apple inscribed, ** for the beauty," which Erie threw among the gods at the marriage of Peleus and Thetis. See Paris, 1. ap-pll'ance (S-pli'Sns), n. 1. Compliance. Obs. 2. Ap- plication. 3. Thing applied ; device. — Syn. See device, ap'pll-ca-ble (Sp'lT-kd-b'l), a. Capable of being applied ; fit, suitable, or right to be applied. — ap^pU-ca-bll'l-ty (-bil'T-ti), ap'pli-ca-ble-ness, n. — ap'pU-ca-blT, adv. ap'pU-cant (-k^nt), 71. One whoapplies for something. ap'pU-ca'tlon (-ka'shSn), n. [L. applieatio. See apply.] 1. Act of applying ; as : a A laying on. b Employment. C Assiduous attention, d Request. 2. A thing applied , specifically, a means. 3. Capacity or fact of being practi- cally applied or used ; relevancy. — Syn. See effort. ap-plled' (S-plid'), p. a. Put to use ; pursued for some end outside of its own domain ; — said of various sciences, and distinguished from pure. li ap'pU'qiZ^ (A^ple^kaOi ft. [F.] Put on, as patterns on textiles ; also, done or made in this way, as appliquS work. ap-ply' (ii-pli'). «• i- ; -plied' (S-plid') ; -plt'ing. [OF. aplier, fr. L. applicare to attach to ; ad -\-plicare to fold.] 1. To place in contact; put or adjust (one thing to another); — with to, 2. To use for a particular purpose, or in a par- ticular case; appropriate; devote. 3. To fix closely; engage and employ diligently, or with attention. 4. To betake ; aid- dress; refer; — used retlexively. — v. i. 1. To have connec- tion (uHth) or relevancy (to); to have some agreement or analogy. 2. To make request; have recourse {to) with a view to gain something. 3. To apply or address one's self ; attend closely {io). _ II ap-pog'gia-tn'ra (Sp-pod-'jd-too'rd), n. [It., fr. appog- glare to lean, rest.] Music. An accessory tone preceding an essential tone, as an embellishment of melody. It is generally written as a note of smaller size. ap-polnt' ((t-poinf), V. i. [OF. apointier to prepare, ar- range, fr. LIi. appunctare to bring back to the point, re- store ; "L. ad-\- puncium point.] 1. To fix with power or firmness ; establish, 2- To fix by a decree, order, command, resolve, decision, or mutual agreement ; constitute ; ordain ; prescribe. 3- To assign, designate, or set apart, by author- ity. 4. To furnish in all points ; equip ; as, a well appointed ai>my. Obs. or R.^ except in p.p. 5. To arraign. Obs, — v.i. To ordain; determine. — Syn. See fitbnibh. — ap- point'er^ n. — ap-poin'tive (-poin'tTv), a. ap-poinVee' (S-poin^eO, n. A person appointed; one to whom an estate is appointed. ap-point'ment (fl-point'm^ul.), n. 1. Act of appointing : a Stipulation ; esp., an engagement for a meeting, b A directing or ordaining, c Desi^ation of a person to hold an o£Qce, discharge a trust, etc. 2. That which is appointed or the result of appointing : a Agreement ; compact, b De- cree ; established order or constitution, c An ofBce, sta- tion, or position ; an assigned duty or service, d Equip- ment ; furniture, as for a ship ; outfit. — Syn. See office. ap-por'tlon (ft-por'shfin •,hl),v.t. [fr. OF.,fr. LL.,fr.L.od -4- portio.'\ To assign in just proportion ; portion out ; allot. —-Syn, See ALLOT. — ap-por'Uon-ment (-racnt), n. ap-pose' (S-poz'), V. t. ; -POSED' (-pozd') ; -pos'ino. [F. ap~ poser to set to ; a (L. nd) -J- posei' to put, place. See pose.] To place opposite or before ; apply. ap'po-Site (Sp'fi-zTt), a. [L. appositus, p. p. of apponere to put to ; ad-^ponere to put.] Very applicable; well adapted; fit; relevant. — Syn. See pertinent. — ap'po- slte-ly, adv. — ap'po-slte-ness, n. ap'po-si'tion (-zTsh'i^n), 71, 1. Act of apposing. 2. G^am. The setting of a word or phrase beside another or in a par- allel construction without a connective, as in ** John, the apostle ; ' ' also, the relation so established. a^-pOS'i-tive (ft-p5z'i-tTv), a. Of, relating to, or in, apposi- tion. ^ ?i. A word or phrase in apposition. ap-prais'al (S-praz'Sl), n. Act of appraising ; also, the value fixed in appraising ; appraisement. ap-pralse' (ft-praz'), v. t. : -praised' (-prazd') ; -frais'ihq. [ad- -j- praise."} 1. To set a value on; estimate the worth of, esp. officially. 2. To estimate ; conjecture. 3. Topraise. Eai-e, — ap-prals'er (-er), n. — ap-prais'a-ble, a. ap-praise'ment (-m^ut), 7;. Appraisal. ap-pre'cl-a-ble (S-pre'shT-d-bU), a. Capable of being ap- preciated ; perceptible , — ap-pre'cl-a-bly, adv. ap-pre'cl-ate (-at), 7'. /. ; -at/rd (-at'6d) ; -AT'iNO. [L. ap- pretiatus^ p. p. of appretiare to appraise ; ad + preti-are to prize, pf^iuni price.] 1. To price or value ; estimate justly. 2. To recognize or feel the worth of; esteem duly. 3. To raise the value of; — opposed to depreciate. 4. To be sensible of ; distinguish. — 7'. i. To rise in value. — Syn. See ESTIMATE. — ap-pre'cl-a'tion (-a'shftn), 71. — ap-pre'- cl-a-tive (ffi-pre'shT-a-tTv), a. — ap-pre'cl-a-tlve-ly, adv. — ap-pre'cl-a-tlve-ness, n. — ap-pre'cl-a^tor (-a'ter), n, — ap-pre'cl-a-to-ry (-d-t6-rl), a. ap'pre-hend' (Sp'rt-hSnd'), v. t. {^..^apprekendere ; arf-f prehendere to seize.] 1. To seize. Archaic. 2. To ar- rest. 3. To become conscious or sensible of as (really or imaginarily) existing ; to anticipate, eep. with fear ; as, he apprehends danger in every sound. 4. To lay hold of witli the understanding ; interpret the meaning of. ^ r. i. 1. To think, believe, or be of opinion ; understand ; suppose. 2. To be apprehensive ; fear. — Syn, Perceive, conceive, grasp, imagine. — ap'pre-hend'er, 7?.. ap'pre-hen'sl-ble (-hBn'sT-b'l), a. That may be apprehend- ed or conceived. — ap'pre-heii'sl-bll'l-ty (-bYlT-tT), n. ap'pre-hen'Sion (-hSn'shiln), n. 1. Act of apprehending. ale, senate, c&re, ftm, dccount, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, ^bey, drb, 5dd, eSiti cSnnect ; use, finite, fkn, iip, circus, menu; f55d,fdbt; out, oil; cliaii; eo; Bing,ij)k; t^en,thin; APPREHENSIVE 37 AQUATINTA 2. Opinion ; conception; sentiment. 3. The faculty by which ideaa are couceived ; understanding. Syn. Seizure, arrest ; perception, anticipation ; dread, dis- trust, suspicion ^ uneasiness, anxiety, concern, solicitude ; presage, premonition.— Apprehension, misgiving, forebod- ing, PKBSENTIMENT. APPREHENSION denotes disquietiug an- ticipation of evil, usually with dread ; as, he was in a state of nervous apprehension. Misgiving implies such a premo- nition of evil as sap^ resolution and conndence ; as, misyiv- tngr seized them as to the result. Foreboding implies deeper and more ominous conviction ; as, oppressed with gloomy forebodings. Presentiment suggests an antecedent im- pression, usually vague, of impending misfortune; as, &pre~ sentiment of evil deterred him. ap'pre-ben'slve (Sp'rS-hSu'sTv), a. l. Capable of appre- hending, or quick to apprehend ; apt ; discerning. 2. An- ticipative; fearful. 3. Sensible ; feeling. Hare. — ap'pre- hen'slve-ly, adv. — ap'pre-hen'slve-ness, n. ap-prentlce (ft-prSn'tts), n. [fr. OF. apprmdre to learn, L. apprenderey apprekendere^ to apprehend. See appre- hend.] One boimd to serve another for a certain time in consideration of instruction in an art or trade, and formerly, usually, of maintenance. — v. t. ; -ticed (-tYst) ; -tic-img (-tis-Tng). To bind or indenture as an apprentice. — ap- pren'tlce-ment (-mgnt), n, — ap-pren'tice-ship, n. ap-priae' (fi-priz'), v. t. ,- -prised' (-prizd') ;-PRiB'iNG(-priz'- ing). Also ap-prlze'. [F. appris, fem. apprise^ p. p. of apprendre to learn, teach, inform.] To give notice; in- form. — Syn. Acquaint, advertise, advise. ap-prize', v. t.; -PRizBiy (-prizd'); -priz'ing {-prIz'Tng). [fr. OF. ; ultimately of same origin as E. appraise.^ To ap- praise. — ap-prlz'er (fi-priz'er), n. apyPIOacli' (S-proch'), v. i. .a. ap-proz'i-mate ($-prok'sT-mat), a. [L, approximatus, p. p. of ap/jroaa'mare to approach. See ad-; proximate.] 1. Ap- proaching ; proximate; resembling nearly. 2. Near to cor- rectness; nearly exact. ^ n. Anapproximation. — (-mat), V. t. ; -mat'ed (-mafSd) ; -hat'ino. 1. To carry or advance near to; cause to approach. 2- To come near to ; approach. — V, *, To approach. — ap-pros'l-mate-l7, adv. ap-proz'i-ma'tiOIl (-mS'shttn), n. 1. Act or result of approx- imating. 2. An approach to a correct estimate, or concep- tion, etc., or to a given quantity, quality, etc. ap-proz'i-ma-Uve (S-prSk'sT-ma-tIv), a. Approximate. ap-pnlse' (S-pSls' ; Sp'Qls), n. [L. appulsus^ fr. appfillere, appulsum^ to drive to."] Anapproach; impulse; also, impact. ap-pur'te-nance (fi-pQr'te-niins), n. [fr. AF., deriv. fr. L. appertinere. See appertain.] That which appertains to something ; adjunct ; something incident to another prin- cipal or more important thing. — Syn. See appendage. ap-pur'te-nant (-nSnt), a. Annexed to some more impor-- tant thing ; accessory ; incident. ^ n. Au appurtenance. a'pri-cot (a'prT-k3t ; Sp'ri-), n. [F. ahTicoU fr. Sp. or Pg., fr. Ar., fr. Gr. TrpatKOKta, pi., fr. L. praecoguus, praecox, early ripe.] The oval, orange-colored fruit of a certain tree of the plum family, somewhat intermediate in fiavor between a peach and a plum ; also, the tree. A'prll (a'prTl), n. [L. Aprilis.'] The fourth month of the year, having 30 days. April fool. One who is sportively imposed upon on the first day of April, called " All Fools' Day." ||a' prl-0'rI(a'prT-o'ri; a^prT-o're). [L., fr. a(rt6)+pnor former.] Opposed to «^Ofi/enon. 1. Logic. Chai-acteriz- ing reasoning which deduces consequences from definitions formed, or principles assumed, or which infers effects from known causes; deductive or deductively. 2. Presumptive; presumptively ; without a determining examination. a'pron (a'prwn ; a'pfirn), n. [OF. naperon^ dim. of nape., cloth, tablecloth, LL. napa^ix. L. mappa napkin, table nap- kin. The initial n was confused with n of the article an.'\ 1. An article of dress worn on the fore part of the body as a covering or to protect the clothes. 2- Something which by its shape or use suggests an apron. ■— v. t. To put an apron on ; provide with or as with an apron. ap'ro-pos' (Sp'ro-po'), adv. & a. [F. apropos ; h (L. ad) -|- propos purpose.] 1. Opportunely; seasonably; opportune; seasonable. 2. To the purpose ; suitably. apse (Sps), n. ; pi. apses (Sp'sSz ; 24). [See apsis.] Arch. A projecting part of a building, esp. of a church, usually semicircular in plan. — ap'si-dal (Sp'sT-dt^l), a. ap'sls (Sp'sTs), n. ; pi. -sides (-st-dez). [L. apsis., Gr. ai|«($, ai/fiSos, a fastening, hoop, wheel, bow, arch.] 1. Astivn. In an orbit, the point at which the distance of the body from the center of attraction is either greatest {higher apsis) or least (tower apsis). 2. Arch. An apse. apt (Spt), a. [L. aptus."} 1. Fitor suited; suitable; appro- priate. 2- Having a habitual tendency. 3. Beady ; espe- cially fitted or qualified; quick to learn ; prompt; expert. Syn. Quahfied ; inclined, prone. —Apt, likely, liable, SUBJECT come into comparison as expressing tendency. Apt suggests habitual, sometimes inherent, predisposition; likely emphasizes the idea of probability ; as, an impulsive person is apt to blunder ; an angry dog is / ikely to bite. But apt and likely are often interchanged. Liable properly im- plies openness or exposure to something burdensome or dis- advantageous ; as, children are liable to be imposed upon. Subject denotes constant or rooted liability ; as, he is sub- ject to fits of passion. See pertinent, ap'ter-OUS (Sp'tir-iis), ap'ter-al (-ffl), a. [Gr. airrepos wing- less; a- not + TTTepdi/ wing.] Zool. Wingless. apt'i-tude (Sp'ti-tud), 71. [F.,fr. LL., fr. L. aptits apt.] 1. Natui-al or acquired disposition or capacity for a par- ticular purpose, or tendency to a particular action or effect. 2. General fitness ; adaptation. 3- Beadiness in learning ; aptness. — Syn. See gift. apt'ly (Spf IT), adv. In an apt manner. apt'ness, n. Quality or state of being apt. II a'^ua (a'kwd), n. [L.] Water. — aqnafortls (f6r'tTs) fL., strong water], nitric acid. —a. mlrabills (mT-rSbl-lTs) [L., wonderful water], Old Pharm., a kind of distilled cordial.— a. regla (re'jt-a) fL., royal water], C/i«n., a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, which will dissolve gold or plati- num. — a. vltaB (vi'te) [L., water of life], formerly, alcohol ; hence, brandy or other ardent spirit. a''CLua-ina-rine' (-ma-ren'), n. [L. agua marina sea water.] A transparent ber;^l, typically bluish green, used as a gem. aci^ua-relle' (Sk'wd-rSl'), n. [F., f r. It. acguerello, f r. aegua water, L. agua.'\ A drawing in water color. a-qua'rl-nm (d-kwa'rT-ttm ; 3), n. ; pi. E. -riums (-Smz), L. -ria (-d). [L.,neut. of a^Mrtriws relating to water.] 1. An artificial pond, or a vessel of water, in which living aquatic animals or plants ar^ kept. 2- A place for the care and exhi- bition of such aquatic collections. a-qiiat'lo(a-kwafTk),a. {L. acgnaticus. See aqua.] Of or pertaining to water ; growing in or frequenting water. — n. 1. An aquatic animal or plant. 2. pi. Sports or exercises practiced in or on the water. a'qua-tlnt^ (a'kwa-tlnf ; Sk'wd-), a^qua-tln'ta (-tTn'td). n. [It. acguatinta dyed water.] Etching with aqua fortis, giving the effect of a watercolor or India-ink drawing. natiTxe, verdjire (87) ; k = cli in G. ich , ach (50) ; bow ; yet ; zh = z in azure . Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. £xplaiiatlonA of Abbreviations, Sl^ns, etc.* preceae VocabulBry* |i Forelcu Word. -^ combined with. E=eaualB> AQUEDUCT 38 ARCH ail'ao-dact (Sk'wS-dtikt), n. [L. aquaeductus ; aguae^ gen. of aqua water + duckts a leading. 1 1 . a Any conduit for water, esp. one for a large quantity of flowing water, b A stmcture for conveying a canal over a river or hollow. 2. Aimt. A canal or passage iu a part or organ. a'q.lie-ons (aOcwe-^s), a. 1. Of, or of the nature of, water, or abounding with it; watery. 2- Produced by water. aq'ul-Une (ak'wT-lTn; -lln), a. [L. aquilinus, fr. aquUa eagle.] 1. Of or like an eagle. 2. Curving ; prominent, like the beak of an ea^le; — applied esp. to the nose. Aa'al-lon (-15n), n. [L. ttquilo.'] The north wind. Obs. Al/ab (Sr'Sb), n. 1. A Semite of the race which from the earliest known time has occupied the Arabian peninsula and now has a much wider habitat. 2. A horse of Arabian breed. 3. = stkeet Arab. — a. Ara- bian. ar'a-besane' (-o-bgsk'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. Arabo Arab.] Akiud of ornamenta- tion consisting of a fantastic pattern of plants or fruits, foliage, etc., and often (except in Moorish and Arabic art) fig- ures of men or animals, and usually in Arabesque. combination with a geometric design. ^ a. Relating to, or exhibiting, arabesque. A-ra'bi-an (d-ra'bt-Sn), a. Of or pert, to Arabia or Arabs; Arabic. — «. A native of Arabia ; an Arab. Ar'a-blG(Sr'd-btk),a. Arabian. — n. The Semitic language of the Arabs. — Arabic nnmerals or flgores, the nine digits, 1, 2, 3, etc., and the cipher 0. Ar'a-blSt (-blst), n. One versed in Arabic. ar'a-ble C5r'd-b*l), a. [L. arabiUs^ fr. arare to plow.] Fit for, or cultivated by, plowing or tillage. ^ n. Arable land. Ar'a-by (Sr'd-bt), 72. IF, Arabic, L. ^ra&ia Arabia.] Ara- bia. Archaic or Poetic. A-rach'ne (d-rSk^e), n. [L., fr. Or., fr. apaxv-q spider.] Gr. Myth. A Lydiau maiden turned into a spider by Mi- nerva for competing with her in weaving and embroidery. a-rach'nld (-nld), n. [Or. apaxvi} spider.] Zool. Any of a class {Arachnida) of arthropods including the spiders, scor- pions, and allies. — a-rach'nl-dan (-nT-dSn), a. d:n. a-rach'nold (-noid), a. [Or. apaxi'oetfi^? like a cobweb; apa- Xvn spider, spider's web + elSos form.] 1. Resembling a spider's web ; cobweblike. 2. Anal. Pertaining to or designating a certain thin membrane of the brain and spinal cord. 3. Bot. Covered with, or composed of, soft, loose hairs or fibers ; cobwebby. ^ n. An arachnid. Ar'a-msa'an ) (Sr'd-me'Sn), a. Aramaic. — n. 1. A Sem- Al/a-me'ail f ite of the branch occupying the Biblical Aram (Syria and Mesopotamia) and neighboring territories ; more broadly, a Semite of the branch including the Assyri- ans, Babylonians, Phoenicians, Hebrews, and Canaanites, as well as the Aramaeans proper; very broadly, an individual of a Hamitic, Semitic, or related people. 2. The speech or tongue including the languages spoken by the Aramaeans. Ar'a-ma'lC (-malk), a. Of or pert, to the Biblical Aram ; esp., of or pert, to, or in, the language called Aramaic. — n. A tongue including a group of Semitic languages and dialects including Syriac, Biblical and Palestinian Aramaic, and Samaritan. ar^ba-lest (ar'bd-lgst) l n. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. L. arcubal- ar'ba-Ust (Sr^ba-lTat) ( Hsta ; arcus bow + ballista a mili- tary engine.] Antiq. A kind of crossbow consisting of a steel bow set in a ~ shaft of wood. — , ar'ba-lesrer, ar' ba-llsVer, n. , , arOli-ter (Sr^iT-tSr), Arbaleet. n. [L. ] 1. A person having power to decide a dispute ; an arbitrator. 2- Anypersonhavingabsolutepowerof judging and determining. ar'bl-trage (-trSj), n. [F.] 1. Arbitration. Archaic. 2. Commerce. Traffic in which the profit arises from the dif- ference of value of the same commodity in different markets at the same time. ar-blfra-ment (Sr-bTf ro-mgnt), n. [OF. arbitrement.'] 1. Rightor power of deciding ; free will. 2. Act of decid- ing as an arbiter ; an arbitration. 3. Arbitrator's award. ar'bl-tra-ry (Sr'bl-tfa-rT), a. [L. arbitrarius, fr. arbiter."} 1. Depending on will or discretion ; discretionary. 2. Ex- ercised accoMing to, or based on, one's own will or caprice ; hence, absolute, despotic, or tyrannical (with reference to the will) ; capricious, uncertain (with reference to the oft* price). — !Syn. Absolute, irresponsible. — ai/bl-tra-rl-iy (ar'bT-tra-rT-lT), adv. — ar^bi-tra-rl-nOBS, n. arnU-trate (-trat), v. t. <& i. ; -trat'ed (-traVfid) ; -teat'ihg. [L. arbitratus^ p. p. of arbUrari to give judgment, fr. ar- bUer.'] 1. To hear and decide, or to act, as arbitrator; hence, to decide ; determine. 2. To submit to arbitration. — ar'bl-tra'tlon (-tra'shfin), n. ar'bl-tra'tor (ar'bl-trS'ter), n. 1. A person, or one of two or more persons, chosen by parties to settle a difference be- tween them ; an arbiter. 2> One who is clothed with ab- solute power of deciding. = ABBiTEB, 2. — Syii. Umpire, referee, arbiter. ar-blfre-ment (ar-btt'rS-m^nt). = arbithahent. Rare. ar'bl-treBS (ar'bl-trSs), n. A female arbiter. ar'blast ( ar'bl&st), ar'blast-er. Vars. of arbalest, ar- balester. ai/bor, ar'bonr (iur'ber), n. [ME. A«r6er, herbere, properly, a garden of herbs, F. herbier, fr. L. Acrftartwm.] A kind of latticework formed of, or covered with, vines, branches of trees, or other plants, for shade ; a bower. ar'bor, n. [L., tree, beam.] Mech. a A main shaft or beam, b A spindle or axle of a wheel, c A lathe mandrel. ^bor Day. A day in late April or early May, appointed iu most of the United States for planting trees and shrubs. ar-bo're-al tar-bo'rS-ftl; 57), o. 1. Of, jsert. to, or like, atree or trees. 2- Attached to or frequenting trees. ar'bo-res'cent (ar'bS-rSs'Snt), a. [L. arboreseens, p. pr. of arborescere to become a tree, arbor tree.] Resembling a tree ; treelike. — ar''bO-res'cenGe (ar^bd-rSs'dnB), n. arntlO-ret (ar'bd-rSt), n, A small tree ; shrub. Obs. ar'bO-re'tlim (-re'ti^m), n. ; pi. £. -retuhs (-t&mz), L. -reta (-ttt). [L., a place grown with trees.] A place where trees are cultivated for scientific or educational purposes. ar'bO-rl-CUl'tlire (ar'bfi-rT-kiil/tHr), n. [L. arfcor tree-f cuUura culture.] Cultivation of trees and shrubs. ar'bo-rous (-ri^s), a. Of, relating to, or formed by, trees. ar'bor vl'ta, or ar^bor-vl'tSB (ar'biJr-vI'te), n. [L. arbor vitae tree of life.] Any of certain trees of the pine family. arliour (iir'ber). Var. of arbor, bower. ar'bute (ar^ut), n. [L. arbutus.'l A European arbutus ; the strawberry tree. Archaic or 'Poetic. arOsn-tUS (iir'bA-tfis ; Sr-bu'ti£s ; th^ first is the correct Latin accentuation^ but ike second is now pr^erred by many for sense 2), n. [L., the strawberry tree.] 1. Any tree of a genus {A rbutus) of shrubs or trees of the heath family. The fruit is a scarlet berry. 2. Short for trailing arbutus, a trailing plant of the heath family of the United States, blossoming in early spring. arc (Srk), n. [F., fr. L. arcus bow, arc] 1. Geom. A portion of a curved line. 2. An object of an arclike cur- vature. 3- Anarch. Obs. 4. £/ec. A sustained luminous glow formed under certain conditions when a break is made in an electric circuit. It is used in various kinds of lights, called arc lights. — v, i. ; arckbd or arced (arkt) ; aece'- iNO or arc'ino (ar'kTng). Elec. To form an electric arc. ar-cade' (Ur-kad'), n. [Through F., It., & LL., fr. L. arcus arch.] 1. Arch, a A series of arbhes with their columns ; or piers, b A long, arched building or ^ gallery. 2. An 1 arched or covered Arcade. way or avenue, as between shops. A r-c a' d 1-a (-k a'- dT-d), n. Also, Po- ' etie, Ar'ca-dy (ar'- kd-dt). A mountain- ous district of Greece, which was reputed to be inhabited by a simple, contented, pastoral peo- ple. Fig.,anyregion or scene of simple pleasure and quiet. Ar-ca'dl-an (ar-ka'dT-Sn), n. Of or pertaining to, or char- acteristic of, Arcadia. — Syn. See rural. ar-ca'num(-ka'nfim),n.; L.pl. -CANA(-nd). [L.,£r.arcon7« B%CTei%, urcere. to inclose.] 1. A secret; mystery; — chiefly \npl. 2. In alchemy, an extract of the ulterior or vital nature of something ; hence, a secret remedy or iiostrum. arch (arch), n. [F. arche, f r. LL. area (see ark), confused with arcus (cf. aro).] 1. Arch, A structural member. ale, senate, cftre, &m, account, iirm, ask, aofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker; Ice, HI ; 51d, Abey, drb, ttdd, 85ft, connect ; uae, Anlte, fim, fip, circ&s, menU; £€ud,£d'ot; oat,oll; chaii; go; Blng,iqkt tben,thln( ARCH 39 ARDUOUS nsUBlly curved and made up of separate wedge-shaped Bol- ide with their joints at right angles to the curve. 2. Any "^ y^-^k. '\ ^ L..^jrt. J LS£ ^ f Arches: IRound (Ext. Extrados; Int. Intror doB; imp. Impost; k Keystone ;du. Spring- er ; V VoUBBOir) j 2 HorseBhoe ; it Liancet ; 4 Rampart. place covered by an arch ; archway. 3. Any curve in the form of an arch. — w. i. cEr v. i. 1, To cover or provide with an arch or arches. 2. To form into an arch. arch (arch), a. [see arch-, the prefix.] 1. Chief ; eminent. 2. [from the use of arch in ai'ch rogue, arch wag, arch knave^ etc?} Gunning; sly ; eap., sportively mischievous; roguish. — Syn> See MISCHIEVOUS. — n. A chief . Obs. arch- (arch-, except in archangel and derivatives. Many of these compounds have vaiiable accent, dependent on position and emphasis. In titles, esp. when the name follows, the stronger accent is commonly on arch- ; as, Arch'bish'op Guth'bert, the Arch'duke' Heu'ry, etc.). [AS. arce-, ei'ce-, L. arch-, arciii-, Gr. apx-^ ^PX'-- See arohi-.] A prefix, used in titles and descriptive appellations, meaning chief, prin- cipal, prime, as in arc/^bishop, archdeacon. Ar-chae'an, Ar-chCan (ar-ke'Sn), a. [Gr. ap-xaXo^ ancient, fr. apxq beginning,] Geol. Ancient ; pertaining to or des- ignating the oldest known system of rocks. ar'chaB-oro-gy, ar'che-oro-gy (ai^ke-5l'6-iT), n. [Gr. apxcL^oAoyi'a ; apxalo^ ancient -\- Adyog discourse.] The study of antiquities ; the study of the art, customs, etc., of ancient peoples as shown in their monuments, relics, etc. — ar'chso-olog'ic (-ft-i5jTk), ar^cba-o-loK'l-cal (-T-kai), a. — afcheB-o-log'l'Cal-ly, adv. — ar'chaB-ol'o-glst C-Bi'S-jTat^, n., or ar^che-o-log'lc, etc. ar-chalc (ar-ka'Tk), a. [Gr. apxal'icd? old-fashioned, fr. ap. Xato9 ancient.] Of or characterized by antiquity or archa- ism ; antiquated. — Syii> See old. ar'Clia-ism (arlia-Tz^m), n. [Gr. ap\di, precede VocabuUrr* U Forelffu Word. + combined with. = equals. ARRAIGNMENT 42 ARTERY 2. Law. To call or set (a prisoner) at the bar of a court to answer an indictment. 3 . To call to account, or accuse, be- fore the bar of reason, taste, or any other tribunal. — Syn. Impeach, deuounce. — ar-ralgn'ment (a-ran'mgnt^, n. ar-range'(ft-rani'}, vA.; -banged' (-ranjd'); -HANQ'iNa(-ran'- jlng). [fr. OF., fr. a (L. ad) -\- rengier^ rangier. See R ANOB, V. t. ] 1. To put in proper order; dispose iu the man- ner intended, or best suited for the purpose. 2- To adjust; settle ; prepare. 3. Music. To adapt (a composition) to voices or instruments or a combination of them for which it was not originally written. — Syn. Adjust, range, classify. ar-range'meilt (S-ranj'm^t), n. 1. Act, manner, or re- sult of arranging or state of being arranged ; disposition ; adjustment. 2. Preparatory proceeding or measure ; prep- aration. — Syn. Disposal, disposition, distribution. ar'rant CBr'&nt), a. [rar. of errant, wandering.] 1. Wan- dering ; vagrant ; as in thief arrant^ now thiqf errant, a robber outlaw. 2. Notoriously or preeminently bad. ar'ras (Sr'Ss), n. [from Arras, France.] Tapestry ; a screen or hangings of tapestry. ar-ray' (S-ra'), v. t. [fr. OF., fr. a (L. ad) + rei, roi, order, arrangement ] 1. To dispose in order, as troops ; marshal. 2> To deck ; adorn with dress ; dress. ^- Syn. Draw up, arrange. — n. 1. Order ; a regular and imposing arrange- ment ; hence, order of battle. 2. An annual assembling of the militia. Obs. or Hist., Eng. 3. The body of persons placed in order ; hence, a body of soldiers. 4. An impos- ing series of things. 6- Dress ; rich or beautiful apparel. AT-tBar' (fi-rer'), n. 1. The rear. Archaic. 2- Usually in pL That which is unpaid but due. — in arrear or arrears, backward ; in debt. ar-rear'age (-&j), »■ !• State of being in arrear, or behind- hand. 2. That which remains unpaid and overdue ; arrears. ar-reat' (ffi-rSst'), v. t. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. L. ad-^restare to stop, rest.] 1. To stop ; check. 2. Law. To take or keep in custody by authority of law. 3. To seize on and fix ; hold ; catch ; seize on and fix the attention of. 4- To hold as pledge. Obs. — Syn. Obstruct, delay, detain, hinder ; apprehend, lay hold of, capture. See stop. — n. 1. Act of arresting. 2. A judgment, decree, or sentence, esp. of a French court. 06*. — Syn. Check, stoppage ; custody, imprisonment, seizure, detention. — ar-rest'er, n. II ar'rdt' (a/rS' ; S-rSf ), n. [F.] A judgment ; decree. ar-rlere' (ffi-ver'), n. [F. arri^-re, fr. L. ad + retro back- ward.] That which is behind; the rear. Ilar'rtere'-ban' (A'ryfir'baN' ;a-rer'b5n'),7i. [F.] Aproc- lamation, as of the French kings, calling their vassals to war ; sdso, the body of such vassals. ar'rls (Sr'Ts), n. [OF. areste, fr. L. arista beard of grain, fishbone.] Arch. The sharp edge formed by the meeting> of two surfaces, esp. in a molding. ar-rlT'al (S-riv'ffil), n. 1. Act of arriving. 2. The person or thing arriving or that has arrived. Syn. Abrtval, advent. Arrival denotes the reaching of a destination and implies precedent movement. Advent is particularly applied to an important, or even momentous, arrival ; as, the advent of sprmg. ar-rlve' (ffi-rlv'), v. i. ; -rived' (-rivd') ; -Rrv'iHO (-riving). [fr. OF., fr. LL. arripare to come to shore ; L. ad + "P« bank of a river.] 1. To come to the shore ; now, to come in progress by water or by land ; reach a place ; — often with at. 2. To gain or compass an object or attain a state by e£Fort, study, etc. ; — with at. 3. To come ; — said of time. Syn. Arrive, cohe. Arrive implies more definitely than OOHB the attamment of a destination. ^v. t. To reach ; come to. Archaic. ar'ro^gance (Sr'd-gSns), n. Also ar^o-gan-cy (-gcin-sT), n. [f., fr. L. arroganiia.'] Act or habit of arrogating; quality of being arrogant. — Syn. Haughtiness, hauteur, assumption, loralinesSiJpresumption, disdain, insolence. ar'rO-gailt(-g(int), a. [F.,fr.L. arro^ajw, p.pr.] 1. Mak- ing, or disposed to make, exorbitant claims of rank, estima- tion, or importance ; assuming ; haughty. 2. Containing, or marked with, arrogance. — ar'ro-gant-ly, adv. Syn. Proud, disdainful, overweening ; bold, forward, pre- suming, audacious; lordly, lofty, overbearing, domineer- ing.— Arrogant, PRESDMPTUODS, HAUGHTY, SUPERCILIOUS, INSOLENT, INSULTING. One is ARROGANT who is disposed to claim for one's self, often aggressively, more consideration than is warranted or justly due ; as, Lord Clarendon was ar- rogant vnA overbearing. One is presumptuous who is self- assertive beyond the bounds of modesty, or forward to take imdue liberties ; as, Avresumptuous boy. Haughty implies consciousness, often disdainful, of superiority, esp. arising from pride of birth or station. Scfbrcilious implies a lofty and contemptuous demeanor, verging upon insolence ; as, a,supe7-citious stare. Inbolbnt suggests gross and ofi:'en&ive disregard for the feelings of others. Insulting implies u personal affront, often indicative of scorn or triumph. ar'ro-gate (Sr'6-gat), v. t. ; -gat'ed ; -gat'ing. [L. arro- gains, p. p. of arrogare to take to one's self ; ad + rogare to ask.} To assume or claim unduly, proudly, or presumptu- ously. — Syn. See usurp. — ar^ro-ga'tion (-ga'shi^n), n. II ar^ron^dlsse^ment' (a/r6N'des'm*aN'), n.; pi. -uents (-maN'). [F.] The largest division of a French department. ar'row (Sr'o), n, [AS. ar&we^ earA.] The missile weapon used with a bow. ar'row-root' (-roof), n. 1. A West Indian plant having tu- berous starchy roots. 2 . A nutritive starch obtained from the rootstocks of a species of this plant. ar'row-y (Sr'6-T), a. 1. Consisting of, or full of, arrows. 2. Resembling or suggestive of an arrow ; swift ; darting. ar-roy'o (a-roi'o), n. ; pi. -os (-oz). [Sp.] A watercourse ; also, a small, often dry, gully or channel. ar'se-nal (ar's^-nSl), n. [It. arsenate dock, fr. Ar. ddr- find^ah house of industry.] A public establishment for storing or making arms ana military equipments. ar'se-nlc (-ntk), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. 6r. apa-eviKov, ap- pevtKov, yellow orpiment, fr. aptreviKos or appeviKO^ mas- culine, dppTjv male, on account of its strength.] 1. One of the elements, a solid, brittle, very poisonous substance of tin-white to steel-gray color and metallic luster. Sym- bol, As; at. wt, , 74.96. 2. Arsenious oxide ; — called also while arsenic. — ar-sen'l-cal (ar-sgnl-kfll), a. ar-se'nl-OUS (ar-se'nT-i£s), a. Of or pert, to, consisting of, or containing arsenic. — arsenlooB oxide, an astringent, sweet- ish oxide of trivalent arsenic ; — called also arsenic. ar'sls (ar'sts), n. ; pi. arses (-sez). [L., fr. Gr. apat^ a lifting.] 1. Gr. dk Lot. Pros. The unaccented part of a foot. The true ancient meanings of arsis and thesis have commonly been reversed through a misunderstanding. 2. Popularly, the strong or accented syllable of a foot. ar'aon (-sun), n. [OF., fr. L. ardere^ arsum, to bum.] The malicious burning of a dwelling house or outhouse of another ; also, the similar burning of other property. art (art), n. [F. art, L. ars, artis.'] 1. SkiU in perform- ance, acquired by experience, study, or observation ; knack. 2. Human contrivance or ingenuity, as in adapt- ing natural things to man's use. 3. A branch of learning; a science, esp. one, such as grammar or logic, serving chiefiy as a discipline or as an instrument of knowledge ; specifically : pi. Those branches of learning taught in the academical course of colleges. 4. Learning or the field of learning. B. The general principles of any branch of learn- ing or of any craft ; a system of rules facilitating the doing of certain actions. 6. Systematic application of knowl- edge or skill in effecting a desired result. Also, an occupa- tion requiring such knowledge or skill ; a craft. 7. Ap- plication of skill and taste to production according to ebs- thetic principles ; such application to the production of beauty by imitation or design, as in painting and sculpture. 8- Skillful plan; device; also, cunning ; artifice. — Syn. Aptitude, dexterity, adroitness ; contrivance, profession, business, trade, calling ; duplicity. See science. art, V. 2d pers. present indicative sing, of the verb be. Ar'te-mls(ar'tS-mTB). [L.,fr,Gr.'ApTefiis.] Gr.Relig. A goddess, most typically the virgin huntress, goddess of wild nature, who is associated with the moon, as her twin brother, Apollo, is with the sun. The Ro- mans identified her with Diana. ar-te'rt-al (ar-te'rt-ai), a. Of or pert, to an artery or arteries. ar-te'rl-al-lze (-iz), v. t. ; -izbd (-izd) ; -iz'iNO (-iz'Ing). To trans- form (venous blood) into arterial blood by oxygenation iu the lungs. ar-te'ri-ot'o-my (-5t'6-mT), n. [djriv. of Gr. apTrjpia -f- tojlhj a cutting.] Med. The opening of an artery, esp. for bloodletting. ar'ter-y .(iir'ter-T), n. ; pi. -tbribs (-Tz). [L. rtrtfiWa.fr. Gr. opnjpia.] A not. One of the tubular branch- ing vessels which distribute the blood from the heart through the body. ArtemiB (or Diana) of VersaiUeB. ale, senate, cfire, am, dccoimt, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, drb, 5dd, B&ttt c5xinect ; use, Unite, firn, up, circiis, menii ; f God, fdbt ; out, oil ; cliair ; go ; sing, iijk ; ^en, thin ; ARTESIAN 43 Ar-ta^aian (Sr-te'zhttn), a. [F. ari^iiien.'\ Of or pertaining to Artois, anciently called Jrimmrt^ in France. — ArteBlan well. \usucUly I. c] a A well made by boring till water is reached whicu, from internal preasurCf flows spontaneous- ASCANIUS ly. ii) Loosely, any deep, bored well. U, 3. art'ful (arb'fd61), a. 1. Performed with, or cliaracterized by, art or skill. Archaic. 2. Produced by art ; artificial. 3. Using or showing much art ; dexterous. 4. Guuuiug ; crafty. — Syn. Skillful, adroit, tricky, sly, designing. See CUNNING. — art'ful'ly, adv. — art'lul-ness, n. ar-thrl'tlB (Sr-thri'tta), n. [L., fr. G-r. apflptrts gout, f r. ap- 0poi' joint.] Med. Inflammation of the joints; esp., gout. — ar-thrit'lc (-thrrttk), ar-thrlt'i-cal (-t-kSl), a. ar'thro-pod (ar'thrS-pBd), n. [arihro- + -pod.] Zool. A member of a phylum {Arthropoda) consisting of animals-with articulated body and jointed limbs. The iuaects, arachnids, and crustaceans are its most Important classes. — ar-throp'- 0-dal (ar-thr3p'6-dSl), a. — ar-throp'O-dOUB (-diis), a, Ar-thu'rl-an (ar-thu'rif-Su), a. Of or pertaining to King Arthur or his knights ; as, Artku/rian legend. ai'tl-choke (ar'tt-chok), n. [It. articiocco.~\ A certain tall plant of the aster family ; also, its edible flower head. ai'ti-Cla (-k*l)i «• [F., fr. L. ariiculus^Avtn.. of aWwJ joint.] 1. A distinctportionof any writing consisting of two or more particulars, or treating of various topics. Hence : A clause in a contract, treaty, or the like. 2. A literary composicion forming an independent part of a periodical, cyclopedia, etc. 3. Subject ; matter ; concern. Obs. 4. A distinct part. 6. Something considered by itself ; also, a thing of a particu- lar class or kind. 6. Gram. Any of the English words n, an, thCy used before nouns to limit or define their application ; also, any of their equivalents in other languages, —v. t. ; -CLED (-k'ld) ; -ciiiNG (-klTng). 1. To formulate in articles. 2. To bind by articlea of agreement. ar-tlc'u-lar (ar-tTk'u-ldr), a. [L. articularis.'] Of or per- taining to a joint or joints ; as, an articular disease. ar-tlc'U-Iate (-lat), a. [L. articulatics^ p. p. of articulare to utter distinctly, prop., to divide into joints. See article.] 1. Jointed ; formed with joints. 2. Characterized by divi- sion into words and syllables ; spoken intelligibly. 3. Ex- pressed or formulated clearly and logically. 4. Made up of complementary parts. — (-lat), v. i. cfc /.; -lathed (-lafSd) ; -lat'ino. 1. To join by articulation. 2. To utter, or utter in, articulate sounds; enunciate. — ar-tlc^u-late-ly, adv. ar-tlc^n-la'tion (-la'shwn), n. 1. A joint or juncture between the bones of an animal. 2. Bot. A node or thickened por- tion of a stem, or the interval between two such portions. 3. Any meeting of parts in a joint. 4. Utterance of articu- late sounds, as in pronunciation. 6. An articulate utter- ance or an elementary sound ; esp., a consonant. ar-tlc'11-la'tor (-latter), n. One that articulates. ar'tl-ilce (ar'tl-fls), n. [L. artifidum^ fr. artifex artificer ; ars^ artu^ art -^-faeeie to make.] 1. A handicraft. Obs. 2. Artful or skillful contrivance ; ingenuity. 3. Crafty de- vice ; an artful, ingenious, or elaborate trick. Syn- Device, contrivance, expedient ; plot, intrigue, mach- ination ; blind, sleight, shift, evasion ; cheat, fraud, de- ceit, imposition, imposture. —Artifice, maneuver, strata- gem, WILE, TRICK, RUSE, suBTBR^UGE, FINESSE agree in the idea of indirect or misleadiug^devices. Artifice is the most gen- eral term for an artful or ingenious expedient or contriv- ance ; as, to condescend to artifice. Maneuver conveys the idea of adroit and dexterous management ; stratagem, of a more or less elaborate plantoentraijorcircumvent. Wile implies mastery of the arts of beguiling and wheedling ; TRICK suggests less insinuating, more mischievous or annoy- ing, procedure, often with the further implication of some- thing mean or underhanded. A ruse is a crafty expedient to divert attention from one's real purposes ; a subterfuge, a shift or evasion for escape or concealment ; as, the ruse of wearing a disguise ; the plea of indisposition was a subter- fuge. Finesse sug;jge8tsaiplomacy,and connotes nicety and suotlety of execution ; as, the finesse of a shrewd diplomat. ar-Ul'1-cer (ar-tlft-aSr), n. 1. A skilled or artistic worker ; mechanic; craftsman. 2. One who makes or contrives; de- viser ; framer. — Syn. See workman. ar'tl-fl'oial CSr/tI-0ah'Sl), a. 1. Made or contrived by art ; — opposed to no^ura^. 2. Feigned ; fictitious. 3. Artful; crafty. Obs. 4. Cultivated; not indigenous. — ar'tl-ll'- Glal-ly, adv. — ar'tl-fl/cl-al'I-ty (-I-SiT-tl), n. Syn. Assumed, affected, imaginary, fabulous ; unnatural, sham, false, forged, adulterate, bastard. —Artificial, fic- TITIOCa, FACTITIOUa, SPURIOUS, SUPPOSrrmOUa, COUNTERFEIT. The first three terms may or may not imply intent to de- ceive, the last three always do. Artificial (cf . artifice) may refer to mode of production (opposed to naiural^ but not necessarily to I'eaf ,* as, orfil^ciaf ice, aWi/iciaHight): or to imitative purpose (opposed to both tuUural and real ; as, artificial flowers, an artificial leg) ; or to general effect (op- posed to genuine^ sincere ; as, an artificial manner, the ar- iificidlity of fashionable life). Fictitious (opiJoaed to true^ real) appliea to what ia feigned or imagined ; as, ficiitious na,meB, fictitious securities. Factitious (opposed to spontOr neons, intrinsic) implies something " got up " or created by labor or effort ; as, 2. factitious demand ; it may also be ap- plied to that which arises rather from convention than from nature. A thing may be factitious^ without being necessa- rily ficiitious ; as, factitious^ contrasted with fictttious, val- ue. That is spurious which ia not what it purporta to be ; suppositious implies a fraudulent substitution for the gen- uine ; COUNTERFEIT a f orgcd imitation of it. ar'ti-li'clal-lze (arar-fTsh'ffil-Iz), v. t. To render artificial. ar-tU'ler-ist (ar-tTl'er-TBt), n. A person skilled in artillery or gunnery ; a gunner ; an artilleryman. ai-W'lei-y (-1), n. [OF. ai-tUlejie, arteillerie, munitions of war.] 1. Munitionsof war. Obs. 2. Mounted guns, in dis- tinction from small arms; cannon; ordnance. 3- That branch of the army handling the artillery. — ar-tll'ler-y- man (-man), n. ; pi. -men. ar'ti-san, ar'tl-zan (ar'tt-zffin), n. [F. artisan, fr, It. arti- giano.'] One trained in some mechanic art; a handicrafts- man ; mechanic. —Syn, See artist, workman. art'ist (Sr'cTst), n. [F. artiste, LL. artista, fr. L. ars. See ART, n.] 1. A learned man ; also, a man of science. Obs. 2. An artisan. Obs. 3. One who professes and practices an art in which imagination and taste preside over the ex- ecution, esp. a fine art. 4. One who shows trained skill or rare taste in any art or occupation. Syn. Artist, artisan. An artist is skilled in a fine art ; an artisan is employed in a manual or mechanic art. ||ar'tlste'(£ti''teat'),n. [F.] Apei'former,a&ad£aicer,whoae work shows unusual aesthetic quality ; one whose work may he considered as a ** fine art," as askillful cook. ar-tls'tic (ar-tis'tltk) ) a. Of or pertaining to art or artists; ar-tis'tl-cal (-tt-kal) f showing taste or skill ; as, an artiS' tic design. — : ar-tls'tl-cal-ly, adv. ar'tl-zan. Yar. of artisan. art'lesB (arflSs), a. 1. Wanting or not showing art, knowl- edge, or skill; uncultured; rude. 2. Free from art, guile, or craft; simple and sincere; ii^enuous; honest. — Syn. Unaffected, unsophisticated, naive; open, frank, candid. See SIMPLE. — art'less-ly, adv. — artless-nesB, n. a'niin (a/rfim ; 3), n. [X. arwm, aros^ Gr. apov.'] Any plant of the genus {Arum) including the cuckoopint ; also, Hort., any plant of sever^ related genera. a-rus'pes (d-rus'pSka), a-rus'plce (pia), a-ras'pl-cy (-pT-si), etc. Yara. of harubfex, hakuspice, etc. Ar'yan (ar'ySn ; Sr'I-Sn), n. [Skr. arya excellent, honor- able.] 1. AmemberofthatCaucaaicraceofwhichonebranch early occupied Persia, and another entered India. 2. A member of the race which spoke the language from which the Indo-European languages are derived; loosely, an Indo- European. 3. The parent tongue of the Indo-European lan- guages ; Indo-European speech in general. — Al'yan, a. II as \JSiM)-, n.; pi. asses (Ss'Sz ; 24) . [L. as."] 1. The Roman libra, or pound. 2. A Roman bronze coin, originally weigh* ing about a pound, but reduced finally to half an ounce. as (Sz), adv., conj., <& rel. pron. [AS. eal swa, lit., all so ; hence, quite ao.] 1. Like ; in the same manner or de- gree with or in which ; equally. 2. In the idea, character, or condition, of. 3. While ; when, 4. Because : since 5. Expressing concession ; — often nearly equiv. to though. 6. That : a Expressing a result, after w and fucA. Obs.,exc. with the infinitive with to ; as, " Be so good as to come." 1) Ae a relative pronoun . (1) With antecedent such, same, etc. ; as, give auch CM you have. (2) Obs. or Dial., with an- tecedent that, or with antecedent omitted, c Aa a con- junction; as, I do not know as he will go. Now Colloq. 7. For instance; by way of example. — Syn. See because. as'a-fet^-da l (Ss'd-fSt^-da), n. [NIi.fflsa(fr.Per.ozainaB- as'a-fCBt'1-da I tic)_H- "L. foetidus i&t\^.'\ The fetid gum resin of various Oriental plants of the celery family. as-bes'tOS (Ss-bSs'tds ; Sz-) ) n. [L. asbestos a kind of min- as-bes'tus (Ss-bSs'tSa ; Sz-) J eral unaffected by fire, Gr. acr^eo-To; inextinguishable.] A certain mineral-occurring in delicate fibers or in fibrous masses, used in fireproof cloth- ing, curtains, roofing, etc. — as-l>es'tlne (-tTn), a. As-oa'nl-na (Ss-ka'nt-iis), w. [L.,fr. Gr. 'Ao-Kai/io?.] Class. Myth. The son of ^neas. He founded Alba Longa in Italy. natpre, verdure (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ In Guide. £xplAiiatlonBof Abbrevlatlonaf Slsntf eto.| preceae Vocabulary. U Foreign Word* ■\- combined with. BeqiulA. ASCEND 44 ASPECT as-cend' (S-sSnd'), v. i. de t. [L. aseendere ; ad-\- scandere to climb, mount.] To move upward ; mount ; nse. — as- cend'a-ble, as-cendl-ble, a. Syn, Ascend, mount, climb, scale agree in the idea of up- ward movemeut. Ascend (opp, to descend) is the most gen- eral term. Ascend and mount are often, but not always, interchangeable; thus, one Tnounts or ascends the stairs; one ascends (not mounts) a mountain ; one mounts (not ascends) a horse. To climb is to ascend with effort. Scale implies a steep or difficult climb. as-cend'ance ((l-sSn'diiDs) l n. Act of ascending ; also, as- as-cend'ence (ii-sSn'dSns) \ cendancy. as-cend'an-cy (-dan-sT) I n. Governing or controlling in- as-cend'en-cy (-dSn-sI) ) fluence; domination ; powei. Syn. Sway, control, predominance, preponderance, do- minion, authority, sovei-eignty. — Ascendancy, suprem- acy. Ascendancy implies paramount influence ; suprem- acy, supreme authority or power. as-cend'ant (-dSnt) I n. 1. Asirol. The horoscope. 2- As- as-cend'ent (-d^t) ) cendancy. 3. An ancestor, —a. 1. Rising toward the zenith; hence, rising; ascending. 2. Superior ; predominant ; surpassing; ruling. as-cen'sion (S-sSn'sh&n), n. [F., fr. L., HBcensio, fr. aseen- dere.'] 1. Act of ascending ; ascent. 2. a The visible as- cendmg of Jesus on the fortieth day after his resurrection. Acts i. 9. b Ascension Day. — Syn. See j^cent. Ascension Day. The Thursday, forty days after Easter, on which is commemorated Christ's ascension. as-cent' (^sSnf), n. [formed like descent. See ascend.] 1. Act of rising ; rise. 2. Way or means by which one as- cends. 3. An eminence, hill, or high place ; upward slope. Syn, Ascent, ascension. Ascent^ not ascension, is the reg- ular term when climbing is referred to. Either ascent or ascension may denote the movement of that which rises through the air or through space ; as, the ascent of vapors from the earth, the ascension (not ascent) of our Lord. Sometimes ascent stresses the mere fact^ ascensioji the ac- tion or process, of ascending. aS'^cer-taln' (Ss^er-tan'), v. t. [OF. aceriener; a (L. ad) + certain certain.] To learn for a certainty, by trial, examina- tion, or experiment ; get to know. — as'cer-taln'a-ble, a. — as'cer-taln'a-'bly, adi'. — as'cer-tain'ment (j-mSnt), n. as-cet'ic (a-sSt'Tk), a. [Gr. ao-JCTjTtKOs, fr. aa-Kciv to exer- cise.] Of or pert, to ascetics ortheir practices ; austere. — Syn. See strict.^m. One who devotes himself to a soli- tary and contemplative life, with rigorous discipline of self; hence, one who practices extreme rigor and self-denial. — Syn. SeeHERMiT. — as-cetl-cal, a. — as-cet1-cal-ly, adv. as-cetl-Cism (-T-sTz'm), n. 1. Condition, practice, or mode of life, of ascetics. 2. Doctrine that the carnal or material - world is evil or despicable, and that salvation is gained by mortiUcation of the flesh. as-cld'l-an (ffi-sTd'T fin), n. Zo'ol. Any simple or compound tunicate, as a sea squirt. as-Gid'l-um (-um), n. ; L. pi. -ia (-d). [deriv. of Gr. ao-fcd? bag.] Bot. A pibcher-ahaped or flask-shaped organ or ap- pendage of a plant. AS'Cle'pl-nB (Ss-kle'pT-us), As-kle'pl-os (-Ss), n. [Gr. .'Ao-kAyittlo?.] Gr. Relig. In Homer, a mortal hero, a physi- cian ; later, the god of medicine and healing, a son of Apollo slain by Zeus for attaining such skill that he raised the dead. as-cribe' (ffis-krib'), v. t. ; -cribed' (-kribd') ; -crib'ing (-kribTng). [L. ascribere to ascribe ; ad -\- scribere to write.] 1. To attribute, refer, or assign, as to a cause or source. 2. To attribute, as a quality ; consider or allege to belong. — Syn. See refer. — as-crilfa-ble (-o-b'l), a. as-crlp'tlon (Ss-krip'shun), n. [L. ascriptio.'] Act of as- cribing; also, that which is ascribed. a-sea' (d-se'), adv. On or toward the sea ; at sea. a-sep'sis (o-sSp'sis), n. Aseptic state, as of a wound ; asep- tic methods or treatment, as in surgery. a-sep^lc (-tik), a. 1. Free from harmful organisms, as pus- forming bacteria; — said of wounds, instruments, dressings, etc 2. Characterized bythe attempttomaintainfreedom from harmful organisms ; — said of surgical methods, treat- ment, etc. ^ n. An aseptic substance or preparation. a-sep'tl-cism (-tT-sIz'm), n. Aseptic treatment or theory. a-sep'tl-cize (-siz), v. t. ; -cized (-sizd) ; -ciz'inq (-sIz'Tng). To render nseptic ; to treat with aseptics. a-sez'n-al (d-sSk'shu-fil; 87), a. Biol. Having no sex; with- out sexual action. — a-sex'U-al-lyi rtdv. As'gard (Ss'gSrd), n. [Icel. dsgarSr ; ass god -|- gnrSr yard.] Norse Myth. The abode or citadel of the go-^s. situ- ated at the zenith and reached only by the bridge Bifrost. Aah Leaf and Fruit- ash (Ssh), n. [AS. asscjl A common timber and shade tree of the olive family, or its wood. ash, n. , sing, of ashes. 8^^ Ash is rare in the singular except in naming a chemical or geological product, or as a qualifying or combining word. a-Shamed' (d-shamdO,P- a- Af- « fected by shame. ash'en (Ssh'Sn), a. Of or pert, to the ash tree or its wood. ashmen, a. Consisting of or re- sembling ashes; of a color be- tween brown or white and gray. ash'es (Ssh'Sz ; 24), n. pi. [AS. asce, SBSce^ axe.'] 1. The earthy or mineral parts of combustible substances remaining after com- bustion. Often fig. 2. There- mains of the human body when burned, or when "returned to dust" by natural decay. 3. Fine lava thrown out in a volcanic eruption. a-shlne' (d-shln'), a. & adv. Shining. ashlar (fishier), n. Less commonly ashler, [through OF. & LL., fr. L. axis plank, axle.] Masonry. Hewn or squared stone ; masonry of such stone. a-shore' (d-shor'; 57), adv. On, to, or toward, the shore. Ash'tO-reth (5sh't6-rSth), n. ; pi. Ashtaboth (-td-r6th; -roth). The Phoenician and Canaanitish goddess Astarte. A'shnr ta'shoor), A'BOr (ifsoor), n. [Assyrian.] Assyrian Myth. The god of military prowess and empire. Asb Wednesday. The first day of Lent. ash'y (fish'I), a. 1. Of, pertaining to, or filled with, ashes. 2. Ash-colored ; ashen. A'slan (a'shSn ; a'zhtin), a. & n. Asiatic. A^sl-at'lc (a/shi-fit'ik; a'zhi-), a. Of, pert, to, or charac- teristic of, Asia or its inhabitants. ^ n. A native of Asia. a-Slde' (d-sid'), ttrfv. 1. On or to one side; outoftheway; apart. 2- So as not to be heard by others; privately. — prep. Beside ; also, beyond. 06*. or R. —n. Something spoken aside, as an actor's remark which the other players are supposed not to hear. asl-nlne (SsT-nln), a. [L. oMninus^ir. a^nu« ass.] Of, having the qualities of , orattributed to, the ass, as stupid- ity or obstinacy. — as'l-nin'l-ty (-nln'I-tT), n. ash (&sfa), V. t. [AS. asciauj dcsian.] 1. To inquire of; question. 2. To request; petition; solicit. 3. To demand, claim, or expect. 4. To proclaim in church for marriage ; — said of both the banns and the persons. 6. To invite. — V. i. 1. To request; petition. 2- To make inquiry. Syn, Ask, request, beg. Ask is the generic term. To re- quest is to ask formally or politely ; as, my master requesU your company. Beq implies still more of deference or re- spect, and as a conventional term of politeness has in a measure displaced both ask and request ; as, to beg one's pardon ; I beg you to be seated. See inquire. a-skance' (d-skfins') ) adv. Sideways ; obliquely ; hence, a-skant' (d-skSnf) f with disdain, envy, or suspicion. ask'er (asHcer^, n. One who asks. a-skew' (d-sku'), adv. & a. Awry. — Syn. See crooked. a-slant' (d-slanf), adv. dt a. Slanting ; obliquely. — prep. In a slanting direction over ; athwart. a-Sleep' (d-slepOi a. & adv. 1. In or into a state of sleep or inactivity ; dormant. 2- Dead. 3. Numbed. a-slope' (d-slop'), adv. & a. Slopingly ; aslant. As'mo-de'us (Sz^mo-del^s; Ss'-). [fr. L., fr. Gr. 'Acrjuo- 6aIo$.] In Jewish demonology, an evil spirit; later, the king of the demons. asp (asp), n. The aspen. Poetic or Rare. asp, n. [L. aspis, f r. Gr. acm-ts.] A small venomous snake of Egypt and adjacent countries. as-par'a-gas (fis-pfir'd-gi^s), n. [L., fr. Gr. a n. One that aBsails. as-sas'Sln (S-sSs^n), ii. [F., fr. Ar. hmhshnsh^ hashlshi, one who has drunk of hashish.'] 1. [cap.'] One of a Mo- hammedan order which fanatically practiced secret murder. 2. One who kills by surprise or secrpt assault. aa-sas'Sl-nate (-Y-nat), v. t.; -nat'ed (-nat'Sd) ; -NAT'ING. \lt'L.n^mssinaius,p.^.ofassa.tsinare.'\ 1. To kill by surprise or secret assault. 2. To assail murderously; destroy. Ar- chaic.— Syn. See kill. — as-sas'sl-na'tlon (-na'shun),n. as-sanlt'(a-B81t'), n. [Through OF. & LL. , fr. L. ad + sallus a leaping, aalire to leap.] A violent onset or attack ; on- slaught. — Syn. Invasion, incursion, onset, storm. ~- v. t. To make an assault on ; attack. — Syn. See attack. as-say' (a-sa'), n. [of. asai^ essai, trial. See essay, n.] 1. Trial ; attempt ; essay. Obs. 2. Trial by danger, af- fliction, or experience ; risk. Obs. 3. Examination and determination as to weight, measure, quality, etc.; test. Specifically, analysis, as of an ore, to determine the amount of one or more ingredients. 4. The substance to be as- sayed; also, the tabulated result of assaying, ^v.t. & i. 1. To try; test; attempt. Obs. or Archaic. 2. To subject to assay, or analysis. — as-say'er (-er), n. a8-semni)lage (S-sgm'blsij), n. 1. Act of assembling ; state of being assembled. 2- A collection of Individuals, or of particular things; a cluster. 3. The fitting together of parts and pieces, as of machiuery. — Syn. See assembly. as-sem'ble (-b'l), v. t. ; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling (-bitng). [fr. F., fr. LL. assivtulare to collect ; L. ac/ -f svtnul together.] 1. To collect into one place or body ; convene ; congregate. 2. To fit together the parts of. — v. i. To meet together ; convene ; congregate. — as-sem'bler C-bler), n. as-sem'bly (-bit), n. ; pi. -blibs (-blTz). [F. assembUe.'] 1. A gathering of persons, esp. for deliberation and legisla- tion, for worship, or for social entertainment ; a concourse. 2. Act of assembling ; state of being assembled. 3. Mil. A signal, as by drum, for troops to assemble, or fall iu. Syn. Company, group, collection, meeting, convention.— Assembly, assemblage. An assembly consists only of per- sons, an assemblage of either persons or (less commonly) things. As used of persons, assembly is more formal tlian assemblage^ and usually implies a body that has met and is acting in concert for some common end. as-Bem'bly-man (-mSn), n.; pi. -men (-m?n). A member of an assembly, esp. \oJten cap.] of the lower branch of a State legislature. as-sent' (fi-sSnf), v. i. [fr F., fr. L. asseniire, assentiri ; ad + 5en/iretofee], think.] To admit a thing as true ; express one*B agreement, acquiescence, concurrence, or concession, Syn. Agree, concur, accede, acquiesce, accord. — Assent, consent. Assent implies primarily an act of the under- standmg^ and applies to opinions or propositions ; as, be was convinced and assented to the statement. Consent in- volves the will or the feelings, and denotes compliance with what IS requested or desired ; as, I hope you will eovaeni to go. But neither assent nor consent necessarily implies ap- proval. Assent may also apply to actions or proposals which involve a less degree of interest or feeling than consent; as, one may assent to the opening of a window ; but one con- sents to be surgically operated upon. — n. Act of assenting ; consent ; acquiescence. as-sert'(S-sflrt'),w. t. [L. ass€Htis,p.p. otasserere to join to one'sself, claim, maintain ;a(/-f~^^ereto join.] 1. Tomain- tain ; vindicate a claim or title to. 2. To affirm ; state pos- itively ; asseverate. — as-sert'er, as-ser'tor(ffi-8flr'ter), n. Syn. Declare,allege;aver; uphold, support,advocate,plead. — Assert, maintain, depend, vindicate. To assert is to state or claim positively, sometimes even obtrusively or ag- gressively ; as. to assert one's innocence, one's rights, etc. To maintain is to ujihold what one has asserted. To defend is to maintain against attack. To vindicate is to defend successfully. See claim, as-ser'tlon C-sfir'shMn), n. Act of asserting ; thing asserted. as-ser'tlve (-tlv), a. Positive ; affirming confidently. as-ser'to-ry (-to-rt), a. Affirming. ass'es' bridge (&s'8z ; 24). [a translation of L. pons asi- norum.'] The proposition that " The angles at the base of an isosceles triangle are equal to one another," Humorous. as-sess' (ffi-s5s'), v. t. [f r. OF. , fr. LL. assessare to assess, L. assidere, assessum, to sit by, in LL. to assess.] 1. To fix the rate or amount of. 2. To apportion (asum to be paid) in the nature of a tax, fine, etc. ; impose according to an appor- tionment. 3. To tax. 4. To value, esp, for taxation. as-sess'a-ble, a. See -able. as-sess'ment (-mSnt), n. Act of assessing ; value or amount assessed. as-ses'SOr (-er), n. [L., lit., one who sits beside.] 1. One who sits by another, as next in dignity, or as an adviser ; an associate in office. 2, One appointed to assess property for taxation. — as'seS-BO'rl-al (5s'S-so'rT-al ; 57), a. aa'set (5s'5tX n. Any article or part of one's assets. as'setS (-Sts), n.pl. [OF. asez enough, fr. L. ad-^-satis.'] Law. a The property of a deceased person svibject by law to natnre, verdure (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh : ExplanBtlanBul'Abbrevlatlmis, Sl^ns, etc., precede Vocabulary* || = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Forelsn Word* + combined with. = equals. ASSEVERATE 46 ASTATICALLY the payment of his debtB and legacies, b The entire prop- erty of a person, corporation, or estate, applicable or subject to the payment of his or its debts. aa-aev'er-ate (a-sSv'Sr-at), v. t. ; -at/ed (-at'M) ; -at'ino. [L. asseveratus^ p. p. of asseverare to assert seriously ; ad + seiierus severe.] To affirm or aver positively or solemnly. — Syn. See appibm. — as-sev^er-a'tlon (-a'shfin), n. as'Si-dnl-ty (Ss'I-du't-tt), n. ; pi. -tibs (-ttz). Quality or state of being assiduous ; diligence. as-Bld'a-ons (ft-sIdJi-Ss), a. [L. assidmis^ f r. assidere to sit near; ad-]~sedere to sit.] Constant in, or done with con- stant, application or attention; devoted; attentive; unre- mitting ; persistent. — Syn. Diligent, sedulous, unwea^ ried, un intermitted, persevering, indefatigable. See busy. — as-sld'u-ouB-ly, adv. — as-sid^u-ouB-ness, n, as-slgn' (a-Bin'), V. t. [F. assigner^ f r. L. a^sigriare ; ad-\- signare to mark, designate, signum mark.] 1. To appoint ; allot. 2. To specify ; designate ; refer ; point out author- itatively or exactly. 3. Law. To make over to another, as for the benefit of creditors. — Syn, See allot. -^ v. i. To make over property to another, as in furtherance of a trust or for the benefit of one's creditors. — n. One as- signed, as : a An agent, b An appurtenance. 06*. c = AssioNEB. — as-slgn^a-bll'l-ty C-bii'T-tr), n. — as-slgn'- a-blo (-a-b'l), a. — as-slgn'a-bly, adv. as^Slg-na'tlOll(Ss'tg-na'8hi2n),n. 1. An Eussigning : appor- tionment. 2. An appointment for a meeting; — chiefly of love affairs, and commonly in a bad sense. 3. A making over by transfer of title ; assignment. 4. Thing assigned. as'Slgil-e8'{as'T-ne')»n- Law. A person to whom an assign- ment is made. aB'Slgn'er (a-sin'er), n. One vpho assigns. [assigned. I as-Blgn'ment (-mSnt), n. Act of assigning ; that which isj M'slgn-or'(Ss'i-n6r'), n. Law. An assigner. aS-Biin'l-late (ft-sIm'T-lat), v. t. ; -lat'bo (-lafSd) ; -lat/- ING. [L. assimileUus^ p. p. of assimilare ; ad -}- similare to make like, similis like. ] 1. To bring to a likeness or to con- formity. 2. To liken; compare. 3. To appropriate so as to incorporate into itself ; absorb, as nourishment. — v. i. To be or become assimilated. — as-Siin''Ma'tlon (-la'shl^n), n. — as-slm'Ma-tlve (-iS-ttv), a. as-slst' (fi-slsf ), V. t. [L. assisiere; ad-\-sistere to cause to stand, fr. stare to stand.] To give support to; aid ; suc- cor. — Syn. Second, back, support, relieve, befriend, sus- tain, favor. See HELP. —V. 1. 1. To lend aid ; help. 2 To be present as a spectator. A Gallicism. as-BlBfance (f^-sts'tSns), n. Help ; aid. as-Slst'ant (-tJint), a. That assists ; helping ; specifically, acting as a subordinate. — n. One that assists ; helper. as-Blze' (S-siz'), n. [OF. assise,, in pi. assembly, tax, im- post, deriv of Ij. assidere to sit by ; ad -\- sedere to sit.] 1. Lit., an assembly ; hence, a decree or enactment made by it; edict. 2. A fixed or customary standard of number, quantity, quality, weight, measure, etc. 3- A judicial in- (juest, an action to be decided thereat, the writ for institut- ing it, or the jury's finding. 4. Usually in^^ a The pe- riodical sessions of the judges of the superior courts in every county of England, b The time or place of holding a court of assize ; the court itself, or a session of it. as-SO'd-ate (S-ao'shT-at), V. t. ; -AT/ED (-at'Sd) ; -at'ing. [L. associaius^ p. p. of nssociare ; ad -\- soeiare to join, soeius companion.] 1. To join as a friend, companion, partner, or confederate. 2. To join; connect; combine. 3- Toaccom- pany. Obs. ^ v. i. To unite in company or action ; keep company; — implying intimacy. — (-at), a. 1. Closely joined with some other, as in interest, action, etc. 2. Ad- mitted to some, but not to all, rights and privileges. — (-at), n. 1. One often in company with another ; — imply- ing intimacy or equality ; companion. 2. One having an in- terest in common with another, aa a partner, an accomplice, etc. 3 Anj^hingcloselyomsuallyconnected withanother. — Syn* Mate, fellow, ally, coadjutor, comrade, accomplice. as-SO^Cl-a'tlon (-sY-S'shifn ; -sht-a'sb^n), n. 1. Union ; con- nection. 2. Mental connection, or that which is mentally associated with a thing. 3. Union of persons in a company or society for some purpose. — as-SO'cl-a'tion-al (-S1), fi. Syn. Association, society, club agree in the idea oi a body of persons united m a common interest. Association and society are practically interchangeable. Often, however, association suggests a somewhat larger inclusiveness than society, whether with regard to the objects of the organi- zation or admission to it. A club is usually a more private body than either of the others, and is often purely social. aB-BO'cl-a-tlve (UrB^ahX-t-tlv), u, Tending or leading to, or characterized by, aaBociation, as-SOil' (O-soiK), V. t. [fr. OF., fr. L. ahsolvere. See ab- solve,] Archaic. 1. Toabsolve. 2. To expiate ; atone for. aB-BOil'zie (S-soil'yl ; -T), -yie, v. t. To assoil. Scot. aa'SO-nance (Ss'S-nSus), n. 1. Resemblance of sound. 2. Pros. A kind of rime in which the last accented vowel and those which follow it in one word correspond in sound with the similarly situated vowels of another word, the con- sonants of the two words being unlilEe ; as, baby and lady. 3. Incomplete correspondence, as between facts. as'SO-nant (-ni^nt), a. [L. assonanst p. pr. of assonare to correspond to in sound; ad -}- sonare to sound.] Pert, to, or marked by, assonance. ^ n. An assonant word or syllable. as-sort' (a-s8rf ), v. t. [F. assortir; h (L. ad) -|- sortir to draw lots, obtain by lot, L. sortiri, fr. sors, soviiSjlot.^ To distribute into classes; classify. — v. i. 1. To agree ; suit ; fall into a elms or place. 2. To consort or associate (with) . as-SOrt'ment (-m^t), n. 1. Act of assorting; assorted con- dition. 2. That which is formed by assorting, as a group or class, or a collection distributed into sorts or kinds. as-suage' (Ji-swaj'), v. t. & i. ; -suAGED' (-swajd') ; -suao'ing (-swajTug). [fr. OF.,fr. L. ad-\suavis sweet.] To allay; mitigate ; lessen ; appease; pacify. -r- Syn. Soothe, calm, relieve. See alleviate. — aB-saage'ment (-mgnt), n. aB-sna'slve (Jl-swa'stv), a. .Mitigating; soothing. as-SUme' (ffi-siim'), v. t.; -SUMED' (-Bumd'); -sum'iko (-sum'Ing). [L. assumere ; ad ■\- swmere to take ; suh + em&re to take, buy.] 1. To take or adopt ; esp., to take into association, partnership, etc. (with). 2- To taketo or on one's self, as without authority or in excess of what is proper; put on. 3. To pretend to possess. 4. To take upon one's self (to do); undertake. 6- To take for granted; sup- pose. — as-snm'a-ble (ii-sum'a-b'l), a. Syn. Put on, counterfeit, sham. — Assume, affect, pre- tend, simulate, feign agree in implying false or deceptive appearances. To assume is to take to one's self in appear- ance only ; as, to assume an air of grief. To affect is to I a snow of possessini:, usually for effect ; as, to a^ect 3. Pretend implies overt profession oi what is make a i^orance. ^ , ._ false ; as, to pretend to be insane. To simulate is to assume the appearance or characteristics of something ; as^to simu- late msanity (by imitating its signs). Feign implies more invention than pretend^ less specific counterfeiting than simulate ; feign and sijmtlaie are often interchangeable. See POSTULATE. [arrogant.! as-SUXn'lng (S-aiim^ng),jD.a. Pretentious; presumptuous;) as-BiIzap'Blt (S-stimp'sTt ; a-sGm'sTt), n. [L., he under- took.] Law. a An action on contract to recover damages for a breach of a contract, b A contract, not under seal, on which such an action will lie. as-snmp'tlon (S-silmp'sh^n), n. Act of assuming ; specif. , taking upon one's self unduly or presumptuously ; the thing assumed. ~ Syn. Supposition, postulate ; arrogance. as-sump'tive (-tTv), a. Assumed, or capable of being as- sumed; characterized by assumption; assuming. as-snr'ance (S-shoor'Sns), n. 1. Act of assuring. 2. In- surance. See INSURANCE. 3. State of being assured, or sure, a Security ; safety, b Certitude; certainty. 4. Firmness of mind ; confidence ; self-reliance. 6. Impudence ; audac- ity. — Syn. See confidence, trust. as-sure' (ft-shoor'), v. t. ; -sueed' ((i-shoordO ; -bur'ing. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. L. ad -j- secuiits secure.] 1. To secure, as against change or risk; insure (see insure). 2. To affi- ance. Obs. 3. To confirm ; give confidence to. 4. To make sure, or certain^ 5. To declare solemnly. as-SUred' (fi-shoord')i P- a. Made sure; insured; certain; bold to excess. — n. The party in whose favor an insurance policy stands. Cf. insured. — as-BUr'ed-ly (S-shoor'fid- ii), adv. — as-sur'ed-neBs, n. as-sur'er (-er), n. One who assures. AB-syr'l-an (S-sTrt-an), a. Of or pert, to Assyria, the Assyrians, or their language. — n. 1. An individual of the ancient Semitic race forming the Assyrian nation or, widely, the Babylonian nation. 2- The language of the Assyrians. aB-Byth'ment (fi-sith'mgnt; ft-sTth'-), n. [from same source as assets."] Indemnification for injury. Scot. As-tar'te (Ss-tar'te), n. [L., fr. Gr. *Ao-TapTi7.] The Phoe- nician goddess of fertility and of love. She was also re- garded by the classical nations as a moon goddess. a-stat'ic (ff-stattk), a. [a- not + static.'] Magnetism Having little or no tendency to take a definite position or direction. — a-Stat'1-cal-ly, adv. ale, senate, c&re,a,ni, account, Urm, ask, sofa; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; ice, HI; old, ftbey, drb, 5dd, 65ft, connect ; use, dnite, &m, tip, circus, menii; xl0g'lc (Xs^- trS-15jtk), -log'1-cal (-T-kSl), a. log'1-oal-ly, adv. as-tron'o-mer (-tr5n'5-m§r), n. One versed in astronomy. as-tron'0-my (-ml), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. aiTTpovotiia, deriv. of aarpov star -f- vefieiv to regulate.] The science which treats of the heavenly bodies, their magnitudes, mo- tions, constitution, etc. — as'tro-nom'io (Ss'trS-nSm'Tk), artro-nom'1-oal (-I-kSi), a. — as^tro-nom'l-cal-ly.a^v. aa^tro-pbys'lcs CSs/trS-flzlka), n. [Gr. aa-rpov star + E. physics.^ The science dealing with the physical and chem- ical constitution of the heavenly bodies. aa-tn'clonB (Ss-tu'shl£s), a. [F. astucieux.'] Astute. Rare. as-tute' (Ss-tuf ), a. [L. astutuSf fr. astus craft, cunning.] Critically discerning ; sagaclouB ; shrewd ; subtle ; crafty. — Syn, Keen, penetratmg, skilled, cunning, wily. See SHREWD. — as-tute'ly, adv. — as-tute'ness, n. As-ty'a-naz (iCs-ti'd-naks), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'AtrTvdva^.'] Gr. Myth. The son of Hector and Andromache, hurled by the Greeks from the walls of Troy, that he might not restore the kingdom as predicted by Calchas. a-sun'der (d-aiin'der), adv. \_a- on -f- sunder; AS. on sun- dran.'] Apart ; separate from each other ; into parts. a-sy1um (d-si'lttm), n. ;pl. E. -ldms (-ISmz), L. -la (-Id). [L., fr. Gr. do-vAof, fr. acruAos inviolable ; o- not -|- od^- a-tOll'(d-t51'; af5l),n. [native name in the Indian Ocean.] A coral island or islands consisting of a belt of coral reef sur- rounding a central lagoon. , at'om (fif ttm), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. arfl/iios uncut, indivisible, as n., atom ; a- not -f rofj.6s cut.] 1. One of the minute particles postulated in atomism. 2. Chem. & Physics. In the atomic theory, the smallest particle of an element which can exist. See atomic thboky. 3. A particle ; jot. a-tom'lc (d-tSmTk) I a. 1. Of or pert, to atoms. 2. Very a-tom'1-cal (-T-kan ] minute ; tiny. — atomic theory or hy- potheslB, Chem. & Physics, the theory that all material sub- stances consist of minute particleSf or atoms, of a f e w kmds, all of the same kind being uniform m size^ weight, and other properties. According to recent discoveries the atom is to be conceived of as a complex system whose components (sub- atoms)are in rapid orbital motion. Accordingtoone hypoth- esis the atom of each element represents a stable arrange- ment of electrons, and radioactive change is a process due to some disturbing force, resulting in the expulsion of elec- trons and the formation of a new stable arrangement, that is, the atom of another element of lower atomic weight.— a. weight, Chem., the relative weight of the atom of an element, referred to some element, as oxygen, taken as a standard. at'om-lsm (5t'3m-iz*m), n. Philos. The doctrine that the universe is composed of simple, minute, indivisible parti- cles, or atoms — at'om-ist, n. — at'om-is'tic (-Is'tik), a. at'om-^e (-Iz), v. t ,- -izbd (-Izd) ; -12/iMG (-iz'Ing). To re- duce to atoms, or to fine spray. — at^om-l-za'tlon (-I-za'- shSn ; -i-za'shSn), n. — at'om-lz'er (-Iz'er), n. at'O-my (St'6-mT), n. ; pi. -mieb (-mtz). An atom ; mite. at'O-my, n. [for anatomy, taken as an atomy. '\ A skeleton. Obs or Jocular. at one. in concord or friendship ; in agreement. a-tone' (d-ton'), v. i. ; a-tonbd' (-tond') ; a-ton'ino (-ton'- Tng). [from at one."] 1. To agree. Obs. 2. To make amends for an offense. <-— v. t. 1. To set at one ; reconcile ; harmonize. Obs. 2. To expiate. a-tone'meiit (d-ton'mSnt), n. 1. Beconciliation; concord. Archaic. 2. Satisfaction or reparation; expiation; amends; — with /or. Specif., the redeeming effect of Christ's obe- dience, suffering, and death. — Syn. See fropitiatioh. a-ton'lo (d-t5ntk), a. Gram. Unaccented. — n. Gram. L word or syllable with no accent. at'ia-bU'lOUB (at^rd-bil'yus^, a. [fr. L. aira bilis, lit. , black bile.] Affected by black bile, or melancholy. A'trOUS (a'troos; a'tre-ws), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Arpeus.] Or. Myth. A son of Pelops, and king of Mycenae. Thyestes, his brother, seduced the wife of Atreus and plotted his death. AtreuB, feigning reconciliation, killed three sons of Thyes- tes and served them to him at a banquet, whereupon Thy- estes cursed the house of Atreus. See .^oibthtib. a^rl-um (S'trT-fim), n. ; L. pi. atria (-a). [L.] 1. Eoman Antiq. The chief room in a house. 2- Anat. Any of vari- ous cavities ; esp., the main part of an auricle of the heart. a-tro'clons (d-tro'shfis), a. [li. atrox, atrods, cruel, fierce.] Savagely brutal; outrageously cruel or wicked. — Syn. See vlagrant. — a-tro'clouB-ly, (uiv. — a-tro^clous-nesB, n. a-troc'1-ty (d-trSs'I-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). State or qual- ity of being atrocious ; also, an atrocious deed. at'ro-phy O^frS-fT), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. arpotjtLa; a- not -|- rpe^eiv to nourish.] A wasting away, or failure of normal growth, from want of nourishment. — v. i. A rite of an augur. au-gnst' (8-gQst'),a. [L. a%igustub.'] Havingan aspectof solemn dignity or grandeur; majestic; also, exalted in birth, character, state, or authority. — Syn. Grand, mag- nificent, noble, stately, dignified, imposing, solenon, awiiu. — au-gust'ly, adv.— au-gnstliess, n. Au'gOSt (8''giiat), n. The eighth month of the year, having 31 days ; — so called after Augustus Csesar. An-gHS'tan (8-giis'tdn), a. Of or pert, to Augustus Caesar or his age or times, or any age (esp. that of Queen Anne in England) likened to his; hence, correct in taste; classical. ^7?. A writer in an Augustan age. An'gas-tin'i-an (8'giis-tTn1-(in), a. 1. Of or pertaining to St. Augustine (354-430 A. D.), bishop of Hippo in north- em Africa, or his doctrines, esp. absolute predestination and the immediate efficacy of grace. 2. Designating any of several orders deriving their name from St Augustine, auk (8k), n. [Icel. a/fta.] Any sea bird of a certain family of diving birds with short wings and tail and a heavy body, anklet (8k'mt), n. [auk -\- -let.'] Any of several small auks. auld (81d ; aid), a. Old Scot. & Dial, Eng. — Auld Cloofie (klObt'T ; kliifi). the Devil. - a. lang syne (ISng sin), old long since ; hence, times long past ; the (good) old times. aulic (8'1Tk), a. [fr. L.,fr. Gr. avAticds, fr. avAij hall, court.] Of or pertaining ■ to a court ; courtly. \ aunt (Snt), n. [OF. avte, L. amita a ' father's sister.] 1. The sister of one's ' father or mother ; also, an uncle's wife. .^ 2. An old woman ; an old gossip. Obs. ^ . 3. A bawd. Obs. =. J aulra (8'rd), n. ,- L. pi. aur^ (-re). [L. , Great Auk. breeze, air, Gr. avpa."] Any subtle, invisible emanation or exhalation. — au'ral (S'rftl), a. au'ral (S'rai), a. [L. auris ear.] Of or pertaining to the ear or the sense of hearing. au're-ate (6'rS-at), a. [L. aureatus, fr. aureus golden, au- nim gold.] Golden ; gilded ; splendid. au-re'O-la (8-re'o-ld) in. [L. aureola (fem. adj.) of gold au're-Ole (6're-ol) ( (sc. corona crown), dim. of au- reus.'] A halo, actual or figurative. an'rl-clo (6'rT-k'l), n. [L. auricula, dim. of auris ear.] 1. Anat. a The external ear ; pinna, b The chamber, or a chamber, of the heart that receives the blood from the veins. 2. Bot. ds Zo'dl. An earlike lobe, process, or appendage. ale, senate, c&re, iim, account, Srm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, end, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 5bey, 6rb, 5dd, Boft, cSnnect ; use, Cinite, um, tip, circAs, menii ; food, fdbt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, iijk ; tben. thin ; AURICULA an-rlo^-la (8-rTk'ti-Ia), n. [L. auricula ear.] A kind of yellow-flowered primrose. au-rlc'U-lar (-Idr), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the ear or sense of hearing. 2. Told in the ear ; told privately. 3. Recog- nized or received by the ear ; known by hearing. an-rlc'u-late (-lat), a. Having ears or auricleti. an-rlf'er-ons (S-rlfer-fiB), a. [L. auri/er; aurum gold4- fcire to bear.] Gold-bearing. — au-rlf'er-OUS-ly, adv. Au-rl'^a (S-rl'gd), n. [L.] Astron. The Cliarioteer, or Wagoner, a constellation between Perseus and Gemini. anllst (8'rTst), ra. [L. awm ear.] Med. One sltilled in treating disorders of the ear. aulrocha (8'rSks; ou'r5ks), n. [G. auerochs.] TheEuro- pean bison. aa-ro^a (6-ro'rd; 57), n. [L.] 1. The light of dawn. 2. Rise; dawn; beginning. 3. [cap.] Class. Myth. The Roman personification of dawn; the goddess of the morn- ing. 4. The aurora borealis or aurora auatralis. — au-ro'- ral (8-ro'vftl), a. — au-ro'ra aus-traOis (8s-tra'lls) fL.], a phenomenon ui the Southern Hemispheie con-esponding to the aurora borealis. —a. bo^re-a^s (bo're-a'lis) [L.J, a lumi- nous phenomenon, often in tlie form of long streamers, vis- ible only at ni^ht, and supposed to be of electrical origin ; the noruiern lights. It is seen best in the arctic regions. aa'rum (6'rwm), n. [L.] Gold. Abbr., au. (as a chemical symbol, without the period, Au). See gold. aua'cul-ta'tion (5a''ki21-ta'shun), n. [L. auseuUaiio, fr. auSLultare to listen.] 1. Act of listening. 2. Med. Act of listening to sounds in the body, esp. the chest and abdomen, to detect disorders. — aUB-cul'ta-tlve (8s-l£ul'ttt-tYv), a. ana'pl-cate (es'pT-kat)^ u. t. ; -cxiyBD (-kavsd); -cAT'iNo. To begin, or enter on, as if witli auspices ; inaugurate. aoa'plce (Ss'pTs), n. [L. aitspidmn^ fr. auspex a bird seer, augur; avis bird ^ specere, spicere^ to see.] 1. Divina- tion from omens, primarily from the flight of birds. 2. An omen; sign. 3. Protection ; patronage and care. aus-pl'clous (8s-pTsh'i^), a. [see auspice.] 1. Having omens or tokens, esp. favorable ones ; predicting good. 2. Prosperous ; fortunate. 3- Favoring. — Syn. See pro- pitious. — auS'Pi'cloas-ly, adv. — aua-pi'clous-ness, n. aus-tere' (6s-ter'), a. [F. austh-e, L. ausiems, fr. Gr. ai/- (TTijposjfr. aueivto parch.] 1. Sour and astringent; rough to the taste. 2. Severe or strict ; rigorous ; stern. 3. Un- adorned ; severely simple. — Syn. See strict. — aus- terely, adv. — aus-tere'ness, aua-ter'1-ty (tgr'T-tT), 7i. ana'tral (8s'trdl), a. [L. attstralis^ fr. ausier the south winj.] Southern. AoB^tral-a'slan (8s/trSl-a'sli(iu), a. & n. See -an. AU8-tra'li-an (do-tra'lt-Sn; -traVySn), a. See -an. — n. 1. One of the aborigines of Australia. 2. A native or citi- zen of the Australian commonwealth. Aus'trl-an (88'trT-Sn), a. d: n. See -an. au-then'tlc (8-th5n'tTk), a. [fr. F., fr. L. auiheniicus com- ing from the real author, Gr. oiflecTticdy, fr. a.v9ivTy\<; one who does anything with hia own hand.] 1. Having author- ity. Obs. 2- Having a genuine original or authoritative source; genuine; real. 3- Of approved authority ; true; credible, — au-then'tl-cal C-tl-kgi), a. — au-tlien'tl-cal- ly, adv. — Syn. Authoritative, trustworthy. an-then'tl-cate (-tT-kat), v. t. ; -cat'ed (-kat/gd); -cat/jng. i. To render authentic ; give authority to, a.s by legal for- malities. 2. To prove authentic: determine as genuine. — Syn. See confirm. — an-then^tl-ca'tlon (-ka'shttn), v. an'then-tlC/l-ty (8ahgn-tXs'I-tT), n. Quality or state of being authentic. an'tlior (8'ther), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. auctor, fr. augere to ircrease, produce] 1. The beginner of anything ; hence, creator ; originator, 2. One who composes or writes some- thing, as a book ; a composer ; also, an author's writings. — an'thor-ess, n. Jem. — au-tho'rl-al (8-tho'rT-fti), a. au-thor'l-ta-tlve (8-th5r'I-tft-tTv), a. 1. Having, or pro- ceeding from, authority; entitled to obedience or credit. 2. Having an air of authority; dictatorial ; peremptory. — au-thor'l-ta-tlTe-ly, adv. — an-thor'i-ta-tlTe-ness, n. au-thor'l-ty (-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tTn). [F. autoriU^ fr. X, auciorilas.'] 1 Legal or rightful power; a right to command or to act ; dominion ; jurisdiction. 2. (Chiefly in p^) Gov- ernment ; thoFte exercising power or command. 3. Power due to opinion or esteem ; influence of character, station, or mental or moral superiority or the like. 4. One that is claimed, or appealed to, in support of opinions, actions, measures, etc. 51 AUTUMNALLY an'thor-1-Za'tlon (Sahdr-T-zfi'shi^n ; -l-z5'8hQn), 7». Act of authorizing ; sanction ; warrant. au'thor-lze (8'th3i--iz), v. t. ; -izbd (-Izd) ; -iz/ing (-Iz'Tng). 1. To clothe with authority ; empower. 2. To give legal sanction to ; legalize. 3. To establish by authority, as by usage; sanction. —Syn. See ratify. author-ship, n. 1. Quality or state of being an author; function or dignity of an author. 2. Source ; origin. au'tO(6'to),n,/pi.-Toa(-t6z). Short for automobile. Colloq. au'tO- (8'tS-). 1. Combining form fr. Gr. aurds, self ; as in automobile, self-propelled; awiobiography, etc. 2. An abbr. of automobile^ used to denote self-moving, self-propelling; as in auioboat, aWocar, aw(ocarriage, etc., an automobile boat, car, carriage, etc. auto-bl-og'ra-phy (-bl-Sg'rd-ft), n. ; pi. -phies (-fTz). {^auio- + bioQTaphy.'] A biography written by the subject of it; memoirs of one's life written by one's self. — au'- to-bl-oe'ra-pher (-fer), n.- — auto-bl^o-graph'ic (bi/S- grSf Iky, -1-oal (-T-kai), a. — -graph'l-caf-ly, adv. au-toch'thon (6-ti3k'th3n ; -thon), n.; pi. E. -thons (-th^Jnz ; -thonz), L. -TH0NE8(-th*-nez). [L.,fr. Gr. avTox^fav from the land itself ; avToq self + xQtav earth, land.] One sprung from the ground he inhabits; a native; an aboriginal; — commonly in pi. au-tOC'ra-cy (S-t5k'rd-aT), n. ; pi -eras (-sYz). [Gr. ovto- Kpdreia. See AUTOCRAT.] 1. Independent or self-derived power; absolute supremacy. 2. Supreme governing power in an individual ; authority of an autocrat. autO-Crat (6'tS-krat), n. [Gr. ouTOKpariJ? ; avroi self + KpaTOff strength.] An absolute sovereign ; a monarch rul- ing by claim of absolute right. — Syu. Despot. au^tO-crat'ic (-krStlk) l a. Of or pertaining to, or of au^to-crat'1-cal (-T-kSl) ) the character of, an autocrat. — Syn, See despotic. — autO-crat'l-cal-Iy, adv. I! au'tO-da-f6' (ou't6-dd-fa' ; 8'-), n. ; pL\ autos-da-fA (ou'tos- ; 8'toz-). [Pg., act of the faith.] The ceremony ac- companying the pronouncement of judgment by the Inqui- sition, followed by execution by the secular autliorities ; hence, the execution alone ; esp., the burning of a heretic. au'tO-graph (8'tS-gr4f), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. auToypa^os au- tographic ; auTos self -f- ypaft>etv to write.] Tliat written with one's own hand; an original, or author's own, manu- script; a person's ovra signature or handwriting. autO-graph'lc (O'to-grSflk), a. 1. Prrtaining to, or of the nature of, an autograph. 2. Of an instrument, self-re- cording; of arecord, recorded by such an instrument — au'- to-grapht-cal C-t-kai), a. — au'to-graph'l-caMy, adv. Au-tol'y-CUS(8-tSl't-kus),n. [L.,fr.Gr.AuTdAi;K09.] Class. Myth. Son of Mercury, famous as the prince of thieves. au'tO-mat'lc (5't6-mSt'Tk), a. [see automaton.] 1. Hav- ing an inherent power of aotion. 2. Self-acting or aelf- regnlating ; — applied esp. to machinery or mechanical de- vices. 3. Not voluntary ; not depending on the will, — Syn, See spontaneous. — au'to-mafl-cal (-T-kai), a. — au'tO- mat'l-cal-ly, adv. — au-tom'a-tism (6-t5m'ff,-tTz'm), n. au-tom'a-ton (8-t!Sra'd-t5n), n. ; L. pi. -ATA (-tfi). [L., fr. Gr. avTo/u-aro? self-moving.] 1. A thing regarded as capa- ble of spontaneous motion or action. 2. A self-moving ma- chine, esp. one made to imitate the motions of men, birds, etc. 3. A living being acting in a mechanical or involun- tary manner. au^to-mo1>lle (S'tS-mo'bTl), n. lauto- -\- mobile.'] Con- taining means of propulsion within itself ; self-propelling- au'tO-mo'bile (-mo'bll ; -m6-bel'), n. An automobile ve- hicle or mechanism ; esp., a self-propelled vehicle suitable for use on a street or roadway. — au^tO-mo'bU-lSt, n. au^tO-nom'lc (-nSmTk), a. Self-governing; autonomous. — au^to-nom^l-cal(-T-k/il), a. — au'to-nom'1-cal-ly, adv. au-tOn'O-moUS (8-t5n'6-m?ls), a. [Gr. aurdi'Ojw.os ; airrd? + uefietf to assign, hold sway.] 1. Of or pert, to an autonomy, 2 Independent in government; self -governing. au-ton'O-my (-mt), n. Quality or state of being autonomic; the power or right of self-government. au'top-sy (6aSp-8T), w.; pi. -sies (-sTz). [Gr. avro^ia, fr. auTOTTTo? seen by one's self; aifro^ -f- oitto? seen.] 1. Per- sonal observation ; ocular view. 2. Med. Dissection of a dead body to learn the cause, seat, or nature of a disease. au'to-type' (8'tS-tIpO, n. [auto- -j- -type.l 1. A facsimile. 2. A certain photographic process, or a picture made by it. au'tnmn (S'tfim), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. autuinnus.l The sea- son between summer and winter, often called fall, -^au- tum'nal (8-tiim'nrii), a. — au-tum'nal-ly, adv. natjire, ver<|jire (87) ; K^ch in G. ich, ach (50} ; boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Xumbers refer to §§ in Guide. ^xplBaatlonftofAbbrevlatloiiB, Hlffns, etc* preceae Vocabulary- U f orelffn Word* + combined with. —equals. AUXILIAR ans-U'lar (8e-zTl'ydr), a. dk n. Auxiliary. Archaic. anx-U'la-ry (-yd-rt), o. LL- auxiliarius, fr. amdlium help, aid.] Conferring aid or help; assiBtaut. Syn. Aucillary, aiding, helping ; subservient, subordinate, — -Auxiliary, suBSiDiARY,agree in the ideaof furnishing aid. Subsidiary usually implies subordinate rank or position, which AUXILIARY may or may not imply. — n.; p2. -RiES (-rTz). 1. One tliat aids or helps; anassist- ant. 2. Mil. (p2.) Foreign troops in the Bervice of a nation at war. 3- Gram. A verb (as have^ de, niay^ do, shall and loilly can^ must^ in English) which helps to form the voices, moods, tenses, etc., of other verbs. a-vall' (d-val'), V, i. [ME. availen^ fr. a~ -|- F.valoir to be worth, fr. L. valere to be strong, be worth.] To be of use ; to have strength, force, or efficacy aufScient to accomplish the object in mind. — to avail of, to avail one's self of. — v.^ 1. To advantage or profit; benefit; help. 2. To promote; assist. Obs. — toavaUoDe'Bselfof,tomakeuseof; takeadvan- tageof. — n. 1. Profit ; benefit. Archaic. 2. Advantage to- ward success ; effective advantage ; as, of avails of no avail. 3. pL Proceeds. — Syn. Use, utility, service. a-vall'a-ble (-d-b*1), a. Such as one may avail one's self of; usable.— a-vaU'a-l>U'i-ty(-d-bTl'I-tI), a-vail'a-ble- ness, n. — a-vall'a-bly, adv. av'a-lanche (Sv'd>lanch), }i. [F., fr. avaler to descend, fr. aval down ; h (L. ad) + val, L. vallis, valley.] A large mass of snow and ice, or of earth, rocks, etc., alidmg swiftly down a mountain side, or falling down a precipice. AT'a'-loil(Sv'd-15n), n. [F.] In medieval romance, an ocean island, " not far on this side of the terrestrial paradise." aVa-rice (-rls), ». [F., fr L. avarUia, it. avarus avari- cious.] ExcessiTB or inordinate desire of gain ; covetous- ness; cupidity. av'a-rl'Clons (-rTsh'iis), a. Actuated by avarice ; greedy of gain. — Syn. Rapacious, griping, sordid. See covetous. — aT^a-rl'douB-ly, adv. — av^a-ri'clous-ness, n. a-vast' (d-vasf), interj. [corrupt, fr. D. houd vast hold fast.] NauL Cease ! Stop ! Stay. av'a-tar' (Sv'd-tar'), n. [Skr. avatara descent.] Incarna- tion; embodiment; epiphany. a-vanilt'(d-v6nt'; -vBinV), inlerj. Begone! Depart! a've (a've; 'a'va), interj. [L., hail, be well.] Hail ! Fare- well! — asaiutation. — n. The salutation ave ; esp. Icap.'li an Ave Maria. A've Ma-ri'a (ii'va ma-re'a) 1 pL Ave Marias, Ave Ma- A'TO liia'ry (a've ma'rl) ) ries. [L. are hail, Maria Mary, ] The salutation of Gabriel and of Elisabeth to the Virgin Mary, combined, as now used in the Roman Catholic Church, with a prayer to Mary. av^e-na'ceous (Xv'e-na'shfis), a. [L, avenacetts^ fr, avena oats.] Of or resembling oa|s or the oat grasses. ' a-venKC (d-v5nj'), v. t. ; a-vbnqed' (d-vSnjd') ; a-venq'ing (-vSn'jTng). [OF. avengier ; L. ad -}- vindicare to lay claim to, avenge, revenge.] To take vengeance for ; exact satisfaction for. — a-veng'er (d-v5n'jer\ n. Syn. Vindicate, requite, retaliate. — Avenge, rbtenoe. To avehob is to inflict punishment, either in behalf of one's self or of others, for the sake of vindication or just retribu- tion ; to revenge is to inflict pain or injury in resentful or malicious retaliation; as, to avenge the injuries of the help- less ; Plato held that revenge is wrong. av'en-tall, av'en-tayle (Sv'^n-tal), n. [see ventail,] Armor. The movable front of a helmet. a-ven'tn-rine (d-vSn'ts-rtn), n. [F.J 1. A kind of glass containing gilt spangles. 2. Min. A translucent quartz spangled throughout with scales of mica or other mineral. av'e-nus (Sv'&-nu), n. [F., fr. nvenir to come to, L, ad- venire; ad -\- venire to come.] 1. An opening of access or egress ; a way of approach or of exit ; — often fig. 2. Any broad passageway bordered on each side by trees. 3. A broad street. — Syn. See way. a-ver' (d-vflr'), v. t. ; a-verrbd' (d-vOrd') ; a-ver'ring. [F. avirer^ fr. LL., fr. L. ad -\- verus true.] 1. Law. To avouch or verify; prove or justify. 2. To affirm confi- dently ; declare positively, — Syn. affirm. av'er-age (Sv'er-ai), n. [OF. average, or LL. averagimn.'] 1. Any of certain small charges defrayed by the master of a vessel. 2. A loss less than total to rargo or ship, or a charge arising from it, or the equitable distribution of it, 3. A mean proportion, or medial sum or quantity, derived from unequal sums or quantities ; an arithmetical mean. 4. Any medial estimate derived from'a comparison of diverse spe- cific cases ; a medium or usual size, quantity, quality, rate, 62 AVOW etc. ; aa, the average of eensations ; the high individual aver- age of our citizenship. Syn. Average, mean. In common usage, average (usu- ally a.) suggests little more than ordinary, the " common run," often implying general conformity to prevailing standards ; as, the avei'age man, average ability. Mean im- plies a middle between two extremes ; as, the happy mean. av'er-age (Sv'er-aj), a. 1. Pert, to an average or mean; medial ; ordinary ; usual. 2. Accordingtothelawsof aver- age. ^ V. t. ; -AGEU (-ajd); -AG-iNG (-a-jing). 1, To find the average of; reduce to a mean. 2. To divide among a num- ber according to a given proportion. 3. To do, accomplish, get, etc., on an average. — aT'er-age-ly, adv. a-ver'ment (d-vflr'm^ut), n. Act of averring ; that which is averred ; affirmation ; allegation. A-ver'nua(-n&s),n. [L.] Tbeinfernalregions;— so called after a small deep lake near Naples in the crater of an ex- tinct volcano, and celebrated in Roman myth for its mephitic vapors and supposed connection with the infernal regions. a-verse' (d-vflra'), a. [L. averts, p. p. of averiere. See AVERT,] Having an aversion; disliking; reluctant; op- posed. — Syn. See adverse, reluctant. — a-versely, adv. — a-verse'neBS, n, a-ver'sion (d^vfir'shuu), n. l. A state of mind in which at- tendon to an object is coupled with dislike of it and desire to turn from it. 2. Antipathy or opposition in qualities. 3. An object of dislike or repugnance. — Syn. Dislike, re- pugnance, disgust. See antipathy. a-vert' (d-vfirf), v. t. [L. averter^ ; a -j- vertereto turn.] To turnaside or away ; ward off or prevent the occurrence or effects of. — Syn. See prevent. — a-Tert'i-ble, a. a'vl-a-ry (,a'vT-a-rI), n.; pi. -ries (-rTz). [L* aviarium, fr. avis bird. ] A place, as a house, for keeping birds confined. a'yl-a'tlon (-a'shx^n), n. Art or science of locomotion by aeroplanes. ^ [pert in, aviation.! a'vl-a'tor (a'vT-a'tSr), n. One who is occupied with, or ex-| avid (Sv'Id), a. [L. avidus, fr, avere to long.] Ef^er ; greedy, — av'ld-ly, adv. a-Vld'i-ty (d-vTd'I-tt), n. Greediness ; eagerness ; strength of desire, — Syn. See cupidity. av'O-ca'tton (5v'o-ka'shun), n. [L. avocatio. It. avocare, -catus, to call away \a,ab-j- vocare to call.] 1. State of being called away ; diversion of attention ; distraction. 2, A subordinate occupation. 3- (usually in pi.) Custom- ary employment; vocation; usual pursuits; — in this sense contrary to good usage. —Syn, See vocatiom. av'o-cet, av'o-set (av'5-s5t), n. [F. avocette.'i Any of several shore birds ' having long legs, webbed feet, and a slender upwardly curved bill, avoid' (d-void'), v.t, ^ f r, fts (L. ex) -\- voidier to empty. See VOID, a,] 1. To empty; void. Obs. 2. To make void, as a con- i^ tract; annul; vacate, 3. To keep \ away from ; shun; abstain from ; ^-^ as, to ai'oid evil. 4. To drive ^ away ; expel. Obs. £uropean Avocet. (^) Syn, Escape, elude, evade, eschew. —Avoid, shun agree in the idea of keeping away from something, or out of con- tact withit,and often may be interchanged. But£Aun,more than avoid, suggests shrmking or even abhorrence, — V. i. To depart ; withdraw. 06*. — a-VOid'a-blO, a. a-vold'ance (-Sns), n. l. Act of avoiding. 2. Act of be- coming, or state of being, vacant *, — esp. of a benefice. av'Olr-da-pols' fSv/er-dw-poiz'), n. [ME, aver de peis, avoir de pois, goods of weight ; OF. aveir, avoir, goods -i-de ot-\-peis, pois, weight, L. pensum.'\ 1. Avoirdu- pois weight. 2. Weight; heaviness. Co/Zoo. — avolrdnpoii weightj the common system in English-speaking countries for weighing all commodities except precious stones, pre- cious metals, and drugs. In it 16 drams (dr.) make 1 ounce (oz.) ; 16 ounces, or 7000 grains, make 1 pound (lb.), a-VOUCh' (d-vouch'), V. t. [fr. OF., fr. LL. advocare to rec- ognize the existence of a thing, to advocate, L. advocare to call to ; ad + vocare to call.] 1. To maintain as true ; vouch for ; guarantee. 2, To assert positively, deliberately, or openly; avow, — n. Evidence; declaration. Obs. or £. avow' (d-vou'), V. Z. (£: i. [OF.avower.] To vow. 06*.— n. A vow or determination. Archaic. a-VOW', V. t. [F. avouer; d, (L. ad) -^votier to vow, LL. vo- ale, senate, cftre, am, account,, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, find, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, drb, ddd, aSft, cSmiect ; use, Qnite, firn. up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, b}k; ^en, tbin; AVOWAL tore, fr. L. votuTn vow.] To declare openly ; own or ac- knowledge frankly. — Syn. See acknowlbdob. — a-VOW'- al (d-vou'(£l), n. — a-vowed' (d-voud'), p. a. a-VlU'sl0Il(o-vBl'8httn), n. [L. avulsioJ] A tearing asun- der ; a forcible separation. a-VUn'GU'lar {-vQi]'ku-ldr), a. [L. avunculus uncle.] Of or pert, to, or like, an uncle or, jocosely, a pawnbroker. a-walt' (d-waV), V. t. [fr. OF., fr. a (L. ai^-^-waUier, gaitier^ to watch. See wait.] 1. To watch for. Obs, 2. To wait for; stay for ; expect. 3. To be in store for ; be ready or in waiting for, — v. i. To wait ; stay in waiting. a-wakO'(d-wak'), v.i. & t.;pret. A-woKE'(d-wok'), a-waked' (d-wakf ) ; p. p. a-wakbd', Obs. or R. awoke, Obs. awaken, awoken ; p. pr. <.fe vb. n. a-wak'ing. [AS. dicsecnan (pret. dwdc)^ and dwacian (pret. dwacode).^ To cease to sleep; come out of, or rouse from, sleep or, ng., a sleeplike state ; wake. — a. Not sleeping or lethargic ; roused from sleep. a-wak'en fa-wak'*n), v. t. di i. [AS. dwadcnan, dwmcnian^ V. i. ; on- -|- losecnan to wake.] To rouse from sleep; awake. — Syn. Arouse, excite, stir up, call forth. a-ward' (d-w8rd'), v. t. [OF. eswardej* consider, decide ; es (L. ex) + warder, garder^ to observe, keep. ] To adjudge ; to grant or give after due deliberation, consideration of relative merits, or the like. —n. 1. A judgment; the de- cision of arbitrators ; a granting or giving after due deliber- ation or a consideration of relative merits. 2. That which is awarded. — a-ward'a-ble, a. a-waro' (-wSr'), a. [AS.g'ewja5r',fr. masrwary.] 1. Watchful. Rare. 2- Cognizant ; conacioua. — Syn, See conscious. a-wash' (d-wSsh'), adv. & a. 1. Washed by the waves or tide. 2. Floating in the water. a-way' (d-wa'), adv. [AS. aweg^ anweg^ onweg; on on + weg way.] 1. From aplace ; hence, aside ; from one's pos- session. 2- From a state or condition of being into extinc- tion or termination ; out of existence. awe (8), n. [Icel. agi.'] 1. Great fear ; terror. Obs. or R. 2. Reverential fear such as is felt for the Divine Being ; profound reverence ; solemn wonder. 3. Power to Inspire dread or reverential fear. — Syn, See reverence. — w. t. ; awed (Sd); Aw'iNG. To strike or inspire with awe. a-WOa'ry (d-we'rT), a. Weary. Poetic. a-weatll'er (d-wSth'er), adv. Naut. On the weather, or windward^ aide ; — opposed to alee. a-woel' (d-wel'), adv. & interj. Well ; well then. Scot. a-welgll'(d-wa'), odu. d&a. Naut. Just clear of the ground and hanging perpendicularly ; — said of tlie auchor. awe'some (d'sum), a. Causing, or expressive of, awe or terror. — awe'some-ly, adv. — awe'some-ness, n. aw'fal (8'f561), a. 1. Filling with awe. 2. Filled with awe. 065. 3. Reverentia) ; law-abiding. Now Rare. 4. Frightful ; monstrous ; exceedingly bad, monotonous, long,etc.; — used intensively. Slang. — Syn. See fearful. — aw'fnl-ly, ativ. — aw'ful-ness, n. a-whlle' (d-hwil'), adv. For a while ; for a short time. awk'ward (8k'werd), a. [Icel. o/Mg'r(neut. ofukt) turning the wrong way+E.-war(Z.] 1. Perverse ; untoward. Obs. 2. Not dexterous; clumsy; ungi'aceful. 3- Not easily man- aged or effected ; embarrassing ; as, an awkward affair. — awk'ward'lyt adv. — awk'ward-ness, n. Syn. Unhandy, bungling, blundering, maladroit ; inele- fant, stiff, constrained ; unwieldy, ponderous, lumbering; oorish, clownish, lubberly, gawky. —Awkward, clumsy, UNGAINLY, UNCOUTH, AwKWARD implioa lack of dexterity or grace, whether bodily or mental ; as, awkward in one's gait, awkivard at handling tools. Clumsy implies heavi- ness or stiffness of movement ; it also applies to that which Is misshapen or awkwardly formed ; as, clurnsy fingers, ele- ghant, boots. Fig., clumsy denotes what is ill-contrived or uiigling ; as, a clumsy excuse. Ungainly applies chiefly to awkwardness of carriage, gait, or gesture ; as, an nngain- ly figure, strut. Uncouth implies want of training or lack of refinement ; as, uncouth manners, uncouth speech. awl (81), n. [AS. a/, selj eal.'] A pointed instrument for piercing small holes, aa in leather or wood. awless, aweless (Slga), a. 1. Having no awe. 2. In- spiring no awe. Obs. aw'monB (8'mj2s). Scot. var. of almoub. awn (3n), n. [Icel. ogn^ pi. agnir."] One of the barbed ap- pendages constituting the beard of a head of barley, oats, some varieties of wheat, and other grasses ; hence, any small pointed process. — awned (dnd), a. awn'lng, n. 1. A rooflike cover, eap. of canvas, extended over or before a place. 2. A shelter resembling an awning. I 53 AZURITE a-woke' (d-w5k'), pret. dc p. p. of awake. a-Wiy' (o-ri'), adv. tSs a, [a- on, in -|" wry."] 1. Turned to one side ; not straight or true. 2. Aside from truth, or right reason ; perverse or perversely. — Syn. See crooked. ax, axe (Sks), n. ; pi. axes (Sk'sSz ; 24). [AS. asx, acas.] A coramon tool for hewing, chopping, or splitting wood. axl-al (ftk^sT-^l), a. Of, pert, to, or constituting, an axis. ax'il (-sTI), n. [L. axilla armpit.] Bot. The distal angle or point of divergence botween a branch or leaf and its axis. ax^Ue (-sTl ; -sil), a. Belonging to, or situated in, the axis. ax-il'la (Sk-all'd), n. ; L. pi. -lm (-e). [L.] 1. Anat. The armpit. 2. Bot. An axil. ax'il-lar (Sk'st-ldr), a. Axillary. — n. Zool. One of the innermost feathers on the under surface of the wing. ax'11-la-ry (-la-rt), a. 1. Anat. Of or pert, to the armpit. 2. Bot. Situated in, rising from, or pert, to, an axil. as'l-om(Sk'st-i2m), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. a^i(t)/Aa,fr. aftoufto think worthy, a^ios worthy.] \. Logic <& Math. A self- evident truth. 2. An established principle in some art or science, which, though not a necessary truth, is universally received. — ax'i-o-mat'lc (-o-mSt'Ik), ax^l-o-mat'i-cal (-t-kai), a. — axl'O-mat'l-cal-ly, adv. Syn. Saw, byword, dictum, precept, motto. — Axiom, MAXIM, APHORISM, APOTHEGM, ADAGE, PP.OVERB, SAYING agree in denoting a sententious expression of a general truth. An AXIOM is a self-evident or universally accepted truth taken for granted. A maxim ia a rule or precept sanctioned by experience, and relating especially to the practical concerns of life ; as, he should put his high maxims into practice. An aphorism is a short and pithy sentence expressing some gen- eral truth or sentiment; aa, '' the great aphorism, that there is an external world." An apothegm is a terse and senten- tious aphorism. An adage is a saying of long-established authority and universal application ; as, it ia an adage that " murder will out." A proverb is an adage couched, usu- ally, in homely and vividly concrete phraae: as, the proverb that "■ a rolling stone gathers no moss." A saying is any brief current or habitual expression ; as, the old saying that " the empty vessel makes the greatest sound." ksfis (Sk'sTs), n.; pi. axes (-aez). [L. axis axis, axle.] 1. A straight line, real or imaginary, passing through a body, that actually or supposedly revolves on it. 2. a Anat. (1) The second vertebra of the neck of the higher vertebrates. (2) Any of various central or axial parts, b Bot. The stem on which organs are arranged. ax'le (-s'l), n. [ME. aocel in axeltre^ fr. Icel. oxultre; oxull axle -f- tfe tree.] 1. The pin or spindle on which a wheel revolves, or which revolves with a wheel. 2. A transverae bar or ahaft connecting the opposite wheels of a car or car- riage. 3. An axis. ax'le-tree' (-tre'), n. [Icel. dzultre.l The bar or shaft on the ends of which opposite wheels of a vehicle revolve. ay (i), interj. Ah ! Alas 1 aye, or ay (a), adv. [Icel. ei.] Always ; ever ; continually. aye, or ay (I), adv. Yea ; yea. — n. An aflSrmative vote. aye'-aye' (i'l')) "• A nocturnal lemur of Madagascar. Ay'mon (a'mQn), n. In medieval romance, a duke of Dor- dogne whose four sons warred against Charlemagne. II a-yun'ta-mien'tO(a-yodn/ta-myan'to), n. ; pi. -tos (-toa). [Sp.] 1. A municipal government. 2. The townhouse ; the seat of a municipal government; esp. [cop.], the cen- tral offices of the government of the Philippines at Manila. a-za1e-a (d-za'le-d), n. [6r. a^a\eo<; dry, — because snp- noaed to grow best in dry ground.] Any of various shrubs (genua Azalea) closely related to the rhododendron. A-za'zel (d-za'zSl ; Sz'd-zSl), n. [Heb. 'Azazel.'] The leg- endary leader of those sons of God who took human wives. (See Gen. vi. 2-4.) Milton makes him an associate of Satan. az'1-muUl (SzT-mSth), n. [fr. F., fr. Ar. as-sumut.'] Astron. & Geodesy. An arc of the horizon measured clock- wise between the south point of the horizon and the verti- cal circle passing through the center of any object. a-zo'ic (d-zyTk), a. [Gr. i- not -\- ^w^ life.] Geol. Des- ignating, or pert, to, geologic time which antedates life. Az'tec (Sz'tSk), n. An Indian of the tribe which founded the Mexican empire conquered by Cortes in 1519 ; looselyi any Indian of the territories under Aztec influence. az'ure (Szh'tir ; a'zhfir), n. [through F., Sp., & Ar., fr. Per. t&jaward, or Idjwrnrd, lapis lazuli, a blue color.] 1. Azure color; the clear blue of the sky; also, a pigment or dye of this color. 2. The blue vault above; the unclouded sky. — a. Sky-blue ; cerulean ; also, cloudless. az'n-rlte (Szh'u-rit), n. Min. Blue basic carbonate of cop- per. nature, verdure (87) ; k = cH in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh := z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Explanation Bof Abbreviations, Siffns, etc.* precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, + combined with. ^eauals* 54 BACKSLIDE B B(be) ; pi. B's or Bs (bSz). The second letter of the En^liBh alphabet. baa (ba), V. i. To cry "baa; " to bleat as a sheep. — n. The cry of a sheep ; bleat. Ba'al (ba'Sl), n. ; Heb.pl. Baalim (ba'a-lYm). [Heb. 1)a''al lord.] Any of a multitude of local deities of the ancient Semitic races, in general regarded as the authors of the fer- tility of tiie soil and the increase of the flocks. bab^ble (bfib"l), v. i. ,- -bled (-'id) ; -BLING. 1. To utter words indistinctly or unintelligibly; utter inarticulate sounds. 2. To talk idly or fatuously ; chatter; prate. 3- To make a, continuous murmuring noise, as a brook. — Syu. Prattle, gossip.— v. i, 1. To utter indistinctly or incohe- rently. 2. To disclose by too free talk, as a secret. — n. 1. Idle talk ; aenseleas prattle. 2- Inarticulate speech ; a confused murmur. — bab'bler (-ler), n. babe (bab), 71. An infant ; baby. Ba'bel (ba'bSl), n. 1. The city and tower, in the land of the Biblical Shinar, where the confusion of languages is re- lated {Genesis xi.) to have occurred. 2- Fig. : A structure impossibly lofty ; a visionary scheme. 3. [often I. c] A place or scene of noise and confusion. ba'boo, ba'bu (bamboo), n. [Hind, b&bu.'} A Hindu gentle- man ; — often [cap.] a title answering to Mr. or Esquire, Also, a native clerk who writes English or, disparagingly, any native having more or less education in English. ba-boon' (bS-boon'), n. [F. babouin, fr. baboue grimace.] Any of certain large apes with doglike muzzles. They in- habit Africa and Arabia. — ba-boonlsh, a. ba'by(ba'bT),«.,-pZ.-BiBs(-bT2). [dim. of babe.] 1. Anin- fant of either sex ; a babe. 2. A doll. Ohs. ^ v. t. ; -bibd (-btd); -BY-iNG. To treat as a baby; humor; fondle. — ba'- by-hood, n. — baHsy-ish, a. — baHsy-lsm (-Tz'm), n. Bab'y-lon (bSiyT-ldn), n. A luxurious and magnificent an- cient city in the Euphrates valley. Hence, fig., any great and luxurious city; also, in allusion to the Babylonian cap- tivity of the Israelites, a place of captivity or exile. Also, the allegorical Babylon of the Apocalypse. — Bab''y-lo'ld- an {-lo'nT-fin), a. & n. — Bab'y-lo'idsh (-ntsh), a. bac'ca-lau're-ate (bSk^d-ld're-at), n, [LL. baecalaureus a bachelor of arts, corrupted fr. baccalaris, under the influ- ence of L. laurus laurel.] The degree of bachelor con- ferred by universities and colleges. — baccalanreate sermon in some American colleges, a sermon delivered as a farewell discourse to a graduating class. [| bac^ca-rat', bac^ca-ra' (bKk/a^ra' ; F. hit/k&/r&f), n. [F.] A French gambling game of cards. bac-ca're (bfi-ka're; bSk'Sr). See backare. bac'cate (bSk'at), a. [L. baccatus, fr. bacca berry.] Pulpy throughout like a berry ; also, bearing berries. Baf/ChSB (-e), n. pi. [Gr. Bajcxa^-] The women compan- ions of Dionysus (Bacchus) in his journeys through the East ; also, the women participants in the Bacchuialia. bac'cha-nal (-d-nSI), a. Of or relating to Bacchus or the Bacchanalia ; bacchanalian.— n. 1. A devotee of Bac- chus ; a celebrant of the Bacchanalia ; reveler ; carouser. 2. pi. The Bacchanalia ; hence, (sing.) drunken revelry. Bac^cha-na'll-a (-nalT-d), n. pi. [l! , neut. pi. f r. Baccka- nalis bacchanal, fr. Bacchus.'] 1. A festival of Bacchus 2. [/. c] A drunken feast or revel. — bac'cha-na'll-an (-ftn), a. — baCcha-naH-an-lsm (-Tz'm), n. bac'chant (bSk'Jint), n. [L. bacchans, -antis, p. pr.] A devotee in the orgiastic worship of Bacchus ; hence, a bac- chanal ; reveler. — bac'ehant, a. bac-cbante' (bn-kanf ; bSk'ant ; hd-kSn'te), n. [F.] A maenad, or a woman devotee of Bacchus. Bac'chlC (bSk'ik) 1 a. Of or pertaining to Bacchus or Bac'chl-cal (-T-kal) f his rites ; hence [often I. c], jovial or riotous with intoxication. Bac'chns (-^), n. [L. , f r. Gr. BaKxos. ] Class. Myth. The god of wine ; Dionysus. See Dionysus. bac-clf'er-dns (bSk-sTfer-i^s), a. [L. baccifer; &acca berry -}-/erre to bear.] Bearing berries. bac'cl-fomt (ldtk'sY-f6rm), a. [L. bacca berry + -form.'] Having the form of a berry. bac-clT'0-rons (bSk-BTv'o-rws), a. [L. bacca berry + -vo- rtms.] Eatingf or subsisting on^ berries. bach'e-lor (bSch'e-ler), 7i. [OF. bacheler youug mau, fr LL. baccalarist baccalarius.] 1. A knight who followed another's standard, as because of youthfulness ; hence, a noviceinarnis. 2- [usuallycop.] Onewhohastakenthefii'st degree in the liberal arts, or in some branch of learning at a college, school, or university. 3. A mau of any age who has not married. — bach'e-lor-hood, n. — bach'e-lor-shlp, n. bacb'e-lor's— but'ton, n. Any of several flowers the heads of which resemble buttonst esp. the cornflower. ba-cil'lus (bd-sTl'fis), n, ; pi. -cilli (-i). [L. bacillum , dim. of L. bacidum stick.] Any of a genus {Bacillus) of rod- shaped, flagellate bacteria, including both harmless and pathogenic species ; loosely (esp. inp2.), any bacterium. back (bSk), n. [D. bak tray, bowl.] A shallow vat ; a tub. back, n. [AS. bsec] 1. The hinder part of the body, or, as of a horse, the upper part, from the neck to the end of the spine. 2. The part of anything on the side opposite the front or face ; the hinder or rear part. 3. The upper part of something, as opposed to the inner or lower part. 4. The part opposite that which fronts the speaker or ac- tor ; the part not generally seen. 6. Specifically : a The part of a cutting tool opposite its edge, b The part of a book or its leaves where it is- sewed when bound. A plate, lining, skin, or other part added to a thing behind or opposite the face, d The upright hinder part of a chair or sofa above the seat. — v. t. 1. To furnish with a back ; also, to form the back of ; be at the back of . 2. Tosupport or help ; uphold ; second. 3. To bet on the success of. 4. To get on the back of ; mount. 5. To drive, force, or cause to move or act, backward.-^ v. i. To move or go back. back, adv. [shortened from aback.] 1. To or toward the rear. 2. In or into time past ; ago. 3. To or toward a for- mer place, condition, or station. 4. In withdrawal from a statement, promise, or undertaking ; as, be took back his words. 6. In concealment or reserve ; in one's own posses- sion ; as, to keep back the main facts. 6. In return, repay- ment, or requital. ^ a. 1. Being at the back or in the rear. 2. Being in arrear ; overdue. 3- Moving or operating back- ward. 4. No longer current. — Syn. See postebiob. bac-ka're (bS-ka're ; hS.'k'&r), iTiterj. Stand back I Obs. back'btte' (bSkHsTtOi v. t. & i. To censure meanly or spite- fully (one absent) ; slander (one absent). — back^bit'erfR. back'boaxd' (-bord^ ; 57), n. A board fastened across the back to make the figure erect. — back^)oard^ v, i. back'bone' (-bon'), n. 1. The column of bones (vertebrss) in the hack ; the spine. 2. Something suggestive of a back- bone. 3. Firmness; moral principle. back'cast' (-kdst^), n. A cast backward ; a reverse. Scot. back'er (bSk'er), n. One that backs a person or thing, as in a contest. back'friend' (-frSnd'), n. 1. A secret enemy. Obs. 2- A person who backs one as a friend ; a backer. Rare. back'g^am-mon (bSk'g£m-un ; bSk-gSm'fin), n. [orig. un- certain.] A certain well-known game of chimce and skill. back'ground' (-ground'), n. 1. Ground or surface that is in the rear or tiehind. 2. In an artistic representation, that part of the scene farthest from the spectator ; hence, the surface, as in a picture, between and above the princi- pal figures ; also, the general surface on which any pattern, design, etc. , is represented. 3. Tliat which is back of any- thing and against which it is viewed. 4. A place in obscu- rity or retirement, or out of sight. back'liand' (-hSndO» n. 1. The hand, or a stroke with the hand, turned backward ; a backhand stroke. 2. Hand- writing in which the letters slope down from left to right. back'hand' ) a. 1. Made with the hack of the hand, or back'hand'ed J with the back of the hand turned in the direction of the stroke. 2. Indirect ; awkward ; insincere. back'lng, n. 1. The act of one that backs. 2. That which forms the back of anything, often for strength or stability. backlog' (bak'lSg/ ; 62), n. A large log of wood forming the back of a fire on the hearth. U. S. back'set' (-sSf ), n. a setting back ; reverse ; check. back'sheesh, back'shish. Vars. of baksheesh. back'slde' (-sid'), n. l. Theback side;— now written as two words. 2. (bSk'aldO The posteriors ; mmp; — ofteninpi. back'Bllde' (bSk'slTd' ; bSk'slTd'), v. i. ; prei. -slid' (slTd') ; ale, senate, cd.re,&m,dccoiint, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event, Snd, recent, maker ; Ice, HI; old, ftbey, drb, fidd, 85£t, cSnnect ; use, fmite, ikn, fip, circus, menii; f€od, f^t; out, oil; oliairi go; sing, ii)k; ^en, thin; BACKSLIDER 56 BAILIWICK f.p. -SLiD'OEN (-alW'n), -slid' ; p. pr. A dra- pery, table cover, or the like, of baize. bake (bak), v. t. ; BAKED (bakt) ; bae'ino (baking). [AS. frdcan.] 1. To prepare, as food, by cooking in a dry heat. 2. To dry or harden (anything) by subjecting to heat. 3. To harden by cold. 4. To cake. Obs. or Colloq. — v. i. 1. To do the work of baking something. 2. To be baked. — n. Act, process, or result of baking. [pastry. Obs. i bake'meaV (bak'mef ), n., or baked meat. A pie; baked | bak'er (bak'er), n. One that bakes ; as : a A person whose business it is to bake, b A portable oven for baking. U. S. bak'er-y (-T), n. A place for baking bread, pastry, etc. bak'ilie(-Tng),n. 1. Act or process of baking. 2. The quan- tity bt^ed at once, as of bread ; batch. bak'sheesll ) (bSk'shesh), n. [Pers. bakshish^ fr. bakhshl- bak'BtalSb I cfan to give.] in the Orient, cap. Egypt and the Turkish empire, a gratuity ; a " tip." Ba'laam (ba'lam), n. In the Bible, a prophet who was re- buked by the ass he rode. See Numbers xxii. S-xxiv. balance (bSl'Sna), n. [F., fr. L. bilanx^ bilanciSy having two scales ; bis twice -{- laTix plate, scale.] 1. An instrument for weighing, being, in its simplest form, a beam or lever balanced' exactly in the middle and supporting a scale or pan at each end. 2. The imaginary balance which Justice or Fortune uses ; the means by which actions, principles, etc., are weighed or estimated. 3. leap.'] Astron. The sign or constellation Libra. 4. Horol. A vibrating wheel oper- ating with a hairspring to regulate the movement of a time- piece. 6. A counterpoise used in weighing. 6. Equipoise between the weights in opposite scales ; hence, equipoise of any opposing forces ; equilibrium ; specif., mental equi- poise ; equanimity ; composure ; steadiness ; sanity. 7 An equality between the sums total of the two sides of an ac- count; also, the excess on either side. 8. a Act of balancing; act of weighing mentally ; estimate, b A movement in dancing. — v. /./-AHCED(-anst); -ANC-iHo(-an-sTng). l.To weigh in a balance. 2. To weigh (two things) by each other; compare in relative force, value, etc. 3> To counterbal- ance (one thing by^ with, or against another); set o£F {against or wilh). 4. To bring to an equipoise ; hence, to poise or arrange so that opposing forces neutralize each other. 6- To equal in number, weight, force, or proportion ; counterpoise ; neutralize. 6. To compute the difference between the debits and credits of (an account) ; to bring about an equality in the debits and the credits of ; as, to balance an account. ^ v. i. 1. To be in equipoise. 2. To be an equal counter- poise; be equal. 3. To fluctuate; waver. 4. To be equal in debits and cred- its, as accounts. — bal'- anc-er (-ffin-ser), n. balance wheel; A wheel to regulate motion. bal-brig'ffan (bSl-brTg'- an), 71. A knitted cotton fabric for either hosiery or underwear, resembling the fine unbleached fabric of the hosiery made at Balbriggan, Ireland. bal'00-ny (baiOsft-nT), n,; pi. -NiEs (-ntz). [It. balcone.\ A projectmg platform m- Balcony with Balustrade. closed by a parapet or railing and usually resting on brack- ets. Also, an interior piojecting gallery in a public building. bald (bSld), a. [MB. balledy ballid.] 1. Destitute of the natural or common covering on the head or top, as of hair. 2. Destitute of ornament ; bare. — bald eagle, the common ea^le of North America ; — from the white feathers of the head and neck of bald eagles sev- eral years old. bal'da-cliiii(bl£l'dd-ktn),n. [LL. baldachinus, baldechinus^ a silk canopy carried over the Host, fr. Bagdad{BQB Gaz.\ It. Bal- daccOf whence the silk came.] A canopy borne in processions, placed over an altar, etc. bal'da-Qain (-kin). Yar. of BALDACHIN. Bal'der (b61'der), BarOr {Icel. bal'd^r), n. [Icel. Baldr."} Teut. Myth. The sou of Odin and Frigg. —-, .^^^^ a™^ -. He is the god of light and mh* ^^^^ J^^( ^ peace, and of the good, beautiful, eloquent, and ^^^ Eagle. wise. bal'der-dash (bSl'der-dSsh), n. Senseless jargon ; non- sense ; trash. — v. t. To mix or adulterate, as liquors. bald'bead' (bfild'hSd'), n. A bald-headed person. bald'-head'ed (-hSd^Sd ; 24), a. Having a bald head. bald'ly, c^v. In a bald manner. bald'ness, n. Quality or state of being bald. bald'pate' (-P^t^), n. A bald-headed person. bald'pate^ bald'-pat'ed (-pat'Sd ; 24), a. Bald-beaded. bal'diic (b61'drlk), n. [fr. OF., fr. OHG. balderick.} A belt worn over the shoulder and across the body to support a sword, bugle, etc. bale, bal'er, etc. Vars. of bail, to lade, baileb, etc. bale (bal), n. [AS. bealo, beatu, balu.^ 1. Evil; an evil influence. Chiefly Poetic. 2. Pain ; calamity ; sorrow. bale, n. [OF., fr. OHG. balla,palla,pallo^'\ial\.'] A large bundle bound up for storage or transportation. ^ v. t. ; BALED (bald) ; bal'ino (bal'Tng). To make up in a bale. bale, n. A balefire. Archaic. ba-leeu' (bd-len'), n. [F. baleine whale, whalebone, L. bo- taena whale.] Whalebone. bale'fire^ (bal'fIrO, n. [AS. bxlfpr the fire of the funeral pile ; b^l fire, flame -^fyr fire.] A great fire in the open air ; a funeral pyre (Obs.) ; signal fire ; alarm fire. bale'ful (-f o61), a. 1. Full of bale, or deadly influence ; de- structive. 2. Full of pain, grief, or sorrow ; woeful. — Syn. See PEENicioDs. — balef ol-ly , adv. — bale'f ol nesB, n. Balin and Balan (bS'lTn, -ISn). In Arthurian legend, two knights who, though brothers, slew each other by mistake. balk (b6k), n. [AS. balca ridge.] 1. A ridge of land left unplowed. 2. A hindrance; disappointment; check. 3. A large beam, rafter, or timber; esp., the tiebeamof aliouse. balk, V. t. 1. To leave heaped up; heap up in piles. Obs. 2. To avoid; shun; skip. 3. To check; f rustrate ; f oil ; thwart. — Syn. See frustrate. — v. i. To stop short and refuse to go, as a horse ; jib ; swerve. b8lk^y(b&k'T),a./BALK'i-EB; -i-est. Apt to balk, as ahorse. ball (b81), n. [ME. bal, balle.] 1. Any roundish body or mass; a sphere or globe. 2. The globe, or earth ; any ce- lestial body. 3. A game in which a ball is thrown, kicked, or kuocked ; esp., now, baseball. 4. A globular missile for an engine of war ; now, esp., any rounded or elongated solid missile for a firearm — Syn. Sphere, globe, orb. ^ V. t. & i. To form or gather into a bsJl. ball, n. [F. bal^ fr. OF. baler to dance, fr. LL. ballare.'] A social assembly for dancing. ballad (bSl'fid), n. [OF. balade, fr. Pr. ballada dancing song, ballar to dance.] 1. A simple song of any kind ; now, specifically, a romantic song, often with simple instrumen- tal accompaniment. 2. A popular kind of short narrative poem, esp. one romantic in nature, adapted for singing. ballad monger. A seller or maker of ballads ; a poetaster. bal'last{bSl'dst),n. [D.] 1. iVaui, Any heavy substance put into the hold of a vessel to give stability, or to deter mine her tvim in the water. 2. Anything heavy put into the car of a balloon to steady it. 3. That which gives, or helpe to maintain, stability in character, conduct, or the like. ale, senate, c&re, am, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, &bey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, cSnnect ; use, finite, iirn> up, circus, menii ; food, fdbt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ijqk ; then, thin ; BALLET 57 BANG 4. Gravel, broken stone, ete., such as is laid in a roadbed to make it solid, —v. t. 1. To steady or equip, as a ves- sel, with ballast. 2. To steady in mind or conduct. 3. To burden ; weigh down. 06s. or Archaic, 4. To fill in, as the bed of a railroad, with erravel, stone, etc. bal'leV (bil'a' ; occas. bSl'St), n. [F., fr. It. balletto, dim. of batlo dance.] 1. An artistic dance performed as a the- atrical entertainment, or an interlude, usually by women. 2. Those who perform the dance. t>al-lls'ta (ba-lts'td), 71. ; pL -tje (-te). [L., fr. Gr. pdWeiv to throw.] An ancient military engine for hurl- ing large missiles. bal-Us'Uc (-tTk), a. \haLlista + -ic] Of or pertaining to ballistics. bal-lls'tlcs (-tTks), n. Science or art _ _ of hurling inisailes by an engine ; the p^^ form of BalliBta. science of the motion of projectiles. bal-loon' (-loon'}, n. [F. ballon, f r. balle ball.] A bag made nonporous and filled with hydrogen gas, heated air, etc., so as to rise and fioat in the atmosphere, esp. one with a car attached for aerial navigation. — V. i. 1. To go up or voyage in a bal- loon. 2. To expand, or putf out, like a balloon. — bal-loon'lst, n. bal'lot (bSl'fit), n. [It. ballolta, fr. balla ball, bale.] 1. Originally, a little ball used for secret voting. Hence : Any object, esp. a printed ticket, used in secret voting. 2. Act or system of secret voting by balla or by tickets, or ballots. 3. Loosely, act of voting by a written or printed ticket whether secretly or not ; also, a ticket used in voting. 4. The whole number of votes cast at an election or in a given district. ^ v. i. & t. To vote or decide by ballot. bal'low (bSl'o), n. A stick ; cudgel. Obs. ball'room' (bOl'room'), n. A room for balls or dancing. balm (bam), 71. [fr. OF., fr. L. balsamum balsam, Gr. pdXtrafjLOv.'} 1. Any of several plants of the mint family, of which one is a common garden herb. 2. a The resin* ous and aromatic exudation from balsam-yielding trees. b Any fragrant ointment. 3. Anything that heals or that mitigates pain. — v. t. To anoint with balm ; hence, to soothe. — balm of Gflead (gtl'e-dd), any of several plants ; esp., a small evergreen tree of which the leaves yield, when bruised, an aromatic scent ; also, a balsam from this tree. balm cricket. A cicada. balm'1-ly (baml-lT), adv. In a balmy manner. balm'1-neSB, n. Quality or state of being balmy. Bal-mor'al (bSl-m5r't^l), n. [from Balmoral Castle, in Aberdeenshire, Scotland.] 1. A kind of figured woolen petticoat, worn next to the dress. 2. A kind of laced boot or shoe. 3. A kind of Scottish cap. Bal'mting(bal'm65ng),». [G.] Myth. Siegfried's sword. balm'y (baml), a. ; ealm'i-br ; -i-bst. Having the qual- ities of balm ; aromatic ; fragrant ; soothing ; mild. bal'sam (bSl'sSm), n. [L. baUamwrn balsam tree or its resin, Gr. ^(xA(^a./i.oI/.] 1. a An aromatic substance flowing from certain plants, but not necessarily reihaining liquid, b A preparation having a balsamic odor. 2. a Any of several balsam-yielding trees, b Any of several plant8(genu87wy3a- tim») with seed capsules that burst violently. 3. Anything that heals, soothes, or restores.— v. t. To treat with balsam. bal^sa-me-a'ceons (b81^sa-me-a'shJ2s ; bSU-), a. Belong- ing to a family of tropical trees or shrubs having mostly pin- nate leaves, small flowers, and dry fruits. They yield a va- riety of commercial gums, balsams, and oils. bal-sam'lc (bdl-sSmlk ; bSI-), a. Containing, resembling, or having the qualities of, balsam ; soothing. bal'sa-miim (bdl'so-miJm ; bSl'-), n. Balsam. Bal-tba'sar, or -zar(bSl-tha'zar),rt. Var. of Bblshazzar. bal'us-ter(bai'3s-tSr), n. [fr. F., fr. It., fr. L. balaustium wild pomegranate flower, Gr. ^aKavtrnov ; — from the shape.] An upright support of the rail of a balustrade. bal'UB-trade' (-tr^')» «■ [F., fr. it. balauatrata.'] A row of balusters topped by a rail. Ilbam-bl'no (bam-be'nS), n. ; It. pi. -ni (-ne). [It.] A baby ; esp., a representation in art of the infant Christ. bam-bOO' (bSm-booO, n< [Malay &a7n&u,][ Awoodyortree- like tropical plant of the grass family. It is used in building, for furniture, poles, canes, for food, etc. bam-boo'zle (-z'l), v. t. a-rous-ness, n. bar^bate (-l^t), a. Ih.barbatus^tT.baTbaheaxd.'l Bearded; £ot.f beset with long stiff hairs. bar^be-CUe (bar'be-ku), n. [from native name in Guiana.] 1. A hog, ox, or other large animal roasted or broiled whole for a feaat. 2. A social entertainment at which one or more luge animals are roasted or broiled whole. U. S. — v. t. ; -CUED (-kud) ; -cu'iNQ. To roast or broil whole, as an ox. barbed (bUrbd ; bar'bSd), a. Barded. See bard, v. t. barbed (biirbd), p. a. Having a barb or barba. baxOiel (barn)gl), n. [OF., fr. L. barbus, fr. barba beard.] 1. A slendertactileprocessonthelipsof afish. 2. A large European fresh-waterfishwithfourbarbelson its upper jaw. bar'bel-late(bar'bg-lat;bar-bSl'at),a. [seelstBARB.] Bot. Having short, stilf hairs, often barbed. barOier (bar'bSr), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. barba beard.] One whose occupation it is to shave or trim the beard and to cut and dress the hair of his patrons. ^ v. t. To shave, trim, or dress the beard or hair of. barTjer-ry (-bSr-1), n.; pi. -ries (-Tz). [OF. berbere, LL. ber- beris, bajbaris.'} Any of a genus of shrubs, of which one bears oblong red berries often made into a preserve. barliet (-bSt), n. [F., fr. barbe beard.] Any of numerous tropifal birds having a large stout bill beset with bristles. bar-bette' (bSi^^gt'), n. [F.] 1. Fort. A mound of earth or a platform on which guns are mounted. 2. i^ov. An ai^ mored parapet protecting a gun platform. barnjl-can (bar'bl-kan), n. [fr. F., fr. LL.] Fort. An outer defensive work of a city or castle, esp. a large tower. bar'bule (-bul), ». [L. barbida^ fr. barba beard.] 1. A minute barb or beard. 2. One of the processes along the edges of the barbs of a feather. bar'ca-role, bar'ca-roUe (-kd-rol), n. [through F. fr. It. ftarca bark, barge.] Music, a A popular melody sung by Venetian gondoliers, b Music imitating such a song. bard (bard), n. [of Celtic origin.] , 1. A professional poet and singer, as among the ancient Celts. 2. A poet. — bard'lo (bSr'dlk), o. bard(blird),n. Alsobarde. {F.barde."] A piece of armor for a horse. — v. t. To equip or accouter with bards. Bar'dolph (bar'dSlf), n. A bibulous, red-nosed follower of Falstaff, in Shakespeare's " Merry Wives of Windsor," etc. bare(bSr),a. [AS. basr] 1. Naked ; nude. 2. Bareheaded. 3. Without anything to conceal one's thoughts or actions ; exposed. 4. Destitute of worth, ornament, or the like ; plain ; unadorned ; bald. 6. Destitute of the usual furnish- ing, contents, or the like. 6. Threadbare ; much worn. 7. Mere ; unaccompanied by anything else or more ; as, a bare majority; the bare necessities. — Syn. See mere. — V. t. ; BARED (bSrd) ; bar'inq (bSrtng). To make bare. bare^ack^ f-bSkO, adv. & a On a horse's bare back. bare^one' (-bon^), n. A very lean person. bare'faoed^ (-fasV), a. 1. With the face uncovered ; not masked. 2- Without concealment ; hence, shameless ; au- dacious. — bare'facedly, adv. — bare'faced'ness, n. bare'foot (-fd6t), a. & adv. With tbe feet bare. bare'foot-ed, a. With the feet bare. II ba'r^ge' (ba/razh'), »■ Also ba'rfege' (bA'rgzh'). [F. barege, fr. Bar^ges^ the town.] A gauzelike dress fabric. bare^ead^ed (bSr^hSd^Sd ; 24), bare'head' , a. <& adv. Hav- ing or with the head uncovered. bareleg^ged (-ISg'Sd ; -ISgd' ; 24), a. With the legs bare. bare'ly, ad!2>. 1. Nakedly. 2. Without concealment or dis- guise. 3. Merely ; only. Archaic. 4. But just ; without any excess ; hence, scarcely; hardly. — Syn. See hardly. bare'nesB, n. State or quality of being bare. bar'ful (bSr'fSSl), a. Full of obstructions. Obs. bar'galn (bar'ggn ; -gin), n. [fr. OF.] I. An agreement between parties settling what each shall give and receive in a transaction ; agreement ; compact. 2- Thing acquired by bargaining ; often, a purchase viewed with respect to its advantageousness or the reverse ; (when not qualified) an advantageous purchase. 3. A transaction or event as involving good or bad consequences ; as, to make the best of Bi,hargain. — Syn. Stipuhition, engagement, covenant. See CONTRACT. — V. i. 1. To negotiate over an agreement^, haggle. 2. Tocontractfortheexchangeof property;— fol- lowed by v)ith and for. -^ v. t. To transfer for a considera- tion; barter; trade. — bar'galn-er(bar'ggn-er),bar^galll- Or' (-Sr' ; bar'ggn-3r), n. barge (barj),n. [OF.jfr.LL.&ar^a.] 1. A pleasure boat. 2. Any of various boats ; as : a A roomy boat, usually flat- bottomed, used chiefly in inland waterways, b Nav. A large, double-banked boat for the flag officer of a flE^ship, barge'man (barj'mSn), n. ; pi. -men (-mgn). One of the crew of a barge. bar'ghest (bar'ggst), n. Also bar'guest. A frightful goblin fabled to portend misfortune. barbie (bSr'Tk), a. Chem. Of or pertaining to barium ba-rll'la (borrll'a), n. [Sp. barrUla.'] Either of two European species of saltwort yielding soda ash ; also, the alkali got from this ash or from the ashes of any kelp, ba'rite (ba'rit; bfirTt), n. Native sulphate of barium, a com- mon mineral in metallic veins ; heavy spar. bar'1-tone (bSrt-ton). Var. of BARTTONE. ba'rl-um (ba'rT-fim ; bSr'T-), n. [Gr. /Sopu? heavy.] A chem- ical element of the alkaline-earth group. It is a silver- white or pale yellow metal. Symbol, 5a; at. wt., 137.37. bark (bark), n. [of Scand. origin.] Bot. The tough ex- ternal covering of a woody perennial stem or root. — v. t, 1. To treat with an infusion of bark; tan. 2. To strip the bark from ; peel. 3. To abrade tbe skin from. bark, v. i. [AS. beorcan.'] 1. To make a short, explosive noise with the vocal organs ; — esp. of dogs. 2. To clam- or. — n. The short, explosive sound uttered by a dog, or a sound likened to it. bark, barque (bark), n. [F. barque, fr. Sp. or It. harca^ fr. na^lire, ver(|ure (87) ; K=ch in O. icb, ach (50) ; boN . „ . Axplwnatloiu of AbbrevlBtlons* Slffna* etiki precede Vocabulary. jet; zh= z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. II Foreign Word* -f- combined with* sCQuals. BARKEEPER 60 BASE LL.] 1. Formerly,aBinallBailiiigveB8elorarowboat. Now, Poet.^ any veBBel or boat. 2. NatU. A three- masted T e B B e 1 with foremast and maiumast B q u a r e-rigged and mizzenmast fore-and- aft Tigged. bar'kflep^er (bar^kei/- Sr), n. One who tends a bar for the sale of liquors. bark'en (bar'k'n), v. t. & i. To form into, or cover with, a barklike crust ; to incrust. Dial. Eng. & Scot. 1>axk'eii-tlne, liai'aaeii-tlne (-kSn-ten), n. [see bare, n., a vessel.^ NaiU. A three-masted vessel having the fore- mast Bquare-ri^ed, and the other masts fore-and-aft rigged. bark'er (bar'ker), 71, One that barks. bark'y (-kl), a. Covered with or containing bark. bar'ley (bar^lt)i n. [AS. basrlic.'] A cereal grass ; also, its seed or grain, used for food and in making malt liquors. liar'leT-coril' (-k8rn'), n. A grain, or " corn," of barley. John Barleycorn, a humorous persouificatiou of barley as the source of malt liquor or whisky ; hence, the liquor. barm (barm), n. Yeast formed ou brewing liquors. Bar'me-Clde (bar'mS-sId), n. A member of the Bar'me- cldes (-sidz), a wealthy Persian family of medieval times. Of one of them it is told, in the ^'' Arabian Mights," that he invited the hungry beggar Schacabac to a feast, at which the host made a pretense of serving and eating imaginary viands. Hence : Barmecide feast, any illusion of plenty. bann'7 (bar'ml), a. Full of barm or froth ; fig., flighty. bam (bam), 71. [AS. berem, bem ; here barley + em, asm, a cloBe place.] 1. A covered building used chiefly for stor- ing grain, hay; etc. In the United States a part is often used for stables. 2. Hence : A building in which to keep horses, their feed, vehiclee, etc. U. S. Bar'na-bas (bar'nd-bSs), n. [L. Barnabas or Gr. Bapva- jSets.] In the Bible, a name of Joses, companion of Paul on his first missionary journey. bar'na-cle (-k'l), n. 1. A bernicle goose. 2. Any of numerous small marine crustaceans, found attached to rocks, floating logs, etc. bar'na-cles (-k'lz), n. pi. [ME. bemak, bemacle."] 1. Far- riery. An instrument for pinching a horse's nose, and thus restraining him. 2. Spectacles. Collog., Eng. Bam'blim'er (bam'bfir'ner), n. [in allusion to the fable of the man who burned his bam to rid it of rata.] A mem- ber of the radical reform section of the Democratic party in New York, about 1850, which supported Van Buren ; — opposed to Hunker. Political Cant^ U. S. bar'0-8frai»h(bar'o-grM),n. [Gr. ^apos weight -f-ff^'^^pA-] A self- registering barometer. ba-rom'e-ter (bo-r5m'e-ter), n. [Gr. Papo5 weight -|- -me- ter.] An instrument for determining the weight or pres- sure of the atmosphere, and hence for predicting changes of weather, ascertaining heights, etc. — bar^O-met'llC (b£Cr'- ft-mSt'rtk), bar'0-met'rl-cal (-mSt'rT-kai), a. bar'OIl(bl(r'an),n. [OF.,fr.LL. &a7-o man.] 1. Eng. Hist. A tenant holding directly from the lord paramount(in Eng- land the king) by honorable service. 2- a In Great Britain, a nobleman of the lowest grade ; also, the grade or rank itself. b A nobleman of corresponding rank in any of various other countrleB. bar'on-age C-t^j)) n. The whole body of barons or peers ; the dignity or rank of a baron. bar'on-ess (-Ss), n. A baron's wife ; also, a lady who holds the baronial title in her own right. bar'on-et (-St), n. A dignity or degree of honor next below abaron and above aknight; aholder of this dignity. British baronets are commoners. [onets collectively. [ ba]r'01L-et-age(-aj),n. 1. State or rank of a baronet 2-Bar-| bar'on-et-cy (-sT), n. ; pi. -cies. Rank or patent of a baronet. bar'O-ny (bar'd-nt), n. ; pi. -nies (-nTz). The fee, domain, dignity, or rank of a baron. — ba-TO'lli-al (bd-ro'ni-ai), a. ba-roqiie' (bd-rok'), a. [F.] 1. Grotesque; corrupt in taste. 2. Irregular in form ; — aaid esp. of a pearl. ba-ronche' (bd-roosh'), n. [through G., It., & LL., fr, L. hiroius two-wheeled ; M- = bis twice -f" ^^ta wheel.] A kind of four-wheeled carriage with a folding top. barque (bark), bar'tiaen-tlne (bar'kgn-ten). Vars. of BARK, BAREENTINE. bar'rack (bSr'dk), n. [fr. F., fr. It., fr. ISL. barra bar.] Usually in pi. a ^H- A building or set of buildings for lodging soldiers, esp. in garrison, b A plain and large building ; a row of workmen's houses joined together. bar'rage (bUr'aj), n. [F.] Engin. A bar or obstruction placed in a watercourse, as to increase the deptli of water. bar'ra-tor (bSr'd-ter), n. Also bar'ra-ter. [OF. barateor deceiver, fr. barater to deceive.] One guilty of barratiy. bar'ra-try (-trT), n. [F. baraterie.'] 1. Maritime Law. A fraudulent breach of duty on the part of a master of a ship to the injury of the owner of the ship or cargo. 2. Law. Practice of exciting and encouraging lawsuits or quarrels. bar'rel (-51), n. [F. baril.'] 1. A round bulging vessel or cask, of greater length than breadth, and having flat ends or heads. 2- The quantity constituting a full barrel, as, usually, 31K gallons for liquids and 196 lbs. for flour. 3. A drum or cylinder or similarly round part, hollow or solid. — V. t. ; -RELED (-Sid) or -rblled ; -bel-ing or -rel-liho, To put or pack in a barrel or barrels. barrel organ. An instrument for producing music by the action of a revolving cylinder studded with pegs upon a series of valves admitting air from a bellows to pipes. bar'ren (bSr'^n), a. [OF. brehaing.'] 1. Incapable of pro- ducingoffspriug; sterile; — of women and female animals. 2. Of plants, not fruitful. 3- Not producing vegetation, or useful vegetation; sterile. 4- Unproductive; unprofitable. 5. Mentally dull ; stupid. — n. A tract of barren land ; — often in pi. — bar'reii-ly, adv. — bar'ren-ness, n. bar'ret (bSr'St), n. [F. barretie, fr. It. benetta.^ A kind of small cap ; esp. , a biretta. bar'rl-cade' (bSr/I-kad'),«. [F.,fr. It. or Sp.; orig., a bar- ring up with casks.] 1. Mil. A fortification, as in a street, hastily made of an3rthing that will obBtruct progress. 2. Any bar or obstruction. — v. t. ; -cad'ed (-kad'Sd) ; -cad'ing. To fortify or close with a barricade or barricades ; obstruct. bar^rl-ca'do (-ka'do),n.; pi. -noEs (-doz). A barricade. — V. t. ; -DOED (-dod), -Do-ma. To barricade, bar'rl-er (bSr'I-er), n. [F. barrihre, fr. barre bar.] 1. An obstacle to stop an enemy, as a fence or stockade or a for- tified frontier town. 2. A fence or railing to mark the limitsof a place, or tokeepbacka crowd. 3- Any obstruc- tion or object serving to separate or limit. — Syn , See bar. bar'ring (bar'tng), pr^. or conj. Excluding by exception ; excepting; as, barring accident. bar'ris-ter (bSr^s-ter), n. [from bar, n.] Counselor at law ; a counsel admitted to plead at the bar in the superior courts, as distinguished from an attorney or solicitor. Eng. barfroozn' (bar'room'), n, A room containing a bar, or counter, at which liquors are sold. bar'row(b£r'o),n. [fr. AS. fieran to bear.] A support having handles, and with or without a wheel^ on which things can be transported by hsmd. bar'row, n. [AS. bearg^ bearh."] A castrated hog. bar'row, n. [AS. beorg, beorh^ hill, sepulchral mound.] A large sepulchral mound ; a tumulus. bar'tend''er (bar'tSn'der), n. A barkeeper. bar'ter (-ter), v. i. & t. [OF. barater to cheat, exchange.] To traffic or trade, or traffic or trade in, by exchange of com- modities; — disting. from sell and purchase. — Syn. See SELL.— n. Act or practice of bartering. — bar'ter-er, n. bar'ti-zan (bUr'tl-zan ; bar/ti-zSn'), n. Arch. A small over- hanging structure for lookout or defense. ba-ry'ta (bd-ri'td), n. [Gr. papvs heavy.] Monoxide of barium. — ba-rvt'Ic (-rTt^k), a. bar'y-tone, bar'1-tone (bSrt-ton), n. [F. baryton, fr. Gr. /SapuToco? ; Popiis heavy -|- Tovos tone.] 1. (Usually bari- ^onein the U. S.) A male voice intermediate between, and partaking of, the bass and the tenor ; a person having such a voice. 2. Greek Gram. A word with no accent on the last syllable, the grave accent being understood. — a. Music. Grave and deep in tone ; having the compasB of a barytone. bas'al (bas'SI), a. Pert, to, situated at, or forming, the base. ba-salt' (bd-B51t' ; bSs'Blt), n. [L. basaltes a dark Ethio- pian marble.^ Any of several dark-colored basic rocks of volcanic origm. — ba-salt'lc (bd-B61'tTk), a. bas'cule (b^'kul), n. [F., a seesaw.] In mechanics, an apparatus in which one end counterbalances the other. bascule bridge- A counterpoised or balanced drawbridge base (bas), n. [F., fr. L. basis^ fr. Gr. /Sao-t? a stepping, step, a base, pedestal.] 1. The bottom of anything con- sidered as its support; that on which a thing rests for Bup- port ; foundation. 2. Fig. : The fundamental or essential ale, senate, c&re, &m, account, lirin, ask, Bofa ; eve, event, Snd, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, &bey, drb, 5dd, soft, cSxmect ; use, finite, fixn, up, circ&s, meuU; food, f dot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; t^en, thin; BASE 61 BASTINADO part of a thing ; groundwork. 3. Geom. The line or the surface constituting that part of a figure on which it is sup- posed to stand. 4. The chief ingredient of anything, viewed as its fundamental constituent; as: a Ckem. A compound capable of reacting with acids to form salts, b Gram. Stem ', theme. 5. The point or line from which a start is made m any action or operation. 6- A starting place, sta- tion, or goal in various games. 7. Mil. A place protected by fortifications or by natural advantages, from which the operations of an army proceed. 8. Bot.& Zo'ol. Tliat part of an oi^n by which it is attached to another more central organ. 9. [see base low.] A bass sound, part, voice, in- strument, or singer. See bass, the usual spelling. Syn. Ground ; support. — Basb^ basis, foundation agree in denoting the bottom of anythmg considered as its sup- port. Base has usually literal, basis, chiefly figurative, senses ; as, the base of a pyramid, the basis of exchange. Foundation stresses more than either the idea of a solid underlying groundwork ; as, the foundation of a building. — V. <. /BASED (bast); bas'inq (baaing). 1. To former make a Inise, or foundation, for. 2. To put on a base or basis ; found ; establish ; — used with on or upon base (has), a. : bas'&r (bas'er) ; bas'est (-Sst ; 24). [F. bos low, LL. bassus thick, fat, short, humble.] 1. Of little height; low; short. Archaic. 2. Low in place; low in price; cheap. Obs. 3- Deep or grave in sound. See bass. 4. Of humble birth; lowly. Archaic. 5. Illegitimate by birth. Archaic. 6. Inferior in quality ; mean. 7. Of little com- parative value, as metals inferior to gold and silver. 8- Al- loyed with inferior metal ; debased. 9. Morally low ; igno- ble. 10. Suitable to an inferior person or position; menial. Syn. Dishonorable, worthless, ignoble, infamous, sordid, degraded, foul, servile, despicable, contemptible, petty, small. —Base, vile, mean. Base (opposed to hfgk-minded) expresses extreme moral turpitude ; vile (opposed to pure, noole), foulness or depravity ; mean (opposed to gmerous^ maqnanimous), pettiness ; as, base ingratitude ; vile insin- uations ; to take a mean advantage. basoMiall' (-bSl'), n. A certain well-known game of ball ; also, the ball used in the game. base'board' (bas^bord' ; 57), n. A board situated at or forming the base of something. base^om' (-bSrn'), a. 1. Of low parentage ; plebeian. 2. Born out of wedlock ; Ulegitimate. 3. Vile ; mean. baseless, a. Without a base ; groundless. baae'Iy, adv. in a base manner. base'ment (-ment), n. 1. The lowest or basal part of any- thing. 2. Arch. The lower part of the wall or walls of a building ; also, the story behind this part. 3. Popularly, the floor in a building next below the principal floor. base'ness (-nSs), n. Quality or state of being base. bash (bash), V. t. To strike heavily; smash. Dial. Eng. & Scot. ~—n. A heavy blow. Dial. Eng. <& Scot. ba-shaw' (bd-shd'), n. [see pasha.] 1. A Turkish title, now written pasha, 2. Fig. : A magnate or grandee. basVfUl (bSsh'faai), a. Very or excessively modest; indi- cating excessive modesty ; shy , diffident ; retiring. — Syn. See SHT. — bash'ful-ly, adv. — baslL'ful-ness, n. basVl-ba-zonk' (bSsh^-b(i-zook'), n. [Turk, bashi-bozuq one whose clothes are not uniform.] A soldier belonging to irregular Turkish troops. basic (bas'Tk), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the base or es- sence ; fundamental, 2. Chem. Pert, to, of the character of, or containing, a base. — ba-si(/l-ty (ba-sTsT-tl), n. ba'sl-llxed' (ba'st-ftkaf), a. [L. basis base + E. fixedJ] Attached or fixed by the base, as a stamen. bas'U (bSz'tl), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. basiUcus royal, Or /3ao-i- AcKoc, fr. patTiKeiSs king.] Any of several plants of the mint family* bas'l-Lor (bSsT-ldr) 1 a. Relating to, or situated at, the basl-la-ry (-la-rT) f base ; also, basal ; fundamental. ba-Sll'l-ca (bd-sTlt-kf^jW. [L., fr. Gr. /Sao-tAtKi}, fr. paa-i- \ik6<;. See basil,] 1. Rom. Antiq. An oblong public hall of exchange or assembly. 2. An early Christian church building of a simple oblong type. — ba-slH-can (-kftn), a. bas'l-Usk (bSzT-irsk ; bSs'-), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. /3acriAtV/cos little king, kind of serpent.] 1. A fabulous serpent, lizard, or dragon, whose breath, and even look, was fatal. 2. Any of several tropical American lizards. ba'sln (ba's'n ; 26), n. [OF. bdein, LL. bacckinus^ fr. bacca water vessel.] 1. A wide hollow utensil, usually circular and with sloping sides, for holding water, milk, etc.; any of various hollow vessels used in the arts, etc. 2. The quan- tity a basin holds 3. A hollow or inclosed place contain- ing water, as a pond, 4. The entire tract of country drained by a river and its tributaries. basl-net (bSs'T-ngt), n. [OF. bassinet^ bacinett little ba- sin.] A kind of light steel helmet. ba'SlS (ba'sTs), n. ; pi, bases (-sez). [L. basis^ Or. pdirii. See base, 71.] 1. Foundation ; base. 2. Chief component 3. Groundwork; fundamental principle. — Syn. See babe, bask (b&sk), V. i. c£; t. [OScand. bad'ofArto bathe one^a self.] To lie in warmth ; be exposed, or expose, to genial heat. baslcet (b&s'kSt ; 24), n. 1. A vessel made of osiers, rushes, splints, or other flexible material, interwoven. 2. The contents of a basket. basket ball, or bas'ket-ball' (-b610i n. An indoor game played with an inflated ball and elevated basketlike goals. Also, the ball used. bas'ket-ry (-ri), n. Art of making baskets ; also, baskets collectively. Basque (bask), n. 1. One of a people, of a pecuHar ethnical type, dwelling near the Bay of Biscay, or their unique agglu- tinative language. 2. [^ c] A short skirt of a body gar- ment, now only of a woman's dress bodice; also, a bodice with such a skirt, — BaSQUe, a. bas'-re-Uef (ba/re-lef ; b&s'-), n. [F. bos-relit^ ; bos low + relief raised work.] Sculpture in low relief, but usually higher than the flat relief of a coin or a medallion. bass (has), n. Bast. bass, n. (see plural). [AS. bears^ bsers, ] Any of numerous edible spiny-finned fresh-water and marine fishes. bass (has), 71. \¥.basse^tr.bas\ov/. See base, a.] 1 A bass, or deep, sound or tone. 2. Music, a The lowest part in the harmony of a composition, ora male voice which sings this part, b Thesinger orinstrumenthavingabass voice, part, or compass. ^— a. Deep or grave in tone ; of low pitch. — u. t. To sound in a deep tone. Rare, Bas-sa'nl-O (bo-aa'ni-o), n. See Portia. bas'set (bSs'St ; bd-s5t'), n. [F. basseite, fr. It. bos- seita.l A game at cards resembling faro. Obs. baa'ai-net(bSs'T-nSt),n. [F.,dim.of do^finbaein.] A wicker basket, hooded at one end, used asacradle;^ also, a child's perambulator of similarshape. bas'SO (bAs'o ; It. bas'so), n.;pl. £. -sos (-oz) ; It. -SI (-se). [It.] Music. = 3d bass, 2. bas-SOOn' (bS-soon'), n. [F. basson, fr. basse basa, or | perh. fr. bas son low sound.] Music. A wind instru- ment of the double reed kind. bas/so-re-Ue'To(bA8'o-re-ie'vo), || bas'so-rl-Ue'TO ' {It. bas'ao-re-lyS'vo), n.; pi. E. -vos (-voz) ; It. basbi- RiLiBvi (-se, -ve). [It. basso-rilievo.'} Bas-relief. bass viol (bas). Music. An instrument of the viol family used for playing bass. bass'wood' (bas'wdSdO, n. 1. A certain tree of the linden family, or its wood. 2. The tulip tree. bast (bast), n. [AS. bfest."] The strong woody fiber from the phloem of various trees, esp. the linden, used in making ropes, cordage, matting, etc. Ilbas'ta (bas'tU), intery. [It.] Enough! Stop! bas'tard (bSs'tdrd), n. [OF.] 1. An illegitimate child. 2. A sweet Spanish wme. — a. 1. Illegiti- mate by birth. 2. Not genuine i spurious. 3. Of an unusual orabnormal make orshape; not of stand- _ ard size; as, basfard type.* Obs. or Technical. Bassoon bas'tard-lze (-tdr-dTz), v. t. ; -ized (-dizd); -iz'iNG (-diz'Tng). To make or prove to be a bastard. — v. i. To be bom a 1^- tard. Obs. bas'tard-ly, a. Bastardlike; basebom; spurious. Obs. bas'tar-dy (-tdr-di), n. 1. Illegitimacy. 2. The procrea- tion of a bastard child. baste (bast), V. t. ; bast'ed (bas'tSd ; 24); bast'ihg (-ting). 1. To beat ; cudgel. 2. Cookery. To wet (roasting meat, etc.) with melted butter, fat, or other liquid. baste, V. t. [OF. bastir."] To sew loosely, or with long stitches, esp. temporarily. bas-tile' \ (bas-tel' ; bfis'tTl), n. [F. basHlle fortress, OF- bas-tlUe' I bastir to build.] 1. Feud. Fort. A defensive tower or elevated work. 2- leap."] A former castle or for- tress in Paris, used as a prison, esp. for political offenders. bas'tl-na'do (bSs'tT-na'do), n. ; pi. -does (-doz). [Sp. bns- tonadn, fr. bnsion a stick.] A blow or beating with a stick or cudgel ; specifically, the Oriental punishment of beat- ing an offender on the soles of his feet. ■>— v. t. ; -doed (-dod) ; -DO-iNO. To cudgel, esp. on the soles of the feet. aatnre, verdure (87) ; K=ch in G. icli, ach (50) ; boN; yet; 2li = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. fixplanationB of Abbrevlatfona. Slffna. etc, preceae VocabuIarT- || foreign Word* + combined wltlb ^CQIuIb. BASTING 62 BAWCOCK basting (bisaTng), n. Act of one who bastea, or stitches loosely ; also, the thread so used. bafl'tlon (bSa'chfin), n. [fr. F., fr. It., fr. LL. bastire to build.] Fort. A work projecting from the main inclosure, with two flanks. — bas'tloned (-chi^nd), a. baB'tO(b&8'to),n. [Sp.] AceofclubB,iaquadriUeaDdomber. bat(bSt),n. lAS.batt.'l 1. A stout, solid stick ; aclub; a club with one end thicker or broader than the other, used in baseball, cricket, etc. 2. A sharp blow. Colloq. or Slang. — V. t. ; BAT'TSD (bSf Sd ; 24) ; bat'tiho. To strike or hit with or as with a bat. — v. i. To use, or hit a ball with, a bat. bat» n. [fr. ME, back^ backe^ balke.'] Any one of the nu- merous mammals having their fore limbs modified to form wiogB. They are the only mammala capable of true flight. batch (bSch), n. [AS. bacan to bake.] 1. Quantity of bread baked at one time ; a baking. 2. A quantity of ma- terial for one operation, as of dough for a baking. 3. A quantity produced at one operation or taken at a time ; lot. bate (bat), V. t. ds {. ; bat'bd (bat'Sd ; 24) ; bat'ing. [from ABATB.] To lessen by retrenching, deducting, or reduc- ing ; to abate ; hence, to lower, moderate, etc. — v. i. To waste away i ^11 ofE. Obs. bat6, V, i, [F. battre de Vaile. ] To beat the wings with im- patience ; — said of the falcon, hawk, etc. ba-tean' (b4-to'), n. ;pl. -teaux (-toz'). [F-, fr. LL. baiel- /uj, fr. battus^ batus^ boat.] A boat ; eap., a Aat-bottomed boat with tapering ends. Chiefiy Canada & Louisiana. bat'lowr (bSf foulO, V. 1. [from bat a stick.] To capture birds by night by dazzling them with a light. bath (bAth), n. ;pl. baths (b&thz). [AS. basS.'] 1. Act of subjecting the body, or part of it, for cleanliness, comfort, health, etc., to water, vapor, hot air, mud, or the like. 2. State of being covered with a fluid, as sweat. 3. Water or other medium for bathing. 4- A place where persons may bathe. 6- A building arranged for bathing, esp.,j3^, the elaborate public establishments of antiquity. 6- Any liquid in which objects are dipped to be acted on by it ; fljso, the vessel holding the liquid. bathe (bath), v. t. ; BATHED (ba^d) ; bath'qto (batfaTng). [A3, bakian, fr. bse& bath.] 1. To wash by immersion, as in a bath ; to subject to a bath. 2- To lave ; wet. 3. To surround, or envelop, as water does a person immersed in it. — V. i. 1. To bathe one's self ; take a bath. 2. To im- merse one^s self as if in a bath. — bath'ei (bath'er), n. ba'thOB (ba'thSs), n. [Gr. /Sado? depth, Pa6v^ deep.] Rhei. A ludicrous descent from the elevated to the commonplace ; the effect of anticlimax. — ba-thet'lc (bd-thSt^k), a. Bath-Bhe^a (l^th-she'bd ; bSth'ahe-bd), n. In the Bible, the wife of Uriah the Hittite, whom David married after Uriah's death. She was the mother of Solomon. bat'lng (bating), prep, [strictly p. pr.] Excepting, ba-tiste' (b&-teat'), n. A kind of iine cotton muslin. barton' (ba^tSN' ; bat'fin), 71. [F. bS.ton, OF. boston^ LL. basto."] 1. A staff or truncheon borne as a symbol of office. 2. Mttsic. The stick with which a leader beats time. ba-tra'oU-ail (bd-tra'kT-ffin), a. & n. [Gr. jSarpaxe^oc of a frog, jSarpaxo? frog.] Zoo/. a = AMPHIBIAN, b In a nar- rower sense, = anuran. batB'mail (bSts'mSn), n. : pi. -MEN (-mSn). The one who wields the bat in baseball, cricket, etc. bat'taU-OOS (bSfa-liis), a. [OF. bataiUos.'] Arrayed for, or fit or eager for, battle. Archaic. bat-talia (bS-tSKyd ; bd-tal'yd), n. [LL. battalia battle, body of troops, or It. battaglia.'] 1. Onler of battle. 2. An army in battle array. Obg. bat-tal'lon (ba-tSl'yiin). »• [F. bataUlon^ fr. It batta- g/ione.'\ 1 An army in battle array. Obs. or Archaic. 2 Any considerable division of an army organized to act together; mpl.^ forces. 3. Mil. An infantry command of two or more companies, the tactical infantry unit. bat'tel (b5t"l), n. College accounts for provisions from the kitchen and buttery; loosely, the whole college accounts. —^ v.i. To have such an account. Both Univ. of Oxford^ Engt bat'ten (bSfn), v. i. & t. [Icel. batna to grow better.] To thrive ; fatten in ease and luxury. bat'ten, n. [F. ftfl/on stick, staff.] 1. A strip of sawed tim- ber used for flooring, etc. 2. A strip of wood for nailing across two other pieces, for covering a crack, to hold tar- paulin, etc. — V. t. To furnish or fasten with battens, to liatten down, to fasten down with battens, as the hatches. bat'ter (-er), v. t. A i. [OF. batre^ fr. LL. battere, for L. batuere to beat.] To beat with successive blows ; beat so as Battermg-ram. tobrolse, shatter, ordemolish.— n. Cookery. Asemiliquid mixture, as of flour, eggs, milk, etc , beaten together. bat'ter (bSf er), n. Arch. An inward upward slope of the exterior face of a wall, usually with diminishing thickness. bat'ter, n. One who wields a bat, as in baseball. ; batsman, bat'ter-lng-ram^ n. Mil. An- tiq. An engine usually consist- ing of a huge iron-tipped beam mounted or hung so as to be used to beat down walls. bat'ter-y (bSfer-t), n. ; pi. -ter- lEs(-Tz). [F batterie, fr. battre. ' See BATTER, v.t."] 1 . Act of bat- tering or beating. 2. Law, The unlawful beating of another. 3 ■ Assault with artillery; bombardment. Oos. 4. Mil. a Any emplacement where artillery is mounted, b Two or more pieces of artillery under a single command, c A tactical division, usually of from 4 to 6 guns, of artillery organized as a unit of com- mand. 6. Nav. The guns, or any group of the guns, of a warship. 6. Elee. a An apparatus of one or more cells for generating voltaic electricity b Any combination of ap* paratuB for producing a united electrical effect. bat'ting (bStIng), n. 1. Act of one who bats; use of a bat. 2. Cotton in sheets, for use in making quilts, etc. bat'tle (-'!), n. [F. bataille, OF. battle, battalion, L. baS- talia^ baltualia^ exercises of soldiers and gladiators, batu- ere to beat,] 1. A general encounter between armies or ships ; engagement. 2. A combat between two individuals. 3. Fighting of armed forces ; war. 4- A battalion. Obs. Syn. Skirmish, brush, contest, conflict, fight^ fray, affray, — Battle, bngagement, action. Battle is commonly used of a general and prolonged combat between large numbers ; engagement unplies nothing as to the numbers engaged, but emphasizes the idea of the hostile meeting or encounter between opposing forces; action stresses the idea of active, often sharp, offensive and defensive operations. — V. i. / -TLED (-Ud) ; -TMNO (-ITug). To contend in battle: fight. bat'tle, V. t. To equip with battlements. Obs. or Poetic. bat'tle—az' ) n. Mil. A kind of broadax formerly used aa bat'tle— aze' I an offensive weapon. baVtle-dore (-dor ; 57), n. [ME. batyldoure an instrument for beating.] A kind of light flat bat used in striking a shuttlecock ; also, the play of battledore and shuttlecock. bat'tle-ment (-mSnt), n. [ME. batelment.^ Also in pi. A parapet of alternate sol- . ids and open spaces sur- mounting the walls of an- | cient fortified buildings, | later used as a decorative | feature. — battle-ment- ' ed (-mSn-tSd), a. bat'tle-shlp/ (Bhtp/), n. Nav. One of a class of the largest and most heavily Battlements. A Merlon; BB Cie- armed and armored vessels. ^^Ib ; C MBChicolatiouB bat'ty (bSt'I), a. Belonging to or resembling a bat. bav'ble (b6'b'l), n. [MB.6a6e?.] 1. A trifling piece of finery ; a gewgaw. 2. The fooPs scepter. Obs. or Hist. bau'bllng (-blTng) a. Trifling ; insignificant. Obs. bauchle (baK^'l), v. t. To bungle ; boggle. Scot. Bau'cls and Phl-le'mon (bO'sts, ft-le'man). [L., fr. Gr. Bauict?, OiX^iLLwc.] Class. Myth. An aged Phrygian woman and her husband who were rewarded for enterbaining Zeus and Hermes traveling in disguise. ban'de-kln (b6'de-kTn), n. [OF. baudequin. See balda- chin.] A rich medieval cloth with gold warp and silk woof, with embroidery ; later, a rich brocade or shot silk. ban'son (bS's'n), n. [OF. baucent^ bau^ant, spotted with white.] A badger, which has a white spot on its face, jlr- chaic. Hence, Scot., bau'son— taced' (-fast^, a. banz'lte (b^zit), n. LF., fr. Baux or Beaux, near Aries.] Min. A ferruginous hydrate of alumina. Ba-vaTl-an (bd-va'rT-(tn; 3), a. <& n. See -an. bav'ln (bSvIn), n. A bundle of brushwood. Obs. baw-bee' (bS-be'),'n. A small Scottish coin worth about a halfpenny English ; hence, a halfpenny. Scot. baw'ble, baw'bling. Obs. vars. of bauble, sAtrBLiNo. baWcock (b6'k5k), n. [fr. F. beau fine + cog cock (the bird).] A fine fellow ; — jocose and familiar. ale, senate, cd.re, &m, account, Sxm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, Snd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, Obey, drb, ddd, fidft, cSzinect ; use, Unite, iirn, up, circ&s, menii; foDd, foot; out, oil; chair j go; sing,ii)k; then, thin; BAWD 63 a bawd (bGd), n. A procurer or, now esp.f a ^rocureBB. bawd'ry (-rl) , n. l. The practice of procuring. 2. Illicit intercourse. Obs, 3. ObBceuity. bawd'y (bddT), a. Characteristic of a bawd ; lewd ; ob- scene. — bawd'1-ly (-t-lT), adv. — bawd'1-neas, n. bawl (b8l)i V, i. Js t. [Icel. baula to low, bellow, or LL. baulare to bark.] 1. To cry out with a loud, full sound ; to shout. 2. To cry loudly, as from pain ; howl. — n. A loud, prolonged cry ; outcry. — bawl'er, n. baz'ter (bSk'ater), n. lA^.bsece8tre, fern, of bsecere baker.] A baker ; orig., a female baker. Scot. eaill'lllg(bem1ng),;>.a. Emitting beams; radiant.— Syn. See BAouHT. — beam'lng-ly, adv. f beam'y (bem'I), a. Emitting beams of light ; radiuit. — Syn. See RADIANT. 1>eail(ben), n. [AS. b^an.] 1. a The seed of any of certain leguminous plants, b Any of various beauUke seeds or fruits. 2. Any plant which yields beans. bear (bfir), v. t, ,- pret. BORB (bor), formerly bare (bSr) ; p. p. BOBN (b6m)» BORNE (bom) ; bear'ing. [AS. beran.'] 1. To support and move ; carry ; convey. 2. To render or give, as testimony. 3. To conduct; — said of persons. Obs. 4. To manage or direct; to behave. 5. To possess or carry, as a mark of authority ; wear. 6. To hold in the mind ; entertain ; harbor. 7. To support or sustain ; to hold up. 8 To sustain, or be answerable for, as blame, expense, etc. 9. To be capable of ; to suffer or sustain without injury or change. 10. To endure; tolerate. 11. To sustain, or have on ; as, the tablet bears this inscription. 12. To press ; thrust ; drive. 13. To bring forth or produce ; yield. Dg^ In the passive form of this verb, the best modem usage restricts the past participle bom to the sense of giveri birth to^ wheu not followed by by (the mother). In the ac- tive form, boi-ne alone is used, as the past participle, Syn. Uphold, maintain . undergo, abide. —Bear, endure, STAND, brook agree in the idea of sustaining something trying or painful. Bear may refer to either small or great, temporary or permanent, discomforts or ills ; as, I could not hear tne heat ; to bear the brunt of battle. Endure re- fers chiefly to bearing great or lasting hardships or evils ; STAND (often in negative constructions) is more colloquial, and implies bearing something without flinching ; as, to endure exile, ignominy ; he coidd not «^an^ teasing. Brook (in negative constructions only) implies a certain self-as- sertion in resisting; as, to brook no restraint. ^ V. i. 1. To carry burdens ; suffer, as in carrying a burden. 2. To endure with patience. 3. To have a cer- tain meaning or effect ; purport. 4. To press , — with on, upon, against. 5- To take effect ; have influence or force. 6. To relate ; refer ; — with on or upon. 7. To be situated, as to the point of compass, with respect to something else ; to have or take a certain bearing or direction , as, the land bearsTS. by B. 8. To produce fruit. bear, n. [AS. bera.'\ 1. A large, heavy quadruped, with Slantigrade feet, long shaggy hair, and rudimentary tail. ;. Ananimallikenedtoabear ;as, theantfiear. 3. leap.] Astron. See Ursa Major, Ursa Minor. 4. A brutal, coarse, uncouth, or morose person. 5. Stock Exchange. A person who sells securities for future delivery in expec- tation of a fall in the market. ^ v. t. Stock Exchange. To endeavor to depress the price of, or prices in. bear'a-ble (-d-b*I), a. Capable of being borne ; tolerable. beard (berd), n. [AS. beard."] 1. The hair that grows on the chin, lips, and adjacent parts of a man. 2. Any of certain appendages likened to the beard, as : a Long hairs about the face in animals, as in the goat, b A cluster of hairlike feathers about the bill of a bird, c Bot. Bristle- like, often barbed, hairs or awns ; as, the beard of grain. — V. t. 1. To take by the beard; pluck the beard of (a man), in anger or contempt. 2. To oppose to the face ; defy. beard'ed (ber'dSd ; 24), a. Having a beard. beardless, a. See -less. — beardless-ness, n. bear'er (bSr'er), n. 1. One that bears, sustains, or carries. 2. A pallbearer. 3. A tree or plant yielding fruit. 4. Com- merce. One who holds a check, note, dr^t, or other order for the payment of money. bear'lng (-tng), n. l. Act or process of one that bears. 2. The manner in which one bears one's self; carriage. 3. Her. Any single emblem or charge in a coat of arms ; — commonly in pi. 4. Patient endurance. 5. An object, surface, or point that supports. 6. ilfacA. Apartin which a journal, pivot, pin, or the like, turns or revolves. 7. Pur- port ; meaning. 8< The situation or direction of one point or object with respect to another or the points of the com- pass. 9. That which is borne; crop. — Syn. Demeanor, Sort ; behavior, conduct ; direction, relation, tendency, in- uence. See dbportbient. bear'lsh (-tab), a. Like a bear in manner, feeling, etc. ; hence, rough or harsh in temper or manners ; gruff, bear'ward' (-w9rd'), n. A bear keeper, or ward. beast (best), n. [OF. heste^ fr. L. bestin.] 1. Any four- footed animal, as distinguished from birds, reptiles, flshes, and insects ; eap., one of the larger animals. 2. Fig. : A coarse, brutal, or degraded person. — Syn, See animal. beastly (-IT), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or having the form, nature, or habits of, a beast. 2. Brutal ; filthy. — Syn. Bestial, brutish, irrational, sensual, degrading. — beastll-ness, n. beat (bet), v. i. ; piet. beat ; p. p. beat, beat'en (bSf'n) ; p. pr. (fe vb. n. beat'ino. [AS. biaian.] 1. To strike re- peatedly, often with the effect of impelling, pulverizing, working, thrashing, etc., implied. 2. To tread, as a path. 3. To punish by blows ; thrash. 4. To overcome in a con- test, game, etc. ; vanquish ; surpass. 6. To measure or mark off by strokes ; as, to beat time. 6- To range over in the chase, striking bushes, etc., to rouse game. 7- -3/i7. To give the signal for by beat of drum or other instrument. — Syn. Pound, bang, buffet, maul, drub, thump, baste, thwack, pommel, cudgel, belabor ; conquer, defeat. ^ v. i. 1. Tostrikerepeatedly. 2. Tocome, act, dash, or fall with force. 3. To move with pulsation or throbbing. 4- Music & Acoustics. To make a beat (see beat, n., 4), 6- I^aut. To make progress to windward by tacking or wearing. 6. To range or scour a region for or as for game. 7- To make a sound when struck ; as, the drums beat. 8. Mil. To drum. 9. To win the victory. Colloq. — Syn. See THROB. — n. 1. A stroke ; blow. 2. A recurring stroke ; throb. 3. Music. The rise or fall of the hand, baton, foot, etc., marking the divisions of time and the accent ; a divi- sion of the measure so marked, or the accent. 4- a Music & Acoustics. A sudden swelling of a sound recurring reg- ularly and due to the interference of sound waves of slightly different periods of vibration ; also, the pulsation so produced, b Hence, the phenomenon resembling this in other wave motions, as of light. 6- A round or course often gone over. 6. Naut. An act of beating to windward. 7. An unprincipled sponger on others. Slang. 8. Act of one that beats, or surpasses, a person or thing. Hence : Newspaper Cant. Act of publishing news before competi- tors ; also, the news itself. — beat'er, n. beat (bet), p. a. [prop. p. p.] Weary ; fatigued. Colloq. beat'en (bef'n), p. a. 1. Wrought, or worked upon, by beating. 2. Vanquished; bafSed. be'a-tll'lc (be'd-tlf'Ik) \ a. Having power to impart bliss- be^a-tlf'i-cal (-T-kal) f ful enjoyment ; making blessed. be-at'i-fy (be-at'I-fi), v. t. ; -pied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. beaii- ficare : 6ea^w«happy +/aceretomake.3 1. Topronounce or regard as supremely blessed, or as conferrmg happiness. 2. To bless with celestial enjoyment. 3. E.C.Ch. To as- certain and declare publicly (a deceased person) to be one of " the blessed." — be-atl-fl-ca'tion (-fl-ka'ahun), n. beat'ing, p. pr. & vb. n. of beat. be-at'i-tnde (be-Htl-tud), n. [L. beaiitudo.'] 1. Felicity of the highest kind; blessedness. 2- Any of the declara- tions (called tke Beatitudes) made in the Sermon on the Mount (Matt. v. 3-12) with regard to the blessedness of those having specified virtues. — Syn. See happiness. Be'a-trlce (be'd-trls), n. [L. beatrix making happy.] 1. (pron. be'd-tris ; It. ba'Srtre'cha). A noble Florentine lady idealized by Dante. 2. In Shakespeare's " Much Ado about Nothing," a witty young lady who rails at love, but by a trick is made to fall in love with Benedick. bean (bo), n. ; pi. F. beaux (E. pron. boz), E. beaus (boz). [F., a fop, fr. beau fine, beautiful, L. betlus pretty, fine.] 1. A man who dresses with great care and in the latest fashion ; a dandy. 2. A man who escorts, or pays atten- tions to, a lady ; escort ; lover. — bean'ish, a. beau' l-de'al(bo'i-de'fil). IF.beauidial.] Lit., (the) ideal beautiful ; hence, an ideal or faultless standard or model. II bean^ mondeMni6Nd'). [F.J The fashionable world. bean's6'ant'(bo'sa'aN'), n, [F. beaucfant, bau^ant.] The black-and-white standard of the Knights Templars. Also-, their battle cry. bean'te-ous (bu'te-iis), a. Full of beauty ; beautiful to see. — bean'te-ons-ly, adv. — beaute-ons-nesB, n. bean'ti-ful (-tT-fc^l), a. Having the qualities which con- stitute beauty ; full of beauty. — n. That which is beau- tiful. — Syn. Handsome, lovely, fair, pretty. See cohblt. — bean'ti-fal-ly, adv. — beantl-fnl-ness, n. bean'ti-fy (-fi), v. t. & i. ; -fied (-fid) ; -pr'nia. ibeauty H- -/y.] To make, or to become, beautiful ; adorn ; em- bellish. — Syn. Grace, ornament, decorate, deck. bean'ty (bu'tf), n. ,- pi. -ties (-tlz). [fr. OF., fr. L. bellus pretty.] 1. An assemblage of graces or properties, or some one of them, satisfying the eye, ear, intellect, or aesthetic or moral sense. 2. A particular grace or excellence. 3- A beautiful person or thing ; esp., a beautiful woman. beaux (boz), R., F. pi. of BEAU. ale, senate, c&re, ftm, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, fibev, drb, 6dd, B5ft, cdnnect; use, anite, um. Up, circus, meaii; f€od, fdbt; out, oil; chair; go ; sing-, ij}k; tben, thin, BEAVER 65 BEER baa^or (be'ver), n. [AB. beo/or.] 1. An amphibious Todent having palmated hind feet, and a broad, flat tail. 2.< The fur of the beaver. 3. A hat made, for- merly, of the fur of the beaver, now uau- atly of silk. 4. A heavy, felted woolen cloth, chiefly for overcoats. bea'ver (be'ver), n. [F. bavUre^ fr. bave slaver, foam, OF., also prattle, drivel.] That piece of armor which protected the Beaver. ^ lower part of the face. Later, the visor. be-broth'er fbe-brti^'er), V. t. See be-, 3. be-oalm' (-liam'), ^'. <• 1. Tocalm. 2. iViotri. To keep from motion or progress by lack of wind. be-came' (be-kam')i pret. of become. be-oailse'(-k8z'),adw. ifeconj. [6y + cou5e.] By or for the cause that ; for the reason that ; since. Syn. Because, for, since, as^ inasmuoh as. Because as- signs a cause or reason immediately and explicitly; as, 1 hid myself, because 1 was afraid. For is less immediate ; it re- gards the statement to which it is subjoined 'as relatively mdependent, and adduces for it some reason, proof, or jus- tiflcation ; as, I hid myself, /or [i. e., as I may add by way of explanation] I was afraid. Since (originally denoting sequence in time) is less formal and more incidental than because ; as assigns a reason even more casually than since; each of them often begins its sentence ; as. Since (or as) I was afraid, I hid myself. Inasmuch as assigns a reason in a somewhat concessive or qualified fashion ; as, Jnas- much as [i. e., in view of the fact that] I was afraid, I hid myself. be-chance' (be-ch&nsO, v. t. & %, To befall ; chance. II becbe' da mer' (bSsh' de m^'). [F., lit., a sea spade ; an alteration of Pg. bicho do mar sea slug.] A trepang. back (bSk), n. [AS. becc.'\ A small brook, esp. one with a stony bed ; also, the valley in which a brook flows. Eng. beck, V. i. & t. To signal or call by a nod, or by a motion of the head or hand. Archaic.-^n. A significant nod, or motion of the head or hand, esp. as a call or command. beck'on (bSk''n), v. i. & t. [AS. bycnian, beacnian, fr. bS- aeen a sign.] To signal, call, or the like, by or as by a mo- tion of the hand, finger, or head. — n. Asignaling gesture. be-clond' (be-kloud'), v. t. To obscure ; dim ; cloud. be-Gome' (be-kiim'), V. t. ;pret, -came' (-kam') ; p.p. -comb'; p.pr. &vb. n. -com'ing (-kiSmlng). [AS, beeumantG come to, happen.] 1. To come ; get (to a place); go. Obs. 2. To pass from one state to another ; come to be. — v. t. To suit or be suitable to ; befit; accord with, as in character. — to become of, to be the state or place of ; be the fate or end of. be-com'iixe (-kiim'Tng), p a. Suitable ; appropriate or fit. — Syn, ^emly, comely, decorous, decent, proper. — be- oom'lns l7, adv. — be-com'lng-iiess, n. bed (bgd), n. [A3.] 1 a An article of furniture to sleep or rest in or on ; a couch ; specifically, a flat sack or mattress filled with some soft material, or this with the bedclothes added, or the bedstead, mattress, and bedclothes together as prepared for sleeping, b A bedstead. Colloq. or Cant. 2. Aplat, or level piece, of groundinagarden. 3. Amassor heap suggestive of a bed (sense 1). 4- The bottom of any body of water. 5. Geol. 36£t. connect ; use, finitei ikm, fip, circua, menU; fdud,fd&ti out, oil; chair; so; sinB,ii|ki ^en,tliin( BEYOND 71 be-yond' (bS-ySncl'), odlv. [AS. begeondant^vep- andadv. ; be- + yeond yond, yonder.] Fartber away ; at a distance ; yonder, ^prep. x. Of space or time : On or to the far- thersideof; farther on or away than. 2. Out of the reach or sphere of. 3. A bove, as in dignity, excellence, or quality of any kind. ^ n. That which is on the farther side or beyond, esp. beyond the present life. bez'ant (bSz'iint ; be-z&nf ), n. [F. besant^ fr. LL. Byzan- Hus Byzantine.] 1. A gold coin of Byzantium, or Constan- tinople, circulated in Europe from the 6th to the 15th or 16th century. 2. Arch. A disk uaed in ornament. bez'el (bSz'Sl), n. [fr. an old form of F. biseau sloping edge.] 1. A sloping edge or face, esp. on a cutting tool. 2. Jewelry, a The oblique side or face of a cut gem ; spe- ciJBcally, the upper part of a brilliant projecting from the setting, b The part of a setting that holds a gem. be-2El(l1ie' (bS-zek'), n. [F. b^sigue."] A kind of card game. be'zoar (be'zor), n. [f r. F. , f r. Ar. , f r. Per. "pad-gaAr ; pad protecting -|-za/»* poison.] 1. Antidote. Obs. 2. Any of various concretions found chiefly in the alimentary organs of certain ruminants, and once considered to have remark- able medicinal properties, esp. as antidotes to poison. be-ZO'lli-ail (be-zo'nT-Sn), n. [It. bisogno^ prop., need.] A recruit or raw soldier ; hence, a low fellow ; beggar. Obs, bhanff) bang (bSng), n, [Per. bang; cf. Skr. bha-hga.l 1. The hemp plant. India. 2. A narcotic and intoxicant made in India, etc. , of dried hemp leaves and seed capsules, bhees'ty, bhees'tle (bes'tT), n. [Per. bikiskH, lit., heav- enly.] A water carrier, as to a household. India. bi- (bi-). [L., akin to bis twice, and E. two.^ A prefix sig- nifying, in general, two^ used in forming adjectivea denot- ing : 1. Two, two- . . . ; twice . . . ; doubly . . . Examples ; biconvex, doubly convex ; dtpetalous, having two petals, ^zoo-petaled, etc. ; dipinnate, pinnate with the sections or divisions pinnate ; bipinnatifid, etc. 2. a Occurring or coming every tivo . . . ; lasting two . . . Examples : biennial, occurring or appearing every two years, lasting two years ; biweekly, occurring or appear- ing every two weeks. b Occurring or coming ftoice a. . . ; — in this sense equiva- lent to serni-, which is preferable ; aa in biweekly. 3. Specif. : Chem. Denoting the presence of two atoms or equivalents of the constituent to the name of which bi- is prefixed, or that this constituent is present in double the proportion of the other component, or in double the ordinat'y proportion ; as in bicarbonate. Bi- and dU are sometimes interchangeable, but di- is usually preferred. bi-an'gn-lar (bl-Srj'gu-ldr), a. Having two angles. bl-an'mi-al (-Xn'li-t^l), a. Semiannual. See bi-, 2 b. Was (bi'fts), rt. ; pL biases (-Sz ; 24). [F. biais.'\ 1. A diagon^ or slant, esp. across a fabric. 2. The peculiarity of a bowl causing it to swerve when rolled ; also, the ten- dencyof tfaebowltoswerve. 3. A propensity of themind; bent; inclination. — Syn. Prejudice, partiality. See bent. — a. Slanting; diagonal to the texture or outline ; — ap- plied to fabrics. ^ ac2v. In a slanting manner j obliquely. — V. t. ; -ASED or -ASSED (bi'Sst) ; -as-ing or -AS-aiNo. To give a bias to; incline; infiuence ; prejudice. bib (bib), V. t. & i. ; BIBBED (btbd) ; BiB'Bma. [L. bibere,'\ To drink; sip ; tipple. Obs. or Dial. — n, [because the bib receives what the child slavers.] A small protective piece of cloth worn over the breast, esp. by children. blbnber (btb^er), n. A tippler; -— chiefly in composition. blbOtle-babOile (biyi-baV'l). n. Idle talk; babble. blb^cocb' (-kSkO, n. A faucet having a bent-down nozzle. Bl'ble (bi/bM), ra. [F. Uble, L. biblia^ pi. fr. Gr. /3t|8A['a, pi. of St^At'oi', dim. of pipKoi; book, prop., Egyptian papyrus.] 1. The Book, by way of eminence; i. e., the book of writings accepted by Christians as inspired by God and of divine authority ; the Scriptures. 2. A book conlaining the sacred writings of any religion. 3. [I.e.'} A book looked upon as authoritative. — Blb'U-cal (blbTlT-kffil), a. blb'll-O- (-0-). A combining form from Greek fiipMov, book. Wb/U-og'ra-pher (blb'lT-Sg'ra-fer), re. [Gr. ^i^Atoypd^os; ^tpxlov book -{• ypdA-)]9 seller.] One who sells books, esp. rare ones. blbai-o-the'ca (-the'kd), n.; Obs. blbai-o-thebe (btbai-ft- thek; -Bth'ek ; -Sk). [L., deriv. of Gr. pi^Aioi/ book + QriK-t} case, box.] A library. — blb'11-O-the'cal (-the'k&l), a. blb'U-loilS (bib'u-lus), a. [L. bibulus, fr. bibere to drink.] X Readily imbibing fluids or moisture ; spongy. 2. In- clined to drink ; addicted to tippling. bl-cam'er-al (bi-kSm'er'dl), a. [bi- -f- camera.} Of or including two chambers, or legislative branches. bl-cap'8u-lar (-kSp'su-lar), a. Bot. See bi-, 1. bl-car'bon-ate(-kar'bSn-at),n. An acid carbonate. SeeBi-,3. bice (bia), re. [F. bis dark gray.] Paint. A kind of blue or green pigment. bl-cen'te-na-ry (bi-sSn'te-na-rT), a. Of or pertaining to two hundred, esp. 200 years. — n. = bicentennial, n. bl^cen-ten'nl-al (bi^sSn-tSn'T-fil), a. 1. Consisting of 200 years. 2. Occurring every 200 years. — re. The 2D0th year or anniversary, or its celebration. [Having two heads.] bl-ceph'a-lous (bI-sSf'd-lJ2s), a. [bi--|- Gr. Ke^aA^ head.]| bl'ceps (bi'sSps), n. [L., two-headed ; bis twice -\- caput head.] Anat. A muscle having two heads or origins , esp., the large flexor muscle of the front of the upper arm. M-OlUo'rldeCbi-klo'rid; -rid), re. See bi-,3. Specif : Mer- curic chloride, a strongly corrosive and antiseptic substance often called corrosive sublimate. bl-Clpl-tal (-sTpT-tSl), a. [L. biceps, hidpitis. See bi- ceps] Anat. a Having two heads or origins, as certain muscles, b Pertaining to a biceps muscle. blclc'er (bTk'er),f. i. 1. To contend petulantly ; wrangle. 2. To move quickly and unsteaaily, as a flame or light , quiver. — re. Contention ; wrangle. — Syn. See dispute. bl'C0ril{bi'k8m), a. [L.bicorre?*, bi--|-corm(honi.] Two- homed ; crescentlike. — bl-cor'nons (bi-kSr'nfis), a. bl-COl/po-ral (bi-kdr'pd-rfi]), a. Having two bodies. bi-C11S''pld (bi-kQa'ptd), a. [see bi-, 1 ; cuspidate.] Hav- ^ ing two points, as some teeth. — n. Hitman Anat. Either of the two double-pointed teeth on each aide of each jaw. bl-cns'pl-date (-pT-dat), a. Bicuspid. bl'cy-Gle (bi'sT-k'l), «. [6i- + Gr. kvk\os circle, wheel.] A light vehicle hav- ing two wheels one behind the other and propelled by the feet acting on treadles. ^ v. i. ; -CLED (-k'ld); -CLING (-kllng). To ride a bicycle. — bl'cy- cler(-kler),n.— bi'- cy-cUst (-klTat), re. „, , bid (bid), V. t. ;pret. Bicycle bade (bfid), bid, Obs. bad ; p, p bidden (bld''n), bid ; p. pr. & vb. re. bid'dino.' [fr. AS. biddan, but early confused with AS. biodan^ to offer, command. Bid now has the form of ME. bidden to ask, but the meaning of ME. teden to com- mand.] 1. To offer to pay (a certain price, as for a thing put up at auction), or to take (a certain price, as for work to be done under a contract). 2. To ordei ; command. 3. To invite ; request to come. 4- To express or utter, as a wish, a greeting, etc. — Syn. Proffer, tender, propose ; direct, charge, enjoin. — v. i. To make a bid. —re. Act of one who bids something ; an offer. — bld'dance (-j^ns), n. bldMa-ble (bld'o-b'l), a. Obedient ; docile. bld'der (bld'er^, n. One who bids. bld'dlng, re. 1. Act of making bids ; an offer of a price. 2. Command; order. 3. An invitation or summons. bld'dy (WdT), n. ; pi. -dies (-Tz), A hen or chicken. bld'dy, fi. [for Bridget, fern, proper name.] An Irish serv- ing girl or woman ; a maidservant. Colloq. bide (bid), V. i. ; pret. bode (bod) ; prpt. d:p. p. bid'ed (bid'- Sd; 24) p.pr. t& vb. n. bid'ino (bid'Tng). [AS. bidan.} 1 To dwell ; abide. 2. To continue in a place, state, or' action ; continue to be. — v.t. 1. To wait for. 2. To en- counter ; withstand; alao, to endure \ suffer. nature, verdure (87) ; k= ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN . _ . Explanationsof AbbreTiatloDS, Sl^ns, eto., precede Vacabnlary* yet; zh— z In azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. " Foretsrn Worda + oombtned with. =eauala. BroENTATE 72 BILLYCOCK M-den'tate (bi-dSn'tSt), U-aen'tal (-tSI), a. Two-toothed. bleld (beld), V. t. To Bhelter; protect. Scot. & Dial. Eng. blen, beln (beuy, a. Comfortable ; thriving; cozy. Scot, bl-on'nl-al (bi-en'T-fEl), a. [L. biennalis, fr, biennium a space of two years ; bis twice + annits year.] 1. Taking place once in two years. 2. Continuing or lasting for two years. — n. 1. Something which takes place once in two years. 2. A biennial plant; a plant that lasts only two years, producing leaves the first year with fruit, and seed the second, as the carrot and beet. — bl-en'ni-al-ly, adv. bier (ber), n. [AS. b^r, bserej] A litter. Obs.^ except of the frame on which a corpse is placed, or borne to the grave. bl-fa'cial (bi-fa'shSl), a. 1. Having the opposite surfaces alike. 2. Having two fronts or faces. bi-ta'ri-OUS (bi-fa'rT-tts ; 3), a. [L. bifarius ; bU-\-Jari to speak.] Twofold ; arranged in two rows. bi'lid (bi'fTd), a. [L. bijidus ; bi- + root of findere to split.] Split into two equal lobes or parts. — bl'lld-ly, adv. btfl'lar (bi-fi'l(ir), a., bl-fo'cal (-fo'kai), a. See bi-, 1. bl-fo'U-ate (bi-fo'lT-St), a. Bot. Two-leaved- bi'form (bi'fSrm), a. Having or combining characteristics of two forms, as a satyr. — bl'formed (-fSrmd), a. Bll'rost (bef rSst), n. \lc&\. btjr6st.'\ Norse Myth. The rainbow bridge connecting Asgard and the lower world. bl-lur'cate (bl-fflr'kat) l a. Two-pronged; bi-far'cat-ed {-kat-Sd; bi'fftr-kafgd) I two-forked. bi-fnr'cate (bi-ffir'kat ; bi'filr-kat), v. i. To divide into two branches. — bi'fur-ca'tloil (bi'fffir-ka'shftn), n. big (big), a. ; big'^br (-er) ; Bia'GEST. 1- Strong; valiant. 065. 2. Large in size, bulk, or extent. 3. Pregnant, 4. Having greatness, fullness, inflation, or the like. — Syn. Bulky, massive, gross. See great. bls'a-miBt (blg'o-mTst), n. One who practices bigamy. Mg'a-my (-ml), n. [fr. L. bigamus twice married; bi- + Gr. YajbLos marriage ] Act of ceremonially marrying one person when already legally married to another, — blg'a- mous (-mSs), a. — blg'a-mous-ly, adv. blg'ger (-er), a., compar. of big, a. blg'gln(-Tn),7i. Alsoblg'gen. [FWsfwm.] A child's cap, cap; nightcap, spec)f.,inje7?^.,thecoif of asergeantatlaw, big'gln, n. A kind of coffeepot in which the coffee is held in a percolator, invented about 1800 by one Mr. Biggin. blg'born^ (-h8m'), n. The wild sheep of the Rocky Mountains. bight (bit), n. [AS. byht^ fr, bugan to bend.] 1. A comer; bend, angle, hollow. 2. Geog. A bend or curve, as in a river ; specif, , a sharp bend in a coast, forming an open bay. 3. Naut. The double part of a rope when bent ; loop. blg'ness, n. See -nebs. blg'Ot (bTg'St), n. [F, 6ipo( bigot, hyp- ocrite, in OF. a name once given to the Bighorn Normans in France.] One obstinately and blindly devoted tohisownchurch,party,belief,etc.— Syn. See ENTHUSIAST. blg'Ot-ed (-Sd ; 24), a. Obstinately and blindly attached to some creed, opinion, practice, ritual, or the like; illiberal to- ward others' opinions. — blg'Ot-ed-ly, adv. — Syn. Prej- udiced, intolerant, narrow-minded. big'Ot-ry (-rl), n. ; pi. -RIBS (-riz). State of mind of a bigot ; also, acts or beliefs ensuing from such a state. big tree. The giant sequoia. blg'Wlg' (-wTg'), n. A person of consequence^ Jocose. II bl'f OU' (be'zhoo' ; be'zhoo), n.';pl. bijoux (-zhoo' ; -zhooz' ; Ibe'-). [F.] An elegant trinket ; jewel. II bi^JOU'te-rie' (be'zboo't'-re' ; bS-zhooOe-re), n. [F.] Bi- joux, collectively. — bl-Jon^try (bS-zhoo'tri), n. bV]u-gate (bi'jd5-gat, bl-joo'gat), a. [L. bi- -\- jugatus, joined.] £o(. Ofapinnateleaf,havingtwopaireof leaflets. bike (bik), n. 1. A nest of wild bees, wasps, or ants 2. Hence : a A swarm or crowd, b Anything likened to a beehive. A II Scot, or Dial. Eng. bl-laHll-al (bi-la'bT-(il), bl-laOil-ate (-at), a. \bi- + lUbial, labiate.'] Having two lips, as a corolla. biaa-meiaar (-id-mSi'or ; -lam'^-idr), bl-lam'ol-late C-i^m'- g-lat), -eMat'ed(-15n]'g-lat/5d), a. ; bHam'1-nar (-I-ndr), bl-lam'l-nate (-nat), -l-naVed (-nSt/8d),a. SeeBi-,1. U-lat'er-al (-iSfer-Sl), a. Having two sides ; affecting two sides or two parties. — bl-lat'er-al-ly, adv. bU'ber-ry (btl'bBr-I), n. ; pi. -ries (-Tz). The European whortleberry. btl'bo (btl'bo), n. ; pi. -boes (-boz). [fr. Bilbao^ in Spain,] 1. A rapier; sword. 2. i?'. An iron fetter having shackles sliding on a long bar or bolt, used esp. on shipboard. bile (bil), n. [L. Mlis.'] 1. The yellow, or greenish, viscid fluid secreted by the liver. 2. Fig. : Choler; ill humor. bilge (btlj), n. [variant of bulge.] 1. The protuberant part of a cask, which is usually in the middle. 2. Naut. a That part of a ship's underwater body extending from the keel to the part having the sharpest curvature, b The space next the keelson of a ship. — v. i. ; bilged ( blljd) ; bilo'ikg (btl'jing). Naut. To spring a leak by a fracture in the bilge; to rest on the bilge ; — said of a vessel. — v. t. NoMi. To fracture or stave in the bilge or bottom of (a vessel). bUge water. Naut. Water that collects in the bilge. bll'1-a-ry (bllt-d-rl ; -yd-rt), a. [L. bilis bile.] Physiol. Pertaining to or conveying bile. bl-lin'gnal (bi-lTij'gwai), a. [L. bilinguis; bi- -]- lingua tongue, language.] Containing, consisting of, expressed in, or using, two languages. — bl-Un'gual-ly, adv. bU'lous (bTl'yi^s), a. [L. biliosus^ fr. bilis bile.] 1. Dis- ordered in respect to the bile ; dependent on, due to, or characterized by, an excess of bile. 2- Choleric; ill-tem- pered. — bll'lons-ly, adv. — bll'loas-ness, n. bl-llt'er-al (bi-llfer-f£l), a. Consisting of two letters. — n. A word, syllable, or root of two letters. bllk(b¥lk),v. ^ 1. To evade payment of. 2. Tofrustrate or disappoint ; deceive ; defraud, —n. 1. A cheat ; a trick. 2. An untrustworthy person ; a cheat. bill (bTl), n. [AS. bile.'] 1. The beak or nib of a bird. 2. A similar beak in other animals, as the turtles. — Syn. See BEAK. —V. i. To join bills, as doves; caress fondly. bill, n. [AS. billf bil.'] 1. A kind of obsolete military weapon having a hook-shaped blade. 2. A cutting instru- ment with a hook-shaped point, used in pruning, etc. bin, n. [LL. billa, for L. bulla anything rounded, LL. , seal, stamp, letter, edict, roll.] 1. A written document (orig. under seal) ; a note. Obs. 2. A document containing a petition or prayer. 3- A drait of a law presented to a leg- islature for enactment. 4, Law. A declaration in writing stating the wrong complained of in an action. 6- A placard, poster , handbill. 6, a = bilIi of exchange, b A prom- issory note ; — still used in the United States of bank notes, treasury notes, and silver certificates ; as, a ten-dollar bill. 7- An account of goods sold or services rendered with the price or charge. S. Any paper containing a statement of particulars. — bill of exchange, an unconditional written order from one person to another to pay to some person des- ignated a certam sum therein named, —v. t. 1, To make a bill , or list, of ; as, to bill goods. 2. To advertise by bills, or posters ; placard with bills. billet (btl'St . 24), n. [dim. of 3d bill.] 1. A note; short letter. 2 A written order or ticket. 3- Quarters or place to which one is assigned, as by a billet ; berth ; position ; place. — 1'. t. 1, Mil. To direct by a billet where to lodge; hence, to quarter. 2. To assign a billet to. bll'let, n. [F. billetle, fr. bille log, round stick.] A small stick of wood, as for firewood ; also, a bar of metal. II bll'let-doux' (bil'S-doo' ; F. be'yS'doo'), n. ; pi. billets- doux (bil'S-dooz'; F be'yS'doo'). [F. billet note + douz sweet, L. dulcis.] A love letter or note. birilardS (bll'ydrdz). n. [F. billard billiards, OF. billait staff, cue, bille log ] Any of several games played on an oblong table, surrounded by an elastic ledge or cushion, with balls impelled by a cue. blllingS-gate^ (MlTngz-gat'), n. 1. leap."] A fish mar- ket, in London, notorious for foul and abusive language. 2. Coarsely abusive, foul, or profane language. billion (-y^n), n. [F., fr. L. bis twice, in imitation of million million.] In French and American numeration, a thousand millions, or 1,000.000,000; in English and Germai, numeration, a million millions, or 1,000,000,000,000. biriion-alre' (-Sr'), n. One whose wealth is a billion or more, as of francs or dollars. blU'man (btl'mSn), n. ; pi. -men (-mSn). A person who uses, or is armed with, a bill. biriow (bll'o), n. An undulation of waters; wave. — Syn. See WAVE. — V. i. To surge ; rise and roll in waves. billOW-y (-S-T), a. Of, pertaining to, or resembling, billows. billy (-1), n. ; -lies (-Tz). A bludgeon ; club. biriy, tt. Comrade ; fellow ; chap. Scot. at-ed(-bat-6d; 24), u., bl-lOO'- U-lar (bM5k'fi-lar), a See bi-, 1. Blm'a-nft (btm'd-nd ; bl-ma'ud), n. pL Ibi- -\- L. manus band.] Zo'dl. See QuadbuuanjL. blm'a-nous (bTm'd-ulJs), a. Zo'61. Two-banded. bl'me-t^'llc (bPine-tSl'tk), a. 1. Composed of two met- ala. 2. XJBing a double metallic standard (as gold and silver) for coins or currency ; of or pert, to bimetallism. bi-met'al-llsm (bi-mSt'Sl-tz'm), n. Use of two metals (as gold and silver) to form at tbe aame time, in combination, tbe standard of value ; usually, such use under conditions of free coinage to either metal with tbe right of debtors to discharge their debts at their option in either of the two metals at a ratio fixed by law. — bl-met'al-llBt C-Tst), n. bl-month'ly (-milnth'lT), a. lIth'Ik),a. [WSr-I), n. ; pi. -RIBS (-Tz). The fruit of any of many species of brambles, composed of sm^l drupes on a juicy receptacle, the drupes being blac^ or veiy dark purple when ripe ; also, any plant bearing the fruit. black'blnl (-bQrd), n. Any of a number of dif- ferent birds so called because the lai^ely or entirely black, as the merle in England , or, in the United States, the crow blackbird, the redwing, the rusty grackle, etc. black'board' (-bord' ; 57), n. Any . dark smooth surface for writing^ on, drawing on, etc., with chalk or crayons. Blackcap of Europe blaek'cap' (-kSp'), n. 1. Any of various birds with black it bearing the fruit, number of dif- ^^^ the males are ^^^^^ ale, senate, c&re, &in, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker, ice, ill ; old, Sbey, orb, 5dd, s5ft, cSnnect ; Sse, tmite, fim, fip, circus, menu : load, tSbt ; out, oil ; chair ; (o ; sing, ta|]c ; ^en, thin : BLACKCOCK 75 BLASTODERM crowns, as a Bmall European warbler, the chickadee, etc. 2. A species of raspberry. black'CQClE' (blSk'k5kOi "■ I'lie male of the black grouBe. black damp. = cuokb damp. black death- A virulent form of plague which ravaged Asia and Europe in the 14tli century. black'en (blSk''ii), v. i. 1. To make black or dark ; darken. 2. To defame; sully. —Syn. Vilify, slander, calumniate. —V. i. To grow black or dark. Black'leeVi n. pi. A certain tribe of Algonquian Indians. black'fel'lOW (-fSI'o), n. An Australian aboriginal, black'flsll' (-fish'), n.; pi. -FISH or -fishes (see plural). 1. Any of several small, toothed whales. 2. Any of a num- ber of fishes so called from their dark color, as the tautog, the black sea bass of the Atlantic coast, etc. black flag. The Hag of a pirate, often bearing a skull and crosabones; a signal of defiance to society. black'guard (blSg'ard), n. [black -f- guard.'] 1. The scul- lions and lower menials of a great household. Obs. 2- A person of low character, esp. one who is scurrilous or abu- sive ; a scoundrel. — v. t. To revile or abuse scurrilously. — V. i. To act as a blackguard. — bXack'guard, a. — Mack'gaard-lsm (-Tz*m), n. — black'guard-ly, a- <& adv. black'mg, n. A preparation for making things black, esp. for giving a black luster to boots and shoes or to stoves. black'lsh, a. See -ish. — black'isll-ly, adv. Mack'Jack' (blSk'jSkO, n. , or black jack. 1. A vessel for beer, ale, etc., originally of tar-coated leather. 2- Hot. A common small oak of the eastern United States. black'leg' (-ISg'), «• A swindler, esp. in gambling. Colloq. black lettar. A certaiu style of letter or of type having- a black face and angular outlines. See type. bla(^ list. A list of persons thought deserving of censure, punishment, or adverse discrimination. black'lisV (blSk'lIsf ), v. t. To put in a black list. blackly (blSklt), adv. of black, a. See -ly. black'madl' (-mal'),«. iblack-\~ mail tribute.'] 1. A trib- ute anciently exacted on the Scottish border by f reebooting chiefs for protection from pillage. 2. Extortion by intimi- dation, esp. by threats of public accusation or exposure. — V. t. To exact blackmail from. — blaok'Hiall^er (-er), n. black'ness, n. See -nbss. black'smith'^ (-smTth'), ?*■ {black (from the color of the meta.\) -j- siiiiih.] Asraith who works in iron with a forge. black sn^e, or black'snake' (-snak^, n. 1. Any of several snakes of a black or very dark color. 2. A long heavy whip of braided leather or rawhide. black'thorn^ (-th8rn0,«- A European thorny tree or shrub of the almond, or plum, family. See slob. blad'der (blSd'er), n. [AS. fi/iedre, fi^asrfdre.] 1. Anat.& Zool. A membranous sac serving as a receptacle of a fluid or containing gas ; often, specifically, the urinary bladder, 2. Fig. ; Something inflated, empty, or unsound. blaflB (blad), n. [AS. ft/asd leaf, blade (of an oar).] 1. A leaf of a plant, esp. of an herb. 2. Bat. The flat or ex- pancled portion of a leaf, esp. of grass. 3. The thin cutting part of an instrument, as of a knife or sword. 4 A sword; also, one who bears an edged weapon. 5. An object or part suggestive of the blade of a leaf, sword-, etc. ; as, the blade of an oar, a propeller, screw driver, etc. 6. A sharp- witted, dashing, wild, or reckless fellow. blade'bOIie' (-bon'), «• The scapula ; shoulder blade> biad'ed (blad'gd ; 24), a. Having a blade or blades. bias (bla ; ble), a. [Icel. blar.] Dark blue or bluish gray ; livid. Obs. or Scot. A Dial. Eng. [or sore. ] blain (blan), ?e. [AS. blegen.] An inflammatory swellinKi blam^a-ble (blam'a-b'l), a. Faulty ; culpable. — blam'a- ble-neaa, n. — blam'a-bly (-bit), adv. blame (blam), v. t. ; BLAMED (blamd) ; elam'inq (blaming), [fr. F., fr. OF., fr. L. blasphemare to blaspheme, LL. also, to blame, fr. Gr. ^Kaa-^trifjLelv to speak ill, blaspheme, jBAao-- ^ij(*o? evil speaking.] To censure ; flnd fault with ; re- proach.— Syn, SeecEHsmiE. — n. 1. Expression of dis- approbation ; censure. 2. Culpability; fault. — Syn. Reprehension, condemnation, reproach. blame'ful (blam'fcf61), a. 1. Blameworthy, 2. Censo- rious. — blame'fuMy, adv. — blame'tul-ness, n. blameless, «. Free from blame or fault. — blameless- ly, adv. — blame'less-ness, n. blame'wor'ttiy (-wflr'tbT), n. Deserving blame; culpa- ble ; reprehensiblfi. — blame'wor'thi-ness (-tbT-nSs), n. blanch (blAnch), v. t. [F. blanchir, fr. blanc white.] To take the color out of and make white; bleach. — Syn. See WHITEN. ^ V. i. To grow or become white. blanc-mange' (bld-miiuzh' ; -miiMish'), h. [F. blanc-man- geVf lit., white food.] A dessert made from gelatinous or starchy substances and milk, and fahaped in a mold. bland (blSnd), a. [L. blundas.] Smooth and soothing ; gentle; suave. — Syn. See suave. — bland'ly, adv. — bland'ness, n. blan'dish (bian'dtsh), v. t. ,& i. [F. blandir, fr. L. blan- (^w-i, fr. Wa7i(/Ms mild, flattering.] To flatter; caress; ca- jole. — blan'dlsh-ment (-mfint), n. blank (blSijk), a. [F. bUmc, fern, blanche, fr. OHG. blanch shining, bright, white.] 1. White or pale in color. 2. Free from writing, printing, or marks. 3. Utterly confounded or discomfited. 4. Empty; void; iruitless. 6- Lacking variety or animation . 6. Absolute; downright; unmixed. 7. Nut shaped to the final or finished form ; a-s.a^^an/ikey. 8. Prosodtj. Designating the uiiriujed iambic pentameter verse (blank verso) charucteristic of English dramatic and epic poetry. — Syn. See empty. — n. 1. Any void space, as .in a written or printed instrument 2. A paper not written or printed on or having blank spaces to be filled in, as a blank ballot or deed. iS- Tlie bulPs-eye of a target ; hence, anything aimed at. 4. Mech. A piece of metal pre- pared to be made into something', as a coin, key, screw, etc., by a further operation. 5- Blank verse , uiirimed poetry. — v.t. 1. To nonplus ; foil; disconcert. Archaic. 2. To make void ; annul; frustrate. 3. To curse ; — a euphemism. 4. Sport. To keep from scoring. Colloq. blan'ket (bl5i)'kSt ; 24), n. [fr. AF. , f r. OF. blanquet, blati- chet, a white woolen stuff, dim. o( blanc white.] 1. A heavy, loosely woven fabric, usually of wool and having a nap, used in bed clothing ; also, a similar fabric used as a robe, as a cover for a horse or dog, etc. 2. Any piece of clbth similar in appearance or use. — v. t. 1. To cover with or as with a blanket. 2. To take the wind out of the sails of (a vessel) by sailing to windward of her. blank'ly (blSqk'IT), adv. In a blank manner ; vacuously. blank'nOBS, n. See -ness. blare (blfir), v. i. Oae that blinks. 2. A flap on a lioi'se's biidle to prevent sight of objects at his side or behind him ; hence, an obstruction to sight or discernment. bU3S (blta), n. [AS. blis^ blids, f r. bti&e blithe.] 1. Blithe- aomeness ; gladness. 2. Exalted happiness ; heavenly joy. 3. A cause of bliaa, or felicity. — SyA. Bleasednesa, beati- tude, felicity, joy, enjoyment. See happiness. bliaa'Illl (-f66I), a. Full of, characterized by, or cauaing, bliss. — bllas'ful-ly, adv. — bliss'ful-ness, n. blis'ter (blta'ter), n. 1. A vesicle of the skin containing watery matter, orserum. 2. Any cavity resembling a blister (sense 1), as an air bubble in a casting. — v. /. djr i. 1. To affect or be affected withabliater or blistera; have a blister form. 2. To pain or injure as if by a blister. blithe (bl!^), a. [AS. bll&e blithe, kind.] Jocund in dis- position ; joyous ; glad ; cheerful. — Syn. See jocular. — blithe'ly, adv. [ — some-ness, n.l bUlllS'Some (-sum), a. Cheery; gay. some-ly, adv.] bllz'zard (blTz'drd), n. A dry, cold, violent storm, with high wind and fine drivin a. 1. Blossoming ; flowering. 2. Thriving in health, beauty, and vigor. bloom'y (bloomT), a. 1. Full of bloom ; flourishing. 2. Covered with bloom, as fruit. bloa'aom (blSs'Tim), n, [AS. bldstm^ blo-tma, blosima.'] 1. The flower of a seed plant ; bloom. Blo.ifiom is more commonly used than j?07wer or bloom, when the reference is to plants producing edible fruits. 2 . A blooming period or stage of development. —u. i. 1. To flower; bloom. 2 . To flourish and prosper. ^ v. t. To bear as its blossom. blOt(blSt),n-. 1. Backgammon. A single man left exposed. 2. A weak or exposed point. blot, n. 1. A spot ; stain ; blur. 2. A spot on reputation ; stain ; disgrace. ^ v. t. ; blot'ted (-Sd ; 24) ; blot'ting. 1. To spot, stain, or bespatter. 2. To impair; mar. 3. To paint, esp. coarsely ; daub. 4. To obliterate, as writing with ink; cancel. 5. To obscure ; eclipse. 6. To dry, as writing, with blotting paper or aand. — Syn. Expunge, efface, cancel ; amutch, tarnish, blur ; sully, disgrace. ^ V. i. 1. To make a blot or blots. 2. To take a blot. blotch (blSch), n. 1. A blot or spot, as of ink. 2. Med. nature, verdure (87) ; K = cliinG. icli, ach (50J; bopf; yet; zh=:r. in azure. Numbers refer to§§in Guide. KspIanatlonHof Abbreviations, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. =e%ual«« BLOTCHY 78 BLUNDER A large pustule, or a coarae eruptiou. — v. t. To cover with blotches ; make or cause a blotch. — blotch'y (-t), a. blot'ter (blSfer), n. 1. One that blots ; eap., something to absorb superfluous ink. 2- A book in which entries of transactions or occurrences are made as they take place, as iu recording accounts, arrests, etc. bloVtlngf, p. pr. ds vb. n. of blot, v. — blotting paper, a bibu- lous paper for absorbiug ink from fresh manuscript. Mouse (blouz; hlouB;i^. blooz), n. [F.] A loose shirt- like overgarment of various lengths and styles. blow (bio), V, i. ; pret. blew (bloo ; 86) ; p. p. blown (blon) ; p. pr. To be carried or moved by the wind. 8. To talk loudly ; boast. Collog, — to blow hot and cold, to favor a thing at one time and treat it coldly at another. -^w-Z. 1, To force a current of air upon orthrough, as with the mouth. 2. To spread by report ; publish ; dis- close. 3. To drive by s. current of air ; impel. 4. To inflate, as with pride ; puff up. 5. To form by inflating, as with air. 6. To clear of contents by forcing air through. 7. To burst, shatter, or destroy by an explosion ; — with wp, down^ opeuy etc. 8* To put out of breath i cause to blow from fatigue. — n. Act of blowing ; blowing. blow'er (-er), n. One that blows; specifically, a device for producing a current of air. blow'fly^ i-&i')i ""■■ Any of various true flies that deposit their eggs or maggots on meat, or in wounds, etc. blow'gun' (-gfin'), n. A tube through which an arrow or other projectile may be blown by the breath. blow'hole' (-holOt n. 1. A hole for the escape of air or gas ; esp., a nostril or spiracle in the top of the head of whales and other cetaceans. 2. A hole in the ice to which whales, seals, etc., come to breathe. blown (blon), p.p. & p. a. from blow, v. blow'plpe^ (blo'pipQ, n. An instrument for directing a jet of air or gas into a fire or flame so as to increase the heat. blow'y (blo'T), a, ; blow'i-bb (-T-er); -i-est. Wmdy. blowze^(blouz), n. A ruddy, fat-faced woman ; wench. Obs. blowzed (blouzd), a. Having high color, as from exposure to the weather ; ruddy-faced ; blowzy ; disordered. blowz'y (blouz't), a. Coarse and ruddy-faced ; fat and ruddy ; high-colored; frowzy. — Syn. See slovenly. blnbOber (bliib'er), n. 1. The fat of whales or other large marine mammals 3ielding oil. 2. Act of blubbering. — V. i. To weep noisily, or so as to disfigure the face. ^v. t. To swell or disfigure (the face) with weeping. blu'cber (bloo'cher, -ker), n. [It. the Prussian general Blucher.'] A kind of half-boot; also, a shoe in which the tongue and toe are of one piece. blndg'oon (bluj'i^n), n. A short club with one end loaded, or thick and heavier than the other. blue (bloo ; 86), a. ; blu'br (-er) ; blu'bst. [F. bleity OF. also hlou^ blnii, b/Sf^ LL. blamis, of O. origin.] 1. Having the color of the clear sky, or a hue resembling it. 2. Low in spirits ; melancholy. 3. Suited to produce low spirits ; gloomy in prospect. Collnq. 4. Severe or overstrict in mor- aIs;suitingoneoverstrictin morals. 6. Literary; — applied to women. See bluestocking. Colloq.^n. 1. A certain color of the spectrum ; blue color. 2- Something blue in color ; esp., the sky or the sea. 3. A pigment or dye that colors blue. 4. A person dressed in blue or belonging to an organization whose uniform or badge is blue, as a Union soldier in the Civil "War. 6. pi. [Short for blue dp.vi/.t.'] Low spirits ; melancholy. Collog. ^v.t.ds i.; blued (blood; 86); BLU'iNO or blue'ing. To make or turn blue. Blue'beard' (blooODerdO) «■ The hero of a story of the same name. He marrits a beautiful maiden, Fatinia, who enters aforbiddeu chamber and discovers the lemitiuB ol' bix previous wives. A bloodstain betrays her to Bluebeard, and she is saved from death only by the arrival of her brothers. blueHiell' (-hSlOi n. Any of various plants bearing blue bell-sbaped flowers. blue'ber-ry (-bSr-Y); n. ; pi. -BERRma (-Iz). The edible, blue or blackish berry of a certain shrub ; also, the shrub. blue'blrd' (-bQrd'), n. A small . ~ song bird of the northern United States. The male is bright blue above, with the breast reddish. blue blood The blood of noble or aristocratic families; also, a per- son of such a family. The phrase originated in Spain, where light- complexioned persons claimed freedom from Moorish or Jewish admixture. blue'botUe (-b3t"l), n. 1. A European plant of the aster fam- _ ily having flower heads with blue, I pink, or white bottle-shaped rays; bachelor's-button ; cornflower. 2. Any of several species of large true flies, having the abdomen or body steel-blue. blue devil. 1. A baleful demon. 2- pi. Apparitions sup- posed to be seen by persons suffering with delirium tre- mens ; hence, very low spirits. blue'llsh' (-fTsh/), n. (see plural). A certain voracious sea fish. Also, any of various other fishes. blue grass. Any of several, mostly valuable, grasses hav- ing bluish green stems. blue gum. Any of several Australian eucalypti. blue'Jaok^et (-jSk^St ; 24), n. All enlisted man iu the navy, — often as distinguishea from a muTine. blue laws. Certain laws of extreme rigor early enacted iu tlieNew Haven colony; hence, any puritanical laws, blaely, adv. of blue. See -lt. blue'ness, n. See -ness. blue mass. Pharmacy. A preparation of mercury from which are formed pills known as blue plllS. Blue'nose^ (bloo'noz^), n. A Nova Scotian. Collog. blue peter. Naut. A blue flag with a white square in the center, used as a signal for sailijng, to recall boats, etc. blue'Stock'lng (-stSk^Tng), n. A literary woman ; a female pedant ; — orig. depreciatively so called alluding to certain 18th-century gatherings attended by literary lions, of whom a certain one always wore ordinary blue worsted stockings. Collog. ^ a. Having or affecting learning or literary tastes. biuret (bloo'St ; 86), n. [F., dim. of blev. blue.] A delicate plant of the United States with bluish flowers and tufted stemys. Called also innocence^ guaker-ladies, etc. bluff (bliif),a. 1. Having a broad, flattened front. 2. Ris- ing steeply with a flat or rounded front, as a coast. 3. Ab- rupt ', roughly frank ; brusque- ^ n, A high, steep bank. Syn. Short, abrupt, unceremonious, uncivil, impolite, rude, surly. — Bluff, blunt, brusque, curt, crusty agree in the idea of abruptness. Bluff connotes heartiness, good nature, unconventionality ; as, bhrff honesty. Bldnt im- plies disregard for others' feelings, and for the amenities of life ; as, a blvni reply. Brusque suggests a pertain (real or apparent) tartness of temper and ungraciousness of speech ; as, a brusque refusal. Curt denotes rude concise- ness ; as, a cnri answer. Crusty adds to cui-t the implica- tion of greater crabbedness or harshness, sometimes oely- ing kindness of heart ; as, a crusty old bachelor. bluff, V. t. 1. Poker. To deter (an opponent) from betting by a show of assurance. 2. To deceive by manner, speech. or expression, so as to accomplish some hidden purpose or ward off some danger. — v. i. To bluff an opponent by a fictitious show of strength. — n. Act of bluffing. bluffly, adv. of BLUFF, a. See -lt. bluff'neSB, n. See NESS. blu'lng, or blue'ing (bloo'Tng; 86), n. Something to give a bluish tint, as a preparation of indigo used in laundering. blu'lsh, a. Somewhat blue. See -ish. blun'der (blQn'dSr), V. i. [ME. blunderen^ hlondr&ii^ to stir, confuse, blunder.] 1. To move clumsily ; to flounder and stumble. 2. To make a gross error or mistake, such as is committed through ignorance, stupidity, overconfidence. or confusion. — v. t. 1. To cause to blunder. 2. To utter ale, senate, cAre, am, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker ; ice, HI ; 51d, 6bey, 6rb, 6dd, soft, cSnnect ; use, ttnite, iim, tip, circus, menii; food, fd^t; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iifk; ^en, thin; BLUNDERBUSS 79 BODE awkwardly. 3. To do or treat blunderingly ; bungle. — n. A grosd error. — Syii. See error. — blun'der-er, ». tfilun'der-busa (blQu'der-btis), n. [eithur fr. blunder + D, bus tube, box, or corrupt, fr. D, donderbu^ (lit.) thunder box, gun.] 1. An obsolete abort firearm, with a large barrel capable of holding a number of balls, and flaring muzzle. 2. A stupid, blundering fellow. blun'dBr-head' (-hSd^), ». a stupid, blundering fellow. blunt (bltint), a. [ME. bLuni not sharp, stupid.] 1. In- sensitive ; obtuse in feeling or spiritual perception. 2. Dull in understanding ; stupid. 3. Having a thick edge or point, aa an instrument ; dull. 4. Abrupt in address or manners. Syn. Blunt, dull, obtuse, stupid come into comparison primarily as associated with sensibility or perception. Blunt so used implies a certain (sometimes temporary) callousness or lack of nice perception. Dull implies a heavy, shiggisli habit of mind^oralack of vividnessand in- tensity ; OBTUSE, lack of aeusitiveness, and even a certain impenetrability to emotions or ideas. Stupid denotes ex- cessive dullness, when the faculties are, as it were, be- numbed. In reference to pointed or ed^ed tools blunt and DULL (opposed to ■f/iarpy keen) are sometimes interchanged. In present usage, however, blunt appears to be more com- monly used of instruments or tools so made that a cross section near the edge subtends a relatively large angle ; dull, of a tool or instrumeut whose edge or point has lost its keenness or sharpness by use. An ax, even when sharp, is a bluiU iustrum ant as compared with a razor ; a dull pen- cil is made so by use, but one may purposely put a fdurit (not a dull) point on a pencil in sharpenmg it. See bluff. — V. i. (fe i. 1. To make or become blunt. 2. To repress or weaken, as any appetite, desire, or power. — blimt'ly, adv. — blllllt'ne3S, n. blur (blQr), v. t. ; blurred (blGrd) ; blur'rino. 1. To ob- scure by making confused and uncertain in form or outline ; make indistinct and confused. 2. To cause Imperfect vision in; dim. 3. To sully ; blemish. — Syii. Bpot, blot, stain, disfigure. — v. i. To become blurred or obscure. ^ n. 1. That which obscures without effacing; a stain; blot. 2- A dim, confused appearance ; Indistinctness of vision. blurt (blGrt), V. t. To utter suddenly and unadvisedly ; — commonly with out. ^ n. Act of blurting out something. blUBb (biSsh), V. i. ; blushed (bliisht) or blusht ; BLUSH'iNa. [ME. bluschen to shine, look, turn red.] 1. To become red, esp. in the cheeks or face, from some mental shock, as shame or confusion ; flush. 2. To grow or be red or rosy. — V. I. 1. To redden. Obs. 2. To express or make known by blushing, ^n. 1. A glance; loolT; blink. Obs.^ ex- cept in at or in first blush 2. A suffusion of the face with red, as from shame or confusion. 3. A red or rosy tint. blUB'ter (blHs'ter), v. i. 1. To blow fitfully with violence aud noise, as wind; be windy and boisterous, as the weather. 2. To talk with noisy violence ; swagger, ^v. t. To utter or do with noisy violence ; to bully. -^ n. 1. Fitful noise and violence, as of a storm. 2. Noisy, boastful language. — Syn. Boisterousness, tumult, turbulence, confusion, boasting, swaggering, bullying. — blUS'ter-er (-er), n. blUB'ter-OUS (-us), a. inclined to bluster. bo'a (byd), n. ; pi. boas (bo'dz). [L., a kind of water ser- pent.] 1. Any large snake which crushes its prey. 2. A long, round scarf of fur, feathers, etc., for the neck. boa constrictor. A large boa of tropical America. Bo'^a-ner'ges (bo'd-nflr'jez), n. [Gr. jSoavepyes, of Ara- maic origin.] o?. Prob. lit. sons of thunder ; — an appella- tion given by CJhrist to James and John. See Mark iii. 17. boar (bSr; 57), n. [AS. bar.'\ 1. The uncastrated male of swine. 2. The wild hog. board (bord ; 57), n. [AS. bord board, plank, and also ship- board.] 1. A piece of timber sawed thin, relatively broad, and long. 2. A table; es^., a table for food. 3. What is served on a table ; provision, usually as furnished for pay. 4. A table at which a council or court is held. Hence : A council, or authorized assembly ; as, a board of trade, of directors, trustees, etc. 6. A square or oblong of thin material used or arranged for some special purpose, as a dieaaboard. 6. Pasteboard. 7. pi- The stage in a tfceater. 8. [In this use orig. a different word meaning border^ margin.'] The border or edge of anjrtbing ; as, eeahoard ; specifically, Naut. : a The side of a ship, b A tack, — V. t. 1. To cover with boards or boarding. 2. To come up against, or alongside of (a ship), as to attack. Obs. 3. To go on board of, as a ship. 4. To enter (a railroad car orsimilarvehicle). If. 8. 5. To furnish with regular meals, or with meals and lodgings, for compensation. 6- To place at board , for pay ; as, to board one's horse at a livery stable. — V. i. 1. To obtain or liave meals, or meals and ludgings, statedly for compensation, 2. Naut. Tu tuck. bOdrd'er (bSrMSr), n. 1. One who^oai-ds at the table or house of another. 2. One who boards a ship. board, V. t. [F. aborder.'j To approach ; accost. Obs. board'lng, p. pr. & vh. n. of board, v. Hence : n. Boards collectively ; a covering of boards, boarding house, a house where boarders are taken. boarlsn (bor'Ish; 57), a. Swinish ; brutal ; cruel. boast (bost), v. i. [ME. bosten, boosten, v., bostf boosts n.] To vaunt one's self ; brag. Syn. Bluster, vapor, crow; swagger, flourish. — Boast, VAUNT, BRAG agree in the idea of vamglorious and ostenta- tious speech. JBoast is the general term ; vaunt is more literary, aud emphasizes the idea of vain display; brao is more colloquial, and suggests boastful exaggeration of what one is, has, has done, or can do. — V. t. To speak of or display ostentatiously or vainglori- ously. — n. 1. Boasting; bragging. 2- The cause of boast- ing ; occasion of exultation. — boast'er, n. — boast'tul (-foei), a. — boast'Iul-ly, ado. — boast'ful-ness, n. boat(bot), n. [AS. bat.'] 1. A small open vessel, or water cr.itt, usually moved by oars or paddles; any vessel for navigating tlie water. 2. A vehicle or utensil suggestive of a boat, as a stone boat, gravy boaX, etc. ^ v. t. To trans- port or place in a boat. — v. i. To go or row in a boat. boaVlng,.n. 1. Boats, collectively. 2 Act or practice of rowing or sailing, esp. as an amusement. boat'SWaln (bofswau ; naut. bo's'n), n. On a war vessel, a warrant officer having charge of the rigging, anchors, cables, cordage, etc. Also, on some merchant ships, a su- perior seaman having similar duties. bob (b5b), n. [ME. bob bunch, bobben to strike.] 1. A knob, ball, or weight at the end of a rod or line, as the ball or weight of a pendulum, the weight at the end of a plumb line, etc. 2. A short, jerking motion ; act of bob- bing. 3. A blow ; a rap. 4. [cf. OF. bobe trickery.] A jeer, jibe, or trick. ^ v. t. ; bobbed (bSbd) ; bob'bihg, 1. [OF. bober to trick.] To cheat ; fllch. 2. To mock ; make sport of ; jeer; jibe. 3. To cause to move in a short, jerking manner ; move, as the head, with a bob. 4. To cut short, as the hair. ^ v. i. To have a short, jerking motion ; play to and fro, or up and down. bob'ber-y (-er-t), n. ; pi. -bbrieb (-Tz). A squabble ; tumult. bob'bin (-Tn),n. [F. bobine.'] 1. One of the small pins or cylinders used to hold the threads in making pillow lace. 2. A spool or reel used to hold yam or thread, k as in spinning machines, or to hold | wire. 3. A fine cord or narrow | braid. bob'bl-net' (bSb/T-nSf ; bob't-nSt), S n. A kind of machine-nmde lace or netting of cotton or silk. bob'ble (-M), n, A bobbing motion. bOb'by (bSbt), n. ; pi. -bieb (-iz). [after Sir Robert Peel, who re- organized the London policeforce.] A policeman. Slang, Evg. bOb'cat' (-kStO, n. The bay lynx, or an allied species. Male Bobolink bob'O-llnk (-o-lTi)k), n. A common American song bird re- lated to the blackbirds and mealdow larks. bob'stay' (-sta^), n. Naut. A stay to hold the bowsprit down. bob'tait (-talO, n. 1. An animal (as a horse or dog) with a short tail, 2. Anything cut short or sug- gestively deficient. ^ a. Having the tail cut short ; hence, deficient ; abbreviated, — bob'tailed', a. bob'whlte' (-hwlt'), "■ [from the note.] Any of various species of North American quail ; — commonly called quail in the North and par- tridge in the South. See quail. bode (bod), V. t. & i. ; bod'ed (bod'- 6d ; 24) ; bod'ing (-Tng). [AS. bo- dian to announce, tell, bod com- mand, message.] To indicate by signs, as future events ; portend. Eohwhite. nature, verdiire (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. ExplaaatlonB of Abbreviations, Sl^ns, etc., precede Vocabulary. 11 ForeljEu Word. -I- combined with. =eQualA. BODEMENT 80 BOLT bode'meilt (bod'mSnt), n. An omen ; prophecy. bod'lce (bSdls), n. [prop. pi. of body.] 1. A coreet; stays. CaXledalBo pair o/bodies^si,nd a bodies. Obs. 2.aAclose- flttiug outer waist of a woman's dress, b A woman's gar- ment reaching from waist to breast, often worn in some Eu- ropean national costumes ; loosely, a wide belt or girdle. bod'led (-id), a. Having a body ; — usually in composition ; as, able-6odi«2. bod'1-leSS (-T-l£s), a. Having no body; immaterial. t>Od'l-ly (-1-lt), a. 1. Having a body, or material form ; physical ; corporeal. 2. Of or pertaining to the body. Syn. Bodily, physical, corporbal, gokporal. Bodily has the sense of belonging to the body ; it is opposed to men- tal/BSf bodily vskin. Physical, often synonymous with bodily, applies also to that which the body has iu common with all material objects, and is thus opposed to psychical, spiritual, moral ; as, the physical universe, physical cour- age. CORPORKAL refers more specifically to substance or nature ; it is opposed to immaivriaL spiritucU ; as, the cor- poreal frame. Corporal, originally synonymous with oodily,now applies almost exclusively to bodily iufliction of some sort ; as, corporal (never corpor&zt) punishment. ^ adv, 1. In bodily form; iu the body. 2. lu respect to, or so as to afFect, the whole body ; all at once ; completely. bod'lng (bodying), n. Prognostic; omen. ^ a. Forebod- ing ; ominous. — bOd'illg-lT. adv. bOd'klll (bM'ktn), n. [ME. boydekyndskgger.'] 1. A dig- ger. Obs. 2. Needlework, A sharp-pointed implement for making holes. 3. A kind of pin used by women to fasten the hair. 4. A blunt needle with a large eye for drawing tape, etc., through a loop or a hem. bod'y Cb5d'r), n.; pi. bodies (-Tz). [AS. bodig.'\ 1. The total organized substance .of an animal or plant, living or dead. 2. The trunk, or main part, as distinguished from the limbs and the head ; the central or principal part, as of a tree, army, country, structure, etc. 3. A person ; a human being ; — often in composition ; as, anybody. 4. A kind or form of matter ; a material substance. 6 A num- ber of individuals or things collectively, usually as united, organized, or systematized for some purpose; as, a legis- lative body. 6. That part of a garment covering the body. 7. A distinct mass or portion of matter. 8. Geom, A figure that has length, breadth, and thickness ; any solid figure. 9- Consistency ; thickness ; substance ; strength. Syn. Body, CORPSE, CARCASS. Body refers to the animal organism, living or dead. Corpse and carcass (of man and beast respectively) refer to the dead body. — V. /. ; bod'ibd (-ifd) ; bod'y-ing. To furnish with eras with a body ; to embody. bod'y-gnard' (-^rd'), n. 1. A guard to protect the person. 2. Retinue ; attendance. BCB-0'tian (b^-o'shSn), a. Of or pertaining to ancient Boeo- tia, noted for its heavy atmosphere and its dull-witted peo- ple; hence, stupid; dull. ^ n. One of the people of Bceotia. Boer (boor), n. [D., a farmer.] A colonist or farmer in South Africa of Dutch or, rarely. Huguenot descent. bog (b5g), n. [Ir. & Gael, bog soft, moist.] A piece of wet spongy earth consisting chiefly of decayed vegetable matter; qu£^^re; marsh; morass, —v. i. ct- i. ; rogbed (bSgd) ; BOG'amo (bSgTng). To sink, as into a bog ; mire. bo'goy(bo'gT),n.;p/.-GEY8(-gTz). Almbogie. 1. Agoblin, bugbear. 2. Golf. A given score or number of strokes for each hole, gainst which players compete. bog'gle (b5g''l), V. i. ; -OLED (-'Id) ; -gling (-ITng). [see BooLB, n.j 1. ^o hesitate as if suddenly frightened or im- peded; take alarm ; exhibit indecision. 2- Todoanything awkwardly. — Syn. Double, shrink, stickle, demur. bog'gle, n. Yar. of bogle. bog'gy (-T), a. ; -Gi-BR (-T-er) ; -gi-est. Like, consisting of, or containing, a bog or bogs. bo'gle (b^gi), n. = 1st BOGY. 2. Golf. = bogey, ti., 2. bO'gle, n. Also bo'gey, bo'gy. 1. A low, strongly built truck or cart. 2. Railroads. =13ttruck, 3. British. bo'gle (ho'g*l ; bSg^'l), n. [W. bwgwl threatening, fear, bivg, bwgan, a bogle.] A goblin i specter; bogey. bo'gns (bo'gSs), a. Spurious ; sbam. Colloq.^ U. S. bOg'WOOd' (bSg'wdSdOi n. The black wood of trees pre- served in peat bogs, largely used for making ornaments. bO'gy (bo'gi), n. ; pi. -gies (-g^z)- Also bogey^ bogie. A specter ; hobgoblin ; bugbear. bO'gy, n. A truck. See 2d bogie. bO-bea' (bo-heO* n. [from Wu-i^ the name of the hills where this tea is grown.] A kind of black tea. Bo-he'llll-a(bS-be'mT-d), n. 1. See Gazetteer. 2- The re- gion or community of social Bohemiaus. Bo-he'mi-an (-Sn), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Bohemia. 2. Unconventional; free and easy. — n. 1 A native of Bohemia. 2. Tiie language of the Czechs, a Slavic dialect. 3. In highly civilized communities, one who makes a live- lihood by, or is much interested in, art, literature, or other intellectual pursuits, and who takes an attitude of protest against, or of indilierence to, the common conveutions of society. — Bo-he'ml-an-ism (-iz'm), n. boil (boil) ,t'. i. [fr. OF., fr. L. bullire to bubble.] 1. To be agitated by the generation and rising of bubbles of vapor; — said of a liquid. 2. To be agitated like boiling water ; to seethe. 3. To be excited with passion- 4. To be in boiling water, as food in cooking. ^ v. t. 1. To heat to the boiling point. 2. To form or separate by boiling or by evaporation involving ebullition. 3. To subject to the action of heat in a boiling liquid. ^ n. Act or state of boiling. boil, n. [AS. byle.'] A hard, inflamed, suppurating tumor. bOil'er(boil'er),9i. 1. One who boils something. 2. A ves- sel iu which anything is boiled. 3. A strong metallic vessel in which eteam is generated for driving engines. 4- A tank or reservoir in which hot water is stored. boll'ing, a. Heated to the point of bubbling ; seething ; swelling with heat, ardor, or passion. — n. 1. The action denoted by the verb boil. 2. Exposure to the action of a hot liquid. 3. That which is, is being, or is to be, boiled. bOlB'ter-OUS (bois'ter-us), a. [ME. boistous.'] 1. Bough or rude; strong. Obs. 2. Tumultuously violent ; rough; turbulent. — Syn. Loud, roaring, violent, stormy, turbu- lent, furious, tumultuous, noisy, impetuous, vehement. — bols'ter-ons-ly, adv. — bols'ter-ous-ness, n. bo'las (bo'lfis), n. sing. & pi. [Sp., lit., balls.] A kind of missile weapon consisting of balls fastened to the ends of a thong, cord, or the like. bold (b5Id), a. [AS. hold, beald.l 1. Forward to meet danger; brave. 2. Exhibiting or requiring spirit and con- tempt of danger; daring. 3. In a bad sense, too forward ; rude ; impudent. 4- Somewhat overstepping usual bounds ; as, fto^ff views; a 6o2(2 imagination. 5. Eteep; abrupt; prom- inent. — Syn. Courageous, intrepid, fearless, dauntless, valiant, audacious, stout-hearted, adventurous, confident. bold'face' (bold'fas/), n. A boW-faced person. bold'-faced^ (-fast'), a. 1. Bold in manner; forward. 2. Pvird. Having a conspicuously heavy fuce. See type. bold'iy, adv. In & bold manner or state. bold'ness, n. State or quality of being bold . — Syn . Brav- ery, intrepidity, dauntlessness, hardihood ; brazenness. assurance. See confidence, courage. bole (bol), n. [leel. bolT.'\ The trunk of a tree. bole, n. [LL. 6o/w5, Gr. poiAos a clod or lump of earth.] Any of several varieties of friable earthy clay. bole, n. An aperture, with a shutter, in the wall of a house, for giving, occasionally, air or light. bo-le'ro (bo-la'ro), w. ; pi. -ros (-roz). [Sp.] 1. Music. A Spanish dance in \ time, or the music for it. 2. A kind of short outer waist garment for women. Bo-liv'i-an (b6-liv'I-ffin), a. & n. See -ah. boll (bol), n. [AS. bolla.1 The pod or capsule of a plant, esp. of flax or cotton. — i;. i. ,- bolled (bold) ; boll'ing. To form a boll ; go to seed. bolo (byio), n. ,- pi. -LOS (-loz). [Sp.] A kind of large single-edged knife, resembling a machete. PhU. Z. bol'Ster (bol'ster), n. [AS.] 1. A long pillow or cushion for a bed. 2. A soft pad, cushion, or support like or sug- gestive of a bolster. 3. Any of various objects made in a form suggestive of, or suggested by, a bolster. — ?'. t. 1. To support with a bolster or pillow. %. To support, hold up, or maintain, esp. with difficulty ; — often with «/>. ^ V, i. To lie together on the same bolster. Rare. bolt (bolt), n. [AS.] 1. A shaft or missile for a crossbow or catapult, esp. a short, stout, blunt-headed arrow ; a dart. 2. Lightning; thunderbolt. 3. A sliding catch or fasten- ing ; the portion of a lock shot or withdrawn by the key. 4. A shnckle ; fetter. 5. A strong pin used to fasten or hold something in place, often having a head at one end and a sere T thread on the other 6. A compact package or roll of cloth, often of about forty yards. 7. [from holt^ v.] Act of bolting. — v. t. 1. To shoot ; discharge. 2. To utter precipitately; blurt out. 3. To swallow without chewing. 4. U. S. Politics. To refuse to support, as a policy or a nomination of 0De*s party. 6. To fasten or ale, senate, c&re, am, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6ud, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, Sbey, 6rb, odd, sdft, cSxinect ; use, Unite, iinii tip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; &ing,li|k; tben, thin; BOLT 81 BOOKBINDING secure with or as with a bolt or bolts. — v. i. 1. To start forthlikeabolt,orarrow; dartoff. 2. To strike or fall sud- denly like a bolt. 3. U. S. Politics. To bolt the uominee, policy, etc., of one's party. —adv. In the manner of a bolt; suddenly. — bolt upright, perfectly upright ; straight up. bolt (bolt), V. t. [OF. buleter, fr. LL. buletare, buratare.'] To sift (flour from bran) with a bolter ; hence, to separate, assort, refine, or purify, as if by sifting. bolVer (bolster), n. One that bolts ; specif., a cloth, sieve, or machine for sifting flour. bo'lus (bo'ltts), n. / pi. -LUSB3 (-8z ; 24). [LL.] A rounded mass of anything ; esp., a large pill, as for a horse. bomb (bSm; or^ esp. in Britishusage^ bttm), n. [F. 6o?n6e, fr. L. bombus a humming, Or. ^d/xjSo?.] 1. Mil. A shell ; esp., a spherical shell. 2- Any similar missile or device. bom'ba-ca'ceous (bSm'bd-ka'sh^s), a. [LL. bombax cot- ton.] Of or pertaining to a family {Bombacacess) of trees having palmate leaves and large capsular fruit containing seeds Invested with copious silky hairs. bom'baTd (b5in'bdrd; biim^'-), n. [F. bombarde^ LL. bom- barda, fr. L. bombus -\- -ard. See bomb.J 1. An obsolete piece of heavy ordnance. 2. A large drinking vessel, or a leather bottle for carrying liquor ; fig., a toper. Obs. bom-bard' (b5m-bard' ; bSm-), v. t. 1. To attack with ar- tillery ; esp., to throw shells, shot, etc., at or into. 2. To atisail vigorously or persistently. — bom-bard'er (-er), n. — bom-bard'ment (-mftit), n. bom'bar-dier' (bSm'bdr-der' ; bum'-), n. [F.] An artil- leryman ; gunner. Obs. or JTist. bomHba-slne'. Var. of bombazine. bomHsast (bSm'bast ; bOm'-), n. [OF. bombace cotton, LL. boijibax.l 1. StuflBug; padding. Obs. 2. High-sounding words; inflated style; fustian. — a. High-sounding; inflated. bom-bas'tlc (b3m~b^s'tTk ; bQm-), a. Characterized by bombast. — Syn. Tumid, pompous, grandiloquent. See TuHoiD. — bom-bas'tl-cal, bom-bas'tl-cal-ly, adv. bom'ba-zlne', or -sine' (bSm'bd-zen'; bum'-), n. [fr. F. , fr. L. bombycinus silken, bombyx silk, silkworm, Gr. ^ofx^v^.l A twilled dress fabric with silk warp and worsted weft. bomb'proof (bSm'proof ; see bomb), a. Secure against the explosive force of bombs, ^n. A bombproof structure. bomb'shell' (-shSl'), n. A bomb. bom^byz (-biks), n. [L.] The silkworm (genus Bombyx). Bo'na De'a (bo'ndde'd). [L., good goddess.] Rom.Relig. An ancient goddess of fertility, worshiped only by women. II bo'na li'de (fi'de). [L.] In or with good faith ; without fraud or deceit ; as, he acted bona fide ; a bona fide sale. bo-nan'za (bo-nSn'zd), n. [Sp., prop., calm, fair weather, prosperity, L. bonus good.] In mining, a rich ore body ; hence, anything that yields a large income. Collog., U. S. bonnson' (bSN'bfiN' ; bon'bSn'), n. [F. bonbon^ fr. bon bon very good, don good.] A sugar sweetmeat; a sugarplum. bond(b5nd),n. [AS. &07wZa, ftiinrfa, husband, householder, fr. Icel. Aonifi husbandman, Mia to dwell.] 1. A householder; husband ; also, peasant ; husbandman. Obs. 2. A vassal ; serf ; slave. Archaic. — a. In servitude ; captive. bondi n. [same word as band a fastening.] 1. That which binds; band ; ligament ; shackle ; manacle. 2. pi. Stateof being bound ; imprisonment. 3. A binding force or influ- ence ; a uniting tie. 4. Moral or political duty or obliga- tion. 5. A binding agreement ; covenant. 6. A writing under seal by which a person binds himself,^ usually, to pay a certain sum on or before a future day appointed, Mnance. Such an instrument, or, loosely, an interest-bearing certifi- cate, issued by a government or corporation. 7. One who acts as bail or surety. 8- State of goods placed in abonded warehouse till the duties are paid. 9. A connection in which adjacent parts of a structure overlap and are so bound together; a timber, stone, orthe like, bo overlapping. — Syn. Chains, fetters, captivity. — v. ^ 1. To dispose in building, as bricks, so as to secure solidity. 2- To place under a bond ; mortgage. 3- To bind together ; connect, bond'age (bSn'daj), n. 1. Wst Villein service or tenure. 2 Slavery. 3. Obligation ; tie of duty ; subjection to com- pulsion. — Syn. Thralldom, bond service. See servitude. bond'ed (bSn'dSd ; 24), p. a. Placed under, or covered by, a bond, as for payment of customs duties. bond'mald' fbSnd'mad'), n. A female slave. bond'man (-man), n. ; p/. -MEN (-m'^n). 1. A bond, or peas- ant. Sist. 2. A serf ; villein ; man slave. bonds'man (bSndz'mffin), v. ; pi. -MEN (-mSn). 1. A bond- man. 2. Law. A surety on a bond. bond'wom'an (b5nd'wd6m'Sn), n. / pi. -women (-wTm'Sn ; 24). A woman slave. bone (bon), n. [AS. ban.'] 1. One of the pieces or parts of a vertebrate's skeleton, or the tissue composing it. 2. Any of various other hard animal substances or struc- tures, as whalebone. 3. pi. The skeleton ; the body. 4. A bone with meat adhering to it ; an article of food. 6. Something originally or usually maide of bone, ivory, or the like, as (p^) dice, clappers, dominoes. 6. A stay of whalebone, steel, etc., as for a corset. ^ v. t.; boned (bond); bon'ino (bon'Iug). To take out bones from the flesh of. — bone'less, a. bono'set' (bon'sSf ), n. A coarse herb of the aster family, with white-rayed flower heads. It is diaphoretic and tonic. bone'set^ting;, n. The setting of broken bones. bon'llre' (bBn'fir'), n. [orig. a fire of bones, i. e., for con- suming corpses.] A large fire built in the open air as an expression of public joy, for sport, etc. bon'ho-mie', bon'hom-mie' (bSn'o-me'; F. ht'nPmef)t n. [F.] Good nature ; pleasant and easy manner. Bon'l-lace (b5n1!-fas), n. [L. Boni/acius, Bomfalius, masc. proper name.] The sleek, jolly landlord in Farquhar's '*The Beaux' Stratagem ; " hence, an innkeeper. bO-nHO (bo-ne'to), n. ; pi. -tos (-toz). [fr. Sp. or Pg., fr. LL. boniton.'] Any of several different marine fishes, esp. of the mackerel family. II bon' mot' (bSs' mo') ; pi. BONS mots (bSN' moz'; F, mo'). [F., good word,] A witty repartee ; a piquant, adroit, or happy expression. II bonne (bon ; almost bOn), n. [F.] A maidservant. bon'net (bon'St ; 24), n. [OF. bonet, bonete, fr. LL. bon- neta, boneium,."] 1. A soft woolen cap worn by men in Scot- land. 2. A covering for the head, worn by women and children out of doors, usually tied on with strings. 3. A headdress analogous to a bonnet, as the feathered head- dress of an American Indian. 4. Something suggestive of a bonnet. — v. t. To dress or provide with a bonnet. bon'ny(bSn'T),a!.;-Ni-EK(-er);-Hi-EST. Alsobon'nle. [prob. fr. F. 6on, fem. fionne, good.] 1. Good-looking; comely. 2. Gay; cheerful ; blithe. 3. Fine ; strong. (M)s. or Dial. — bon'nl-ly (-i-li), adv. — bon'ni-ness, n. bon'ny-clab^ber (-klSb'er), n. [Ir. hainne milk + clahar mire, bonnyclabber.] Coagulated sour milk. I! bon' ton' (b8N' tSs'). [F. , good tone, manner.] Fashion- able manner or style ; high society. bo'nus (bo'ntts), n. ; pi. -nttses {_-&& ; 24). [L. bonus good.] Something given beyond what is usual or strictly due. II bon' vl'vant' (b6N' ve'vaN') ; pi. BONS vivants (b8N've'- vaNz' ; F. -vSn') ;/em. || bonne' vl'vante' (bon' ve'vaHtO; pi. BONNES viYANTBS (ve'vaNts' ; F. -vaNt'). [F,, good liv- ing.] A lover of good living ; esp., a gourmet. bon'y (boni), a. ; bon'i-er (-er) ; bon'i-bst. Like, consist- ing of, full of, or pert, to, bones ; having conspicuous bones. boo (bob), interj. An exclamation imitative of the low of a cow, used to indicate contempt, aversion, etc. , or to frighten. boo'by (boo'bi), n. ;pl. -bies (-biz). [Sp. boho dunce, idiot.] 1. A dunce ; a stupid fellow. 2- In card playing, etc., the player whose score is lowest. boo'dle (-d'l), n. Bribe money ; graft. Political Cant. bOO'hOO' (.boo'hoo' ; boo'hob'), iiUerj. & n. The sound or act of loud weeping or laughter. boo'hOO' (bob/hod' ; boo'hoo'), v. i. ;-hooed' (-hood') ; -hoo'- ING. To bawl ; cry loudly ; also, to hoot ; shout. , book (bd6k), n. [AS. &oc,fr. &dc, hece^ beech ; because the Saxons wrote runes on pieces of beechen board.] 1. A written or printed narrative or record, or a series of such ; esp., a literary composition. 2. A collection of tablets or sheets, as of wood, ivory, or paper, strung or bound to- gether ; as, a blank book; an account book. 3- A part or subdivision of a literary work ; as, the tenth 6ooA of " Para- diaeLost." 4. [cap.] The Bible. 6. A record of bets, esp. of bets on horse races. Hence : to snlt one's book, to meet one's desires, mental attitude, or circumstances. 6. Card Playing. A certain number of tricks or of cards forming a set when taken or held by one side, as six tricks in whist. 7. A commercial packet of certain commodities, as of gold leaf. ^v. t. To enter, write, or register in a book or list, esp. so as to engage service or accommodation; hence, to en- gage conveyance for. ^u. i. To register one's name or buy a ticket so as to engage something. bOOk'blnd'er (-bin'der), n. One whose occupation is to bind books. — book'blnd'er-y (-T), n. — book'blnd'lng, n. na^re, verdure (87) ; K=:ch in G. ich, ach(50}; boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to§§in Guide. iCzDlanatJonsuf Abbreviations, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. 1| Foreign Word« -f-, combined with. E=eauBlttt BOOKCASE 82 BOREAS bOOk'oase' (bSbb'kaaO, n. A case with ehelves for books. bOOk'lsh, a. 1. Fond of, or learned m, books. 2. Char- acterized by or affecting literary form or precision ; hence, formal ; pedantic. — book'lsll-ly, adv. ish-ness. n. bOOk'keep'er (baSk'kep'er), n. One who keeps accounts i one whose business or profession is bookkeeping. hOOlS/lSBep'iagjT}. Art or practice of keeping, uuinaccount books, a systematic record of business transactions. booklet, n. See -let. bOOk'liiak'er(mak'er),n. A maker of books; as: aAcom- piler. b One who makes a book of bets. book'sel^er (bdSk'sSl'er), n. One who sells books. bOOk'store' (-stor^; 57), ti. a store where books are the main commodity sold. U. S. and,, locally^ Canada. bOOk'WOrm' (-wQrm'), 71. 1. An insect larva that injures books. 2. One unusually devoted to reading or studying books. boom (boom), n. [D. boom tree, pole, beam, bar.] 1. Naut. A long spar used esp. to extend the bottom of a sail. 2. A long spar or beam projecting liom the mast of a derrick, to support or guide the body to be lifted. 3. a A line of con- nected floating timbers used to obstruct navigation in war, to confine saw logs, or the like, b An obstruction of floating logs, or the like, retarding the flow of a stream. boom, V. i. [imitative.] 1. To make a hollow sound, as waves or cannon or a bittern. 2. To move with a booming noise, as a ship. 3- To have a rapid growth in market value, in resources and population, or in popular favor, as a town or district. ^ v. i. 1. To give forth with a reso- nant or booming sound ; — usually with otU. 2. To cause a rapid growth or increase of in favor, price, etc. ^n. 1. A hollow roar, as of waves or cannon. 2. A strong, rapid, and expanding movement in development, favor, etc. boom'er-ang (boom'er-Sng), n. [from native name in Australia.] 1. A curved or angular club used, mainly by the natives of Australia, as a missile weapon. It can be hurled so that its flight will bring it back near to the place from which it was thrown. 2- Any story or project, esp. a scandalous one, which reacts to the damage of its originator. boon (boon), n. [Icel. &on petition.] 1. A petition. Obx. 2. A thing asked, granted, or enjoyed, as a benefit nr favor ; n p:ift. — Syn. See present. boon, a. [F. bon good, li. bonus. 1 1. Kind; boun- tiful. Archaic or Poetic. 2- Jovial ; convivial. boor (boor), n. [D. &oer farmer, boor.] 1. A peas- ant; rustic; esp., a clownish countryman. 2. A Dutch, Ger- man, or Russian peasant ; esp. [cap."], a Boer. 3. A rude, ill-bred person; one clownish in manners. boor'lsk (boor'Tsh), a. Like a boor; clownish; uncul- tured. — boor'ish-ly, adv. — boor'lsh-ness, n. Syn. Rustic, rude, awkward, clumsy, ungainly, lubberly ; Burly, sullen, crabbed. — Boorish, churlish, clownish, LOUTISH. Boorish refers to gross lack of breeding or to rude- ness of manner ; churlish, to surliness or incivility, often of speech. Clownish suggests ungainly rusticity; loutish, stupid clumsiness. boose (booz), boos'er. Vars. of booze, boozer. boost (boost), V. t. (fc 1. To lift or push from behind ; give a boost to ; hence, to assist or advance. Colloq.^ U. S. — n. A push or shove that aids one in rising or advancing, lit. or fig. Colloq., U. S. boot (boot), n. [AS. &d^ remedy, compensation.] 1. Rem- edy; help. Obs. or Archaic. 2. Something given to equal- ize an exchange. 3. Profit ; advantage ; avail ; use. Obs. or Archaic— v.t. 1. To remedy. Obs. 2. To profit; avail; as, what boots it ? 3. To give as boot (in sense 2 of boot, n.). Obs. — V. !. To be of avail ; — used impersonally. boot, n. [cf. BOOT profit, or booty.] Booty. Obs. or JR. boot, n. [OF. bote, LL. botta.'] 1. A covering, usually of leather, for the foot and leg. 2. Of a coach : a A seat at the side for attendants. Obs. b A place for baggage at either end of a stagecoach. 3. Something like, or suggestive of, a boot (in sense 1), as a kind of instrument of torture for the leg. — V. t. To put hoots on, esp. for riding. boofbfack' (boof blSkM, n. One who polishes boots. bOOt-ee' (boo-te'), n. A kind of boot or shoe for a woman or child. Cant. Bo-tl'tes (bft-o'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. Potorrj^ herdsman, fr. ^oC9 ox.] Astron. A northern constellation containing the bright star Arcturus. booth (booth; booth), n. [prob. fr. ODan. boS.'] 1. A frail temporary house or shed. 2. A covered stall or temporary structure in a fair, at a polling place, etc. boofhose' (bobt'hoz'), n. sing. dspl. Outside hose in lieu of boots or as a leg covering in addition to boots. bOOt'Jack^ (-jSkO, n. A device for pulling off boots. bootless, a. [from boot profit.] Unavailing ; useless. — Syn. See useless. — boot'less-ly, adv. — -less-nesB, n. boots (boots), n. \_pL in form, but construed as a sing."] A servant who cleans, blacks, and polishes boots. boot'-trae', «■ An instrument to stretch, or preserve the form of, a boot or shoe. boo'ty (boo'ti), n, ;pl. -TIES (-tTz). [F- f^utin.'] 1. Spoil, esp. that taken in war; plunder. 2. Any rich gain. Syn. Booty, plunder, loot, pillage, spoil agree in denot- ing that which is seized by violence. Booty and plunder are alike used of seizures in war or by robbery or theft. Booty often suggests richness, plunder the considerable amount or varied character, of tne spoil. Loot is strictly the booty, sometimes illicitly or dishonorably taken, from a sacked city. Spoil (commonly in pt.) and pillage usually suggest the violence of the seiznig. In recent usa^e spoil is often applied to the emoluments of office, regarded as the rightful oooty of a victorious political party. booze (booz), V. i.; BOOZED (boozd) ; booz'ino. To drink immoderately, esp. liquor; to tipple. — n A_carouse; also, what is drunk ; liquor. Colloq. — booz'er (booz'er), n. bo-peep' (bo-pep'), n. A sudden looking out and withdraw- ing, 80 as to startle some one (as by children in play). bO-rac^C (bd-rSslk), a. Boric. bor'age(bar'£j), 7i. [fr. OF.,fr. LL.] A rough-hairy blue- flowered European herb used medicinally, and also in salad. bo'rate (bo'rat), n. Chem. A salt or ester of boric acid. bO'raz (-rSks), n. [F., fr. Ar. burag, Pers. bilrah.'\ A crys- talline slightly alkaline borate of sodium, used as a flux, cleansing agent, antiseptic, etc. bor'der (bQr'der), n. [F. bordure,, OF. bordeiiret f r. border to border, bord a border.] 1. The outer part or edge ; margin. 2. A boundary or frontier. Syn. Bound, boundary, limit, confine. ~ Border, uaroin, VERGE, EDGEj RiH, BRIM, BRINK agree ill the idea of a bound- ing or dividing line or surface. A border is that XHirt of a surface just within its boundary line or the boundary line itseH ; as, the border of a rug ; the border country. A MARGIN is a border definite in width or made distinctive ; as, the margin of a page. Verge denotes an extreme or re- mote border \ as, on the verge of ruin. An edge is a sharply defined terminating line or part ; rim usually applies to the edge of something circular or curving : briu, to the up- per rim of a hollow vessel ; as, the edge of a table ; the rim of a cup; full to the bHjn. Brink denotes the edge of some- thing steep ; as, the brink of a precipice. — a. Pertaining to a boundary district or frontier ; hence, rude; unconventional. — v. t. 1. To furnish with a border. 2. To be or have next to; touch orbetouched,a8byaborder. 3. To confine within bounds; limit. Obs.^v. i. 1. To touch at the edge or boundary ; — with on or upon. 2. To approach; verge. bor'der-er (-er), n. A dweller on a border or frontier. bor'der-land^ (-iSnd^), n. Land on the frontier. bor'dure(-d5[r), n. [F.boi-dure. See border, n.] X. Her. A border about the shield. 2- A border. Archaic. bore (bor ; 57), v. t. ; bored (bord) ; bor'ing (boring). [AS. borian.] 1. To penetrate (a body), as by turning an auger, gimlet, drill, or the like, against it ; to pierce. 2. To form or make, as a hole, by penetrating with or as with an auger. 3. To make (a passage) by laborious effort. 4. To weary by tedious iteration or by dullness, or by forc- ing one's presence upon ; to afflict with ennui. — v. i. 1. To bore a hole. 2. To be pierced by a boring instru- ment, ^n. 1. A hole made by boring, or an opening like, or likened to, one so made. 2. A round internal cavity, as of a pipe or tube. 3. The tube of a firearm ; in modern breech-loading ordnance, that portion of the tube in front of the breechblock. 4> Size of a bole ; interior diameter of atube; caliber. 5. Fig.: Caliber; importance. Obs. 6. A person or thing that wearies by prolixity, dullness, etc. bore, n. [Icel. bdra wave.] Phys. Geog. a A tidal flood with high abrupt front, due to a rapidly narrowing inlet or channel. Those of the Humber, Trent, and Severn in England are commonly called eagres, b Loosely, a very high and rapid tidal flow, as at the Bay of Fundy. bo^e-al (bo're-Sl), a. Pert, to Boreas; hence, northern. I bO're-as (bo're-Ss), n. [L. boreas^ Gr. Bopeas.] The north wind ; — usually [cap."] personified. Ble, senate, cd>re, &m, account, %rm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, Snd, recent, maker ; Ice, HI ; old, 5bey , drb, ddd, Boft, connect ; use, Onite, urn, up, circus, menii; iddd,fddt; out, oil; chair; go; &iiig,i])k; ^en,tliin; BOREDOM 83 BOUND bore'dom CbSr'diJm), n. State of being bored ; ennui. border (boi/er), n. One that bores, as a tool, the shipworm, certaiu beetles, etc. bO'rlc (bo'rlk ; 57), a. Of, pert, to, or containing, boron. bom (b8rn), jj. p. A boxlike shed ; as, a sentry box. 6. Mack. A receptacle hke, or sug- gestive of, a box, as a journal bearing. — v. t. 1. To fur- nish with boxes, or iuclose like a box. 2- To inclose in or as iu a box ; confine ; stow. box'er (bSk'ser), n. One who boxes. boxliaul^ (bSks'hSl'),*. t. NaiU. To put (a square-rigged vessel) ou the other tack by luifiug into the wind and then veering short round on her heel. bOX'lng, vb. n. 1. Act of inclosing in a box. 2. Material used for boxes. 3. Any boxlike iuclosurei caaiug. — boxing day, the first week day after Christmas, when Christmas boxes are given. Eng. box'lag, n. Act of fighting with the fists; sparring. box'WOOd' (bSks'wodd'), n. The very close-grained, tough, hai-d wood of the box. boy(boi],n. 1. A male child from birth to puberty; a youth; — also used as a term of familiarity for a man. 2 . A male servant; specif., as iu Cliina, India, or South Africa, a male servant, laborer, or slave of a native or inferior race ; also, a man of such a race. —-vi.. — brao'te-ate (br^k'te-ai), a. — bra6'te-o-late (-d-lat), a. bracriet (brSkflSt), n. [bract '\- -let.'] Bot. — ebact b. brad (brSd), n. A kind of thin, small nail. brad'awF (brSd'Si'), n. A stmight awl with chisel edge. brae (bra; bre), n. [Icel. bra eyelid.] Hillside; elope; bank ; a hill. Scot, dc Dial. Eng. brag (brSg), V. i. ; braoged (brSgd) ; braq'oing. [ME. 6?'a^fl'en to resound, blow, boast.] To talk boastfully; boast. — Syn. Swagger, vapor, bluster, talk big. See boast. — V. t. To boast of ; vaunt. — n. 1. Boasting ; ostentatious pretense or self-glorification. 2. Thing bragged of. 3. One who brags; a boaster ; braggart. — brag'ger (-er), n. brag'ga-dO'cl-O (brSg^d-do'shi-o), n. [tr. Braggadocckio, a braggart iu Spenser's " Faerie Queene."] 1. A brag- gart ; swaggerer. 2. Empty boasting ; brag. brag'^art (brSg'drt), n. [OF. bragard flaunting, vain, braggmg.] A boaster. — a. Boastful. — brag'gart-lBin (-Tz'm), n. — brag'gart-ly, adv. Brab'ma (bra'ma), n. Hindu Myth. The first member of the Hindu Trinity (Brahma, Vishnu, and Siva); the Creator. Brab'man (-mfin), n. ;pl. -uans (-mftnz). Also Brah'mln (-min). [Skr. BrdhTiiana.'] A Hindu of the highest, or sacerdotal, caste. — Brali'iaail-lsm(bra'mSn-Iz'm),Brab,'- mln-lsm (-mtn-iz'm), n. braid (brad), v. t. [AS. bregdan to move to and fro, to weave.] 1. To weave, interlace, or entwine together, as threads; to plait. 2. To bind (the hair) as with a braid. 3. To trim, ornament, or outUne with braid, ^w. 1. A plait, band, or narrow fabric formed by intertwining differ- ent strands. 2. A string or band for confining the hair. 3. A narrow fabric for binding, trimming, etc. braid, a. [AS. brsed, bred, deceit.] Deceitful. Obs. brail (bral), n. [OF. braiol^ braioel, braiel, a band around the breeches, fr. braieSy pi., breeches, L. braca, bracae.] Naut. A rope fastened to the corner of a sail, by which the Bail can be hauled up or in, preparatory to, or in place of, furling. — V. t. To haul np by the brails ; — with up. brain (bran), n. [AS. bragen, brsegen.^ 1. a In vertebrate animals, the large mass of nerve tissue inclosed in the skull or cranium, regarded as the seat of consciousness. It includes the cerebrum in front and above, and the cere- bellum below at the back, b In many invertebrates, a large ganglion more or less corresponding to the brain of a vertebrate. 2. (Often in the pi.) Understanding; in- tellect. 3. Fancy; imagination. Mare.^v. t. 1. To dash out the brains of; hence, to destroy; defeat. 2. To con- ceive; understand. Obs. 3. To furnish with a brain. brainless, a. Without understanding ; witless. — brain'- lesB-Iy, adv. — bralnless-ness, n. braln'pan^ (biau'pSn'), n. The cranium proper. braln'slck^ (-sTk^), a. Disordered in, or due to disorder of, the mind. — braln'slckly, adv. — braln'slck'ness, n. braise (braz), v. t. ; braised (brazd) ; brais'iNo. [F. braiser, fr. braise coals.] Cookery. To stew or broil in a covered kettle or pan. brake (brak), n. 1. Any of various ferns with ternately compound fronds; any fern. 2. A thicket ; abrushwood. brake, n. [ME. firaie.] 1. A machine to bruise the woody part of flax or hemp iu order to separate it from the fiber. 2. Any of various instruments for breaking, bruising, or kneading. 3. Any of several devices consisting essentially of a lever, as a pump handle, esp. a long one for sev- eral to use. 4. A frame for confining a horse wliile being shod ; also, an inclosure to restrain cattle, horses, etc. 6. Any device for retarding or stopping by friction ; as, a brake on a wagon wheel, on a bicycle, etc. ^ v. t. ; brakes (brakt); brae'ino (braking). 1. To crush or break (flax or hemp) in a brake. 2. To apply a brake to ; retard or stop by a brake. 3. To furnish or equip with a brake or brakes. ^ v. i. To manage a brake. brake'man (-mSn), n. ; pi. -men (-mSn). A man in charge of a brake_or brakes, as on a railroad car. brak'y (brakt), a. Full of brambles, shrubs, or ferns. bramnble (brSm'b'l), n. [fr. AS.] Any of various plants of a genus {Rubus) including the raspberry and blackberry ; hence, any rough, prickly shrub. — bram'bly (-blT), a. bram'bllng (-blTng), n. A handsome Old World finch. bran (brSn), n. [OF. 6r«n.] The broken coat of the seed of grain separated from flour or meal by sifting or bolting. natjire, ver4jire(87); K=chinG. ich, ach(50}; boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to§§in Guide. KxplaaatloiiB of Abbrevlatious, Signs, etc.* preceae Vocabulary. {] Foreign Word* + combined with* Keuuali* BRANCH 86 BREADFRUIT biancb (br&nch), n. [F. branche^ fr. LL. branca claw.] 1. A shoot growing from the main stem of a plaut or from one of the primary divisions of the stem, 2. Any divi- sion extending lilce a branch ; ramification. 3. Genealogy. A division of a family, descended from a particular ancestor. 4- Amember, part^sectiou, Drthelike,of anycomplexbody or work. — Syu. Limb, offshoot, twig, sprig. See bough. ^ a. 1. Diverging from, or tributary to, a main stock, line, way, theme, etc. 2. Of or pert, to a branch. — v. i. 1. To shoot or spread in branches ; ramify. 2. To spring off or out from a main branch, stem, or root; diverge ; deviate. — V. t. 1. To divide into or as into branches. 2- To embroid- er with figures of branches, flowers, or foliage. toran'cM-a (brai]'kl-d), n./ pi. -chi^ (-e). [L., fr. Gr. Ppavxia, pi. of ^pay)(lOf•] ^00^- A gill. — biau'clll-al {-ill), bran'chl-ate (-at), a. brajich'y (brAu'cht), a. Full of or bearing branches. brand (UrUnd), n. [AS. brand, brand, braud, sword, from byrntin, beoman, to burn.] 1. A piece of wood partly burnt, whether still burning ornot. 2- A sword. S-Amark put on criminals with a hot iron ; hence, any mark of in- famy or vice ; a stigma. 4. A mark made by burning with a hot iron, as to designate ownership, quality, etc. ; any mark made for a like or similar purpose, as with a stencil ; hence, quality ; grade ; sort ; class ; make ; aB, agood brand of flour. 5. A branding iron. — v. t. To make a brand upon ; hence, to mark as infamous ; stigmatize. brand'er (brSn'der), n. 1. One that brands. 2. A grid- iron. Scot. — v.t.& i. 1. To broil on a brander. Scot. 2. Plastering. To nail battens or furring strips to (girders or joists) to take the plastering laths. bran'dish (-dYsh), i;. t. [F. brandir, fr. brand a sword, OHG-. brant brand.] To move or wave, as a weapon; to shake or flourish. — v. i. To glitter ; coruscate. — n. A flourish, as with a weapon. — brdn'dlsh-er, n. Syii. Wave, shake, flutter. — Brandish, flourish, flaunt agree in denoting a waving motion. Brandish implies menace or threat ; flourish, parade, bravado, or triumph ; flaunt, impudent or brazen ostentation or display. brand'-new', a. Perfectly new ; quite new. bran'dy (brSn'dT), n. ; pi. -dies (-dtz). [fr. older brandy- whie, brandwine, D. brandewijn, fr. branden to burn, dis- till -|- wijn wine.] A spirituous liquor distilled from wine ; hence, any similar liquor, as that distilled from the fer- mented juice of peaches, cherries, or apples. — v. t. ; -died (-did) ; -DY-iNG. To flavor, blend, or treat with brandy. bran'gle (brSij'g'l), n. A wrangle ; squabble. — v. i. ; -GLED(-gMd); -GLiNO (-glTng) . To wrangle ; brawl. brank (brSi]k), n., or^ more commonly, branks (brSi)ks), n. pi. An iron frame having a triangular piece entering the mouth, formerly used for correcting scolding women. brank, v. i. To prance ; caper. Scot. 3e Dial. Bng. bran'-now'. For brand-new. bran'ny (brani), a. Of, like, or containing, bran. brant (brSut), n. Any of several species of small dark geese. brash (brSsh), n. A flt of sickness ; rash or eruption. brash, a. Hasty ; impetuous ; hence, saucy. Collog. brash, a. Brittle, as vegetables or, esp., timber. — n. 1. Rubbish, as clippings of hedges, fragments of ice, etc. 2. Wood that is brash, or brittle. — brash'y (-t), o. bra'sier (bra'zher). Var. of brazier. brass (bras), n. [AS. brxs.'] 1. An alloy of copper and zinc, with sometimes tin. 2. a Copper, brass, or bronze coin. Obs. b Money in general ; cash. Dial, or Collog. 3. pi. Brass utensils, ornaments, musical instruments, etc. bras'aart(brSs'art),n. [F. brassardyiT. 6j-a*arm.] Armor for the arm. See armor, Illust. bras'sl-ca'ceous (brSs'T-ka'shiis), a. [L. brassica cabbage.] Belonging to the family {Brassicacem) of herbs including the cabbages, mustards, and cresses. brass'y (bris'I), a. ; brass'i-er (-T-Sr); -i-mt. 1. Of, pert, to, or like, brass. 2. Impudently bold; brazen. 3- De- generate ; base. — brass'1-ly, adv. — brasB'1-ness, n. brat (brSt), n. [AS. brait cloak, fr. Celtic] A child; off- spring ; — now usually contemptuous. bratch'et (brSch'St). Var. of bbachet. brat'tle (brSf'l), n. A clattering; hence, a noisy rush or scamper. Scot, or Dial. Eng. bra-va'do (bra-va'do ; -va'do), n. ; pi. -does or -dos (-doz). [Sp. brarada, brarata, boast, brag. See bratb.] Boast- ful behavior; ostentatious show of bravery. — Syn. See bravery. ^ V. i. To show bravado; to storm brave (brSv), a. ,■ brav'kr (brav'er) ; brav'est (-Sst ; 24). [F., fr. It. bravo, (orig.) fierce, wild, prob. fr. L. baibar-us ] 1. Courageous; as, a brave man, act; —opposed to coiv- ardly. 2. Superior ; excellent ; fine. Archaic. 3. Mak- ing a fiine show or display. — Sy«. Courageous, gallant, daring, valiant, valorous, bold, heroic, intrepid, fearless, dauntless, stout-hearted. — n. 1. A brave person 2 A bullyj a *bravo. 3. A North American Indian warrior. 4. A challenge; defiance. Obs. — v. t. ; braved (bravd) ; BRAV'iHG (brav'Ing). 1. To encounter with courage and fortitude ; dare. 2. To adorn ; make showy. Obs. — v. i. To vaunt or boast. — bravely, adv. brav'er-y (brav'er-i), n. ; pi. -bries (-Iz). 1. Quality of being brave ; courage. 2. Brave show; fine dress. 3. A fine thing ; an adornment. Syn. Bravery, BRAVADO. Bravery stands for the quality (see COURAGE) of which bravado is the pretense. bia'VO (bra'vo, bra'vo); «.; pi. -voes or -vos (-voz). [It.] A daring villain ; a bandit or professioual assassin, bra'vo (bra'vo), iniery'. [It.] Well done ! Excellent! — n./ pl. bravos (-voz). An exclamation of " bravo." bra-vu'ra (bra-voo'rd), n. [It.] 1. A show of daring or brilliancy ; dash. 2. A florid, brilliant style of music. braw (br6), a. [see brave, a.] Good ; fine ; brave ; as, a braw lad ; a braw night. — braw'ly, adv. Both Scot. brawl (br61), n. [F. branle a sort of dance, shake.] A kind of sprightly dance or its music. Obs. brawl, V. i. [ME. braiden to quarrel, boast, brallen to cry, make a noise.] 1. To quarrel noisily and outrageously. 2. To make a loud confused noise, as a stream running over stones. —Syn. Wrangle, squabble, contend. — n. Noisy quarrel ; wrangle ; a noise like, or likened to, wrangling. — Syii. Uproar, row, tumult. See dispute. brawn (brSn), n. [OF. braon fleshy part, muscle, fr. OHG. brato flesh.] 1 Full, strong muscles, esp. of the arm or leg; muscular strength. 2. Flesh of a boar. brawn'y (brfini), a.; brawn'i-er (-t-er) ; -i-bst. Muscu- lar ; fleshy ; strong. — brawn'l-ness, n. brax'y (brfik'sl ; brik'-), n. A fatal infectious disease of sheep, closely resembling anthrax. bray (bra), v. t. [OF. breier to pound, grind, OHG. breh- han to break.] To pound, beat, rub, or grind small or fine. bray, v. i. [F. braire to bray, OF. brairt to cry.] To utter a loud harsh cry ; — now chiefly used of the ass or donkey. — V. t. To make or utter (a bray). — n. A harsh cry or noise ; esp., the cry of an ass. — biay'er, n. braze (braz), v t. ; brazed (brazd) ; braz'ing (brazing). [F. braser.l 1. To solder with hard solder, esp. with an alloy of copper and zinc. 2. To harden. bia'zen (bra'z'n), a.^ [AS. brsesen.'] 1. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, brass. 2. Sounding harsh and loud, like resounding brass. 3. Impudent ; shameless. ■— V. t. 1. To face brazenly ; carry {put or through) impudently or shamelessly. 2. To make bold or brazen ; harden. — bra'zen-ly, adv. — bra'zenness, n. bra'zen-face' (-fas^), n. A shameless . person. I bra'zler (bra'zher), n. [ME. brasiere.~\ ' An artificer who works in brass. _« bra'Zler,n. [fr. F., fr. braise live coals, -^ OF. hrise.'] A pan for burning coals. Brazil' nut (brd-zTl'). An oily 3-an- gled nut, the seed of a tree of Brazil. Bra-zll'lan (-ySn), a. & n. See -AN. breach (brech), n. [AS. brece (in comp.) a (broken) piece, fr. brecan to , break.] 1. Act of breaking; state of being broken; gap or opening made Brazil Nut. 1 Fruit by breaking; rupture; break. 2. A showing arrange- breaking of waters, as over a vessel; ment of nuts; i the waters themselves ; surge ; surf. ^"*' 3. A breaking or infraction of a law, obligation, or tie-, violation. 4- A breaking out upon; inroad; assault. 6. A breaking up of amicable relations; rupture. 6. A bruise; woimd. — Syii. Rent, cleft, chasm, rift, disruption; frac- ture ; infringement; quarrel, dispute, difference, ^f. /. To make a breach or opening in. bread (brSd), n. [AS. brSad fragment, morsel, bread.'f 1. An article of food made from flour or meal by moisten- ing, kneading, and baking. 2. Food; sustenance. — v. i. Cno/:fri/. To cover with bread crumbs. bread'frnlr (-froof ), n. The large round frnit of a Poly- ale, senate, c&re, Slzn, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, end, recent, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, 6bey, drb, 5dd, Buft, cuunect ; use, Unite, iim, Up, ciicus, menii; food, fobt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; tben, thin; BREADSTUFF 87 BREEZY The nesian tree related to the mulberry ; also, the tree, fruit, when baked, somewhat resembles breaU. bread'StUfi^ (brSd'8tilf')> n. Ttmt of wliicli bread is made ; also, bread ; biscuit ; — used chiefly in the pL breadth (brSdth), n. [AS. brsedUt f r. brad broad.] 1. Dis- tance or measure from side to aide of any surface or thing; width. 2. Anything considered with reference to, or as measured by, its width, or breadth. 3. Spaciousness ; extent; distance. 4- I^argeuees ; liberality, as of ideas. breadth'ways'' (-waz^) ) adv. In the direction of the breadth'wlae' (-wtzO ) breadth. break, or brake (brak), n. A kind of large wagonette. break (brak), v. t. ; pret. broke fbrok). Archaic brake \ p. p. beo'ken (bro'k'n), Obs. or Archaic broke ; p. pr. d- vh. n. break'ing. [AS. brecan,'\ 1. In general, to sepa- rate iuto parts or fragments by concussion or stress ; sep- arate violently. 2. Hence, to plow (land) preparatory to sowing; —sometimes used with m or up. 3. To destroy, impair, disable, or overcome by eras by breaking ; shatter ; cruijli ; specifically, to destroy the completeness or arrange- ment ot ; as, to ^/euAaset, to 6rea^ ranks. 4. To destroy the tone, firmness, or resiliency of ; specifically : a To reduce to subjection ; as, to break a colt, b To bankrupt ; ruin. C To cashier; degrade; dismiss; deprive (o/). d Togo beyond or exceed (a record). 5. To lay open by or as by breaking ; burst in, through, or out; force a way into ; pen- etrate. 6. Hence : a To transgress or violate ; as, to break a law. b To lay open, as a purpose ; disclose, c To impart, as news. 7. To destroy the continuity of ; interrupt ; as, to break joints (aain bricklaying); to break silence ; to break one^s sleep; to break one's fall, etc. 8- To cause in (one) the discontinuance (of a habit or practice); also, with off\ to diacoutinue. — Syn. Dispart, rend, tear; shatter, bat- ter ; violate, infringe, demolish, destroy ; burst, dislocate. ^v. i. 1. To come apart, usually with suddenness and violence ; part; burst asunder ; curl over and fall in foam, as waves. 2- To fail, weaken, or succumb as if by breaking; give way; become bankrupt; fail. 3. To burst forth or burst in violently or for:;ibly. 4. To come suddenly (into sightornotice); specifically, todawn. 6. To make an abrupt or sudden change ; as, to break into a run. 6. To cease to have relations ; fall out ; as, to break with a friend. 7. To fail in musical quality, as the voiceof a singer; also, to change in tone, as a boy's voice at puberty. — n. [See break, v. t. ; of. brake (the instrument), breach, BRACK a crack.] 1. An act or the action of breaking ; rupture ; fracture ; also, the action of breaking in or forth; irruption ; as, adrea/; for free- dom ; break of day ; hence, dawn. 2. An effect of, or the condition produced by, breaking ; a gap, rent, or breach; interruption; cessation; pause. 3- That which is broken out or off ; fragment ; part. 4. An abrupt change in the quality or pitch of a tone. — break'a-ble (-d-b'l), a. break'age (brak'aj), n. Act or result of breaking ; a break; articles broken ; allowance for things broken. break'down' (-doun'), n. 1. A breaking down ; downfall ; failure. 2- A noisy, rapid, shuffiiiig dance. break'er (brak'er), n. 1. One that breaks. 2. A wave breaking into foam, as against the shore. — Syn. See wave. break'fast (brSk'fost), n. {break + /ai^.J 1. The first meal of the day, or the food then eaten. 2- A meal after fasting. — /'. i. & t. To eat, or to furnish with, breakfast. break'nsck^ (brak^nSk^), a. Involving danger of a broken neck ; as, a breakneck pace. break'-up', n. Disruption ; dispersion. break'wa^ter (-wfi'ter), n. A structure for breaking the force of waves, as a sea wall. bream (brem),n, l¥. bremet OF. br&iiue.} 1. A European fresh- water fish of the carp family. 2. a Any of various marine fishes. b Any of various f r e 8 h-w a t e r sun- bream,!;. ^ NaiU. To clean, as a ship's bot- tom, European Bream. (4) breast (brSat), n. [AS. brSoxi.'} 1. The fore or ventral part of the body between the neck and the belly. 2. Either of the two milk-secreting glands on the chest in man and some other mammals. 3. Something resembling, or likened to, the human breast, or bosom, as the interior, horizontal projection of a chimney, the face of a working in a mine, etc. 4' The seat of consuiousnesa, esp. of the emotions ; hence, courage ; spirit. 6. Power of aiugiug. OOs. ^ v, t. To meet with the breast ; struggle with or oppose man- fully ; as, to breast the waves ; to breast adversity- breaaVbone' (brSat'bonO, n. The sternum. [throat. I breast'pln' (-ptnO, n. A pin worn on the breast or at the| breast'plate' (-plat^, 7^. a plate or the like covering the breast, esp. as defensive armor. breast'WOrk^ (-wQrkO, n. Fort. A defensive work of mod- erate height, hastily thrown up. breath (brSth), n. [AS. brms."] 1. Odor. Obs. 2. A vapor or exhalation ; esp., a fragrant emanation, or the air charged with it. 3- Air inhaled and exhaled in respiration. 4. A very alight breeze. 6. Power of respiration ; hence, life ; strength. 6- A single respiration ; hence, a single act ; an instant. 7. Act or power of breathing naturally or freely ; also, time to breathe ; respite. 8- Gentle exercise, quickening respiration. 9. That which is produced by the breath, as a film of moisture on a cold object, or an utterance; hence, the slightest effort; a trilie. 10. Phon. Voiceless expiration, as in uttering/, A, /», .%', i, etc. Cf. voiceless. breathe (breth), v. i. ; BREATHED (brethd) ; breath'ino. 1. To exhale an' odor or perfume. 2. To respire ; hence, to take breath ; rest; also,tolive. 3- To pass like breath ; blow gently. 4. To long ; pant. 6- To speak, sing, or the like. —«. i. 1. To exhale. 2. To inject by breathing; infuse ; — with into. 3. To respire. 4. To uttsr, esp. softly , whisper. B. To express ; manifest ; give forth. 6. To suffer to take breath, or recover natural breathing ; rest. 7. To put out of breath ; exhaust. — breath'er, n. breath'lng (brefch'Tng), vb. n. 1. Respiration ; hence : a A pause for respiration; delay, b Promotion of respiration ; act of exercising, c Utterance ; communication by words. 2. Inspiration ; also, aspiration, or ardent desire. 3. The sound expressed by the letter A ; aspirate; aspiration. 4- Gr. Gram. A mark to indicate aspiration or its absence; — the first ['] called rough breathing^ 9x16. the second ['] smooth breathing; as. u>pa {pron. ho'ra) and (apa(p7'on. o'ri). breath'less (brSth'lSs), a. 1. Without breath ; hence, dead. 2. Spent with action ; out of breath. 3. Holding the breath from fear, expectation, or intense interest. brec'cla (brSch'd), n. [It.] Geol. A rock composed of angular fragments cemented together. bred (brSd), pret. & p. p. of breed, brede(bred),7i. [seelstBRAiD.] Braid; embroidery. ArcJiaic. bree (bre), n. [ME. bre.'] Broth ; liquor. Oba. or Scot. breech (brech),n. [see breeches.] 1. The buttocks. 2. The hinder or lower part ; esp., the rear part of a firearm, be- hind the bore. 3. The bottom of a block, or pulley. — (brech ; brich), v. (. To furnish with breeches or a breech. breech'es (brlch'ez ; 24), n. pi. [AS. &rec, pi. of broc breech, breeches.] 1. An outer garment worn by men, covering the hips and thighs. 2- Trousers. Colloq. breech'lng (brlch'Tng ; brech'-), w. 1. A whipping on the breech. 2. Pnrt of a harness which passes round the breech of a horse. 3. The breech or breech action of a gun. breechload^er (brech'lod'er), n. Breech-loading firearm. breech'-load^lng, a. Receiving the charge at the breech. breed (bred), V. t. ; bred (bred); breed'ing. [AS. hretlan to nourish, cherish, fr. brod brood.] \. To produce as off- spring ; bear ; beget. 2. To bring up ; nurse and foster. 3. To be the birthplace of. 4. To canne ; produce. 6' To propagate, as any kind of stock. — Syn. Engender, gener- ate, gender, hatch, originate ; nourish, rear, train. — v. i. 1. To bear and nourish young ; be with young. 2. To have birth ; originate. — n. 1. A race or variety related by de- scent and, in general, similar; stock; strain. 2. Class; sort ; kind. 3. Brood ; offspring. Obs. — broed'er, n. breed^ate' (-baf), n. One who stirs up quarrels. 06.^. breed'lng,77. l. Act of one tliat breeds. 2. Descent. Obs. 3. Nurture; bringing up. 4. Deportment: manners. 5. Prop- agation of i>lants or animals, esp. to improve them. — Syii. See EDUCATION. breeze (brez), w., breeze fly. [AS. briosn.l Any of va- rious horseflies and botflies that torment animals. breeze, n. [F. hmise cinders, live coals.] Refuse, as that left in making coke or charcoal. breeze, n. [F. 6r/V, or Sp. brizn, brisa."] 1. A gentle wind. 2. A fitirry of excitement. Co/foq. — Syn. See wind. breez'y (brez'T). n. ; breez'i-eti (-T-er); -i-est. 1. Having breezes; airy. 2. Fresh; brisk; vivacious. Colloq. natiire, verdjire (87) ; K = cli in Gr. ich, ach (50) ; boN; yet; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to § Kxplanatlsns of Abbreviations, Sle;na, elc** precede Vocabulary. U Foreign Word. + combined with. in Guide. c=eauals. BRENT brent (brSnt), brant (brSnt), a. [AS. hranL'] Of the forehead : Uiiwriiikled ; clear. Scot. breth'ren (brStfa'rSu), n., pi. of brother ; — used in solemn address, and of religious sects or their members. Bret'on (brSt'fin; brit'ttn ; F. bre-t6N'), a. Of or relating to Bretagne (Brittany) or the Bretons. — n. One of the natives of Bretagne; also, the language of the Bretons. brOTO (brev), n. [It. breve or F. breve, fr. L. brevis short.] 1. Music. The longest modern note, rarely used. 2. A curved mark ["] used commonly to indicate a short vowel or syllable. bre^Vet' {bre-Tgf; brBv'St), n. [F., fr. L. brevis short.] Mil. A commission giving an officer higher nominal rank than that for which he receives pay ; an honorary promo- tion of an officer. -^ v. t. ; -vbt'tbd ; -vet'tinq ; or -bt-ed ; -BT-iNG. To confer rank on by brevet. — a. Taking or conferring rank by brevet. bro'Vl-a-ry (bre'vl-a-rt), n. ; pi. -eies (-rTz). [L. breviari- um abridgment, fr. breviariua abridged.] In the Roman Catholic and the Eastern churches, a book containing the daily public or canonical prayers for the canonical hours. bre-vler' (bre-ver'), n, [prob. orig. used in printing a bre- viary.'] Print. See type. brov'1-ty (brSv'I-tl), n. ; ph -tie6 (-ttz). [L. breviias, fr. Arevis short.] 1. Sliortness of duration. 2- Shortness in speech or writing ; conciaeness. brew (broo), v. t. [AS. brSowan."] 1. To prepare, as beer, by steeping, boiling, and fermentation, or infusion and fer- mentation. 2. To foment or prepare as if by brewing ; plot ; concoct, as mischief. ^ v. i. 1. To brew beer or otherliquor. 2- To be in preparation; be forming or gather- ing.— n. That which is brewed. — brew'er (-er), n. brew'age (-aj), n. Malt liquor ; also, a brewing. brew'er-y (-er-t), n. ; pi. -eries (-Tz). Also brew'house^ (-hous^). A building and apparatus for brewing. brew'lng, n. 1. Actor process of preparing liquors which are brewed, as beer and ale. 2. The quantity brewed at once. 3. A mixing together : concoction. brew'ls (brSoTs), n. [OF. & F. brouet.'] Broth or pot- tage, properly that in which beef has been boiled. brl'ar (bri'er). Var. of brier. Brl-a're-an (brl-a're-an ; 3), n. Pertaining to or like BrJ- a're-ns (-tis), one of the hundred-handed giants of Greek mythology ; hence, hundred-handed or many-handed. bribe (brib), n. [F., a lump of bread, scraps, LL. 2)n'6a scrap of bread.] 1. A price, gift, or favor bestowed or promised to pervert or corrupt a person in a position of trust, as an ofRcial. 2. That which seduces ; seduction ; allurement. ^ V. t. ; bribed (bribd); bribing (brib'Tng). To give, promise, influence, or gain by a bribe. — v. i. To bribea person; practice bribery. — briVa-bleCbrlb'd-b'l), a. brlb'er (brib'er), n. One who gives or takes a bribe. brib'er-y (-T), n. ; pi. -eries (-tz). Act or practice of giv- ing or taking bribes. . brlc'-a-brac' (brtk'd-brSk'), n. [F. hric-h-brac.'] Curi- ous or antique articles of virtu ; odd knickknacks. brick (brTk), n. {F-brique.] 1. A building and paving mate- rial made from moist clay molded into blocks and hardened in the sun or by fire ; also, one of these blocks. 2. Any of va- rious oblong rectangular masses. 3. A good fellow. Slang. — V. t. To lay, pave, or the like, with bricks. brlck^baV (-bSt^* n. A fragment of a brick. brlck'lay'inEf, n. Act, occupation, or art of laying bricks, or building with bricks. — bricklayer, n. brlck'WOrk' (-wfirk'), n. Work of or with bricks, brld'al (brid'51), n. [AS. brydealo. See bride ; ale.] A nuptial festival or ceremony ; a marriage. — a. Of or per- taining to a bride or a wedding ; nuptial. bride (brid), n, [AS. brgd."] A woman newly married, or about to be married. brlde'groom' (-grobm')^ .i. [AS. brydgumn ; bryd bride + guma man, the insertion of r being perhaps due to con- fusion with groom.'] A man newly married, or about to be married. brldes'ntald' (bridz'mad'), n. A maid or woman who at- tends a bride at her wedding. brldes'man (-mftn), n. ; pi. -men (-m?n). A jfroomsman. brlde'well (brld'wel), n. A house of corrpction ; loosely, a jail ; — from a former house of correction in London, Eng., chiefly London. bridge (brtj), n. [AS. brycg, hricg.] 1. A structure erected over a depression or an obstacle, as a river, railroad, etc.. 88 BRIGHT carrying a passageway for passengers, vehicles, ecc. 2. A gangway for boats. 3. Naut. A platform el- evated above the rail and Masonry Bridge. extending across or over thedeckofavessel. 4. Any- thing like, or suggestive of, a bridge, as the upper bony part of the nose, the arch for the strings on a violin, etc. 6. Acardgamerebem- blingwhiat. T'.(. /BRIDGED _ _ (brTjd) ; beidg'ing. 1. To Bottom-road Bridge. build a bridge or bridges on or over. 2. To open or make (a passai^e, way, etc.) by a bridge. bri'dle (bri'd'l), n. [AS. bndel.] 1. The headgear with which a horse is governed, consisting of headstall, bit, and reins. 2. A restraint; curb; check. 3. Any of various parts or things like, or suggestive of, a bridle iu form or use.— «. t. ,*-DLED (-d'ld); -dling (-dlTng). 1. To equip with a bridle. 2. To restrain, guide, or govern with or as with a bridle. — Syn. Check, curb, control, repress, maater, subdue. ^ v. i. To hold up the head and draw in the chin, as an expression of pride, scorn, or resentment. brl-doon' (bri-doon'), n. [F. hridon.'] The snaffle of a double bridle (one having both snaffle and curb bits). brief (bref), a. [F. AnV, 6re/, fr. L. brevU.] 1. Short ; curtailed. 2. Concise ; teree; succinct; condensed. Syn. Brief, short. Brief commonly refers to duration only ; short, to either duration or linear extent or to both; as, a 0J^e/ interview, a short sermon, time, man. — adv. Briefly. Ohs. or Poetic. — n. 1. Ashort concise writing or letter ; hence, a summary ; epitome. 2. Law. a A writ, b A concise statement of a client's case for the instruction of counsel, or of the points of a legal argument. — V. t. To make an abstract or abridgment of. — brlcflyi adv. — briefness, n. briefless, a. Having no brief ; without clients. brl'er (bri'er), n. [AS. 6rer, brser.] 1. Any plant with a vroody stem bearing thorns or prickles, as the blackberry. 2. A group of brier bushes ; a brier patch. brl'er, n. {^.bmyhre.] The tree heath of southern Europe, the root of which is used in making tobacco pipes. brl'er-WOcd' (-w65d0, n. The root wood of the brier. brl'er-y (-t), o. Full of briers. — n. A briery place. brlg(brT^),7?. [short for BRioANTiKE.] iVou^. A two-masted, square-rigged vessel. bri-gade' (brT-gad'), n. [F., fr. It. origaia troop, crew, brigs fr. briga quarrel.] 1. MU. A body of troops con- sisting of two or more regiments, or similar units, under the com- mand of a brigadier general. 2. Anybody of persons organized for acting or march- ing together ; as, a fire brigade ; Boys' Brigade.— V. t. ; -oad'ed (-gad'Sd ; 24); -aAD'ma. To form into a brigade, or into brigades. brlg'a-dier'(brtg'd-der'),n. [F.] Mil. One in command of a brigade. brigadier general. Mil. An officer in command of a bri- gade, ranking next above a colonel. See armt. brlg'and (brlg'ffind), n. [F., fr. OF. brigant light-armed soldier, LL. brigans.] A lawless fellow who lives by plun- der ; a freebooter. — brlg'and-Rge (-fin-daj), n. brlg'an-dlne (-Sn-den ; -din), n. [F., fr. OF. brigant."] A medieval coat of body armor consisting of scales or plates. brlg'an-tlne (-ten ; -tin), n. [F. brigantin^ fr. It. brigantinOf orig., a piratical vessel.] A two-raasted, square-rigged ves- sel dilf ering from a brig in not carrying a square mainsail. bright (brit), a. [AS. beorkt, brybt,] 1. Radiating or re- flecting light; not dark. 2. Transmitting light; dear. 3. Resplendent with charmB ; as, bright beauty. 4. Keen ; intelligent. 6. Illustrious; glorious. 6. Brilliant in color. Syn. Luminous, lustrous, splendid, resplendent, efful- Brig. ale, senate, c&re, &m, account, iirm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, @nd, recent, maker; i6e, ill ; old, 6bey, drb, 5dd, s5ft, cotinect ; use, tlziite, firu, fip, circus, menii; food, foot; outtoil; chair; go; Bing,ii)k; then, thins BRIGHTEN 89 BROIDERY gent, refulgent, radiant, sparkling, gleaming, flashing, glit- tering, glisteulng, lucid, oeamy, clear, transpai-ent ; iUiis- trioua, witty, clever, vivacious, sunny. — Bright, shining, BRILLIANT. BRIGHT (opposed to dull) applies to any objtict which emits or reflects light; as, a bHuht fire, a //right sword; SHINING, to objects which emit or reflect light strongly or steadily ; brilliant, to those which gleam or flash. ^ 71. Splendor ; brightness. Poetic. — adv. Brightly. brlght'en (brifn), v. t. & i. To make or grow bright. 1)rlght'ly, adv. In a bright manner. See -ly. T}rig]ttt'ness(brit'nSs), 7i. See -mess. — Syn. Radiance, re- splendence, etfulgence, glory. Bright's' dls-ease' (brits' dt-zez'). [after Dr. Richard Bright of London.] Med. Any of several forms of kidney disease attended with albumin in the urine. brill (brtt), n. A European flatfish allied to the turbot. brll'Uance (brTl'yfius), n. Brilliancy. bril'llan-cy (-ySn-sI), n. ; pi. -cibs {-hXz). Quality or state of being brilliant ; glitter ; great brightness. bril'Uant (-yftnt), a. [F. brillant, p. pr. of briller to shine, sparkle, fr. L. beryllus beryl,] 1. Sparkling ; very briglit. 2. Distinguished by admirable qualities ; splendid ; shin- ing. — Syn. See bright. —n. 1. A diamond or other gem cut iu a particular form with numerous facets ; also, the form itself. 2- Print. See type. — brll''lla2lt-ly, adv. brim (brim), n. [AS. brymme edge, border.] 1. Edge or margin, as of a foimtain or of the water in it ; brink ; bor- der. 2. Rim or upper edge of a dish or other vessel. 3. The rim of a hat. — Syn. See border. —■u. t. & i. ; brimmed (brimd) ; brim'minq. To fill, or be full, to the brim. brlm'iul' (brTm'fddl' ; often — in poetry usually — brtm'- ffi61), a. Full to the brim ; completely full. brini'mer (-er), n. A brimful bowl ; a bumper. brim'stone (-stou), n. [ME. brimston^ lyremston^ bemston^ brenston. See burn, u.i. ; stone.] 1. Sulphur. 2- A spit- fire ; virago. brluMed (brlu'dSd ; 24), o. Brindled. bcln'dle (-d'l), n. Brindled state or color ; also, a brindled animal. — briu'dle, a. brln'dled (-d'ld), a. [dim. fr. bHnded.'] Having dark streaks or spots on a gray or tawny ground. brine (brin), n. [AS. bi-yne-l 1. Water strongly impreg- nated with salt ; pickle ; hence, any strong saline solution ; fig., tears. 2. The ocean; water of an ocean, sea, etc. bring (bring), v. t. ; pret. tfc p. p. brought (brSt) ; p. pr. & vb.n. bring'ing. lAS. bringan.'} 1, To convey to the place where the speaker is or is to be. 2. To procure in or as in exchange ; fetch ; produce; as, coal brings G dollars a ton ; vice biings diBgTSLce. 3. To advance ; adduce; Lau't to pre- fer, as a charge; institute, as an action. 4. To cause to come or to become ; as, my letter brought him. — bring'er, n. Syn. Bear, carry^ transport. — Bring, fetch. To bring is simply to come with ; to fetch is to go to, get, and bring. brink (briijk), 71. [Dan. brink.] Edge, margin, or border, eap. of a steep place, as of a precipice. — Syn. See border. brin'y (brin'T), a. brin'i-br (-T-er) ; -i-est . Like brine; salty. brl-^ustte' (brl-kSf), n. [F., little brick.] A brick-shaped mas3, usually of iine stuft with a cementing material. Bri-8a'l3(bri-se0ra),n. [Gr. Bpto-Tji?.] In Homer's " Iliad," a beautiful captive girl whom Agamemnon takes from Achillea to replace Chryseis. Bll'sin-ga-msn' (bre'sen-ga-mSnO, ri. [fr. Icel., fr. brl- singr flame -}- men necklace.] See Frbya. brisk (brisk), a. 1. Full of activity ; lively. 2. Smartly dressed. Obs. — Syn. Agile, alert, nimble, quick; sprightly, vivacious, gay, spirited, animated. See active.— «. /. dki. To make or become brisk, — briskly ,adv. — brlsk'ness, n. brlsk'en (brls'k'n), v. t. & i. To brisk. brlS'ket (brlsHtSt; 24), «. [ME. firjijAeWe.] In quadrupeds used as food, the breast. brls'Ue (brla''l), n. [AS. byrst.'X Ashort, stiff, coarse hair. — V. t. ; bris'tled (-'Id) ; bris'tling (-ling). 1. To cause to stand up, as the bristles of an angry hog. 2. To furnish with a bristle or bristles. 3. To make bristly ; ruffle. — V. i. 1. To stand erect, like bristles. 2. To appear as if covered with bristles. 3. To show defiance or indignation. brls'tly (brlsfll^, a. Bristlehke ; rough. Brls'tol board (-t&l), n, A kind of fine, smooth, usually un- glazed, pasteboard ; — after Bristol^ in the west of England. Brl-tan'nl-a fbrl-tSn'I-d), n. [L.] 1. Orlg., Great Britain, esp. its southfim part. Now, Poetic or Rhetorical^ the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, or the female figure symbolizing it. 2. [i.e.] Short for brltannli* metal, a white alloy, usually of tin, antimony, aud copper. Brl-tan'nlo (brl-tSn'Tk), rt. [L. Bntanmcus.] British. BrlVlsh (brtt'tsh), a. Of or pertaining to Great Britain or ita inhabitants. — n . 1. The language of the ancient Brit- ons; Cymric. 2. The people of Great Britain. Brlron (brlt'fin),n. [OF. Breton, L. Britlo, Brito.'] 1. A member of one of the tribes inhabiting Britain before the Anglo-Saxon invasions. 2. A native or British-born subject of Great Britain, esp. an Englishman. brittle (brlf'l), a. [fr. AS. br&otan to break.] Easily broken ; fragile ; not tough or tenacious. — brlVtle-nesS,n. Syn. Frangible, breakable : weak, feeble, infirm, slight. — Brittle, fragile, frail. Brittle refers to substances. Fuaqile has a wider range than brittle (as, spun s^lass is both brittle and fragile ; a spider's web is fragile, out not brittle), and applies esp. to objects easily broken or of delicate constitution. Frail and fragile are often convert- ible, hut frail usually implies the greater weakness. brltz'ka, brlts'ka (brlts'kd), n. Also brltzs'ka. [Pol. bryczka.'] A long roomy carriage with a calash tpp. broach (broch), n. [F. broche.'\ Any of various pointed tools, implements, or parts ; as a spit for roasting meat, a tool for tapping casks, a reamer, etc. — v. t. 1. To stab ; pierce, esp. with a spit ; fix on or as on a apit. 2- To tap, as a cask to draw liquor ; hence : a To draw, as wine ; to shed, as blood, b To open for the first time, as a mine. 3. To make public ; put forth : introduce in conversation. broafl(br8d),a. [AS. /^ra*/.] 1. Wide ; extended inbreadth; — opposed to narrow. 2. Spacious ; vast. 3. Extended, in the sense of diffused or expanded ; clear ; full ; as, broad day- light. 4. Plain ; evident ; obvious. 5. Unrestrained in language ; eap., indelicate ; coarse. 6. Liberal ; catholic, as in ideas. 7. Main and eaaential ; general; aa, the 6road out- lines of a theory. 8- Of a vowel, uttered with a wide open- ing of the articulating organs, as a in father^^ a in man. Syn. Large, ample, spacious, roomy, extensive, expanded, comprehensive, vast ; liberal, tolerant. — Broad, wide are often convertible ; as, a broad or ivide street, ribbon, mar- gin ; but broad commonly applies only to surfaces or areas as such. Wide applies also to apertures, or to that which opens or spreads ; as, vide wounds, u'ldespread. broad'as' t (brSd'Sks^), n. An ax with a broad blade, as broad'axo' ( any of various battle-axes, axea for hewing. broad'casV (-kastOi n. A casting or throwing of seed in all directions. — a. Cast or dispersed, or scattering, in all di- rections ; widely diffused. — adv. So as to spread widely. broad'cloth (-klSth ; 62), n. A kind of fine smooth woolen cloth, usually of double width. broad'en (-'n), v. i. & t. To grow, or to make, broad. broad'lsh, a. Somewhat broad. See -isb. broad'ly, adv. of broad. See -ly. broad'ness, n. See -ness. broad'slde' (brfid'aid'), n. 1. Nnut. The side of a ship above the water line, from bow to quarter. 2. A broad surface of any object, as of a house, etc. 3. All the guns, collec- tively, that can be trained to fire to one Bide of a ship, or their simultaneous discharge. 4- Print. A sheet of paper containing one large page, or printed on one side only ; — called also broad'sheet^ broad'sword^ (-sord' ; 57), n. A sword with a broad blade. Brob'dlng-nag (br5b'dTng-nSg), n. Incorrectly Brob'- dig-nag. In Swift's " Gulliver's Travels," an imaginary country where everything is on an enormous scale. Brob''dlng-nag'l-an (-nSg'I-Sn), a. Incorrectly Brob''dlg- nag'l-an. Colossal ; gigantic. ^ n. A giant. bro-cad6' (brS-kad'), n. [Sp. brocado, fr. LL. brocare to prick, figure (textile fabrics).] Silk stuff woven with gold and silver threads, or ornamented with raised flowers, fo- liage, etc. — bro-cad'ed (-kad'ed ; 24j, p. a. bro'ca-tel (bro'ka-tSl ; brSk'd-), n. Also broc'a-telle' (brSk'd-tSl'). [F. broeatelle.'} A kind of figured fabric, usually of wool and silk, as for tapestry, upholstery, etc. broc'CO-U (br5k'o-lT), n. [It.] A hardy cauliflower. bro-chure' (brS-shur'), n. [F., fr. brocher to stitch.] A pamphlet ; a treatise or article published in pamphlet form. brock (br5k),n. [AS. &roc, W. firocA.] A European badger. bro'gan (bro'giin), n. A kind of stout, coarse shoe. brogue (brog), n. [Ir. & Gael, brog shoe.] 1 A brogan. 2. A dialect pronunciation or accent, esp. one such as char- acterizes the Irish pronunciation of English. brold'er (broid'SrV v. t. [F. broder, confused with E. braid.'] To embroider. Archaic. — brold'or-y (-Sr-T), n. Archaic, natjire, verdure (87); K = ch in G. Icb, ach (50); bow; yet; zli=z in azure, Kxplanatlonaof Abbr«vlatlouB, Slffnat eto.| preeeae Vocabulary. " " Numbers refer to §§ in Guide- U Forelffn Word* + oombined with. BaequalBt BROIL 90 BRUNT broU (broil), n. [F. brouiller to disorder.] A confused disturbance ; a brawl. — Syii. Contention^ fray, affray, tu- mult, altercation, dissension, discord, contest, couflict. See DISPDTE. — V, i. To quarrel ; engage in a broil. broil, V. I. [AF. broiller to burn, OF. bruUlir to be hot.] 1. To cook by direct exposure to heat over a fire, esp. on a gridiron or on live coals. S. To subject to great (common- ly direct) heat. — v i. To be subjected to heat, as meat over the fire. ^ n. Act of broiling ; also, something broiled. broil'er (broil'Sr), n. One that broils, as a utensil used in broiling, or a chicken or other bird ilt for broiling. bloU'er, n. One who excites broils or brawls. blockage (bro'kaj), n. Brokerage. Brokage is now little used, exc. in main-iage brokage^ which ia the common form. broke (brok), pret. & obsoles. p. p. of bbeak. broke, V. i. ; bruked (brokt) ; BBOK'iHa (broking). To transact business as or through a broker ; trafBc. Rare. bro'ken(bro'k'u),_p.p.ofBEEAK,'y.i. Hence:j?.a. 1. a Vi- oldutly separated or fractured ; sundered, b Subdued ; crushed, c Violated, as a vow. 2. Rough ; uneven, as a surface. 3. Impei'fectly spoken ; as, broken English. bro'ken-heart'ed (-har^tSd ; 24, lOD), a. Utterly depressed by grief or despair. — Syu. Heartbroken, disconsolate, in- consolable, comfortless, woebegone, forlorn. bro'keil-wllUl'ed (109), a. Affected with heaves. bro'ker (bro'ker),n. [ME. fij'ocour.] 1. A dealer in money, notes, drafts, stocks, etc. 2- A go-between in affairs of love or marriage. Obs., exc. of a hired marriage agent. bro'kor-ase (-aj), n. The business of a broker, or his fee, reward, or commission. bro'tnide (-mid ; -mid), n. Also -mid. Chem. A binary compound of bromine with another element or a radical. bro'mlne (-mtn ; -men), n. Also bro^mln. [Gr. Ppufio^ stink.] Chem. An element which at ordinary temperatures is a deep reddish brown, ill-smelling, caustic liquid, emit- ting a brownish vapor. S3mibol, Br; at. wt., 79.916. bron'chl (brSn'kl), n.fpl. of ebonchus. bron'chi-a (-ki-d), n.pL [Gr. ppoyx'-ct.'] The bronchi or, esp., subdivisions of the bronchi. — bron'chl-al (-Ztl), a. bron-Ohl'tls (brSq-ki'tTs), n. Med. Inflammation of the bronchi. — bron-Chlt'lc (ktblk), a. bron'cho, bron'GO (brSii'ko), n. ; pi. -CHoa, -COB (-koz). [Sp. bronco rough, wild.] A small hardy horse or pony of the plains of western North America. bron'chns (br5i)'kas), n. ; pi. -cm (-ki), [Gr. ^poyxo? windpipe.] Anat. One of the subdivisions of the trachea, or windpipe, esp. either of the two primary divisions. bronze (br5nz),«. [F., fr. Jt. bronso.] 1. An alloy chiefly of copper and tin. 2- A statue, bust, or the like, of bronze. 3. A yellowish or reddish brown ; the color of bronze. bronze, V.'.; BRONZED, BRONz'iNG. 1. To give the appearance of bronze to. 2. To make hard or unfeeling ; brazen. brooch (broch ; brooch), n. [var. of bboach, n.] An orna- mental clasp, with a tongue, pin, or loop for attaching it. brood (brood), n. [AS. 6rod.] 1. Progeny or young, esp. of such as breed from eggs ; specifically, those hatched or cared for at one time. 2 ■ A particular kind bred ; breed. —V. t. 1. To sit on or incubate (eggs); hatch. 2- To think anxiously or moodily upon ; ponder. — 1>. i. 1. To sit on and cover eggs or young to hatch or protect them ; hence, to sit quietly, as if brooding. 2. To have the mind dwell continuously or moodily on a subject ; — usually with over or on — a. Kept for breeding from. — brood'er, n. brook (brdSk), n. [AS. broc.'] A natural stream of water smaller than a river or creek. brook, V. t. [AS. brucan to use, enjoy.] To bear ; endure; — chiefly in negative constructions. — Syn. See bear. brooklet, n. A little brook. See -let. broom (broom), n. [AS. firom.] 1. Any of several Euro- pean fabaceous shrubs, esp. a certain one having slender branches, small leaves, and yellow flowers. 2. An imple- ment for sweeping floors, walks, ete., orig. one made of twigs of broom. — broom'y (-T), a. broom corn. A variety of sorghum bearing a stiff-branched panicle of which brooms are made. broom'Staff' (-st&fO, n. A broomstick. OU. or R. broom'stick^ (-stTkO, n. The handle of a broom. broth (brSth; 62), n. [AS. broS.'] Liquid in which flesh (or, sometimes, barley or rice) has been boiled ; thin soup. broth'el (brSth'el ; brStb'gl), n. [ME., fr. AS. br^oSan to ruin, destroy, p. p. broken.'] 1. A lewd man or woman ; prostitute. Oos. 2. A house of lewdness or ill fame. broth'er (briife'Sr), n. ; pi. -ebs (-erz) or brbthben (brSfe<- rSn). See bbetheen. [AS. hrdSor.) 1. A male person, or a male animal, considered iu his relation to another hav- ing the same parents (whole brother), or one parent only iu common (half brother). 2. One of a conuuoti family or race; a fellow man. 3. One closely united to another by a common tie or interest, as of rank, profession, etc. •— V. t. To make a brother of ; treat as a brother. broth'er-hood (-he6d), n. 1. Quality or state of being brothers or a brother. 2. A body of associates, as in a society, profession, etc. — Syn. Fraternity, fellowship. broth'er— In— law', w.y pi. -ees-in-law. The brother of one's husband or wife, or the husband of oue's sister. broth'er-ly (-IT), a. Of or pertaining to, or becoming to, brothers. — adty. Like a brother. — broth'er -11-ness, n. Syn. Kind, affectionate, tender. — Bbotherlt, feateb- NAL. Brotherly often connotes more warmth of leeZiug or intimacy than fraternal. brouffh'am (broo'^m; broom; bro'iim), n. [after Lord Brougham.'] A form of light, close carriage . See Illust. brought (br8t), pret. o), n, ; pL -boes (-boz). [LL. bubo frroin, swell- ing in the groin, Gr. |3ov^ur.] Med. An inflammatory infectious swelling of a Ijnmphatic gland, esp. in tlie groin. — bn-bon'lo (bu-b5nTk), a. buccal (bKk'ai), a. [L. bucca cheek.] Anat. Of or per- taining to the cheeks or the cavity of the mouth. buc^caneer' (-d-ner'), n. [F. boumnipr, fr. boucaner to smoke or broil meat or fish, to hunt wild beaets.] A pirate ; esp. , one of the piratical adventurers who made depredations on the Spaniards in America inthe 17th and 18th centuries. bu-cen'taur (bfi-sSn'tSr), n. [Gr. /Sou? ox + Kevravpo^ cen- 91 BUDDHISTIC taur.] 1. Afabulouamonster, half ox, half man. 2. [ft It.] The state barge of Venice in the time of the doges. Bu-ceph'a-lns (b&-se£'a-li2s),n. [L., fr. Gr. /Sou- Ke<^a\oc,lit.,ox- „ „ / , \ headed.] The Bucentaur,2. (gb) war horse of Alexander the Great ; jocosely, any horse. back (biik), n. A sawbuck. V. S. back, n. [AS. bucca, ftuc, he-goat. ] 1. The male of deer, antelopes, goats, harea, or rabbits. 2. A dashing young fellow; a dandy. Archaic. ^-^ v. i. To spring withaquick plunging leap ; — said of a horse or mule. — v. t. To throw by bucking.^ n. Act of bucking, buck, n. Lye or suds for washing clothes ; also, Obs., the clothes to be washed. — v. t. To wash (clothes) in buck. buck basket. A clothes basket. bUCkOloard' (bQk'bord^ ; 57), n. A four-wheeled vehicle having a long elastic board or frame bearing the seat. bUOk'et (bQk'St; 24), n. [ME. boket.'] 1. A vessel for drawing, holding, or carrying something, as water, coal, etc., or a vessel likened to such a one. 2. The quantity a bucket contains. — v. t. 1. To draw or lift in or as in buckets. 2. To ride (a horse) hard ; hence, Colloq., todrive forward hurriedly. — v. i. To dip with or use a bucket. bucket shop. A place for making bets on current exchange prices of stocks, grain, etc., by going through the form of a purchase or sale with no actual buying or selling. back'eye' (biik'iOt n. Any of several American trees of the horse-chestnut family. buckle (biik'U), n. [OF. bode boss of a shield, ring, fr. L. bucciUa, dim. of bucca cheek.] 1. A certain device for uniting two loose ends, as of a belt or strap. 2 A distor- tion, as a bend or twist in a metal tube. 3- A curl of hair, eap. a kind of crisp curl. Obs. or Archaic. — r. t. ; -led (-'Id) ; -LINO. 1. To fasten with a buckle. 2- To prepare for action ; apply ; — generally reflexive. 3. To bend per- manently ; distort by bending. ^ v. i. 1. To prepare for a contest, as, orig., by ouckling on armor; hence, to apply one's self with vigor. 2. To grapple ; struggle ; — usually with wUh. 3. To bend permanently or so as to distort. buckler (-ler), n. [OF. bocler a shield with a boss, fr. boclc, boucte, boss. See buckle, n."] A kind of shield worn on the arm. — v. t. To shield; defend. bnok'ram {-vdja), n. [of. bogueran.'] X. Formerly, a fine fabric for garments, etc. 2. A coarse stiffened cloth of linen, hemp, or cotton. — a. 1. Made of buckram. 2. Stiff; precise. — v. t. To stiffen with buckram ; stiffen. buok'aaw' (bfik'sd'), n. A saw set in a frame and used for sawing wood on a sawbuck, or sawhorse. buck'shot' (-sh5f), n. A coarse leaden shot. bUOk'SklU'' (-skin'), n. 1. Theskinof abuck. 2. Astrong, soft dressed leather, usually yellowish or grayish. 3- a A person clothed in buckskin, esp. \ca.p.'] an American sol- dier of the Revolutionary War. b pi. Breeches of buckskin. hUOk'thorn' (-thdm^), n. Any of various shrubs or trees, some of which have thorny branches. buck'tOOth^ (-tooth^), n. Any tooth that juts out. bOCk'wheaV (-hwSf ), n. [&71ldK'et, interj. An exclamation of secrecy; — with mum. bun (buf), n. [formerly bufe buff, buffalo, F. buj^ buf- falo.] 1. A sort of superior leather made of buffalo skin. 2. A military coat of buff. 3. The bare skin ; as, to strip to the bu^\ CoUog. 4. The color of buff ; a saddened yellowish orange. 6- A polishing wheel covered with buff leather. — a. Made of or like buff ; of the color of buff. — V. t. 1. To polish with a buff. buff, V. t. To take or deaden the shock of, as a buffer, ^n. Abuffet; blow. 06j., except in "blindman'sfcu^." buf'fa-lO (bQf'a-lo), n.; pi. -lobs or -los (-loz). [Sp. bvjalo^ fr. L. bubalus^ bujalits^ a kind of African stag or gazelle ; also, the wild ox, fr. Gr. /SoujSoAo? buffalo.] Any of sev- eral species of wild ox, aa the water buffalo of India, the American bison, and the South African Cape buffalo. buffer (biifer), n. [prop., a striker. See buffbt a blow.] Anything serving to deaden a shock or to bear the brunt of opposing forces ; as, a buffer at the end of a railroad car. buffer, n. [ME. buffere stammerer.] A tellow ; esp., an elderly man. Chiefly Humorous or Disparaging. bUf-fet'(be5-fa';biif'St;i''. bu'fS'),n. [F.] 1. A cupboard or set of shelves for displaying plate, china, etc. ; side- board. 2. (p?-«i. bdS-fa' ; bii'fg'). A counter for refresh- ments ; a restaurant, as at a railroad station. bul'fet (bOf 'St ; 24), n. [OF., a slap in the face, buffe blow.] A blow, as with tjie hand ; a slap ; hence, any blow or stroke. — v. i. 1. To strike with the hand or fist ; box ; cuff. 2. To affect as with blows ; strike repeatedly ; strive with or contend against, —v. i. 1. To box ; strike ; con- tend. 2._To make one's way by blows or struggling. II buffo (boof'foj, n. masc. ; pi. bufm (-fe). [It,] A comic actor or singer in an opera. — buf'fo, a. bUf-foon' (bfi-foon'), n. [F. bouffon. It. buffone."] A man who makes a practice of amusing others by tricks, antic gestures, etc. ; a clown. bitf-foon'er-y (-er-I), n. ; pi. -eries (-Iz). Arts and prac- tices of a buffoon. buff y (bQfl), a. Of a buff, or somewhat buff, color. bug (bHg), n. [W. bwg^ bwgan^ hobgoblin, bugbear.] 1. A bugbear. Obs. 2. Popularly, an insect of almost any kind; esp., a beetle or an insect that crawls like a beetle. In England now chiefly Dial. 3. The bedbug. bug'a-boo' (bug'd-boo'), n. \bug goblin + 6oo, interj.] An imaginary object of fright ; a bugbear. — Syii. Hob- goblin, goblin, specter, ogre, scarecrow. bug'bear' (-bfir'),n. [&u^ goblin -{-tear the animal.] Lit., a bear goblin ; hence, something frightful, as a specter ; anything imaginary that arouses needless fear. bug'g^ (-Y), a.; -Qi-BR, -OI-E5T. Infested with bugs. bng'gy, n. ; pi. -aiES (-Tz). A light vehicle or carries. bu'gle (bu'g'l), n. An oblong glass bead, commonly black, as for ornament on clothing. — bu'glo, a. bu'gle, n. {F.'\ Any of various herbs of the mint family. bu'gle, n. [OF., fr. L. buculiLs a steer, dim. of bos ox.] X. Abuffalo; buffalo's horn. Obs. 2. A huntsman's horn. 3. A brass or copper wind instrument, shorter than the trumpet, curved, and sometimes keyed, ^v. t. lies to larjge and elegant buildings only. Structure retains more often the sense of something constructed in a particular way, or, like edifice^ is used 01 buildings of some size or magnificence. bulb (b&lb), n. [L. bulbus, Gr. |3oA^d5.] 1. A large bud, usually subterranean, emitting roots from below, and bear- ing overlapping, scalelike leaves, as in the lily, onion, tulip, etc. 2. A flesliy tuber or corm resembling a bulb. 3. An expansion, protuberance, or part resembling a bulb ; as, the bulb of a thermometer. — bul-ba'ceous (bQl-ba'shfis), a. — bulb'ar (bui'bdr), bulb'ose (-bos), a. bulb'ous (biil'bus), a. [1,. bulbosus.'] Having or containing bulbs ; bulblike in shape or structure. buinDul (b6dl'bd61), n. [Per.] A Persian song bird, prob- ably a kind of nightingale. Bnl-ga'rl-an (b&51-ga'iT-(£n ; bul-; 3 ), n. One of a people of Bulgaria, of Finnic origin, but now speaking a SUtvonio dialect. — Bul-ga'ri-au, a. bulge (bulj), n. [prob. fr. L. bulga leathern bag.] A swelling, protuberant part, as in a wall. — Syii. See pro- jection. — V. i. & t.; BULGED (buljd) ; bulg'ino (bai'jing). To swell or jut out ; bend outward. — bulg'y (biil'jl), a. bulk (bQlk), n. A small projecting structure, as before a shop ; a stall. balk, n. [ME. bvlke, bolkCj heap.] 1. Magnitude or vol- ume ; spatial dimension ; esp., great extent ; imposing di- mension. 2. The body of a man or an animal, living or dead ; esp., the trunk. 3. Body ; mass ; aggregate. Syn. Size, bigness, largeness, massiveness.— Bulk, vol- ume, MASS. Bulk commonly implies an object of more or less definite shape ; volume often applies to that which cannot be considered as having outline (as in a volume of water) ; mass stresses the idea of solidity and coherence. '-~ V, i. 1. To swell or expand ; — with up. 2. To be of bulk ; to be weighty, significant, or impressive. bulk'head^ (biilk'hedO, n. 1. Naut. Any of the upright partitions separating the compartments of a vessel. 2- A structure to resist the pressure of earth or water. bnlk'y (bul'kl), a. ; bdle'i-er (-kl-er) ; -i-bst. Of great bulk ; large ; massive. — bulk'1-ly, adv. — bulk'l-ness, n. S^n. Bulky, massive, ponderous. Bulky refers to volu- minous size ; massive refers to solidity ; ponderous, to weight and size together, often implying unwieldiuess. bull (bddl), n. A grotesque blunder in language. bull, n. [L. bulla bubble, stud, LL., seal, stamp.] A formal letter, edict, or rescript, of tbe Pope. bull, n. [ME. &u2e, bul, bolt.'\ 1. The male of any bo- vine or of certain other animals, as of the elephant, whale, fur seal, etc. 2. One suggestive of a bull, as in size, vio- lence, or roaring. 3. [cap.] Citron. = Taurus. 4. Stodt Exchange. One operating for, or trying to effect, a rise in price. — V. t. To try to raise the price of (stocks). — o. Large or hip of its kind. [bated European plum.| bul'lace (bSSl^s), n. [F. beloce.'] A wild or half-domesti- bull'dog' (bSSl'dlSg' ; 62), n. One of a variety of short- haired, powerful, courageous dogs.— a. Characteristic of or like a bulldog ; stubborn. bnll'doze' (-doz'), v. t.; -dozed (-dozd') ; -doz'ihg (-doz'Tng). To restrain or coerce by intimidation. CoUoq., V. S. buiaet {b66l'5t ; 24), n. [F. boulet cannon ball, dim. of boule ball.] 1. A small ball. 2. A missile, usually of lead, to be shot from a firearm. bulle-tin (-e-ttn), n. [F., deriv. of It. bulla, bolla, a bull. See bull edict.] 1. A brief statement of news to the_ public, esp. from an acknowledged authority. 2- A periodical publication, esp. one containing proceeding of a society. — v. t. To state in a bulletin or bulletins. buU'figlir (bdSl'fif), bnU'flghMng, n. A spectacle in which men torment, and fight with, a bull or bulls in an arpua for public amusement. — bull'flght'er (-er), n. bullfinch' (-EInch/), n. Any of several birds highly valued for their power of learning to whistle musical airs. bnll^frog^ (-frggO, n. a very large North American frog. ale, senate, c&re, ft-m, «5ccount, ^rm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 5bey, 6rb, 5dd, sSft, cSnziect ; use, tmite, €im, tip, circus, znenii ; foodi foot ; out, pil ; cliair ; go ; sing, iijk ; feben, thin; BULLHEAD bnllliead' (bd61'hSd'), n. Any of various lar^e-headed fishes, aa the miller *is-thuiub, any of several catflahes, etc. bnU'liead^sd, a. Blindly stubborn or impetuous. bul'llon (bddl'yiJn), n. 1. Coinage. Gold or silver consid- ered merely as so much metal ; as, the bullion in a silver dollar; specif., uncoined gold or silver iu the shape of bars or ingots. 2. Heavy twisted friuge, esp. tliat of fine gold or silver wire used for epaulets. bull'OGlC (bdSl'uk), n. [AS. batluc young bull.] 1. A yoimg bull. Obs, or Dial. 2. Au ox ur steer. buU'S'-eye' (bd61z^/), n. 1. J^aut. A small perforated oval wooden block without sheaves, having a groove around it. 2. A disk of glass in a deck, floor, etc., to let in light. 3. A lens of short focal distance, or a lantern with such a lens. 4. The center of a target ; also, a shot which hits it. bnl'ly (bd61'T), n. / pi. -lies (-tz). 1. A sweetheart or darling (of either sex) ; — often used as an epithet. Obs. 2- A blustering fellow, more insolent than courageous. — • a. 1. Jovial ; dashing. 2. Fine ; excellent. Slang. ^ interj. Good ! Well done ! Slang. — v. t. ; -libd (-td) ; -liT-iNS. To intimidate by manner or by threats. — v. i. To act the bully. —Syn. Bluster, swagger, hector, domineer. bully-rag (b661't-rSg), v. t. To intimidate by bullying ; scold abusively; rally contemptuously ; badger. bnlly tree. Any of several West Indian sapotaceous trees. bnl'rasll^ (-rash'), n. [ME. bulrysche, bolroysche.] A kind of large rush growing in wet land or in water. bnl'wark (-wdrk), n. 1. A solid, wall-like, defensive struc- ture ; rampart. 2- Any means of defense or protection. 8. The side of a ship above the upper deck ; — usually in pl. ^ V. t. To fortify or secure with or as with a bulwark ; protect. Inim (bSm), V. /. cC: i. Also bnmb. To make, or sound with, a humming noise ; to din, Obs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. bnm'ball'ilf (-bal'tf), n. A bailiff; —contemptuous. Eng. bnm'ble-bee' (biSm'b'l-be'), n, [ME. bumblen to hum + &ee.] Any of various species of true bees, mostly of large size; — so called from the hummingnoise made in their flight. bmn'boaV (-bof), n. A boat conveying provisions, fruit, etc., for sale to vessels in port or off shore. bumper (-er), n. An idle, worthless fellow without visible means of support. Slang^ U. S. bump (bump), V. i. To make a loud, heavy, or hollow noise, v& the bittern ; boom. — bump, n. bump, V. t. To strike, as with or against anything large or solid ; thump. — v. i. To come iu violent contact with something. —n. 1. A thump; heavy blow. 2. A swell- ing due to a bump, or blow. bumpier (bQm'per), n. 1. A cup or glass filled to the brim, esp. in drinking a toast. 2. Anything unusually large or great. Collog. bumpHclll (bump'kTn], n. A country lout. bump'tioua (bSmp'shfia), a. Self-conceited ; forward. — bump'tlous-ly, adv. — bump'tious-nesa, n. bun, bunn (biln), n. A kind of cake or bread ; commonly, a slightly sweetened, often spiced, raised cake or biscuit. bnnch (bunch), n. 1. A protuberance ; hump ; knob. 2. A cluster, as of grapes. 3. A group or number of things of the same kind, as of cattle. — Syn* See bundle. ~~v.i.»inna Butternut 1 Odd-pinnate or ouner provisions Leaf ; 3. 3 Nuts with, and are kept. 2. In some without, HuBk. 1 English colleges, a room where beer, wine, refreshments, etc., are kept for sale to students. but'tock (-ftk), n. [fr. BUTT end.] 1. The part at the back of the hip ; in pi., rump. 2. Naut. Now of ten in pL The convex aftermost part of a ship above the water liue. but'ton (bQf 'n), n. [F. bouton button, bud.] 1. A knob, disk, or the like, to be sewn on an article of dress, usually as a catch. 2. A small fastening, knot, or piece suggestive of a button. ^ v. t. To furnish or fasten with a button or buttouB.^v. {. To admit of being fastened by a button or buttons. — but'ton-er, n. but'ton-hole' (-hol^), n. The hole or loop for a button. — V. t. 1. To hold by the button, as for conversation. 2. To furnish with buttonholes. but'tons (biSf'nz), n. sing. A boy servant or page; — in allusion to the buttons on his livery. Colloq. bnt'ton-WOOd' (-'n-w56d0)n. The plane tree ; — from the globose, pendent fruits. but'ton-y (-1), a. Ornamented with buttons ; buttonlike. bUt'tresB (-res), n. [OF. bouteres, fr. bouter^ boter^ to push.] 1. Arch. A projecting structure to support a wall or building. 2. Anything which supports like a buttress. ^ V. t. To furnish or support with a buttress ; prop. butt shatt. An arrow, blunt or without a barb. bn'ty-ra'ceons (bu'tT-rS'ahfis), a. [L. butyrum butter.] Like, or having the qualities of, butter. bu-lyr'lo (bu-tfr'Tk), a. Pert, to, or derived from, butter. bUZ'om (bHk'afim), a. [AS. hugan to bend + -sum, E. -some.'] 1. Pliable; obedient. Archaic. 2. Having health, vigor, and comeliness, with a gay, lively manner ; plump and rosy ; jolly. — bux'om-ly, adv. — bux'om-neBS, n. buy (hi), V, t. & i. ;pret. <^vq sound.] Harsh sound ; discord. — ca-Gopb'o-nous (-nus), a. — ca-coph'o-nous-ly, adv. cao-ta'ceous (kSk-ta'shi2s}, a. Boi. Belonging to a large family of plants, the cactus family, having fleshy stems aud branches with scales or spines instead of foliage leaves. cac'tns (kSk'tiJs), n. ;pl. £. -tubes (-Sz), L -ri (-ti). [L., a kind of prickly plant, Gr. ko.ktos.'] Any cactaceous plant. Oa'cUS (ka'ki^s), n. [L.] Roman Myth. A giant slain by Hercules for stealing from him the cattle of Geryon. oad (kSd), n. [abbr. fr. cadet.'] 1. A man or boy who liangB about to assist the students in sports; at Oxford, any towns- man, English College Cant. 2- A lowbred, presuming per- son ; a mean, vulgar fellow. Colloq. ca-da'ver (kd-da'vSr), n. [L., fr. cadere to fall.] A dead body, esp. a human one. — ca-dav'er-lc(-dSv'er-Ik), a. Ca-daT'er-OUS (-dSv'er-I^B), a. Of or pertaining to, or hav- ing the qualities of, a cadaver ; esp., pale ; ghs^tly. cad'dle, cad'dy (kfidt), n. [from cadet.] An attendant who carries a golf player's clubs, etc. Cad'dis, cad'dlce (kSd'ts), n. Worsted yarn ; crewel ; esp., a kind of worsted ribbon or binding used for garters, etc. cad'dls, cad'dlce, n. A caddis worm. cad'dis fly. Any of certain four-winged insects whose aquatic larva, called a caddiB worm, lives in and drags about a silken case covered with bits of shell, gravel, etc. cad'disll (-Tsh), a. Like a cad; lowbred and presuining. — cad'dish-ly, adv. — cad'dlBh-ness, n. cad'dy (kSd'T). Var. of caddie. cad'dy, n. ;pl. -DIES (-tz). [Malay ka^ weight of 1^ pounds.] A small box, can, or chest, originally one for tea. Ca'denoe (ka'd^ns), n. [fr. LL., fr. L. cadere to fall.] 1. a Rhythmical fiow or modulation of sound ; rhythm, b The measure or beat of any rhjrthmical motion, as music. 2. A fall of the voice in utterance. 3. Music. The close or fall of a strain or melody to a harmonic close. 4. Act or state of falling or sinking. Obs. — ca'denced (-dgnst), a. ca'dent (-d^nt), a. [L. cadens, -entis^ p. pr.] 1. Falling. Archaic. 2. Having cadence, or rhythmical flow. 0a-d6t'(kd-d6t'),n. [F. (in sense 1), dim. fr. L. copw^ head.] 1. A younger brother or son ; youngest son. 2- A youth in training for military or naval service. — ca-det'sn^, n. cadge (kSj ; k&j), V. t. & i. 1. To hawk or peddle. Dial. 2- To sponge ; beg. Dial, or Slang^ Eng. — cadg'er, n. oa'dl (kaMT; ka'dT), n. [Ar. qa^i-] An inferior magis- trate or judge among the Mohammedans. Oad-me'an (kSd-me'dn), a. Also Cad-mee^an (-me^fin). Of or ijertaining to Cadmus. — Cadmean victory, a victory that ruins the victors as well as the vanquished. Cad'zni-Uin (kSd'mT-t2m), n. [fr. L. cadmia calamine, Gr. Ka&fjLeia.] Chem. A tin-white, malleable, ductile metallic element. Symbol, Cd; atomic weight, 112.4. Oad'mus (-mSs), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kafi/Lio?.] Gr. Myth. A prince of Phcenieia who slew a dragon and sowed its teeth. From these sprang armed men who fought together till but flve were left. They, with Cadmus, founded Thebes. Cad- mus is said to have introduced the alphabet into Greece. ca-du'ce-us(kd-du'sfe-7i8), n. ; pi. -cei (-se-i). [L.] Class. Antiq. The staff of office of a herald ; speciflcally, the staff of Hermes, or Mercury. — ca-du'ce-an (-sfe-ffin), a. ca-dU'COUS (-kSs), a. [L. caducus falling, cadere to fall.] 1. Falling otf; dropping away : specif., £o^, falling off very early. 2- Transitory ; fleeting. CSB'Cl-as (se'sht-Ss), n. [L., fr. Gr. xatictas.] The north- east wind ; — usually [cap.'] a personification. CflB^oum (-kfim), n. ; L. pi. -ca (-kd). [L. caecus blind.] Anat. A cavity open only at one end; esp., the blind pouch or sac in which the large intestine begins ; the blind gut. — CSB'cal (-kffil), a. natiire, verdure (87) ; K = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN; yet; xYi—r. in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Expianatlona^f AbbFevlatfoiis, Slens* etc., preceae Vocabulair. || Foreign Word, -t- combined with. = equals. C^SAR i Os'sar (ae'zdr), n. 1. The cognomen of GaiuaJuliuaOeBsar; hence : a Title uf the Roman emperor, b An emperor of the Holy Roman Kmpire ; a kaiser. 2. Any emperor or autocrat. ^ Gs-saTe-au, G»-sa'll-ail (Bt-zs/rX'&n; 3), a. CSB'sar-ism (^e'zdr-Tz*m), n. Absolute government such as that of a Roman Gsesar ; imperialism. — Gn'sar-lst, n. C8B'sl-um (se'zT-um), n. [L. caesius bluish gray.] Chem* A soft, silvery metal much like rubidium and potassium. Symbol, Cs ; a.t. wt., 132.81. CSB-au'ra (se-zu'rd ; -su'rd), n. ; pL £. -has (-rdz), L. -rm (-re). [L., division, stop, fr. caederct caesum^ to cut off.] 1. Gr. ffir iMt. Pros. A break in a verse caused by the end- ing of a word in a foot ; — loosely used to include diseresis. 2. MotlernPros, A rhythmic break, usually a sense pause, about the middle of a verse. — CSfr-SU'ial (-rSl), a. - \\03i'W (k^faOi n- [F.] 1. A coffeehouse ; restaurant ; now, a certain class of restaurant, or often, in the United States, erroneously, a barroom. 2- Coffee. caf 'fe-lne (kSfe-tn ; -en), n. Also -In. Pharm. A stimulant alkaloid occurring in coffee, tea (theine)^ etc. caf'tan (kSftitn ; kaf-tan'), n. [Turk, ga/tan.'] A long- sleeved gown fastened by a girdle, worn in the Levant. cage (kij), n. [F., fr. L. cavea cavity, cage, fr. cavtis huUow.] 1. A box or inclosure, wholly orparUy of open- work, for birds or other animals. 2. A place of confine- ment for malefactors. Obs. 3. That which confines ; place or state of imprisonment. 4. Something suggestive of a cage in form or purpose. -» v. f. ; caged (kajd) ; OAo'ina (kajing). To confine in or as in a cage. cagellng, n. A bird confined in a cage. Ga'ia-plias (ka'yd-ffiB ; ki'd-), n. [Or. Kaiai^a?.] A high priest who presided at the trial of Jesus. See Jaatt, xxvi. cal'man (kS'man), n. Cayman. Gain (kan), n. The brother of Abel. Hence, a murderer. II cacique' (ka/ek'), n [F., fr. Turk, qdiq boat.] Naut. A light skiff or rowboat used on the Bosporus. II ^a' l^ra' (si' e'r&'). [F] A French popular song of the Revolution with the refrain, po ira, "it will go on." calrd (kSrd), n. [Ir. ceard a tinker.] A traveling tinker ; also, a tramp, vagrant, or gypsy. Scot. calm (k^n), n. [Gael, cam, gen. catm, heap.] A heap of stones for a memorial or mark. — cairnod (kSmd), a. calm'gorm' (kSm'gSrmO, n., or Galrngorm atone- Min. A yellowish or smoky-brown variety of quartz crystal found esp. in the Cairngorm (mountain), in Scotland. cals'aon (ka'sSn), n. [F., fr. caisse case, chest.] 1. Mil. a A chest to hold ammunition, b An ammunition wagon for mobile artillery. 2. CivU Eng in. A water-tight chamber within which sub- marine construction or the like is carried on. cal'tUf (ka'ttf), a. [OF. caitiff fr. L. captivus cap- tive.] Base ; wicked and mean ; despicable. — «. A mean, despicable person. ca-jole' (kd-joi'), V. t. & i. ; -jolkd' (-jold') ; -JOL'iKO (-iolTngi [F. cajoler.'\ To CaisBon 2. A Air liOck, eommn- H«npivB with nr nnTRiiadn nicatlng with intenorj £ Bottomj deceive witu, or persuaae ^cutting Edge ; I> Masonry., by, fair words or other false as* j. persuasives ; wheedle ; coax. — ca-jol'OT (-jol'er), n. ca-Jol'er-y (-jol'er-T), n. ; pi. -eries (-Iz). Act of cajoling. cake (kak), n. 1. A small mass of dough baked, esp. of unleavened dough baked on both sides by turning. 2. A sweetened composition of flour and other ingredients baked in a loaf or mass. 3. A griddlecake ; pancake. 4. Matter congealed or molded into a solid mass, esp. into a rather flat form. — v. i. & i. ; caked (kakt) ; oak'ino (kaktng). To form or harden into a cake or mass. cal'a-bash (kSt'd-bSsh), n. [fr. Sp., fr. Ar. far' gourd -f- aihoi dry.] 1. A gourd. 2. The hard'Shelled fruit of a certain tropical American tree (calabash tree). 3. A uten- sil made from a calabash. cal'a-boose' (-boos' ), n. \%^.calahozo dungeon.] A prison; a jail. Locals U. S. cal'a-man'co (-mSi]'ko), n. / pi. -goes (-kSz). A checkered, satin-twilled woolen stuff ; also, a garment made of it. cal'a-mlne (-min; -mln), n. [F.,fr. LL., fr. L. cadmia.'\ Min, a A native hydrous silicate of zinc, b Native zinc carbonate. I CALENDS ca-laml-toas (kd-iam'r-tfia), a. [L. calamitomt.'} Pro- ducing, or attended with, calamity ; making wretched. - Syn. T)eplorable, distressful, afflictive, wretched, piev- ous, baleful, disastrous, adverse, unhappy, sad, unfortu- nate. — ca-lam'i-tous-iy, ad^- — ca-uim'i-toiis-nc>SB, n. oa-lam'l-ty (-tT), n. ; pL -ties (-tlz). [L. calamiicu.^ 1. A state of deep distress or misfortune ; misery. 2. Any great misfortune. — Syn. Catastrophe, cataclysm; mishap, mischance ; afSiction, adversity. See disaster. cal'a-mus (kffl'd-mws), n.; pi. -Ml (-mi). [Ii.,areed.] The sweet flag or its aromatic root. ca-lash' (kd-15sh'), «• [F. caliche; of Slavonic origin J 1. A kind of light, low-wheeled carriage with a top or hood. 2. A kind of howl formerly worn by ladies^ cal'car (kSl'kar), n. ; L. pL -carla (kSl-ka'rt-d). [L., » spur, fr. calxj ccUcis^ heel.] £ot. tfe Zool. A spur. C^-ca're-OOa (kSl-ka're-fis ; 3), a. [L. calcariuz. See CALX.] Of the nature of, or cousiating of, or containing, calcite or calcium carbonate, or carbonate of lime. Oal'chas (kSl'kffis), n. [L., fr. Gr. KaAxas-] Gr. Myth. The prophet of the Greeks in the Trojan War. cal'Gl- (kSl'st-). Combining form from L. calxy calcis^ lime. cal-oU'er-onsCkSl-sTfer-fiB), a. [calci- + -/erous.'] Bear- ing, producing, or containing calcite, or carbonate of lime. cal'ct-fy (kai'el-fi), V. t. & i. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fx'ing. [L. c'o$Btreugth.] Science, art, or practice of bodily exercise to promote strength and gracefulness. — cal'ls-Uieii'lc, caiais-tlien'lc (-Tk), a. call-ver (kSl'I-vSr ; kd-le'vir), n. [f r. caliber.'] An early form of harquebus. calls (kalTka ; kSIIks), n. ; L. pi. oauces (kaiT-sez). [L.] 1. A cup. 2. = CALTS. Rare. calk, canlk (kSk), v. t. [fr. OF., fr. L. calcare^ fr. calx heel.] To drive oakum, cotton, etc., into the seams of (a boat, etc.) to prevent leaking. — callc'er, canlk'er, n. calk, n. A metal point on the shoe of a horse or an ox to prevent slipping. — v. t. To furnish with calks. calk'er (kdk'er), n. A calk on a shoe. call (kSl), V. t. [AS. ceaHian.] 1. To utter in a loud or distinct voice ; hence, to read over (a list of names) loudly; proclaim ; announce, esp. with authority. 2. To summon with a call ; summon. 3. To rouse from sleep, or summon to get up, by a calL 4. To invoke; appeal to. 6. To call for ; bring into action or discussion, as a law case. 6. To in- vite orcommand to meet ; convoke, as Congress. 7> To sum- mon to a particular duty, office, or employment. 8. Toname; address. 9. To regard or characterize as of a certain kind. 10. To estimate or consider as being approximately. 11- To demand payment of. — Syn. Assemble, collect, convene ; invite, bid. — v. i. 1. To speak in a loud distinct voice ; cry; shout. 2. To make a brief visit. — n. Act of calling or that which is made or done by way of calling. — Syn. Shout, cry ; summons, convocation ; invitation, bidding ; demand, requirement, appeal, requisition ; visit. calla (kSl'd), »., or calla Illy. Hort. A familiar culti- vated plant with a large white spathe and a yellow spadix. Oallant (k&l'f^nt), n. Boy ; lad ; — also used affectionately of older persons. Scot, ds Dial. Eng. tall'er (kdl'Sr), n. One that calls. callet (kSl'St ; kAI'^t ; 24), n. A trull or prostitute. Obs. Cal-IlgTa-pliy (ka-lIg'rd-fT), n. [Gr. KoAAiypo^ia; leaAAo? beauty -f- yptu^eii' to write.] 1. Fair or elegant writing or penmanship. 2. Handwriting or penmanship in general ; hand. — cal-llK'ra-pher (-fer), oal-lls'ia-phlst (-fTat), n. — cal'li-graph'ic (kSi/l-gr«f'lk), cal'U-grapk'i-oal (-t-k{^i), a. — cal^U-grapb'l-cal-ly, adv. call'lng (kSltng), n. 1. Act of one that calls (in any sense) ; as ; a A crying aloud, b A convocation, as of Par- liament. An iuvication ; summons, d Naming ; name. Obs. 2. Vocation; business. —Syn. See occupation. Oal-11'O-pe (kS-li'g-pe),n. [L., fr. Gr. KoAAioitt) ; KciAAo^ beauty -j- 6)/f, otto?, voice.] 1. Class. Mylh. The Muse of eloquence and heroic poetry. 2. \l, c] A musical instru- ment consisting of a series of steam whistles played by keys. caril-pash, cal'U-pee, cal'U-per, cal'lls-tkenlc, cal'lls- then'lcs. Vars. of calipash, calipee, etc. Oal-lls'tO (kft-lts'to), n. [L., fr. Gr. KaAAitrrw.] Gr. Myth, A nymph loved by Zeus, and changed into a bear by Artemis. Zeus placed her in the sky as a constellation. cal-lOBl-ty (kS-18s'I-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. State or quality ot being callous ; callousness. 2. A hard or thick- ened place on the skin, or on the bark of a plant. cal'lOUS (kSl'Jis), a. [L. callosus, fr. callum^ callus^ cal- lous skin.] 1. Hardened ; having a callosity or callosities. 2. Insensible; unfeeling. — Syn. Hard, indurated. — cal'- lous-ly, adv. — cal'louB-ness, n. cal'lOW (kSl'o), a. [AS. calu.'\ 1. Unfiedged, as a bird. 2. Immature ; green ; as, a callow youth. callns (-fis), 71. ; Z<.j)^CALLiC-i). [L.] 1. a A callosity. b A substance exuded around the fragments of a broken bone and aiding repair. 2. Bot. The soft tissue which forms over any wounded surface. Galm (kam), n. [F. calme^ prob. fr. UJ, cauma heat, Gr. Kdu/ua burning heat.J Freedom from motion or disturb- ance; tranquillity; quiet; serenity, -^v. i. 1. To make or become calm. 2- To becalm. O&f. — Syn. Still, quiet, allay, pacify, tranquilize, soothe, compose. — a. 1. Not stormy; still; quiet; serene. 2. Undisturbed by passion or emotion ; tranquil. — calm'ly, adv. — calm'ness, n. Syn. Cool, composed, collected, unruffled. — Calm, tran- (jniL, SERENE, PLACID, PEACEFUL. Calm, primarily applied to sea or weather, usually conveys an implicit contrast with its opposite, stormy, and suggests freedom, real or as- sumed, from agitation of whatever sort. Tranquil implies a more settled inherent cjuiet than calm, with less sug- gestion of previous agitation overcome ; as, " the tranquil beauty of Greek sculpture." Serene suggests a lofty and unclouded tranquillity ; as, a serenity unruffled by cares. Placid connotes contentment, and suggests an unruffled and equable aspect or temper; as, the placid common sense of Franklin. Peaceful implies repose, or attainment of vm- jdisturbed tranquillity. cal'0-mel (kSl'S-mgl), n. [Gr. xaAdc beautiful -f; ^«^a5 black.] Chem. Mercurous chloride, — much used i« med- icine aa a mercurial, purgative, and anthelmintic. ca-Ior'lc (kd-15r1k), n. [L. calor heat.l Heat. — a. Of or pertaining to heat. — cal'0-rlc'l-ty (kSFo-rTsT-tl), n. cal'O-rle (kSl'S-rt), n. [F., fr. L. calor heat.] Physics. Any of several thermal units ; as : a The amount of heat \small calorie) required to raise the temperature of one gram of water one degree centigrade, b The amount of heat {large, or greats calorie) required to raise a kilogram of water one degree centigrade; i. e., 1,000 small calories. caro-rtE'lc (-rtf'tk) , a. [L. calorificus ; calor heat -\-/acere to make.] Producing heat ; heating. caVo-rlm''e-ter (-rTm'e-ter), n. [L. calor heat -\- -meter.] Physics. An apparatus for measuring quantities of heat. — cai'0-rliii'e-try (-trT), n. — ca-lor^l-met'rlo (kd-lBr'T- mSt'rTk), -met'rl-cal (-rt-kftl), a. — -mot'il-oal-ly, adv. cal'O-yer (kai'o-yer ; kd-loi'er), n. [F. , fr. NGr. KaAoyepos, lit., good old man.] A monk of the Eastern Church. cal'pao 1 (kSl'pSk), n. [Turk, galp&q.] A large cap of cal'pack f sheepskin, felt, or the like, worn by Orientals. cartrop fkSl'tr8p) 1 n. [AS. coUrasppe, calcetreppe, a sort cal'trap (kSI'trSp) 1 of thistle.] mil. An instrument with four iron points so disposed that when it lies on the ground one point always projects upward. Cal'n-met (kSl'u-mSt), n. [F., fr. L. cala- mus reed.] The ceremonial pipe, or pipe of peace, of the North American Indians. ca-lnm'nl-ate (kd-lum'nT-at), v. t.; -AT^ED (-at'Sd); -AT'INO. [L. calumniatns p. p. of calumniaH to calumniate. See calumny.] To accuse falsely and maliciously ; slander. Caltrop. — Syn. See ASPERSE. —«. i. To utter calumnies. — ca- lam^nl-a'tlon (-a'shi^n), n. — ca-lnm'iil-a'tor (-a'ter), n. natriie, ver4nTe (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50^ ; boN ; yet ; ExplADatlons of Abbreviations, Slfl-ns, etc, precede Vocabulary! yet; Eli= z in azure. Numbers refer to § II Foreign Word, -f combined with* ) in Guide. B equals. CALUMNIOUS 100 CANAL Ca-lnm'lll-oilS (kd-lilm'nT-i2a), a. Containing or implying calumuy; slanderous. —Syn. Defamatory, opprobrious, libelous. cal'um-ny (kSl'^m-m), n. ; pi, -NiEs (-nTz). [L. calumnia^ fr. calvi to devise tricks, deceive.] False accusation ma- liciously made or reported to injure another ; slander. Oal'va-ry (kai'vo-rt), n. [L. calvaria a bare skull, deriv. of calvus bald.] The place, outside the ancient city of Jerusalem, where Christ was crucified. Luke xxiii. 33. calve (kSv), V. i. ; OALVEO (kavd) ; calv'ing. [AS. cealfian.'\ 1. To give birth to a calf. 2. To bring forth youug. •— V. t. To give birth to (a calf). Oarvin-ism (kSKvtn-Tz'm), n. The doctrines of the French theologian John Calvin (1509-64), including election or pre- destination, limited atonement, total depravity, and effec- tual calling.— Cal'vln-ist, n.— Cal'vln-ls'tic (-Is'tik), Cal^vln-ls'U-cal (-tl-kdl), a. Cals (kSlks), n. / pi. E. calxes (kSlk'eSz ; 24), L. calces (kSl'sez). I.L., limestone.] The friable residue left when a metal or mineral has been calcined. cal'y-cle(k£l'X-kU),n. [L.ca/t/cu^u^ small flower bud,dim. of ca(yx.'\ Bot. Anepicalyx. — oa-lyc'u-late (kd-lTk'u-lat), a. OaVy-do^ni-an (-do'nl-an), a. Of or pertaining to Calydon, an ancient city of iBtolia, Greece. — Calydonlan boar hunt, Gr. Afi/ih. jthe pursuit, by a band of heroes, of the boar sent by Artemis to ravage Calydon. Meleager slew the boar. Ca-lyp'SO (ka-ltp'8o),n. [L., fr. Gr KaAvi/fu.] In Homer's *'0dy8sey," a sea nymph who kept Odysseus seven years on her island, Ogygia. Ga-lyp'tra (kd-llp'trd), n. [Gr. KaAvn-rpa covering for the head.] £ot. a In mosses, a thin hood or cap covering the mouth of the capsule, b Any caplike covering. ca'lyx (ka'lTks ; kSl'Iks), n. / pi, E. oaltxes (-Sz ; 24), L. CALYCES (kSll-sez). [L., fr. Gr. xaAuf .] Bot. The exter- nal, usually green or foliaceous, part of a flower. cam (kSm), n. -Mack. A rotating or sliding piece or pro- jection, as on a wheel, for moving, or receiving motion from, a roller, pin, or the like, moving against its edge. ||ca/ma'ra'de-rle'(kfi/mft/ra/d'-re'; -rad'e-re),n. [P.] Com- radeship ; good-fellowship. Cam'as (kSm'Ss), n. [Amer. Indian namej Any of certain plants, of the lily family, of the western United States. cam'ber (-ber), n, [OF. camhre bent, curved.^ Slight con- vexity of a member or part ; also, a piece of timber having a camber, ^v.t. & i. To give camber to ; to have camber. cam^l-um i-hX-UxD), n. [LL., exchange. j} Bot. The soft tissue from which new wood and bark origmate in dicotyle- donous and gymnospermous shrubs and trees. Cam1)rl-a(-brt-o),w. [LL.] Wales — Cain'bil-an(-an), a. & n. Both Poetic. cam'brlc (kam'brlk^ n. [fr. Cambrai (Flemish Kamerik), a city of France.] 1- A fine, thin, white linen fabric. 2. A similar fabric of liard-spun cotton, often figured. came (kam), pret. of comb. cam'el (kSm'gl), n. [fr. OF., fr. L , fr. Gr. (cajinjAos ; of Semitic origin.] 1. Either of two large ruminants pecul- iarly adapted for life in desert regions. The Arabian camel, or dromedary, has one large dorsal hump; the Bactrian cam- el, an Asiatic species, has two. 2- A water-tight structure used to support an object in the water, etc. cam^el-eer' (-er'), n. A camel driver ; also, a soldier mounted on a camel. ca-melOl-a (kd-mSll-d ; -mel'yd), n. [after G. J. Kamel, or CameUi\ a Jesuit.] A greenhouse shrub with evergreen leaves and red or white double roselike flowers. ca-mel'o-pard (kd-mgl'S-pard ; kSm'gl-o-pardO, n. [through LL. &L., fr. Gr. Ka/uiijAoTrapSaAts ; Kajni^Ao? cam- el + TrapSaAt? leopard,] The giraffe. Cam'e-lot (kSm'e-lSt), n. In Arthurian legend, the place where King Arthur had his palace and court. Caxn'e-0 (kam'S-o), n. ; pi. -eos (-oz). [it. cawmeo,'] A gem carved in relief, or relief carving ; — opposed to intaglio. cain'er-a (-er-d), n. ; pi. E. -eras (-dz), L. -ek« (-re). [LL., chamber. See ohambeb.] 1. A chamber. 2. A camera obscura; esp., PAoiofir., an apparatus so arranged that the imaj^e can be thrown on a surface sensitive to light. cam'er-a Ob-SCU'ra(8b-sku'rd). [LL. camera chamber + L. o&aewrw*, o&sc«rff, dark.] Optics. A darkened chamber or box having an aperture through which light from exter- nal objects enters to form an image on the surface opposite. Oam'er-O^nl-an (kam'er-o'nT-5n), n. A follower of Richard Cameron (d. 1680), a Scottish Covenanter and field preacher. Oa-mUaa (kd-mll'd), n. [L.] In Vergil'B " .ffilneid,** a fleet maiden, queen of the Volsci, slain by the Trojans. cam'l-aade' (kSm^t-sad');^/. -sades ^-sadzO ) n. [F.cami- cam^i-Ba'do (-I-eS'do) ; pi. -sadoes (-sa'doz) ) sade."] Mil. A night attack, orig. one in which the soldiers wore shirts outside as a means of recognizing one another. Ob», or Arcliaic. ca-mise' (kd-mSs'), n. [Ar. qamig.'\ A light, loose shirt, smock, or tunic. caml-SOle (kSmT-sol), n. [F.] A woman's negligee jacket. Oani'lail (kfim'lSn), n. In Arthurian legend, the battle in which Arthur was mortally wounded. cam'let (-ISt), n. [F. camelot.} 1. A beautiful Oriental fabric, or an imitation of it. 2- A garment of this material. cam'o-mlle, cham'o-mlle (-d-mll), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. p^a^aiVifAoi', lit., earth apple.] A plant of the aster family, having very strong-Bceuted foliage and containing a bitter antispasmodic and diaphoretic principle. Oa-mor'ra (kd-mSr'd; It. ka-m8r'ra), n. [It.] A secret organization formed at Naples, Italy, and used for political and for criminal ends. — Ca-mor'rifit (-Tst), n. camp (kSmp), n. [F.,fr. It., fr. L. campus plain, field.] 1. The spot on which tents, huts, etc., are erected for shel- ter. 2. A tent or a collection of tents, huts, etc. ; encamp- ment. 3. The body of persons encamped. •— v. t. To put into camp ; to afford lodging for. ^ v. i. To encamp. cam-palg?l' (kSm-pan'), n. [f r. F., fr. It., fr. L. Campania the plain about Naples, campus field.] 1. A series of miU- tary operations forming a distinct stage in a war. 2. A series of operations to bring about some result, —v. i. To serve in, or go on, a campaign. — oam-palgn'er (-Sr), n. cam'pa-xd'le (kam'parne'la), n. ; pi. It. -nili (-nele), E. -KiLEs (-laz). [It., fr. It. & LL. campana bell.] A bell tower, esp. one built separate from a church. cam'pa-nol'o-gy (kam/pd-n51'ft-jT), n. [LL. campana bell + -logy.l Science or subject of bells ; art of ringing bells. cam-pan'U-la (kSm-pSn'u-ld), n. [LL.] Any of various herbs (genus Campanvia) bearing bell-shaped flowers. cam-pan^-late (-lat), a. Bell-shaped. camp chair. A light chair that can be folded compactly. cam'pbene (kSm'fen ; kSm-fen'), n. Chem. A solid ter- pene, resembling, and closely related to, camphor. cam'pbor (kfim'fer), n. [fr. F., fr. Ar. kajurj] A well-known gumlike, crystalline substance obtained from a tree found chiefly in Japan and Formosa. — cam^hor-atO (-at), v. t. ; -AT/En ; -AT'iNG. — cam-pboflc (-f Sr'Tk), a. Gam'pl-on (kam'pt-Sn), n. Any of various plants he cap of a column, door, etc. ; a percussion cap, etc. ^ v. t. ; capped (kSpt) ; CAP'PiNG. 1. To cover with or as with a cap ; to cover the top or end of. 2. To crown ; overlie. 3- To surprise ; perplex. Dial. Eng. 4. To match ; furnish an equal, or an offset, to ; as, to cap a proverb. oa^pa-bil'1-ty (ka'pd-btlT-tl), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). 1. Qual- ale, senate, c&re, &in, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 5bey, drb, 5dd, B5£t, cSnnect ; use, tizxite, iirn, tip, circus, menii; food, fd^t; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; H&en, thin; CAPABLE 103 CAPOTE ity of being capable; capacity; esp., intellectual power. 2. Usually ia pL A feature, couditiou, faculty, or the like, capable of development or impravemeut. oa'pa-'ble'(ka'pa-b'l), a. [F., £r. LL., fr. L. cap^e to take, contain.] 1. Able to receive ; having capacity. 2- Capa- cious ; compreheuaive ; adequate. Obs. 3- Having ability ; efficient ; competent. — Syn, Fitted, effective, skillful. — ca'pa-i>ly (-bli), adv. — ca'pa-ble-ness, n. ca-pa'clOUS (kd-pa'shi^s), a. [L. capax^ -acis, fr. capere to take.] Able to contain much ; large; spacious. — Syn. Full, extensive, wide^ broad, roomy, large, considerable. — oa-pa'clou3-ly, adv. — ca-pa'clous-nesB, n. ca-pac'1-tate (ko-pSsT-tat), v. t. ; -TAiyED (-tafSd) ; -tat'- ma. To render capable ; enable ; qualify. ca-pac't-ty (kd-pas'T-tl), n. ; pi. -ties (-tlz). 1. Power of receiving or containing ; hence, extent of room or space , content ; volume. 2. Power of receiving and holding ideas, knowledge, etc. ; active mental power. 3. Ability , capa- bility ; possibility of being or of doing. — Syn, Faculty, talent, skill, efficiency, cleverness. Gap'a-neUB (kSp'o-nus; ka-pa'ne-iSs), n. [L., fr. Gr. Ka- n-afeuf.] See SEVEN AGAINST THBBES. Oap'-a-ple' (kSp'd-pe'), adv. Often cap-h-pie^ though not in modern F. [OF. {tie) cap apiS from head to foot, fr. L. caput head -|- pes foot.] From head to foot , at all points. ca-par'l-son (kd-pSrt-sun), n. [F. capara^on, deriv. of Sp. capa cloak.] 1. An ornamental covering, or housing, for a horse. 2. The clothing or dress and ornaments of men or women ; out- fit.— V. t. To cover with capar- isons; hence, to dress richly. oape (kap), n. [F., fr. LL. cappa.'\ A sleeveless garment, or part of a garment, hanging from the neck over the back, arms, and shoulders. cape, n. [F. cap. It. eapOy fr. L. caput head, point.] A point or extension of land jutting out into a sea, lake, or river. Capariaon of 13th Century. oa'per (ka'per), V. i. [for eapreoll. See capriole.] To leap or jump about in a sprightly way , skip ; dance. -^ n. A frolicsome leap ; skip. — ca'per-er, n. Ca'pflr, n. [F. cHpre, fr. L., fr, Gr. «ajrjrapi?.] A kind of low prickly shrub often cultivated in Europe for its greenish flower buds, which are pickled and used in sauces, etc:; also, p/., the flower buds themselves. oap^er-call'lle I (kSp^er-kal'yi ; -zi ; -T), n. [Gael. capuU- oap^er-call'zia I coille.'] The largest European grouse. ca'Pl-as (ka^pT-ks ; kSpa-&), ra. [L., thou mayest take.] Law. A writ or process commanding an officer to take the body of the person named. oap'U-la'COons (kSp'T-la'shSs), a. [L. capillaceus hairy, fr. capillus hair.] Having long filaments ; capillary- oap'11-lar'l-ty (-ISrT-tl), n. 1. Quality or state of being capillary. 2. Physics. The action, due to surface tension and best observed in capillary tubes, by which the surface of a liquid, where in contact with a solid, is elevated or de- pressed ; capillary attraction. cap'tl-la-ry (kSpn'-lfi-rt ; kd-ptl'd-rt), a. [L. capillaHs, fr, captWfw hair.] 1. Resembling a hair ; veryslender; as, a capillary tube. 2. Pert, to capillary tubes or vessels, or to capillarity. — n. ; pi. -ribs (-riz). 1. A capillary tube or vessel. 2. Anat. A minute, thin-walled vessel ; esp., one of the minute blood vessels connecting arteries and veins. cap'1-tal (kSp^-tai), a. [F., fr. L., fr caput head.] 1. Having reference to, or involving the forfeiture of, the head or life ; punishable with death ; as, capital punish- ment. 2. Initial. Obs., exc. in capital letter (see below). 3. Of primary importance ; vital ; chief. 4. Chief, in a political sense, as being the seat of government. 6. Of first-rate quality ; excellent. 6- Of or pert, to capital; as, capital stock. — Syn. Cardinal, leading, prominent. capital letter. Print., a leading or heading letter, used at the beginning of a sentence and as the first letter of certain words, usually distinguished both by different form and larger size from the small (lower-case) letters. — n. 1. A capital letter. 2. A capital city. 3. A stock of accumulated wealth, as, esp., the amount of property owned at a specified time, or the araoimt of property used in a business. 4. Anything that serves to increase one's power or influence. [L. capitellum^ prop., dim. of caput cap'l-tal(kapT-t(£l),n. head.] The head, or up- permost member, of a column, pilaster, etc. cap'i-tal-ist, n. One who has capital ; esp., a person of large prop- erty which is or may be employed in busi- ness. — cap'1-tal-ls'- tlo (-ts'tik), a. cap'i-tal-ize (-iz), v. L; -IZBD (-izd); -IZ'INQ (-iz'tng). 1. To con- vert into, or use as, capital. 2- To com- pute the present val- ue of (a periodical payment) ; to convert, as an income, into an equivalent capital sum. 3. To write or print with an initial capital, or in capital letters. — cap'l-tal-l- Za'tion (-T-za'sht2n ; -i-za'shun), n. cap'l-tal-ly, adv. of capital. See -lt. cap'l-tate(-tat),a. [L. capitatus.'l Headlike f specif. . Boi. a Gath- -, . ^ r. ^. ered into a head, as a Moorish. Byzantine. flower. 1) Enlarged and globose, as a stigma. cap'l-ta'tion (-ta'ahun), n. [L. capitatio poll tax.] 1. A levying of a tax or charge on each person. 2- A poll tax. 3. Any uniform payment or fee payable by each person. Gapl-tol (kSp'i-tfSl), 71. [L. capitolium, fr. capui head.] 1. Theancienttempleof Jupiter at Rome on the Capitoline hill. 2. The edifice at Wash- ington in which Congress holds its also The Capitol at WaBhington. _.] Cap'l-to-line (kSp'T-tS-lin ; kd-pTfo-lin), a. Designating, or pert, to, one of the seven hills of Rome, the ancient Capitol upon it, or the gods whose cult centered there, esp. Jupiter Optimus Maximus. ^ n. One of the seven hills of Rome. ca-plt'U-lar (kd-pTt^-ldr), n. [L. capitulum small head, chapter, dim. of capvi head.] a A member of a chapter. b = CAPITULARY, 2. — a. 1. Eccl. Of or pertaining to a chapter. 2. Bot. Growing in,or pertaining to, a capitulum. Ca-pit'U-la-ry (-la-ri), n.; ^;. -HIES (-rTz). 1. A member of a chapter, esp. of an ecclesiastical or a masonic chapter. 2. An ordinance ; chiefly, in p/., a collection of ordinances. ^ a. Of or pertaining to a chapter. ca-plt'U-late {-lat), v. i. ; -lat'ed (-lafSd) _; -lat'ing. [LL. capitulatus, p. p. of capUulare to distinguish by chapters.] To surrender on conditions agreed upon ; to make terms of surrender. — ca-plt'n-la''tOr (-latter), n. ca-plfU-la'tion (-la'shj^n), n. 1. A statement of the heads of a subject ; summary. 2. Act of capitulating. ca-plfu-lnm (-pit^-li2m), n. ; L. pi. -la (-Id). [L., a small head.] 1. Anat, Aknobllke protuberance. 2. Boi. An in- florescence consisting of a close rounded or flattened clus- ter of sessile flowers, as in the clover and daisy. ca'ple, ca'pnl (ka'pU), n. A horse. Obs. Ca'pon (ka'pfin), n. [AS. capun., L. capo^ Gr. Kaitav.'] A castrated cock, esp. when fattened for the table. ca-pote' (kd-pof), n. [Sp., fr. LL. capa cape, cloak.] A long cloak or overcoat, properly, one with a hood. natrire, verdure (87) ; K=:cli in G.icli,acli (50); t)oN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to§( £xplanatlonaof Abbrevlatlous, Slt;ns, etc, precede VocabulaiT* II Forelffn Word, -f combined wltli. in Guide. <=3eaualA> CAPREOLATE Oaiflre-O-Iate (kSi/re-o-lat ; kd-pre'-), a. pL capreoius ten- dxil.] But. Haviug a tendril or tendrils. 11 ca-prlc'cio (ka-pref cho), n. ; pi. It. -ci (-cbe), £. -cios (-cboz). [It.] _&. caper ; trick ; caprice. ca-prlce' (kd-prea'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. L. caper^ cap7^t goat.] 1. An abrupt change iu feeling, opiniou, or action due to a whim or fancy ; a freak ; fantastic notion. 2- The mental disposition or state causing, or subject to, such changes; capriciousness. Syn. Humor, fancy, wbimseyi quirk. — Gapbicb, freak, WHiu, VAOABT, CROTCHET agree in the idea of a sudden or arbitrary fancy, desire, or change of mind. Capbice em- phasizes the lack of apparent motive, and implies a certain willfulness or wantonness; this implication is even stronger in the adj. enpi-icious ; as, they had no reason for the act except tlie caprice of their good pleasure. Freak denotes an Impulsive, seemingly causeless, change of mind, like that of a child or a lunatic. A whim is a mental eccentricity; it suggests not so much a sudden as a quaint, fantastic, or humorous turn or inclination. Vagary suggests still more strongly an erratic, extravagant, or irresponsible charac- ter. A CROTCHET is a perversely heretical or whimsical opinion on some (often) unimportaoit or trivial point. ca-prt'cloas (-prtsh'us), a. 1. Fanciful. Obs. 2- Groverned or characterized by caprice ; freakish ; changeable. — Syn. Whimsical, fickle, crotchety, fitful, unsteady, inconstant. — ca~prl'clons-l7, adv. — ca-pri'clous-ness, n. Oap'rl-COm (kip'ri-k6m) I n. [L. capricornns ; caper Cap'ri-COr'nus (-kSr'nfis) ( goat H-co?-nu horn.] Astron. a A southern zodiacal constellation between Sagittarius and Aquarius, t) The tenth sign of the zodiac, mto which the sun enters about December 21. capTl-Ole (kSp'ri-ol), n. [F., fr. It., fr. L. caper goat.] 1. A leap or caper, as in dancing. Rare. 2. A kind of leap that a horse makes with all fours without advancing. — V. i. ; -OLED (-old) ; -oi/ing. To perform a capriole. cap'si-cam (kSp'sT-ki2m), 7}. [L. capsa box, chest.] 1. Any of various tropical herbs and shrube, of the nightshade family, yielding very pungent berries called chilies or pep- pers. 2. The dried and pulverized fruit of these plants. cap-size' (-Mz'), V. t. tfc i. ; -sized' (-Eazd') ; -siz'ino (sIz'- 7ng). To upset or overturn, as a vesseL cap'stan (kSp'stan), n. [fr. F. or Pr., fr. Sp., fr. L., fr. capere to hold.] A vertical revolving drum or cylinder much used, esp. on shipboard, for exerting power. oap'sn-lar (-su-ldr), a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, a capsule. — cap'an-la-rr (-la-rT), a. cap'sn-late (-sti-lat) l a Inclosed cap'sa-laVed (-lat'Sd) J in, or formed into, a capsule. cap'snle (-sul), n. [L. capsula a little box, f r. capsa case.] 1. Anai. A mem- Capstan, brane or saclike structure inclosing a part or organ. 2. Bot. Any closed vessel containing spores or seeds ; specifically, in seed plants, a dry, dehiscent, usually many-seeded, fruit composed of two or more carpels. 3- Med. A small cylin- drical or soherical envelope for offensive doses of medicine. cap'tain (-tin), n. [fr. OF., fr, 11*., fr. L. caput head.] 1. A chief or headman ; a leader. 2. Mil. An officer of the army or marine corps. See army. 3. Nar. A naval officer entitled to command a man-of-war. See navy. 4. Naui. The commanding officer, or master, of a vessel. 6, A person having authority over others acting in concert ; as, in sports, the leader of a side or team. — v. t. To act as captain of; t6 lead. — cap'taln-C7 (-si)i cap'tain-Slllp, n. cap'tlon (k5p'8h?in), n. [L. captio^ fr. capere to take.] 1. Law. That part of a legal instrument, as an indictment, which shows where, when, and by what authority, it was taken, found, or executed. 2. The heading of a chapter, section, page, or article. Chiefly U. S. cap'tlons (-shiis), a. 1. Apt to catch at faults ; caviling ; carping. 2- Capacious. Ohs. — Syn, Faultfinding, hyper- critical, severe. — cap'tious-ly, adv. — cap'tlons-nesB, n. cap'tl-vate C-tT-vat), v. t. ; -vat'ed (-vat'fid) ; -vat'ing. [L. captivaius^ p. p. of captivare to capture, captivus cap- tive.] 1. To capture ; subdue. Now Rare. 2. To acquire ascendancy over by art or attraction ; fascinate ; charm. Syn. Transport, ravish, enrapture.— Captivate, charm, FASCINATE, ENCHANT, BEWTTCH agree iu the idea of a strong attraction. To captivate is to enthrall or capture the fancy by some special excellence, with no particular im- plication of magic influences ; as, a hero captivates a ro- 104 CARBINEER mantic girl ; captivating frankness. Cbabu has lost its original connotation of magic^ and implies simply the at- tractive power of that which gives delight ; as, there was a charm iu his voice. Fascinate still suggests the exercise as it were of an irresistible spell, sometimes with impuca- tion of an effort to resist ; as, Afasciriating subject. In en- chant and BEWITCH the origiiial connotation is often latent; enchanting commonly suggesting such compelling quali- ties as hold and bind, bewilchiny, such engaging graces as draw and allure ; as, enchanting music, a beiviiching smile. cap^U-va'tion (kSp'tl-va'shuuJ, n. Act of captivating. Ckiefty Fig. cap'nve(kSptIv),n. Ih. captivus, tt. capere totake.} l.A prisoner, eap. in war. 2. Oue captivated by beauty, excel- lence, or affection. — a. 1. Made or held prisoner, esp. in war. 2- Subduedby love; charmed; captivated. 3. Of or pert, to captivity. — v. t.; -tived (-tlvd); ^nviHO. To cap- ture ; captivate. cap-Uvl-ty (kap-ttvT-tl), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTa). State of being a captive ; bondage. — Syn. Imprisonment, confine- ment, subjection, servitude, a^very, thralldom, serfdom. cap'tor (kSp'tdr), n. One who captures a person or thing. cap'ture (-1Oil (kai/WJn), iu [fr. F., fr. L. carbo coal.] 1. Chem. An elementary substance occurring native as the diamond and also as graphite, and forming a constituent of coal and carbonates and of all organic compounds. Symbol, C; at. wt., 12.00. 2. Elec. A carbon rod or pencil used in an arc lamp, or a piece of carbon used as an element of a voltaic battery. — car'bo-na'ceons (-bo-na'shi2s), a. oar'llO-na'dO (-na'dS), n. ,* pi. -dobs or -dos (-doz). [fr. Sp., fr. L. car6o coal.] A piece of flesh, fowl, or fish scored across, seasoned, andoroiled.—v. t. 1. To score across and broil; hence, to broil. 2. To cut, hack, or slash. Obs. carHlon-ate (kar'bSn-at), n. Chem. A salt or ester of car- bonic acid. — «. t. ; -at'ed (-at'fid) ; -at'iho (-afing). 1. To carbonize. Rare. 2. Chem. To convert into a car- bonate ; imjfkregnate with carbonic acid. oar-bon'lc (kar-bSn'lk), a. Chem. Of, pert, to, orobtained from, carbon. — carbonic acid, Chem.^ an acid, composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen, existing only in solution and reacting with bases to form carbonates. It breaks up read- ily into water and carbon dioxide, a heavy irrespirable gas (often called carbonic acid or carbonic acid gas), wnich extm- guishes flame. car'bon-il'or-onsCkar'bSQ-Ifer-iis), a. [carbon-^ -ferous.'] Producing or containing carbon or coal. car1>0Il-tze (kar'bJn-iz), v. t.; -izbd (-izd) ; -iz/ing (-iz'Tng). 1. To reduce to a residue of carbon, as by fire; to char. 2. To impregnate or combine with carbon. — - car'bon-l- ZS'tlon (-T-za'shi2n ; -i-za'shun), n. car'bo-run'diiiii (-bft-rfin'dam), n. {carbon -f- corundum.'] A compound of carbon and silicon, harder than emery. car^boy (kar^oi), n. A large globular glass bottle, esp. one inclosed in basketwork or a box, as for carrying acids. oar1)nil-Gle (-bHn-k'l), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. carbunculus, dim. of cardo coal.] 1. Formerly, any of several deep red min- erals, as the ruby ; now, the garnet cut in convex form with- out facets. 2. A painful local inflammation of the subcuta- neous tissu%, often fatal. 3. A pimple or red spot due to in- temperance. — Gar-bnn'cil-lar (kar-bSij^k^-ldr), a. caintlll-ret (-bfi-rSt), v. t. ,■ -het'ed or -ret'tbd ; -bet'ing or -RBiyTiNa. To impregnate with a volatile carbon compound. car'bU-reVant C-rSfSnt), n. Any carbureting agent. car^ba-retor, car'bn-ret'tor (-rSVer), n. One that carbu- rets, as an apparatus by which air is mingled with vapor of a light petroleum oil. cat'cake' (-kak^), n. [AS. caru sorrow, trouble.] A kind of small griddlecake eaten on Shrove Tuesday. Scot. car'ca-net (-kd-nSt), n. [dim. fr. F., fr. LL.] An ornar mental chain, necklace, or collar. Archaic. car'cass (-kds), n. / pi. -cassbs (-Sz; 24). [fr. F., fr. It. carcassa.\ 1. A dead body of a beast or (now only in con- tempt) of a human being. 2- The living material, or physi- cal, body. Obs. or CorUemptuous. 3- Anything from which the vital principle is gone. — Syn. See body. card (kard), n. [F. carte^ L. charta^ Gr. xapT-ri^ a leaf of paper.] 1. A playing card. 2. pi. A game or games played with cards ; card playing. 3. A flat, stiff, usually rectan- gular, piece of paper or thin pasteboard, variously luaed ; aa, a post card, an indicator card. — v. t. 1. To place or fasten on, or by means of, a card. 2- To provide with a card, oard, n. [F. carde teasel, thistle head, card, fr. L. carduus, cart/iM, thistle.] 1. Animplementforraisinganaponcloth. 2. An instrument for combing cotton, wool, flax, hair, etc. — V. t. To comb with or as with a card. oai'da-mom (kar'da-mi2m), n. Also -mQin, -mon (-mi!n). [fr. L.,fr. Or. Kap6a.iLmttov.'} 1. The aromatic capsular fruit of any of several Oriental plants of the ginger family, used as a condiment, etc. 2. A plant which produces car- damoms. cardn)Oaid' (kard'bord' ; 57), n. A stiff compact paste- board of various qualities, for making cards, etc. oard'er (kar'der), n. One that cards, aa wool, flax, etc. cai'dl-ac (-dl-Xk), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr., fr. KapSCa. heart.] A not. 1. Of, pertaining to, or situated near, the heart. 2- Of, pertaining to, or designating, the part of the stomach into I which the esophagus opens, or the whole stomach except the narrow pyloric end. 3. Med. Fxciting action in the ' Cardinal Bird. (^) heart; cordial. — n. A medicine which excites action in the heart ; a cordial. — car-d^a-cal (kSr-di'd-kftl), a. oax'dl-gan (kar'dT-gSn), n., or cardigan Jacket, [after an Earl of Cardigan.'] A warm jacket of knit worsted. oar'dl-naK-nSl), a. [L. cardinalis^ fr. cardo hinge, that on which anything turns or depends.] 1. Of fundamental im- portance; chief; principal. 2. Of or pertaining to a car- dinal or the cardinals. 3- Of or designating the bright red color of a cardinal's hat, cassock, etc. cardinal bird, or c. grosbeak, any of sev- eral brightly colored American song birds of the finch family. — c. flower, the brilliant red flower of an American species of lobelia ; also, the plant. — c. number or nnmeral, a primary number or numeral used in simple counting, etc. — c. points. Qeog., the four princi- pal points of the compass. car'dl-nal.n. 1. i2. C. CA. One ofthe ecclesiastical princes appointed by the Pope, and constituting his council. 2. A womau^s short hooded cloak, orig. of bright red cloth. — car'dl-nal- ahlp/, rt. — oar'dl-nal-ate (-at), n. car^di-nal-ly, adv. in a cardinal man- ner or degree ; fundamentally. car-dl'tis (kar-di'tis), n. [Gr. KapSCa heart + -itis.] Med. Inflammation of the muscular substance of the heart. car-doon' (kar-doon'), n. [fr. F., fr. LL., fr. L. carduuSy carduSf thistlej A kind of large edible thistlelike plant. care (kSr), n. [AS. caru, cearu.] 1. Grief ; sorrow. Obs. 2. A burdensome sense of responsibility ; anxiety ; concern. 3. Serious attention of mind ; heed. 4. Charge, oversight. 6. A person or thing that is an object of care, or concern. Syn. Care, concern, soucrruDE, anxietv agree in the idea of mental burden or troubled thought. Care implies a dis- quieting sense of oppression ; as, a careworn face. Con- cern implies anxious thought, often inspired by interest or regard ; as, concern for a friend's safety. Solicitude suggests greater uneasiness than c(mcern^ but is less dis- tressing than anxiety ; it often implies fond or tender care ; as, he showed a constant solicitude for his daughter's \i'el- fare. Anxiety is a disturbing uneasiness regarding what IS future or uncertain. — V. i. ; CARED (kSrd) ; car'inq (kSr'Tng). 1. To have, feel, or exercise, care. 2. a To have an inclination or wish (to) ; as, I do not care to go. b To have a fondness or affection ; — usually with /or; as, he does not care for me. ca-reen' (ka-ren'), V. t. [fr. OF., fr. L. carina keel of a ship.] Naut. a To cause (a vessel) to lean over on one side ; also, to clean, calk, or repair {a vessel in this posi- tion), b To cause to be off the keel, or to heel over. — V. i. 1. To lie or heel over. 2. To perform the operation of careening a ship. — n. Act or process of careening. ca-reer' (-rer'), n. [F. carrilre race course, highroad, Btreet,L.ca7TW5 wagon.] 1. A race course. Obs. 2. A run- ning ; course, esp. a swift one ; hence, speed ; full speed ; — chiefly in phrases like in full career. 3. General course of action or conduct, as in a calling or in some undertaking, eap. when notable. ^ v. i. To move or run rapidly. care'lul (kar'fSSl), (7. 1. Full of care ; anxious. Archaic. 2. Filling with care ; painful. Obs. or Archaic. 3. Taking care or heed ; cautious. 4. Marked by care ; done with care. — oare'fnl-ly, adv. — care'fnl-ness, n. Syn. Watchful, vigilant; guarded, chary; heedful, thought- ful, prudent, judicious. — Careful, cAUTioua, wart, cir- cumspect, DISCREET. Careful suggests watchfulness, with- out necessary implication of danger; cautious implies some contingency against which one guards; as. carefully made preparations; he is too generous to be cautious. Wary sug- gests,more strongly than cautious^ suspicion of danger and alertness or vigilance ; as, the mouse ran warily across the room. Circumspect rather implies attentive deliberation or habitual prudence, esp. in matters of peculiar delicacy or difficulty ; as, be wise and circumspect. Discreet suggests esp. caution with respect to speech or conduct ; as, a secret may safely be intrusted to a discreel man. careless (-ISs), a. Free from care ; having no care. — care'less-ly, adv. — carelessness, n. — Syn. Uncon- cerned, thoughtless, neerligent, inattentive, unstudied. ca-reSB' (kd-rSs'), n. [through F., It., & LL., fr. L. cams dear.] An act of endearment ; an embracing or touching with tenderness. — v. t. To treat with tokens of fondness, afl'ection, or kindness ; fondle. Syn. Pet, coddle. — Caress, fondle. Caress suggests soft* natjire, ver^jire (87) ; K = cli in G. Ich, ach (501 ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure £xpUoatlonB of A bbrevlatfons, SIffns, etc* precede Vocsbulary. ■ — - Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Foreign Word. + combined with. =equalfi> CARET 106 CARPENTRY Gariboti ( Rangifer caribou^ ness of touch, and implies tenderness, but not undue famil- iarity. To FONDLB la to handle, or toy with, the object of affection, and often suggests lack of dignity. oar'et (kSr'St; kifrSt; 3), n. [L. caret there is wanting.] A mark [ A ] used by writers aiid proof readers to indicate that something interlined or in the margin belongs in the place marked. care'wom' (kftr'wom' ; 57), a. Worn with care. car'gO (kar'go), n. ; pi. -goes or -gos (-goz). [Sp., fr. cargar to load.] The lading or freight of a ship or other vessel ; load ; freight. — Syn. See prbiqht. Gar'lb (kSrlb), n. [see cannibal.] An Indian of a lin- guistic stock now chiefly confined to Brazil and Quiana, but formerly occupying ^so the Lesser Antilles. Oar'lb-be'an (-¥-be'&u), a. Of or pertaining to the Garibs, the Caribbees, or the Caribbean Sea. — n. A Carib. Car1-bou(kart-boo;k5r'i-boo'),n. (see plttbai..) [Can.F., fr. Amer. Indian, prop., pawer, scratcher.] Any of several spe- cies or varieties of reindeer of northern North America and Greenland. oaT'l-ca-tnre (kSr1-kd-^r), n. [It. caricaiurat fr. caricare to charge, overload, exagger- ate.] \. A distor- tion by exaggera- tion, producing a grotesque or ridic- ulous effect, as in a picture. 2. A pic- ture, figure, or de- scription showing such exaggeration of the pe^iarities of aperson orthing. Syn. Caricature. BURIiESQDE, PARODT, TRAVESTY. A cARicATUEB is a ludicrous exE^geration or distortion of cluwacteriatic or peculiar features. A bdr- XiESQOE is an imitation made grotesquely incongruous either by treating a trifling subject in mock-heA)ic vein, or by giving to a serious subject a frivolous turn. A parody treats a ridiculous subject lu the exact style (esp. in its man- nerisms) of some serious and (usually) well-known composi- tion orwriter; InaTRAVESTYthe subject remainaunchanged, but the style is made extravagant or absurd. ^w. t. ; -TURED (-^rd) ; -tdring. To make a caricature of. — car'l-ca-tar'lst (kSrT-kd-^'rlst ; kSr'I-kd-ts'rlst), n. ca'rl-es (ka'rT-ez), n. [L.]_ Med. Decay; eap., ulceration of bone in which the bone is carried away piecemeal. ca-rl'na (kd-rl'iid), n. ; L. pi. -Tsm (-ne). [L., keel.] Bot & Zool. A keel. — ca-rl'nal (-nSl), a. cai'l-nate (kSrT-nat) | a. [L. carinaius, fr, carina keel.] cai't-nat'ed (-nat^Sd) ( Eeel-shaped. car'1-Ole, car'll-ole (-51), n. [fr. F., fr. L. carrua wagon.] A small, light, c^en one-horse carriage. ca'ri-ons (ka'rT-fis; 3), a. Med. Affected with caries. — ca'rl-OSl-ty (ka^rt-BsT-tT ; kSr'I-), n. ; pi. -ties (-ttz). cark (kark), n. [F. carquet diJil. form of charge. See CHARGE.] Care; worry. — v. f. lOF. carguier.J To bur- den as anxiety does ; trouble. — v. t. ■ To be anxious ; labor anxiously. — cark'lng, p. a. All Obs. or Archaic. carl (karl), n. [Icel. karl a male, a man.] 1. A man of the peasantry or common people. Archaic or Hist 2. A base fellow ; churl. Scot, or Archaic. caillne (k'ar'lln; Scot, usually kSrIen), n. A woman, esp. an old one ; — often contemptuous. Scot. CarOiat (karniat), n. 1. Fr. ^w(. A Legitimist. 2. Sp. Hist. A supporter of the claims to the throne of Don Carlos (1788-1855) or his succesaors. carl'0t(kar'13t),n. [fromcARii.l A churl; boor. Ob».d:R. Oar^O-vlll'Kl-ail (kar1d-vln'jt-an), a. Cuolingian. car'ni&Il (kar'mfin), n. ; pi. -hen (-mSn). A man employed to drive, or to convey goods in, a car or cart ; a carter. Carlnol-lte (-m^-it), a. Of or pert, to the Carmelites. — n. R. C Ch. A friar of a mendicant order established on Mt. Carmel, Syria, in the 12th century ; a White Friar. oar-mlll'a-tlve (kar-mTn'd-tIv ; kar'mT-na-ttv), a. [fr. F., fr. L. carminareiAi card, hence, to cleanse, carmen acard for wool.] Fxpelling wind from the alimentary canal ; reliev- ing colic, griping, or flatulence. -^ n. A carminative agent. car'mlne (kar'mln ; -min), n. [F.carmin.] The coloring matter of cochineal, having a rich red, crimson, or purphsh red color ; also, this color. , , , ■ a ^ i car'nage (-u£j), n. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. caro, camw, flesh.] 1 Flesh ; a collection of carcasses. 2. Great destruction of life, as in battle ; slaughter. —Syn. See massacre. car'nal (-nffil), a. [L. carnaiis, fr. co»o, camts, flesh.] 1. Of or pertaming to the body as the seat of the appetites ; animal; fleshly; hence, material; temporal; worldly; — opp. to spiriiual. 2. Flesh-devouring; bloodthursty. Obs. car-nal'l-ty (kar-nSlt-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). Fleshlmesa ; fleshly lust, or indulgence of lust ; sensuality ; worldliness. car'nal-lv. adv. of carnal. See -ly. . car-na'tion (kar-na'shwn), n. [F. , the flesh tmts in a pamt- mg, deriv. of L. caro, caniis, flesh.] 1. A light rosy pmk, or, often, a deeper crimson color; a shade of red. 2. pi. Faint. The flesh-tinted parts 3. Any of many cultivated, usually double-flowered, varieties of the pink. oar-neVian (-nel'yfin), n. [toT cornelian; influenced by L. cameus fleahy, because of its color.] JIftn. A reddish variety of chalcedony, often used for seals. car'lll-val(kar'nl-vai),n. [It. coj-neva/c, prob. deriv.of L. caro, camis, flesh -}- leiai-e to take away.] 1. The season or festival of merrymaking before Lent, observed esp. in Italy. 2. Any merrymaking, feasting, etc., esp. when indecorous. -IllT'0-ra(kar-nTv'6-rd), n.j>i. Zool. Anorderof mam- Oar- .«..._ ^ male, mostly carnivorous, including^ the dogs, cats, bears, seals, etc. — car'lll-VOre (kar'nl-vor), n. . ^ , car-nlv'o-rons (-rwa), a. [L. camivoms ; caro^ camis, flesh + vorare to devour.] 1- Eating flesh. 2. Of or pertain- ing to the Gamivora. — car-niT'O-rous ly, adv. Car'ob (kSr'fJb), n. An evergreen tree of the Mediterranean region bearing red racemose flowers ; also, ita pulpy legtune, used as food for stock and sometimes eaten by man. Oa-roche' (ko-roch' ; -rosh'), n. [fr. OF., fi. It., fr. L. carrus wagon.] An old form of stately carriage or coach, oar'ol (kSr'i21), n. [fr. OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. x°P'^^\ij^ one who accompanies a chorua on the flute.] A song, usually of joy, exultation, or mirth; a lay. ^ v. i. ; -oled (-^Id) or -OLLBD ; -OL-iNG OT -OL-LING. To siug, esp. joyfuUy. — V. i. To praise or celebrate in song. — car'Ol-er, car'ol-lOT, n. Oar'o-llne (kSr'd-Un ; -ITn), a. Of or pertaining to Charles (LL. Carolus')^ as Charles the Great (Charlemagne), Charles I. or Charles 11. of England, etc. Gar'O-Un'gl-an (-ITn'jT-fin), a. Of or pertaining to the sec- ond Frankish dynasty of kings and emperors, succee^ng the Merovingian. The dynasty began with Pepin the Short and continued from 752 to 911 in Germany and to 987 in Frauce. It is so called from Charles Martel, father of Pepin, or from Charlemagne, its most prominent member. car'om (klr'tim), n. 1. Billiards. A shot in which the cue ball strikes each of two object balls. 2. A similar shot in other games. — v. i. To make a carom. ca-rot'id (kd-rSt^d), a. [Gr. KopuTifief, pi. fr. xapos heavy sleep;— from the belief that the carotid axteries caused drowsiness.^ Anat. Designating the chief artery or pair of arteries which pass up the neck and supply the head ; hence, pertaining to or near such artery or arteries. ^ n. A ca- rotid artery. — ca-FOVld-al (-I-dai), a. ca-TOns'al (kd-rouz'Sl), n. [see cabouse.] A jovial feast or festival ; a carouse. ca-rouae' (-rouz'), n. [fr. F., fr. G. garaus finishing stroke, the emptying of the cup in drinking a health ; gar entirely-]- au5 out.] 1. A cupful drunk up; a Is^ge draft; a toast. Obs. 2. A driuking match or bout ; carousal. — V. i. ; -roused' (-rouzd') ; -bods'ing. To drink deeply ; take part in a carousal. — Ca-IOUS'er, n. carp (karp), v. i. [fr. Scuid., but influenced by L. carpere to pluck, calumniate.] To talk complainingly, censori- ously, or cavilingly ; cavil. carp, n. (see PLURAL.) A kind of soft-flnned, fresh- water fish, very prolific and tenacious of life ; also, any of various allied fishes. cai/pal (k'ar'pSl), a. [from carptts.'] Anat. Of or pertun- ing to the wrist. — n. A wrist bone. car'pel i-vSl)^ n. [fr. Gr. Kapirds fruit.] Sot. In seed plants, a kind of spore-bearing organ considered as part ot the pistil. It is a modified leaf. — car'pel-la-ry (-a-rl), a. oar'peil-ter (-pgn-t5r), n. [f r. OF., fr. LL., f r. L. carpenium wagon.] An artificer in timber ; a framer and builder of houses, ships, etc. — car'pen-ter-tllg, n. oar'pen-try (-trl), n. The work of a carpenter. ale, senate, cftre, &m, account, sirm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, Snd, recent, maker ; lee, ill ; old, ftbey, drb, 5dd, fiSn, cSzmect ; use, flnite, iim, ^p, circus, menu ; xoodi fdbt ; out, oil ; cliair ; go ; sing, u)k ; ^en, thin j CARPER 107 CASE oarp'er (kfir'per), n. One who carps ; a faultfinder. car'pet (k^r'pSt ; 24), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL. carpeta^ carpi- ta, woolly cloths, L. carpere to pluck, card (wool).] 1. A heavy woven or lelted fabric ; esp., a floor covermg made in breadths to be sewed together and nailed to the floor. 2. A covering suggestive of a carpet, as in softnesB, etc. ^ V. t. To cover or furnish with or as with a carpet. car'pet-bag' (-bSg^), n. A traveler's portable bag, origi- nally made of carpet. CfUT'pet-bag'ger (-bfig'er), n. One traveling with a carpet- bag ; — a term of contempt orig. for itinerant wildcat bank- ers of the West, later esp. for Northerners who went South after the Civil War to live, esp. to seek profit under the often corrupt Reconstruction governments. Slang, U. S. cai/pet-iUff, n. Cloth or materials for carpets ; carpets. carpet kmght. A knight who has spent his time in ease and luxury, as in a lady's boudoir. Contempiv.ous. carp'lng (kar'pTng), p. a. Faultfinding ; captious. Qar'pua CkSr'pfis), n. ; pi. -PI (-pi). [G-r. (capn-os wrist.] Anal. The wrist, or wrist bones. car'rack. Var. of caback. caiTa-geen' (kSr'd-geuO, ». Also cai'ra-gheoa'- [from Carrageen or Carrigeen, Ireland.] A kiud of cartilagi- nous seaweed which forms commercial Irish moss. cai'rlage (kSrIj), n. [OF. cariage luggage, carriage, fr, carier to cart. See garrt.] 1. Act of carrying ; convey- ance, esp. of goods. 2. The price or expense of carrying. 3. Act of carrying by assault ; capture. 4. Act or manner of conducting measures or projects ; management. 5- Man- ner of carrying one's body or self ; bearing ; demeanor. 6. Burden; load. Obs. 7. That which carries or conveys, as a wheeled vehicle, a frame supporting a bell, etc. cai'rled (karTd), pret. dcp. p, of carry. cai'rl-er (-T-er), n. One that carries, as : a A bearer \ mes- senger, b One who carries goods for hire, c A mechanism by which something is supported and moved or is driven. carOrl-OIl (-fin), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL. , f r. L. caro flesh.] The dead and putrefying body or flesh of an animal. ^ a. Of or pertaining to carrion ; feeding on carrion. II car'ro-ma'ta (kar'rd-ma'ta), n. [Sp. in Phil. I.] In the Philippines, a kind of light, two-wheeled, boxlike vehicle. Car'ron-ade' (kSr^i2-nad'), n. [from CaiTOn^ in Scotland.] A kind of obsolete, short, light iron cannon of large bore. car'rot(kSr'fit),n. [F. carotte^li.carota.l A biennial plant related to the celery ; also, its edible yellow or orange-red, usually spindle-shaped, root. — - car'rot-y (-T), a. oar'ry (kSr'T), v. t. ; -ried (-td); -ey-ing. [OF. carier, cha- rier^ fr. car, ckar, car.] 1. To convey, or transport, while supporting, orig. in a cart or car ; to bear ; transfer ; take. 2. To conduct; lead; guide, impel; move. 3. To convey by extension or continuance ; extend. 4. To get or obtain, as by effort or force ; capture. 6. To succeed in ; win ; secure the adoption or passage of, as a motion. 6. To support; sus- tain; hold; bear; bearabout. 7. Tobear(one'sself); behave. 8. To sustain the weight of ; bear. 9. Cojn. To bear the chargesor burden of having. ^ v. i. 1. To act as a bearer. 2. To have or exert propulsive power. ^n.,'j92. -ries (-Tz). 1. Range, as of a gun or projectile. 2. A portage between navigable waters. U. S. & Canada. cai'ry-all' (-dl'), n. [corrupted fr. car-iole.'] A kind of light, covered carriage for four or more persons. U. S. cart (kart), n. [AS. crsef, or Icel. kartr.'] 1. Any of various vehicles, as a chariot. 2. A two-wheeled vehicle for trans- porting bulky or heavy articles. 3. A light business or de- livery wagon. -^ V. t. To carry or convey in or as in a cart. cart'age (kar'taj), n. 1. Act of carrying in a cart. 2- The price paid for carting. carte, ||Z. E. -nos (-noz), It. -Ni(-ne). [It., dim. of casa house, L. casa cottage.] 1. In Italy, a kind of country house. 2. A building or room for social meet- ings, amusements, etc. 3. = cassino. ca^ (k&sk), R. [Sp. casco potaherd, cask.] 1. A barrel- shaped vessel of staves, hoops, and heads, usually made so as to hold liquids. 2. A cask and its contents ; hence, the quantity a cask will hold. casHcet (kas'kSt ; 24), n. 1. A small chest or box, as for jewels. 2. A coffin, esp. an expensive one. U.S.^v.i. To put into a casket. caSQue (kask), n. [F., fr. Sp. casco. See case.] A piece of armor for the head ; a helmet. — Cast^ued (k&skt), a. Cas-san'dra (k&-sSn'drd), n. [L., fr. Gr. Koo-o-ai'Spa.] Gr. Myth. A daughter of Friam of Troy. ApoUo, who loved her, made her prophetic, but, becoming angry with her, decreed that no one should believe her prophecies. cas-aa'tion(kS-sa'shun), n. [F.] Actof annulling, cancel- ing, or quashing ; abrogation. cas-sa'Ta(ko-sa'vd),n. [fr. F., fr. Sp.,fr. Haitian AxwaM.] Any of several plants cultivated in the tropics for their root- stocks, which yield a nutritious starch ; also, the starch. cas'se-role (kSs'e-rol; kSs^e-rol')* n. [F.] 1. A sauce- pan. 2. Chem. A sm^l round dish with a handle. 3. Cook- ery. A mold of boiled rice, mashed potato, or paste, baked, and filled with vegetables or meat. cas'Sla (kSsh'd ; -T-d), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kotriria ; of Semitic origin.] 1. An inferior kind of cinnamon ; also, any of the trees (genus Cinnamomum) that produce it. 2. Any of va- rious plants (genits Cassia\ of warm regions, which bear pods having laxative pulp ; also, the pulp. cas'sl-mere (kSs^-mer), n. Also ker'sey-mere. A thin twilled woolen cloth, used for men's garments. cas-si'no (kSnse'no), n. [It. casino a small house, gaming house. Hee casino.] A certain game at cards. GaS'sl-O-pe'ia (kSs'I-S-pe'yd), n. [L., fr. Gr. K tip, circus, menii; food, fdbt; oat, oil; chair; go ; sins, l^^i t^en, thin- CASTOR 109 CATASTROPHE building or set of buildinge ; foitress ; citadel ; stronghold, eap. of a prince or nobleman. 2. Anything resembling, or Castle : The Louvre in Paris, before 1527. 1 Fortified approach ; 2 Moat ; 3 Drawbridg;e ; 4 Towers flanking main entrance ; 5 DoDjuD, or Keep, encircled by its Fobs : fi Angle Towers for de- fense of outer wall : 7 Chapel ; S Gallery communicating be- tween the donjon and the north wing ; 9 Grand Staircase. The inclosing buildings contain guardrooms, storehouses, living apartments, balls of assembly, etc. likened to, a castle. 3 Chess. = rook. — v. t.; •tled (-*ld) ; 'TLiNO (-Itng). 1. To put or inclose in or as in a castle. 2> Cltess. To cause (the king) to castle. —V. 2. Chess. To move the king two squares toward a castle and then (as part of the same move) the castle to the square next past the king; also, of the king, to move as above. bOB'tor (kas'ter), n. [L.,tbebeaver, Gr. fcdaTuip.] 1. The beaver ( Rare) ; also, an unctuous substance of peculiar odor secreted by beavers. 2. A hat, esp. of beaver fur. 3. A heavy broadcloth for overcoats. oaa'tor, n. A vial or cruet ; a caster. Oas'tor, n. [L.,fr. Gr. Kao-Ttop.] 1. Class. Myth. See Dios- curi. 2. Astrtm. See Gemini. castor bean. Seed of the castor-oil plant ; also, the plant. castor OU. A cathartic oil extracted from castor beans. oas'tor— oil' plant- A slightly woody Asiatic plant natu- ralized in all tropical countries and yielding castor beans. cas^tra-me-ta'tlon (kSs^trd-me-ta'shz^n), n. [fr. F., fr. L. castra camp 4" metari to measure off.] Mil. The making, or laying out, of a camp. cas'trate (kSs'trat), v. t ,- -teat-ed (-trat-5d) ; -trat-ing. [L. ccistratiis, p. p. of ccufrare to castrate.] 1. To emascu- late ; geld. 2. To mutilate ; esp., to expurgate, as a book. — cas-tra'Uon (kSs-tra'sbSn), n. cas'U-al (kSzh'6-fSl ; kSz'-), a. [fr. F., fr. L. casualis, fr. casits. See case.] 1. Happening without design and un- expectedly ; coming by chance. 2. Coming vnthout regular- ity ; incidental. 3- Uncertain; precarious. Obs. 4. Hav- ing the air of a chance occurrence ; cursory ; often, with assumed indifference. 5- Without foresight, plan, or method ; careless. — Syn. Fortuitous, occasional, unfore- seen, unpremeditated. See ACCIEBNTAL. ^ n. A casual la- borer, visitor, patient, pauper, etc. — cas'n-al-ly, adv. cas'u-al-ty (-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1. Chance ; acci- dent ; contingency. 2. An unfortunate occurrence ; a mis- hap. 3. pi. MU.&Nav. Losses caused by death, wounds, discharge, or desertion. — Syn. See acoidbnt. oas'a-lst (kSzh'u-Tst ; kSz'-), n. [L. casus fall, case.] One skilled in, or given to, casuistry. oas^n-la'tlC (-fs'tTk) I a. Of or pert, to casuists or cas- caa'n-ls'tl-cal (-tT-kSl) f uistry.— cas'n-Is'U-cal-ly, adv. cas'Q-lst-ry (-Ts-trT), n. ; pi. -iSTEiBS (-triz). 1. Science or doctrine dealing with questions of right or wrong in con- duct. 2. Sophistical, equivocal, or false reasoning or teach- : ing as to duties and morals. cat (kSt), n. [AS.] 1. A camlrorous domesticated quad- I ruped which is the type of a family {Ftlidm^ including the lion, tiger, leopard, puma, cheetah, various species of tiger cats, wild cats, lynxes, etc. ; also, any member of the fam- ily. 2. A person as likened to a cat, as a spiteful woman. 3. A cat-o'-nine-tails. — v. t. ; cat'tbd ; cat'tino. Naut. To bring, as an anchor, up to the cathead. caVa-ctare'sls (kat^a-kre'sls), n. [L., fr. Gr. KaTdxpvo-t^ ; Kara against + ;¥P^o-flai to use.] Misuse of words or abuse of terms. — cata-cbres'tlc (-krSsatk), cat'a-clires'ti- cal (-tr-kffil), a. — caVa-chres'tl-cal-ly, adv. cat'a-clysm (kat'd-kllz'm), n. [fr. L., fr Gr. /earaKAu- o-/i6s ; Kara downward, against -j- kKv^blv to wash.] 1. A flood of water; deluge, 2. Geol. Any violent and exten- sive sudden physical change ; a catastrophe. 3. An up- heaval, esp. a social or political one. — cat^a-clys'mal (-kITz'm&l), oat'a-clyB'mio (-mTk), a. cat'a-comb (kSt'd-kom), n. [fr. It., fr. LL. eatacumha.'] A subterranean place of burial, esp. one consisting of pas- sages with side recesses for tombs ; — commonly in pi. cat'a-f al(iue(-f31k), n. [F., fr. it. eatafalco scaffold, funeral canopy.] A temporary structure sometimes used to bold the remains in funeral solemnities. cat'a-lec'tlc (-lek'tlk), a. [deriv. of Gr. Kara, down + krjyeLv to stop.] Pros. Wanting a syllable at the end. cat'a-lep'sy (kSt'd-lSp'sT) ) n. [Gr. KardAi^i/'Ls a seizure ; Cat'a-lep'siS (-ISp'sTs) f Kara down -f Aa/n/Saceu' to seize.] Med. A sudden suspension of sensation and voli- tion, with muscular rigidity, — cat^a-lep'tic (-ttk), a. & n. cat'a-logue (kSfd-lGg), n. Also cara-log. [F., fr. L., fr. Gr. xaraAoyo? list; fcaTot down, completely + Aeyeti' to pick out, count.] A list ; register ; esp., a list of names, titles, or articles arranged, usually, alphabetically. — Syn. See LIST. — V. t. ; -logubd (-13gd) ; -logu'ino (-ISg'ing). Also cat'a-log. To make a list or catalogue of ; insert in a cat^ogue. -^ v. i. To make, or work upon, a catalogue. — cat'a-logu^er (-iBg'er), n. Also cat'a-log'er. ca-tal'pa (kd-tSl'pd), n. [fr. the language of the Indians of Carolina.] Any of several American and Asiatic broad- leaved trees (genus Catalpa) bearing long pods. ca-tal'y-Sis (kd-tSIOT-sTs), n. ; pi. -ses (-sez). [Gr. Kara- Auo-L? dissolution, deriv, of Kara down, wholly -{- Auetc to loose.] Chem. Acceleratiouof a reaction (originally decom- position only) produced by a substance which itself appears unchanged. — caVa-lyt'lC (kSt^d-lTttk), a. Cat'a-ma-ran'' (kSt^d-md-ran'), n. [Tamil katiu a binding -|- maram tree.] 1. A kind of raft or float made of logs or pieces of wood lashed together, and moved by paddles or sails. 2. Any vessel with twin hulls side by side. oat'a-nie'nl-a(-me'nT-d), 71.J9/. [Gr. Ta KaTafj.i^vta.'] Phys- iol. The menses. — oat^a-mo'nl-al (-(^l)t a. cat'a-moont (kSt'd-mount), n. [cat -\- a for o/-f- mount.'] Any of various wild animals of the cat family ; in America, usually the cougar or a lynx. cat^a-moon'taln (-moun'tTn), or cat'-o'-moon'tain (kSt'o-), n. Any of various wild animals of the cat family ; esp. : a The European wildcat, b The leopard. cat'a-phract (kSt'd-frSkt), n. [fr. L. cataphractes, deriv. of Gr. Kara, wholly + ^pdaafLv to inclose.] Mil. Antiq. A coat of mail for the whole body, or a soldier clad in one. cat'a-plasm (-plSz'm), n. [fr. L. cataplasma, deriv. of Gr. /eaToidown, wholly + 7rAao'o'fi.v to form.] Med. A poultice. cat'a-pnlt (-p31t), n. [L. catapuUa,fr. Gr. KarajreATTjs.] Class. Antig. An engine used to throw stones, arrows, spears, etc. — v. t. & i. To throw from or as from a catapult. cat'a-ract (-rSist), n. [L. cat(L- racto a waterfall, Gr. KaropaKTi/s, deriv. of koto down -}- prjyv^vai to break, or apda-a-eiv to strike.] 1. pi. Sluices; floodgates; — usu- ally in cataracts of heaven. Obs. ■ 2. A waterspout. Obs. 3. A water- ^ fall, esp. alargeone. 4- A deluge; flood. 5. Med. An opacity of the crystalline lens or its capsule. Catapult ca-tarrh' (kd-tar'), n. [L. eatarrhTis^Gr. Karappoo? a run- ning down, rheum, deriv. of Kord down -|- pelv to flow.] Med. An inflammatory affection of a raucous membrane, esp. of the nose or air passages. — ca-tarrh'al (-61), a. Ca-taa'tro-phe fkd-tSs'tro-fe), n. [L. catastropha, Gr. Kara- 7} ; Kard -f- trrpe4>eiv to turn.] 1. An event produc- ing a subversion of the order of things ; a final event, usually natnre, verdure (87) ; k = cli in G. f ch, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Expianatlonsof AbbreTlBtloni, SIkhb. etc.. preceae VocabnlafT- II Forcljcn Word. + combined with. =eQuals. CATAWBA 110 CATHODE Cat- bird. (J) calamitous ; hence, sudden calamity. 2. The final event in a romance, drama, etc. ; dtinouement. — Syn. See disaster. Ga-taw^a (ko-tS'ba), n. A light-red variety of American grape ; alBO, a light-colored rich-flavored wine made from it. safblrd' (kSf bfird'), n. An American song bird allied to the mocking bird. cafboat (-botO, n. A sail- boat rigged with a single mast set far forward and a single large gaff-and-boom sail. cat'call' (-kGP)* »• A sound like the cry of a cat. catch (kSch), V. t. ; pret. & p. p. CAUGHT (k8t) ; p. pr. & vb. n. catch'- ING. [fr. OF. deriv. of L. capture, v. intens. of capereto take] 1. To cap- ture or seize, as after pursuit ; take; get. 2- Hence : a To insnare ; entan- gle, b To reach or get to, esp. in time ; to overtake, c To come on by surprise ; surprise ; detect. 3. To take or contract by sympathy, or by or as if by contagion, infection, or exposure, as a disease. 4. To lay hold on, as if capturing ; to grasp, get at, encounter, etc. ; as, the fire caught the woodwork ; to catch a ball. 6. To arrest the attention, fancy, etc., of; please ; charm. 6. To apprehend mentally. — v. i. 1. To make captures. 2. To take hold, as fire; spread. 3. To take and retain hold, as a hook. 4- To be impeded by entanglement or obstruction, ^n. 1. Act or fact of catching. 2- That which catches, as a catching or insnaring question, a device for fastening, or one for checking motion, etc. 3. That which is, or is to be, caught or taken ; as, a good catch of fish. 4. A snatch, or small fragment ; a scrap, as of song. 5. Music. A kind of round. — catcb'er (-er), n. catch'all' (kSch'SK), n. A general receptacle. catch'lng, p. a. 1. That catches ; of diseases, infectious ; contagious. 2- Captivating ; alluring ; taking. catch'pen-ny (-pSn-T), a. Made for getting small sums of money, as from the unwary. — n. A catchpenny thing. oatGb'pole', catch'poir (-poiO* n* E^)^' ^ di^'i ^o^°i °^ OF. chacepol^ ckacipol, taxgatherer.] A sheriff's officer, esp. one who makes arrests for debt. oatch'up (kSch'?ip), cat'SUp (kSt'sfip), n. [Malay keckap ] A table sauce maapi of tomatoes, mushrooms, or walnuts. catch'WOrd' (^SC'''wflrd'),?i- !• Print. The first word of a page, repeated at the right-hand bottom corner of the preceding page, below the line. 2 A word so placed or used as to catch the eye or attention. catch'7 (-T), a. ; catch'i-er (-i-er) , catch'i-bst. 1. Catch- ing ; taking. 2. Entangling. 3 Fitful. cate (kit), rii [from earlier acates, prop , purchases, fr. OF. acat.'] Usually in pi. A choice viand ; a dainty. oaVe-chet'lC (kSt^e-kSt'Ik) I a. 1. Of or pert, to instruction caVe-chet'1-cal (-T-kal) ) in the rudimentary Christian doctrines. 2. Pert, to or using questions and answers, as in teaching. cat'e-chiam (kSfe-kTz'm), n. [see catechize.] 1. In- struction by question and answer. 2. A book containing a summary of principles, esp. of religious doctrine, in the form of questions and answers. 3. A set of formal queB- tions put to candidates, etc. — cat'e-chlst (-kTst), n. — care-chis'tlc (-kts'tTk), -chis'ti-cal (tT-kai), a. cat'e-chlze, cat'e-chlse (-kiz), v. t. ; -chized, -chised (-kizd) ;-CHiZ''iNO, -chis'ino (-kiz/Tng). [fr. L., fr. Gr. Ka- TTjYtfeti', lit., to resound, impress by word of mouth ; icara + j7Yetc to sound.] 1. To instruct by questionand answer, esp. in religion. 2j_To question in detail. oat'e-chu (kSt'e-choo ; -shoo), n. Also ca-SbOO' (kd-shoo'). [Malay kachu, Kanarese kacku.'] Any of several dry, earthy, or resinlike, astringent substances, got from certain tropical plants, and used in tanning, dyeing, etc. oat'e-chu'ineil (-ku'mSn), n. [fr. L. catechumenus, fr. Gr. KaTTixoi/neco? instructed.] One receiving rudimentary instruction, esp. in Christian doctrines ; neophyte. oat'e-gor'1-cal (-gSrt-kSl), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or in the form of, a category. 2. Not hypothetical; imconditional. — oat'e-gor'l-Gal-l7> «<^v. — caVe-gor'l-cal-nesB, n. cat'e-go-ry (kSfe-g6-rT), n. ;pl. -hies (-riz). [L. categoria, deriv. fr. Gr. koto, down + root of ayopeiieiv to harangue, assert.] 1. Logic. One of the highest classes to which objects of knowledge or thought can be reduced ; an ulti- mate conception. 2. A class or division, as for discussion. oare-naTl-an (kSf S-na'rT-an ; 3), a. [L. caienaHus, fr. ea- tena chain.] Like or pertaining to a chain or a catenary. oat'e-na-ry (kSf e-ni-rl ; kd-te'nd-rl), n. ; pi. -EiBS (-rlz). Math. A certain curve, approximately that assumed by a chain suspended freely by its ends. — cat'e-na-ry, a. cat'e-nate (kat'e-nat), v. t. ; -nat/ed (-naf Sd) ; -mat^iko. To form into a chain ; Imk. — cate-ua'tion (-na'shfin), n. ca'ter (ka'tir), V. i. [OF. acater to buy, provide.] 1. To provide food; to buy, procure, or prepare provisions. 2- To supply what is needed or desired ; — followed by /or or to. cat'er-an (kSt^r-ftn), n. [Gael, ceathamach.'] An irreg- ular soldier or marauder of the Scottish Highlands. ca'ter-COns^ln (ka'ter-kaz''n), n. An intimate friend ; — usually taken as originally meaning a fourth cousin. ca'ter-er (-er), n. One who caters; esp., a provider of pro- visions and service at banquets, etc. — ca'ter-eSB, n. /em. cat'er-pll^ar (kSt^r-pTl'er), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL. cattus cat + L. pitostts hairy.] The wormlike larva of a butter- fly or moth, or any similar larva of other insects. cat'er-wanl (-w81), v. i. [cat -\- waul, wawl, to cry as a cat.] Of cats, to make a kind of harsh cry ; hence, to cry as cats. — n. Act of caterwauling. cat'flsli'(k5t'fTsh')"- (seePLURAL.) Any of various fishes, some being so called from a fancied rssebiblance to a cat, as from having barbels about the mouth. cat'guV (-guf ), n. A tough cord variously used, made from the intestines of animals, e^. of sheep. ca-thartlc (ka-thar'tlk), a. [Gr. KaOapTiKo^s, f r. KaBaiptiv to cleanse, KoBapos pure.] Cleansing the bowels; purga- tive. — n. A cathartic medicine ; often, a mild purgative. Ca-tbay'(kS-tha'),n. [LL- CoZoya, of Tatarorigin.] Chma; — an old name, now only in Uterary use. catliead'(kSt'hgd'), n- Naut. A projecting timber or iron near the bow, to which the anchor is hoisted. ca-the'dra (kd-the'drd ; kath'e-drd), n. [L., fr. Gr. jeofle- &pa seat.] The offlcialchairorthrone of abisbop, teacher, or any person in high authority. ca-the'dral (kd-the'drjil), a. 1. Of , pertaining to, or contain- ing, the cathedra; as, a cathe- dral church. 2. Emanating from the cathedra; authorita- tive. — ' n. The church contain- ing the cathedra. Flan of Salisbury Cathedral, Eneland- 1 Principal Wept Door- way; 2, 3 AieleBof Nave: 4North Porch: STower; 6.6PnlpitBj 7 Throne : 8 Altar i 9 Font ; 10, 11 Choir Aislee s 12. 13 East or Choir Transept; 14 Saoristy; IS Cloister; 16 Chapter House cath'e-ter (kXtht-ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. KoScTfip thing let down or put in ; deriv. of Kara down -|- Uvai to send.] Med. Any of various instruments for passing along mucous canals ; esp., a tubular instrument to draw off the urine. catb'Ode (kSth'od), n. [Gr. Ka0o5o9 descent ; Kara -j- oS6% way.] Eleo. The negative terminal of an electric source ; — opposed to anode. — oa-thodic (kd-thSdTk), a. ale, senate, cftre, am, account, arm, ask, eofa ; eve, event, find, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, drb, 5dd, soft, c5xmect ; use, Unite, iirn, tip, circus, menii ; f dod, fd^t ; out, oil ; chair ; g^o ; sing, igk ; tben, thin ^ CATHODE RAYS 111 CAVALIERLY oatbode rays. Physics ds Chem, Rays projected from the cathode of a vacuum tube iu which an electric discharge ta^ea place. They consist of negative ions or electrons. By impinging on Bolids they generate Rtintgen rays. Oath'O-Uo (kSth'6-lTk), a. [fr. L., fr. 6r. KatfoAtKo'c, fr. lead' oAov in general; Kara down, concerning -f- oAoc whole.] 1. Universal or general in human interests ; affecting man- kind as a whole. 2. Broad in sympathies or understanding ; liberal. 3- Of or pert, to the church universal. Hence : a [cap.] Designating, or pert, to, the Western Church after its separation from the Eaatern Church, which assumed the title of Orihodox. tt [cap.] Designatiug, or pert, to, the Roman Catholic Church, or Roman Catholics. — n. Icap^"] A member of a Catholic church ; esp., a Roman Catholic. — oa-tboll-cal-lT (kd-thSll-kiil-I), adv. ca-Ul0Fl-ClBin(kd-th51'I-sTz'm), n. Faith, practice, or sys- tem of, or adherence to, the catholic church, or [cop.] a Catholic church, esp. the Roman Catholic Church. oath'(hllGl-ty (kSth/d-Us'I-tl), n. 1. State or quality of being catholic ; liberality. 2. Catholicism. oa-thol1-cize (kd-thSl'T-sIz), v. t, & i. ; -gizbd (-sizd) ; -oiz'iKa (-sIz'Tng). To make, or become, catholic or [cop.] Catholic. ca-tholl-GOIl (-kjin), R. [Or. fradoAiKOf, neut. KadoA.iKOi' universal.] A universal remedy ; a panacea. cat'l-on(kSfi-5n), n. [Gr. Kara downward + mv going.] Chem. a The product evolved at the cathode in electrol- ysis, b In genera], a positive ion. oaVkln (-ktn), n. An ament. catlUEO' (-lik/), a. Like a cat ; hence, stealthy ; noiseless. CafminV (-mint')* n. Catnip. cat'nlp (-nip), n. Also cat'nep (-nSp). [cat -f- nip, dial, of nep catnip.] A common plant of the mint family. cat'-o'— monn'tain. Var. of catamountaih. cat'-O'-nlne'— talls^^ (kSt^o-nln'talz^), n. An instrument consisting of nine pieces of knotted line or cord fastened to a handle, used in flogging. ca-top'triCS(kd-t5p'trTks), n. (See -ics.) [Gr. KaToirTpiKo^ of or in a mirror.] Optics that deals with reflected light, esp. light reflected from mirrors. — ca-top'tric (-trik), a. cat S'--eye', n. A gem opalescent, like the eye of a cat. cat'S'-paW, n. 1. Naut. A light air which ruffles the sur- face of the water in patches during a calm. 2. A dupe; tool. cat'sup (kSt'sflp). Var. of catchup. caX'-tS^fi n. A tall marsh plant with long, flat leaves, and flowers in a close cylindrical spike. cat'tlsh(-Tsli), a. Catlike; feline. cat'tle (kSf '1), n. [OF. catel, LL. captale^ capUale^ goods, property, esp. cattle, fr. L. capUalis chief, caput head, capital, stock.] Live stock, now usually quadrupeds, kept as property or for use ; esp., bovine animals Oan-ca'slan (kd-ka'shSn ; -kSsh'ctn), a. 1. Of or pertain- ing to the Caucasus or its inhabitants. 2. Designating, or pertaining to, tbe division of mankind comprising the chief races of Europe, North Africa, and southwestern Asia, named the Oaucaalaiirace on the supposition that the peo- ple of the Caucasus were typical of the race. ^ n. A mem- ber of any of various native peoples of the Caucasus, or a member of the Caucasian race, — Gan-cas'lo (-kSstk), a. cau'cns (kd'kSs), n. A meeting of tbe members or leaders of a party or faction to decide on policies or candidates to be supported. U. 8. oaa'dal (-d^l), a. [L. cauda tail.] Like, or pertaining to, a tail ; having a tail-like appendage. caaMate (-dat), can'dat-ed (-dat-Sd), «. [L. cauda tail.] Having a tail or tail-like appendage. cau'dez (-dSks), n. ;pl. L. -dices (-dt-sez). E. -dexes (-dSk'- sSz ; 24). [L.] £ot. The woody base of a perennial plant. can'dle (-d'l), n. [f r. OF., fr. LL., fr. L. ealidus warm.] A kind of warm drink for sick persons, esp. a mixture of wine orale with eggs, bread or gruel, etc. — r. t. /-DLED(-d'ld) ; -DLiNG (-dlTng). To serve a caudle to ; refresh like a caudle. caueht (k8t), pret. <& p. p. of catch. caiir(kdl), n. [ME. calle, kelle.'] An investing membrane. Obs., except ; a The great omentum, b A part of the am- nion sometimes covering the head of a child at birth. caul'dron. Var. of caldron, cau-les'cent (k8-lSs'Snt), a. [L. caulis stalk, stem.] BoL Having a leafy stem above ground. Caull-cle (k61T-k'l), n. [L. cauliculus, dim. of caulis stem.] Bot. A rudimentary stem. oan'll'flow^er (-flou'er), n. [fr. F. choufieur, lit., cabbage flower ; deriv. of L. caulis cabbage aud Jlos,fioriSj flower.] A variety of the cabbage, in which the head consists of the thick flower cluster ; also, the head. cau'llne (k6'ltn ; -Hn), a. [from caulis.] Bot. Growing on, or belonging to, a stem ; specif., growing on the upper portion of a stem, as opposed to basal or radical. oaullS (-Its), n, ; L. pi. CAULE8 (-lez). [L., a stem.] Bot. The stalk or stem of a plant. oaulk, oaulk'er, etc. Vars. of calk, calkbr, etc. caUB'al (kGz'Sl), a. Relating to, implying, containing, or of the nature of, a cause or causes. ^ n. Gram. A causa- tive word or form. — caus'al-ly, adv. oau-saVl-ty (kS-z51'I-tT), n. ;pl. -ties (-tTz). Causal qual- ity, agency, operation, or relation. cau-aa'tlon (-zS'shuu), n. 1. Act of causing ; also, act or agency producing an effect. 2. Causality. oaua'a-tive (kSz'a-ttv), a. 1. Acting as a cause; causing. 2. Gram. Expresshig causation. -~ n. A causative word or form. — caus'a-tlve-ly, adv. — caus'a-tive-ness, n. cause (k8z), n. [F., fr. L. causa.l 1. That which occa- sions or effects a result. 2. A person or thing that is the occasion of an action or state ; a reason ; motive. 3. Law. A ground of action ; also, a suit or action in court ; case. 4. Any subject of discussion or debate. 6- The side of a question advocated and upheld by a person or party. Syn. Cause, reason, motive. Motive is used with refer- ence to actions only. A cause is that which produces an effect; it is that without which the result would not have been. A reason is that which explains or justifies a result. Thus, the cause of a railroad accident may have been the failure of the air brakes to work ; the reason for the acci- dent, carelessness in inspection ; the motive in being care- lees, a desire to get through quickly. See occasion. — V. t.; caused (kSzd) ; oaus'ing (kfiz'tng). To be the cause of; effect; bringabout. — Syn. Create, produce, occasion, originate, induce. — cause'less, a. Ilcause'rle' (koz^re'; koz're), n. [F., fr. cause?' to chat.] Infoimal talk or discussion, as about literary matters. cause'way (k8z'wa), n. [causey + way.'] 1. A raised way across wet ground. 2- A highway or paved way. Hist. cau'sey (kS'zT), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL. {via) caldaia, fr. cal- ciare to make a road.] 1. A causeway. I^ow Rare. 2. A highway. Obs. or Hist. — v. t. To pave. Chiefly Scot. caus'tlc (kSs'tlk), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. Kavo-rtKos, fr. ko-Ulv to burn.] 1. Capable of destroying, or eating away, by chemical action ; corrosive. 2. Severe ; satirical ; sting- ing, cutting, — n. A caustic substance. — caUB'tl-cal-ly (-tT-kai-T), adv. — caUB-tlca-ty (k8s-tIs'I-tT), n. cau'tel (kS'tgl), n. [fr. F., fr. L. cautela caution, cavere to take care.] An artifice ; trick. Obs. or Archaic. cau'te-lOUS (-te-li2s), a. Crafty ; cautious. Obs. or Archaic. cau'ter-lze (-ter-iz), v. t. ; -ized (-izd) ; -iz'ing (-iz'ing). [fr. L., fr. Gr., fr. Kavr-qpiov a branding iron.] To burn or sear with or as with a cautery or caustic. — cau^tor-1- za'tion (-T-za'sh?in ; -i-za'shfin), n. cau'ter-y (-T), n. ; pi. -terieb (-Tz). Med. A searing, as with a hot iron or a caustic; tbe agent used in cauterizing. cau'tlon (-shiJn), n. [F., a security, L. cautio, fr. cavere to be onone^s guard.] 1. Security ; also, a surety. Chiefly Scots Law. 2. A warning against evil ; a word, act, or the like, that conveys a warning. 3- Prudence in regard to danger; cautiousness; beedfulness. 4. A {precaution. Obs. — Syn, Care, watchfulness ; counsel, advice, admonition. — ?'. t. To notify of danger ; warn. — Syn, See warn. oau'tlon-a-ry (-S-rT), a. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, a caution ; specifically, cautioning ; warning. cau'UouS (kS'shus), a. Attentive to examine probable con- sequences of acts so as to avoid danger; prudent; wary. — Syn. Watchful, discreet, guarded, heedful, scrupulous. See CAREFUL. — cau'tlous-ly, adv. — cau'tlous-ness, n. cav'al-oade' (kSv/ftl-kad'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. LL. cnballi- care to go on horseback, L. caballus an inferior horse, Gr, Ka0aAAi79.] A procession of persons on horseback. — v. i. ; -cad'ed (-kad'Sd) ; -cad'ing. To ride in a cavalcade. cav^a-le'ro, or -lle'ro (-d-le'ro). [fr. Sp.] = cavalier. cav'a-Uer' (kSv/«-ler'), n. [F,, fr. It., fr. LL., fr. L. ca- ^ai/uj an inferior horse,] 1. A horseman ; esp., a knight. 2. A gay, sprightly military man ; hence, a gallant. 3, [cap."] One of the court party in England in the time of Iting Charles I. — a. 1. Gay ; easy ; frank. 2. Super- cilious; disdainful; haughty. 3. [cap.] Of or rplating to the CavaliTB. ^ v. i. To play the cavalier; to be haughty. — cav^a-Iler'lsm (-Tz'm), n. — cav'a-Ilfirly, adv. natjcire, verdure (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50} ; bow ; yet ; ah = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. £xplaaaUonaof Abbrevlatlona, Slsnif eto.. precede Vocabulary. || Foretffn Word, -f- combined with. = equals. CAVALRY 112 CELT oav'al-iy (kSv'ai-rt), n. tpl. -mes (-rlz). [fr. F., fr. It.] 1. HorsemanBhip, eep. that of a knight. Obs. 2. Mil. The part of a military force that serves ou horseback. 3. Horse- meu, horses, etc., collectively. — caT'al-ry-man, n. cave (kav), n. [F., fr. L. cauiw hollow,] A hollow place in the earth ; cavern ; den. -^ v. i. ; caved (kavd) ; cav'imq (kav'Tng). To hollow out. Obs.^ exc. in : to cave In, to cause to cave or fall in ; hence, also, to fall in or down. ca've-at (ka've-St), n. [L.cavea/ let him beware.] X. Law. A notice to an officer not to do a certain act until the party notifying is heard in opposition. 2. A caution; warning. II ca've-at emp'tor (Smp'tSr). [L.] haw. Let the pur- chaser beware (that is, he buys at his own risk). Oav'en-dlsh (kSv'^n-dlsh), n. A kind of plug tobacco. Kav'ern (-ern), n. [fr. F., fr. L. cavema^ fr. cavxLS hol- low.] An underground cavity; a cave, esp. a large cave. — V. t. To place in or as in a cavern. oaVern-OUS (-er-ni^s), a. Full of caverns ; of the nature of, or like, a cavern ; hollow, — cav'em-OUB-ly, oAv. cav'l-ar' ) (kSv'T-ar' ; ki'vyar'), n. [cf. Turk. khavyar.'\ cavl-are' S ^^e prepared and salted roe of the sturgeon or other large fish, used as a relish. cav'll (kSlv'tl), V. i, ; -JLBD or -illed (-Tld) ; -il-ino or -n.- LiNo. [L. cavillari to practice jesting, censure, cavilla bantering jests, sophistry.] To make captious or frivolous objections or criticism. — v* t. To cavil at. — n. A cap- tious or frivolous objection; a quibble. — cav'U-or, cav'll- ler, n. — caVll-lng-ly, cav'U-ling-ly, adv. oav'l-ty (kSv'i-tl), n. : pi. -ties (-tiz). [L. cavus hollow.] A hollow place ; a hollow. — Syn, See hole. Ca-VOrt' (kd-v8rt'), v.i. To prance; caper; — said of a horse or its rider. Colloq.^ U. S. caw (k8), V. i. [imitative.] 1. Of crows, rooks, ravens, etc. : To utter their call or cry. 2. To make a sound sug- gestive of such a cry. ^ n. The cry made in cawing. Oay-enne' (ka-gn' ; kT-Sn'), n. 1. A town and island in Frencii Guiana. 2. [usually I. c] Cayenne pepper. Oayenne, or red, pepper, a very hot pungent powder made from the fruits or seeds of several species of capsicum. Cay'maxi (kS'man), n. ; pi. -mans (-mj^nz). [fr. the lan- guage of Guiana.] A kind of tropical American alligator. 0a-yiise' (ki-us'), n. 1. An American Indian of a certain Western tribe. 2. [/. c] An Indian pony. Western U. S. oa-zl(lue', ca-zlc' (kd-zekO. Var. of cacique. cease (sea), v. i. ; ceased (sest) ; ceas'iho. [fr. F., fr. L. cessare^ intensive fr. cedere to withdraw.] 1. To come to an end ; desist. 2. To become extinct ; pass away. Obs. Syn. Leave off, discontinue, refrain, intermit, pause, end. — Cease, stop, quit. Stop applies primarily to action ; CEASE applies also to states ; as, a train stops, but does not cease ; the noise it makes both stops aud ceases; one's love may cea-ie, but scarcely stop. Stop is the everyday, cease the more lettered or poetical, word. Qurr, as a synonym for stop, cease, is now an Americapism ; as, he quit coming. — V. t. 1. To put a stop or end to. Obs. 2. To leave off ; discontinue. — n. Cessation. O&ji., exc. in without cease. cease'less, a. Without stop ; incessant. Oe'oropS (se'krSps), n. [L., fr. Gr. Keicpoi/f.] In Greek tradition, a hero said to have been the first king of Attica. He was represented as half snake. ceMar (-der), n. [fr. F., fr. L. cedrus^ Gr. K^fipo?.] Any of a large number of trees, chiefly of the pine family, having fragrant, durable wood. cedar bird. A waxwing of temperate North America. Ce'darn (-dern), a. Of or pertaining to the cedar. Poetic. cede (sed), V. t. ; ced'ed (sed'Sd) ; ced'ing. [L. cedere to withdraw, yield.] To yield ; surrender ; give up. ce-diria (s^-dTI'a), n. [Sp. cedilla, dim. of seta the letter 2, Gr. ^^Ta, because z was formerly written after the c to indicate sibilancy.] A mark under theletterc [thus, p], to show that it is to be sounded like «, as in facade. cell (sel), V. t. [deriv. of F. del heaven, canopy, L. caelum heaven, arch.] 1. To overlay or line, as a wall ; wainscot. Obs. 2. To furnish with a ceiling. cell'lng, n. 1. Act of one who ceils a room, vessel, etc. 2. The lining or covering of a room, esp. that overhead. Oe-ls'no (8e-le'no),77. [L., fr. Gr. KeAatfw, prop., the black one.] 1. See Harpt. 2. See Pleiades. cel'an-dlne (aSl'Sn-dln), n. [fr. OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. xe^ifioftoc pertaining to the swallow, fr. xeAtSut/ swallow.] An herb of the poppy family, with yellow flowers. cel'e-brant (-^-brSnt), n. One who celebrates a public re- ligious rite; esp., the officiating priest at the Mass. cel'e-biate (sH'S-brat), v. t. ; -beat/bd (-braVSd) ; -toat/. ING. [L. celebratus, p. p. of celebrate to frequent, celebrate, celeber famous.] 1. To perform publicly and with appro- priate rites ; solemnize. 2. To honor by, or observe with, solemn rites, ceremonies of joy and respect, or refraining from business. 3. To publish abroad. 4- To extol, Syn, Cblebeatb, couhbuoeate, keep, obseeve, soleu- HizB. Celebrate emphasizes outward ceremonies or dem- onstrations ; COMMEMORATE, tliB idea of calling to remem- brance in some way; as, we ce/efini/c the Fourth of July, and thus commemorate the birth of American independ- ence. Keep, as also observe, applies primarily to religious occasions or ceremonies ; as, to keep the Sabbath, to observe the rites of the church. To solemnize is to perform (com- monly the marriage ceremony) according to a ritual. ^ V. i. To perform a religious ceremony (esp. the Eucha- rist), or to observe a festival, holiday, or the like. cere-brated (-hraVSd; 24), p. a. DiBtinguiehed ; re- nowned. — Syu. Famous, famed, illustrious. See eminent. cel'e-bra'tlOIl (-bra'shfin), n. Act or process of celebrating, or state of being celebrated. cel'e-bra'tor (sSKi^-bra'ter), n. One who celebrates. ce-leb'rl-ty (s^-lSb'rT-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tIz). 1. State of being celebrated ; renown. 2. A celebrated person. Collog. ce-ler'i-ty(-18r1-tl),n. IL. celeritas, f r.celerBvf if t.'j Rapid- ity of motion ; speed. — Syu. See velocity. cel'er-y (sSl'er-I), n. [deriv. of Gr. treKivov parsley.] A European herbaceous apiaceous plant, the blanched leaf- stalks of which are eaten as a salad and dlso cooked. ce-les'tlal (se-lSs'chfil), a. [fr. OF., fr. L. caelestis, fr. cae- lum heaven.] 1. Of orpertainingtothe sky orvisible heav- ens. 2 . Of, pertaining to, or characteristic of, the spiritual heaven ; heavenly ; divine. 3. Of or pert, to the Chinese, or Celestial, Empire (as being ruled by a dynasty appointed by heaven), or, Humorously^ the Chinese people. Syn. Celestial, heavenly. Celestial usually suggests the more conventionalized notions of heaven, pagan or Christian ; as, a celestial visitant. Heavenly is more apt to suggest spiritual qualities; as, **your heavenly father.'* Celestial City, the heavenly Jerusalem. — c. sphere, a sphere of indefinitely great radius, of which the apparent vault or dome of the sky forms half. — n. 1. An inhabitant of heaven ; a heavenly being. 2. [cap."] A native of China ; a Chinese. Colloq. — CO- les'tlal-iy, adv. ce'll-ac Var. of c(eliac. cell-bate (s&ll-bat), n. [L. caelibatiLSj fr. caelebs unmar- ried.] Anunmarriedperson. — a. Unmarried ; single. — ceVl-ba-cy (sSll-bd-si ; se-llb^d-Bt), n. cell (sSl), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. cella.'] 1. A very small close apartment, as in a prison. 2. A small ^ ■ hollow receptacle, as in a honeycomb. 3. Elec. A receptacle containiug elec- trodes and an electrolyte for generating electricity or for producing electrolysis. 4; Biol. The structural unit of which i animals and plants are built up, consist- 1 ing of a minute mass of protoplasm, gen- j erally containing a nucleus, and inclosed I in a covering, or cell wall. I cellar (sSl'er), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. ceU I larium pantry, cella storeroom.] !• A I storeroom for provisions, etc., now al- 1 waya auch a room or set of rooms under- ' ^^ ground. 2. Specifically, by abbreviation, Cell ~3 Z^Zinc a wine cellar. — V. t. To place or store P)ateo7 burial, tomb.] A monument erected in honor of a person buried elsewhere. [zoic' Ge^nO-ZO'lO (se'no-zoTk; sSn't-),a. See Mbso- cense (aSns), i'. t. To offer incense to. cen'sar (sSn'ser), n. [for incenser.^ A vessel for perfumes, esp. one to burn incense in. oen'BOr (-s3r; -serj, n. [L., fr. censere to value, tax.] 1. One of two magistrates of ancient ( Determined ; resolved. Obs. or Archaic. 6. Destined; sure ; — followed by an infinitive. 7- One or some specific (thing or person not further described) ; as, a certain town. — Syn. True, undeniable, unquestionable, undoubted, indisputable ; un- hesitating, nndoubting, positive. See sure. Cer'taln-ly, adv. In a manner that is certain ; definitely ; surely ; undoubtedly. cer'taln-ty (-tT), n. ;pl. -ties (-ttz). 1. A fact unquestion- ably established. 2. Quality, state, or fact of being certain, externally or mentally ; certitude. cer'tes (sflr'tez ; -tiz ; rarely ^ inpoetry, monosyllabic)^ adv. [F., prop, a pi. fem.] Certainly ; verUy. Archaic. cer-tlf 1-cate (sQr-tTfnf-kat) , n, [f r. F. , f r. LL. certificatus, p. p. of certifieare to certify.] 1. A certified statement ; a written testimony to the truth of any fact ; anything that certifies. 2. A written declaration legally authenticated. — (-kat), .V. t. ; -CAT/ED (-kafSd) ; -OAT'iNa. 1. To verify or attest by certificate. 2. To furnish with, or authorize or license by, a certificate. — cei'tl-fl-oa'tlon (sfir/tT-fl-ka'- shfin), n. — ceT-tlf'1-oa-tO-ry (sfir-tTfT-kd-ts-rT), a. cer'tl-fy (sflr'tT-fi), v. t. ; -FiED (-fid) ; -pt'ino. [fr. F., fr. LL. certifieare ; L.cpr/tw certain +/aeere to make.] 1. To attest authoritatively; verify. 2. To testify to in writing. 3. To give certain information to ; assure. 4- Banking. To guarantee (a check) as good by so indicating upon its face. U. S. certl-0-ra^ (sQr'shl-ft-ra'ri ; 3), n. [from cerUorari to ale, senate, cS.re, &m, account, Hrm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, dbey, drb, Odd, adftf cSnnect ; use, Clnitet um, up, ciicus, menU ; f Ood, f dbt ; out, oil ; diair ; go ; ^ng, ij}k ; t&en, thin ; CERTITUDE 115 CHALK be certified, In the Latin form of the writ.] Law, A writ to call up records, for review or relief. oer'tt-tnde (a6r'tl-tud), n. State of being mentally certain; mental assurance as to, a belief or opinion. ce-rule-an (B^-roo'le-Sn), a. To carry in triumph on a chair or seat. Eny. Ohall'man (-miin), n. ;pL -MEN. 1. The occupantof a chair of authority; esp. , a presiding officer. 2- One whose busi- ness it is to convey persons inachair. — chair'man-Shlp, n. chaise (shaz), n. [F., chair, chaise, carriage, for cliaire pul- pit.] l.A two- or four-wheeled, usually one-horse,carriage with a calash top, and the body hungon thorough-braces. 2. A post chaise ; loosely, any light carriage or pleasure cart. cha-la'za(ka-ia'zd),n.; li.pl. -zm{-ze). [fr. Gr.xa^a^ahail.] Evwryol. Either of a paif of spiral bands in the white of a '"i^' * ChaiBe. bird's egg which hold the yolk in place. chal-ced'O-ny (kSl-sSd'o-nt ; kSl'se-do-nT), n. ; pi. -nieb (-nlz). [L. chalcedonius."] A translucent variety of quartz, commonly pale blue or gray, with waxlike luster. Charcl4 (kSKstd), n., or chalcid flv. Any of a very large group of hymenopterous insects, mostly parasitic in the larval state on the larvse or pupse of other insects. Chal-cog'ra-phy (kSl-k5g'rd-fT), n. [Gr. xoAkos copper, brass + -grapliy.'j Act or art of engraving on copper or brass, esp. for printing. — chal-COg'ra-pher (-fer), n. Ghal-da'ic (-datk), a. Of orpert.toChaldea; Chaldean. Ohal-de'an (-de'Sn), a. Of or pert, to Chaldea or its people ; hence, of or pert, to astrology, magic, etc. — n. 1. One of an ancient Semitic tribe that became the dominant people of Babylonia. 2. A person versed in Babylonian lore, esp. astrology ; a soothsayer. 3. Language of the Chaldeans. Ohal'dee' (kSIMe^ ; kSl-de'), a. A cottage, esp. a country house, built in the style of the Swiss cot- A herds- chal'lce (chSl'Ts), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. calix cup.] 1. A Chalet. foblet; esp., the cup used in the Lord's Supper. Now *oetic or in elevated use. 2. A fiower cup. chal'lced (-Tst), a. Having a cup-shaped blossom. Chalk (ch8k),w. [fr. AS., fr. L. ca/xlimestone.] 1. Min. A soft limestone, white, gray, or buff in color, chiefly com- posed of the shells of foraminifers. 2. Chalklike material, na^re, venljire (87) ; K = cliinG. ich, ach (501; boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to§§in Guide. Axplanatlons of Abbreviations, SIgni, etc* precede Vocabulary. |) Forelun Word. -|- combined with. = eguaU. CHALKSTONE 116 CHANGE esp. that used in crayons ; a piece of such material. 3. A score, or accouut uf credit; hence, credit; tick. ^ v. t. 1. To treat or mix with chalk ; whiten with chalk ; hence, to make pale ; bleach. 2. To write or outline with chalk , specif., Obs. or Colloq.^ to record in chalk (esp. an account); score ; charge. — chalk'y, a. Chalk'Btone' (chCk'ston/), n. A mass of chalk. Challenge (cliSl'6nj ; 24), v. t. ; -LENGED (-Sujd) ; -leng-ino (-Sn-jTiig). [f r. OF., fr. L. calunmiari to attack with false accusations. See calumny ] 1. Nil. ToqueBtiou, and de- maud the countersign from. 2. Law. To object to ; take formal exception to. 3. To object to the reception of the vote of (a voter). U.S. 4. Totakeexceptionto; question; dispute. 5- To claim as due, as respect, etc. 6. Tocallor invite defiantly to a contest ; defy ; dare. — v. i. To chal- lenge a person, right, act, or the like. — n. Act of challeug- iug ; thaii which is said or done iu challenging. — chal'- lenge-a-tale, a. — challeng-er, n. obal'Us (sh^l't; charts), n. Also challle (sliSl'T). A lightweight cotton or wpol dress fabric, usually figured. Obal'r-be'an (kS.V\-be'&n -, ka-llb'e-&u), a. [L. chaly- beius^ fr. chalybs steel, Gr. x^Aui^.] Of or pertaining to the Chalybeu, an aacieut people of.Toutus in Asia Minor, celebrated as workers in iron and steel. Cha-lyb'e-ate (kd-ltb'e-at), a. [see Chalybeah.] Impreg- ULtted with salts of iron ; having a table due to iron. — n. A chalybeate water, liquid, or medicine. chain (kSui). Vai-. ot KHAN, a ruler. Cham'ber (cham'ber), n [fr. F., fr. L. camera vault, LL., chamber, Gr Katxdpa anything with an arched covering.] 1. A room in a house ; esp., a bedroom 2. The recep- tion room of a great personage. 3. Si pt. Rooms for single persons iu a lodging houbC or tenement, or arranged iu sets for otfices, etc. b Law. A room or rooms wherealawyer or judge transacts business ; — usually iupl. 4. A hallfor de- liberative meetings. 6. A deliberative body, as a legislature or court. 6- A compartmeut ; an inclosed space. 7. That part of the bore of a piece of ordnance which holds the charge ; in a revolver, formerly, any of the barrels for car- tridges, now, any compartment of the cartridge cylinder. — Sy « . See room. — v. t. l8, tracts, etc., formerly sold by chapmen. Ohape (chap), n. [F., fr. LL.] The metal mounting or trimming of a scabbard or sheath at its upper end. oba^peau' (shft/po')* n. ; pi. -peaux (-poz' ; F. -po')> [F., fr. OF. chapel hat.l A hat. II oha'peaa' bras' (bri'). [F. chapeau hat + bras arm.] A hat made to be compressed and carried under the arm. Obap'el (chSp'gl), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL, capella^ orig., a short cloak {cappa^ capa) ; later, a reliquary, nhapel (because the building where St. Martin's cloak was preserved came to be called capella),'\ 1. A subordinate place of worship. 2. A room, recess, or cell, in a church, containing an altar and separately dedicated. 3. Achurchusedbyotherathanmem- bers of an established church. British. 0hap'el-r7(chSp'gl-rt),n.;p^-BiEs(-rIz). l.Thedistrictof a chapel. 2. A chapel with ita precinct and appurtenances. Cbap'or-on (shSp'Sr-Sn ; -Sn), n. [F.] A person, esp. a matron, who accompanies a young unmarried lady in pub- lic, for propriety. — v. t. To attend as a chaperon ; escort. — Otaap'er-On'age (-on'aj ; -5n'aj), n. Ohap'falVeil (ch5p'fdl"n ; chSp'-), a. Having the lower chap, or jaw, drooping, as from humiliation. Otaap'1-ter (chXpt-ter), n. Arch. A capital. Archaic. Chap'lal]l(-ltn),n. [fr.F.,fr.LL., fr. copeffa. SeecHAFBL.] 1. A clergyman officially attached to the army or navy, a public institution, or a family or court. 2. A clergyman or layman chosen to conduct religious exercises for a society, etc. — ohapUaln-cy (-at), n. — chaplaln-shlp, n. Ohap'let (-ISt), n. [F. chapelet, OF. chapel hat, garland, dim. fr. L. cappa. See cap.] 1- A garland or wreath for the head. 2. R. C. Ck. A string of beads, a third of a rosary, used in praying. 3> A string of beads ; necklace. Cbap'maii (-m&n),7t. ;^;, -iaBN(-mgn). [fr. AS., it. dap trade + rnan man.} 1. One who buys and sells ; merchant. Oba. or Archaic. 2. A peddler ; hawker. Obaps (chSps; shSps), n. Short for cuapabajob. ohap'ter(chSp'ter), n. [fr. F., fr. L. capitulum^ dim. of ca- pui^ lit., head.] l- A main divisiou of a book, treatise, or the like, or something suggestive of such. 2- A regular meeting of the canons of a church, or of monks, knights, or the like ; also, a body of those who hold such a chapter. Ohar (char ; cb£r), n. A turn of work ; a job. Rare or Dial. — V. t. n. [F.] 1. [cop.] A Carthusian monastery. 2- A liqueur made by Carthusian monks. char'tu-la-ry (kar'^-larrl), n. ;pl. -BIBS (-rlz). [LL. cartu- larium, chartulai-ium.'] A register of charters ; cartulary. Char'WOm'an (char'wd&m'Sn ; chfir'-), n. ; pi. -women (-wTm'fin ; 24). [see chare chore.] A woman hired for odd jobs of domestic work, or for such work by the day. Char'y (ch££rT ; cha'rT ; 3), a. ; chab'i-er (-er) ; -i-EST. [AS. ceartp careful, cearu„caru, care. SeecARE.] 1. Held,Te- garded, or done cautiously or with reserve or deliberation ; characterized by cai'e or caution. 2. Reserved ; shy ; fastid- ious ; also, frugal ; sparing. — Syn. See fbvoal. Oha-ryb'dlB (kd-rlb'dYs), n. [L., fr. Gr. XapupSiy.] A whirlpool, sometimes dangerous, on the coast of Sicily op- posite the rock Scylla on the Itidian coast. It was person- ified by the ancients as a female monster. See Sctlla. chase (chas), v. t. A %.; CHASED (chast); chab'iko. [OF. cha- ciert fr. L. captare to strive to seize. See catch.] 1. To cause to depart or fiee by threatening evil ; put to flight. 2. To follow (that which flees) in order to, or as if to, harm it ; follow persistently or regularly. 3. Specif., to hunt. — Syn. See follow. ^ n. 1. Act of chasing or pursuing, as an enemy or game; pursuit; hunting; specif., the chase^ the hunting of wild beasts. 2. That which is hunted, as an ani- mal. 3. Those who follow the chase ; the hunt. Chase, n. [fr.F.,fr.L.cap5rT box, case.] A prolonged hollow; groove ; furrow. — v. t. To groove or indent. Chase, t). t. [contr. of enchase.] 1. To ornament (a metal ale, senate, c&re, ftm, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, ^nd, recent, maker ; ice, HI ; old, Abey , drb, Add, sdftf cSnnect ; use, finite^ iirn, tip, circiis, menii; £^d,fddt; out, oil; cbair; go; sing,ij)k; ^en, thin; CHASER 119 CHEEPER surface) by embosBing, engraving, or tbe like. 2. To set, as with gems ; enchase. Rare. Ohas'or (cl^s'er}, n. One that chases ; hunter; pursuer. Chas'er, n. One that chases, or engraves, as a tool. Ohasm (kSz'm), n. [fr. L., fr, tir. xavti-a., fr. xaiVeii/ to gape.] A deep breach, as in the earth ; cleft ; fissure ; rift. II chas^B^' (ahi'sa'), n. [F.] Dancing. A kind of gliding step. — V. i. ; -sed' (-sad') ; -sb'inq. To make a chaasd. ohas'aeUT' (sh&'sQrO* n. [F.] 1. A hunter ; huntsman. 2. Mil. Oneofabodyof light troopstrainedfor rapid move- ments. 3. An attendant wearing a plume and sword. Ohas'sis (ah&'se), n. ; pi. chassis (sh&'sSz). [F. ch&ssis,] 1. Ordnance. In coast-artillery gun mounts, the movable railway along which the top carriage and gun move. 2. The under part of an automobile, consisting of the frame under the body with the wheels and machinery, chaste (chast) , a. [F., f r. L. castus pure, chaste.] 1. In- nocent of unlawful sexual intercourse ; virtuous. 2. Un- married; virgin. Obs. 3. Pure ; modest ; decent. 4. Pure in design and expression; refined, as art. — chaste'ly, adv. Chas'ten (chas"n), v. t [fr. OF., fr. L. castigare to chas- tise; castus pare -^agere to dvive.) 1. Todiscipline; chas- tise ; — usually of Divine chastisement. 2. To keep from excess ; subdue ; temper. — Syn. See punish. — chas'ten- ©r, n. chaste'ness (chast'nSs), n. See -ness. Clias-tiso'(chSs-tiz'),v.i.;-TisED'(-tizd');-Tis'iNG(-tiz1ng). [8eecHASTEN;-izB.] 1. Topunish,as with stripes. 2. To purify ; chasten. Archaic. — Syn. See punish. — chas- Us'er (-tiz'er), n. — chas'tise-ment (chSs'tiz-mSnt), ». Chas'tl-ty (-ti-tt), n. State or quality of being chaste. Cbas'U-ble (chSz'fi-b'l ; chSs'-), n. [F., fr. LL. casubula^ cassibula, casulUy a hooded garment.] Eccl. The outer vestment of the celebrant at the Eucharist. chat (ehSt), V. i. ; chat'tbd ; CHAi/TiNa. [from chattek.] To talk in a light and familiar manner. Syn. Chat, chatter, prate, prattle. To chat is to talk in light, easy^ and pleasant fashion ; as, we chatted over the trifles of our journey. To chatter is to talk aimlessly, in- cessantly, and (often) very rapidly; to prate is to talk idly ; aa, you cAaWer like a crow; ^"^ a. prating tool shall fall." To PRATTLE is to talk artlessly and freely, like a child, ^n. 1. Light, familiar talk ; causerie ; gossip. 2. Any of several birds so called from their notes, as the stonechat. llCh&'teau' (sha'to'), n. ; pi. -teaox (-toz' ; F, -to'). [F., a castle.] 1. A feudal castle in France. 2. A manor house or a gentleman's countryseat. Chat'e-laine (shSt'e-lan ; F. sha/f-lgn'), n. [F. chatelaine.'] 1. Mistress of a chSteau. 2. Anornamental clasp or brooch worn at a woman's waist, with achain for keys, etc. Cha-toy'ant (shd-toi'Snt ; F. shi'twa'yaN'), a. [F. p. pr., deriv. of chat cat.] Having a changeable lustre, or color, like that of a changeable silk, or of a cat's eye in the dark. Chat'tel (chSf'l), n. [OF. chatel ; another form of caiel. See cattle.] 1. Law. Any item of movable or immovable property except real estate. 2. Sometimes, a slave. Cbat'ter (chSt/er), v. i. [imitative.] 1. To utter rapid, inarticulate, but speechlike sounds. 2. To jabber ; prate. 3. To make a noise by rapid collisions, as the teeth. — Syn. See chat. — v. i. To utter rapidly, idly, or indistinctly. — 71. Act or noise of chattering. — chat'ter-er (-er), n. Chat'ter-bOZ' (-b5k8/),n. An incessant chatterer. Colloq. chat'ty (chXfl), a. ; -ti-er (-T-er) ; -ti-est. Given to chat; talkative. — chat'tl-noss (-T-nSs), n. chaul'ler(sh9f'er; ch3f'-),n. A table stove or small furnace. II chauneur' (8h5/f0r')> n. [F., lit., stoker.] One who man- ages the running of an automobile, often, specif., one who does so for hire. — || chauMeuse' (-fQz'), «-. fern. ohannti Channt'er, etc. Rare or archaic for chant, etc. irchans^SHre' (sho'siir')* «■ [P.] A foot covering of any kind ; a shoe, boot, or the like. Gbaa'vln-lBm (sho'vTn-Tz'm), n. [from Nicolas Chaw^n^ a soldier inordinately demonstrative of loyalty to Napoleon.] Blind devotion to a lost cause ; hence, exaggerated patriot- ism. — chau'vln-lBt, n. — cliau'vln-ls''tic (-Ts'tlk), a. Ohaw (ch8), v. <. (fen.. Chew. Now Vulgar. Chaw'dron (che'dran), n. [fr. OF,, fr. LL. caldima intes- tine.] Entrails (of a beast). A rrhaic. chay (sha), n. Corruption of chaise. Illiterate. cheap (chep), n. [AS. dap hargain, sale, price.] 1. A bar- gain or bargaining. Obs. 2. Market place. Obs. Oheap, a. [abbr. fr. "good c.hcnp'''' a good purchase or bargain.] 1. Of small cost or price. 2. Of comparatively small value ; of slightesteem, — adv. Cheaply. — cheap'- ly, adv. — cheap/ness, n. Cheap'en {chep''n), v.i.\. To bargain or chaffer for. Archaic or Dial. 2. To beat down the price of ; depreciate. — v. i-. To become cheap. — cheap'en-er, n. choat (chet), n. [prob. a, iorm of escheat.] 1. Adeception; fraud; imposture. 2. A swindler; impostor. 3. Chess (the grass).— Syn. Delusion, artifice, trick, swindle, humbug, deceit, finesse. — v. i. cfc i. 1. To depeive, esp. so as to de- fraud ; trick. 2. To beguile. — cheaper, n. Syn. Trick, cozen, gull, chouse, hoax, bamboozle, fool,out- wit, circumvent, overreach, beguile, mislead, hoodwink, delude.— Cheat, defraud, swindle, dupe imply fraudu- lent dealings. Cheat usually implies a certain degiee of cunning or trickery; as, to cheat at cards. Defraud implies a taking or withholding by fraud; as, to defraud one's asso- ciates. To swindle is to cheat or defraud grossly and delib- erately, often by taking advantage of a confidence inspired by plausible misrepresentations ; as, he swindled his cus- tomers with false prospectuses. To dupe is to delude or cheat by imposing on credulity. Check (chSk), n. [fr. OF., fr. Ar., fr. Per. shah king.] 1. Chess. A word of warning denoting tiiat the king is in immediate danger. 2. A rebuke ; reprimand. Archaic or Dial. 3. A rebuff, repulse, or reverse ; hindrance of prog- ress ; a sudden arrest or stop. 4. Wliatever arrests prog- ress, or limits action ; curbing or restraining influence. 6. A mark to indicate that something has been examined or compai'ed. 6. A written order directing a banker to pay money. 7. A ticket or tolieu by which a thing or per- son may be identified. 8. A crack or small chink, as in tim- ber. 9. A pattern in squares, like those of a clieckerboard ; a square in such a design; cloth having such a figure. — Syn. Setback, interruption, obstruction; censure, reproof ; tally, counterbalance ; ticket, draft. — v.t. 1. Chess. To put (a king) in check. 2. To reprimand. Archaic or Dial. 3. To put a sudden restraint on ; stop temporarily. 4. To restrain; curb 5. To verify by a token orother check; put a mark against (an item) after verification. 6. To make checks, or chinks, in (timber). 7- To mark with a check pattern; checker. — Syn, Bridle, repress, control; ob- struct, interrupt ; tally. See stop. ^ v. i. 1. To make a sharp stop; pause. 2. To crack open, as wood. — cheekier (chSk'er), n. Check'er, cheq'uer (chBk'er), n. [OF. eschequier chess- board.] 1. A chessboarct. 06*. 2. pi. A game played on a checkerboard by two persons, each having 12 pieces, or men; — called draughts in British usage, except in dialect. 3. A piece in the game of checkers. U. S. 4. A square or spot suggestive of those of a chessboard ; a pattern of such squares or spots. — v, t. 1. To mark with small squares like a checkerboard. 2- To variegate or diversify ; esp., to subject to frequent alternations of prosperity and adversity. Check'er-ber'ry (chSk'er-bSr/T), n. ;pl. -RiES (-Tz). 1. The spicy red fruit of the American wintergreen; also, the plant. 2. Incorrectly, the partridge berry. check'er-board' (-bordO, n. A board with (usually) 64 squares of alternate colors, used for playing checkers. cbeck'ers (-erz), n. pi. See checker, ?i., 2. check^er-work^ cheq'uer-work' (-wflrk'), n. Work checkered in pattern or arrangement. check'mate (-mat), n. [F ichec et mat., fr. Per. shah matt lit., the king is dead, fr. Ar. mdia he died, is dead.] 1. Chess. Act of checkmating an opponent's king ; also, state or position of a king checkmated ; a mate. 2. A com- plete check ; utter defeat. — v. i.; -mat-ed (-niat-Sd) ; -mat- ing. 1. Chess. To check (an adversary's king) so that es- cape is impossible ; mate. 2. To defeat cpmpletely. Check'reln^ (-ran^), n. A short rein fastened to the saddle of a harness to prevent a horse from lowering its head. Cheek (chek), n, [AS. dace, cioce.] 1. The side of the face below the eye and above, and to the side of, the mouth. 2. Colloq. or Slang. Saucy talk; assurance; impudence. 3. (Usually in ;?Z.) Something suggestive of , or likened to, the human cheek ; as, the cheeks (jaws) of a vise. — cheek by jowl, side by side ; in close intimacy. oheek'y (chek'T), n.; chebk'i-er (-T-Sr) ; cheek'i-est. Bra- zenfaced; impudent. Colloq. cheep (chep), v.i. [imitative.] To utter faint shrill sounds, as a young bird ; peep. — m. Act or sound of cheeping; peep ; squeak. — cheep'er, n. na^pre, verdure (87); K= chin G. icli.ach (50); bow; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to§§in Guide, £zplBnatluiia'wf' Abbreviations, e»l0iis, etc., precede Vocabularr* II Foreign Word* + combined, with. =eaaals. CHEER 120 CHEW Clieer (cher), n. [OF. cAiere face, LL. cara.] 1. Face. Obs, or Archaic. 2- Feeling; state of mind or heart. 3. Gayety; animation. 4. That which is provided for entertainment, eap. at table; viands; food. 6. That which cheers or glad- dens. 6. A shout or acclamation of joy, applause, etc. — V. t. 1. To infuse good cheer or hope into. 2. To make cheerful; enliven, 3. To urge on or encourage, now esp. by shouts or cheers. 4. To salute with shouts of approval, wel- come, or the like. — Syn. Gladden, inspirit, comfort, con- sole, refresh, exhilarate, animate, applaud, —v. i. 1. To be in (some) state or temper of mind. Obs. 2. To grow or be cheerful ; — with up. 3. To shout applause, triumph, etc. — cbeer'er, n. Cheei'ful (-fd51), a. Having or showing good spirits. — Syn. Lively, animated, gay, lightsome, . gleeful, blithe, jocund, jolly, joyous, sunny, happy. — cbeer'ful-ly, adv. CheerlnlriieSS, n. Quality or state of being cheerful. Syn, Cheer, eladnesB, joy, merriment, jollity, gayety, ex- hilaration.— Cheerfulness, MIRTH, RILARITT, GLEE. CHEBK- FULNEsa (opposed to gloom) implies a bright and .equable temi>er, which shows itself in the face, the voice, the ac- tions ; it au^^ests a strong and spontaneous, but (luiet, flow of good spirits. Mihth implies less a disposition than a transient state, and suggests outward manifestations of merriment. Hilarity implies more boisterous, oleb live- lier, more exultant or demonstrative, merriment than mirth. Glee sometimes means exultation that is uncanny or sinister. Obeerless (-ISs), a. Without cheer; joyless ; comfortless. — Syn. Gloomy, sad, disconsolate, dejected, melancholy, forlorn. — cheer'less-ly, adv. — cheer'less-ness, n. Obeerly (cher'lt), adv. Cheerily ; heartily. Archaic. cheer'y (.chert), a.; cheer'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. Cheerful ; lively ; gay. — cheer'My (-t-lT), adv. — cheer'1-nesB, n. cheese (chez), n. [AS. cese, fr. L. caseits.} 1. The con- solidated curd of milk, used as food ; also, a cake of this. 2. Something suggestive of, or likened to, a cheese. cbeese'cake' (-kak^), ». Originally, a kind of cake contain- ing cheese ; now, one filled with soft curds, sugar, etc. Gbeese'clOtli' (-klSth'; 62), n. A thin, unsized, loose-woven cotton cloth, such as is used in pressing cheese curds. Cheeae'par'lng (-pfir^tng), n. A paring of cheese rind ; hence, a worthless bit ; fig., miserly economizing ; parsi- mony. ^ a. Scrimping ; mean ; miserly. Collog. Ohees'y(-I),o.,-CHEES'i-ER (-T-er); cHEEs'i-^T. Havingthe taste, consistency, or appearance of cheese. chee'tah (che'td), n. [Hind, chita.l An animal of the cat family, of India, Persia, etc., often trained to hunt. II chel (shgf ), n. [F.] A chief person; esp., a head cook. II Chet-d'OBU'vre (shS'dfi'vr'), n. ; pi. CHEFS- (fibs'-). [F.] A masterpiece ; a capital work in art, literature, etc. chela (ke'la), n. ; L.pl. -L«:(-le). [Gr. xti^^ claw.] The pincerlike organ or claw borne by certain of the limbs of crustaceans and arachnids. — chelate (ke'lat), a. Ohe-lo'nl-an (ke-lo'nT-ffin), a. [Gr. xeKtavrf a tortoise.] Of or pert, to the tortoises or turtles.— n. A tortoise or turtle. Chem'lc(kSm'lk),a. 1. Alchemic; hence, counterfeit. Ar- chaic. 2. Chemical. Poet, or Archaic. — n. A chemist. 06s. Ohem'1-cal (-T-kSl), a. 1. Of or pert, to chemistry (06*., alchemical) ; characterized by, produced by, or used in, the forces and operations of chemistry. 2. Acting by chemical agency. ^ n. A substance got by chemical process, or used to produce chemical effect. — chem'1-CEil-iy, adv. Ohe-mlBe' (she-mez'), n. [F., fr. LL. camisa shirt, thin dress.] A woman's shift or shirtlike undergarment. Cheml-sette' (shSm'T-zgt'), ». [F.] 1. A sleeveless un- dergarment, or bodice, worn by women. 2. A similarly shaped ornamental adjunct of a dress. Ohem'ist (kgm'Yst), n. 1. One versed in chemistry ; for- merly, an alchemist. 2. A druggist. British. Cheni'lB-try (-Ts-trT), n. l. Science of the composition of substances, and of their transformations. 2. An applica- tion of chemical theory and method to a particular subject. che-nille' (8he-nel'))n. [F., prop., a caterpillar.] A kind of tufted cord used for trimming, fringes, etc. cheCLue (chSk), n. A check, or written order to pay money ; — the usual spelling in England. Oheil'uer (chSk'er). Var. of checker. Che-OUln' (che-ken'). [It. aeccAino.] = sequin. Archaic. Cher'lsh (chSr'Tsh), V. t. [F. cAmr, fr. cher dear, L. cams.'] 1. To hold dear; treat or keep with tenderness and affection ; hence, to nurture with care ; protect and aid. 2. To give kind entertainment to. Obs. 3. To harbor in- the mind ; cling to. — Syn. Nurse ; entertain, encourage, comfort, support. See foster. — cherlBh-er, n. Che-rooV (she-roof ; che-), ». [Tamil shurut^u, prop., a roll.] A kind of cigar truncated at both ends. cherry (chSrt),n./ pi. -BiES (-1Z). [fr. OF.,fr.LL., fr. L. cerastts cherry tree, Gr. xepao-ds. The form cherry (cf. pea) is due to the French form (cerise) being taken as a plural.] 1. A common fruit tree, related to the plum; also, its fruit or wood. 2. A peculiar shade of red, like that of certain cherries. — a. Like a red cherry in color. cherry homice. Cherry brandy. Collog. cher'SO-nese (kflr'sS-nez ; -nea), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. xepcos land + f^o-os island.] A peninsula. Bare^ except in some proper names. chert (chflrt), n. A mmeral of neutral or dark color, closely allied to flint. — chert'y (chflr'tl), a. Cher'ub(ch5r'fib), n./ pi. CHERUBS (-fibz) ; but in senses I & 2 the Heb. pi. oherubim (-u-bTm ; -6S-bIm) is also used; the plural flc (ch^-roo'btk), a. — obe-ru'bi-cal-ly, adv, chess (chSs), n. a A kind of grass troublesome in wheat fields, b The darnel. Both U. S. Chess, n. [OF. escIiiSt pi. of eschec check. See 1st check.] A well-known game played on a chessboard. Chess'board', n. A board like a checkerboard for chess. chesa'znan, n. ; pi. -men. A piece used in pla^^g chess. chest (chgst), n. [fr. AS., fr. L. eisia^ fr. Gr. Kt Chestnut color; a bright reddish brown. 3- The horse-chestnut. Eng. 4. A homy callosity on the inner sides of the legs of the horse and the forelegs only of the ass and zebra. ^ a. Reddish brawn. II che-Tld' (she-val'), n. ; pi. -VAUX (-v5'). [F.] A horse. cbe-val'-de— frlse' (-de-frez'), n. ; commonly in pi. che- VAux-DE-PRi3B(Bhe-vo'-). [F. ; cAevoi horse + i^Vise Fries- land, where first used.] 1. MU. A defense consisting of timber or an iron barrel traversed with spikes. 2. A pro- tecting line of spikes along the top of a wall. Che-V^' glass (she-val'). A swinging mirror large enough to reflect the full-length figure. Ohev'a-Uer' (shSv'd-ler'), n. [F., fr. LL. caballatnus. See CAVALIER,] 1. A knight. Archaic or If ist. 2. A member of certain orders of knighthood ; also, in France, a member of an order of merit ; as, a chevalier of the Legion of Honor. che-vaox'-de-frlse^, n-, pi. of chbval-db-frisb. Ilcbe-ve-lnre' (she-v'lUr')»n- [F] Hair of the head ; head of hair. chev'er-el (chSv'er-gl), chev'er-ll (-T1), n. [OF. chevrel kid, dim. fr. L. caper goat.] Kid leather. Obs, CbeT'1-Ot (chSvl^t; che'vi-wt), n. 1. One of a breed of sheep originating in the Cheviot Hills. 2. [I. c] A fabric made from the wool of Cheviots. ChOT^on (shSv'rwn), n. [F., fr. ch^vre goat, L. capra she- goat.] 1. A rafter. Bare or French. 2. A figure or de- vice of two bands meeting at an angle, used in heraldry, or worn on the sleeve as a mark of military rank. 3. A unit of this shape used in art and architecture, as in a molding. Cbev'y ^chiv'T), n.; pi. CHEVIES (-Tz). Bng. X. A cry used in hunting. 2. A hunt ; chase. cbev'y, chlv'y (chSv't, chlvT), v. t. & i. ; CHEv'iED or chiv'- lED (-Id) ; CHEV'T-iNG or CHTV'Y-iNO. To chase or run ; pur- sue ; worry ; throw. Chiefly Dial. Eng. Chew (choo ; chu), v. t. & i. [AS. ciowan.'] 1. To bite and grind with the teeth ; masticate. 2. To meditate or plan. — n. Act of chewing ; also, that which is chewed ; a portion suitable for chewing ; quid ; cud. ale, senate, cS.re, &in, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, rec«nt, maker; ice, ill ; old, fthey, drb, 5dd, a5f t, cSnnect ; use, finite, iim, iip, circus, menii : food, fdbt ; out, oil : chair ; go ; sing:, ii;k : ^en. thin ; CHEWET 121 CHIMERA ebaw'et (choo'St ; chu'-), n. [F, chouette owl; also, former- ly, a chough.] A chough. Obs. Ghe-wlnlc' (chS-wIi)k'), n. A common North American bird of the sparrow family ; — bo called from its note. Chi'an (ki'&n), a. Of or pertaioiug to Chios, modern Scio, an island in the Mgean Sea. — n. An inhabitant or native of Chios ; also, Chian wine. II ollla'ro-SGU'ro (kyS'ro-skoo'ro) ) n, [It., clear dark.] II cbla'ro-O-scU'ro (-o-skoo'ro) J 1. Pictorial art that employs only light and shade. 2. Arrangement of the light and dark parts, as in a picture. — chla'ro-scu'rist (-rlst), n. II Chlaus (chous ; choush), n. [Turk, chauah,'] A Turkish messenger, sergeant, or the like. chl-boak' \ (chl-bobk' ; -b56k'), n. [fr. F., fr. Turk, chi- clll-bouiiae' J Oug.'] A Turkish tobacco pipe, usually long- fiteiumed with a bowl of baked clay. lloUc (ah^k), n. [F.J Artistic cleverness; good form: style. Collog. — a. [F.^ "" " " ^] Characterized by chic. Colloo. If.] - • ' . . - « Cbl-cane' (shT-kau')i n, X^-] Trickery, asp. in legal pro- ceedings ; sophistry. — v. i.; -caned' (-kaud') ; -can'ino (-kaning). To \isc shifts, subterfuges, or artifices ; quibble. — V. t. 1. To quibble over ; also, to atfect by chicanery. oW-can'or-y (-kau'er-T), n. ; pi. -eries {-iz). Sharp practice; trickery; sophistry. — Syii. SeeDSCBiT. Cblck (chTk), n. 1. A chicken, esp. a youug one. 2. A child or young person. Ghlck'a-dee' (chlk'o-de^), n. Any of va- rious titmice ; — from the note. dUck'a-ree' (-re'), n. The red squirrel ; — from its cry. cUck'en (-Sn ; 24), n. [AS. mcen^ cj?- cere.] 1. A young cock or ben ; also, the youug of various other birds. 2. A young or inexperienced person ; a child. chlck'en-heart'ed, a. Timid. chicken pox. An acute, contagious, eruptive disease, chiefly of children. Oldck'-pea^ n. [F. pois ekiche, fr. L. Chickadee. cicer.'\ A leguminous herb of southern Europe, or its seed. Oblck'weed' (-wed'), n. Any of various weeds of the pink family, the seeds and young foliage of which birds eat. chicle (chlk"l; chikle; Sp. cbe'kla), n., chicle gum. [Amer. Sp. chicle.'] An elastic gumlike substance got from the bully tree and the sapodilla. Chlc'O-ry (chlk'S-rT), n. [fr. F., fr. It., fr. L., fr. Gr. Kt- xopa., Kixopeta.'] A common perennial plant with bright blue flowers, cultivated for its roots and as a salad plant; also, its root, roasted for mixing with coffee. chide (chid), V. i. <& L ;prel. chid (chid), sometimes chid'ed (chid'Sd) ; p. p. chid (chtd), chid'deh (chTd"n), chid'ed ; p. pr. & vb. n. CHiD'iHG (chiding). [AS. cMan.] To find fault ; scold ; make, or effect with, a noise as of scolding or brawling. — Syn. Blame, rebuke, censure, reproach, rep- rehend, reprimand. See eeprove. — chld'er (chid'er), n. Chief (chef), n. [OF., fr. a LL. form for L. caput head.] 1. Her, The upper third part of the field of an escutcheon, or a band occupying it. 2. The head or leader of any body of men ; one in authority ; the principal actor. 3. Most valuable portion. 4. Chief position ; eminence. Obs, Syn. Chief, chieftain, commandbb, leader, head. Chief implies hereditary or acquired rank in a tribe or clan or, oftener, superiority jn civil, rather than mUitary, office or rank; as, the e///e/ of police. Chieftain is practically lim- ited to the captain of a band of robbers, or to the head of a Highland (or similar) clan ; as, a robber chieftain. Com- mander implies authority over a military or naval body; LEADER, influence or directing power, as in a political party or an enterprise ; head, authority or executive power. — a. 1. Highest in office or rank. 2. Principal or most em- inent; foremost. 3. Intimate; very close. Obs. or Scot dk Dial. Eng. — Syn. Head, leading, main, paramount, prime, supreme, vital, especial ; great, grand, eminent, mas- ter. — adv. Chiefly ; principally. Archaic. chiefly (-IT), adv. 1. In the first place ; above all ; espe- cially. 2. For the most part ; mostly. Chlef'taln (-tin), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. L. caput head.] A chief; commander. —Syn. See chief. — chlef'taln-cy (-sT), n. — chlef'taln-shlp, n. Cbleld (cheld), cbiel (chel), n. [cf. child.] A man ; esp., a young man ; lad. Chiefly Scot. Chlf'fon(shTf'8n; F. she/fSN'), n. [P., lit., rag.] 1- An ornament of a woman's dress, as of ribbon, lace, etc. 2. A kind of soft gauzy silk material. chlf'to-nler' (shTf'd-nerO.n. Also chlf^fon-nler'. [fr.F., f r. chijf'on rag.] An ornamental cabinet; specifically, a higli chest of drawers, often having a mirror. II Chl^gnon' (Bhe/ny6N' ; shIn'ySn), n. [F,] A knot or mass of hair worn by a woman at the back of the head. Chlg'oe (chTg'5) )n. A species of flea common in the West Chig're (chlg'er) f Indies and South America. The fer- tile female burrows under the skin of man and animals. ChlinDlaln^ (chll'blan^, n. Ablain, or inflammatory swell- ing, due to exposure of the feet or hands to cold. Child (child), n. : pi. CHILDREN (chTl'drSn). [AS. did.'] 1. An infant ; baby. 2. Specifically, a female infant. Dial. Eng. 3. A youug person of either sex ; hence, a persou who exhib- its innocence, obedience, trustfulness, or the like. 4. A youth of noble birth. By modern writers spelt archaically childe or chylde by way of distinction. 6. A son or daugh- ter; Law^ a legitimate offspring. 6. Any descendant. 7. A person having a characteristic, as of resemblance or dependence, suggestive of the relationship of aehild. —with child, pregnant ; as, to be vnth child. chUd'bear^lng, n. The bringing forth of a child or children, chlld'bed'' (-bSd'), n. State of a woman in labor. Childa>lrth^ (-bQrth'), n. Act of bearing a child; labor. chllde (child), n See child, n., 4. Chlld'hood (-bddd), n. 1. state or time of being a child. 2. Children collectively. Rare. 3. Filial relation. Obs. Chlld'lng, a. Bearing children; parturient, hence, pro- ductive ; fruitful. Archaic. ChUd'lsh, a. 1. Pertaining to or like a child. 2. Puerile; trifling; weak. — Syn. See childlike. — Child'lsh-ly, adv. — child'ish-ness, n. childless, a. Having no child. — ChlldleSB-ness, n, Chlld'llke^ a. Resembling, belonging to, or becoming, a child ; characteristic of a child. Syn. Simple, innocent, trustful, confiding ; weak, frivo- lous, foolisn, silly. —Childlike, childish, infantile, tnfan TINE. Childlike suggests those qualities of childhood worthy .of respect or emulation ; childish, its less pleas- ing and leas admirable characteristics. Infantile and in- fantine, as designating the qualities of earliest childhood, are practically interchangeable. chlld'ly, a. Like or belonging to a child ; childish. ^ adv Like a child ; childishly. Children (chTl'drgn), n.^pl. of child. Chil'e-an (chTI'e-ffin), a. Of or pertaining to Chile — n. A native or resident of Chile. chilli (chTl'i), n. ; pi. chilies (-Tz). Also chile, chilli. [Sp., fr. Mexican chiili.J The red pepper. Chlll-ad (ktll-fid), n. [Gr. xiAtds, -aSos, fr. xt'^toi a thou- sand.] 1. A thousand. 2. A period of a thousand years. chUl (chTl), « IAS. cele^ cyle.2 1. A sensation of cold at- tended with convulsive shaking, 2. A moderate but disa- greeable degree of cold. 3. A check to enthusiasm ; dis- couragement. — a. 1. Moderately cold ; chilly. 2. Af- fected depressingly by cold ; shivering. 3. Cool in manner; formal. 4. discouraging; depressing. — v.i. 1. To cool. 2. To become surface-hardened by sudden cooling, as cast iron. — V. t. 1. To strike with a chill ; make chilly. 2. To check, as enthusiasm ; dispirit. 3. Metal. Tc cool suddenly at the surface so as to harden. Ghliai (chTl'T). Var. of chili. Chlll'y (ChTl'T), a ; chill'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. Moderately or disagreeably cold. — chllll-ly, adv. — chlUl-neas, n. Chl-nue'ra (kT-me'rd ; ki-), n. [L.] 1. Var. of chimera. 2. Any of a group of widely distributed cartilaginous fishes. chime, chimb (chim), n. [AS. dm, in cirp^tan base of a pillar.] The chamfered edge of a cask, etc. chime (chim), n. [OF. cymbe, cymUe^ fr. L. eymbalum. See CYMBAL.] 1. Mech&nical arrangement for chiming a bell or set of bells. 2. A set of bells musically attuned. 3. The music from such a set of bells ; — commonly in pi. 4. Music; melody; harmony. ^ v. i. , chimed (chimd); cHiM'ma (chim'Tng). 1. To sound harmoniously, as bells. Archaic. 2. To recite; utter singsong. 3. To sound, or sound in, chimes. 4. To harmonize ; agree. — v. t. 1. To give forth in chimes. Archaic. 2- To strike, as a bell, so as to produce a musical sound ; to cause to sound in har- mony. 3. To bring, effect, utter, etc., by chiming. chl-me'ra, chl-msD'ra (kT-me'rd ; ki-), n. ; pi. -ras (-rdz). [L, cAimaem chimera, Gr-xiju-aipa, lit., she-goat.] 1. Myth. A monster represented as vomiting flames, and, usually, with the head of a lion, the body of a goat, and the tail of a dragon. 2. Afrightful, vain, foolish, orincongruous fancy. na^e, ver4ure (87) ; k = ch in G. ioh, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Kxplanatlonft of Abbreviations, Slens, etc., precede VocAbul«r7< It Foreign Word* -I- oomblned with. sseauals. CHIMERICAL 122 CHLORITE oU-merl-cal (kt-m&r'I-kfil ; ki-), a. Also chl-mer'lCi a. 1. Merely imaginary ; fantastic. 2- lucliued tu entertain chimeia»; fanciful; visionary. — Syu. Unfounded, vain, de- ceitful, delusive. See visionary. — dU-mer'l-cal-ly, adv. Chlm'ney (chTm'nT),n. ;pl. -KEYS (-utz). [fr. F.,fr. LL., fr. L. caminus furnace, fireplace, Gr. Kaju.ti'os.] 1. Fire- place ; hearth. Obs. or Dial. 2. An upright flue, as of brick or stone, for smoke, often that part above the roof. 3. A tube, usually of glass, placed around a flame to create a draft. 4- The smokestack of a locomotive, steamship, etc. cbimney pot. A pipe, aa of earthenware or sheet metal, placed at the top of a chimney to increase the draft, etc. cblm-pan'zee (cliim-pSn'ze ; chim^pSn-ze'), n. [from na- tive name.] An autliropoid ape of equatorial Africa, small- er and less ferocious than the gorilla. chin (chin), n, [AS. cm.] The lower extremity of the face, below the mouth; the poiut of the under jaw. Chi'na (chi'na), n. Poi'celain ware, or porcelain, originally brought from the Far East. Loosely, crockery in general. Ghl'na-ma]! (-m^u), n. ; pi. -heh. A male Chinese chi'na-ware' (-wSrOi n. China. Chln'ca-pin (chlq'kd-pTn). Yar. of chinquapin. Dlli]ic]i(chinch), n.,or cmnchbug. 1. The bedbug. 2. A fetid sucking insect very destructive to grass and grains. dhin-Chilla (chTn-chtl'a), n. ISp.] 1. A small rodent, with sof c pearly gray fur, native of Peru and Chile. Also, its fur. 2. A heavy, long-napped, tufted woolen cloth. cllln'COngh' (chln'kSf^ 62), n Whooping cough. chine (chin), n. [fr. OF., fr. OHG. skhia needle, prickle, shin.] 1. The backbone ; also, a piece of the backbone of an animal with adjoining parts, cut for cooking. 2. A ridge; crest, ^v. /. ; chined (chind); chin'inq (chining) To cut through or break the backbone of. OM-nose' (chl-nez'i -nes'), a. & n. sing, & pi. See-ESE. CillnlC (chTi]k), n. A small narrow cleft or fissure; crack. — V. t. To crack ; also, to fill the chinks of. — cUnk'y, a. chink, n. [imitative.] 1. A short, sharp sound, as of metal lightly struck. 2. a pi- Coins. Obs. b Coin ; money. Slang. — v.t. & i. To make, or cause to make, a short, sharp, metallic sound. Chln'ka-pln (chTi]'ka-pTn). Var. of chinquapin. Ghl-nook' (chT-nook')i n. 1. A flathead American Indian of any of various Western tribes. 2. A jargon of Chinook and other Indian words mingled with English and French, usedbylndiansandtradersof theNorthwest. 3. \l.c.'\ a A warm, moist, southwest wind blowing on the coast of Ore- gon and Washington. \t A certain warm, dry wind which de- scends from the mountains in the Rocky Mountain region. chin'QUa-pin (chTi]'kd-pTn), n. [of Amer. Indian origin.] 1. The dwarf chestnut , also, its sweet nut. 2. A related tree of California £md Oregon or its nut. chintz (chitnts), n. [a pi. fr. Hind. cAAm^] Originally, painted or stained calico from India; now, cotton cloth printed with flowers, etc., and often glazed. chip (chtp), V. I ; CHIPPED (chTpt) ; chip'ping. 1. To pare (bread) by cutting off the crust. Obs. 2. To cut or hew with an ax, chisel, etc. ; to shape by cutting. 3. To break or crack off a bit or bits of, as of a piece of crockery. ■— v. i. To break or fly off in bits. — to chip in, to put chips or money into the pool at cards ; to join in with others, as in making a fund. Colloq. -^n. 1. A fragment or bit, as of wood, etc., chopped, cut, or brokenoff . 2. Wood, palm leaf, straw, etc., split into slips for making hats, etc. 3. Anything valueless or trivial; anything dried up. 4- A counter in poker, etc. Chip^munk (chjp'miit)k), n. [from Amer. Indian name.] Any of many small striped terrestrial American rodents of the squirrel family. chlp'per (-er), a. Lively; brisk. Cot- log U.S. Ohlp'pe-wa (chTp'e- wa). Var. of Ojibwa. chip'ping, p. pr. & vb. n. of chip, — chipping sparrow or bird, a certain sparrow which often builds its nest about dwellings. Ohip'py (chTp'T), n. ; pi. -pies (-Iz). The chipping sparrow. chirm (chQrm), v. i. [AS. cyrman^ cirman^ to cry out.] To chirp ; make a chirm, as birds. — n. [AS. cirm, cyrm."} Noise ; din ; hum, esp. of voices, bird notes, or the like. Ohl'ro- (ki'rfi-). Combining form fr. Gr. xei'p* X«'P<>«i hand. Chipmunk. Chl-rog'ra-phy (ki-rSg'ro-f i), n. Ichiro- + -graphy."] Art of writing or engrossing ; handwriting. — Chl'IO-giaphtc (ki'rfi-griSf'Ik), a. — chl-rog'ra-pher (ki-rBg'ro-fer), n. chl'ro-man'cy (ki'rS-mSn'si), n. Ichiro- -f -mancy.'] Palmistry. — chl'ro-man'cer (-ser), n. Ohi'ron (ki'r5n), n. [L., fr. Gr.Xeipaii'.] Gr. Myth. Acea- taur, sou of Cronus, renowned for wisdom and skill in med- icine. Accidentally wounded by Hercules, he resigned his immortality as au expiation for Prometheus. Chi-rop'0-lUat (ki-rSp'S-dlst), n. [chiro- + Gr. irovs, iroSog, foot.] One whutreatsdiseaaesofthehandsandfeet; esp., one who removes corns and bunions. — chl-rop'O-dy (-dl), n. chirp (chOrp), V. i. [imitative.] To make a short, sharp sound, as small birds or crickets. — v. t. 1. To utter by chirping. 2. To salute, or urge on, by or as by chirping. — n. A short, sharp note, as of some birds or insects. Chlr'rup (chir'ftp), V. i. To chirp, esp. repeatedly and with a lively effect. — v. t, 1. To utter by chirruping. 2. To quicken or animate by chirruping , to cheer up. — n. Act or sound of chirruping. chl-rur'geon (ki-rQr'jSn), n. [fr. F.,fr. Gr., fr. x»'p hand -\-ipyov work.] A surgeon. — chl-mr'gor-y (-jer-T), n. — chl-mr'gl-cal (-jl-kftl), a. All Arc/iaic. Chl-mr'geon-ly, adv. Like a surgeon. Obs, Chls'el (chlz'gl), «. [OF., fr. LL. cisellus.l A tool with a cutting edge at the end of a blade, used in shaping wood, stone, ete. ^v.t.dc i ; -bled (-21d) or -ellbo ; -el-ihq or -EL-UNO. To cut or work with a chisel. chit (chit), n, A child; also, a person likened to a child; esp., a pert girl. chlt'Chat (chTfchfit), n. [from chat.] Small talk. Chl'tln (ki'tin), n. [see chiton.] Chem. The homy sub- stance forming the harder part of the outer integument of insects, crustaceans, etc. — chi'tln-OUS (-tl-n&s), a. chi'ton(kT't3n),n. [Gr. xfwi'.] Gr. Aniiq. Tlie garment or wrap commonly worn next the skin by both sexes. Chlt'ter-llng (chTt^r-ling), n. 1. The/ smaller intestines of swine, etc., esp. as^ cooked, —usually in pi 2- A frill; ruff, Obs. [Chivalrous, l chlv'al-rlG (shTv'fil-rTk ; sht-vai'rtk), a.\ ohlv'al-rous (shTv'fil-rtts), a. 1. Pert, to chivalry; valiant ; also, gallant; courteous; brave and generous. 2. Of or pert, to a knight. Rare. — OhiT'al-rous-ly, adv. ChlV'al-ry(shTv'ffil-rI),n. [F.cAe?'a/enc,fr. cAeva//er knight. See chevalier.] 1. Mount- ed men at arms. Obs. or Archaic. 2. A body of knights; hence, gallant warriors; brave gentlemen. 3. Rank or characteris- tics of a knight; esp., valor, dexterity in arras, honor, courtesy, etc. 4. The system, spirit, usages, or manners, of knighthood. Double Chiton. 5. The traditional qualities of the ideal knight, as honor, protection of the weak, generosity to foes, and g^lantry. chive (chiv), n. [OF. . fr. L. cepa^ eaepa^ onion.] A peren- nial plant allied to the onion; — chiefly in pi. Ohlv'y (chTvT). Var. of chevt. Chla'mys (kla'mTs ; klSm'Ts), n. ; pi. L. -MTDES (klSm^-dez), E. -mvses (-Ts-Bz). [L., fr. Gr. xAa|LLv;.] Class. Antiq. A short ob- longmantle fastened with a clasp. Chloral (klo'rSl),n. 1. Chem. A pungent oily liquid obtained by action of chlorine on alcohol. 2. Chloral hydrate, a white crys- j talline substance used to induce sleep. ChlO'rate f-rat), n. A salt of chloric acid. chlO'llc(-TTk), a. Pertaining to, or obtained || from, chlorine, esp. in a valence of five. Chlo'rlde (-rid; -rTd), n. Also -ilfl. A com- . pound of chlorine with another element or radical. — chlo-rldic (kl6-rTd1k), a. chloMne (klo'rTn ; -ren), n. Also -rln. [Gr. xAcupd? greenish yellow.] Chem. An element, ordinarily isolated as a poisonous, | greenish yellow gas of a suffocating odor. pi,_.j„_ __„ Symbol, CI; at. wt., 35.46. Chlorine is mgTchl^yl abundant in chlorides, as common salt, Chlo'rlte (-rit), n, [Gr. x^f^p^rt?, fr. xAupo? light green.] Min. Any of a group of common native hydrous silicates, _ usually green, associated with, and much like, the micas. ale, senate, c&re, &in, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, dhey, drh, 6dd, adft, c5imect ; use, Unite, jam, lup, circus, menU; food, fdbt; out, oil; chair; go; Biiic,ii)ki tnen, thin; CHLOROFORM 123 CHORUS 0lilo'ro-Ionn(kl5'rS-f6rm),7i. [cAiorine +/omiyl.] Chem, A colorless sweetish volatile liquid with ethereal odor formed (for example) by treating alcohol with chloride of lime and slaked lime. It i» a powerful solvent, and is used atj an anaesthetic. — v. t. To ameathetize with chloroform. chlo'ro-phirll, chlo'ro-phyl (-fll), n. [Gr. xAwpds light green -|- <^v\Kov leaf.] The green coloring matter of plants. chock (ch6k), n. 1. A wedge or block to fill iu a space or to prevent motion, as of a cask. 2. Natd. A form of cast- ing or wooden piece, usually at the side of the upper deck, for ropes to rim through. — v. t. 1. To provide, fasten, or wedge, with a chock or chocks. 2. To put (a boat) upon chocks. ^ adv. As close or tight as possible. chOCk'a-block' (ch5k'a-blQk''), a. Naut. Hoisted as high as the tackle will admit ; hence, crowded ; packed full. ohock'-fuU', choke'-fuir, a. Full to the extreme limit, chOC'O-late (chSk^d-leit), n. [Sp., fr. Max, chocolail.'] 1, A preparation of roasted cacao seeds, or a beverage made with it. 2. The color of chocolate ; dark brown. choice (chois), n. [OF. c/rois, fr. choisir to choose.] 1. Act of choosing ; preference of one thing to another ; also, right of choosing ; option. 2- Best parti that which is pref- erable ; the pick. 3. A sufficient number to choose among ; also, a choice supply. 4. Thingorpersonchosen. 5. Care in scilecting ; discrimination. Obs. 6. Estimation. Obs, — Syii- See ALTERNATIVE. — a. 1. Worthy of being chosen; select; superior. 2- Selected with care. 3. Discriminative. 4. Preserving or using with care ; — with of. — Syn, Pre- cious, exquisite, uncommon, rare ; chary, careful. See DAINTY. — cholce'ly, adv. — choice'ness, n. choir, quire (kwir), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. chorus. See chorus.] 1. An organized company of singers, esp. in church service. 2. Thatpartofachurchappropriatedtothesingers. 3- Any of the nine orders of angels. 4- A company of dancers, or dancers and singers ; any company ; a baud, ^v.i.ds i. To sing in concert, as a choir. Poetic. choke (chok), V. t. ; CHOKED (chokt) ; chok'ing (chok'Tng). [ME. cAeAen, cAoA;en.] 1. To stifle or to strangle ; suffocate. 2- To stop by or as by choking ; suppress ; smother. 3. To check the growth, progress, or action of. 4- To obstruct by filling up or clogging; congest. 6. To All chock-full. — Syn. Smother, throttle. — v. i. 1. To stifle or strangle. 2. To beobstructed ; stick. — n. Act or sound of choking. Choke1)er-ry (chok'b5r-T), n. ; pi. -ries (-Tz). The astrin- gent berrylike fruit of a certain shrub ; also, the shrub. Choke'bore' (-bor^ ; 57), n. In a shotgun, a bore tapered to- ward the muzzle, to prevent undue scattering of the shot. choke'cher'ry (-chSr'T), n. ; pi. -ries (-Tz). Any" of several species of wild cherries, or their small astringent fruit. choke damp. A heavy gas, essentially carbon dioxide. choke'-full^ Var. of chock-full. Chok'er (chok'er), n. 1. One that chokes. 2- A cravat or necktie that encircles tlie neck ; also, a high collar. Slang. Chok'ing (choking), p. pr. & vb. n. of choke. chok'y, chok'ey (chok'i), a. Tending or inclined to choke, as with emotion. Chol'er (kSl'er), n. [fr. F., fr. L.,fr. Gr. xo^epa cholera, fr. x°^°^i XO^Vi bilej 1. Bile, formerly thought to cause irascibility. Obs. 2. Biliousness. Obs. 3- Irascibility. Chol'er-a (-a), n. [L., a bilious disease. See choler.] 1. Choler ; bile. Obs. 2. Med. Any of several diseases ; esp. : a Cholera morbus. t> A kind of infectious, and usu- ally fatal, disease, more fully called Asiatic cholera. chol'er-a In-fan'tnm (Tn-fSn'ti2m) fL. tT^an^um of children], a disease of infants, attended with vomiting and diarrhea. — c. mor^btis (mSr'bas) (X. morbus disease], acute inflam- mation of the digestive tract, with vomiting and cramps. GhOl'ei'-ic;(-tk), a, 1. Characterized by choler. Henoe : a Irascible, b Bilious. Obs. 2. Causing biliousness. Obs. 3. Angry ; wrathful. —Syn. See ibabciblb. Chon'drtdlX (k5n'droid), a. [Gr. x^v&po's cartilage + -oid.1 Resembling cartilage. choose (chooz), V. t ; pret. chose (choz) ; p. p. cho'sen (cho'z'n), Obs. CHOSE ; p. pr. & vh, n. choob'ino. [AS. cSosan.'] 1. To make choice of. 2. To think proper ; — with infinitive object. 3- To wish; desire. Vulgar or CoUoq. — V. i. 1. To make a selection. 2. To have (no) choice, or alternative. 06s., or, with but^ Archaic. — chOOS'er, n. Syn. Elect, i)refer, smgle out. — Choose, select, pick, CULL. Choose is the generic term ; it is to take or fix upon something by an act of the will, esp. iu accordance with a decision of tne judgment ; as, refuse the evil, and choose the good. Select suggests more definitely a preference based on a discrimination among a number of objects ; ab^ he vi&B selected to deliver his class valedictory Pick im- plies a careful selection ; cull, a nice or fastidious gleaning. chop (]ch5p), V. t. ; CHOPPED (chSpt) ; cHOP'PiNa. To cut by striking, esp. repeatedly, with a sharp instrument. — v. i. 1. To make a quick stroke, or repeated strokes, as with an ax. 2. To go, come, or make some movement, suddenly or vio- lently; — esp. within ormio. — n. 1. Act of chopping; a cutting stroke. 2. A piece chopped o£E ; a slice or small piece, asof meat. 3. Of waves, etc., a short, abrupt motion. chop, V. t. [cf. cuAPUAN, CH£AF£N,t).^] To Change Or ex- change. Obs. — to chop logic, to dispute with an affected use of logical terms ; argue sophistically. ^v.i. 1. To make an exchange. Obs. 2. To shift suddenly, as the wind ; veer. — n. A barter ; exchange. — chop iind change, a change, altera- tion, or vicissitude. chop, 11. [cf. CHAP a jaw.] 1. A jaw; — commonly mpl. 2. pi. The jaws with the space between them ; the fleshy parts about the mouth ; mouth cavity ; fauces. ^ v. t. To utter (words) in a hurried, indistinct fashion. chop (ch5p), n. [Hind, chhap stamp, brand.] 1. In India and China, an official seal or stamp ; also, a license, permit, or clearance. 2. In the China trade, a brand on goods ; hence, a brand of goods. , 3. Quality, brand. Chop'fall'en (ch5p'f81^*ii), a. — chapfallen. chbp'house' (-hou&Oi "■ A restaurant where chops, etc., are sold ; an eating house. chop'hOUse^ n. _ A customhouse. China. ChO-pine' (chd-pen' ; chSp'Tn), n. Also chop'ln (chSpTn). A clog, or patten, having a thick sole, or raised on a stilt. ChOp'IOg^ic (ch8p'15j'Tk), n. Obs 1. Contentious or so- phistical argument. 2- An argumentative person. chop'per (chSp'er), n. One that chops. Chop'ping, a. Large and vigorous ; — now applied to a child. Chop'py (chSpl), a. Full of cracks, or chaps ; chappy. Chop'py, a. Bough, with short, tumultuous waves ; as, a choppy sea. Ohop'py, a. Variable ; — said of the wind. chOjp'Stick' (-stik/), n. [a Pidgin English translation of the Chinesename, whichmeans : hasteners, speedy ones.] One of two small sticks or slips of wood, ivory, etc. used by the Chinese and some others in taking food. chO-ra'gUS (ko-ra'gfts), n. ; pi. -ragi (-jl). [L. , f r. Gr. xopa- yd*!, xop'JYoS'] ^"f"- Aniiq. A chorus leader. — chO-rag'lC (kd-raj'Tk ; -ra'jTk), a. cho'ral (ko'rSl), a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a choir or chorus; adapted to be sung in chorus or harmony. — cho'ral-ly, adv. cho-ral^ chorale' (kfi-ral'; ko'rai), n. Music. A hymn tune ; a simple sacred tune, sung in unison. chord (k6rd), n. [L. chorda gut, string of a gut, Gr. xop&ri.'] 1. String of a musical instrument. Now chiefly Poetic or JF^g. 2. Anat. A cord. 3- Geom. A right line intersecting a curve; a secant; specifically, the segment ^ between two points of its intersection. 4- Engineering. In a truss, one of the chief members, usually horizontal, braced by the web members. 5. [for accord, n.] Music. A combination of tones sounding simultaneously and in harmonic relation. — V. i. Music. To accord ; harmonize. chore (chor), n. [same word as chare day ^*^|*?i^' A^' work.] A small or odd job ; pi. , the daily ^-^^ Chords, light work of a household or farm. U. S. cSs Dial. Eng. Cho-re'^a (kfi-re'd), n. [Gr. ^opeta dance.] St. Titus's dance, a disease attended with convulsive twitchings,' etc. cho'ric (ko'rik ; kSrIk), a. Of or pertaining to a chorus, cho'rl-on (ko'rt-iJn), n. [Gr. xopiov.] A membrane en- veloping the fetus of mammals, and inclosing the amnion. cho'rlst (ko'rTst ; k5r'ist), n. One of a chorus or choir. chor'is-ter (kSrts-ter) , n. 1. A singer in a choir ; specif- ically, a choir boy. 2. One who leads a church choir. U S, cho'roid (ko'roid ; 57), a. [Gr. xopo^i.^-^^; x°9^^^ chorion -)- £b5os form.] Anat. Pertaining to or designating any of several delicate membranes or structures, as the membrane between the sclerotic and retina of the eye. chcr'tle (ch8r't'l), V. t. cfc I. ; -tled; -tlinq. A word coined by Lewis Carroll, and usually explained as a combination of chuckle and snort. Humorous. chO'niS (bo'riJs), n. [L., a dance in a ring or with sonf;, a chorus, a band of dancers and singers, Gr. x°Po?'] !•• I" Greek drama, a company of singers or chanters. 2. The natpre, verdure (87) ; K = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. JKxplanatlonBoi'AbbrovlatloiiB, Si^ns, etc., precede Vocabularf. U Foreign Word, -t- oomblned with. =eauala. CHOSE 124 CHUCK paitof thedramaaungby the choius. 3. A company like, or a single character iu the part or the functions of, the Greek chorus. ' 4. Music, a A company of singers singing in concert; choir, b The simultaueoua song of a number of persons, c A composition to be sung by voices iu concert. d A part of a soog recurring at intervals, as at the end of stanzas ; also, a company of singers who join in singing such parts. 6. Utterance by a numbersimultaneouBly orin uni- son, ^v. i. & t. To sing or exclaim in chorus. chose (choz), pret. & obs. p, p. of choose. cliose(slioz),n. [F.jfr.L.caiMO reason.] Law. A piece of personal property. ChO'sen (cho'z'n),p. p. of choosb. Specif. : p. a. Selected from a number ; picked out ; choice ; in Theol.^ elect. chough (chiSf),w. [ME.cAoMg'Ae,Aoioe.] An Old World bird of tlie crow family, with red legs. choase (chous), V. t. ; CHOUSED (choust) ; CHOUS'mo. [said to be fr. Turk, chdush a messenger or interpreter, one of whom in 1609 cheated Turkish merchants in England.] To cheat. Colloq. — n. Obs. 1. A swindler. 2. A dupe. chow'chow' (chou'chou')» a. Mixed ; miscellaneous. — n. Mixture ; hodgepodge ; esp., chopped mixed pickles. OhOW'der (-der), n. [F. chaudiere pot.] A dish of fresh fish or clamS, biscuit, onions, etc., stewed together. Ohllsm (krtz'm), n. [AS. crisma or OF. cres-rne; both fr. LL., fr. Gr. xpi^^ta, fr. XP^^'^*' ** anoint.] Oonsecrated oil used in baptism, etc. — chris'mal (krTz'mal), a. chris'nta-tO-ry {krTz'md-to-ri),n. ; pi. -ries (-rlz). [LL. chrismatorium.'] A vessel, or a place, for the chrism. chrls'om(-&m),n. [seecHSisM.] 1. = chrism. 2. A white cloth, robe, or mantle thrown over a child when baptized. Christ (krist), n. [L. Chrisius, Gr. Xpto-rd?, fr. xptvTOi anointed.] 1. The Messiah, whose coming was prophesied by the Jews. 2. Jesus, as fulfilling this expectation. Cluls'tOll (krty n), V. t. [AS. cristnian to m^e a Christian, cristena.Chiiatiaa^h.christianits.'] To baptize; also, to name at or as at baptism. Ghxls'ten-dom (-di2m), n. 1. Christianity (sense 3). Obs. 2. Christians as a body; the church. 3. The Christian world, in distinction from heathen or Mohammedan lands. Ohrlsfhood, n. See -hood. Ohris'tian (krla'chfin), n. 1. One who believes, or pro- fesses or is assumed to believe, in Jesus Christ. 2. A hu- man being as distinguished from a brute. Colloq. or Dial. 3. A decent or respectable person. Colloq. or Slang. — a. 1. Professing, or belonging to, Christianity. 2. Pert, to Christ or his religion. 3. Characteristic of or becoming Christian people. 4. Of or pert, to aChristianor Christians. ChrlBtlan name, the name given in baptism, as distinct from the family name; first name; given name. Ohrls^tl-anl-ty (krTs'chi-an1-tT ; kris-chSn'-), n. 1. Chris- tendom. Obs. 2. The religion of Christians. 3. State or fact of being a Christian ; Christian character. Ohrls'tlan-lze (krTs'chan-Tz), V. t. To make Christian. Ohris'tlan-Uke' \ a. Befitting a Christian. — adv. lix a Ohiis'tlan-ly (-IT) I manner becoming a Christian. Ohrlst'less (krisflSs), n. Without Christ or faith in Christ ; unchristian. — GhrlSt'leSB-ness, n. Ohrlstlike,a. Resembling Christ. — Christ llke-ness, ii. GhriSt'ly, a. Of or pertaining to Christ; Christlike. ChriSt'mas (krTs'mds), n. {_Christ -\- •m,ass.'\ An annual festival (December 25) in memory of the birth of Christ. OhTlst'mas-tlde' (-tld^), n. The season of Christmas. Ghris'tom (krTs'tT^m). Obs. var. of chbisou. ohro'mate (kro'mat), n. A salt of chromic acid. OhrO-mat'lc (kro-mSt'Tk), a, [fr. L., fr. Gr. xpt^M-ariKo; suited for color (in music, chromatic), f r. xp^/ixa, xptatLaTo^^ color.] 1. Of 01 pert, tocolororcolors. 2. Music. Proceed- ing by the smaller intervals (half steps or semitones) of the scale, instead of the regular intervals of the diatonic scale. chro-mat'lCB (-Iks), n. (See -ics.) Science of colors. chrome (krom), n. [F., fr. Gr. xpw/xa color.] Chromium. chro'inlo (kro'mtk), a. Chem. Pertaining to, or obtained from, chromium, in its higher valences. chro'ml-lllll (-mT-2m), n. [Gr. xP'i>Ma color.] A grayish white metal, hard, brittle, and difficult to fuse ; — from the varied color of its compounds. Symbol, Cr ; at. wt., 52.0. Ghio'mo (-mo), n. ;pl. -mos (-m5z). A chromolithograph. chrtymo-llth'O-graph (kro'mo-lTtb'o-graf),n. [Gr. xpwjLta color -f- E. lithograph.'] A lithographic picture printed in colors. — chro'mo-ll-thog'ra-phTf'i- — chro^mo-U-thog'- ra-pher, n. — chrCmo-Uth'o-graphMc, a. chro'mo-pllO'tO-gTaph (kro^mo-fo'to-grif ), n. [Gr. xP"^" color + pltotograph ] A photograph in colors. — chro'mo- pho-tog'ra-phy (-fo-tSg'rd-fi), n. _ chro'mo-sphere (kro'mo-sfer), n. [Gr. XP"M« color + E. sphere.'] Astron. A ruddy gaseous layer of incandescent hydrogen, helium, etc. , surrounding the sun; a similar layer about a star. — chro^mo-spher'ic (-sfer'tk), a. Chron'iC (krSnIk), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. xpo»'t«ds; concern- ing time, fr. XP°^°'> time.] Continuing a long time ; con- firmed.— Syn. See INVETERATE. — chroil'l-cal(-l-kal), o. Chron'1-Cle (-t-k'l), n. [fr. OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. xpoi'iKa,neut. pi. fr. xpof 1.K05. See cheonic] 1. A historical account of events in the order of time ; a history ; esp., a simple chron- ological record. 2. pi. [cap.] Two books of the Old Testa- ment immediately after 2 Kings. — Syn. Register, annals. V. t. ; -CLED (-k'ld) , -CLING (-klTng). To record in or as in a chronicle. — chron'i-cler (kler), n. ChronO-. Combining form from Greek xp(>>">?i Hvfie. chrou'o-gram (-6-gram), n. [chrmio- -j--firram.] 1. An inscription or the like in which certain letters express a date or ei>och. 2. A record made by a chronograph. Chron'o-graph (-graf), n. [cAro«o-+-ifrqpA.] An instru- ment for measuring and recording time. chro-nol'O-gy (kr6-n51'o-jT), n. ; pi. -GiES (-jTz). [cArono- -|- -logy.] Science of measuring time by regular periods, Mid dating and arranging events. — chron'O-lOg'iC (krSn'- S-15j1k), -log'i-cal (-i-kai),a. — chron^o-logl-cal-ly, adv. — Chro-nol'o-gist (krA-nSl'S-jTst), n. ger (-jer), n. chro-nom'e~ter (n5m'e-ter), n. Ichrono- -\- -meter.'] A timepiece, esp. one of a very exact portable kind. chron'O-mot'rlc (kron'fi-mSf rik) la. Pert, toachronome- Chron'O-met'ri-cal (-rT-kai) f ter or chronometry. Chro-nom'e-try (kr6-n3m'e-trT), n. Art of measuring time, esp. by periods or divisions. chrys'a-lld (krTs'd-lId), n. A chrysalis. — chtys^a-Ud, a. chrys'a-lis (its), n. ; pi. E. -lises (-Us-Sbj 24), L. -salidks (kri-sSl'i-dez). Lfr.L.,fr.Gr.xpw- craAAi's the golden pupa of butter- flies, xput^o? gold.] Thepupastage | of insects (esp. butterflies). chrys-an'tiie-miim (krts-Sn'the- -mum), n. [L., fr. Gr. xpvipuAAoc beryl.] A native compound of aluminium and beryllium, containing a little iron. It is commonly yellow or pale green, and is sometimes used as a gem. Chrys'O-llte (-lit), n. [fr. OF. , f r. L., fr. Gr., f r. xpvtrosgold -|- Aido? stone.] A magnesium iron silicate, usually olive- green, often used as a gem ; — called also olivine. Also, for- merly, any of several yellow or greenish gems. chrys'O-prase (-praz), n. [fr. OF,, fr. L., fr. Gr., fr. xputrof gold -|- TTpdffov leek.] A light g^reen variety of chalcedony. chub (chGb) , n. A common fresh-water fish of the carp kind. chubTby (chubT), a.; -Bi-ER(-i-er); -bi-bst. Likeachub; short, plump, and round. — ChUbnU-ness (-T-nSs), n. chnclE (chilk), V. z., V. t.^ & n. Cluck. chuck, n. A word of endearment, as for a child, wife, etc. chuck, n. 1. A part of aside of dressed beef , including most of the neck and the parts adjacent. 2. A contrivance for holding work or a ^ tool in a machine, esp. in a lathe. chuck (chQk ; chd6k), n. A pebble ; pl.^ a game played with pebbles, Scot. chuck (chak\ V. (, 1. To strike gently; Drill Chuck, tap, 2. To toss or throw, esp. with a short action of the arm.^n. 1. A pat under the chin. 2. A toss or jerk. ale, senate, c&re, &m, account, iiTm, ask, sofa; eve, event, Snd, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, Sbey, drb, Sdd, sSft, cBnnect ; use, (mite, fim, fip, ciictiai meniii food,toiiti out, oil i chair; go; sing, iijlc; ^^, thin; CHUCK FARTHING Ohack farthing. An old game in which farthinge or ttie like were chucked, or pitched, at a hole. ChnCk'-fOll^ Var. of CUOOK-FDLL. chuck'ie (chSkT ; ch65k'T), n. A pebble. Scot. chuckle (chQk"l), V. 1. ; -LED (-'Id) ; -lino (-ITiig). [from CHUCK to cluck.]^ 1. To laugh in a suppressed manner, as from inward satisfactiou. 2. To cluck, —v. t. To utter with a chuckle. — n. Act or sound of chuckling. chuckle, a. [cf. ohuok. of meat.] Clumsy; lumpish. chuckle-head' -(-hSdO) n. A blockhead. Collo(i. chuff (chQf ), n. A rustic or boor. chum (chiim), n. A roommate, esp. at college; also, an intimate friend. N&w Colloq. — v. i. ; chummed (chQmd) , GHnM'uiNa. To live or associate as a chum or chums. Col- ioq. — chum'zny (-T), o. Collog. Ghump(chilmp), n. X. A short thick pieceof wood; block. 2. Blockhead; dolt. Colloq. orSlang. chunk (chili]k), n. A short, thick piece, person, or horse. Colloq., U. S. ~ chunk'y (-T), a. Colloq., U. S. church (chUrch), n, [AS. circe^ ciHce^ f r. Gr. KupiaKoc the Lord's house, Kupto? lord, icOpo? power.] 1. A building for public Christian worship. 2. Christians collectively ; the whole body of Christ's followers. 3. A body of Christian believers of the same creed, rites, and ecclesiastical author- ity; a denomination. 4. Organized Christianity, as in a nation ; as, cAurcA and state. 5. The clerical profession. 6. Church service ; divine worship, ^v. t. To perform a church service or ceremony for or with (a person), as for a woman after recovery from childbirth. churchly, a. Pertaining to, or suitable for, church. Church'man (-mon), n. ; pi. -men (-mgn). 1. An ecclesi- astic; clergyman. 2. An adherent of the church, esp. an established clmrch ; in the United States, esp., amember of the Protestant Episcopal Church. — church'man-ship, n. church'ward'en (-w6r'd'n), n. A lay oflBcer in Anglican churches whose duties include the care of church property. church'wom'an (-w65m'an), n. ; pi. -women (-wTm'Sn ; 24). 1. A woman member of the church, esp. of an Angli- can church. 2. A woman active in the church. church'yard' (-yard/), n. The inclosure about a church, often, esp. formerly, used as a burial ground. churl (chQrl), n. [AS. eeorl a freeman of the lowest rank, man, husband.] 1. A freeman without rank. Now Hist. 2. A rustic ; a boor. 3. A rough, surly, ill-bred fellow. churlish (chtir'lTsh), a. Of, pertaining to, or like, a churl. — Syn. Surly, sullen, crabbed. See boorish. — churF- Ish-ly, adv. — churlishness, n. churn (chflrn), n. [AS. cyrin.'\ A vessel in which milk or cream is agitated in making butter. — v. t. 1. To agitate (milk or cream) in a churn, to get butter. 2. To agitate violently; to make, as foam, by thus doing. — v.i. To per- form the operation of churning. — Churn'ing, n. Churr (chQr), n. A vibrant or whirring noise such as that made by Che cockchafer, partridge, etc. — v. i. To make a churr. —u. t. To utter by churring. chute (shoot), n. [F. chute^ P^op., a fall.] 1. A quick or steep descent, as in a river; a rapid. 2. An inclined plane, channel, or trough for sliding things down ; a flume. Chnt'ney (chiSt'rT), n. Also chut'nee. [Hind, chaini-l A kind of spicy pickle or condiment. Ohyle (kil), re. [Gr. ^^^o? juice, chyle, xe'eif to pour.] Physiol. A modification of lymph oc- curring in the lacteals and in the lymphatics leading from the small intestine. It contains globules of emulsified fat, giving it a milky appearance.— chylous (kt'Ii^s), a. Ghy'Il-fac'tion (ki'IT-fak'shSn; kTl'- I-), chyli-fl-ca'tlon (-fT-ka'shiin), n. Physiol. Formation of chyle. chyme (kim), n. [L, chymus chyle, Gr. xytJiO^ juice, x^^^v to pour.] Physiol. The pulpy semidigested food in the small intestines. — chy'mous (ki'mi2s), a. chvm'lc (klmlk), chymMst, chym'te-try (-Ya-trl), etc. Obs. or archaic vara, of chemic, chemist, CHBHIBTKT, etC. ol-ca'da (sT-ka'dd), n. ; pi. E. -das ^'*=^^°- (-ddz), L. -D« (-de). [L.] Any of several large insects with 125 CINNAMON large transparent wings, noted for the prolonged shrill sound made by the male. Tliey are otten called locusts. dc'a-trlce (sTk'd-trTs), n. [F.J A cicatrix. cl-ca'trix (sI-ka'trTks ; etk'd-trlks), ». / L.pl. -trices (sTk^- d-tri'sez). [L.J Theskinorfilm whichformsovera woimd, later contracting to form the scar ; a scar. Clc'a-trize (sTk'd-triz), v. I. ife i. ; -trized (-trizd) ; -triz^- iNG (-triz'Ing). To heal with the formation of a cicatrix. — clCa-tri-zalion (-trl-za'shftn ; -tri-za'sli«n), n. cic'e-ly (sIs'S-lI ; sis'll), n. ; pi. -libs (-ITz). [L. seselis, Gr. CTeVeAt, cre'o-eAts.] Any of several plants of the celery, or parsley, family. II cl'ce-ro'ne (che'cha-r&'na ; B. sTs'e-rS'ne), n. ; pi. It. -RONi (-ne), E. -RONES (-uez). [It., f r. L. Cicero, the Roman orator.] One who acts as a guide to local curiosities. GiC'e-ro'nl-an(sTs'e-ro'ut-&n),a. Of, pertaining to,or resem- bling, Cicero or his style. — Clc'e-ro'nl-an-lsm (-Iz'm), w. Old (sTd ; Sp, theth), n. [Sp. , fr. Ar. seyid lord.] In Span- ish literature, a title of Ruy, or Rodrigo, Diaz de Bivar, an 11th-century champion of Christianity and of the royalty. -clde (-sid). 1. [L. -cida, f r. caedere to kill.] A suffix sig- nifying killer, destroyer; as in maXncide. 2. [L. •^idium.'] A suffix signilying a killiny ; as in homicide. Cl'der (si'der), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. o-ticepa a fermented liquor. ] The expressed juice of apples (or formerly of some other fruits) used for drinking, making vinegar, etc. II ci'-de-vant' (se'de-vaN'), a. [F., formerly.] Former; late. [for smoking.! ci-gar'(sT-gar'),w. [Sp. cigarro.'} A small roll of tobacco] cig^a-rette' (sTg/d-rSt'), n. [F.] Lit., a little cigar ; alittle roll of finely cut tobacco for smoking, usually wrapped in paper ; also, such a roll of some otlier material, as cubebs. Clll-a (sTl'T-d), n. pi. ; sing, cilium (-ttm). [L. cilivm eye- lid.] 1. The eyelashes. 2. Biol. Hairlike processes, as of a cell, capable of a vibratory movement. 3. Hairlike proc- esses of certain plants forming a fringe, as in mosses. — cUl-a-ry (-d-rT), a. — cill-ate (-at), cill-at'ed (-at'gd), o. ci'mez (si'mSks), n. ; pi. cimices (slm'T-sez). [L., a bug.] A bedbug (genus Cimex). Obs. Gim-me'rl-an (st-me'rT-an), a. Of or pert, to the Cimme- rians or their abode; hence, shrouded in gloom or darkness. — K. One of a mythical people described in Homer's "Od- yssey" as dwelling in a realm of mist and gloom. cinch (sTnch), n. [fr. Sp., fr. L. cingere to gird.] 1. A strong girth for a pack or saddle. Western U. 8. 2. A tight grip ; also, a sure or easy thing. Slang, U. S. — v. t. 1. To girth tightly. 2- To get a sure hold on. Slang, U. S. Cln-ChO'na (sTn-ko'nd), n. [from the wife of Count Chin- ch6n, viceroy of Peru in the 17th century.] Peruvian bark. cln'cho-nlsm (sTn'kd-nTz'm), n. Med. A condition pro- duced by excessive use of cinchona or its alkaloids, esp. quinine, and marked by deainess, headache, etc. Cbict (sTi)kt), a. Girt ; encircled. Poetic. cinclure (sli]k't$r), n. [L. cinctura,fT. cingere, cinctum^ to gird.] 1. Act of girding or girdling ; also, an inclosure. 2. That which surrounds, as a belt or a girdle, —v. t. ; -TUBED (-1iurd) ; -TTjR-iNG. To gird or girdle. cln'der (sTn'der), n. [AS. sinder slag, dross.] 1. Slag from a metal furnace; dross. 2. A partly burned combustible; specifically: a A hot coal without flame; ember, "b A partly burned coal capable of further burning without flame, c pi. Loosely, ashes. — cln'der-y (-T), a. Cln'der-ella (-Sl'd), n. [dim. fr. cinder.^ The heroine of a well-known popular tale ; hence, a scullery maid, etc. Cln^e-mat'o- graph (sTn'e-m5t'fi-graf),n. _ [Gr. Ktvrjfxa, ki- v'^fj.aTo^, motion -\- -graph."} 1, A machine for projecting a series of pictures, succeeding each other so rapidly as to produce the illusion of continuous motion. 2. A camera for taking pictures to be used in this machine. cin'er-a-ry (sTn'er-a-rT), a. [L. dnerarivs, fr. cini sashes."] Pert, to, or used for, ashes, esp. of the cremated dead. Ci-ne're-OUS (.sT-ne're-^is) J a. [L. cinereus ; cineritius, Cin'er-l'tlOUS (sin'er-Tsh'Ss) | cinericius.] Ash-colored; ashy ; ashen. cin'na-bar (sTn'd-b'ar), n. [fr. OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. klwo.- ^apt.] 1. Min. Red mercuric sulphide, the only important oreof mercury. 2. Artificial red mercuric sulphide, chiefly used as a pigment. Cin^na-mon (-mttn), n [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. Kivvafuafjiov, Kivvatiov.'] 1. The aromatic bark of any of several trees of the laurel family, much used as a spice. 2- Any tree that yields cinnamon. natpre,ver4jire(87)j K=:chinG. ich, ach (50"); boN; yet; zh=zin azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Kxplanatlons of AbbrevIatlonii« tilienm, et&t preceae Vocabularr* U Foreign Word, -t- combined with. = eauals. CINQUE 126 CIRCUMSTANCE le ake, contrived Cipher, 5. olnillie (Blqk), n. [F. cinq, fr. L. guinque five.] Five, esp. in cards or dice. cinqtue'f oil' (Blqk'foilOi n> [cinque five -f- /oil.'] 1. Any of several plants of the rose family, haviug digitate leaves. 2. A decorative design likened to the leaf or flower of the cinquef oil, as au architectu- ral ornament having five cusps. Cln'que-pace' (alij'ke-pas'), n. [cinque + pace.'] A kind of lively dauce. Obs. - Ci'pher (si'fer), n. [fr. OF., fr. Ar. infr Ciniiueioil. empty, cipher, gc^ara to be empty.] 1. Mhtk. A symbol (written 0) denoting absence of all magnitude or quantity ; naught ; zero. 2. Loosely, any arabic figure or number. 3> Oue thathas uoweight,or iuUuence; auoneutity. 4. A private alphabet, system of characters, or the like, contrived for secret writing; a cryptograph. 5. A com- bination of letters; adevice or monogram. — t>. i. To use figures in a mathematical proc* ess. ^ v.^. 1. To write in or as in cipher. 2. Todecipher. Obs. 3. Tocalculate; figure, Clr'ce (sQr'se), n. [L., fr. Gr. KtpicTj.] Gr. Myth. In Homer's " Odyssey," a sorceress who changed some ofthecompanionsof Odysseus iutoanimals. Odysseus, protected by au herb given him by Hermes, compelled hei to restore his comrades, and remained with her for a year. Glr-ce/an, Clr-Cfe'an (sSr-ae'Sn), a. Pertaining to, or hav- ing the characteristics of, Circe; pleasing, but noxious. Glr-cen'slan (-agn'slian), a. [L. Circtnsis.] Of, pertain- ing to, or held in, the Circus, at Rome. Oir'ol-natO(sflr'sT-nat),a. [L. circinafu*, p.p., deriv. of Gr. KipKivot circle.] Ring-shaped; specif. , Bot., rolled up on the lucis with the apex as a center. Clr'cle (sflr'k':), n. [fr. F., fr. L. circuhts, dim. of circus cir- cle.] 1. A closed plane curve exactly alike throughout, all of its points being equidistant from a point within called the center ; a| a ring. 2. The surface bounded by such a curve. 3. The sphere or orb of a heavenly body. 4. Soniethingcircular,asaring, a set of seats in a theater, etc. 6- A set or connected series ; cycle ; round, as of pleasures. 6. A Company bound by a com- Circle AB Diameter: C montie ; a coterie ; set. — Syn. g^^L^'UV^' ^'^eihofd*/-''/' ■ Ring, circlet, compass, circuit, ^^p-jf; ^„^^^ .Segment' oii mclosure. — v. t. at f./-CLBD Chord^^'. ^(.'Z>u^ea)Sec- (-k'ld) ; -cling (-klTng). 1. To tor;r;//Secant; /-/^JATan- encompass by or as by a circle ; S^nt at pomt P. EKFBPDA surrouSd. 2 To revolve around. Circumference. Clr'clet (-klSt; 24), n. A little circle; esp., an ornament such as a ring or a bracelet. Clr'cnlt (-kit), n. [F., fr. L. drcuitus ; circuvi around -\- ire to go.] 1. The circumference of any space ; compass. 2. A circlet. Obs. 3- The space within a circle, or with- inlimits. 4. Actof moving or revolving round, as in a circle ororbit. 5. A route over, or district through, whicli one periodically journeys. 6. In electricity, the complete path, or by extension any part of the path, of an electric current, including, usually, the generating device. — v. i. c£r t. To go or go around in a circuit. Cir-cn'l-tons (ser-kii'T-tSs), a. Going round in a circuit ; roundabout. — cir-cul-toas-ly, adv. — tons-noBS, n. cir'cn-lar (sGr'kfi-ldr), a. l. Of or pertaining to a circle ; in the form of, bounded by, or moving in, a circle; round. 2. Circuitous ; roundabout ; indirect. 3. Addressed to, affecting, or pertaining to, a circle, or coterie of persons. — n. A circular letter, note, or paper, usually printed »nd distributed to various persons. — cjr'cu-lar-ly,"(''''. — clr'- CU-lar'1-ty (-ISr'T-tT), n. ; pi. -TIES (-tiz). — circular saw, a saw in the form of a thin revolving steel disk. Clr'CU-lar-lze (sflrTtii-ldr-Tz), v. t.; -izED (-Izd) ; -iz'ma (-Iz'- ing). 1. To make circular. 2. To send circulars to. clr'CU-late (-lat), v. %. <& t.; -lat/ed (-lat'Sd) ; -lat'ing. 1. To move or revolve in a circle or circuit, as the blood. 2. To pass or cause to pass about from place to place, from person to person, etc., as money. — Syn. Spread, diffuse, propagate, disseminate. clr'cn-la'Uon (-la'shfin), n. 1. Act of circulating. 2. The movement of the blood in the vessels of the body or of thf cytoplasm in plant cells. 3. A circulating medium of ex- change; currency. — clfcn-la-tlve (sQr'ku-la-tiv). a. clr'cil-la'tor (sQr'ku-la'ter), n. Oue that circulates. Cir'cn-la-to-ry (-lo-to-ri), a. Of or pertaining to circula- tiou, us of tliti blood, air, etc. CiT'Cum- (sQr'k&m-). Latin adverb and preposition, used as a prefix, in the sense of around, about, or round about. cir^CHm-aill'bl-eilt (-Sm'bl-ent), a. Surrounding; inclos- ing ; encompassing. — clr'CUm-aill'bi-eil-cy (-Sn-si), n. Cir'cmil-azil'ba-late (-bu-lat), v. t. d.- i. [L. drcumambv- latus, p. p. of circumambulare to walk around ; circum -f- ambulare.] To walk around or about. — clr'cum-am'bu- la'tlon (-la'shun), n. — cir'cum-am'bu-la'tor, n. clr'COm-bend'l-bllS (-bgn'dl-bfis), n. A circumlocution. Jocular. clT'cum-cise (sCtr'kl^m-siz), v. t. ; -cised (-sizd) ; -cis'iHO. [L. circuTncisuSf p. ^. of circwncidere; circu/n -|- caedereto cut.|] 1. To cut otf the prepuce of. 2. Script. To purify spiritually. — cir'cum-ci'Slon (-sTzh'un), n. Glr'cilin-dace^(-diis'), v. t.; -duced' (-dusf ); -nnc'iNa (-dus'- Tng). 1. To lead about or astray. 2- To give a rotatory mo- tion to. 3. Scots Lata. To limit; declare at an end. cir-cnin'f er-ence (ser-kHm'fer-gns), n. [L. circum/erentia ; circum -f- fene to bear.] 1. The perimeter of a circle ; bence, in general, periphery,circuit, or bound. 2. Something circular. 06*. — clr-cumler-en'tlal (-gn'shfil), a. Clr'cum-flez (sflr'kwm-flSks), n. [L. circuntfiexus a bend- ing arounci,deriv, of circum -j-^ec/e?'c to bend.] Gram. A mark(*, ", later ")orig. used in Greek over longvowelsto indic:iteacompound(rising-falling)tone,andthence in other languages to mark length, contraction, etc. — a. 1. Gram. I>eBignating,orrelatingto,thecircumflex. 2. Flexed; bent or bending round. Cir-cum'fln-ent (ser-kfim'floo-ent ; 86), o. [deriv. of L. circum -\-fiuere to flow.] Flowing round. Cir-cnni'flll-ons (-iis), a. [L. dreumjiuus.'] 1. Circum- fluent. 2. Flowed round ; surrounded, as by water. Clr^CUm-fO-ra'ne-OUS (sQr/ki^m-fo-ra'ne-us), a. [L. cir- cumforanus found in markets j circum + foi-um market.] Going from market to market ; hence, vagrant ; quack. Clr'cum-fuse' (-fuz'), v. t.; -rnsEn' (-fuzd') ; -fus'img (-fiiz'- Ing). [L. eircumfusus, p. p., deriv. of circum -{-fundere to pour.] To diffuse round. fu'slon (-fu'zhfiu), n. Cir^cam-gy-ra'tion (-ji-ra'shSn), n. a turning round; rev- olution. — cir'cum-gy'ra-to-ry (-ji'rd-to-rl), a. Cir'cnm-Ia'cent (-ja's^t), a. [L. drcumjacens, p. pr., deriv. of drcum ~\-jacere to lie.] Lying round ; surround- ing. — clr^cnm-Ja'oence (-agnsi, -]a'cen-cy (-s^n-sT), n. Cir'CUm-lo-CU'tlon (lo-ku'shfin), n. [L. drcumlocutio, de- riv. of circuvi + toquito speak.] Use of many words where but few are necessary ; roundabout language. — Syn. See REDUNDANCY. cil^cmn-mare' (-mur'), v. t. To mure about with a wall. cir'cum-nava-gate (-nSv'I-gat), v. t. [L. circumnavigatus, p. p., deriv. of circum + navigare to navigate.] To eaU round. — clr'cum-naT'i-ea'Uon (-ga'ahfin), n. — clr^com- nav'l-ga'tor (-nJEvT-ga'^r), n. cir'cnm-polar (-po'ldr), a. Surrounding a pole. Cir^cnm-ro'ta-tO-ry (-ro'ta-tS-rT), a. Turning round. cSr'cnm-SCrlbe' (-akrib'), v. i.; -scribed' (-skrlbd'); -bcrib'- iNo (-skrlbTng). [L. circumscribere, -scriptum; circum -\- Jicribere to write, draw.] 1. To draw a line round ; bound; hence, to limit, esp. narrowly. 2. Geom. To draw, or be drann, round so as to touch at as many points as possible. — Syn. Restrict, confine, abridge, restrain; en- viron, encircle, inclose, encompass. clr^cmil-SCrlp'tlon (-^krTp'shi^n), n. 1. Act of circum- scribing ; state of being circumscribed ; limitation ; re- straint. 2. A circumscribed space or place; district. ClT'cum-Bpect (sQr'kwm-spSkt), a. [L. drcumspectus, p. p. of drcuTnspicerp to observe ; drcum -j- sptcere, specere, to look.] "Watchful on every side ; cautious ; prudent ; wary. — Syn. See careful. — ciT'cmn-spect-ly, adv. — clr'- cum-spect-nesB, n. clr^'cnm-Bpec'tlon (-spSk'shKn), «. Circumspect action or behavior.; caution. — Syn. Prudence, watchfulness, delib- eration, thoughtful ness, wariness, forecast. Clrcom-spec'tiTe (-sp6k'tTv), a. Cautious; watchful. clr'cum-Stance (sQr'kJim-stSns), n. [L. drciimjttantia^ fr. drcumstans,^ p. pr., deriv. of circum + stare to stand,] 1- A condition, fact, or event accompanying or determin- ale, senate, cftre, ftm, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, find, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old. 6bev 6rb 6dd soft,c3imect; use, amte, um, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; cliair; go; Biiig,U)k; ^en,thinj CIRCUMSTANTIAL 127 CIVIL iug the occurrence of another fact or event. 2. pi. Con- ditions in regard to worldly estate. 3- The sum of the es- sential conditions or attendant facts of a matter or subject ; significant state of affairs ; — used without pi. ; as, he is swayed by circumstance. 4. Hence, formality ; ceremo- nial. 5. An event, detail, or incideut; as, a few interesting circumstances in his career. 6. Copious or circumstautisil detail ; circumstantiality; — used without pi. ; as, he spoke with circumstance of his difficulties. — Syn. Occurrence, situation, position, item. See event. ^ v. t. ; -stanced (-BtSnst); -STANCHING (-stSn'eiug). 1. Toprovide with cir- cumstauces; esp., to garnish with detail. 2. To govern by circumstances. Obs. <& M. cir'cam-stan'tiaKsQr'kum-BtSn'shell), a. 1. Consiatingin, pert, to, or depeudeut on, circumstancea. 2. Incidental ; having relation, but not essential. 3. Abouudiug with cir- cumstances; particular. 4- Of or pert, to circumstances, or comlitiona of material welfare. — clT'CUm-Stan^tl-al'l-ty (-shT-Si'T-tT), n. — clr'cam-stan'tlal-ly, adv. Syn. Detailed, precise, exact.— Circumstamtial, particu- lar, MINUTE. Circumstantial implies fullness of, particu- lar more specific and precise attention to, details in a de- scription or narration ; minute, the omission of nothing, however trivial or unimportant. dr^cum-stan'tl-ate (-shl-at), v. t.; -at^ed (-at^Sd) ; -at^inq. To support by circumstances ; exhibit with or in detail. Clr'cnm-val'late (-vfil'at), v. t. ; -lat-ed (-at-Sd) ; -LAT- INO. [L. circumvallatus, p. p., deriv. of circu7n-\- vallare to wall, vallum rampart.] To surround with or as with a rampart. — clr^cma-val-la'tion (-va-la'shfin), n. Clr'cam-vent' C-vSut'), v. t. [L. circumventus, p. p., deriv. of circuitL-^- venire to come.] 1. To surround, as by craft; lay traps for, as in speech. 2- To gain advantage over by stratagem ; delude. — Syu. See frustrate. — clr^CUm- ven'tlon (-vgn'shSn), n. cta'^cum-VQ-lu'tlon (-vo-lii'shSn), n. 1. A rolling or wrap- ping round. 2. a A fold of something rolled or bent. bA roundabout course or procedure ; esp., circumlocution. dr'cnill-volve' (-vSlv'), v. t. & i. [L. circumvolvere^ -volu- tum ; circum -{- volvere to roll.] To revolve. dl'cns (sOrHEus), n. [L. circus circle, ring, circus (in sense 1) ] 1. Roman Antiq. A level oblong space with tiers of seats on three sides, and divided lengthwise by a barrier, around which was a course for chariot races, games, and public shows. 2. An iuclosure for exhibition of feats by horsemen, acrobats, etc. Hence, the company of perform- ers, or the performance. 3. A circle or ring. Rare. Clr^ae (sQrk), ». [F.] 1. A circus. Archaic. 2. A circle or circular space or arrangement of objects. 3. Geol. A deep, steep-walled, amphitheatric recess in a mountain. Clr-rho'sis (sT-ro'sts), n. [fr. Gr. Kippot orange-colored.] Med. A change consisting in induration and contraction due to excessive formation of connective tissue, as of the liver. — clr-rhot'lc (-rSttk), a. olr'rl-ped (strl-pSd), n. [L. cirrus curl + joes, vedis, foot.] Zool. One of an order ( Cifripetiia) of degraded crustaceans including the bamaclesjind certain allies. clr'ro-CU'mil-lUS (-S-ku'mu-liis), n. [cirriis-\- cumulus.^ Meteor. A cloud form of small, white, rounded masaes ac a high elevation, usually forming the so-called mackerel sky. Oir'ro-Stra'tus (-stra'tfis), n. [cirrus -f- sti'aius.'} Meteor. A fairly uniform layer of high stratus haze, darker than the white cirrus. It frequently consists of ice crystals. clz'niS (sTr'Ss), n. ; pi. oibri (-!) [L., lock, curl.] 1. A tendril of a plant ; any of various flexible appendages of animals. 2. Meteor. A white, filmy variety of cloud. — Clr'roae (str'os ; sl-ros'), a. — cir'rous (sTr'Ks), a. Cls- (sts-). [L. cis on this side.] A prefix denoting, on this side ; as in c'falpine. Cls-al'plne (-51'pTn; -pin), a. [L. Cisalpinus ; cis -\- Al- pinus Alpine.] On the hither (Roman) aide of the Alps. ClS'at-lail'tic(8Ts/at-ian'trk),a. Ids- + Atlantic. "} On this side (the side of the writer) of the Atlantic Ocean. cist (sTst; WelshliiBt), n. [W., a chest, L. cista.'} Archseol. A sepulchral chest or chamber. OlS-ter'clail (sTs-tQr'sht^n), n. Eccl. A monk of a branch of the Benedictine Order, established in 1098 at Ctteaux (LL. Cistercium), in France. — Cls-ter'clan, a. OlB'tern (ats'tern), n. [fr. OF., fr. L., fr. cista box.] An artificial reservoir or a tank for water or other liquids. clt (sit), n. Short for citizen ; — usually contemptuous. oll'a-a8l(sTt'd-dgl),». [fr. F., fr. It. cittadella^ dim. of citth. city, L. civitas.} 1. A fortress in or near a fortified city 2. In general, a strong fortress. clt'al {ait'ftl], n. Citation. Rare. cl-ta'tlon (Bi-ta'8han),7i. [F.,fr. LL., fr. L. citare to cite.] 1. An official summons to appear, as before a court ; any summons. 2- Act of citing a passage, as from a book, or the passage cited ; quotation. 3. Enumeration; mention. Ol'ta-to-ry {si'td-tS-rl), a. Citing, or summoning. cite (sit), V. t. ; cit'ed (sit'Sd) ; cit'ing. [F. citer, L. citare, intens. of cire, ciere, put in motion, excite.] 1. To summon before a court. 2. To summon or call, in general ; arout>e to action. 3. To quote, as from a book. ^. To bring for- ward, or refer to, as for proof. 6. To indicate. Obs. Syn. Adduce, repeat, extract. —Cite, quote To quote is to reproduce exactly the words of another ; as, he quoted from memory many passages from Shakespeare. To cite ia to ad- duce au author or a passage as evidence or as an authority ; as. he was unable to cite any case to support his contention. cltll'a-ra(8ith'd-rd),?i. [L.] il/w^'e. Anancientinstrument of the lyre class. cltlL'ern (sith'ern). Var. of cittern. Clt'i-zen (stt'I-zgn),n. [OF. citeain, fr. cili city.] 1. An inhabitant of a city or town, esp. one who enjoys ita priv- ileges. 2. A civilian. 3. A member of a state ; one who owes allegiance to a government, and is entitled to protec- tion from it; — opposed to alien. 4. Loosely, an inhabitant of acountry; denizen. — Syu. See inhabitant.^ a. City- bred ; effeminate. Obs — clt'i-zen-ry (-rt), n. cit'l-zen-Shlp', n. state or quality of being a citizen. cit'rate (stt'rat), n. A salt or ester of citric »cid. Clt'rlC (-rlk), a. [see citron.] Chem. Pert, to or designat- ing a certain acid extracted from lemons, currants, etc. Cit'rine (-rtn), a. Like a citron or lemon ; specif., yellow. — 71. A yellow variety of quartz used as a gem. OU'ron (-rfin), n. [F., fr. LL., fr. L., fr. Gr. Kirpov citron ] 1. The fruit of a tree related to the lemon and the orange, originally of tropical Asia; also, the tree itself; also, the thick rind of the fruit as used in preserves and conTections. 2. A citron melon.— citron melon, a kind of watermelon used like the true citron in preserves, etc. cit'IOUS (-riis), a. Of or pertaining to the genus ( Citrus) which includes the orange, citron, lemon, lime, etc. Cit'tern(-ern),cltll'ern(aTth'-),7i. [li. cithara^QrT.Kieapa.'] Music. An obsolete lutelike instrument played with a qnill. cit'y (sit'i), n. ; pi. cities (-Tz). [F. cite, fr. L. cnvVa* citi- zenship, state, city, civis citizen.] 1. A town ; esp., loose- ly, any large or noted town, orig. in British usage usually a cathedral town. 2. In the United States an incorporated municipality, governed, usually, by a mayor and a board of aldermen or councilmen. 3. The citizens of a city. Olv'et (sTv'St ; 24), n. [fr. F., deriv. of Ar. zuhad^ zabad."] X. A thick yellowish substance, of a strong, muaky odor, found in a pouch near the sexual organs in civet cats. It ia used in perfumes. 2 = civet cat. — civet cat. Any of vari- ous catlike carnivorous animals related to the mongooses. civ'lc (sIv'Tk), o. [L. civicu^, fr. civis citizen.] Of or per- taining to a citizen, or a city, or citizenship ; civil. clv'lCS (-tks), n. (See -ics.) Science of civil government. Civ'tl (-11), a. [L. civilis, fr. civis citizen.] 1. Of, pertain- ing to, or made up of, citizens, or pertaining to the state ; as, civil magistrate ; civil war ; civil life. 2. Characteristic of or befitting a citizen or citizena; esp., courteous; urbane; often, ordinarily polite. 3. Characteristic of or befitting a developed social community ; civilized. 4. Pertaining to civic life and affairs, in distinction from military, ecclesias- tical, etc. 5. Law. a Relating to the private rights of indi- viduals, b Considered as to legal rights or status; legal; — diBting. from natural ; a,s,civil death. 6- Used and legally recognized for the purposes of ordinary life ; — said of di- visions of time ; as, civil year; civil day. Syn. Polished, refined, obliging, suave, well-bred, high- bred, elegant, respectful, condescending. — Civil, polite, COURTEOUS, courtly, URBANE, AFFABLE, COMPLAISANT, GRA- CIOUS. Civil commonly suggests the bare fulfillment of the ordinary reciuirements of social intercourse ; aa, he waa no more than cii'il in his answer. Polite is more positive than civil; it commonly implies thoughtfulneas for the feelinga 01 others, united with polish olE manners; as, his manner 'waa unembarrassed, his whole demeanor polite- Courteous implies more considerate and dignified, court- ly more high-bred, stately and formal, observance of due civilities; as, be signified his acceptance with courteous brevity ; a courtly and stately old gentleman. Urbane adds the implication of suavity and elegance ; affable, of natjjre, verdure (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (601 ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure Explanations of Abbrevlatlou*, Sl^rnst etc, precede Vocabulary. " " Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. II f orel£n Word* 4- combined with. >=eauAlfl. CIVILIAN 128 CLASH ease and often condescension ; as, the French are noted for their urbanity ; he takes pains to appear affable. Complai- sant implies an obliging and (sometimes) yielding disposi- tion ; ORACIODB, a serene and benignant bearing. clvU law. a Roman Law, Tlie peculiar local law of a state, and specif, of Rome ; also, the customary law or that adopt- ed by the people. \i [usually CiviHaw.] The body of private law that has developed from the Roman law in states where the legal system la still substantially Roman. ol-vU'ian (sl-vll'yau), 71. 1. Law. A teacher, practitioner, student, or the like, of the civil law of Rome or of the Civil law. 2. One whose pursuits are those of civil life. Ol-Vil'1-ty (-t-tl),n.;pf. -ties (-ttz). 1. Polite education or training, hence, good breeding. 2. Civil conduct; polite- ness. — Syn. Urbanity, affability, complaisance, courtesy. ClV'l-ll-za'tion (siv'T-li-za'shiin), n. Act of civilizing, or civilized state ; relative advancement in social culture. ciT'Mlze (atv'I-liz), v. t. ; -lized {-lizd) ; -liz'ing (-liz'tng). To reclaim from savagery ; educate ; refine ; humanize. clv'll-ly (-lT)i adv. In a civil manner. Clach'an (klAK'dn), n. [Gael.] A small village. Scot. clack (klSk), V. i. 1. To talk rapidly and continually ; chat- ter. 2. To cackle; cluck, as a hen. 3. To make a clack. — V. t. To utter inconsiderately ; blab. — n. 1. A sharp, ab- rupt noise, or succession of noises, made by striking some- thing. 2. Anything causing ii clacking noibe. 3. Loud con- fused noise, as of voices. — clack'er, n. Clack'dlsh^ tkiak'dleh'). n. A wooden dish with a movable lid that clacks, formerly carried by beggars. clad (klSd), prei. & p. p. of clothe. Clad'o-phyll (klSd'S-f il). >t. [Gr. KAaSo? a sprout + -pkyll.} A form of phylloclade consisting ol a single internode. claim (klam), V. t. [fr. OF., fr. L. clamare to cry out, call.] 1. To seek to obtain by virtue of authority, right, or sup- posed right; demand as due. 2- To assert as a tact, right, or relation meriting concession or acknowledgment. See Syn. 3. To ask or call for ; require ; demand. Syn. Claiai, assert, maintain. It is an error to use claim, in the sense of assert or maintain, when there is no question of right, title, advantage, etc. ; thus : " He claims to be the owner of this estate ; " but, " He asserts, alleges, or main- tains {uiitclaims) tliat Plato was Aristotle's teacher." — V. i. To deduce a right or title ; assert a claim. — n. 1. A demand of a right ; an assertionof a right or fact as mer- iting acknowledgment 2. A title to a thing in possession of another; also, a title to anything which another should concede to, or confer on, the claimant. 3. Thing claimed ; as, a mining claim. — clalm'a-Ue, a. — clalm'er, n. Olalm'ant (-^nt), n. One who asserts a right or title. Clalr-VOy'ance (klSr-voi'ans), n. [F.] l. A power of dis- cerning objects not normally perceptible, of penetrating thought, etc. 2. Clear-sightedness; penetration; sagacity. Clalr-Toy'ant (-Snt), a. [F.; clair clear -j- -yoyan/ seeing.] Having or pert, to clairvoyance. — ??.. A clairvoyant person. clam (klSm), n. Any of various bivalve moUusks, esp. of certain edible species. — v. i. To dig or gather clams. claimant (kla'mttnt), a. [L. damans, p. pr. of clamare to call.] 1. Clamorous. 2. Demanding notice; crying. Glam'a-tO'rl-al(klSm'd-t5'rT-(il ; 57), n. [fr. L. clamaior a bawler.] Zo'dl. Belonging to a group of passerine birds with simple vocal muscles and little power of singing, as the flycatchers and kingbirds. clamtier (klSm'ber), i'. i. & t. [ME. cJamhren^ elam.eren, to heap together, climb.] To climb, as by scrambling. Clam'my (-T), a. ,■ -mi-br (-T-er) ; -Mt-EST. Soft and sticky; coldly damp and adhesive. — clam'mi-ness, n. Clam'or, Clam'OUr (-er), n. [fr. of., fr. L. clamor, fr cla- mare to cvy out.} 1. A great outcry or vociferation. 2. A continued violent expression of discont'^nt ; popular outcry. 3. Any loud, esp. continued, noise. — Syn. Outcry, shout- ing, uproar. —D.i. To make a clamor. — v. /. 1. To stun with clamor ; hence, to address loudly. 2 To utter loudly or repeatedly; shout. clam'or-OUS (klSm'Sr-fis), a. Full of, or of the nature of, clamor ; vociferous; noisy. — Syn. See vociferous. — clam'or-ous-ly, adv. — clam'or-ous-ness, n. clamp (klSmp), n. Something rigid that holds or binds thingstogether,— v.^ Tofasten with, or place in, anlamp, clamp, n. A heavy tread, as of a horse's feet ; tramp. ^ V. i. To tread heavily; clump. clan (klSn),n. [Gael, cffrnn offspring.] 1. A social group comprising a number of households the heads of which claim descent from a common ancestor, as in the Scottish Highlands. 2 . A social group all the members of which are of common descent, traced in but one line. 3. A clique, set, society, or party. Contemptuous. Clan-des'tine (klSn-dSs'iTu), a. [L. clandestinus^ fr. clam secretly ] Conducted with secrecy ; private ; underhand. — Syn, Hidden, concealed ; stealthy, sly, surreptitious, furtive, fraudulent. See secret. — clan-des'tine-ly, adv. clang (klSng), v. i. To give out, or cry with, a clang ; re- sound. — V. t. To strike "together with a clang. — n. A loud sound like that made by colliding pieces of metal. Clan'gor (klSij'ger ; kiang'er), n. [L., fr. clangere to re- sound.] Sharp, harsh, resonant soiiud, as of a trumpet. — clan'gor-ous (-MS), a. — clan'gor-ous ly, adv. clank (klSi)k),n. [imitative.] A sliarp, brief, ringing sound, duller than a clang, and deeper and stroiigei- than a clink. ^ V. i. To make, or sound or move with, a clank. ^ v. t. To cause to sound with a clank. clan'nish (kian'ish), a. Of, pertaining to, or characteris- tic of, a clan. — clan'nlsh-ly, adv. — clan'nlBb-ness, n. clans'man (kianz'man), n. ; pi. -men. One of a clan. Clap(kiap), V. i.; clapped (kiapt) or clapt ; clap'pino. [AS. clappan.'] 1. To make a clap, clack, or clatter ; to come together, or to, with a clap or bang. 2. To clap the hands in applause. 3. To put or place, as an arrow, by shooting. Obs. 4. To enter , briskly ;— with to or into. — V. t. 1. To strike resoundingly; to bring together, or to, with a clap, as a door. 2. a To strike (the hands) to- gether to express applause. I) To applaud by clapping. 3. To strike (hands) mutually, as a pledge; hence, to pledge (one's self) so. Obs. 4. To put, place, apply, set, thrust, etc., vigorously and effectually. 6. To make or contrive hastily ; — with together or up. Obs. or Colloq. — n. 1. A thing that makes a sharp, explosive noise ; a clapper. 2. A loud noise made by or as by the sudden im- pact of hard surfaces ; esp., a peal, as of thunder. 3. The sound made by strikiiig the hands together, or the act of bo doing, esp. to express applause; applause. 4- A resounding blow, as \\\t\\ the hand. 6. A sudden happening; esp., a stroke of fortune, usually bad fortune. clap'board (klSp'bord ; colloq. kiab'drd, -erd), n. 1. Orig., a narrow size of board. Eng, 2. A narrow board, thicker at one edge than at the other, for weatherboardiug frame buildings. V. S. — v. t. To cover with clapboards. V. S. clap'per (kiap'er), n. That which claps or makes a noise, as the tongue of a bell, or, Collog.t the human tongue. clap'per-ClaW (kiap'er-klG' ; dial. a;fOkl&p^r-kl8^ -kla'), V. i. Archaic or Dial. 1. To claw with the liand and nails; thrash. 2. To abuse with the tongue ; revile. clap'trap^ (kiap'trSp'), n. A trick, device, or expresBion to gain applause, or language or show designed for this. claiiue (kl&k), n. [F.] A body of paid applauders at a the- atrical performance ; any body of truckling applauders. claqi'uer (klSk'er), or \\ cla^gueur' (kl&^kQr'), n. [F. c/o- gueur.^ One of a claque. Clar'ence (klftr'Sus), n. [from Clarence, name of an Eng- lish dukedom.] A close four-wheeled carriage, seating four. Clar'en-don (kiar'gn-djln), n. Print. See type. Clare'-Ob'SCUre'' (klfir'Sb-skiir'), n. [L. clai'us clear -|- o6- scurus obscure.] Chiaroscuro. Clar'et (kiar'^t), n. [fr. F., fr. clair clear, L. clarus."] 1. Any red Bordeaux wine ; also, any of various other sim- ilar red wines. 2. The color of claret ; a purplish red. dai'l-fy (klSr'T-fi), r. t. & i.; -pied (-fid) ; -FT'iNe. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. clams clear -\-Sacere to make.] To make or be- come pure and clear ; clear. — Clar'l-frCr (-e'er), n. — clar^l-fl-ca'tlon (-f T-ka'shfin), n. clar'i-net^ (-net'), n. [F. darineite, dim. of clarine a kind of bell, f r. L. clarus. See clear.] Music. A kind of wind instrument, conaistin g of a bell-mouthed tube with a single reed; — sometimes called claHonet. clar'1-on (-Sn), v. [OF., fr. LL. clario, claro, fr. L. clarus clear.] 1. A kind of trumpet with clear shrill tones. Now Poetic. 2. The sound of or as of a clarion. Poetic. clar'1-o-net (kiar'T-6-nSt'), n. See clarinet. clarity (klSr1-tT), n. [L. claritas, fr. clarus clear.] 1. Brilliancy; splendor. Obs. 2. Clearness. Clart'y (klar'tT), a. ; clart'i-er (-tT-er) ; clart'i-est. Be- daubed with, or of the nature of, sticky dirt. Dial, clash (kiash), V. i. [imitative.] 1. To make a clash. 2- To collide, ^v. t. 1. To produce, as a sound, by a collision. 2. To strike w^ith a clash, — n, 1. A loud noise resulting from collision ; a collision. 2. Opposition ; conflict. ale, senate, c4re, ftm, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 5bey , drb, 5dd, soft, connect; use, llnite, urn, up, circus, zaenii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iqk; tben, thin; CLASP 129 CLEAT Olasp (kl&sp), V. t. ; 0LA8PSD (kl&spt) or glaspt; olabp'ino. [ME. cloi-peii, clapsen.'] 1. Tu fasten together with or aa with a clasp. 2. To cling or entwine about ; loosely, to surround ; iuwrap ; specif.-, to embrace. 3- To seize wjtli or in the band. ^ 71. 1. Auyof various forms of catch or book. 2. An embrace ; a grasp. — clasp'er (klas'per), n. clasp knife. A Urge kuile with a blade or blades folding into the handle. class (klas), n. [fr. F., fr. L. classis claaa, collection^ fleet.] 1. A group of individuals ranked together as of the same status. 2. The system of dividing society into such groups; caste; social rank, esp. high rank. 3- a A body of students grouped together as pursuing equivalent studies or {U. S.) as graduating in the same year, b An assem- bling of students, as for recitation. 4. A group of per- sons or things having common characteristics ; set ; kind. 5. Biol. A comprehensive group of animals or plants, be- tween an order and a phylum. 6. A division, grouping, or distinction based on grade or quality.— v. i. 1. To classify. 2. To refer to a class or its class, ^v. i. To be classified or classed. clas'SlC (klSs^k), n. 1. A work, esp. in literature or art, of the highest class and of acknowledged excellence, or its author; — esp., usually in pL, of Greek and Latin works or authors. 2. One who follows classical rules or models. Clas'slc (klSs^k) ) a. [L. classicus relating to the classes Clas'sl-cal (-t-krtl) f of the Roman people, and esp. to the first class ; hence, of the first rank.] 1. Of or relating to the first class or rank, esp. in literature or art ; standard. 2. Of or pert, to the ancient Greeks and Romans or their culture, esp. their authors, artists, etc. 3- Versed in, or de- voted to, the classics. 4. Characteristicof, pert, to, or char- acterized by, classicism. 6. Noted because of literary or historical associations. — Clas'sl-cal-ly, adv. Claa'si-CiBm (-I-sTz^m), n. 1. Conformity to, or practice of, classical style. 2. A classical idiom orexpression. 3. The principlesandcharacteristicsof Greek and Roman literature and art, considered as embodying formal elegance, simplic- ity, diguity, aud correctness of style, and just and lucid con- ception and order. As contrasted with romanticism., it esp. typifies pure taste, sobriety, and proportion, often implying a certain formality and restraint. Hence, an established and elaborated form or style marked by clearness, finish, and re- pose. — clas'3l-cist (-sist), n. Clas'sl-fy (-fi), V. (. : -pied (-fid) ; -fy/ing (-fi'Tng). To dis- tribute into classes ; arrange in classes. — clas'ai-fi'a-'ble (-fi/d-b'l)» a. — cUs'Sl-fl'er (-fi'er), n. — clas'slfi-ca'- tlon (-fl-ka'shfin), n. class-mate' (klas'mat^), v. One belonging to the sameclass witli another, as at school or college. Olat'ter (kiafer), V. i. [AS. clairung a rattle.] 1. To make, or to move with, a clatter ; rattle. 2. To chatter ; prattle. — «. t. To cause to clatter or rattle. — n. 1. A rattling noise, esp. of hard bodies colliding. 2. Commotion ; dis- turbance. 3. Rapid, noisy, or idle talk ; chatter. Olau'dl-us {kl8MI-fi8), n. [L.] See Virginia. olaaght (klSKt), prei. of cleek. Scot. clause (kl8z), n. [F., fr. LL. clnvsn^ equiv. to L. clausula clause, prop., close of a rhetorical period, rlose, fr. clau- dere to shut, end.] 1. A separate portion of a discourse or writing ; a distinct article in a formal document. 2. In grammar, asimple sentence constituting a member of a com- plex or compound sentence. Clans'tral (klSs'trftl), a. [see cloister.] Cloistral. Cla'vate (kla'vat), a. [L. elavn club.] Club-shaped. Cla'ver (kla'ver ; klav'er), n. Idle talk ; gossip. — v. i. To talk nonsense ; prate. — cla'ver-er (-er), n. All Scot. Clav'l-chord (klSv'T-k8rd), n. [L. clavis key + chorda string.] Music. An instrument with a keyboard and set of strings, now superseded by the pianoforte. Olav'1-cle (-k'l), n. [fr. F., fr. L. claviculn, dim. of clavis key.] Anat. A bone of the shoulder girdle, joined to the breastbone and theshoulder blarle, and called in man cof/ar bone. — Cla-vlc'u-lar Cklfi-vTk'u-Irer), n. Ola'vl-er (kla'vT-er; klo-ver'), ". [F., fr. L. clavis key.] a [from the French.] The keyboard of an organ, piano- forte, or harmonium, b {pron. klrt-v5r') [from the Ger- man.] A keyboard stringed instrument, as the pianoforte. daw (kl8), n. [AS. drum, eld, clSa, cl^o.] 1. A sharp nail on the finger or toe of an animal, esp. when slender and curved. 2. One of the pincerlike organs terminating certain limbs of some crustaceans (as the lobster), scor- pions, etc. 3. Anything like, or suggestive of, an animare claw, as the forked end of a hammer, —v.t. & i. To tear, scratch, seize, etc., with or as with claws, etc. ciay(kla),n. i^k&.clsbg.'] 1. A widely distributed earth used ui making pottery, brick, etc. It is pure kaolin or, more olten, a mixture of this with other material, chiefly finely erodedquartz, feldspar, and mica. 2. Loosely, earth; mud. 3. Poetry c& Script. Earth in general, as representing the constituents of the human body ; hence, thehuman body. — V. t. To treat, daub, cover, etc., with clay, — clay'ey (-1), a , clay'more' (-mor')) «• [Gael, claidheamh sword -|- mor large.] A large two-edged sword of the ancient Scottish Highlanders; inaccurately, their basket-hilted broadsword. -cle, -CUle. [F., or L. -cuius, -cula, -culum.'\ A noun suf- fix forming diminutives ; as in molecule, corpuscle, etc. clean (klen), a. [AS. claene.'] 1. Free from what defiles ; untarnished; unadulterated ; unsoiled. 2. Free from moral defilement; morally healthy. 3. Habitually clean ; cleanly. 4. Free from obstructions, unevenness, or imperfections. 5. Well-proportioned ; shapely ; trim 6. Clever ; dexter- ous. — adv. Cleanly, ^v. t. To render clean ; purify. Syn. Clean, cleanse. Clean is the word in common and literal use for the removal of dirt ; cleanse is used in the more elevated senses associated with purification. — V. i. To undergo or perform the process of cleaning. Clean'ly (klSn'lT), a. ; -li-er (-IT-er) ; -ii-est. 1. Habitually cleauovkept clean. 2. Cleansing, conducing to cleanness. — clean'li-ly (-it-li), adv. — ciean'li-ness, n. clean'ly (klen'li), adv In a clean manner or degree. clean'ness (klen'ugs), n. Quality or state of being clean, cleanse (klSnz), v._t. ,- cleansed (kl€nzd) ; cleans'iho. [AS. clsensian, fr. eladiie clean.] To render clean ; clean. — Syn. See clean, v. i. — cleans'er (klSn'zer), n. clear (kler), a. [fr. OF., fr. L. clams clear, bright, loud, renowned.] 1. Free from all that dims, blurs, or obscures ; luminous. Hence, unclouded, as by passion ; serene ; bright or cheerful. 2. Free froin contamination or admix- ture; clean ; pure. 3- Distinctly heard, seen, or understood ; audible, perceptible, or discernible; plain. 4. Able to see or perceive clearly or distinctly ; keen ; discriminating ; as, c/enr intellect. 6. Freefrom doubt, certain; sure. 6. Free from burden, limitation, etc.; asra Freefrom charges, etc.; net. b Without qualification; absolute ; sheer, c Free from encumbrance or obstruction, d Free from debt, e Undi- minished ; full ; entire. Syn. Intelligible, plain, distinct; luminous, transparent, limpid, pellucid. — Clear, perspicuous, lucid are here com- pared with reference to qualities of thought or style. Clear may apply to both ideas and thai r expression ; perspicuous A-nOilucid, now only to style. That iscLEAR which is free from obscurity ; as, that he meant to do right is clear. Perspic- uous lays more stress on the medium of expression regarded for itself ; as, per-wicuous expression is likely to he concise. LuclD has special reference to clearness of order or arrange- ment ; as, a short and lucid demonstration. — adv. Clearly. —V. i. 1. Tomakeclear; fneefrommud- diness, impediment, obstacle, obligation, harshness, deduc- tion, etc. 2. Tofreefrom imputation, asof guilt. 3. Tore- move so as to leave something clear ; as, to clear snow from a walk. 4. To leap or pass by or over without touching. 5. To gain without deduction ; net.-~v.i. 1. To bpcome clear. 2. Naut. To get permis.sion to leave port (clear ont or outwards) or to discharge cargo (clear In or inwards). 3. Banking. To exchange checks and bills and settle bal- ances. — n. Clearance ; unobstructed space. — clear'er (kler'er), n. clear'ance(kler'ans),n. 1. Act of clearing. 2 il/ec/i. The distance by which one object clears another, or the clear space between them. clear'ing, n. 1. Act or process of one that clears. 2. A tract of land cleared of wood, as for cultivation. clear'ly,arfv. In a clear manner or degree. — Syn. See dis- tinctly. clear'ness (kler'nSs), n. Quality or state of being clear. clear-starch' (-starch^), v. t. & i. To stiffen and dress with clear or colorless starch. — clear'starch'er, n. clear'Bto'ry. Var. of clerestory, cleat(klet),77. [ME. rie/fi wedge.] 1. A wedge-shaped piece fastened on, or projecting from, something to act as a sup- port, check, etc., as for a rope on a spar. Hencp, a device, usually having two arms, used to secure aline. 2- A strip, as of wood, fastened across something to give strength, hold in position, etc. — v. i. To secure to or by a cleat. natnre, verdure (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, a<;h (50) ; bow ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to \ ExplKnatlonBof Abbreviations, Slens, etc, precede Vocabulary* U Forelffn WordL -f combined with. S in Guide. = equals. CLEAVABLE 130 CLING oleaT'8-Ue (klev'd-b'l), o. That can be cleft, or diTided. cleavage (-uj), n. Act of cleaTing, or splittiDg, or state of being cleft; division. cleave (klev), v. i. ;pret. cleaved (klerd). Archaic clave (klav); p. p. cleaved; p.pr. tSsvb. n. clbav'ihg. [AS. cleojian, clifian.'] To a4here closely ; cling ; hold to. cleave, v. L ;pret. cleft (klSft), cleaved (klevd). Archaic CLAVE (klav), Rare clove (blov) ; p. p. cleft, cleaved, or CLO'VBN (kl5'v'u), Obs. or Poetic clove ; p. pi: & vb. n. CLEAV'INO. [AS. cliofan.'] 1. To part or pierce by force, as by cutting. 2. To sever by cutting or splitting. — Syu. See TEAR. — V. i. 1. To part ; separate, as parts of bodies. 2. To make a way by or as by cutting ; — with through. cleav'er ^klev^r), 71. One that cleaves, as a butcher^s in- strument for cutting up carcasses. cleavers (-erz), n. Any of various species of bedstraw hav- ing the stems beset with hooklike prickles. deck (klgk), V. t.&i [of Scand. origin.] To hatch, as an egg. Scot. & Dial. En menta. — Syn. Mildness, indulgence, lenity. See hbhcy. clem'ent (-Snt), a. Compassionate ; lenient. Plench (klSnch), v. t. 1. To clinch. 2. To set closely to- gether, as the teeth, the hands. 3. To grasp firmly , grip. ^ n. A thing that clenches ; a clinch. — clench'er, n. Clepe Jklep), V. t. ; clep'ed (klep'Sd ; klept) ; clep^ino (klepang). [AS. cleopian, clipiarit clifpian.'] To call, or to call upon ; eap., to call by name Obs. or Arcliaic. Clep'S7-dra(klgp'st-drd),n.; pi. E. -dras (-drdz), L. -Ds;e (-dre). [L., from Gr. KAei/ v. t. To cause to clink. — n. A slight, sharp, tinkling sound, as from the collision of sonorous bodies. Cf . clamk. — clink'er, n. clink, n. A prison or prison cell. CoUog., Eng. clink'er (klTi]k'er), n. [from clink.^ 1. A kind of brick. 2- A brick with vitrified surface, or a mass of bricks run to- gether in the kiln. 3- Vitrified stony matter, as iuafurnace. cUnk'er— buUt^ a. Shipbuilding <& Boilers. Having the external planks or metal plates with edges overlapping from above down. Oll'O (kli'o), n. [L., fr. Gr. KAetcii the proolaimer.] Class. Myth. The Muse of history. oUp (kUp), V. t. & i, ; CUPPED (klipt) or clipt ; clip'pihq. [AS. clyppan to embrace, clasp.] 1. To embrace; hug. Archaic or Dial. 2- To clutch ; hold tightly, ^n. 1. Em- brace. Obs. 2. That which clips, or c^sps; any of various devices for clasping and holding tightly. clip. v-'> [ME. c/ippen.] 1. To cut, cut off, or snip; esp., to cut or trim the hair or fleece of ; shear. 2. To curtail ; cut short. — V. i. 1. To clip or cut anything. 2. [perh. a different word.] To fly swiftly. 3. To move swiftly. Colloq. ^ n. 1. pL Shears. Chiefly Scot. 2- A clipping ; shearing ; esp., the product of a single shearing of sheep. 3. Act of clipping. 4. A sharp blow, as with the hand. Colloq 5- A rapid gait. Colloq. Cllp'per(klTp^r), n. 1. One that clips something. 2. One that clips, or moves swiftly, as a horse, a sled, etc. ; specif- ically, Naut., a kind of fast-sailing vessel. 3- A person or thing of striking excellence of its kind. Slang. Cllp'pins, n. 1. Act of cutting or trimming. 2. That which is clipped off or out of something. Clique l^klek), re. [F., fr. OF. c/igwier to click.] 1. A small, exclusive set or coterie. 2. Principle orsystemof cliques. — Syn. See cotbrib. — v. i. To associate in a clique. Col- loq. ~ cU'aula]! (kle'kTsh), a. — cU'qulsli-ness, n. Glo-a'ca(klo-a'kd), re. /^/. -c^(-8e). [L.] 1. A sewer or a privy. 2. Zo'ol. The common chamber into which the intestinal, urinary, and generative canals discharge in birds, reptiles, amphibians, and many fishes. 3. A channel or receptacle for moral fllth. — clo-a'cal (-ktil), a, cloak (klok), n. [OF. claque cloak (from the bell-like shape), bell.^ 1. A loose outer garment. 2. That which conceals ; blind ; disguise ; mask. — v. t. 1. To cover with or as with a cloak ; hide ; conceal. — Syn. See dissemble. cloak bag^. A portmanteau. Obs. clock (kl5k), n. An ornamental flgure or figured work on the ankle or side of a stocking. (dock (klSk), n. [OF. cloque bell, or LL, clocca.'] Any of various devices for measuring and indicating time; a time- piece, esp. one not intended to be carried on the person. J^^ What o'clock f , nine o'clock^ etc, are for what of the ctoekf, nine of the clock, etc. clock'wlBO^ (-wiz^), a. & adv. Like the motion of the hands of a clock ; — said of direction of rotation. Clock'work' (-wflrk'), n. The machinery of, or machinery suggestive of that of, a clock. 0l0fl(kl5d),n. [TS.E.clodde^foTclot. See clot.] 1. A lump or mass, esp. of earth. 2. The soil ; earth. 3- That which is earthy, as the body in relation to the soul. 4. A stupid fellow ; dolt. 5. A part of the shoulder of a beef creature, ^v. t. ; cloi/ded ; cloi/ding. To throw violently ; hurl. Scot. — v.i. 1. To collect into clods; coagulate. clod'dlBh jklSdtsh), a. Stupid. — clod'dlsh-ness, n. clod'dy (-1), a. Consisting of, or full of, clods; clodlike. Clodliop'per (-hSp'er), n. 1. A rude, rustic fellow. 2. pf. Heavy shoes such as are worn by plowmen. Olod'pate' (klSd'pSf) ) n. A bloekliead ; dolt. — clod'- Olod'pOlV (klHd'polOf pared {-pat'gd ; 24), rt. Clog (klSg), n. [ME. clogge stump, block.] 1. A weight, asalog,ona man or an animal to hinder motion. 2. That nature, verdure (87) ;K = cli in G.icli,ach (50); boN; yet; zh=/. inaz^e. Numbers refer to S Explanatlon^f Abbrevlatlonst Slfcns, etc, precede Vocabulary. II Foreign Word. + combined with. which impedes motion ; any encumbrance. 3. A kind of stout shoe with a thick, usually wooden, sole ; alHu, a light form of this used in dancing. 4. A dance by one wearing cloga. —V. t. ; GLOGasD (klogd) ; cloq'oino. 1. To encum- ber; hamper. 2. To obstruct; choke up. 3. To embarrass; perplex. — Syn. Impede, obstruct, restrain, restrict. See uaufer. — V, t. 1. To become clogged. 2. To coalesce, unite in a mass. Clog'gry (klSg'I), a. ; -gi-bb (-l-5r) ; -gi-est. 1. Cloglike ; characterized by clogs. 2. Clogging, or tending to clog. II clol'SOn^n^' tklwa'zd'na' ; E, kloi'z6-na')i a. [F., parti- tioned.] Inlaid between partitions ; — said of a kind of sur- face decoration in enamel. clols'ter (klois'ter), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. L. claustrum bar, bolt, bounds, clauderCf elausum, to close.] 1. A mo- nastic establishment. 2. A covered passage on the side of a court, usually having one side walled and the other an open arcade or colonn^e. — clois'tral (-trtil), a. Syn!. Cloister, MONASTERY, nunnery, convent, abbey, pri- ory. Cloister stresses the idea of seclusion from the world ; convent, of community of living. A cloister or con- vent for monks is called a monastery (a term occasionally synonymous with convent hi its broader sense) ; for nuns, a NUNNERY (a sense to which popular usage tends to restrict convent). A monastery or nunnery governed by an abbot or an abbess is an abbey ; by a prior or prioress, a priory. ^v, t. To confine in a cloister ; seclude from the world. clon'lc (kl5n'Tk), a. [Gr. kAocos violent motion.] Med. Having an irregular, convulsive motion. clOOt (kloot ; kld6t ; kliit), n. Scot. \. A division of a cleft hoof. 2. [cap.] The Devil; Clootie; — usually in jo^ Cloot'le (kloot'i ; kl56t'i ; kliitl), n. The Devil. Scot. close (klos), a.; clos'er (-er); clos'est. [OF. clos^ L. claususj p. p. of elaudere to close.] 1. Shut fast ; closed. 2. Narrow; confined. 3. Strictly confined ; guarded. 4- Out of the way of observation ; hidden. 5. Secretive ; reticent. 6. Oppressive;causiugla5Bitude;a8,a{;/o«eroom, day, etc. 7. Near in space, time, or thouglit. 8- Dense ; compressed. 9. Short;a8,tocutgrassc/o5e. lO- Intimate, confidential. 11. Parsimonious; stingy. 12. Accurate; pre- cise. 13. Phon. Uttered with a relatively contracted open- ing of the mouth ; as, English e (eve) is a close vowel, as compared with the "open" S (mSn). 14. Closed to public competition or admission. 15. Closed to hunters or fisher- men ; — of a season when game or fish may not lawfully be taken. 16- Nearly equal of balanced. — Syn. See near, PARSIMONIOUS. — adv. Closely. Close (kloz),v. ^. ; closed (klozd); OLOS'iNO (klozTng). 1. To stop, or fill up; shut. 2. To inclose; encompass; confine. 3. To bring to an end ; conclude. 4. To bring together the parts of ; unite ; as, to close the ranks. Syn. CijOsEj end, conclude, finish, terminate._ Close ' usually implies action on something regarded as in some sense open ; as, to close an account, a debate. End conveys a stronger sense of finality, as of a process completed \ as, the summer is ended. Conclude is more formal, and applies esp. to transactions, proceedings, or somewhat methodi- cal writings; as, he concluded his speech with an appeal for aid. Finish implies that what one set out to do is done ; often, therefore, it denotes the completion of the final act in a process ; as, I have ]\3i%t finished reading this book. Ter- minate implies the setting of a limit in time or space ; as. the sickness terminated iiis career. See shut. — - V. i. 1- To come together ; unite ; coalesce, as parts separated. 2. To come close or near; hence, to grapple ; engage at close quarters. 3. To end; ter- minate. 4. To agree ; — followed by ow, upon., with. — n. Conclusion ; ending ; end. — Syn- — Termination, cessation, extremity. close(kloB),n. [OF. c^o^inclosure.] 1. An inclosed place ; esp., a plot of inclosed land, as about a building ; precinct. 2. A narrow entry ; alley. Scot. re<. tfe archaic p. p. of cleave. clove, n. [AS. clufe ear of grain, clove of garlic] Oneof the small bulbs developed in the axils of the scales of a large bulb, as in garlic. clove, n. [F. clou nail, clou de girofle a clove, lit,, nail of clove, L. claims nail.] The dried flower bud of a tropical tree of the myrtle family, used as a spice. Clo'ven (klo'v'n), p. p. <^ p. a. from cleave, v. ^ —cloven foot or hoof, the si^n of devilish character, Satan being often represented with cloven hoofs. clo'ven-fOOt'ed, a. Having the foot cleft, as tlie ox. Clo'ver (klo'ver), n. [AS. ciSsfre.] 1. A kind of low herb having trifoliolate leaves and flowers in dense heads ; trefoil. 2. Any of several other related plants. clown (kloun), n. 1. A rustic; churl. 2. An ill-bred fellow; boor. 3. The buffoon in a play, circus, etc.— clown'er-y (kloun'Sr-I), 7*. ; pi. -beies (-tz). Cl0Wn'lBh{kloun1sh),a. Of orresemblingaclown.— Syn, Coarse, rough ; uncivil, ill-bred, untutored. See BOoaisH. — clown'lsh-ly, adv. — clown'ish-ness, n. cloy (kloi), V. t. [OF. doer to nail up, OF. do nail, L. cla- vas."] To glut, or satisfy, as the appetite; surfeit. — Syn. See 8ATL4TE. — cloy'meilt (-mSnt), n. Obs. Club (klfib), n. [ME. clubbe, clobbe.'l 1. A heavy staff of wood;cudgel. 2- A stick or bat used in various games with a ball. 3. Playing cards. Any card of the suit (called du&s) having a figure like the clover leaf or trefoil. 4. An asso- ciation of persons to promote a common object, or for good- fellowship, etc. , esp. one jointly supported and meeting peri- odically. 6. The house, building, rooms, or the like, of a club (sense 4). — Syit. See association. — v. t. & i.; clubbed (klilbd); cLUB'BiNQ. 1. To beat with or as with a club. 2. To unite in a club; combine. Club'l00t'(-f66f),n. Med. a (pi. clubfeet.) A short, dis- torted foot, b The deformity which such a foot exhibits , talipes. — club'foot'ed (-fa6t'gd ; 24), a. club moss. A lycopod. cluck (klilk), V. i. To utter the call of a brooding hen. — V. t. To call together, or call to follow, as a hen does her chickens. — n. The call of a hen to her chickens. clue (klob ; 86), n. cfe v. Clew. See clew. clum'ber (kltim'ber), n. [fr. an estate of the Duke of New- castle.] A kind of spaniel with short legs and stout body. dump tkl&mp), n. 1. Anunshapedmass; lump. 2. Clus- ter ; group. — V. t. To arrange in a clump ; cluster. clump, n. A heavy tramping sound. — v.i. To tread clum- sily or heavily. Clump'y (klQm'pi), a. Composed of clumps ; shapeless. Clum'sy (kliSm'zT), a.; -si-er (-zt-er); -si-est. Without skill or grace ; awkward ; unhandy ; hence, ill-made or in- appropriate. — clum'sMy, adv. — clum'si-ness, ». — Syii. See awkward. Clung^ (kiting), ^ret. & p. p. of CLura. Clus'ter (klQs'ter), n. C^^. duster^ clysier.l 1. A number of things of the same or a similar kind growing or collected together ; bunch ; group. 2. A crowd ; mob. ^ v. i. Js t. To grow, gather, or unite, in a cluster or clusters. clutch (klQch), 71. A nest complement of eggs (i. e., the usual number laid by a bird before beginning to sit) ; also, a brood of (usually) chicks. clutch, v.^ lAS. clyccean-l 1. To close tightly ; clinch. 2. To seize with the hand, hands, or claws. ^ v. i. To reach (at something) as if to grasp ; snatch. ^ n. 1. A claw, talon, or hand in the act of grasping firmly ; — used esp in pl.f and often fig. for power. 2. A gripe with or as with the fingers or claws ; grasp 3. A coupling for connect- ing two working parts ; any device for gripping an object. clut'ter (kliifer), n. A confused collection ; hence, crowded confusion; disorder. — v. t. To crowd together in disor- der ; disarrange. — t). i. 1. To run together in disorder. 2. To make a confused noise ; bustle. clyp'e-ate (kllp'e-at) I a. [fr. L,c/y;ji?7« shield.] Scutate. clyp'e-at^ed (-af gd) f — clyp'e-i-form' (-T-f8rm0, a. Clys'ter (klTs'ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. kAuot^p, fr. KAu^eir to wash off or out.] Med. An enema. Gly'tem-nes'tra (kli'tSm-ngs'trd), n. [L., fr. Gr. KAvTtti- fLvqtrTpa.'] Gr. Myth Half sister of Helen and wife of Agamemnon. During Agamemnon's absence at Troy she took ^gisthus as paramour, and afterwards vnth him assas- sinated Agamemnon. See Orestes. 01y'tl-0(klish'T-e ; klT'ti-e ; commtmiy kli'te), n. [L.,fr. Gr. KAuTiT?.] Class Myth. An ocean nymph who pined away for love of Apollo and was changed into the heliotrope. GO-, [see COH-.] A form of the prefix com-^ signifying in general wUh^ together, in conjunction, jointly. coach (koch), n. [fr. F., fr. G., fr. Hung, kocsi, fr. Kocs, village in Hungary.] 1. A kind of large, close, four- wheelfid carriage. 2. a One who coaches a student, b An instructor in athletics. 3. A passenger car. -^ v. ^ 1, To convey in, seat in, or provide with, a coach. 2. To pre- pare (another) for examination, or for a contest, by private instruction. Collog. — v. i. To go in a coach. Collog. — coach'er, n. coach'teriow (koch'fSl'o), n. One of a pair of horses used to draw a coacli ; hence, a comrade- coach'man(koch'mfin), n. ; pi. -MEN (-mSn). A man whose business is to drive a coach or carriage. ale, senate, care, ftm, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, obey 6rb 6dd g$ft,c3imeoti use, amte, iira, fip, circus, menu; f€od,fd^t; out, oil; cliair; go; smg,ii)k; ifeen/thin; COACTION 133 COCK Cflhao'tlOll (ki-Sk'ahuu), n. [L. coactio.'\ Force ; compul- sion, either ia reeti-aiuing or iuipelllDg ; coutrol. ca-ac'Uya (-tlv), a. 1. CuiupulUug. 2. AcLiug together. CO-ad']U-tant (kd-Sj'dd-tfiut ; titi), a. Mutually asBiating. ~- n. Ad assistaut. CO'ad-Ja'tor (ko^^-joo'ter ; 86), n. [L. See co- ; aid.] One who aide or assists. — oo^ad-ju'tress, -trls, n. /em. CO-ag'U-la-ble (kd-Sg'u-ld-b'l), a. That can be coagulated. co-ag'u-late (-lat), v. t. ii- %.; -lathed (-lat'Sd); -lat'inq. [L. coaipdaius^ p. p. of coagiUare to coagulate, deriv. of cogere^ lit., to drive together.] 1. To curdle or coogeal ; esp., to change from a liquid to a thickened curdled state by chem- ical action. 2. To form into a compact mass. — (-lat), a. Coagulated. — GO-ag'U-la'tioii(-la'shuu),n. — co-ag'u-la- tive(-la-ttv), a. — -la'tor (-la'ter), n. [or substance. I C0-ag'U-llim(-lt2m),n.;p;.-LA(-ld). [L.J Acoagulatedmassl coal (kol), n. [AS. col.'\ 1. A piece of glowing carbou or charred wood or the like; ember. 2. = charcoal. 3. A black, or brownish black, solid, combustible mineral formed by partial decomposition of vegetable matter wittiout free access of air, under the influence of moisture and, often, of increased pressure and temperature. ~- v. t. 1. To char. 2. To supply with coa'.. — v. i. To take in coal. CO'a-leace' (ko'a-lSs'), v. L ; -lbsokd' (-ISsf) ; -lesc'ino (-ISs'tug). [L. coalescere, coalitum ; co- + alescere to grow up, inchoative fr. atej'e to nourish.] 1. To grow together. 2. To unite in one body or product. — Syu. See uinole. — co'a-les'cence (-2ns), n. — co'a-les'cent (-gnt), a. coal gas. Gas made frum coal, esp. by distilling bituminous coal. It is used for lighting and beating. OO'a-U'tion (ko^d-llsh'thi), n. [LL. coalitio.l 1. A coalesc- ing ; union. 2. A union ; alliance. GOal oil. Petroleum, or oil refined from it; esp., kerosene. COal'plt' QEol'pit'), n. 1. A place where charcoal is made. Obs. or U. S. 2. A pit where coal is dug. coal tar. Tar obtained by distillation of bituminous coal. OOal'y (kolT), a. Of, pertaining to, like, or containing, coal. COam'lllg (komtng), n. A raised frame, as around a hatch- way, scuttle, or the like, to keep out water. CO^ap-ta'tion (ko'Sp-ta'shun), n. [L. coaptation f r. coop- tare to fit together ; co- + aptare to fit.] Adaptation or ad- justment of parts to each other, as of a broken bone. coarae (kors ; 57), a. ; coaes'er (kor'ser) ; coars'ebt. [from the noun oodbbe; cf. of course in the common manner of proceeding, common, and hence, plain, rude, rough, gross.] 1. Common ; of inferior quality or appearance ; mean ; hence, of metals, unrefined. 2. Large in bulk, or composed of large particles ; gross; — opposed to^ne. 3. Harsh or rude, as opposed to delicate or dainty ; unrefined ; indeli- cate ; vulgar. — Syn. Broad, loose, low ; immodest, inde- cent, sensual, lewd. — coarse'ly, adv. — coarse'nesB, n. GOars'en (kor's^u), v. t. & i. To make or turn coarse. coast (kost), n. [OF. coste rib, hill, shore, coast, L, costa rib, side.] 1. The seashore, or land near it. 2. The fron- tier; border. Arcfmic. — Syn. See shore. ^ v. i. 1. To move by the side (of a place) or in a roundabout way; to pass (6y, o/ore^, etc.); e8p.,tosailby ornearthesho/e; sail along acoast. 2. Todraworkeepnear;approach. Obs. 3. [Cf. OF. code hill, hillside.] To slide, as on a sled, or glide, as on a bicycle, down a hill. U. S. & Canada, — v. t. To sail by or near ; follow the coast line of. — coast'al (kos'tai), a. OOast'er (kos'ter), n. One that coasts ; esp., a vessel sail- ing along a coast, or engaged in coasting trade. Goast'wlse' (kosfwfz'), coast'ways' (-waz/), adv. & a. By way of or along the coast. coat (kot), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL. cota.cotta, tunic] 1. An outer garment fitting the upper part of the body, esp. such a garment worn by men. 2- A petticoat; skirt ; — usually inpl, Obs. or Dial. 3. Bib. A tunic. 4. A coat of arms. 6. Vesture of a class, profession, or office ; cloth. Obs. 6. The natural covering or integument on animals, as of fur, hair,etc,,suggeBtiveof agarment. 7- A covering layer of anything. ^ v. t. To cover with a coat. — coat of arms [P. cotte d''armes, a light garment worn over armor in the I5th and Ifith centuries, often charged with the heraldic bearings of the wearerj, Her., a heraldic achievement ; the bearings of any person, taken together. coat card. A card bear i ng a coated figure ; the king, queen, or knave of playing cards. CO-a'tl(kd-a't£ ; ko'a-tl), n. [from native name.] A mam- mal of tropical America, allied to the raccoon. GoaVing, n. 1. A coat, or covering. 2. Cloth for coats. ' Cobra- coax (kSka), V. /. 1. To maku a fool of . Obs. 2. To influ- ence by gentle courtesy, fluttering, or foudling ; wheedle. 3. To obtaiu, induce, or eii'ect by such acts.— Syu. Flatter, entice, beguile, inveigle, fawn. — v. i. To coax a person ; to use coaxing. — coax'or, n. cob (kSb), n. [ME.] 1. A male swan. 2. = corncob. 3. A ahort-legged, stocky, rather small horse, esp. one with an artificially high stylish action. cCbaltCkS'beit; -b51t),n. IQ.kaball, fr. kobold,kobel,eoh- liu, MHG. kobolt.'} A tough, lustrous, reddish white metal related to, and occurring with, irou and nickel. Syuibol, Co ; at. wt., 5S.97. — co-bal'tlc (kS-bSl'ttk), a. — co-baV- tous (kS-b61'tM8 ; ko'bSl-tMs ; ko'bSl-), a. COb'ble (k5b"l), n. A cobblestone. — v. t. ; -bled (-'Id) ; -BLIHG (-ling). To pave with cobblestones. COb'ble, V. t. aa i. To make or mend coarsely; patch, as shoes. COb'bler (-ler), n. 1. A mender of shoes. 2. A clumsy workman ; botcher. COb'ble-Stone^ (-'l-ston'), n. A naturally rounded stone larger than a pebble, esp. one such as is used in paving. CO'ble (ko'b'l ; kSb''!), n. [from an old form of W. ceu- bal skiff.] 1. A short flat-bottomed rowboat- Scot. 2. A kind of flat-bottomed boat used in sea fishing. Eng. CoVnuV (kSb'niit/), n. The filbertlike fruit of any of sev- eral cultivated varieties of hazel. CO'bra (ko'brd; kdb'rd), n., oroo'bra do ca- pel'lo (ko'brd de kd-pSl'o). [Fg. cobra de ca- d ] A very venomous rt )f Asia, esp. India ; also, any of vari- ous other related snakes. cob'weiy (k6b'- w 6 b ' ) , n. Icob spider (AS. coppa^ in comp.) -f- web.'] 1. The network spread by a spider. 2 \ f lI tl id spun by a spider or by an insect larva. 3 . An3rthing suggestive of a spider web as being flimsy, clog- ging, entangling, etc. — v. t. ; -webbed' (-w5bd') ; -web'- BiNG. To cover with cobwebs. — cob'web'by (-i ), a. CO'ca(ko'kd),n. [Sp., fr. Peruvian citca.] AcertainSouth American shrubor itsdried leaves, which are used as a po» er- ful nerve stimulant, and yield cocaine. CO'ca-lne (kykd-tn ; -en ; coUoq. and commonly kS-kan'), n. Also -in. Chem. A bitter crystalline alkaloid obtained from coca leaves and much used as a local ansesthetic. CO-ca'in-lsm (kS-kaln-Tz'm ; ko'kd-), n. See -ism. coc'cus (kSk'us), n. ; L. pi. cocci (-si). [6r. kokkos a grain, seed.] A spherical bacterium. C0G'Gyx(k5k'sTks), n. ; L.pl. -cyges (-si'jez). [L., cuckoo, Gr. kokkvk, ouckoo, coccyx ; — from resembling in shape the cuckoo'sbeak.] Anat. Thelowerendof the vertebral column in man and certain apes. — COG-cyg'e-al (k5k-sTj'e-tIl), a. COCh'l-neal (k5ch'T-nel), n. [fr. F,, fr. Bp. cochinilla, dim. fr. L. eoccineus, coccinus, scarlet, coccum kermes berry, Gr. k6kko>; berry, esp. kermes insect, used tb dye scarlet. Cochineal was formerly supposed to be a seed.] A dye- stuff consisting of the dried bodies of females of an insect native in Mexico, Central America, etc. COCh'le-a (kJSk'lfe-d), n. ; L. pi, -le^ (-e). [L., snail, snail shell, Gr. KoxAia;, fr. ko^Ao? shellfish with a spiral shell.] Anat. A division of the labyrinth of the ear, like a snail shell in form. — COCh'le-ar (-or), a. cochle-ate (-at) l a. Having the form of a snail cochae-at^ed (-at^Sd) f shell. cock (k5k), n. A small conical pile of hay, or of dung, turf, etc. ^ 7'. t. To put into a cock or cocks, as hay. cock, 71. [OF. eoque, cochp, ship, vessel.] A cockboat. cock, 71. [AS. coc."] 1. The male of the common barnyard fowl ; also, the male of any of various, esp. gallinaceous, birds. 2. A cock's crow. Oba. 3. A weathercock. 4. A chief person ; leader. 6. A faucet, tap, valve, or the like. 6. The hammer in the lock of a firearm or the cocked posi- tion of the hammer ; an, at half cock. — cock-aDd-hull story, an extravagant, boastful story, —v. t. <& i. To draw the hammer of (a firearm) fully back and set it for firing. cock, V. i. To strut; swagger. cock, V. i. & i. To set, turn, or stick up, esp. in a pert, know- ing, or defiant way. — n. Act of cocking or the turn or tilt so given. natiire, verdpre (87) ; k = ch In G. ich, ach (50) ; bow iLxplaoatlona of Abbrevlatloiia, HliEna, etOa* preeeae Vacabulju'jri yet; zh=: z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. II Foreign Word* + eomblned with. =eauals* COCK 134 COEXISTENT aock (k5k), n. Corruption of God^ used in oaths. Obs. OOCk-ade' (-ad'), n. [IT. cocarde, fr. co(/ cock ; — an sug- gtidciug a cock's cumb.] A roaetiu, kuot, ur aiuiLar device, worn uu tlie liat as a badge. cock'— a-lioop' (kSk'd-hoop'), a. Boastful ; elated. — adv. Boastfully ; elatedly. Gock-aiglie'(k5k-an'),n. [F. cocagne.'] 1. Auimagiuary country of idleness aud luxui-y. 2. The Idud of cockneys; coukueydom ; humorously, Loudon aud ica suburbs. cock'a-leek'le (k5k' Bib. A venomous serpent not identified. COCk'boat' (-bSt^), n. A small boat, esp. a tender. Cock'Cliaf'er (-chafer), n. A large European stout-bodied beetle often destructive to vegetation, esp. in France. COCk'crow' (-kro') ) n. The time at which cocks first crow; COCk'crow'lng y early morning. cock'er (k5k'er), V. t. [ME. cokej-en.'\ To pamper. COCk'er, n. 1. A fighter. Obs. 2. A cocker spaniel. COck'er-el (-dl)i n. A young domestic cock. CCCker spaniel. One of a breed of small or medium-sized spaniels kept for hunting or for pets. COCk'et (k5k'€t ; 24), n. Eng. Law. A certified warrant that goods have been duly entered and have paid duty. cock-eye' (-i'), n. [cock to turu up + eye."] A squint eye. ' CCCk'l^ht' (-^t')] 'I- A contest of gamecocks armed, usu- ally, with metal spurs. — cock'iightlllg, n. ds a. GOCk'llorse' (-hSrs'), n. A child's rocking-horse. COCk'le-leek'ie (kSk'I-lek'T). Var. of cockalbekie. COCkUe (kSk'U), n. [AS. coccel, cocel.'] Any of several plants growing in grainfields, as the darnel. COCk'le, n. [F. coquille shell, fr. L., fr. Gr. Koyxv^t-ov."] 1. An edible bivalve moUusk having a somewhat heart- shaped shell with convex radially ribbed valves. 2. A cockleshell. 3. A small light boat. 4. pL Short for cockles of the heart, depths of the heart ; inmost feelings. COCk'le, V. t. & i.;-iSED (-'Id) ; -LINO. To pucker ; wrinkle. ^ n. Fucker ; wrinkle. COCk'led (k5k''ld), a. Having a shell. cockld hat. A hat bearing a cockleshell, the badge of a pilgrim. Cockle. COckle-shelF (-U-shSlO, n. 1. One of the shells of a cockle or a scallop shell, etc. 2. A light boat ; cockboat. COCk'lolV f-l8ft/ ; 62), n. An upper attic ; loft. COCk'ney (-ni), n. / pi. -neys (-nTz), [deriv. of ME. cok cock + nay, neye, for e?/ egg, AS. asfir. 3 1. A squeamish or affected woman. Obs. 2. A native or a long-established resident of London, esp. one native of the East End and talk- ing with a certain characteristic brogue or dialect. ^ p,. Of or relating to, or like, cockneys. — COCk'ney-dom (-dfim), n. — Gock'ney-ism (Tz'm), n. CCCk'plt' (-ptt^), n, 1. An inclosure for cockfights. 2. The pit of a theater. Obs. 3. Naut. a An apartment in old sailing war vessels, forming quarters for junior officers, and occupied by the wounded in engagements, b In small ves- sels, a space aft lower than the deck. COCk'roach' (-rochO, ?*. [Sp. cucaracha.'] A well-known insect of flattened form and nocturnal habits. OOcks'coml)' (k5kB'komO,n. 1. a A cock's comb or crest. b = COXCOMB, in various senses. 2- A garden plant of the amaranth family, cultivated for its showy blossoms. COck'shy' (kSk'shl^), n. A throw, or shy, at an object set up as a mark ; also, the mark or target. COCk'SUre^ (-shoor/ ; kSk'shoor' ; 109), a. 1. Perfectly safe. Obs. 2. Wholly trustworthy ; of certain issue. 3. Quite certain ; as, I felt cocksure of going. Colloq. cock'swaln. Var. of coxswain. COCk'tall^ (kSk'tal'), n. 1. A horse with docked tail. 2. A person passing for a gentleman, but underbred. Slnng, Eng. 3. Any of various alcoholic mixed drinks. Chiefly U. S. COCk'y (-t), a. Pert ; conceited. Colloq. CO'co (ko'ko), n. , or (in sense 1 ) COC0 palm. Less correctly, cocoa. [Sp. & Pg. 0000.1 A tall pinnate-leaved palm of the tropics ; also, the coconut, or liuii; of this palm. co'coa (ko'ko; orig. kS-ko'a), n. [corrupted fr. cacao.1 1. = CACAO, 1. 2. The pulverized seeds of the cacao or the beverage prepared from them. [truit of the coco.l co'co-nut' (-ko-nav), n. Also cocoanuL The well-knowu| co-coon' (ko-kobn'), 7i. [fr. F., fr. Pr. coucoun, fr. coco shell.] 2o6l. a The silky envelope in which the larvse of many insects pass the pupa stage, b Any of various other protective coverings produced by animals, as by spiders. Go-cy'^S (kS-sI'tfis), n. [L., fr. Gr. KtoKvros, lit., a wail- iug.] Class. Myth. A river of Hades. cod (kSd), n. [AS. codd small bag.] A husk, pod (cf . pease, cod). Now Chiefly Dial, cod, n. A Boft-finned fish of the colder parts of the North At^ntic. It is one of the chief ^^ food fishes. COd'dle (k5d"l), V. t. ; -dled (-*ld) ; -DLmb (-ling). 1. To parboil, or soften by boiling ; stew. 2- To treat with ex- cessive tenderness ; pamper. code (kod), 71. [F., fr. L. codex, caudex, stem of a tree, board smeared with wax to write on ; hence, a book, a writ- ing.] 1. Auy systematic body of law, esp. oue given stat- utory force ; digest. 2. Any system of principles or rules relating to one subject, or a formal statement of them. 3. A systemof signals for communication, as in telegraphy ; also, a system of words or other symbols arbitrarily used, as in telegraphy, to represent words or phrases for the sake of brevity and secrecy. co'dex (ko'dSks), n. ;pL codices (kSdT-sez ; ko'di-). [L.] 1. A code. Rare. 2. A manuscript book, as of Scripture. COd'fish' (kSd'fishO, "■ The cod. COdg'er (kS/er), n. A singular or odd person ; a fellow. cod'1-ces (k5d'T-sez ; ko'dt-), n., pi. of codex. COd'1-Cll (kSd'T-stl), n. [L. codicillus^ dim. of codex code.] Law. An Instrument made subsequently to .a will and mod- ifying it in some respect. — C0d'l-cil1a-ry (-sTl'd-rT), a. CO'dl-iy (ko'dT-f i ; kBdlf -), v. i. ; -fied (-fid ) ; -pt'ino. {code -\- -fy.} To reduce to a code, as laws. — cCdl-fi-ca'tlon (-ft-ka'shwn), n. cod'llng (kod'lTng), COdlin (-l^n)i n. A small, immature apple ; hence, an apple of inferior grade. COd'plece' (-pes'), n. [cod a bag -{-piece.'} A flaplike ap- pendage at the front of men's breeches as formerly made. CO-ed^U-ca'tion (ko-Sd/u-ka'sbi^n), n. Joint education of both sexes at one institution. — CO-ed'n-ca'tlOII-al (-31), a, CO'ef-fl'cient (ko'S-flsh'gnt), a. Cooperating. — n. 1. A joint agent. 2. Math. Any symbol or group of symbols placed before another or others as a multiplier. -CCBle (-sel).' [Gr. KolKov a hollow, or KotXia belly.] A suffix denoting cavity, ventricle, or chamber of the body. CCe-len'ter-ate (se-lSn'ter-at), n. [Gr. kolAos hollow + ivrepov an intestine.] 2odl. Any of a phylum {Ccelente- rata) of invertebrate, usually radially symmetrical, ani- mals, including the corals, sea anemones, jellyfisbes, etc. CCB'U-ac, ce'll-ac (se'lT-Sk), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. KotAia belly, KoiAos hollow.] Pert, to the cavity of the abdomen. C0-e'4nal (ko-e'kwSl), a. Being on an equality, as in rank, age, or extent, ^n. One coequal with another. CO-erce'(ko-Qr8'),'y- '■/ -erced' (-first') ; -erc'ino (-fir'sTng), [L. eoercere; co- + arcere to shut up, compress.] 1. To constrain or restrain by force, esp. by authority ; repress. 2. To compel; force; constrain. -—i>. {. To use coercion. — GO-er'cl-ble (-flr'sT-b'l), a. CO-er'cion (-tir'shiJn), n. Act, process, or power of coercing ; constraint. — Syn. See force. co-er'clvo (-sTv), a. Serving or intended to coerce. co'e-ta'ne-ous (ko'e-ta'n^-fis), a. [L. coaetaneus; co- -f- nefas age.T Of the same age or duration ; contemporary. CO'e-ter'nal (-tfir'nai), a. Equally eternal. CO-e'val (ko-e'vSl), a. [L. coaevus ; co- -\- aevum age.] Of the same age ; coetaneous. — n. A contemporary. CO^es-lst' (ko'Sg-zTsf), V. i. To exist together. — co'ex- Ist'ence (-zTs't^ns), n. — co'es-lst'ent (-tgnt), a. & n. ale, senate, c&re, &in, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, t^vent, end, recent, maker; Ice, ill ; old, dbey, drb, 5dd, B^ft, c5nnect; use, fmite, iim, iip, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go ; slug, i^k; tben, thin; COEXTEND 135 COKE (iO'ex-tend' (ko^Sks-tSnd'), v. i. <& i. To extend through the same space ur time with another. — CO^ex-ton'sloil (-tSu'- shfin), n, — co'es-ten'slve (-tSu'stv), a. coffee (kSfl ; 62), n. [Turk, qafivm^ Ar. qahwah wine, coffee.] 1. A drink made by infusion or decoction from the roasted and ground or pounded seeds of a certain shrub of the madder family. 2. The seeds obtained from the berry of this shrub ; also, the shrub. GOl'fee-lioaBe' (-houa'), n. A house of entertaiumeut where coffee and other refreshments 01^ (WW^ '/ 3' are supplied, coffee-pot' (-pBf), n. A pot in coffee. 1 Flowermg Branch whichcoffeeispreparediorfrom with Leaves Q) -, 'i Fruit in wliich it is served. section ^i) ; 4 Seeds (J). coffer (-er), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. cophinus, fr. Gr. Kotftivo^.] 1. A casket, chest, or trunk, esp. one for valuables. 2. Fig. : Treasure or fimds ; — usually in pi. 3. Something suggest- ing a coffer (sense 1), as the chamber of a canal lock or a cofferdam. — v. i. 1. To put into a coffer. 2. To form with or in, or to furnish with, a coffer or coffers. coffer-dam' (-dSm'), n. l. A water-tight inclosure from which the water is pumped to expose the bottom (of a river, etc.). 2. A water-tight structure fixed on the side of a ship, for making repairs below the water line. GOffln (kSfTn ; 62), n. [OF. eojin basket, receptacle, L. cophinus. See coffer, n.] A chest or case for a corpse. — V. t. To inclose in or as in a coffin. COfflll bone. The foot bone of the horse and allied animals inclosed within the hoof, corresponding to the third pha- lanx of the middle finger, or toe, of most mammals. OOg (kBg), V. t. ; COGGED (kBgd) ; coQfQisa. To cajole ; wheedle ; cozen. Obs. orR. — v, i. \. To deceive; cheat. 2. To jest or quibble; also, to wheedle; cajole. Obs. — n. A trick; deception ; falsehood. Obs. or Archaic. cog, n. Mach. A tooth, cam, or the like, for transmitting motion ; esp., a gear-wheel tooth. cog, n. Carp. A kind of tenon or pro- jection on a beam received into a notch or mortise iu another beam. CO'geilt (ko'jgot), a. [L. cogens, p. pr. of eogere to drive together, force ; co--f- a^ere to drive.] Compelliug or constraining; esp., ap- peallug forcibly to the mind or reason ; convincing. — Syn, Telhng, effective, persuasive ; powerful, potent, strong. — co'Keii-cy (-jfn-st), n. — oo'geiit-ly, adv. OOg^-ta-ble (kBjT-td-b'l), a. Thinkable. OOg'1-tate (-tat), V. t. & i. ; -TAT'ED (-taf 6d) ; -tat'ing. [L. cogitatus, p. p. of cogitate to reflect on ; co- -|- agitare to drive, agitate, meditate on.] To think ; ponder over ; plan. — COg'l-ta'tlon (-ta'shfin), n Opg'l-ta-tlTO (kSjT-ta-tTv), a. Having the faculty of think- ing or the power to think ; also, given to cogitation. — cogl-ta-tlTe-ly, adv. — cog'1-ta-tlve-ness, n. OO'gnac (ko'nyik), n. [F.] A superior French brandy. COg'nate (kSg'nat), a. [li. cognatus ; co- -^-gnatiis, natjts, p. p. of nasci, anciently gnasci, to be bom.] 1. Allied by blood, esp. on the mother's side. 2. Proceeding from the same stock or root ; allied, as languages. 3. Of the same or similar nature, —n. One cognate with another. COg-na'tlon (kSg-na'shi^n), 7^. Cognate relationship. GOgjBl'tion (-nTsh'wn), n. [L. cognitio, fr. cognoncere, co- gnitum, to become acquainted with, know ; co- + noseere, gnoscere, to get a knowledge of. ] A ct or fact of knowing ; also, knowledge. — cog^nl-tlve (kSg'nT-tlv), a. COg^'ni-za-ble (k5g'nT-zd-b'l ; kSn'i-), a. 1. Capable of being known. 2. Subject to judicial cognizance. COg'nl-zance (k5g'nT-zSn8 ; kBnt-zffins ; the second, histor- ical pron., is still common in legal usage), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. L. cognoscere to know.] 1. Apprehension by the understanding; conscious recognition or identification; hence, heed; notice. 2. The range of what may be known by observation. 3. Law. a Jurisdiction, or the power given by law to hear and decide controversies, b The ju- dicial hearing of a matter. 4. A distinguishing mark, em- blem, or badge, as a heraldic bearing, crest, etc. COg'nl-zant (-z?int), a. Having cognizance (of) ; aware. — Syn, See SENSIBLE. [perceive; rRCOgnize.l BOg'nize (k5g'niz), V. t. ; -nized (-nizd); -niz-ing. To know; | Cog iCarp.), COg-no'meil (kSg-no'mSn), n. / pi. E. -mens (-mSnz), L. -NOMINA (-n5m'I-na). [L. ; co--|- (p}no7«ere name.] 1. The last of the three names of a person among the an>jient Ro- mans, orig. merely a third personal name, but later denot- ing his house or family. 2. In English usage, a surname. — cog-nom'l-nal (-nSm'T-nfil), a. II COg-no'vit (-no'v tt), n. Law. A common law pleading for authorizing entry of judgment and issue of execution. COg'wheel' (kSg'hwelO. "• A wheel with cogs, or teeth. GO-bablt (ko-hSb'Tt), V. i. [h. cohabitare ; co- -f- habilare to dwellj 1. To inhabit or live iu company, or in the same place. 2. To live together as husband and wife, — CO- hab'lt-aiit (-ant), n. — co-habl-ta'tion (-t-ta'shan), n. co-heir' (ko-fir'), n. A joint heir. — co-helr'ess, n. /em. co-here' (k6-her'), v. i. ; -hered' (-herd'), -her'ing (-her'- ^^g)- [L- cohaerere, cohaesum ; co- -j- haerere to adhere.] To stick together ; cleave ; be united. — Syn. See adhere. CO-ber'ence (-her'gus) in. 1. A sticking together ; cohe- CO-her'en-cy (-en-sl) f sion. 2. Connection or congruity due to a common principle or relationship ; consistency. Syn. Coherence, cohesion. Usage tends to restrict cohe- sion to the physical, coherence to the figurative, sense ; as, the cohesion of clay, the coherence of an argument. CO-her'ent (-?ut), a. l. sticking together; cleaving. 2. Composed of mutually dependent or related parts ; con- sistent. 3- Logically consistent. — co-her'ent-ly, adv. CO-her'er (-er), n. Elec. Any device in which an imper- fectly conducting contact between conductors loosely rest- ing against eacli other is materially improved in conduc- tivity by the influence of Hertzian waves. GO-he'Sion (ko-he'zhun), n. 1. Act or state of cohering. 2. Physics. That form of attraction by which the particles of a body are united throughout the mass. Cf, adhesion. — Syn. See coherence. — co-he'slve (-siv), a. — co- he'slve-ly, adv. — co-he'slve-ness, n. CO'hoi:t(ko'h8rt),7i. [L.coAor«, prop., an inclosure.] 1. In the Roman army, one of the ten divisions of a legion. 2. Any band or body of warriors ; fig., a company; band. colt (koif ), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. OHG. kiippn, kvppJia, miter.] 1. A close-fitting cap, like a small hood. 2. The order or rank of a sergeant at law, who formerly wore a white coif. ^ V. t. To cover or dress with or as with a coif, coiffure' (kwi'fiir'; koif'ur), n. [F.] A headdress, or manner of dressing the hair. coign, GOigne (koin), n. A var. spelling of coin, qttoin, a projecting corner, wedge, etc. ; — chiefiy used in coign of vantage, a position advantageous for action or observation. coll (koil), V. t. tfe i. [fr. OF., fr. L. coUigere ; col- = con- + legere to gather.] To wind cylindrically or spirally. — n. 1. A series of rings, or a spiral, of cable, rope, or the like, when coiled; also, a single ring of such a series. 2. A series of connected pipes in rows, layers, or windings. coll, n. A noise, tumult, bustle. Archaic. coin (koin), n. [F., fr. L. guneus wedge.] 1. A corner, corner stone, or wedge- See quoin. 2. A piece of metal marked and issued by government authority to be used as money; also, such pieces collectively, ^i'. /. 1. To make (coins) by stamping ; mint. 2. To make ; fabricate ; invent, as a word. — v. i. To make coins : mint. — COln'a-ble, a. COln'age (-aj), n. A coining, or that wliich is coined. CCin-Clde' (ko'm-sld'l, v. i. ; -cid'ed (-sid'ed) ; -cid'ing. [LL. coineidere ; co- + incidere to fall on ; in ■-{- cadere to fall.] 1. To occupy the same place in space or the same period in time. 2. To correspond exactly ; agree ; concur. — Syn. Spc agree. CO-ln'ol-dence (ko-Tn'sT-d?n.=!), n. 1. Condition or fact of coinciding. 2. An instance of coinciding. CO-ln'cl-dent (-d^nt), a. Having coincidence; concurrent; consonant. — Syn. See contempouary. COln'er (koin'er), n. 1. One who coins; epp., a counter- feiter. 2- A fabricator, as of words. C0-ln'Stail-ta'ne-0lls(ko-Tn'Bt(!n-ta'ne-i{6), (7. Simultaneous. COlr (koir), n. [Tamil kayiru.^ Prepared fiber from the husk of the coconut, used in making cordage, matting, etc- COls'trol (kois'trSl) I w. Obs. or Archaic. 1. A lad or COls'trlKkois'trTl) | groom who cares for a knight's horses. 2. A mean, paltry fellow ; varlet. CO-i'tion (ko-Tsh'fin), n. [L. coitio.'] Sexual intercours& co-join' (ko-joinO,". t. To join; conjoin. Rare. coke (kok), n. Bituminous coal deprived of its volatile con- stituents by heating in a retort or oven. —■v.t.t& i. ; coked (kokt) ; COK'INO. To change into coke. nature, verdnre (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh r= z in azure. Numbers refer to § Js-xpUnatlons of Abbreviations, Sl^ns, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, + combined with. in Guide. = equalsr COLANDER 136 COLLOGUE C0l'an-der(kiU'3n-der),n. A veasel having the lower part perforated for a sieve or a strainer. COl'chi-cum (kSI^kl-kum ; commonly kSl'chI-), n. [L., a plaut with a poi- J* sououflroot.] Any of numerous bulb- ous Old World herbs (genus Colchi- cum) ; alsOf a drug prepared from the « . , seeds or corm of some species. t-oianaer. cold (kold), a. [AS. cald^ ceald.'] 1. Sensibly lower than the body in temperature ; frigid ; chilly. 2. Markedly de- ficientin emotion orpaasion; not excited or aroused. 3. De- ficient in cordiality ; unresponsive. 4. Deficient in power to warm or kindle fancy, emotion, etc. ; spiritless ; dull. — cold chisel, a chisel of peculiar strength and hardness, for cutting cold metal. — n. 1. The relative absence of heat or warmth. 2. Chilliness, or a similar sensatioil due to fear or depression. 3. Med. A disordered state, generally in- fectious, and often following exposure ; catarrh. 4. Cold weather ; frost. 00ld'-bl00d''ed, a. 1. Having cold blood ; — said of certain animals, as fishes and reptiles. 2 . Sensitive to cold ; — said of persons. 3. Lacking in feeling. COld'~heart'ed, a. Wanting human sympathy ; unfeeling. coldly, adv. of COLD. See -ly. COld'ness, n. See -ness. cold sore. A vesicular eruption appearing about the mouth as the result of a cold, or in the course of any febrile disease. OOle (kol), n. [fr. AS. or Icel., fr. L. cautis stem of a plant, cabbage stalk, cabbage.] A plant related to the cabbage, turnip, etc. ; esp., the rape. COl^e-op'ter (kSl'e-Sp'ter ; ko/le-), 7i. [fr. Gr. icoAeo? sheath -j- TTTepdi' wing.] Zool. Any of an order (Coleop- tera) of insects comprising the beetles and weevils. — COV- e-op'ter-an, a. &n. — coVe-op'ter-ous (-tis), a. COWalaW (kol'sldO, n. [D. kool slaa cabbage salad.] A salad made of sliced or chopped cabbage. COle'WOrt' (-wQrf), n. [cole ~\- wort.'] a = cole, b A vari- ety of cabbage not forming a compact leafy head. COl'lc (kSl'Yk), a. Of or pert, to the colon or colic. COVic, n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. koKov the colon.] Med. A paroxysmal pain in the abdomen, due to spasm, obstruc- tion, or distention, — corick-y (-Tk-T), a. GoVl-se'um (kSl'T-se'iim), n. = Colosseum. col-lab'0-rate (k^-lSb'S-rat), v. i. ; -rat'ed (-rat'Sd) ; -bat'- iHQ. [L. collabornre ; col- -f- Inborare to labor.] To labor together ; work or act jointly. — COl-lab'O-ra'tlOn (-ra'- shSn), n. — col-laVo-ra'tor (-ra'ter), n. col-lapae' (k$-lSps'), v. i. ,- -lapsed' (-ISpsf) ; -laps'ing. [L. collapsn.t, p. p. of collnbi to collapse ; col- + labi to fall.] 1. To fall or shrink together abruptly, as the sides of a vessel ; cave in. 2- To break down or fail abruptly and utterly. ^ n. An act or instance of collapsing. COl-lapsl-ble C-lSp'sY-b'l), a. Capable of collapsing. collar (kSl'dr), n. [fr. OF., fr. OF. col neck, L. collum.'] 1. A band, chain, or the like, worn or placed round the neck for dress, ornament, restraint, etc, 2. An encircling and confining strap or band, or 'something likened to one. ^ V. /. 1. To put a collar on. 2. To seize by the collar. collar bone The clavicle. col-late' (kS-laf), v. i. ; -lat'ed (-lat'Sd) ; -lat'ino. [see COLLATION.] 1. To Compare critically, as texts. 2. To examine (a set of sheets or a book) in order to verify the order and number of signatures and pages. COl-lat'er-al (-ISt'er-til), a. [LL. collaieralis; coZ- -f L, lateralis lateral.] 1. Accompanying as a secondary fact, or acting as a secondary agency ; subordinate. 2. Designat- ing, or pertaining to, an obligation or security attached to another to secure its perfonnance ; hence, secured' by ad- ditional obligation orsecurity; as, aco//a^p7'anoan. 3. Par- allel in space ; concomitant in time ; coordinate in rank or function. 4. Belonging to the same ancestral stock, but not in a direct line of descent ; as, brothers, cousins, etc., are collateral relatives, as distinguished from father, son, grandson, etc., who are lineally related. — n. 1. One that is collateral. 2. Collateral security. — col-lat'er-al-ly, nf^T'. col-la'tlon (kiJ-la'shTin), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. ; collatus (as p. p. of conferre) ; col- -^- latum (as supine of /cttb to bear). ] l._ Any light meal or repast. 2. Act of comparing or bringing together for comparison, as manuscripts or books. COl-la'tor (-ter), n. [L.] One who collates. colleague (kSl'eg), n. [fr. F., fr. L. collega ; col- -f- root of legare to send or choose as deputy.] An associate in a profesROD or ^ civil or ecclesiastical office or employment; — not used of partners in busiuesa. — Syn. Belper, assist- ant, companion, confederate. col-league' (kS-leg'), v. i. ; -leagued' (-legd') ; -lea'ouing (-le'glng). To outer into an alliance ; combine. col'lect (kSl'Skt), n. [fr. LL., fr. L. coltecta a collection in money, assemblage, fr colligere to collect.] Any of cer- tain short ritual prayers used iu the Western churchea. col-lect' (k3-lSkt'), V. t. [L. collectus, p. p. of colligere to bind together ; col- -\- legere to gather.] 1. To gather into one body or place ; assemble. 2. To demand and obtain payment of. 3. To gather (specimens or examples), as for study or ornament. 4. To infer; gather. Now Rare. 6. To regain command of (one's self, one's powers) ; rally. — Syii. SeeGATHEB. — v. i. To assemble ; accumulate. COl-lect'ed,/). a. 1. Gathered together. 2. Self-possessed. — Syn. See cool. — col-lect'ed-ly, adv. — ed-ness, n. COl-lec'tion (-ISk'shi^n), 7i. 1. Act or process of collecting or gathering. 2. That which is collected ; accumulation. — Syn. Assembly, assemblage, group; mass, heap, aggregate. COl-lec'tlve (-ttv), a. l. Formed by gathering or collecting. 2. Characteristic of, or relating to, a group of individuals. 3. Having plurality of origin or authority. 4. Gram. & Logic. Treating a number of objects as a group, whole, or ag- gregate; thus, a collective nounuames a collection or aggre- gate of individuals by a singular form, as assembly., army^ jury^ etc., and takes a singular verb when the aggregate is thought of as a whole, but may take a plural verb wheu the component individuals are iumiud.^w. 1. Gram. A col- lective noun or name. 2. A collective body; gathering. — col- leo'tive-ly, adv. — coiaec-tlv'i-ty (kSl'gk-tTvt-tl), n. COl-lec'tor (k!l-lgk'ter), n. 1. One that collects. 2. An official deputed to collect ; as, a tax collector. COl-leen' (k3-len' ; kSl'en), n. [Ir. cailin.] Girl ; maiden. — colleen bawu (b8n) [cf . Ir. ban fair], a blonde girl. IHsk. college (kSl'gj ; 24), n. [fr. F., fr. L. collegium, fr. col- lega colleague.] 1. A body of persons engaged in common pursuits, or having common interests, and sometimes, by charter, peculiar rights and privileges. 2. A company; assemblage. 3. A society of scholars or friends of learn- ing incorporated for study or instruction, esp. in the higher branches of knowledge ; also, a building or buildings used by tljem. — col-le'gi-al (kS-le'jT-fil), a. — coMe'gl-an (kS-le'jT-an), n. — COl-le'gl-ate (-at), a. collet (kSl'St ; 24), w. [F., dim. fr.L. co/Zttm neck.] 1. A metal band, collar, or ring; in a watch, a small collar pierced to receive the inner end of the hairspring. 2. Jew- elry. A circle or fiange iu which a precious stone is set. COl-lide' (k«-lid'), ?'. i. & t; -lid'ed (-lid'gd) ; -lid'ing. [L. colIidere,'lisum; col- -\- laedere to strike.] To come into collision ; clash. COl'lle (kSlT), n. The Scotch shep-' herd dog. conied (-Td), pret. & p. a. of COLLY, V. t. GOl'lier (-yer), n. .1. A worker or dealer in coal ; esp., a coal min- A J er. 2. A vessel 24- 1 1 ;^jc ^^--^n.^^ ^ -~.--»=— = pi. -LlERiE8(-iz). Bough-haired Collie. Place where coal is dug; a coal mine with its buildings, etc. GOlll-mate (-mat), v. t.; -mat'ed (-mat'Sd); -mat'ing. Pfiyx- ics & Astron. To render parallel, as rays of light ; adjust the line of sight of (a level, etc.). — coMl-ma'tion (-ma'- shfin), M. — col'li-ma'tor (-ma'ter), n. COl-11'sion (k(J-lTzh'iin) , n. [L. colb'sio, f r. collidere. See COLLIDE.] Act or instance of colliding ; clash. — Syn. Conflict, clashing, encounter, opposition. COl'lO-cate (kiSl'o-kat), v. t. ; -cat'ed (-kat'Sd) ; -cat'ing. [L. collocatus, p. p. of coUocare. See couch. ] To set or place, esp. side by side. — coMo-ca'tlon (-ka'shf^n), n. COl-lo'di-on (kiil-o'dI-?"in), n. [fr. Gr. KoWa glue -f- «J*os form.] Chem. A viscous solution of guncotton, or pyroxy- lin, in a mixture of alcohol and ether, used by evaporation to form films, as for photographic use, on a wound, etc. COl-logue' (kS-log'), V. 7. ; -LOGUED' C-logd') ; -lo'guing (-15'- gtng). To talk or confer secretly; intrigue. CoUoq. ale, senate, cS-re, d,m, account, Krm, ask, sofa ; eve, Kvent, 6nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, dbey, drb, 5dd, soft, connect; use. Unite, urn. up. circus, menti; food«fdbt; out, oil; chair; eo; 6ing,U)k; t4en,thin; COLLOID 137 COLPORTEUR colloid (1^51'oid)f a. [Gr. KoKKa glue + -oid.'] Resembling glue or jelly ; gelatinous. — n. A gelatinous or other aul> stance permeable by crystalloid solutions, aud not at all or very slightly diffusible through animal or vegetable mem- branes. — col-lol'dal (kS-loi'dai), a. COllop (kSl'iip)t n. [ME. coUoppey coloppe^ colhoppe."] 1. A small slice of meat, eap. of bacon, cooked or intended for cooking. 2- A small portion or slice of anything. GOl-lo'Qill-aL (k3-lo'kwt-(il), a. Pertaining to, or used in, conversation, esp. familiar conversation ; hence, informal. — GOl-lo'qnl-al'l7, adv. — coMo' K Foreign Word. + combined with. Be«iuls. COLT 138 COME colt (kolt), n. [AS. colt.'] 1. The young of the horse (in ita broadest Benae). 2. One resembling a colt, esp. in youtli and inexperience. — v. t. To befool. Obs. GOl'ter (koKter), n. Also coal'ter. [fr. AS., fr. L. culter plowshare, knife.] A cutter on a plow, to cut the sward. GOlVlsh (kol'tish), a. Like, or pert, to, a colt ; frisky. GOltS'fOOV (kolts'fSdf), n. A perennial herb of the aater family, used aa a demulcent aud expectorant. COl'abrlne (kSl'ti-brin ; -brln), a. [L. colubrinus^ f r. co- luber serpent.] Of or pert, to a certain family or group of snakes, esp. those of comparatively small size, with dilata- ble moutlis and no poison glands. col'um-ba'ri-am (-fim-ba'rl-am ; 3), n. ; L. pi. -baria (-d). [L., fr, columba a dove.] 1. Roman ArUiq. A columbary. 2, A vault for cinerary urns, or, pL, the niches in it. GOl'um-lia-ry (kSl'iim-bii-rT), n. ; pi. -bies (-rlz). [see col- DMBARiUM.] A dovecote ; a pigeon house. Go-lum'bi-a (kd-lQm'bT d), n, America ; the United States — in honor of Columbus. Poet. "''^ — Go-lnm'bi-an (-an), a. COl'um-blne (kSl'i^m-bm ; -bin), a. [L. coluvibinus, fr. columbai dove.] Of or pertaining to a dove; dovelike. nol'um-blne(-bm),n. [IJj.co2um- 6ma.] A certain flowering plant of the crowfoot family. OO-lumnsl-um (ko-l{im'bT-Sm),n. [fr. Co/uMi6ia the United States.] C'hem. A rare metal of steel-gray color ; — called also niobium. Symbol, Cb (or Nb) ; at. wt., 93.5. ool'u-mel'la(k5i'u-uiSl'd), n. ,- L. pi. -hM (-e). [L., dim. of colu- men column.] Any of various pnrts of an animal or a Sower like, or suggestive of, a column. .50l'umil(k81'ftm),7i. [L.columnn.'] porting pillar; esp., a pillar with shaft, base, and capital, the shaft being round. 2- Anything resembling such a column in form, position, or function; as, aco/umn of air, water, etc. ; the spinal coluitin in man ; aco/umnof figures. 3. Print. One of two or more upriglit sections separated by a rule or blank. 4. Mil.&Nav. A for- mation of soldiers or ships placed one be- hind another. — Syn, See pillar. — CO- lum'naf (k6-inm'ndr), a. — GOl'umned (kSl'Smd), n. CO-lam'nl-a'Uon (k6-lGm'nT-a'shSn), n. Employment or system of arrangement of columns in a structure. co-lure' (kS-lur' ; ko'lur), n. ; pi, (-liirz' ; -lurz). [L. coluri, pi., fr. Gr. at KoAovpot (sc. ypafjLfjLai lines) the colures ; KoAo? docked + oupd tail ; — because away from the equator (as in Greece) a part is always below the horizon. ] Either of two great circles of the celestial sphere inter- secting at the poles, one passing through the equinoctial points, the other at right angles to it. col'za (kSKzd), n. [F., fr. D, koolzaadt prop., cabbage seed.] Cole or its seed. com-. A prefix from the Latin preposition CTtm, signifying loilhj together^ in conjttnc- Column. l.Cor- lion, veru etc ,^ . , ,^ , TSihiSieTi CO'ma (ko'ma), n. [Gr. Kojuia lethargy,] Capital; 5 A state of profound insensibility, due to Shaft ; 6 Base ; disease, injury, or poison. ^ Pedeatal. co'llia, n.; pi. coajE (ko'me). [L., hair, fr. Gr. Kofti).] 1. Astron. A nebulous mass around the nucleus of a comet. 2. Bat. A tuft or bunch, as on the seed of the cotton. CO'mate'(k3'maf;ko'maf), n. [co--{-mate.'\ Companion. co'mate (ko'mat), a. [L. comatas^ deriv. of coma hair.] Having hair, esp. a short tuft of hairs ; hairy. com'a-tose (kSm'd-tos ; ko'md-), a. Relatmg to or like coma ; lethargic. — com'a-tose'ly, ndv* GOmh (kom), n. [AS. camb.'] 1. A toothed instrument for adjusting, cleaning, or confining the hair, or for adorn- ment. 2. A currycomb. 3. The fleshy crest or caruncle on the head of the domestic fowl and certam other galli- naceous birds. 4. A thuig resembling, or suggestive of, a cock's comb, as the crest of a wave. 5. Any of various toothed insti-uments resembling or suggestive of a comb (sense 1 or :.;). 6. A honeycomb, or similar mass of cells. — V. t. To disentangle, cleanse, or adjust with or as with a comb. — V. i. Naut. To roll over or break, as a wave crest, comb (koom; kom). Var. of coomb, a valley. com'bat (kSm'bat; kiim'bat), v. i. [F. combaltre; com- -\- ballre to beat, L. battuere to strike.] To contend, as with an opposing force ; fight. — v. t. To oppose by force, argu- ment, etc. ; resist. — Syn. Withstand, repel. -^ n. 1. A fight; contest. 2. Aduel ;Binglecombat. — Syn. Battle, engagement, conflict, contention, strife. See contest. COmOiat-ant (k5m'b^t-dut ; kiim'~), a. Contending, or disposed to contend. — n. One who engages in combat. COmnBa-tiVO (kSm'bd-ttv ; kQm'- ; ktJm-bSt'iv), a Dis- posed to combat ; pugnacioua. — com'ba-tiTe-ly, ''dv. — com'ba-tive-ness, n. comb'er (kom'er), n. One that comba, as a wave. Gom-bin'a-lile (kom-bm'd-bU), a. See -able. com'bi-nate (k6m'bT-nat), a. United; betrothed. Obs. COm'bl-na'tion (-na'shSn), n. 1. Act or process of com- bining; state of being combined. 2- A union or aggregate made by combining one thing with another, as of persons or states to effect some purpose. 3. pi. Math, The dif- ferent sets into which a number of individuals, as Hetters, may be grouped. 4. The series of letters or numbers cho- sen in setting a combination lock, or the mechanism operat- ing by the series. — com'bl-na'tion-al (-na'shfin-Sl), a. Syn. Alliance, association, union, league, confederacy, coalition, clique, coterie, gang.— Cohbinatioh, combihb, PARTY, faction, CABAL, JUNTO. Combination and party may or may not be opprobrious ; faction, cabal, and junio commonly are. A combination is a union for mutual sup- port in enecting a purjiose ; combine is a colloquialism, esp. in U. 3., for combination; as, the coal combine. A PARTY is a number of persons united iu support of some opinion, cause, or principle; it usually implies a similar body in opposition. Faction often suggests a smaller body than party ^ and commonly implies selfish ends and un- Bcrupulousness. A cabal Is a small secret combination, seeking private or sinister ends by scheming or intrigue. Junto oftener than cabal suggests intrigue ft» party or political, as well as for private, ends. See acoreoate. com-blne' (kdm-bin'), V. t. & i. ; -bined' (-bind') ; -bin'* inq (-bining). [LL. combinare, combinatum ; L. com- -\- binust pi. fcf'm", two and two, double.] To unite or join. — Syn. See join. — (kiSm-bin' ; cojHmtm/y kSm'bin), n. A combination, esp. of persons to eifect a commercial or political object. Collog.,U.S. — Syn, See coubtnation. COmb'lllK (komtng), n. 1. Act or process of using a comb or combs. 2. Product of combing ; specifically, hairs combed out ; — chiefly in pi. GOm-bUst' (kam-bSsf), a. [L. combusius, p. p. oicomburere to burn.] Astrol. So near t^e sun as to be obscured or over- powered by his light. Obs. COm-bUB'll-ble (-bSstT-b^l), a, 1. Capable of combustion ; inflammable. 2. Easily ^dled or excited ; fiery. — n. A thing that is combustible. — com-bns'ti-bll'i-ty (-btlt-tT), com-bas'tl-ble-ness, n. COm-bUS'tlOn (-chi^n), n. 1. Act or instance of bnming. In chemistry, also, oxidation proceeding so slowly as not to be accompanied by evolution of light. 2. Violent agitation ; confusion ; tumult. comb (kQm), tt. i. ; pret. came (kam) ; p. p. cobie (kQm) ; p. pr. & vb. n. cou'iNO (kHmtng). [AS. cuman.'\ 1. To approach; as, 'he came to me; — opposed to go. 2. To arrive at, or appear on, a scene of action ; to move into, or appear in, the field of interest ; as, he came to the res- 1 cue; his case came to trial. 3. To approach or arrive in ^ timb, sequence, or order ; as, day co7He.y ; to come of age ; after joy comes sadness ; also, to approacli in kind or qual- ity ; as, brute pain comes near to human. 4. To appear as issuing from a source or as entering into being ; to ap- pear, or to get to be, in the course of development or change; to follow; emanate; result; also, to happen; befall; occur ; as, to come into bloom ; no harm will come to yon; an idea cam.e into his head ; to come untied ; come true ; to com^ into fashion. 6- To extend or reach from point to point or along a space ; fig., to extend or reach in rela-. tions of interest or of effect on the sensibilities; as, breeches coming to the knees ; his death came very near to me. 6. To be favorably moved; yield. — Syn. See arrive. ale, senate, c&xe, &m, account, arm, ask, Eofa ; eve, event, find, recdnt, maker ; ice, ill ; old, dbey, drb, 5dd, s5ft, connect; use, Unite, &m, lup, circus, menii; zood, fdbt; out, oil; chair; go ; sing, ii)k ; tben, thin; COMEDIAN 139 COMMENTARY GO-me'dl-an (kd-me'dt-Su), ». 1. Aa actor in comedy. 2. A writer of comedy. II co'me'di-enne' (kd'ma/dySu'), n. fem. ; pi. -eshes (-dyfin'). [F.] Au actress who plays comedy. COm'e-dy Ck5m'S-dI), 7i. ,* pi. -dibs (-dtz). [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr^KujuuSia ; kw/jlo? a festal procetjaiou, or an ode suDg at it + aeiSeiv to sing.] X. A drama light aud amusing rather than serious, aud typically having a happy ending ; sJso, the dramatic quality characteristic of comedies. 2. Tlieory or art of composing or acting comedies. 3. Matter suitable for comedy. 4. Any literary composition treating a theme suitable for comedy or after the manner of comedy. COme'iy (kiSm'lI), a. ; -li-br (-ll-er) ; -li-est. [AS. oym- l%c; cyme beautiful -|- -lie. See' like, a.] 1. Pleasing or agreeable to the sight; good-looking. 2. Suitable ; becom- ing ; decent. Archaic, — come'U-ness (-li-nSa), n. Syn. Comely, beautiful. Comely, as applied to persons, is a term of lower praise than beautiful. GOm'er (kum'er), n. One that comes, or has come. CQ-mes'tl-ble (kS-mSs'tT-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. coinesus, comes- tus^ p, p. of comedere to eat ; coni- -|- edere to eat.] Eat- able. — n. A comestible thing ; — usually inpl. COm'et (kSm'St ; 24), Ji. [fr. L., fr. G-r. ko/jliJtt)? comet, prop., long-haired, deriv. of KdjitTj hair.] A kind of heavenly body, often having a long nebulous train, or tail. — COm'- et-a-ry (-S-ri), a. — co-mBt'ic (kS-mSt'tk), a. COm'Ilt (kam'fit), n. [F. conjit, prop, a p. p. fr. conjire to preserve, L. conjic&i'e to prepare ; coii- -f-facere to make.] A dry sweetmeat or confection, esp. one consisting of a seed or a piece of fruit or root coated with sugar. com'^-ture (-fl-lar), n. A comfit. Obs. or Archaic. COm'fort (kiim'fert), n. [OF. confori, fr. conforter, v.] 1, Strengthening aid ; solace ; consolation. 2. State or feeling of having relief, cheer, or consolation ; freedom from pain, want, or anxiety. 3. That which gives or brings comfort. — Syn. See ease. —v. t. [F. conforter^ fr. L. corb- foriare to strengthen much; con- -\-forUs strong.] 1. To aid. Obs.^ exc. in Law. 2. To impart strength aud hope to ; usually, to relieve of mental distress ; console. Syii. Cheer, revive, encourage, enliven, invigorate, inspirit, refresh, animate. — Comport, console, solace. Comfort suggests relief afforded by imparting positive cheer, hope, or strength, as well as by diminution of pain ; as, a mother comforts her sobbing cnild. Console, the more formal term, emphasizes rather the alleviation of grief or the mitigation of the sense of loss than the communication of pleasure; as, the presence of friends consoles us in bereave- ment. Solace often suggests relief from weariness, despond- ency, or loneliness, rather than from grief or pain ; as, to solace one's self with books when fretted by cares. GOm'iort-a'bls (-fer-td-b'l), a. 1. Affording comfort, con- solation, or aid. 2. In a state of comfort ; as : a Cheerful. 06*. b Inastateof content; at ease. 3. Marked by an ap- pearance of comfort; easy and undisturbed. — ra. A stuffed or quilted cover for a bed ; — called also comforter. U. S. — Gom'fort-a'ble-ness, n. — com'lor-ta-bly, adv. GOm'fort-er (-ter), n. 1. One that gives comfort, as aid, consolation, cheer, etc. 2. leap.'] In the Bible, the Holy Spirit. 3. = COMFORTABLE, n. u. S. GOm'fort-leSS, a- 1. Having no comfort or comforts. 2- Affording no comfort. Rare. — Syn, Forlorn, deso- late, cheerless, disconsolate, wretched, miserable. Gom'frey (kiim'frt), n.; pi. -freys (-frTz). [OF. confire.] Any of several plants related to the heliotrope. com'lc (kSmlk), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. /cujutKos.] 1. Relating to comedy, as distinct from tragedy. 2. Causing mirth, as being humorous, witty, etc. — Syn. See laughable. COm'1-cal {-T-kai), a. l. Belonging to comedy ; hence, trivial ; base. Obs. 2. Excitive of mirth ; droll ; laughable. — Syn. Humorous, funny. See laughable. — com'l-cal- ly, aUu. — Goml-cal-ness, com'i-cal'i-ty (-T-kai'T-tt), n. com'ing (kiim'ing), p. a. That comes ; approaching.^ n. Actof approaching ; also, Obs., means of approach. CO-mi'ti-a (kS-mish'T-d), n. pi. [L.] Soman Aniiq. An assembly of the people convened to act on matters officially submitted to it. — CO-XUl'tial (-mish'Sl), a, COiU'I-ty (kSraOT-tY), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz), [L. comitas, fr. comis courteous, kind.] Mildnf^ss and suavity of manners ; courtesy, — S^n. Civility, good breeding, good will. ^ COm'nia (kSm'a), n. [L., part of a sentence, fr, Gr. Kofifia • clause, KOTTTeti' to cutoff.] 1. Punctuation. A point [,] used to mark thesmallest structural divisions of a sentence. 2. Fig. A slight separation or pause. Com-mand' (kS-mdnd',), v. t. [fr. OF., fr. L. com- -{- man- date to commit to, command.] 1. To direct authorita- tively ; charge ; enjoin. 2. To have at command ; have command over ; .have under control or at disposal. 3. To dominate in situation, as by height ; overlook. Syn. Bid, dictate, require, prescribe. —Command, order, ENJOIN, direct, instruct. COMMAND implies more formal and official, order, more peremptory, sometimes even ar- bitrary, exercise of authority ; as, a captain commands or orders his men ; a landowner orders a trespasser off his premises. Enjoin, direct, and instruct are all less im- perative than command or order. Enjoin adds to the idea of authority that of pressing admonition ; direct and in- struot suggest rather business or official relations. ^ V. i. 1. To have or exercise direct authority ; give an or- der or orders ; be commander. 2. To dominate or overlook, asfrom a superior position. — n. 1. Act of commanding ; bidding. 2- A thing commanded ; as : a An order; a com- mandment, b A force under a commander, c A position in which one couiuiauds, as a military post. 3 Faculty or power of commanding. — Syn, Control, sway, power, au- thority, dominion ; mandate, injunction, charge, behest. C0m'inaa-dani'(k6m'dn-dant'),«.. [F.,orig, p. pr.] A com- mander ; commanding officer. oom'man-deer' (-der'), v.t. [D. kammandeeren, lit., to com- mand.] 1. Mil, To compel to perform military service. 2. To seize arbitrarily or forcibly. Coitog. GOm-mand'er (kd-m&n'der), n. 1. One who commands; hence, a chief or leader. 2, a Navy. An officer ranking next below a captain. See navy, b The chief officer of an army or of any division of it. — Syn. See chief. com-mand'er-y (-der-T), «.; pi. -eries (-Tz). 1. Office, rank, or jurisdiction of a commander. 2. An assembly or lodge in certain secret orders. COm-mand'ing, p. a. That commands. — Syn. Authorita- tive, imperative, imperious. — com-mand'ing-ly, adv. COm-mand'inent (-m&nd'm^nt), n. Act of commanding ; power of command; what is commanded ; specifically. Bib., one of the Ten Commandments. See Exodus xx. 1-18. GOm-mem'O-rate (-mSm'6-rat), v. t. ; -rat'ed; -rat'ing. [L. commemorattis^ p. p., deriv. of com- -j- memorare to men- tion, memor mindful.] To call to remembrance ; to serve as a memorial of. —Syn. See celebrate. — com-mem^O- ra'tion (-ra'shSn), n. — com-mem'o-ra-tive (-ra-tTv), a. GOm-meilce' (k3-mSns'), ''. i- & l- > -mbnced' (-mSnsf) ; -MENc'iNG (-mSn'sTng). [fr. F., fr. L. com--\- initinre to begin.] To originate ; start ; begin. — Syn. See begin. COin-menGe'ment C-m?nt), n. 1. Act, fact, or time, of com- mencing. 2. The day when, or the ceremonies at which, degrees are conferred by colleges and universities. oom-mend' (-mSnd'), v, t. [L. commendai'e ; com- -\- maii- dare to intrustt enjoin, command.] 1. To commit, intrust, or give in charge for care. 2. To recommend as worthy of confidence or regard. 3. To mention with approbation ; praise. 4. To mention by way of courtesy, implying remem- brance and good will. Archaic. — n. Z. Commendation, Obs. 2. A compliment; greeting. Obs. — com-mend'a-ble C-mSn'dd-b'i), a. — Gom-mend'a-bly, adv. — com-mend'a- tO-ry (kS-mSn'dd-tS-rT), a. Com'men-da'tiOIl {kSra'gn-da'shwn), 7i. 1 Act of com- mending or that which commends. 2. Chiefly in ^2. Com- pliments ; greeting. Ai-chaic. com-men'sal (-mSn's?il),7i. [LL. com.mensaIis ; L. com--\- mensa table] One who eats at the same table. GOm-men'SU-ra-ble (-Bh56-rd-b'l), a. [fr, L., fr. com- -f mensurabilis measurable.] 1. Exactly measurable by the same number, quantity, or measure. 2. Pj-oporti enable. — ■ Gom-men^su-ra-biri-ty, n. — Gom-men'su-ra-bly, adv. com-men'SU-rate .(-rat), a. [L. commej}suratiis equal. See COM-; mensurate.] 1. Equal in measure or extent; proportionate; corresponding. 2. Commensurable; re- ducible to a common measure. ~ Syn. See proportional. — - V. t. & i. ; -rat'bd (-rat^Sd) ; -ratting. To make, or to be, commensurate. — com-men'SU-rate-ly, adv. — com- men^su-ra'tion (-ra'shTtn), n. COxn'ment (k3m'6nt ; kS-mSnt'). v. %. [fr. F. or LL., fr. L. commentari. to. meditate on, explain, v. intens. of commi- nisei, cominetUus, to reflect on, invent.] To make comments; -r-with on or upon. — v. t. To comniput on. Archaic. — (kSm'Snt), n, 1. An explanatory, illustrative, or critical note on a writing, book, etc. ; annotation ; exposition. 2. A remark or criticism. — Syn. See remark. COm'meil'ta-ry Ck5m'gn-ta-rT), n. ; pi. -EiES (-rYz). A series of comments or memoranda. nature, verdare.(87) ; k = ch Jn G. icfe, ach (50) ; bow ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. ExpUnatlonsbf Abbrevlatloiia, Siffns, etc* precede Vocabulary, tl Foreisn Word* -t- combined with. = canals. COMMENTATOR 140 COMMONS GOXn'men-ta^tor (kSm'ga-tS^ter), n. One who writes a com- mentary; anuotator. [a comment or comments. I C0in'meilt-er(k5m'gn-ter; k(j-mgn'ter),n. Onewhomake&| com'merce (kSm'ers), n. [F., fr. L. coniTnereium ; C07ft- + mei-Xf mercis^ merchandise.] 1. Business intercourse ; esp., the exchangee or buying and seLling of commodities on a large scale between different places or communities, 2. Social intercourse. 3. Sexual intercourse. Syn. Commerce, traffic, trade agree in denoting the exchange of commodities. Commerce is the formal term for such exchange viewed as conducted on a large scale ; TRAFFIC of teuer emphasizes the activity of the processes in- volved ; TRADE suggests the more purely business aspects of exchange, and is often the general term for business deal- ings; as, interstate conwierce; local traffic^ the trOiffic of city streets ; the Board of Trade ; free trade. GOm-merce' (k5-mflrs'), v. i. ; -merged' (-mfirstO ; -mbrc'- iNG (-mflr'sing). 1. To trade , traffic. Obs. 2. To bold personal intercourse ; commune. Gom-mer'clal (kd-mOr'shf^l), a. Of or pert, to commerce ; mercantile. — conL-mer'clal-ly, adv. ^- com-mex'clal- Ize {-iz), V. t. Syn. Commercial, mercantile. Commercial suggests the larger aspects of the operations of exchange ; mercantile, the actual buying and selling of commodities. GOm-mei'cial-lsm (-iz*m), n. Commercial spirit or insti- tutions; a commercial practice or expression. GOm'ml-na'tlon (kSm^t-na'sht^n), n. [L. comminatio, fr. comminari to threaten; com- + minari to threaten.] Threat- ening ; denunciation of punishment or vengeance ; anathe- ma. — Gozn-min'a-to-ry (ktj-mtn'd-td-rt; k5m't-nd-), a. GOm-min'gle (k($-mii]'g'l), v. t. ds i. To mingle together. GOm'ml-nute (k5m'i-niit), v. i. ; -nut'ed (-nuf Sd) ; -nut/- iNG. [L. comiYLvmdus, p. p., deriv. of com- -\-minuere to lessen.] To reduce to minute particles ; pulverize. — com- ml-nu'tion (-nu'shMn), ji. COm-mls'er-ate (,k8-miz'er-at), v. t. ; -AT^ED; -AT^INO. [L. eommiseratus, p. p., deriv, of coth^ -|- miserari to pity.] To feelorexpresssorroworcompasaionior; pity. — Syn. Com- passionate, condole with. — com-mls'er-a-tlve, a. com-mls'er-a'tion (-a'sh^n), n. Sorrow or compassion for another's wants or sufferings. — Syn. See pity. Com^mls-aa'rl-at (k5m/i-sa'rt-at; 3), n. [F., a body of commissaries.] 1. Mil. a The system by which forces are supplied with food and daily necessaries, b "The depart- ment charged with such service. 2. Food supply. COm'mlB-sa-ry (k5m'T-8a-ri), n. ;pl. -ries (-rTz). 1. A dep- uty; commissioner. 2- Jtt?7. AJi officer charged with pro- viding food for forces, u. s. — Gom^mls-sa'rl-al, a. GOm-mls'Slon (kS-mtsh'i^n), n. 1. A formal warrant giv- ing certain powers or privileges and authorizing or requir- ing certain acts. 2. Mil. & Nav. A certificate conferring military or naval rank and authority ; also, the rank and authority so conferred. 3- Authorization or command made by or as if by such a warrant ; instruction ; charge. 4. A body of commissioners. 5. Com. a A thing to be done as agent for another, b The allowance made to an agent for transacting business. 6. Condition of being em- powered by, or subject to, instructions or authority given, as by a warrant ; — used esp. in In commlBBion. 7. Act of committing,doing,or performing; thing committed or done. — Syn. Authority, mandate, office, trust. ^ v. t. 1. To give a commission to ; appoint and authorize. 2- Nav. To put in commission, or service ; — of a ship. — Syn. Depute, empower, delegate, constitute, ordain. GOm-mlS'slon-alre' (-Sr'; kd-me^8yo-nSr')« n. One intrust- ed with small commissions, as errands ; esp., an attendant in a public office, hotel, or the like, in Continental Europe. Gom-mls'slon-er (kf^-mtsh'Sn-er), n. 1. One commis- sioned. 2. An ofHcer in charge of a department of the public service, as, in the United States, the head of any of various subdivisions (called Bureaus) of the Departments. COm'mlS'SUre (kSm'I-shoor ; -is-ur), n. [L, commissura a joining together.] A joint, seam, or closure. Com-mlt'CkiJ-mTtOjV. i. [L. commiiterei-missum,to connect, commit; com- + miitere to send.] 1. To give intrust; intrust ; consign ; — used with to^ unto. 2. To consign (for preservation) ; — in various phrases : as, to commit to memory (also, simply, to commit), to commit to paper^ writ- ing^ etc. 3. To put in charge of a jailer ; imprison. 4. To refer, as a bill to a committee. 6. To do ; perpetrate, as a sin. 6. To pledge ; bind ; — often refiexive. — v. i. To sin ; esp., to be incontinent. Obs. — GOm-tnlt'tal (-S1), n. COm-mlt'meilt (kS-mtfm&it), n. 1. Act of committing; state of being committed ; consignment, esp. to prison. 2. Act of doing something ; a promise to do something. GOm-mlt'tee (kd-mlt'e), 7i. [cumjuit -f- -ee.] 1. A person to whom some trust or charge is intrusted. 2. A body of persons appointed to deal with some matter, as by a court. corn-mix' (-mTks'), v. t. & i. To mix ; mingle ; blend. com-miz'tion (-chftn), n. [L. commiztio.^ Commixture. com-mlx'ture (-^r), n. [L. commixtura.'} Mixture. com-molle' (-mod'), n. [F., il . commode convenient, L. com^ modtts/ comr -\- modus measure, mode.] 1. Chestof draw- ers ; bureau. 2. A kind of stool inclosing a chamber vessel. COm-mo'dl-OUS (-mo'dl-Ss), a. 1, Adapted to its use or pur- pose; serviceable; esp., spaciousand convenient. 2. Accom- modating. — Syn. Convenient, suitable, useful. — com- mo'di-ous-ly, adv. — com-mo'dl-ous-ness, n. COm-moa'i-ty (-m5d'r-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-ttz) 1. Quality or state of being commodious. Obs. or Archaic. 2- That which affords convenience or advantage, esp. in commerce, including everything movable that is bought and sold (ex- cept animals). 3. A parcel or quantity ot goods. Obs. com'mo-floro' (kSm'S-dor^ ; 57), n. Naval. An officer next above a captain and below a rear admiral. See navy, GOrn'mon (k5m'fin), a. [fr. OF., fr. L. communis ; com--\- munis ready to be of service.] 1- Shared equally or simi- larly by two or more or by all the members of a group, kind, etc. 2- Of frequent occurrence or appearance ; famil- iar. 3. Hence: a Of the usual type or standard, b Below the ordinary standards ; second-rate. 4. Habitual, pro- fessed, or confessed ; as, a comvion scold, nuisance, etc, 5. Gram, a As used of nouns in Latin, Greek, etc.: That may be either masculine or feminine, b See common noun, below. 6. Impure ; unclean. Hare. Syn. General, public, popular, universal; frequent, cus- tomary , usual, familiar ; mediocre, mean , cheap, trite, stale, threadbare, commonplace ; plebeian, inelegant. — Common, ordinary, vuloar. Common as here compared (see general, mutual) implies the lack of distinguishing, conspicuous, or exceptional qualities; positively, it suggests the usual, everyday, or familiar, it often connotes the inferior, ple- beian, or cheap; as, the common herd. Ordinary expresses more definitely accordance with the regular order or run of things. It commonly implies qualities not above, often be- low, the average ; as, above the reach of ordinary men. Vul- gar applies primarily to that which is of the people ; as, the vulgar tongue. As here compared, it connotes lack of re- finement, propriety, or taste ; as, a vulgar remark, eommon council, in a city, the representative (legislative) body, orits lower branch. — c. law. a The general and ordi- nary law of a country or community, as distinguished from its subdivisions, local, equity, etc. b The unwritten law (esp. of England) that is binding because of immemorial usage and universal reception ; — often used in distinction from statute law. Hence, any similarly developed system of jurisprudence. — c. nonn, Gram ., a noun or name noting any one of a class; an appellative ; as, man, ivfiip,day.~ e. Bense, good, sound, ordinary sense ; normal intelligence. — n. 1. The people; community; also, commonalty. Obs. 2 ■ Land held in common, as by all members of a community. COm'znon-ag^e (-aj), n. Bight of pasturing on a common ; state of being held in common ; that which is so held. C0lll'1110Il-al-t7(-(il-ti),n. 1. The common people ; thecom- mons. 2. The body or general membership of a body cor- porate ; as, the mayor and commonalty of London. COni'lllbll-er (-er), n. l. Citizen; burgess. Obs.^exc. specif., amemberof the London Court of Common Council. 2- One of the commonalty. 3. A member of thR House of Com- mons. 4, In some English colleges, as Oxford, a student who pays all university charges. 5- A prostitute. Obs. Gom'mon-ly, adv. of common. See -ly. corn'mon-ness, n. See -ness. com'moil-plaGe' (-plas'), n. 1. Anything common or trite ; esp., a trite remark; platitude. 2. A passage noted iov reference, in a commonplace book. 3. That which is com- monplace. Syn. Commonplace, platitude, truism. A commonplace is a stock idea or expression, often suggesting little more than the obvious and conventional. PLATrruDE adds the suggestion of a flat or trite remark made with an air of im- portance or novelty. A truism is a self-evident truth. — a. Common ; ordinary ; trite. commonplace book. A book in which commonplaces (sense 2) or other matters are noted for reference. COm'mons (k6m%nz), n. pi. 1. Th^ mass of the people, as distinguished from the nobility ; commonalty, 2 . [capj\ The House of Commons ; — usually with the. 3. Provisions for a common table, as in colleges ; fare. ale, senate, cd,re, &m, (xccount, firm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, dbey, drb, 5dd, fl5ft, cSxmect ; usOi finite, ikn, Op, circus, menii; £le, a. compass card. The circular card of a mariner's compass, on which are marked the 32 points. com'pass-es (-Sz ; 24), n. pi. An instrument for describ- ing curves, measuring, etc. See compass, n., 6. com-pas'slon (kdm-pSah'Uu), n. [F., fr. L. compassio, fr. compati to have compassion ; com- ~\-paii to bear, suffer.] Lit., suffering with another ; hence, sorrow or pity ex- cited by another's distress or misfortunes ; sympathy. — Syn. Fellow feeling, mercy, condolence. See pity. COm-pas'slon-ate (-j^n-at), a. 1. Disposed to pity. 2. In- viting pity ; pitiable. Ooa. — Syn. Sympathizing, tender, merciful, pitiful. ^ (-at), v. ^ ; -at'bd (-af Sd) ; -at/ing. To pity; sympathize with. — com-pas'slon-ate-ly, adv. compass plant. Any of several plants whose leaves or branches tend to arrange themselves on the axis so as to indicate the cardinal points of the compass. COm-pat'i-ble (kSm-pStt-b'l), a. [F., deriv. of L. compati. See COMPASSION.] Capable of coexisting in harmony ; — usually followed by w/(A. — Syn, Suitable, agreeable, ac- cordant. See CONSONANT- — com-pat'1-bU'I-ty (-bllT-tX), com-pat'l-Ue-ness, n. — com-paVl-bly, adv. COm-pa'tri-Ot (kam-pa'trl-fit), n. [fr. F., fr. L. compatri- ota; cOTn- -\- pairiota native.] A fellow countryman.— ^ Of the same country. — com-pa'trl-ot'lc (-Stnk), a. com-pear' (k5m-per'), v. i. [fr. F., fr. L. comparere."] To ap- pear. — com-pear'aiioe(-t£ns),n. Both Obs.^exc. Scots Law. COm-peer' (-per'), n, [fr. F., fr. L. compar ; com- -^par equal.] An equal; a peer^ also, companion; mate. — V. t. To be equal with ; match. Rare. corn-pel' (k3m-pEl'), V. t.; -pellbd' (-p51d') ; -pel'ling. [L. compellere, -pulsum, to drive together, compel ; com- -j- pellere to drive.] 1. To drive or urge irresistibly ; constrain. 2. To take by force ; exact. — Syn. Force, oblige, coerce, necessitate, drive, infiuence, move. — com- pella-ble (-d-b'i), adj. — com-pel'ler (-er), n. com'pend (kSm'pend), n. A compendium. C0m4ieil'dl-0as (kiJm-pSn'dT-i2s), a. [L. compendioszis.'] Containing the substance in small compass ; abridged ; sum- marized; — esp. of literary work. — Syn. Short, brief, sum mary, condensed, succinct. See concise. — com-peu'dl- ons-Iy, adv. — com-pen^cLl-ous-ness, n. COm-peiL'dl-am (kfim-pSn'dT-fim), n. ; pi. E. -dicus (-fimz), L. -dia (-d). [L. compendium that which is weighed, saved, or sliortened, a short way, compendere to weigh ; comr- -j- pendere to weigh.] A condensed summary of the main heads of a subject or work. Syn. GoHFENDiUH. abridgment, epitome, abstract, bth- opsis denote large content in compai-ati vely small compass. Compendium implies in general the inclusion within small compass of a large subject or system ; abridgment always implies the reduction to smaller compass of a larger work, with retention of relative completeness ; epitome denotes a concise summary, bymainheadts; an ABSTHACT is asummary of essential points ; a synopsis is such an ordered exhibition of the salient points of a subject or treatise as may be appre- hended at a glance. com'pen-sate (kbm'pSn-sat ; kSm-pSn'sat), v. t. ; -sat/ed (-safSd) ; -sat'ing. [L. compensatus, p. ip. ot compensare, prop., to weigh several things with one another, fr. com- pendere to weigh.] 1. To be equivalent to ; make amends for. 2. To make equal return to; requite suitably. — Syn. Recompense, remunerate, indemnify, counterbalance. See PAY. — V. i. To make amends ; supply an equivalent. _ com'pen-sa'tloil (kflin'pSn-sa'shTin), n. 1. Act or princi- ple of compensating. 2. That which conapensates ; equiv- alent ; recompense ; amends ; remuneration. — Syn. Re- ward, indemnification, requital, satisfaction, set-off. com-pen'sa-tive (kSm-pSn'sd- tTv), a. Compensatory. COm'pen-sa'tor (kSm'pSn-sa'ter), n. One that compen- sates ; — a name applied to various mechanical devices. COm-pen'sa-tO-ry (kdm-pSn'sd-tS-rT), a. Serving for, or to give, compensation; making amends ; making up for loss. COm-pete' (-pef), v. i. ; -pet'ed (-pefSd) ; -pet'ino. [L. compelere, competiium ; com- -\- petere to seek.] To con- tend in emulation or rivalry. com'pe-tence (k5m'pe-tgns) ) n. 1. SuflScient supply. Obs. com'pe-ten-cy (-tSn-st) ' t 2. Means sufficient for com- fort without superfluity. 3- State of being competent. COm^pe-tent (-tint), a. [F. competent^ p. pr. of computer to be in the competency of, L. competere to strive after together, to be qualified. See compete.] 1. Answering to all requirements ; adequate ; fit ; capable. 2. Properly belonging ; — with to. Rare or Legal. 3 Legally quali- fied or capable. — com'pe-tcnt-ly, adv. COm^pe-tl'tion (-tish'iln), n. Act of competing ; emulous contest ; rivalry. Syn. Competition, emulation, rivalry. Competition implies a struggle or contest between two or more persons for the same object ; emulation, an ardent ambition or de- sire to e^ual or excel. Neither term connotes, as a rule, depreciation ; emvlation is commonly regarded as honor- able or praiseworthy ; as, emulation among students incites to industry. Rivalry oftener suggests a personal contest for selfish ends, resulting in envy and jealousy ; as, the ri- valry between those who seek public favor. COm-pet'i-tive (kgm-pgt'I-tTv), a. Of, pertaining to, or based on, competition. — com-pet'1-tive-ly, adv. COm-pet'1-tor (-ter), n. 1. One who competes ; rival. 2. Associate; confederate. Obs. — com-pet'l-tor-sllip^ n. COm'pMa'tlon (kSm'pT-la'sbiin), n. 1. Act or process of compiling. 2- That which is compiled ; esp.^ a literaiy work compiled from other books or documents. COm-pUe' (k3m-pil'), V. t. ; -piled' (-pild') ; -pil'ing (-pH'- fi^). [fr.F.,fr. L. comptVnrf; to plunder.] 1. To collect (literary materials) into a treatise or volume. 2. To com- pose out of existing materials, esp. from other books or doc- uments. 3. To write ; compose. 06*. — com-pll'er, n. COm-pla'cence (pla'-sens) ) n. 1. Calm contentment ; esp., com-pla'cen-cy (-s?n-sT) \ self-satisfaction. 2- Disposi- tion to please ; affability ; complaisance. Syn. Complacency^ COMPLAISANCE. Complacency implies serene self-satisfaction ; complaisance, the desire to induce an agreeable sense of satisfaction in others. com-pla'cent (-sent), a. [L. complocens very pleasing, p. pr. of complncpre ; com- -\-pfacere to please.] 1. Satisfied ; esp., self-satisfied. 2. Feeling or showing complaisance ; obliging. — com-pla'cenMy, adv. com-plaln' (-plan'), v. i. [fr. F., deriv. of L. com--f-p(on- gere to strike, beat the breast in grief, lament.] 1. To give utterance to grief, pain, discontent, or the like. 2. Tnmakeaccusation. — Syn. Repine, grumble, deplore, bewail, crieve, murmur. — GOm-plaln'er, n. com-plain'ant (-ftnt), v. One who makes complaint. ale, senate, c&re, am, nrccount, arm, ask, sof« ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, 6rb, 6dd, B5ft, cdunect ; use, (mite, iim, iip, circus, mecu ; f uud, foot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, Lgk ; ^en, thin ; COMPLAINT 143 COMPOSITION e m e u t, 2 Angle ACB = EXJo. Angle A CD and arc AD&xe the comple- ments respectively of angle DCB and arc DB, and vice versa crai-plalnt' (k3m-plant'), «. 1. Expression of grief, pain, or resentment. 2. Law. A formal allegation or cburgti against a party. 3. Cause or subject of complaint. 4. Ail- ment ; disease. — Syn. Lamentation, murmuring, sorrow, grief ; illness, disorder, malady. COm'plal-sance' (kQm'plS-z&ns^ ; kdm-pla'zifnB), n. Dis- position to please ; obliging compliance..— Syn. Civility, courtesy, atfability, good breeding. See complacency. COm'plal-sant' (-zanf; -zdnt), a. [F. complaisant^ p. pr. of complaire to acquiesce as a favor, fr. L. coinplacei'e. See COMPLACENT.] Disposed to please ; courteous ; obliging. — Syu. See civil. — com'plal-aant^ ly, adv. com'ple-ment (kSm'pU-mgnt), 7?. a [L. complementmn. See complete.] 1. That which completes or is com- plete ; as : a The added word complet- ing a predication; as in, they made Saul king, b The quantity or num- ber required to fill out or complete a thing ; also, full quantity, number, or amount ; full allowance, c One of two parts necessary to a perfect whole. 2. The amount of atigle or arc by which a given angle or arc falls short of 90°. 3. A compliment. 06*. — com^ple-men'tal (-mSu'tai), a. — com'ple-men'ta-ry (-td-rl), a. Syn. Complement, supplement. A complement is that which makes up or supplies a deficiency ; it often implies two things which mutually complete each other and to- f ether constitute a whole. Supplement implies an addi- ion to what has already relative completeness; it does not imply a mutual dependence of the parts. COm'ple-ment^ (kSm'ple-mSnf; k5m/ple-mSnt'), r. t. 1. To supply a lack. 2. (Also v. ?'.) = compliment. 06*. com-plete' (k3m-plet'), a. [L. completus, p. p. of complere to fill up; com- + plpre to fill.] 1. Filled up ; with no part lacking. 2. Concluded ; completed. 3. Perfectly equipped or skilled. — Syu. Entire, perfect, total. See WHOLE. —u. t. ; -plet'ed (-plet'Sd); -plet'ing. To bring to entirety or perfection ; perfect; fulfill; finish. — Syn. Perform, execute ; terminate, conclude, end ; achieve, real- ize, effect, consummate,* accomplish, etfectuate. — com- pletely, fuio. — com-plete'ness, n. COnt-ple'tion (-ple'shun), n. Act of making, or state of being, complete. — COm-ple'tlve (-tlv), a. coni'plex (kSm'plgks), a, [L. complexus, p. p. of complecti to entwine around, comprise; coin- -j- plectere to twist.] 1. Composed of two or more parts ; not simple. 2. Com- plicated ; intricate. — Syn. Implicated, entangled, twist- ed, interlaced, mazy, perplexed, complex, involved. — n. A whole made up of complicated or interrelated parts. COm-plex'lon (kdm-plSk'shun), n. [F., fr. L. complexio. See COMPLEX, a.] 1. The combination in a certain pro- portion of the qualities kol, moist, cold, dry, in medieval times supposed to determine the nature of a body, plant, etc. ; also, the analogous combination of the four bodily humors (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile). Hist. 2. Constitution or habit of body or mind; temperament. 3. Hue of the skin, esp. of the face. 4. General appearance. — com-plex'ion-al (-S1), a.~com-plez'loned (-sh&nd), a. com-plex'l-ty (-sT-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). 1, State of being complex. 2. That which is complex ; a complication. com'plex-ly, adv. of complex. See -lt. com-pll'a-ble (k^m-pll'ti-b'l), a. Apt to yield ; compliant. COm-pU'ance (-ffins), n. 1, Act of complying ; yielding ; conformity. 2. Disposition to yield; complaisance. — Syn, Concession, submission, consent, obedience, performance, acquiescence, assent. — com-pli'an-cy (-ftn-sT), n. com'pU'ant (-/int), a. Complaisant. —Syn. See obedi- ent. — com-pU'ant-ly, adv. COm'pJl-ca'CY(kQm'pli'kd-st), n. ; pi. -cies (-sTz). State or quality of being complicate or intricate. COm'pU-cate (-kat), a. [L. compUcalus, p. p. of compli- care to fold together ; com — \-plicare to fold.] Complex ; complicated. — (-kat), v. t. ; -catted ; -cat/jng. To fold or twist together ; combine so as to make intricate or difficult. COm'pU-ca'tlon (-ka'sbi^n), n. Act of complicating ; state of being complicated ; intricate or confused relation of parts ; complexity. COm'pllce (kSm'plts), n. [F-t fr. L. complex^ -plioiSt con- federate.] An associate ; accomplice. ArchaiG. com-pllc'1-ty (kOm-plIal-tt), n. ; pi. -tibb (-tlz). 1. State of being an accomplice. 2. Complexity. com-pU'er (-pU'er), n. One who complies. com'pll-ment (kSm^plT-mgut), n. [F., through It. & Sp. fr. L. coiuplere to fill up.] 1. A ceremonious expression of approbation, civility, or admiration ; a flattering speech or attention, 2. A ceremonious greeting ; — usually in pi. Syn. Praise, commendation, encomium; blandishment, ob- sequiousness, servility, sycophancy. — Compliment, flat- tery, adulation. A compliment is a courteous expression of commendation, whether sincere or merely formiQ. Flat- tery is never sincere ^ it plays on self-love or vanity by art- ful or obsequious praise. Adulation is servile and fulsome flattery. Com'pU-menV (kSm'plT-mSnt' ; kSm'plT-mSnt'), v- 1, 1. To make or pay a compliment to. 2. To present (one with something) by way of compliment. ^ v. i. To use or pass compliments. — Syn, Praise, flatter, adulate, commend. — com'pll-meii'ta-ry (-td-rl), a. Gom'pUn I (kSm'plTn), n. [iv. OF,, fr. HL. completa the com'pllne f religious exercise which closes the day's serv- ice.] The last division of the Homau Catholic breviary; the seventh and last of the canonical hours of the Western Church ; the last prayer of the day, to be said after sunset. com'plot (-plSt), n. [F,] A plotting together. corn-plot' (k3m-pl5t'), V. I. <&: 1. To conspire. COm-ply' (k9m-pll'), V. i. ; -plied' (-plid') ; -ply'inq. 1. To be ceremoniously courteous. Ohs. 2. To yield or acquiesce; consent ; conform. com-po'nent (-po'ngnt), a. [L, componeTu, p. pr, of com- ponere. See compound, v. <.] Serving or helping to form ; composing ; constituent. ^ n. A component part. Syn, Component, constituent, ingredient, element. Component applies to the parts which make up a com- pound ; constituent, so far as it differs from component {with which it is often exactly synonymous), connotes more definitely the essential or formative character of the parts. Ingredient primarily suggests a mixture (such as a drink, a medicine) rather than a compound. Element adds to the idea of constituent jparts or principles the sug- gestion of certain basic or ultimate qualities, esp. as ap- plied to immaterial or intangible things. corn-port' (-port' ; 57), V. t. [fr. F,, fr, LL,, fr. L. compor- tare to bring together; com- -\~portare to carry. ] To carry; conduct ; — with a reflexive pronoun. — v. i. To agree, accord, or suit (with). COm-port'ment (-mSut), n. Behavior ; deportment. com-pose' (-poz'), v. t. -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'ing (-poz'- Tng). \^. composer ; coTn- +po5erto place.] 1. To form by putting together ; fashion or construct, as a sentence, a symphony, or a picture. 2. To constitute; in the passive, to be made up (of). 3. Print. To set (type). 4. To adjust, regulate, or arrange. 5. To calm ; quiet ; esp., to dispose or adjust, as one's self or one's mind, to calmness, —v. i. 1, To practice composition, as of literary or musical work, or In printing. 2. To come to terms. Obs. COm-pOSed' (-pozd'), p. a. 1, Put together well or with art. Obs. 2. Free from agitation, — Syn. See cool. — com-poB'ed-ly (-poz'Sd-iT), adv. — com-pos'ed-nesa, n. COm-pOS'er (-poz'er), n. One who composes ; specifically, an author ; esp.^ a writer of music. COm-pOS'lte (k3m-p5z'Tt ; kQm'po-zTt), a. [L. compositus, p. p. of componere. See compound, v. t.'] 1. Made up of distinct parts or elements; compounded. 2. [cap.'] Arch. Belonging to a modification of the Corinthian order combining the Ionic volutes with the Corinthian acanthus- circled bell. See 2d CAPITAL, ii^wj/.; ORDER. 3, .^o^ Having florets borne in dense involucrate hpads resembling single flowers, as the daisy, aster, etc. — composite number, Math. a product of two or more integers each greater than 1. — n. A composite thing ; a composition, combination, or com- pound. — Syn, See aggregate. — com-pos'itc-lyi adv. COm'po-Sl'tion (kBm'po-zTsli'/ln), n. L. Act or art of com- posing ; as : a Art or practice of writing, b Fine Arts. Art or practice of combining the parts of a work of art to form a harmonious whole, c Prird. The setting up 6f type. 2. Mannerof being composed; also, of persons, con- stitution, esp. of the mind. 3 ■ State or quality of being put together; conjunction. 4. Consistency. Obs. 5. An aggre- gate or body formed by combination; acomposite substance. 6. A literary, musical, or artistic production, esp. one show- ing care in arrangei;nent; often, an essay or translation done as an educational exercise. 7. An agreement, esp. to settle differences; terms of settlement; compromise. natiire, verdure (87) ; K = eh in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh == z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. £xplBnatlona of Abbreviations, Slgnit etc, precede Vocabulary* U Foreign Word* + combined with. = equolsr COMPOSITOR 144 CONCEIT OOm-pOB'i-tor (k9m-p5z'I-ter . n. One who composes; esp., one who sets type. COm'pos men'tis (k5m'p5s mSn'tls). [L.] Law. Being of sound mind, memory, and understanding. COm'pOSt (k5m'po8t), n. [OF., fr. L. compositus, p. p. Bee COMPOSITE.] X. A composition ; compound. 2- A mix- ture for fertilizing, es^. one composed of peat, leaf mold, manure, lime, or the like, mingled and decompoBed. GOzn-po'SIire (kSm-po'zhur),n. l. Frame ; temperament. Obs. 2. Calmness; repose. 3> A union; bond. Obs. — Syn. See equaniuitt. COm^pO-ta'tion (kSm^pd-ta'sh^n), n* [L. compotaiio ; com- + polare to drink.] A drinking or tippling together. 00m'pote{k5m'pot),n. [F. ^ It. OF. composte. Cf. compost.] A preparation of fruit in whole, halves, etc., in airup. COU'pound (-pound), n, [Ma,lay kampung a village-] In the East Indies, etc., an incloaure containing a house, out- buildings, etc., esp. one occupied by foreigners. COm-pound' (kj!m- pound'), v. t. & i. [L. componere^ -posi- tum; com- ■\-ponere to put.] 1. To put or unite together into a whole, or to form in this way ; combine ; mix. 2. To ad just by agreement ; compromise ; specif., to accept a consid- eration for forbearing prosecution of (a felony). oom'pound (kSm'pound), a. 1. Composed of, or formed by union of, several elements or parts; composite. 2. Gram. Being a compound ; as, a compound word, compound flower, the heEid of flowers in a composite plant. — c. Interest, interest both on the original principal aud on accrued interest from the time it fell due. — c. leaf, Bot.^ a leaf consisting of two or more distinct leaflets on a com- mon axis, as in pinnate and palmate leaves. — c. nmnber, J/a/A., a number involving different denominations, or more than one unit, as 3 yds. 2fL 5 in. — c. sentence. Gram., a sen- tence having two or more subjects, predicates, or clauses, es^. one having coordinate principal clauses, as distin- guished from a complex sentence. •— n. 1. That which is formed by union or mixture of ele- ments or parts ; a composition. 2- A substance formed by chemical union of ingredients in definite proportions by weight. 3. A word formed of two or more elements, esp. of two or more distinct words. — Syn. See aooreoate. OOm^pra-dor', -dore' (k5m'prd-d6r'; k5m'prd-dor'), n. [Pg. comprador a buyer.] A Chinese agent, adviser, and facto- tum employed by a foreign establishment to deal with the Chinese, in China, the Philippines, etc. Ctnu^pre-liend' (kSm'pre-hSnd'), V, t. [L. eomprehendere, -kensum; com.- -\- prehendere to grasp.] 1. Toapprehend the meaning of; understand. 2. To contain; embrace; Include. 3. To include by construction or implication ; imply. — Syn. Comprise, inclose, embody, involve; imag- ine, conceive, grasp. See contain. OOm^pre-hen'sl-ble (-hSn'sT-b'l), a. Capable of being com- ?rehended; intelligible. — com'pre-hen^Sl-bll'l-ty (-bil'- -tt), n. — com'pre-hen'sl-bly, adv. COm/pre-ben'sion (-shun), n. 1. Act of comprehending, containing, or comprising. 2. Power, act, or process of grasping with the intellect ; understanding ; perception. com^pre-hen'slve (-sTv), a. 1. Including much. 2. Of wide comprehension, or mental grasp. — Syn. Extensive, wide, large, full, compendious. — COin'pre-heil'Slve-ly, adv. — com^pre-ben'slve-nesB, n. corn-press' (kSm-prSs'), v. t. [fr. OF , f r. L. compressaret freq. of L. comprimere to compress; com^ -\- premere to press,] To press or squeeze together ; condense. — Syn. Consolidate, compact, abridge. See condense. com'press (kSm'prSs), n. 1. Med. A folded cloth or pad applied to a part, esp. with a bandage to give due pressure. 2. An apparatus for compressing cotton bales, etc. COm-presS'i-ble (kiim-prSs'T-b'l), o. Capable of being com- pressed. — oom-press'i-bll1-ty (-T-bTi'T-tt), v. GOm-pres'slon (-prSsh'iJn), n. Act of compressing ; state of being compressed. com-pres'slve (-prSsTv), a. Tending to compress. com-prls'al (-priz'ai), n. Alsocom-prlz'al(-priz'al). Act of comprising or comprehending ; hence, an epitome. com-prlse', com-prize' (-priz'), v. t. ,- -prised', -prized' (-prizd') ; -PRis'iNO, -PRiz'iNG (-priz'Tng). [F. compris, p. p. of comprendre^ L. cojnprehendere. Bee comprehend.] To comprehend or include. — Syn. Embrace, include, compre- hend, encircle, inclose, involve, imply. See contain. COm'pro-mlse (kSm'prd-mlz), n. [fr. F., fr. L. compro- missum a mutual promise to abide by an award, deriv. of C0771- -\- promiitere to promise.] 1. A settlement reached by mutual concessionB. 2. A prejudicial concession ; sur- render ; as, a compromise of character. 3. The result of concession or adjustment ; hence, CoUoq.y a thing interme- diate between two UiHerent things. — v. t. ; -uiSED(-mizd); -uis^iNO (-miz'Tug). 1. To bind by mutual agreement, Obs. 2- To adjust and settle by mutual concessions. 3. To im- peril or injure (the reputation, credit, interests, or tlie like, of a person) by exposure to suspicion, discredit, or evil. ^ V. i. To come to agreement by concession. compt (kount), compt'a-bIe,etc. Obs. variants of couNT,ete. COmp-troller (kJ!n-troI'er), n. [erroneous for controllrr.] A controller; a public officer whose duty it is to examine and certify accounts. — comp-trol'ler-sblp, n. com-pul'sa-to-ry (kdm-pQl'sO'to-rT), a. Compulsory. Ra7-e. GOm-pUl'slon (-shiln), n. 111. compulsio. Bee compel.] Act of compelling ; state of being compelled ; eubjection to force. — Syn. See force. COzn-pnl'Sive (-sTv), a. Compelling ; exercising compul- sion. — com-pul'slve-Iy, adv. — com-pul'slve-ness, n. C0lll-pUl'S0-ry(-8d-rT),r/. l. Obligatory ; enforced. 2. Com- pulsive. —com-pill'SO-rMy,adi'.—coni-pnl'SO-rl-neSB,n. GOm-pnnc'tlon (-pHijk'shfin), n. [OP., fr.li, comjmnctio, fr. compungere, -punctum, to prick ; com- -\- pungere to prick, sting.] Poignant uneasiness due to a sense of guilt; remorse ; now often, mere regret for slight wrong. — Syn. See regret. — GOm-punc'tlOUS (-slms), a. COm^piir-ga'tion (kSm'piSr-ga'shfin), n. [L. compurgation fr. computgare to purify wholly.] Lair. The clearing of an accused person by the oaths of persons who swear to liis ve- racity or innocence. — com'pur-ga'torCk5m'pQr-ga'ter),n. COm-put'a-bIe(ki!m-put'd-b'l, k5m'pu-td-b']), a. Capable of being computed. — COm-puVa-bU'l ty (-hllT-tT), «. GOm'pU-ta'tlon (kSm'pfi-ta'shiin), n. 1. Actor process of computing. 2. Result of such act or process. — Syn. Reckoning, calculation, estimate, account. Gom-pute' (kdm-puf ), V. t. &. 7. / -put'ed (-put'ed) ; -put'- iNG. IL. compuiare. See count, v. <.] To determine by cal- culation; reckon — Syn. Number, estimate, enumerate. — com-pnt'er (-pufer), n. GOm'zade (kSm'rSd; -rad), n. [Sp. camarada, fr. L. cama- ra, camera, chamber, cliamber fellow.] Orig., a cliamber fellow ; hence, a mate ; companion. — GOm'rade-sbip, n. Co'mns (ko'mfis), n. [L., fr. Gr. kwju.o; a revel.] liom. Myth. The god of festive joy and mirth, represented as a winged youth with face flushed with wine. In Milton*B " Comus," he is a son of Circe and Bacchus, aud tries to entrap the innocent by his "brewed enchantments." GOn (k5n), V. t. ; conned (kSnd) ; con'nihg. [orig. same as can am able, perh. also confused somewhat with ME. cunnen to try, AS. cunnian.'\ To study ; commit to mem- ory; regard studiously. con, adv. [abbr. from L. contra against.] Against; on the negative side ; — the antithesis of pro. — n. The opposing argument, voter, etc. con, conn, v. t. & i. [fr. P., fr. L. conduc^^e. See conduct.] ^azU. To conduct or superintend the steering of (a vessel). con-. A prefix meaning wilfi, together. See com-. COn-cat'e-nate (k6n-kSt'e-nat), V. t. ; -nat/ed (-nat'Sd) ; -nat'ing. [L. concatenaius, p. p. of concatenare to concat- enate.] To link together ; unite in a series or chain. — Gon-cat'e-na'tlon (na'shun), n. con'cave (kSn'kav), a. [L. coneavus ; con- + cavus hollow.] 1. Hollow; void. 06*. 2. Hollow and curved or rounded; — said of the interior of a curved surface or line. — n. A concave line or surface. — v. t. con'caved (-kavd) ; con'- CAV-iNG (-kav-Tng). To make concave. — con-cav'l-ty (kSn-kSva-tl), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). GOn-ceal' (k3n-sel'), V. /. [fr. OF., fr. L. concelare ; con- -\- celare to hide.] To hide or withdraw from observation or sight; withhold knowledge of. — Syn. SeeniDE — con- ceal'a-ble, a. — con-ceal'ment (-mfnt), n. s con-cede' C-sed'), v. t. ; -ced'ed (-sed'Sd) ; -ced'ing. [L. con- cedere, coTwessum ; con- -f cedere to yield.] 1. To yield or suffer to pass ; surrender ; admit to be true ; acknowledge. 2. To grant, as a privilege. — v. i. To yield; make con- cessions. — Syn. Allow, surrender. See grant. con-celt' (-set'), n. [ME. conseyte, vonceyte, conceipt.'] 1. Conception ; personal judgment or opinion ; as, wise in one's own conceit. 2. Favorable opinion ; — esp. in : out oj conceit with, dissatisfied with ; and conceit of one^s self, self-confidence. 3. An overweening pride ; vanity. 4. A fanciful, odd, or extravagant notion; a witty thought or turn ale, senate, c&re, &in, account, iirm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, end, recent, maker ; ice, HI ; old, dbey, drb Add adft, cSnnect ; use, Onltei ^n, &p, circus, xnenii ; food, fdbt ; oat, oil ; cbair ; go ; Bins, U)k ; tben, thin ! CONCEITED 145 CONCLUDE of expresBion ; whimi quip. 5. Imagination ; lively fancy. — Syn. See pride. — w. i. 1. To conceive; apprehend. Obs. 2. To imagine ; suppoBe. Archaic. 3. To take a fancy to. Obs. or Dial, 4. To think to (one's self) ; flat- ter (one's self). — v. i. To form an idea ; think. Obs, oon-ceit'ed (ktJn-aet'ed), a. 1 Intelligent ; imaginative ; clever. Obs. 2. Having a flattering opinion of one's self ; vain. 3. Whimsical; notional. 06s. or 2)iai.— Syn, Vain, proud, opinionated, egotistical. — con'Celt'ed-ly,a(^v. GOn-celV'a-ble (-sev'd-b'l), a Capable of being conceived, imagined, or understood. — G0n-ceiv'a-1)U'l-ty (-btl'I-tl), con-celv'a-ble-nesB, n^ — con-celv'a-bly, adv. GOn-GOlve' (-aev'), V, t. ; -CEiVED' (-sevd') ; -cbiv'ing. [fr. OF., fr. L. concipere, -ceptum, to take, conceive ; con- -\- capere to seize.] 1. To become pregnant with ; produce in the womb. 2 To take into one's mind ; form a concep- tion of ; imagine. 3. To comprehend; understand. Syn. Think, suppose, fancy, suspect. — Conceive, imaghne, REALIZE (in their nontechnical uses) imply the formation of a mental representation. Conceive suggests the appre- hension or grasping of something aa a notion ; imagine, its more or less definite picturing as an image ; as, one can con- ceive., but scarcely imaffine, a world of four dimensions. Conceive is often used in modest, imagine^ in vague, indef- inite, and (really or ironically) cautious expressions of opin- ion; as, there is, I conceive, a better plan; I imagine his case is the worst. To realize is to bring before the mind as real ; as, shadowy forms which the imagination realizes. — V. i. X. To become pregnant. 2. To have a conception, idea, or opinion ; think. con-cent' (-s5nf), n. ■ [L. concentus, deriv. of con- + canere to sing.] Concert of voices ; harmony. Archaic. COn-cen'ter I (-sSn'ter), v. t. & i. To draw or direct to a COn-cen'tre f common center ; concentrate. Gon'cen-trate (kSn'sSn-trat; kdn-sSn'trat), v. t. dk i.; -teat'- En (-traVfid) ; -trat'ing. [cow- -f-L. centrum center.] 1. To bring to, or direct or approach toward, or have, a common center ; gather into one body or force ; fix. 2. To increase in strength by diminishing bulk or by purifying ; condense. — Syn. Consolidate, compact, intensify. See condense. COn'cen-tra'tion (kSn^sgn-ti-a'ahi^u), n. 1. Act of concen- trating ; state of being concentrated. 2. Specifically, close mental application, absorption, or exclusive attention. 3. Result of concentrating ; something concentrated. con-cen'tra-tive (k3n-s§n'tra-tlv), a. Serving to concen- trate ; marked by concentration. cen'tra-tive-ness, n. con'cen-tra''tor (kSn'sen-tra'ter), n. One that concentrates. COn-cen'trlC (k5n-s5n'trTk) 1 a. Having a common center. con-cen'trl-cal (-tri-kai) ( — con-cen'trl-cal-ly, adv — con'cen-trlc'1-ty (k5n's2n-trTsT-tI), n. COn'cept (kSn'sSpt), n. [L. conceplus, fr. concipere to con- ceive.] A notion, thought, or mental impression ; an idea. con-cep'tlon (k^n-sSp'shun), n. 1. Actof becoming preg- nant ; state of being conceived. Fig. : Beginning. 2. That which is conceived; esp., the embryo or fetus. 3. Power or function of forming abstract and universal ideas. 4. The image, idea, or notion of anything formed in the mind. — Syn. Idea, notion, apprehension, comprebenaion. COn-ceil'tn-al (-t5-Sl),a. [see concept.] Oi or pertaining to conception or concepts. — con-cop'tn-al-ly, adv. con-cern' (-sGm'), v. t. [fr. F., fr. LL., fr. L. concemere to mix together ; eon- + cemei'e to separate, sift, perceive, see.] 1. To relate or belong to ; to affect the interest of. 2. To engage by feeling or sentiment ; make anxious , in- terest ; — usually reflexive or passive. Syn. Concern, affect. Concern implies the bearing or influence, affect, the direct operation or action, of one thing on another. — V. i. To be of importance. Obs. — n. X. That v/hicli telatesor belongs to one; business ; affair. 2. That which affects the welfare or happiness ; interest. 3. Regard ; solicitude. 4. A business organization. 5. A contrivance or thing, esp. one that causes some difficulty or perplexity. — Syn. Anxiety; mattT; moment. See care. GOn-cern'an-cy (-sQr'nan-sT), n. Concernment. Obs. COn-cern'lng^, n. Concern ; business. Oh.i. COn-cern'lng, prep. Pertaining to ; regarding. COII-ceTn'nient(-sQrn'milnt), n. 1. That in which one is con- cerned ; concern. Archaic. 2. Relation , bearing. 3- Im- portance ; consiqufince. 4. Solicitude; anxiety. COn-cert' (-sGrf), v. t. & i. [fr. F., fr. It., prob. fr. L. con- ceriare to oontand; eon- -^eertare tn strive.] 1. To plan to- gether; S'^ttle by agreement. 2. To plan ; devise : arrange. COn'Gert (k5n'8ert), n. 1. Agreement in a design or plan ; Concertma. Small Conch of Florida, (i) -at'bd (-at'fid) ; -A'H'xng. simultaneous action. 2. Musical accord or harmony. 3. A musical entertainment in which several voices or instru- ments take part, COn'Gor-ti'na (kSn^ser-tS'nd), n. A small musical instrument on the principle of the accordion. II CGn-GOr'tO (kgn-ch6r't5 ; kiSn- sfir'-), n. ; pi. -tos (-tSz). [It.] Miisic. A composition in which one instrument (or, sometimes, more than one) stands out in bold relief. con-ces'slon(k(;n-sgsh'an),n.l.Act of conceding or yielding ; admis- sion. 2. Athingyielded ; acknowl- edgment ; admission ; grant. — Gon-cea'slve {-sSs'Tv), a. conch(k5nk;aZ£0, kSncli orkSnsh),^. ;pl. conchs (kSijks); CONCHES (kSn'chSz; -shSz ; 24). [L. concha, Gr. /cdyx')*] Any of various large, spiral, marine shells. Conchs are often converted into a kind of horn. con'cha (k5i)'kd), n. ; pi. -chm (-ke). [seecoNCH.] The external ear ; also, the deep concavity of the external ear. See ea.r, Illusi. ' con-choi'dal (kSn-koi'ddi), a. [fr. Gr., fr. Koyx^i + ei5o? form.] Min. Having elevations or de- pressions in form like one half of a bivalve shell ; — chiefly of sur- faces produced by fracture. con-clioro-gy (k5i)-k5i'6-jT), n. Iconch -f- -logy.'] ZoSIogy deal- ing with shells or moUusks. — Gon-chol'0-glst (-jTst), n. II Gon^clerge' (keN'sySrzh'), n. [F.] In France (and other for- eign countries) a doorkeeper ; janitor. ' con-clll-ate (ktJn-sTlT-at), v. t., [L. conciliatus, p. p. of conciliare to draw together, unite, fr. conciYmm council.] 1. To gain (good willorfavor, etc.). 2. To render accordant; reconcile. 3- To win over from hostility ; gain the good will of. — Syn. Reconcile, propi- tiate, appease. See pacipt. — con-ClH-a'tlon (-a'shiin), n. — con-cUl-a^tor C-a'ter), n. — con-cU'l-a-tlve (-a-tlv), a. GOn-cU'l-a-tO-ry (-d-to-rt), o. Tending to conciliate. COn-Gise' (-sis'), a. [L. condsiLs cut off, short, p. p. of con- cidfire to cut to pieces; con- -\- caedere to cut.] Express- ing much in few words ; condensed ; brief. — COn-clsely, adv. — con-clse'ness, n. Syn. Summary, comprehensive, pregnant ; pointed, neat, pithy, crisp. — Concise, terse, succinct, compendious, sen- tentious, LACONIC, curt agree in the idea of brevity in speech. Concise (tbe opposite of diffuse) implies clean-cut brevity, attained by excision of the superfluous; as, " that energy of epithet, so concise and telling." Terse adds to concise the implication of finish, elegance, or point; as, ler.se as an epigram. Succinct implies compression, often with a touch of crispneas. Compendious emphasizes rather the large or weighty inclusiveness of the matter summarized; as, man is a cowpendious image of the world. Sententious suggests the pithiness of an aphorism; as, the Chinese are grave and sKntcnlinus. Laconic implies a certain disdain for mere words and a determination to use no more of them than may be necessary; itoften suggests pithiness and some- times brusqueness; as in Caesar's " Veni, vidi, vici " (I came, I saw, I conquered). Curt denotes excessive brevity or rude conciseness ; as, a curt answer. COn-Gl'slon(-sTzh'fln), n. 1- A cutting off. 2. Conciseness. COn'Glave (kSn'klav), n. [F., fr. L. conclave a room that may be locked up; con--\-clavis\iey.'\ 1. A set of rooms in which the Roman Catholic cardinals are secluded while choosing a pope. 2. The meeting of cardinals to choose a pope ; hence, the bcdy of cardinals. 3. A private meeting. COn-Clude' (k^n-klood' ; 86), v. t. ; -clud'ed (-klood'Sd) ; -cLtro'iNG. [L. concludere^ -clusum. ; con- + claudere to shut,] 1. To include ; confine. Obs. 2. To bring to an end ; close ; finish. 3. To reach as an end of reasoning ; infer, as from premises. 4. To bring about as a result , effect. — Syn. Decide, determine, arrange, settle ; ter- minate, end. Spe close. — v. i. 1. To come to an end , terminate. 2. To form a final judgment ; to reach a deci- sion or agreement. — Syn. See infer. natiire, verdure (87); K = chinG.ich,ach (501; boN; yet; zh= z in azure. Numbers refer to § ExplBiiatiuiiR of Abbrevlatlonst fil«:nB, etc, precede Voeabulary. || Foreign Word. -(■ combined with. in Guide. = ei)U(i|fi, CONCLUSION 146 CONDITION OOd-oln'slon (kSn-kloo'zhi^n ; 86), n. 1. The last part of anything ; close ; end. Z. Fiual decisiou ; reautt , outcome. 3. The aumming up of a discourse 4. An inference ; a reasoned judgment. — Syn. Deduction, consequence. OOn-dU'slve (-aiv), a. Futtine/au end to debate or ques- tion ; decisive ; fiual. — Syn, Ultimate, conviuciugi unan- swerable. — con-clu'slve-ly, adv. — ^con-clu'sive-aess, n. 00|l-COCt' (-kBkf), V. t. [L. concoctuSf p. p. of concoquere to cook together, digest ^ con- + coguere to cook.] 1, To di- gert. 065. 2. To perfect or refine by heat. 06s. 3. To prepare by combining ingredients ; to invent ; make up. — con-coct'er, n. — con-ooc'tlve (tlv), a. con-coc'tlon (-kSk'Hhi2u), n. Act of concocting ; that which is concocted. con-coml-tance (-kSm'I-tana) t n. State, fact, or instance con-coml-tan-cy (-tfin-st) ) of being concomitant. COn-com^l-tant (-t^ut), a. [L. concomitans, p. pr. of con- comiiari to accompiuiy ; con- -fr comiiaTt to accompany, comes companion.] Accompanying ; conjoined ; attending. Syn. Attendant, accessory; coincident, synchronous. — Concomitant, concurrent. Concomitant emphasizes the idea of attendance or association; concursbnt, that of syn- chronous existence, often of cooperation. — 71. That >vhich accompanies. — COU-COIll'l-tailt-ly, adv. COn'COrd (koq'kdrd ; k5u'-), n. [fr. F., fr. L. eoncordia, fr. concors agreeing ; con- -\- cor, cordis, heart.] 1. State of agreement ; harmony. 2. Agreement by stipulation ; cove- nant ; treaty. 3. Miisic. An agreeable combination ol tones simultaneously beard ; harmony. 4- Gram. Agree- ment in inflection between words grammatically connected, aa in gender, number, person, case. oon-oord'ance (kdu-kdr'dans), n. 1. Agreement ; accord- ance. 2. An alphabetical index of the principal words in a l)ook, showing the places in the text where each word may be found, with its immediate context in each place. ^on-GOrd'aut (-dant), a. Agreeing ; correspondent ; har- monious. — con-Gord'ant-ly, adv. OOn-COr'dat (-kSr'dat), n. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. concordare to Agree, bring into union.] 1. A compact; covenant. 2. An agreement between the Pope and a government for regulat- ing ecclesiastical matters. Oon-cor'dl-a (k5n-k8r'dT-d), n. [L.] Roman Relig. Con- cord, a goddess to whom temples were dedicated, usually at the conclusion of peace after civil war. OOn-COr'po-rate (-po-rat), v. t.&i.\ -bathed (-rat'Sd) ; -EAT'- INO. To unite in one body ; incorporate. Archaic. OOn'COUrse (kSq^ors ; kSn'- ; 57), n. [fr. F., fr. L. con- curstis^ fr. concurrere to run together.] 1. A flocking together, as of people ; any moving, flowing, or running to- gether. 2. An assemblage ; gathering. 3. An openspacOf as in a park, where several roads or paths meet. GOn'crete (kSn'kret ; kSn-kret'), a. [L. concretus, p. p. of concrescere to grow together ; con- -)- ercscere to grow.] X' United in growth; compounded or coalesced. 2 . Of the nature of, or characterized by, direct experience ; belong- ing to actual things or events ; real ; not abstract, ideal, or general; as, the taste of sugar is a concrete example of sweet- ness. 3. Specific in application; particular ; — opp. to a&- stract or general. — Syn. SeesPECiAL.^-n. 1. Amassformed by concretion of particles. 2 . A mixture of sand, gravel, or the like, vrith cement or tar, etc., used for sidewalks, bnild- ings, etc. — con'crete-ly, adv. — con'crete-ness, n. GOn-crete' (k3n-kret'), V. t. ; -crbt'bd (-kret'Sd); -OREi/niro. 1. To form into a mass, as by cohesion or coalescence ; solidify. 2. To cover with, or form of, concrete, —v. i. To unite or coalesce; to solidify, harden, or congeal. COn-cre'tion (kdn-kre'shtJn), n. Act or procet^.s of concret- ing ; state of being concreted ; also, a concreted mass. OOn-CU'bl-nage (-ku'bT-naj), n. The cohabiting of a man and a concubine ; state of being a concubine. coa'cn-lilne (k5n'kii-bin), n. [F., fr. L. coneubina; con- + cubarp. to lie down,] A woman who cohabits with a man without being his wife. Oon-ca'pls-oence (k5n-ku'pT-sSns), n. Sexual lust. GOn-CU'plB-ceilt (-sfnt), a. [L. concv-piacenSt p. pr. of con- cupiscere., deriv. of con- -\-eupere to desire.] Lustful, COn-CU'pls-cl-ble (-st-b'l), a. Concupiscent. GOn-cnr' (kSn-kfir'), v. i.; -cnRRED' (-kfirdO; -cur'ring. [L. concurrerF. to run together, i^ree ; con- -{■ currere to run.l 1. To run together ; meet. 06s. 2 Toactjointly ; combine. 3. To unite or agree (in nature, opinion, etc.); accord. 4- To assent ; consent. Ohs. — Syn. Combine, coincide, acquiesce, approve. See agree. con-cur'rence(k(Sn-kar'«ns),7i. i. Autofconcunii.t.. 2. a coincidence, as of equal jurisdiction. 3. (Jtuui. Tu^ meet- ing of lines, surfaces, etc.;alBO, a point common to three or more Ituea. con-cur'rent (-2nt), a. 1. Running together ; conjoined ; asuociuce; existing or happening at the same time. 2. Meet- ing iu, or directed to, the same point; as, concurrent lines. 3. Actingiu conjunction ; agreeing; cooperating. 4- Joint and equal iu authority or jurisdiction. — Syn , Uniting, ac- companying, coincident, united. See concomitant. — n. 1. One that concurs; contributory cause. 2- ScotsLaw. An attendant upon a sheriff's ofllcer. — con-cur'rent-ly, adv. COn-CUS'sion (-kQsh'wn), n. [L. concussio^ fr. concutere^ -cus5U/«,to6hake violently; con- -f- guaiere to shake.] 1. A shaking ; agitation ; shock of collision. 2. Med. A condi- tion of lowered functional activity, without visible structur- al change, produced in an organ by a shock, — Syn. See SHOCK. — con-cus'slve (-kas'Iv), «. con-demn' C-dSm'), v. t. ; -demned' (dfimd) ; -dbmh'ing (-dfiming ; -dSm'nIng). [L. cimdemnare ; con- + damnarc to condemn.] 1. To pronounce to be wrong ; censure. 2. To pronounce guilty ; also, to sentence ; doom. 3. To fine ; amerce; — with in. Ohs. or Bib. 4. To pronounce to be unfit for use ; adjudge to be forfeited, or taken for pub- lic use by right of eminent domain. — Syn. Blame, reprove, reproach, upbraid; convict. See censure. dem'lia-ble (-dSm'na-b'l), a. aemn''er (-dSm'er ; -dSui'iier), n, Gon'deni-na'tion(k5n'dSm-na'ehiin),n 1. Act of condemn- ing, state of being condemned. 2.. Ground or reason for condeoming. — con-dem'na-tO-ry tk3n-d6m'nd-t6-rY), a. COn-den'sa-llle (-dSn'sd-bU), a. That can be condensed. COn'den-Ba'tlon(k8nMgn-sa'Bhun), n. A ct or process of con- densing or of being condensed ; state of being condensed ; also, a product of condensation. C0n-denBe'(ken-d5ns'), v. t. d: i.; -densed' (-dSnsf) ; -dehs'- iNG. [L. condensate ; con- + densai'e to make dense, dCTt- sus dense.] To make or become more close, compact, or dense ; compress ; concentrate. — oon-dens'er, n. Syn. Compact, unite, combine ; harden, thicken, solidi- fy; boil down, intensify; reduce, diminish, lessen ; abridge, epitomize.— Condense, concentrate, compress, contract, imply reduction in compass, but not necessarily in con- tent. Condense denotes reduction to greater compactness, usually of what is more or less homogeneous; concentrate implies reduction either by massing auout a single point, or by elimination of all save essential elements ; as, to concen- trate troops, a chemical solution ; comprebb implies reduc- tion by relatively uniform pressure or by other influence applied or exerted from without : as, to compress air, a bale of cotton ; contract implies a drawing together, usually through some force exerted from within, sometimes by com- bination or elision. oon'de-Scend'(kSnM6-s5nd'),v i. [F.condcjcendrc,L.con- descendere; con--\-descender€. See descend.] 1. Tostoop or descend; waive the privilege of rank or dignity. 2. To submit with deference ; assent. Obs. ^ v. t. To concede ; consent to. Obs. — con'de-scond'ing-Iy, adv. Syn, Condescend, deign^ vouchsafe. Condescend im- plies a courteous or patronizing waiving of real or assumed superiority ; as, his insolent co?ideic€nsion. Deion implies gracious condescension; it often occurs in negative sen- tences implying a haughty or contemptuous refusal ; as, he did not (feignto answer my very proper question. Vouch- RAFB (often ironical) implies the granting or concession of something as a favor or mdulgence. con^e-scend'ence (-aSn'd^ns), n. 1. Condescension ; con- cession. 2. A specification of particulars. Scot. con'de-aoen'sion (-sSn'sh^n), n. Act of condescending. — Syn. Complaisance, courtesy, afifability, OOn-dlgn' (kiJn-din'), a. [fr. F., fr. L. coifdii/nus very wor- thy; con- -{-digniLs worthy.'] Deserved; adequate; suit- able. Archaic, exc. of punishment. — GOn-dign'lT, adv. Syn. Condign, severe. Condign is often wrongly used, with reference to punishment, as if exactly synonymous with revere. Condign, punishment will be severe only when the crime merits seventy. con'dl-ment (kSn'dT-mgnt), n. [L. condimentum, fr. con- dire to pickle, season.^ Something used to give relish to food ; a pungent appetizer, as pepper ; seasoning. con'dlB-ca'ple (kSn'dT-si'p'l), n. [L. covdiscipulus. See disciple.] a fellow disciple or student ; a schoolfellow. Con-dl'tiGn (kffn-dtsh'ttn), n. [F., fr. L. conditio agree- ment, condition.] 1. Something established or agreed up- on as a requisite to the doing or taking effect of something else ; a stipulation or provision ; hence, an agreement de- ale, Benate, c&re, Jim, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker ; See, ill ; old, dbeyt drb, 5dd, Bdft, Connect ; use, fmite, um, up, circ&s, menu; idod,fdbt; out, oil; cbair; go; sing, li)k; tben, thin; CONDITIONAL 147 CONFERVA termiuiug one or more such prerequisites. 2. That which exists or takes place as an occasion or requisite of some- thing else; prerequisite. 3- That which limits or modi- fies the existence or character of something ; a qualifica- tion; as, the new conditions of his life 4. A mode or state of l»ing; specif. : a Social estate ; rank, b Tempera- ment, character, or disposition. Archaic. &. A charac- teristic or trait; hence, ciiaracter in general. Obs, 6. Prop- er or good condition, as for work ; as, he is out of condition. 7. Logic. A proposition on the truth of which the truth of another proposition is directly dependent. 8- Gram. A clause expressing a condition, or prerequisite. — Syn. Situation, circumstances, station, case, plight, predicament ; requisite ; article, arrangement. See STATS.-^v.i. To make conditions ; stipulate.— v. t. 1. To stipulate ; bargain for ; agree. 2. To limit by, or subject to, conditions. 3. In an educational institution, to require a student to pass a new examination, or to make up a specified study, as a condition of retaining a certain standing. GOn-dl'tlon-al (kSn-dTsh'un-(21),a. 1. Of or pert, to a condi- tion or condltions;esp.,containing,implying, subject to, or dependingon, a condition or conditions; notabsolute. 2- Spe- cif., Gram. & Logic^ expressing, containing, or implying a condition or supposition. — GOn-cll'tlon-al-ly, adv. GOn-dl^oned (-i^nd),p. a. Subjected to conditions. QOn-dole' (-dol'), V. i. ; -DOLED' (-dold') ; -dol'ing (-dol'Tng). [L. condolere ; con- -\-dolere to feel pain, grieve.] 1. To grieve; lament. Obs. 2. To express or feel sympathetic sorrow; — usually with loitk. — v. t. To express one's sym- pathetic sorrow at (another's misfortune) or for (another). — con-dole'ment, n. — con-dol'er (-doi'er), n. GOn-dO'lOnGe (-do'l^ns), n. Expression of sympathetic sor- row or grief. — Syn. See pity. GOXl'dO-na'tion (kSn^dd-na'shun), n. Act of condonihg. con-done' (kSn-don'), v. t. ; -doned' (-doud') ; -doh'ing. [L. coJidonare, -donatuni, to remit, forgive ; con- -\- donare to give.] To forgive (an offense), esp. tacitly, by acting as if it had not been committed. — Syn. See excuse. OOn'dor (kSn'dSr), n. [Sp., fr. Peruvian cuTitur.'} Avery large American vulture of the high- est Andes. It has the head and neck bare, with a white neck ruff. con-dnce' (kdn-dus'), v. i. [L. con- ducere to bring together, conduce ; con- -j- ducere to lead.] To lead or tend, asp. with reference to a fa- vorable result ; contribute ; — with to or toward. — con-dnc'1-ble, a. Syn. Advance, promote, forward, subserve. — Conduce, contribute, redound. To conddce (/o) is to lead to.or make for,8ome (usually desir- able) result. To CONTRIBUTE (to) IS more directly to take part in effect- ing a result. To redound (to) is to conduce or contribute, as ii by the returning of an action or influence upon itself, esp. to an advantageous or prejudicial result. OOn-dn'clve (-du'sTv), a. Leading or tending; helpful ; con- tributive. — con-du'clTS-noss, n. GOn'dnct (kSn'dSkt), n. [^LL. conducius defense, escort, fr. conducere, conductum. See conduce.] 1. Act or method of conducting ; guidance. 2. Convoy ; escort ; also, guide. Obs. 3. Act or manner of carrying on, as a business ; man- agement ; direction. 4. Manner of conducting or carrying one's self; behavior. —Syn. See behavior. con-duct' (k3n-di3kf),w,i. 1. To lead; guide; escort. 2. To have the direction of ; manage ; carry on. 3. To behave ; — with a reflexive. 4- To be a channel or medium for. Syn. Regulate, superintend, supervise, administer. — Con- duct, DIRECT, MANAGE. CONDUCT emphasizes the idea of immediate supervision or personal leadership ; as, to con- tfwc/ negotiations. Direct emphasizes the idea of authority, and implies issuance of orders or instructions; as, to direct the construction of aship. Manage suggests primarily the handling of details ; itoften implies contrivance or address ; aa,tomanage a theater, to manage refractory pupils. COn-dnct'anCe (-dfik'tSna), n. [conduct^ v. -f- -ance.l Elec. Conducting power ; — the reciprocal of resistance. OOn-dnot'l-ble C-dQk'tT-b'l), a. Capable of fonrlucting or being conducted. — con-dUCt'1-blZ'l-ty (-bTl'T-tl), n. G0n-duc'tlon(-dllk'shi2n),n, Physics. Transmission through a conductor ; also, conductivity; — distinguished, in the case of heat, from convection and radiation. Condor. GOn-dno'tlTO (k9n-dQk'tTv), a. PossesBing conductivity, Gon^duO-tlV'l-ty (k5n/diik-tTvT-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz), Physics. Quality or power of conducting, as heat. COn-dUG'tor (kdu-dDk'tSr), n. 1. One that conducts. 2- A guide ; director. 3- One in charge of a public conveyance, as a street car, or, f/.iS^., a railroad train. 4. Physics. A substance or body capable of readily transmitting electric- ity, heat, or the like. ~ 00n-dUC'treS8 (-trSs ; 24), n. fern. GOn'dUlt (kQn'dlt), n. [F., fr. LL. conductus escort, con- duit.] 1. A channel, as a pipe or a natural passage, for con- veying fluid ; canal. 2. A tube or trough for receiving and protecting electric wires. Gon-dU'pU-cate (k5n-du'plT-kat)', a. [L. conduplicatv^^ p. p. of conauplicare. See duplicate.] Bot. Folded lengthwise; — of leaves or petals. OOn'dyle (k5n'dTl), n. [L. condylus joint, Gr. KOffivAoc] An articular prominence on a bone, esp. when occurring in pairs. cone (kou), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. kucos.] 1. Geom. a A solid generated by rot^t- ing-a right triangle about one of its legs. b A conical surface ; any surface traced by a moving right line passing through a fixed vertex. 2- Anything more or less like a geometrical cone. 3. In trees of the pine family and in certain tropical trees, as the sago palm, a mass of ovule-bearing or Kigl:t Circular pollen-bearing scales ; a strobile. Cone. GOne'llOW'er (kon'flou^er), n. A rudbeckia; — from the cone-shaped disk of the flower head. CO'noy (ko'nT ;kiinT), n. ;pt. cohbts (-niz). Var. of cony. COn-fab'U-late (kdn-f^b'u-lat), v. i.; -lat'ed (-laVSd) ; -LATHING. [L. confabulatus, p. p., deriv. of con--^fabutari. to speak, fabula. See fable.] To talk familiarly together ; chat. — COn-fab'U-la'tlon (-la'sh^n), n. COn-fect' (ktSn-fSkf), V. t. [L. confecius, p. p of conficere to prepare. See coMffir.'J Toprepare, or make up, by com- pounding or putting together ; form ; make. GOn-fec'tton (kffn-fSk'shiJn), n. 1. A making or preparing by combining ingredients. 2. A preparation of fruits or roots, etc., with sugar ; sweetmeat; preserve. COn-fec'tlon-a-ry (-a-rT), n. ; pi. -ams (-rtz). 1. A confec- tioner. Archaic. 2. A place where confections are made or kept. — a. Of or pert, to confections or their making. GOn-fec'tlon-er (-er), n. One whose occupation it is to make or sell confections, candies, etc. con-foc'tlon-er-y (-er-t ; -er-Tl, n. ; pi. -eries (-Iz). 1. Sweetmeats in general; confections ; candies. 2- The confectioner's art, business, or place of business. con-led'er-a-cy (-fSd'er-d-sT), n. ; pL -ciffii (-sTz). 1. A league or compact for mutual support or common action ; alliance. 2. A combination of persons for unlavrful pur- poses. 3. The body formed by persons, states, etc., united by a league ; confederation. 4- [cap.'] Hist. With /Ae, the Confederate States of America. con-fed'er-ate (-St), a. [L. confoederaius, p. p. of confoede- rare to join by a league ; coti- -^foederare to establish by treaty or league, /oedus league, compact.] 1. United in a league ; confederated. 2. [cap."] Designating, or per- tainingto, the Confederate States of America. — n. 1. One united with others in a confederacy or confederation ; an ally ; also, an accomplice, in a bad sense. 2. [cnp.'] An ad- herent of the Confederate States of America or their cause. — Syn. See abettor. — (-at), v. t. mis my suspicious. Cob- ROBORATB suggests particularly the Btrengtneuine: of one statement or piece of evidence by another ; as, the bystand- ers cor7'o6ora^e(/ his story. To authenticate is to confirm as genuine or entitled to credit. See ratify. COii'llr-ma't!on(k5n/fer-ma'8httn),M. 1. Act of confirming; also, a confirmatory fact or thing. 2- Bed. A church rite supplemental to baptism and admitting to full church privi- leges. GOn-flrm'a-tO-ry (kiJn-fflr'md-t6-rT), a. Serving to confirm; — commonly used with of. — COn-Qnn'a-tive (-tlv), a. GOn-flrmed' (-ffirmd'), p. a. Made fiirm or firmer ; as : a Fortified, b Of a disease, chronic, c Inveterate ; habit' ual. — Syn. See inveterate. GOn-flrm'er (-fQr'mer), n. One that confirms. COn'flB-oate (kSu'f Is-kat; k5n-fTs'-), a. [L. confiscatus, p. p. of conflscare to confiscate, prop., to lay up in a chest ; eon- -\- fiscvjs basket, treasury.] Confiscated. — v. t. ; -cat'ed (-kafSd) ; -cat'ino. 1. To seize as forfeited to the public treasury ; to appropriate to the public use. 2. To seize by or as by public authority ; — a loose use. — COn^fiS-ca'tlon (kSu'f is-ka'shMu), n. — GOn'fiS-oa^tor (-ka'tBr), n. — con- tlS'ca-tO-ry (kOn-fTs'lsd-tfi-rT), a. con'fl-ture (k5n'fT-t5r), n. [F.] A confection. Obs. GOn-fla'grant (kSu-fia'grfint), a. [L. conflagrans, p. pr. of conflagrare ; con- + Jiagrare to blaze.] Burning ; blazing con^fla-gra'tlon (kSu'fire-gra'sliun), n. [L. conflagration fr. conflagrare."] A fire; eep., a large, destructive fire. COn-fUct' (kon-fllkt')i V. i. [Li. conflictus,p. ip. of confligere to conflict ; con- -\- fligere to strike.] 1. To maintain a conflict ; contend ; fight ; strive. 2. To meet in collision or opposition ; clash ; be contradictory or incompatible. — Syn. Contest, combat, battle. COn'fllct (kSn'flTkt), n. 1. A strife for mastery; fight; battle ; esp., a prolonged contest. 2. Competition oi- op- posing action ; antagonism, as of ideas or acts. 3. A dash- ing together ; violent meeting. — Syu. Collision, combat, contention, battle, encounter. See contest. — con-fUc'- tion (kSn-fiTk'shiin), n. — GOn-fllc'tlve (-tiv), a. GOn'flU-ence (kSn'fioo-gns ; 8G), n. 1. A flowing together ; junction of streams, or the stream or body so formed ; place of meeting. 2. Act of flocking, or coming together, or of crowding in a place ; a meeting or mingling ; concourBe. con'flu-ent (-ent), a. [L. confluens, -entis, p. pr. of con- fluere, -flurum ; con- -\-fluere to flow.] Flowing together ; combining to form one. con'flux (-fluks), 71. Flowing together; confluence. con-form' (k5n-f6rm'), v. t. [Ir. F., fr. L. conJormarBy -formatuTTi ; con- ~\- jormare to form, forma form.] To make like ; bring into harmony or agreement, as with law, Syn. Agree, correspond, harmonize, suit, fit; reconcile, settle, compose. — Conform^ adapt, adjust, accommodate imply a bringing or coming into correspondence. To con- form {to) is to bring into harmony or accordance with some- thing, usually a pattern, example, or principle ; as, to con- form one's life to certain rules of conduct. To adapt {to) is to fit or suit to something ; it implies (esp.) modification, often with the added suggestion of pliability or address ; as, to adapt one's self to a new environment. Adjust {to) implies close and exact conformity of correspondence, esp. such as exists between the parts of a mechanism ; it sug- gests less of flexibility or tact, more of ingenuity or calcu- lation, than adapt ; as, to adjust one's expenditures to one's means. Accommodate {fo) implies, rather more than aiijust, a somewhat marked variance or discrepancy between the objects brought into (often merely superficiaDagreement or harmony ; as, as to accommodate one's self to one's sur- roundings. ^ V. ?'. 1. To be in accord or harmony ; comply ; — with to or 7oitk. 2. To be a conformist. GOn-form'a-ble (-fSr'mo-b'D, a. 1. That conforms ; simi- lar; consistent; proper. 2- Ready to follow directions; submissive ; compliant. — con-form'a-bil'1-ty (-bll'I-tl), con-form'a-ble-nesa, n. — con-form'a-bly, adv. COn^for-ma'tlon (k8n'f5r-ma'8hwn), n. 1. Act of conform- ing ; adaptation. 2. Fashioning of anything by symmetri- cally arranging its parts ; shaping. 3- State of being con- formed; agreement; structure. — Syn. See form. con-fona'er (kiJn-fSr'mer), n. One who conforms. COn-formfst (-mTst), n. One who conforms ; esp., in Eng- land, one who conforms to the Established Church. Con-form'i-ty (-mT-tT), n. ;pl. -ties (-tTz). 1. Correspond- ence in form, manner, or character; agreement; — fol- lowed by io, ivitky or between. 2. Action, or an act, of con- ale, senate, cftre, ftm, account, Rrm, ask, sofa ; ©ve, event, find, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, Sbey, 6rb, ttdd, Bofi, connect ; use, finite, firn, up, circfis, menii ; food, fdbt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ii)k ; feen, thin j CONFOUND 149 CONGRESSMAN forming to aomethiug established, as law or fashion ; com- pliance. 3. Religious coiupliaucbi esp.,in£nglaud, compli- ance with Established Church usages. con-found' (kSn-found'), v. I. [fr. P., fr. L. confundere, -fu- suin^ to pour together; con- -^fxindere to pour.] 1. To bring toruinornaught. Obs. or Archaic. 2. To wa!>te; spend. O^j. 3. To damn; — used in the imperative as a mild or eu- phemistic imprecatiou ; as, Confound you ! 4. To put to ahame; abash. 6. To confute. Arcfiaic. 6- To throw into coufuaion or disorder; perplex; dismay. 7. To miugle, mix, or blend indiscrimmately; confuse. — Syn. Bewilder, baffle; astonish, amaze, astound, dumfound. See eubarrass. COn-lonad'od< p- a. 1. Confused ; abashed ; discomfited ; perplexed. 2- Damned ; — commonly used as a mild im- precatiou or as an intensive. — con-tound'ed-ly, adv. COn'fra-ter'ni-ty (k5n/frd-tfir'nT-tI), n.,- pi. -ties (-tTz). [LL. con/raterniias. See featernity,] A body of men united for some purpose, esp. for religious or cliaritable service or in some profession ; brotherhood. COn'frere' (k6N/frar' ; k5u-), n. [P. coti/r^-e.^ A fellow member of a brotherhood or society ; colleague. Obs. or R. , except as Prench, I! con'fr^re' (k8N'frar')- COn-lront' (kSu-frSuf), v. t. [fr. P., fr. LL, confroniare ; L. cffiir. -^frons forehead, front.] 1. To face, esp. hostilely ; oppose. 2. To cause to face or meet. 3. To contrast; compare. — con'fron-ta'tlon (kSn'friin-ta'shan), n. Gon-fu'cian-ism (kSn-fu'shwu-Tz'm), n. The system of morality tauglit by Confucius and his disciples, based on ancestor worsliip and filial piety. — Gon-fu'clan-lst, n. con-fuse' C-fuz'), v. t. ; -fused' (-fuzd') ; -fus'ino (-fuz'- Tng). [f r.P. , f r. L. confusus., p. p. of confundere. See con- found.] 1. To bring to ruin or naught. Obs. 2. To per- plex; disconcert ; atmsh. 3. To tlirow into disorder; mix or blend indiscriminately ; mistake for another ; render in- distinct or obscure. — Syn, Abash, disorder, disarrange, confound, obscure, distract. See embarrass. — con-fus'- ed-ly (-fuz'6d-lT ; -fuzd'lt), adv. — con-fiw'ed-ness, n. COn-fU'Slon(-fu'2hun),n. 1. Overthrow; ruin. Obs.orR. 2. State of being disconcerted or abashed ; discomfiture. 3. Actof confusing; state of being confused. — Syn. Disar- ray, jumble; tumult, turmoil ; bewilderment, embarrass- ment, abashment. [2. That which confutes.! con'fa-ta'tion (kon'fii-ta'shun), n. 1. Act of confuting. | Gon-fute' (kSn-fuf), V. t. ; -fdt'bd (-fut'Sd) ; -fdt'ing. [L. confuiare to check (a boiling liquid), repress, confute.J To overwhelm by argument ; prove false or defective ; si- lence ; refute. — Syn. See deny. — oon-fut'er (-er), n. \\ COn'g^' (kdN^zha' ; E. kon'jej, n. Also, as Anglicized, COn'gee. [F., leave, fr. L. commeatus a leave of absence, deriv. ofcoTn-^mearetogo.'] 1. A ceremonious leave-tak- ing. 2. A bow or curtsy, originally on taking leave. 3.{_0nly inform cong^.] Unceremonious dismissal. COn-geal' (kSn-jel'), V. t. [fr. F., fr. L. congelare, -gela- iUm; con- -f- gelare to freeze, gelu frost.] To change from a fluid to a solid state, as by cold ; freeze. — v. i. To grow hard, stiff, or thick, as from cold, coagulation, or crys- tallization. — con-geal'a-l9le, a. — con-geal'ment, n. COn^geo (kSn'je), n. Anglicized form of cong^. con-gee' (kjjn-je'), v. i. To make one's congee. Archaic. COn^ge-la'tion (kWje-la'shJ^n), tz. 1. Actof congealing; state of being congealed. 2. Product of congealing. Con'ge-ner (kSn'je-ner), n. [L., of the same race or kind ; coTi- -^ genus ^ -neris^ birth, kind, race.] One allied in na- ture, character, or action ; one of the same genus — con^- ge-ner'lc (-nSrik), con-gen'er-ous (k3n-jSn'er-^s)» a. COn-gen'lal (kiJn-jen'ySl), a. [con- -(- genial.'} 1. Par- takingof thesamenature; kindred; sympathetic. 2. Nat- urally adapted; suited to the disposition. — con-ge^nl-al'- 1-ty (-je^nT-SlT-tl ; -jen-ySI'-), n. — con-gen'lal-ly, adv. Syn. Congenial, kindred, sympathetic. Congenial, as used of persons, implies similarity or community of dispo- sition, temperament, interests, or tastes; as applied to things, it expresses suitability or adaj^tation ; as, congenial companions. Kindred implies affinity in nature, or the possession of cognate or allied qualities ; as, kindred souls. Kindred phenomena. Sympathetic is used, often somewhat colloquially, to suggest more subtle or esoteric affinities than congenial or Kindred ; aa, a sympathetic appreciation. con-gen'1-tal (-jSnt-tSl), a. [L. congenilus. See coN-; OENrTAL.] Existing at, or dating from, birth; connate. — Syn. See innate. — con-gen'l-tal*ly, odv. con'ger (kSrj'ger), ra., or conger eel. [fr. F., fr. L. con- ger^ congrus.'} A kind of large sea eel. C0n-ge'rl-es(k5n-ie'rT-ez), n. sing, ii: pi. [L., fr. congerere. See CONGEST.] A collection of particles, parts, or bodies into one uiasa ; heap ; aggregation. con-gest' (-i6st'), v. t. [L. congestus, p. p. of congerere to bring together ; con- -f (/ereretobear,] 1. To aggregate; accumulate. Obs. 2- To cause overfullness of the blood vessels of (an organ or part). 3- To affect with overcrowd- ing. — v.i. Togather; become congested. — con-ges'Uon C-jSs'chMn), 71. — con-ges'tlve (-tlv), a. COn-glo'bate (-glo'bat), o. [L. conglobatus, p. p. of con- globare to conglobate.] Conglobated. — w. i. a: i. / -bat-ed (-bat-gd) ; -bat-ing. To collect or form into a ball or rounded mass, — con^glo-ba'tion (k5n'gl6-ba'shlin), n. con-globe' (k3n-glob'), v. t. & i. ,- -globed' (-globd'); -glob'ing (-glob'Ing). [L, conglobare.'] To conglobate. GOn-glom'er-ate (-gl8m'er-S;t), a. [L. conglomeratus^ p. p. of conglomerare to roll together ; con- + glomerare to wind into a ball.] 1. G&thered into a ball or a mass, or consisting of parts so collected ; clustered. 2- Geol. Of the nature of a conglomerate. — n. 1. That which is com- pacted or massed together from various sources; accumular tioa.2.GeoL A rock composed of gravel or shinglecemented together. — v. t.; -at'ed (-at'Sd) ; -at'ing. To gather into a coherent mass. — con-glom'er-a'tion (-a'shun), n. con-glu'ti-nate (k3n-gloo'tI-nat ; 86), a. [L. conglutina- tus^ p. p. of conglutinare to glue ; con- -j- glutinare to glue, gluten glue.] Glued together ; adhesively united. — v. t. <& i. ; -NAT'ED (-naVSd) ; -nat'ing. To glue or stick to- gether. — GOn-glu^ti-na'tion (-na'shSn), n. con'go (k3i)'go), GOn'gOU (-goo), n. [Chin, kung-fu labor.] A kind of black tea. COn-grat'u-lant (kdn-grSt^-lant), a. Congratulating. con-grat'u-Iate (-lat), v. i. ; -lat'ed (-laf Sd) ; -lat'ing. [L. congralulatus, p. p. of congratulari to wish joy abun- dantly ; coTi- + gratulari to wish joy, grains pleasing.] 1. To rejoice together (with). Obs. 2. To offer congrat- ulations. — V. t. 1. To feel or express sympathetic satis- faction at. Obs. 2. To address with expressions of s3Tn- pathetic pleasure at some event happily affecting the per- son addressed; felicitate. 3. To salute; greet. Obs. — Syn. See felicitate. — con-grat'u-la'tor (-la'ter), w. — con- grat'u-la-to-ry (-grat^-id-tS-rt), a. COn-grat'U-la'tlon (-la'shi^n), n. A congratulating ; an ex- pression of sympathetic pleasure. [Shakespeare's. I con-gree' C-gre'), v. i. To agree; — a doubtful word of] Gon-greet' (-gretO; v. i. To salute mutually. Obs. & R. con'gre-gate (k5ij'gr&-gat), a. [L. congregatus, p. p. of congregare to congregate; con- -f- gregare to collect into a flock, grez flock.] Assembled ; congregated. -^ (-gat), v. t. & i. ; -gat^ed (-gat^Sd) ; -oat'ing. To collect into a crowd, mass, or assemblage ; assemble. con^gie-ga'tion (-ga'shun), n. 1. Act of congregating; state of being congregated. 2. A collection or mass of sep- arate things. 3. An assembly of persons, esp. one meet- ing for religious worship and instruction. 4. Anc. Jewish Hist. The whole body of the Jewish people. con'gre-ga'tion-al (-ai), a. 1. Pert, to a congregation ; conducted, or shared in, by a congregation. 2. [cop.] Belonging to Congregationalism or Congregationalista. GOn'gre-ga'Uon-al-ism (-Tz'm), n. 1. Church organiza- tion which vests all ecclesiastical power in the assembled brotherhood of each local church. 2. [.cap.'] The faith and polity of a large body of evangelical Trinitarian churches which recognize each local church as independent in ecclesiastical matters, but which are united in fellowship and joint action. — Gon'gre-ga'tlon-al-lst, n. GOn'gress (kSq'grgs), n. [L. congressus, fr. congredi, p. p. -gressusf to assemble; con--^gradi to go, gmdus step.] 1. Meeting; encounter; interview. 2. A gathering or as- sembly, esp. of representatives to consider matters of com- mon interest. 3. The body of senators and representatives of a nation, esp. of a republic, constituting its chief legisla- tive body. The Congress of the United States consists of the Senate, or upper house, and the House of Re'presenta- tives, or lower house. — Syn. Convention, conrocation, council, diet, conclave, parliament, legislature. con'gress boot or gaiter (kSij'grSs). A high shoe having elastic material in the sides. Gon-grea'Slon-al (k5n-gr6sh'wn-!il), a. Of or pert, to a con- gress, esp. [cap.] the Congress of the United States. Oon'gtess-man (kSi^'grgs-mfin), n. ; pi. -men. A member of Congress, esp. of the House of Representatives. nature, verdure (87) ;K = ch in G.ich.acli (60); boN; yet; ahrrz inazure. Numbers refer to { £xpianatlonBof Abbreviations, Sl^ns, etc, precede Vocabulary. U Forel«n Word. -I- combined with. J in Guide. sseauoli* COWGRUE 150 CONOID AL COn-grue' (kSn-groo' ; kSij'groo), v. i. [L. congruere. See C0NGRU0C8.] To agre_e j be in harmony. Obs. To associate to- gether. — con-SO'cl-a'tlon (•abX-si'shiin; -sT-a'shtin), n. GOn-sol' (k9n-S(51' ; k5n's51), n.f sing, of consols. con-sora-ble (kdn-soi'd-b'l), a. See -able ; console, v. t. COn^SO-la'tlon (k5n's$-1a'shun), n. Act of consoling ; state of being consoled; also, one that consoles. — Syn. Comfort, Rolace. alleviation, relief. COn-SOl'a-tO-ry {k3n-s51'o-tS-rT), a. Consohng. con-sole' (kSn-sol'), v. t. ; -soled' (-sold') ; -soi'iNa (-sol'- Tng). [L. consolart, p. p. -atvti ; con- -j- solari to console.] To cheer in distress or deprespion ; comfort ; soothe. — Syn. Solace, sustain, encourage, support. See comfort. C0n'sole(k5n'sol), 71. [F.,abracket.] 1. Arch. A bracket- like member used to support a cornice or a bust, or used for ornament. 2. A table with ornamental Rupports. OOn-BOl'1-date (k9n-s51'T-dat), a. [L. consolidatus, p. p. of consolidare to make firm ; con- -f- solidare to make firm, soli- dua solid.] Consolidated. —»'. /. <& i.; -dat'ed (-dat^Sd) ; -dat'ino. To make or CqnBoles eupport- become solid ; unite or press into a com- i^ff "* cornice. pact mass; bring or come into close union. — Syn. Combine, compact, compress, solidify. See join. — con-BoH-da'tlOD (kSn-sSl't-da'ahfin), n. — con-SOl'1-da^tor (-da'ter), n. con-sols' (kdn-sQlz'; kSu'sSlz), n. pi. [tr. con^o/idated (annuities).] The British funded government securities. II con^SOm''m§' (.kdN'so'ma'; kSn'so-ma'), n. [F., lit. fin- ished.] Concentrated broth of meat and vegetables; often, a thin soup such as would be made by dilution of this. con'SO-nance (kSn'so-nSns) ) n. Agreement or congruity; con'SO-nan-cy (-nftn-si) I harmony; accord. — Syn. Consistency, unison, suitableness, agreeableness. COn'SO-nant (-ufint), a. [L. consonans, -antis, p. pr. of cunsonare to sound together, agree ; eon- -f- sonare to sound.] 1. Having agreement ; consistent ; according. 2. Harmonizing; accordant, as tones. 3. Consonantal. Syn. Consonakt, accordant, consistent, compatible, coNGROOOs. Consonant (wit/i or io) and accordant (with OT to) express agi-eement or harmony with a concurrent circumstance, or conformity to an accepted standard; they imply the negation of discord ; as, her sentiments were consonant with their inclinations : this is consonant to our observation ; a sense quite accordant with the text. Con- sistent iiciih) denotes such agreement or harmony as im- plies the negation of contradiction ; as, be as complaisant as is consistent with uprightness and self-respect. _ Those things are compatible wnich are capable of existing to- gether in harmony. Congruous (witfi or to) impliea_ agree- ment or correspondence in nature or quaUties ; as, his ideas and his diction are instinctively conpmwus. — n. An articulate sound characterized by friction, squeez- ing, or stoppage of the breath in some part of the mouth. It is usually sounded with a more open sound called a vowel. Also, a letter or character representing such a sound. COn'SO-nan'tal (-nSn'tff l), a. Of the nature of a consonant; pertaining to, or marked by, consonants. con'so-nant-ly. adv. of consonant. See -lt. COn'SOrt (k5n's8rt; -sSrt), n. [L. consors^ -sortis ; con- -j- son; lot, fate, share.] 1. A partner, companion, orcol- league. Obs. 2. a A wife or husband; spouse, tl Of ani- mals, a mate. 3. Naut. A ship accompanying another, 4. A company; group ; combination. Obs. or R. 6. Concur- rence or accord ; association. 6. [Ferh. confused with con- cert] Harmony of sounds ; concert. Obs. or Hist. COn-BOtt' (kSu-s8rt'), V i. & t. To unite ; associate. GOn-spec'tus (-spgk'tus), n. [L.-] A general survey; esp., a sketch or outline of a subject ; synopsis. COn-spic'U-OUS (-spTk'u-fis), a. [L. conspieuus^ fr. con- spicere to get sight of, perceive ; eon- -\- spicere, specere^ to look.] Obvious to the eye or mind ; manifest ; hence, striking ; eminent ; distinguished. — Syn. See prominent. — con-spic'u-ous ly, adv. — con-splCu-ous-ness, n. con-spir'a-cy (-spTr'd-sT), n. ; pi. -cies (-sTz). [fr. L. co%- sphatio.^ 1. Act of conspiring ; combination for an evil purpose ; a plot. 2- A general tendency, as of circum- stances, to one event ; harmonious action. Syn. Conspiracy, plot, intrigue, machination. A con- spiracy is a combination, usually secret, of persons for evil or unlawful ends. Plot stresses more the idea of a carefully devised and secret plan or contrivance for mis- chievous or treacherous ends ; it may or maj not involve more than one person. Intrigue usually imi^lies more complicated scheming than plot, and more petty or under- hand dealings. Machination (usually in »/.) emphasizes the crafty and tortuous processes of plotting. COn-Splr'ant (-spTrVmt), «. A conspirator. Rare. COn-Spir'a-tOr (-spTr'/i-ter), n. One engaged in a conspira- cy ; a plotter. — Syn. See abettor. Con-splre' (-spir'), r. ?. ,- -spired' (-spird') ; -spir'ihg (-spir'- Tng). [F. conspirer, L. conspirare to blow together, har- monize, agree, plot; con- -\- spirare to breathe, blow.] 1. To make an agreement, esp. a secret one to do some- thing wrong ; plot together. 2. To concur or work to one end ; agree. — Syn. Unite, combine, complot, confederate. — V. t. To plot; plan. — C0n-spir'er(-8pir'er), n. COn'Sta-ble (kiSn'std-b'l),n. [fr. OF.,fr. LL. conestahuJus, comes stabuli, orig., count of the stable, equerry ; comes count (L., companion) + L. stahvivw stable.] 1. A high medieval coiirr officer; orig., the chief groom of the stable ; later, the chief officer of the household, army, or the like. 2. Thekeeperofaroyal castle or a fortified town. 3. Orig., a military officer ; now, any of various officers charged witli the keepingof the peace, execution of judicial warrants, etc. — con'sta-ble-ship', n. con-staVu-la-ry (kSn-stSb'u-la-rT), a. Of or pert, to con- stables. — n. ; pi. -RiES (-rTz). 1. Constables collectively. ale, senate, ckvQ, am, wccount, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, find, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, obey, flrb, 6dd, soft, connect ; use, finite, tim, up, circus, menii: f dud, foot: out. oil: chair; go: sing, ink: then, thin: CONSTANCY 163 CONSUMMATELY 2. An armed force of a civil govenitnent, distinct from the regular army; a police force organized on military lines. COn'stan-cy (kSn'stan-sI), n. 1. Steadfastness or firmness of mind ; fidelity. 2. State of being constant ; stability. S^n. Attachmentf adherence, faith ; loyalty, fealtv, alle- giance ; truth, honesty, integrity ; devotedness, araor, ea- gerness, earnestness, zeal. — Constahcy, fidelity, faith- fulness. Constancy (see also firmness) implies steadfast- ness of attachment or adherence, esp. in love or friendship • as, a fellow of plain and unaffected constancy. Fidelity implies unswerving loyalty or allegiance, not only to a per- son, but also to a principle, a duty, a trust ; as, he never thought of swerving from hia fidelity to the exile. Fidelity is oJten used of exact adherence or literal correspondence to an original ; as, QxtTBtae fidelity in a translation. Faith- fulness often implies a warmer or more personal relation thAii fidelity. Con'Stant (-stAnt), a, [L. com-tans, -antis, p. pr. of con- stare to staud firm, be consistent ; con- -f- stare to stand.] 1. Firm or steadfast; resolute; also, faithful; true. 2. Fixed ; invariable ; uniform ; invariable under given conditions. 3. Continually recurring; regular; persistent, 4. Confident; positive; also, certain. Obs. — Syn, See continual. — n. 1. That which is unchanging or invariable. 2. A uuuierical quantity expressing some relation, property, or condition, that retains the same value provided the condi- tions remain unchanged. [continuously. I COU'stant-ly, adv. in a constant manner ; esp. , uuif oruily ; ! Con'Stel-la'tion (kdu'stS-la'shan), n. [F., fr. L. constelta- lio ; con- -{- siellaius. See stellate.] 1. Configuration of the stars, esp. at one's birth ; hence, Obs., character aa determined by one's stars. 2. Any of various arbitrary groups of fixed stars, or a division of the sky including such a group. Also Fig. — con-atella-to-ry (kSu-atSl'd-tS-rt), a. con'Ster (kSn'ster). ^Obs. or dial. var. of construe. COn^Ster-na'tion (-ster-na'slmu), n. [L. consternation fr. co^tsierreure to overcome, perplex, constei-nere to prostrate ; coil- + stemere to throw down.] Amazement or horror that confoimds the faculties ; dismay. ~ Syn. See fear. C0n'Sli-pat0(k5u'stI-pat), v ^.;-pat/ed (-pafSd); -patting. [L. constipaius, p. p. of constipare ; con- -f stipare to crowd together.] 1. To compress; condense. Now Rare. 2. Med. To render costive. — COn^Sti- paction (-pa'shun), n. con-stit'a-en-cy (kSn-stit^-en-sT), n. ; pL -gies (-sTz). A body of constituents, as the voters iu a given district ; loosely, the residents of such a district ; also, the district. con-stlt'a-ent (-eut), a. [L. eonstituens^ -entis, p. pr,] 1. Serving to form or make up; component. 2. Having power to elect or appoint. 3- Having power to form or re- vise a constitution. — 7^. 1. One who constitutes another his agent; aprincipal; specif., one of thosewhoelectarep- resentative to a legislature. 2. That which constitutes, or composes; component ; element. — Syn, See component. COn'stl-tUte (k5n'atT-tut), v. t ; -tut'ed (-tuf Sd) ; -tut'ino. [L. conslUutus, p. p. of eon^tituere to constitute ; con- -f- statuere to place.] 1, To station in a given place, state, or character ; esp. , to appoint to the office or function of. 2. To set up ; establish, as a law, a proceeding, etc. 3. Toform ; make up, as being the constitutive element or elements. COn'Stl-ta'tion (-tu'shz^n), n. 1. Act or process of consti- tuting, esp. of enacting, establishing, or appointing. 2. Nat- ural structure, texture, or conformation. 3. The aggre- gate of the physical and vital powers of an individual; also, temperament ; disposition. 4. Mode of organization of a social group. 5. An authoritative ordinance ; also, an es- tablished law or custom. 6. The fundamental, organic law or principles of government of a nation, society, or the like, whether embodied in writing or not. COn'Btl-tU'tton-al (-%1), a. 1. Belonging to, inherent in, or affecting, the constitution (of body or mind). 2. Per- taining to the composition of anything ; essential. 3. In accordance with, or relating to, the constitution of a state, etc. — n. An exercise ; eap., a walk for one's health or con- stitution. Coiloq. — Gon^stl-tu^tion-al'i-ty (-Sl'I-tT), n. — oon'stl-tn'tlon-al-ly, adv. COn'sU-tU^ttve (kSn'stt-tii'tTv), a. 1. Tending or assisting to constitute, or compose; elemental; essential. 2. Hav- ing power to enact, establish, or create. COn-Straln' (kCn-stran'), v. t. [fr. OF., fr. L. constringere ; con- -\- stringPTC to draw tight.] 1. To compel; force. 2- Hence, to force or produce unnaturally. 3. To secure by bonds ; confine. 4. To clasp tightly ; compress. 6. To hold back by force; rtstrain. — Syn. Drive, impel, urge, press. con-Strained' (kSn-strand'). p- a. Marked by constraint; forced — con-strain'ed-ly, adv. COn-StralnV (-stranf), n. [fr. OP.] 1. Act of constraining; state of being constrained; also, that which constrains; com- pulsion. 2. Repression ; hence, embarrassment ; unnatu- ralnesa. — Syn. Coercion, necessity. See force. GOn-Strlct' (-strikf), V. t. [L. constrictus, p. p. of constrin- gere. See constrain.] Todrawtogether; bind; cramp. — Syn. Contract, tighten, squeeze. COn-Btrlc'tion (-strTk'shun), n. Act of constricting ; state of being constricted ; hence, anything that constricts or a part that is constricted. — Gon-Stric'tive (-tlv), a. «on-Strio'tor (-ter), n. 1. Tliat which constricts. 2. Zool. A serpent that kills its prey by crushing it in its coils. COn-Stringe' (-strlnj'), v. t. ; -STRiNaEi/ (-strTnjd') ; -string'- ING (-strin'jTng). [L. constringere. See constrain.] To draw together; contract ; constrict. con-struct' (-strQkf), v. t. [L. constructus, p. p. of con- st7'uere to bring together, construct ; con- + struere to pile up, set in order.] 1. To put together the constituent parts of (something) ; build. 2. Todevise; set in order, —Syn, Erect, make, fabricate, — con-struct'er, 7i. con-struc'tlon (-str&k'sh^n), ?i. 1, Process or art of con- structing; composition; also, a thing constructed; struc- ture. 2. Form or manner of constructing ; structure ; ar- rangement. 3. G-rammatical arrangement and connection of words in a sentence. 4- Interpretation or explanation of a declaration or fact. — con-Btruc'tion-al (-SI), a. COn-StrUG'tion-lst, n. One who puts a certain construction on some instrument, as the United States Constitution. COn-StruG'tlve (-ttv), a. 1. Qualified for, or given to, con- structing. 2. Pert, to or resembling construction. 3. De- rived from, or depending on, construction, or interpreta- tion. — Gon-struG'tive-ly, adv. — Gon-struc'tive-ness, n. COn-struc'tor (-ter), n. One who constructs. COn'strue (kQn'stroo ; kSn-stroo'), v. t. ; -strued (-strood ; -strood') ; -stru-ing. [L. consii-uere. See construct.] 1. Gram.. To apply the rules of syntax to (a sentence or clause) so as to exhibit the structure or discover the sense ; also, to translate, 2. To put a construction on; explain the sense or intention of ; interprets OOn'SUb-Stan'Ual (kSn/sub-stSn'shSl), a. [fr. L., fr. con- -j- substantiulis. See substantial.] Of the same kind or nature ; having the same substance or essence. con^sub'Stan''U-a'tion (-sht-a'shSn), n. Theol. The actual substantial presence of the body of Christ with the Eucha- ristic bread and wine. [tom.] Custom ; habit.! Gon'sne-tude (kSn'swe-tud), n. [L. consitetudo. See ens-] GOn'SUe-tU'di-na-ry (-tu'dT-nS-rT), a. Customary. con'sul (kon'swl), n. [L.] 1. Roman Hist. Either of the two joint chief magistrates of the republic. 2. Hence : a French Hist. One of the three chief magistrates of the re- public from 1799 to 1804. tj A senator ; counselor. Obs. 3. An oflBcial of a government residing in some foreign country to care for the commercial interests of the citizens of the appointing government, and to protect its seamen. — con'su-lar (kSn'ssi-ldr), a. — con'suI-sMp, n. GOn'su-late (-iSt), n. [L, eonsulatus.'] Consular govern- ment, jurisdiction, or term of ofBce ; also, the ofi^cial prem- ises of a consul. GOn-SUlV (kSn-sQlf), V. i. [L. consuUare, fr. consulere to consult.] To seek another's opinion or advice; confer. — V. t. 1. To ask the advice or opinion of; refer to. 2. To have regard to ; consider ; as, to consult one's wishes, — con-sulfant (-sHl'tttnt), n. — con-sult'er, n. Gon-sult'(k3n-si31t' ; kSn'siilt), n. A consultation. Rare. COn^SUl-ta'tlon (kSn'sSl-ta'shSn), n. Act of consulting or conferring; a council or conference. con-sum'a-ble (k($n-sum'a-b'l), a. See -able. con-snme' (-sum'), v. t. ; -somed' (-sumd') ; -sum'ing (-summ- ing). [L. con^wmere to take wholly, consume ; con- -\- siimere to take ; sub -f- emere to buy.] 1. To destroy, as by decomposition, waste, or fire. 2. To use up; expend; de- vour. — Syn. Swallow up, ingulf, waste, spend, squander, lavish, dissipate; bum up. — v. i. To waste away or suffer destruction. — Gon-snm'er (-sum'er), n. GOn-Sum'ed-ly (-sum'Sd-lT), adv. Excessively. COn-BUm'mate (kdn-silm'at ; kiSn'si^mat), a. [L, consvm- matus, p. p. of consummare to accomplish, sum up ; con- + summa sum.] GonRummated ; carried to the utmost ; com- plete ; perfect. — con-sum'mate-ly, adv. COn'sum-mate (kSn'sJ^-mat ; k^n-sam'at), v. t. <& i. ; natnre, ver^jire (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh : flxplknatlona of AbbreTlatlons, Slens^ ete.* precede VocAbnlary. Q = z in azure. Niunbers refer to §§ in Guide. Foreign Word« + combined with. cseQoals* CONSUMMATION 154 CONTEST -MAT'ED (-mat'Sd) ; -mat^ino. To briug to, or arrive at, com- pletion; finish; perfect; achieve. Con'sum-Ilia'tioil (kSn'sz^-ma'sht^n), n. Act of consummat- ing ; state of being consummated; completion ; perfection. Gon-sump'tloil (kdn-sHmp'sli^n), n. 1. Act or process of consuming ; state of being consumed ; waste ; destruction. 2. Med. Progressive wasting of the body, esp. from pulmo- nary tuberculosis; hence, the tuberculosis itself. OOn-SUmp'tlve (-ttv), a. Of or pertaining to wasting; affect- ed withf or inclined to, consumption. — n. One affected with consumption. — COn-SUmp'Uve-ly, adv. COn'tact (kSn'takt), n. [L. contacttis, fr. contingere, -tac- tum^ to touch on all sides. See continqent.] 1. A touching or meeting of bodies. 2. Elec. The junction of two conductora through which acurreut passes; also, a spe- cial part made Cor a temporary or momentary connection. 'COn-ta'glon (k5n-ta'jiin), n. [L. contagio. See contact.] 1. a Transmission of a disease by direct or indirect con- tact. Id a contagious disease, c A medium to transmit disease, as a virus. 2. Hence : a Foisoia. b Contagious influence, as of miasmata. 3- Communication of any influ- ence to the mind or heart ; as, the contagion of enthusiasm. GOn-ta'glous (-jz^s), a. [L. contagiosits.'] 1. Communicable or spreading by contagion. 2. Conveying contagion ; hence, noxious. — con-ta'glous-ly, adv. — con-ta'gious -ness, n. con-tain' (-tan'), v. l. [F. contenir, fr. L. continere, -ten- turn ; con- -)- ienere to hold.] 1. To hold within fixed limits ; include. 2. To have capacity for ; hold; be equiv- alent to ; as, a bushel contains four pecks. 3. To restrain ; — used reflexively. 4. To be a multiple of, or to be divisi- ble by, (generally) without a remainder. Syn. Have, keep, retain; inclose, embody,tak6 in, cover. — Contain, hold, comprehend, comfrise^bubbaci!, include. To CONTAIN is to have (something) within, or as an element, fraction, or part ; hold stresses the idea of capacity to con^^ tain, or of keeping or retaining ; as, the bookcase contains (1. e.j actually has in it) fifty volumes, but holds (i. e., is capable of containing) a larger number ;the compound con- tains iron, which it holds in solution. But the distinction between hold tmd contain is often inconsiderable or disre- garded. To comprehend (so also comprise) is to contain, usually within a more or less definite (often compendious) class, scope, or limit ; bhbraoe usually implies a somewhat more extensive compass; as, his discussion of heredity is coTnprehended in one chapter ; this easay comprises much that is witty, learned, and wise ; the works of this scholar embrace a large circle of topics. To include is to comprise, esp. as a constituent or subordinate element of a whole, or aa a part of a total ; as, thirty days, including Sundays. ^ V. i. To restrain one's self. — con-taln'er, n, COn-tam'1-nate (-tSm'T-nat), v. t. ; -nat'ed (-naVSd); -nat/- ING. [L. contaminatus^ p. p. of contaminare to bring into contact, contaminate, eontnmen contagion ; con- -f- root of tangere to touch.l To soil, stain, or corrupt by contact; defile ; pollute. — Syn. Sully ; infect ; poison ; befoul, des- ecrate, debauch, dishonor, taint. — con-tam'1-na'tlon (-na'shfin), n. — COn-tam'1-na-tlTe (-na-ttv), a. COn-temn' (-tSm'), v. t, ; -temhed' (-tSmd' ; formerly -tSm'- nSd) ; -temn'iko (-tSmTng; -tSm'ning). \Ij. contemnere^ -temptum ; con- + temnere to slight, despise.] To view or treat with contempt ; scorn. — Syn. See despise. COn'tem-plate (kSn'tSm-plat ; kdn-tgm'plat), v. ^/ -PLATT- ED (-plafSd) ; -platting. [L. contemplatus, p. p. of con- templari to contemplate ; con^ +^ templum. See temple.] 1. To view or consider with continued attention ; meditate on. 2. To have in view as contingent or probable, or as an end or intention ; look forward to. — Syn, Behold, study, ponder, muse, reflect on; intend, design, plan, propose, pur- pose. ^ V. i. To think studiously ; ponder ; meditate. con^tem-pla'tlon (kSn'tSm-pla'sh^n), n. Act of contem- plating ; meditation ; expectation ; intention. con-tem'pla-tlve (kJJn-tSm'pld-tiv), a. Pert, to, of the na- ture of, or addicted to, contemplation.— Syn. See pen- sive. tive-ly, adv. tive-neBB, n. [plates. I Gon'tem-pla'tor (k5n'tgm-pla/t€r), n. One who contem-| Gon-tem'po-ra'ne-on5(k0n-tSm'p$-ra'n$-i£s), a. [L. c;. -TIBS C-tlz). 1. State of being contiguous. 2. A continuous mass ; a stretch. COn-Ug'll-OUS {k(Jn-tTg'u-Ms), a. [L. contiguus.'] In con- tact ; touching ; also, loosely, near, though not in contact ; adjoining. —Syn. Conterminous, abutting. See adja- cent. — con-tlg'u-ou8-Iy, adt>. — con-tlg'u-ous-ness, n. con'U-nence (k5n'tT-ngns), con'tl-nen-cy (-ngn-sT), n. Self-command j^ aelf-reatraint, esp. as to sexual indulgence. con'tl-nent (-nent), a. [L. continens, -entis, prop., p. pr. of continere to hold together, to repress.] 1. Exercising re- straint as to the indulgence of desires or passions ; temper- ate ; specifically, self-restrained as to sexual indulgence. 2- Serving to restrain ; restrictive. Obs. — n. 1. That which contains anything ; receptacle. 2- A continuous ex- tent or mass, esp. of laud ; mainland. 3. One of the grand divisions of land on the globe, usually regarded as six, — North America, South America, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. — con'tl-nent-ly, adv. COn^tl-nen'tal C-nSn'tal), a. \. Of, pert, to, or character- istic of, a continent. 2. [cap.'\ Of or pert, to the main- land of Europe. 3. \cap.^ Amer, Hist. Of or pert, to the confederated colonies in the time of the Revolution. — n. One belonging to a continent or the Continent ; A mer. Hist. [cap.], a soldier in the Continental army. COn-tln'gence (k^n-tTn'Jens), m. Contact ; touching. COn-tin'gen-cy (-j^n-sT), n. ; pi. -cies (-sTz). 1. Quality or state of being contingent. 2. That, as a result or an event, which is contingent. —Syn, Casualty, accident, chance. COn-tln'gent (-jent), a. [L. contingens, -eniis^ p. pr. of contingere to touch on all sides, happen ; con- -f- tangere to touch.] 1. Liable, but not certain, to occur ; possible. 2- Happening from unforeseen causes, or subject to un- foreseen conditions; chance. 3. Dependent (on a preced- ing uncertain event or situation); conditional. — Syn. Pro- visional, casual, fortuitous. — re. 1. That which is contin- gent. 2. That which falls to one in a division or apportion- ment ; esp., a quota of troops. COn-tln'u-al {-t-fi\), a. 1. Marked by continuity ; continu- ous. 2. Occurring in steady and rapid succesRion ; very frequent ; often repeated. — oon-tlll'U-al-ly, adv. Syn. Uninterrupted, un intermitted, unremitting, un- broken, connected, continued ; uniform, regular, invaria- ble; unceasing] ceaseless; eternal, endless, everlasting; undying, imperishable, enduring, permanent.— Continual, continuous^ constant, incessant, perpetual, perennial. Continual implies a close or unceasing succession or re- currence, continuous, an uninterrupted continuity or union, of objects or parts; as, terms of continunl recMr- rence; a con/mKouj series. As applied to objects in the singular, continual also often stresses the idea of going on in time, rather than (like continuous) that of unbroken connection or substance ; thus, continual industry implies that one is always at it ; continuous labor, that the work itself is performed at a stretch. Continuous refers to both time and space ; continual, only to time ; as, a continu- ous (not continual) expanse, a continual (or continuous) noise. Constant implies a uniform, persistent, or "stand- ing" occurrence ; as, constant mistakes. Incessant imnljea ceaseless activity ; perpetual, unfailing repetition or last- ing duration ; as, an incessant cough ; perpetual colds. Perennial adds the implication of exhaustlessness or con- stant renewal ; as, the perennial beauty of a good nature. COn-tln^U-anoe (kSn-tln'u-ana), n. 1. A continuing in a state 'or course ; duration ; stay. 2. Uninterrujjted succession ; continuation. 3. Law. Adjournment to a fixed future day. 4. A continuation or sequel. — Syn. See continuation. COn-tln'U-ate (-at), a. Uninterrupted ; continued. Con-tln^U-a'tlon (-a'sh&n), n. l. Act or state of continu- ing; state of being continued. 2. Act of carrying on or resuming after an interruption ; also, that which extends, increases, supplements, or carries on. Syn. Continuation, continuance, continuity. Continu- ation suggests prolongation or resumption ; oontinuancb, duration. perseverance, or stay; continuity, uninterrupted or unbroken connection, sequence, or extent. Con-tin'ue (-ttn'u), v. i. ; -tin'ued (-ud) ; -tim'u-ing. [F. continuer, L. continuare^ -tinuatum, to connect, continue, fr. coniinuus. See continuous.] 1. To remain in a given place or condition; abide; stay. 2. To be durable; endure; last. 3. To be constant in any course; persist; persevere. ■^ V. t. 1. To protract or extend in duration ; persist in. 2. To carry onward ; extend; prolong; produce; of a legal proceeding,to keep on the calendar or undecided. 3 . To re- tain ; suffer or cause to remain. — con-tin'u-er (-fi-er), n. COn'tl-nu'1-ty (kSn'tl-nu'i-tT), n. ;pl. -ties (-tiz). Quality or state of being continuous. — Syn. See continuation. COn-tln'a-OUS (kffn-tifn'ii-fls), a. [L. continuust fr. conti- nere to hold together.] Having contiguity of parts; with- out break, cessation, or interruption ; unbroken; continued. — Syn, See CONTINUAL. — con-Un'U-OUS-ly, adv. con-tort' (-tSrf), V. t. [L. contortus, p. p. of contorguere to twist; con- -}-torquere to twist.] To twist; twist together; turn away ; bend. — Syn. Wrest, deform, pervert, distort. — con-tor'tlon (-t6r'shttn), n. — con-tor'tiTe (-ttv), a. OOn-tor'tlOU-lst, n. An acrobat who contorts his body into unnatural postures. Goa'tour (k5n't6or' ; kSn'toor'), n. [F., fr. contoumer to mark the outlines; con- -\- toumer to turn.] The outline of a figure or body ; a line or lines representing such an out- line. — Syn. See porm. COn'tOUr^ line. A line connecting the points on a surface, as of a mountain, that have the same elevation. con'tra- (kon'trd-). A prefix from Latin contra^ signifying agaiTist, contrary, in opposition, etc. con'tra-band (-bSnd), n. [it. contrabbando; contra-^ bando ban, proclamation.] 1. Illegal or prohibited traffic. 2. Contraband goods ; also, smuggled goods. 3. Short for CONTRABAND OP WAR. 4. A negro slave who, during the Civil War, escaped to, or was brought within, the Union lines ; — from a decision of General Butler's that such slaves were contraband of war. U. 5. — contraliandofwar,thatwhich,by international law, cannot be supplied to one belligerent ex- cept at the risk of seizure and condemnation by the other. — a. Prohibited or excluded by law or treaty; forbidden. OOn'tra-ClOClc'wlse' {-klhk'wiz'), adv. In a direction op- posite to that of the motion of the hands of a timepiece. con-tract' (kan-trSkf), v t. [L, contractus, p. p. of contra- here to contract; con- -\- trahere to draw.] 1. Toestahlish or undertake by contract. 2. To betroth; affiance. 3. To bring on ; incur ; acquire. 4- To draw together ; reduce ; lessen. 5. To draw together so as to wrinkle. — Syn. Abridge, epitomize, narrow'. See incur, — v. i. X. To make a contract. 2. To be contracted, or reduced ; shrink. — Syn. See condense. Gon'tract (kSn'trSkt), n. 1. Law. An agreement, esp. one legally enforceable, between two or more persons to do or forbear something; bargain; compact; covenant; also, the written evidence of such an agreement. 2. Specifically, the formal agreement of marriage or of betrothal. Syn. Arrangement, understanding, convention, pact. — Contract, agreement, bargain, compact, covenant imply a mutual arrangement between two parties. Agreement is the most general term; it often implies little more than a mutual understanding. Contract applies esp. to such formal agreements as are legally binding; bargain, esp. to agreements regarding purchase and sale. A compact is a stronger and more solemn contract, often applying to alliances between states; covenant often has specific refer- ence to solemn religious engagements. COn-tract'ed (k5n-tr5k'tgd ; 24), p. a. Subjected to contrac- tion; as: a Drawn together ; shrunken; wrinkled ; short- ened, b Narrow; illiberal, c Bargained for; betrothed. — Gon-tract'ed-ly, adv. — con-tract'ed-ness, n. con-tractl-ble (-tt-b'l), a. See -able. na^re, verdure (87) ; k = cli in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. £lxplanatlon8l>f Abbreviations, Slffns, ete., preceae Vocabulary. l| Forelsn Word, + combined with. = equals. CONTRACTILE 156 CONTUSE GOn-traCtlle (kSn-tiSk'tll), a. Teoding or able to contract; contractive. — COn'trac-Ull-ty (kSnarSk-tll'I-tt), n. COn-trac'tlon (kdn-trSk'sh&n), n. 1. Act or process of con- tracting; state of being contracted. 2. The shortening of a word, or of two words, by omission of a letter or letters, or by reducing two or more syllables to one ; also, the result of such a shortening; as, ne^er for never ; donH for do not. oon-trac^tlve (-tTv), a. Tending or able to contract; per- taining to or causing contraction. COn-trac'tor (-ter), n. 1. One who contracts to do anything for another, esp. to perform work or supply articles on a largescale at a certain price or rate. 2. One that contracts, shortens, or narrows, as a muscle. con'tra-(lance^ con'tra-danse' (kSn'trd-d&ns'). Vara, of CONTREDANCE. GOn'tra-dict' (-dTkf), v. t. [L. contradictus, p. p. of con- tradicere to speak against; contra -\- dicere to speak.] 1. To assert the contrary of ; deny the truth of* as of a statement or a speaker ; impugn. 2. To resist; oppose. Obs. '^v. i. To oppose in words; gainsay. — con'tra-dlct'er, n. con'tra-dic'tloil (-dlk'shun), n. 1. An assertion of the con- trary. 2. Direct opposition ; absolute logical incompatibil- ity, as of a statement that a thing is and is not in the same way and at the same time. 3. That which is contradictory. — oon'tra-dlc'tive (-tlv), a. GOn^tra-dlo'tlous (-shzJs), a. 1. Self-contradictory. Obs. or Archaic. 2. Inclined to contradict or cavil. C0n/tra-dlc't0-r7 (-td-rl), a. Tending to contradict; of the nature of, or given to, contradiction. — Syn. See opposite. — con^tra-dic'to-rl-ly (-T-1T), adv. — dlc'to-ri-ness, n. OOn^tra-dls-tinc'tlOIl (dIs-tti]k'Bh3n), n. Act of contradis- tinguishing ; distinction by contrast ; — chiefly in in contra- distinction to. — con'tra-dls-tlnc'tlve (-tlqk'tTT), a. COn^tra-dls-tln'gUiBh (-tlq'gwTsh), v. t. To distinguish by a contrast of opposite qualities. oon'tra-ln'dl-cate (-tn'dT-kat), v. t. Med. To indicate a remedy or treatment contrary to (a particular remedy or treatment, as that indicated by the general symptoms). 'SOn-tral'tO (kSn-trSl'to ; -tril'to), n. ; pi. E. -tos (-toz). It. -Ti (-te). [It., fr. contra + alto alto.j Music, a The part sung by the highest male or lowest female voices ; the alto or countertenor, intermediate between tenor and soprano, and having the range of about g to c". b The voice or singer performing this part. oon'tra-po-sl'tlon (kSn^tro-po-zTsh'^n), n. A placing over against ; opposition ; antithesis. COn'tra-rl'e-ty (k5n/trd-ri'e-tT), n.,- pL -tebs (-tlz). 1. State or quality of being contrary. 2. Something contrary ; an inconsistency ; discrepancy. Gon'tra-rl-ly (k5n'trd-rT-li ; kSn'trS-), adv. of contbabt. GOn'tra-rl-nesB (-nSs), n. Contrariety. COn-tra'rl-OUS (kSn-tra'rl-fis ; -trfir'T-fis; 3), a. Having contrariety; perverse. Archaic. COn'tra-rl-wise^ (kSn'trd-rT-wiz^ ;. kSn'tra-), adv. 1. On the contrary. 2. Conversely. 3. Perversely; contrarily. COn'tra-ry (kSn'trd-rT ; k5n'tTa-), a. [fr. F., fr. L. con- irariuSftr. contra against.] 1. Opposed; contradictory; inconsistent. 2- Opposed to one's interests or desires ; imfavorable ; — now only of wind, weather, etc. 3. Oppo- site in direction. 4. Given to opposition ; perverse. — Syn. Adverse, repugnant, hostile, inimical, discordant. See opposite. — n. ; ^l. -ries (-rlz). 1. Either of two things or objects havmg contrary or opposite qualities. 2. The opposite of what has been already said or posited ; as, proofs show the contrary. — (k5n'trd-rT ; kSn-tra'rt ; -trSrl), V. t.; -ried (-rtd) ; -rt-iho. To act contrary to ; oppose ; contradict. Obs. con-trast' (kgn-trasf), V. i. [fr. P., fr. It., fr. LL., fr. L. contra + stare to stand.] To form a contrast. ^ v. t. To put in, or set off by, contrast. con'trast (kSn'tr^st), n. 1. Opposition or unlikeness of associated things or qualities, esp. as shown by juxtaposi- tion or comparison. 2. A thing or quality in such contrast to another. con^tra-vene' (kSn'trd-ven'), v. t. ; -vened' (-vend') ; -ven'- iNG (-vening). [fr. LL. eontravenire ; L. contra -f- venire to come.] 1. To go or act contrary to ; infringe, as a law. 2. To oppose in principle or effect; defeat. — Syn. See DENT. — GOn^tra-ven'tlon (-vSn'shiin), n. GOn'tre-d&nce^ , con'tre-danse^ (kSn'tre-d&ns' J, n. A form of dance based upon the country-dance, in which the part- ners are face to face, or in opposite lines. II con'tre-temps' (kSNar'-taN')* '^•/ P^' -teufb {F. -tan')- [F.] An untoward accident ; hitch. COn-trib'Ute (kSn-trlb'ut), v. t. ; -ut-ed (-u-t€d) ; -dt-x»o {-ij-tTng). [L. contribiUus, p. p. of conti'ibuere to bring to- gether, add; con- -\~ tribuere to grant.] To give in common with others. — v.i. Togiveaparttoacommonstock; lend aid to a common purpose. — Syn. See conditce. COn'trl-bU'tlon (k5n'trl-bu'shfin), n. 1. A levy or impost, esp. an extraordinary one ; tax. 2. Act of contributing ; that which is contributed. GOn-trlb'U-tlve (kSn-trll/u-tTv), a. Contributing, or tend- ing to contribute. — con-trlb'u-tlve-ly, adv. COn-trlb'U-tor (-tSr), n. One that contributes ; specif., one who writes articles for a newspaper or periodical. GOn-trlb'n-tO-ry (-to-rl), a. 1. Contributing ; subject to levy. 2- Of the nature of or forming a contribution. — n, ; pi. -RIES (-rlz). One that contributes. con'trlte (kSn'tnt), a. [L. contritus bruised, p. p. of con- terere to grind, bruise ; con- + terere to rub, grind.J 1. Broken down with grief and penitence ; humbly peni- tent. 2. Proceeding from contrition. — Syn. Repentant sorrowful. — Gon'trite-ly, adv. — con'trite-ness, n. COn-tll'tiOll (k9n-trTsb'i2n), n. State of being contrite. Syn. Regrret, compunction, self-reproach.— Contrition, PENITENCE, REPENTANCE. In theological usage, contrition denotes deep sorrow for sin, growmg out of love toward Ood; but it has, also, amore general application. Pbnitenob and repentance imply sorrow for what is past, and pur- posed amendment, — oeni^ence emphasizing the element ol feeling, repentance^ that of a new purpose. oon-trlv'a-ble (-trlv'd-b'l), a. See -able. COn-trlv'ance (kdn-trlv'Sns), n. 1. Act or faculty of con- triving ; also, disposition of parts or causes by design ; adaptation. 2. A thing contrived or used in contriving ; a device. — Syn. Planj scheme, project, design, artifice, shift ; invention, machine. See device, GOn-trive' (-triv'), v. t. ; -trived' (-trivd') ; -tbiv'ing (-triv'- Ing). [fr. OF., fr. con- -\- trover to find.] 1. To form, fabricate, or make, by ingenuity; devise. 2. To effect; bring about by device, scheme, or" stratagem. — Syn. In- vent, discover, plan, design, project, plot. ^ v. i. To make devices ; plan ; scheme ; plot. — con-trlT'er (-triv'er), n. GOn-trol' (-trolO, V. t. ; -TROLLED' (-trold') ; -trol'lihg. [fr, F., fr. conire (L. contra) -|- fole roll, catalogue.] 1. To check or regulate (payments, etc.). 2. To exercise re- straining or directing influence over ; hence, to hold from action ; curb. — Syn. Restrain, rule, govern, guide, regu- late, hinder, direct ; counteract, subdue. ^ n. 1. Power or authority to control. 2. One that serves to control ; as : a Reserve ; restraint, b A check ; controller. — Syn. Regulation, check, restraint. — con-tiolla-ble (-d-b'l), a. oon-troller (-er), n. 1. An officer for checking expendi- ture ; a comptroller. 2. One that controls or govems. — con-trorier-Bhlp, n. — con-trol'ment (mSnt), n. OOn'tro-ver'Sial (kSuard-vQr'shfll), a. Subject or relating to, or consisting of, controversy ; disputatious. — COn^tro- ver'slal-lst, n. — con^trG-ver'slal-ly, adv. OOn'tro-ver'sy (kSn'tro-vflr'sT), n. / pi. -sies (-sTz). [L. con- troversial fr. controversus turned against, disputed ; coniro- = contra -^- verstiSf p. p. See version.] Act or instance of controverting ; esp., a discussion, dispute, or debate ; some- times, a quarrel. — Syn. Disputation, disagreement, alter- cation, contention, wrangle, strife. COn'tro-vert (k5n'tr6-vfirt ; kSn'tro-vfirf), v. t. To debate, dispute, or oppose in words ; contest ; oppose. — Syn. See t>ENT. — con'tro-Teit'er, n. — con^tro-vert'l-ble (kSn'trS- vflr'tT-bU), a. — -Tort'1-bly, adv. — con'tro-Tert'lst, n. COn^ta-ma'clona (kSn^tu-ma'shSs), a. Exhibiting contu- macy i obstinate. — Syn. Stubborn, unyielding, headstrong, perverse, disobedient ; unruly^ refractory, intractable, mutinous, seditious, riotous, insubordinate, rebellious. — con'tu-ma'clons-ly, adv. — con'tU'ina'cloiiB-iiess, n. C0n'tU-ma-cy{k5n't(i-md-sI), n. ; pi. -ciEs (-sTz). [L. con- tumacia^ fr. contumax^ -acis^ insolent.] Quality or state of being contumacious; pertinacious resistance to authority. con'ta-mell-ona (-me'll-us), a. Exhibiting contumely. — Syn. See opprobrious. — con'tu-xue'll-oiis-ly, adv. COn'tU-me-ly (k5n'tu-me-lT), n. ; pi. -lies (-ITz). [L. con- tumelia.'] 1. Rudeness compounded of haughtiness and contempt; scornful insolence; disdain. 2. An instance or exhibition of contumely (sense 1) ; insult. con-tnee' (k3n-tuz'), v. t. ; -tdbed' (-tuzd') ; -tus'ino (-tuz'- Ing). [L. CimUtsus^ p. p. of coniundere to beat, crush ; ale, senate, c4re, ftm, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, Snd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, dbey, drb, 6dd, sSft, connect ; use, Qnite, ^m, iip, circtis, menii; xdod, fddt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ii^k; tben, thin; CONTUSION 157 CONVICT eon- -f- tundere to beat.] To bruise ; injure or difloiganize a part of without breaking the skin. COn-tU'Sion (k0n-tu'zhi2n), n. 1. Act or process of contus- ing; state of being contused. 2. A bruise. OO-naii'dnim (kd-nQn'di^m), n. 1. A kind of riddle or puzzling question of which the answer is or involves a pun. 2. A thing that puzzles. —Syn. See bniqma. oon'va-lesce' (k5u'vd-16B')i v. i. ; -lbsced' (-ISsf) ; -lebC- ING. [L. convalescere ; con- -\~ valescere to grow strong. valere to be strong.] To recover health and strength, esp. gradually, after sickness ; to get better. — con'va-les'- cence (-iSs'gns), n. — con'va-les'cent (-^nt), a. & n. OOZt-vectlon (kan-vSk'shwn), n. [L. convectio^ fr. con- vehere to bring together; con--\- vehei-e to carry.] A con- veying or transmitting; esp.. Physics, transfer or transmis- sion, as of heat, by means of currents in liquids or gases. COn-Tene' {k3n-ven'), v. i. ; -venbd' (-vend') ; -ven'inq. [L. coiwenire ; con- -|- venire to come.] To come together, as in one body; assemble. — Syn. Meet, congregate, col- lect, unite. — V. t. 1. To cause to assemble; convoke. 2. To summon before a tribunal. — con-ven'er (-ven'er), n. eon-venlonce (-ven'ySns), con-Ten'len-cyC-ygn-st), n. / pi. -CBS (-sSz), -ciEs (-sTz). 1. state or quality of being con- venient, as of place, time, etc. 2. Freedom from discom- fort or trouble ; personal ease. 3. A convenient condition or time. 4. That which promotes comfort or advantage ; specif., an appliance or utensil for personal ease or comfort. COn-Ten'lent (-y2nt), a. [L. conveniens^ -entis, suitable, p. pr. of convenire. See convene, v. i.] 1. Fit; adapted; proper. Archaic. 2. Suited to or affording ease, comfort, or advantage ; saving trouble. — Syn. Suitable, adapted, fitted, handy, commodious. — con-ven'leilt-ly, adv. consent (k5n'vgnt), n. [L. conventus a meeting, L. also, a convent. See convene, v. i.] 1. A community of re- cluses, as monks, friars, or esp. (popularly) nuns, devoted to a religious life under a superior. 2. A monastery or nun- nery; esp. (popularly), a nunnery. — Syn. See cloister. con-vent' (kan-vSnV), v. t. & i. To convene. Obs. COn-ven'tl-Cle (-vSn'tl-k'l), n. [L. eonventiculum, dim. of conventus.'] 1. An assembly. Obs. 2- An assembly for religious worship, esp. a secret or illegal one. COn-ven'tlon(-shun),n. 1. Act of convening. 2. A body of persona, as of delegates, members of a party, etc., met for a common purpose; as, a political convenifion. 3- Agree- ment or an agreement ; contract ; covenant. 4. General concurrence as the basis of any custom, opinion, or the like ; hence, fixed custom or usage ; conventionality. 6. A rule or usage based on general agreement ; a conventionalism. OOn-ven'tlon-al (-ftl), a. 1 . Of, pert, to, or of the nature of, convention or a convention; growing out of, or depending on, custom or general agreement; formal. 2. F^neArts, Following conventions in design, technique, or conception. — con-ven'tlon-al-lsm (-Tz*m), n. — con-ven'tion-al- Ize (-iz), V. t. ; -ized (-izd); -iz^ma (-iz'Tng). — -al-ly, (idv. oon-Ten^tion-al'i-ty (-3iT-tI), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). State or quality of being conventional, esp. in social intercourse ; also, that which is established by conventional use ; a con- ventional usage, practice, or thing. GOn-ven'tn-al (-vgn'^-51), o. Of, pertaining to, or charac- teristic of, a convent. ^ ». An inmate of a convent. GOn-verg^e' (-vflrj'), w. i. ; -verged' (-vfirjd') ; -vero'ikg (-vflr'jing) . [L. convergere ; coti- -f- vergere to turn, in- cline.] To tend to one point or line ; incline and approach nearer together. ^ v. t. To cause to converge. con-ver'gence (-vQr'jgns) i «. / pis. -oences (-jSn-sSz), Gon-ver''gen-cy (-jfta-sl) ( -oencibs (-sTz). Act, con- dition, or quality of converging; tendency to one point. Oon-ver'gent (-j2nt), a. Tending to one point or focus or line ; approaching each other. OOn-vers'a-Ue (-vlb/sa-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being readily conversed with ; also, disposed to converse. 2. Pertain- ing to, or suitable for, converse or social intercourse. — Gon-Ters'a-Ue-nesB, n. — con-vera'a-bly, adv. GOn^ver-sant (kSn'ver-sffint), a. [L. conversans, p. pr. of conversari to associate with.] 1. Accustomed to dwell. Obs. 2. Having frequent or familiar intercourse ; inti- mately acquainted. 3. Familiar by use or study ; well in- formed. ~~ Syn. Acquainted, learned, versed, practiced. GOn^ver-sa'tlon (-sa'shMnJ, n. [fr. OF., fr. L, conversatio. See CONVEBSE.] 1. An abiding. Obs. 2. Manner of living; conduct. Archaic. 3. Social interchange or intercourse. 4. Colloquial discourse; also, an instance of this; talk. 6. A meeting for conversation. Obs 6. Occupation, as with an object of study; hence, close intimacy. — Syn. Commun- ion, familiarity; conference, dialogue, colloquy, chat. COn'ver-sa'tion-al (k5n'ver-sa'shfin-ai), a. 1. Ready to con- verse ; given to conversation. 2- Of, pertaining to, or ap- propriate to, conversation. — con''ver-sa'tlon-al-ly, adv. con'ver-sa'tlon-al-ist, n. A couversacionist. OOn'Ter-sa'tlon-iSt, n. One who converses much or well. II COn'ver-sa'Zi-O'ne (kSn'ver-sat/se-o'na), n./pl. E. -zio- NBs (-naz), It. -zioNi (-ne). [It.] A meeting, esp. in the evening, for conversation and social recreation. con-Terse' (kdn-vflrs'), v. i. ; -VERSED' (-vGrsf) ; -verb'ino. [fr. F., fr. L. conversari to associate with ; con- -^versari to be turned, live, veriere to turn.] 1. Toholdintercourse; deal; traffic; associate familiarly. 2. To interchange thoughts and opinions in speech ; talk. — Syn. See talk. COn'verse (kSn'vQrs), n. 1. Intercourse , intimate asso- ciation. 2. Familiar discourse ; conversation ; talk. Con'verse, a. [L. conversus, p. p.] Turned about ; re- versed or opposite in order or relation ; acting oppositely or contrarily. — n. 1. In general, that which is related to something else in a way that is converse, or turned : the opposite. 2. Logic. A proposition obtained by conversion; as, the converse of ' ' None but the brave deserves the fair ' ' is "None but the fair deserves the brave." Cojiverse is not to be confused with opposite or reverse ; thuis, the op- posite of " None but the brave deserves the fair " is *' All but the brave deserve the fair." COn'Torse-ly (kSn'vers-lI ; kSn-vQrs'-), adv. of contebbe, a. COn-Ters'er (kdn-vQr'ser), n. One who converses. COn-ver'slon (kSn-vQr'shun), n. 1. Act of converting; state of being converted. 2. Theol A spiritual and moral change attending a change of belief, with conviction, from what is false or worldly to what is true or godly, con-vert' (-vflrt'), v. t. [L. eonvertere, -versum ; ctm- -\- vergere to turn.] 1. To turn. 02>f., exc.://opic. To change (a proposition) so that the subject becomes the predicate. See CONVERSE, n., 2. 2. To change or turn from one belief or course to another. 3. Theol. To produce spiritual con- version in (any one). 4- To change from one state to an- other, transform ; transmute. 6. To divert from one use to another ; iou), to appropriate dishonestly or illegally. 6- To exchange for an equivalent ; as, to convert goods into money. — Syn, See transform. — v. i. To be converted. COn'vert (kSn'vflrt), ». A person converted in opinion or practice ; esp., Theol., one who experiences conversion. Syn, Convert, PROSELYTE. Convert implies a hearty, usu- ally genuine, embracing of a creed, opinion, or doctrine pre- viously rejected or, at least, not accepted. Proselyte is properly an adherent of one system (esp. religious) who has transferred himself, or been gained over, to another, often suggesting unworthy or ulterior motives. COn-vert'er (kSn-vfir'ter), n. One that converts. Gon-vert'l-ble (-tl-b'l), a. Capable of being converted. — Syn. See reciprocal. — con-ver'tl-ljll'1-ty (-btlt-tT), n. -m- Gon-vert'1-bly, adv. COn'vert-lte (k5n'ver-tit), n. A convert. Archaic. COn'vex (-vSks), a. [L. convexus vaulted, arched, convex, concave, fr. convehere to bring together.] Rising or swell- ing into a spherical or rounded form ; regularly protuber- ant or bulging ; — in opposition to concave, —n. A con- vex body, surface, or part. — GOn-vex'1-ty (k3n-vBk'sT-tl), n. — con'vex-ly, adv. — con'Tex-ness, n. GOn-vex'O— . A combining form for convex ; as in : con-vex'o- con'cave (k5n-vSk'so-kSn'kav), a. Optics. Convex on one side and concave on the other. — con-vex'o-con'vex, a. Op- tics. Convex on both sides; double convex. con-vey' (kiSn-va'), v. t. [OF. conveier, convoier, to escort, convey, fr. LL. conviare; L. con- -\- via way.] 1. To bear from one place to another ; carry ; transport. 2. To serve as a medium or conduit for; transmit. 3. To impart, ashy language. 4. To transfer or deliver to another, as the title to property by a dfeed. 6. To manage, esp. with privacy or craft Obs. — Gon-vey'er (-er), Gon-vey'or (-er), n. COn-vey'ance (-Sns), n. 1. Act of conveying. 2. Means or way of conveying ; esp. : a A written instrument for conveying the title to property, b A vehicle ; carriage. — con-vey'ano-er (-ffin-ser), n. con-vlct' (k^n-vTkf), p a. [L. convictus, p. p. See con- vince.] Proved or found guilty. — v. t. To prove or find guilty. — Syn. Confute, convince, confound. COU'vict (kSn'vTkt), ra. One convicted of. and under sentence for, a serious crime. — Syn. Malefactor, criminal, felon. natjire, ver4ure(87); K = chinG. icb, ach(50}; boN; yet; zh— z in azure. Numbers refer to§§in Guide. explanation* ofAbbrevlatlous, Slsna, etc.* precede Vocabulary* 11 Foretirn Word. + combined wlthr ==equ(il|}. CONVICTION 158 COPIER GOn-vlc'tlon (kdn-vlk'shj^n), n, 1. A conTicting ; state of being convicted. 2. A convincing of error, or compelling the admission of a truth; confutation. 3. State of being convinced ; strong persuaaion or belief. — Sy n. See belibe'. COn-Vic'tlve (-tlv), a. Producing conviction. con-vince' (-vlnsOi' v. t. ; -vinced' (-vlnsf) ; -vinc'iko (-vTn'sIng). [L. com^zncere, -viciwm^ to refute, convict, prove ; con- + vinc&re to conquer.] 1. To overpower. Obs. 2. To overcome and persuade by argument. 3. To convict. Archaic. — con-vince'iiient (-mSnt), n. — con- vln'cl-ble (-vTn'al-b'l), a. — con-vlno'lng-ly, adv. COn-viv^i-al (-vtv'I-ffil), a. [L. convlvialLs, fr. convivium feast ; con- -f- vivere to live.] Of or relating to a feast or entertainment; festive; gay. — Syii. See social. — con- viv'l-al'i-ty (-Si'I-tl), n. — con-vlv'1-al-ly, adv. COn'VO-oa'tlOii(k6u'vft-ka'8hMn),7i. [See convoke.] 1. Act of convoking. 2. An assembly convoked, esp. in the An- glican churches ; convention. OOn-VOke'(kSn-vok'), V. I.; -voKEi>'(-vokt')i-voK'iNo(-vok'- Tng). [L. convQcare^ p. p. -caius ; con- -f- vocure to call.] To call together ; assemble by summons. — Syn. Summon, convene. COn'vo-lute (k5n'vo-Iut), a. [L. convolutus, p. p. of con- volvere. See convolve.] Rolled together, one part on an- other. — Gon'vo-lut'ed (-luf 5d), a. COn'VO-lu'Uon (-lu'shi^n), n. 1. A rolling or coiling to- gether ; a winding. 2. A winding or fold, as of something rolled or folded on itself ; a coil, whorl, or sinuosity. COn-VOlve' (k3n-v61v'), v. t. & i./-voLVED'(-v51vd'); -volv'- ING. [L. convolvere, -voluium; con-+ volveTe to roll.] To roll or wind together. COn-VOl'VU-lUS (-v51'v5-l«s), n. ; pi. E. -lubes (-5z ; 24), L. -LI (-li). [L., bindweed, fr. convolvere to roll around; — from its twining stems.] Any of various erect or trailing or twining herbs of agenus(Co7i«o/'yw/w*) including species called bindweed or, sometimeB, moi'ning-glory. con-voy' C-voi')» v, t. [F. convoyer. See convey.] 1. To accompany ; guide ; conduct. Archaic or Scot. 2. To accompany for protection, by sea or laud ; escort. COn'voy (kSn'vol), n. 1. Act of convoying, or attending for defense ; state of being so attended. 2. One that couvoys another; escort. ' 3- Conductingchannel,medium,orway. Obs. 4. One that is convoyed ; esp., a merchant vessel or wagon train having an armed escort. COn-vnlae' (kdn-vfils'), v. t. ; -vulsed' (-vQlsf); -VULB'iNQ. [L. conimlstis^ p. p. of convellere to tear up, shake ; con--\- vellere to pluck, pull.] To shake violently, lit. or fig. ; agi- tate greatly. — Syn. Disturb, shake, tear, rend. COn-vnl'slon (-vQl'ahfin), 71. 1. (Usually in;?/.) A violent and involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the muscles ; spasm. 2. Any violent irregular agitation ; tu- mult.— Syn. Disturbance. See paroxysm. — con-VOl'Slve (-sTv), a. — con-vul'slve-ly, adv. — oon-vnl'slve-nesS; n. CO'ny, co'ney (k^nT; kfin'T), n. ; pi. -NIBS or -nbys (-niz). [fr. OP.,fr.ij. cMmcwZu* a rabbit, cony.] 1. A rabbit ;e8i^, the European rabbit. 2. A hyrax. oo'ny-catch', f t.ifti. To trick; gull. Obs. — — catoh'or,n< coo (Itoo), V. i. [imitative.] 1. To make the characteristic cry of the pigeon, or a sound suggestive of it. 2. To con- verse in a loving way ; as, billing and cooing. •^ v. t. To utter, express, or effect with a coo or coos. ^ n. The cry or call of one that coos. — COO'er, n. cook (kSdk), n. [AS. coc^ fr. L. cociis^ coguus, fr. coquere to cook.] One who prepnres food to eat by cooking.— V. i. 1. To prepare (food) by boiling, roasting, baking, broiling, etc.; prepare ortreat (anything) by heat. 2. Topre- pare ; hence, tamper with ; falsify ; — often with up ; as, to cook up a story. Collog. 3. To undo ; ruin; spoil. Slang, — V. i. 1. To do the work of a cook. 2. To be cooked. COOk'er (-er), n. One that cooks something ; esp., a special vessel or apparatus in which something is cooked. COOk'er-y (-T), n. ; pi. -eries (-Tz). 1. Art, proceiss, or practice of cooking. 2. A place for cooking. OOOk'y, cook'le (-T), n. ; pi. -ma (-Tz). A form of small cake ; Jn the U. S., a small, fiat, usually sweetened cake. cool (kcol), a. [AS. col.'j 1. Moderately cold ; lacking in warmth. 2. Not retaining or admitting heat ; as, a coof dress. 3. Not ardent or passionate ; deliberate ; splf-pos- sessed. 4. Manifesting coldness or dislike. 6- Quietly impudent ; audacious. 6. Stated, estimated, or the like, with calm deliberation or without exaggeration. Syn. Calm, self-possessed, unruffled, unmoved, tranquil.— GOOL, OOHFOSED, COLLECTED, IMPERTURBABLE, NONCHALANT. Cool (see officious) implies freedom from heat, passion, or excitement ; as, cool as a veteran. Oompobeu suggests calm- ness or tranquillity ; collected, self -possession, esp. in the face of difficulty or danger ; both are opposed to distracted. That is impektubbable which is not readily abashed or dis- concerted ; as, vmperturbable common sense. Nonchalant implies indifference or unconcern ; as, he twirled his cane nonchalantly as he walked. — n. 1. Something that is cool ; cool time, place, etc. 2. Coolness, ^v. i. dk t. 1. Tobecome or make cool. 2. To calm ; allay ; moderate. — coorish, a. COOl'er (kool'er), n. One that cools something ; as : a Some- thing that abates heat or, fig., passion, b A vessel used to cool liquids, etc. c A cooling drug, d A prison. Slang. coolie, COO'ly (koo'll), n. ; pi. -LIES (-liz). Among Eu- ropeans in India, China, etc., a native unskilled laborer or porter; also, elsewhere, a cheap laborer from the Orient. COOl'ly (kooyil), adv. In a cool manner. COOl'neSB, n. State of being cool. GOOm, coomb (koom), n. Soot ; refuse. Scot. <& Dial. Eng. COomb, combo, comb (koom ; kom), n. A narrow ravine- like valley. Eng. coon (koon), n. 1. A raccoon. 2. A negro. Slang, U. S. coop (koop), n. A cage or small inclosure, as for poultry ; pen. — V. t. To confine in a coop ; to confine narrowly. COOp'er (koop'er ; kdOp'er), n. One who makes or repairs barrels, casks, etc. — v. t. To do the work of a cooper on. COOp'er-age (-aj), n. Work done by a cooper, or the pay for it ; also, a cooper's shop. co-9p'er-ate (k6-5p'er-at), v. i. ; -at'ed (-afSd) ; -at'ing. [L. cooperatus, p. p. of cooperari to cooperate ; co- -\~ ope- rari to work.] 1. To act jointly with another or others. 2. To join in coSperation (sense 2). — Syn. Contribute, conduce, combine. — co-bp'er-a'tor (-a'ter), n. CO-bp^er-a'tlon (-a'shwn), n. 1. A cooperating; concurrent effort or labor. 2. The association, or collective action, of persons for their common benefit, esp. in an industry. — co-bp'er-a-tlve (-a-tiv), a. — co-'dp'or-a-tive-ly, adv. CO-Sr'dl-nate (-8r'dl-nat), a. Ico- + L ordinaius, p. p. of ordinate to regulate.] 1. Equal in, or of the same, rank, order, or importance ; not subordinate. 2- Pert, to or in- volving coordination or coordinates, ^n. 1. One that is codrdinate. 2- Math. Any of two or more magnitudes that determine position, as of points, with reference to certain fixed points, lines, or planes. — (-nat), v. i. tfc i. ; -nat'ed (-nat'Sd) ; -nat^ino. 1. To make or become codrdinate. 2. To adjust; harmonize. — co-Sr'dl-nate-ly, adv. — oo- (fr'dl-na'tlon (-na'shftn), n. — co-'dr'dl-na-tlve (-na-tTv), a. coot (koot), 71. 1. Any of certain ducklike birds of the rail family, with lobes along the sides of the toes. 2. Any North American species of surf duck, or scoter. COp(kSp) n. [AS.] 1. Top; crest. Obs.orDial. 2- A coni- cal mass of thread, yam , etc. , wound on a spindle, tube, etc. CO-paiHba (ko-pa'bd ; -pi'bd), n. [Sp. & Pg., fr. Braz. ctt- pai&ba.'] Pharm. A stimulant and diuretic oleoresin got from several species of South American and African trees. OO'pal (ko'pSl), n. [Sp., fr. Mex. copalH resin.] A resin from various tropicnl trees, used in making varnishes. CO-par'oe-na-ry (ko-par'se-nfi-rT), n.; pi. -HIES (-rTz). 1. Law. Joint heirship. 2- Copartnership; joint ownership. CO-par'ce-ner (-ner), n. Law. A joint heir. OO-pait'ner (ko-part'ner), n. Joint associate ; partner ; sharer. — co-part^ner-Bhip, n. cope (kop), V. i. 1. To contest hostilely ; struggle ; now, usually, to contend on equal terms or with some success; match ;~ followed by with, 2. To meet; encounter. Archaic. — v. t. Obs. or Archaic. 1. To encounter ; meet. 2. To requite ; match (with). cope, n. [LL. capa."] X. A kind of ecclesiastical hooded cloak. 2< Something likened to a cope, as a vault or can- opy ; esp., the vault of heaven ; hence, vertex ; height.— V. t. To cover or furnish with or aswith a cope or coping. CO'peck (ko'pSk), n. Var. of kopeck. Go-per'nl-can (kS-pfir'nT-kSn), a. Of or pertaining to Co- pernicus (1473-1543), who taught the relationship of sun and planets now accepted as the true one. [ing touch, i cope'Stone' (kop'stonQ, n. A stone for a coping; fig.,fini6h-| Go-phet'U-a (k6-fSt^-o), n. A legendary African king who married a beggar maid, Penelophon (spelt Zenelophon in Shakespeare's " Love's Labour 's Lost "). cop'l-er (k3p'T-er), n. 1. One who copies, as from an origi- nal ; copyist 2. An imitator. ale, senate, c&re, &m, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, end, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, drb, 5dd, soft, connect ; use, finite, fim, tip, circOSt nienU ; f^d^ fo^t ; oat| oil ; chair ; go ; elng, ii)k ; tben, thin ; COPING 159 CORDUROY GOp'lng (kop'Tng), n. The highest course of a wall, often with a sloping top- GO'pl-OUS (ko'pT-zis), a. [L. copiosus^ fr. copia abundance.] 1. Having or yielding an abundance ; abounding (in) ; hence, full of thouglit, iul'ormatiou, or the liku; proiuse in worda. 2. Large in amount ; plentiful ; abundant. — Syn. Ample, plenteous, rich, exuberant, overflowing. See plen- TiEUL. — co'pl-ous-ly, adv. — CO'pl-OUS-&QSB, n. GOpped (kSpt) , a. Rising to a top or head ; conical ; peaked. Gop'per (kSp'er), n. [L. cuprum, fr. Cyprus^ anciuutly re- nowned for its copper mines.] 1. A common metal, red- dish in color, ductile, malleable, and very tenacious, and one of the best conductors of heat and electricity. Sym- bol, Cu ; at. wt., 63.57. 2. Something made of copper, as: a A copper (or bronze) coin, b A vessel, usp. a large boiler. COp'per-as (-as), n. [F. couperose.] Ferrous sulphate, a green substance used in ink, in dyeing blacks, etc. GOp'pGr-head' (-hedO, n* !• a poisonous snake of the east- ern United States, allied to the rattlesnake, but without rattles. 2. [cap."] A Northerner who sympathized with the South during the Civil War ; — a nickname. U. S. copier-plate^ (-plat''), n. 1. A plate of copper on which a design or writing is engraved or etched. 2. An impression from such a plate. 3. Copperplate engraving or printing. OOp'por-7 (-t), a. Containing or like copper. GOp'plce (-Ts), n. [fr. OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. kdAou^o? a blow, buffet.] A thicket or grove of small trees ; copse. GOp'ra (kSp'rd), n. [Malayalam^opp ara or Hind. kh5prd:'\ Dried coconut meat, from which coconut oil is expressed. copse (kSps), n. [coutr. from coppice.^ A coppice. Copt (kSpt), n. An Egyptian of the native race descended from the ancient Hamltes ; a member of the Coptic Church, the native church of Egypt. — Gop^tlc (kSp'tlk), a. & n. C0p'U-la(k5p'u-ld),n.; £;.;?;. -LAS (-IdzJ. [L.,bond.] Gram. A word (esp. a form of the verb be) used as expressing simply the relation between subject and predicate. OOp'n-late (-lat), v. i. ; -LAT'ED (-lat'Sd) ; -lat/ihg. To unite, esp. in sexual intercourse. — GOp'a-l^'tlon (-la'ahi2n), n. COp'll-la-tlve (-la-ttv), a. [L. c&pulativxts.'] Serving to con- nect ; as, a copulative conjunction. aHen ce, Gram. : a In- TOlviug or containing connected clauses, b Of the nature of a copula ; as, a eopidative verts, that is, an mtransitive verb taking a noun complement, as in, John became king ; he seemed a hero. — n. A copulative word. — cop'a-la-to-ry (-Id-tfi-rl), a. cop'y (kop'T), n.; pi. copies (-Tz). [fr. F., fr. L, copia abundance, number, LL. also, a transcript ; co- -{• root of qpe« riches.] 1. An imitation or reproduction of an origi- nal work. 2. That which is to be imitated or reproduced ; pattern, or example, as of penmanship. 3. Manuscript or printed matter to be set up in type. 4. An individual one of a number of books, engravings, or the like, reproducing the same composition or work. — Syn . Transcript, counter- feit. See DUPLICATE. — v,t.& i. ; cop'ied (-Id) ; cop't-ino. 1. To make a copy or copies of ; to write, print, engrave, or paint, after an original ; reproduce. 2. To imitate. cop'y-hold'' (-hold'), n. In England and Ireland, tenure of lands by copy of the roU or record of a manorial court. COp'y-ist, n. A copier ; transcriber ; imitator. GOp'y-rigfhV t-rif ), n. The exclusive right to reproduce, publish, and sell, etc., the matter and form of a literary or artistic work. — v. t. To secure a copyright on. GO-llliet' (kd-kStOi n. A coquette ; — formerly the common spelling. — v.t.Sc i. ; -qdbt'ted ; -quet'ting. To treat or act as, or after the manner of, a coquette ; flirt. CO'quet-ry (ko'kgt-rl), n.; pi. -rub (-rTz). Conduct, art, or appearance of, or like that of, a coquette. GO-QUOtte' (ko-kSf), ». [F., fr. cojwei, c.o- quettej coquettish, orig., cocklike, strut- ting, fr. cog cock.] A woman who seeks to attract men's admiration or affection for mere self-gratification, as to gratify vanity; a flirt. — C0-4U6t'- tlsh (-kStnfshj.a.— cOHiiiet'tlBb- ly, adv. cor-. Var. of COM-. Gor'a-ole (kSr'd-kn), n. [W. corwglj cwrwgl, fr. coi-wg, cwnog, round body, car- cass.] A small boat made by covering a wicker frame with hide, oilcloth, etc. C0r'&-C0ld (k5r'd-koid), a. [fr. G-r. KopaKoet&iji ; Kopof crow -\- elSos form.] Anat. Noting a process or cartilage bone of many vertebrates, extending from the scapula to or toward the sternum. co-rag'glo, co-ra'Klo (kd-rU'jo), interj, [It. coraggio.'] Courage 1 oor'al (kSr'ai), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. coral- lum^ QrT. KOfio.KKiov,'] The calcareous or horulike skeleton of any of various mostly compound marine animals, the individual polyps of which arise by bud- ding; also, theentireanimal.-— a. Hav- ing a red color, like coral. cor'al-Une (-ffi-lln; -liu)* a. Composed of coral or corallines , also, coral-red. End of a Branch of COr'al-Une, n. 1. A kind of red calca- Red Coral with ex- reous alga. 2. Any coral-Uke animal. "^^^^^^ Polyps. GOr'al-lOld (-loid), a. Like coral in form or appearance. CO'ram (ko'ram), n. Obs. corruption of quorum. GO-ran'tO (ko-rSn'to), n. = coitrante, a dance. OOrHban (kSr'bSn), n. [Heb. qorban.'] Jewish Antiq. An offering devoted to God. See Mark vii. 11 {B. V.). cor'bel (-bSl), ». [OF., prop., raven, dim. of 00753, L. corvtis, raven.] A supporting projection from the face of a wall. — v. t. ; >beled (-bSld) or -BELLED ; -bel-ino or -bbl- LiNO. To fumish with, or support by, a corbel. COr'bie, or cor'by (kSr'bT), n. Also OOTble crow. [seecoBBEL.] A raven or a carrion crow. Scot. OOrd (kSrd), n. [fr. F., fr. L. chorda catgut, chord, cord, Gr. x^P^^O 1- ^ string or small rope; also, such string Corbels, as a material. 2- A hangman's rope. 3. A tendon or nerve. 4- A cubic measure used esp. for cut wood,now legally, U.S.., a pile 8 ft. by 4 ft. by 4 ft. (128 cu. ft.) . 5. Any moral in- fluence by which one is held or drawn, as if by a cord. — V. t. 1. To furnish, bind, or connect, with a cord or cords. 2. To pile up (wood, etc.) in cords. COrd'age (kdr'd&j), n. 1. Cords or ropes collectively; eap., the ropes in a ship's rigging. 2. The num- ber of cords, as of wood, on a given area. cor'date (-dat), a. [L. cor^ cordis, heart.] Heart-shaped; as, a cor- date leaf. — cor'date-ly, adv. Gor-dell-a (k5r-de'ii-d ; -del'yd), n. [LL. Cordeilla.'] See Lear. COr'dlal (kSr'jffil; kSrd'ySl), a. [LL. cordialis, fr. L. cor heart.] 1. Of the heart ; hence, vital ; in- ternal. Obs. or R. 2. Tending to revive, cheer, or invigorate. 3. Hearty; sincere; warm. Syn. Real, unfeigned ; warm, ardent, zealous, vigorous. — Cordial, hearty. Cordial implies warmth and sincerity of feelings and manner ; hearty adds the suggestion of hon- esty and simj)licity, often, also, of vigor or energy ; as, a cordial greeting, a hearty welcome, handshake. ^n. 1. Any invigorating and stimulating preparation. 2. Aromatized and sweetened spirituous beverage; a li- queur. — cor'dial-Iy, adv. GOr-dlal'i-ty (k5r-jSl'I-tI ; k8rMI-Sl'-), n. Cordial quality; warmth of regard ; heartiness, cordil-le'ra (ker'dri-ya'rffl; kSr-dTl'er-(i), n. [Sp., lit., little rope or cord.] A mountain range or system, orig. one of the ranges of the Andes; sometimes, the main moun- tain axis of a continent. — cor^dU-le'ran (-rftn), a. cord'lte (kSr'dit), n. Mil. A smokeless powder composed of nitroglycerin, guncotton, and mineral jelly. COr'don (kSr'dSn), n. [F., fr. corde cord.] 1. A line of sentinels, guards, or the like,or of military posts, arounda place. 2. A cord or ribbon worn as a badge or decoration. Cor'dO-van (kSrMft-vSn), a. Of or pertaining to Cordova (Sp. C6rdoba), Spain; hence [I. c], made of the leather called cordovan, ^n. [I. c] A soft, fine-grained, colored leath- er, orig. made at Cordova; Cordovan leather; cordwain. OOr'du-roy' (k8r'diI-roi/ ; k8r'dii-roi'), n. [prob. for F. corde du roi king's cord.] 1. A durable cotton fabric, with piled surface, like velvet, raised in ridges. 2. pi. Trousers or Cordage, A Plain-laid^ or HnwBer-laict.Rope; Shroud-laid Rone, four Btranda and a heart or core, a; C Cable-laid Rope, three plain-laid ropeH laid together with a left-handed twiet. wibu iiiuH, uiii;iuiixi, vvn. T — I — o— — ^" J — nature verdure (87) ; K=cli in G. ich, ach (60) ; boN ; yet; zh= z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. KiplBnBtlonJiof Abbreviation., Slgn^ etc, preceie Vocabulary. D Forclsn Word. + oomblned vlth. =e Deliberate purpose ; design. 5. One who gives advice, esp. in legal matters ; a barrister ; collectively, the legal advocates united in managing a case. — Syn. See advice. COOn'SOl, V. t. ; -SELED (-slid) or -sblled ; -sel-ino or -sel- ling. 1. To give advice to ; advise. 2. To recommend, as an act or course. -^ v. i. To take couusel ; deliberate. COim'se-lor, coun'sel-lor (-sS-ler), n. 1. One who coun- sels ; adviser. 2. A counsel, or barrister. SOUXlt (kount), V. i. [fr. F., fr. L. computore to reckon, compute ; com- -\~ putare to reckon, settle.] 1. To tell or name one by one, or by groups, in order to find the whole number of units in a collection ; number. 2. To take into account ; include in reckoning. 3. To name the nu- merals in regular succession up to and including (a specified numeral). 4- To ascribe; impute. Archaic. 6. To esteem; consider. — u. i. X. To count articles; also, to name nu- merals in order. 2. To take account or note ; — with of. Obs. 3. To reckon ; rely ; depend ; — with on or upon. 4. To be of account or value. count, n, 1. Act of numbering, or the number ascertained by counting. 2. A reckoning; accounting. 3. Regard, no- tice, or value. Archaic. 4- Law. A particular allegation or charge, in a declaration or indictment, separately stating the cause of action or prosecution. count, n. [f r. F. , f r. L. com^s, comiiis, associate, companion.] A nobleman on the continent of Europe, corresponding in rank to an English earl or a German graf. COUnt'a-ble (koun'ta-b*I), a. 1. Sensitive (^o). Obs. 2. Ca- pable of being counted or numbered. coun'te-nance (-te-niltns), n. [fr. F., fr. L. coTiiinenfia continence, LL., also, demeanor, fr. L. continue to hold together, repress, contain.] 1. Mien or conduct. Obs. 2. Look or expression of the face ; also, the face ; visage. 3. Approving bearing or facial aspect ; hence, favor; sup- port ; aid. — Syn. See pace. — v. t. ; -nanced (-nSnst) ; -NANC'iNG (-nSn'aing). 1. To give a brave or plausible ap- pearance to. Obs. 2. To give countenance to ; favor. COnnt'er (koun'ter), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL. computatorium^ prop., a computing place, fr. L. computare. See count, V. /.] 1. A device, as a piece of metal, ivory, etc^, used in reckoning. 2. An imitation or token coin of base metal ; hence, a coin. 3. A table or board on which money is counted and over which business is transacted. COnnt'er, n. One that counts. COUn'tor (koun'ter), adv. [fr. F., fr. L. cori^ra gainst.] 1. In the wrong way; contrary to the right course. 2. Con- trary ; contrariwise. — a. Contrary; opposite ; opposed. ^n. 1. The opposite or contrary. 2. Naut. The portion of a vessel's stern from the water line to the ex- tremeoutward swell or overhang of the body. 3. — COUNTERTENOR. 4. The breast of a horse. conn'ter, v. t. [cf. encounter.] 1. To meet. Obs. or B. 2- To encounter, op- pose, combat, or the like. — v.i. 1 . To Counter, Jffaut. make a counter move, attack, or the c Counter. like. 2- Todeliveracounter (8ense2). — 71. 1. Fencing. A kind of circular parry. 2. Act of giving a blow when re- ceiving or parrying one, as in boxing ; also, the blow given. COnn'ter- (koun'tSr-). A prefix denoting : a In combina^ tion with a verb : action opposite, reciprocal, retaliaiory, or com,plementary to, the action of the verb, b In combination with nouns or adjectives : opposition, reciprocalness., etc. conn'ter-act' (koun'ter-Skf ), v. t. To act in opposition to. — Syn. See neutralize. — conn'ter-ac'tlon (-Sk'Bhfin), n. — coun^ter-ac'tlTe (-Sk'tTv), a. COUn'ter-bal'ance (-bSl'^ns), v. t. To oppose with an equal weight or power ; countervail; balance. — n. 1. A weight that balances another ; a counterpoise. 2- Influence or power which offsets contrary influence or power. conn^ter-change' (-chanj'), v. t. 1. To exchange ; change ; shift. 2. To checker ; diversify. conn'ter-check' (koun'ter-chSk^, n. 1. A check ; stop ; rebuke. 2. Anything to restrain a restraining force. conn'ter-oheck' (-ch^Ot v. t. To check by some obstacle ; check by a return check. COon'ter-clalm' (koun'ter-klam^), n. An opposing claim. conn'ter-clock^wlBO' (-kl5k'wizM, a. Contraclockwise. conn'ter-cnr^rent (koun'ter-kiir/ent), n. A current run- ning in an opposite direction. COUn'ter-feit (-fit), a. [F. contrefait, p. p. of covUrefaire to counterfeit ; conire (L. contra) -j- /aire to make, L. fa- cere.'] Given or assuming the appearance of something gen- uine or original ; spurious ; as, counterfeit coins; a counter- feit virtue. — Syn. Forged, fictitious, false. See artificial. *- n. 1. That which ia made in imitation of something with a view to deceive. 2. An impostor ; cheat. 3. Like- ness ; portrait ; counterpart. Obs. or R. Syn. CouNTEEPBiT, poegeey. Coumterpeit is chiefly used of imitations of coin, paper money, etc., which depend upon engraved designs for identity. Forgery is more properly applied to the fraudulent making, change, or imitation of a written or printed document. ^ V. t. To imitate, esp. for deceiving ; to make a counter- feit of. — V. i. 1. To dissemble; pretend. 2. To make counterfeits, esp. of money. — COUn'ter-feit'er (-ftt^r), n. coun'ter-lr'il-tant (-trI-tSnt), n. An irritant to produce irritation so as to relieve an existing irritation elsewhere. COUn^ter-mand' (koun'ter-m&nd' ; koun'ter-m&nd) , v. t. [fr. F., f r. contre (L. contra) -\-mander to command, L. Tnan- dare.] To revoke (a former command) ; cancel (an order) by a contrary order. conn'ter-mand (koun'ter-m&nd ; koun'ter-mtod'), n. A contrary order ; a revoking order or act. COnn'ter-march' (koun'ter-march'), n. 1. A marching back ; retrocession. 2. MU. An evolution by which a body reverses its direction. 3. Reversal of conduct or action. COUn^ter-march' (koun^ter-march' ; koun'ter-march'), v. i. (£ i. Mil. To execute a countermarch. COon'ter-mlne' (koun'ter-min'), n. [counter- -}- mine un- derground gallery.] 1. Mil. An underground gallery ex- cavated to intercept and destroy an enemy's mine. 2. A stratagem for defeating a stratagem or attack. coun'ter-mlne' (-mln'), v. t. & i. ; -mined' (-mind') ; -mih'- ING (-mining). To oppose or frustrate by a countermine. COon'ter-pane' (koun'ter-pan'), n. [corrupted fr. counter- point a coverlet.] A, coverlet for a b^d. conn'ter-part' (-parf), n. 1. A part or thing correspond- ing to another ; a copy ; facsimile. 2. A person closely re- sembling another. 3. A thing that serves to complete or complement something else. COUn'ter-plOt' (-plStO, n. A plot opposing a plot. COnn'ter-plOt' (koun'ter-plBf ; koun'ter-plSf), v. i. & i. To oppose (a plot) by plotting. COnn'ter-polnt' (koun'ter-poinV), n. [f r. OF., fr. L. culcUa cushion, mattress -|- puncta, fem. p. p. of pungere to prick ; — properly, a quilted covering.] A coverlet. 06*. or Archaic, Conn'ter-polnt',n. [F.contrepoint.'} Music, a A melody added to a melody as an accompaniment, b The art of composite melody. conn'ter-polBO^ (-poiz')» "■ pr. OF. See counter, adv.; poise, n.\ 1. A counterweight. 2. An equal opposing power or force. 3. Equilibrium, ^w. t.; -poised' (-poizd'); -POis'iNG. 1. To act against with equal effect or power ; counterbalance. 2. To weigh (one thing) against another. COon'ter-BCarp' (-skarp'), n. Fort. The exterior slope or wall of the ditch. COnn'ter-sbaft' (koun'ter-sh&ft'), n. Mack. An interme- diate Bhait for receiving and transmitting motion. COnn'ter-Btgn' (koun'ter-stn' ; koun'ter-an'), v. t. To sign on the opposite aide of (an instrument or writing), as to at- test the authenticity. ^ n. 1. The signature of a person ale, senate, c4re, am, elccount, arm, ask, sof« ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, 6rb, Add, 85ft, connect; use, Unite, um, iip, circus, menu; f6od,ftfbt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ii)k; t^en,thin; COUNTERSINK 165 to a writing already signed by another, as to authenticate it. 2. Mil. A secret signal, as a word or phrase, which COURTEOUSNESS must be given by any one wishing to pass a sentry or guard. GOUn'ter-Slnk' (koun'ter-slijk'), v. t. ; pret. dep.p -bumk' (-8fii]k0 \p.pr.d: vb. n. -sihk'ing. 1. To chamfer (a hole) to receive the head of a screw, bolt, etc. 2. To cause (a screw, bolt, etc.) to sink even with or below the surface. — n. A countersunk hole; a tool for countersinking a hole, against with equal force ; counterbalance'; compensate. — Syn. See NEUTRALIZE. [fronting. Obs ' ooun'ter-vlew' (koun'ter-vu'), n. Act or position of con coun'ter-work' C-wflrk/), n. Any work done counter to another work, as in fortifications. COnn'ter-work' (-wQrk'), v. t. To work in opposition to: counteract. — v. i. To work to the contrary. OOUllt'ess(koun'tSa),n. [F. cOTntesse.} The wife or widow of a (British) earl, or of a count (on the Continent) ; also, a lady having the same dignity in her own right. COunVlns-hoase/ (koun'tfng-hous') \ ra. Place where a OOunt'ing-room^ (koun'tlng-roomO f merchant, trader, or manufacturer keeps his books and transacts business. COant'less, a. incapable of being counted; innumerable. Coun'trl-fied (kiin'trl-fid), p. a. Less properly coun'try- fled. Having a rustic look and manners ; rustic. COim'try (-tri), n. ; pi. -TRIES (-trlz). [fr. P., fr. LL. con- trala, fr. L. eoTiira on tbe opposite side.] 1. A region or tract of land ; a district. 2. An inhabited region or the people of a, region. 3. The territory of a nation ; a state distinct as to name and people ; also, the people. 4. Land of one's birth, allegiance, or citizenship. 5. Rural regions, as opposed to a city or town. — a. 1. Pertaining or pecul- iar to one's own country; native. 2. Rural; rustic, 3. Des- titute of refinement ; unpolished ; not urbane. OOOntry-dance', n. A kind of dance iu which some cou- ples dance between parallel lines formed by^othera. COun'try-man (-mSn), n. ; pi. -men. 1. An inhabitant of a country ; also, a_compatriot. 2. A rustic ; farmer. conn'try-aeat' (-sef ), n. A country residence of some pre- tensions. COUn'try-slde' (-aid'), n. A country neighborhood. COnn'try-wom^aiX (-w56m/an), n. ; pi. -women (-wTm''Sn ; 24), A woman of the country, or of the same country. COUn'ty (koun'tT), 71. / p/. -TIBS (-tiz). [fr. OF., fr. LL. comitatus. See count.] 1. An earldom. Obs. or Hist. 2. In Great Britain and Ireland : a The inhabitants of a county (sense b). b The chief administrative territorial division. 3- In the United States, the largest division for local government in all States except Louisiana, where it is called parish. 4. = count, the title. Obs. II coup (koo), n. [F., fr. L., fr. Gr. KoKa^tos a buflfet, blow.] Lit. , a stroke or blow; esp. , a sudden or unexpected stroke, device, or stratagem. OOU'p^' (koo'pa'), n. [F., fr. coupi, p. p., cut.] A four- wheeled close carriage for two persons inside, with an outside seat for the driver. jou'ple(kap''l),ra. [F.,fr.L.co- pula bond, band ; co- -+- apere, ap^um,tojoin.} 1. That which links two things together ; bond ; tie ; leash. 2. Two of the same kind connected or considered together; pair ; brace. associated together; esp., a man and woman married, be- trothed, or partners at a dance. Syn, Couple, paik, bbaos, yoke. Couple applies to two things of the same sort, regarded as in some way associ- ated; but it often means no more than two. Pair applies to two things which belong or are used together, often so that one is useless or defective without the other; it also applies to a smgle object composed of two corresponding or com- plementary parts. Brace commonly applies to a pair of cer- tam birds or animals (as^ a brace of ducks) ; occasionally, to a pair of inanimate objects (as, a firrtceoi pistols); rarely, to persons, with contemptuous or humorous counotation (as, a brace of scoundrels). Yoke applies to a pair of ani- mals (or, contemptuously, persona) linked together. y V. t. ; -PLED (kap''ld); -pling (-Itng), 1. To link or tie ; join. 2. To marry. Obs. or Colloq. — v. i. 1. To wed. 2. To come together, forming a pair or pairs. 3. Coupe- A male and female COU'pU-ment (kQp"l-mgiit), n. Union ; a pair. Obs. COU'pler (-ler), n. One that couples, or connects, as a link. GOU'plet (-ISt), n. [F., a stanza, dim. of couple.'] X. Two succeaaive lines of verse, esp. two of the same length, that rime with each other. 2. A pair ; couple. COU'pllng (-ITng), n. 1. Act of one that couples. 2. Mach. A contrivance to couple adjacent parts or objects. COU'pon (koo'pSn ; F. koo'pSN'), n. [F., fr. couper tocut.] 1. Com. A certificate of interest due, to be cut from trans- ferable bonds, and presented for payment. 2. A section of a ticket, showing the holder to be entitled to something. GOUr'age (kiir'Sj), n. [fr. OF., fr. a LL. derivative of L. ^oJlheart.] 1. Mind; spirit; temper; disposition. Obs. 2. That quality of mind which enables one to encounter dan- fer and difficulties with firmness, or without fear ; valor. yn. Daring, fearlessness, resolution, hardihood, audacity, hrmness, mettle, pluck. — Couba&e, bravery, dauntlebb- NESB, GALLANTRY, BOLDNESS, INTREPIDITY, VALOR, PROWESS, FORTITUDE, HEROISM. CoURAGE (the generic term) is that nrmneaa of spirit which meets danger without fear. Brav- ery la daring, often defiant, courage ; dauntlessnbss, lofty and unmtimidated, gallantry, dashing aud adventurous, courage. Boldness is the opposite of (sometimes the out- growth of resistance against) timidity ; intrepidity is cool tearleasuess ; valor, personal bravery, esp. in battle ; prow- ess, valor united with skill. Fortitude is passive courage, esp. in enduring pain or adversity. Heroism is contempt of danger from a noble and self-forgetful devotion. COU-ra'geouB ("ka-ra'jas), a. Possessing, or characterized by, courage ; brave. — Syn, Gallant, bold, daring, valiant, valorous, intrepid, fearless, hardy, stout. — COU-ra'geous- ly, adv. — cou-ra'geous-neBs, n. COU-rante' (koo-ranf ; /; kod/raNt'), ra. [F.] Acertainold- fashioned dance or its music. COU'rl-er (koo'rT-er ; kSSrl-er), n. [F. courrier, fr. comttc, coun'Tf to run, L. cwrrere.] 1. A special, swift messenger. 2. An attendant on travelers who looks out for their conven- ience at hotels and on the way. course (kors ; 57), n. [F. cours^ course, fr. (cours through L. cursus)li. currerCf cursum, to run.] 1. Act of running or moving from one point to another ; progress ; passage. 2. Ground traversed ; track; way. 3. A single charge of opposing knights in a tourney ; hence, any round or bout iu sport. 4. Motion, progress, or sequence considered as to its direction, goal, or manner, or with regard to time. 6. Method of procedure; conduct; behavior. 6. A series or succession of motions, acts, or practices arranged in or- der or connectedly followed. 7. The succession of one to another in office or duty ; order; turn. 8- That part of a meal served at one time, with its accompaniments. 9. JVaut, a The lowest sail on any square-rigged mast of a vessel. b A point of the compass. —Syn. Road, route; career. course(kor8; 57),v.i.; couRBED(kor8t) ; couhs'ing. 1. To pursue. 2. To cause, as dogs, to pursue game. 3. To run through or over. — v. i. 1. To take or follow a course. 2. To run as in a race or in hunting. coars'er (kor'ser; 57), n. 1, One who courses or hunts. 2- [through F. & LL. ] A swift or spirited horse; a racer or a war horse. Poetic. court (kort ; 57), n. (fr. F., fr. LL., fr. L. eoTiors, cors, gen. cohortis, cortis, inclosure, court, crowd.] 1. An uncovered area partly or wholly inclosed by buildings or by walls and grates. 2. A building or buildings in a courtyard ; hence, a manorial house ; a stately country house. Obs.^ exc. in proper names. 3. An inclosed open space like a abort atreet. 4. A apace for playing one of various games with a ball, as tennis ; also, one of the base divisions in such a court. 6 The residence of a sovereign or other dignitary; palace. 6. The retinue of a sovereign or person high in authority ; also, a prince or sovereign and his ministers and officials as a political body. 7. Any formal assembling of the retinue of a sovereign. 8. Attention directed to a person in power ; homage. 9. a The place where justice is administered, b The persons duly assembled underauthor- ity of law to administer justice ; a judicial tribunal, or those constituting it. c The session of a judicial assembly. — v. t. 1. To seek the favor of by attention or flattery. 2. Toseek the affections of , woo. 3< To attempt to gain ; solicit ; seek. 4. To allure ; attract. — v. i. To play the lover; woo. court card. A corrupted form of goat card. C0ur't6-0US(kQrae-fis;korfyMB; 57),a. [fr. OF.] Ofcourfc like manners; characterized by courtesy. — Syn, See civil, — cour'te-ous-ly, adv. — cour'te-ous-nesB, n. natijre, verdiire (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; ^^ Explanations of Abbreviations, Slpis, etc.* preeeae Vocabulair. U Foreign Word* + combined with.'"' =eQiul8. : zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to§§in Guide. COURTESAN 166 COWL C01ir'te-sail,or-zail(k6r'tS-zan ; kflr'-), n. [fr.F.,fr. cour- ^uan courtier.} A court miatresa ; loose womau ; prostitute. COOr'te-sy (kQr't*-at; kor'te-sl; 57), n. ; pi. -sibs (-sTz). [fr. OF.] 1. FoliteneBS ; civility ; courtlineaa. 2. An act of civility or respect. 3. Favor or indulgence, as disting. from right. 4. — cdbtbt. — Syn. Urbanity, coniplaisance, affability, courteousnesa, refinement, —v.i. ^ cubtsy. court band. A handwriting used in records, as of a court. court-house' (kort'hous' ; 57), n. A building appropriated to courts and public meetings. COUrt'ler (korfyer; 57), n. 1. One in attendance at the court of a prince. 2. One who courts favor ; flatterer. COUrt'ly, a. 1. Elegant; polite ; courtlike ; flattering. 2. Disposed to favor the great or the policy or party of the court. — Syn. See civil. — adv. Politely ; elegantly. — courtll-nesB (-ll-nSs), n. COUrt'-mar'tlal (korfmar'shSl), n. ; pi. courts-mabtux. A court of military or naval officers for the trial of one be- longing to the army or navy or of offenses agaiust military or naval law. ^ v. t. ; -tuled (-shelld), -tiallbd ; -tiaIi- iNG, -TiAii-LiNG. To subject to trial by a court-martial. court'— plas^ter, n. Sticking plaster of silk or other fabric coated, usually, with a mixture of isinglass and glycerin. COUrt'Shlp (kort'shtp; 57), n. 1. Act of paying court; esp., act of wooing. "^ 2. Courtliness. Obs. court'yard' (-yardO, n. A court or inclosure attached to a house, castle, or palace. OOUB'in (kEiz''n), n. [fr. F., fr. LL., fr. L. comobrimts the child of a mother's sister, cousin ; con- -{- sobrimts a cous- in by the motlier's side, soror sister.] 1. Any one collat- erally related more remotely than a brother or sister; also. Law, any of the next of kin. Obs., exc. as iu def. 2, eras fig. ; as in, ^* our American cou^itm." 2. The son or daughter of one's uncle or aunt (more fully oiim, first, or full, cousin, ox cov^n-g&rman); also, a relative descended the same num- ber of steps by a different line from a common ancestor. 3. A title used by a sovereign in addressing a nobleman of his own country or another sovereign. — v. t. To csjl (one) cousin as if akin. Archaic. cona'in-gerlnan (-jGr'mf^n), n. ;pl. cousnrs-aBRHAN. [F. coiisin germain.'] A first cousin. Coua'ln-ly, a. & adv. Like or becoming a cousin. II cou'teau' (koo'to'), n. ; pi. -tkaux (F. -to' ; E. -toz'). [F. A knife; esp., a large knife. [sheltered inlet. cove (kov), n. [AS. co/a room.] A retired nook, esp. a| GOVe, V. t. & i. ; covBO (kovd) ; cov'ino. To arch over. cove, n. [a Gypsy word, covo that man, covi that woman.] A boy or man of any age or station. Slang. OOV'e-nant (k&v'e-nSnt), n. [OF., fr. covenir to agree, L. convenire. See convene.] 1. An agreement or stipulation. 2. The promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures. 3. The solemn compact between members of a church to maintain its faith, discipline, etc. 4. Law. a An under- taking or promise of legal validity, b The common-law form of action to recover for breach of such a contract. — Syn. See contbact. -^ v. t. cEr t. To enter into, or promise by, a covenant. — Syn. Agree, contract, bargain, stipulate. COV'e-nant-er (-uf^n-ter), n. Oue who covenants; specif- ically: [cop.] Scot. Hist. An adherent of the National Covenant (1638) or the ** Solemn League and Covenant " (1643) for the defense of Presbyterianism. cov'e-nan-tor' (-nf^n-t@r/), n. The party to a covenant who is bound to perform the obligation. COV'ent (kuv'gnt), n. [OP.] A convent. 06s. Gov'en-try (-2n-trl), n. A town in Warwickshire, Eng. — to send to, or be is, Coventry, to exclude, or be excluded, from society or from the society or class to which one belongs. COV'er (-er), v. t. [fr. OF., fr. L. cooperire; co--\- operire to cover.] 1. To place a covering over ; also, to overspread or envelop ; clothe. 2. To hide from sight ; conceal. 3. To brood or sit on; incubate. 4. To extend thickly over ; as, soldiers covered the country. 6. To shelter, as from evil ; protect. 6. To be sufficient for ; include ; em- brace. 7. To copulate with fa female), as a horse;— said of the male. 8- To pass over (a distance), as a train. 9. To bring or hold within range, as of a gun. — Syn. Screen, shield. — V. i. To spread a table for a meal. Obs. — n. 1. Something laid, set, or spread on, about, or over another thing. 2. Anything which veils or conceals ; screen ; cloak. 3- Shelter ; protection. 4. Covert for game. 6. A tablecloth and the other table furniture; esp., the table furniture for one person at a meal. — Syn. Envelope, lid. COV'er-lng (kiiT'er-lng), n. Anything which covers or con- ceals, as a roof, a screen, wrap, lid, etc. cov'er-let (-ISt), cov'er-lld (-ltd), n. [ME. coverlyie.'] The uppermost cover of a bed or of any piece of furniture. COV'ert (-ert), a. [OF., p, p. of couvrir. See covbe, v. (.] 1. Covered over ; secret. 2. Sheltered ; retired. 3. Law. Under cover, authority, or protection (of her husband) ; — said of a married woman. — Syn. Covered, insidious, con- cealed. See SECRET. — n. 1. A covering ; esp. , a place that covers and protects. 2. A thicket affording cover for game. 3- Zo'dl. One of the special feathers covering the bases of a bird's wing and tail quills. — cov'ert-ly, adv. COV'er-ture (-er-t^r), n, l. Covermg ; defense ; hiding. 2. Law. Status of a woman during marriage. COV'et (-St ; 24), V. t. tSc i. [OF. coveitier.'] To wish for, or to wish, with eagerness or inordinate desire, esp. culpably. — Syn. Long for, desire, hardcer after, crave. See env7. COV'et-ons (-^tus), a. l. Very desirous. Archaic. 2. In- ordinately ei^er to obtain (esp. money); avaricious. — COV'- et-ons-ly, adv. — cov'et-ous-ness, n. Syn. Covetous, avabicious. Covbtods implies esp. exces- sive desire for what belongs to another ; avabicious, greed of wealth with a view to hoarding it. COV'ey (-t), n./p/.-EYB(-Iz). [OF. covke, fr. cover to brood on, L. cubare to lie down.] 1. A brood of birds ; hence, a small flock, as of partridges, grouse, or ptarmigans. 2. A company ; bevy. — Syn. See flock. COV'ln (-In), n. [OF. See covenant.] 1. A private compact. Obs. 2. Law. A conspiracy. 3. Deceit. Archaic. COW (kou), n. ; pi. cows (kouz) ; old pi. , now chiefly poetic ^ KINS (kin). [AS. ci2.] The mature female of any bovine animal, or of any other animal the male of which is called bull. See bull. COW, n. A chimney pot, or cowl. Dial. Eng. COW, V. t. To depress with fear. — Syn. See frighten. cow'ase (kou'Sj), n. Var. of oowhagb. cow'ard (kou'erd), a. [fr. OF., fr. coe, coue (L. coda), tail -f- -ard; orig., short-tailed, as an epithet of the hare, or perh., turning tail, like a scared dog.] 1. Destitute of courage ; cowardly. 2. Due to, or expressive of, base fear. — n. A person who lacks courage ; poltroon. — Syu. Cra- ven, poltroon, dastard, caitiff. COW'ard-ice (-er-dta), n. Want of courage ; pusillanimity. COW'ard-ly, a. 1. Wanting courage ; pusillanimous. 2. Be- fittuag a coward. — COW'ard-U-ness (-IT-nSs), n. Syn. Cowardly, pusillanimous, poltboon, craven, das- tardly, RECREANT. CowARDLY implies a weak or ignoble, FuaiLLANiHODs, a meau-Bpirited and contemptible, Tack oi courage. Poltroon, craven, and dastardly are terms of extreme opprobrium. Poltroon implies arrant cowardice ; craven, abject pusillanimity; dastardly, esp. the cowardly or skulking execution of an outrageous or malicious design. Recreant, as here compared, implies cowardly submission. COW'ard-shlp, n. Cowardice. Obs. COW'blrd' (-bfirdO, n., or cow blackbird. A kind of small North American blackbiid. cowHboy' (-boiOi n. A cattle herd- er, esp. one of a| class of mounted herdsmen of the west- ern United States. cow'catch'er (-kSch'er), n. A strong inclined frame — -— in front of a locomotive to '~|i''^'^ *f ^ || fegn-r - h^" throw aside obstructions. m^^^s^^z. COW'er(-er),w.t. [ME. COM- ren.'] To stoop by bending the knees ; crouch ; hence, to quail. — Syn. See fawn. COW'flsh' (-ftshO) »■ 1- a Any of various small cetaceans. b A sirenian. 2. Any of various trunkfishes. OOW'hage(-aj),n. Alsocow'age. lWmd.kawanch,kodnch.'] A climbing fabaceous plant, having pods covered with barbed brittle hairs which cause intense itching. cowherd' (-hQrd'), n. One who tends cows at pasture. OOWlllde^ (-bldOi n. 1. The hide of a cow or leather from it. 2. A coarse whip of rawhide or of braided leather. ^ V. t. To flog with a cowhide. OOWlah (-tsh), a. Timorous ; cowardly. Rare. cowl (koul), ». [AS. cuhir, cugle, cugele, fr. L. cucuUa^ cucullus, hood.] 1. A monk's hood. 2. A kind of elabo- rate chimney pot. — v. t. To cover with or as with a cowl. cowl, n. [AS. cufl, fr. L. cupella, dim. of L. cupa tub.] ale, senalte, c4re, &m, account, firm, ask, Bof A ; eve, event, end, recent, maker ; ice, HI ; 51d, ftbey, &rb, 5dd, 85ft| Connect; use, tlnlte, i^i H^, clrciis, menii; food, fdckt; out, oil t chair; go; sing, ii)k; tben, thini COWLICK 167 CHAMPON Alaige water tub, esp. one with two handles through which could be thrust a cowlatatf for carrying. GOW'Uck' (kou'llk'), n. A tuft of hair turned up or awry (usually over the forehead), as if licked by a cow. CO'WOrk'er (ko'wlir'ker), n. One who works with another. GOW'pea' (kou'pe'), n. A fabaceous plant, more nearly re- lated to the beau than to the pea ; also, its edible seed. COW'-pmot} n. A handsomely banded coral-reel tiah of Florida and the West Indies. COW'pos' (-pSks'), n. A pustular disease of a cow's udder, which, by vaccination, protects man from smallpox. GOW'rle 1 (-rl), n. ; pi. -ribs (-rlz). [Hind. Aaw/-i.] A kind COW'ry ) of marine gastropod shell, used as money in cer- tain parts of Africa and Asia. COW'slip' (-slTp'), n, IAS. cuslyppe."} 1. A kind of common primioae. Great Britain. 2. The marsh marigold. U.S. GOX'GomV (k5ks'kom')i n. [forcocft'-fco/nfi.] 1. a A strip of red cloth notched Uke a cock's comb, which licensed jest- ers wore in their caps, b The jester's cap with a coxcomb. 2.Thetopof thehead,ortheheaditself. Humorous. 3. A vain, showy fellow; fop. — COX-COmb'1-cal (kSks-kSm'T- kSl ; -komt-), a. — COS'COmb^ly (kSks'kom'lI), a. — COX'- COmb'ry C-rT), n. ; pi. -ribs (-riz). GOS'awaln, GOck'swaln (k5k'swan; naut. kSk's'n), n. ^cock a boat + swam ; hence, the master of a boat.] The steers- man of a ship's boat, a racing shell, etc. OOy(koi),«. [OF.coi,fr.L.gute(MJ quiet.] 1. Shrinking from approach or familiarity ; reserved ; shy. 2. Disdain- ful. Obs. — Syn. Modest, bashful, demure. SeesHY.-^v.^ Tocareaa with the hand; stroke. Obs. — v.i. 1. To be coy. Bare. 2. To demur. Obs. — coy'ly, adv. — coy'neSB, n. OOy-Ote (ki-o'tB; ki'ot), n. [Amer. Sp., fr. Mex. coyotl.'\ The prairie wolf of North America. COZ (kSz)* n. Cousin ; — used in familiar address. coze (koz), n. A friendly chat. COZ'en(kuz''n), v. t. & i. [from cousin^ hence, lit., to deceive through pretext of relationship.] To cheat ; deceive, usu- ally paltriiy. — coz'en-age (-aj), n. — coz'en-er (-er), «. GO'zler (ko'zher), n. A cobbler. Obs. or Dial. Eng. GO'zy (ko'zt), a. ; -zi-er (-zi-er) ; -zi-est. Also CO'sy, 00'- aey. 1. Snug; comfortable. 2. Chatty. Eng. — Syn. See SNUO. — n. Awaddedcoveringfora teapot to keep the con- tents hot. — C(/Zl-ly, adv. — co'zl-iiess, n. crab (krSb), ». [AS. n), a. With drooping crest; hence, dispirited ; dejected ; cowed. cre-ta'ceous (kre-ta'shi2s), a. [L. cretaceus, fr. creta chalk.] Having the qualities of, or abounding in, chalk. Cre'tan (kre'tiin), a. Of or pertaining to Crete. — n. A native or inhabitant of Crete. cre'tln (kre'tTn), n. [F. crhin^ fr a dial, form meaning prop.. Christian, hence, human being, fr. L. Ckristianus/] One afSicted with cretinism. — cre'tin-ons (-^). a. cre'tta-lsm (-Iz*m), n. Idiocy accompanied by physical de- formity (esp. goiter), frequent in certain mountain valleys. cre-tonne' (kre-tSn' : kre'tSn), n. [F., fr. Cretan^ a village in Normandy.] A strong unglazed cotton cloth, often used for covering furniture, for curtains, etc. Cre-U'sa (kre-u'sd), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kpeovtra."] Gr. Myth. 1. ^neas's wife, a daughter of Priam. 2- See Medea. cre-vasse' (krS-v&s'), n. [F.] A deep crevice, as in a gla- cier or in an embankment; U. S., a break in a levee. crev'lce (krSvTs), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. crepare to crack, break.] A narrow opening resulting from a split or crack. crew {kTob)ipret. of crow. crew, n. [from older accrue accession, reinforcement, hence, company, crew.] 1. Any band or force of armed men. 2. A company ; assemblage ; throng. 3. Those who man a ship, collectively. 4. Any small body of men re- garded asassociated, as by common occupation ; as, a train crew, — Syn, Gang, party. See company. crew'el (-51), n. Worsted yam slackly twisted. crll) (krtb), n. [AS. cribb."] 1. A manger or rack for feed- ing animals. 2. A hut or hovel, or a small narrow room. 3. A small bedstead with high sides, for a child. 4. A box, bin, or building for storing grain, salt, etc. 6. Any of va- rious devices of open or cratelike construction, as a heavy framework used in building. 6- A small theft ; anything purloined; hence. School CarU^ an illegitimate aid to a stu- dent, as a translation or key, etc. — v. i. ; cribbed (kribd); grib'bino. 1. To provide with, or put in, a crib or cribs. 2. To pilfer ; purloin ; steal ; pla^arize. Vollog. — v.i. To steal ; plf^iarize ; eap.^ School CotU, to use a crib. crltonbag^e (krlb'aj), n. [fr. crib to pilfer.] A certain game of cards, played by two, three, or four persons. Orlck (krTk), n. A painful spasmodic affection of the mus- cles, as of the back. ^ v. t. To turn so as to cause a crick. crlck'et (-St ; 24), n. A low stool. crlck'et, n. [OF. crequet^ criqunt.'l A kind of leaping in- sect allied to the grasshopper and locust, noted for the chirp- ing notes produced by the male. crlck'et, n. A certain outdoor game played with bats, ball, wickets, etc. — v. i. To play cricket. — crick'et-er, n. cried (krld^, pret. & p. p. of cry. CTl'er (kri'er), n. One who cries or makes proclamation. crime (krim), n. [F., fr. L. crimen judicial decision, charge, fault, crime.]] 1. An omission of a duty com- manded, or the commission of an act forbidden, by a public law. 2. Gross violation of human law. Hence, any aggra- vated offense against morality or the public welfare; any sin. — Syn. Wickedness, iniquity, wrong. Grl-me'an (krT-me'Sn ; kri-), a. CROSSBAR 172 CROWNER One form of Crossbow. breed ; hybrid. — v. t. 1. To put or lay acroBs or athwart ; also, to lie or pass across; intersect. 2. To make the sign of the crosBOU or over. 3. To cancel by marking crosses on or over. 4. Todrawor write something, as a line, across ; as, to cross one's t's. 6- To move across or past ; as, to cross a stream. 6. To meetortoruncounterto; encounter. 7. To cause to interbreed ; hybridize. — v. i. 1, To lie or be athwart. 2. To move or pass, or to extend, from side to side, or from place to place. 3. To meet and pass; as, our letters crossed, 4. To interbreed; hybridize.— adv. &p9'ep. Across. ^ a. 1. Not parallel ; lying, falling, or passing athwart ; transverse. 2. Contrary or adverse. 3. Peevish, ill-humored. 4. Involving mutual interchange ; reciprocal. — Syn. Fretful, petulant, pettish. See peevish. cross-bar' (krSs'bar'), n. 1. A transverse baror piece. 2. A transverse line or stripe. crossHliir C-bTl''), n. Any of several finches having man- dibles strongly curved and crossing each other. crOBS'bones' (-bouz'), n.pl. Two leg or arm bonea placed or depicted croeswise. crOBS'bOW' (-bo^), n. A medieval weapon for discharging quarrels, stones, etc., formed of a bow set cross- wise on a stock. — cross'bow^man (-m^n), n. cross'breed' (-bred'), n. a breed or an individ- ual produced from par- ents of different breeds or kinds ; hybrid. 0r0SS'-b11Il^ 71. A bun or cake marked with a cross, commonly eaten on Qood Friday. CTOss'-es-aiU'lllO, v. t. d-z. Law. To examine or question, esp. as a check to a previous examina- tion. — Gross'-exam'l-na'tlon, n. ex-am'In-er, n. cross'— e7e^ n. See straeismds. — crosa'-eyed^ (-idOt a. cross'-fer'ti-U'Za'tion, n. Bot. Fertilization by cross- pollination. — cross'-fer'ti-lize, v. t. crOBS'-gralned' (-grand^), a. 1. Having the grain or fibers diagonal, transverse, or irregular. 2. Perverse; contrary. crossliatcll' (krSs'hSch'), V. t, & i. To cut, engrave, or furrow with two sets of parallel lines crossing one another. orosB'lllg, n. 1. A point of intersection. 2. Aplacewhere anything is crossed , esp., a paved walk across a street. 3. Contradiction ; opposition. crosslYi adv. of csoss. See -lt. crosB'ness, n. See -hsss. croBS'piece' (-pesOi n. A crosswise piece. cross^— porU-na'tlon, n, Bot. Deposition of pollen from one flower on the stigma of another, as by insects. croSB'-piir'pOBe, ». 1. A counter or opposing purpose. 2. pi. A game in which questions and answers are made so as to involve ludicrous combinations of ideas. crosB'— ^nes'tlon, v. t. To cross-examine ; to question closely, ^n. A question in cross-examination. cross reference- A reference made from one part of a book or register to another part. oross'road' (krSs'rod' ; 62), n. 1. A road that crosses a main road or runs across country between main roads. 2. Place where two or more roads intersect ; — often mpl. croBS'roW (-ro'). n. The alphabet. Obs. crossTuff' (-r^'). «• Whist. The play in which partners trump different suits, and lead for that purpose. crOBS'trees' {-tT6z')^n.pL Naut. Two horizontal pieces of timber or metal supported by trestletrees at a masthead, which spread the upper shrouds to support the mast. cross'way' (-wa'), n. A crossroad. cross'wlse' (-^z^)* ns, etc., precea« Vocabulary* | =: z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Foreign Word. -H combined with. ^oqnals. CRYPT 174 CULMINATE crypt (krTpt), n. [L. CTypta^ Gr. /cpiiTTTij, fr. Gr. Kpuirros hidden.] A vault wholly or partly under ground ; esp., a vault under the main tlonr of a church, as for burial. cryp'tic (krlp'ttk), a. Hidden ; secret ; occult. cryp'to- (krTp'td-). Combining form from Greek Kpun-rd;, hidden^ covered, secret. cryp'tO-gam (-gSui), 7^. [crypto- -\- Gr. yafio^ marriage.] Any of a subkingdom {Crt/ptogamia) of plants embracing all not producing flowers or aeeds. — cryp'to-g^am'lc (-gSmlk), cryp-tOg'a-mouB (krlp-tSg'd-miia), a. cryp'tO-g^am (krlp'tS-grSm), n. [cryptO' + -gram.'] A writing in cipher. — cryp^tO-gram'mlG (-grSmTk), a. cryp'tO-graph (-gr&f), n. Icrypto- + -graph.} Crypto- gram, or cipher. cryp-tog'ra-phy (krTp-tSg'rd-ft), n. Act or art of writing in secret characters ; also, secret characters, or cipher. — cryp'to-grapVlc, a.— cryp-tog'ra-phUt, n. crys'tal (krls'tai), n. [f r. F. , f r. L. crystallmn crystal, ice, Gr. Kpiio-raAAos, fr. Kpu'os icy cold, frost.] 1. Quartz trans- parent or nearly so, or a piece of it, as one cut for ornament or for use in magic. 2- Anything resembling crystal, as Clearwater, etc. 3. A body formed by an element or com- pound solidifying so that it is bounded by plane surfaces symmetrically arranged, which are the external expression of a deflnite internal structure. 4. Glass of superior bril- liancy. 5. The glass over a watch dial. ^ a. Consisting of, or rpsembling, crystal; clear. crya'tal-lind (-in ; -in), a. l. Consisting or made of crys- tal. 2. Resembling crystal; pure; transparent. 3. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, a crystal or crystals. cryBtaUine lena, Anai.^ a transparent lens-shaped body in the eye, which serves to focus the rays of light. crys'tal-lize (-iz), v. t. ; -lized (-izd) ; -Liz'iNG (-iz'Ing). 1. To cause to form crystals or to assume crystalline char- acter or form. 2> To cause to assume a fixed and definite form. — u. i. 1. To become crystalline. 2- To become settled and definite in form. — crys'tal-Uz'a-ble (-Iz'd- b'l), a. — crys'tal-U-za'Uon (-t-za'shttn ; -i-za'shftn), n. crys'tal-log'ra-pliy (-5g'rd-fT), n. [Gr. kpuo-toAAos crystal -|- -graphy.] Science treating of the system of forms among crystals, their structure, and forma of aggregation. crys'tal-lold (kris'tal-oid), a. [Gr. KpuVraAAo? crystal -j- -oid.'] Crystal-like ; of the nature of a crystalloid. — n. Chem. A substance which, in solution, diffuses readily through animal membranes and generally is capable of be- ing crystallized. Cr. COLLOID. cub (kab), n. 1. The young of the fox, bear, wolf, lion, ti- ger, etc., or, sometimes, of the whale. 2. Aboyor girl;esp., an awkward, ill-mannered boy. Jocose or Contemptuous. Gnliail (ku'bfin), a. & n. See -an. cnb'by— hole' (kQb'T-hoK)) ^- ^ snug place, as for hiding. CUb'-drawn^, a. Sucked by cubs. Bare. cube (kiib), n. [F., fr. LL. cubus, Gr. kuJSo; a cube, a cu- bical die.] 1. Oeom, The regular solid of six equal square faces. 2- Math. Thethird power ; the product got by taking a number or quantity three times as a factor ; as, 8 is the cube of 2, for 2 X 2 X 2 = 8. — v. i. ; CUBED (kubd) ; cuB'iNG (kubtng). To raiau to the third power ; form the cube of. on'beb(ku'b5b),n. [fr.F.,fr. Ar./jQ656aA.] ^°*'«- The small aromatic berry of a climbing shrub of the pepper family, native of Java anii Borneo. cube root. That factor of a quantity which when cubed pro- duces the quantity; thus 2 ia the cube root of 8. GU'bic (kii'bTk) ) a. 1. Having the form or properties CU'bl-cal (-bi-kSl) ) of a cube. 2. Three-dimensional ; esp., as used with- a unit of length, denoting the volume of a cube one edge of which haa the length of that unit ; as, a cubic foot. Abbr. c. or cu. 3. Math. Of third degree, order, or power. CU'bl-Cle (-bT-k*l), n. [L. cubiculum, fr. cubare to lie down.] A sleeping place, esp. one partitioned off from a large dor- mitory. CU-bic'n-lO (ku-bTk'ti-lo), n. A cubicuhim. Obs. & R. GU-blc'U-lum (-Ifim), 71. ; L. pi. -LA (-la). [L.] A cubicle. CU'blt (ku'bTt), n. [L. cubitum, cubitus^ elbow, ell, cubit.] A linear measure, orig. the length from the elbow to the end of the middle finger; in English measure, 18 inches. cnck'ing stool (ktik'tng). A kind of chair in which scolds, dishonest tradesmen, etc., were strapped, to be pelted and hooted by the mob, or, aometimea, to be ducked. Cackoo. cnck'Old (kiik'lild), n. [OF. coucuol, cucuault.l A man wiiiiae wife ia unfaithful to him. — v. t. To make a cuckold of (ii huaband). — GUClE'Old-ly, a. Archaic. CUClE'OO (kddk'oo), n. [imitative.] 1. a A European bi ra that lays ita eggs j in the nests ofl other birds for^ them to hatch. b Any bird of the same family (Cu- culidiB). 2. The callof the cuckoo. cnclEco bud. A plant (of un- known identity). Poetic. cnck'OO-flow'er (-flou'er), n. Any of several plants, as the wild hyacinth, a certain orchis, etc. Eng. GUCk'OO-plnt' (-plnf ), n. A common European arum with lanceolate erect spathe and short purple spadix. cn'cul-late (ku'kfl-lat ; ku-kiSl'at) j a. [LL cucuUatus, fr. cn'CUl-lared (-lafSd ; -at-gd) ( L. c w c u / / M 5 c a p.] Hooded or hood-shaped, as the leaf of a violet. cu'cum-ber (kuHifim-bSr), n. [L. cucumis, gen. cucume- ris.'] The fruit of a vine of the same genua as the musk- melon, cultivated as a garden vegetable ; also, the vine. cu-cur'blt (kfi-kfir'blt), n. Also cu-cur'bite. [L. cucur- b ita a. gonrd.'] Chem. A vessel for distillation, used with or forming part of an alembic. Archaic. cad(kild),n. [AS. cuf^l mw s^ v^.mwM. ^hm^i^ cn'ne-ate (ku'ne-at), -ared (-at'6d), a. [L. cuneatus. It. cunewj wedge.] Wedge-shaped. — cu'ne-al (ku'nS-^i), a. cu-ne'l-form(kfi-n6'I-f8rm; ku'- ufe-I-f6rm'), a. Also cunfform. [L. cuneus a wedge + -form.'] Wedge-shaped; — applied esp. to the characters anciently used in writing in Persia, Assyria, etc., or to the writing itself. — n. Cuneiform characters or writ- ing. CUn'ner (kiin'er), n. Any of Cuneiform Writing, several small, edible, dark-colored marine fishes. cun'nliig (-lug), a. [fr. a p. pr. & vb. n. fr. AS. cunnan to . know, be able.] 1. Skillful; dexterous. 2. Wrought with| or exhibiting skill or ingenu- ity. 3. Crafty, sly, or artful. Gunner. 4. Prettily or piquantly interesting. U. S. Syn. Deceitful, designing, tricky, politic, sharp, subtle, insidious, stealthy, foxy. — Cunning, crafty, artful, sly, WILY agree in implying an aptitude for attaining an end by secret or devious means. Cunning implies skill, esp. in over- reaching or circumventing ; it often suggests a low order of intelligence ; as, a dark, cunning, roguish countenance. Crafty inn)lies more secret or underhand devices than cun- ning, and freciuently suggests an adroitness at deception acquired by experience. Artful implies more insinuating indirectness of dealing ; as, she had, oy artful conduct, in- sinuated herself into his favor. Sly implies a somewhat vul- gar turn for what is covert or double ; as, words of slyiui- port. Wily implies the subtle use of tricks and stratagems, esp. in attack or defense j as, the wily fox. — 71. 1. Skill; dexterity. Archaic. 2. Faculty or act of using stratagem ; deceit ; craft. — cun'nlng-ly, adv. OUp(kap),n. [fr. AS., fr. LL. CMg;?acup.] l.Asmallves- sel used chiefly to drink from. 2. The containing part of a drinking vessel that has a stem and a foot. 3. A thing suggestive of a cup (in sense 1). 4. A drinking vessel and its contents ; a cupful. 5. The wine of the Communion. 6. Fig., something allotted to one as a portion to be re- ceived or endured. 7- pL Repeated potations ; indulgence in intoxicating drinks. — v. t. ; cupped (kilpt) ; cup'pino. 1. Tosupply with cups of liquor. Obs. 2. Med. Tosubject to cupping. 3. To receive, take, or place in or as in a cup. CUp'bear^er (-bfir'Sr), n. One whose office it is to fill and hand the cups in which drink is served. CUp'board (kiSb^rd), n. [cup + board.'] A closet with shelves for cups, dishes, food, etc.; any small closet. GU'pel (ku'pSl), n. [F. coupelle, dim. of coupe cup.] A small, shallow, porous cup, esp. of bone ash, used in assay- ing. — (ku'pSl ; ku-pSl') V. i. ; -feled (-pBld), -pelled' (ku- peld') ; -PBL-iNG, -pel'ling. To refine in a cupel. — CU'pol- la'tlon (ku'pg-la'shiJn), n. OUp'flll (kQp'f561), n. ; pi. cupfuls (-f561z). As much as a cup will hold ; in cookery, a half pint. Oa'pld (ku'pTd), n. [L. Cupido, lit., desire.] Roman Myth. The god of love, son of Venus, represented as a naked, winged boy with bow and arrow. Sen Eros, Psyche. CU-pld'l-t7 (ku-pTd'T-ti), n. [fr. F.. fr. L,. cupiditas, fr. cupidus longing, cupere to long for.] Eager desire, esp. for wealth ; avarice. Syn. Lust, appetite, lon^ng. — Cupiditt, greed, aviditt agree in the idea of inordinate desire. Cupidity applies to covetousness of wealth ; greed, to insatiate and selfish craving or desire ; avidity (commonly in the phrase " with avidity'''), to eager or ardent relish or appetite. ca'po-la (ku'po-l(i), n. ; pi. -LAS (-Idz). [It., fr. L. cupula little tub, small vault, cupa tub.] 1, A roof, less often a ceiling, hemispherical or nearly so. 2. Loosely, a small structure on top of a roof or building for a lookout, to com- plete a design, etc. 3. A furnace resembling a blast fur- nace but smaller, used for melting metals, as in foundries. CUp'plng (kHpTng), n. The drawing of blood to the sur- face of, or from, the body to relieve internal congestion. OUpplng glass. A glass cup in which a partial vacuum is produced by heat, in the process of cupping. OU'pre-OUS (kii'pre-Ss), a, [L. cupreus, fr. cuprum cop- per.] Containing copper, or resembling copper ; coppery. on'prlo (-prik), a. Chem. Of or containing copper, in its valence of two. [its valence of one. I CU'prous (-prt^s), a. Chem. Of or containing copper, in| natiire, verdare (87) ; k = rh in G. ich, ach (50) j boN Bxplanatlons of Abbreviations^ 8l|[ns, ete.» preceae Vocabulftryi yet; zh=:z in azure. Numbers refer to§§in Guide. H Foreign Word* + combined with. =eauBlA. CUPRUM 176 CURRY Crested Curossow. II oa'pmm (ku'priJm), n. [L.] Chem. Copper. GU'pule (-pul), n. [F., fr. LL. oupa cup.] A cup-ehaped involucre with hard, cohereot bracts, as an acoru cup. GUT (kQr), n. 1. A mongrel or inferior dog. 2. A worth- less, snarling fellow. Contemptuous. cnr'a-blo (kur'd-b'l), a. Capable of being cured. — cur'- a-blll-t7 (-bTl'I-tT), cur'a-ble-ness, n. — cur'a-bly, adv. CU'ra-^ao' (ku'rd-so' ; koo^-), n. [from Curasao, the island (see Gaz.), prob. from the use of peel of bitter oranges from GuraQao. J A liqueur flavored, chiefly, with the dried peel of bitter oranges. oa'ra-C7 (ku'rd-sl), n. ; pi. -ciEs (-sTz). The of- fice or employment of a curate. OU-ra're ) (koo-ra're), n. A reslnoid extract pre- OU-ra'rl J ftared by South Amer- ican Indians as an arrow poison ; also, the plant yielding it. on'ras-SOW (ku'r^so ; ku-rSa'o), n. [from the island of Cura- gao.'\ Any of several arboreal gallinaceous birds of South and Central America. CU'rate (ku'rat), n. [LL. cutcl- tus^ prop., one having the care (L. euro) of Bouls.] Orig., any clergyman ; now, usually, an as- sistant of a rector or vicar. OOr'a-tlve (kur'o-ti v), a. Relat- ing or tending to the cure of dis- eases, ^n. A remedy. CU-ra'tor (kfl-ra'ter), n. [L., fr. curare to take care of, cwa care.] A person having the care of anything ; esp., a keeper or custodian of a museum, library, or the like. curb (kGrb), V. t. [F. courber to bend, curve, L. curvare, fr. curvus bent, curved.] 1. To guide and manage, or restrain, as with a curb ; restrain ; confine. 2. To furnish withacurb, as a sidewalk. — v. i. To bend ; cringe. Obs. ^n. 1. A chain or strap attached to the upper part of the branches of a bit, used to check the horse. 2. That which restrains or subdues ; check. 3. An inclosing bor- der, as of upright stones, along the outer limit of a side- walk, 4. The street as a market for stocks and bonds. curb bit. A bit with side pieces (branches) for leverage. curb roof. A roof having a double slope. CUrb'stone',n> A stone set as a curb (def . 3). cnr-cn'11-0 (kflr-ku1T-o), n. [L., a grain , weevil.] Any snout beetle, esp. any of certain forms that injure fruit. Gnrd (kfird), n. The coagulated substance r< h t? « formed from milk, as distinguished from ^^^° Roof. the whey.—v. t. & i. Also, Dial. - plied to restoration to health after disease ; heal, to resto- ration to soundness after a wound or lesion. Fig-, a similar distinction often holds : as, to cure (not heal) mistrust, to heal (not cure) a breach between friends. — v.i. 1. To restore health. 2.Tobecomehealed. 3. To become cured, as hay. II cu'r6' (kii'ra'), n. [F.] A parish priest. care'— air, n. A remedy for all diseases or ills ; panacea. cnr'few (kfir'fu), n. [fr. OF. , fr. coirir to cover -\-feu fire, fr. L. focus hearth.] 1. In the Middle Ages, a regulation that fires be covered or put out on the ringing of a bell at a fixed hour in the evening ; hence, the ringing or the time of ringing, or the bell itself. 2. The ringing of an evening bell as a signal, as for children to retire from the streets. II cu'rl-a(kii'rT-d), n.; pi. cuei^ (-5). [L., in sense 1, in LL., court.] 1. Roman Antiq. a A political subdivision of a tribe in early Rome, b The place of assembly of such a division or of the senate. 2. Fqrmerly , in England : a The lord's house, or the courtyard about it ; specif., the king's hall, b Any court held in the king's name. 3. leap.'] The papal court. — cu'rl-al (-21), a. Cu'rl-a'tl-l (-a'shM), n. pi. [L.] See Horath. CU'rl-0 (ku'rT-o), 71. ; pi. cdrios (-oz). [abbr. of curiosity.'] A curiosity, or article of virtu. CU'rl-OS'i-ty (-5s'I-tI), n. / pi. -ties (-tlz). 1. Careful at- tention; fastidiousness. Obs. 2. Disposition, often a med- dling disposition, to inquire into anything. 3. That which is curious, or fitted to excite or reward attention. CU'ri-OUS (kii'rl-fis), a. [fr. OF., fr. L. curiosus careful, in- quisitive, cum care.] 1. Scrupulous; nice. Obs. 2- Exhib- iting nicety ; artfully or elaborately constructed. 3- Care- ful or anxious to learn ; habitually inquisitive ; prying. 4. Exciting attention or inquiry ; strange ; rare. — cn'rl- ous-ly, adv. — cu'rl-ous-ness, n. Syn. Inquiring, meddling, intrusive. — Curious, inquisi- tive, PRYING. CuHious Implies desire to learn (esp.) what does not concern one; iNQmsiTivB, habitual and impertraent curiosity; pryikg, officious or meddling inquisitiveness. curl (kQrl), v. /. d: /. 1. To twist, bend, or form into ring- lets, as the hair. 2. To deck with or as with curls. Oba. 3- To form into a curved shape; twist; coil. — n. 1. A spiral lock of hair; ringlet. 2. A spiral or winding form, as of smoke ; coil. 3. Act of curling; state of being curled. cur'lew (kOrlu), n. [F. courlieu, courlis.] Any of several birds of the snipe family with long downwardly curved bill. cnrl'lng (kQr'lTng), n. 1. Act ' or state of one that curls. 2. A game in which stones are hurled along ice toward a mark. CUrl'y (kfirll), a.; CUBL'l-ER (-11- er); curl'i-est. Curling or tend- ing to curl ; having curls. cnr-mndg'eon (kiir-m&j'un), n. A niggard ; miser. cur-mnr^ng (kur-miir1ng), n. Grumbling or murmuring. Scot. Clini(kfim),n. A grain; acorn; hence, a little. Scot. CUr'rance (kiir'Sus), 71. A current; flow. 06*. COr'rant (-fint), n. [F. cortnthe (raisins de Corvnlke rai- sins of Corinth) currant (in sense 1), fr. Corinth in Greece, whence, probably, the raisins were first imported, the berry receiving the name from its resemblance to these raisins.] 1. A small seedless raisin, produced chiefly in the Levant. 2. The acid berry of a shrub of the gooseberry family, used ctiiefiy for jellies and jam ; also, the shrub. cnr'ren-cy (-?n-st), n. ,■ pi. -eras (-sTz). 1. Contmuous flowing; course. Now Rare. 2. State of being current ; general acceptance or reception ; circulation, as of bank notes. 3. A circulating medium of exchange, including coin, government notes, and bank notes. CUr'rent (-2nt), a. [OF. curant^ p. pr. of cvrre to run, L. currei'e.] 1. Running; moving ; fluent. Archaic. 2. Now passing, as time ; belonging fo the presput time. 3. Pass- ing from person to person, or from hand to hand; circulat- ing. 4. Fitted for general acceptance or circulation ; not counterfeit. 6. Commonly acknowledged or accepted ; in vogue. — Syn. See prevailing.— n. 1. A flowing or pass- ing; onward motion. Hence : A body of fluid moving in a certain direction ; a stream. 2- General course or move- ment. 3- Elec. A movementof electricity analogous to the motion of a stream of liquid, or the rate of such a movement. — Syn, See stream. — cur'rent-ly, adv. cnr'rl-Cle (-I-k'l), n. [L. curriculum a running, race course, currere to run.] A two-wheeled, two-horse chaise. CUr-rlc^U-lom (kfi-rtk'fi-lfim), n. ; pi. E. -lums (-Ifimz), L. -LA (-Id). [L. See curricle.] A specified or regular course of study, as in a university. CUT'rl-er (kfir1-er), n. One who curries and dresses leath- er after it is tanned. — cur'rl-er-y (-er-T), n. cur'rish (kfir'Tsh), o. Pertaining to or like a cur ; quar- relsome ; also, base ; ignoble. — cur'rish-ly, adv. cur'ry (ktir'T), 71. i. ; -rted (-Td); -rt-ino. [OF conreer^ European Curlew. ale, senate, c&re, &m, account, firm, ask, sofa; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker; icefill; 51d, dbey, drb, 5dd, 65ft, connect ; use, tlnite, iiru, iip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ii)k; then, thin; CURRY 177 CUSTOMER correer, to prepare, furDish, curry (ahorse); cw- (L. com-) -|- TOii reij arrangement, order.] 1. To dress fehe hair or coat of (a liorse, ox, etc.) with a currycomb and bruah. 2. To dress or prepare (leather) by scraping, cleansing, beating, smoothing, and coloring. 3. To beat (a person); bruise; drub. 4. To cajole. 065. — to curry favor, [oTig. to cu7-ry favet, in which /aoel means a fallow or yellowish horsef, to seek or gain favor by flattery or attentions. CUr'ry (kfirt), n. ;pl. -RIE3 (-Iz). [Tamil kan.'} 1. A kind of highly spiced condiment Introduced from India. 2. A stew, as of fowl, fish, or game, cooked with curry. GOr^-COmb' (-komOi n. A kind of comb used in groom- ing a horse. ■^ v. t. To comb with a currycomb. CUTSe (kfirs), V. t. ; cubsed (kfirst) or cdbst ; cnRs'iNO. [AS. cursian.'] 1. To call on divine or supernatural power tosendinjury upon; swear at. 2. To use profanely insolent language against; blaspheme. See blasphemy, Syn. 3- To bring great evil on; harass; torment.— v. i. To utter curses; swear. — n. 1. A prayer or invocation for injury to come upon one ; malediction ; oath. 2. That which is cursed or accursed. 3. Evil that comes as if in response to impreca- tion, or as retribution. 4. The cause of great harm, evil, or misfortune. Syn. Curse, impkbcation, execration, ualediction, oath, ANATHEMA. CoRSE implies the desire or threat of evil, de- clared solemnly or upon oath. Imprecation denotes an in- vocation of evil or calamity ; execsation, an expression of intense hatred or utter detestation. Malediction ia a more general term for bitter reproach or proclamation of evil against some one. Oath, as here compared, denotes a blas- phemous calling to witness of God or sacred things. Anath- ema is specifically the solemn curse of the church ; in ordi- nary usage it has become a synonym for imprecation. OUrs'ed (kfir'sSd ; 24 : the pret. and p. p. are ordinarily pron^d kQrst), p. a. 1. Bein^ under a curse ; damned. 2- Deserving a curse ; execrable ; hateful. GUr'slve (kfir'sTv), a. ILL. cursivtis.'} Of writing, running; having the letters joined and the angles often rounded. Of, UNCIAL. -^ n. A cursive character or manuscript in it, CUr'SO-ra-ry (kfir'so-ra-rT), a. Cursory. Obs. cnr-so'rl-al (kflr-so'rT-ai ; 57), a. Adapted to running. cm/SO-ry (kdr'sS-rl), a. [L. cursorius^ tv. cursor a runner. ] Characterized by haste ; superficial ; careless. Syn. Hasty, passing ; unmethodical, disconnected, irregu- lar, fitful ; rambling, roving.— Cursort, desultory, discur- sive. Cursory implies a hasty, often superficial, running over a subject ; as, he dismissed the matter with a cursory mention. Desultory implies a disconnected or aimless leaping orpassing from one thing to another ; as, desultory studies. DisouRsivB suggests a ranging or rambling, some- times digressively, over a wide field ; aa, his lecture was a discursive consideration of education in general. — cnr'Bo-rl-ly (-rT-iT), adv. — cur'so-rl-nesS) n. curt (kOrt), tt. \Jj. curtxis.'] 1. Short ; abbreviated. 2. Short or brief in language; esp., short to a fault; rudely concise, — Syn. See bluff, concise. — curt'ly, adv. — Giirt'ness, n. clir-taU'(kar-tal';/ormerii/kQr'tal),v. (. [seecuRTAL.] To cut off the end, or any part, of ; shorten ; abridge. — cur- tall'ment (-m^ut), n. cur'tala (kflrain; -t'n), n. [fr. OF., fr- LL. cortitia cur- tain.] 1, A hanging screen, usually admitting of being drawn back or up at pleasure. 2. Fort. That part of a bastioned front connecting two neighboring bastions. 3. A fl^; — in contempt. Obs. & R. — v. i. To furnish or Inclose with a curtain or curtains. cnr'tal (-tSl), a. [OF. cowtauU having a docked tail, ctmrt short, L. curius.'} Made or being short ; curt ; brief ; la- conic. Obs. or Archaic. — n. Anything cut short. Obs. cor'tal as or axe, our'tle ax or axe, cur'tel-asse (kQr'- t^l-4s). Corruptions of cutlass. [or shortened.! cnr'tate (-ta^, a. [L. curtatus^ p. p.] Comparatively short| cur'te-ay (-te-at), ra. / p/, -SIE8 (-sTz). [see courtesy.] Law. The life estate or the tenure which a husband has in the lands of his deceased wife. CUr'tl-lage (-tl-laj), n. [fr. OF., fr. cortil courtyard, LL. cortis court.] A yard within the fence about a dwelling. curt'sy I (kfirfsT);;j?, -bies, -seys (-siz). A var. of courte- cort'aey f st. Rare^ excRpt specifically : An act of civility performed by women, consisting of a slight depression of the body with bending of the knees. — v.i.iSe t. ; -sibd, -seybd (-sTd) ; -sy-ino, -sey-ing. To make a curtsy (to). cu'nil8(kii'rool),a. [L.curulis.'] Roman Hist. 1. Designat- ing a form of seat appropriated to tlie highest dignitaries. 2. Privileged to sit in a curule chair ; of the liighest rank. GUr'va-tnro (kGr'vd-t5r), n. Act of curving ; state of being curved ; a bend ; curve. curve (kQrv), a. [L. curvus bent, curved.] Bent contin- uously without angles ; curved. — n. A curving ; that which is curved; flexure. — v. i. <& i. ; curved (ItGrvd); cuev'ing. To bend ; crook ; to swerve or cause to swerve from the or- dinary projectile path, as a ball, CUr'vet (kQr'vSt ; kflr-ygf ), n. [fr. It, corvetta, dim. fr. L. curvus curved.] 1. Manige. A certain leap of a horse. 2. A prank ; frolic. cur-vet' (kQr-vSt'; kfir'vSt), v. i. /-vet'ted or -vbt-ed; -VBT'TING or VET-iHQ. 1. To make a curvet ; leap; bound. 2. To frisk ; frolic. — v. t. To cause to curvet. CUr'Vl-lln'e-al (kflr/vl-lln'^at) i «. Made up of, orbound- curvl-lln'e-ar (kflr/vT-lIn'S-dr) | ed by, curved lines. cur'vl-ty (kQr'vI-ti), n. State of being curved. Obs. or R. GUBb (kiish), n. In tiie Bible, the eldest son of Ham ; hence, also, the "land of Cush," peopled by the Hamites, and usually identified with Ethiopia. CUSh'at (kQsh'St ; k66sh'at), n. [AS. cusceote.'] The ring- dove, or wood pigeon, of Europe. onsMon (keSsh'Sn), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. L. coxinxis, fr. L. coxa hip.] 1. A soft pillow or pad to rest on or against. 2. Anything resembling a cushion in properties or use ; as : a A pillow used in making lace, b Meek. An elastic medium, as of air or steam, for reducing shock. — v.t. 1. Toseatorplaceonorasonacushion. 2. To furnish with cushions. 3. To cover up, as if under a cushion. cask (kijsk), n. A large marine fish allied to the cod. cusp (kusp), n. [L. cuspis, -idis, point, pointed end.] 1. In astrology, the first entrance of any house. 2. A pointed end ; apex ; peak, as either point of the crescent moon, the crown of a tooth, etc. — CUsped (kiSspt), a. cus'pid (kiis'pld), n. Anat. A canine tooth. Gua'pl-dal (-pT-dal), a. Like, or of the nature of, a cusp , also, pertaining to, or furnished with, a cusp. OUS'pl-date (-pt-dat) \ a. [L. cuspidaius pointed.] Hav- OUa'pl-dat^ed (-dat'ed) ) ing a cusp or cusps ; terminating in a point. cna'pl-dor (-dor ; -d8r ; 57), n. [Pg- oispideira, fr. cuspir to spit.] A spittoon. II GUS'plS (kus'pis), n.; pi. cuspides (-pT-dez). [L.] A cusp, or point ; a sharp end. [baked or boiled. I CUB'tard (-tdrd), TO. A sweetened mixture of milk and eggs, | custard apple. 1. a A small West Indian tree ; also, its yellowish fruit, the soft rather insipid pulp of which is edi- ble, b The sweetsop. 2. The North American papaw. CUS-tO'dl-al (kiis-to'di-ftl), a. Relating to custody. cus-to'di-an (-Sn), n. One who has custody, as of a public building ; keeper. — CUS-to'dl-an-Shlp'^, n. CUa-to'di-er (-er), n. Custodian. Scot. cna'tO-dy (kus'to-dT), n. [L. custodia^ fr. custos guard.] 1. A keeping or guarding. 2. Judicial or penal safe-keep- ing ; as to persons, imprisonment ; as to things, charge. 3. State of being guarded : restraint; confinement. CUS'tom (kua'tfim), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. L. consuetude, 'dinis, f r. consuescere to accustom, deriv. of con- ~\- suere to be accustomed.] 1. A course of action characteristically repeated under like circumstances ; a usage or practice. 2 . The whole body of practices or conventions which regu- late social life ; social habit. 3. Law. Long-established prac- tice considered as unwritten law. 4, A rent from a feudal tenant to his lord ; also, the obligation to render, or right to receive, this. 5. pi. Duties, tolls, or imposts imposed on commodities imported or (rarely) exported. 6. Habitual buyinjf of goods; business support or patronage. — Syn^ See habit. — a. 1. Made or done to order. 2. Dealing in things made to order, or doing work only when it is ordered. GUS'tom-a-ble ( = equals. CUSTOMHOUSE 1T8 CYCLONE man or busineBs house ; a purchaser. 2 . A fellow ; chap ; — uHually with qualifying adjective, as queer^ ugly, etc. cns'tom-house' (k&B'tfim-liousO, n. The building where customs and duties are paid, aud vessels entered or cleared. II cns'tOS (Isiis'tSs), n. ; L. pi. custodes (kila-to'dez). [L., guard, keeper.] Gustodiau ; superintendent. out (kiit), V. t. ; pret. & p. p. cut ; p. pr. cfc vb. n. out'tino. [ME. cviten^ kitten^ JcettenA 1. To penetrate, divide, or sever with or as with an^dged instrument ; cleave; gash ; slash ; as, to cat bread, hay, flowers, etc. 2. To make less or reduce, as if by cutting off some part; as : to cu^ aplay ; to cut rates ; to cut cards (that is, to divide a pack by remov- ing cards from tbe top). 3. To iutersect; cross, as lines. 4. To form by cutting, as a garment, etc. 6. To strike sharply as in cutting, as with a whip. 6. To hurt the sensi- bilities of. 7. To ignore socially. Colloq. 8. To absent one's self from. Collog. 9. To perform ; as, to cu^ a caper, etc. Colloq. — V. i. 1. To do the work of an edged tool; as, this knife cuts well. 2 . To admit of incision or severance, as by a cutting instrument; as, cheese cuts easily. 3- To use a cut- ting instrument. 4. To go across something ; make a short cut ; — usually with across. 5. To make a stroke as with a aword or whip. 6. Card Plaiting. To cut the cards. — n. 1. An opening made with an edged instrument ; cleft; gash slash. 2. An excavated notch, passage, or channel, furrow groove. 3. A straight or easy passage or course. 4 • Manner in which a thing is cut or formed; style ; fashion. 6- That which is cut or cut off ; a severed portion. 6. An engraved block or plate for printing or the impression therefrom. 7< Act of cutting; as : a A blow with a knife edge, whiplash, etc. b Act of removing a part, as of a writing, or reducing or dividing as if by use of a knife ; also, the part removed. 8- That which wounds the feelings ; a slight. 9. Absence at a time appointed for attendance, as from a recitation. 10. [perh. a different word.] One of several pieces, as of straw, aa used iu drawing lots ; — as, to draw mtts. DU-ta'ne-OUS (kfi-ta'ne-fis), a. [L. cutis B\s.m.'] Of or per- taining to the skin ; existing on or affecting the akin. cute (kut), a. ; out'eb (kuf er) ; cut/est. [an abbr. of acuie.'] Collog. 1. Clever or shrewd. 2. Attractive by reason of daintiness or picturesqueness, as a child. — CUte'- ly, adv. — cute'neBS, n. CU'tl-cle (ku'tt-k'l), n. [L. cuHctUa, dim. of cutis skin.] A skin or membrane ; in vertebrates, the epidermis. See SKIN. — cu-tic'U-lar (ku-tlk'u-ldr), a. CQ'tlS (ku'tis), n., orjlcu'tls ve^a (ve'rd). [L.] The derma, or deeper layer of the skin. cnt'lasB (kQt'lds), n. Also cutlaS- [F. coutelas, fr. L. ffulteUus small knife, culter knife.] A short, heavy, curved sword, used esp. by sailors. cutler (-ler), n. ™,Bu«_~„ [fr. F., fr. LL., «(F*''^9 Cutlass, fr. L. cultellus, See cutlass ] One who makes, deals in, or repairs, cutlery. CUtler-y (-T), v. Edged or cutting instruments, collectively. CUt'let (-ISt ; 24), n. [F. cdlelette, prop., little rib, dim. of cdie rib, L. costa.'] A small piece of meat, as of veal, cut from the ribs or leg, for broiling or frying. CUt'-Of!', n. 1. That which shortens, as a nearer road. 2. Bngin. Act of shutting off the working fluid, as steam, from an engine cylinder ; also, the point at which this occurs, or the mechanism for effect- ing it. CUt'-OUt', n. Elec. A device by which a circuit or a portion of a circuit may be disconnected ; a circuit breakfir. Cnfpnise' (kHVpfirs'), n. One wlio cuts purses for the sake of stealing them or their contents (an act common when men wore purses at their girdles) ; hence, a pickpocket. cutter (kiit^T),n. 1. One that cuts. 2. Naui. a A broad, square-stemed boat for stores and pas- sengers, used by ships of Cutter, 2 b. The outline of the hull war. D A one-mastea ves- ia sho-wn, as alao the masB of lead sel rigged much like & L. a Section of hull. sloop, and having a deep, often heavily weighted, keel. C A email armed-steam vessel in the Revenue Cutter Service. If. S. 3. A small, light sleigh. OUt'tbroat (kat'throf), n. One who cuts throats ; a mur- derer ; assassin. —a. Murderous; cruel. CUt'tlng (kQtlng), n. 1. Act or process of one that cuts. 2. Something cut, cut oif, or cut out. — a. 1. Adapted to out. 2. Chilling; -Diercing; as, a, cutting wind. 3- Severe; sarcastic. — Syu. See sharp. cat'tle (-*l), n. 1. A cuttleflsh. 2. A . foul-mouthed person. Obs. CUt'tle-tlsh' (-flah'), n. [AS. cwdeZc] A teu-armed cephalopod allied to the squids, but having a calcareous internal shell, known in commerce as cuttlo bone. CUt'ty (kStT ; kSStT), a. Short ; cur- tailed ; as, a ciitty knife. Scot. ^n. A. very short person. Scot. cutty stool. Scot. 1. A low stool. 2. A seat, in old Scottish churches, where otfeuders sat for public rebuke. cut'wa^ter (kiifw8'ter), n. The fore part of a ship's stem. Cuttleflsh. CUfWOrm' (-wQrm^, n. A caterpilUr which eats off young plants of cabbage, corn, etc., by night, usually at the ground. cy'a-nate (si'd-nat), n. A salt or ester of cyanic acid, i cy-an'lotsi-5n1k),a. [Gr. kv- afof a dark blue substance.] 1. Pertaining to or contain- ing cyanogen. 2. Pert, to or having a blue color. cy'a-nlde (si'd-nld ; -ntd), n. A compound of cyanogen with an element or radical; esp., potassium cyanide. cy-an'0-gen (ai-Sn'6-jSii), n. [SeecTAHic ; -gen.] Chein. a Cutworm, a Larva ; n' Head of A radical, CN, composed of 1-arva ; ft Pupa ; c Adult Moth carbon and nitrogen, in hydrocyanic acid and the cyanides. Some of its compounds are iutensely blue. See Prussian blub. b A certain colorless, inflammable, poisonous gas, CN2. Oyb'e-le (sib'e-le), n. [L., fr. Gr. KupeAij.] The great nature goddess of the ancient peoples of Asia Minor, — pri- marily, a deification of the earth as the sustainer and re- producer; secondarily, the nourishing mother of man, giver of the arts of life, and founder and upholder of cities and nations. See Cortbant. cy'cad (siTcSd), n. Any of a family {Cycadacese) of gym- nospermous plants, including the sago palm, etc., interme- diate in appearance between tree ferns and palms. cyc'la-men (sTk'ln-mSn), n. [Or. KUKAafLivo?, KUKAa/uiL?.] Any of various plants (genus Cyclamen) of the primrose family, having pretty, nodding, white or pink flowers. cy'Cle (si'k'l), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. kukAo? ring, circlp, cycle.] 1. An imaginary circle in the heavens ; one of the celestial spheres. 2. An interval or period of time occupied by one round or course of events recurring in the same order in a series. 3. A complete course of operations returning to the original state ; circle ; round. 4. An age; long period. 6- The circle of subjects connected with the exploits of a hero or heroes ; as, the Arthurian cycle. 6. A bicycle, tricycle, or similar vehicle. — v. i.; -cled (-k'ld) ; -cling (-klTng). 1. To pasR through a cycle; recur in cycles. 2. To ride a cycle, — cy'Cler (-kler), n. — cy'cllst (-klT^t), n. cyc'lic (siklTk ; si'klTk), a. Of or pert, to a cycle or circle ; moving in cycles ; as, cyclic time; acycWcpoem. — cycli- cal (sTk'iT-kftl ; si'klT-), a. oy'ClOld (siHcloid), n. [Gr. kv- K\oet£^f ; kukAos circle + el- 6o? form.] Geom. A curve traced by a point on the radius of a circle rolling in a plane along a line in the plane. — n. Circular. — cy-clcl'd^, a* cy-Clom'e-ter (sT-klBm'e-ter), n. [Gr, kOkAo? circle + -me- terSl A device to record a wheel's revolutions, and hence the distance traversed by a wheeled vehicle. cy'Clone (si'klSn), n. [Gr. KVKklav moving in a circle, deriv. of kukAo; circle.] 1. A violent storm characterized Common Cycloid. p Tracing point. ale, senate, c3.re, &m, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, rec«nt, maker ; ice, ill ; 51d, dbey , drb, 5dd, s5£t, cSnnect ; use, Unite, urn, up, circus, menii; food, fdbt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ii)k; t^en, thin; CYCLONIC 179 CZECH by high winds rotating about a calm center of low atmoa- pheric pressure. This center moves onward, often at twenty or thirty miles an hour. 2. In general, a condition of the atmosphere characterized by a central area of pressure much lower than that of surrounding areas, and a systeui of winds blowing inward and around (clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the northern), as in the hurricane, typhoon, and tropical storms; — called also a tow- area storm. 3. A tornado. Middle U. S. — cy-clon'ic (si- klSn'tk), cy-clonTcal (-T-kai), a. — oy-clon'l-cal-ly, adv. Oy'clO-pe'an (ai'klS-pe'Sn), a. Pertaining to, or character- istic of, the Cyclopes ; huge ; massive. oy'ClO-pe'dl-a ) (-pe'dT-d), n. [Gr. kvk\o^.-MjE (-me). [Gr. Kv/xa. SeeoTMB.] Arch. A member or molding having a wavelike profile. cy-mar' (sT-mar'), n. [F. simarreJ] A loose robe or gar- ment, esp. a chemise, worn by women ; — a literary word. Oym1>al (sTm'bSl), re. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr, KVfji^aKov, fir. KVfjLpTj, KUjutjSos, hollow vessel.] Music. One of a pair of brass half globes or flat plates for clashing together. CymlW-llne (-bS-lIn ; -Im), n. See Imogbn. cyme (slm), n. [L. cyma cabbage sprout, Gr. Ku/xa, prop., anything swollen, hence, also, cyme, wave.] Bot. a Any determinate or cen- trifugal inflorescence. \t Hence, any flat or convex inflorescence of this type con- taining many flowers, as that of forget- me-not. — cy'mose (si'mos ; si-mos'), a. Cym'rlc (klm'rlk), Kym'rlo, a. [W. Cym- ru Wales.] Of, pert, to, or designating, the Celtic tribes of Wales or their speech, or peoples speaking Celtic of the same branch as Welsh. — n. TheWelshlanguageorgroup of languages. Oym'ry (-rl), Kym'ry, n. [W., pl.'\ The Welsh race. cynic (sTulk) 1 a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. kvvl- cyn'l-cal (-T-kSl) f ko?, prop., doglike, fr. Kvtav, kvvo^, dog.] 1. Surly; snarling; currish. Hare. 2. [cap.] Of, pertaining to, or resembling the doctrines of, the Cynics. 3. Of, designating, or of the character of, a cynic (see ctnic, n., 2). — oyn'1-cal-ly, adv. — cyn'l-cal-ness, n. Syn. Cynical, misanthropic, pessimistic. Cynical im- plies a sneering disbelief in smcerity and rectitude ; mis- anthropic, a rooted dislike of men ana aversion to society ; PESSIMISTIC, a distrustful and gloomy view of things. cyn'Io, ra. 1. [cap.'] Philos. One of a Greek school of phi- losophers who taught that virtue is the only good, and that its essence is self-control and independence. Later, the term symbolized, popularly, moroseness and contempt for others' opinions. 2- Hence, a niisauthrope ; esp., one who believes human conduct to be directed wholly by self-interest or self-indulgence. — cynl-cism (sIn'I-sTz'm), n. Gy'no-sare (si'no-shoor ; ain't-), n. [L. Cynosura the con- stellation Cynosure, Gr. Kvi/ocroupa, lit., dog's tail; kvmv, KVfd?,dog4- ovpd tail.] 1. [cap.] The constellation Ursa Minor, or Lesser Bear, containing the North Star. 2. A center of attraction or attention. Gyn'thl-a (sln'tht-d), n. [L., fr. Gr. Kuv^ia.] Artemis ; — from Mt. Cynthus, where she and Apollo were born. Oyn'thl-us (-i^s), n. [L.] Apollo. Of. Cymthia. cy'pher (si'fer), n. Cipher. oy'press (sl'prSs), n. [fr. OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. KU7rapio- ; — esp. in da/t days, the days of merrymaking al Christmas. Scot. dag (dSg), n. A kiud of large pistol. Obs. Da'gan (da'gau), 71. Babylon. Myth. God of the earth. dag'ger (dSg'er), n. 1. A short weapon used for stabbing. 2. tiomethiug formed like, or suggestive of, a dagger; ae^ iu printing, a mark of reference [t]. dag'gle (dSg'U), V. t. & i. ; -QLED (-'Id) ; -gling (-ling). To clog or soil with mud or mire ; trail about iu mud or the wet ; bedraggle with wet. Da'gO (da'go), n. ; pi. -00s or -goes (-goz). [cf. Sp. Diego, the proper name.] lalso l. c] A person of Spanish, Por- tuguese or, now usually, Italian, descent. Slang, U. S. Da'gon (da'gSn), n. [Heb. i^a^oTi.] In the Bible, a god of the Philistiues, probably an agricultural deity. The com- mon supposition that lie was represented as half man and half fi&h rests on a doubtful etjTuology of the name. da-guerre'0-type (dd-g6r'6-tip), n. Lf'om L. J. M. Da- guerre, French inventor ~\- •type.'} An early kind of pho- tograph produced on a silver surface, or the process used. — V. t. To represent by or as hy daguerreotype. daU'la (dal'yd ; also often dal'yd or dSl'yd), 71. [after A. Dahl, Swedish botanist.] 1. Any of several tuberous- rooted plants (genus Daklia)otth& aster family, much cul- tivated. 2. A plant, flower, or tuber of thib genus. dalk'er (dak'er). Var. of backer. Scot. dal'ly (da'lT), a. Happening, belonging to, done, or issued, each or every day. — n. ; pi. -lies (-liz). A daily news- paper, —adw. Every day ; da^ by day. Syn. Daily, diurnal. Daily is used of ordinary matters ; DIURNAL is commonly either astronomical or poetic. dal'mlo (di'myo), 71. ; pi. daimio or -mios (-mjoz). [Jap., fr. Chin., lit., great name.] One of the feudal nobles of Japan under the old regime. Cf . shogun. dain'ty (dan'tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [OF. deinliS deli- cacy, orig., dignity, honor, L. dignitas, f r. dignus worthy.] X. Something tbat arouses favor or pleasure ; now esp., a delicacy. 2- Daintiness. Obs.^a.; -Ti-ER(-ti-Sr); -ti- est. 1. Delicious to the palate ; toothsome. 2. Of a del- icate beauty or charm. 3. Having or exhibiting delicate taste ; nice ; fastidious, esp. as to food or material comforts. — daln'tl-ly (dan'ti-iT), adv. — daln'ti-ness, n. Syn. Dainty, delicate, exquisite, choice, rare. Dainty implies sliehtuess and elegance ; delicate, fineness, sub- tlety, or (often) fragility ; exquisite, consummate niceuesa or delicacy of workmanship, perception, or susceptibility ; CHOICE, picked excellence, tne result of a finely discriminat- ing selection ; bare, uncommon merit or excellence. dal'ry (da'rl ; dfirl ; 3 ), n.; pi. -bibs (-rlz). [ME. dricn>, fr. deie, date, maid, AS. dSge."] 1. A place, as a room or building, where milk is kept and made into butter or cheese. 2. The business of producing milk, butter, and cheese. 3. Hence, a dairy farm, or the cows of a farm. — dal'ry- mald^ n. — dal'ry-man (-mSn), n. da'ls (da^a ; das), n. [OF. deis table, L. disctis quoit, dish, LL., table, fr. Gr. Uvko^ quoit, dish.] A raised platform in a hall or large room. dal'sy (da'zT), n. ; pi. -sibs (-zTz). [AS. dssges-Sage, lit., day's eye.] 1. A low European plant of the aster family, having heads with small white or pink rays and yellow disks ; — called, in U. S., English daisy. This is the daisy of classical literature. 2. A rather tall leafy-stemmed plant of the same family, having larger heads with long white rays ; — called also oxeye rfdwy. — dai'sfed (-zTd), a. dale (dal), n. [AS. dsel.} A vale ; valley. dalles (dSlz), n. pi. [F. dalle trough.] A rapid, esp. one in a rocky gorge. Northwestern U. S. L -seuses (F. -sttz'). [F., fr. danser to dance.] A professional female dancer. Dansk'er (dSns'ker), n. A Dane. Obs. Daph'ne (dafne), n. [L., fr. Gr. Aaf^vij-I 1. Gr. Myth. A nymph pursued by ApoUo, from whom she escapes by being transformed into a laurel tree. 2. [2. c] The laurel. Daph'nls C-nTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. Aac/)^.] Class. Myth. h. Sicilian shepherd, son of Hermes and inventor of bucolic poetry. — DaphnlB and Ohlo'e (klo'e), a pair of lovers, in a certain Greek pastoral romance. dap'per (dSp'er), a. [ME. daper."] Little and active; spruce ; trim. — Syn. See finical. dap'ple (-'1), n. 1. Dappled state or appearance ; spotting; clouding. 2. A dappled animal, as a horse. — v. t. ; -fled (-'Id); -FLiNO (-Itng). To variegate with spots. darnbles (darluz), n. ; sing, -by (-bi). Manacles. Cant, DarHDy and Joan (jon ; jd-Sn'). A married couple, esp. an elderly couple, who live in a state of conjugal felicity. Dar'dan (dai/df^n), Dar-da'ni-an (dar-da'ut-Sn), a. & n. [L. Darda?mSf Dardanius."] Trojan. dare (dSr), v. %.; pret. DimsT(dQrst) or dared (dfird) ; p.p. DARED ; p. pr. & vb. n. dar'ing. [AS. iu dear I dare, imp. dorste, inf. durran."] To have sufficient courage for a pur- pose ; not to be afraid ; venture. — v. t.; dared (dfird) ; DAB'iNG. 1. To have courage for, venture to do, meet, or undertake. 2. To meet defiantly ; challenge. — n. 1. Act of daring; challenge. 2. Daring. Mare. daro'-dOV'il, n.. A recklessly bold fellow. — a. Reckless. daie'ful (-fddl), a. Full of daring. darg, dargue (darg), n. [Scot., contr. fr. day woi'k.'] A day's work. Vial. Eng. tfe Scot. dar'ing (dSrlng), p. pr. Dar-Wln'1-aU (dar-wtnl-au), a. Of or pert, to the natural- ist Charles Robert Darwin (1809-82), his theories, or his fol- lowers, -^n. An advocate of Darwinism. Dar'wln-lBm (dar'wTn-lz'm), n. The theory of the origin and perpetuation of new species of animals and plants by natural selection and survival of the fittest, propounded by Charles Robert Darwin, and first publicly stated in 1858. dasb (dSsh), v. t. [ME. daschen.^ 1. To strike violently or crushingly ; hence,, to shatter ; crush. 2. To knock, throw, hurl, or thrust (something away or out, or against^ upon, or into something else) violently or suddenly. 3. To hurl against so as to splash ; hence, to throw on roughly, as color on a canvas ; to splash or give a splashed appefurance to. 4. To ruin ; bring to naught, as one's hopes. 6- To put to shame; also, to abash ; dei)re8a. 6- To qualify or adulterate by throwing in something. 7- To form, write, or sketch rapidly or carelessly. ^ v. i. To rush ; to hurl itself or one's self so as to strike violently. — n. 1. Vio- lent collision of two bodies ; crash. 2. A sudden or dis- couraging check ; abashment. 3. The striking or breaking of a liquid in violent motion, or the sound of this. 4> A small quantity dashed, or appearing as if dashed, into or on anything ; touch ; tinge. 5. A stroke or line made as with a pen, or a mark resembling it, as a punctuation mark [ — ^] used to denote a sudden pause, an omission, etc. 6. A sud- den onset or rush. 7. Energy in style or action ; spirit. 8. An ostentatious show. Collog. — Syn. See veih. dasb^board' (dSsh'bord^ 57), n. A screen on the fore part of a vehicle, to intercept mud, etc. dasb'er (-er), n. One that dashes. dasb'y (-t), a. ; dash'i-er (-T-er), -i-est. Characterized by dash or dashes ; esp., ostputatiously fashionable ; showy. daa'tard (dSs'tdrd), n. [ME. dastard dullard, coward.] A coward; poltroon ; esp., one who slyly doesmaliciouaacts. — a. Cowardly; dastardly. das'tard-ly, a. Characteristic of a dastard ; marked by ar- rant cowardice. — Syn. See cowardly. da'ta (da'td), n., L.pl. of datum. date (dat), 71. [F. datte, L. dactylus, fr. Gr. SoktuAo?.] The fruit of a species of palm tree, constituting a staple food in northern Africa and western Asia, and also largely im- ported into other countries ; also, the tree. date, n. [F., fr. LL. data, fr. L. daiua given, p. p. of dare to give.] 1. That statement affixed to a writing, coin, etc., which specifies the time, and often the place, of making. 2. A given point or period of time. 3. Duration ; age. 4. A time to which anything is referred as present, as to ale, senate, cfi,re, am, fflccount, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, 6rb, 5dd, B5£t, cSnnect ; use, Unite, iim, tip, circus, menii ; fuud, foot ; out, oil \ chair ; go ; slug, ii)k ; tben, thin,* DATELESS 183 DEAD [L.] Something given sage, style, knowledge, etc. ; — chiefly in ; out of data, ob- solete; antiquated ; and up, or down, to date, up to the modem or present standard ol style. 6- An appointment for a spec- ified time. Collog. — v. L ; dat'ed (dat'Sd) ; dat'ino, 1. To express the time of execution in ; as, to date a letter, bond, etc. 2. To ascertain, estimate, or give the date or period of. 3. To reckon as to duration. — v, i. 1. To reckon chrono- logically. 2- To be dated; bear date ; — usually with/rom. date'lesa (dat'lSs), a. Without date ; as : a Undated. b Endless, o So old as not to be assignable to any age. da'tlve (da'tTv), a. [L. deUivus appropriate to giving.] Gram. Designating the case of a noun which expresses the relation of indirect or remoter object, generally indicated in modern English by to or for with the objective. — n. The dative case, or a word in it. da'tum (da'tSm), n.;pL data (-td). or admitted, as a fact or principle on which an inference is based. da-tU^a (dd-tu'rd), n. [Hind, dha- turd, Skr. dhattUra.'] The thorn apple (genus Datura). aaall Cd6b), v.t. [fr. OF., fr. L. dealbare to whitewash, planter ; de -\-albare to whiten, alius whits.] 1. To cover, coat, or smear with soft, adhesive matter, as plaster, mud, etc. ; plaster ; besmear. 2 To paint imskillfully. — v. i. 1. To do daubing; apply plaster, paint, etc., coarsely and unskillfuUy. 2. To put onafalseshow. Obs.^n. 1. Mate- rial, as plaster, used to daub mason- Branch of Datura, ry walls, etc. 2. Anything daubed « Section of Capsule- on ; a smear. 3. An act or case of daubing. 4- A picture unskillfuUy painted. — dauVer, n. — dauta'y (-Y), a. daub'er-y (-1). n. Daubing; specious practice. daagh'ter (dS'ter), n. [AS. dohtor^ dohter."] 1. A human female considered with reference to her parents or either of them, or, more remotely, to any ancestor or ancestors ; a female descendant; also, a woman of a given country, faith, etc.; as, daut^A^erf of Egypt, of the church, etc. 2- Adaugh- ter-in-law. 3- A maiden. ^IrcAatc. 4. Anything(regarded as feminine) considered with reference to its origin. da^g;1I'ter-bl-law^ n. ,- pi. daughters-in-law. The wife of one's son. daug^h'ter-Iy, a. Becoming a daughter ; filial. daua'der (dan'der ; dSn'-). Var. of dandee, v. i. Scot. daant (dant ; dSnt), v. t. [OF. danger to tame, L. domitare, V. intens. of domare.'] To repress or subdue the courage of ; cow; intimidate, — syn. See disuay. dannt'less, a. Not to be daunted ; undaunted.— Syn. See conRAoB. — danntless-ly, adv. — daunt'less-ness, n. daa'pUn (dS'fln), n.. [F., prop., a dolphin, fr. L. delphinus. See DOLPHIN.] French Hist. From 1349 to 1830, the title of the eldest son of the king of France. dant (dSt ; d5t), v. t. To make much of ; pet ; caress. Scot. Da'vldCda'vId), n. [Heb. ZJauirf.] In the Bible, the young- est son of Jesse of Bethlehem. While a shepherd boy, he slew Goliath with his sling, and charmed Saul with his harp- ing ; but was later driven with his bosom friend, Saul's son Jonathan, intooutlawry. After Saul's death, David became king of Israel. dav'lt (dSvTt ; da'vTt), n. Navi. a A spar used as a crane to hoist the anchor nukes to the top of the bow, b One of a pair of curved arms having a tackle to hoist or lower boats, stores, etc. Da'vy Jones' (da'vT jonz')- The spirit of the sea; sea devil.— Davy Jonea'a locker (jon'zTz), the ocean, or ocean bottom, esp. as the final resting place of those drowned or buried at sea. Da'^vy lamp'. See safety lamp. daw(d6),n. [ME. dauffi.] 1. A jack- t^ -» t. daw. 2. A simpleton. ° " "'^^''« ^• daw'dle (-d'l), V. i. & i. -DLBD (-d'ld) ; -dlino (-dlTna;). To waste time, or to waste, in trifling employment ; trifle. — Syn. See TRIFLE. — daWdler (dS'dler). n. dawn (d8n), V. i. 1, Tobegintogrowlightinthemorning. 2. To begin to appear, develop, or give promise. 3. To begin to make a sensible mental impression (on or upon). — n. 1, Daybreak. 2. First appearance ; rise. day (da), n. [AS. dseg.'] 1. The time of light between one night and the next ; hence, the light ; sunshine. 2. The period of the earth's, or, Aslron.^ of any heavenly body's, revolution on its axis. 3. Tlie mean, or average, solar day of 24 hours, used in the ordinary reckoning of time. 4. Those hours allotted by usage or law for work. 6- The conflict or contention of the day ; as, to win the day. 6. A specified time or period ; age ; as, in Chaucer's dap. day'book^ (-bddk^i n. A book in which events or trans- actions of the day are recorded; a journal. dayHbreak^ (-brak^, n. The first appearance of light in the morning, or the time of It ; dawn. day'dream' (-di-em'), n. A pleasant reverie ; hence, a de- lusional experience, as of unsubstantial happiness, day laborer or labourer- One who works by the day or for daily wages, esp. an unskilled laborer. day'lighV (da'llf ), n. 1. The light of day. 2. Daytime. daylong' (-I5ng/ ; 62), a. Lasting all day. days'man (daz'mfin), n. ; pi. -men t-mgn). [From day in tUeaenaeotdayJized for trial. 1 1. An umpire; mediator. Archaic. day'sprlng' (da'sprTng/), n. Beginning of the day ; dawn. day'-atar', n. l. The morning star. 2. The sun. Poetic. day'time' (-tim'), n. Timeduring which there isdaylight. daze (daz), v. t. ; dazed (dazd) ; daz'ing. [ME. dasen.'] To stupefy with excess of liglit, witii a blow, with cold, or with fear, grief, etc. .; stun ; dazzle. -^ n. State of being dazed. daz'Zle (dSz"]), V. i. : -zled (-'id) ; -zlinq (-ling), [freq. of daze.'] X. To be overpowered by light. 2. To excite ad- miration by brilliancy ; to " shine." — v. t. 1. To confuse the vision of by excess of light, by moving lights, etc. 2. To bewilder or surprise with brilliancy or display of any kind. — n. Act of dazzling ; state of being dazzling. de-. [L. de from, down, away ; also fr. F. rfe-, OF. des-, deriv. of L. de- or L. dis-. See dis-.] A prefix denoting: 1. iJoiuTi; as in rfepose. 2. Separation; off ; away ; a& in desist. 3. IrUensiJicotion ; completely; quite ; as indenude. 4. Reversing or undoing of an action, or depriving or rid- ding of, or freeing from, what is expressed by the second part of the word ; as in decapitate, denaturalize. dea'con (de^'n), n. [fr. AS.,fr. L.,fr. Gr. SiaKovo^ serv- ant, minister.] A subordinate officer of varying functions in Christian churches. — v. t. 1. To read aloud each line of (a psalm or hymn) before singing it ; — usually with off. U. S. 2. To pack (fruit) with the best on top . to falsify. Colloq. — dea'con-ess, n.fem. — dea'con-shlp, n. dea'con-ry {-TX)^n. ; pf. -RiBs(-rTz). Theoffice ofdeacon; also, diaconate ; deaconship ; deacons collectively. dead(d5d), a. [AS. d^ad.] 1. Deprived or destitute of life. 2. Hence, extinct; extin^ished; disused; obsolete. 3- Re- sembling the dead as being devoid of motion, activity, en- ergy, sensation, consciousness, power, or effect ; as, dead air ; a dead ball, law, sleep, etc. 4. Wanting liveliness, fire, spirit, or the like ; as, a dead wine, coal, eye. B. Entire ; absolute , as, a dead calm, loss, stop. 6. Sure as death ; quite certain ; also, exact , direct^ as, a dead shot; in a dead line. — Syn. Inanimate, deceased, extinct. See lifelbbs. dead center or point, Mac/i . ,in .- — ,. ;w. a crank and connecting fod, /^ V--,'i'fS' eihher of the two positions at the ends of astroke when the crank and rod are in the same straight line. — d. heat, a heat or course between horses, boats, etc., in which they reach the goal at the same instant,so that neither wins. — d. letter, a That which has lost its force or authority; as, that law has hecQxae 9. dead lel/er. b A letter which is undeliverable be- cause of defective address, lack of onstage, or contravention of some postal regulation. Dead letters are sent to a depart- ment of the general post office (the dead-letter office) to be opened, and returned to the writer or destroyed.— d. reckon- ing, Naut.^ the method of finding a ship's position, without celestial observations, from the distances and courses sailed.— d. weight. The unrelieved weiglit of anything inert. — n. 1. One who is dead ; usually, collectively (with the^ those who are dead. 2- The most qniet or deathlike time ; as, the dead of winter. — adv. 1. Absolutely ; utterly; as, dead ripe; dead tired, 2. With sudden and entire, oral- most entire, stoppage of motion or action; as, he stopped dead. 3. Directly ; exactly ; as, they ran dead away from us. Dead Center. A^ B Dead Cen- terfl ; C Crank : L Lever. natjire, verdure (87) ;K = ch in G.ich,ach (50); borf; yet; zh='- in az^e. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. fxplanatlanrof Abbrevlatfons, Siffna, etc. precede VocabulAiT. U Forelitn Word, -t- combined with. =eqnals. DEADEN 184 DEBIT dead'en (dSd''n), v. t. 1. To make as dead ; impair in vigor or sensation ; blunc. 2. To lessen the velocity of. 3. To make vapid or spiritless, as wine. 4. To deprive of gloss or brilliancy. 5< To render impervious to soimd, as a wall. dead'en-Lag, n. 1. Act of one that deadens anything. 2. That which deadens anything. dead'eye^^iO)"* I^ant. A wooden block, encir- cled by a rope or an iron band, with holes to re- ceive the hmyard, as in fasteumg a shroud to a chain plate on a vessers side. dead'head' (-hSd'}, n. One who receives free tickets for theaters, trains, etc. CoUoq. dead'llghV (-1IV)* n. Naut. A strong shutter to fit a port and keep out water. [of action. I dead'lock' Q-15k'), n. A complete obstruction! dead'l7 (-11), o. ; -li-eb (-ll-er) ; -li-est. 1. Causing, or capable of causing, death. 2. Aiming or willing to destroy ; implacable. 3. Like or pertaining to death; deathly. Syn. Deadly, mortal^ fatal. Deadly ap- Slies to what causes, or is capable of causing, eath, or is relentless or to the death. Mortal applies to the immediate cause of death but ^ ^ Deaderes; not to a death-dealing instrument or agency ; c Chain Plate', as, a mortal wound, a mortal disease (but not, a 7/i07'/ai arrow or poison). Like deadly At may refer to that which is implacable or to the death. Fatal applies to that which will cause, or has caused, death. — adv. 1. In a fatal manner ; mortally. Obs. or Archaic. 2. In a manner or degree resembling, or as if due to, death ; as, deadly pale. — dead'U-ly, adv. — deadll-nesB, n. dead'ness (-nSs), n. Quality or state of beiug dead. — Syn. Lifelessness ; inertness, languor ; spiritlessuess, coldness, indifference ; flatness, insipidity, vapidness. deaf (dSf), a. [AS. diaf.'\ 1. Wanting, ot- deprived of, tlie sense of hearing, wholly or in part. 2. Unwilling to hear ; determinedly inattentive. — deaf1y,adt). — deai'nesB, n. deaf'en (dSf'n), V. ^ l. To make deaf. 2. Tomakeiuau- ^dible ; drown; — said of sounds. 3. To deaden, as a wall. doaf' — mute') n. A person t}oth deaf and dumb. deal (del), n. [AS. dsel.'] 1. A portion ; share ; an indefi- nite amount. 2. A good or great deal. Colloq. deal, V. t. ; dealt (dSlt) ; deal'ino. 1. To give in portions or aa one's portion ; distribute ; apportion. 2. To bestow; deliver, as blows. ^ v. /. 1. To contend {with); treat {with) in opposition. 2. To have to do, be concerned, or be occupied {vHth or /n). 3. To conduct one's self; be- have. 4. To do a distributing or retailing business {in). — n. Act of dealing; hence: a Apportionment, b An act of buying and selling ; a bargain. Colloq. c A secret arrangement, as in political bargains. Cant^ U. S. deal, n. 1. A board of fir or pine, cut to any of several specified sizes. 2. Pine or fir wood ; deals collectively. deal'er (-er),n. Onewhodeals; specifically, a trader; esp., one who buys and sells goods without altering tlieir condi- tion; as, a retail dealer. deal'lng,n. 1. (usually in ^L) Intercourse; traffic. 2. Meth- od of business or manner of conduct. dean (den), n. [OF. deien, fr. L. decavus chief of ten, decern ten.] 1. Eecl. a A head over ten monks in a monastery. b In a collegiate or cathedral church, the head of the chap- ter. 2. Any of certain college supervisors of junior stu- dents. Bng. 3. The chief administrative officer, under the president, of a college or university faculty or department. 4. The chief or senior of a body of men, as of a diplomatic corps ; — BO called by courtesy. — dean'sblp, n. dean'er-y (den'er-T), n. / pi. -eribs (-Tz). Office, jurisdic- tion, or official residence of a dean. dear, dere (der), a. [AS. d&or.'\ Hard ; severe ; grievous ; dire. 06s. or Archaic. dear (der), a. [AS. d^ore.] 1. Worthy ; honorable. Obs. 2. Highlyvalued or esteemed; loved; — infonnsof addrpss merely an expression of politeness; as,(2ear8ir. 3- Costly; expensive ; high-priced. 4. Heartfelt; earnest. — Syn. See COSTLY, ^n. A dear one ; darling. — adv. Dearly ; at a high price ; fondly. — dearly, adv. — dear'nesB, n. dearth, (dfirth), n. 1. Dearness; costliness. Obs. 2. Scar- city which renders dear ; want; lack ; esp., famine. death(dSth), n. [AS. d^ad".] 1. Cessation of all vital func- tions without capability of resuscitation; act or fact of dying. 2. Theol. Cessation of spiritual life. 3. Personified [often rn;?.]; Thedestroyerof life. 4. State of being dead. 6. Any- thing so dreadful as to be like death. 6. Total privation or loss ; extinction ; annihilation. 7> Murder ; bloodshed. 8. Cause or occasiou of loss of life. Syn. Death, decease, demise. Death is the general word for the termination of any form of existence ; decease and DEMISE apply only to human beings. Decease is the legal term ; in ordinary use it is slightly euphemistic or rhetori- cal. Demise refers esp. to the death oi a sovereign or illus- trious ijerson ; of ordinary persons it is grandiloquent. deatll'bed' (dSth'bSdOi ?>• Tlie bed in which a person dies; hence, the closing hours of life; last sickness. deatb'blOW' (-bio'), n. A mortal or crushing blow. death cup. A common very poisonous mushroom. death damp. A cold sweat at the coming on of death. death'ful (-fddl), a. 1. Deadly i bloody. 2. Like death. deathless (-l€s), a. Not subject to death ; immortal. deathlessness, n. See -ness. deathlike', a. 1. Deadly. Obs. 2. Like death ; deathly. deathly, a. 1. Deadly ; mortal. 2- Like denth. 3. Pert. to death. Poetic. — adv. Deadly ; as, deathly pale. death's'— head' (dSths'hSd'), n. A human skull as the em- blem of death. deaths'man(-man),n./;?/. -MEN. An executioner. Archaic. death warrant. !■ A warrant for the execution of a death sentence. 2. That which puts an end to hope or joy. death'watch' (d§th'w8chO» n. 1. Any of several small in- sects that make, with the head, a ticking sound supersti- tiously thought to presage death. 2. The guard set over a criminal before his execution. deathly (dSthT), a. & adv. Deathly. deave (dev), v. t. ; deaved (devd) ; DBAv'nte. To deafen. Obs. or Scot. ({: Dial. Eng. deba'cle (dS-ba'k'l ; -bSk'U), n. [F. dSbdcle, fr. dibhcler to unbar ; di- -{- btcler to bolt, L. baculum stick.] 1. A breaking up of ice in a stream, or the rush of water, etc., that follows ; a violent and destructive flood. 2. A sudden break-up; stampede ; rout. de-bar' (de-bar'), V. t. ; -babred' (-bard') ; -bar'rino, [F. ■ d^barrer."] To cut off from entrance, as if by a bar ; to exclude ; deny ; — usually with from. — de-bar'ment, n. de-bark' (-bark'), v t.& i. [F. dSbarque; dS- (L. dis-) + barque bark.] To disembark. — de'bar-ka'tlon (de'bar- ka'shjin), n. de-bar'raSB (-bSr'SB),v.^ [fr. F.] To disembarrass. JRare. de-base' (de-bas'), V. t. ; -BASED' (-bast') ; -bas'img (-bas'- Tng). [de- -\- base."] To reduce to a lower state or grade of worth, dignity, purity, etc.; degrade; depreciate. — Syn. See ABASE. — de-base'ment, n. — de-bas'er (-bas'er), n. de-bat'a-ble(-bat'd-bM), a. Liable to be debated ; open to question or dispute ; disputable. de-bate' (-bat'), v. i. ; -bat'bd (-bat'Sd) ; -bat'ino. [fr. OF., fr. L. de-\-batuere to beat.] To dispute ; hence, to de- liberate ; consider ; to discuss or examine by argument. <— v. t. 1. To strive or fight for ; contest. Obs. or Archaic. 2. To strive to maintain by reasoning ; dispute ; discuss the arguments on both sides of (a question). — Syn. See DISCUSS, ^n. 1. Contest; strife. Obs. or Archaic. 2. Con- tention in words or arguments ; discussion ; controversy. — de-bat'er (-bafer), n. de-baaoh' (-b6ch'), v. t. [F. dibaucker.'] 1. To lead away or seduce ; render disloyal. Obs. 2. To lead away from purity, virtue, or excellence ; corrupt ; pollute ; se- duce. 3. To depreciate ; vilify. Obs. — v. i. To indulge to excess in sensual pleasures, esp. in eating and drinking. — n. 1. An act or occasion of debauchery. 2. Debauch- ery. — de-bauched' (-bSchf), p. a. — de-banch'er, n. deb'au-chee' (dSty^-she'), n. [F. dSbanchi.'] One given to deba\ichery. de-bauch'er-y (de-bfich'er-T), n. ; pZ. -brikb (-Tz). 1. Ex- cessive indulgence of the sensual appetites. 2. Corruption of fiilelity; seduction from virtue or duty. de-ben'tiire (de-bSn'tgr), n. [L. debentur (they) are due.] A writing or certificate serving as a voucber for a debt. de-bll'l-tant (-bTl'T-tSnt), a. Med. Diminishing energy ; reducing excitement. — n. A debilitant agent. de-bll'1-tate (-tat), v. t. ; -tat'ed (-tat'Sd) ; -tat/ino. [L. debilitatn-s^ p. p. of dehilitare to debilitate, fr. debiiis weak.] To weaken. — do-bll'l-ta'tlon (-ta'shSn), n. de-bil'1-tat'ed (-taf Sd), p. a. Enfeebled.— Syn. See weak. de-bll'1-ty (-tt), n. ,' pi. -TIBS (-tiz). [L. dehilitns, fr, de- biiis weak ; de -\- habilis able.] Wealmess ; feebleness. deb'lt (dSb'tt), n. [L. debitum what is due, debt, fr. de- bere to owe.] Bookkeeping. An entry, in an account, of ale, senate, c&re, ftm, account, arm, Rsk, sota ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 5bey, drb, ftdd, Boft, cSimect ; use, Quite, urn, up, circus, menii ; loud, fddt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, iiyk ; tben, thin ; DEBONAIR 185 DECIDE Bomething owed; also, the left-hand, or debtor, side of an account. Cf , credit. — v. t. To charge with, or as, a debt. deb'o-nalr', dob^o-naire' (dSb'S-nSrO^ «■ Also deb'on^ nalre'. [OF- de ban aire, debonaire, of good dispoeition ; de of (L. de) + bon good (L. &ottM.v) -J- aire disposition.] 1. Of good disposition; kindly. 2. Affable and courteous; characterized by grace and light-heartedneas. — deb'O- nair'ly, adv. — deVo-nair'ness, n. Deb'O-iall (-d-rd), n. [Heb. Deborah.'] In the Bible; a He- brew prophetess who helped free the Ismelites, and cele- brated the victory in afamoussong of triumph. JudgesW.fV. da-bosll' (de-bSsh'). Archaic or Scot. var. of debauch. dO-bOUCh' (-boosh'), V. i. IF . dSboucher ; lie- {h. dis-) -{- bouche mouth, L. bucca cheek.] 1. Mil. To march out froufi a confined spot, as a wood, into open ground. 2. To emerge; issue. — de-boncVment (-m^nt), n. II dtf'bris' (da'breO, n. [F., fr. OF. defirMfer to break.] 1. Rubbish, esp. such as results from destruction ; ruins. 2. Geol. Accumulation of detached fragments. debt (dSt), 71. [fr. F. dette, fr. LL., fr. L. debitus owed, p. p. of debere to owe, prop. , have on loan ; de + habere to have.] 1. That which is due from one person to another ; obligation; liability. 2. A sin; trespass. debt'ed, p. a. Indebted . Obs. debt'or (-er), n. 1. One who owes a debt. 2. Bookkeeping. The debit side of an account, or an entry there made. II dd'but' (da'bii'; de-bu'), n. [F., fr. (/efiitier to begin.] A beginning; hence, a first appearance before the public, as uf an actor; specifically, entrance into society. II d^^bn^tanV (da'bii^taN'; dSb/fi-tantOi n. ma.sc.^ \\ d^'bu^- taate' C-taNt' ; -tant'), n. fem. [F.] One making a d6but. doc'a- (dSk'd-). A prefix from Gr. 5e«a, ten. dac'ad (dSk'Sd), n. A decade. Now Rare. dec'ade (-ad), n. [fr. F., fr. L. decas^ -ndis, Gr. 6e*cas, fr. SiKa ten.] A group of ten; esp., a period of ten years. de-ca'dence Hde-ka'dens, -den-sT; d6k'd-), n. [fr. LL., de-ca'den-cy f fr. L. de + cadere to fall.] A falling away; decay ; decline. — Syn. See deterioration. de-ca'dent (de-ka'dent ; dSk'd-), a. Characterized by de- cadence. ^ n. One that is decadent. dec'a-gon (dSk'ti-gSn), n. {deea- -\- Gr. ytavia angle.] A polygon, esp. a plane polygon, of ten angles and ten sides. — de-cag'o-nal (de-kag'o-uai), a. det/a-gram ( (dSk'd-grSm), n. [fr. F., fr. Gr. 5e«;a ten dec'a-^ramme I H- F. gramme gram.] A metric measure of weight equal to 10 grams, or 0.3527 oz. dec^a-be'droil (-he'drSn), n. ; pL E. -drons (-drSnz), L. -DRA (-drd). Also, less correctly, -e'dron. [deca- + Gr. e&pa base.] A polyhedron of ten faces. — dec^a-he'dral, a, de-cal'CO-ma'lU-aCde-kSl'ko-ma'ni-d), n. [F. dScalcoma- nie.^ Art or process of transferring pictures and designs, aa from specify prepared paper, to china, glass, etc. dec'a-Uaer 1 (dSk'd-le'ter), n. [fr. F., fr. Gr. 5eKa ten -f- dec'a-U^tre ( F. Hire liter.] A metric measure of volume containing 10 liters, or 610.25 cu. in. Dec'a-lOgue (-18g), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr., fr. Se/ca ten + Adyos speech.] [somelimes I. c."] The Ten Commandments. dec'a-me'ter » (dSk'd-me'ter), n. [fr. F., fr. Gr. fiexa ten dec'a-IIie''tre ( + F. mUre meter.] A metric measure of length equal to 10 meters, or 32.809 ft. de-camp' (dS-kSmp'), v. i. [F. dicamper; di- (L. dis) -\- camp camp-] 1, To break up a camp, esp. secretly. 2. To depart suddenly ; run away ; — generally used disparagingly or humorously. — de-camp'ment, n. dec'a-nal (dSk'd-nfil ; de-ka'nSl), a. [L. decanus dean.] Pertaining to a dean or deanery. de-cant' (de-kSnf ), v. t. [F. decanter to pour off ; L. d^ -f- canihus lip ol a vessel.] To pour off gently, as liquor, so aa not to roil. — de^can-ta'tlon (de/kSn-ta'shwn), n. de-cant'er (de-kSn'ter), n. A vessel used to decant liquors, or to receive decanted liquors. de-cap'1-tate (-kSpT-tat), v. t. ; -tat'ed (-tat^Sd) ; -tat'ino. [LL. decapilatusy p. p. of deca.pitare ; L. de + caput head.] To behead. — de-cap/1-ta'tlon (-ta'shftn), n. dec'a-pod (dSk'd-pSd), a. [dpca- + -pod. ] Having ten feet or legs. -^n. One of an order (Decapoda) of crustaceans which includes the shrimps, lobsters, crab/^, etc. de-car'bOZl-lZe (d^-kSr'bon-iz), v. t. ; -izED (-izd) ; -iz^iNa {-izTng). To deprive of carbon. — de-car^bon-l-za'tlon, n. deo'a-Stero (dSk'd-ster), n. [fr, F., fr. Gr. fiexa ten + F. stkre stere.] A metric measure of capacity containing 10 cu. meters, or 13.08 cu, yd., or 353.15 cu. ft. dec^a-sylla-ble (dSk'd-sIl'd-b'l), n. a line of ten syllables. — dec'a-syl-lab'ic (-st-lSb'tk), a. de-cay' (dS-ka'), v. i. [OF. decaeir, decair, to decUue, fall, L. de -\- cadere to fall.] 1. To pass gradually from a sound or prospei'ous state to one of imperfection, adversity, or dissolution ; decline ; fail. 2. To decreiise in numbers, vol- ume, or intensity, or in health or vigor. 3. To rot. Syn. Deteriorate, decline, wither, waste, spoil. — Decay, DECOMPOSE, PUTREFY, ROT, imply dissolutiou or disintegra- tion. Decay and decompose do not necessarily convey re- pulsive implications ; mitrKfy always, rot frequently, im- plies offensive odor. Decay, the general term, suggests such deterioration or decline as is incident to the nature of things. Decompose stresses the idea of disintegration, but is sometimes euphemistic tox putrefy ov rot. Putrefy, in nontechnical usage, suggests offensively decaying ani- mal matter. Rot, the most vigorous term, may or may not imply oliensiveness or foulness; fig., it differs from decuy in suggesting stagnation or corruption rather than decline. — v.t. To cause to decay. Rare.—n. 1. Gradual failure ; corruption ; rottenness ; decline. 2. Decrease in numbers, volume, or intensity. 3. Ruin ; dilapidation. 4. A decline in health ; a disease ; esp., phthisis. — de-cay'er, n. de-cease' (-ses'), n. [F. decks, fr. L. decessus departure, death, dtcedere to depart, die ; dc -\- cedere to withdraw.] Death. — Syn. See death, — v. i. To die. de-oe'dent (de-se'd£nt), n. A deceased person. de-celt' (-set'),?i. [OF. deceite, fr. L. decipere,decepium.'] An attempt or disposition to deceive ; a trick ; fraud. Syn. Fraud, imposture, trickery ; double-dealing, dissim- ulation ; craft, artifice, treachery, wiliuess, cunning ; soph- istry, intrigue, tergiversation. — Deceit, deception, de- CEITFULNESS, duplicity, guile, CHICANERY. DECEIT COm- mouly emphasizes the habit or practice, deception, the act, of deceiving; deceit always implies design, deceittion may be unintentional. Deception , not deceit., applies to the state of being deceived. Deceitfulness implies a disposition or tendency to deceive. Duplicity is intentional and (often) sustained double-dealing. Guile implies esp.craft and insid- iousness of artifice. Chicanery (or chicane) implies sub- terfuge, sophistry, and trickery, esp. in legal proceedings. de-celt'ful(--fd61), a. Full of deceit ; fraudulent ; insincere. — Syn. Deceptive, misleading. See fallacious. — de- celt'fuMy, adv. — de-celt'f ul-ness, n. de-celv'a-ble(-8ev'd-b'l), a. 1. Deceitful. Archaic. 2. Ca- pable of being deceived. — de-ceiv'a-bly, adv. de-celve' (-sev'), v. t. ; -ceived' (-sevd') ; -cbiv'ing. [fr. OF. , fr, L. decipere to catch, deceive; de + capere totake, catch.] 1. To lead into error; impose upon; mislead. 2. To be- guile ; while away. Archaic. — de-Celv'er, n. De-cem'ber (-sSm'ber), n. [fr, F., fr. L. December, fr. decern ten ; — this being the 10th month among the early Ro- mans.] The 12th and last month of the year, having 31 days. dte-cemTlr (-ver), n. ; pi. E. -VIES (-verz), L. -viri (-vT-vT). [L., fr. decemt'/W, pi.; decern ten -f- wir a manj 1. One of a body of ten magistrates in ancient Rome. 2. A member of any body of ten men in authority. — de-cem'vi-ral, a. de-cem'vl-rate (-vT-rat), n. 1. The office or term of office of the Roman decemvirs. 2- A body of ten rulers. de'cen-cy (de'sgn-sT), n. ; pi. -ciEs (-sTz). 1. Quality or state of being decent in words or behavior; proper formal- ity ; modesty. 2. That which is decent, or proper. de-cen'na-ry (de-sSn'd-ri), n. ,■ pi. -ries (-rTz). [L. decennis often years; decern ten -f- annus year.] A period of ten years. de-cen'zil-al (-Sl)^ f^- Consisting of ten years ; happening every ten years; as, a decennial celebration. — de-cen'- nl-al, n. descent (de's^nt), a. [L. decens, -centis, p, pr. of decere. to be fitting.] 1. Suitable in words, behavior, etc. ; becoming ; fit. 2. Modest. 3. Comely ; shapely. Archaic. 4. Mod- erate, but competent; hence, respectable, fairly good. — de'cent-ly, adv. — de'cent-ness, n. de-cen'tral-lze (de-sSn'trftMz), v. t. ; -IZED (-Izd) ; -iz^'iNG (-Iz'Tng). To deprive of centralization ; — esp. said of au- thority. — de-cen^tral-l-za'tlon (-I-za'shfin ; -i-za'-), n. de-cep'tlon (-sSp'shiin), n. 1. Act of deceiving ; fact of being deceived. 2. That which deceives or is intended to deceive ; artifice ; cheat ; fraud. — Syn. See deceit. de-oep'tlve (-tiv), a. Tending to deceive, — Syn. See fal- lacious. — de-oep'tlve-ly, a. — de-cep'tiTe-ness, n. dec'1-are' (dSsT-Sr' ; dSs'T-Sr'), n. [fr. F.] A metric measure of surface equal to ^are,or lOsq, meters, or 11.96 sq, yd. de-clde' (de-sid'), V. t. & i. ; -cid'ed (-ead'Sd) ; -ciD'rao. [L. de&idere ; de 4- caedere to cut, cut off.] To determine ; settle ; conclude. ua^re, verdure (87) ; k= ch in G. Ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh r= z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. EzplBDatlons'or Abbreviations, SIffni, etc, precede Vocftbulary. U Foreign Word. + comblnea with. = equals. DECIDED fle-dd'ed (de-md'8d),p. a. 1. Free from ambiguity ; clear. 2- Free from doubt or wavering ; determined. — de-cld'- ed-l7t adv. — de-cid'ed-ness, »■ Ssrn. Decided, decisive. Decided denotes, as applied to things, that which is definite or beyond mistake, doubt, or question ; with personal application, it characterizes one tnat is resolute or determined. Decisive is usually applied to things to imply finality or conclusiveness. de-dd'a-OUS (-sld^-iis), a. [L. dedduus, fr. dedidei-e to fall off ; de + cadere to fall.] 1. a Bot. & Zo'dt. Falling off at maturity, or at certain seasons, as the antlers of deei', or leaves, fruits, etc. 1i Bot. Having leaves of this type ; — opposed to evergreen. 2. Transitory ; fleeting. dec'l-gram ) (dSsl-grSm), n. [fr. F., fr. dSci- tenth -|- dec'l-gramme ) gramme.'] A metric weight, equal to .1 gram, or 1.5433 grains. dec'l-li'terl(-le'ter),». [fr.F.,fr.d^ci. tenth -f^iWrc] A dec'l-ll'tie } metric measure of volume, containing .1 liter. de-cU'Uon (de-sTl'y&n), n. [L. decern ten -|- the ending of million.'} The number denoted by a unit with 33 zeros an- nexed (in French and American notation) or with 60 zeros annexed (in English notation). — de-Cllllontll (-yi^nth), a. dec'l-mal (dSs^mSl), a. [F. dSci-mai, fr. L. decimus tenth, decern ten.J Numbered or proceeding by tens, each unit being ten tunes the unit next sm^ler. dedmal ftraiitlon, a fraction in which the denominator is some power of 10, usually signified by a point or dot (decimal point) placed at the left of the numerator, as .2= ^g, .25= i^^fa. — d. Bystem, a system of decimal notation. ~- n. A decimal fraction. — dec'1-mal-ly, adv. dec'1-mate (-mat), v. t. ; -uat/ed (-mat^Sd) ; -UA.i'uta. [L. deciniatusj p. p. of deciTnare to decimate, deciinus tenth.] 1. To take the tenth part of. 2. To select by lot and punish with death every tenth man of. 3. To destroy a consider- able part of. — ded-ma'tlon (-ma'shiiu), n. dec'i-me'ter ) (dSs'I-me'ter), n. [fr. F., fr. dici- tenth + dec'l-mo'tre ) mUre.'] A metric measure of length, equal to . 1 meter, or 3.937 in. de-Ci'pher (de-si'fer), V. f. [dc-+cipAer.] 1. To translate from secret characters, or ciphers, into intelligible terms. 2. To find out the meaniug of ; make out, as words partly obliterated. 3. To depict. Obs. — de-cl'pher-a-ble, a. de-Ci'slon (-aTzh't^n), n. 1. Act of deciding ; settling by a judgment ; settlement ; conclusion. 2. A report of a con- clusion, esp. of legal determination of a question or cause. 3. Quality of being decided ; ready determination. Syn. Firmness, constancy, steadfastness, fortitude, cour- age, resoluteness, resolve, mettle, nerve, backbone. — De- cision, dbteruination, resolution, plooe, obit. Decision is the power or habit of promptly and definitely deciding, esp. on a course of action ; as. decision of character. De- termination implies adherence with a fixed, sometimes obstinate, purpose to a course of action once settled on ; as, a man of dogged determination. Rebolutioh implies con- stancy and courage, esp. in the face of difficulty or danger : as, he fought with resolution. Pluck implies spirited and indomitable resolution , esp. a^inst odds ; as, manly ptuck. Grit implies stamina and staying power. de-cl'alve (-si'stv), a. 1. Able to decide a question; final ; conclusive. 2. Marked by prompt decision. — Syn. See decided. — de-cl'slve-ly, adv. — dfr«l'Blve-ness, n. dec'l-Stere (dgaOf-ster), n. [fr. F. ; dici- tenth + ^^^ » stere.] A metric measure of capacity equal to .1 cu. meter. deck (dSk), V. t. [D. dekken to cover.] 1. To cover ; over- spread. Obs. or R. 2. To dress; array ; adorn. 3. To fnr- nish with a deck, as a vessel. — Syn. See adorn, ^n. 1. A floorlike platform of a ship. 2 A flat space or floor likened to a ship's deck. 3. A pack of playing cards. de-clalm' (dt-klam'), v. i. & t. [li. deelaTnare; de -{- cla- inare to cry out.] To speak or deliver rhetorically ; make, nr utter in, a formal speech ; harangue. — dO-Clalm'er, n. dec'la-ma'tlOIl(dSk'ld-ma'sb&n), n. 1. Act or art of de- claiming ; rhetorical delivery. 2. A set speech or harangue. dd-clam'a-tO-ry (de-klSm'o-td-rT), a. 1. Pert, to declama- tion. 2. Pretentiously rhetorical ; bombastic ; noisy. dflc'la-ra'tlon (dgk^ld-ra'shun), V. 1. Act of declaring. 2. That which is declared or proclaimed, or the instrument containing it. — Syn. Proclamation, exposition, announce- ment, avowal, assertion. de-olar'a-tlve (d^-kiSr'd-tTv), de-clar'a-to-ry (-td-rT), u. Making declaration ; explanatory ; affirmative. de-Clare' (-klfir'), v. '• / -clahed' (-klSrd') ; -clar'ing (-klfir'- Tng). [f r. F., fr. L. declarare ; de -\- clarare to make clear, clarus clear, bright.] 1. To make known explicitly and 186 DECORATION plainly; proclaim. 2- To make declaration of; assert; affirm. 3. To make full statement of (goods, etc., subject to duties, etc.) as being in one's possession or ownership. Syn. Aver, asseverate, maintain, protest; advertise, her- ald, blazon, bruit. — Declare, announce, proclaui, peo- hulgate. To declare is to make known explicitly and plainly, esp. formally and publicly ; as. to declare one's in- tentions. To ANNOUNCE is to docWe by anticipation or to make known publicly, esp. for the first time ; as, to an- nounce the arrival of a ^est. To proclaim is to announce with the widest publicity ; as. to proclaim peace. To fro- MULOATE is to proclaim or make known more widely (often in an official way) what is already known by some persons ; as, to promulgate a decree. — V. i. To make a declaration ; proclaim one's self. — do- clar'ed-ly (de-kl£r'ed-lT), adv. — de-clar'er, n. de-clen'Slon (-klSn'ehiin), 71. 1. Descent ; slope. 2. Deteri- oration ; decline. 3. Act of declining ; refusal. 4. Gram. Inflection of nouns, adjectives, etc., according to the gram- matical cases; also, the inflectional class of a word declined by cases; as, a nouu of the first declension. de-cUn'a-ble (-klin'd-bU), a. See -able. dec^U-na'tlon (dSk'lT-na'shi^n), n. 1. Act of declining; as: deviation or swerving ; decay or decline ; r&fusal or with- drawal; ^am., declension. 2. Aslron. The angular dis- tance of any object north or south from the celestial equator. 3. The angle made by the magnetic needle with the true north and south line. de-oUlie' (de-klin'), 1-. i.; -clined' (-klind') ; -clin'ing f-klin'- Tng). [fr. F., fr. L. declin^re to turn aside, inflect (a part otBpeBch)t3iYoid\de'i-clinaretomc)ine.'] 1. To turn aside; deviate; stray. 2. Todrawtowardaclose,decay,orextinc- tion ; fail ; sink ; diminish. 3. To bend or lean downward ; hang down ; hence, to sink or stoop (to). 4- To turn away ; refuse. 5. To tend or incline (to). Obs. -— v. t. 1. To bend downward ; depress. 2. To put or turn aside ; to refuse ; re- ject; avoid. 3. Gi-am. To inflect (a noun or adjective). Syn. Reject, repudiate, repel. — Decline, refuse agree in expressing the opposite of consent. Decline is the more courteous term ; refuse is more positive, often implying decided, even ungracious, rejection of what is offer^. — n. 1. A falling off; diminution or decay; also, the period when a thing nears extinction. 2. a A gradual sinking and wasting away, b Any wasting disease ; esp. , pulmonary con- sumption. 3. Declivity. de-cUv'l-tOllB (-klTvl-tus), a. Moderately steep. de-CllTl-ty (-ti), n.; pi. -ties (tiz). [L. declivUas^ fr. declivis sloping, downhill ; de -j- clivus a elope, a Mil.] 1. Deviation from the horizontal; gradu^ descent ; slope. 2. A descending surface; slope; — opposed to acc2zvt/^. de-cU'VOUS (-kli'vi^s), a. Sloping, esp. downwards. de-coct' (-kSkf), V. t. [L. decoctust p. p. of decoguere to boil down; rfe+coyuere to cook, boil.] To prepare by boiling ; digest, as in hot water. de-COC'tlOll (-kSk'sht^n), n. 1. Act or process of decocting. 2. An extract got from a body by boiling it in water. de'co-her'er (de'ko-her^r), ». [de- + coherer.'l Elec. A device for restoring a coherer to its normal condition after it has been affected by an electric wave. de-collate (de-k31'at), v. t. ; -LAT-ED (-at-5d) ; -lat-ino. [L. decollaticSf p. p. of decoUare to behead; de-{-eoUum neck.] To behead. — dCcOl-la'tion (de'kg-la'shfin), n. II d^coiae-t6' (da'kfi'P-ta'), n. [F., p. p. of dicoJleterto bare the neck and shoulders.] 1. Leaving the neck and Moul- ders uncovered. 2. Wearing a d^collet^ gown. de-COl'or, de-COl'onr (de-kOl'Sr), i*. t. To deprive of color; bleach. — de-COl'or-a'tion (-a'shtJn), n. de'com-pose' (de/kiSm-poz'), v, t. <&: i.; -posed' (-pozd') ; -pos'- iNO (-poz'Tng). To separate into the constituent parts; to re- solve into original elements or into simpler compounds; rot; decay. — Syn. See decay. — de'Gom-pos'a-ble (-poz'd-b'l),a. — de- COm'pO-Bl'Uon (dS-kSm'po-zTsh'lJn), n. de^COm-poimd'(de'kdm-poiind')jV. t. 1. To compound with a compound. 2. To decom- pose. — ■ a. 1. Compoimd of what is already i compounded. 2. Bot. Having divisions '' themselves compound ; — said of leaves. dec'O-rate (dSk'd-rat), v. t. ; -rat'ed (-raV- Sd) ; -rat^ino. [L. decoraius^. p. of de- corare, f r. decus ornament.] 1. To deck ; adorn ; embellish. 2. To award a decora- tion of honor to. — Syn. See adorn. dec'O-ra'U0ll(-ra'shun),n. 1. Act of adorning: decorating- Decompound Leaf. ale, senate, cftre, &m, account, ^rm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, end, recent, maker; Ice, ill ; old, dbey, drb, 5dd, B5ft, Connect ; use, finite, (im, &p, circus, menii; food, foot; oat, oil j chair; £0; sing;, ii|k; t^en, thinj DECORATION DAY 187 DEEP 2. An embelliahiueiit ; ornament. 3. A mark of honors as a medal, to be worn on the person. Decoration Day. = Meuosial Day. U, S. dec'O-ia-tlve (dSk'o-ra-ttv), a. Suited to deco- rate ; adorning. — dec'o-ra-tivo-ly, adv. — deCo-ra-tive-ness, n. dec'C-ia'tor (-ra'ter), n. One who decorates; specifically, an artist or artisan whose business is the decoration of houses, esp. in the interior. Decora- de-core' (de-kor'), V. L To decorate. Archaic. *'on, 3. de-CO'rous (de-ko'riia ; dSk'S-i-fia ; 57), a. [L. decdrus, fr. decor comeliness, beauty.] Suitable to a character, ortothe time, place, and occasion ; becoming ; proper. — dO-CO'rous- ly, adv. — de-co^ous-ness, n. Syn. Decent, fitting, seemly ; sober. —Decorous, demdre, SEDATE, STAID. That is DECOROUS (see DECORUM) which is proper and becomiiig, esp. as judged by formal or conven- tioual standards. De&iure implies an affectation of deco- rum or modeaty,often with a suggestion of coyness. Sedate implies composure and soberness of character or speech. Staid implies a more settled gravity, an even stronger ne- gation of volatility or frivolity, than sedate. de-COr'ti-cate (de-k8r'ti-kat), V. t.; -cat/ed (-kat'Sd) ; -cat'- INO. [L. decorticatus, p. p., deriv. of de-\- cortex bark.] To divest of the bark, husk, or coating. de-CO'ram (de-kcfrSm ; 57), n. ; pL E. -rums (-rwmz), L. -ra (-rd). [L.,prop.neut. of (fecoj-M J. SeeDECOROUs.] 1. Pro- priety of maimer or conduct ; dignity ; seemliness. 2. A seemly and fitting act. Syn. Decency ; loftiness, statelineas, majesty ; fitness, ap- propriateness ; modesty. — Decorum, dignity, propriety. Drcorum (see decorous) applies esp. to that which is decent or becoming in manners or conduct ; it often implies little more than absence of all that is unseemly. Dignity sug- gests such becoming elevation of style, manner, or conduct as arises from inner nobility or wortn, or from a proper con- sciousness of one's position or responsibilities. Propriety refers more to consonance with recognized standards of what is fitting or correct. de-coy' (de-koi'), n. [D, kooi cage, inclosure for trapping wildfowl.] 1. A place into wliich wild fowl, esp. ducks, are enticed. 2. Anything intended to lead into a snare; lure ; bait ; specif., a fowl, or likeness of one, used to entice birds within gunshot. 3. One employed to lead a person into a position where he may be swindled or the like. — V. t. To lead into danger by artifice ; entrap ; insnare ; al- lure; entice. — Syn, Entice, lure, inveigle. See allure. de-crease' (-kres'). v. i. & ^/-cimASED' (-kresf); -crbas'ing. [fr. OF., fr. L. dea-escere to grow less ; de -j- crescere to grow.] To diminish gradually, in size, degree, number, du- ration, etc., or in strength or quality. Syn. Lessen, decline, wane, fall off, shrink, waste, abate, subside.— Decrease, diminish, dwindle agree in the idea of lessening. Decrease commonly suggests a process going on in that which grows leas; diminish often suggests a lessen- ing by taking something away ; consequently decrease ia chiefly used as an intransitive verb, referring to the process, and diminish aa a transitive verb, implying the operation of an outside £^ent ; as, a flood, the cold, the length of the autumn daya, decreases ; the army was diminished by dis- ease. Dwindle implies becoming smaller and smaller, usu- ally to insignificance or even contemptibleness. de-creaae' (de-kres'; de'kres), n. 1. A becoming less; grad- ual diminution ; decay. 2. Amount of diminution. de-cree'(-kre'),». [OP. decrS, decret, fr. L. decretum, neut. of decreius, p. p. of decemere to decide; rfe+ cemere to de- cide.] 1. An authoritative order or decision deciding what ifl, or ia to be, done ; edict. — Syn, Law, regulation, edict, ordinance.— v.t. & /./-CRBBD'(-kred');-CREE'iNo. Tocom- mand authoritatively; appoint by decree ; ordain. deo'ie-ment (dSk're-mgnt), n. Decrease ; diminution. de-crep'it (de-krSp1t), a. [L. deerepitus.^ Broken down with age ; feeble; infirm; worn-out. — Syn. See weak. de-orep'Mate(dS-kr5p1-tat),w. ^,■ -TAT/BD(-tat'Sd); -tat'- iNo. To roast or calcine so as to cause crackling. — de- orep'l-ta'tion, n. de-crep'l-tllde (-tud), n. State of being decrepit. de-crea'cent (-krSa'Snt), a. [L. deerescens, p. pr. of de- crescere. See decrease.] Decreasing ; waning. de-cre'tal (-kre'tai), a. [L. decretalis, fr. decretwm. See DECREE.] Pertainingto or containing a decree, ^n. Eccl. An authoritative order or decree, esp. one issued byapope. dec'ro-tO-ry (dSk'r$-tS-rT ; de-kre'to-rl), a. Of the nature of, or established by, a decree. de-crl'al (de-kri'Sl), n. A crying down ; decryirig. de-cry' (dS-kri'), v. f.; -cried' (-krid'); -chy'ing. [F. dSorieTf OF. aescrier ; des- (L. dis-) -j- crier to cry.] To cry down ; censure aa faulty, mean, or worthless. — ^^de-crl'er, n. Syn. Discredit, run down, condemn, traduce ; belittle, underyalue, lower, degrade. — Decry, depreciate, dispar- age agree in the idea of diminishing or lessenuAg in estima- tion or value. To decry is to discredit or run down by open or public censure ; to depreciate, to belittle or underrate by representing as of small worth ; to disparage^ to lower (or attempt to lower) in esteem by slighting or mvidlous reference or faint praise. dec'U-IIiail(dSk'u-m£tn),a. [L.ddcumanuf, lit., of the tenth, decern, ten.] Large ; — used of an extraordinary billow, aup- posed by some to be every tenth. — dec'U-man, n. de-cmn'tieilt (de-kGm'bSnt), a. [L. decuvibens^ -entis, p. pr., deriv. o| de -{- cumbere (only in comp.), cubaj'e, to lie down.] Lying down ; prostrate ; trailing. Rare^ exc. Bot. — de-cumltence (-b^ns), de-cum'ben-cy (-b^u-sT), n. dec'U-ple (dSk'u-p'l), a. [F. decuple, L. decuplus, fr. de- cern ten.] Tenf^d. — n. A number ten times repeated. de-cu'rl-on (de-ku'ri-3n), n. [L. decwio, fr. decuria squad of ten,cfecemten.] RomanHisi. a A head representative of a division of ten. b A municipal or colonial senator. de-CUT'rexit (-kiir'fint), a. [L. decwnens, -erdis^ p. pr., deriv. of de -\- currere to run.] Running or flowing downward ; specif. , Bot. , extending do wnward;— said of a leaf with base extending downward and forming a wing or ridge. de-CUS'Sate (-kiiB'at ; dSk'us-), v. t. ; -SAT-ED (-at-Sd) ; -sat- ing. [L. decussaius^ p. p. of decussare to cross like an X, deeussis the number ten, which the Romans represented by X.] To oross at an acute angle ; intersect in the form of X. — de'CUS-sa'tlon (de^ki^-^shfin), n. ded'1-cate (dSdt-kat), a. [L. dedtcattis^ p. p. of dedicare; de -j- dicare to declare, dedicate.] Dedicated. Archaic. — (-kat), V. t. ; -catted (-kSt'Sd) ; -cat/ing. 1. To set apart and consecrate ; devote solemnly. 2. To devote, as one's self, to a duty or service. 3. To inscribe by way of compliment, as a book. — ded'l-ca^tor (-ka'ter), n. Syn. Dedicate, devote, consecrate. To dedicate is to give up to Cor as if to) sacred or serious usea ; to devote is to dedicate solemnly and (esp.) exclusively. To conse- crate is to set apart as itself sacred or exalted. ded'l-ca'tlon(-ka'8hun),n. 1. Act of dedicating. 2- An ad- dress, as to a patron or friend, prefixed to a book or the like. ded'l-ca-to-ry (dSd'T-kd-to-rt), a. Constituting, or serving aa, a dedication. de-dnce' (dS-dua'), v. t. ; -ddced' (-diist') ; -duc'ing (-dus'- Tng). [L. deducere ; de + ducere to lead, draw.] To ob- tain or arrive at, as an opinion or a truth, as the result of reasoning; derive; infer; — with/?'(»7i or out of. — Syn. See INFER. — de-ducl-ble (-dusT-bU), a. de-duct' (-diikf ), V. t. [L. deductus, p. p. of deducere to de- duct, deduce. See DEDUCE.] To take away in numbering or calculating; subtract. Syn. Deduct, subtract. Now, deduct applies specifical- ly to amounts or quantities, subtract to numbers. de-dac'tlon (-duk'shi^n), n. 1. Act or process of deduc- ing ; — opp. to induction. 2. Act of deducting, or taking away ; subtraction. 3. That which la deducted ; abatement. 4. That which la deduced ; inference ; conclusion. Syn, Deduction, induction. Deduction, aa contrasted with induction, is reasoning from the general to the par- ticular or from the implicit to the explicit, as distinguished from reasoning from particular facts to general truths or from a part to a whole. Deduction |;ives explicit knowl- edge, aa in a geometrical demonstration ; induction gives general principles, as in the formulation of a naturallaw. de-dUC'tlve (-tiv), a. Pertaining to deduction ; deducible. deed (ded), n. [AS. dasd.] 1. That which ia done ; act ; action. 2. Illustrious act ; exploit; feat. 3- A sealed in- strument in writing, duly executed and delivered, contain- ing some transfer, bargain, or contract. 4. Performance ; action, esp. as contrasted with words. — Syn. See action. — In deed, in fact ; in truth. See indeed. — v. t. To convey, or transfer, by deed. U. S. — deed'less, a. deem (dem), v. t. & i. [AS. demon to judge, condemn, dom doom.] To think ; esteem ; suppose ; opine. deem'Ster (-ster), n. [deem. + -ster; i. e., doomster.] A judge. Obs.y except in the Isle of Man. deep (dep), a. [AS. d&op."] 1. Extending comparatively far below the surface ; of great, or a specified, perpendicu- lar dimension (measured downward). 2. Extending far back, or a specified distance, from the front or outer part. 3. Hard to comprehend ; profound, — opposed to shallow or natjire, verdure (87); K = ch in G. ich,ach (501; boN; yet; rii=z inaz^e, Explanstlonaof Abbreviations, HIkhb, etc.» precede VocabnlAiTt "" ' "^ Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. D Foreign Worda -t- combined with, BOqnab. DEEPLY 188 DEFICIENT superficial; &a^ a <^«p subject; mysteiious. 4. BeriouB; grave ; also, intense ; heavy ; profound ; as, a (2eep sleep. 6. Penetrating; skilled ;sagacioufi. 6. Of colors: strong; in- tense. 7. Of lowtone; grave ; heavy. 8- Heavy ; extreme ; excessive ; as, deep drinking. Also, of persons, acting, feel- ing, etc., profoundly ; as, a deep student. 9. Immersed ; absorbed ; involved ; as, deep iu debt. Syn. Debp, pbopound (in figrurative uses). As applied to persons or to mental states or processes, deep implies the presence or need of x}enetration or subtlety, sometimes of craft ; pbofound, the presence or need of thoroughness ; as, a deep politician, deep designs, meditation ; a profound treatise, thinker, etc. As expressing intensity, profound IS commonly the stronger. Heep only is used of sound or color ; as, a deep voice, a deep blue. — n. 1. That which is deep ; esp., the sea or ocean ; abyss. 2. The middle, or intense, part; as, the deep of winter. 3. That which is profound or incomprehensible. — a<2v. 1. To a great depth ; prof oundly. 2. Far on (in time). — deeply (dep'lT), adv. — deep'nesB, n. deep'en (-'n), v. t. <& i. To ms&e or become deep or deeper. deer (der), n. sing, di: pi. (SeePLUBAL.) [AS. dSor.l 1. Any animal; esp., a wild animal. Obs. 2. Any of numerous ruminant mammals distinguished chiefly by the peculiar type of horns, called anglers, borne by the males and shed and renewed annually. The flesh of deer is called venison. deer'hoiind' (der'houndOi n. A hound for hunting deer ; specificaJly, one of a Scottish breed of large hounds having a rough coat, usually gray or tawny. de-face' (de-fas'), v. t. ; -faced' (-fasf) ; -fao'ing (-fas'Ing). [OF. desfacier; L. dis- -{-fades face .] To destroy or mar the face or appearance of; disflgure. — de-face'ment (-mSnt), n. — de-fac'er (-f as'er), n. Syn. Mar, injure, spoil, ruin, distort. — Deface, DisriouBE, DEFOEH agree in the idea of marring. To deface is prima- rily to mar the face or external appearance of anything ; it often implies the effacement,obliteration,or removal of some Sart or detail. Bisfiottke, as applied to a surface, implies eeper or more permanent injury than deface ; as applied to figure or conformation, it often suggests such impair- ing of beauty or attractiveness as results from other than structural injury. Deforu applies esp. to such distortion as is deep-seated or structural. I) de fac'tO (de fSk'to). [L.] Actually ; in fact; — distin- guished from dej'ure. de-fal'cate (de-£Sl'kat), v. t. ; -OAT-BD (-kat-8d) ; -cat-ino. [LL. d^alcaius, p. p. of defaleare to deduct, orig., to cut off with a sickle ; L. de -{-falx, falds, sickle.] To deduct (part of). Now Rare. ^ v. i. To embezzle money held in trust. — del'al-ca^tor (dSffil-ka/ter; de'fai-), n. de'fal-oa'tlon (de^ffil-ka'shun ; dM'al-), 7i. 1. A diminu- tion; abatement. Now Rare. 2. That which is deducted or abated. 3- An abstraction or misappropriation of money, etc., in breach of trust ; embezzlement. defa-ma'tlon (dSf^o-ma'shun ; de'fa-), n. 1. Dishonor; dis- grace. Obs. 2. Act of defaming another ; calumny; libel ; slander. — de-fam'a-tO-ry (de-fam'd-tS-rT), a. de-lame' (-fam'), v././ -famed' (-famd'); -fam'ing. [fr.P., fr. L. diffamare; dis- -f-/a»ia a report.] 1- Toharmor de- stroy the good fame or reputation of , speak evil of malicious- ly. 2. To render infamous ; bring into disrepute. 3. To charge ; accuse. Rare. — Syn. See aspekse. — de-lam'er, n. de-fault' (-fSlf), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. a verb meaning, to be deficient, fail, fr. L. de-{-fallere to deceive.] 1. A failing or failure ; neglect to do what duty or law requires. 2- Fault; offense. — In default of, in case of failure or lack of. ^ V. i. 1. To fail in fulfilling an agreement, obligation, or duty, esp. a financial obligation ; specifically, to fail prop- erly to account for property held in trust. 2. To fail to appear in court; let a case go by default. — v. i. To fail to perform or pay. — de-faiUt'er, n. de-fea'aance (-fe'zffins), n. [AF. defesance^ fr. defesant^ p. pr. of defaire to undo.] A rendering null or void ; also, a condition the fulfillment of which avoids an instrument. de-fea'sl-ble (-zT-b'l), a. That may be annulled. do-feat' (-fef), V, t, [OF. desfait^ p. p. of desfaire to undo; L. dig' ~\-facere to do.] 1. To undo ; weaken ; destroy. Obs. 2. To render null and void ; frustrate; balk. 3. To over- come; vanquish. — Syn. Baffle, disappoint. See conquer. ^ n. 1. An annulling ; destruction. Obs. 2> Frustration by nullifying or preventing success. 3. An overthrow, as of an army ; — opposed to victory. de-featnre (-f e't;^!')) '^^ 1> Overthrow ; defeat. O&j. 2. Dia- flgurement. Rare. def'e-cate (dSfS-kat), v. U /-oai/ed; -cat'ino. [L. defaeco' tus^ p. p. of defaecare; de-^-ftiex^/aeGis, dregs, lees.] To clear from impurities; purify; refine.^ v. i. 1. Tocastoffimpuri- ties;becomepure. 2. To void excrement. — def^e-oa'tloil,n. de-fect' (de-fgkf), n. [L. d^edus, fr. deficere, defectum, to desert, fail, be wanting ; de -{-facere to make, do.] 1. Want of something necessary to completeness ; deficiency ; — op- posed to excess. 2. Failing; fault ; imperfection. — Syn. See BLEUiSH. de-fec'tloii(-fSk'shi2n), n. 1. Failing ; failure. 2. Failure in duty or allegiance ; desertion; apostasy; backsliding. de-fec'tlve (-tTv), a. 1. Incomplete ; imperfect ; faulty. 2- Gram. Lacking one or more of the usual forms of inflec- tion. ^ n. One that is defective; as : a One markedly lack- ing physically or mentally, b Gram. A defective word. — de-fec'tlve-l7, adv. — de-fei/tiTe-nesB, n. de-fence'. Var. of defense. de-fend' (-fSnd'), v. t. [fr. F., fr. L. defendere; de-{-fendere (only in comp.) to strike.] 1. To repel danger or harm from; protect ; maintain against force or argument ; uphold. 2. To oppose or resist, as a claim at law ; contest, as a suit. Syn. Shield, cover, shelter, screen, secure, watch, keep, save. — Defend, pbotect, gdahd, pe^erve. To defend is to ward off actual attack or present danger ; to protect is to shield or secure against either actual or prospective danger; to OUABD is to stand watch over or keep in safety ; to pre- serve is to keep, in whatever way, from injury or destruc- tion ; as, those lu a fortress are defended by its guns, pro- tected by its walls, and guarded E^imst surprise by sentries; one's life may be preserved by presence of mind. See absebt. — V. i. To make a defense. — de-fend'er, n. de-fend'ant (-fSn'dSnt), a. 1. Defending. 2. Defensive. Obs. — n. One required to make answer in a legal action. de-fense', de-fence' (-fSns'), n. [fr. F., fr. L. defensa, fr. defendere. See defend.] 1. Act of defending ; state of being defended. 2. That which defends or protects ; guard. 3- Protecting plea ; vindication ; justification. 4. Law, The defendant's denial, answer, or plea. 6. Art orskilliu making defense. — de-fenseless, de-fenceless, a. de-f en'si-ble (-fSn'st-b'l), a. Capable of being defended, or of offering defense. — de-fen'Sl-blll-ty (-bT11-tT), n. de-fen'8lve(-siv),a. 1, Servingtodefendorprotect. 2. Car- ried on by resisting attack or aggression. 3. In a state or posture of defense. — n. That which defends ; a defensive position. — de-fen'slve-ly, adv. de-f er' (-ffirO^w. t. ; -febbed' (-fflrd') ; -fer'eing. [OF. dif- fererj^, digger. See diffee.] Toputoff ; postpone ; with- hold. ^ V. i. To wait ; procrastinate. Syn. Delay, adjourn, stave off, retard. — Defer, postpone, PUT off, pbocbastinate agree in the idea of delaying. De- fer is the most general term ; it implies no more thana put- ting aside until some future time ; as, '*hope deferred maketh the neart sick." Postpone is more definite, and often refers to a particular time ; as, the meeting was postponed for a week. Put off is more colloquial than postpone ; it often implies disinclination to act at once. To pbocbastinate is to put off habitually or in a dilatory fashion, esp. from day to day ; as, to procrastinate until it is too late. de-f er', v. t. elf), in Holland ; esp. : a Brown pottery covered with an opaque, decorated white glaze, b In Eng- land, popularly, common glazed pottery f^- table use, etc. Do'll-a (de'lt-a ; del'ya)v n. [L.] Class. Myth. Artemis ; — from Delos, where she and Apollo were born. De'll-an (de'lT-fin), a. [L. Delius^ Gr. A^Ato?.] Of or pert. to Delos. — n. A native or inhabitant of Delos. de-Ub'er-ate (de-lTb'er-at), a. [L. deliberatus, p. p. of deli- berare to deliberate ; de + librare to weigh.] 1. Carefully considered ; not sudden or rash. 2. Weighing facts and ar- guments; careful in determining. 3- Not hasty or sudden ; alow. — Syn. See voluntary. — (-at), v. i.; -at'ed (-at'Sd); -AT^iNG. To weigh in the mind ; reflect on ; x>onder. — v. i. To take counsel"; reflect; also, to weigh matters in deciding. — Syn. See consider. — de-llb'er-ately, adv. — de-Ub'- er-ate-ness, n. — de-llb'er-a'tor, n. de-Ub'er-a'tion (-a'shwn), Tir 1- Act of deliberating; con- sideration of thereasonsforandagainatameasure. 2. Qual- ity or state of being deliberate. de-llb'er-a-tive (-ITb'er-a-tTv), a. Pertaining to, or charac- terized by, deliberation ; deliberating. — de-lib'er-a-Uvo- ly, adv. — de-lib'er-a-tlve-neBS, n. deFl-ca-cy (dSl'i-ka-sT), n. ;pl. -cies (-sIz). 1. Fleajsure ; gratification. Obs. 2. Addiction to pleasure or luxury ; also, luxurious care. Obs. 3. Aluxury; dainty, as for food. 4. Nicety or fineness of form or constitution ; tenderness; hence, frailty or weakness. 6. Nicety of touch ; also, qual- ity or state of requiring delicate or tactful management. 6. Nice perception ; fastidious accuracy ; sensitiveness. 7. Nice propriety ; refinement. 8. A refinement ; nicety. Syn. Fastidiousness, scrupulousness, tact, discrimination ; precision, exactness ; penetration, acuteness, acumen ; pol- mh. — Delicacy, nicety, subtlety, refinement are here compared as qualities of perception or feeling. Delicacy implies fine, often exquisite, sensitiveness of feeling or crit- ical tact ; as, delicacy^ of feeling. Nicety suggests rathe." exactness and precision of observation and perception ; as, nicety of discernment. , Subtlety implies acuteneas or penetration : refinement, elegance or polish ; as, finespun subtlety of discrimination ; the utmost refinement of taate. Both subtlety and refinement are also used of that which re- sults from the extreme or affected exercise of acuteneas or elaboration. del'1-cate (-kat), a. [L. deZictrfiw pleasing the senses, volup- tuous, soft and tender.] 1. Characterized by ease or pleas- ure ; aelf-indulgent ; luxurious. Obs. 2> Characterized by softness or effeminacy ; hence, tender ; frail. 3. Charac- terized by nice appreciation or discrimination ; exquisitely sensitive; hence: a Fastidious, b Refined; considerate. 4. Hence, of instruments : Showing slight changes ; as, a delicate thermometer. 6. Pleasing to a nice or cultivated taste; hence, of a mild or subtle quality. 6. Of a quality opposed to coarse, rough, gross, etc. ; fine. 7. Marked by or requiring ingenuity or fine skill. — Syn. See dainty. ^ n. 1. A luxurious person, Obs.orR. 2. A delight; luxury. Obs. 3. A dainty; delicacy. Rare. — del'1-cate-ly, adv. deVl-ca-tes'sen (-kd-tSs'gn), n.pl. [G.] Prepared foods, such as cooked meats, preserves, pickles, relishes, etc. de-U'Clons (de-ltsh'ws), a. [fr. OF., fr. L. deliciosus^ it. deliciae delight, delicere to allure.] Affording exquisite pleasure or entertainment; delightful ; esp. , very pleasing to the taste. — de-li'clous-ly, adv. — de-U'cious-noss, n. de-llct' (-iTkf), n. [L. delictum fault.] Law. An offense against law ; a misdemeanor or a tort. de-llght' (-lif ), n. [fr. OF. delit, fr. deleitier to delight.] 1. A high state of pleasurable feeling ; extreme satiafac- tion; joy. 2. Anything that gives delight ; also, faculty or quality of delighting ; charm. — Syn. See pleasure. ^ v. t. [fr. OF. deleitier^ fr. L. delectare to entice away, delight, deriv. of de -\- lacere to entice.] To give delight to ; please highly. — V, i. To be greatly pleased or rejoiced ; — fol- lowed by an infinitive, or by in. de-Ugbt'ed, p. a. 1. Endowed with delight ; delightful. Obs. 2. Highly pleased. — Syn. Glad, pleased, gratified. de-Ught'ful (-fd6l), a. Highly pleasing ; giving delight. — de-Ugbt'lul-ly, adv. — de-Ugbt'fnl-ness, n. de-llgbt'aome (-si^m), a. Very pleasing ; delightful. De-Ulab (de-li'ld), n. In the Bible, Samson's mistress, who betrayed him (JMii(7es xvi.); hence, harlot; temptress. de-llm'lt (-Itm'Tt), V. t. To demarcate ; bound. — de-llm'- 1-ta'tion (-T-ta'ahun), n. ale, senate, cd.Te, £l,m, account, iCrm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker ; zee, SI ; old, dbey, drb, ddd, Boft, cSonect; use, Onite, iiru, fip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing,ij)k; ^exi,tliiu; DELINEATE 191 DEMETER Ae-Un'e-ate (de-lln'^-atj, v. t. ; -AT'ED (-at'6d) ; -at'ing. [L. deUneaias^ p. p. oidelineare to delineate ; de + lineare to draw, Unea liue.] 1. To represent by sketch, design, or diagram ; sketch out ; portray. 2. To set forth in words ; describe. — de-Un'e-a'tor (-a/tSr), n. de-lln''e-a'tiOIl (-a'shflu), n. 1. A representing, portray- ing, or describing, as by lines, sketches, etc. 2. A sketch ; verbal description. — Syii. Sketch, portniit, outline. de-lin'quen-cy C-lTi)'kwgn-sI), 7i.; pi. -cies (-sTz). Failure, omission, or violation, of duty; fault ; miadeea ; offeuse. de-liu'liueilt (-kwgnt), a. [L. delirujuens^ -entis, p. pr. of de-linquere to fail, default, do wrong ; de -\- linguere to leave.] Failing in, or neglectful of, duty. — n. One de- linquent; offender; transgressor. deVl-CLUesce' (dSl'T-kwes'), v. i.,- -qubbced' (-kwSaC); -QUESC'iNG (-kwSs'ing). [L. deliguesceie to melt, dissolve ; de + liquescere to become fluid, liquere to be fluid.] To become liquid gradually by absorbing moisture from the air, as do certain salts, acids, and alkalies. — deVl-q,ues'- cence (-kwSs'gns), n. — dell-qiues'ceiit (-^nt), a. de-Ur'l-OUS (de-lir'i-ws), a. Havinga delirium; light-head- ed ; raving. — de-lir'1-ous-ly, adv. — de-l^'1-ous-ness, n. de-Url-om (-fim), n.; pi. E. -iums (-fimz), L. -ia (-d). [L., fr. delirare to rave, prop., to go out of the furrow in plow- ing ; de -f- lira fui>row.] 1. A more or leas temporary state of mental disturbance, characterized by delusions, halluci- nations, disordered speech, etc. 2. Strong excitement ; wild enthusiasm ; madness. — Syn, Insanity, frenzy, fury. Bee MAMiA. — delirium tremens (tre'mSnz) [L., trembling delirium], violent delirium induced by excessive and pro- longed use of intoxicants, and chamcterized by terrifying hallucinations and by tremor of the hands and tongue. Bell-US (de'lT-fis), n. [L., fr. Gr. A^Atos, lit., Delian.] Class. Myth. Apollo. See Delia. de-llv'er (de-Hv'er), V. t. [fr. F., fr. LL. deliherare to lib- erate, give over ; L. tie -f- liberare to set free.] 1. To set at liberty ; save ; rescue from evil. 2- To give or transfer; part with (to); surrender; resign. 3. To disburden (a woman) of young ; — often with of, 4. To disburden (one's self) or give forth in words; utter ; hence, to communicate ; impart. 6. To give forth in action or exercise; discharge (a blow, etc.). — Syn. See release. — de-Uv'er-er, n. de-liV'er-ance (-ons), n. l. Act of delivering ; state of being delivered, aa from restraint, peril, etc. ; rescue ; release ; specif.: a Delivery in cliildbirth. Archaic, b Actof speak- ing ; utterance. Archaic. 2. Anything delivered or commu- nicated; esp., an opinion or decision expressed publicly. Syn. Deliverance, delivery. Deliverance oftener re- fers to the state of bein^ delivered, deliterx, to the act of delivering, from restraint or peril. Delivery only is used in the sense of transfer or conveyance. de-Uv'er-y (de-llv'er-t),n. ;pl. -eribs (-Tz). 1. Actof de- livering, or being delivered ; as : a Rescue ; release, b Par- turition, c Utterance; manner of speaking, d Act or man- ner of discharging, throwing, or the like. 2- That which is delivered. — Syn, See deliverance. dell (dSl), n. [AS. del.'] A small, retired valley; vale. de-lo'cal-lze (de-loltal-iz), v. t. [de- -f- localize.'] To re- move from its place, or from the limitations of locality. Derphl-an (dSl'fT-an), Delphic (-fTk), a. 1. Pertaining to Delphi in ancient Greece, or its oracle. The oracular utterances were delivered by a priestess seated on a tripod above a chasm whence issued noxious vapors. 2. Oracular. Del-sarte' (d5l-8art'),ra., or Delsarte system. A system of calisthenics; — from F. Delaarte, a French teacher. del'ta (dSl'td), n. [Gr. BiXra.] 1. The fourth letter, A, 5, of the Greek alphabet. 2. Something A-shaped ; esp., an alluvial deposit at the mouth of a river. dertold (-toid), a. [f r. Gr. , fr. SeAra delta (A ) + el&oq form.] Shaped like a capital delta (A); triangular ; as, a deltoidl^zl ; the deltoid nmacle, covering the shoulder joint and serv- ing to raiB3 the arm laterally. de-lnde' (de-lud'), v. t. ,■ -lud'ed (-lud'Sd) ; -LUD'iNo. [L. delvdere, delusum ; de -\- lu- rfere to play, mock.] 1. To lead from truth or into error; impose upon. 2. To disappoint; also, to evade; elude. Obs. — Syn. Mislead, deceive, be- guile, cajole, cheat, dupe. — de-lud'er (-liid'er), n. del'Uge (dSl'Sj), n. [F. dSluge,!/. diluvium, fr. diluere to wash away ; di~ = dis- -\- luere, to waah.] 1. A washing away ; an overflowing of the land by water ; flood, specifi- cally lcap.],thB great flood in the days of Noah {Gen. vii.). Deltoid Leaf. 2. Something that overwhelms, or causes great destruction. — v. i. ; -uoED (-lijd) ; -ug-ihg (-fi-jTng). 1. To overflow; inundate. 2. To overwhelm aa with a deluge ; destroy. de-lU'sion (dS-lu'zhfin), n. l. Act of deluding ; state of being deluded ; esp., a misleading of the mmd. 2. Falae belief ; misconception. Syn- Delusion, illusion, hallucination agree in the idea ot false seeming. Delusion is, in general, a much stronger word than illusion. It often carries an implication of being deceived, imposed on, or even consciously misled and be- mocked. Further, (/e/w^iora implies a false (often harmful) impression, commonly regarding things themselves real; Illusion, an_ ascription of reality (often pleasing) to what exists only m fancy ; as, a poor deluded fool ; the delujdom of atockjobbmg; illusions of fancy, an optical illusion. tlALLUciNATioN, as here compared, emphasizes the ground- lessness of the impression. de-lu'slve C-sIv), a. Apt or fltted to delude: deceptive. — de-lu'Blve-ly, adv. — de-lu'slve-neBS, n. de-lu'so-ry (-sS-rl), a. Delusive. II de luxe' {F. de lUks'). [F.] Lit., of luxury; sumptuouB. delve (dSlv), V. t. ; DELVED (dSlvd) ; dblv'ing. [AS. delfan to dig.] 1. To dig. Now Chiefly Scot. 2. Hence : a To make by digging. Archaic, b To exhume. Archaic. — V. i. To labor with or as with a spade ; to seek laboriously (in books, etc.) for information. — n. Excavation ; pit; den. Now Bare. — delv'er, n. dem^a-gogac (d6m'tt-g5j'rk) l a. Pertaining to a dema- dem^a-goga-cal (-gSj'I-kai) ( gogue ; factious. dem'a-gogue (dSm'd-g5g), n. [Gr. STj/iaywyos, S^/ios peo- ple -f-dYwyos leading.] l.Apopular leader or orator. Hi&t. 2. An insincere politician or popular orator or leader who stirs up popular prejudice to gain office or influence. — dem'a-gog-lsm (-g6g-Iz'm), n. — dem'a-gogue-ry (-gSg- rl ; -er-f), n. — dem'a-gOg-y (-g3j-I ; -gSg-I), n. de-mand' (de-mand'), v'. t. [fr. F., fr. LL. demandare to demand, summon, L. demandare to give in charge, intrust ; de ~\- manda/re to commit to one's charge, command.] 1. To ask or call for with authority or peremptorily ; claim as due. 2. To inquire authoritatively or earnestly ; question. 3. To call for ; require ; need. 4. To summon. — v. i. To make a demand ; inquire. — n. 1. Act of demanding ; requisition. 2. Earnest inquiry. Archaic. 3. Desire to possess ; man- ifested want ; a call (for a commodity). 4. Mc(mo7mcs. Quantity of an article demanded at a given price. 6. That which one demands or has a right to demand ; claim. de-mand'a-ble, a. — de-mand'er, n. de-mand'ant (-mftn'dSnt), n. One who demands ; a plain- tiff. Now Rare. [bounds ; delimit. | de-mar'cate (de-mar'kat ;_ de'mar-), v. t. To mark by| de^mar-ca'tion (de/mar-ka'shun), n. Also demarkation. [fr. F., fr. Sp. demarcacidn ; de- (L. de) -f marcar to mark.] A marking by bounds ; ascertaining and settling of a limit; separation ; distinction. De'inas (de'maa), n. [Gr. Aij/iis.] In the Bible, a fellow worker who forsook Paul. Col. iv. 14 ; 2 2Vm. iv. 10. de-mean' (de-men'), v. t. \_de- -\- mean^ &.] To debase, lower, or degrade (one's self). Syn, Though sometimes found in good authors, this word IS, according to present usage, colloquial and lacking in dis- tinction. Humble, lower, degrade^ etc., are more appropriate. de-mean', v. t. [OP. rfemener to conduct, manage; di- (L. de) -|- mener to lead, conduct, L. minare to drive (animals) by threatening cries, minari to threaten.] 1. To manage. Ohs. 2. To behave or comport (one's self). de-mean'or, de-mean'our (-er), n. [for demeanure, fr. 2d demean.] Behavior; carriage.— Syn. See deportmeht. de-ment'ed (-mgn'tSd ; 24), p. a. insane ; mad. de-men'tl-a(-shT-d), n. [L.,fr.demCTM,-men(M,inBane,mad; de + mens mind.] Insanity, usually that characterized by more or leaa apathy or indifference. de-mer'it (-mSr'Tt),n. [fr. OF., fr. L. demerere. -meritum^ to deserve well, LL, , to deserve well or ill ; de -f- m&rere to deserve.] Merit ; desert ; — now only in a bad sense: that which deserves blame ; fault ; — opposite of merit. de-mesne'(-man';-men'),n. [AF. See domain.] 1. Pos- session (of land) aa one's own. 2. a Formerly, an estate or land possessed, b Now, a lord's chief manor place, with its adjoining lands. 3. Region in general ; place. De-me't©r(-m6'ter),n. [L.,fr. Gr. ATjjii^Tijp.] Gr.Relig. Goddess of fruitful soil and of agriculture ; hence, god- dess of the fruitfulnesB of mankind and guardian of civil life, esp. of marriage; —identified by the Romans With Ceres. natjire, ver^Jire (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. £j[planatiuna of Abbrevlatloiia, ti^iffnB, etc, precede Vocabulary* |) Foreign Word, -f combined with. = eq,ualft> DEMI- 192 DENATURE dem't- (dSm'T-). [F. derrvi-^ fr. L. drntddius half; di- = dis- -{- medius imddle/] A prefibcaignifying literally Aa^A, semi-^ and, hencBf often bri^ert shorter^ or decidedly less (in size, number, qualities, etc.) thaii is usical, jfullj or normal. Examples : dermgToa,t, half a groat ; dgmibaBtion, a work in the form of a Aa//bastion; dimirobe, a robe shorter than the usual form ; demitrain, a train shorter than a full train. dem'1-gOd' fdSmli-gSd' ; 62), n. An inferior deity ; hero. dem'l-jolm (-j5n), n. (F. dame-jeanne^ i. e.. Lady Jane.] A large glass bottle, usually inclosed in wickerwork. dem'l-monde (dSm'T-mSnd ; de-tn&m8Nd'), n. [F. ; demi -\-monde world, L. mundusA Women of doubtful reputa- tion ; hence, the class of socie^ to which tbey belong. dem'l-pliiue^ (dBm'I-pek''), n. [demi-\-peak^ confused with F. pique pike.] A kind of war saddle. dem'l-rep'C-rSpOiW- {contr.tv.demir^'eputgiion.'] A woman of doubtful reputation ; an adventuress. de-llll3e'(de-miz'), n. [F. dimettrej p. p. dSmis^ dhnise^ to put away, lay down ; de- (L. de or dis-) -\- metPre to put, L. mittere to send.] 1. Law. The conveyance of an estate, usu- ally by will or lease. 2. Transfer of the crown or sovereign- ty to a successor, as by death or abdication. 3. Decease of aroyal or princely person ; hence, grandiloquently, decease. — Syn. See death. — v.t.dc i. ; -mised' (-mizd') ; -mis'ikg (-mizlng). 1. Zaw. To convey or pass, as an estate, by will or lease; esp., to lease. 2. To transmit, esp. sovereignty, or pass by succession or inheritance. de-mlB'Sion (-mish'un), n. Kelinquishment ; abdication. de-mlt' (-mtf), V. t. ; -mit'ted (-Sd) ; -mit'tihg. 1. To dis- missorletgo. Archaic, 2.Tore8ign(anofflce,etc.). Scot. or R.^v. i. To resign. [I de-ml'-tasse' (de-me'tas' ; E. d^m.fX-t^),n. [F. ; dejni half + tasse cupj A small cup for, or of, black coffee. dem'l-voltCd8m'lt-volt),n. Also dem'i-voltO. Manage. A half vault with the forelegs raised. dem'l-WOlf' (-w561f'),n.. A creature half wolf ; wolf like dog. de-mo'bMlze (de-mo'bl-liz; -mSbT-), v. t. ; -lized (-lizd); -Liz'iNG (-liz'Ing). Mil. To disband, as troops. — de-mo'- bl-U-Za'tlon (-ll-za'shi^n ; -li-za'shiin), n. de-moc'ra-cy (de-m5k'rd-sT), n. ;pl. -eras (-sTz). [f r. F. , f r. Gr. SijjLto/cpaTt'a; fi^^to? people + Kparelv to be strong, rule.] 1. Government by the people ; government in which the supreme power is retained by the people and exercised by representation, as in a republic ; — opposed to aristocracy. 2. A community or state so governed. 3. [caj?.] The prin- ciples and policy of the Democratic party, so called ; also, that party, or its members. U. S. dem'0-crat (dgm'g-krSt), n. 1. An adherent of democracy. 2. [cop.] A member of the Democratic party. U. S. — dem^o-craVlc (-krSfTk), dern'o-cratl-Gal (-T-kai), a. — dem^O-crat'i-cal-ly, adv. — Democratic party, U. S. Poli- tics, one of the two great political parties since 1828. dem^ol-selle' (dSm^w^zSK; F. de-mw&^zSl'), n. [F.] A young lady ; damsel. de-mol'lsll (de-mSlTsh), v. t. [fr. F., fr. L. demoliri, p. p. demolitus ; de -\- moliri to construct, moles a huge mass or structure.] To throw or pull down; hence, to rain; destroy. — Syn. See debtkot. — de-mol'lsh-er, n. dem^o-ll'tloil (dgm^o-lTsh^i^n), n. Act of demolishing or state or fact of being demolished. dfl'mon (de'm^n), n. [L. daemon spirit, evil spirit, Gr. hai- fi.iav a divinity.] 1. A supernatural being intermediate be- tween a man and a deity ; hence, a familiar spirit or genius. 2. An evil spirit ; devil. de-mon'e-tlze (d^-mSn'e-tiz; -mKn'-), v. t. ; -tized (-tizd); -Tiz^iNG (-tiz'Tng). To deprive of standard value as money. — de-mon^e-tl-za'tion (-tT-za'shfin ; -ti-za'shfin), n. de-mo'ni-ac (de-mo'ni-S,k), n. One supposedly possessed by an evil spirit. de-mo'nl-ao (de-mo'nl-ak) ) a. l.Influenced, de^mo-ni'a-cal (de'md-ni'd-kSl; dSm'i-) ) produced, orpos- sessed, by a demon. 2. Pert, to, or characteristic of, a de- mon; devilish. — Syn. See fiendish. nl'a-cal-ly, adv. de-mon'lc (dS-m5n'tk), a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, a demon or demons. — Syn. See fiendish. de'mon-lsm (de'mSn-Tz'm), n. Belief in demons ; also, de- monology. de'mon-ol'a-try (-Sl'o-trt), n. Idemon -\- •latry.'] Worship of ghosts, spirits, and demonic powers. de^mon-ol'O-gy (-S-jT), n. \demon -f- -logy.'] The study of demons, or popular beliefs in demons ; also, belief in, or theory of,' demons. — de'mou-Ol'a-glst (-jTst), n. de-mon'Stra-bte (de-mSn'stro-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being demonstrated. 2. Apparent; evident. Obs. — de-mon'- stra-bill-ty (-blinf-tt), n. — de-mon'stra-bly (-bit), adv. dem'ou-Strate(dBm'($u-Btrat; de-m5n'strat),t'././-BTiiAT'BD (-strat'Sd) ; -strat'ing. [L. demonstrare, p. p. -a/t«,to dem- onstrate ; de-\-monstrare to show.] 1. To pointout. Obs. 2. To make evident ; prove. 3. To manifest. Obs. 4< To exhibit by way of proof or example- dem^on-Stra'tlon (dSm^du-stra'shfin), n. 1. Act of demon- strating ; proof ; also, a proof. 2. An expression, as of the feelings, by outward signs; manifestation; show. 3. A public display by way of proof, example, or instruction. 4. An exhibition of military force, or a movement indicat- ing an attack. 5. A procession, mass meeting, or the like, to' manifest interest in some public matter. de-mon'stra-tive (de-m5n'stra-tTv), a. 1. Making evident; exhibiting clearly. 2. Ch-am. Serving to designate or point out the thing referred to or intended ; as, a demoTistrative pronoun or adjective, as iAw or i/io^ 3. Expressing, or apt tu express, much; given to the display of feeling or senti- ment.^n. Oram. A word having a demonstrative function, as a demonstrative pronoun. — de-mon'stra-tlve-ly, adv. — de-mon'stra-tlve-nesB, n. dem'on-stra^tor (dSm'dn-stra^ter), n. One who makes, or joins in, a demonstration ; one who demonstrates. dO-mor'al-lze (de-mSr'al-iz^, V. t. ; -ized (-izd") ; -12/ing (-iz'- Tiig). [F. dlmoraliser ; de- (L. dis- or de) -f- moraliser to moralize.] 1. To corrupt in morals ; pervert or deprave. 2. To render untrustworthy in discipline, efficiency, spirit, or the like. 3. Hence, to disorganize; confuse. — dlt-mor^- al-1-za'tlon (-I-za'shim ; -i-za'shiin), n. de-motlc (-m5t1k), a. [Gr. Stj/liotikos, fr. fi^juo? people.'J Of or pertaining to the people ; popular. demp'Bter (dgmp'stSr), n. [ME. also demster, demester. See dehusteb.! = deemstee. de-mul'cent (de-mSl'sent), a. [L. demulcens, p. pr. of de- mulcere."] Softening ; mollifying ; soothing. — n. Med. Substance capable of soothing an inflamed or abraded mu- cous membrane, or of protecting it from irritation. de-mUT' (-mfir'), v. i.; -musred' (-mflrd') ; -mdh'eing. [fr. OF., fr. L. demorari to linger ; de-\-7norari to delay, stay, mora delay.] 1. To suspend action ; delay ; hesitate. Obs. or R. 2. To scruple or object; take exception. — Syn. See HESITATE.— n. 1. Pause; irresolution; hesitation. Obs. or R. 2. Objection ; scruple ; demurrer. de-mure'C-mur'), a. [OF. ineiir mature, L.ma/unw.] 1. Of sober or serious mien ; staid ; grave. 2- Affectedly mod- est, serious, or grave. — Syn. Sedate, staid. See decoboub. — de-mure'ly, adv. — de-nmre'ness, n. de-mur'rage (-miir'aj), n. a Detention of a vessel, a railroad car, etc., by the freighter beyond the time allowed for load- ing, unloading, etc. b Allowance made for such detention. de-mur'rer (-mGr'er), n. ,One who demurs. de-mur'rer, n. 1. Law, A pleading which, assuming the truth of the matter alleged by an opponent, sets up that it is insufficient in law, or that there is some other patent and material defect in the pleadings constituting a legal reason for staying or dismissing the action. 2. An objection, or demur. de-my' (de-mi'), n./^Z. -MIES (-miz'). [see demi-.] 1. One having a scholarship at Magdalen College, Oxford; — so called because a demy received half the allowance of a fel- low. 2. A size of paper, about 1& X 21 inches. ; den (dSn), 71. [AS. denn.} 1. A lair,esp. of a beastof prey; hence, a cavern as a place of resort or concealment. 2. A squalid place of resort ; haunt. 3. Any snug and private retreat, as for reading. — v. i. To live in or eis in a den. de-na'rl-US (de-na'ri-ws ; 3), n. ; pi. -rh (-i). [L. See denier, the coin.] 1. A Roman silver coin, the " penny " of the New Testament; — worth originally ten f of the pieces called as. 2. A Romanf gold coin of the same weight as the sil- V ver denarius. de-na'tlon-al-lze (de-n5sh'Sn-Sl-Tz), V. t.; -IZED (-izd) ; -iz'ing (-tz'Tng). To deprive of national character or rights. — de-Iia'tion-al-l-za'tlon(-l-za'shi2n; Denarins of Julins -T-za'shSn), n. Ciesftr, e. c. 44. de-nafU-ral-lze (-nSt^-rffil-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-izd); -iz'ing (-iz'tng). .To render unnatural; change in nature; denature. de-na'ture (-na'tur),v.^; -tured (-turd);-TUB-iNG (-tur-Tng). ale, senate, cd,re, ^m, account, arm, ask, Bofa ; eve, event, end, recent, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, dbey, drb, ddd, sSftf cSnixect ; use, Unite, iim, tip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ir)k; tlien, thin; DENDRIFORM 193 DENY To change the nature of ; to render unfit for eating or drink- | ing, without impairing uaef ulnese for other purposes ; aa, de- n^ured alcohol. — de-na^tur-a'tlon (de-na'ligr-a'ah&n), n. den'drl-form (dSn'drl-fSrm), a. [Gr. Mv&pov tree + -/o7'm.] Resembling a tree in structure. dendrite (-drit), n. [Gr. fiei/Spirrj? of a tree.] A figure re- sembling a shrub or tree, in a mineral or atone ; also, the mineral or stone so marked. — den-drlt'tc (-drIt'Tk), a. den'drold (dSn'droid) ) a. [Gr. Sevfipoetfi^s treelike ; den-drol'dal (dSn-droi'dSl) ) SeVfipoi' tree + etSos form.] Resembling a tree in form ; arborescent, den-drol'O-gy (-dr51'S-3T),w. [Gr. Sei'5poi/tree4--Zofiry.] The study of trees and shrubs. — deu-drol'O-glst (-jTst), n. -den'dron (-dSn'driJn). A suffix fr. Greek Sei/Spov, tree. den'd-ga'tlon (dSn'S-ga'shJin), n. Contradiction ; denial. deil'glie(d§i]'ga),n. [West Indian Sp.] A specific epidemic disease, chiefly tropical , attended with fever, eruptions, and severe pains ; — csClled also breakbone fever. de-nl'al (de-ni'dl), 71. 1. Refusal to grant ; an instance of such denying. 2. Refusal to admit the truth, or assertion of the untruth, of a thing stated; contradiction. 3. Refusal to acknowledge ; disavowal ; disowning. 4. A restriction or disappointment ; a cross ^ a hindrance. dO-nl'er (d§-ni'er), n. One who denies. de-nler' (-ner'), n. [F. , f r. L. denanus a Roman silver coin orig. equiv. to ten asses, deni ten by ten.] Any of several old French coins, mostly of small value. don'lm (dSnlm), n. [F. serge de Nimes serge of Nlmea, a town in France.] A kind of coarse cotton drilling. den'l-zen (dSn'T-zgn), n. [OF. demein, prop., one living within (a city or country), fr.rfenz within, L.deiTiizw, prop., from within.] 1. An inhabitant. 2. One admitted to resi- dence In a foreign country ; esp. , an alien admitted to rights of citizenship. — Syn. SeeiNHABrrANT. ^v. (. 1. To con- stitute (one) a denizen. 2. To provide with denizens. de-nom'1-nate (de-nSm'T-nat), V. t. ; -NAT^BD (-naVSd) ; -nat/ino. [L. £fe?M)mina/M5,p. p. ; de-^nominare to call by name.] To give a name to ; call. — a. Having a specific name ; concrete ; thus, 7 feet is a denominate quantity, but 7 is a mere abstract quantity or number. de-nom'l-na'tlon (-na'ehun), n. 1. Act of denominating. 2. A name, designation, or title ; esp., a general name for a class. 3. A class or society having a specific name ; sect. 4. One of a series of related units or values denoted by spe- cial names ; as, the denominations of United States money (SI, $2, ^, etc.). — Syn. See name. de-nom^l-na'tlon-al (-31)i a. Pert, to a denomination, esp. a sect; sectarian. — de-noml-na'tlon-al-lsm (-Tz'm), n. de-nom'l-na-tlTe (-nS-tTv), a. l. Conferring a denomina- tion, or name. 2. Derived from a substantive or an adjec- tive ; as, a denominative verb. — n. A denominative word, de-nom'1-na^tor (-natter), n. 1. One that denominates ; hence, origin or source of a name. 2. The part of a frac- tion below the horizontal line. In simple fractions it shows into how many equal parts the unit is divided. de-not'a-ble {de-nofd-b'l), a. See -able ; denote, v. t. de^no-ta'tlon (de'nS-ta'shfin), n. 1. A sign, indication, or token ; name ; designation. 2- Meaning or signification. Syn. Denotation, connotation. The denotation of a word is its actual meaning ; its connotation, that which it suggests or implies in addition to its actual meaning. Thus, in the line : "Nor all the drowsy sirups of the world," the denotation of " sirup " is the idea of a thick, viscid, sac- charine solution; the following comment brings out its con- notation :*''-^^\t\i^'' ... is not 'juice,' or 'potion,' or 'es- sence,' or ' extract,' nor anything but that heavy liquid sweetness whose very sluggishness suggests its power in reserve, whose inertness by contrast renders itseasence more quick, and it is redolent of its home in the East." de-note' (de-nof), V. t. ; -not'ed (-nofSd) ; -not'ihg. [L. de- no^are / <7e -f- Tio^ore to mark.] 1. To mark out plainly ; in- dicate. 2. To betoken; signify. — de-note'meilt (-mgnt), n. II d£-none'ment (da-noo'maN ; da'noo/maN'), n. [F., fr. dk- nouer to untie ; d^- (L. dis-) -f- nouer to tie, L. nodus knot.] 1. The unraveling or solving of a plot, esp. the plot of a dramaoraromnnce; catastrophe, 2, Outcome or solution, as of a situation or aimystery. de-nounce' (de-nouns'), v. t. ; -nounoed' (-nounaf); -nounc'- ING (-noun'sTng). [fr. P., fr. L. denuntiare, denunciare ; de -f- nuntiare, nunciare^ to announce, nwntius messenger, message.] 1, To proclaim (esp. an evil) ; of things, to por- tend. Archaic. 2. To threaten by some outward sign or expression. 3. To give notice of the termination of (a treaty, natpre, verdure (87) ; K= etc.). 4. To invoke censure on; stigmatize; accuse; also, to inform against. — de-nounco'iuent (dS-nouns'mSnt), n. — de-nounc'er (de-noun'ser), n. dense (d6ns), a. ; dens'er (dSu'sSr) ; dens'est. [L. densus."] 1. Having its parts crowded together; compact; close. 2. Of ignorance, etc. , impenetrable ; hence, of persons, stupid. — denae'ly, adv. — dense'ness, n. den'sl-ty (dSn'sI-tl), ». / pi. -ties (-tlz). 1. Quality or state of being dense ; — opposed to rarUy. 2. The ratio of mass to bulk or volume ; ratio of the mass of any volume of a substance to the mass of an equal volume of some standard substance, as water, or hydrogen or air. dent (dSnt), n. [var. of dint.] Slight depresaion aa from a blow or pressure ; indentation. — Syn. See dint. ^ v. t. To make a dent on ; indent. — v. i. To become indented. dent, n, [F., fr. L. den^^ dentis^ tooth.] A toothlike notch, as of a card, gear wheel, etc. ; also, in pl.^ the projections between a series of such notches. den'tal (dSn'tSl), a. [L. dens., dentis, tooth.] 1. Pertain- ing to the teeth or to dentistry. 2. Fhon. Articulated with the tip of the tongue applied to the back of the upper front teeth, or to the gum above ; — said of certain conso- nants, as i, d, n.^n. A dental consonant. den'tate (-tat), a. [L. dentaius.'] Having a toothed margin or toothlike projections. den'tl-cle (-tT-k'l), n. [L. denticul^ls.'] A small tooth or projecting point. den-Uc'U-late (dSn-tlk'u-lat) ) a. 1. Havmg den-tic'u-lat'ed (-lafSd) j very small ' toothlike projections, aa a leaf. 2. Arch. Cut into dentils. den-tlc'a-la'tlon (-la'shSn), n. State of being Dentate Leaf, denticulate; also, a diminutive tooth or toothlike projection. den'tl-form (dSn'ti-fdrm), a. [L. dejis^ dentis, tooth -f- form.'] Tooth-shaped. den'tl'frice (-fris), n. [L. dentifricium ; detis, dentis, tooth -\-fricare to rub.] A tooth powder, paste, or wash. den'tll (-til), 71. [F. (16fch century) deniille.'\ Arch. A small rectangular block in a series projecting like teeth, as on the imder side of a cornice. den'tlne (-tin), n. [L. dens^ dentis, tooth.] Anat. A cal- careous material composing the main part of atooth; ivory. den'tl-phone (-tl-f on), n. [L. dens, dentis, tooth -j- -phone.l An instrument which, placed against the teeth, conveys sound to the auditory nerve, to enable the deaf to hear. den'tlst(-tTst), w. [JL. dens, dentis, tooth.'] One whose pro- fession it is to treat the teeth; a dental surgeon. den'tlat-ry (-tTs-trt), n. The art or profession of a dentist. den-tl'tlon (dSn-tish'f^n), n. [L.dentitio,iT. dentire to cut teeth.] 1. The development of teeth ; teething. 2. The number, kind, and arrangement of teeth of an animal. de-nnd'ate (de-niid'at ; dSn'd-dat), a. Bare ; denuded. den'u-date (dSn'u-dat ; de-nud'at), v. t. ; -dat'ed ; dat/jho. To denude. — den^n-da'tlon (dSn'u-da'shMn ; de'nfi-), n. de-nude' (de-nnd'), V. t. ; -nud'ed (-nud'Sd) ; -nud'ing. [L. denudare ; de -f- nudare to denude, nudus naked.] To divest of all covering ; strip ; GeoL, to lay bare, by erosion. de-nun'cl-ate (-nQn'shl-at ; -sT-at), v. t. [L. demmiiaTe, -dare, p. p. -atus. See denounce/] To denounce. de-nnn^cl-a'tlon (-sY-a'shun ; -shlt-a'ahi^n), n. 1. Act of denouncing ; as: a Proclamation. Obs. h Announcement, threat, or warning, as of impending evil, .c Public accu- sation ; arraignment. 2. That by which anything is de- nounced ; a threat of evil ; a public menace or accusation. de-nun'cl-a-tlve (-ntin'shT-a-tIv ; -sT-a-tTv), a. Denunci- atory ; apt to denounce. — de-nun'cl-a-tlve-ly, adv. de-nun'Cl-a'tor (-a'ter), n. One who denounces. de-nun'cl-a-tO-ry (-d-to-rT), a. Pertaining to, character- ized by, or given to, denunciation ; accusing ; threatening. de-ny' (de-ni'), v, t. ; -NiBD' (-nid') ; -nt'ino. [fr. OF., fr. L. denegare; de + negare to deny.] 1. To declare not to be true ; contradict ; — opposed to affirm, allow, or adm/U. 2. To disclaim connection with or responsibility for ; dis- OTfn. 3. To reject aa a false conception. 4. To refuse to grant or gratify, as a request, or one requesting. 6. To refuse (to do, or to accept, something) ; decline. Obs. Syn. Gainsay, dispute, oppose, contest, disprove, over- throw. — Dent, contravene, controvert, repute, confute agree in the idea of opposing by words or arguments. To DENT is to declare to be untrue or untenable; to contravene is in general to run counter to or to conflict with (often by act as well as word) ; aa, to deny a report, contravene a _ _^_ _^ _ I cli in G. icli, ach (50} ; JboN ; yet ; zh ==^z in azui:e ExoTanatloiia^ Abbreviations, Slirnfl, etc, precede " ' " " ' "^ 9 Vocabulary* Numbers refer to j Foreign Word. + combined with* ^ in Guide. =eannl5> DEODAND 194 DEPRAVATION troth. To CONTROVERT is to dispute or oppose ; to hefutb, to disprove or overthrow ; to conputb, to prove (a reason or opinion) to be wrong or false, or to overwhelm and put to silence (an opponent) — all by words or arguments ; as, to controvert a point of law ; to refute a charge, an argument, an opponent ; toc&nfute an error, a sophistry. ^v. i. To declare an assertion untrue. Obs. or JR. de'0-dand (de'fi-dSnd), 71. [fr. LL., fr. L. Deo dandum to be given to God.] A thing to be given or forfeited to God ; Bng. Law^ a thing which having caused the death of a per- son is forfeited to the crown to be applied to pious uses. de'O-dar^ (-darOi n. [native name, fr. Skr. devadaru^ pi'op., timber of the gods.^ An East Indian species of cedar. de-O'dor-lze (de-o'der-Iz), v. t. ; -izbd (-izd) ; -iz'ino (-iz'- Ing). To deprive of odor, esp. offensive odor. — de-O'dor- l-za'tlon (-T-za'shwn ; -i-za'-), n. — de-o'dor-iz'er, n. de-oxl-dlze (-5k'fll-diz), v. t. To deprive of oxygen ; reduce from the state of an oxide. de-palnt' (de-pauf), w. t, [fr. F., fr. L. depingere. See DEFICT.1 To paint; picture ; depict. Obs. or Archaic. de-part'^ (-parf), v. i. [F. dSpariir to divide, se dipartir to depart ; d^ (L. de) -\- partir to part, depart, L. partire^ pariiri^ to divide, pars, partis, part.]' 1. To go forth or away; leave; — opp. to arrive. 2. To pass away; die. 3. To turn aside ; deviate ; — with /ram. — v. t. To leave ; de- part from. Archaic. — n. A departure ; death. Obs. de-part'meilt (-m^nt), n. 1. A part or subdivision. 2. A distinct division or course of something, as of action, study, etc. ; sphere ; province. 3. A subdivision of business or offi- cial duty; esp., a division of governmental administration. 4. A territorial division ; a district, as one under military regulation. — do^part-men'tal (de'part-mSu'tfil), a. de-par'ture (d3-par't^r), n. 1. A departing, or going away ; a setting out or beginning. 2. Death; decease. 3. Devi- ation or abandonment, as from or of a course of action. 4. Distance due east or west made by a ship in its course. de-pas'ture (de-p&s't^), v. t. & i. To pasture ; graze. de-pend' (-pend'), v. i. [fr. F., fr. L. dependere, confused w^hpendei'e to hang, v. t. ; de-\- pendere, petidSre, to hang] . 1. To hang down. 2- To be pending, or undetermined. 3. To rely for support ; to be conditioned or, contingent (fin OTUpon). 4. To trust ; rely {on or upon). 6. To serve; act as a dependent. Obs. Q. To impend. Obs. de-pend'a-ble (-p6n'dd-b*l), a. Trustworthy. de-pend'ant (-d^nt). Var. of dbpbhdbnt. de-pend'ence (-dSns), n. 1. Act or state of depending or hanging; suspension. 2. State of being influenced and de- termined by, or of being conditional on, something else. 3. State of depending ; subjection ; inability to provide for one's self. 4. T^at which depends ; anything attached as subordinate to, or contingent on, something else. 6. Reli- ance; trust. 6. That on which one depends or relies. de-pond'©ii-cy(-dfin-st),w.,- pi. -ciB8(-Btz). 1. Stateof being dependent; dependence. 2. That which depends. 3. A subject territory, esp. a distinct, often remote, province. de-pend'ent (~d^nt), a. 1. Hanging down. 2. Belying on something else for support ; conditioned ; subordinate. de-pend'ent (-dSnt), de-pend'ant (-dSnt), n. 1. That which depends ; dependency. 2. One sustained by another, or relying on another for support or favor. de-plct' (-pTkf ), V. t. [L. depiclus^ p. p. of d^ingere to de- Siot ; de -\-pingere to paint.] 1. To represent by a picture. . To portray, in words ; describe. — de-plc'tlOIl| n. de-pic'tnre (-ts^)i v. t. To picture ; depict. dep'1-late (d5p1-lat), v, t. ; -lat/ed (-lafSd); -lat'ing. [L. depilaius^ p. p. of depilare to depilate ; de -{-pUare to put forth hairs, pilus hair.] To strip of hair. — dOp'l-la'tlOIl (-la'shfin), n. — de-pll'a-to-ry (dt-pYl'd-tft-rT), a. & n. de-plete' (dS-plef), v. t. ; -plet'bd (-plet'gd) ; -plet'ino. [L. deplete to empty out ; de- + plere to fill.] 1. To empty or unload, as the vessels of the body, by bloodletting or by purgatTon. 2. To exhaust, as of strength. — de-ple'tlon (-ple'sh^n), n. — de-ple'tlve (-ttv), a. & n. de-plor'a-ble (-pl3r'd-b'l ; 57), O: Worthy of being de- plored ; lamentable ; sad ; grievous. — de-plor'a-bly, ad.v. de-plore' (de-plor'; 57), v. t. ; -plored' (-plord') ; -plor'ing (-plorTng). [L, deplorare; de + plorare to cry out, la- ment.] To feel or express deep grief for ; lament; mourn. Syn. Deplore, LAMENT, bewail, BEMOAN. To deplore is to regret profoundly. Lament commonly implies a strong or demonstrative expression of Borrow. Bewatl and bemoan imply poignant distress, bewail commonly suggesting louder, oeTTioara, more lugubrious expression of gxiei. de-ploy' (de-ploi'), V. t. iL'Sf-sa (-dat^Sd) ; -dat^- iNO. [L. depraedaius^ p. p. of depraedarito plunder; de -\- praedari to plunder, praeda plunder.] To plunder. — dep^e-da'tor, n. — dep're-da'tlon (-da'shi^n), n. do-pr6SS' (de-prSs'), v. (. [L. depresjiw, p. p. of depHmere; de+i>remflre to press.] 1. To overcome; subjugate; also, to keep down; repress. Obs. 2. To press down; let fall; lower. 3. To lessen the activity, amount, or the like, of ; make dull, as trade, etc. 4. To lower the pitch of, as the voice. 5- To lessen in value or price. 6. Tosadden. — Syn. Sink, lower, abase, cast down, discourage. See oppress. de-pressed' (-prgsf), a. 1. Pressed or forced down; low- ered; sunk; hence, dejected, dispirited, etc. 2. Bot. Verti- cally flattened ; concave on the upper surface. de-ptes'slon (-prSsh't2n), n. 1. Act of depressing; state of being depressed. 2. That which is depressed or is made by depressing, as a hollow. — de-pres'sive (-prSslv), a. de-pres'sor (de-prSs'er), n. One that depresses. dep'ri-va'tion (dBp/rT-va'shlin), n. Act of depriving; state of being deprived ; privation. de-prlve' (de-prlv'), v. t. ; -privbd' (-privd'); -pbiv'ino (-privlng). [L. de-f-privare to bereave, deprive.] 1. To takeaway; destroy. Obs. 2. To dispossess ; bereave; de- bar; divest, as of a title to property, or an office or dignity. — Syn. Strip, despoil, rob, abridge. depth (dSpth), ft. [from deep.] 1. That which is deep; specifically, the watery deep. 2- The innermost part of any- thing; also, the mid time of a dark or cold season. 3. Qual- ity of being deep ; deepness ; also, distance from the point of view, as upward from the surface or backward from the front; as, the depth of the sky; the depth of a body of troops. 4. Profoundness; degree of intensity. 5. Lowness of pitch. dep/U-ta'tion(dgp^u-ta'shi2n), n. 1. Act of deputing ; ap- pointment; delegation. 2. A person or persons deputed to act in one's behalf ; a delegation. 3. An appointment as gamekeeper. Obs. or Hist., Eng. de-pute' (de-puf), V. t.; -put'ed {-put'Sd); -put'ino. [fr. F., fr. L. deputare to esteem, consider, in LL., to allot ; de ■]- putare to set in order, think.] 1. To appoint as deputy ; delegate. 2. To assign as to a deputy. dep'n-tlze (dSp'ft-tiz), v. t. To depute. Chiefly U. S. dep'u-ty (-tt), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. dSpute^ prop. p. p.] 1. One appointed to act for another ; a substitute in office; delegate. 2. A member of a legislative chamber of depu- ties. — Syn. Representative, legate, envoy, agent, factor. de-racl-nate (de-rXsT-nat), v. t. ; -nat'bd (-nafSd) ; -nat/- iNO, [F. tleraciner ; dS- (L. dis-) -f- racine root. ] To pluck up by the roots ; extirpate. Ra/r&. de-rall' (-raK),w. t. [F.dSrailler; dS(L.dis-) -{- mil rail.] To cause to run off the rails. — de-rall'ment (-mSnt), n. de-range' (de-ranj'), t'. t. ,■ -RANGED' (-ranjd'); -rang'ing (-ran'jTng), [fr. F., fr. d^- (L. diji-) + ranger to range.] 1. To disarrange ; disturb. 2. To render insane. — Syn. Disorder, displace, confuse, discompose, ruffle, disconcert. de-ranged' (-ranjd'), p. a. Disordered ; insane. de-range'ment (-ranj'mSnt), n. Act of deranging ; state of being deranged; esp., mental disorder ; insanity. — Syn. Disorder, confusion , lunacy, madness, mama. de-ray' (-ra'), n. [OF. desrei ; des- (L. dis-) + rei order.] Disorder ; esp., disorderly merriment. ArcMic. Der'by (dfir'bl ; in England usually dar'bt , tJie southern Eng- lishpron.)^ n, 1. Acertaiurace (instituted byan Earl of Derby in 1786) for three-year-old horses, run annually at Epsom (near London), England. 2. [I. c] A atifl! felt hat usually with a dome-shaped crown. der'e-llct (dSr'&-ltkt), a. [L. derelictus, p. p. of dereliU' guere to abandon; de -\- relinquere to leave.] 1. Aban- doned by the natural owner or guardian. 2. Unfaithful ; neglectful. Chiefly U. S. — n. 1. Law. a A. thing vol- untarily abandoned, esp. a vessel at sea. b A tract of land left dry by water receding from its bed. 2 ^ A person aban- doned, or without the pale of respectable society. 3. One guilty of unfaithfulness to duty. Chiefly U. S. der'e-lic'tion (-Itk'shi^n), n. l. A forsaking; abandon- ment. 2. A failure in duty. 3. State of being abandoned. de-rlde' (de-rid'), v. t. ; -rid'ed (-rid'Sd); -rid'ino. [L. deridere, derisum; de-\~rldere to laugh.] To laugh at with contempt; mock. — Syn. Insult, taunt, jeer, banter, rally. See ridicule. — de-lld'er (-rid'er) , n. de-rlB'i-bXe (-rlzl-b'l), a. Worthy of derision or scorn. de-rl'Slon (-rlzh'un), n. 1. Act of deriding ; state of being derided; mockery. 2. An object that is derided. — Syn. Scorn, mockery, contempt, insult, ridicule. de-rl'sive (-ri'slv), a. Expressing," or serving for, derision. — de-ri'slve^ly, adv. — de-rl'slve-ness, n. de-ri'SO-ry (de-ri's6-rT), a. Derisive. de-rlT'a-ble (-riv'o-b'l), a. That can be derived. der'l-va'tion (dSr/I-va'shwn), n. 1. Act or process of de- riving anything from a source. 2- That from which a thing is derived; origin; extraction. 3. Philol. Development of a word from its more original or radical elements ; also, a statement of the origin and history of a word. de-riT'a-tlve (de-riv'o-tTv), a. Derived, transmitted, or de- duced ; hence, not radical, original, or fundamental, — n. That which is derived. — de-rlv'a-tive-ly, adv. de-rlve' (-riv'), v. t. ; -RIVED' (-rivd') ; -riv'ing (-riv'Tng). [fr. F., fr. L. derivare; de -f- rivus stie&m, brook.] 1. To receive, as from a source; obtain by descent or transmission; deduce. 2. To trace the origin, descent, or derivation of, as of a word. —v. i. To originate ; proceed. -derm. A suffix signifying skin, integutnenl, covering, fr. Gr. SepfjLa, -arof, akin. der'ma(dfir'md), TC. [see -derm.] ^noi. The sensitive layer of the skin beneath the epidermis. — der'mal (-mSI), a. der^ma-tOl'O-gy (-md-t61'o-jt), n. [Gr. fiep^ta, -aros, skin -f- -logy.'] Science treating of the skin, its structure, func- - tions, and diseases. — der'ma-tOl'0-glst (-jTst), n. der'mls(-mi8),n. Anai. Thcderma. — der'mic (-mTk),a. dern {Scot. dSm), a. [AS. deme, dyme^dieme.'] Hidden; concealed. Archaic or Scot. der'nl-er (dQr'm-er ; F. dSr'nya'), a. [P., fr. OF., fr. LL.- L. de -f- retj-o back, backward.] Last ; final. — || dar'nler' rea-Borf (dSr/nyif re-sftr') fF.], last resort or expedient. der'0-gate (dSr'6-gat), v.t.; -gat'ed (-gat'Sd) ; -gat^ing. [L. derogntus^ p. p. of derogare to derogate ; de -\- rogare to ask, ask the people about a law.] 1. To annul (a law) in part. Obs. or R. 2- To lessen in value, rank, influence, etc. ; detract from ; disparage. — v. i. To take away ; de- tract ; — usually with from. ^ (-gat), a. Derogated. Rare. — der'0-gate-ly, adv. iZare.— der'o-ga'tion(-ga'shGn), n. de-rog'a-tlve (de-r5g'd-tTv), a. Derogatory. de-rog'a-to-ry (-to-rT), a. Tending to derogate ; detract- ing ; — with/rowi, io, or tinio. -— de-rog'a-tO-rMy (-rl-lT), adv. — de-rog'a-to-rl-ness, n. der'rlck (dSr'tk), n. [orig., a gallows or hangman or hanging, from a hangman named Derrick.'] Any of various hoisting apparatus employing a tackle rigged at the end of a spar or beam. _ der'rlng do' (dSr'Tng doo'). Daring ; desperate courage ; — used as an (erroneous) archaism. der'rln-gev(d8r'Tn-j§r), n. [after the American inventor.] A short-barreled pocket pistol, of large caliber. der'vlsh (dfli-'vish), n. [Per dervesh.] A member of any of various Mohammedan orders taking vows of poverty and austerity, and living in monasteries or wandering as friars, des'cant (dSs'kSnt), n. [fr. OF., fr, LL, ; L. dis- -}- canius singing, melody, canere to aing.] 1. Music. The art of composing or singing part music ; the music so composed or sung. 2. The soprano or treble. 3. A discourse formed on its theme, like variations on a musical air ; dissertation . dea-cant' (dSs-kSnf), v. i. To discourse with fullne^^s and particularity ; discourse at large. — Syn. See expatiate. natiire, verdjire (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach -(50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z In azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. £xpUiaatlonB of Abbreviations, Signs, etc., preceoe Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = eauala. DESCEND 196 DESPERATE de-ioend' (de-aSnd'), v. i. [f r. F. , f r. L. descendere, descen- sum ; de + soandere to climb.] 1. To pass or come down from a higher to a lower place, station, scale, etc. ; hence, to pass from a more distant point to one nearer ; — the op- posite of ascend. 2- To make an attack or incursion, eep. suddenly or with violence. 3. To pass from the more gen- eral or important to the particular or less important. 4- To come down to a humbler or lower rank, place, etc. 6. To come down, as from a source or stock ; f aU or pass by inher- itance. — V. t. To go down upon or along. de-SCOXld'ailt(dS-sSn'dSnt), a. Descendeut.^n. One who descends, as offspring, however remotely; — opposed to aft- cestor or ascendant. de-scend'ent (-ddnt), a. 1. Descending ; falling. 2. Pro- ceeding from an ancestor or source. de-SCflnd'1-ble (-dl-b'l), a. 1. That may descend, as an estate. 2. Capable of being descended. de-Bcen'Slon (-sSn'shi^n), n. Descent. Now Rare. de-SCenV (-sSnt^), n. [F. descente^ fr. d!e£ce7»2rg to descend.] 1. Act of descending ; change from higher to lower. 2. Incursion ; sudden attack. 3. Progress downward, as in station, virtue, etc. 4. Derivation, as from an ances- tor; lineage; also, a generation. 5. Law. Transmission of an estate by inheritance. 6. That which is descended ; issue. 7- Inclination downward ; slope ; a descending way. — Syn. Degradation ; extraction ; assault, invasion. de-BOrlb'a-ble (dg-skrlb'd-b'l), a. See -able. de-BOllbe' (-skrib'), v. t. ; -SCRIBED' (-skribd') ; -sceib'ing (-akrlbTng). [L. describere, descriptum ; de -\- scribere to write.] 1. To represent by words written or spoken ; give an account of. 2. To ti-ace or traverse the outline of, as of a circle. 3- By confusion, for descry. — Syn. Set forth, relate, recount, narrate, sketch, express ; depict, portray, delineate, characterize. — de-scrlb'er (-skrib'er), n. do-SOrip'tlon (-skrtp'shi^n), n. 1. Act or result of describ- ing. 2. A class ; kind ; sort. — Syn. Account, relation, narrative, narration, sketch ; definition, delineation, rep- resentation ; kind, sort. — de-scrlp'tlve (-tlv), a. — de- scitp'tlve-ly, adv. — de-Bcrlp'tive-ness, n. do-BCry' (-skri'), V. i. ; -soribd' (-skrid'); -scrt'ing. 1. To spy out or discover by the eye ; espy ; discern. 2- To dis- close. Obs.-^n. Discovery, as of a distant army. Ohs. DeB'de-mo^na (dSz^de-mo'nd), n. See Othello. deB'e-CTate (dSs^-krat), «. t. ; -cRAT/BD (-krat'Sd); -cbat/- nra. [L. dese(^atus^ p. p. of demcrare to consecrate ; but taken in the sense of, to divest of a sacred character; de -(- S(USTare^,Q consecrate, saeer sacred.] To divert from a sacred purpose; violate; profane. — Syn, See profanation. — des^e-cra'tlon (-kra'shwn),?!. — des'e-cra^tor (-kra/ter),?!. d6-S6rt' (de-zQrf), n. [OF. deserie merit, recompense, de- servir to merit. See deserve.] 1. "Worthiness of reward or punishment ; merit or demerit. 2. That which is de- served ; due reward or punishment. Syn. Desert, merit, worth. Desert stresses the idea of something due. Merit suggests more, worth most, of in- trinsic excellence. des'ert (dBz'ert), ». [fr. F., fr. L., fr. desertus solitary, desert, p. p. of deserere to desert ; de + serere to join to- gether.] 1. A deserted region; solitary place. 2. A bar- ren tract almost destitute of moisture and vegetation. Syn. Desert, wilderness. A desert is not only relatively uninhabited, but commonly uninhabitable, through barren- ness. A wilderness is an unreclaimed, but not necessarily irreclaimable, tract of land ; it often suggests pathlessness. dea'ert, a. 1. {pron. de-zQrf). Deserted; forsaken. Archaic. 2. Of or pert, to a desert ; waste ; barren ; wild. de-sert' (dS-zQrt'), v. t. l. Toleave (esp- something which one should stay by) ; abandon. 2. Mil. To abandon (the service) without leave. — Syn. See abandon. — v. i. To abandon a service without leave. — de-sert'er (-zflr'ter), n. de-aer'tlon (-zQr'shzfn), n. 1. Act of deserting. 2. State of being forsaken ; desolation. do-aervo'C-zQrv'), v. t. ; -served' (-zfirvd') ; -serv'ing. [OF. deservir to merit, L. deservire to serve zealously ; de + servire to serve.] To earn by service ; merit ; be entitled to. — V. i. To be worthy of recompense. — de-aerv'er, n. dO-BOrV'ed-ly (-zfir'vSd-lT), adv. According to desert. de-serv1ng (-vTng), n. Desert ; merit, -^p. a. Merito- rious ; worthy. — ae-Berv'lng-ly, adv. deB'Iia-bllle'(dSz'd-bel'), n. See dishabille. dflB'lO-cant (dSst-kSnt ; de-sTk'(£nt), a. Drying ; desicca- tive. — n. Med. An agent for drying up a sore. deB'lo-cate (dSst-kSt), v. t. & i. ; -catted (-kat'Sd) ; -oat^- DTG. [L. deaiccatus^ p. p. of desiccare to dry up ; (fo -|- siccare to dry, siccus dry.] Todry up; preserve by drying, as fish. — des'lc-ca'tlon (dSs'T-ka'shz^u), n. — des'lc-ca-tire (dSsl-ka-tlv; de-sTk'd-tiv), a. & n. — des'ic-ca'tor, n. de-Sld^er-a'ta (de-sTd'er-S'td), n. , pi. of desideratum. de-sld'er-ate (-sid'er-at), v. ^./-at/ed (-afgd); -at'ino. [L. desideratus^ p. p. of desUierare to desire, miss.] To desire | feel tlie want of ; lack. — de-sld'er-a'Uo& (-a'shitn), n. — de-sid'er-a-tlve (-a-tTv), a. <& n. de-sid^er-a'tum (-a'tttm), n. ; pi. -ata (-td). [L.] Any- thing desired or lacking ; a wafit felt and acknowledged. de-Blgn' (-zin'), V. t. [fr. F.,fr. L. da^pnare to designate; de -}- signare to mark, mark out, signum mark.] 1. To intend or purpose; outline, as action. 2. To indicate; show; appoint. Obs. or R. 3. To draw in outline ; sketch. 4. To create or produce, as paintmg; form in idea; project. — v. i. To produce a plan for anything. — n. 1. A plan; an idea intended to be expressed in visible form or carried into action. 2. Purpose, as in adaptation of means to an end; aim ; object. 3- A preliminary sketch of something to be executed, as of a picture; a plan. 4- Arrangement of details, 6. A piece of decorative art considered as to its form, colors, etc. — Syn. Aim, object, end. See intention ; flan. des'ig-nate (dSsTg-nat; dSz'-), v.t.; -nat^ed; -nat/ihg. l.To mark out and make known ; indicate ; show ; specify. 2. To name. — Syn. Denominate, style, entitle, describe- des^ig-na'tlOll(-na'sbi2n),n. 1. Act of designating. 2. That which designates; distinctive title; appellation. 3. Signifi- cation, as of a word. — Syn. See name. — deB'lg-na-tiTO (dSs'ifg-na-tT v; dSz'-), a.&n. — des'ig-na'tor (-na'tSr), n. de-slgn'ed-1^ (de-zin'Sd-li), adv. By design ; purposely. de'Sigll'er(-er), n. 1. One who designs ; a contriver; alsOi a schemer. 2. One who produces original works of art. de-Sign'ing, n. Act or art of one who designs. — a. Plan- ning ; esp., artful ; scheming. — de-Bign'lng-ly, adv. de-Blgn'ment (-mSnt), n. Design or designing. Obs. de-Bir'a-ble (-zir'd-b'l), a. Worthy of desire or longing ; pleasing ; agreeable. — de-sir'a-bU'l-ty (-btll-ti), de- sir'a-ble-nesa, n. — d&-sir'a-bly (-d-blT), adv. de-alre' Cde-zir'),f. <. / -sired' (-zTrd'); -sra'iNG (-zirTng). [fr. F., fr. L. desiderare.'] 1. To long for ; cwvet. 2. To express a wish for ; ask. Syn. Desire, wish, want are arranged in the order of for- mality of use, want being chiefly colloquial. Desire (em- phasizing strength or ardor of feeling) is the stronger term ; WISH (often directed toward the unattainable), the oroader ; want (see lack) often suggests imperiousness of craving or need ; as, he shall have his heart's desire ; I want work. — n. 1, Act of desiring; longing. 2- Anything desired ; an object of longing. — Syn. Craving, inclination, eager- ness, aspiration, longing. — de-Sir'er (-zir'er), n. de-Sir'oaa (-zir't^s), a. Feeling, or characterized by, de- sire ; solicitous ; covetous. de-alst' (-zTsf; -sTst'), v. i. [L. desistere ; de-^sistere to stand, stop, 5iaretostand.] To cease to proceed or act; stop. desk (dSsk), n. A table, frame, or case with a sloping or a flat top for the use of writers or readers. doB'o-late (dgs'o-lat), a. [L. desolatits, p. p. of desolare to leave alone, forsake ; de -\- solare to make lonely, sohis alone.] 1. Destitute or deprived of inhabitants ; deserted; hence, gloomy. 2. Laid waste ; in a ruinous or neglected state. 3. Left alone; forsaken. — Syn. Desert, uninhab- ited, lonely, waste. See solitary. — (-lat), v. t. ; -lathed (-lat^Sd) ; -LATHING. 1. To make desolate; ravage. 2. To forsake ; leave alone. 3. To make joyless or wretched. — dea'o-late-ly, adv. — des'o-late-nesa, n. — des'o-lat'er (-latter), des'O-la'tor (-laaer), n. dea'o-la'tion (-la'shun), n. 1. Act of desolating ; state of being desolated. 2- A place wasted and forsaken. 3- Lone- liness. — Syn. Waste, ruin, destruction, havoc, devasta- tion, ravaee ; sadness, melancholy, gloom, gloominess. de-Bpalr' fde-spfir'), v. i. [fr. OF., fr. L. desperare; de-{- sperare to hope.] To be hopeless ; give up hope. —v. t. To despair of. Obs. — n. 1. Loss of hope ; hopelessness. 2. That which is despaired of, or which causes despair. — Syn. Desperation. See despondency. de-Bpalr'lng, p. a. Feeling or expressing despair ; hope- less. — Syn, See hopeless. — de-spair'lng-ly, adv. dea-patch', des-patcb'er, etc. Yai-s. of dispatch, etc. dea^per-a'do (d6s'per-a'd6), 71. ; pi. -DOBS or -dos (-doz). [OSp. desperado^ p. p.] A reckless criminal or ruffian. des'per-ate (dgs'per-at), a. [L. desperatus, p. p. of de- sperare,. See despair.] 1. Without hope; given to de- ale, sezlate, c&re, ftm, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, dbey, drb, 6dd, B6ft, connect ; use, Unite, um, up, circus, menii ; food, foot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, jjjk ; tbeu, thin; DESPERATELY 197 DETECTION spair. ArchaiG. 2. Beyond or almost beyond hope ; caus- ing despair; past cure, or extremely pi'ecarious. 3. Pro- ceeding from, suggested by, or expressing, despair. — Syn. Despairing, desponding ; rashj headlong, precipitate ; ir- retrievable, forlorn; mad, furious, frantic. See hopeless. — des'per-ate-ly, adv. — des'pei-ate-ness, n. des^per-a'Uon (dSs/per-a'shun), n. Act of despairing ; a giving up of hope ; state of despair ; hopelessness leading to extreme recklessness. — Syn. See despondency. des'pl-ca-ble (dSs'pI-kd-b'l), a. [L. despicabiUs^ fr. de- spicari to despise.] Fit or deserving to be despised; con- temptible. — Syn. Mean, vile, worthless, paltry, sordid, low, base. See contemptible. — des'pl-ca-blyi adv. de-aplsht'. Obs. var. of despite. de-spiSB' (de-epiz'), V. t.; -spised' (-spizd'); -spis'ihg (-spiz'- Tng). [fr. OF., fr. L. despicere^ despectuvi, to despise; de + spicere, specere., to look.] To look down upon with disfavor or contempt; contemn; scorn. Syn. Disregard, slight, scout, spurn.— Despise, contemn, SCORN, disdain. To DESPISE is to regard as mean, petty, or contemptible ; as, to despise meanness, petty adversaries. Contemn is now bookish ; it applies to objects or qualities (rarely to persons) deemed contemptible. Scorn implies quick, indig;nant, or profound contempt ; as, to scorn dis- honorable advantage. Disdain suggests pride and haughti- ness (sometimes unwarrantable),oraversion to what is base. de-Splte' (-splf), n. [OF. despite L despecius contempt, fr. despicere. See despise.] 1. Scorn ; contempt ; malice. 2. An act of insult, malice, or defiance. — v. t. ; -spit'eo (-aplt'gd) ; -sPiT'iNG. 1. To despise. 2. To vex ; annoy; of- fend. Obs.— prep. In spite of ; notwithstanding. — Syn. See notwithstanding. de-splte'ful (-fool), a. Full of despite ; insulting ; mali- cious. — de-splte^fnl-ly, adv. — de-splte'lul-neas, n. des-plt'e-OUS (dSs-pif e-iis), a. [for despitous.'] Feeling or showing despite ; malicious. — des-plt'e-OUS-ly, adv. de-spoil' (de-spoil'), V, i. [fr. OF., fr. L. despoliare, de- spoliatum; de -j- spoliare to strip, rob, spolium spoil.] To strip of belongings ; plunder ; rob ; divest {of). — Syn. Be- reave, rifle. — de-spoU'er, n. — de-spoU'meat, », de-spo/U-a'tlon (-spo'lI-a'shMn), n. Spoliation. do-spOBd' (-sp5nd'), V. i. [L. despondere, -sponsum^ to prom- ise away, give up, lose (courage) ; de-\- spondere to promise solemnly.] To be much disheartened. de-Spond'ence (-spSn'd^ns), n. Despondency. de-spond'en-cy (-dSu-st), n. Loss of hope and cessation of effort; discouragement; depression; dejection. Syn. Despondency, despair, DESPsaATioN. Despondency implies discouragement or depression, due to partial or temporary abandonment of hope; despair denotes utter loss of hope ; desperation, such despair as impels to vio- lent or desperate action. da-spond'ent (-dSnt), a. [L. despoTidens, p. pr.] Marked by, or given to, despondency. — de-spond'ent-ly, adv. de-spond'ing, p. a. Despondent. — de-spond'lng-ly, adv. des'pot (dSs'p5t), n. [fr. F., fr. LL., fr. Gr. Seo-Trdrrjs lord.] An absolute ruler ; autocrat ; now usually, a tyrant. des-pot'lc (dSs-pStlk) ) a. Having the character of, or des-pot'l-cal (-T-kal) f pertaioing to, a despot ; tyranni- cal ; arbitrary. — des-pot'l-cal-ly, adv. 1-cal-ness, n. Syn. Autocratic, despotic, tyrannical, tyrannous. Au- tocratic implies assumption or exercise of absolute power or authority ; it is not necessarily a term of opprobrium. Despotic implies the arbitrary (often imperious) exercise, tyrannical, the abuse, of absolute power. Tyrannous is more often used ot things than of persons. des'pot-lsni (dSs'pSt-Tz'm), n. The power, spirit, princi- ples, or government of a despot ; tyranny; autocracy. de-Bpu'mate (de-spu'mat; dSs'pu-mat), v. t.; -mat-ed (-mat-Sd) ; -mat-ino. [L. despumaius, p. p. of despumare to skim ; de -j- spumare to foam, spuma froth.] To skim. ^ V. i. To throw off impurities in spume or scum. des'qua-mate (dSs'kwa-mat ; de-skwa'mat), v. i. ; -mat'ed (-mat'Sd) ; -mat'ikg. [L. desquamatus^ p. p. of desqua- mare to scale off ; de-\- squama scale.] Med. To peel off in scales. — des^CLUa-ma'tlon (dSs^kwo-ma/shfin), n. des-sert' (dS-zdrf ), n. [F. , fr. desservir to remove from the table, clear the table ; des- (L. dis-) -f- servir to serve.] A service of fniits or sweetmeats, or, in the United States, often of pastry or puddings, at the close of a repast. deECti-na'tlon (d5s/tt-na'shftn), «. 1 Act of destining, or appointing. 2. Purpose for which anj^hing is destined ; ultimate design. 3. The place set for the end of a journey, or to which something it sent. des'tlne (dSs'tTn), v. t. ; -tined (-tind) ; -tin-ino. [fr, F., fr. L. desiinare.] 1. To decree beforehand, as by divine will ; predetermine ; foreordain. 2. To appoint (to) or de- sign (for a given end, use, or purpose). — Syn. Ordain, de- termine, intend, devote, consecrate, doom. des'tl-ny (-tt-ni)_, n.; pi. -nies (-nlz). 1. That to which any person or thing is destined ; lot ; doom. 2. The pre- determined course of events, often conceived as a resistless power or agency; fate. 3. {.cap."] The goddess of des- tiny ; in pL, the three Fates. See fate, n. Syn. Fortune, lot.— Destiny,pate, DOOM. Destiny stresses the idea of what is irrevocable; fatb, the idea of immutable or ruthless, often blind, necessity ; doom, that of final, esp. unhappy or calamitous, award or fate. dea'U-tute (-tut), a. [L. desiitutus^ p. p. of destUuere to set aw^iy, leave alone, forsake , dt-\- siatuere to set.] Be- reft or not in possession (of something needed or desired); lacking. — Syn. See devoid. des'tl-tU'tion (-til'shuu), n. State of being destitute ; lack ; extreme poverty ; utter want. — Syn, See poverty. des'trer (dSs'trer), des'trl-er (dSs'trT-er; dSs-trer'), n. [OF. desirier, fr. L. deztra on the right side, on which the squire led his master's horse.] A war horse. Archaic, de-Stroy' (de-stroi'), v. t. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. L. destruere^ -siructum; de-^- struere\iQ'gi\%M-^,hu\\A.'] 1. Toimbuild; to break up the structure and organic existence of ; de- molish. 2. To kill; slay. 3- To counteract ; nullify. Syn. Destroy, DEMOLISH, annihilate. Destroy is the most general term. That is demolished which had possessed a mass or structure ; that is annihilated which is reduced (really or virtually) to nothing, or of which the collective existence or distinctive form or aspect is destroyed. de-atroy'er (-er), n. One that destroys. de-struct'1-ble (-striik'ti-b'l), a. Liable to destruction. de-StniC'tloil(-shj2n),n. 1. Act of destroying ;demolltion; ruin. 2. State of being destroyed. 3. Adestroyer. — Syn. Overthrow, desolation, extirpation, extinction, devasta- tion, downfall, extermination, havoc. * de-Struc'tiTe (-ttv), a. 1. Causing destruction ; ruinous. 2. Designedortendingtodestroyorclearaway; s^a^destruc- izwe criticism. — Syn. Mortal, deadly, fatal, baleful, perni- cious. — de-struo'tive-ly, adv. — de-struc'tlve-ness, n. des'ue-tude (dSs'we-tud), n, [L. desueiudo, fr. demescere to become disused ; de -|- suescere to become accustomed.] 1. Discontinuance. Obs. 2. State of disuse. des'Ul-tO-ry (dSs'^l-tS-rT), a. [L. desuUorius, fr. desuUor leaper, desilire, desultum,^ to leap down ; de -(- salire to leap.] 1. Jumping, or passing, from one thing to another, without rational connection ; aimless. 2< Being out ol course or by the way ; constituting a digression. — Syn. Rambling, roving, immethodical, discursive, inconstant, unsettled, slight, hasty, loose. See cursory. — des'lll- to-rl-ly (-rt-iT), adv. — dea'ul-to-ri-ness, n. de-tach' (de-tSch'), V. i. [F. dHacher.'] To part ; separate ; disunite ; disengage. — Syn. Sever, disjoin ; withdraw, draw off. — de-tach'a-blll-ty, n. — de-tach'a-ble, a. de-tached' (-tSchf), p. a. Separate ; unconnected. de-tach'ment (-tSch'mSnt), n. 1. Act of detaching ; state of being detached. 2. That which is detached, as troops sent from the main body on special service. de-talF (de-tal' ; de'tal), n. [F. dHail^ f r. dHailler to cut in pieces, tell in detail ; d&- (L. de) -|- lailler to cut.] 1. A minute portion ; particular ; item ; — chiefly in^^. 2. Mil. Act of detailing; also, the person or body detailed. — In detail, item by item; circumstantially. ^ (dS-tal'), v. L 1. To relate in particulars ; report minutely and distinctly. 2. Chiefly Mil. To tell off or appoint for a particular serv- ice, as an officer. de-tain' (de-tan'), v. t. [fr. F., fr. L. detinere, detentum; de -j- ienere to hold.] 1. To keep back ; withhold, as what is due. 2. To restrain from proceeding ; delay. — Syn. Retain; stop, stay, arrest, check, retard, hinder. See delay. — de-taln'er, n. — de-tain'ment, n. de-taln'er, n. [OF. inf. detenir used as a n.] Law. a A keeping in one's possession, esp. of what is another's. 1) A writ authorizing the keeper of a prison to continue to keep a person in custody. de-tect' (-tSkf), V. i. [L. detectusy p. p. of detegere to un- cover, detect ; de + tegere to cover. J 1. To uncover; re- veal, Obs. 2. To discover (something obscure); find out; expose. — de-teot'er, de-tec'tor (-tSk'ter), n. de-tect'a-ble (-tSk'ta-b'l), -1-ble (-tSk'tT-b'l), a. See -able. de-tec'tion (-shi^n), n. A detecting ; state of being detected. nature, verdure (87) ; k = ch in G. ich. ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide, fixplanatlonsor Abbreviations, siffns, etc, precede Vocabulary- I irorel«n Word. -H oombined with. => equals. DETECTIVE 19S DEVICE le-tec'tlve (dS-tSk'tlv), a. l. Fitted for, serving towards, or used for, detection. 2. Relating to, or characteristic of, detectives or detection. •— n. One whose occupation it is to detect concealed matters, as crimes. de-tent^ (-tSnf), n. [F. detente^ fr. ditendre to unbend, re- lax; de- (It. dis-) -\~te7idre to stretch, L. tendere.'] Mech. That which loclu or unlocks a movement, as a pawl. de-ten'tlon (-t6n'shi2n), n. l. Act of detaining; state of being detained. 2. Confinement ; custody. de-ter' (-tfir'), v. t. ; -tbrred' (-tQrd') ; -tzr'sinq. [L. deier- rere ; de + lerrere to frighten, terrify.] To turn aside or dis- courage, or to hinder or prevent by fear. de-terge' (-tflrj), v. t ; -tbrgkd' (-tfirjd'); -tbeo'ing (-tOr'- jTng). [L. detergere^ detersum ; de -f- tergere to wipe olf.] To cleanse ; purge away, as foul matter. — de-ter'gent (-tfir'jSnt), a. tfc n. da-te'rl-0-rate (-te'rl-ft-rat), v. t. <& i.; -RAiyED; -rat/in&. [L. deiei-iorcUus, p. p. of det&riorare to deteriorate, deterior worao.] To make or grow worse ; impair ; degenerate. de-te'rl-O-ra'tlon (-rS'sh^n), n. Act or process of deteriorat- ing, or state of being deteriorated. Syn. Degradation, debasement, declension, decline, per- version, decay.— Dbteeioration, dbgbnbration, decadbnce agree in the idea of becoming worse. Deterioration im- plies impairment of quality, character, or value. Dboen- EBATioN suggests decleusion from a higher to a lower type or kind. Decadehcb implies a falling away in excellence. de-ter'meut (-tOr'mSnt), n. A deterring ; that which deters. de-ter'ml-na-ble (-mt-no-bUJ, a. 1. Capable of being de- termined, or definitely ascertained. 2. Terminable. de-ter'mi-nant (-n^nt), n. That which determines. dO'ter'ml-nate (-nat), a. [L. detemimatics, p. p. See de- TBRMiME.] 1. Having defined limits ; fixed, as by a rule ; establislied ; definite. 2. Conclusive; decisive. — determi- nate Inflorescence, Boi., a form of infiorescence in which the primary^s well as each secondary, axis is terminated by a nower. The cyme is the principal type, and the direction • of development is from center to circumference. — de- ter'ml-nate-ly, adv. — de-ter'ml-nate-nesB, n. de-ter'ml-na'tion (-na'sh^n), n. 1. Act of determining ; state of being determined. 2. The quality of mind which readily reaches definite conclusions. — Syn. Conclusion; delimitation, classification ; resolution. See decision. de-ter'ml-na-tlve (-tflr'mt-na-tlv), a. Having power or tendency to determine. — de-ter'ml-na-tlve-ness, n. de-ter'mlne (-min), v. t, ; -mined (-mtnd) ; -min-ing. [fr. F., fr. L. deierminarej delermincUum ; de + termina7'e to limit, terminus limit.] 1. To fix the boundaries or limit of ; limit ; bound. 2. To bring to a conclusion ; settle by authoritative or judicial sentence ; decide, as a legal case. 3- To resolve or to cause to resolve ; have, or cause to come to, a conclusion or decision; decide definitely. 4. To fix theformorcharacterof beforehand; ordain. 6- Toimpel; give direction or impulse to. 6- To obtain knowledge of as to character, location, quantity, etc. ; as, to determine the exact place.— V. i. To come to a decision ; decide; resolve. de-ter'mlned (-mlnd),^. a. Decided ; resolute. de-ter'rent (-tSr'gnt; -tfir^nt), a. Serving to deter.— n. That which deters or prevents. — de-ter'rence (-Sns), n. de-ter'Slve {-tflr'stv), a. & n. Detergent. d6-test' (-tSsf), V. t. [li. detestare^ aetesiaium^ and detes- tari^ to curse while calling a deity to witness, execrate, de- test ; de -\- testari to be a witness, testis witness.] To hate intensely; abhor; abominate; loathe. — Syn. See hate. de-test'a-ble (-tSs'td-b'l), a Worthy of being detested ; abominable ; odious. — Syn. Hateful, execrable, abhorred. — de-test'a-bll'l-ty (-td-btl'!-tr), de-test'a-ble-ness, n. — de-test'ably, adv. de'tes-ta'tlon (de^tSs-ta'shtJn ; dSt^Ss-), n. 1. Act or feel- ing of detesting ; loathing. 2- That which is detested. de-throne' (de-thron'),^. ^; -throned' (-thrond') ; -thron'- iNG. To depose from a throne. — de-throne'ment, n. det'1-nue (dSt'I-nu), n. [fr. OF., fr. detenir to detain.] Law. Detention of something due. det'O-nate (dSfo-nSt ; de'td-), V. i. & t. / -nat^ed (-naVSd) ; -HAT'iNo. [L. detonare^ v. i., to thunder down ; de + to- nare to thunder.] To explode with a sudden report. — det'o-na'tlon (-na'shSn), n. — det'o-na^tor (-nifter), n. de-tOUI' (de-toor'), or \\ H.&Xwa' (da/toor'), n. [F. dHour^ St. dStoilmer to turn aside ; dS- (L. dw-) + toumer to turn.] A turning; deviation from a direct course. de-tract' (dS-tr5kf ), v. t. [L. detractus^ p. p. of detrah^e to detract ; de + trahere to draw.] 1. To withdraw ; sub- tract. 2. To take credit or reputation from; defame. — Syn. Derogate, disparage, depreciate, asperse, vilify, tra- duce. — V. i. To take away a part or something, esp. from one's credit or reputation ; to derogate. de-trao'tlon (de-trSk'shun), n. Atakingaway or withdraw- ing ; esp., a taking away from the reputation of another; de- preciation ; calumny. — Syn, Disparagement, derogation ; slander, libel, aspersion, defamation, censure. de-trac'Uve (-tlv), a. Tending to detract ; defamatory. de-trac'tor (-ter), n. One who detracts. det'ri-ment (dSfri-mgnt), n. [L. detrimentum^ fr. dete- rei-e, detritum, to rub away ; de -\- terere to rub.] Injury or damage, or that which causes it ; mischief ; harm. — Syn. Loss, damage, disadvantage, prejudice. dei'rl-men'tal (-mSn'tai), a. Hurtful or harmful. — Syn. Injurious, prejudicial, disadvantageous, mischievous, per- nicious. — deVri-men'tal-ly) adv. de-tri'tion (de-trisli'fin), n. A rubbing ofi" or away. de-tri'tUS (-tri'tfts), n. [L., a rubbing away.] 1. Geol Alluvial material worn off from solid bodies. ^2. Hence : Any product of disintegration. — de-tri'tal (de-tri'tal), a, de-tnm'cate (-trKij'kat), v. t. ; -cat-ed ; -cat-ing. [L. de- truncaiuSj p. p., deriv. ofde -\- truncare to maim, cut off.] To shorten by cutting ; lop off. — de'tiun-ca'tlon, n. Deu-ca'll-on and Pyr'rha (dfi-ka'li-5n, pTr'd). [L. Deu- cation^ fr. Gr. 6.evKa\itav ; L. Pyrrka^ fr. Gr. Ilvppa.] Class. Myth. A king and queen of Thessaly, the only hu- man pair that survived a great deluge sent by Zeus. They fioated in a ship for nine days, came to rest on a mountain, and, in obedience to an oracle, cast behind them stones from which sprang men and women. deuce (dus),». [fr. F., fr. L. duos^ ace. of duo.] 1. Two; a card or a die with two spots. 2- A certain tie score in lawn tennis. 3. [Prob. fr. deuce, two at dice as the lowest throw.] Bad luck ; the devil ; — an expletive. deuce ace. A throw, with two dice, of deuce and ace ; hence, this being a low throw, bad luck. deu^ter-Og'a-my (du'ter-Sg'd-mi), n. [Gr. Sevrepoyajuia; devrepos second -|^ yajuo^ marriage.] A second marriage, after the death of the first spouse. Deu^ter-on'C-my ("3n'6-mT), n. [Gr. ^evrepovoinov ; Set!- repor second -|- votio^ law.] The fifth book of the Fenta^ teuch, which contains a repetition of the law of Moses. dev'aa-tate (dSv'ds-tat), v. t. ; -tat'bd (-tat'6d) ; -tat'ino. [L. devastatusy p. p. of devastare to devastate ; de -\-vastart to lay waste, vastus waste.] To lay waste ; desolate. — . Syn. Waste, demolish, plunder, pillage. See ravage. — dev^as-ta'tlcn (-ta'shfin), n. — dev'as-ta^tor (-ta'ter), n. de-vel'Op (de-vSl'Sp), v. t. ; -oped (-3pt) ; -op-ing. [fr. F. & OF., fr. des- (L. dis-) + OF. voloper to wrap.] 1. To lay open or unfold by degrees or in detail ; disclose ; re- veal ; discover. 2. To unfold more completely ; evolve the possibilities of ; make active (something latent) ; as, to de- vel(^ our resources. 3- To form or expand by or as by a process of growth ; as, to develop the mind. 4. Phoiog. To subject to the action of chemical agents to bring out the latent image on a sensitized surface ; also, to render visible in this way. — Syn. Uncover ; promote, project ; exhibit. ^ V. i. 1. To advance to a more complex form ; evolve. 2. To become apparent gradually, as a photographic image. — de- vel'op-a-ble, a. — de-yel'op-er, n. de-Vel'op-meOt (-mSnt), n. Act of developing ; also, re- sult of developing, or a developed state ; as, the develop- ment of a plan, of an animal from embryo to maturity, of a musical theme, etc. — de-verop-men'tal (-mSn'tai), a. de-vest' (-vSsf), V. t. [L. devestire ; de -}- vestire to dress.] To undress ; hence, to divest ; strip. 06s. de'Vl-ate (dS'vT-at), v. i. ; -at^ed (af Sd) ; -at'iho. [L. de- viare to deviate ; rfe -|- viare to go, travel, via way.] To turn aside, as from a course or method ; stray ; err ; digress. — Syn. Wander, depart, diverge, deflect, swerve, veer. — deM-a'tlon (-a'shwu), n. — de'vi-a'tor (-a'ter), n. de-Vloe' (de-vis'), n. [fr. OF. devis division, plan, wish, difference. Confused witli ME. devise^ fr. OF. devise. Both F. words are fr. deviser. SeeoBviSE, ». i.] 1. Thatwhichia devised, or formed by design ; contrivance ; scheme ; often, a scheme to deceive ; stratagem. 2- An emblematic de- sign, esp. one used as a heraldic bearing. 3. Will ; desire. Obs. , except in phrases ; as, left to his own devices. 4. Act or power of devising ; invention. Syn, Design, project, expedient, shift ; tool, instrument, adjunct. — Device, contbivancb, appliance. Device im- ale, Benate, cftre, &in, account, iirm, ask, sofa; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker; ice, £11 ; old, Abey, drb, 6dd, 85ft, cSnnect; use, fUiite, iim, tip, circds, menii; fdod, fdbt; out, oil; chair; ^o ; sine, iigk; tben, thin; DEVIL 199 DHOLE Devilfish, 1. plies ingenuity or cleTerness of invention ; contbivanoe, rather skill in adapting means to end ; affliance, utility for a given purpose. Device and (less often) conlHvance may be used in a bad sense. dev'U (dSv"l), n. [AS. d&ofol, dioful, fr. L. diabolus, Gr. 5ba^oAo9, lit., slanderer, fr. Sta^aAA,E(.f to slander, orig., to throw across ; 6ta across -|- ^^iAA.etl' to throw.] X. [cap. or L c] In Jewish and Ghristian theology, the personal supreme spirit of evil and unrighteousness. 2. A lesser evil or malignant spirit; malignant fiend ; demon. 3- A malignantly wicked person; a human fiend. 4. Jocosely or familiarly, a dashing, reckless person. 6. A wretched fellow; — usually with poor. 6. Used as an oath, impreca- tion, or expletive. 7- A dish broiled and very highly sea- soned. 8. Any of various machines, as one for tearing or grinding something, as stock for paper. 9. A moving col- umn of dust or sand. India. -^ v. t. ; -iled (-'Id) or -illbd; -iL-iNG (-'1-Tng) or -iL-LiNG. 1. To season highly in cooking. 2. To treat in a devil, as rags in making shoddy. deVll-flsll' (-fish'), n. (see plural.) 1. Any of several large rays of warm seas. 2.Auoc< topus. dev'll-lsh, a. Resembling, characteristic of, or pert, to, the Devil; diabolical. — Syii. Inlfni-'i hellish, Satanic, ivuked, uiu, licious, detestable. See fiend- ish. — adv. Excessively ; ex- tremely. Colloq. — deT'll-lsli-Iy,a- tion or tact. Deft adds to derterouf! the implication of neat- ness, esp. in manipulation. Whilerft^Ms rarely figurative, clever has almost wholly transferred its senseof readiness, quickness, from the hand to the head, but often suggests Eibsence of the higher organizing or creative powers. dex'tral (-trftl), a. 1. Right, as opposed to sinistral, or left. 2. Of omens, favorable ; auspicious. — dex'tral-ly, adv. dex'trin (-trTn),n. Also -trine. A dextrorotatory gummy substance formed from starch by heat, acids, or ferments, used as a substitute for gums, for sizing, etc. dex'trO'glu'cose (-trS-gloo'kos ; 86), n. [L. dexter right ~\- glucose.^ Chem. Ordinary glucose. . ~ "^ dex'tro-ro'ta-to-ry (-tro-ro'td-to-rl), a. [L. 1 dezter right -j-E. rotatory."] Turning to the right, or clockwise ; esp., turning the plane of polarization of luminous rays to the right. dex'trorse' (dSks'trdrs'; dSks-tr8rs'), a. [fr. < L., fr. dexter right + versus, p. p., turned.] k Twining in a spiral from left to right, as the\ stem of the morning-glory. — dex-tror'sal (dSks-trSr'sitl), a. — dex'trorse'ly, adv. _ dex'trose (dSks'tros), n. Dextroglucose. Dextrorse Stem dex'trous (-trSs), a., dex'trona-Iy, otfv., of Morning- dex'trous-ness, n. = dexterous, etc. Eioi*y- day (da), n. [Turk. <2ai', orig., amaternal uncle.] 1. Thegov- emor of Algiers (before the French conquest in 1830). 2. A ruler or pasha of Tunis or Tripoli, as in the 16th century. dhole (dol), n. A wild dog of In(^a, which hunts in packs. natiire, ver^nre (87) ; k= ch in G- ich, ach (50J ; bow ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to § ^UpluDatlona of Abbreviations, Slfpis, eto.* precede Vocabulary. || f orelgu Word* + oomblued with. in Guide. = eaaals. DHOW 200 DIAPHRAGMATIC dhow (dou), n. A form of lateen-rigged vessel of the Orient. It usually has a long overhang forward, a high poop, and open waist. dl-(di-). [Gr. fit? twice.] A prefix, signifying twofold, double, twice. dl-. A prefix denoting separation or reversal. See dis-. ai'a- (di'd-), dl". [Gr. 8td through ; orig., di- viding into two parts.] A prefix denoting through ; also, between^ apart, asunder, across. di^a-be'tes(-be'tez; colloq. -tis), n. [Gr.fita- |3^T7)?, f r. SiajSaif cic to pass through.] A dis- """ " ■ ease attended with a persistent, excessive discharge of urine. — di'a-bet'icC-bgt'ik; -be'tik), a. tScn. dl-aa>le-rie (dl-U'ble-rT ; F. dyA'ble-re'), »- Also dl-ab'- ler-y (dl-SWIer-t). [F.] Sorcery ; diabolical deeds ; mis- chief ; also, lore of devils. dl'a-boVlG (di'd-bSl'tk) I a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. StajSoAiKos. dl^a-bol'l-cal (-T-kSl) ] See devil.] l. Of or pertaining to the Devil or devils. 2. Appropriate to devils ; devilish. — Syn. See fiendish. — dl^a-bol'l-cal-ly, a(2v. dl-ac'0-nal (dl-Sk'd-ntll), a. Of or pert, to a deacon. dl-ac'o-nate (-nat), n. _Offlce of a deacon ; a body of deacons. dl'a-coiis'tics (di^d-koos'tiks ; -kous'tiks), n. [<2i-, dia- ~\- acoitstics,^ Science treating of sound as affected by dif- ferent mediums. — di^a-COUS'tlc, a. dl'a-crit'lc (-krltlk), a. [Gr. StoKptTtKoy, fr. Siaxpiveiv to distinguish ; 2ia -f- KpLveiv to separate.] Diacritical. ^n. A diacritical mark or point. dl'a-crit'1-cal (-i-kSl), a. Serving to separate or distin- guish, as a point or sign applied to a letter to distinguish it in form or sound. — dl^a-crlt'1-cal-ly, adv. dl'a-dem (di'ii-dSm), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. SidSij/Lto, fr. BiaSelv to bind round ; Sia through, across -|- Se^f to bind.] 1. A crown ; specifically, an ornamental headband or fillet worn by Eastern monarchs. 2- Regal power or dignity. dl-Eer'e-sls, dl-er'e-sls (dl-Sr'e-sts, or, esp. in Britishusage, dl-e're-sTs), n, ;pl. -bses (-sez). [fr. L., fr. Gr. Staipetrts, fr. fitaipeiv to divide ; 5ta + aipelv to take.] X. Gram. The resolution of one syllable into two, esp. by separating a diphthong into its component vowels. 2. A mark, consist- ing of two dots [• ■], placed over a vowel to indicate its pro- nunciation in a separate syllable, as in zoology. dl^ag-nose' (di'Sg-nos' ; -noz'), v. t. & i. ; -nosed' (-nosf ; -nozd'} ; -nos'ihg. To ascertain by, or to make, a diagnosis. dl'as-no'SlS (-no'sTs), n. ; pi. -noses (-sez). [Gr. Siayva- (Tt;, fr. Siayiyfuia-KeLv to distinguish ; Slo. -\- yiyvfatTK^iv to know.] 1. Art or act of recognizing disease from its symptoms. 2. Scientific determination ; critical scrutiny, or judgment based on it. — di'ag-nOB'tiC (-nSs'tik), a. (fc n. dl-ag'O-Iial (di-Sg'd-ntil), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. Biaytavio^ from an^le to angle; Si-d ftixoxx^Yi -\- yutvia angle.] 1. Qeom. Joining two not adjacent vertices of a recti- linear or polyhedral figure ; running across from corner to corner. 2. Having an ob- lique direction or extension. 3. Having diagonal parts or markings. — n. 1. A diagonal right line or plane. 2. A diagonal " Diagonal, 1. direction, row, or arrangement, or a part of a structure placed diagonally. — dl-ag'O-nal-ly, adv. ^'a-gram (di'd-gr3!m), n. [Gr. Siaypaju-jua, fr. &iayp6.^€iv to mark out by lines ; 5i6. through -j- ypd^Eiv to draw.] 1. A line drawing, as for scientific purposes. 2. Any graphic representation ; a scheme, chart, or plan. — v. t. ; -GBAMED (-grSmd) or -gsammed ; -oram^ing or -grau^ming. To represent by, or put into the form of, a diagram. — dl'a-eiam-mat'lc (-grS-mStIk), -matl-cal (-T-kSi), a. dl'al (di'ai), n. [LL. dialis daily, L. dies day.] 1. An instrument for showing the time of day by the shadow of astyle, orgnomon; eBp.,asundial. 2. Any timepiece. Obs. 3. The graduated face of a timepiece. 4. A plate or face having a pointer or pointers for indicating something ; as, the dial of a steam gauge. — v. t. ; di'aled (-ftld) or di'- alled; -al-ikg or -al-ung. To measure with a dial. dl'a-lect (di'd-lgkt) , n. [f r. F. , f r. L. , f r. Gr, StdAeicTo?, f r. fitoAeyeo-dat to converse. See dialosub.] 1. Language ; tongue ; phraseology. 2- Aformof speech marked by locf^ peculiarities; esp. , a local form of a language dift'ering from the standard, or literary, form. 3. The cant or jargon of a class, profession, trade, or the like. — Syn. Idiom, patois, vernacular; speech. — dt'a-lec'tal (di/o-lSk'tffil), a. — dl'a- lec'tal-ly, adv. dl'a-lec'Uc (-ISk'tTk) 1 a. 1. Pert, to dialectics ; logical. di/a-lec'tl-cal (-ti-kai) J 2. Pertainingto, or of the nature of, a dialect. — dl'a-lec'tl-caMy, adv. dl'a-lec-tl'clan (-l5k-tTsh'an), n. One versed in dialectics. di^a-lec'tics (-ISk'tTks), n. That branch of logic which teaches the rules and modes of reasoning; systematic analysis of conceptions to develop what is implied in them, dl'al-ing, dl'al-lblg (di'fil-Tng), n. Art of constructing dials ; science treating of measuring time by dials. dl-al'0-gist (di-Sl'o-jist), n. 1. One who participates in a dialogue. 2. A writer of dialogues. dl'a-logue (di'd-15g), «. Also, ReJ. Sp., di'a-log. [F., fr. L., fr. Gr. 5c.d\oYo$,fr. SioAiyecreai to converse ; Sia + Ae- yetv to speak.] 1. A written composition representing two or more persons as conversing or reasoning; as, Plato's 2)ia- logues. 2. A colloquy or conversation between two or more. iU-al'y-Sis (di-aia-sTs), n. ; pi. -seb (-sez). [L., separa- tion, deriv. of Gr. Sid through + Atietv to loose.] Disso- lution; separation. — di'a-lyt'lc (di'd-lifik), a. dl'a-mag-net'lc (-mSg-nStrfk), a. Physics. Possessing, or pert, to, the property of being repelled by a magnet and of tending to take a position at right angles to the lines of force in a magnetic field, as is the case with bismuth. — n. A diamagnetic substance. — dl'a-mag'liet-isill, n. dl-am'e-tor (di-Sm'e-ter), n. [f r. F. , fr. L., fr. Gr. fitd/ierpo?; fitd + fi-erpov measure.] 1. Geom. Any chord passing through the center of a figure or body. 2. The length of a straight line tbrough the center of an object from side to side ; width ; thickness. — dl-ain'e-tral (-tral), a. dl^a-met'ric (di/d-mSt'rik), a. 1. Of or pert, to, or being, a diameter. 2. As remote as possible ; opposite ; adverse. — dl^a-met'rl-cal (-ri-kai), a. — dl^a-met'rl-cal-ly, adv. dl'a-mond (cn'd-mi^nd), n. [fr. F., fr. L. adama^ steel, dia- mond, Gr. aSdjuac] 1. Native crystallized carbon, highly valued as a precious stone when transparent and free a from flaws ; also, apiece of this material. 2- A plane /\ figure formed by four equal straight lines bounding / \ twoacuteandtwoobtuseangles;alozenge. 3. Play- N. / ing Cards. A red lozenge stamped on a card ; a card, \ / or {inpl.) the suit, so marked. 4. Baseball. Thein- V field. 6. Print. SeoTYPE. — dl'a-mond-ed, a. Dia- Dl-ail'a(di-5n'd;j&. dl-a'n(z),n. [L.] JRomanRelig. mond, An ancient Italian goddess worshiped as a deity of ^• the wood and as helper of women iu childbirth . Dianabecame identified with Artemis, and like her was represented as a huntress, and associated with the moon. — Diana of Ephesos, the tutelary goddess of ancient Enbesus, primarily a fertil- ity goddess, but identified with the Roman Diana. dl''a'pa'SOIl (di^d-pa'zSn), n. [L., fr. Gr. Sian-ao-ui' ; 5td through -f- iraa-tDv, gen. pi. of n-ds all.] Music, a A part sounding the consonance of the octave ; concord ; harmony. b The entire compass of tones, c Either of the two chief foundation stops in the organ, — the open diapason and the stopped diapason. di'a-per (di'd-per), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL. diasprus."] 1, A fabric of linen, cotton, or the like, usually white and of simple pattern ; also, the pattern of this fabric, consisting of the repetition of one or more units of design. 2. a A towel or napkin for wiping the hands, etc. Archaic, b A cloth for an infant's breech. ^ v. t. To ornament with fig- ures, etc., in the diaper pattern, as cloth in weaving. dl-aph'a-nous (di-Sf'd-ni!s), a. [Gr. Sia^airq?, deriv. of Sid -j- ^atVetv to show.] Translucent or transparent. — Syn. See TRANSPARENT. — dFa-pha-iie'l-ty (dl'd-fa-ne^-tT), n. di'a-phO-re'SiS (di'd-fo-re'sTs), n. [L., fr. Gr. &La^6pi}ice. (-miz). [Gr. SixoTOfJiia ; St^t* in two -|- TefLveiv to cut.] Division into two subordinate parts ; hence, a cutting in two i a division. — dl-Chot'O-moUB (-mws), a. — dl-chot'- o-moDB-ly, adv. dl'ohro-Iaia(di'krfe-iz'm), n. [Gr. fit'xpoos two-colored ; St- = fii5 twice -f- XP^°- color.] Crystallography. The prop- erty of presenting different colors in two dififerent direc- tions by transmitted light. — dl-chro'lc (di-kr3'Yk), a. dl'chro-mat'lc (di'kro-mSt'Tk), a. Having two colors. dieting (dis'Ing), n. Playing or gambling with dice. dlok'ena (dTk'Snz ; 24), n. or interf. The devil ; the deuce; — a euphemism. dlck'«r(-er),v.i.£J&(. Tobarter. U.S.—n. A chaffering, barter, or exchange, of small wares. U. S. dlck''ey \ (-T), »,; pi. -ets, -ms (-Iz). l. Any of various arti- dlok'y J cles of clothing, as a false shirt front or a shirt collar. 2. Any of various animals, as a donkey or a small bird. 3- In a carriage : a A seat for the driver, b A seat at the back for servants, dl-GOty-le'don (di-kSf I-le'dSn), n. A plant with two cot- yledons. — dl-GOt^y-le'don-ons (-le'dttn-iis ; -ISd'wn-fis), a. dictate (dTk'tat; dIk-tatO, v. t.; -tat-ed (-tat-5d; -tat'- Ed) ; -TAT-iNG. [L. dictatus, p. p. of dictare, freq. of di- cere to say.] 1. To tell or utter so that another may write down, 2. To utter authoritatively; deliver (a com- mand) to a subordinate ; declare with authority ; impose. — Syn. Prescribe, enjoin, command. — v. i. To practice dictation. — (dTk'tat), n. A statement delivered with au- thority; an authoritative rule or principle ; a command. Syn. Dictate, dictum. A dictate is an authoritative rule, prescription, or injunction ; as, the dictate of utility ; the dictates of conscience. A dictum is a brief remark ex- pressing a judgment or opinion dogmaticalls^ ; the word ofteu suggests a casual judgment or a mere opinion, dlc-ta'tion(dtk-ta'shun),n. 1. Act of dictating. 2. That which is dictated. dlc-ta'tor (-ter), n. 1. One exercising absolute authority in government, esp. in a republic. 2. Hence, one vested with supreme authority in any line. — dlc-ta'tor-sUp, n. dlc'ta-to'ri-al (dik'td-to'rt-ai ; 57), a. Pert, or suited to, or characteristic of, a dictator. — dlc'ta-to'll-al-ly, ddv. Syn. Autocratic, peremptory, domineering; positive, cat- egorical,pragmatic.—DiCTATORiAL,DoaMATic, OPINIONATED. Dictatorial suggests a tendency to imperiousness ; as, a dictatorial manner or tone. One is dogmatic who is un- duly, often offensively, positive in expression of opinion ; one is opinionated wno is obstinately tenacious of one's own views ; as, dogmatic assertions ; an opinionated bore. dlc'tlon (dik'shwn), n. [L. dictio saying, word, fr. dicere^ diciurrif to say.] Choice of words for expression of ideas; mode of verbal expression ; as, Milton's lawless diction. Syn. Diction, phraseolooy, style. Diction applies to words, esp. as selected to express ideas. Phraseology ap- plies to words in their grouping or arrangement^ or (within narrower limits than style) to a peculiar or particular man- ner of expression. Style applies to expression as individual or characteristic, or as having high artistic distinction. dlc'tlon-a-ry t-a-rT), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). [LL. dictionarium. See diction.] A book containing the words of ,a language, or of any system or province of knowledge, usually ar- ranged alphabetically, with their meanings ; a lexicon. dic'to-grapb. (dtk'to-gr^f ), n. A telephonic instrument in which a sound-magnifying device replaces the ordinary mouthpiece. A trade name. dlc'tum (-twm), n. ; pi. L. -ta (-td), E. -tums (-tfimz). [L., neuter of dictus, p. p., said.] An authoritative statement ; dogmatic saying ; Law, a judicial opinion on a point im- material to the matter being decided. — Syn. See dictate, did (dtd), pret. of do. di-dac'tlC (dt-dSk'tik ; dl-) ) a. [Gr. StSaKTtKos, fr. fitfid- dl-dao'tl-cal (-dfik'ti-kdl) ) a-Kciv to teach.] Fitted or in- tended to teach ; instructive. — dl-dac'tl-cal-ly, adv. dl-dac'tl-clsm (-tY-stz'm), n. Didactic method or system. dl-dac'tlcs (-tiks), n. (see -los.) Art or science of teaching. did'dle (dld''l), v. i. ; -dled (-'Id) ; -dling (-ITng). To move jerkily up and down or back and forth. Collog. or Died. dld'dle, V. t. & i. Collog. or Dial. 1. To cheat ; swindle. 2. To waste (time). — dld'dler (drd'ler), n. Di'dO(dl'do), n. [L.,fr.Gr.At5w.] Class. Myth. ATyrian princess, reputed founder and queen of Carthage. In Vergil's iBneid, she entertains ^neas and his followers, falls in love with him, and on his desertion kills herself. didst (dtdst). The 2d pers. sing. pret. of do. Dld'y-mus (dtd'T-mus), n. In the Bible, a surname of the apostle Thomas. See John xi. 16, xx. 24, xxi. 2. die l.di), V. i. ; pret. & p. p. died (did) ; p. pr. & vh. n. dt'- iNG (dilng). [ME. deyen, dien, of Scand. origin.] 1. To . suffer a total and irreparable loss of action of the vitsd functions ; become dead ; perish ; — said of any living or- ganism. 2. To suffer death ; undergo the process of dying. 3. To suffer the pains of or as of death. 4. To pass out of existence ; cease. 5. To sink, faint, or pine away ; lan- guish. — Syn. Expire, decease, depart, vanish. die (di), n. ; pl.^ in senses 1 and (usually) 2 and (rarely) 3, DICE (dis) ; in4 & 5, dies (diz). [F, d^, fr. L. datus given, thrown, p. p. of dare to give, throw.] 1. One of the small cubes used in gaming. 2. Any small cubical body. 3. That which is, or might be, determined by a throw of the die ; chance. 4. Arch. A dado of a pedestal. 6. Mech. A metal block or plate (often one of a pair) so shaped as to give a certain desired form or shape to an object by pres- sure or a blow, as in forging, coining, etc. dl-e'clous, dle'cious-Iy. vars. of dkecioub, digsciouslt. dl-er'e-sls (di-gr'e-sTs). Var, of dleresis. II dl'es (dl'ez), n. sing. & pi- [L.] Day. Dl'es I'raa (i're) [L., day oi wrath], a famous Latin hymn on the Day ot Judgment. It is sung in Masses for the dead.— dleg non (nfin) or^ rai'elu, in full^ dl'es non Ja-ri'dl-cos (joo- rld'I-kHs) fL.], Z,a(r, a day on which the business of courts cannot be lawfully carried on. dle'SllUCer (di'sTijk/er), n. An engraver of dies. dl'et (di'St), n. [fr. E., fr. L. dtaeta^ fr. Gr. Siana manner of living.] 1. Course of living or nourishment ; also, what is eaten and drunk habitually ; fare. 2. A course of food selected with reference to a particular state of health ; pre- scribed regimen. — v. i. & i. To cause to eat and drink, or to eat and drink, sparingly or by prescribed rules. nature, ver4jire (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zb = ISxplanatloDs of Abbreviations. SlirnB* etc* precede Vooabulai7< U = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Forelsu Word* 4- oomblaed with. = eanolfc DIET 202 DIGITATE dl'et (di'St), n. [fr. F., fr. LL. dieta, diaeta^ aaaembly, day's journey ; the same word as diet course of livings but with the seuse changed byL. dies day.] 1. A day set, as for a meeting or appearance ; also^ a session or sitting. Scot. 2. A formal public assembly ; — used specif, as the English name for vu-ious national or local assemblies, as for that of the kingdom of Prussia, for the great formal assembly of counselors of the Holy Roman Empire, etc. dl'et-a-ry (-a-rl), a. Pertaining to diet, or to the rules of diet. — n. ; pi. -eies (-rlz). A rule of, or a treatise on, diet; also, a fixed allowance of food, as in a workhouse. di'et-er (-er), n. One who diets. di^e-tet'lc (di/e-tSt'tk) l a. Of or pertaining to diet ; diet- dl'e-tetl-cal (T-kSl) f ary. — dl'e-tet'1-cal-ly, adu. dl'e-tet'lcs (-Iks), n. Medical or hygienic art relating to diet. differ (dif 'er), u. i. [f r. OF., fr. L. di^erre to carry apart, postpone, be different ; dif- = dis- -^ferre to bear, carry,] 1. To be or stand apart ; disagree ; be unlike. 2. To be of unlike or opposite opinion ; disagree. Syn. DiFFBRwiTH, DIPPER PROM. To express diTOTgence of opinion, either differ ivith or differ from may be used. To express unlikeness, differ from alone is used. dlffer-ence (-^s), n. 1, state, quality, or measure of be- ing different or unlike ; dissimilarity or unlikeness, or an instance of such. 2. Mental discrimination ; distinction, as in preference. 3. Disagreement in opinion; dissen- sion ; hence, cause of dissension ; matter in controversy. 4. Distinguishing peculiarity ; mark of distinction. 06^. or R. ^ V. t,; dip'psr-encbd (-Snst) ; dip'fbr-bnc-ing- (-^- slng). To cause to differ ; discriminate ; distinguish. Syn. Difference, distinction. Dipperence (the objective term) denotes an unlikeness or dissimilarity in point of fact : distinction (the subjective term), a difference as con- stituted or perceived. . In a dim or obscure manner. dlm'ness, n. Quality or state of being dim. di-mor'plllsm (di-m6r'ftz*m), n. 1. In biology, difference of form, color, or structure between members of the same species. 2. Orystallization in two mdependent forms of the same chemical compound. dl-mor'plioua (-ffis), a. Also dl-mor'phlc (-f ik). [6r. Si- jLiopi^os two-formed ; £if twice -j- i<^op0il form.] Character- ized by dimorphism ; occurring under two distinct forms. dlm'ple (dtm'p'l), n, A slight natural indentation in the body, esp. in the cheek or chin. — v. i. & t. ; -pled (- p'ld) ; -FLING (-pllne). To form, or mark w'ith, dimples. din (dtn), n. [AS. dyne, dyn.'] Loud, confused, or clanging noise; cUmor. — v. U ; dikned (dlnd) ; Dm'NiNO. To assail, or to utter, with a din. — v. i. To make a din ; resound. dl-nar' (de-nSr'), n. [fr. Ar.,fr. Gr.,fr. L. denaria*. See de- nies.] 1. Any of various old Oriental coins, esp. Arab gold coins. 2. A Servian silver coin, equivalent to the franc. dine (din), V. i. ; dined (dind) ; dim'ing (dining). [F. diner, Uj. disTiare, deriv. of L. dis- -f- L. jejunare to fast, jejunas fasting,] To take dinner. — V. ^ Tu give a dinner to; feed. dln'er (dm'er), n. One who dines ; a guest at dinner. ding (dTng), V. t. Archaic or Dial. 1. To throw violently; dash. 2. To excel; beat. ding, V. i. tSs t. 1. To sound, as a bell ; ring. 2. To talk, urge, or impress with vehemence, importunity, or reitera^ tion. Colloq. or Dial. — n. The noise of dinging. dlng'dong' (dlngMSng^, n. The sound of or as of repeated strokes on a metallic body, as a bell. dln'shy, dln'gey (dlij'gt), n. ; pis. -ohies, -gets (-gtz). [Bengali 4ingi.] A small boat, of various kinds. dln'gle (-g'l), n. A narrow dale or dell, esp. a small one. din'gle, V. t. & i.; -GLED (-gUd) ;-GLiNG (-glTng). To ring. (Un'gO (-go),n.;pl. -GOES (-goz). A wild dog of Australia. dln'gy (dIn'jT), a.; -gi-er (-er) ; Gi-EST. Dark; dusky; grimy ; soiled. — dln'gl-ly (-jT-lT), adv. gl-nes8, n. dink (dTiik), a. Trim ; tidy. — v.t. To deck. Both Scot. dln'ner(dTn'er),n [F.dtner, fr. dtJier to dine.] The chief meal of the day, or a formal repast or feast answering to "X^^pE^^^^ '^E^l.T -L. this, as one in honor of some **^ 3Z person or event. Dingo, dl'no-saur (dI'no-s6r), n. [Gr. fietvds terrible + ffaupo9 lizard.] Any of a subclass {Dinosauria) of extinct rep- tiles. Dinosaurs varied in size from 2 feet long to 70 feet long, the largest being the largest known land animals. dint (dTnt), 71. [AS. dynt a blow.] 1. A blow ; stroke. Obs. 2. Force; power ; — esp. in 6y dinM/. 3. A dent. Syn. Dint, dent, indentation, nick, notch. Bint and d&fit apply chiefly to surfaces ; indentation, nick, and notch more to edges. Dint and dent refer to a depression made by a blow. An indentation is a toothlike or angular re- cess or incision. Nick and notch are less formal than in^ dentation ; nick usuaMy BUSKeatB a slighter cut or hollow (often accidental) than notch (commonly intentional). — V. t. To dent ; also, to press or imprint, as a dent. dl-OC'e-san (di-Ss't-siSn ; di'o-se'sSn), a. Of or pertaining to or governing a diocese. — n. 1. One in charge of a di- ocese. 2. One of the clergy or the people of a diocese. dl'O-cese (dl'o-ses ; -sSs), n. [fr. F., fr. LL., fr. Gr. Siot- KTjtrts housekeeping, province, diocese, deriv. of 8ia through -f- oiKelv to manage a household, dIkos house.] The dis- trict in which a bishop has authority. dl-CB'clons, dl-e'clons (dl-e'shiSs), a. [di- -f Gr. oIkoi house.] Having the male reproductive organs in one indi- vidual, the female in another ; specif.: Boi. a Having the sei organs on separate gametophytes, as in some of the fern allies ; — in this sense more often written dl-ol^COUS (-oi'- ki^s). b In seed plants, having staminate and pistillate flowers borne on different individuals, as in the willows. — dl-GB'clons-ly, dl-e'clons-ly, adv. — ness, n. Dl'O-med (di'S-mSd), or Dl^o-me'des (-meMez), n. [L- Dioniedes, fr. Gr. Aio/i^Stjs.] Or. Myth, a One of the Greek warriors before Troy, who helped Ulysses steal the horses of Rhesus and the Palladium, b A Thracian kincr who possessed man-eating mares, the canying off of wliitit was one of the " labors " of Hercules. Dl-O'ne (di-6'ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. Atwvi?.] Gr. Myth. A Ti- tanesB, according to Homer, mother by Zeus of Aphrodite. Dl'0-ny'sl-a (di'o-nTshT-d), n. pi. [L., fr. Gr. Atoi/uo-La.] Gr. Relig. Any of the festivals of Dionysus, specif, that of Attica, in connection witli which Greek drama developed. Dl^o-ny'sns (-ni'sfis), Dl'o-ny'sos (-sBs), n. [L., fr. Gr. ^l6vvplied to relations, though often used with little distinction, are apt to retain their etymological connotations. Dirgct suggests unbroken connection or a bearing straight upon the, object ; immedi- ate, the absence of any intervening medium or influence ; as, direct descent, a direct reference, a direct tax ; immedi- (tie contact, proximity, an immediate inference. — adv. Directly. — v. t. 1. To address ; impart. Archaic. 2. To put a direction or address on, as on a letter. 3. To arrange in a direct or straight line, as toward a mark ; point ; aim. 4. To show to (any one), as the right way ; guide, as by pointing out the way. 6. To determine the course of ; guide; govern. 6. To instruct as a superior; order. — Syn. Lead, dispose, manage, regulate; order. See command, con- duct, ouiDB. — V. i. To give direction ; point out a course. — dl-rect'er, n. dl-rectloil (-rSk'shun), n, 1. Act of directing ; guidance ; management. 2. Instruction ; order ; command. 3. The superscription or address, as of a letter. 4. The line on which anything is moving or aimed to move, or in which anything is lying or pointing; direct line or course. — Syn. Administration, guidance, management, superintendence, oversight, government. — dl-rec'tlve (-tt v), a. dl-rectly (-rSktIT), adv. In a direct manner or line. Syn. Forthwith, straightway, promptly ; soon, presently, by and by. — DiEBCTLT, IMMEDIATELY, INSTANTLY^ INSTAN- TANEOUSLY (with reference to time). Directly, like imme- diately, imblies absence of intervening time. Now, how- ever, rfi'rcc/^ (and, to a less degree, imjnediately) has ac- quired the sense of " soon, before long " (of. the similar development of presently, by and 6v^. Instantly retains the implication of absolutely immediate sequence. In- stantaneously implies an imperceptible interval of time between the heginning and end of an action or process. dl-recVness, n. Quality or state of being direct. dl-rec'tor (-rSk'ter), n. 1. One that directs ; a manager. 2- One of a body appointed to manage the affairs of a company or corporation. — di-rec'tor-Bhlp, n. dl'ie adv. dla'a-gree^meiit (-m^ut), n. Act or state of disagreeing. — Syii. Dittereuce, diversity, unlikeness, variance ; misun- derstanding, dissension ; dispute, difference, discord. dta'al-low' (-ft-lou'), V. t. To refuse to allow; deny the force or validity ot, — Syn. Disapprove, prohibit, censure, reject. — dis'al-low'anco (-fins), n. dls-an'l-mate (dls-£ln't>mat), i. ^ To deprive of life. Rare. dla'an-nul' (dts'fi-uul'), v. t. To annul completely. dte'a-noint' (dts'd-noiut'), v. t. To invalidate the consecra- tion ol: ; as, to (iisanoint a king. dls'ap-peai' (-S-per'), v. i. 1. To cease to appear or to be perceived ; pass from view ; vanish. 2. To cease to be or exist ; be lost. — d^ap-pear'ance (-JinB), n. dla'ap-polnt' (-point'), u. <. [fr. OF., fr. des- in Guide. = equals- DISdUMINATION 208 DISHONOR dls-crlm^l-na'tloil (dla-krlm'I-na'Bhi^n), n. 1. Act of dis- CTimiiiating ; state of being discriminated. 2. Quality of being discriminating ; acute diacemment. — Ss^i* Penetra- tion, clearness, acuteness, acumen, judgment, distinction.— dis-crlm'l-iia-tlve (-krlml-nartlv), a. dls-crown' (-kroim'), V. t. To deprive of a crown. dls-cur'aive (-kGr'siv), a. Passing from one thing to an- other ; digressive ; desultory. — Syn, See oueboet. — dls-our'slTe-ly, adv. — dis-cnr'slve-neBB, n. dlS'cna (dTs'kifs), 71. ,- pi. £. -CIISE3 (-Sz ; 24), L. -ci(dTs^). [L. See DISH.] A heavy circular plate, or quoit, to be thrown or hurled as a trial of strength and skill ; also, the exercise or nime of throwing the discus. dlS-CUSS' (dIs-kQs'), V. t. [L. discussus^ p. p. of disattere to strike asunder ; dis- -\~ queUere to strike.] 1. To drive away, as a tumor. Obs, 2- To declare. Obs. 3. To exam- ine in detail or by disputation ; debate ; investigate. 4- To try the quality of by eating or drinking. Colloq. Syn. Discuss, argue, debate. To discuss is to sift or ex- amine by presenting considerations pro and con ; as, Eliz- abeth could discuss poetry with Spenser or euphuism with Lyly . To argue (the stronger term) is to adduce arguments or reasons in support of one's cause or position; asine tried to arguehimseli out of his despondency. To debate is to ar- gue formally or publicly or (sometimes) to deliberate with one's self ; as, the measure was debated at length. dis-cns'Slon (-kiiah'J2n), n. Act of discussing ; debate. dls-dain' (-dan'), n. [OF. de^dain, desdaing, fr. the verb.] 1. A feeling of contempt and aversion ; scorn. 2. An ob- ject of disdain ; contemptible character. Obs. — Syn. Haughtiness, scorn, contempt, arrogance, pride. — v. t. [OF. desdeignier^ desdaignier ; des- (L. dis-) + deigni^ to deign, ft. L. dignari todeem worthy.] 1. Tothinkun- worthy; deem unsuitable or unbecoming. 2. To reject as not deserving one's notice ; scorn. — Syn. See despise. dls-dained' (-dand'), a. Disdainful. Obs. OlS-dalnful (-dan'f^l), a. Full of or expressing disdain ; scornful ; contemptuous. — Syn. See contemptuous. — dls-dain'ful-ly, adv. — dls-daln'fal-ness, n. dl8-ease' (dT-zez'), n. [OF. desaise; des- (L. dts-) + aise ease.] 1. Lack of ease; discomfort. Obs. 2. Med. Any departure from health presenting marked symptoms ; mal- ady ; illness ; disorder. — v. t. ; -eased' (-zezd') ; -bas'ihg (-zezTng). 1. To disquiet; distress. Obs. 2. To afflict with disease or sickness : disorder, dlS-edge' (dis-Sj'), V. t. To deprive of an edge ; dull. Rare, dls'e-lec'trl-f7 (dts'e-lSk'trT-fi), v. i. See dis-, 2 a. — dls'e- lec'tll-fl-ca'tlon (-fT-ka'shfin), n. dls'em-bark' (-Sm-biirk'), V. t. tSs i. To remove or go ashore from on board a vessel ; land. — dls-eiD'liar-ka'Uoil, n. dia'em-bar'rass (dls'Sm-bSr'Ss), v. t. To free from embar- rassment ; clear ; disentangle. — Syn. See disengage. dls'em-bod'y (-Sm-b5d'T), V. t. To divest of the body or cor- poreal existence. — dlB^em-bod'l-nieiit (-T-m£nt), n. dls^em-bogne' {-bog'), v. t. <& i. / -boguei/ (-bogdO ; -bo'- ouiNG (-bo'gtng). [fr. Sp., fr. des- (L. dis-) + embocar to put into the mouth, fr. en (L. in) -\- boca mouth, L. bucca cheek.] To discharge at the mouth, as a stream; vent. dlS^em-bOW'el (-bou'dl), v. t. ; -elbd (-Sid) or -elled ; -el- iNo or -Eir-LiNo. To take or let out the bowels of; eviscerate. dls'eil-a'ble (dts^Sn-a'b'l), V. t. To renderunable; disable. dls'en-cliailt' (-ch&nf), v. i. To free from enchantment, fascination, or delusion. — dls'en-oliailt'ment (-mgnt), n. dis'eil-Climnier (-kfim'ber), v. t. To free from encum- brance ; disburden. — Syn, See disengage. — dls^en- cnm'braiice (-brfins), n. dis^en-ffage' (-gaj'), v. t. To release from that with which anything is engaged, engrossed, involved, or entangled ; extricate; clear. — dls'en-gage'ment (-mSnt), n. Syn. Disengaoe, disentangle, disembarrass, disencum- ber, extricate, all imply release or detachment ; disen- gage, from that by which one is held, or in which one is involved; disentangle, from more intricate complications; DiSEHBABRASS, from that which hampers or restrains ; dis- encumber, from that which burdens or clogs. Extricate implies more definitely effort or exercise offeree. dlff^ftn-tan'glfl (-tSij'g'l), v. t. To free from entanglement; free from embarrassingconnection or intermixture;setfree. — Syn. See disengage. — dls'en-tan'gle-ment (-mSnt), h. dlB'en-throne' (-thrSn'), v. t. To dethrone; depose. dlB'en-tomb' (-toom'), v. t. To disinter. dlB'^en-twlne' (-twTn'i, v. t. & i. To untwine. dlB'es-tab'lish (-Ss-tSb^Tsh), v. t. To break up(aiqrthing established). — dls^es-tabaish-ment (-mgnt), m. dls'es-teem' (dts^Ss-tem'), n. Want of esteem ; disfavor. — V. t. To hold in disesteem ; to slight. dlS-ta'VOT I (-fa'ver), n. 1. "Want of favor or favorable dls-f a'vour I regard; disesteem. 2. State of not being in favor. 3. An unkind or disobliging act. ^v. t. To with- hold or withdraw favor from ; regard with disesteem. dis-fig'lU'e (-fig'sir), v. t. ; -uhed (-fird) ; -uring. [fr. OF., fr. des- (L. dis-) -{-figurer to fashion, shape, fr. li.figurare^ iT.figwra figure.] To mar the figure or appearance of. — Syn. SeeDBFACE. — dls-flg'lire-meilt (-mSnt), n. dis-frail'clllse(-frSn'chiz; -chtz), V.2. To deprive of a fran- chise, as suffrage. — dlS-fran'chlBe-Iueilt (-chTz-m&it), n, dlB-f tu'iilsh (-f tir'nTsh), v. t. To deprive of that with which anything is furnished ; strip ; divest. dls-gorgg^ (-g3i'j')i V* '• fSs i. ; -gorged' (-gOrjd') ; -gobg'ino (-gor'jTng). [fr. OF., fr. des- (L dis-) -\- gorge gorge.] 1. To discharge by the throat and mouth ; vomit. 2. To give up unwillingly something wrongfully appropriated. disgrace' (-grits'), n. [fr. F., fr. It., fr. dis- (L. dis-) + gratia grace, L. gratia.'] 1. Condition of being out of favor. 2. State of being dishonored ; shame ; ignominy. 3- Cause of dishonor or shame. — Syn. Disfavor, dises- teem, discredit, infamy, humiliation. See dishonor, ^v. t. ; -graced' (-grasf) ; -grac'ing (-graslng). 1. To put out of favor ; dismiss with dishonor. 2. To brmg reproach or shame on ; dishonor. — Syn. Degrade, humble, humiliate ; abase, debase. — dlB-grace'flll (-fddl), a. — dlB-graco'- ful-ly, adv. — diB-grace'fai-ness, n. dlB-grun'tie (-grfin't'l), v. t. ; -TLED (-t'ld); -TLOTa (-tlTng). To put in bad humor; render dissatisfied. dlS-gUlBO' (-^Z')} v. t. ; -GUISBD' (-gizd') ; -GUIS'ING (-^z'- ing). [fr. OF., fr. des- (L. dis-) + guise guise.] 1. To change the appearance of so as to conceal or mislead, esp. by an unusual dress. 2. To hide or obscure by a counter- feit appearance; cloak; conceal; mask. — Syn. Dissim- ulate, feign, pretend. See dissemble. — n. 1. A dress put on for concealment or deception. 2. Artificial lan- guage or manner assumed for deception. 3. Any conceal- ment of real by ostensible character ; also, that which serves to disguise. — dls-guls'er (-giz'er), n. dlB-gUSt' (-gHsf), V. t. [fr. OF., fr. des- (L. dis-) + gfmsi taste, L. gustus.^ 1. To provoke disgust or strong dis- taste in ; esp., to offend the taste, reason, or sensibilities of. 2. To inspire with a disgust (o/, /rom, or against any- thing). — n. Aversion or repugnance produced by some- thing loathsome ; loathing. — Syn. Nausea, abomination, abhorrence ; distaste, dislike. See antipathy. — dlB-gUBt'- ful (-fdSl), a.— diB-gnBt'lng, j>. a.— dls-gust'ing-ly, adv. dlBh (dlTsh), n. [AS. disc^ h. discus^ fr. 6r. Sictkos quoit, SiKelv to throw.] 1. A vessel, as a platter, used for serv- ing food at table. 2. Something like a dish, as a shallow concave vessel, or a natural hollow. 3. The food served in a dish ; hence, any particular food. 4. T^e contents or capacity of a dish ; a dishful. •— v. t. 1. To put into a dish or dishes. 2. To make concave like a diah. dls/ha-bUle' (dTs/o-bei' ; -bli'), des'ha-bUle' (dfe'd-belO, n. [F. deshabillif prop., undressed.] A loose, negligent garment ; state of being dressed in a loose or careless style. dlBh'clOth' rdtsb'klSth/; 62), n. A cloth for washing dishes. dish'Clont' (-klouf), n. A dishcloth. Archaic or Dial. dla-heart'en (dts-har't'n), v. t. To discourage; dispirit. dl-Bhev'el (dT-shSv'gl), V. t. ; -elbd (-Sid) or -ellbd; -bl-ing or -EL-LiNG. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. dis- -f- L. capUlus hair of the head.] To permit or cause (the hair) to hang loosely or disorderly; hence, to spread or throw (one's costume, etc.) in disorderor disarray; to ruffle ; tousle. dlsh'ful (dlsh'fSSl), n. ;pl. -fuls (-f581z). See -fdl. dlB-hon'OBt (dls-Sn'Sst; 24), a. 1. Wanting in honesty or integrity ; not trustworthy. 2. Characterized by fraud ; knavish ; unjust. — dlB-hon'QSt-ly, adv. dlB-hon'OB-ty (-Ss-tT), n. 1. Want of honesty, probity, or integrity. 2. A dishonest act; violation of trust or of justice. dla-hon'or l (-Sn'er), n. The reverse of honor; as : a Dis- dlB-hon'our ) grace; shame; ignominy, b Indignity; insult. Syn. Indignity, opprobrium, disparagement ; shame, ob- loquy, reproach. — Dishonor, DISGRACE, iqnominv, infamy express loss of good fame. Dishonor retains, to a greater degree than disgrace^ a negative force, and expresses depri- vation or violation of _honor, reputation, or dignity. Dis- grace expresses positive shame or reproach. Ionohint con- notes public, infamy notorious, disgrace or dishonor. — V. t. X. To deprive of honor; disgrace; bring reproacL ale, sen&te, cftre, am, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, find, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, 6rb, 6dd, sdfti cdxmect ; use, Unite, Om, up, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ii)k; tben, thin; DISHONORABLE 209 DISPASSION or shame on. 2. To refuse to accent or pay (a drafts check, etc.)' — Syn* Shame, humble, humiliate, degrade; debauch. dls-bon'or-a-ble I (dIs-Sn'er-d-bU), a. 1. Wantingln hon- dls-hon'OUr-a-ble f or ; disgraceful; baae. 2. Wanting in honor or esteem; disesteemed. — dls-bon'or-a-ble-neas, or dlB-bon'our-, »■ — dte-hon'or-a-bly, or -hon'our-, adv, dls'll-ln'slon (di8'T-iu'zhi2n), dls^ll-lu'slon-ize (-iz), v. t. To free from illusion. — dls'll-lu'slon, n. dls'lm-l^aa'Bloned (-Tm-pSsh'^nd), a. Free from warmth of passion or feeling. dlS-in'cU-na'tlon (dts-Tn'klT-na'shtin), n. State of being disinclined. — Syn. UnwilhugnesB, disaffection, aliena- tion, dislike, indisposition, distaste, aversion, repugnance. dla^ln-cllne' (dTa'Tn-klin'), v, t. ; -clined' (-klind'); -olin'- iNO (-klin'Tng). To incline away the affections of ; alienate. ^«. L To be unwilling (to do something). diS'ln-fect' (-fSkf), V. t. To free from infection; treat with a disinfectant. — dls^ln-fec'tlon (-fSk'shi^n), n. dls'ln-fect'ant (-fSk'tSnt), n. A substance for destroying that which causes the infectiousness of anything. dls'ln-gen'u-oiis (-jSn'u-fis), a. Not ingenuous; artful. — dls'ln-gen'u-ons-ly, adv. — dls^ln-gen'a-oas-ness, n. dls'ln-ber'lt (-hSr'It), v. t. To cut off from, or deprive of, an iuheritauce. — dls'in-berlt-ance (-i-tiina), n. dls-in'te-grate (dTe-ln'tt-grat), v. t. da i. /-GRAoyED (-grat^- Sd) ; -GRAT'iHG. IX. dis- 4- integratus^ p. p. of integrare to repair, integer entire.] To separate into integrant parts ; reduce to fragments or powder. — dlS-ln'te-gra'Uon, n. dls'in-ter' (dls'Tn-tQr'), V. t. ; -tbrred' (-tQrd'); -tee'ring. 1. To take out of the grave or tomb; exhume. 2. To bring out from obscurity. — dls^in-ter'ment (-m^nt), n. dl8-ln'ter-est-ed (dTs-Tn'ter-Ss-tSd ; 24), a. Not influenced by self-interest; free from selfish motive. — Syn. See fair. — dls-ln'ter-est-ed-ly, adv. — dls-ln'ter-est-ed-ness, n. dlS-JOin' (-join'), V. i. cfc i. [fr. OF., fr. L. disjmigere; dis- -\-jungere to join.] To dissolve or prevent the joining of; separate; sunder. — Syn. Disunite, detach, sever, dis- sever, dissociate, disconnect. dls-johlt' (-joiuf), V. i. & i. 1. To separate the joints of ; separate at the joints. 2. To break the natural order and relations of ; make incoherent. dls-Jt^tly, odv. In a disjointed state ; separately. dis-jnilCt' (-jQi]kt'), a. [L. disjuncttis, p. p. of disjungere. See DISJOIN.] Characterized by disjunction. dtB-JniU/tiOll (-jQi)k'shJ2n), n. Act of disjoining ; state of being disjoined ; disimion ; separation. — dis-]Ullc'tlve (-tlv), a.&n. — dis-jonc'tive-ly, adv. disk (dTsk), n. Also disc [L. discus. See dish.] 1. A flat circular plate. 2. Astron. The seemingly flat flgure of a celestial body. 3. Bot. 3s Zool. Any of various disk- shaped structures, as the central por- tion of the head in daisies, asters, and similar composite plauts. dls-llke' (dis-lik'), V. U; -mked' (-llkf ); -LiK'iHo (-liking). To regard with dis- like; disapprove. — n. A feeling of aversion to something uncongenial or offensive ; repugnance ; distaste. — Syn. Disinclination, disapprobation, disfavor, disaffection, displeasure, disrel- ish, aversion, reluctance, disgust, antipathy. dlB-Uk'en (-l^''n), V. t. To make unlike; disguise. Ohs. dis-Ilmn'C-lim'), V. t. & i. To efface; fade, as a picture. Rare. dls'lo-cate (dTs'lo-kat), V. t. : -cat'ed (-kafSd) ; -cat'ing. [LL. dislocatus, p. p. of dislocare; L. dis- -f- locare to place, locus place.] 1. To displace (esp. a bone from its natural connections) ; disjoint. 2. To disarrange, as plans. — dls^lO-ca'tlon (-ka'shi^n), n. dlS'lodge' (dTs-15j'), V. t. & i. ; -lodgei/ (-WjdO; -iodg'ing. To drive from or leave a lodge or place of rest ; hence, to drive from a place of hiding or defense. — dls-lodg'ment, n. dls-loy'al (-loi'Sl), a. Not loyal ; false where allegiance is due; faithless. — dls-loy'al-ly, adv. — dls-loy'al-ty (-tT),n. Syn. Untrue, recreant ; deceitful, insidious, perjured, in- constant, forsworn. — Disloyal, TKArroROUs, treacherous, perfidious. One is disloyal who is untrue (it may be only passively) to one's allegiance; one is traitorous who is guilty of actual treason. Of persons, treacherous implies readiness to betray trust ; oi things, aptness to allure to peril or disaster by false or delusive appearances. Perfid- ious implies base and deliberate treachery. dlB'mal (dtz'mai), a. [prob. fr. OF., and lit. meaning, evil days.] 1. Unlucky; ill-omened; ill-boding. 2. Disastrous or Head of Camomile. d Disk { r, r Rays. calamitous ; dreadful. 3. Gloomy to the eye or ear; cheer- less ; dreary. — Syn. Lonesome, gloomy, dark, ominous, fatal, doleful, lugubrious, funereal, dolorous, sorrowful, sad, Joyless, melancholy, unhappy. — dlB'mal-ly, adv. dlS-man'tle (dls-mSn't'l), v. t. ; -TLED (-t'ld); -tling (-tlTng). 1. To strip of dress or covering; divest; uncloak. 2. To strip of furniture and equipments, guns, etc., as a house, a fort. — dls-man'tle-ment, n. dls-mask' (-m&sk'), v. t. To unmask. Obs. dis-mast' (-m&af), v. t. To deprive of a mast or masts. dls-may' (-ma')i v. t. [OF. esmaier; es- (L. ex) + OHG. magan to be strong or able.] To disable with suarm ; de- gress the spirits of ; daunt ; appall ; terrify. ' yn. Alarm, fright, affright, frighten, scare, intimidate, shock, horrify.— Dismay, daunt, appall. To dismay is to deprive of spirit, courage, or initiative, esp. by an alarming or disconcerting prosjpect ; to daunt is to cow or intimi- date, esp. by that which awes or subdues ; to appall is to overwhelm or confound with sudden fear or horror. — n. Loss of spirit through fear. — Syn. See fear. dlS-memnber (-mgm'ber), v. t. [fr. OF., fr. deS' (L. dis-) + membre limb.] To tear limb from limb ; hence, to tear or cut in pieces; mangle; mutilate. — Syn. Disjoint, dislo- cate, divide. — dis-mem'ber-ment (-mSnt), n. dls-mlBS' (-mis'), V. t. [L. dis- -|- missus^ p. p. of mittere to send.] 1 To send away; cause or permit to go. 2. To send or remove from office, service, or employment; dis- charge. 3. To put away; esp., to put out of consideration. dls-mlss'al (-K1), n. Act of dismissing; state or fact of being dismissed. dls-mls'Slon (-mTsh'i^n), n. Dismissal. dls-mount' (-mounf), v. i. To alight from a horse, camel, or tjie like (also, formerly, from a vehicle). — v. t. 1. To throw or remove from the carriage, or mount ; — said esp. Of artillery. 2. To unhorse. 3- To remove from a mount- ing, or setting, as a jewel. dls^O-be'di-ence (dls'S-be'dl-gns), n. Neglect or refusal to obey ; violation of a command or prohibition. dls'0-be'dl-ent (-Snt), a. Neglecting or refusing to obey ; refractory. — dlS^O-be'dl-ent-ly, adv. dls'0-bey' (-S-ba'), v. t. 'pSn-sa'shi2n), n. 1. Act of dispensing ; distribution ; hence, esp., distribution of good and evil by God to man. 2- That which is dispensed or appointed; esp., Theol.^ a system of principles, promises, and rules or- dained ami administered ; as, the Christian disp^isaiion, 3- A specific arrangement ; provision. 4. A dispensing with, or doing without, something ; exemption, as from an ecclesiastical law or an obligation. dis-pen'sa-to-ry (dTs-pSn'sd-tft-rt), n.;j?2. -BiBs(-rTz). 1. A book of systematic descriptions of drugs. 2. A dispensary. dls-pense' (-pSns'), n. Dispensation. Obs, dls-penae', v, t. ; -penskd' (-pfinsf) ; -pen'sino. [fr. F., fr. L. dxspensarey intens. of dispendere to weigh out, dispense ; dis- -{- pende7-e to weigh.] 1. To deal out in portions; dis- tribute. 2. To apply, as laws ; administer. 3. To exempt ; absolve ; — with/rom. ^ v. i. To grant dispensation ; make exemption or exception. — to dlspanie with, to permit the neglect or omission of, as a form ; hence, to give up or do without, as services, etc. ; forego. — dls-peiU^er, n. dls-peo'ple (-pe'pU), v. t. To depopulate. dls-perse' (-pfirs'), v. t. ; -persbd' (-pfirsf) ; -pbrs'ino. [L. dispersuSy p. p. of dispergere to disperse ; ais--\-spargere to strew.] 1. To cause to break apart and go different ways ; scatter ; distribute. 2- To distribute from a fixed or con- stant source ; dispense ; disseminate. — ^ Syn. See dispel. ^ V. i. To separate ; hence, be dissipated ; vanish. dls-per'sion (-pfir^shfin), n, 1. Act of dispersing ; state of being dispersed. 2. Physics. Separation of complex light, as by a prism, into its different-colored rays. dla-per'Slve (-stv), a. Tending to disperse. dls-plr'it (-pTr'Tt), v. t. To deprive of cheerful spirits; dis- hearten ; discourage. — Syn. Damp, depress, cast down, intimidate, daunt, cow. — dlS-plr'lt-ed-ly, adv. dla-piace' (-plas'), v. t. l. To remove from the usual or proper place. 2. To crowd out; takethe placeof. 3. To remove from a state, office, dignity, or the like ; discharge. Syn. Displace, misplace, HiBLAT. To displace is to put out of the usual or proper place, often by putting (or in order to put) something else in it ; to misplace, to put in a wrong place, or (often) to set or fix on an unworthy object; to MISLAY, to put in a place which one cannot recollect. dlB-place'ment (-m^nt), n. l. Act of displacing ; state of being displaced. 2. The volume or weight of a fluid, as water, displaced by a floating body. dis-plant' (-plSnf 1, V, t To displace ; dislodge. Obs. display' (-pla'), v. t. [fr. OF., fr. des- (L. dis-) -}-pleier to fold, h. plicore.'} 1. To unfold; spread out; expand. 2. To spread before the view; manifest. — Syn. Show, parade, flaunt. See exhibit. — v. i. To act as one making a display, —n. 1. An unfolding; exhibition ; manifesta- tion. 2. Ostentatious show ; parade. — Syn. See parade. dls-pleaae' (dts-plSz'), v. t. To incur the disapproval of ; excite impleasant feelings in ; be offeusive to. — Syn. Of- fend, disgust, vex, annoy, dissatisfy, chafe, anger, provoke, affront. — v. i. To give displeasure or offeuse. dia-pleas'Iire (-plSzh'tir), ». 1. The feeling of one dis- pleased. 2. Tluit which displeases ; offense ; injury. — Syn. Disapprobation, distaste, hate, aversion, indignation. dis-plode' (-plod'), V. t. tt- 1. ; -plod'ed (-plod'Sd) ; -PLOiy- iNQ. To explode^ — dls-plo'sion (-plo'zht^n), n. Both Obs. dls-plume' (-ploom' ; 86), v. l. To strip of or as of plumes. dls-pone' (-pon'), v. t. & i. ; -ponbd' (-pond') ; -pon'iko C-pon'Ing). [L. disponei-e. See disposition.] Xo dispose of; to make disposition. Obs. or Hcot. dls-port' C-porf ; 67), n. [OF., fr. desporter, v. t.] Play, sport, or diversion. — v. t. [OF. desporter; des- (L, dis-) -{-porter to carry, orig. to carry away from work.] To divert or amuse ; make merry, — v. i. To indulge in gay- ety ; esp., to wanton ; sport. dls-p08'a-ble (-poz'd-b'l), a. Subject to disposal. diS-pOB'al (-&1), n. 1. A disposing ; arrangement. 2. Or- dering ; management. 3. Transfer or conveyance of any- thing, as of property. 4. Power or authority to dispose of ; command ; control ; — esp. in a2, or in, the disposal of. Syn. Disposal, disposition. Disposal more commonly emphasizes the idea of disposing of, dealing with, settling (with special reference to the power of so doing) ; disposi- tion, that of arranging or ordering (with emphasis on the action, esp. regarded as the fulfillment of a piaji) ; as, the dixvosal ot one's books (their bestowal or assignment) : my books are at your disposal (to use as you see fit) ; the dispo- sition of one's library (the ordering of its distribution or destination) ; my library is at your dispositiojt (subject to your direction or arrangement). dia-pose' C-poz'), V. t. ; -posed' (-pozd') ; -fos'ing (-poz'Tng). [F. disposer ;dis- +p(Mer to place.] 1. Toarrauge. 2. To regulate ; determine. 3. To deal out ; bestow for an ob- ject or purpose ; employ ; dispose of. 4. To give a tend- ency to ; incline the mind of. — Syn. Set, order, distrib- ute, adjust, adapt, fit ; incline ; bestow; give. ^ n. Obs. or Archaic. 1. Act of disposing. 2- Disposition ; behavior ; demeanor. — v. i. To arrange or settle matters finally ; make disposition. — to dispoBe of. a To determine the fate, condition, or use of. b To get rid of ; put out of the way. — dls-pOS'er (-poz'er), n. dls^pO-lQ'tion (dts'pd-ztsh'un), n. [F., fr. L. disposUio, fr. disponere to dispose ; dis- + ponere to place.] 1. Act or powerof disposing; state of being disposed. 2- Tendency, resulting from natural constitution ; aptitude. 3. Natural or prevailing spirit, or temper of mind. Syn. Humor, bent, turn, bias ; idiosyncrasy, constitution, oi^anization^ature.— Disposition, temperament, temper, CHARACTER. DISPOSITION is the predominating bent or con- stitutional habit of one's mind ; as, a cheerful disposition. Temperament is disposition regarded from the point tA view of physical organization; as, a nervous, or a bilious, temperament. Temper (esp. as applied to nations or periods) often adds the suggestion of mental or moral fiber ; as, EUz- abeth knew the national temper. More commonly temper suggests irascibility; as, a display of temver. Character is individual disposition, esp. in its ethical aspects, regarded as fixed or modified by training: or the exercise of the will ; as, character is largely determined by habits. See disposal, dis^pos-sess' (-pS-zSs'), V. t. To put out of possession, esp. of land ; eject ; oust. — dlS'pOB-ses'slOn (-ze5h'i2n), n. dls-po'sure (dTs-pS'zhfir ; 87), n. Disposal. Now Rare. dls-pralse' (-praz'), v. t. To notice with disapprobation or blame ; disparage ; depreciate. — n. Act of dispraising ; detraction ; disparagement. — dls-prals'lng-ly, adv. dls-prlze' (-priz'), V. t. To fail to prize ; undervalue. dls-proof (-proof), n. A proving to be other than is main- tained; confutation; refubition. dls'pro-por'tlon (dTs'pro-por'shtin ; 57), n. Want of propor- tion ; lack of symmetry or of due relation. ^ v. t. To make unsuitable in quantity, form, or fitness ; mismatch. — dls'- pro-por'tlon-al (-ai), n. — dis'pro-por'Uon-al-ly, adv. dis'pro-por'tlon-ate (-at), a. Not proportioned ; unsuitable to something else in bulhT, form, value, or extent. — dis'- pro-por'tion-ate-ly, adv. — dls^pro-por'tlon-ate-ness, n. dls-provd' (dls-proov'), V. t. To prove to be false- dls-punge' (-piinj'), v. t. To sprinkle as with water from a sponge ; also, to expunge. Archair, dis'pn-ta-l3le (dls'pu-td-b'l ; dTs-put'd-b'l), a. Liable to be dinputed, controverted, or contested, dls'pu-tant (dTs'pS-tSnt), a. Disputing; engaged in con- troversy.— n. One who disputes ; a controversialist. ale, senate, c&re, tt,in, account, Rrm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; ice, HI ; old, 6bey, drb, ddd, soft, cSxmect ; use, anite, (im, tip, circAs, meuU ; food, foot ; out, oU ; chair ; go ; sing, iqk ; tben, thin j DISPUTATION 211 DISSOLUTENESS lUB'pn-ta'tloil(dTs'pij-ta'8hiin),n. 1. Act of disputing; con- troversy ; debate. 2. Gonveraatiou. Obs. dlB'pu-ta'tiOUS (-shfJs), a. Inclined to dispute. dl8-put'a-tive (dts-puf d-tiv), a. Disputatious. dlB-pute' (dTs-puf), V. i. ; -pdt'ed (-put'6d) ; -put'ino. [fr. OF., £r. L. ditputare, -taium ; dis- -\-putare to clear up, reckon, think.]^ To contend in argumeut ; discuss ; debate ; often, to argue irritably; wmngle.— v. t, 1, To make (aome- thing) a subject of disputation ; discuss. 2. To oppose by argumeut or assertion ; controvert. 3. To contend about; contest. — Syn. Gainsay, doubt, question; impugn. — n. Verbal controversy; controversial discnasiou ; debate. Syn* Dispute, quarrel, altercation, wrangle, squabble, BicKBR, BRAWL, BROIL. A DISPUTE Is commouly a heated verbal contention ; a controversy, a contention carried on in writing, or at some length. A quarrel is an angry or vio- lent dispute, often resulting in strained or severed relations; an altercation, a quarrelsome bandying of words. A wran- olb is an undignified, confused, and noisy, a squabble, a childish, unseemly, and petty, altercation ; a bicker, a pet- ulant interchange of sharp words on trivial provocation. A BRAWL is a turbulent quarrel, esp. in a public place ; a broil is a more general disturbance than a brawl. dlB-qual'l-ly (dTs-kw51'T-fi), v. t. ; -fikd (-fid) ; -py'ino. 1. To deprive of the qualities necessary for any purpose ; render unfit ; incapacitate. 2. To deprive of some power, right, or privilege, as by positive restriction ; disable legally. — dls-anal'l-U-ca'tloa {-n-k&'ahHu), n. dls-iman'tl-ty (-kwSu'tT-tT), v. L To diminish. 06*. dls-ftUl'et (-kwi'St), V. t. To render unquiet ; disturb. — a. Disquieted. Rare. — n. Want of quiet ; uneasiness. — dla-aiil'et-l7t adv. — dla-qui'e-tude (-S-tud), n. dla'qal-sl'tion (dTs'kwt-zT^h'Sn), n. [L. disquisition fr. disquirere to inquire diligently ; dis- + quaerere to seek.] A formal inquiry or discussion ; an elaborate dissertation. dia^re-gard' (dts'rS-gard'), v. t. Not to regard, notice, or ob- serve ; hence, to slight as unworthy of regard. — Syn. See NEGLECT. ^ n. A disregarding ; state of being disregarded ; esp., intentional neglect ; slight. — dls'ie-gard'flU, a. dla-rel'Isll (dls-rSl'ish), n. Want of relish ; distaste. — V. t. Not to relish ; to feel disgust at. dls're-palr' (dts're-par'), n. State of being in need of repair. dla-rep'U-ta-ble (dls-rSp'u-td-b'l), a. Not reputable ; dis- honorable ; low ; shameful. — dls-rep'U-ta-bly, adv. dls're-pnte' (dTs^re-puf), n. Loss or want of reputation; disesteem ; discredit ; dishonor. dls^re-spect' (-spSkf), n- Want of respect ; incivility. — dla're-spect'fnl (-fddl), a. — dls^re-spect'ful-ly, adv. dls-robe' (dts-rob'), v. t. t& i. To divest of a robe ; undress. dla-rooV (-roof), v. t. To uproot. dis-mpt' (-rQpf ), a. pj. disrupltis, diruptus, p. p. of dis- rumpei-e, dirumperey to break asunder ; dis- 4- rumpere to break, burst.] Broken or burst asunder ; disrupted. — V. t. To break the continuity of ; disunite ; sunder. 3- To cause to pass, or to pass, into so- lution. 4. To bring or come to an end by dispersal, as an assembly. 6. To solve ; clear up. — Syli. See adjoubn. diS-SOlV'ent (-z51'vgnt), a. Solvent. — n. A solvent. dls'SO-nance (dts'd-n&ns), n. 1. A mingling of discordant sounds ; discord. 2- Want of agreement ; incongruity. dls'so-nant (-uSnt), a. [L. dissonans, -arUis, p. pr. of dis- sonare to disagree in sound, be discordant ; dis- -\- sonare to sound.] 1. Marked by dissonance'; discordant. 2. Dis- agreeing; incongruous; discrepant. — dls'so-nailt-ly, adv. Syn, Harsh, jarring, grating, jangling, unmelodious, in- harmonious, out of tuue ; inconsistent, contradictory. — DissoMANT, DISCORDANT. As applied to sounds, dissonant more often emphasizes the harshness or unmelodiousness of the sound considered in itself ; discordant, its jarring quality with reference to one's sense of hannony or ac- cord. In their general application, dissoriant is more com- monly used of the disagi'eemeut of one thin^ with another ; discordant^ of mutual variance or incongruity. dls-suade' (dl-swad^), v. t.; -suad'ed (-swad'Sd) ; -suad'ino. [L. dissuadere^ -suaswm ; dis~ -\- suadere to advise.] 1. To advise or exhort against (a course or enterprise). Obsoles. 2. To divert by persuasion; turn from a purpose. — dls- Bua'sion (-swa'zh^n), n. — lUs-sua'slve (-slv), a. dis-syl'la-ble (dl-sll'a-b'l), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. 6i- o■vAA.a^05 ; 6i.- = 6is twice -|- avWapi^ syllable. 1 A word of two syllables, as paper. — dls'syl-lab'lc (dTs/I-lfib'Ik), a. (Us-syin'me-try (dis-slm'T-trl), n. Absence or defect of symmetry. — dls'sym-met'rl-cal (dTs/ai-mSt'rt-kffil), a. dis'taff (dis'taf ), n,;pl. -tafps (-tafs), rarely -taves (-tivz). [AS. distsef.^ 1. The staff for holding the bimch of flax, tow, or wool in spinning. 2. Woman's work, authority, or do- main ; also, a woman or women collectively. dis-taln' (dts-tan'), V. L [fr. OF., fr. des- (L. dis-) + F. teindre to tinge, L. tingere.'] To stain ; discolor. Archaic. ftLs'tal (dis'tai), a. [from distant.] Remote from the point of attachment or origin ; — opposed to proximal. dls'tance (-tana), n. 1. Discord ; quarrel. Obs. 2. The space between two objects ; measure of separation in place ; hence, length or interval of time. 3. Quality or condition of being distant; remoteness. ^ v. Z. / -tanced (-tfinst); -tanc-ino (-ttln-sTng). 1. To place or keep at a distance. 2. To outstrip; leave far behind; hence, to surpass greatly. dls'tant (-tSnt), a. [F., fr. L. distans^ -antis, p. pr. of distare to stflnd apart, be distant; dis- -\- stare to stand.] X. Sept- rated ; away. 2. Far off ; not near; remote. 3. Different in kind ; discrepant. 4. Reserved or repelling in man- ners ; not cordial. 6. Indistinct ; obscure, as from dis- tance. 6. At, from, or into, a distance. — dls'tant-lv, adv. Syn. Distant, far, REMOTE. Distant is opposed to e7o«e ; it implies separation in space or time. Far (the native word) is opposed to near, and ordinarily applies to what is a long way off. Remote applies to what is far removed, esp. from something regarded as a center or vantage ground. Fig., distant implies slightness of connection (so also, esp. in neg- ative phrases, remote) or aloofness of manner. dls-taste' (dls-tasf), v. t. 1. To dislike the taste of ; dis- relish. 2. To cause distaste in ; displease. — n. 1. Dis- like of food or drink ; disrelish. 2. Discomfort ; uneasiness. Obs. 3. Aversion ; dislike ; repugnance. — Syn* Disincli- nation, displeasure ; dissatisfaction, disgust. dte-taste'flll (-f6dl), a. 1. Unpleasant to the taste. 2. Dis- pleasing to the feelings ; disagreeable. — Syn. Nauseous, unsavory, unpalatable,offenBive, displeasing. — dte-taste'- iul-ly, adv. — dls-taste'iul-ness, n, diS-tein'pBr(-tSm'per), n. 1. An undue or unnatural tem- per, as showing loss of balance; disaffection. 2. Amor- bid state of the animal system ; malady ; esp., any of vari- ous infectious diseases of brutes. •— v. i. To derange the bodily, mental, or spiritual functions of ; disorder ; disease. dlB-tem'per, v. t. [OF. destem.prer, destremper., to mix, soak ; des- (L. dis-) + temprer, tremper, to temper, L. tem- perare to mingle in due proportion.] 1. To dilute, soak, or the like. Obs. or R. 2. Paint, a To mix (colors) in the way of distemper, b To paint in distemper. ^ n. Painting In which the pigments are mixed, or tempered, with size, the whits of egg, or the like, as a vehicle, usually for scene painting or mural decoration. Also, the paint or the pre- pared ground so used, or a painting done in it. db-tem'per-a-tare (dls-tSm'per-d-tgr), n. A disordered condition ; distemper ; derangement. Obs, or Archaic. dis-tend' (-tSnd'), V. t. d; i. IL. disiendere, -terUwrn^ -ten- sum; dis- -|- tendere to stretch.] 1. To extend ; stretch. 2. To stretch out in all directions; enlarge ; swell. — Syn. Expand, mflate. See dilate. — dls-teu'sl-blo (-tSn'st-b'l), a. — dis-ten'tlon, dlB-ten'slon (-tSn'shun), n. dlB'tlch (dls'tlk), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. Siarixov ; 8c- twice -j- (TTiYos row, verse.] Pros. A atrophic group of two lines. dis'tlch-oas (-tl-koa), a. [Gr. JiVrtxos.] Disposed in two vertical rows. diB-tlll', dlS-tU' (dls-tTlO, V. i. ; -tilled' (-tlldO ; till'ihg. [L. distUlare ; de + ^illare to drop, stilla drop.] To drop ; trickle. — v.t. 1. To let fall in drops ; let fall (drops). 2. To obtain by or as by distillation ; as, to distill brandy from wine. 3. To subject to distillation ; as, to distill barley. dlS-tlll'ate (dis-tll'at ; dis'tt-lat), n. Chem. The product of distillation. dlS^tll-la'Uon (dls'tT-la'shun), n. 1. Act or process of dis- tilling ; that which is formed by distilling. 2. Operation of driviug off gas or vapor from liquids or solids, as by heat, in a retort and condensing the products in a receiver. 3. The abstract or essence of anything. dlB-tUl'er (-tiller), n. One that distillB. dls-tUl'er-y(-T), n.;p2. -ERiEs(-Tz). 1. Distillation. Obs. 2. The works where distilling is carried on. dis-till'ment, dls-tll'ment (-mSnt), n. See -hsht. dis-tlnct' (-tlijkt'), a. [L. distinctus, p. p. of distinguere. See DISTINGUISH.] 1. Distinguished by nature or station; individual; different in quality; unlike others; distinc- tive. 2. That may be clearly seen or discerned ; clear. dlB-tlnc'tion ('tlqk'shfin), n. 1. Division ; also, a section. Obs. or R, 2. Act of distinguishing a difference or differ- ences ; discrimination ; also, the object or result of dis- tinguishing ; a difference. 3. State or quality of being distinguishable or distinct. 4. A distinguishing quality or mark. 6- Act of giving special recognition, or the mark of such recognition ; state of being so recognized; eminence ; honor.— Syn. See difference, refutation. dis-tlnc'tlTe (-tiv), a. Marking or expressing distinction; distinguishmg. — dls-tlnc'tlve-ly, adv. UTe-noss, n. Syn. Distinctive, characteristic. DisTiNCTrvB refers primarily to that which marks or distinguishes one thing regarded in its relation to other tlungs ; characteristic, to that which constitutes or expresses the character or qual- ity of the thing itself, without necessary reference to other things ; as, they have distinctive traits of their ovm; he spoke with characteristic courtesy. dis-tlnctly (-tTijktlT), adv. With distinctness; clearly. Syn. Distinctly, clearly. Distihctlt suggests sharp- ness of definition or freedom from confusion ; clearly, ab- sence of dimness, obscurity, or obstructing influence. dlB-Unct'ness, n. Quality or state of being distinct.— Syn. Plainness, clearness, precision, iwrspicuity, II diB-tln'KU6 (-tSN'ga), a. ; fern, -ou^ (-ga). [F.] Dis- tinguished ; of superior manner or hearing. dlS-tlll'g:illsh(-tti)'gwTsh),v. t. [L. distingruere^-tinctum; di- = dis- -\-stinguere to extinguish.] 1. To set apart by visible marks ; mark off. 2. To recognize or discriminatp (one thing among or from others) by marks, signs, or char acteristics. 3. To perceive clearly; discern, esp. by phytsh cal sense. 4. To make eminent ; confer distiuction upon. Syn. Distinguish, discriminate come into comparison ir. the sense of drawing or recognizing distinctions. Distih- onisH is the more general ; discrimihatb often implies greater precision or nicer discernment. — V. i. To make distinctions ; exercise discrimuiation;-' commonly with between. — dis-tin'gulsh-a-ble, a. — dls- tln'galBh-inent (-mgut), n. dlB-Un'glllshed (-gwTsbt),p. a. Marked ; notable.— Syn. Noted, famous, celebratedj illustrious. See eminent. dls-tin'guish-lng, p. a. Distinctive; characteristic. dls-tort' (-tfirf), V. t. [L. distortus^ p. p. of distorguere to twist, distort; dis- + torquere to twist.] 1. To twist out of natural or regular shape physically; deform; hence, to twist aside mentally or morally. 2. To pervert in meaning. dls-tor'tlon (-tSr'shun), n. Act of distorting ; state or de* gree of being distorted. dls-tiact' (-trSkf), a. [L. distractus, p. p. of distrakere to draw asunder ; dis- + trahere to draw.] Distracted or dis- traught; hence, mad; insane. Archaic. — v. i. 1. To draw (the sight, mind, or attention) to a different object or ale, senate, cftre, &m, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, &rb, fidd, sdftj cSzmect ; nsO} tmite, ^m, up, circus, menii ; xdod, f dbt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, u)Tl ; ^en, thin ; DISTRACTEDLY 213 DIVES in different directions ; divert. 2. To agitate by conflict- ing passions, harass. 3. To unsettle the reason of ; craze. — Syn, See puzzle. — dl8-traot'ed-ly (dls-trSk'tSd-lT), adv. dls-trac'tlon(dTs-trSk'slii2n),n. 1. Act of distracting; state of being distracted; esp.f confusion; disorder; perturba^ tion ; violent agitation of feeling ; hence, mental derange- ment. 2. That which diverts attention; a divei'sion. — Syu. Perplexity, disturbance, dissension, tumult, mad- ness, raving. — dls-trac'tive (-tlv), a. diS-traln' (-tran'), v. t. [OF. destreindre to oppress, force, L. distringerey -trictumy to draw asunder, molest ; di- = dis- -\- stringere to press together.] Law. To seize as security, as for rent due. — v. i. To levy a distress. — dls-tialn'a- ble, a. — dls-traln'er (-er), dls-train'or (-er ; -6r), n. dlS-Ualnt' (-tranf), n. Law. Act of distraining. II dla'tralt'(des'tra'),a. [F.] Absent-minded ; abstracted. dlS-traught' (dts-tr6t'), p. a. [for distract.'] Bistracted. dls-tress' (-trSs'), n, [fr. OF., fr. L. districlits, p. p. See distraht.] 1. Oppressed or distressed state ; suffering ; anguish. 2. That which occasions suffering ; misfortune; misery. 3- A state of danger or necessity. 4. Law. Seiz- ure and detention of the goods of another as a security. Syn, Affliction, sorrow, grief; pain, torture, torment, pang, throe. — Distress, anguish, agony. Distress implies severe pliysical or mental strain or oppression ; anguish, excruciatmg or torturing distress; agony, intense or acute anguish, under which one writhes or struggles. Anguishis now almost restricted to mental suffering. ^ V. t. 1. To affect with distress ; pain , afflict ; harass. 2. To compel by pain or suffering. — Syn, Pain, harass, trouble, perplex, afSict, worry, annoy. dis-tress'fnl (-fddl), a. Full of distress; causing, indicat- ing, or attended with, distress. — (Us-tress'tul-ly, adv. dls-trlb'UtO(-trIb'ut),t'.(./ -UT-ED (-u-tSd); -ut-ing (-H-ting). [L. disiribulus, p. p. of disiribuere to distribute ; dis- -j- '»'2- buere to allot.] 1. To divide among several or many ; ap- portion ; allot. 2. To dispense ; administer, as justice. 3. To spread out. 4. To divide or separate ; classify. — dls-trlb'at-a-ble (-fi-to-b'l), a. — dls-trib'ut-er, n. dls'tri-bu'tion (dts'trT-bu'shiin), n. 1. Act of distribut- ing; state of being distributed. 2. That which is distrib- uted. 3. Mode or manner in which things are distributed. — Syn. Apportionment, allotment, division, dispensation, disposal, dispersion, classification, arrangement. dla-trlb'a-tlve (dTs-trlb'u-tt v), a. 1. Tending or serving to distribute. 2. Gram. Expressing separation among or into individuals or individual groups.^ n. A distributive word. — dis-trlb'ii-tlTe-l7, adv. dis-trib'a-tor (-ti-ter), n. One that distributes. dis'trict (dIs'trTkt), n. [LL. dixtrictus district, f r. L. dis- trietusy p. p. See distrain.] 1. A defined portion of a state, city, etc., made for administrative or other purposes. 2. Any portion of territory of undefined extent ; region. — Syn. Circuit, quarter, province, tract, country. dls-trust' (dTs-trSsf), V. t. To feel a lack or the absence of trust in ; mistrust. Syn. Distrust, mistrust. To distrust is to have no trust or confidence in a person or thing. In this more positive sense it has almost displaced mistrust. — ra. Lack of trust, as in one's sincerity. — Syn. See DOUBT. — ^dls-tmst'fnl (-fd5l), a. — dls-trust'fnl-ly, adv. dls-torb' (-tflrb'), V. i. [fr. OF., fr. L. disturbare^ -turbatum; dis- -\- turbare to disturb, iurba disorder, crowd.] 1, To throw into disorder or confusion ; to interrupt the peace or quiet of; derange ; unsettle. 2. To agitate the mind of; disquiet. 3- To turn from a regular or designed course ; to cause to shift, stop, or go awry. Syn. Upset, diBcomj)ose, agitate. — ^Disturb, perturb. To disturb is to throw into either physical or mental confu- sion or disorder J as, do not disturh my papers ; a piece of disturbing intelligence ; perturb implies stronger agitation or disquietude than disturb and ia confined to mental dis- turbance ; as, she was perturbed by his violence. dls-turb^ance (-tdr'bSns), n. Act of disturbing ; state or fact of being disturbed. — Syn. Tumult, brawl, turmoil, uproar, hubbub ; confusion, imitation, perturbation. dls-tnfb'er (-bSr), n. One that disturbs; a troubler. dls-UIl'lon (-un'yttn), n. 1. Termination of union ; separa- tion ; disjunction. 2. Dissension. — dls-un'lon-ist (-Tst), n. dls^U-nlte' (dTs/u-nit'), V. t. 1. To destroy the union or unity of; divide. 2. To alienate. — v. i. To part; fall asunder, dls-nse' (dTs-us'), n. Cessation of use, practice, or exercise ; desuetude. — dls-USe' (-uz'), v. t. ; -used' (-uzd') ; -us'ing (-uz'Tng). To cease to use ; discontinue the practice of. dts-val'ue (dTs-vSl'u), V. i:. To undervalue; depreciate. ditch (dlch), n. [orig. same word asdi'Ae.] A trench dug in the earth, as for drainage. — w. t. 1. To dig a ditch or ditches in or around, as for drainage or defense. 2. To throw into a ditch. U. S. — ditoh^or, n. dlth'y-ramb (dTth'I-rSmb ; -rSm), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. Si0v- pa^i^os dithyramb (in sense 1),] 1. A kind of lyric poetry inhonorof Dionysus. 2. A poem in a wild irregular strain. — dlth^y-ram'blc (rSm'btk), a. dit'ta-ny (dlt'a-nl), n. ; pi. -NIBS (-nTz). [fr. OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. SiKTajii.coi', -cos, a plant abundant on Mount Dicte in Crete.] Any of various herbs of the mint or the rue family. dlt'tay (-a ; -T), n. Scots Law. An indictment. diVtled {-Id), p. a. Set, sung, or composed as a ditty. dit'tO(-o),n./7'^-Tos(-oz). [It. detto,ditto,iT. L. dictum dic- tum.'} The aforesaid thing; the same (as before); — often contracted to do., or represented by two " turned commas " ("J, or small marks. Used in bills, tables, etc., to save repe- tition. ~-adv. As aforesaid; in the same way, place, etc. dil'ty (-1), n. ; pi. -TIES (-iz). [OF. diti^, fr. L. dictatum^ p. p. neut. of rfic/are to compose. SeenicTATE, v.t.'] 1. A saying; esp., ashort and often repeated utterance; atheme. Obs. 2. A Bong; a little simple poem, intended to be sung. dl'U-ret'lc (di'u-rgt'ik), a. [fr. L., deriv. of Gr. 5td through -|- ovpetc to urinate, ovpov urine.] Tending to increase se- cretion and discharge of urine. •— n. A diuretic medicine. dl-lir'nal(di-flr'n$I),a. \JL-dtumalis,iT,diesds,y.'\ 1. Daily; recurring every day. 2. Relating to the day time ; — opp. to nocturnal. — Syn. SeeDAiLY. — n. Adaybook; journal; also, a newspaper Archaic. — di-nr'nal-ly, adv. dl'va-gate (di'vd-gat), v. %.; -oat/ed (-gat'Sd) ; -gat/ihg. [L. divagari ; di- = dis- -\-vagaTn. to stroll about.] To wan- der about; stray. — di'va-ga'tion (-ga'shfin), n. dl-van' (di-vSn'; in sense 3, commonly di'vSn), n. [Per. dlwdn a book of many leaves, a senate, council.] 1. In Turkey and other Oriental countries : A council of state ; a royal court. 2. A saloon or hall where a divan, or council, is held. 3. A cushioned seat, or a large, low aof a or couch, dl-Tar'1-cate (di-var'T-kat), V. i. ; -cat'ed (-kat'ed) ; -catl- ing. [L. divaricaius, p. p. of divaricare to stretch apart ; di- = dis- + varicare to straddle, i>aricus straddling, vai'us stretched outwards.] To part into two branches ; fork. — a. Forking widely. — di-var'1-ca'tlon (-ka'shfin), n. dive (div), V. i.; dived (divd) ; div'ing (div'Tng) ; Collog. pret., chiefiy U. S., dove (dov). [AS. dyfan."] 1. To plunge into water, esp. headforemost. 2. To penetrate into any- thing with the body or hand, esp. hastilyor suddenly. 3. To plunge deeply into any subject, business, etc. — n. 1. Act of one who dives. 2. A place of low resort Chiefiy U. S. dlv'er (div'er), n. One that dives. dl-verge' (dt-vfirj'), v. i. ; -VERGED' (-vQrjd') ; -verg'ing (-vQr'jtng). [di^:=diS'-\-'L.vergeretoh&nd,mc\\ne>.'\ 1. To extend from a common point in different directions; deviate (as from a given direction); — opp. to conueT-^e. 2. To differ from a typical form ; dissent from a position, opinion, etc. dl-Ter'gence (dT-vflr'jens) l n. ,- pi. -qences (-jSn-s5z ; 24), dl-ver'gen-cy (-jen-sT) ( -gencies (-sTz). Act of diverg- ing ; state of being divergent ; disagreement ; deviation, di-ver'gent (-j2nt), a. 1. That diverges ; diverging. 2. Re- lating to, or characterized by, divergence or disagreement. di'vers (di'verz), a. [fr. F., fr. L. diversus turned in dif- ferent directions, different, p. p. See divert.] Several ; sundry ; various ; — only in pi. — Syn. See different. dl-verse' (dT-vQrs' ; di'vers), a. [same word as divers."] 1. Different; unlike; separate. 2. Capable of various forms; multiform. — Syn. See different. — dl-verse'ly, adv. dl-ver'sl-fy (dt-vfir'sT-fi), v. t. ; -pibd (-fid) ; -i-y'ino (-fi'- lug). To make diverse, or various, in form or quality; vari- egate. — dl-ver'sl-fil-ca'tion (-fT-ka'ahSn), n. dl-ver'sloil(-shun), n. 1. Act of diverting. 2- That which diverts, or relaxes and amuses; pastime. — Syn. Amuse- ment, entertainment, recreation, sport, game, play. dl-ver'Sl-ty (-eT-tT),n. ,■ pi. -ties (-tlz). 1. A state of dif- ference. 2. Difference; variety. — Syn. See variety. dl-vert' (-vflrt')iV. i. [fr.F.,fr.L.divw;ere,-fer5M7n,togo different ways, turn aside; di- ^ dis- -\- vertet^e to turn.] 1. To turn aside (from or to); deflect. 2. To turn away from any occupation, business, or study; amuse; entertain. — Syn. Entertain, recreate, delight. See amuse. II dl'ver'tlsse'ment' (de'vSr'tes'maN'), n. [F.] Anenter- tninment ; diversion ; amusement. Dl'ves (di'vez), n. ;pl. -veses (-5z). [L., rich.] The rich nature, verdure (87) ; k = ch in G- ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Explanations of Abbreviations, 81ffns, eto., precede Vocabulary. || Forelsn Word. + combined with. = equals. DIVEST 214 DOCTOR man in the parable of " the rich man and Lazarus " (Luke xvi. 19-31) ; —from the uae of the latin ailj. dives iu this passage in the Vulgate. Hence, a rich man ; rich worldling. dl-veaV (dl-vSst'), v. t. [LL. divesUre ; di- = dis- -[- L. ves- lire to dresB.] 1. To unclothe ; strip, as of clothes, arms, or equipage. 2- Fig. : To deprive ; dispossess, as of rights. dl-vest'l-ture (-vSs'ti-tyr), n. Act of divesting (a persou or thing) ; state of being divested. dl-Tlde' ("Vid'), V. t. ; -vid'ed (-vid'Sd) ; -vid'ino. [L. divl- dere^ diiHsum.] 1. Topart asunder (a whole) ; sever. 2. To cause to be separate ; keep apart by a partition, imaginary line, or limit. 3. To make partition of among a number ; apportion. 4. To disunite ; set at variance. — v. i. 1. To be separated ; branch. 2. To havea share: partake. ^ n. A dividing ridge between two drainage areas ; a watershed. dl-vid'ed (dT vid'fid ; 24), p. a. Farted ; disunited ; distrib- uted ; as : Bot. Cut into distinct parts by incisions extend- ing to the base or to the midrib ; — said of a leaf. div'l-dend (dTv't-dgnd), n. [L. dividendum tiling to be di- vided.] 1. Asumof money or quantity of commodities to be divided and distributed, or the share that falls to each indi- vidual ; a distributive sum, share, or percentage. 2- Math. A number or quantity that is to be divided. dl-vld'er (dt-vid'Sr), n. 1. One that divides. 2. Usually in pi. An instrument for dividing lines, etc. ; compasses. dl-vld'n-al(-vTd^-f^l),a. 1. Separate; distinct. 2. Divided, shared, or participated in. Rare. — di-Vld'tt-al-ly, adv. dlT'l-na'tlon (dXv't-ua'shun), n. [L. divinatio^ fr. divi-nare^ -natum, to foresee, foretell, divinus divine.] 1. Act of di- vining ; a foreseeing or foretelling of future events or dis- covering of hidden knowledge. 2- Augury ; conjectural presage ; omen. — Syn, See discernmbnt. dl-Tine' (dT-vin'), a. ; -vin'er i.-vin'er) ; -vin'est. [fr. OF., fr. L. divinus divine, divinely inspired, divus^ dius^ of a deity.] 1. Of or pertaining to God. 2. Appropriated to God ; religious. 3. Pertaining to a deity ; of the nature of a god or gods. 4. Godlike ; heavenly ; apparently super- human. 6. Foreboding. Obs. 6< Relating to divinity or theology. — Syn. Supernatural, celestial; pious, holy, sa- cred. — n. 1. A priest ; clergyman. 2. One skilled in divinity ; a theologian. — v. t. ; -vined' (-vind') ; -vih'ing (-vui'Tng). 1. To perceive through reasoning, sympathy, or intuition ; detect. 2- To foretell ; presage ; portend. Obs. or R. — Syn. Guess, conjecture, surmise ; predict, proph- esy, prognosticate, forebode. — v. i. 1. To use or prac- tice divination ; prophesy. 2. To feel a foreboding. 3- To conjecture. — dl-vlne'ly, adv. — dl-vlne'ness, n. — dl- Tln'er (-vm'er), n. dl-Vin'l-ty (-vTn'T-tT), n. ;pl. -ties (-tTz), 1. State or qual- ity of being divine ; deity ; godhead. 2. A deity ; a god ; [cap,'}, usually with the : the Deity ; God. 3. Divine attri- bute ; supernatural power or virtue. 4. Theology. dl-Tls'l-ble (-vtzT-b'l), a. Capable of being divided. — dl- Tls'l-Ml'l-ty (-btl'T-tl), n. — dl-VlB'1-Dly (-blT), adv. dl-vl'sion (-vTzh'un), n. 1. Act or process of dividing; state of being divided ; separation; partition. 2. That which di- vides or keeps apart; a partition. 3. The portion separated by dividing. 4. Disunion ; dissenaion ; discord. 6. Math. Process of, or rule for, finding how many times one number or quantity is contained in another. 6. Mil. Two or more brigades under a general officer. — Syn . Compartment, sec- tion, allotment ; distribution ; disjunction, disconnection ; difference, variance. See part. — dl-Vl'slon-al (~^1), a. dl-Vl'sive (-vl'stv), a. Indicating, creating, or tending to create, division. [idend is divided. I dl-Vl'sor (-zer), n. Math. The number by which the div-] dl-VOrce' (-vors' ; 57), n. [F., fr. L. divorlium^ fr. divortere, divertere. See divert.] 1. A le^al dissolution of the mar- riage relation. 2. Separation ; disunion, —v. t. ; -voroed' (-vorsf) ; -VOEO'INO (-vor'sYng). 1. To put away or sepa- rate by divorce. 2. To disunite ; sunder. It dl'vor'ctf' (de'vftr'sa'), n. masc.y \\ dl'vor'ctie' (-sa'), »• fern, [F.] A divorcee. dl-TOr'oee' (dT-vor'8e')i n. A person divorced. dl-voroe'ment (dT-vors'mSnt), n. Divorce ; separation. dlv'Ot (dtv'Qt), n. A thin oblong or square turf. Scot, dl-TUlge' (dT-viSlj^, V. i. : -TULQBD' f-vSljd') ; -vino'iNo C-vQl'jing). [L. divulgare ; di- — dis- -\- vulgare to spread among the people, vulgus the populace.] 1- To indicate publicly ; proclaim. Rare. 2. To make public ; reveal ; dis- ciose. — Syn. Discover, uncover, communicate, impart, tell. See REVEAL. — t'. 7. To become publicly known. Rare. Dlz'le (dTk'sT), n., or Diz'le'B Land (-slz). 1. The Southern Scauju of the Uui&ed Scams, collectively. 2. Any of various songs, esp. one composed in 1859 by D. D. Em- mett, which became a popular Confederate war song. dlz'en (dtz"n ; di'z'n), v. t. To bedizen ; deck out. dlz'zy C-I), a.; -zi-eb (-i-er); -zi-bst. [AS. dysig.^ 1. Giddy; hence, mentally confused or un&teady. 2. Causing, or tend- ing to cause, giddiness or vertigo. — v. t. ; -zied (-Id) ; -zy- iNG. To make dizzy.— dlz'zi-ly (-I-n),«ti«'.— 41z'2i-ness, n. do{do), n. Music. Thefirstof the syllables used in solmiza- tion ; — applied to the tirst tone of the diatonic scale. do (doo), V. t. or auxiliary; piet. did (dTd); w. p. done (diln) ; p. pr. d: vb. ?i. do'iho (doo'Ing). [AS. dOn.} 1. To bring about ; produce, as au effect or result ; render ; pay; as, to do him reverence. 2. To perform, as au action; execute , transact , administer. 3- To bring to au end by action ; finish , — used iu the p. p. ; eis, I have done weeping. 4. To put forth; exert; as, to do one's best. 5. To treat or deal with ; as, to do one's hair, a room, a poem, a mile, etc. 6. To serve; suit; suffice. Colloq. 7- To put or bring into a form or state ; — esp. in : to do to deaih., to put to death; to do away (often do away icith), to put away ; etc. lEi^ Do with the simple infinitive is often used to add em- phasis in affirmative and imperative senteuces (as, but I do see; do help me) and is the normal form in inverted construc- tion (as, rarely c^/erior, principalj pre^'mi- nent, chief ; preponderant, overbalancing, outweighing. — DOUINANT, PKBDOUmANT, PABAUODNT, PREPONDERATING. That is DOUiNANT which is thought of as (esp. fig.) ruling or commanding ; as, beauty is the dominant idea of his work. Predominant emphasizes ascendancy or prevailing infiu- ence ; as, various subjects of which no one is predominant. Parahodnt implies rather preeminence or supremacy in order, rank, or jurisdiction ; as, the infiuence of Napoleon became varamownt. Preponderating applies to that which outweighs or overbalances;as,thep?cj)(macraft'nff tendency. doxn'l-Xiant, n. Music. The fifth note of the scale. dom'l-nate (-nat), v. t. ; -nat^ed (-nat'Sd) ; -nat/inq. [L. dominxdus, p. p. of dominari to dominate, dominus master, lord.] To predominate, or have controlling power, over; rule ; govern. — v. i. To control ; predominate. dom'l-na'tlon (-ua'shi^n}, n. 1. Act of dominating; suprem- acy; often, arbitrary or msolent sway. 2. pi. Ahighorder of angels. — dom'l-na-tlTe (d5m1-na-ttv), a. dom'i-na'tor (-natter), n. One who dominates. dom'l-ne (dQm't-ne ; do'ml-), n. [see dominie.] 1. A cler- gyman; minister ; specif., a pastor of the Dutch Reformed Church. Obs., except in U. S. 2. ^ dominie, 1. doml-neer' (dSm'I-ner'), v. i. dk t. [OD. domineren to feast luxuriously, fr. F. dominer,!.. dominari. See dominate, V. t.'\ To rule insolently or arbitrarily; tyrannize; swagger. dOia4-neer'lng,p. a. Tbatdomineers; tyrannical. — Syn. See masterful. — dom'l-neeT'liig-ly, adv. do-mln'l-cal (do-mTn'I-kSl), a. [LL. dom,inicalis, L. domi- nicus of a master or lord, dom,ivus master, lord.] 1. Of or pert, to Jesus Christ as Lord. 2. Designating, or pert, to, the Lord's Day, or Sunday. — dominical letter, the letter, in almanacs, denoting Sunday. ^ n. A dominical letter. Do-mln'l-oan (-kSn), a. Of or pertaining to St. Dominic (Domingo de Guzman, n70--1221), or the religious communities named after him.^ n. R. C. Ch. One of an order of mendicant preacliing friars, founded by St. Dominic. dom'l-nie (d5mT-nT; do^mT-nl), ». [L. do- mine, vocative of dominus master.] 1. A schoolmaster. 2. = domine, 1. do-mln'ion (dd-mtn'yun), n. [LL. domi- nio, equiv. to L. dominium.'] 1. Supreme authority; sovereignty; supremacy. 2. That which is subject to sovereignty or control ; territory governed. 3. pi. = domination, 2. — Syn. Control, rule, jurisdiction. dom'l-no(d(5m'T-no),n. /j)2.-NOSor(esp.the | pieces for a game) -noes (-noz). [fr. F., It., or Sp., fr. L. dominus master. The domino was orig. a hood worn by cathedral Dominican Friar, canons.] 1. A masquerade costume consisting of a robe.with adjustable hood, and a light half mask. 2. A kind of mask, esp. a half mask. 3. pi. A well-known game played with, usually, flat, oblong pieces, or men, dotted on one side after the manner of dice. Also, sing. , one of these pieces, or men. don (dSn), 71. [Sp., fr. L. dominus master.] 1. leap.'] Sir; Mr.; — a title in Spain, now common to all classes. 2- A Spanish nobleman or gentleman. 3. A grand personage; esp., Eng. Univ. Cant, a college head or university fellow. don, V. t. ; DONNED (dSnd) ; don'nins. [do -\-on ; — opposed to doff.'] To put on ; dress in. II DCJoa (do'nya), || Do'na (do'nd), n. [Sp. dofla, Pg. donaJ] 1. Lady ; — prefixed to the Christian name of a lady in Spain and Portugal respectively. 2- [/. c] A Spanish or Portuguese lady. do'nate (do'nat), v. t. ; -nat-ed (-nat^d); -nat-ino. [L. do- natus, p. p. of donare to donate, donum gift, dare to give.] To make a donation of. Chiefly U. S. The use of donate in a general sense as equivalent to give is vulgar. do-na'tlon (d6-na'ahi2n), n. Act of giving, or that which is given, as a present; a grant ; gift. — Syn. See present. doii'a-tlve(dBn'o-tTv),ft. [h.donativum.'] A gift ; largess ; present. — a. Of the nature of, or subject to, donation. done (dQn), p. p. of DO. do-nee' (do-ne'), n. One to whom a gift is made. don'jon (dOn'jun ; d5n'j0n), n. [see ddnoeon.] A massive chief tower in medieval castles. See castle, Ulust. ale, senate, c&re, &m, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker; ice, 211 ; old, fthey, drb, 5dd, sdft, cdnnect ; use, Qnite, urn, up, circus» menii ; food, foot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing:, ii|k ; (ben, thin; DON JUAN 217 DOUBLET Don Ju'an (dOn ju'Sn ; Sp. dftn hwSn'). In Spanish legend, a prottigate nobleman of Seville who kills in a duel the father of a lady whom be has wronged. Don Juan afterward mock- ingly Invites to supper the statue erected over the grave of the slain man. The invitation is accepted, and the statue fina lly carries Don Juan to hell. donlEOy (dSij'kt), n. ;pl. -keys (-klz). 1. The ass. 2. A stupid or obstinate fellow; an ass. Don'na (d5n'd ; It. dSn'na)^ n. [It., fr. L doniina. See DAME.] A lady; — title given to an Italian lady, or, loosely, to a Spanish or Portuguese lady (instead of Doila or Dona). do'nor (d^ndr), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. donatory It. donare to give.] One who gives, or donates. Don Qnls'Ote (d5n kwtk'sdt ; Sp. don kS-ho'ta), n. [Sp.] The hero of a Spanish romance (1605 and 1615) by Cervantes parodying the romances of chivalry. He is a gaunt country gentleman, honorable, gentle, and lovable, but so crazed by reading books of chivalry that he goes forth to do deeds of knight-errantry. don't (dont). Oolloq. contr. of do not. Sometimes used incorrectly instead of does nV, contr. of does not. doom (doom), n. [AS. dSm."] 1. A statute ; law ; decree. Obs.orffist. 2. Judgment ; sentence. 3. That to which one is doomed ; destiny or fate, esp. unhappy destiny ; hence, ruin ; death. 4. The final judgment, at the end of the world ; — now chiefly in crack of doom and day of doom. — Syn. Fate, lot ; ruin, destruction. See destiny. — v.t. 1. To pronounce judgment upon; condemn. 2. To destine; fix; appoint, as by decree or by fate ; ordain. dooms'day' (doomz'daO) n. [AS.ddmesdaeg.] 1. The day of the final judgment of mankind. 2. A day of judgment. door (dor ; 57), n. [AS. duru.'\ 1. The movable hinged or sliding frame or barrier by which an opening for access, as into a house, may be closed. 2. A doorway. 3. Passage ; means of approach. door'keep'er (-kep/er), n. One who keeps or guards a door. door'nall' (-n31'), n. A large-headed nail ; — now chiefly in various phrases, as '* as dead as a doornail,^' etc. door'way' (-wSO* fi- A passageway such as a door closes. doiie (dop), n. [L>.<2oc|padipping,c7oopentodip.] 1. Any tmck liquid or pasty preparation, aa of opium. 2. An ab- sorbent material, as that mixed with some high explosives to render them less dangerous to transport. — v. i. ; doped (dopt) ; DOP'iNG (doping). To treat or affect with dope. dor (ddr), n. A trick or deception ; mockery. dor, »., or dor'bee'tle (d6r'be/t'l), n. A kind of beetle, esp. one that makes a buzzing noise when flying. dor hug. A dor, as the June beetle. U. S. Dor'oas (ddr'kda), n. [Gr. SopKo.^ gazelle.] In the Bible, a Christian woman who made " coats ana garments" for the poor. See Acts ix. 36-41. Do'rl-an (do'ri-an ; 57), a. Pert, to the Dorians ; Doric. — n. One of a race that invaded Q-reece, about the 10th cen- tury B. 0., establishing themselves in Doris, Laconia, etc. Dor'lc (dSrIk), a. 1. Pert, to Doris, in ancient G-reece, or to the Dorians. 2. Pert, to, or designating, the oldest and simplest of the Greek architectural orders. — n. The Doric dialect of Greek. dor'man-cy (ddr'mSn-sT), n. Dor- mant state. dor'mant (-m£nt), a. [F., p. pr. of dormir to sleep, L. domiire.'\ Sleep- ing ; asleep, or aa if asleep ; hence, inactive ; quiescent ; in abeyance. — Syn. See latent. dor'mer (-mer), n. [lit., the window of a sleepmg apartment, OF. dor- Dormer Window. wieor.] A dormer window, or window vertical in a roof ; also, the projecting part in which it is contained. dor'ml-to-iy (-mT-t*-rI), rt.;pl. -RIBS (-rlz). [L. dormitoriv/mt fr. dormUorius of or for sleep- ing, dormire to sleep. ] A sleep- ing room, or a building contain- ing sleeping rooms. dor'monao' (-mous^), n. ; pi. -MICE (-mis'). Any of several small Old World rodents some- what resembling small squirrels in appearance and habits. dorp (dSrp), n. [LG. & D. dorp.'\ A hamlet. doi'sal (dGr'sttl), a. [F., fr. LL., fr. L. dorsum back., 1. Pertaining to,orsituatednearorou, the back, or dorsum, of an animal or of one of its parts ; — opposed to ventral. 2. Bot. Designating, or pertaining to, the surface turned away from the axis, as the under or outer side of a leaf. dor'SUm(-si£m),n.; L.pl. -sa (-sd). [L.] The back of an animal or of a part of an animal. do'ry(do'rI;57), n./p^-Ri£a(-rIz). A kind of flat-bottomed boat. do'ry, n. [from its color, , F. dorie, lit., gilded.] A i John dory or an allied fish. ^^^^^^R^b. Dories dOBe(dos), n. [F.,fr. Gr. " ' " " ' Soa-L^ a giving, dose, fr. SiSovai. to give.] 1. The measured quantity of a medicine to be ti^en at one time or in a given period of time. 2. A definite quantity of anything re- garded as having a beneficial influence. 3. Anything nau- seous that one is obliged to take — v. t. ; dosed (dost) ; Dos'iNO (doa'Yng). 1, To give doses or medicine to. 2. To give anything nauseous to. dOS'aal(d5s'al), dOS'sel, n. \OF.dossel.'\ A cloth put over the back of a seat or altar as a cover. dos'Bll (-11), n. [fr. OF., spigot, deriv. of L. duz leader.] 1. A spigot. Obs.orDial.Eng. 2. A pledget of lint, for a sore, wound, etc. ; a tent. dost (dUst), 2dpers. sing.pres. of do. dot (dSt), n. 1. A small point or spot made with a pointed instrument. 2. Anything small , a speck. — v t.; dot'ted , dot'ting. To mark with or as with dots or small spots. — V. i. To make a dot or dots. dot, n. [F., f r. L. dos, dotis, dowry.] Civil Law. A woman's marriage portion, or dowry. — dO'tal (do'tSl), a. dOfagO (dofaj), n. [from dote, v. i.] 1. Feebleness of mind, esp. in old age; senility. 2. Excessive fondness; weak and foolish affection. do'tard (do'tdrd), n. [from doth, v. i.] A foolish or imbe- cile person ; esp., one whose mind is impaired by age. dote (dot), V. i. ; dot'ed (dot'Sd); dot'ing. 1. To be weak- minded, esp. from age. 2- To be foolishly fond ; love to ex- cess ; — with on or upon. — dot'er, n. — dot'lng-ly , adv. doth (dfith), Zdpers. sing.pres. of do. Archaic. doVter-el (dSfer-el), n. [from dote, v. i.] 1. A kind of plover. 2. A silly fellow; dupe. dot'tle, dot'tel (-'!}, n. A wad of half-smoked tobacco left in a pipe. Srit. dOUTHo (daV'l), a. [fr. OF., fr. L. duplus, fr. root of duo two.'l 1. Two- fold; made or being twice as great, as large, as ' much, as many, as strong, as valuable, etc. 2. Being in pairs; coupled. 3. Two- fold in relation or charac- ter; as, a double meaning. 4. Folded; doubled. _ 6. Acting in two ways, or deceitfully ; insincere. 6. Sot. Having the floral leaves considerably increased beyond the natural number, usually by cultivation. — n. 1. Twice as much; twice the number, quantity, value, or the like. 2- The counterpart of another; duplicate. 3. Thing doubled over or together ; plait ; fold. 4. A turn in running to es- cape ; hence, a trick ; shift. — adv. Doubly ; in a pair. — V. t.; -bled (-'Id) ; -bling (dfiblTng). [fr. F., fr. L. duplare, fr. duplus. See double, ct,] 1. To multiply by two; make twice as great. 2. To make of two thicknesses by bending together ; fold. 3. To be the double of. 4- To pass around or by ; as, to double the cape. 6. To avoid by doubling. ~—v. i. 1. To be doubled. 2- To return on one's track. dou'ble-banked' (-baijkt'), a. Havingtwobanks of rowers. dOQ^ble-deal'Ing, n., or donble deaUnff. Duplicity. — dou'ble-deal'er, n., or donble dealer. II don^le-en^ten'dre (doo'bi'-aN'taK'dr*), n. [F. , but usu- ally double entente ambiguity.] A word or expression ad- mitting of two interpretations, one often indelicate. don'ble-faced' (dab"l-fast/ ; 109), a. Hypocritical. don'ble-ness (dQb''l-nSs), n. Quality or state of being dou- ble or doubled ; specifically, duplicity ; insincerity. don^ble-qnlclE', a. Of, or performed in, the fastest time or step in marching, next to a run. '— n. Double-quick time, step, or march. dOU'blet(dablSt;24), n. [F.. dim. of rfo«6Ze double.] 1. A Dotterel, natnre, ver4tire (87) ; k=c1i In G. ich, ach (50) ; boN; yet; zh= z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. JJ^UoatloDa orAbbreTiAtloiis, SlffnSf etc* preceae Vocabulary. U ForeljpD Word. -|- aomblued with. =eanalA. DOUBLOON 218 DOWNY close-fltting body garment for men, worn in western Europe from about the IStb to the 17tb century. 2. One of u pair; Bpecif . , one of two words in tbe same language derived from tbe same original ; aa, yard aud garden. 3- A puir. dou-bloon' (dQb-loon'), n. [£r. F., fr. Sp. dobldn, fr. doble double.] A Spaniab gold coin orig. wortb about $16, but in 1853 reduced to S5. It is uo longer issued. donllly (diib'ir), ado. 1. In twice tbe quantity ; to twice tbe degree. 2. Deceitfully. Archaic. 3. In a twofold manner ; twice ; in two degrees. doubt (dout), V. i. [fr. OF., fr. L. dubitare to doubt.] To waver In opinion ; beeitate in belief ; be iindecided. •— v. t. 1. To question or hold questionable; be inclined not to be- lieve ; distrust. 2. To be apprehensive of ; fear ; also, to suspect. — n, 1. A fluctuation of mind arisingfromdefect of l£nowledge or evidence; hesitation. 2. Uucertainty of condition. 3. A difficulty expressed or urged for solution; an uncertain matter. — dOUbt'er, n. Syn. Uncertainty, mistrust^ misgiving. —Dodbt, dis- trust, SUSPICION. Doubt implies lack of certainty ; dis- trust, want of confideuce ; suspicion is more or less hostile distrust, esp. ou insufflcieut evidence ; as, Ms mind was full ot doubt ; tuey were offended by his distrust : he was un- easy because of his suspicion that they daubted^ns loyalty. donbt'ini (-fddl), a. 1. Admitting of doubt ; not obvious, clear, or certain. 2- Cliaracterizedby ambiguity ; dubious. 3. Not settled in opinion ; undetermined. 4. Of uncertain issue or event. — doubVJ!lll-ly, adv. — doubt'ful-ness, n. Syn. Wavering, vacillating, hesitating, distrustful, un- certain ; problematical, questionable : equivocal, ambigu- ous. — Doubtful, dubious. Doubtful is commonly the more positive; dubious conveys an implication of vagueness, ambiguity, vacillation, or suspicion ; as, a (/ou6 [cop.] pi. A roadstead in the North Sea, near Deal. down, adv. [For older adown, AS. adun, adune^ of dune; prop., from or off the hill.] X- In the direction of gravity; toward or in a lower place or position, or one regarded as lower; below ; — opposite of up. 2. From a past or remote time or period. 3. From a greater to a less bulk, amount, or strength, or from a thinner to a thicker consistence. ^ prep. In a descending direction along ; from abigher to a lower place, or to a place regarded as lower, on or within. ^ V. t. To cause to go down ; put or bring down ; over- throw. Archaic or Colloq. -^ a. Downward; descending; sloping. — n. 1. The refrain of a song. O&f. 2. A descent; a reverse of fortune ; low state. down'cast (-k&st'), a. 1. Cast down ; dejected. 2. Of looks, cast do'tvnward, as from bashfulness or guilt, ^n. A casting down or downward. down'COme' (-kHm'), n, A coming down ; downfall. down'fall' (-f310) """ 1* A sudden fall or descent ; hence, ruin. 2- A body falling. — down'fall'en (-^P'n), a. down'gyved' (-jivd'), a. Hanging down like gyves. Obs, down'heart'ed (-hUr'tSd ; 109), a. Dejected ; low-spirited. — down^eart'ed-ly, adv. — down'heart'ed-nesB, n. dOWn'hlU'(-hTl'), acfv. Down the slope of a hill; downward. ^{pron. doun'hil'), n. Declivity; slope. -^ a. Sloping. down'rlght' Cioun'rif ; doun'rItO, adv. 1. Straight down; perpendicularly. Obs. or Archaic. 2. In plain terms. 3. Thoroughly ; completely. — (doun'rlf), a. 1. Directed vertically downwards ; descending straight down. 2. Plain ; direct ; positive. 3. Absolute ; thorough. — dOWn'righV* ly, adv. — down'rlght'ness, n. down'Stalrs' (-stSrz'), adv. Down the stairs ; on or to a lower floor. — {pron. doun'stSrz'), a. Below stairs. down'trod' (doun'tr5d') 1 a. Trodden down ; abused by down'trod'den (-tr5d''n) J superior power. down'ward (-word), cr(2ii. Also-ward8(-werdz). 1. From a higher to a lower place, condition, etc. ; in a descending course. 2- From an earlier time; from an ancestor or pred- ecessor. ^ a. 1. Moving or extending from a higher to a lowerplace. 2- Descendingfromaheadorsource. 3. Tend- ing to a lower state ; dejected. — down'ward-ly, odv. down'y (douni), a. ; oown'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Cov- ered with down. 2. Mxide of, or resembling, down. Hence : Soft ; quiet. ale, senate, c&re, &in, account, arm, ask, Bofa ; eve, ^vent, €nd, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, dbey, 6rb, 5dd, B5ft, cSnnect ; usCi Unite, iim, iip, circus, menii; f6od,fdbt; out, oil; chair; go; Bing,ii)k; tben,thin: DOWRY 219 DRAVE dOW'ry (dou'rt)» n. ; j}l. -ries (-rtz). [contr. from dowery. SeeDOWBR.] 1. A widow's dower. 2. The money, goods, or estate which a woman brings to her husband in mar- riage ; dot. 3. A gift of property by a man to or for his bride ; dower. 4- Gift of nature ; talent. dowse (doua). Obs. or dial. Eug. var. of douse. dOZ-ol'O-gy (d5k-651'd-jl), 7i. / i>i. -qies (-jtz). [fr. LL., deriv. of Gr. Sofa opinion, glory, praise + Ati^etv to speali.] A kind of hymn or formula expressing prtiise to Qod. dOS'y (dSk'st), n. ;pl. D0XiES_(-aIz). A loose wench. doze (doz), V. i. ; DOZED (dozd) ; doz'ino (doz'Ing). To sleep lightly; be drowsy or dull. — n. A light sleep; drowse. — dOZ'er (doz'er), n. doz'en (daz''n), n. ; pi. dozen (before another noun), doz- BN3 (-*nz). [fr. OF., fr. douze twelve, fr. L. duodecim; duo two 4* decern ten.] A collection of twelve objects. doz'y (dozT), a. ; doz'i-er (-I-er) ; doz'i-est. Drowsy. drab (drSb), n. [AS. (ira66e dregs, lees.] 1. A slatternly woman. 2. A strumpet. — v. i. ; drabbed (drSbd) , dhab'- BiNO. To associate with drabs. drab, n. [F. drap cloth, LL. drappus.l A dull brownish yellow or yellowish gray. ^ a. Of the color of drab. drab'ble (drSb"l), v. L rHiiri> fST^ • K — pH in G. Ich, ach (60) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. S^anLuonf^Aibi^vuTlon^^^^ U Foreign Word- + combined with. =eaBiilB. DRAVIDIAN 220 DRESS Ora-Tld'1-an (drd-Tld'T-Sn), a. Of or pertaining to the Dra- vidians, or their languages. — n. 1. An individual oJ the oldest of the known races of India. Dravidians constitute the bulk of the population of southern Hindustan, except on the west coast. 2. The group of related tongues forming the speech of the Dravidiajos. draw (drS), V. t. ; pret. drew (droo) ; p. p. drawn (dr8n) ; p. pi: i& vb. n. DBAw'iHQ. [AS. dragan."] 1. To pull so as to cause to follow ; haul ; drag. 2. To remove ; withdraw. 3. To call toward itself; attract; allure; induce. 4. To inhale ; also, to utter or produce with inhalation ; heave ; as, to draw breath or a sigh. 6. To cause to come out ; extract ; bring forth ; take out ; elicit ; as, to draw water, lots, a card, (fig.) oaths from a person, etc. 6- To derive, deduce, or take, as from premises, a source, a fund, etc. 7- To conduct, convey, bring, take, divert, etc. as if by pulling ; hence, to bring about or bring on. 8- To disem- bowel ; eviscerate ; as, hanged a.nddravm. 9. To lengthen, protract, or stretch. 10- To produce by or as by tracing a pen or pencil over a surface ; hence, to represent by words ; depict ; describe. 11. To write hi due form ; as, to draw a deed. 12. To formulate ; as, to draw compari- sons. 13 . To require (so great a depth) for floating; sink so deep ; — of a vessel. 14. To leave (a contest) undecided. Syn. Draw, drag, haul. Draw is the general term for traction of any sort. To drag is to draw with toil, di£Q- culty, or violence, esp. f^aiust resistance ; as, to drag a coacn through the mire. To haul is to pull or tug, or (esp.) to transport by drawing : as, to haul down the sails, to haul in a net, to haul a load of wood. ^ V. I. 1. To move ; come or go ; literally, to draw one's self; — with prepositions and adverbs. 2- Of a hound, to track game by scent ; also, to approach the game cautiously after pointing. 3. To pull ; move something by pulling. 4. To contract ; shrink. 6- To attract; entice. 6. To act as a blistering agent; — said of a plaster, poultice, etc. 7. To be drawn or pulled ; admit of being drawn. 8. To delineate ; sketch ; practice drawing. 9. To make a writ- ten demand for payment of money deposited or due. Also fig. 10. To get information, supplies, etc. 11. To sink (to a certain depth) in water when floating. 12. To pro- duce, or admit of, a draft, or current, as a chimney. — n. .1. Act or process of drawing. 2- The result of drawing; state of being drawn ; a drawn battle, game, etc. 3. That which is drawn or is subject to drawing ; as ■ a An amount drawn, b A lot or chance drawn, c The movable part of a drawbridge. U. S. diaw'back' (-bSk^), n. 1. Money paid back or remitted after collection. 2- Loss; hindrance; objectionable feature. draw'bridge' (-brTjO, n. A bridge of which all or part is made to be raised, drawn, or moved aside, to admit or hinder passage. draw-ee' (dr6-e'), n. The person on o ■ t^ w -j whom an order or ^^'^^ Drawbridge bill of exchange is drawn ; — correlative of draiver. draw'er (drS'er), n. l. One that draws; as : a One who draws liquor, b A draftsman, c One who issues an order or bill of exchange ; — correlative of drawee. 2: A boxlike receptacle as in a table or stand, arranged to be drawn out. 3- pi. An undergarment for the legs and lower body. draw'lniTt «• 1- Act of one that draws. 2. A picture or representation made by lines or, loosely, by shading or color ; sketch. draw'ing-room', n. [abbr. fr. withdraioing room.'\ 1. A room for the reception of company ; the room to which the ladies withdraw from the dining room. 2. The company assembled, or a reception of company, in such a room. drawl (drSI), V, t. & i. To speak in a slow, lengthened tone. — n. A drawling utterance. — drawl'er, n. dray (dra), ii. [deriv. of AS. dra- gan to draw.] A strong low cart I "'*^-4'JS^W?/\'^7 One form or wag- J '\:^^-^^; A fearless person ; also, an outer garment of very thick cloth, or the cloth itself. 2. A type of very heavily armed battleship. dream (drem), n. 1. A series of thoughts, im^es, or emo- tions occurring during sleep; any seeming of reality occur- ring to oue sleeping. 2. Any experience of waking life suggestive of a dream (sense 1) ; esp., a visionary creation of the imagination ; state of mind marked by abstraction or confusion of the sense of reality ; reverie. Syn. Dream, vision, reverie. Drbah is the general term for the ideas or images present to the mind in sleep ; a vi- sion is an appearance (commonly thought of as supernat- ural, mysterious, or symbolic) presenting itself to the inner (or sometimes the bodily) eye, either in sleep or in an exalted waking mood. Fig., dream suggests vague or idle, commonly happy, anticipation ; t'i«'on,more definite or elaborate pictures conjurea up by the fancy. Reverie is a waking dream. — V. i. ; DREAMED (dremd) or dreamt (drSmt) ; DREAH'iHa. 1. To have a dream o; dreams. 2. To indulge in day dreams or reverie. 3. To conceive or think (of), esp as a plan or possibility. — v. t. 1. To have a dream of. 2. To fancy or think of as if in a dream. — dream'er, n. dreamland' (-Ifind'), n. An unreal, delightful country such as is sometimes pictured in dreams ; fairyland. dreamlike^ (-lik^i <>• Like a dream ; vague ; unreal. dreamt (drSmt), pret. d-p. p. of dreah. dream'y (-T), a. ; dream'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-bst. 1. Abounding indreamsor giventodreaming ; causing dreams. 2. Like a dream ; soft ; languid — dream'1-ly (-^-IT), adv. — dre&m'l-ness, n. drear (drer), a. [see dreart.J Melancholy ; gloomy. drear'y (-T), a. ; drear'i-er (-i-er); -i-est. [AS. driorig sad.] 1. Sad; doleful. Archaic. 2. Comfortless; dis- mal; gloomy. — drearl-ly (-T-1T), adv. — drearl-ness, n. dredge (drgj), n. 1. A dredging machine. 2. An oblong iron frame, with a net attached, for dragging over the sea bottom, as to gather shellfish. — t'. t. ; dredged (drSjd); dredo'ing (drSj'Tng). To gather with a dredge; to excavate or deepen with a dredging machine. — dredg'er (di{j'er),n. dredge, v. t. To sprinkle (as a roast) with flour, etc.; also, to sift or sprinkle (flour, etc.). dredg'er, n. A box with perforated lid to sprinkle flour, etc. dredg'lng, i>. JDr. & vb. n. of dredge. — dredging machine, a machine for scooping up or removing earth. dree (dre), ti. t. ; dreed (dred); dree'ing. [AS. d.&ogan.'\ To undergo; endure; suffer. Scot, or Archaic. — a. Te- dious ; dreary ; doleful. Scot. & Dial. Eng. dreg (drSg), n. 1. Corrupt matter in or from a liquid ; grounds; lees ; hence, the most worthless part of anything ; — usually in pi. 2. Residue. — dreg'gy (-T), a. II Drei'Tsund' (drI'bSSnt/), n. [G- ; drei three + bund league, j A triple alliance; specifically, the alliance. of Gerinony, Austria-Hungary, and Italy, formed in 1882. drench (drSnch), v. t. [AS. drenean to give to drink, to drench.] 1. To cause to drink ; esp., to dose by force. 2. To wet through and through ; soak. — Syn. See satu- rate. — n. 1. A draft; often, one forced down the throat; also, a potion that causes purging. 2. Act of drenching. 3. Something that drenches. — drench'er, n. dress (drSs), v. t. [fr. OF., fr. L. diHgere^ directum^ to direct; dis- -\- regere to rule.] 1. To arrange in exact line, as soldiers ; align. 2. To make ready ; prepare (food, lumber, stone, etc.) for use, for the market, etc. 3. To tiU, prune, or the like, as land, trees, etc. 4. To curry (as a horse) ; comb and brush (the hair); do up. 6. To array ; deck. 6. To clothe; specif., to clothe in formal dress. 7< To treat with remedies, bandages, etc., as a wound. 8. To rebuke; scold; beat; — often with doion. — Syn, Attire, apparel, accouter, robe, trim, embellish. ^ v. {. ale, senate, c4re, Jim, nceount, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, dbey, drb, ddd, 8S£t|C5nnect; use, anite* ^n, up, circus, menii; food, £d&t; out, oil; chair; go; sing:, ii)k; tben, thin; DRESS COAT 221 DRONISH 1. MU. To form alignment. 2. To make ready; arrange; specif.* to clothe one's aelf.'^ra. 1. Act of dressing. 2. Attire; clothes; garments ; esp. , fine or distinctive ap- Sarel. 3. A lady's gown. 4. Attention to, or skill in, ress. — Syn. Clothing, vesture, raiment, garb, costume. dress coat- A man's coat with open front and skirts be- hind only, worn in the evening. dress'er (drSs'er), n. One that dresses. dress'er, n. [F. dressoir.^ 1. A bench on which meat, etc., is dreased. 2. A cupboard for dishes and cooking utensils. 3. A chest of drawers, or bureau, with a mirror. C S. dreas'lng, vb, n. l. Act of one that dresses. 2. That which is used to dress anything, as an application to a sore, manure for land, a condiment or sauce for food. 3- Cas- tigatiou ; scolding ; — often with down. dress'mab^er (drSs'mak'Sr), n, A maker of dresses. dresa'y (-t), a. ; oREss'i-Ea (-T-er) ; -i-ebt, 1. Attentive to dress. 2. Of garments, etc., stylish. Collog. drew (droo), i>re/. of dea.w. drib (drib), tf. (.,-DRiBBBD(drIbd); drib'binq. [amodifica- tion of DRIP.] Todo, take, drop, etc., little by little. Obs. drlb'ble (drlb"l), «. i. tfe t. ;-blbd (-'Id); -blino (drIb'lTng). [freq. of drib.] 1. To fall or let fall in drops ; trickle. 2. To slaver; drivel. — n. A trickling stream. driblet, drlbn)let (-ISt ; 24), n. A small piece or part; a small quantity or sum. dried (drid), prc^ A p. p. of dry. drlegh (dreK). Var. of dree, a. drl'er, dry'er (dri'er), n. l. One that dries. 2. A sub- stance mixed with the oil for paints, varnishes, etc. , to make it dry more quickly. drl'er, compar.^ drl'est, superl.^ of DRY, a. drift (drift), n. [from drive.^ 1. Act of driving ; propul- sion ; controlling influence 2. That which is forced, or urged along, esp. by wind, water, or ice; specif., GeoL, material moved from one place and deposited in another, as by a river or glacier. 3. State of being driven ; act or motion of drifting. 4. a Deviation of a ship from her course caused by currents, b A slow movement of ocean- ic waters, esp. of surface waters, subject to diversion or re- versal by the wind. 5. Tendency of an act, argument, or the like; purport; also, meaning ; aim. — Syn. See tend- ency, ^v. i. A t. 1, To float or drive along by or as by water or air. 2. To heap up by the force of wind. drlft'agre (-Sj), n. Anything that drifts or has drifted. drUt'WOOd^ (-w66dO, n. Wood drifted by water; fig., what- ever is drifting or floating as on water. drfll (drll), n. [see drill to bore.] 1. An instrument for boring holes in hard substances. 2. A certain marine mol- I 1 Flat Drill : 2 Flute , 3 Single-twiet ; 4 Two-groove lusk, destructive of oysters. 3- Act or exercise of training soldiers, as in the manual of arms, etc. ; hence, art of drill- ing in anything. 4. Any exercise, physical or mental, en- forced with regularity, ^v. t. & i. [D. drillen to bore, drill (soldiers).] 1. To pierce or bore with or as with a drill. 2. To train in the military art, as soldiers. 3. To instruct or practice thoroughly in any art or branch of knowledge ; discipline; hence, to impart (ideas) in this way. drill, n. A West African baboon, smaller than the mandrill. drill, V. t 1. To sow, as seeds, by dribbling them along. 2. To sow (ground) in drills, drill, n. 1. A rill. Obs. 2. Agric. a An implement for making boles or furrows into which it sows seeds, b A light furrow into which seed is sown, or the row of sown seed. drill, n. Abbr. of drillino, a cloth. drill, V. t. To entice. Obs. or Dial. Eng. drlirer (-Sr), n. One that drills. drlll'lng, n. {Or. drillich, fr. L. irilix having three threads, fr. root of tres three + licium warp thread.] A heavy twilled linen or cotton fabric. drlU'lng, n. Action of one that drills. drlll'mas^ter (-m4s/ter), n. One who teaches drill or teaches by drilling ; esp., one who directs military drill. dllly (dri'lT). Var. of dryly. drlnx (drlijk), V, t. ; pret. drank (drXijk), formerly drunk (drHr)k) ; p. p. drunk and (chiefly used as an adjective) drunk'en (-'n) ;_p.j3r. tfc vb.n. DRiNK'ma. [AS. drincan.] 1. To swallow (a liquid) ; imbibe. 2. To take in (a liquid) in any manner ; to absorb ; imbibe. 3. To take in through the senses ; inhale, hear, see, etc. — v. i. 1. To swallow anything liquid ; imbibe ; to partake of something as if in satisfaction of thirst or the taking of a potion. 2. To drink alcoholic liquors, esp. to excess ; tipple. — n. 1. Liq- uid to be swallowed ; beverage. 2. Intoxicating liquor. 3. Excessive drinking. 4. A potion ; draft. drlllk'a-ble^(drTi]k'd-b'l), a. See -able. — n.- A beverage. drlnk'er (-er), n. One who drinks, esp. habitually of in- toxicants. drip (drip), V. t. ; DRIPPED (dript) or drift; drip'ping. To let fall in drops. — v. i. 1 To let fall drops of moisture or liquid. 2. To fall in drops. — n. Act of dripping; that which drips. drip'ping, vb. n. 1. A falling in drops, or the sound so made. 2. That which falls in drops. — dripping pan, a pan for catching the dripping from roasting meat. drive (driv), V. t. ; pret. drove (drov), formerly drave (drav); p.p. driv'en (drTv''n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. driv'ino (driv'ing). [AS. dnfan,'] 1. To impel away from, or along before, the impelling force ; to urge or push onward. 2. To urge on and direct the motions of, as horses ; hence, also, to convey in a vehicle. 3. To advance by excavation or the like, as a tunnel. 4. To carry on or through ener- getically, as a trade. 6- To urge, press, or bring to a point or state; as, to driwe one mad. 6. To urge to effort; overtask.— u. i. 1. To rush and press with violence. 2. To be forced along; be driven. 3. To go by, or pass in, a vehi- cle whose course is wholly or partly under one's direction. 4. To aim, or tend, to a point ; — usually with at. — Syn. See ride. — n. 1. Act of driving ; esp., a trip in a vehicle wholly or partly under one's control. 2. A road prepared esp. for driving. 3. Violent or rapid motion; esp., a hurried dispatch of business. 4- A collection of objects driven, as of animals or floating logs. drlv'el (drTv''l), r. i. ; -eled (-'Id) or -blled ; -el-ino or -el- LiNG. \_A.%. drpfiian.'] 1. To slaver or slobber like a child or an idiot. 2. To flow from the mouth like spittle. 3. To be silly in speech. — n. 1. Slaver or slobber. 2. Foolish talk ; twaddle. — dllVel-er, driv'el-ler, n. driven (drTv''n), p. p. of drive. [overseer, etc. I driv'er (driv'er), n. One that drives, as a coachman, an| drlve'way' (driv'wa'), n. A passage or way along which vehicles or animals are driven. drlZ'Zle (drTz"l), v. i. ; -zled (-'Id) ; -zling (drlzlTng). To rain in minute drops. — v, t. 1. To shed in minute drops. 2. To wet with minute drops, — n. Fine rain like mist. — drlz'zly (-IT), a. droll (drol), a. [F. drole.'] Queer, and fitted to provoke laughter ; ludicrous from oddity. — Syn. Comic, comical, diverting, humorous, ridiculous, odd, facetious. See laugh- able, —w. One who raises mirth by odd tricks ; buffoon. — V. 7. To play the buffoon. — v. i. To make a jest of. droll'er-7 (drol'er-T), n. ', pi. -eries (-Tz). 1. A droll thing ; as : a A comic picture. Obs. or E. b A comic entertain- ment, as a puppet show ; also, a puppet. Obs. c A jest. 2. Jesting ; buffoonery. 3. Quality of being droll ; humor. -drome (-drom). [Gr. Spojuos a running, fr. SpaiJ-^lv to run.] A suflBx signifying a running, course; as in hippodroTree, aerorfrome. drom'e-da-ry (drQm'e-da-ri ; dr5m'-), n. ; pi. -ries (-rTz). [fr. F., fr, LL, dromedarius, fr. L. dromas (sc. cajnelus), fr. Gr. Spojuas running.] Orig., a fleet camel bred esp. for riding; now, more often, the Arabian or one-humped camel. Dro'ml-0 ol Eph'e-sus, Dro'mi-o of Svr'a-cuse^ (dro'- ml-o). See Antipholus of Ephbsus. drom'ond (drSm'fmrl ; drtim'-), or drom'On (-Sn), w. [fr. OF., fr. L,, fr. Gr. Spojuur light vessel.] A large, fast gal- ley or cutter. Hist. -dromons, [see -drome.] A sufllx signifying running. drone (drSn), n. [AS. dran."] 1. The male of bees, esp. of the honeybee, which has no sting and gathers no honey. 2. Aslnggard. ^v.i. Tomovesluggishly; live in idleness. — V. t. To spend in sluggish idleness. drone, v. i. & t. ; droned (drSnd) ; dron'ino (drontng). To make, or sound with, alow, dull, monotonous, murmuring , sound; to speak monotonously. ^ n . 1. A bagpipe or' similar instrument ; also, one of the lowest tubes of a bag- pipe, or itstone. 2. One who speaks monotonously, as with a drawl. 3. A humming or deep murmnring sound ; a deep sustained monotone. — dron'lsh (dron'tsh), a. natnre, ver^jire (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50} ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. xtxpianatlons of AbbrevlattonSf Slgna, etc, preceae Vocabulary* U Forelffn Word. -(- combined wUht ^ equaiEK DROOL 222 DRYFOOT drool (dro^), V. i. [oontr. fr. drivel.] To dTivel. droop (droop), V. i, [Icel. di-upa.'] i. To sink or hang down, as from exliaustion. 2. To be dispirited or depressed; languish. 3. To decline to its end or close, as the day. — V. L To let droop or sink. ^». A drooping, drop (dr5p), 7i. [AS. dropa.} 1. The quantity of fluid that falls in one spherical mass ; liq^uid globule. 2. a A modi- cum of drink, b pL Any medicine measured by drops, c A minute quantity. 3. That which resembles a liquid drop, as an earring, a sugarplum, etc. 4. A sudden fall ; descent. 6< Whatever is arranged to drop or fall from an elevated position ; also, a contrivance for lowering something ; as : a A trapdoor, b A curtain which drops in front of a stage . A kind of press or hammer. 6- Depth to which, or dis- tance through which, one drops. 7. An abrupt fall in level. — V. i. ; dropped (drSpt) or dropt ; drop'ping. 1. To let fall in or like a drop or drops ; to release to a down- ward motion. 2- To cover with or as with drops. 3. To let go ; dismiss ; also, to quit. 4. To omit (as a letter) in writing or speaking. 6. To fell or bring down, as by a blow. 6. To lower, as one's eyes, voice, etc. 7. Nnut. To leave behind. — v. i. 1. To fall in drops. 2. To fall, or fall away; sink. 3. To lower, as the voice. 4. To come unexpectedly or casually ; as, my friend dropped in. 5- To cease, as a quarrel. 6. a To move (easily) down a river or out to sea ; — usually with down, b To fall to the rear ; — with behind, oMern, or the like. — drop'per (-er), n. drop'sy (drBp'sT), n. ; pL -sies (-sTz). [fr. OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. uSpuji//, fr. v&tap water.] An unnatural accumulation of serous fluid in the body. — drop'si-cal (-st-kai), a. — drop'sl-cal-ly, adv. — drop'sled (-sTd), o. droab'lET (driSsh'kt), dros^ (drSs'kT), n. ; pL -kibs (-k tz). [Russ. drojshki.'] A low, four-wheeled, open carriage, used in Russia, in which the passengers ride ason a saddle, dross (drSs ; 62), n. [AS. dros filth, lees.] 1. The scum or refuse matter thrown ofP from molten ore or metal. 2. Waste matter; leavings; refuse. — dross'y (-T), a. ; DHoas'i-ER (-T-er) ; -i-est. — drossTnOBS, n. dronght (drout), drouth (drouth), n. [AS. diHgaS, fr. drugian to dry.] 1. Dryness ; want of rain or water. 2. Parched or desert land. Rare. 3. Thirst. 4. Lack. — dronght'y (droufi), drontb'y (droutht), a. drove (drov), n. [AS. drcif, fr. drlfnn to drive.] 1. A col- lection of cattle driven or collected for driving. 2. Any collection of animals or a crowd of people moving along together. — Syn. See flock. drove, pret. of drive. dro'ver (dro'ver), n. One who drives domestic animals to market ; hence, a dealer in cattle. drow (drou), n. A drizzle or heavy mist. Scot. drown (droun), t\ i. To be suffocated or perish in water or other liquid, —v. t. 1. To immerse in water or other liquid, or to kill by so doing. 2. To overwhelm. drowse (diouz), V. i. ds t. ; drowsed (drouzd) ; drows'ino. [AS. drusian^ drusan, to sink, become inactive.] 1. To be or make heavy with sleepiness ; doze. 2. To pass (time) as in drowsing. — ra. A doze. drow'sy (-zT), a. ; -si-br (-zT-er) ; -si-bbt. 1. Inclined to drowse. 2. Disposing to sleep ; aoporiflc. — drow'sMy (-zT-lT), adv. — drow'sl-ness, n. — Syn, See sleepy. drub (drilb), V. t. ; drubbed (driSbd) ; drub'bino. 1. To beat, as with a stick; thrash ; cudgel. 2- To stamp (the feet). ^ V. i. To tap or stamp ; drum. — n. A blow with a cudgel; thump. — drub^ier (drQb'er), n. drudge (driSj), v. i. ; drudged (drujd) ; drudg'ino. To per- form drudgery. ^». One who drudges ; servant ; hack. drudg'er-y (-er-I), n. Work or toil that is mean, irksome, or distasteful. — Syn, See work. drag (drQg), n. [F. drogue.'\ 1. Any substance used me- dicinally, or, formerly, in dyeing, chemistry, or the arts. 2. A commodity of slow sale, or in no demand; as, af?7"Wff on the market. ^ V. t.; drugged (drQgd) ; drug'gihg (drfig'- tng). To affect with drugs ; esp., to stupefy by a narcotic. drug'get (-5t), n. [F. droguet.'] 1. A coarse woolen felt or woven cloth. 2. Anything^asafloorcovering, of drugget. dmg'glst (-tst), n. One who deals in drugs ; an apothecary. drn'ld (droo'Td), n. [L. Druides, Druidae^ pi.] One of a religious order among the ancient Celts. — dm'H-ess, n. /cm.— dru-id'lc(droo-Td'Tk), dru-ldTcal (-T-kai), a.— dra'ld-lsm (droorrd-Tz'm), n. dmm (drSm)v n. 1. A mimical instrument having a stTPtohed skin or vellum head or heads, beaten with a stick or pair of sticks in playing. 2. The sound of this instru- ment. 3. Anything suggestfve of a drum, as the tympanum of the ear, a cylindrical part of a machine, etc. 4. A noiby, tumultuous assembly of fashionable people at a private house ; a rout. Obs. or Hist. — v. i. ; dbummbd (dri&md) ; DRUH'MiNO. 1. To beat or play on a drum. 2. To beat with the fingers as with drumsticks ; make a noise like that of a beaten drum. — v. t. 1. To assemble by or as by beat of drum ; to collect ; — with vp. 2. To expel ignomin- iously, with beat of drum ; — with out,, dotm^ etc. 3. To drive or force by reiteration. 4. To strike or thump as in beating a drum. — drom'beat (-beV), n. dnim^Ie(drum'b*l ; -'1), v. i. Oh. or Dial. 1. To be slug- gish or lazy ; be confused. 2 To mumble in speech. drmn^Hn (-ITu), n. [Gael, dmini the ridge of a hUl.] Geol. An elongate or oval hill of glacial drift. dmm'Ly (-it), a. Turbid ; also, troubled. Scot. drum major. The marching leader of a baud or drum corps. drum'Hier (drinm^r), n. 1. One who beats or plays the drum, as in aband. 2- A commercial traveler. Chiefly U, S. dmrn'moclc (-i2k). Var. of DRAMMACE. drum'Stlck^ (-stlk^), 71, 1. A stick for beating a drum. 2. The segment of a fowl's leg between thigh and tarsus. drunk(drih]k), a. 1. Intoxicated witli or as with strong drink. 2. Drenched with moisture or liquid. Syn. Drunk, drdhkbn, intoxicated, inebriated. Drunk is the plain-spoken, direct, and inclusive term ; intoxicat- ed may be exactly synonymous with drunk, but is often applied more or less euphemistically to one but slightly under the influence of liquor ; inebriated, in common par- lance, is chiefly euphemistic ; as, (coUoq.) drunk as a fld- dler, dead drunk ; he was slightly intoxicated. Drunk and drunken differ in that drunk is commonly used predica- tively, while drunken is chiefly attributive. Drunkev often suggests habitual inebriation ; it also applies to whatever pertains to, or proceeds from, intoxication ; as, an idle* dninken loaier ; a dninken sleep. dmnk'ard (-drd), n. [drimk -\- -ard."] One who habitu- ally drinks strong liquors to excess. drank'en (-'n), a. X. Overcome by strong drink ; drunk. 2. Saturated with liquid or moisture ; drenched. 3. Per- taining to, or cliaracterized by, intoxication. — Syn. See drunk. — drnnk'en-ly, adv, — drimk'en-iiesB, n, drn-pa'ceons (droo-pa'shl^s), a. Pertaining to, or of the nature of, or bearing, drupes, as fruits or trees. drnpe (droop), n. [L. dmpa an nverripe, wrinkled olive, Gr. 6pT/n-7ra.] A fruit consisting of a pulpy, leatherlike, or fibrous outer covering and a woody or bony inner shell, or stone, inclosing asingle seed, as in the plum, cherry, and peach. drupe'let (-ISt), n. [dim. of drupe.] A small drupe, as one of the pulpy grains of the blackberry. dry (dri), a. ; dri'er (dri'er) ; dri'est, [AS. dryge.'\ 1. Free from moisture ; Drupe of Peach, not wet or moist. 2. Designating, pertaining to, or char- acterized by, absence, dissipation, etc., of moisture ; as; a Of animals, not giving milk, b Thirsty; needing drink. C Not shedding, or accompanied by, tears, d Of commod- ities, solid, as opposed to liquid, e In or on which the sale of intoxicating liquor is prohibited -, as, a dry town. Sla7}g, U. S. 3. Characterized by a quality somewhat severe, grave, or hard ; hence, sharp ; shrewd ; quaint ; as, dry wit. 4. Lacking sweetness ; — said esp. of wines. Syn. Uninteresting, insipid, vapid, jejune, sterile, dull. Sointless, tiresome, fruitless, unprofitable. — Dry, arid. iRT is the general term for what is destitute of moisture ; arid suggests definitely a parched or dried-up condition, esp. with reference to regions or tracts of land ; a s, dry grass, eyes ; a dry season ; an arid waste, region, desert, dry goods, textile fabrics, — in distinction from groceries. Chiefly u. S. — d. measure, a system of measures of volume for dry or coarse articles, esp. the system in which 2 pints = 1 quart, 8 quarts = 1 peck, 4 i>eckB = 1 bushel. — d. nnrie, a nurse who attends and feeds a child by hand. — v.i. (t-i.,* dried (drTd);DRT'iNo. To make or become dry. — 77, ; pi. DRIES (driz). Dry state or condition. dry'ad (-Sd), n. [L. dryan^ pi . -ades, Gr. iSpva?, fr. {pu? oak, tree.] Class. Myth. A wood nj^mph; anymph whose life is bound up with that of her tree. — dry-ad'lo (dri-SdOfk), a. flry'-beat', v. t. To beat severely. Ohs. dry'er. Var, of drier. dry'foot', adv. By the scent of the foot. Obs. ale, senate, c&re, &m, account, Hrm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, Snd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, drb, 5dd, s5ft, cSnnect ; use, finite, fim, Up, circus, zneniij f^d, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, Li)k; tben,t]uu*. DRYLY 223 DUMB dryly (dri'lT), adv., dry'neSB, n. See -LY, -NE3S. dry'salter (dri'sOl'ter), n. A dealer in products that are salted or dried, or, also, in drugs, dyes, resins,, etc, Eng, dn'ad (du'Sd), n. [see dyad.] A union oitwo ; a pair. du'al C-ffil), o- [L.dua^Mjfr. dwotwo.] 1. Pertaining to two; as, the dual number. 2. Twofold ; double. — n. The dual number, as in Greek. dU'al-lsm (-Iz'm), n. State of being dual, or twofold ; any system founded on a dual principle, or a twofold distinc- tion.— du'al-ist, n. — du'al-is'tlc (-Ta'tik), a. du-al'Hy (dfi-Sll-tl), n. Quality or state of being dual. dub (dQb), V. t ; DUBBED (ddbd) ; dub'bing. [AS. dubban to dub a kuight, fr. OF.] 1. To confer knighthood on. See ACCOLADE. 2. To Invest with any dignity or new character ; call ; style. 3. To strike, i-ub, or dress smooth, as a timber. dub, V. i. & L To thrust or make a thrust ; poke. ^ n. A drumbeat or like sound. dn-bi'e-ty (dfi-bi'fe-tl), du'bi-osl-ty (diJ/bT-Ssl-tT) , n. ; pi. -TIBS (-tiz). Dubiousness or an instance of it. da'bl-OUS (du'bt-fts), a. [L. dubioms, duhius, f r. duo two.] 1. Occasioning doubt. 2- Doubtful, or not settled in opinion. 3- Of uncertain event or issue ; as, in dubious battle. 4- Of questionable character ; as, a (fu&iotu trans- action. — Syn. Doubting, undetermined ; equivocal. See dodbtpctl. — du'bl-ous-ly, adv. — du'bl-ous-ness, n. du'bl-ta-ble (_-ta-bU), a. Liable to be doubted ; uncertain. duOll-tate (du'bi-tat), V. i. ; -tat'ed (-taVSd), -tat'ing. [L. dubitcUiis^p.Tp.oidutHtare. See doubt.] To doubt. Rare. — du'hl-ta'tion(-ta'sh«u), ». — du'bi-ta-tlve (du'bi-ta- ttv), a. — duHal-ta-tlve-ly, adv. dn'cal (-b(il), ffi. [F.] Of or pert, to a duke or dukedom. duc'at (duk'St), n. [F., fr. It., fr. LL., fr. L. dux leader.] 1. A former gold coin worth about $2.28, first coined in Ven- ice in 1284. 2. An old Venetian money of account. Obs. dUCll'ess (diSch'Sa), n. [F. ducJiesse, fr. due duke.] The wife or widow of a duke; also, a lady who has the sov- ereignty of a duchy in her own right. dnch'y (-T), ft./ pi. duchies (-Tz). [fr. F., fr. L. dux leader.] The territory of a duke or duchess; a dukedom. duck (dQk), n. [D. doek cloth, canvas.] 1. A linen (or sometimes cotton) fabric, finer and lighter than canvas. 2. pi. Light clothes, esp. trousers of duck. Co/log. duck, n. [AS. duee.'] 1. Any of numerous fiat-billed swimming birds of the family including the geese, swans, and mergansers. 2. A female duck as distinguished from a male, or drake. 3- A pet ; darling. Colloq. 4- A dis- a'bled person or thing ; esp. in the phrase, a lame duck. duck, V. t. & i. [ME. duken, douken, to dive.] 1. To thrust or plunge under water or other liquid and suddenly with- draw. 2. To bow; to bob down, as one^s head. 3. To cringe or to avoid, as a blow, by ducking. Colloq. -^n. A sudden inclination, as of the head ; a din or quick plunge. dUCk'blU' (-bllOt "• A small aquatic monotreme of Aus- tralia and Tasmania, having a bill resembling that of a duck. dnck^llnS, n. A young or little duck. duct (diikt), n. [L, ductu/i a conducting, conduit, fr. du- cere, duclum, to lead through.] 1. Anatomy. A tube or vessel. 2. Any tube or canal by which a fiuid flows. duc'tlle (dGk'tTl), a. [L. ductilis, fr. ducere to lead.] 1. Capable of being permanently drawn out or hammered thin; — saidesp. of metals, as gold. 2- Easily led; tractable. — Syn. Pliant, pliable, flexible ; conipliant, docile, facile, manageable. — dUC-tll'i-ty (dfik-tYl'T-ti), n. dud (dtid), n. 1. A garment or article of clothing ; usually in ^/., clothes; esp., old or cast-off clothes. Colloq. or Slang. 2. pi. Things in general ; " traps ; " belongings. dude (dud), n. A dandy or exquisite ; a fop. Colloq. du-deen' (doo-den'), n. [Ir. dwdin.\ A short tobacco pipe. dndg'eOIl(diij'Su),n, Anger; ill humor; as, in f^uc^^eon, in AiffA dudgeon, etc. — Syn. See resentment. dndg'eon, n, A haft or handle of a dagger, made of a certain wood ; also, a dagger with such a handle. Obs. or Archaic, due (du), V. t. To endue ; endow. Obs. due (du), a. [OF. deil^ p. p. of d&voir to owe, L. dehere.'] 1. Owed or owing as a debt, necessity, or right ; as, money rfwe ,■ death is due to mortals. 2. Capable of satisfying an obligation ; sufficient ; as, in due time ; also, appointed ; regular ; as, due process of law. 3. Owing or attributable {to something) ; as, death due to pneumonia. 4. Appointed to arrive (at a given time^. — n. 1. That which is due. 2. Right; just claim. Obs. —adv. 1. Duly. Archaic. 2. Directly ; as, due east. dUd'blir (du'bTI/), n. Com. A written acknowledgment of a debt, not made payable to order like a promissory note. du'el (du'gl), n. [It. duello., fr. L, duellum, orig., a con- test between two, duo two.] A combat between two per- sons fought with deadly weapons by agreement, usually before witnesses (seconds) on each side. — v. i. del. ; -eled (-21d) or -ELLEDi -EL-iNG or EL-LINO. To fight Or kill in a duel. — du'el-lng, du'el-ling, n. — du''eMst, du'el-llst, n. du-el'lO (doo-Sl'o), n. ; pi. -los (-oz). [It.] 1. A duel. Obs. or M. 2. The rules of dueling. du-en'na (du-Sn'd), n, [Sp. due^a, fr. L. domdna. See dame.] 1. An elderly lady in charge of the younger ladies in a Spanish family. 2. A governess ; chaperon. > du-eV (-8f), n. [It. duetto, dim. of duo duet. It. & L. duo two.] Music. A composition for two performers. duff (dfif), n. [same word as dough.'] A stiflE flour pud- ding, boiled in a bag ; as, plum du_^'. duf'fel (dtLf'^l), n. [D., fr. Duffel, a town near Antwerp.] A kind of coarse woolen cloth having a thick nap. duff'er (dSf 'er), n. Ch iejly Slang. 1. A peddle* or hawker, esp. of cheap, flashy articles. Eng, 2. A stupid, awkward, inefficient person. Colloq. dug {d^g), prei. dc p. p. of dig. dug, n. A teat, pap. dU'gong (doo'gSng), n. [fr. Malay, or Jav.l An aquatic mammal allied to the manatee, inhabiting the Red .^ Sea, Indian Ocean, etc. '' dUg'ouV (dug'ouV), n. _, ,1 -. 1 A boat made by D«gong. Us) hollowing out a log. Chiefly U. S. 2. A rude shelter, as one dug in a hillside. U. S. duke (duk), n. [F. due, fr. L. dux, ducis, leader, command- er, ducere to lead.] 1. In some European countries, a sovereign prince, ruler of a duchy. 2 In Great Britain and some other countries, a nobleman of the highest heredi- tary rank after that of prince, —v. i. To play the duke. duke'dom (-d&m), n. A duchy or the title of a duke. duVcet (dill'sSt), a. [OF. doucet, dim., of douz sweet, L. dulcis.'] 1. Sweet to the taste, Obs. or R. 2. Sweet to the eye, feeling, or usually to the ear ; melodious. durcl-fy (-sT-fi), V. t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [L. dulcis sweet 4" -/2/-] To sweeten, as to the taste, or in temper. aul'cl-mer (-mer), n. [fr. OF.,fr. L. dulcis sweet + melos song. Or. /neAos.] A musical instrument having metallic strings, playe ' with two light hammers. Dul-Cin'6-a (dai-sTn'e-d ; Dulcimer, dfil'sT-ne'd), n. 1. Short for Dnl-dn'e-a del To-ho'ao (d5I to-bo'so ; Sp. dool'th^-na'a dSl tS-bo'so), a name given by Don Quixote to his ladylove, Aldonza Lorenzo, a peasant girl of Toboso. 2- A mistress ; sweetheart. dull (dfil), a. 1. Slow of understanding ; stupid. 2. Slow in perception or sensibility; hence, unfeeling; insensible; as, the dull clods. 3- Slow in action ; sluggish ; as, duU trade ; hence, heavy ; listless ; inert. 4- Furnisbiiig little delight, spirit, or variety ; uninteresting ; gloomy. 5. Not keen or sharp in edge or point. 6. Not bright or clear to the eye ; obscure ; dim. 7. MuJHed ; not clear, as sounds. — Syn. Lifeless, inanimate, dead ; gross, obtuse ; sleepy, drowsy ; tedious, irksome ; clouded, tarnished. See blunt. ^v.t.tSe i. To make nr become dull. — dull'lsh, a. — dul'ly (-IT), adv. — dullness, dul'ness, n. duU'ard (dul'ard), v. A stupid person ; a dunce. dulse (dSls), n. [Gael, duileasg.'] Any of several coarse red seaweeds used as food, as in Scotland and Iceland. dU'ly (dii'll), adv. In a due, fit, or becoming manner. du'ma (doo'ma), n. In Russia, a council ; specif., [^cap."], the Russian parliament, created by imperial ukase in 1905. dumb (dilm), a. [AS. dumb.} 1. Destitute of the power of speech. 2- Not willing to speak; mute; silent. Syn, Silent, still, quiet. — Dumb, mute, speechless, inab- tioulatb. Dumb and mute are often used interchangeably ; as, deaf and dumb, deaf mutes. Dumb, oftener than m?//e, implies lack of the power or ability to speak, esp. as in the case of brute animals and inanimate objects ; m/ute empha- sizes the fact of silence, from whatever cause ; as, dumb brutes, idols, stones ; he stood mute before his accusers. Speechless commonly implies deprivation of the power of natiire, ver4ure(87); K~chin Gr. ich, ach (50); boN; yetj zh=rz in azure. KxpIanatlouB of Abbreviations, Slipns, etc., preceae Vocabulary* || Forelicn Wordi Numbers refer to §■ . + combined with. in Guide. = eauals> DITMBLY 224 DUSKY Speech, Inarticulate implies either lack of the power to speak at iill, or (esp.) inability to upeak iutelligibly, on ac- count of powerful emotion. ^v. t. i& I. To make or become dumb. Hare. — dumbly, acfv. — dui]lb'nesa,n. dumb'-belV, n. A kind of weight used (esp. in pairs) in gymnastic exercise. dumb^found', dumb'found'er. Vara, of DUMFOUND, DUUFOUNDER. dmnV-wait'er, n. 1. A portable serving Dumb-Bell. table or stand. 2- A kind of lift or elevator for dishes, etc. dam'dum (dtim'diim), 7^, or damdmil bullet- [fr. Dum- dum, India.] A kind of expanding bullet. dumbfound', dumb'found' (dumbfound'), v. t. {dumb -\- conjbund.] To strike dumb, as with astonishment. dum'found'er, dumb'found'er, v. t. = dumfodnd. dum'my (dQml), a. [fr. duiub.^ Fictitious or sham ; feigned. — «. / pi. -mies (-iz). 1. One dumb; hence, one habitually silent and inactive. 2. In various four-handed card games, as bridge, an exposed hand played by the oppo- site player. 3. A dolt. CoUoq. 4. One ostensibly acting for himself, but really acting for another. 5- An imitation or copy of something, to be used as a substitute ; a sham ; hence, a model or lay figure on which clothing is exhibited. dump (dump), V. 1. A dull, gloomy state of the mind; low spirits ; —now only in pi. and often humorous. 2. A melancholy strain or tune in music ; a tune. Obs. dump, n. A thick, ill-shaped piece, as a clumsy leaden coimter used by boys in games, or a globular confection. dump, V, t. To drop or throw down; hence, to unload, as coal from a cart by tilting it. — n. A place for dumping anything, as rubbish or refuse ; also, that which is dumped. Both Chiefly U. S. — dumpier, n. dump'ish (dQmp'i&h), a. Dull ; stupid ; sad; melancholy. dnmp'ling (-ITng), n. [dump an ill-shaped piece -f- 1st -ting.'] 1. A roundish mass of dough boiled in soup, or as a sort of pudding. 2. A dumpy person or animal. Coltoq. dump'y (dum'pT), a. ; dump'i-er (-pT-er) ; -i-est. Short and thick ; of proportionately low stature. dun (diin), V. t. & i. ; dunned (dund) ; dun'nino. To aak or beset for payment ; urge importunately. — n. 1. One who duns. 2. An urgent request or demand of payment. dun, a. [AS. dunn.'] Yellowish or grayish brown. dunce (dQns), n. [from Joannes Duns Scotus, a Schoolman called the Subtle Doctor^ who died in 1308.] One backward in book learning ; a dullard ; dolt ; — alluding to the fact that the followers of Duns Scotus were violently opposed to the new studies in the Renaissance. dun'der-head^ (dSn'der-hgd/), dnn'der-pajte' (-pafc')* «- A dunce; numskull. — dun'der-liead''ed, a- X^^he wind. I dune (dun), n. [F.] A hill or ridge of sand piled up by| dung (dung), n. [AS. dung.'] Manure ; feces. dun'geon (dun'jSn), n. [F. donjon, fr. LL. domnio^ do- minio, for L. dominium,, fr. dominus lord.] 1. A donjon. 2. A close, dark prison or vault, commonly underground. dung1lUr(diing'hT10, n. 1. A heap of dung. 2. Any mean situation, condition, or thing; a vile abode. dung'y (-i), a. Of the nature of dung ; filthy ; vile. dun'i-waa'sal, dun'ni-was'aal (doon'T-wSs'ai), n. [Gael. duine uasal ; duine man -|- nasal noble.] A gentleman, esp. one of secondary rank. Scot. dun^n (dun'lTn), n. A species of sandpiper. dun'nage (dtin'aj), n. Nmii. 1. Loose stuff used under or around the cargo to prevent in- jury. 2. Baggage or personal ef- fects ; — so called esp. by sailors. dunt (diint; dd5nt), n. A dull- sounding blow ; also, a wound from such a blow. Scot. & Dial. II du'O (doo'o), n. ; pi. It. dui (-e), E. DtTOs (-oz). [It.] A duet, esp. an instrumental duet. dU'O-dec'l-mal (du's-dSsT-mSl), a. [L. duodeeim twelve. See DOZEN.] Proceeding by, or expressed in the scale of, twelves. —71. 1. A twelfth part. 2. pi. Arith. A system of numbers whose denominations rise in a scale of twelves. du'0-dec'l-mo (-mo), a. IL. in duodecimo in twelfth.^ Hav- ing 12 leaves to a sheet, as a book. -^n. ; pi, -mos (-moz). A size (commonly about 5X7M inches) of a book, or of its pages, resulting from folding each sheet into 12 leaves ; also, a book of such size ; — often written 12mo or 12°. Dunlin. dn'0-de'num (du^d-dS'nj^m), n. ; L. pi. -NA C-nd). [L. <2uo. deni twelve each ; — because about twelve fingers* breadth in length.] The part of the small intestine next below the stomach. — dU^O-de'nal (-nSl), a. II duo'mo (dwo'mo; It. dw8'mo), n.; pi. -mi (-me). [It.] An Italian cathedral. dup (dtip), V. t. [contr. fr. do up, that is, to lift up the latch.] _ To open ; as, to dup the door. Obs. or Dial. dupe (dup), n. [F., OF. dvppe^ equiv. to F. huppe hoopoe, af oolish bird, easily caught.] One who has been deceived or is easily deceived ; a gull. ^ v. t. ; duped (dupt) ; DUp'iNa (duping). To deceive ; trick ; gull. — Syn. See cheat. du'ple (du'p'l), a. [L. duphu.'\ Double. du'plez (-plSks), a. [L. ; duo two -|- p/icare to fold.] 1. Double; twofold. 2. Machinei-y. Having two parts that operate at the same time or in the same way, where the simpler form has but oue. du'pll-cate (-pH-kat), a. [L. duph'calta, p. p. of duplicare to double, fr. duplex. See duplex.] Double; twofold; also, duplex. — n. That which exactly resembles or cor- responds to something else; hence, a copy; counterpart. Syn, Duplicate, copy, transcript, facsihilb, beplica. Duplicate may be used of that which exactly corresponds to, or is the counterpart of, any object : as, a duplicate key, book, bill. A copy is a reproduction of something else, often without exact correspondence ; as, he made a rough copy of the design. TRANscRn>T is commonly confined to the COPY °^ ^ writing. A facsimile is ^ exact reproduction ; it differs from duplicate, in implying that the one object is an imitation of the other ; as, two First Folio Shakes- peares may be duplicates, and two facsimiles of the First Folio may be duplicates^ but the facsimiles are not dupli- cates of the original. A replica is a copy of a work of art, (properly) by the maker of the original. — (-kat), V. t. ; -CAT'ED (-kaf Bd) ; -catling. 1. To double ; render double. 2. To make a duplicate of (something). — du'pll-ca'tlon (-ka'shfin), n. dU'pU-ca-ture (-kd-t^ur), n. A fold, as of a membrane. dn-pllc'i-ty (dfi-plTs1-tI), 71. ; pi. -TIES (-tlz). [fr. F., fr. L. duplicitas, fr. duplex. See duplex.] Doubleness; esp., de- ception by pretending to entertain one set of feelings and act- ing under the influence of another; double-dealing. — Sim. Dissimulation, guile, deception, falsehood. See decett. dn'ra-ble (du'rd-b'l), a. [F., fr. L. durabilis, fr. durare to last. See dure.] Able to endure ; lasting ; enduring. — Syn. Permanent, firm, stable, continuing, constant, per- sistent. See LASTING. — du'ra-bil'1-ty (-blli-tl), du'ra- ble-ness, n. — du'ra-My, adv. du'ra master (du'rd ma'ter). Often called simply du'ra. [L., lit., hard mother ; it was formerly thought to give rise to every membrane of the body.] The tough, fibrous out- ermost membrane of the brain and spinal cord. dU-ra'men (du-ra'mSn), n. [L., fr, durare to harden.] Bot. The hard, tough heartwood of dicotyledonous trees, consisting of compacted dead tissues, rendered darker by development of tannins and coloringmatter. The duramen is surrounded by the living sapwood, or alburnum. dur'ance (dur'ftns), n. [OF., duration, fr. L. durans, -an- tis, p. pr. of durare to last. See dure.] 1. Duration. Archaic. 2. Imprisonment; duress. du-ra'tlon (du-ra'shiin), n. State or quality of lasting ; con- tinuance. dure (dur), n. [L. durus.'] Hard ; severe ; rough. Archaic. dure, V. i. [fr. F., fr. L. durare to harden, endure, last, durus hard.] To endure ; last. Archaic. Du'ren-dal' (du'r^-dal'), n. The marvelous sword of Ro- land. When dying, the hero tried in vain to break it on the rocks, lest it should fall into craven or infidel hands. du'ress (du'rga; dA-rgs'), 71. [fr. OF., fr. L. duritia, dturi- ties, fr. durus hard.] Imprisonment ; also, constraint. dur'lng (during), p. pr. A vb. n. of dure. Hence : prep. In the time of ; as long as the action or existence of; as, during life. — Syn, See pending. durst (dQrst), pret. of dare. dusk (dtisk), a. Tending to darkness; moderately dark ; dusky. — n. 1. The darker part of twilight or dawn. 2. Quality of being, or that which is, dusk; dusk color or shade ; gloom ; duskiness. <^ v. i. To grow or appear dusk. ^v. t. To make dusk; darken. Archaic. dusk'y (-kt), a. ; DiraK'i-ER (-kT-er) ; -i-bst, 1. Somewhat dark, as in color or from lack of light. 2. Gloomy ; sad. — dusk'I-ly (-kT-K), 0(2^. — duskl-nesB, n. Syn. Dusky, swarthy, tawny. Duskt applies to what is ale, senate, c&re, ^m, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event, find, recent, maker; ice, ill; old, dbey, drb, 5dd, 85£t, connect ; use, Unite, urn, up, circus, menii; fdOd, fddt; out, oU; chair; go; Biiig,u)k; tben, thin^ DUST 225 DYSPROSIUM somewhat dark in light or color. Swabthy and TAwmr apply to hue or color only ; swarthy, to a shade verging on blackness ; tawny ^ to ayellowish brown or tan color. Swarthy is commonly restricted to the human complexion. dust (diS3t), n. [AS. dust.'] 1. Pine, dry, powdery parti- cles of earth ; heace, any fine powder. 2. The earthy re- mains of bodies once alive, tfsp. of human bodies. 3. Fig., something worthless, or a low or mean condition; as, to raise him from the dust. 4. A cloud of dust in the air; as, to raise a dust. 6. Gold dust ; hence, Slang^ cash. — v. t. 1. To make dusty ; soil with dust. 2. To free from dust or the like. 3. To strew or aprinkie a'S, or in the form of, dust. dnst'er (das'ter), n. X. One that dusts. 2. A light over- garment to protect clothing from dust. dUBt'y (dtla'tT), a.; dust'i-er (-tl-er); -i-bst. 1. Pilled, abounding, or covered, with dust; clouded with dust. 2. Like dust; dust-colored. 3. Powdery; of the nature of dust. — dust'My C-tt-iT), adv. — dust'i-ness, n. Dntcll (dfich), a. [D. duitsch German ; or G. deutsch^ orig., populu-, national, OHG. diut'isk^ fr. diot^ diota^ a people, nation.] 1. German ; Germanic ; Teutonic. O&f., except in local, careless, or slang usage. 2. Of or pertaining to the Netherlands, esp. Holland, or their inhabitants. 3. Char- acteristic of the Dutch. — n. 1. The language of the Dutch , 2. Collective pi. Dutch people ; — usually with the. DutolL'man (-mftn), n. ; pi. -men (-mSn). 1. A Dutch per- son. 2. Naut. A Dutch vessel. Datoh'man'a-breech'es (-mSuz-), n. A delicate spring- flowering herb of the poppy family, of the eastern U. S. dn'te-OOS (du'te-iis), a. Fulfilling duty ; dutiful ; obedient. — du'te-ous-l^, adv. — du'te-oua-ness, n. dn'tl-a-ble (-tT-d-b'l), a. Subject to a duty, as imports. dn'tl-tnl (-f651), a. 1. Performing, or ready to perform, duties ; obedient, as to parents. 2. Controlled by, or pro- ceeding from, a sense of duty. — Syn. Duteous, submissive, docile, respectful. — dn'tl-fnl-ly, adv. — du'tl-ful-ness, n. dn'ty (-tl), n. / pi. -TIM (-ttz). [from dub.] 1. Conduct due to parents or superiors, as shown in obedience or sub- mission ; respect or an act of respect. 2. That which is re- quired by one's station or occupation ; any assigned service or business ; as, the duties of a soldier. 3. That which a person is morally obliged to do or forbear. 4. Any payment, service, or other render, esp. to the government, imposed and recoverable by law, as a tax on imports. Syn. Duty, obligation, in ordinary usage, differ chiefly in that OBLIGATION commonly implies a more immediate con- straint or more specific reference than dtttt ; as, a sense of duty (regarding what one in general ought to do), a sense of obligation (regarding what one feels bound to do for some particular reason or in some particular case). da-am'Vir (du-Sm'ver), n. ; pi. E. -vms (-verz), L. -vibi (-vl-rl). Roman ArUig. Either member of a commission or board of two men. dii-nill'Tl-rate(-vi-rat),n. The nnion of twomen in thesame office; also, office or government of two men so associated. dwarf (dw3rf), n. [fr. AS.] An animal (esp. a human being) or plant much below the normal size of its kind. Syn. Dwarf, ptgmy. Dwarf often (though not necessa- rily) suggests stunted growth ; pygmy commonly implies merely diminutive size or insignificance. — w. (. & i. To hinder from, or fail in, growing to the natural size ; stunt ; hence, to diminish in real or apparent size, scope, importance, etc. — a. Of less than the usual or normal size ; stunted ; puny. — dwarfish (dwOr'ftsh), a. dwell (dwSl), V. 7. ; pret. & p. p. dwelt (dwSlt), now less usually DWELLED (dwSld) ; p. pr. & vb. n. dwell'inq. [AS. dwellan^^ dwelian, to deceive, hinder, delay^ err.] 1. To delay ; linger ; to pause or tarry. 2. To abide ; continue. Archaic. 3. To abide as a resident ; live; reside. — Syn- Inhabit, sojourn, stay, rest. See reside. — dwell'er (-er), n. dwell'lag, n. Habitation ; abode. — Syn. See habitation. dwelt (dwglt), pret. tfc p. p. of dwell. dwln'lUe (dwTn'dU), v. i. ; -dled (-d'ld) ; -dling (-dlTng). [AS. dwlnan to languish.] To diminish ; become less ; waste away or consume. —Syn. See dbcrbase, dwlne (dwin), V. (. tfe %. ; dwinbd (dwTnd) ; dwin'ing (dwin'- Tng). [see dwindle,] To waste away. Archaic or Scot. dy'ad (di^d), n, [L. dyas, dyadvt, the number two, Gr. oua?.] Two units treated as one ; a couple ; a pair. dye (ii), n. [AS. dSah.^ 1. Color produced by dyeing, 2. Material for dyeing; dyestuff. — v. t. ; dyed (did) ; dye'- INQ. 1. To stain ; color, esp. with dyestoffs. 2- To im- part (a given color) by dyeing. — v. i. To take or impart color in dyeing. — dye'lng (di'Ing), n. — fly'er (di'Sr), n. dye'StuH'' (-stiif''), n. A dye or a material that yields a dye. dying (di'Tng), p. a. 1. In the act of dying ; moribund ; mortal. 2. Of or pertaining to dying or death. dyke(dlk). .Var. of DiKB. dy-nam'lG (dl-namlk; dl-) 1 a. [Gr. SvvafiiKo^ powerful, dy-nam'1-cal (-I-kftl) J Svi'oju.ts power, SvvaaOai to be able.] 1. Physics, a Of or pertaining to physical forces or energy ; as, the dynamic theory of heat, "b Of or pert, to dynamics; active;— opposed to 5/a(ic and joo/en/ia/. 2. Be- longing to or having energy or effective action. 3. Pert, to or involving change or process (regarded as manifestation of energy or agency). — dy-nam'l-cal-Iy, adv. dy-nam'lcs(-Iks},7i. (See-ios.) l. Mechanics treating of the motion of bodies {kinematics) and of the action of forces in producing or changing their motion {kineiics). Some hold that dynamics includes statics and not kinematics. 2. Moving forces of any kind, or the laws relating to them. dyna-mlte (di'nd-mit ; dln'o-), n. [Gr. Siivafm power.] An explosive consisting of nitroglycerin absorbed in a porous material. — v. t. ; -mit'ed (-inlt'ed) ; -mit'ing. To shatter with dynamite. — dy'na-mlVer (-miVer), n. dy'na-mo (di'nd-mo), M.y pi. -Mos (-moz). [for dynamo-elec- tric machine."] A machine ^-— -s. for converting mechanical energy into electrical / ^ ^ energy by magneto- _ electric induction. /^/?m"^^^ .M , , HLR Arm ; W Wire conveying current to Field Coils dy^na-mo-e-lec'trlc (-e-l^'trTk) \ a. Pertaining to con- dyna-mo-e-lec'trl-cal (-trT-kaij | version, by induction, of mechanical energy into electrical energy, or vice versa. dy'na-mom'e-ter (di'nd-m5m'e-ter ; dln/d-), n. [Gr. 5u- va/Ats Tpower -\- -meter.'] An apparatus for measuring force. dy'nast (di'nast; din'ffst), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. fiucacm]?, fr. Svvatr9ai to be able J A ruler ; prince. dy'naa-ty (di'nfts-ti ; dTn'Ss-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). A race ur succession of kings of the same line or family, or their continued lordship. — dy-nas'tlc (di-nSs'tik ; dT-), dy-nas'tl-cal (-tT-kftl), a. dyne (din), n. [Gr. Suva/Lit? power : cf. F. dyne.] Physics. A unit of force ; the force which, acting on a gram for a second, imparts to it a velocity of a centimeter per second, or, approximately, that exerted by a milligram weight under the influence of gravity. dys'en-ter-y (dIs'gn-tSr-T), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. Sva-evrepCa; oz/s- ill, bad 4- 6»'T€por, pi. evrepa^ intestines.] Med. A specific febrile and inflammatory disease of the bowels. — dys^en-ter'lG (-tSrTk), dys^en-ter'l-cal (-T-kftl), a. dys-pep'sl-a (dts-p5p'sY-d ; -sh(i), n. [L., fr. Gr. Svaire- ipia ; 5v5- hard + ireirTeiv to digest.] Indigestion. dys-pep'sy (-sT), n. Dyspepsia. Obsoles. dys-pep'tlc (-tik), a. Also dys-pep'tl-cal (-tl-kttl). Per- taining to dyspepsia ; having dyspepsia, —n. A person having dyspepsia. — dys-pep'ti-cal-ly, adv. dys-pro^sl-um (dTs-pro'shT-f^m ;-sT-iinf), n. [Gr.fivo-jrpoffi- Tos hard to get at.] Chem. An element of the rare-earth group. Symbol, Vy ; bX. wt., 162.5. natrire, verdpre(87); RrrchinG. icTi, ach (60^; boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to§§in Guide. Gxplanatlona of Abbreviations, SIieiib, ete>» precede Vocabulary. |] Forelffn Word« + combined with. = eauals. B 226 EARWIG E E (e) ; pi. EEB, B*s, or ss (ez). The fifth letter of the English alphabet. tl (Sch), a. or a. pron. [AS. xlc ; a always 4- gelle like.] Every (iudividual of two or more) conBidered separately. ea'ger (e'ger)» **• [F. aigre^ fr. L. acer sharp, sour, spirited, zealous.] 1. Sharp ; keen ; — applied esp. to things affects ing the senses Obs, or Archaic. 2. Spirited or strenuous ; sharply contested, as a fight. 3. Keenly desirous to pursue, gerform, or obtain ; ardent. — Syn. Earnest, vehement, ot, impetuous, fervent, intense, zealous, forward. ea'ger-ly, adu. in an eager manner. ea'ger-ness, n. state of being eager ; ardor. ea'gle (e'g'l), n. [F. aigle, fr. L. aguila.^ 1. Any of va- riouslai'ge diurnal birds of prey of the falcon family. See BALD EAOLB, Il/ust. 2. A gold coin of the United States, of the value uf ten dollars; — from the eagle on the reverse. 3. An eagle-shaped object or figure, esp. as an emblem ; the seal or standard of any nation having an eagle as em- blem, esp. that of the ancient Romans. ea'gle-eyed' (-idO. a- Sharp-sighted as an eagle. ea'glet (e'glet), n. A young eagle. ea'gre (e'ger ; a'ger), n. See 2d bobe (a tidal flood). ean'llng (eu'ltng), it. A yeanling. Obs. ear (er), n. [AS. Sare."] 1. The or- gan of hearing. 2. The external ear Descrijitlon of llluslration: a (ogr Parts of the Pinna, a a Helix : ft Antihf- lix; f Kiisaaof the Antlhelix : '/ An- titragii8 ; e Tra- gua : / Lobule or Lobe , !/ Concha; h Auditor;^ CaiiaL; 1 Tympanic Mem- brane ; k Ty m- panum ; I y'^ 1- pi Ieii8 : HI Incus ; u Stapes : o Vesti- bule ; /J Cochlea : tf Three semicircular Canals ; r Au- ditory Nerve; 8 Eustachian Tube. of man and most mammals. 3. The sense or act of hearing; also, a refined or acutesenseof hearing; as, he lias no ear Diagrammatic sec- for music. 4- That which resembles J^'SSiJ^JJ. °* * an ear, as the tufts on the head of most owls. 6- Attention, esp. favorable attention ; audience. ear, n. [AS. ior.] The fruiting spike of any cereal (as Indian corn, or maize, rye, etc.), including the kernels, or grains. — v. i. To put forth ears ; to provide with ears. ear, v. t. [AS. erinn.^ To plow ; till. Archaic or Dial. ear'drop' (er'drSpOt n. A pendant for the ear. ear'drnill' (-drQmO, n. The drum of the ear. earl (flrl), n. [as. eorl man, noble.] In Great Britain, a nobleman next below a marquis. — earl'dom (-dttm), n. early (flr'lT), adv. ; -li-er (-lY-er) ; -li-bst. [AS. Srltce ; gsr sooner + lice -ly.] In a time or position near the begin- ning of a period or a series ; in good season ; betimes. Syn. Early, soon, betimes. That which happens early precedes, that which happens soon follows, the point of time referred to ; as, come envly (in advance of a set time) ; come soon (shortly after the present time). In its more general use, /'nrly applies to that which so far precedes the end of any division or period of time as to be near the be- ginning. Betimes (now somewhat bookish) has less spe~ eific reference to a given point of time. — re. Coming early; specifically, occurring in, or belohg- ing to, remote past time. — ear'li-neSS (-iT-nSs), n. ear'mark' (er'mark'), n. A mark of identification on the ear; any mark of identification. — 1»./. To put an earmark on. earn (firn), v. t. [AS. eamian."] To merit, or to acquire, by labor or performance, as wages. — Syn. See obtain. earn, v. i. & t. To yearn. Ohs, ear'nest (flr'nSst ; 24), n. 1. Something of value given by a buyer to a seller, to bind the bargain ; as, earnest money. 2. Something given beforehand aa a pledge; handsel. S^n. Earnest, pledge (in their fig. uses). An earnest gives assurance, or establishes a strong probability, of something more to come, usually of the same kind; a pledge (the stronger term) affords security, often for something quite different ; as, a rebuke may be an earnest of future punishment ; a ring is a,pledg&of affection. ear'nest (Qr'nSst; 24), n. [AS. evmost^ eomest.'] An aroused aud intent mental state ; — chiefiy in the phrase in earnest. ^ a. 1. Characterized by, orproceeding from, an intense and serious state of mind. 2. Important, not trivial. — ear'nest-ly, adv. — ear'nest-ness, n. Syn. Eager, zealous, ardent, sincere, hearty ; staid, sedate, thoughtful. — Earnest, sebiods, bobeb, grave, solemn. Earnest implies temi>ered or restrained e^^emess ; it al- ways connotes sincerity ; as, an earnest preacher, earnest prayers. Serious (opjposed to jocose, sportive) implies an appearance of (sometimes troubled) thought or renectiou ; SOBER (opposed to gayy volatile), staiduess, or the absence of exhilaration ; grave (opposed to vivacious, hilarious)^ so- briety or austerity, as if from weighty interests; solemn suggests extreme or impressive gravity. eam'ing (Qr'nTng), 71. Act or process of earning, or what is earned; esp., ^/., money earned. ear'rlng' (er'rtng^), n. A ring through the lobe of the ear, with or vrithout a pendant ; loosely, an eardrop or the like. ear'shoV (-sh5t^), 7i. Hearing distance. earth (firth], n. [AS. eor&e.'} 1. The globe or planet which we inhabit. 2. The world as the home of man, in distinction from heaven and bell. 3. The land, as a mere solid surface, in distinction from the air or water. 4. The softer part of the land, in distinction from rock ; soil ordirt. 5. A part of this globe ; a country. Obs. or R. 6. Worloly things, as opposed to spiritual. 7. The people on the globe. 8. The hole of a burrowing animal. 9. Chem. Any of sev- eral dl£Qcultly reducible metallic oxides, as alumina. Syn. Earth, world. Earth commonly refers to the globe in ics planetary relations, or as contrasted with heaven or hell ; WORLD usually suggests the sum of human coucems. ^v. t. (b i. To hide, or cause to hide, in the earth. eartll1>orn' (-b6rn/), a. 1. Springing originally from the earth. 2. Bom on the eartli ; human. 3. Relating to, or occasioned by, earthly objects. oarth'-boiind', a. Bound by earth or earthly interests, earth'en (fir'th'n), a. Made of earth, as earthenware. earth'en-ware' (-wSr^),n. Vessels, ornaments, etc., made of baked clay, esp. the coarser and leas artistic kinds. , earth'l-ness l-thl-ngs), n. Quality of being earthy. earthllng (Qrth'lTng), n. An inhabitant of the earth. earth'ly {-\'i), a. [AS. eorplw.'} 1. Of, like, or pertaining to, the earth, or to man's existence on the earth; not heav- enly or spirilual. 2. Possible ; conceivable ; as, of what earthly use is it ? — earthll-ness (-IT-nSs), n. Syn. Earthly, terrestrial, mundane, worldly, secular, TEMPORAL. Earthly (opposed to heavenly) is the more homely and general, terrestrial {opposed to celestial), the more lormaland sonorous, term ; as, earthly dignities, to talk of earthly things ; the terresMal sphere. Mundane often connotes the transitoriness, wokldly (under the in- fiuence of the New Testament sense of " world '"), the pomp and vanity, of earthly things ; as, mnindane affairs; worldly amusements. Secular is opposed to sacred, ecclesictsticaJ; TEMPORAL, to efemal, spiritual. earth'nuV (-niit^), n. 1. Any of various roots, tubers, or subterranean pods. 2. A trufile. earth'qoake' (-kwak^), n. A trembling of the earth's sur- face, due chiefly to faulting of rocks and volcanic explosions. earth'ward (-werd) 1 adv. Toward the earth ; — opposed earth'wards (-werdz) f to heavenward or skyward. earth'work' (- wfirk'), ". 1- Fort. Any con- struction chiefly of earth. 2. In engineer- ing, the operations connected with excava- tions and embankments of earth. earUl'WOrm' (-wfirm'), n. 1. Any of nu- merous hermaphroditic worms found in damp soil. 2. A mean, sordid person. earth'y (Qr'tht), a. 1. Consisting of, or re- sembling, earth ; earthlike. 2. Of or per- taining to the earth ; terrestrial ; esp., worldly. 3. Gross ; unrefined. ear'wax' (er'wSks'), n The waxlike secre- tion of the glands of the external ear. ear'wig' (er'wTg'), n. [fr. AS., fr. Sare ear + wici/a beetle, worm.] Any of numerous harmless beetle-like insects, popularly sup- ale, senate, cd-re, ftm, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, event, find, recent, maker; ice, HI ; 51d, obey, drb, 5dd, sSft, connect ; use, Unite, iirn, up, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; 8iiig,ii)k; ^eu, thin; EASE 227 ECHO posed to creep into the human ear. — v. t. ; -wigobd^ (-wlgdO ; -wio'aiNQ (-wig'ing). To influence, or attempt to influence, by insinuations or private talk. ease (ez), n. [F. aise, OF. also, free space about one, elbow- room, LL. aicis, aiace.] 1. State of being comfortable ; freedom from pain, effort, trouble, or the like ; as, ease of body. 2. Freedom from constraint, formality, difficulty, etc.; facility; liberty; naturalness, as of manuer. Syn. Rest, repose, quiet, satisfaction, content, enjoyment. — Ease, comfort. Ease implies freedom or relaxation from toil or strain ; comfort, such positive well-being as results in quiet enjoyment or content. — v.t.d: i. ; eased (ezd) ; bas'ing (§z1ng). 1. To free from anything that pains, disquiets, or oppresses ; relieve. 2. To renderlesspainfuloroppressive;a1Ieviate. 3. Tolessenthe pressure or tension of, as by slackening, lifting, or sliif ting; as, to ease a bolt. — Syn. Disburden, quiet, calm, tranquil- ize, assuage, allay, mitigate, pacify, soothe. ease'fal (-fd61), a. Full of ease ; comfortable ; restful. ea'sel (e'zel), n. [D. ezel ass, donkey, hence, easel ; fr. L. asinus ass. See ass.] A frame to hold a painter's canvas upright, or on which to stand a picture or object of art. ease'meat (ez'mSnt), n. 1. That which gives ease. 2. Law. Any of several rights which one person may have in the land of another. easl-Iy (ez'I-li), adv. in an easy manner ; readily. eas'l-nesa (-nSs), n. State or condition of being easy. east (est), n. [AS. Sast^ adv.] 1. The direction of sun- rise; accurately, that point where the center of the sun is seen to rise at the equinox; the direction to the right of one facingnorth. 2. leap."] Regions, countries, or peoples, lying to the east ; specif. , the countries of Asia and of the Asiatic archipeli^oes; the Orient; — so called as being east of Europe.^ a. Toward or at the east ; also, from the east, as a wind. — adv. Eastward. Bast'er (es'ter), n. [AS. Sasier^ 6aslron, pi., paschal feast, Easter, fr. Eastre a goddess for whom a festival was cele- brated in April.] An annual church festival commemorat- ing Christ's resurrection, occurring on the Sunday follow- ing Grood Friday ; also, the festival day. east/er-Ung (es'ter-llug), n. A native of a country or region eastward of another. Obs. or Hist. east'ei'ly, a. & adv. Situated, directed, or moving toward the east ; also, of winds, blowing from the east. east'ern (es'tem), rt. 1. [_cap.'] Pert, to, or characteristic of, the East ; Oriental. 2. East or easterly, as a wind. — Eaatem Clmrch, the Christian church, prevailing in Russia, Greece, Servia, Roumania and the Near East, which sepa- rated from the Roman Catholic Church in 1054. easfern-er (-ter-ner), n. A native or inhabitant of the east, esp. lcap.^ of the eastern part of the United States. East'er-tide' {es'ter-tld'), n. The period from Easter to Ascension Day (40 days)* or, sometimes, to Whitsunday (50 days), or to Trinity Sunday (57 days). eastward (esfwerd), adv. Also eastwards (-werdz). Toward the east ; in the direction of east from some point or place. — a. Moving or looking toward the east, or sit- uated in an eaatem part. — east'waid-Iy, adv. tfe a. eas'y (ezT), a. : eas'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. [OF. rtrji^, prop, p. p. of aixier to ease.] 1. At ease ; free from trouble, care, anxiety, constraint, etc. 2. Causing, or attended with, little difficulty or discomfort. 3. Of persons, moods, etc.: a Not difficult to influence ; tractable, b Not harsh or ex- acting ; lenient. 4. Supportable with ease ; not burdensome or oppressive. 5. Giving ease, freedom from care, or com- fort; as, easy clrciimstances. 6. Given to ease or to idleness. — Syn, Comfortable, quiet, tranquil, calm, unconcerned ; yielding, complying, compliant, complaisant, manageable; facile; unconstrained, smooth ; mild, moderate. eat (et), v. t. ; pret. ate (at; in England, commonly St), Ob- xoIp.s. as Colloq. bat (St ; et) ; p. p. eat'bn (ef'n), Obs. or Colloq. EAT (St i et) ; p.pr. i& vb. n. eat'ino, [AS. eian.'\ 1. To take in through the mouth as food ; ordinarily, to chew andswallow, as solid food. 2. To devour ; consume ; destroy, as by eating ; hence, to ravage. 3. To consume gradually ; waste away ; corrode. 4. To gnaw, perforate, or bore into. — v. i. 1. To take food or a meal ; hence, to board. 2. To admit of being eaten. 3. To wear or waste away ; corrode ; rust. — eaVer, n. eat'a-ble (et'a-b*l), n. That may be, or is fit to be, eaten ; edible. — n. Something fit to be eaten ; — chiefiy in pi. oath (eth; eth),n. (^ adv. [AS. Sa&e.^ Easy; easily. — eatb'ly, adv. Both Obs. or Scot. II eau (o), n.,' pi. baitx (5). [F.] Water. eaves (evz), n. pi. [AS. ^es eaves, brim, brink.] The projecting lower edges of a roof. eaves'drop^ (-drSp/), v. i. To stand under, or as if under, the eaves of a house, to listen ; hence, to listen secretly. — eaves'drop^per (er), n. — eavesMrop''plng, n. ebb (5b), n. [AS. ebba.1 1 Reflux, or flowing back, of the tide toward the sea ; — opposed to flood. 2. State or time of passing away ; low state ; decline ; decay. — v. i. 1. To flow back ; return, as of a tide toward the ocean; — opposed to ^ow. 2. To fall back to a worse state ; decline; sink; as, his e66m^ fortunes. — Syn, Recede, retire, sub- side, withdraw, decrease, wane, sink, lower. eb'en-e'zer (Sb'gn-e'zer), n. [Heb. Eben-ha-ezer stone of the lielp.] Eccl. a A memorial atone (1 Sam. vii. 12); also, any commemoration of divine assistance, b Among dissenters, often, a house of worship. England. eb'on (Sb'fin), a. Consisting of or like ebony ; esp., black ; dark. — n. Ebony. Now Poetic. eb'on-ite (-it), n. A black variety of hard rubber. eb'on-lze (-iz), v. t. ,- -ized (-izd); -iz'ino (-Iz/Ing). To make black, or stain black, in imitation of ebony. eb'on-y (-T), n.,- pi. -onies (-Iz). [fr. L.,fr. Gr. e|8evo5.] A hard, heavy, durable wood, the moat highly prized be- ing black, yielded by various trees of tropical Asia and Africa; al80,^any tree yielding this wood. e-bunient (e-bul'ygnt), a. [L. ebuUiens, -erUis^ p. pr. of ebullire to boil up ; e out + bullire to boil.] Boiling up, or causing such action ; hence, manifesting excitement. — e-buiaience (-yens), e-bul'llen-cy (-ySn-sI), n. eb^lll-ll'tlon (Bb'M-lIsh'fin), n. Act, process, or state of boiling or bubbling up ; hence, agitation or, excitement. ^'car'W (a'kar/ta'), n. [F.] A certain game at cards for two persons. II ec'oe ho'mo (Sk'se ho'mo). [L.] Behold the man ; — Pilate's words in presenting Christ wearing the crown of thorns to the Je.wa{John xix. 6) ; a representation of this. ec-cen'tric (Sk-sSn'trTk), a. [fr. F., fr. LL., fr. Gr. Ikkcj'- Tpos ; €K out of -|- Kevrpov center.] 1. Not having the same center ; opposed to concentric. 2. Deviating from the center, or from the line of a circle, as an orbit. 3. De- viating from stated methods, usual practice, or established forms ;_ irregular ; odd. — Syn. Singular, peculiar, erratic, whimsical. See stranoe. — n. 1. A circle not having the same center as another contained in some measure with- in it. 2. One that is eccentric, as in conduct. 3. Mack. A device consisting of a disk through which a shaft is keyed eccentrically so that the disk gives a crank fA\ motion to an encircling \ strap that gives a recipro- s~f^'' Eccentric, .3. a Eccen- cating motion to an at- ^^"^^ trie i & Strap; c Rod. tached rod. — ec-cen'trl-cal-lT, adv. eG'cen-trlc'l-ty(Sk'sSn-triB'T-tT),?i.;7)/. -ties. Stateof being eccentric ; esp., deviation from customary conduct; oddity. Syn. Peculiarity, oddity, aberration, idiocrasy. — Eccen- TRicrry,n)iosTNcRAST. EccENTRicrrY emphasizes divergence from the usual or customary; idiosyncrasy (properly one's own peculiar temperament or bent), that of the personal, characteristic, and individual, esp. in trait, trick, or habit. Ec-cle^sl-as'tes (S-kle'zI-as'tez), n. [L., fr. Gr. eKKK-qa-L- ao-T)}? a preacher.] A certain book of the Old Testament. ec-cle^sl-as'tic (-Ss'tTk), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. eKKK-rja-Laa-Tt- (coT, fr. eKKKyjtria assembly of citizens called out by the crier, also, the church, deriv. of ck out + KaKelv to call.] Ecclesiastical. —w.. A clergyman; priest. ec-cle^si-as'tl-cal (-tT-kftl), a. Of or pertaining to the church or its organization or government ; not senular. e-ClU,d'na(e-kTd'nd),7?.. [L.,aviper;Gr. e^iSi^.] Atoothless monotreme of Australia, Tasmania, and New Guinea, hav- ing spines mingled with the hair; the porcupine anteater. ech'1-nate (Sk'T-nat) I a. [L. echinatiift. See echinus.] ech'i-nat^ed (-nat^Sd) f Prickly, like a hedgehog; bristled. e-Cbl'nO-derm (e-kl'no-dfirm ; Sk't-), n. [Gr. exlvo'; hedge- hog 4-5epfia,-aTos,skin.] Any of a. phylum (Echinoflermnta) of marine animals including the stai^shes and sea urchins. e-chl'nuB (e-ki'nSs), n. ; pi. -Ni (-ni). [L., a hedgehog, sea urchin, Gr. ex'^o^-.] A sea urchin. ech'O (Sk'o), n. ; pL -oEs (-oz). [L. echo, Gr. ^x" echo, sound.] 1. Repetition of a sound due to the reflection of the sound waves. 2. [cap.] The personiflcation of echo ; esp., Gr. Myth., a nymph, daughter of Air and Earth, who. natjire, ver^jire (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (BO) ; bow ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Explanations of Abbreviations, Slfna, etc., preceue Vocabulary. |1 Foreign Word. -|- combined with. =e<|uals. ECLAIR 228 EDIFICE for love of Narcissa8,pined, away until nothing was left of her but her voice. 3. Any repetition, as of the style or thought of another ; also, one who imitates or repeats another's words, ideas, or acts. — v. t, 1. To send back or repeat (a sound). 2. To repeater imitate, as words or thoughts. — V. i. To give an echo ; resound. — ecll'0-leBS, a. 6'clair' (a'kiar'), n. [P.] Cookery. A small oblong cake, containing flavored cream and glazed or, often, frosted. II ti'clalr-C^se'ment (a^lSr-ses'maN), n. [F., fr. iclaircir to explain.] An explanation or clearing up. 6'Clat'(a/klS'),re. [F.^ciai,lit.,fragment,explo8ion.] 1. Os- tentation. 2. Brilliancy of success or effort ; glory. ec-lec'tlc (Sk-lgk'tTk), «. [Gr. €k\€ktiko's, fr. sKKeyeiv to pick out, choose out.] 1. Selecting; choosing from various sources or systems. 2. Consisting of what isselected ; as, an eclectic magazine. -^ n. One who follows a selective method; esp.,an eclectic philosopher, physician, or painter. — ec-lec^tl-cal-ly, adv. — ec-lec'U-clsin (-tT-sIz'm), n. e-Clipse' (e-klTps'), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. eK^eti^ts, prop., a forsaking, deriv. of ex out + Keiiretv to leave.] X' Astron. The interposition of a dark celestial body be- tween a luminous one and the eye, or the passing of a lu- minous body into the shadow of another body. 2. An ob- dagram of EclipseE, showing the Sun. .S, Earth, E, and Moon, the Tatter hein^ at iVin a Solar, and at J/i m al^unar, KclipBe. scuration; esp., a temporary obliteration ; as, an eclipse of one's powers. — v. t. ; b-clipsed' (e-klTpsf) ; e-clips'ing. To cause obscuration of; darken.— w./. To sufEer^an eclipse. e-cUp'tlC (e-klTp'tik), a. [L. eclipiicus of an eclipse, Gr. eKAeiTTTEKos-] Pert.toaneclipseortheecliptic^Ti. Astron. That great circle of the celestial sphere which is the appar- ent path of the sun or of the earth as seen from the sun. ec'logue (Sk1(5g), n. [fr„ L., fr. Gr. exAoy^ a selection, choice extracts, iK\iyeiv to select.] A poem in which shepherds are introduced conversing ; bucolic ; idyl. e-COl'0-gy (e-k5l'o-jT), n. [Gr. oTko? house -\- •logy.'] Bi- ology dealing with the mutual relations between organisms and their environment ; bionomics. — ec'O-lOglC (Sk'o- 15j'Tk), -log'1-cal (-T-kffil), a. — e-coro-glst, n. e^CO-nom'lC (e'kS-nSmlk ; Sk'o-), a. [fr, L., fr. Gr. oiko- voy.t.K6<; economical. See economy.] Of or pertaining to economy (in any sense) or the science of economics. e^CO-nom'l-cal (-T-kiil), a. Of, pertaining to, or character- ized by, economy ; avoiding waste ; frugal ; thrifty. — Syn. See FEUOAL. — e^C0-n0IIl'l-cal--l7, adv. e'CO-nom'lcs (-Tks), n. The science that investigates the conditions and laws affecting production, distribution, and consumption of wealth, or the material means of satisfying human desires ; political economy. e-COn'O-miSt (e-kSn'd-mTst), n. \. A manager, esp. a frugal one; one who economizes money, time, labor, etc. 2. One conversant with, or a student of, economics. &-COIl'0-mlze (-miz), v. t. ; -MizED (-mizd) ; -miz'ino (-miz^- ing). To manage with economy ; use prudently, frugally, or the like.^v. i. To expend prudently; be frugal and saving. e-con'O-my (-mt), n. ; pi. -mies (-mtz). [fr. F., fr. L. oe- conomm household management, Gr. oiKovofiia^ fr. oIko- vofj.o'i one managing a household ; oIkos house -|- a deriva- tive of vefieiv to manage.] 1. The management of domes- tic affairs, esp. a^ to disbursement, 2. Management of the affairs of a community, estate, or establishment, di- rectly concerned with its maintenance or productiveness. 3- Thrifty administration; also, an economizing act, move, or means ; economizing disposition or faculty. 4. The sys- tem by which anjrthing is managed ; system of operation ; organization ; as, the economy of nature. II 6'cra (a'kroo; ek'roo ; F. a^krii'), a. [F.] Having the nature, appearance, or pale brown color of raw or un- bleached stuff, as of raw silk, linen, or the like. eCsta-sy (Sk'std-st), n. ; pi. -siES (-sTz). [fr. OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. exffTaffts, fr. e^ia-TdvaL to put out of plaoe, derange ; €^ = CK out -|- icT'Ta.vai to set, stand.] 1. State of being beside one's self, or beyond all reason and self-control, as when given over to an engrossing emotion. 2. Hence : a A mystic, prophetic, or poetic trance, b State of overmas- tering feeling, esp. joy; rapture, c Insanity; madness. Ohs. Syn. Ecstasy, rapture, transport imply intense, some- times excessive or extreme^ mental exaltation'. Ecstasy ap- plies commonly to engrossing or entrancing joy, occasion- ally to overmastering emotion, commonly of joy; raftuee, to bliss or to its enthusiastic expression, only; transport, to any vehement emotion that carries one out of one*s self ; as, an ecstasy of terror, grief, joy ; he heard with speech- less rapture ; a transport of enthusiasm. ec-stat'ic (Sk-stSftk), a. Pertaining to, or caused by, ec- stasy ; of the nature, or in a state, of ecstasy. — OC-Btat'- 1-cal (-t-ksn, a. — ec-stat'l-cal-ly, adv. ec'tO-derm (Sk'td-dflrm), n. [Gr. ckto? outside + Sipfia skin.] Zo'ol. The investing membrane of a multicellulf^ animal. — ec'to-der'mal (-dQr'm&l), -der'inlc (-mik), a. eCu-men'lc, CBC^u-men'ic (Sk^u-mentk) l a. [fr. L., fr. ec^u-men'i-cal, OBc^u-meii'l-cal (-T-k(ti) j Gr. oiKoyne- fLKO?, fr. oiKovfA-evr) (sc. y^) the inhabited world, o'tKelv to inhabit, olko$ dwelling.] General ; universal ; usually, BccL, pertaining to, or representing, the whole church. ec'ze-ma (Sk^ze-md), n. [Gr. ix^efia ; ck out -{- ^elv to boil.] An inflammatory itching disease of the skin. — ec-zem'a-touB (gk-zSm'd-tz2s), a. -ed [AS. -ede, -ode^ -ade-l The ending of the preterit tense of regular, or weak, verbs in Englidi. Some regular verbs ending in a surd (except t) and some others are often spelt with -t for -ed in both preterit and past participle. -ed- [AS. -ed^ -ad, -od."] A sufBx forming: a The past par- ticiple of regular, or weak, verbs (see 1st -ed), b Amdo- gous adjectives from nouns, having the sense of possessed of, provided ot furnished with, characterized by; as, cul- tUTP.d^ moneyed^ balconied, etc.; sometimes also, having the characteristics of; as, bigotfff, wretched. e-da'ClOUS (€-da'shJ2s), a, [L. edax, edacis, f r. edere toeat.] Pert, to eating; devouring. — e-dac'i-ty (e-dSs1-tT), n. Ed'da (Sd'd), n. Either of two works in Old Norse, or Ice- landic, the Elder^ or Poetic^ Edda, and Younger, or Prose, Edda. ed'dy (SdT), n. ;pl. -dies (-Iz). A current of air or water run- ning contrary to the main current, esp. one moving circu- larly ; a whirlpool. — v. i. & t.; -died (-Id) ; -dy-ing. To move as an eddy, or as in an eddy. e'del-weiSB (S'd^l-™), n. [G., fr. edel noble -\~weish white.] A small Alpine perennial plant of the aster family. e-de'ma (e-de'md). Yar. of cbdeha. E'den (S'd'n), n. [L. , f r. Heb. ^eden delight, a place of pleas- ure, Eden.] The garden where Adam and Eve first dwelt ; Paradise ; hence, a place or state of bliss. See Gen. ii. 8. e-den'tate (^-dgn'tat), a. [deriv. fr. L. e out -|- dens^ den- tiSj tooth.] 1. Destitute of teeth. 2. Zobl. Belonging to the edentates. — - n. A member of an order (Edentata) of placental mam- mals, some toothless, consisting of the sloths, armadillos, and anteaters. j edge(Sj),n. [AS. ec(7.] 1. The thin ^ cutting side of the blade of an instru- ment. 2. Sharpness ; hence, keen- ness, as of passion or language ; pene- trating force. 3. Extreme verge, brink, crest, or the like, as of a cliff. 4. Any sharp terminating border or the part adjacent ; margin ; as, the water's erfffc. — Syn, Rim, brim. See BOEDER.— T. t. <& i. ; EDGED (Sjd); EDO'- mo (Sjtng). 1. To furnish with an edge. 2. To move by little and little or as by pressing forward edgeways. edge'wayB' (-waz') ) adv. 'With the edge^WlBOM-wiz') j edgetowardsor foremost; on, by, or with, the edge. _ edg'lng (Sjing), n. That which forms One of the Edentates. an edge or border ; lace or embroidery The two-toed Ant used for edge trimming. eater, (j) od'l-We (Sda-Vl), a. [L, ediMZij, fr. cdcretoeat.] Fittohe eaten as food ; eatable ; esculent. ^ n. Anything edible. e'dlct (e'dlkt), n. [L. edictum,, fr. edieere, edictum, to de- clare, proclaim ; e out -|- dicere to say.] A public notice issued by official or state authority ; tlie proclamation of a law or rule of conduct made by competent authority. — Syn. Decree, law, ordinance, order, manifesto, command. ed'1-fl-ca'tion (Sd'T-ft-ka'shftu), n. Act of edifying ; state of being edified. ed'1-fiice (5d'T-fIs), n. [F. Hifice, fr. L. aedifieium. See ale, senate, cAre, am, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker; ice, ill ; old, ftbey, 6rb, 6dd, Boft, connect ; use, finite, urn, tip, circus, menii; food, fd^t; out, oil; cbair; go; sing, ixjk; tben, thin; EDIFY 229 EFFLUENT KDiPT.] A building; structure; esp., a large or elegant buildiug. — Syn. See buildinq. Od'l-Iy {5d'I-fi),w. ^/-FIBD(-fid); -PY'iNQ. [fr. F.,fr. L. aerfi- Jicare ; aedes a building, bouse, orig., a fireplace ^1- -Jicare to make.] 1. To build; construct; hence, to organize ; eatab- lisb. Archaic. 2. To instruct and Improve, esp. morally, spiritually, or religiously ; teach. Q'dlle (e'dU). Yar. of ^dilb. ed'lt (Sd'It), V. t. [L. sdttttSy p. p. of edere to give out, pub- lish ; e out -j- dare to give.] To auperiutend or direct the publication of ; revise for publication. e-di'tlon(e-dt8h't2n),n. [L. edUio,']. 1. The form in which a literary work or group of works la published. 2. The whole number of copies of a work published at one time. ed'l-tor (Sd't-tSr), n. One who edits, as a text, book, etc. ed'l-tO'rl-al (-to'rl-ftl ; 57), a. Of or pert, to, or sanctioned by, an editor. -^ n. An article in a newspaper or magazine giving the views of the editor ; a leading article. ed'U-cate (Sd^-kat), v. t. ; -oat/ed (-kaVSd) ; -CAi/iNa. [L. educt^u^^ p. p. of educare to bring up a child, educate, fr. educere. See educe.] To develop and cultivate mentally or morally; fit for a calling by systematic instruction; train; instruct. — Syn. Teach, inform, enlighten. Od'n-ca'tloil (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act or process of educating ; the impartation or acquisition of knowledge, skill, or devel- opment of character, as by study or diaciplme. 2. The sum of the qualities acquired through individual instruction and social braiuing. 3. Pedagogics. — ed^u-ca'tlon-al i-&i)t a. — ed'a-Ga'tlon-lst, n, — ed'a-ca-Uve (SdMi-ka-tIv), a, Syn. Education, training, discipline, brbbding. Edu- cation is the general and formal word for schooling, esp. in an mstitution of learning ; training suggests exercise or practice to gain skill, endurance, or facility; discipline, se- vere and systematic training, esp. with a view to right con- duct or prompt and etf ective actiou ; breeding, training in the amenities and courtesies of life (esp. through habitual intercourse with those who practice them). ed'U-ca^tor (§dMi-ka'ter), ra. [L.J One who educates. e-duce' (e-dus^), v. t. ; E-DUCED' (-dust') ; e-dug'ing (-dua'- Tiig). [L. educere to lead forth; e out 4* dztcere to lead.] To bring or draw forth ; elicit ; evolve. — e-duc'tlon (e- diik'shfin), n. — e-duc'tlve (-tiv), a. -ee (-e). [F. p. p. ending -S, masc.] A suffix used to indi- cate the object of an action, the one to whom an act is done or on whom a riglit is conferred ; as in assignee, grantee, etc. eel (el), n. [AS. %/.] Any of numerous voracious, elongat- ed, suakelike fishes having a smooth slimy skin and no pelvic fins. eel'grass' (51^- BML^^^g^^ ■susm common Eel grdfiOi n. A ^I^^B^^p^ ^*W (i) submerged ^^^S^^^^ plant with very long narrow leaves, abundant in shallow bays along the North Atlantic coast. U. S. eerpouV (-pouf ), n. [AS. selepuie.^ Any of certain ma- rine fishes having, usually, the body laterally compressed and tapering behind. O'eu (en), adv. Even ; — a contraction. e'er(Sr; ar: 3), adv. Ever ;— a contraction. ee'rle 1 (e'rl), o. [Scot., fr. AS. enrh timid.] 1. Affected ee'ry ) vnthfear,asof ghosts; timid. 2. Serving to inspire fear, as of ghosts ; weird ; uncanny. — Syn. See weird. — ee'rl-ly(e'rY-ii), adv. — ee'ri-ness, n. ef'fa-ble (Sf 'd-b'l), a. [L. e_ff'abilis ; ex out -{-fari to speak.] Capable of being expressed. Rare. el-face' (S-fas'), v. t. ; -faced' (-fast'); -pac'ing (-fasTng). [F. effacer ; es- (L. ez) -\- face face; prop., to deface.] To rub out, strike out, or erase (anything impressed or in- scribed on or as on a surface). — Syn. Blot out, expunge, obliterate. See ebabh. — ex-face'ineilt (-mgnt), n. ef-fect' (-fBkf), n, [L. nffecius^ fr. ejfficere, -ectum., to effect; ex ~\-facere to ma.'ke.'] 1. Thatwhichisproducedbyanagent or cause; immediate result. 2. Purport ; intent ; as, to this eject. 3. Manifestation; expression. Obs. or R, 4. State or fact of being operative or realized ; execution ; perform- ance; as, to give e^^e^ ^{),totake effect, etc. 6- Reality ; fact. 6. A distinctive impression produced, as by a work of art, by conduct, etc.; as, to act for effect. 7. pi. Goods ; personal estate. — Syn. Consequence. — v.t. 1. To produce ; do ; make. 2. To bring about or to pass; execute; accomplish. Syn. Realize, consummate, compass, fulfill.— EFyEcr, exe- cute, PERFOBH, discharge, ACCOMPLISH, ACHIEVE agree In the idea of carrying out to a proposed eud. To effect is to bring about, often iu the face of resistance or obstacles; as, the pas- sage was ejl/ec^ef/ by force. To execute is to carry into effect, of teu formally ; as, to execute a decree. Tu perform (some- times merely a formal synonym for do) often implieci pro- tracted or regular activity ; as, to perforin our duties well. Discharge implies an obligation; as, he discharged his duty as judge fairly. To accomplish is to complete, often by per- severance or skill. Achieve commonly suggests an enter- prise or undertaking of difficulty or impoitance. ef-feo'tlTe (S-fSk'tlv), a. Able to produce an effect; effi- cient ; operative. — ef-Iec'tlve-ly, adv. — -tive-ness, n. — n. One, esp. a soldier, tit for active service or duty. Syn. Active, operative, capable, competent, adequate. ~ Effective, effectual, efficient, efficacious. Effective emphasizes the actual production of au efi'ect, whose cou- tinuance it often suggests ; as, the law becomes effective at once, effective capital. Effectual also refers to a present result, but regards it more as adequately fulfilling a pur- pose, and so often becomes synonymous with "decisive" or "final," and looks backward rather than forward : as, an ^ectual measure, retort. Efficient applies to what is ac- tively operative through the exercise of energy, so that it often is synonymous with "capable " or " competent ; " as, an efficient cause, workman. Efficacious emphasizes the possession of such quality as renders effective; as, an effica- cious remedy. Efficacious and efficient refer the result to some inherent power or quality ; an object may be effective or effectual through some agency outside itself. ef-iec'tu-al (-^-^l). a. Producing, or able to produce, an in- tended effect.— Syn. See effective. — ef-fec'tU-al-ly, adv. ef-fec'tu-ate (-at), v. t. ,- -at'ed (-at'ed) ; -at'ing. To ettect. ef-felr' (S-fer'), n. Cause ; appearance. Obs. Scot. ef-fem'l-na-cy (-f§m'i-na-sT), n. ; ^/.-cies (-siz). Woman- ish quality, as softness or weakness, unbecoming a man. ef-fem'l-nate (-uat), a. [L. effemiinaius^ p. p. of effeminare to make a woman of ; ex out -|- /emi/ia woman ] 1. Having womanlike traits to an inappropriate degree ; wanting in manliness. 2. Womanlike ; womanly ; tender. Obs, or R. -— Syn. See female. — ef-fem'l-nate-ly, adv. ef-fen'dl (5-fSn'dT), n. [Turk, efendi, deriv. of Gr. avQivrqi a chief.] Master ; sir ; — a Turkish title of respect. ef'fer-ent (Sfer-ent), a. [L. efferens^ -entis, p. pr., bearing out.] 1. Bearing out or away, or discharging, as certain blood vessels. 2. Conveyed outward, as a nerve impulse. ef'fer-vesce' C-vSs'), v.i.; -vesced' (-vgsf); -vesc'ing. [L. effervescere ; ex -\- ferveseere to begin boiling, fervere to boil.] 1. To bubble and hiss, as fermenting liquors. 2. To exhibit liveliness or exhilaration ; be gay, merry, etc. ef'fer-ves'cence (-vSs'^s), ef fer-ves'Gen-Gy (-sgn-sl), n. Action or state of effervescing. ef'fer-ves'cent (-ent), a. Effervescing. ef-fete' (S-fef), a. [L. effetus that has brought forth, ex- hausted; ex -\- fetus that has brought forth.] No longer capable of producing young, as an animal, or fruit, as the earth ; hence, worn out, as with age ; exhausted of energy. effi-ca'cions (Sf'T-kS'shMs), a. _[L. efficax, -acts, fr. effi- cere. See effect, n.] Productive of, or powerful to pro- duce, the effect intended. — Syn. See effective — ef- fl-ca'cious-ly, adv. — effl-ca'clons-ness, n. el'fl-ca-cy (SfT-kd-sT), n. Power to produce effects; effi- cient action. — Syn. Virtue, potency, force, efficiency. ef-ti'clence (S-fTsh'^ns) | n. Quality or degree of being ef- ef-fl'clen-cy (-Sn-st) ( ficent ; efficient power or action. ef-fl'clent (-^nt), a. [L. effid&Fts, -enlis, p. pr. of efficere. See EFFECT, n.] 1. Serving as, or characteristic of, the working or moving cause ; causative; operant. 2. Charac- terized by energetic and useful activity ; as, an efficient offi- cer. — Syn. See effective. — ef-U'clent-ly, adv. II et-ft'gl-es (5-fTj't-ez), n. [L.] An effigy. el'fl-gy (Sf'i-jt), n. ; pi. -GIE3 (-jTz). [L. effigies, fr. effin- gere to form ; ex -\-Jingere to form.] An image or repre- sentation, esp. of a person. — Syn. See image. eI'fl.O-resce'(6f'l6-rS8'),«.z.; -resced' (-rSsf); -rbsc'ing. [L. ^orescere to bloom; €x-\-floreseere, deriv. of^o5 flower.] 1. To flower. 2. Ckem. a To change, as on the surface, to a powdery form from loss of water of crystallization. b To form, or become covered with, a powdery crust, as a saline solution by evaporation. — ef''flo-res'cence (-rSs'- gns), -cen-cy (-^n-st), n. — eMlo-res'cent (-?nt), a. of 'fln-ence (ef 'loo-Sns ; 86), n. Outflow ; emanation ; efflux. ef'flU-ent (-2nt), a. [L. effluenst -entis, p. pr., deriv. of ex -\-fluere to flow.] Flowing out. ^n. Outflow ; efflux. nature, verdare'(87) ; K = cb in G. ich, ach (50) ; bow ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. ExpianatlonBor Abbreviations, Slffna, etc:., preceoe Vocabulary. |] Foreign Word. -1- combined with. = equals. EFFLUVnjM 230 ELASTIC ef-llu'vl-um (5-floo'vI-fim; 8t)),ft./>^/. -viA(-d). [L.,aflow- iug out.] A subtle or InTiBible emanation, eap. a noxious one, as from a putrid body. — ef-flu'vi-al (-51), a. el'fliuc (Sf IQks), n. Outflow ; elfuBiou ; emauatiou. el'fort (Sf'ort; -ert), n. [F., deriv. of LL. exj'oriiare^ fr. L. ex -\- J'ortis strong.] 1. Exertiou of power, physical or mental. 2. A production, as of art or oratory. Syn, Endeavor, attempt, essay, trial ; struggle, strain ; la- bor, toil. — Exertion, bpport, application, pains, trouble. Exertion is in general the active (often vigorous or labori- ous) exercise of any power or faculty ; effort commonly suggests a single action (often with a definite object in view) rather than continued activity ; as, to be wearied by exertion^ to make a supreme effort. Application is assidu- ous exertion ; as, intense ajjptication. Pains is toilsome or solicitous etlort ; trouble implies exertion that inconven- iences or incommodes; as,tbe dumb may,by sufficient pain^, be taught to speak ; it was no trouble to do so. ef-front'er-y (S-frBn'tgr-I), n. ;pl. -ERiES (-Iz). [F. effron^ terie^ fr. effront6 shameless, fr. L. effrons^ -ontis^ barefaced, sliamelesB.] Impudent transgression of the bounds of duty or decorum ; shamelesB boldness. — Syn. See audacity. ef-flllge' (S-faij/), v. t. & t. [L. effulg&re ; ex +fulg&re to shine.] To shine forth; beam. Rare. ef-ful'gence (S-fQl'jgns), n. Effulgent quality or state. ef-ful'£^ent (-j§nt), a. Dlif using a flood of light ; shining ; splendid ; radiant. — of-fol'gent-ly, adv. ef-fuse' (S-fus'), a. [L. ejffunus, p. p. of effundere to pour out; ex -\-Jundere to pour.] 1. Profuse. Obs. or R. 2. Bot. a DiifuBs; loosely spreading, b Spread out fiat without def- inite form. — (S-f uz'), v, t, ; -fused' (-f uzd') ; -pus'ing (-f tiz'- Yng). To pour out or forth, as aliquid; hence, to disseminate. ef-fu'Slon (g-fu'zh&n), n. 1. Act of ettusing, or pouring out. 2 That which is effused ; esp., an unrestrained utterance. el-fu'SlVO (-sTv), a. Unduly emotional or demonstrative. — ef-fu'sive-ly. odv. — ef-fu'sive-ness, n. ©ft (Sft), n. [AS. ejete lizard.] A newt. eft, adv. [AS.] Again ; afterwards. Archaic. eft'est, a. Easiest ; deftest ; — doubtful use by Shakespeare. eft-soon' (-soon') I adv. [ME. eftsone^ t^isones; AS. e/t eft-soons' (-sobnz') j -\- sdna soon.] Again; afterwards; also, forthwith ; at once. Archaic. e'gal, e'gall (e'gt^l), a. [F. ^gal.'^ Equal. Obs. egg (Sg), V. t. [Icel. eggja, fr. egg edge.] To urge (on). egg, n. [Icel. egg."] 1. a The reproductive body of birds and many reptiles ; esp., in com- mon usage, that of the domestic hen, b Biol. A female germ cell. 2 ■ Something egglike,as in form , Ogg'nog' (Sg'nBg'), 71. A drink of eggs beaten up with sugar, milk, and wine or spirits. egg'plant' (-plSntOi n. A plant g allied to the potato, producmg a ^ large ovoid fruit ; also, the fruit, esteemed as a vegetable. e'gls (e'jTs), n. Var. of ^gib. eelan-tfiie (ggian-tin), n. [F. eglantine.'] 1. Also, Archaic, eg'la-tere' (Sg'lo-ter'). Sweet- brier. 2. In Milton's *' L'Allegro," perh., the honeysuckle. e'gO-lsm (e'gfi-Tz'm; Sg'6-), n. [F. Sgdisme, fr. L. ego I.] Excessive love and thought of self ; living for self-interest ; also, the ethical theory that self-interest or self-develop- ment is the end of moral action ; — opposed to altnmm. — e'go-lst, n. — e'go-is'tlc (-Ts'tTk), -Is'tl-cal (-tT-kai), a. Syn. EooisM, egotism agree in implying intense concen- tration on one's self. But egoism (often opp. to altruism) is less likely than egotism to suggest offensive self-conceit. e'gO-tfsm (-tTz'm), n. [L. ego I -|- -tismfor -ism.] 1. The practice of too often using the word /,- hence, self-exulta- tion ; self-praise. 2. Egoism. — Syn. See egoism. — e'gO- tist (-trst),n.— e'go-tls'tlc (-tts'tTk),-tla'ti-cal(-tT-kai),a. e-gre'gloas (e-gre'jtts ; -jT-Ms), a. [L. egregius, lit., chosen from the herd ; e out + ^^'^^j g^egis, herd.] 1. Prominent ; distinguished. Obs. 2. Remarkable for bad quality; flagrant; gross. — e-gre'gious-ly, adv. — e-gre'glous-ness, n. e'gress (e'grSs), n. [L. egressus, fr. pgredi to go out ; e out -p gradi to go.] 1- Act of going out, or leaving j power to leave ; departure ; exit. 2. A way of exit ; outlet. e'gret (e'grSt; Bg'rSt), n. [P. aigret.] 1. Any of various herons which during the breeding season bear long plumes (the aigrettes of commerce). 2. An aigrette. Hen's Eg^ (Diagrammatic Seotioul.rt Treadi b White Yolk; c Yoik Membrane ; d Yellow Yolk j e Shell ; / Albumen or White jpff Chalazffi ; t Air Space. E-gyp'tlan (^-jtp'sbtin), a. 1. Of or pert, to Egypt or the Egyptians. 2. Gypsy. Hist.-^n. 1. A native of Egypt. 2. The language of the ancient Egyptians. 3. A gypsy. eh (a ; S), inierj. An expression of inquiry or slight surprise. el'der (i'der), n., or eider duck. AJiy of several large sea ducks of northern Europe, Asia, and America. The female lines the nest with very soft down plucked from her body. el-do1on (i-do'l9n), n. ; pi. -la (-Id). [Gr. ei&wkov image. See IDOL.] An image; form ; phantom. eight (at), a. [AS. eahta.'] Seven plus one ; being one more than seven. — n. 1. The number greater by a unit than seven. 2. A symbol representing eight units, as 8 or viii. 3. Something having as au essential feature eight units or members, as a playing card marked with eight pips. elght'een' (a'ten' ; a'ten'), a. Eight plus ten. — n. 1. The number greater by a unit tlian seventeen. 2. A aymbul denoting eighteen imits, as 18 or xviii. efght'eenth' (a'tenth'; a^tenth'), a. Next in order after the seventeenth ; also, constituting one of eighteen equal parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by eighteen ; au eight- eenth part. 2. An eighteenth unit or object. eighttl (atth), a. Kext in order after the seventh ; also, constituting one of eight equal parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided, —n. 1. The quotient of a unit di- vided by eight ; an eighth part. 2. An eighth unit or object. elght'i-eth (a'tt-Sth ; 24), a. Next in order after the seventy-ninth ; constituting one of eighty equal parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. The quo- tient of a unit divided by eighty ; an eightieth part. 2. An eightieth unit or object. elght'y (a'tt), a. Eight times ten ; fourscore. — n. 1. The number equal to the sum of eight tens. 2. A symbol rep- resenting eighty units, as 80 or Ixxx. ei'lEOn (i'k5n). Var. of icon. el'ther (e'teer ; i'teer), a. a.<:, -arros.] Any of various well-known mammals, of Africa and India, having the snout prolonged into a prehensile proboscis. They are the largest exist-, iug land animals. ePe-phan-tl'a-sis (Sl'fe-fSn-ti'd^sIs), n. [L., fr. Gr.eAe(;(>acTia(r(s, fr. iKi^oj^ ele- phant.] A disease of the skin, in which it becomes very thick and fissured. ere-phan'Une (-fSn'tlu ; -tin), a. Like | an elephant ; hence, huge ; heavy. El'eu-sin'i-a (-u-sTnl-d), n. p/. [L.,fr. • Gr. 'EAeufftVia.] Gr. Aniiq. A festival, with games, kept at Eleusis in honor of Demeter and Persephone ; also, this fes- tival with the Eleusiuian mysteries. EFeu-Sin'1-an (-Sn), a. Of or pert, to aucieut Eleusis in Attica. — Eleiuliilan myBterleB, certain religious mysteries tr«™ «■•*«♦ T«,»a-« which originated at Eleusis andlrecame *^*'"f giJan? part of the Athenian state religion. el'e-Tate (SI'S- vat), a. [L. el&vatus^ p. p. of elevare; e + ie- vare to lift up.] Elevated. Obs. or Poetic. — v. t. ; -vj^i'sd (-vat'Sd) ; -vat'ing. 1. To lift up ; raise. 2. To raise in rank or station ; exalt ; ennoble. 3. To raise (the voice). 4. To elate ; exhilarate. — Syn. Dignify, heighten ; erect; hoist ; cheer, fiush, animate. See raise. el^e-va'tion (-va'shun), n. 1. Actof elevating; state of being elevated ; height ; exaltation. 2. An elevated place. 3.^5- tronomy. Altitude. 4. Height above sea level. 6- Draw- ing. A geometrical projection on a vertical plane. — Syn. See HEIGHT. ere-va'tor (SI'S- vaster), n. One that raises anything ; aa : a A contrivance, as an endless chain with buckets, for rais- ing grain to a loft, b A cage or platform for conveying per- sons, goods, etc., to or from different levels ; a lift, c A building for elevating, storing, and discharging grain. e-lev'en (&-lSv"n), a. [AS. endleo/an, endlu/on.'] One more than ten ; — a cardinal numeral used attributively, often with ellipsis of the notm ; as, eleven men ; eleven were present. ^ n. 1. The sum of ten and one. 2- A symbol representing eleven units, as 11 or xi. 3. Sports. Eleven players forming a team or side, as in cricket or football. e-lev'entll (-'nth), a. 1. Next after the tenth. 2. Con- stituting one of eleven equal partsinto which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by eleven ; an eleventh part. 2. An eleventh unit or object. ell (Blf ), n. :pl. ELVES (Slvz) ; Rare, elps (Slfs). [AS. self, ylf.'] 1. A mythical being, commonly, a sprite; fairy. Fairies and pixies, mermen, mermaids, and nixes are elves. 2. An ell- like human being.^ v. t. To entangle mischievously. Rare. elf'ln (Sl'fTu), a. Pertaining to or resembling elves; pro- duced or ruled by elves. — n. An elf. elf'ish (-ftsta), a. Of, pert, to, or like, the elves; mischievous; impish ; weird. — Cll'lsh-ly, adv. — elf'isb-neSS, n. elflOCk' (SlflSk^, n. _ Hair matted, or twisted into a knot. E'U (e'll), n. [Heb. 'eK.] In the Bible, a high priest of Israel, in whose care Samuel was trained. See 1 Sam. i. 26. e-llc'lt (e-lis'It), V. t. [L. elicituSy p. p. of elicere to elicit; e -\- lacere to entice.] To draw out or forth; educe ; as, to elicU truth by discussion ; to draw or entice forth ; evoke ; as, to elicit a reply. — e-llc'i-ta'tion (-i-^'shfin), n. Syn. Deduce, induce; wrest, wring. — Elicit, extract, EXACT, EXTORT. Elicit and extract have in common the idea ox drawing out ; elicit applying, without suggestion of force, to what is latent or implicit ; extract implying (lit. or fig.) pressure, urgency, etc. ; as, you majr elicit interest by a show of earnestness; tne cross-examination failed to extract a single admission. To exact is rigorously to enforce a de- mand, esp. as for a thing due; to extort is to wring or wrest, esp. from one reluctant or resisting: ; as, a tyrant exacts sub- mission ; his courage extorted admiration from his enemies. e-llde' (e-lid'), V. t. ; b-lid'ed (-lid'Sd) ; E-Lin'iNO. [L. eli- dere to strike out or off ; e-\~ laedere to hurt by striking.] 1. To strikeout; nullify. Rare, exc. in Scots Law. 2. Gram. To cut off, as a syllable, usually the final one. el'1-gl-ble (SlT-jT-b'l), a. [F. Higible, fr. L. eligere. See ELECT.] Fitted or qualified to be chosen. — n. One that is eligible.— el'l-gl-Wl'l-ty (:bTlT-tT), n. — el'1-gl-bly, adv. E-ll')all (e-li'jd), n. [Heb. Miyah.'] In the Bible, a great p^phet of the 6th century 3. c. See 1 & 2 Kings. e-Um'1-nate (e-llml-nat), r.t. ; -nat/bd (-nafSd) ; -nat/- iNo. [L. eliminatvs, p. p. of eliminare ; e out -j- limen threshold.^ 1. To expel; exclude. 2. To set aside as unim- portant or inapplicable; ignore. 3. Physiol. Toexpel from ale, senate, cd,re. Urn, account, iirm, ask, sofa; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker ; Ice, HI; old, dbey, drb, 5dd, a5ft, cSxmect ; use, Qziite, iim, iip, circus, menu; xood,fd&t; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ii)k; ^^i, thin; ELIMINATION 233 EMBARRASSMENT Ellipse. FF'FocuPP' the system ; excrete. 4. To cause (an unknown quantity) to disappear from an equation. — Syn. See exclude. — e-lim'l-na'tloii(-i>a'siifin),7i. — e-Uml-na-tlve (-na-tiv),a. &-Us'a-betll (e-ltz'd-bSth), n. [L. Elisabeth^ or Gr. 'EAei- tra^eQy fr. Heb. Etuheba\'] In the Bible, the wife of Zach- arias and mother of John the Baptist. See Imke i. E-ll'Slia (-li'shd), 71. [Heb. EBsha'A In the Bible, a great prophet, disciple and successor of Elijah. 1 & 2 Kings. e-li'slon (e-llzh'i^n), n. [L. elisio^ fr. elidere, elimm, to strike out. SeeBLioB.] A cutting o£F or suppression, esp. of a vowel or syllable, for meter or euphony; in poetry, the dropping of a final vowel before an initial vowel. II ^'Ute' (a^lef), n. [F., fr. Slire to choose, L. eligere. See ELECT.] A choice or select body ; the flower. 8-llx'lr (e-ltk'ser), n. [LL., f r. Ar. el-ifcnr the philosopher's stone.] 1. Alchemy. A substance for transmuting metals into gold ; also, one for prolonging life indefinitely. 2. A Btrongextract or tincture. Obs.or Hist. 3. Inpharmacy, a compound tincture. 4. The refined spirit ; quintessence. E-Uz'a-lDe'tlian (e-ltz'd-be'than ; e-lTz'd-bStli'ffin), a. Per- taining to Queen Elizabeth (1532^1603) or her times. elik (31k), n. 1. The largest existing deer of Europe and Asia, having broad palmate antlers. 2. In America, the wapiti. ell (SI), n. [AS. e/n.] A measure, chiefly for cloth, now little used, varying, in different countries, from 27 to 48 inches. el-llpse' (S-lTpa'), n. [Gr. eAAen/^ts defect.] Geom. A plane curve which is the path of a point the sum of whose distances from two fixed points (foci) is constant. ei-llp'slB (&-lTp'sIs), n. ; pi. -lipses (-sez). [L., fr. Gr. 6A.A6(,i/ri? a leav- ing,defect, eAAeLireii/ to leave in,faU short; eiz+AeiTreiv to leave.] Gram. Omission of a word or words obvi- ously understood. ^ ^ _ , ^ , el-llp'SOld (-soid),W. [ellipse + -Oid.] V any point in bound- A surf ace aU plane sections of which ^^hj'^rw/v^- v^/ 1. are ellipses or circles. — el-llp'BOld, p/i-/ "*" * — i^*^ + a.— elllp-S0l'dal(Sl'Ip-8oi'dai),a. * el-lip'tlo (5-llp'tTk) I a. 1. Pert, to, or having the form el'llp'tl-cal (-tl-kai) ) of, an ellipse. 2. Gram. Pert, to ellipsis ; having a part omitted. — el-lb>'ti-cal-ly, adv. el'Up-tic'l-ty (Sl'ip-tist-ti), n. Deviation of an ellipse or a spheroid from the form of a circle or a sphere. elm (81m), n. [AS. elm.1 1. Any of various well-known shade trees. 2. The hard, tough wood of the elm. ei^o-cn'tloil (Sl'o-ku'shwn), n. \1j. elocutio^ fr. elogui. See ELOQUENT.] 1. Utterance by spoech, DOW usually with ref- erence to the graces of intonation, gesture, etc.; style or manner of speaking or reading in public. 2. Impressive writing or style. Obs. — ero-ca'tion-a-ry (-a-rl), a. Syn, Elocution, OEATORY, BLOQinENCE. Elocution em;pha- sizes external graces of delivery, esp. of voice, sometimes also of gesture ; oratoet suggests persuasive or elaborate rhetoric in public speech ; bloquencb is lofty, noble, or im- passioned utterance, oral or written ; it implies complete fusion of thought or feeling with verbal expression. ero-cn'tlon-lst, n. One versed in elocution; esp., a pro- fessional reciter or reader. E-loHllm (S-lo'hIm ; -hem), n. [Heb. elohvm.'] God, or the gods ; — a term used in the Hebrew Scriptures. e-lon'gate (e-15i)'gat ; e^&j-gat), v. t. , etc, precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word, -h combined with. =e«uals. EMBASSADOR 234 EMERGENCE fore strangers. Abash implies also utter loss of self-pos- session, often from a sudden sense of inferiority or shame ; as, he Wild uiaslied in the king's presence. Disconcert sug- gests such loss of presence of mind or disturbance of poise as leaves one for the moment nonplused ; as, a disconcerimo question. Discomfit regards as permanent the state which disconcert describes as momentary. Confuse and confound Imply temporary (and in the case of corij'ound, complete) suspension of oue*a powers tesp. speech), often from some overwhelming revelation ; as, he was confused by contradic- tory signals ; the accused was coTifounded by the evidence. Abash and confound are somewhat bookish. em-bas'sa-dor (Sm-bSs'd-der). Var. of AMBASSADOR. em'bas-aage(Sm'bd-saj),n. Embassy (defB.l&2). Archaic. em'bas-BT (-st), n. ; pi. -sies (-sTz). [fr. OF., fr. LL. am- basciata^ fr. ambaetiare to go on a mission, L. ambactus vassal, dependent.] 1. The function or position of an am- bassador ; the sending of ambassadors. 2. The business intrusted to an ambassador. 3. The ambassador and his suite ; envoys. 4. The residence or office of an ambassador. em-baVtte (Sm-bSf'l), v. t. ; -tled (-'Id); -tlihg (-ling), [fr. OF.] To arrange in order of battle ; to prepare for battle. em-bat'tie, v. t. To furnish with battlements. em-bay' (-ba'), v. t. To shut in or shelter as in a bay. eill-bed'(-bSd'),i'.(. To lay or inclose in surroimding matter. em-bel'llsh (-bSltsh), v. t. [F. embellir; em~ (L. in) + bel^ beau, beautiful.] 1. To make beautiful or elegant, as by ornaments ; decorate ; adorn. 2. Hence, derogatorily, to set out with fanciful enlargements, as a story. — Syn, See ADORN. — em-berilsh-ment (-ment), n. emHier (Sm'ber), n. IAS. semerge.'] A lighted coal smolder- ing in ashes ; pL, smoldering ashes. em'ber, a. [AS. ymbren, ymbryne^ prop., running around.] Ji. C. tSe Eng. Ch. Designating, or pert, to, days (ember days) set apart for fasting and prayer in each season. em-bez'2Ele (gm-b5z"l), v. t. ; -zled (-'Id) ; -zling (-Itng). [AF. embeseilleT to destroy.] 1. To m&ke away with ; squander; dissipate. Obs. 2. To appropriate (property) fraudulently to one's own use. — Syn. See steal. — em- bez'zle-ment (-mgnt), n. — em-bez'zler (-ler), n. em-blt'ter (-bifer), v. t. To make bitter or more bitter. em-blaze' (-blaz'), v. t. To cause to blaze ; kindle. em-blaze' (-blaz'), v. t.; -blazed' (-blazd'); -blaz/ing (-blaz'Tng). [em- + blaze to make public.] To set forth in, or adorn with, heraldic devices ; hence, to embellish. em-bla'Zon(-bla'z'n), v. t. 1. To depict (heraldic bearings). 2. To deck in bright colors ; display sumptuously ; also, to extol. — em-bla'zon-er, n. — em-bla'zon-ment, n. em-bla'ZOn-ry (-rt), n. ; pi. -ribs (-rlz). Act or art of embla- zoning ; brilliant decoration, as figures on standards, etc. em'blem (Sm'blSm), n. [L. emblema^ -atis, thing |iut in, inlaid work, Gr. ififiKrifj-a a thing put in, deriv. of ev in -f iSaAAetv to throw.] 1. Inlaid work. 06*. 2. A visible sign of an idea ; symbol. 3. A picture with a motto, a set of verses, or the like, intended as amorallesson or meditation. Syn. Device, badge, figure, image, prototype. —Emblem, SYMBOL, TYPE, TOKEN imply a Significant representation. An EMBLEM is a visible object representing another by a natural suggestion, or by a habitual or recognized associa- tion ; as, the dove is an emblem of i>eace. _A symbol may be entirely arbitrary or conventional (as in algebra, as- tronomy, etc.); as a synonym for emblem, symbol often sug- gests proiounder or more recondite significance; as,the uni- verse IS a symbol of God. Type stresses the idea of repre- sentative character, and often implies preflgurement. A TOKEN is a symbol which serves esp. as a memorial or a guarantee ; as, my gift is sent as a ioken of my respect. — V. t. To represent by an emblem ; image. em'biem-at'lc (-Stik) \ a. Pert, to an emblem; sjonbolic. em'blem-at'1-cal (-T-kai) t — em'blom-at'i-oal-ly, adv. em-blem'a-tlze (Sm-blSm'd-tTz), «. t. ; -TizED(-tlzd) ; -Tiz'- iNO (-tiz'Tng). To represent by or as by an emblem. em-bod'i-ment (-b3d'I-mgnt),w. An embodying; state of being embodied; thing embodyingor embodied; incarnation, em-bofl'y (-1), v. i. ; -bod'ied (-id) ; -bod'y-ing. 1. To give a body to, as a spirit ; incarnate. 2. Hence : ft To render corporeal. Rare, b To render concrete and definite; as, to embody ideas in words. 3. To cause to become a body or part of a body; incorporate; as,toem&ody atreatyinalaw. em-bold'en r-bol'd'n), v. t. To make bold or courageous. em'bO-Usm (Sm'bo-lIz*m), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr., fr. eju,|8aAAetr to put in.] 1. Intercalation, as of a day in the year. 2. Med. Occlusion of a blood vessel by a clot or obstacle. II em^bon'point' (aN'bSN'pwfiN'), n. [F,, 1r. en ban point in good condition.] Plumpness of person ; stoutness. em-bor'der (Sm-bSr'der), v. t. [emr- -{- border.'] To inclose with a border ; edge. Obs. em-bOB'om (Sm-bddz'um), v. t. 1. To take into the bosom ; cherlsli ; foster. 2. To inclose ; shelter closely. em-boss'(-bbs'),v. ^ 1, To hide in a thicket. Obs. 2. To exhaust (a hunted animal) by the chaae ; also, to make frotliy, as the mouth of a hunted beast. Obs. or Poetic. em-boss', V. t. [em- -\- boss."] 1. To cover with protuber- ances ; ornament with bosses or raised work. 2. To raise in relief from a surface. 3. To adorn with rich ornamen- tation. — em-boss'er, n. — em-boss'ment (-m^nt), n. em'bOU'Chure' (AN'boc/shur'), n. [F., f r. emboucher to put to the mouth ;e7n^(L. 171)+ 6. t. ; -ELED(-^ld) or -elled ; -el-ino or -EL-LINO, [en- + OF. esmaillier to enamel, esmaii enamel.] 1. To lay enamel on ; decorate with enamel. 2. To varie- gate with colors as if with enamel. 3 . To form a glossy sur- face like enamel on. -^ n. 1. A glassy composition, usually opaque, for coating the surface of metal, glass, or pottery. 2. Any of various enarael4ike varnishes, etc. 3. Enameled ware. 4. The very hard calcareous outer layer of the teeth. — en-am'el-er, en-am'el-ler, n. en-am'or, en-am'our (-Sm'Sr), v. t. [fr. OF., fr. en- (L. in) + amour love, L. amor.] To inflame with love ; charm. en-am'ored, en-am'oored (§n-Sm'erd),p. a. Much in love ; chai-med. — _Syn, See pond. en-cage' (-kaj'). Tar. of incaoe. en-camp' (-kSmp'), v. i. ^ t. To form, or form into, camp. en-camp'ment (-in^nt), n. l. Act of encamping ; state of being encamped. 2. A camp. en-car'nal-ize (-kar'nttl-Iz), v. t. To sensualize. en-case' (-kas'). Var. of incase. en-cans'tlc (-kds'tik), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. cYKaua-TiKo;, de- riv. of ecin + jcai'et^tobum.] i'Vne^?-^*. Prepared by heat; burned in ; done by burning in. — n. The method of paint- ing in heated wax or in any way in which heat is used to fix. the colors ; also, material so made. en-cave' (-kav'), v. t. ; -caved' (-kavd') ; -oat'ino (-kav'- tng). To inclose in or as in a cave. -once. See -ahcb. II en'celnte'(aH'saNf ; an-8ant'),a. [F.,fr. L. innot + ctnc- tus, p. p. of cin^rereto gird about.] Pregnant; with child. II en^celnte', n. [F., fr. enceind7'e to gird about, L. incin- gere; in (intens.) + cingere to gird.] The line of works in- closing a fortified place ; also, the place inclosed. En-cel'a-dus (6n-sSl'd-dus), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'EyiceXaSos.'] Gr. Myth. One of the hundred-armed giants who fought the gods. Zeus killed him and buried him under Mt. Etna. en-ceph'a-lon (Sn-s5f'd-13n), n. [Gr. e-yKCf^oAos ; ei* in -f* Kci^oA^ head.] The brain. — en^ce-phal'ic (Sn'se-fSl'Ik), a. en-chafe' (-chaf'), v. t. To chafe ; excite. Obs. en-chain' (-chan'), v. t. 1. To bind with, or hold in, chains ; fetter. 2. To hold fast ; confine. — en-Chain'ment. n. en-chant' (-ch4nt'), v. t. [F. enchanter, li.incaniare to chant a magic formula against one, bewitch ; in against -f- cantare to sing.] 1. To act on by charms or sorcery ; esp., to lay under a spell; bewitch. 2. To delude; spellbind. 0&£. 3. To delight greatly; charm. — Syn, See captivate. — en- chant'er, n. — en-chant'ing-ly, adv. — en-chant'ress, n. en-Ofaant'ment (-chant'mSnt), n. Act of enchanting ; state of being enchanted ; that which enchants. — Syn. Incan- tation, necromancy, magic, sorcery, witchcraft ; spell, charm, fascination, witchery. en-chase' (-chas'), v. t. ; -chased' (-chasf) ; -chas'eng (-chas'ing). [F. enchas.ser ; en- (L. in) -j- cfiasse frame, case, L. eopsa hox, case.^ 1. To surround with an ornamental casing, as a gem with gold ; give a setting to. 2. To orna- ment by embossing, inlaying, or engraving ; chase. 3- To incase ; inclose. Obs. en-clr'cle (-sflr'k'l), V. ^; -cled (-k'ld) ; -OLIHO (-klTng). To circle, or form a circle, about ; surround ; move com- pletely around. en-Cllt'lG (-klTflk), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. e-yjcXiTiKOff, fr. eyK\C- i/eii' toincline; €i/in+KXicet»' tobend.] Grammar. Lean- ing or dependent (with reference to accent) ; — used of a word which, losing its own accent, is attached in pronuncia- tion to a preceding word, as que in Lat. kom-inesgue, thee in English prithee^ etc. — n. An enclitic word or particle. en-close' (-kloz'), v. t. [F. enclos, p. p. of enclore to enclose.] To inclose. — en-clo'sure (-klo'zhQr), n. en-00'ml-aBt(-ko'mi-ast),n. [Gr. eyjcwjuLacrT^s. See enco- mium.] One who praises; a panegyrist ; eulogist. — en- co'mi-as'tlc (-Ss'tlk), en-co'ml-as'U-cal f-tt-k(il), a. en-CO'ml-nm (en-ko'mi-um), n. [Gr. eyKof/iiof (a song) chanted in a Bacchic festival in praise of the god ; e;' in^ KWjLLos a revel.] Warm or high praise. Syn. Encomium, euloot, panegyric imply more or less formal expression of praise. Encomium may apply to either persons or things ; ettloot implies warmer praise and (often) more studied form, esp. of persons. A pahbotbic is an elaborate public eulogy (oiten extravagant). en-coni'pass(-kiim'pd8),v./. l.Toencircle; surround. 2.To circuit. Rare. 3. To inclose; contain. 4- To outwit. Obs. — Syn. Include, environ, invest. — en-com'paas-ment, n. en''core'(aN/kdr';ai)-kor'), ffrfv. ranGe(-brSns),ln'Ciun'1)rance(Tn-),n. 1. That wliich encumbers. 2. A dependent person; specif. , a child. 3. Law. A claim or lien on an estate. •ency. See -ance. en-cyc'llc t-sikirk; -si'klTk) 1 a. [L. &)icycliosQta,c\v~ en-cycll-cal (-sTk'lT-kSl ; -ai'klT-) ( cle, general, Gr. lyKv- fcAtog; Iv -|-«ukAos circle.] Sent to many persons or places; general. — n. An encyclical letter, esp. from the Pope. en-cy'ClO-pe'dl-a ) (-si'klo-pe'di-d), n. [Gr. eyKUfcAoirat- en-oy'clo-piD'dl-a f Seta, for e-yKUKAio? TraiSei'a, instruc- tion in the circle of arts and sciences. See cyclopedia.] The circle of arts and sciences ; a summary of knowledge; esp., a work in which the branches of learning are treated in separate articles. — en-cy^clo-pe'dic, -pSD'dlC (Sn-sPkld- peMTk ; -pSdIk), en-Gy'do-pe'dl-cal, -pffi'dl-cal (-pe'dT- kai; -pSdl-), a. — en-cy^clo-pe'dlst, -pse'dlst (-pe'dTst), 7i. en-cyst' (-sTsf), v. t.de i. To form, or inclose or become in- closed in, a cyst, or capsule. — en-cyst'znent (-ment), n. end (Slid), V. t. To put (corn, hay, etc.) into a barn, stack, or the like. Obs. or Dial. Eng. end, n. [AS. ende."] 1. A limit or boundary; esp., a limit- ing or extreme region or part. 2. Extreme or last point or part ; conclusion ; termination ; hence, issue ; result ; also, ultimate state. 3. Death. 4. The object aimed at in any effort; purpose; aim. 5. That which is left; remnant; scrap. — Syn. See intention, —v.t. cfc i. 1. To bring or come to an end ; finish . 2 . To form or be at the end of. 3. To destroy ; die. — Syn. See close. end'-all^, n. That which ends all. en-dam'age(Sn-d5m'aj), t'. 2. To damage; harm; injure. en-dan'ger (-dan'jer), i'. i. To bring into danger ; imperil. en-doar'(-der'),v.^ 1. To make dear in cost, value, etc. Obs. 2. To make or hold dear, or beloved. 3. To win the affection of. Obs. — en-dear'lng-ly, adv. — en-dear'ment, n. en-deav'or \{-6Sv^T),v.(.&i. [ir. en— \-F. devoir dnty.l en-deav'OOr J To strive to achieve or reach; try ; attempt. — Syn. Strive, struggle, essay. SeeTKT.— n. Asyatematic or continuous attempt; an effort; a trial. — Syn. Essay, at- tempt; exertion. — en-deav'or-er, -onr-er, n. en-dem'lc (-dSmlk), a. Also en-dem'l-cal (-T-kai). [fr. Gr.,fr. ev in + 57)/:i,os the people.] Peculiarto a district or particular locality, or class of persons ; as, an end&mic dis- ease. -^ n. That which is endemic ; endemic occurrence. end'er, n. One that ends. ond'lng (Bn'dtng), n. lAS.endung.^ 1. Termination : con- clusion ; also, death. 2. ffraTW. The final syllable or letter of a word, esp. when inflectional. — Syn. See termination. en'dive (Sn'div ; -div), n. [F., fr. L. intibus endive.] An herb related to chicory. Its leaves are used for salads. end'less (Snd'lgs), a. 1. Without end or ends; boundless ; of time, eternal ; of space, infinite. 2. Specif. : Continuous l)y reason of the ends being united; as, anenrf/M.? chain.— Syn. Everlasting, interminable, perpetual, continual, unending, unlimited, undying, imperishable. See eternal. — end'- less-ly, adv. — endless-ness, n. endlong^ (-l6ng/ ; 02), adv. 1. Lengthwise. 2. On end. end'most (-most), a. Farthest ; remotest. en'do-. A combining form from Greek ivSovwUhin, fr. ev in. en^dO-car'dl-um (-kar'di-fim), n. [_endo- -f Gr. _ KapSia heart.] A serous membrane lining the heart cavitieB. nature, verdure (87) ; k = en'dO-oarp(5n'dfi-kUrp),n. [e7wio- + Gr.KapTros fruit.] The inner layer of the pericarp, as in the apple, plum, etc. en'dO-derm(-dQrm},n. lendo--\--derm.^ > Zobl. Membrane lining the greater part of the digestive tract. — en'do-der'mal (-dQr'm&l), en^do-der'mlc (-mik), a. en'dO-gon(Sn'd6-jSn),n. {_endo--\--gen.'\ Bot. A plant of an obsolete class {Endo- ' gensB) of seed plants including the mon- ocotyledons, and so named on the incor- rect supposition that the growth of the stem proceeds from within. Section of a Plum. en-dog'e-nous (Sn-d6j'S-nfis), a. Biol- coca^pY^c EndJ: ogy. a Developed internally ; growing carp, or Stone ; d from within, b Designating formation Seed. of new cells or spores within the wall of the parent cell. end'-or^gan, n. Physiol. An organ forming the terminus of a path of conduction for nervous excitations, esp. a periph- eral terminus ; as, the eye is the end-organ of sight. en-dorse' (Sn-d6rs'), v. t. ; -DORSED' (-d8rstO ; -DORS'ma. [fr. F. endosser, lit., to put on the back ; en- (L. in) + dos back, L. dorsum.'] To write on the back of ; sanction, etc. See indorse. — en-dors'a-blo, en-dorse'ment, etc. en'do-sperm (Sn'dfi-spQrm), n. [endo- + -spenn.'\ Bot. The nutritive tissue formed within the embryo sac in seed plants ; — formerly called albumen. en-dOW' (en-dou'), v. I. [OF. endouer; en- (L. m) -}- F. douer to endow, L. dolare.'} 1. To furnish with a perma- nent fund or source of income for support. 2. To furnish with a dower or dowry. 3. To enrich or furnish with any- thing of the nature of a gift, as a quality or faculty. Syn, Invest, clothe. — Endow, endue are often inter- changeable. But ENDOW emphasizes the idea of that which is bestowed on one (often permanently) as a gift ; endue, the implication of something with which one is invested as a quality ^ as, a mind richly endowed by nature ; work en- dues us with strength for enduring hardships. en-dOW'ment (-ment), n. 1. Act of endowing. 2. That which is settled on a person or an institution; property per- manently devoted to any object. 3. Natural capacity; tal- ents ; gifts ; — usually in pL — Syn. See aiPT. en-due' (Sn-du'), v. t ; -dued' (-dud') ; -du'ing. [See js- DDE.] To invest ; endow ; indue. — Syn, See endow. en-dur'a-ble (-dur'd-b'l), a. Capable of being endured. en-dur'ance (-<^ns), n. State, quality, or act of enduring ; . as : a Lasting ; continuance, b Sufferance of hardship or distress without being overcome. en-dure' (-dur'), v. i. ,- -dured' (-durd') ; -ddr'ino (-dur'- Tng). [fr. F., fr. L. indwrare to harden ; in-\-durare to harden, endure.] 1. To continue in the same state with- out perishing ; last. 2. To remain firm, as under trial ; to suffer or bear up patiently. — v. t. 1. To remain firm under; sustain. 2- Toputupwith; tolerate. 3. Tobecom- patible with ; allow. — Syn. Abide, stand, brook, tolerate, suffer. See beak. — en-dur'lng-ly, adv. end'ways^ (gnd'wazO, end'Wise^ (-wiz^), adv. 1. On end ; upright. 2. With the end forward 3. Lengthwise. Bn-dym'l-on (Sn-dim'T-on),n. [L., fr.Gr. 'EcSuju.iwi'.] Gr. Myth. A beautiful youth beloved by the moon goddess, Selene, by whom lie was thrown into a sleep that he might not know of her caresses. One story makes him a shep- herd or hunter who was given eternal youth and unbroken slumber by Zeus, and to whom Selene descended nightly. en'e-ma (§n'^-md: e-ne'md), n. ; pi. E. -mas (-mdz), L. bnemata (e-nSm'a-tri.). [L., fr. Gr. ivefia, fr. ecteVat to send in.] Med. A liquid injected into the rectum. en'e-my (Sn'e-mT), n. ; pi. -MiBs (-mlz). [OF. enemi^ ft. Li. inimicus ; in- (negative^ -|- amicus friend.] 1. One liostile to another. 2. A military foe. Syn, Adversary, antagonist, opponent. — Enemy, poe im- ply hostility (often personal), and are now practically syn- onymous, /oe being chiefiy poetical or rhetorical. en'er-get'lc (-er-jSt'Tk), a. [see enerst.] 1. Having en- ergy or energies ; active. 2. Exhibiting energy ; forcible ; efficacious. — Syn. Potent, effective, strenuous. See via- oRous. ^en'er-get'l-cal-ly, adv. en'er-glze (Sn'er-jlz), v. i. ; -qized (-jlzd) ; -qiz'ing (-jiz'- Tng). To put forth energy. — v. t. To impart energy to en'er-gn'men (Sn'er-gu'mSn), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. ivepyovfie- vo<: possessed by an evil spirit.] A demoniac. en'er-gy (Bn'5r-jt), n. ; pi. -oies (otz). [fr. L., fr. Gr. ev- epveta,fr.evep'/69 active; evinH- epyov work.] 1. Strength or vigor Of expression. 2. Internal or inherent power, as = ch in G. ich, ach (50J ; boN ; yet ExiTlBnationsof Abbreviations, SlffiiB, etc, precede zh= z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Vocabulary. U Foreign Word, + corabined with. = equals. ENERVATE 238 ENJOYER of the mind ; capacity of acting, or producing an effect. 3. Power forcibly exerted ; forte of action. 4, Physics. Capacity for performing work. — Syn. See power. en'er-vate (Sn'er-vat ; e-nflr'vat), v. t. ; -vat/bd (-vafSd ; -vat-5d) ; -vat/ihg. [L. enervaius, p. p. of eTiervare^ fr. enervis nerveless, weak; e out+nervws nerve.] To de- prive of nerve, force, strength, or courage. — Syn. Weaken, enfeeble, debilitate. See unnerve. — en^er-va'Uon (Sn'er- va'shfin), n. — en'er-va^tor (Sn'er-va'ter), n. ' e-ner'vate (^-nQr'vat), a. Enervated. en-fee'ble (Sn-fe'b'l), v. t. ; -bled (-b'ld) ; -bling (-bltng). To make feeble ; weaken. — en-feo'ble-nieilt, n. en-leoff' (-fSf). v. t. 1. Law. To invest with a fief or fee ; invest with a freehold by f eofimeut. 2 ■ To give in, or sub- ject to, vassalage. — en-ieoU'^ment (-mgut),n. en-fet'ter (-fSt'er), v. t. To bind in fetters ; enchain. en'll-lade' (Sn'fl-lad'), n. [F., fr. en^Ze?- to thread, rake with shot ; en-(L. in) +^ thread.] A firing along a trench, a line of troops, etc.; a raking fire.— v. t.; -lad'bd (-lad'Sd); -lad'ing. To rake, or be in a position to rake, with gun fire. en-fold' (8n-fold'), V. t. To enwrap ; envelop. = infold. en-fold'eu (gn-Iol'd'n), p. a. Enfolded. Poetic. en-force' (-fors' ; 57), v. t. ; -poacED' (-forsf) ; -porc'ing (-for'sTng). 1. To force ; compel. 2. To make or gain by force. 3. To drive by force. 06*. 4. To give force to. 6. To put in force or effect, as a law. 6. To urge ; ply hard. — Syn. See execute. -^ n. Force ; power. Obs. — en-force'a-t>le, a. — en-force'ment (-mSnt), n. en-fran'cllise (-fran'chiz ; -chTz), v, t. ; -CHGED (-chlzd ; -chTzd); -chis-ihg. [OF. enfranchir. See en-, peahohise.] 1. To set free. 2. To endow with a franchise; admit to citizenship. — en-fran'chise-ment (-chTz-mgnt), n. en-free'dom_(-fre'd&m), v. t. To free. Obs. en-gage' (-gaj'), v. t. ; -gaged' C-gajd'); -gag'ing (-gajtng). [F. engage^'; en- (L. in) -\- gage pledge, pawn. See gage.] 1. To deliver as a pledge. Obs. 2. To put under pledge ; pledge, ashy a promise 3. To betroth. 4. To secure or bespeak (services, etc.). 5. To win and attach ; draw. 6. To employ the attention and efforts of ; as, to engage one in conversation. 7. To entangle ; involve. Archaic. 8- To enter into contest with ; also, to join or interlock (weap- ons). 9. Machinery. To come into gear with; interlock with. — V. i. 1. To promise or pledge one's self ; warrant. 2. To embark in a business; involve one's self. 3. To enter into conflict. 4. Machinery. To interlock and in- teract. — Syn. See promise. en-gaged' (Sn-gajd'), p. a. 1. Occupied; employed. 2. Pledged; esp., betrothed. 3. Involved, esp., in a hos- tile encounter. 4. Arch. Partly embedded or bonded in, as a column in a wall. en-gage'ment (-gaj'm^t),7i. 1. Act of engaging ; state of being engaged ; as : a Betrothal. Id Hostile encounter. c Machinery. State of being in gear. 2. That which en- gages, as an occupation, obligation, enterprise, etc. 3. A promise to be present at a specified time and place; appoint- ment. 4. pi. Pecuniary liabilities. 6. Employment, esp. for a stated time. — Syn. See battle. en-gag'lng (-gajtng), p. a. Tending to draw the atten- tion or affections ; attractive. — en-gag'lng-ly, adv. en-gen'der (-jSn'der), v. t. [F. engendrer^ L. ingenerare; •171+ penerrere to beget.] 1. To beget. 2. To bear; bring forth. — Syn. Breed, generate, procreate, propagate; oc- casion, cause, excite. — v. i. To assume form ; be produced. en-gild' f-gTld'), V. i. To gild ; to make splendent. en'glne (Sn'jTn), n. [F. engin skill, machine, engine, L. ingenium natural capacity, invention ; in in + root of gig- nere to produce.] 1. (Li this sen-te pronounced Bn-jen'.) Natural capacity ; ability. Obs. or Vial. 2. Any device, agent, means, or method. Archaic. 3. Any mechanical in- strument; specif., an instrument of war (esp. a piece of artillery) or of torture. 4. Any of numerous machines for converting a physical force, as heat, into mechanical power. 5. Specif., a locomotive engine, as used on railroads. en'gi-neer' (-jT-ner'), n. 1. One skilled in engineering. 2. One who manages a stationary or locomotive engine. 3. One of a corps of men in the array or navy who perform engineering work, as in building forts, etc. -^ v. t. 1. To lay out or manage as an engineer. 2. To guide the course of ; manage. ~— v. i. To do the work of an engineer. en'gl-neer'lng, n. The art of managing engines ; now usu- ally, the art and science by which the mechanical properties of matter are utilized in structures and machines. en'glne-ry (Sn^jTn-rl), n. Engines or machines in general. en'gln-er. Obs. var. of engineer. en-gird' (Sn-gQrd'), v. t. To gird ; encompass. England-er (Tq'gl^n-der), n. An Englishman. English (Iq'gllsh), a. [AS. Englisc, fr. Engle, Angle^ Engles, Angles, a tribe of Germans from the southeast of Schleswig, in Germany, who settled in Britain and gave it the name of England."] 1. Of, pert, to, or characteristic of, England or its inhabitants or citizens. 2. In, or be- longing to, the English language. ^ n. 1. pi. The people of England. 2. The language of the English, and of the people of the United States and most of the British colonies. It is commonly divided by periods into Anglo-Saxon, or Old English (about 450-1150), Middle English (about 1150- 1550), and Modem English (from about 1550). 3. Print- ing. See type. — v. t. To translate into English ; hence, formerly, to interpret or set forth plainly. Engllsh-er (-er), n. An Englishman. English-man (-mSn), n. ; pi. -uen (-mSn). A native- born or a naturalized citizen of England. en-glut' (Bn-gluf), V. t. [F. englouiir^ L. ingluttire. See EN- ; glut to swallow.] To swallow or gulp down. Archaic. en-gorge' (-gSrj'), v. i. ; -gorged' (-g8rjd') i GOBG'iNa (-g6r'- jlug). [F. engorger to cram, OF. also to devour, gorge. See gorge, n.] 1. To gorge ; glut, 2. To swallow greed- ily ; devour. 3- To congest. — v. i. To feed voraciously. en-gorge'ment (-mSnt), n. 1. Act of gluttmg. 2. An overfullness of bodily vessels ; congestion. en-graft' (-griff), v. t. To graft ; ingraft. en-grail' (-gral'), V. (. [F. engrel&r.} To ornament, esp. with a pattern indented on the edge. en-grain' (-gran'), v. t. [ME. engreynen to dye scarlet, OF. en graine, fr. graine seed, kermes ; confused with E. ^ram texture.] 1. To dye in grain. = ingrain. 2. To in- corporate with the grain, or texture (of) ; infuse deeply. en-grave' (-grav'), v. t. ; -graved' {-gravd'); -grav'ino (-gravTng) ; also, p. p. -grav'en (-grav''n). \jsn- -\- grave to carve.] 1. To carve figures, letters, or devices on ; mark with incisions. 2. To form by incisions, as on wood, stone, or metal, esp. for printing. 3. To impress deeply; infix, as if with a graver. — en-grav'er (-grav'er), n. en-grav'lng (-Tng), n. 1. Act or art of producing on hard material incised or raised figures, esp. on metal or wood. 2. An engraved plate or block. 3- An impression from an engraving, as an engraved plate; a print. en-gross' (-gros'), v. t. [F. en- (L. in) -\- gros gross, grosse, n., an engrossed document, writing in large letters. See gross.] 1. To copy or write in a large hand ; to write a fair copy of, as of a decree. 2. To buy up (commodities) so as to control the market. 3. Hence, to concentrate in one's possession ; take the whole of ; absorb ; monopolize. — en-gross'er, n. — en-gross'ment (-mgnt), n. en-gnU' (-gfilf), v. t. To swallow up as in a gidf ; plunge into or as into a gulf. — Syn. Engross, absorb. en-taanoe' (-h&ns'), v. t. tS;'i.\- -hanced' (-h4nst') ; -hano'- ING (-h&n'stng). [fr. AF,, fr. OF. enhalder, enhaucier; en- (L. in) -j- haucier to lift, L. alius high.] To advance, augment, or elevate ; heighten ; intensify. — Syn. See BAisE. — en-hance'ment (-mSnt), n. E'nid (e'nTd), n. The unjustly suspected but faithful and patient wife of Geraint, a knight of the Round Table. e-nig'ma (e-nlg'md), n.;pl. -mas (-mdz). [fr. L., fr. Gr. al- viyfia, fr. alvia-tretrQai to speak darkly, o.Ij'os tale, fable.] 1. An obscure or inexplicable sajdng; riddle. 2- Anything inexplicable ; puzzle. — e'nig-mat'ic (e'nTg-mat'Tk; Sn'tg-), e^nlg-mat'i-cal (-T-kai), a. — e^nig-mafi-oal-ly, adv. Syn. Enigma, rtddle, conundrum. An enigma hides its meaning under obscure or ambiguous allusions ; a riddle commonly involves paradoxical or contradictory state- ments, and is definitely proposed to be guessed ; a conun- drum is properly a riddle depending on a play on words. Fig., enigma suggests something inexpncable; riddle, something which mystifies or puzzles, esp. by its contra- dictions; conundrum, (often) a puzzle scarcely worth the guessing ; as, Emerson is sometimes enigmatical ; " Man . . . the . . . riddle of the world; " metaphysical conundruTns. en-]oln' (8n-join'), V. t, [F. enjoindre, L. injungere to join into, charge; in—^jungere to join.] l.Tocommandjcharge. 2. To forbid ; prohibit. — Syn. See command. en-ioy' (-joi'), v. t. [OF. enjoir to enjoy ; en- (L. in) -\-jotr to enjoy, L. i/nwrfere.] 1. To take pleasure in; feel or per- ceive with pleasure. 2. To have and use with satisfaction. — en-ioy'a-ble, o. — en-ioya-bly, adv. — en-Joy'er, n. ale, senate, c&re, &m, account, ^rm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, ftbey, 6rb, 6dd, SoftjcSmiect; use, Unite, urn, up, circus, menu; f^. circle that rolls on the outside / L*^P of a fixed circle. — ep'l-cy- " ''"^""'''^ Clol'dal (-sT-kloi'dffl), a. ep'l-deni'ic(-dem'Tk),n. [fr. y L.,fr.Gr. ejrt6Ti/A05,eTri6i7|Uto?;f cTTt in + 5^/xo? people.] Com-i mon to, or affecting nt tlie\ same time, manj' in a coTiimu- nity; general. — v. 1 An epi- demic disease. 2. Asimilarly general attack of anytliing, as of fear. — ep'i-dem'i-cal (-i- kdlj.a. — dem'i-cal-ly,adv. ep^l-der'mte^ (-dQr'mTsJ, re. [L., fr. Gr. eTrtSep/xt? ; cTrt + Sepiuaskin.] 1. The outer lay- er of an animaPs skin. 2. Any of various other integuments; esp., the outer covering of the shells of many moUusks. 3. The cells forming the outer in- tegument in seed plants and ferns. — ep'l-der'mal (-mdl), ep'l-der'mlc (-mTk), a. — ep'1-der'mold (-moid), a. ep'1-dOte (Sp'T-dot), n. [fr. F., fr. Gr. eiriSiSdi'oi to give E Epicycloid traced by point P in circle rolling on the Fixed Circle /■',■ H Hypo- cycloid trnced by P' in cir- cle rolling within !•". nattire, verdure (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; bow ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Explanations of Abbreviations, Signs* eto>i preceae Vocabulary. || Foreign Word* -I- combined with. =eq.ua]8. EPIGASTRIC 242 EQUAL beaides ; from the enlargement of the base in some crystal forms.] Min. A complex silicate of calcium, aluminium, and iron, commonly of a yellowish green (pistachio) color. op/1-gas'tric (Sp/T-gfe'trTk), a. fOr. enLydarpto^ over the belly ; cTrt on + yaariqp belly.] Lying upon or over the stomach ; pertaining to the anterior walls of the abdomen. epa-gas'trl-um (-trf-ttm), n. [Gr. eiriydtTTptov.'l The epi- gastric region. ep'i;glot'tls (-glSt'ts), n. [fr. Gr., fr. iiri on + yKCrra, yAwtro-a, tongue.] A thin plate of yellow elastic cartilage in front of the glottis, which folds back over and protects the glottis during swallowing. Ep-lg'o-nus (Sp-ig'i-ntts), 71. / usually in pi., -hi (-ni). [L., fr. Gr. iirCyovo<;, lit., bom after.] Gr. Myih. One of the sons of the seven heroes who were defeated before Thebes (see Seven against Thebbb). Thirty years after then: fathers' defeat they conquered and destroyed the city. ep'1-gram (Sp'i-grSm), n. [L. epigramma, fr. Gr. €7rt- Vpa^/ia inscription, epigram, deriv. of en-i on -\- ypd^tetv to write.] 1. A short poem treating concisely and point- edly of a single thought or event, now usually ending with a witticism, and often satirical. 2. A witty thought tersely expressed ; also, concise and pointed expression. — 6p'l- gram-mat'ioC-gra-mat'ik),ep/l-gram-mat'i-cal(-I-kSi), a. — epl-eram'ma-tlst (-grSm'd-tTst), n. ep'l-graph (6p'T-grif), n. [Gr. i-mypa^-q. See epigram.] 1. An inscription, esp. one on a building, a statue, etc. 2. A motto placed at the beginning of a book, chapter, etc. e-plgrra-phy (e-pTg'rd-fl), n. Epigraphs or inscriptions collectively ; also, the study or science of inscriptions. e-plg'y-nous (e-pij't-nus), a. [epi- -f- Gr. yvvq woman, female.] Bot. Adnate to the surface of the ovary, so as to seem inserted on the top of it, as stamens, petals, etc. — e-plg'y-ny (-ni), n, ep'l-lep'ay (Sp'Mgp^si), n. [L. epilepsia, Gr. eiri- KTj^Ca, deriv. of iiri on, besides -{- Aafifidvetv to take.] A chronic functional disease characterized by paroxysms or fits, occurring at intervals. e-,™*- ep'Mop'tlc(-lSp'tTk),n. One having epilepsy. — a. of Epig- Pert. to, having, or of the nature of, epilepsy. y n o u s ep'1-lOgue (Sp'T-log), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. cn-i- Flower. Aoyos conclusion, deriv. of eiri on, besides + \iyeiv to say.] 1.. Rhetoric. The conclusion of a discourse. 2. Vrarna. A speech or short poem recited by an actor after a play. Ep'1-me'theus (-me'thus ; -the-Ms), n. [L., fr. Gr 'ETrt- /u-ijOeus, lit., afterthought.] See Pandora. E-plph'a-ny^ (e-ptf'd-ni), n. ; pi. -NIBS (-niz). [fr. F., fr. Ij., fr. Gr. eTTK^afto, for kirii^dveLa appearance, deriv. of eiTi to -|- ^aCvsiv to show.] A church festival celebrated January 6th, commemorating the coming of the Magi to Jesus at Bethlehem ; Twelfthtide. ep'1-phyte (Sp'T-fit), n. [epi- + -phyte.'] A plant, as a moss, lichen, etc. , growing on other plants but deriving the moisture for its development from the air ; air plant. e-pls'CO-pa-cy (e-pTs'kS-pd-sI), n. 1. Government of the church by bishops, priests, and deacons. 2. State of being a bishop ; episcopal rank. 3. = episcopate, 2 & 3. 0-pia'CO-pal (-pal), a. [L. episcopalis, fr. episcopus. See bishop.] 1. Of or pert, to bishops ; governed by bishops. 2. [cap.} Episcopalian. — e-pis'co-pal-ly, adv. e-piS'CO-pa^l-an (-pa'lT-ftn), a. Pert, to bishops, or govern- ment by bishops ; episcopal ; specif, [cap.], of or pert, to the Protestant Episcopal Church. ^ 7i. One who belongs to an episcopal church, or adheres to episcopal church govern- ment ; U. S. [cap.} , a member of the Protestant Episcopal Church. — E-pls^GO-pa'li-an-lsm (-Tz'm), n. e-pIs'CO-pate(-pat),rt. 1. A bishopric. 2. The collective body of bishops. 3. Term of a bishop's office. ep'l-SOde (ep'T-sod),_w. [Gr. eTreio-oStoi/jneut. of €jrei(rd5to? coming in besides ; en-t -j- eiero5o5 a coming in; ets in + 6609 way.] 1. Gr. Drama. The part of a tragedy between two ehoric songs. 2. A separate incident in narration ; a di- gression naturally arising. 3. A prominent occurrence or incidental experience ; as, an episode in history. — Syn. See digression. — ep^l-SOll'lc (-sSdTk), -l-oal(-T-kai), a. e-pis'tle (e-pTs"l^, n, [fr. AS., fr. L., fr. Gr. eTrto-ToAij message, letter, eTrttrTeAAeiv to send to ; cTrt to -|- o-reAAeti' to send.] 1. Awriting directed or sent to a person; a letter. 2. [Usually cap J One of the Apostles' letters in the New Testament. 3. [Usually cap.} Eccl. A selection appoint- ed to be read or sung in the Communion service of liturgi- cal churches between the collect and the Gospel. e-pls'to-la-ry (S-pTa'tS-lS-rl), a. 1. Pertaining or suitable to letters. 2. Contained in, or carried on by, letters. ep'i-taph (Sp'T-taf), n. [fr. F., fr. L. epilaphiuin a fu- neral oration, fr. Gr. en-ira^ios, orig. an adj., at a tomb; eirt on -|- rdtfto^ tomb.] 1. An inscription on or at a tomb or grave in memory of the one buried there. 2- A brief writing of the nature of such inscriptions. epl-tlia-la'ml-lim (-thd-la'ml-i^m), n. / pi. E. -MiOMs (-wmz), L. -MIA (-d). Also -ml-on (-on). [L., fr. Gr., fr. eirt at -|- dciAajLiof bride chamber.] A nuptial song or poem In honor of the bride and bridegroom. ep^l-the'll-um (-the'll-l2m), n. ; pi. E. -liuus {-&mz), L. -LiA (-d). [epi- -\- Gr. StjAtj nipple.] A cellular tissue or membrane covering a free surface or lining a tube or cav- ity. — ep^i-theOl-al (-Si), a. ep'l-thet (Sp^-thSt), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. iiriOeTov, deriv. of eTTi'deTos added, eiri on, to -\- TiBivai to put.] 1. An ad- jective expressing some quality or relation appropriate to a person or thing; as, ayuf/ man. 2. An appellative. 3. An expression. Obs. thet'lc (-tbSttk), -1-cal (-T-k51), a. Syu. Epithet, adjective are often used interchangeably. More properly an epithet is an adjective regarded as fitly or aptly aescribmg or characterizing its noun. ep-lth'e-ton (Sp-ith'e-t5n), n. [L.] An epithet. Rare. e-piVo-me (e-pTt'6-me), n.; pi. -omes (-mez). [L., fr. Gr. eTTLTOfjiTq incision, also, an abridgment, deriv. of eiri upon + rifj-veLv to cut.] 1. A brief statement of the contents of a topic or a work ; an abstract. 2. A compact represen- tation of an3rthing. — Syn. Synopsis, syllabus, brief. See coHPENDiuu. — e-pit'o-mlst (e-pifft-mist), n. e-plt'0-mlze (-mlz), v. t. ; -mized (-mlzd) ; -miz'ino (-miz^- ing). To make an epitome of ; abridge ; summarize. ep^l-ZO-Stlc (Sp/r-zo-5f Ik), a. [epi- + Gr. ^woi/ animal.] Of the nature of a disease which attacks many animals at the same time ; — corresponding to epidemic as applied to diseases of man. — 71. Also ep'l-zo'lj-ty (-zo'6-tT). An epizootic disease ; esp., an infiuenza among horses. ep^och (Sp^5k ; e'p3k), n. [LL. epocha, Gr. iirox^ stop, epoch, iirex^iv to hold on, check ; en-t -f- ex^iv to hold.] 1. Any event or time of an event marking the beginning of a period in reckoning or, usually, of relatively new develop- ment. 2. A period characterized by a distinctive develop- ment or by memorable events. — ep'och-al (€p'3k-ffil), a. SyTi. Epoch, era, age. An epoch is properly the starting point of anew period, esp. as marked by striking events ; an ERA is a period extending from an epoch and cnaracter- ized esp. by a new order of things. But epoch and era are often used with little distinction. Age is commonly more specific and definite than era ; it is often used of a period dominated by some central figure or clearly marked feature. ep'Ode (Sp'od), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. eirwSo? singing to, sung or said after.] Ancient Prosody, a A species of lyric poem in which a longer verse is followed by a shorter one. b The part of a lyric ode following the strophe and antistrophe. ep'O-nytn (Sp'o-nTm), n. The person from whom a family, race, city, or nation takesits name; also, such person 'sname. ep-on'y-mons (Sp-Sn'i-mws), a. [Gr. iirtowtLo^ ; en-t upon, to -f- ovvfiana.me.'] Giving name to a people, country, etc. ep'O-pee' (Sp'S-pe/ ; Sp'S-pe') 1 n. [fr. F., fr. Gr. eTroTrotta ; ep^O-pOB'la (Sp^o-pe'yd) | cTros song -j- Troicti' to make.] An epic poem. ep'os (ep'Ss), 71. [L., fr. Gr. ctto?.] An epic. ep'sl-Ion (5p'sT-16n), n. [Gr. I \t/iK6v a mere e.] The fifth letter (E, e) of the Greek alphabet. Ep'BOm salts or salt (Sp'si^m). [f r. Epsom, Eng.l A hy- drated magnesium sulphate, having cathartic qualities. e'qua-blo(e'kwd-b'l; Sk'wd-),a. [L. aeguabiiis,fT. aequare to make level or equal, aequus even, equal.] Uniform; even ; not varying ; as, an equable style ; tranquil ; as, an equable, or even, temper. — e^QUa-ble-ness, n. — e'qua- bU'I-ty (-bill-tt), n. — e'qna-bly (-bit), adv. Syn. Equable, even, uniform, steady. Equable and EVEN are often interchangeable. But equable frequently suggests an inherent g.uality, where even merely states a fact ; as, an equable disposition ; eq^tahle movement ; an even voice, gait. Uniform emphasizes absence of variation of any sort, esp. with reference to an implied standard ; steady, regularity and lack of deviation, esp. in movement. equal (e'kwrtl), n. [L. aequalis, fr. aeguus even, equal.] 1. Exactly the same or equivalent in measure, amount, number, degree, value, quality, etc. 2. Characterized by justice ; impartial. Archaic. 3. Uniform; equable ; as, an equal motion. 4. Evenly balanced or proportioned ; as, an equal battle. 5. Of just or suflBcient proportion; adequate; ale, senate, c&re, &m, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, &bey, drb, 5dd, Bdft, connect ; use, finite, iirn, ^p, circiis, meuii ; food, foot ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ij)k ; tben, thin ; EQUALITY 243 -ER hence, having competent power or means ; as, equal to the task. — Syn. Even ; proportionate, commensurate ; fair, just, equitable. See idbhtical. ^ n. One having the same or a similar age, station, talents, or other quality or condi- tion; an equal quantity, ^v. t. ; e'qualed (e'kwttld) or b'qttallsd; B'quAL-iNaorE'QnAL-LiNO. 1. To make equal j equalize; hence, to regard as equals ; put on equality. At- chaic, 2. To have the same quantity, value, degree, rank, or the like, with. 3- To recompense fully. e-(iual'l-ty (e-kw51'T-tI), n. ;pL -ties (-ttz). Character or condition of being equal. e'liual-lze (e'kwftl-iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ing (-Iz'tng). 1. To make equal. 2. To make uniform ; aa, to equalize motion. — e'Qual-l-za'tion (-T-za'ahfin ; -i-za'ahfin), n. e'quaMy (e'kwai-I), adv. lu an equal manner or degree. e'lina-xUlll'i-ty (e/kwd-ntm'T-tT), n. [L. aequanimitas, fr. aeqiianimus; aequu^ equal -\- animus mind.] Evenness of mind ; composure. Syn. Evenness, equability, calmness, serenity, tranquil- lity^ self-possession. Equanimity, composure. Equanim- ity IS a settled and equable temper of the mind ; composure commonly implies the conquest of mental agitation or dis- turbance ; as, liis placidity of demeanor arises from true equanimity ; composure in an angry man is impressive. e-luate'Ce-kwaf), v. t. ; e-quat'ed (-kwat'Sd) ; e-quat'ino. [L. aequatus^ p. p. of aequare to make equal, aequits equal.] 1. To make equal, or to represent as equal or equivalent, as two propositions. 2- To correct so as to reduce to a common standard of comparison or to a mean. e-liaa'tlon (e-kwa'shfin ; -zhQn), n. 1. Act or process of making, or state of being, equal; equilibrium. 2. In math- ematics, an expression of equality between two magnitudes or operations, the sign = being put between them. e-lina'tor(-tar),7i. [L.aeg-waior one who equalizes.] 1. An imaginary great circle on the earth, everywhere equally distant from the poles. 2. Astron. The great circle of the celestial sphere, in the same plane as the earth's equator. e^qua-to11-al (e/kwo-to'rl-ai), a. Of, pert, to, or near, the equator. ^ n. A telescope so mounted as to have two axes of motion at right angles, one parallel to the earth's axis. eq'Uer-ry (6k'wgr-I ; e-kwSrt), n. ;pl. -eies (-Tz) . [F. &cu- rie stable, deriv. of LL. scutarius. See esquire.] An oflScer of princes or nobles, charged with the care of their horses. e-qneB'tri-an (e-kw.58'trT-an), a. [L. equester, fr. eques horseman, fr. equus horse.] 1. Of or pertaining to horses or horsemen, or horsemanship. 2- Being or riding on horse- back ; mounted. 3. Of, pertaining to, or composed of, knights. — n. One who ridea on horseback ; a rider. e-ques^tri-enne' (-Sn'), n. [after analogy of the French huoguage.] A female equestrian. [eguai, equally. I e'qiu- (e'kwi-). [L. aequus equal.] A prefix meaning] e'qnl-an'gu-lar (-Sq'gfi-Iar), a. Having equal angles. e^qul-dlB'tant (-dTs'tffint), a. Equally distant. e'qul-lat'er-al (-ISfer-ffil), a. [fr. L., fr. aequus equal + la- ius^laieris^aide.] Having all the sides equal. — n. Anequi- lateral figure, or one of its aides. — e'qul-lat'er-al-ly, adv. e^qul-Unirate (e/kwT-lI'brat), v. t.; -brat-ed (-brat-Sd); -BBAT-iNO. [L. aequilibraius in equilibrium ; aequus equal -j- ^ifira balance.] 1. To balance, as two scales. 2. To be balanced with ; counterbalance. — e'qul-11-bra'tlOIl (-li- bra'shfin), n. — e^qul-U'bra-tor (-li'bra-ter), n. e^qiU-llb''rl-UIil (-ITb'rT-ffim), n. ;pl. E. -dms (-ttmz), L. -ria (-d). [L. aequilibrium, fr. ae- quilihris in equilibrium, level ; aequus equal -{- libra balMice.] Balance between opposing forces, influences, actions, etc. e'qulne (e'kwTn), a. [L. equi- Equilibrium. 1 Stable : 2 Un- nuj,fr. eg^uMS horse.] Of, pert, stable ; 3 Neutral : g Center to, or resembling, a horse. of Gravity. e^qul-noc'tlal (e/kwl-ngk'shfil), a. X. Pert, to the equi- noxes, or to a state or the time of equal day and night. 2. Pert, to the regions or climate of the equinortial line ; in or near that line. 3- Pert, to tlie time when the siin'.s po- sition coincides with either equinoctial point. — equinoctial line, the celestial equator (= equator, 2). When the sun is on it night and day are equal all over the world. — e. points, the two points where the celestial equator and ecliptic cross. — n. 1. The eciuinoctial line. 2. An equinoctial storm. 6'qill-noz (e'kwi -nSks), n. [L. aequinoctiwn ; aequus equal 4- nox^ noclis, night.] The time when the sun's cen- ter crosses ttie celestial equator, that is, about March 21 or September 22. See equinoctial points. e-quljp' (S-kwTp'), V. t. ; E-QUiPPED' C-kwTpt') ; b-quip'pino. [F. equiper to supply, fit out.] 1. To furnish lor service; fit out. 2. To dress ; array. — Syn. See furnish. eq'Ul-pagO (Sk'wt-paj), n. 1. Furniture or outfit, as of a vessel, an army, or a single soldier ; equipments ; acoou- terments. 2. A set of small toilet or table articles, or the like ; also, a case to hold such articles, 3. A carriage of state or of pleasure with its horses, liveried servants, etc. e-quip'ment (e-kwIp'mSnt), n. 1. Act of equipping ; abate of being equipped. 2. Anything used in equipping. e'qui-polse (e'kwT-poiz), n. {equi- + poise.] 1. Equality of weight or force ; hence, equilibrium. 2. Counterpoise. e'qul-poMent (-pSl'gnt), o. [fr. L., fr. aequus equal -j- pollens^ -eniis., p. pr. otpollere to be strong, able.] Equal in force, signification, etc.; equivalent.— n. An equivalent. — e'qul-pollence (-^ns), e'qui-pol'len-cy (-gn-sl), n. e'qul-pon'der-ant (-p5n'der-Snt), a. Being of the same weight; —with to or with. — e'qul-pon'der-ance C-ffins), 71. eq'llL-se'tum (Sk'wT-se'tfim), n. ; pi. E. -tums (-tfims), L. -TA (-ta). [L. eguisaetum, -setum^ the horsetail; equus horse -{-saeta^seia, 'bristle.'] Bot. Any of various perennial pteri- dophytic herbs (genus Equisetum)^ the horsetails, or scour- ing rushes, with hollow, grooved, and jointed stems. eq'ul-ta-ble (Sk'wi-td-b'l), a. Possessing or exhibiting equity; fair; just. — Syn. Reasonable, right, honest, up- right. — eq'ul-ta-ble-ness, n. — eq'ul-ta-bly, adv, eq'Ul-tant (-tffint), a. [L. equitans, -antis, p. pr. of equiiare to ride.] Bot. Overlapping each other; — said of leaves whose bases overlap and bestride the leaves within or above them, as in the iris. See ensifobm, Illust. eq'ul-ta'Uon (-ta'shfin), n, [L. equilatio, fr. equiiare to ride, fr. equus horse.] Horsemanship. eq'ul-tes (Sk'wT-tez), n. pi. [L., pi. oi eques a horseman.] Roman Hist. Members of a military order serving as cav- alry and vested with special privileges and emoluments. eq'ui-ly (-ti), n. ; pi. -ties (-tiz). [F. iquiti., L. aequilas, fr. aequus eyen, equal.] 1. State or quahty; of being equal or fair ; fairness ; impartiality. 2. That which is equitable or fair. 3. Equality of rights ; natural justice or right. 4. Law. In England (and Ireland) and the United States, a system of law which originated in the extraordinary jus- tice formerly administered by the king's chancellor, and was developed into a body of rules supplementary to, but now often incorporated with, the common and statute law. B. Hence, any body of laws similarly developed. 6. Law. An equitable claim or right. — Syn. See justice. e-qulv'a-lence (e-kwiv'd-l^ns), e-qulv'a-len-cy (-len-sT), n. 1. Condition or fact of being equivalent. 2. Equal power, force, or amount. e-quiv^a-lent (-l^nt) ,a. [L. aequivalens, -entis, p. pr., deriv. of aequus equal + valere to be strong, be worth.] 1. Equal in worth, power, effect, import, etc. 2. Geom. Equal in measure but not superposable. — Syn. See identical. ^ n. Something equivalent. — e-qulv'a-lent-ly, adv. e-quiv'O-cal (-6-kaU, a. [L. aequivoeus; aequus equal + vocare to call.] 1- Having two or more significations equally applicable; ambigupus; as, ejwnjocai words; hence, suspicious ; dubious ; as, equivocal actions. 2. Uncertain as an indication or sign ; doubtful. — e-qulv'o-cal-ly, adv. Syn, Indei^erminate, uncertain, puzzling, perplex ing^ prob- lematic, enigmatic. — Equivocal, ambiguous. That is am- biguous which admits of more than one interpretation; that is EQUIVOCAL which conveys (often with intent to deceive), along with a given idea, another quite different one with equal clearness and propriety; the responses of the Delphic oracle were often both ambigjtous ana equivoral. 0-quiv'O-cate (-kat), v. i.; -catted (-kat'Sd); -cat'ing. [fr. LL., deriv. of L. aeguiiiocus.] To use equivocal lan- guage: be willfully misleading by double meanings. Syn. Equivocate, prevaricate. To equivocate is properly to say one thing and mean another ; to prevaricate is to evade the truth, esp. by shuflQing or quibbling. e-qulv'0-ca'tlon, (-kS'shftn), n. Use of equivocal expres- sions, esp. so as to mislead ; prevarication; quibbling. e-qulV'O-ca'tor (S-kwIv'S-ka'ter), n. One who equivocates. eq'Ul-VOque I (5k'wT-vok; e'kwT-), n. _[L. aequivoeus equiv- eq'ul-TOke t ocal.] 1. Double meaning; ambiguity; also, a case of this ; an equivocation. 2. An equivocal term. -er (-er). 1. [AS. -ere.] A suffix forming nouns, and de- noting : a One who has to donnth (something indicated) by way of occupation ^ trade., or the like. Examples : Tinner, one who has to do with tin byway of oc- cupation or trade ; hatter ; slater, potter, etc. iiatjire,verdiire(87); K = cliinG. ich, ach(50); boN; yet; zh= z In azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. flxplanaUons of Abbreviations, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. U ForelKo Word. + combined with. = equals. ERA 244 ERROR b A tkingrelaied (arbitrarily) /o (a thing indicated). Examples : five;*, a live-dollar bill; pounder, a thing that weighs a pound. C A resident or inhabitant of (some place referred to). Examples: 80utherner,a resident or inhabitant of the south ; Londoner, a resident or inhabitant of London. d One wAo, 07ie that (does what is implied by the part of the word to which -er is affixed) ; one who ; an implement that; a device that; a machine that, etc. Examples : doer, one who does ; binder, one who, or an i mple ment, device, or machine, thai, binds, etc. 5^^ In words in -er naming implements the implement is often one used for doing what is implied by the first part of the word ; as in poker, an implement for use in poking, as well as one who, or an impleTnent that, pokes. 2- [AF. -er, OF. -ier, L. -arius, -ariuvi.'} A suffix forming nouns denoting a person {-arius) or thiiw {-arium^ con- nected with; as in mariner, officer. 3. [AS. -ra (m ad- jectives; -or in adverbs).] A suffix forming the compara^ tive degree of adjectives and adverbs ; as, warme?', sooner. e'ra (e'rd), n. [LL. aera an era, in L., the items of an ac- count, counters, pi. of aes, aeris, brass, money.] 1- A point of time from which a series of years is reckoned ; epoch. 2. A chronological order or system of notation computed from a given date as a basis; as, the Christian Era. 3. A period of time reckoned from some particular date, epoch, or event ; as, the era of Alexander. 4. A period of time in which a new order of things prevails. — Syn. See epoch. e-rad'i-ca-ble (e-rSdT-kd-b'l), a. That can be eradicated. e-rad'1-cate (-kafc), v. t. ; -cat'ed (-kat'Sd) ; -cat'ing. [L. eradicatus, p. p. of eradicare to eradicate : e out -\- radp:, radicis, root.] To pluck up by the roots ; lience, to destroy utterly; extirpate. —Syn, See exterminate. — e-rad'l- Ca'tlon (-ka'shwn), n. — e-radl-ca-tlve (-ka-tiv), a. tt n. e-rase' (e-ras'), v. t. ; e-rasbd' (-rasf) ; e-eas'ing (-rasing). [L. erasus, p. p. of eradere to erase; e out -{- ratiere to scrape.] To rub or scrape out, as written or engraved char- acters; efface. — e-ras^a-ble (-ras'd-b'l), a. — e-ras'er, n. Syn. Blot out, rub out, wipe out, cross out, strike out, de- lete. — Erase, expunge, oanceLj efface, obliterate imply removal or deletion. To erase is to rub or scratch out. To EXPUNGE is to strike or blot out something wholly, so that it becomes as if it had never existed. To cancel is, lit., to cross out by lines. To efface is to make indistinct or il- legible. Obliterate is a stronger synonym for ejff'ace. e-ra'Bure (e-ra'zhtir), n. Act, or an instance, of erasing. Er'a-tO (Sr'd-to), n. [L., fr, Gr. 'Eparw, fr. ipaadat to love.] Class. Myth. The Muse of lyric and amatory poetry. er1)l-Ulll(Qr'bT-iim),m. [from Ttterfiy, in Sweden.] Chem.- A rare metallic element. Symbol, Er; at. wt., 1G7.4. ere {S.T),prep. & conj. [AS. »r,prep., adv., & conj., prop, adv. in the comparative.] 1. As a preposition : Before. 2. As a conjunction: a Before. tlSooner than; rather than. Er'e-bUS (Br'e-bfis), n. [L., fr. Gr.'EpfiPo?.] Gr. Myth. The gloomy space through which the souls pass to Hades. Personified, Erebus was a son of Chaos and brother of Nox, and father by Nox of .^ther (the pure air) and Day. e-rect' (e-r5kt'), a. [h. erectus, p. p. of erigere to erect ; e out + regere to lead straight.] 1. Upright, or having a vertical position ; not leaning, bent, or prone. 2. Directed upward; uplifted. 3. Free from depression; also, watchful; alert. — v. t. 1. To raise and place in an upright or perpen- dicular position: 2. To rai5e,as abuilding;conBtruct Hence, Machinery, to put together for use ; set up. 3. To elevate ; exalt. 4. To raise, as one's spirits. 06*. 5. To get up or establish ; found ; institute. — e-reo'tlve (-ti v), a. — erectly, adr. — e-recVness, n. — e-rec'tor (-ter), n. e-rec'tlle (e-rSk'tTl), a. Susceptible of being erected. e-rec'tlon (e-rSk'sh^n), n. 1. Act of erecting ; state of being erected. 2. Anything erected. ere'long' fSr/lSng' ; 62), adv. Before long ; soon. er'e-llllte(Sr'e-inIt),7i. [L. eremi7a. See hermit.] A her- mit; religious recluse. — er'e-mit'lC (-mlttk), -1-cal, a. ore'now' (fir'nou'), adv. Ere now ; heretofore. ere'wlllle' (fir'hwTl'), ere'whUes' (-hwllz'), adv. Some time ago ; a little while before ; heretofore. Archaic. erg (Org), n. [Gr. epyov work.] Physics. A theoretical unit of work or energy, being the work done bj a dyne working through a distance of one centimeter. II er'go (Qr'go), conn', ds adv. [L,] Therefore ; hence. er'gOt(Qr'g3t),n. [F., fr. OF. argot, lit., a spur.] 1. A fun- gous disease of rye and other cereals. 2. One of the growths due to this disease, used medicinally. — er'got-ed, a. erl-ca'ceons (5rO[-ta'shiiB), a. [fr. L. erice heath, Gr. epetKT).] JSot. Belonging to a family {Ericacese), the heath family, of herbs, shrubs, or trees, including the rhododen- dron, azalea, huckleberries, and wintb-igreens. E'rln (e'rTn ; Srln), n. Ireland. Now Poetic. E-rln'ys (e-rinls ; e-ri'nTs ; Sr-), n. / pi. Erinyes (e-rTn'I. ez). [L.,fr. Gr.'Epifu'?.] Ch: Religion. One of the aveng- ing spirits, snaky-haired women who pursue evildoers and inflict madness. At first indefinite in number, they were finally three, Alecto, Megsera, and Tisiphone. E'rlS (e'ris ; Sris), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Epis.] Gr. Myth. See Apple of Discord. er-ls'tic (Sr-Ts'tik) \a. [Gr. epMrTiK6s,fr.epi^en' to strive, er-ls'ti-cal (-tT-kffil) | epis strife.] Controversial. erllElng' (firl'ktng''), n. [G. erlkonig, Dan. ellekonge elf- king.] A personification, in German and Scandinavian folk- lore, of a spirit or natural power supposed to work mischief and ruin, esp. to children. j er'mlne (flr'min), n. [OF.] ] 1. Any of several species of weasels of the northern parts a of both hemispheres which ^ assume a pure white coat in „ . . „„ „ , winter, except for the black Ermme m Wmter Pelage, (i) tip of the tail ; also, the fur when white. 2- The office or functions of a judge, whose state robe, lined with ermine, is emblematic of purity. — er'mlned (-mind), a. ern, erne (flm), n. [AS. eai-n eagle.] A sea eagle. ' e-rode' (e-rod'), v. t. ; b-eod'ed (-rod'ed) ; B-Eon'mo. [L. ei'odere, ei'osum ; e out -f- 7-orfere to ^aw.] To eat into or away; destroy by slow disintegration; corrode; specif., Geol., to wear away, as land by the action of water ; to form by such action. E'rOS (e'r5s), n. [L., fr. Gr. epwslove, *'Epws Eros.] Gr. Myth. The god of love ; — by Hesiod represented as the first of the gods, by later writers as the son of Aphrodite, equivalent to the I^tin god Cupid. e-rose' (e-ros'), o. [L. erosus, p. p. See ERODE.] 1. Irregular or uneven as if eaten or worn away. 2. £ot. Having the margin / irregularly notched as if nibbled out. e-ro'slon (e-ro'zhiJn), n. Act of eroding; state of being eroded. e-ro'slve (-sTv), a. That erodes ; eroding. e-rotlc (e-rSfik ; Sr-5t'-) a. [Gr.epwTtKds. See Eros.] Of or pert, to sexual love; ama- tory. — e-rot'1-cal (-T-kSl), a. err (fir), v. i. [F. errer, L. errare.'] 1. To wander ; stray. Archaic. 2. To deviate from the true course or from the right moral way. 3. To miss intellectual truth; mistake. — V. t. To miss ; mistake._ Obs. er'rand (Sr'find), n. [AS. aerende.'] 1. A special business intrusted to a messenger ; a commission ; also, one's pur- pose in going anywhere. 2. A trip to carry a message or do some special business. er'rant (-ftnt), a. [F., p. pr., fr. OF. errer to travel, LL. iterare, fr. L. iter journey.] 1. "Wandering, or given to wandering, esp. for adventure or on missions of chivalry ; as, a knight-errand / hence, adventurous ; chivalric ; as, er- ranJ deeds. 2. Deviating from what is true or correct ; as, errant conceptions. 3. Thorough ; arrant. 065. er'rant-ry (-rt ), n. ; pi. -ries (-riz). Errant character, con- dition, or deed ; conduct characteristic of knights-errant. er-ra'ta (g-ra'ta), n., L.pl. of erratum. er-rat'lc (S-r5t'Tk), a. [L. en'oticus, fr. errare to wander.] 1. Having no certain course ; wandering ; — hence, applied to the planets as distinguished from the fixed stars. 2. Deviating from a wise or common course in opinion or conduct; eccentric; queer. — Syn. See strange. — er- rat'1-cal (-T-kai), a. Rare. — er-rat'i-cal-ly, adv. er-ra'tum (5-ra'ttim), n. ; L. pi. -ta (-td). [L., p. p. neut. of errare to err."] An error or mistake in writing or printing. er-ro'ne-OUB(S-ro'ne-Rs), a. [L. erronetM.] Containing er-, ror ; incorrect. — er-rO'ne-OUS-ly, adv. OQS-neBB, «. er'ror (Sr'er), n. [OF. & L., fr. errare to err.] 1. Belief in what is untrue, state of holding such belief, or an in- stance of it. 2- A moral oflfense ; fault. 3. An act involv- ing a departure from truth or accuracy ; a mistake. Syn. Error, mistake, blunder. An error is a deviation from that which is right or correct; as, a t^ographical error, an error of judgment. Mistake implies misunder- standing or inadvertence; it expresses less severe judg- I F 1 o w er of Fringed Or- :hid, Bhowine Eroae Lip oi Corolla. ale, senate, cd.re, ^m, ^recount, iirm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; ice, QI ; old, 6bey, drb, 5dd, soft, cStmect ; use, tinite, urn, up, circus, menu ; fOBd, fdbt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, ii)k ; feben, thin j ERSE 245 ESKIMO ment than error ; as, he made a mistake in suspecting the judge. Bldndbr is harsher than mistake or error ; it com- monly implies ignorance or stupidity, sometimes blame : as, the wreck was due to the blunder ol a switchman. Erse (firs), n. [a var. of 1mA. ] The language of the Scottish Highlanders; Gaelic; also, Irish. —a. Of or pert, to the Celts in the Highlands of Scotland or their language; also, Irish. erst (Qrst), adv. [orig. superlative of ere; AS. Brest,'] Archaic. 1. First ; in the first place. 2. Erstwhile. ersVwhlle' (Qref whil' ; Grst'hwil'), adv. At a time past ; formerly; previously ; heretofore. Archaic. er'U-bea'cent (Sr/^S-bes'lnt), a. [L. erubescens^ p. pr. of ei-ubescere to grow red ; e out + jmbescere. See rubescbnt. ] Red, or reddish ; blushing, — er^u-beB'cence (-^ns), n. e-ruat' (S-rtikf ), e-rnc'tate (e-rfik'tat), v. t d- i. [L. eruc- tare; e out -f- ructare to belch.] To eject, as wind, from the stomach ; belch^ as a volcano. e'ruc-ta'tlon (e/rEik-ta'shiSn ; Sr/uk-), n. Act of eructat- ing, or that which is eructated. er'u-dlte (5r'56-dit), a. [L. erudUus, p. p. of erudire to free from rudeness, polish, instruct ; e out + rudis rude.] Characterized by extensive reading or knowledge ; learned ; scholarly. — er'a-dlte'ly, adv. — er'u-dlte'ness, ». er^U-dl'tlon (-dish'un), n. The result of thorough instruc- tion ; state of being erudite. — Syn. See learning. e-rupt'(e-rapt'), V. i. [li.eruptus, p. p.ofeJTiTnpe^-etobreak out ; e out -j- i~umpei-e to break.] To burst forth ; break out. — V. t. To cause to burst forth, as lava. e-rup'Uon (e-rtip'shSn), n. 1. Act of bursting out or forth ; as : a Ejection of lava, etc., from a volcano, b A violent commotion ; outbreak ; also, Now Rare, a sudden hostile sallying forth of armed men. 2. That which bursts forth. 3. A raah breaking out on the skin or mucous membrane. e-rap'tlve (-tlv), a. Attended by, or inclined to, eruption. -er-y (-er-I). [ME. -erie, F. -erie, fr. -ier (L. -arius) + -ie (L. -la).] A suffix forming nouns, and signifying: 1. Char- acteristics or qualities of^ collectiveli/ ; characteHstic man- ners, conduct, practices, principles^ or the like, of. Examples : grotesquer^, grotesque qualities, manners, or practices; prudery, qualities or conduct of a prude ; dema- goguery, practices or principles of a demagogue. 2. Art, trade, occupalion, or the like, of ; exercise qv prac- tice of as an art, trade, occupation, or the like. Examples : archerT/, art or practice of an archer ; potte?-^, art, trade, or occupation of a potter. 3. Place of btisiness of; working place of; hence, breed- ing, growing, or gathering place, of; place where (some- thing) is kept. Examples : pottery, printery, place of business, or working place, of a potter, printer; rookery, breeding place o/ rooks; pigge*^. place where pigs are kept. 4. Products or wares of, collectively*; a number of (things of an indicated kind), collectively. Examples : pottery^ products or wares of a potter, collect- ively ; soldiery, o numfter o/ soldiers, collectively. 6. State or condition of. Examples : slavery, state of a slave ; savagery, savage state. Br/y-mail'tlll-ail(Sr/r-man'thT-an), a. [L. Erymanihius, fr. Erymanthus, Gr. 'Epvjiiafflo?.] Gr. Myth. Designating a devastating boar which wandered about Mount Erymanthus in Arcadia. Its capture was one of the labors of Hercules, ery-Slp'e-laS (Sr'I-sTp'e-ias), n. [L. , fr, Gr. epuo-tTreAa?.] An acute, febrile, infectious disease accompanied with a diffused inflammation of the skin and mucous membranes. — er'y-sl-pel'a-toas (-sT-pSl'ff-tfis), a. Er'y-the'a C-the'd), re. [L., fr. Gr. *Epufleia.] See Hesper- IDBS. ITsan (e'sS), n. [Heb. 'Esav."] In the Bible, the elder son of Isaac and Rebekah, who sold his birthright to his brother Jacob. See Gen. xxv. 25-34. ea'ca-Iade' (Ss'kd-Iad'), n. [F., fr. Sp., deriv. of LL. sca- /are to scale, fr, L.Jcaia ladder.] A mounting by ladders ; esp., an attack on a fortified place in which ladders are used. —V. t. ; -lai/ed (-lad'Sd) ; -i-ad'ing. To mount and pass or enter by ladders ; scale. ea'ca-la^tor (Ss^o-la/ter), n. A stairway or incline ar- ranged like an endless belt so that the steps or treads as- cend or descend continuously ; —a trade term. es-cal'op, es-callop (Ss-kSl'fip ; Ss-kSl'-). n. [OF. escalope shell. See scallop.] The scallop or its shell. es'ca-pade' (gs'kd-pad'), n. [F.] 1. Act of escaping from confinement or control. 2. A prankish adventure ; prank. es-Gape' (6s-kap'), v. i. ; -OAPBD' (-kapf) ; -oAP'iNO. [fr. OF., Ir. LL. e.i- cuppa out of one's cape or cloak ; hence, to slip out of cue's cape and escape.] 1. To get away, as by fiight. 2. To issue from confinement or iiiclosurt! of any sort ; as, gas escapes. 3. To avoid a threatened ill ; to pass safely through peril. — v. t. 1. To issue from (one) in- voluntarily ; as, a sigh escaped him. 2. To get or be out of the way of ; avoid ; elude. 3. To fail of (notice) ; fail of being noticed or recalled by (a person) ; as, his hint escaped me.— 71. 1. Act of escaping; state of having escaped ; evasion of harm or notice ; deliverance from evil. 2. Leak- age ; outfiow. 3. That which escapes or has escaped ; as : a An oversight; also, transgression, Obs. b A sally, as of wit. Obs. c Bot. A plant run wild from cultivation. es-cape'ment (-m^nt), n, 1. Act of escaping ; also, way of escape ; vent. Bare. 2. The contrivance in a timepiece through which the wheels im- part the impulse to the pendu- lum or balance. es-carp' (Ss-karp'), n. [P. fts- carpe.] Fori. The scarp. EHcaperaenta. A Anchor : es-carp'ment (-ment), n. A B Cylinder, steep slope, esp. if wide ; ground about a fortilied place, cut away nearly vertically to prevent approach. esch'a-lot' (Ssh'd-15f ), n. Shallot. See shailot. es'char (Ss'kdr), n. Geol. = eskbr. es'char (Ss'k&r), n. [L. eschara, Gr. t(Txa.pa hearth, scab.] Med. A dry slough, crust, or scab. ea-cheat' (Ss-chef), n. [fr. OF., fr. escheeir to fall to, fall to the lot of ; es- (L. ex) + cheeir to fall, L. cad&i'e.] Law. 1. In the English feudal law, the reversion of lands to the lord of the fee on failure of heirs heritable under the original grant. 2. Hence, reversion of land to the crovra, or to tlie state in the United States, by failure of persons legally entitled to hold the same. 3. Property falling to the lord, king, or state, by escheat. — v. i. Law. To re- vert, lapse, or pass by escheat. — v. t. To cause to escheat. es-cheW (-choo'), V. t. [fr. OF., fr. OHG. sciuhen.^ To avoid, as something wrong or distasteful ; shun. es'cort (Ss'k6rt), n. [F. escorte, It. scoria guard, guide, f r. scorgere to discern, lead, L. ex out, quite + corrigere to correct.] 1, A body of persons, originally of armed men, or an individual accompanying or attending another or others for protection or as a mark of honor or courtesy. 2. Protection, care, or safeguard on a journey. es-cort' (Ss-k6rt'), v. t. To attend with a view to guard or to show civility. — Syn. See accompany. es-COt' {-k5t'), V. t. To pay for ; support; maintain. Obs. es^crl-tOlre' (Ss/krT-twar'), n. [OF., fr. LL. scriptorium, fr, L. scriptorium belonging to writing, seribere to write.] A piece of furniture used as a writing table, commonly with drawers, pigeonholes, etc.; a secretary or writing desk. es'cu-lent (SsTtii-lgnt), a. [L, esculentus, fr. esca food, edere to eat.] Suitable for use by man as food ; edible. es-CUtch'eon (Ss-kQch'Sn), n. [fr. OF., fr. escu shield, L. scutum.] Her. The surface, usually a shield, on which armorial bearings are depicted, marshaled, and displayed. -ese (-ez ; -es). [OF, -eis, fr. L. -ensis."] A suffix signifying of, pertaining to, or originating in (a certain place or coun- try); hence, havingthe (peculiar) literary style or fZ/c^j'cn (of acertain person) ; also, a native or an inhabitant, or tliP. natives OT inhabitants or the language of (a cer- Escutcheon, ffer. tain place or country). ^ g C deDrter. Examples: Cantonese, of or pertaining middle, and sin- to, or originating in. Canton ; also, {n. ister, chief poiutB, sing. & pi.) a native or inhabitant, or ho^or ''^^'^ col ^ the natives or inhabitants of Canton, point 'i J'^fees, "or Jolinsonese, having the literary style or heart, point ; ' /'' character peculiar to (Samuel) Johnson. nombril, or navel; es'ker (Ss'ker), n. [Ir. eascra.] Also es- ^-M^ {„^*j?^"' kar. Geol. A narrow ridge of gravelljt S base pomis; and sandy drift deposited by a stream in rcBpectively. association with glacier ice. Es'kl-mo (Ss'kT-mo), n. ; pi. -mos {-moz), [originally ap- plied by Algonquins to Northern Indians, and meaning eaters of raw flesh.] One of a race whose main habitat is the Arctic coasts of America. Eskimos have short to me- dium stature, yellow complexion, straight eyes, and prom- B D H ^ natjire, verdure (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, acli (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Explanationaof Abbrevlatlonit SlcnSf etc., preceae Vocabulary. || Foreign Word* + combined \7ltta> =eQnal8* ESOPHAGUS 246 ESTIMATE jnent cheek bones. — Eaklmo dog, one of a breed of large dogs used by the Eskimos to draw sledges. e-aoph'a-gus, oe-soph'a-gus (e-sSf d-gus), n. [Gr. oto-oi^a. yos.] The tube that leads from the pharynx to the stomach ; gullet. — e'so-phag'e-aL ob'- so-phag'e-al (e'sd-fSj'g-al), a. es^o-ter'lC (Ss'6-tSr1k),a. [Gr. etrtoTeptKos, f r. eatdrepo? inner.] 1. Designed for,and understood uw-hji Yi»iiij by,theinitiatedouly. 2. Secret; wSVwi 5w^5a private.— Syn. SeeRBcoNDiTE. es-paller (Ss-pai'yer), n. [F., Eskimo Dog. deriv. of It. spalla shoulder .J Hort. a A trellis on which fruit trees or shrubs are tramed flat, b A tree or row of trees so trained. es-par'to(-pSr'to}, n., or esparto grass. [Sp.] A Span- ish grass used iu maMng cordage, shoes, paper, etc. ea-pe'clal (-pSsh'nl), a. [OF., fr. L. specialise fr. species. See SPECIES.] Distinguished among others of the same classor kind ; special ; particular. — Syn. Peculiar, partic- ular, uncommon, chief. — es-pe'clal-ly, adv. ea'pe-rance (Ss'pe-rffins), n, [F. e^Srance^ fr. L. ^craTW, p. pr. of sp&'are to hope.] Hope ; expectation. Obs. Es'pe-ran'to (Ss'pg-ran'to), n [fr. the pseudonym. Dr. Es- peranto, of Dr. Zamenhof , a Russian who invented it about 1887.] An artificial language, intended to be universal. es-pl'al (Ss'pl'^il), n. 1. Act of espying ; notice ; discov- ery. 2. One who spies ; a spy. Obs. es'pl-O-nage (Sa'pT-S-nfij; S8-pi'-),n. [fr. F., fr. espionn^ to spy, espion spy, fr. It. spione, augm. of spia spy.] The practice of spying on others, or the employment of spies. es'pla-nade' (fis/pld-nad'), n. [F., fr. Sp., fr. explanaj' to level, L. explanare to flatten or spread out. See explain.] Any clear, level space, esp. one for public walks or drives. es-pous'al (Ss-pouz'Sl), n. [OF. espousailtes^ pi., L. spon- salia, fr. sponsalis of espousal, fr. sponsare. See espouse.] 1. Act of espousing ; esp., in pl.^ plighting of the troths ; a wedding ; also, a betrothal ceremony. 2. Act of espous- ing, or taking up as a supporter ; adoption. es-pouse' (-pouz'), v. t. ; -poused' (-pouzd') ; -pous'ing. [fr. OF., L. sponsare tohetroth, fr. sponsus betrothed, p. p. of spondere to promise solemnly.] 1. To betroth. 2. To marry. 3. To take to one's self with a view to maintain ; adopt, as a cause. — Syn. Embrace, support, defend. Iles'prlt' (gs'pre'), n- [F.] Spirit; sprightly wit ; bright intelligence. — eB^I>rlt' de corps (de kdr') [F.j, the spirit of sympathy, enthusiasm, etc., pervading a corps of persona. oa-py' (fis-pl'), V. t. ; -pied' (-pid') ; -pt'ing. [OF. espier, f r. OHG. spehon to watch, spy.] To catch sight of ; perceive with the eyes ; to descry ; spy. — Syn. Discern, discover, detect. ^ V, i. To look or search narrowly ; watch ; spy. -eaque (-Ssk). [F., fr. It. -esco.'\ A suffix forming adjec- tives, and denoting : After the manner or style oj; like ; having the characteristics of; appropriate to. Examples : X>Antesque, after the manner or style of Dante; like or having the characteristics of Dante (or his work) ; picturejgwe, appropriate to a picture. Es'qni-llne (SancwI-lin), n. [L. Esguilinus, a.] One of the seven hills of Rome. — Ea'qul-llne, a. es-aulro'(Ss-kwIr'), n. [fr. OF. f r. LL. scutaHus shield bear- er, L. scutum shield.] 1. Orig., a shield bearer; esp., in chivalry, a candidate for knighthood attendant on a knight. 2. A man of the Engl ish rank of gentry next below a knight. 3. A landed proprietor; a "country squire." Archaic. 4. {cap.'] A title of courtesy, now written after the sur- name (usually inform Esg.) with no title, as Mr.^ Dr., prefixed. 6- A gentleman publicly escorting a lady. -esa C-§s). [OF. -esse, LL. -issa, Gr. -ttrtra.] A suflBx form- ing feminine nouns corresponding to nouns in ~er or -or, and denoting a female ; as in : authoress, a female author; huntrejj, a female hunter ; lioness, a. female lion. es'say (6s'a ; formerly often S-aa'), n. [F. essai, fr. L. er- agivm a weighing,^ weight, balance; ex out + agere to drive, do.] 1. An effort to do anything ; trial ; attempt. 2. A literary composition, analytical or interpretative, deal- ing with its subject from a more or less limited or personal standpoint. 3 . A trial specimen, as of a coin. — Syn, En- deavor, effort; tract, dissertation, disquiBition. es-aay' (S-sa'), v. t. To exert one's power or faculties on ; attempt ; endeavor ; test. — Syn. See tet. ea'say-lst (So'a-Ist), n. A writer of essays. ea'aence (-^ns), it, [F., fr. L. essentia, formed as fr. esse to be.] 1. That by which a thing is what it is. 2- Sub- stance ; a necessary constitueut ; element. 3. An existent being or entity. 4. Fundamental or intrinsic being; prime or ultimate nature. 5. A substance having in a high de- gree the qualities or virtues of a plant, drug, or the like, from whicli it is extracted ; as, essence of mint. 6. Per- fume, or the volatile matter constituting perfume, ^v. /. / -BBNCBD (-gust) ; -SENG-iNo (-Sii-sTng). To perfume. es-aen'tial (S-sSn'shf^I), a. 1. Having the character of an essence ; as : a Being what it is in the most perfect de- gree ; as, essential bliss of angels, b Existent. 2. Form- ing, or of or relating to, the inner or constituent character of anything ; as, an essential right. 3- Most important ; in- dispensable. 4. Containing, or of the nature of, an es- sence ; as, an essential oil. — Syn. See intriksic, needful. — n. That which is essential; first or constituent prin- ciple. — es-aen'tlal-ly, adv. — es-aen'tlal-neas, n. — ea- sen'tl-al'1-ty (-sht-Sl'I-tr), n. :pl. -ties (-tiz). -eat (-Sst). [AS. -ost, -est.'] A suffix used to form the super- lative of adjectives and adverbs. See compare, v. t., 3. es-tabllsh (Ss-tSVlish)) v. t. [OF. eslabUr, fr. L. stabilire, f r. stabilis stable.] 1. To make stable, or firm ; fix firmly ; settle. 2. To appoint or constitute for permanence, as offi- cers, laws, etc.; enact ; ordain. 3- To found; institute, as a colony, institution, etc. 4- To put on a firm basis ; prove and cause to be accepted as true. 6- To place advanta- geously in a fixed condition; — reflexive. 6- To make a na- tional or state institution of (a church). — Syn. See vix. ea-tabHsh-ment (-ltsh-m£nt), n. 1. Act of establishing ; state or fact of being establlE^ied. Esp. : a Permanent arrangement or constitution; organization, b Regular means of support or subsistence. 2. That which is es- tablished ; as : a A settled arrangement or order, esp. a law or code of laws, b A form of government ; eep., an established ecclesiastical system or church, c A perma- nent civil, military, or commercial force or organization. d Permanent place of residence or business. es-tate' (-tat'), n. [OF. estat, L. status, fr. «(are to stand.] 1. State or condition of being; as, of man^s estate. 2. So- cial standing or rank, esp. of a high order ; quality. 3. Pomp ; state. Archaic. 4. A social or political class ; specif., one of the great classes (called estates of the reakn) vested with distinct political powers. In England, histori- cally, there are three estates, the lords spiritual, lords tem- poral, and commons, but practically only two, the lords and commons. 6. Law. The degree, quality, nature, and extent of one's interest in land or other tenements. 6. A person's property in lands or tenements or both; loosely, fortune ; possessions. — v. t. ; -tat'ed (-tat'fid) ; -tat'inq. Archaic. 1. To establish in, or endow with, an estate. 2. To settle as a fortune. es-teem' (-tem'), v. t. [F. estimer, L. aesdmare to value, estimate.] 1. To set a value on ; appraise ; hold. 2. To set a high value on ; prize. 3- To deem ; think. Syn, Appreciate, value, honor, revere, venerate, rever- ence. — Esteem, respect, regard applj^ commonly to ar- sons or personal qualities. To esteem is to value or prize, esp. for real or intrinsic worth ; it commonly implies some warmth of feeling or attachment ; as, a noble generosity is an object of general esteem. Respect implies nonor ana deference, but less warmth than esteem ; as, no one respects what is sensual. Regard (often somewhat formal or con- ventional) implies perception or recognition of what is es- timable or admirable ; as, I regard him highly. — V. i. To form an estimate; consider. Obs.^n. 1. Es- timate; appraisal. Obs. 2. Opinion of merit or value; estimation. 3. High estimation ; great regard. es'terfSs'ter), n. [invented by L. Gmelin, a German chem- ist.] Vhem. A compound which may be regarded as formed by replacement of the acid hydrogen of an acid by a hydro- carbon radical. When the radical is not specified, ethyl is often understood ; as, acetic ester, or ethyl acetate. Es'ther (Ss'ter), n. [fr. OF. or LL., fr. L. Esther, Heb. Ester."] In the Bible, a Jewess in the Old Testament book of this name, who delivered her people. SeeMoRDECAi. ea-thete', ea-thet'lc, etc. Vara, of esthete, etc. ea'tl-ma-ble (Ss'tT-md-b'l), a. 1. That may be estimated. 2. Valuable. Jiare. 3. Worthy of esteem or respect ; de- serving good opinion. — es'tl-ma-bly, adv. OB'tl-mate (-mat), v. t. .- -mat'ed (-maVSd) ; -matting. [L. a^timaius, p. p. of aestimare.] 1. To form an opinion of; ale, senate, c&re, &ni, account, arm, ask, Bof a ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, dbey, 6rb, 5dd, ^dft, connect ; usB} tinlte, iim, lup, circus, menii; loOdf fdbt; out, oil; cliair; go; sing, ii)k; tben, thin; ESTIMATION 247 ETWEE gauge ; judge. 2. To fix the worth, size, etc., of, esp. roughly; appraise. 3. To calculate approximatuly eoiue particulars of, as the cost of work, space to be filled, etc. Syn. Regard, rate, prize. — Bstimate, value, affrboiatb. To BSTIUATE IS to place au (indetermiuate) value ou ; to VALUB is to prize or estimate highly ; to appreolate is to exercise a uice perception of worth or value ; as, you esti- mate hia worth too highly ; he values the vase chiefly for its associations, though he appreciate.'i its excellence. — (-mat), n. 1. A valuing or rating, esp. from incomplete daba. 2. A statement of the amount for which certain, work will he done by one who wishes to do it. 3. A judgment or opinion, usually implying careful consideration. eB'tl-zaa'tlon(6s'tl-ma'shun),n. 1. Act of estimating. 2. Re- sult of estimating ; a rough judgment of the worth, extent, or quantity of anything. 3. Favorable opinion based on a recognition of value or worth; esteem; honor. — Syu. Calcu- lation, computation, appraisement ; esteem, honor, regard. es'tl-va'tlon. Var. of estivation. es-top' (Ss-t5p'), V, t. ; -TOPPED' (-tSpf) ; -tof^ping. [OF. estoper to stop, plug, LL. stuppare to close with tow, fr. L. stuppa tow, oakum.] 1. To plug up ; bar ; stop. Archaic. 2. Laio, To impede or bar by estoppel. ea-top'pel(-tSp'gl),n. Law. A bar to one's alleging or deny- ing a fact because of one's own previous action by which the contrary has b^en admitted, implied, or determined. ea-trange' C-tranj'), v. t. ; -tranqed' (-tranjd') ; -tranq'ino (-tran'jing). [OF. estrangier to remove, L. eztraneare to treat as a stranger, extraneus strange.] 1. To cause to be strange; to withdraw; withhold. 2. To divert from a given use, purpose, or possession ; alienate. 3. To idieoate the affections or confidence of. — es-tiange'meiit (-mdnt), n. eS'tray' C-tra'), v. i. To wander ; stray. — n. 1. Law. Any valuable animal, not wild, found wandering from its owner; a stray. 2. Anything that has gone out of its usual place. es'trldge (Ss'trTj), n. Ostrich. Obs. es'tU-a-ry (-t5-a-rT), n. ; pi. -rieb (-rlz). [L. aestuarium, fr. aes^tuBwell of the sea, tide.] A passage where the tide meets a river current; more commonly, anarrowarmof the sea at the lower end of a river ; a frith. e-an'rl-ent (e-su'rT-gnt), a. [L. eswiens^ p. pr. of esurire, fr. edere to eat.] Inclined to eat; hungry; greedy. — e-su'rl-ence (-^ns), e-su'rl-en-cy (-gnat), «. et oet'er-a, or et caet'or-a (St sSfer-d). [L. et and -|- cetera other things.] Others of the like kind ; and so on ; and BO forth ; — sometimes written as one word ; usually ab- breviated into etc. or &c. etch (Sch), V. t. [D. eisen^ MHG-. eteew, causative of ezzen to eat.] 1. To produce, as designs, on metal, glass, etc., by lines eaten in by a corrosive, as nitric acid. 2. To sub- ject to etching, as a plate. — v. i. To practice etching. etcll'lng, vb. n. The art or process by which designs or pic- tures are etched, or a picture or design so produced, or an impression taken in ink from an etched plate. E-te'O-cles (l-te'6-klez), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'EtcokA^s.] Gr. Myth. A son of CEdtpus and Jocasta, and king of Thebes. See Seven aqainst Thebes. Of. Antigone. E-te'0-claa (-kias), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'EreoKAos.] See Seven AGAINST Thebes. e-ter'nal (e-tflr'nSl), a. [F. Hemel^ L. aetemalis, fr. aetemus. See eterne.] 1, Of infinite duration ; everlast- ing. 2. Continuous ; perpetual. 3. Valid or existing at all times ; immutable. 4. Used as a strong intensive, and implying tediousness, monotony, abhorrence, or the like. Syn. Ceaseless, unceasing, incessant, never-ending, un- interrupted, unintermitted, interminable, boundless ; im- mortal, iinpierishable, enduring. — Eternal, everlasting, ENDLESS. Eternal, as used of duration, strictly implies ab- sence of either beginning or end. commonly as the result of inherent quality; everlasting, though often interchangea- ble with eleTv.nl, more often applies to future duration alone, and is less often thought of as implying essential quality ; asj the eternal God ; everlasting punishment. Endless ap- plies to leneth as well as duration, and conveys least impli- cation of inherent quality; as, an endless Bucceasion of waves. — n. 1. [cap.] {With the) God. 2. pi. Eternal things. — e-ter'iial-l7, adv. e-terne' (6-tflrn'), a. [OF. eteme^ L. aetemus, for aeviter- nus, fr. aevum agej Eternal. Poetic. e-ter'nl-ty (S-tQr'nrtT) , n.;pl. -ties (-tTzJ. [F. S/crnitS, L. aetemitas, fr, aetemiis. See eterne,] 1, Character or quality of being eternal ; infinite duration, 2. Condition which beginsat death ; immortality. 3. Seeming endless- ness ; an age or indefinite expanse of time. e-tsr'nlza (6-tGr'niz -, formerly often^ and still occas., e'tSr- niz), V. t. ; -hizbd (-nizd) ; -niz-ing (-uiz-tng). 1. To make eternal; prolong indehnitely. 2. To immortalize in fame. e-te'slan (e-te'zhdn), a. [L.. eiesiae, pi., periodic winds, Gr. e-njo'tat, fr. eros year.] [often cap.'] Periodical ; an- nual ; — applied to certain Mediterranean winds. -eth (-Sth ; 24). [AS. -eS, -aS ; -3.] The Middle English end- ing of the present indicative third person singular. Obs.t except in archaic or poetical language. eth'ane (Sth'an), n. [from ether.] Chem. A gaseous hydrocarbon forming a constituent of natural and ordi- nary illuminating gas and burning with a pale fiame. e'ther (e'ther), n. [L, aether, Gr. aifljfp.] 1. The upper regions of space or the rarefied element supposed to fill them; — often spelt sether. 2. Physics. A medium supposed to fill all space, even that occupied by fiuids and solids, and to transmit light waves, electric waves, etc. 3. A volatile inflammable liquid, got by distilling alcohol with sulphuric acid, chiefly used as an ausesthetic. e-the're-al (e-the're-ai), a. 1. Of or pert, to the ether (sense 1) ; celestial, 2. Pert, to the earth's atmosphere. 3. Formed of ether ; hence, exceedingly light ; tenuous ; extremely delicate ; as, ethereal form, manner, thought, etc. 4. Pert, to, containing, orresembUng, ether (sense 3). — e-the're-al-ly, adv. — e-the're-ous (-ws), a. e-the're-al-lze (e-the're-ai-Iz), v. t.; -ized (-izd) ; -iz^ma (-iz^Ti)g). To render ethereal or spiritlike ; spiritualize. e'tber-ize (e'ther-iz), v. l. ; -ized (-izd) ; -iz'iko (-iz'Ing). 1. To convert into ether. 2- To render insensible with ether. — e'ther-l-za'Uon (-I-za'shfin ; -i-za'shwn), n. ethic (Sthik) { a. [L. ethicus, Gr. i^fltKos, fr. ijdos usage, eth'1-cal (-t-kai) ( character.] Of or pert, to moral action, motive, or character ; also, treating of moral feelings or conduct ; moral.— Syn. See moral. — eth'i-cal-ly, adv, eth'lca (-tks),n. (see-ics.) 1. A treatise on morals. 2- Sci- ence of moral duty ; broadly, science of the ideal human character. 3- Moral principles, quality, or practice. E'thl-op (e'thl-Bp), 71. [fr, L., fr. Gr. Aiflioi/^.] An Ethiopian. E^thi-C'pl-an (-o^pit-Sn), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Ethio- pia, or its inhabitants. 2- Of, pertaining to, or designat- ing, a negro or blackamoor.— n. 1. A native of Ethiopia- 2. A negro ; blackamoor. E'thi-op'lc (-optk), a. 1. Ethiopian. 2. Designating, or relating to, Ethiopic. — n. The language of the Semitic conquerors of Abyssinia. eth'moid (Sth'moid), a. [Gr. i]0jlioelS^9 like a sieve; r}0fj.Qg sieve + elfio? form.] Designating one or more bones forming a part of the walls and septum of the nasal cavity, — n. An ethmoid bone. — eth-mcl'dal (Sth-raoi'dffil), a. eth'nlc (Sth'nik) 1 a. [fr. L., fr, Gr. sBvlko^ ; fr. Iflros eth'nl-cal (-ni-kSl) \ nation, ra iOvTj the nations, hea- thens, gentiles.] 1. Heathen ; pagan, 2. Pertaining or pe- culiar to race ; relating to community of traits in races, or designating groups of mankind discriminated by common customs and characters. — eth'ni-cal-ly, adv. eth-nog'ra-phy (Sth-n5g'rd-fT), n. [ethnic + -graphy.] Descriptive anthropology ; sometimes, loosely, ethnology. — eth-nog'ra-pher (fer), n. — eth^no-graphlc (Sth'no- grSflk), eth^no-graph'1-cal (-T-kSl), a. eth-nol'O-gy (-n5l'o-jt), n. [ethnic + -logy.'] The science which treats of races and peoples, their origin, distribution, relation8,and peculiarities. — eth'no-log'i-cal (Sth'no-lSj'- T-kftl), a. — eth-noro-gist (-jist), n. [carbon radical. I eth'yl (Sth'Tlj, K. [ether ~\- -yl.] CAem. A univalent hydro- 1 eth'yl-ene (-i-leu), n. Chem. A colorless, gaseous, im- saturated hydrocarbon, an ingredient of illuminating pias. e^'tl-o-logl-cal, Ctl-Ol'C-gy. See etiological, etiology. et'i-qnette (StT-ket), n. [F,, prop., a label, ticket, OP. es- tiquete.] Conventional forms required by good breeding, or to be observed in official or social life. E-tm'rl-an (e-troo'rt-an), a. iSc n. Etruscan. E-trua'oan (e-trus'kftn), a. Of or pertaining to ancient Etruria or its inhabitants, ^n. A native of Etruria ; also, the langnnfie of the Etruscans. Et'tarre' (e'tar'), n. See Pbllbas, Sir. et'tle (St"l), V. t. d- i. ; -tled (-'Id) ; -tling. [Icel. sella.] To intend, plan, or design. — v.i. Totakeaim (fl^- — ™- An attempt; aim ; intent. All Ohs. or Scot. & Dial. Eng. II ^^tude' (a^tiid'), n. [F.] A study; Music, a piece for prac- tice of some special point of technique. 0-tul', or et-wee' (a-twe' ; St-we'), «• \T. Hui.] A case for small articles, as toilet articles. natjire, ver4ure (87) ; K=ch in G. icli, acTi (50); boN; yet; 2h=z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Explanations of Abbreviations, Signs, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = eauals. ETYMOLOGY 248 EVAPORATE at'y-mol'O-gy (gyi-mSl'S-ji), n. ; pi. -gibs (-jtz). [fr. L., fr. Gr. cTiz/ioAoyia. See bttuom; -LOGY.] 1. The origin or deri- vatiou of a word as shown by its analysis or by i-eterriug it to an earlier form or word; also, an account of such origin or derivation. 2- The branch of philology concerned with etymologies. — eVy-mo-log'i~cal (BVI-mo-lbj'I-kftl), a. — eVy-mo-log'i-cBl-ly^ adv.— eVy-mol'0-stat (r}iBt),ji. St'y-mon (St'i-m5n), n,;pl. E. -kons, L. -ma. [L., fr. Gr. ervnov the etymological sense of a word, an etymon, fr. eru- iu.oc true, re^, cteos true, real.] A primitive, or root word. Et'zel (Sf sSl), n. [G.J in German legend, a wise king representing the historical Attila. See Kribuhild. eu-(u-). [Gr. €v weU,orig,neut.of eufgood.] A prefix mean- ing wellf good^ advantageous ; — the opposite of dys-. eu'ca-lypt (u'kd-lTpt), n. A eucalyptus. eu'ca-lyp'tas (-llp'tas), n. ; pi. -ti (-ti). [eu- + Gr. KoXv- wTos covered, alluding to the covering of the buds.] Any of various trees of a genus {EucaiypUis) of the myrtle fam- ily, including the most important timber trees of Austraha. Eu'ctaa-rlst (u'kd-rlst), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. evxapLarla, deriv. of ev -j- ;^aptc|t:o-0at to show favor, xdpi? favor, thanks.] £!ccl. The sacrament of the liord'a Supper ; the Commun- ion ; also, the consecrated elements, esp. the bread. — eu'cha-rls'tic (-ria'tik), eu'cha-ris'tl-cal (-ti-kai), a. 61l'clire (u'ker), n. 1. A certain game at cards. 2. Failure to take three tricks in a hand at euchre by a player who made the trump. ^ v, i. ; -chked (-kerd) ; -CHBina (-kring). To defeat in a hand at euchre (an opponent who named the trump) ; hence, Slang^ to defeat by scheming. eu-dse'mon-ism, eii-de'inon-ism(u-di'mdn-Tz'm), n. [Gr. evdaLjLioi'L(r/j.ds a thinking happy.] That system of ethics which defines and enforces moral obligation by its relation to happiness or personal well-being. eu-gen'lCB (u-jSu'iks), n. (see-ics.) {eu--\-gmiic.'\ Thesci- ence of improving olfspring, esp. that of the human race. eu'lO-glst (u'lo-jist), n. One who eulogizes ; a panegyrist. eu'lo-gis'tlc (-jTs'tIk) ) a. Of, pertaining to, or charac- eu'lo-gis'tl-cal (-tt-kal) ] terized by, eulogy ; laudatory. eu-lO'gl-um (u-lo'ji-Mm), n.pl. : E. -ums (-i2mz), li. -gia (-d). [LL. See eulogt.] A eulogy ; also, eulogy. eulO-glze (u'lo-jiz), V. i. ; -GiZBD (-jizd) ; -qiz'ing (-jiz'Ing). To speak or write in strong commendation of ; praise. _ Qn'lO-gy (-jt), n- ; p^- -oieb (-jtz). [Gr. eiiAo-yta, fr. euAo- ■yo? well speaking ; eiS well 4- Aeyetr to speak.] A compo- sition, esp. a set oration, in commendation of something, as of the character of a deceased person ; also, expression characteristic of eulogies; praise. — Syn. See bncomidm. Eu-men'l-des (fi-mgn'T-dez),n. vl- [L., fr. Gr. Eif/iEi^t'Ses.] Gr. Relig, Lit., gracious ones;— euphemistic for Erinyes. en'nnch (u'nfik), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. ewoO^o?, prop., guard- ing the couch ; evvi^ couch + ex^tv to keep.] A castrated male person, orig. one in charge of a harem or employed in a palace as chamberlain; hence, formerly, a chamberlain, dn-pep'Bi-a (iS-pSp'st-d ; -shd) 1 n. [Gr. ei»7rei/^ta. See eu-pep'sy (u-pSp'sT ; u'pep-sT) J EU- ; dyspepsia.] Good digestion;— oppj^ to dy^epsia. — eu-pep'tlc (u-pSp'tTk),a. •U'phe-mlsia (u'fe-mlz'm), n. [Gr. ev«|)7j/xto-ju.69, fr. ev- ^Tjju.t'^eti' to use words of a good omen ; €v well + ^dvai to speak.] A rhetorical figure in which an inoffensive word or expression is substituted for one xmpleasant ; as, '* pass- ingaway " for " dying." — eu'phe-mlst (-mist), n. — en'- plie-nUs'Uc (mis'tik), eu^phe-mls'tl-cal (tlT-kSl), a. 61I-phon'lc (u-f8n1k) I a. Of or pertaining to, or consonant en-phon'l-oal (-T-kai) ) with, euphony. 611-pllO'lll-OllS (A-fo'nT-ifs), a. Pleasing or sweet !n sound; smooth-sounding. — eu-pho'nl-ous-ly, adv. On'phO-ny (u'ffi-m), n.; pi. -NiES (-niz). [fr. L., fr. Gr. ev^iavia, fr. evtfuavo^ sweet-voiced: eC well + (fjwi'TJ sound, voice.] A pleasing or sweet sound; the acoustic effect pro- duced by words uttered so as to please the ear. eu-plior'bl-a (u-fBr'bT-d), n. [L. euphorbea an African plant.] Any of the flpurges, constituting an immense genus {Euphorbia) of herbs or shrubs of wide distribution. En-phros'y-ne (fi-frSsT-ne), n. [L., fr. Gr. Eu^poo-ui/ij.] Gr. Mi/t/i. One of the three Graces ; — lit. mirth or joy. eu'pha-lsm (u'fsi-Tz'm), n. 1. Properly, the affected style of conversation and writing fashionable in the time of Elizabeth, imitating that of Lyly's " Euphues," and charac- terized by antithesia, alliteration, similes drawn from fabu- lous natural history, and a pervading effort after elegance. 2. Hence, any similar affectation of speech ; high-fiown diction. — en'pbu-lst, n. — eu^phu-ls'tlc (-Ts'tTk), a. Enr-a'slan (ur-a'shdn ; -zhdn), a. Of or pert, to Eurasia (Europe and Asia taken together) or Eurasians. -^n. A person of mixed European and Asiatic descent. eu-relca (fi-re'kd), inUrj. [Gr. eiipjjica.] *' I have found (it) ; ^ * — an exclamation attributed to Archimedes on find- ing a method of determining (by specific gravity) the purity of the gold in Hiero's crown. It is the motto of California. Eu-roc'ly-dOil (fi-r5k'n-d5n), n. A tempestuous northeast wind of the Mediterranean. Eu-ro'pa (u-ro'pd), n. [L.jfr Gr. EuptoTTjj.] Class. Myth. A Phoenician princess, whom Zens, in the form of a white bull, carried off, swimming with her to Crete, where she became mother of Minos, Bhadamanthus, and Sarpedon. Eu^ro-pe'an (u'r6-pe'an), a. Of or pert, to Europe or its inhabitants. ^ n. A native or inhabitant of Europe. eu-TO'pl-um (u-ro'pi-Sm), n. {^Europe + -ium.'] (Jtiem. A rare metallic element. Symbol, Eu ; at. wt., 152.0. Eu-ry'a-le (fi-ri'd-le), n. [Gr. EvpuaAi?.] See Gorgoh. Eu-ryd'1-ce (fi-rldl-se), n. [L., fr. Gr. Bi/pvSiKri.'] See Orpheus. Eu-rys'tbeus (fi-rls'thuB ; -tht-us), n. [L., fr. Gr. Evpvtr- fleiis.] Gr. Myth. A Mycenaean king to whose service Her- cules was bound. See Hercules. Eu-Sta'Chi-ail (S-sta'kl-dn), a. [fr. Etislachio, an Italian physician (d. 1574).] Discovered by Eustachio; relating to the £uBtachlantabe,.fl7m^,a tube between the ear and the pharynx. See eas, Illusi. £a-ter'pe (u-tQr'pe), n. [L., fr. Gr. Evrepirij,] Class. Myth. The Muse of music. eu'tlia-Iia'sl-a (u'thd-na'zhT-d ; -zl-d), n. [Gr. ev0avaaia ; ev well+ flavaros death.] An easy death or mode of dying. e-vac'll-aiLt (^-vSk'u-fint), a. Med. Emetic, diuretic, or cathartic. — n. An evacuant agent, esp. a cathartic. e-vaCu-ate (-at), v. t. ; -at'bd (-aVBd) ; -at'img. [L. eva- cuaiusj p. p. of evacuare to empty, nullify ; e out -f- vacuus empty.] 1. To empty. 2. To free or clear (a place), as of inhabitants. Obs. 3. To discharge, as excrement ; void. 4. To withdraw from; quit. — e-vac'n-a'tion (-a'shwn)^. e-vad©' (e-vad'), V. i.; b-vat'bd (-vad'6d) ; b^-tad'ing. [L. evadere, evasum; e out -\- vadere to go, walk.] 1. To es- cape ; slip away. Eare. 2. To attempt to escape ; prac- tice artifice or sophistry for the purpose of eluding. ^ V. t. To get away from by artifice ; escape from cleverly, Syn. Avoid, escape, sUun^ baffle, foil. — Evade, elude. To evade is to escape or avoid, often by skill, dexterity, or contrivance ; to ELUDE (implying less of volition), to slip away from or baffle, often slyly, cunningly, or Eidroitly ; as, I evaded a direct answer ; the right word eludes me. ev'a-nesce' (Sv'd-nSs'), v. i. ; -keboed' (-nEsf) ; -sesc'ino (-nSs'Tng). [L. evaneseere ; e out + vanescere to vanish, va7tv,s empty, vain.] To vanish ; dissipate and disappear. ev^a-nes'cence (-nSs'gns), n. Action of evanescing. ev^a-nes'oent (-^nt), a. Tending to evanesce ; vanishing. — Syn. See TRANSIENT, — ev^a-nes'cent-ly, adv. e-Van'gel (e-vSn'jfl), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. cvayyeAioi' glad tidings, gospel, fr. eua-yyeAos bringing good news ; eC well -^ avyeAAfLv to bear a message.] 1. ^e message of the Christian dispensation and redemption ; hence [cap.']^ any one of the four Gospels. 2. Good news ; glad tidings, e'van-goHc (e'vin-jSl'Ik ; Sv'dn-), a. Evangelical. e'van-gel'1-cal (-T-kfil), a. l. Contained in, or relating to, the four Gospels. 2. Belonging to, agreeable to, or con- tained in, the gospel, or the truth taught in the New Testa- ment.. 3. Attached to that interpretation of Christianity which emphasizes man's fallen condition, the atonement of Christ, election, necessity of new birth, and redemption through faith. — n. One holding evangelical pruiciples. — e'van-gell-cal-lsm (-tz*m), n. — e'Tan-gel'l-oal-ly, adv. e-van'gel-lsm (e-vSn'j^-Tz'm), n. Preaching or promul- gation of the gospel. e-van'gel-lst (e-v5n'j?l-Yst), n. A bringer of the gospel; specifically : a [cap.] A writer of any of the four Gospels. b A preacher of the gospel : (1) In the primitive church, a traveling missionary or teacher. (2) One who converts, as a nation, to Christianity. (3) In modern times, an occa- sional preacher having no fixed charge; esp., a revivalist, either minister or layman. — e-Van'gel-ls'tlC (-Ts'tTk), a. e-van'gel-ize (-iz), v. t. ; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz^ing (-iz'Tng). To instruct in the gospel ; convert to Christianity. — e-van'- gel-l-za'tlon (-T-za'shiin ; -i-za'shun), n. e-Tan'lsh (e-vSnlsh), v. i. To vanish; cease to be. e-vap'o-rate (e-vSp'o-rat), r. i. ; .RAT'ED (-raf Sd); •rat'iho. ale, senate, cd.re, fi,m, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maJcer ; ice, ill ; old. 6bey, 6rb, 5cld, soft, connect ; use, Qnite, &m, up, circus, menli; £ood,£dbt; out, oil; chair; go; Bing,i]|k; t&en,thiiL; EVAPORATION 249 EVOLVEMENT [L. evaporatuSf p. p. of evaporare ; e out -\- vapor steam or vapor.] 1. To puss olf in, or change to, vapor, as a thud; hence, to paaa off without effect; be dissipated. 2. To give forth vapor, —•v. t. To cause to evaporate. — e-Tap'o- ra-tive (e-vSp'o-rS-ttv), a. — e-vap'O-ra'tOr (-ra'tSr), V. e-Tap^O-ra'tloa (-ra'shun), n. 1. Act, change, or process of evaporathig. 2. The product or result of evaporating. e-va'slon (e-va'zhz2u), n. Act of evading, esp. by an argu- ment, charge, or interrogation ; also, a means of evading; a subterfuge. — Syn. Shift, shuffling, equivocation. e-va'slV6 (-sTv), a. Tending to, or marked by, evasion ; elusive. — e-va'slve-ly, adv. — e-va'slve-ness, n. eve (ev), n. 1, Evening. Poetic. 2. The evening before a holiday, a saint's day, or any important day ; as, Christ- mas Eve ; also, the period preceding some important event. Eve (ev), n. [fr. LL., fr. L. or Gr., fr. Heb. Khavvak.'] In the Bible, the wife of Adam, and the mother of mankind. e'ven (e'v'u),n. [AS. ffi/e«.] 1. Evening. Poetic. 2. = eve, n. , 2. Obs. or Dial. eMren, a. [AS. e/en, e/n.] 1. Without elevation or de- Sression; level. 2. Free from inequality, irregularity, or uctuation; uniform; as, et'e?i motion; specif., equable; as, an even temper. 3. Hence: a Fair; equitable; impartial. b Straightforward ; direct, c Equal in quality or station. Obs. 4. Equal in size, number, or quantity; as, even shares. 5. Exact; precise; as, an evere mile. 6. In the same plane, or in line {with) ; as, snow even with the eaves. 7. Of numbers, not odd ; divisible by two without a re- mainder. — Syn. SeeEQUABLB, level, —adv. [AS.e/ne.] 1. lu an even manner ; evenly. 2. In or to such (indicated) degree or kind; as: a Precisely ; just ; as, euen so. b Fully; quite ; aa, faithful even to the end. o Of time ; just; at the very time; as, even now. 3. As an intensive particle; as, I have debated even in my soul. ~~v. t. & i. 1. To make, bB, or become, even ; level. 2. To equal or make equal ; specif-, 06*., to make even, or quits, with. Now Rare. e'ven-fall' (-fSlO. "■ Beginning of evening. efven— handled (-bSn'dSd ; 109), a. Fair or impartial. eva'nlxig (ev'ning), n. [AS. sefnungy fr. mfnian to grow to- wards evening, B/en evening.] The latter part and close of the day and early part of darkness or night. e'ven-ly (e'v'n-lT), adv. In an even manner, spirit, etc. — Syn. Equally, uniformly, justly, serenely, equably. O'vea-neas, n. Quality or state of being even. o'ven-SOng' (-sSng' ; G2), n. 1. Eccl. Vespera. 2. The time of evensong. 3- A song at evening. e-vent' (e-vSnf ), n. [L. eventus, fr. evenire to happen, come out ; e out -f- venire to come.] 1. The fact of taking place or occurring; occurrence. 2. That which comes, arrives, or happens ; any incident, esp, one of importance or note. 3. An a£fair in band ; enterprise. Obs, 4. The consequence of anything ; issue ; conclusion. Syn. Incident, adventure; result, termination. —Event, OCCURRENCE, INCIDENT, CIRCUMSTANCE. OCCUREBNCE is the general term for that which takes place ; it implies no par- ticular relation to other happenings ; an event is a more or less important ornoteworthy occurrence; aa, the day's oc- currences; " the course of human events." An incident is commonly an occurrence of secondary importance ; but an incident is often thought of as a detacned event ; as, the in - cidents of a journey, a mere incident in his career. A cir- CUMSTAITCE is osp. an incident or occurrence regarded as a detail ; the word is often used as a synonym for event in its more general sense; as, curious circumsfaneesin his history, an unforeseen circumstance intervened. O-vent'ful (@-vgnt'fddl)« a. Full of events; also, momentous. — e-vent'ful-ly, adv. — e-vent'fnl-noss, n. O'ven-tlde' (e'v'n-tid'), n. Evening. Archaic or Poet. e-ven'tU-al (S-vSn'1^-Sl), a. 1. Belonging to, or deter- mined by, the outcome or issue; ultimate. 2. Dependent on events ; contingent. — Syn. See last. 0-ven'tU-al'l-ty (-Sl'T-tt), n. ; pi. -ties (-tTz). The coming as a consequence ; a contingency. e-ven'tU-al-ly, adv. In the event ; finally. e-ven'ta-ate (e-vSn'1(0-at), v. i. ; -at'ed (-at'Sd) ; -at'ina. To come out finally; result. — e-ven^tU-a^tlon (-a'shun), a. ev'er (Sv'SrJ, adv. [AS. «/re.] 1. At all times ; always. 2. At any time ; as, seldom if ever. 3 . In any case ; at all. ev'er-glade (Sv'er-glad), n. A low tract of swampy land. ev'er-green' (-gren'), a. Bot. Remaining verdant through the winter, or retaining leaves unwlthered until the next season, —n. 1. An evergreen plant. 2. pi. Twigs and liranches of evergreen plants used for decoration. ev'or-last'lng (Sv/er-lAs'tlug), a. 1. Lasting forever. 2. Continuing long or indefiiiituly; hence, wearisome from repetition. — Syn. Endless, unceasing, concmual, inces- sant. See ETERNAL. — n. 1. Eternal duration ; eternity. 2. {cap.} (With ^/ie) God. 3. Any of various plants the flowers of which dry without losing form or color. 4. A stout material for wear ; lasting. — ev^er-las'tlng-ly, adv. ev'er-more' (-mor' ; sometimes Sv'er-mor'), adv. Forever. e-Vert' (e-vOrf), V. t. [L. evertere, eversti/n ; e-\-vertere to turn.] To turn outward. — e-ver'slon (e-vQr'shiin), n. ev'er-y (ev'er-I; Sv'rl), a. &a.pron. [AS. «//"eever-f-ffiZc each.] 1. Each (one), without exception, of a group ; as, his every word. 2. All, taken severally; as, every of the said sums of money. Obs. or Legal. ev'er-y-bod'y (-b5d'T), n. Every person. ev'er-y-day' (-da^ ; -da'), a. Used or fit for, or coming, every day; usual ; routine ; as, everyday attaira. ev'er-y-thing' (-thing'), n. All that pertaiua to the sub- ject under consideration ; all things. ev'er-y-wliere' (-hwSr')j o.dv. In every place ; iti all places; hence, in every part ; thoroughly. 0-Vlct' (e-vtkf), V. t. [L. evictusy p. p. of evincere to over- come completely, recover one's property by judicial de- cision. See EVINCE.] Law. To put out (a person) by legal process, or by virtue of a paramount right ; eject ; — with of, from, out of. — e-vlc'tlon (e-vik'shSn), n. ev'l-dence (Sv'I-dgns), n. 1. State of being evident; clear- ness. 2. That which makes evident, or tends to prove or disprove something; proof. See proof, n. 3. One who ^ bears witness. Eare. — v. t. ; -dbnged (-dSnat) ; -denc-ing (-d&i-stng^. To render evident or clear. ev'1-dent (-dgnt), a. [L. evidens, -gtiMs ; e out + videns, p. pr. of videre to see.] Clear to the vision or understand- ing, and satisfactory to the judgment. — Syn. Plain, obvi- ous, manifest, visible, apparent, concluBive, indubitable, palpable, notorious. — ev'l-dont-ly, adv. ev'1-den'tlal (-dSn'shai), a. Of the nature of, relating to, or affording, evidence ; also, relying on evidence. e'vil (e'v'l), a. [AS. y/e/.] 1. Injurious or mischievous ; not good. 2. Bad morally ; wicked ; vicious. 3. Producing or threatening pain, injury, or calamity ; calamitous. 4. Arising from bad character, actual or imputed. — Syn. Pernicious, injurious, hurtful, destructive ; sinful, corrupt ; perverse. See bad. -^ n. 1. Anything impairing happi- ness or welfare ; affliction ; misfortune; — opposed to good. 2. Moral badness or offense; wickedness ; sin. 3. A mal- ady or disease, esp. scrofula, called king's evil. — adv. In an evil manner ; badly. — e'Vll-ly, adv. e-vlnce' (e-vtns'),v. t.; E-viNCED' (-vTnsf); e-vinc'ing (-vTn'- atng). [L. evincere to vanquish completely, prevail, prove ; e out, quite + vincere to vanquish.] 1. To conquer. Obs. 2. To show clearly; make evident. — Syn. See exhibit. e-vls'cer-ate (fe-vTs'er-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-at'Sd) ; -at^ing. XL. evisceralus, p. p. of eviscerare to eviscerate ; e + viscera bowels.] To disembowel. — e-vls'cer-a'tlon (-a'shTin), n. ev'1-tate (SvT-tat), v. t. [L. ev:7a7'eavoid.] To avoid. Obs. e-Vite' (e-vit'), V. t. [L. evitare.'] To avoid. Archaic. e-VOke' (e-vok'), v. t. ; e- yoked' (-vokf); e-vok'ino. [L. evocnre ; e out -f- vocare to call, vox, vocis, voice.] To call out ; summon forth, as from the grave. — ev'OrCa'tlon (Sv'6-ka'shiin), n. ev'0-lu'tlon (ev'S-lu'shSn; in England now ojten e'vo-), n. [L. e^'oZwiio an unrolling. See evolve.] 1. An unfolding; hence, a process of developing something contained or im- plied ; a development, esp. as leading up to a definite end orresult. 2. A thing evolved. 3. A prescribed movement, or one of a aeries ; as, the evolutions of troops, of a machiue. 4. A process of " rolling out " or disengaging so as to < x- pose or free ; also, the product of such a process ; as, tne evolution of gas from limestone. 5. In biology, the devel- opment of a race, species, or other group ; in general, the history of the steps by which any living organism or group of organisms has acquired its distinguishing charactera ; hence, thetheorythatthe various types of animals and plants have developed from other preexisting types, as opp. to the theory of separate creation of each species. — ev^O-lu'tlon- al (-31), a. — tlon-a-ry (-a-rT), a. — ev'o-lu'tlon-iat, n. e-volve' (S-vJSlv'), ^i. t.; e-volved' (-v51vd'); b-volv'ino. [L. evolvere, evolutum; e out + vo?vfiretoroll.] 1. To ex- hibit or produce by evolution ; develop ; deduce. 2. To throw out ; emit ; as, to evolve odors. — v. i. To become open, disclosed, or developed. — e-volve'ment, n. natiire, ver4jire (87) ; k= cli in G. ich, ach (50) ; ExplanatlonB of Abbreviation!, Slfirnt, etc, precede ; boN; Vocabi yet; 2h= as in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide, uiary. |j Foreign Word* + combined with. = eauaU. EWE 250 EXCEPTING ewe (u), n. [AS. eotou^ ewe.] The female of the sheep. ew'er(u'er), 7i. [AF. ewer.h.agttaria, fern, of agtMznujre- latiug to water, a(/iia water.] A kind of wide-moutbed pitch- er or jug, esp. one to hold water for the toilet. ex (Ska), prep. [L.] Out ; from ; without ; — used iu com- mercial plirases ; as, ex dividend, without the dividend. ex-iP7'eJix. {/or pron, see note below.) A prefix: 1. [L. ezout of, from.] Denoting: a OtU of, as in ezhale. b Qff'tJrom^ as inexclude. o Beyond; asinezceed^&ecel. H Away from^ out of; as iu expatriate, exonerate, e Thoroughly^ completely ; aa in excruciate, exasperate, f As annexed (with a hyphen) to a name implying office or condition : Formerly holding or in, but now out of, the office, condition, class, or the like ; formerly, but not now. Examples: ex-president, a person formerly president but now out of office; ex-convict, ex-mayor, etc. 2. [Gr. ef out of.] In words from the Greek : out of; as, exarch, exodus, exorcise. (I^^ Under accent, primary or secondary, ex- is usually pron'd Sks-; also when unaccented before a consonant other than silent A, as in exclaim'; when unaccented and preced- ing an accented (stressed) vowel, the usual pron. is Sgz-. eiE-ac'er-bate (Sg-zSe'er-bat), v. t. ; -bat'bd (-bat'Sd); -bail- ing. [L. exacerbaius, p. p. of exacerftare; ex out (intena.) + acerbate to irritate.] To render more violent or bitter ; irritate. — es-ac'er-ba'tion (-ba'shftn), n. ez-act' (Sg-zSkt'), a. [I>. exactus precise, p. p. of exigere to f drive out, demand, enforce, finish, determine, measure ; ex out -f- agere to drive.] 1. Strict; undeviating ; rigor- ous. 2. Marked by agreement with fact, the truth, or a standard ; precise or correct. 3. Capableofgreatiiicety;as, exact instruments. — Syn. Methodical, careful. See cor- rect, ^v. t. 1. To require authoritatively or perempto- rily ; compel to yield or furnish ; hence, to extort. 2. To call for ; require. — Syn. See elicit. — v. i. To practice exaction. Obs. — ^ez-aot'l7, adv. — ex-act'ness, n. ex-ac'tiOIl (-zSk'shuu), n. 1. Act or process of exacting; hence, extortion. 2. That which is exacted. ez-act'l-tude (-zSk'tl-tud), n. Quality of being exact. es-ac'tor (-zSk'ter), n. One who exacts, esp. by authority. es-ag'ger-ate (-zaj'er-at), v. t. ; -at/bd (-aVSd); -at'ino, [Ii. exaggeratu^^ p. p. of exaggerare to lieap up ; ex out + aggerare to heap up, agger heapj 1- To enlarge beyond bounds or the truth ; overstate. 2- To enlarge beyond the normal. — ex-ag'ger-a'tion(-a'shwn), n. — ez-ag'ger-a- tive (-a-ttv), a. — ex-ag'ger-a'tor (-a/ter), n. ex-alt' (5g-z81f), V. i. [L. exaUare; ex out (intens.) -^al- tus high.] 1. To raise high; elevate. 2- To elevate in rank, power, character, or the like ; dignify ; promote. 3. To elevate by praise or estimation ; extol. 4. To lift up with joy, pride, or success ; elate. — ez-alt'er, n. — Syn. See raise. — ex^al-ta'tion (Sg'zSl-ta'shfiu), n. — ex-alt'ed-ly, adv. — ex-alVed-ness, n. ex-aml-na'tlon (Sg-zfim^T-na'shun), n. Act of examining ; state of being examined ; investigation. Syn. Test, trial, interrogation ; discussion, debate, con- sideration.— Examination, inquiry, inquisition, intestioa- TION, inspection, SCRUTINY, RESEARCH. EXAMINATION is the feneral term for testing or searching; an inquiry is a search or truth or information conducted by (or as by) question- ing ; an inquisition is (usually) a judicial inquiry, and often suggests severity or even hostility ; as, the examination of a witness, an entrance exam^inahon. An investigation is a searching inquiry often to determine a given point ; an INSPBCTION, an official examination; as, an investigation of a bankrupt's accounts ; an inspection of troops. Scrutiny suggests minute and critical inspection ; research, labori- ous and (esp.) learned investigation; as, his conduct will not bear close scrutiny; scientific research. ex-am'lne (5g-zSmOfn), v. t.; -ined (-Tnd) ; -in-ing. [fr. P., fr. L. examinare, examinatum, fr. examen, examinis, the tongue of a balance, examination.] 1. To test by any ap- propriate method ; inquire or search into ; investigate ; scrutinize; test. 2. To interrogate closely, aa in a judicial proceeding ; try or test, as by question, as a student. — Syn. Search into, explore, inspect; discuss, debate, con- sider. — ex-am'tn-a-ble, a. — ex-am'ln-er (-in-er), n. ex-am'ple (-zSm'p'l; -zAm'p'l), n. [for ensample, fr. OF., fr. L. exemplum^ orig., what is taken out, as a sam.pJe, fr. extmere to take out. See exempt.] 1. One or a portion taken toshow the quality of all ; a sample ; specimen. 2. Some- thing to be followed ; pattern. 3. A precedent, model, or parallel case. 4. A warning case, esp. of punishment. 6. An instance illustrating a rule or precept; esp., a problem to be solved, as in algebra. Syn. Illustration, exemplification, case.— Example, sample, SPECIMEN^ INSTANCE. An EXAMPLE is a typical, represent- ative, or illustrative case ; a sample is a part of a thmjg designed to show the quality of the whole. Kant's work is an example of abstract reasoning ; saTnples of butter. A SPECIMEN is commoul3|r representative of a class of things rather than of an individual object; but sainple and specimen are often used without distinction; as, specimens of gold ore. Instance applies only to illustrative facts, cases, or occur- rences, never to objects as such ; as, the plot to murder Caesar is a notable instance of conspiracy. — V. t. ; -PLED (-p'ld) ; -pLiHG (-pling). To set, or act as, an example for. ex'arcll (gk'sark), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr., deriv. fr. ««, cf, out + apxeiv to rule.] 1. A viceroy (of a Byzantine emperor). 2. Eastern Ch. Orig., the head of a chief see ; later, a bishop of high rank ; now, a deputy of a patriarch, usually a bishop. — ex'arcli-ate (Sk'sar-kat ; Sk-sar'kat), n. ex-as'per-ate (Sg-zSB'i«r-at), v. t. ; -at^ed (-at^Sd) ; -AT'XHG. DO. Gxasper^us, p. p. of exasp^'are ; ex out (intens.) + as- perare to roughen, asper rough.] 1. To excite the anger of; irritate; nettle. 2. To aggravate.— Syn. SeeiRBiTATE. ex-as'per-a'tlon (-a'shun), n. Act of exasperating ; state of being exasperated ; keen anger ; great irritation. Ex-cal'1-bur (6ks-kKia-bftr), n. [OF. Escaiibor, of Celtic origin.] The name of two famous swords of King Arthur. II ex ca-the'dra (Sks kd-the'drd; kfith'e-drd: see cathedra). [L., from the chair.] By virtue of, or in the exercise of, one's office; with authority. — ex-ca-tlte'dra, o.. ex'ca-vate (Sks'kd-vat), v. t. ; -VAT^ED (-vat'Sd) ; -vat'ing. [L. excavatus, p. p. of excavare to excavate ; ex out + co- vare to hollow, cavus hollow.] 1. To hollow out by cutting or digging. 2- To form by hollowing, as a cellar, 3. To cut or dig out, as earth. 4. To expose by digging ; as, to ex- cavate a buried city. — ex'ca-va'tor (-va'ter), n. es^ca-va'tion (-va'shun), n. Act of excavating ; a cavity formed by excavating. ex-ceed' (gk-&ed'), v. t. & i. [fr. F., fr. L. excedere, exceS' sum, to go beyond ; ex out + cedere to go.] 1. To go or be beyond the limit or measure of ; overdo ; as, to exceed one's authority. 2. To be greater than or superior to ; surpass. Syn. Exceed, excel, surpass, transcend, outdo. Exceed commonly suggests a ^oiug beyond in quantity or extent ; excel implies superiority in quality or action ; as, his cruel- ties exceed beliei ; woman excels in beauty, man in strength. Surpass applies oftener to quality than quantity ; it im- plies comparison with a definite object ; as, they surpass us m dexterity. To transcend Is greatly to surpass or go be* yond. To outdo is to surpass (esp.) in performance. ex-ceed'ing, a. Extraordinary. — adv. In a very great de- gree. Archaic. — ex-ceed'lng-ly, adv. ex-cel' (Sk-sBl'), ". '■ Objection ; hence, cavii, complaint. ex-cep'tlon-a-ble (-o-b'l), a. Liable to exception. — Syn. See BxcEFTioNAL. — eZ'Cop'tloii-a-Uy, adv. ez-oep'tlon-al (-(il), a. Forming an exception ; rare ; hence, superior. — ez-cep'tlon-al-ly, adv. S^. Exceptional, bxcbptionablb are often confused. That is BXGEFTioNAL which is an exception, or out of the or- dinary ; that is bxcbptionablb to which exception may be taken, and which is therefore objectionable. ex-cep'tive (-tTv), a. Of or pertaining to exception. ex-cep'tor (-t9r ; -ter), n. One who excepts. ex-oorpt' (-sQrpt'), V. t. [L. excerptus, p. p. of excerpere; ex out-j-carpere to pick.] To select, as a literary passage ; extract; quote. — (Sk'surpt; Sk-aQrpt'], n. An extract; a selected or copied passage. ex-ceBS' (Sk-sSs'), n. [fr. F., fr. L. excessus a going out, loss of self-possession, fr. excedere. See bxcebd.] 1. State of surpassing limits, or what is usual or proper; immoder- ateness; superabundance. 2. Undue indulgence, esp. in gratifying carnal appetites; intemperance. 3. The amount or degree by which one thing or number exceeds another. Syn. Extravagance, exuberance. —Excess, sttpbrflditt, rbdundanct. Excbss is that which passes limits: it usu- ally (but not always) conveys a derogatory implication ; snPBBFLnrrr ia more than is needed or desired; rbddndancy is superabundance without necessary impUcation (as com- monly in the case of superfiuiti/) of wasto or uselessness ; as, the medium between sufficiency and excess ; verbiage consists in using a superfluity of words ; in the tropics there is a redundancy of vegetation. — a. More than or above the usual or specified amount. ex-ces'sive (-sSs'Iv), a. Characterized by, or exhibiting, excess ; exceptional ; very great. — eX-ceB'slvO-lyi adv. Syn. Extreme, intemperate, unreasonable.— Excessive, BXOEBrrANT, raOBDINATB, bxtravagant, imuodbratb. Ex- CEssivB is the general term for what goes beyond just meas- ure or amount. Exorbitant applies to that (esp. price, chaises, etc.) which is grossly excessive ; inordinate often retains the implication of that which exceeds prescribed rules or limits ; as, an exorbitant charge ; inordinate desires. That is bxtravagant which passes the bounds of use or Sropriety, or which is prodigal in expenditure ; as, to call owper a great poet is extravagant praise. Imuodbratb often implies lack of restraint, esp. in the feelings or their expression ; as, immoderate zeal, laughter. ox-change' (Sks-chanjO, n. [fr. OF., fr. esehangier to ex- change ; es- (L. ex out)+F. changer. See chanob.] I. Act of giving or taking one thing in return for an equivalent. 2. a The process of settling accounts by exchanging bills of ex- change, b A bill of exchange, c The amount paid for the collection of a draft, check, etc. d Interchange or con- version of the money of two countries, or of current and nncurrent money, with allowance for difference in value. 3. Act of substituting one thing for another; also, act of givingandreceivingreciprocatly. 4. The thing given or re- ceived in return. 6- A place where things or services are ex- changed; esp., the place where brokers meet to do busiuess. — Syn. Barter, dealing, trade, traffic, interchange. — v. t.; -ohanqed' (-chanjd') ; -chano'ino (-chan'jTng). 1. To part with, give, or transfer to another for an equivalent. 2. To lay aside, quit, or resign (one thing for another). Syn. Exchange, interchange. Interohange, as com- pared with exchange, emphasizes more strongly the mu- tual or reciprocal nature of the transaction. — V. i. To make an exchange, or to pass in exchange. — ex-chanffe'a-ble, a. — ez-change'a-bll'l-ty (-bTiOT-tT) , n. ex-cheil'ueT (-chSk'er), n. [OF. esckekier^ escheguier, a chessboard.] 1. [cop.] Formerly, in England, an office which managed the royal revenue and decided revenue cases. 2. [cap.1 Eng. Hist. Short for Court of Excheqasr, a court arising from the Exchequer Office, now merged in the King's (Queen's) Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. 3. lo/tencap.'} In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, the department of state in charge of the national revenue : hence, the national banking account or purse. 4. A treasury, esp, of a nation. 6. Pecuniary resources ; purse ; finances. ex-clde' (Sk-sid'), V. t.; -oid'ed (-sTd'Sd) ;- oid'ino. [L. exd' dere, excisum;ezottt-\-caedere to cut.] To cut out; excise. ex-claa' (-alz'), n. [prob. under the influence of L. exci- dere, -dsvmi (see exoide), fr. an OF. word.] 1. An inland duty levied on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of commodities within the country ; also, a tax upon the pur- suit of certain sports or occupations. 2 ■ That branch of the public service charged with the collection of excise taxes. Eng. — . V. t. ; -cised' (-sizd') ; -cis'ing (-sIz'Tng). 1. To im- pose an excise on. 2. To impose on ; overcharge. Obs. ex-clae' (Sk-aiz'), v. t. [see exoide.] To cut out or off. OX-Clae'inail (-mSn), n. An officer who collects excise taxes and enforces excise laws. British. ex-cl^slon (-aTzh'i^n), n. Act or operation of excising, or cutting out or off ; hence, extirpation ; destruction. ex-clt'a-ble (-sifa-b'l), a. Capable of being excited. — ex- olt'a-bll'l-ty (-btlt-ti), n. — ex-cit'a-ble-ness, n. eX'Clt'ant (-ftut), a. Tending to excite ; exciting. — n. Something that excites. ex^Cl-ta'tlon (Sk'st-ta'sh{2n), n. Act of exciting; state of being excited; excitement. — ex-Clt'a-tlve (Sk-aifd-tTv), a, ex-dte' (Sk-sit']), v. t. ; -cit'ed (-sit'fid) ; -oit'ino. [L. ex- citare ; ex out -f- cUare to move rapidly, rouse.] To call or stir to activity in any way ; rouse. — Syn, Arouse, stir, stimulate,animate, kindle, inflame, provoke* impel, prompt, spur, instigate. — ex-clVecL-ly, adv. OX-clte'ment (-mSnt), n. 1. Act of exciting ; stateof being excited; agitation. 2- That which excites or rouses. ex-clt'er (-sifer), n. One that excites. ex-clalm' (-klam'), v. i. & t. [L. exclamare^ -clamatum; ex -f- clamare to cry out.] To cry out, utter, or speak, in strong or sudden emotion. — 71. Outcry ; clamor. Archaic. ex'cla-ma'Uon(Sks^kld-ma'shi!n),n. 1. Act of exclaiming; a sharp utterance of strong feeling. 2. Punctuation. A sign [!] by which outcry is marked ; called also exolama- tion point. — ex-clam'a-to-ry (Sks-klSm'd-td-rT), a. ex-Glude' (Sks-klood'; 86), v. t. ; -olud'bd (-klood'fid); -olud'ing. [L. excludere^ exclusum ; ex out + claudere to shut.] 1. To shut out ; refuse enjoyment, consideration, or inclusion, to. 2. To expel. — ex-clud'er (-klood'er), n. Syn. Debar, shut out ; thrust out. — Exclude, eliminate. To exclude is to keep out what is already outside; to elim- inate is to get rid of or remove what is alreaidy in, esp. as a constituent element or part. ex-olu'aion (-kloo'zhi^n), n. Act of excluding; state of being excluded ; debarring ; rejection. ex-Clu'Bive (-sTv), a. 1. Able to prevent entrance; enjoyed to the exclusion of others; as, exclusive privileges or circles. 2.1nclined to exclude outsiderB;as, an erc^u5ttieclique.3. Not taking into the account; — opposed toinclusive. — Syn.See select. — ex-clu'slve-iy, adv. — es-clu'slve-ness, n. ex-COg'1-tate (-kSj't-tat), v. t. [L. excogitare.'] To think out ; contrive. — ex-COg'1-ta'tlon (-ta'shzin), n. ex^com-mu'nl-ca-ble (Sks'kcJ-mii'nT-kd-bU), a. Liable to, deserving of, or punishable by, excommumcation. ex'coxn-mu'nl-cate (-kat), a. [L. excoimnumcatus, p. p. of excommunieare to excommunicate. See bx- ; coHuuNi- CATB.] Excommunicated. — n. One excommunicated.^ (-kat), V. t. ; -OAT/ED (-kaf Sd); -catling. To cut off, or shut out, from commimion with the church, by ecclesiastical sen- tence. — ex^com-mu^nl-ca'tlon (-ka'sh^n), n. — ex^com- mu'nl-ca'tor (-ka'ter), n. ca-to-ry (-kd-tft-rT), o. ex-OO'ri-ate (Sks-kyrl-at ; 57), V. t. ; -KfKD (-afSd) ; -AT'- iNO. [L. excoriare ; ex out + corium hide.] To flay; skin ; abrade ; gall. — ex-CO^rl-a'tlon (-a'sht^n), n. ex'ore-ment (Sks'kre-mSnt), n. [L. ^crementum, fr. ex- cern ere. See excrete. ] Waste discharged from the body, esp. from the alimentary canal ; fecal matter. — OX^cro- men'tal (-mSn'tc^l), ex''cre-men-U'tloiui (-mgn-ttsh't^),a. ex-cres'cence (Sks-krSs'^ns)* n. / pi. -cencbs (-sSz ; 24). 1. A growing out ; esp., abnormal increMe ; hence, excess. 2. An outgrowth , specifically : a A natural appendage, b An abnormal outgrowth, as a wart. ex-cres'cent (-2nt), a. [L. excrescenst -entis^ p. pr. of er- crescere^ excretum^ to grow out ; ez out -f- crescere to grow.] Growing out or forming an outgrowth ; esp., forming an abnormal or useless outgrowth ; superfluous. ex-crete' (-kref), v. t. ; -crbt'ed (-kret'Sd) ; -cret'ing. [L. excreius, p. p. of ezcemere to aift out, discharge ; ex out -|- eemere to sift.] To separate and eliminate or discharge (waste or harmful material) from the blood or tissues. ex-cre'tlon (-kre'ahSn), n. 1. Act or process of excreting. 2. That which is excreted, — ex-ore'tlve (-tlv), a. — ex'- cre-tO-ry (Sks'kre-to-rT ; 6ka-kre'tS-rT), a. ex-cm'cl-ato (5kB-kroo'shT-at),'y. t. ; -at/ed (-afSdJ ; -at^- iNo. [L, excruciaius^ p. p. of excrueiare to excruciate ; ex -[- cruciare to crucify, crux cross. ] To inflict agonizing pain on; torture; rack, — atlng-ly, adv. — ex-orn'Ol-a'tloii, n. nafeire, ver4ure(87); K=chinG. ich, ach(50}; boN; yet; zli=z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. £xpluistloiia of AbbrevlatloDS, Slyna, eto.| precede Vocabulary* |] Foreign Word. 4* combined with. -=e<|iials. EXCULPATE 252 EXERCISE ez-onlDate (Ska-kiiypSt ; SksOciil-pSt), c t. ; -FAT-ED (-pat- Bd ; -pat/ fid) ; -pat-ing. [L. ex out -|- culpatits, p. p, of cut- pare to find fault with, blame, culpa fault.] To clearfrom alleged fault or guilt ; relieve of blame. Syn. Release, discharge, remit ; excuse, pardon, forgive ; vindicate, Justify. — Exculpate, absolve, exonerate, ac- fniT agree in the idea of freeing from a chaise or burden. IxoDLPATE denotes simply a clearing from blame. Absolve implies a setting free either from ooligations or responsi- bilities that bind the conscience, or from the consequences of their violation; as, to absolve from allegiance, from blame. Exonerate denotes relief, in a moral sense, from what is regarded as a burden; as, to exonerate from a charge of falsehood. Acquit implies a decision in on§*s favor, either by a jury or by disinterested persons, with reference to a specific charge ; as, to acquit of murder. ez'cal-pa'tlon (fiks^kOl-pa'slii^n), n. Act of exculpating ; that which exculpates ; excuse. ez-COl'pa-tO-ry (Sks-kiil'pa-tS-rt), a. Clearing, or tending to clear, from alleged fault or guilt ; excusing. ez-cui'rent (fiks-kQr'^t), a. [L. excurrens, p. pr. oiexcur- rere ; ex out -+- eurrere to run.] Bat. a Having the axis pro- longed, forming an undivided main stem, as in conifers, b Projecting beyond the apex, as the midrib of certain leaves. OX-CUfSloll (-kOr'shiJn ; -zhi^n), n. 1. A going forth ; ex- pedition ; sally. 2. A journey chiefly for recreation ; pleas- ure trip. 3. Deviation ; hence, a digression. —Syn. Tour, ramble, jaunt, trip. See jodrnbt. ez-onr'SlOn-ist, n. One who goes on au excursion. ez-cnr'Slve (-stv), a. Digressive ; wandering. — ez-oni'- Blve-ly, adv. — ez-cur'sive-ness, n. ez-CUr'SDS (-si^s), n. ; pi. E. EXCURSUSES (-6z; 24) ; L. (now less usual) excursus. [L., fr. ezcurrere^ exeursum. See sxcj^RBNT.3 1. An appended diasertation. 2. A digres- sion. — Syn. See digression. ez-CUS'a-ble (-kuz'o-b'l), a. That may be excused. ez-CUS'a-tO-ry (-td-rt), a. Apologetic. ez-CUSo' (-kuz'), V. t. ; -CUBED' (-kuzd') ; -ous'ikg (-kuz'- Tng). [fr. OF., f r. L. excusare ; ex + causa cause.] 1. To ofEer excuse for; apologizefor. 2. To serve as excuse for; exculpate; justi^. 3- To pardon (a fault); forgive; hence, to overlook. 4. To seek or obtain exemption or release for or from. 6. To free (from an obligation) ; also, to remit, Syn. Exculpate, exonerate, absolve, acquit. — Excuse, PARDON, FORGIVE, CONDONE. One EXCUSES (either as a supe- rior or as an equal) small faults, minor omissions, or neg- lects, esp. in social or conventional obligations ; one par- DOMS (as a superior, or by an act of mercy or generosity) serious faults, crimes, or grave offenses, esp. against law or morals ; as, he readily excused my oversight. Pardon is often used as a conventional term of courtesy for excuse ; as, pardon my interruption. Forgive applies to offenses against one's self, and emphasizes more strongly than par- rl-l7 (-rl-iT), adv. — ez'sm-pla-ii-nesB, n. ez-em'pll-fl-ca'tion (Ser-zSm^plT-fl-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of exemplifying ; that which exemplifies ; an example. 2. A copy legally attested. ez-em'pll-fy (-zfim'plT-fi), v. i.; -fied (-fid) ; -ft'ino. [L. exemplum example -f- -fy.'] 1. To show or illustrate by ex- ample. 2 . To transcribe ; make an attested copy of, under seal, as of a record. ez-empt' (-zSmpf), a. [L. exempltts, p. p. of extmeretotake out, remove, free ; ex out + emere to buy, take.] 1. Cut off;excepted. Obs.orR. 2. Freeorreleasedfromsomelia- bility. — v.t. 1. To set apart; except. Obs. 2. To release or deliver from some liability; grant immunity to ; release. — n. One exempted or freed from duty; one not subject. es-emp'tLon (-zSmp'shi2n), n. Act of exempting ; state of being exempt ; immunity ; privilege. Syn. Exemption, immunity. Exemption commonly sug- gests the act of freeing or releasing, esp. from some charge or obligation imposed oy others ; ihmdnitt emphasizes the state of f reedom,esp. from some liability imposed by nature or general conditions ; as, exem,ption from taxation ; tmmu- nity from pain, disease, annoyance. ez^e-qna'tur (Sk'se-kwa'tfir), n. [L., 3d pers. sing. pres. subj. of exeguiy exsequi, to perform, execute.] A written oflScial recognition of a consul or commercial agent by the government to which he is accredited. ez'er-cise (-ser-siz), n. [F. exercice, L. exercitium, fr. ex- ercere^ exercitum, to drive on, keep busy ; ex out -|- arcere to shut up, inclose.] 1. Act of exercising; a setting in action ; exertion; use ; habitual activity or practice. 2. Ex- ertion for the sake of training or improvement. 3. Perform- ance, as of an ofQce, ceremony, or the like. 4. That which is done for the sake of exercising, practicing, training, etc. B. That which gives practice ; trial ; test. Syn, Effort, exertion, application ; custom, usage, habit, manner. — Exbroibe,'practice come into comparison in the sense of activity or exertion for the ss^e of improvement, in either strength or health {as in the case of exercise) or in skill or dexterity {as implied in practice) ; as, exercise 18 good for the muscles ; practice makes perfect. But the distmction does not always hold. As referring to the em- ployment of a given power or faculty, practice implies more often than exercise regular or habitual performance. ez'er-Qls0, v. L ; -eb-oisbd (-sizd) ; -er-oib'ing. 1. To set in ale, senate, cdxe, ftm, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, Snd, recent, ms^er ; ice, HI ; old, ftbev, 6rb, 5dd, BfiftfCSnnect; use, Unite, (bn, tip, circus, meniij faod,ld6t; out, oil; chair; fo; 8ing,jj||k; Aexi,thi]i; EXERCISER 253 EXPAND action; train; exert repeatedly. 2. To practice in order to develop. 3. To occupy the attention and effort of ; task ; harass ; worry. 4. To put in practice ; perlorm the duties of; use; practice. — v. i. 1. To perform one'sfunction. Obs. 2. To drill ; take exercise. — ez'or-cls'er (-eiz'er), n. ez-er^ci-ta'tlon (Sg-zflr/sI-ta'ahQn), n. [L. exercitatio^ deriv. fr. exercere to exercise.] Exercise. ez-eit' (-zQrt')» V. t. {Lt. exertus^ exsertus, p. p. of exerere, exserere^ to tlirust out ; ex out + serere to join together.] 1. To thrust forth ; emit ; reveal. Obs. 2. To put forth, aa strength, ability, etc. ; put in vigorous action. ez-er'tlon (-zGr'ahiin), n. Act of exerting ; exercise of any power; effort, eap. a perceptible effort. — Syn. See effort. II ex'e-unt {Sk'8e-antJ._ [L.] They go out. Cf. 1st exit. ex-foli-ate (Sks-fo'll-at), v, t. & i. ; -at/ed (-at'Sd) ; -at'- iNO. [L. ea^otiare to strip of leaves ; ex from + folium leaf.] To split into, or throw off in, scales or splinterB ; scale or flake olf . — ez-fo^ll-a'tlon (-a'shi^u}, n. ez'lia-la'tioil (Sks^hd-la'shi^n ; Sk^sd-), n. 1. Act of ex- haling ; also, that which is exhaled; emanation. 2. A va- porous or luminous body ; esp., a meteor. Obs. ex-hale' (Sks-hal'; Sgz-}, V. t. ; -HAiiED' (-hald') ; -hal'ing (-hal'Tng). [fr. OF.,fr. h. exhalare ; ex -\-kalare tohTeaXihe.} X. To breathe out ; em.it, as vapor. 2. To evaporate. — i'. i. 1. To rise or pass off as vapor. 2. To emit breath or vapor. es-hanst' (Sg-z6at'), v. t. [L. exhaustus^ p. p. of exhaurire ; ex out + haurire^ haustum, to draw, esp. water.] 1. To draw or let out wholly ; drain off completely. 2. To empty bydrawingoutthecontents; esp., create a vacuum in. 3. To deprive wholly of strength or virtue; use up; wear out. 4- To develop completely ; discuss thoroughly. — Syn. See TiBB. — n. 1. The escape of steam from an engine cylinder at the end of the stroke. 2. Gaseous or other material ex- hausted, aa from an engine. — ex-haust'l-ble (-tt-b'l), a, — ex-hauat'1-bU'l-ty (-ti-btl'T-tl), n. ez-haustloil (-zds'cfaun) , n. Act or process of exhausting ; state of being exhausted. es-hans'tlve (-tTv), a. Serving or tending to exhaust ; hence, thorough. — ez-haufl'tlTe-ly, adv. ex-hibit (Sg-zIbTt), V. i. [L. exhibitus, p. p. of exhibere to hold forth, to tender, exhibit ; ex out -|- habere to have.] 1. Med. To administer as a remedy. 2. To hold forth or present to view ; show ; display. 3. Law. To submit or pre- sent offlcially or in legal form to a court. Syn. Show, manifest, reveal, disclose. — ExHreir, display, EXPOSE, EVINCE a^reo in the idea of presenting more or less prominently to view. To exhibit ia to show so as to invite notice ; to display is to exhibit conspicuously or ostenta- tiously ; to EXPOSE is to display openly (esp.) something hitherto concealed. To evince, as here compared, ia to ex- hibit or reveal (esp.) the presence of some quality. ^ V. i. To make a public exhibition. — n. 1. An article, or articles exhibited ; display. 2. A document identified in court for use as evidence. — Syn. See exhibition. — ex- UVlt-er, -l-tor (rter), n. — ex-Ub^to-ry (-tS-rt), a. ex'hi-bl'tioil (Sk/sT-btsh'i^n), n. 1. Act of exhibiting. 2. That which is exhibited ; also, any public show ; a dis- play, aa of works of art, or of feats of skill, etc. Syn. Manifestation, show, display. — Exhibition, exhibit, exposition. An exhibition is a public display, eap. of ob- jecta of art, commerce, etc. An exhibit ia an object or ob- jects displayed in an exhibition. Exposition is now often used for exhibition^ esp. where the display is large. ez-tall^a-Tant (Sg-zTl'd-rSnt), a. Exciting joy, mirth, or pleasure. — n. That which exhilarates. ex-hll'a-rate (-rat), «. t. ; -bat/ed (-rat'Sd) ; -ratting. [L. &chilaratus, p. p. of exhilarare ; ex + hilarare make merry, hilaris merry.] To make merry ; enliven ; cheer. ex-IlU^a-ra'tiOll(-ra'ah22n), n. Act of exhilarating ; state of being exhilarated ; enlivenment; high apirits. — Syn. An- imation, gayety, hilarity, merriment, jollity. ez-hort' (5g-z8rf; 5gz-h6rt'), v. t. l-tance (Sg-z6r'bT-tans) \ n. ;pl. -TANCE3 (-aSz), -cieb ex-or'bi-tan-cy (-bt-tan-sT) I (-siz). 1. An exorbitant action, procedure, state, quality. 2. Tendency to be ex- orbitant ; greed. ex-or1)l-tant (-tSnt), a. [L. exorbitaris, -antis, p. pr. of exorbitare to go out of the track ; ex out + orbita track.] Going beyond established limits of right or propriety; in- ordinate. — Syn. See excessive. — ex-or^l-tant-ly, adv. ex'or-cise, -Cize (ek'sSr-sTz ; Sg-zSr'aiz), v. t. ; -cised (-sizd) or -ciZED ; -cis'iNG (-siz'Tng) or -ciz'ing. [fr. L., fr. Gr. e^opKi^eiv ; e^ out -|- opxi^eiv to bind by an oath, 6/iko? oath.] 1. To drive off (an evil spirit) by adjuration ; hence, to deliver from an evil spirit. 2. To address, conjure, or conjure up, as an evil spirit. R. — ex'or-cls^er, -clz^er, n. ez'or-Clsm (Sk'sSr-sTz'm ; 5g-z8r'-), n. Act or process of exorcising; also, a formula used in exorcising. ez'or-clst (-sTst), ?/. One who exorci.ies. ex-or'dl-uzii (Sg-z8r'dT-T*ra), «. ; pi. E. -ditjms (-Smz), L. -DiA (-d). [L., fr. exordiri to begin a wpb, begin ; ex out -|- ordiri to begin a web, begin.] A beginning; introduc- tion, esp.-, of adiscourse, treatise, etc. — ez-or'di-al (-21), a. ez'O-ter'lC (Sk'so-tSrlk) ) a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. e^wrepiKoy, ex^O-ter'1-cal (-i-kfil) ) fr. Ifw outside, ef out.] Exter- nal; public ; easily comprehended ; — opposed to esoteric. eZ-Ot'lc (Sg-z5f Tk), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. efoiTt/eos, fr. Ifw outside.] Introduced from a foreign country; not native ; foreign. — n. An exotic thing, as a plant or a word. ex-pand' (Bks-pSnd'), v. t. & i. [L. ezpandere, expansum; natiire, Ter4pre (87) ; k= ch in G. icb, ach (50) , £zpUnatlon«of AbbreTlatlons, Slvn«t «te., precede Vocabulary. boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to § " * ' |] Forelffn Word, -t- eomblned with. in Guide. = cmnal«. EXPANSE ex out -i-pandere to spread out, open.] 1. To lay open by extending ; open wide. 2- To make to occupy more space; dilate ; distend ; — opposed to contract. 3. To express in greaterdetail; develop, as an argument. — Syn. See dilate. ez-panse' (Ska-pins'), 71. That which is expanded or its ex- tent ; spread ; a wide extent ; esp., with tfie^ the firmament. ez-pan'sl-ble (-pSu'sT-b'l), a. Capable of being expanded. ez-pan'sUe (-atl), a. Expansible. ez-pan'slon (-shi^n), 7i. l. Act or process of expanding; state of being expanded ; dilatation. 2. That which is ex- panded ; expanse. 3. Extent of expansion ; also^ pure space. ez-pan'slve (-siv), a. Having a capacity or teodeucy to ex- pand ; also, of wide expanse ; wide-extending ; hence, of persons, feelings, etc., effusive; comprehensive, esp. in sym- pathies. — es-pan'slve-ly, adv. — ex-pan'slve-ness, n. II ex par'te (Sks pSr'te). [L. See ex- ; past.'] Upon, from, or in the interest of, one side only. ez-pa'ti-ate (Sks-pa'shi-St), v. i. ; -at^ed (-at^Sd) ; -at^xng. [L. expaliatust p. p. of eipcUmri to expatiate ; ex out -f- jpa^i'an'to walkabout,«pafiu7n space.] 1. To range at large, or without restraint. 2. To enlarge in discourse ; descant. Syn. Expatiate, dilate, descant. To expatiate is to wan- derat will over, or discourse copiously upon,a subject; to di- late is to enlarge, to descant, to comment freely, upon it. — V. t. To expand ; spread. — es-pa^tl-a'tlon (-a'shfin), n. ex-pa'trl-ate i-trl-lit), a. Expatriated. — n. An exile. ez-pa'trl-ate (-at), v. t.; -at^bd (-afSd) ; -at/ing. [LL. ex- patriaius^ p. p. of expalriare; L. ex out + pairia fatherland, po^er father.] To exile. — ez-pa'tri-a'tlon (-a'ahiin), n. ez-pect' (-pSkf ), V. i. [L. expectare^ exspectare^ -latum, to look out for, await, expect ; ex out -j- spectare to look at.] 1. To wait for ; await. Obs. 2. To look for (mentally) ; look forward to ; to look for with some confidence. Syn. Expect, anticipate, hope regard some future event as about to take place. Expect is the strongest, and im- plies some ground or reason in the mind for considering the event as likely to happen ; as, when we throw a stone, we expect it will fall. To anticipate is to look forward to, esp. in such fashion as to realize to one?8 self what is to come ; as, he already anticipates the pleasure of coming. In a weaker sense, to anti-ctpaie is merely to look for, and implies less definite grounds than expect ; as, I anticipate a pleasant time ; but this use is less approved. Hope adds to expectation the implication of desire; as, the accused hopes for an acquittal. — t\ i. 1. To wait ; stay. Obs. 2- To look expectantly, ez-pect'ance (-pSk'tSns) I n. 1. Act or state of expecting; ez-pect'an-cy (-tan-st) J expectation. 2. That which is expected, or that from which something is expected. 3. State of being expected or a subject of expectation. ez-pect'ant (-tSnt), a. Expecting; having expectations; pro- spective. — n. One who expects. — ez-pect'ant-ly, adv. ez^pec-ta'tion (Sks'pSk-ta'shi^n), n. 1. Act or state of ex- pecting ; anticipation. 2. That which is expected. 3. The .prospect of the future ; prospect of anything good to come, esp. of property or rank. 4. State of being expected. ez-pQC'tO-railt(Sks-pSk'td-rfint),a. Med. Tending to facili- tate expectoration or to promote discharges of mucus, etc., from the lungs or throat, t- n. An expectorant medicine. OZ-pec'to-rate (-rat), v. t. & i. ; -ratted (-rafSd) ; -ratting. [L. expeciorare to drive from the breast ; ex out -f- pectus^ -torltf breast.] To eject, or discharge matter, from the trachea or lungs ; to discharge, as phlegm, by coughing, or hawking, and spitting. — eS-pec'tO-ra'tlon (-ra'shiSn), n. Syn. Expectorate, spit. The use of expectorate for spit is common among those who regard the latter word as m- delicate, but is contrary to good usage. ez-pe'dU-ence (Sks-peMT-Sns) ) n. l. Quality or condition ez-pe'dl-en-oy (-pe'dT-^-sT) f ofbeing expedient; fitness. 2. Cultivation of, or adherence to, expedient methods ; subordination of moral principle to what is politic or ad- vnntageouB in order to facilitate an end. 3. Haste. Obs. 4- An enterprise ; expedition. Obs. ez-pe'dl-ent (-^nt), a. [L. ei^ediens^ -entis, p. pr. of expe- dire to be expedient, release, extricate. See expedite.] 1. Apt and suitable to the end in view ; practical and effi- cient. 2. Of persons, guided by expediency rather than Srinciple. 3. Expeditious. Obs. — Syn. See wise. — n, ,. That which is expedient ; suitable means for an end. 2. Means devised in an exigency ; shift. — ez-pe'dl-ent- ly, adv. — ez-pe^dl-en'tlal (-Sn'shai), n. Syn. Expedient, shift. An expedient is a device or con- trivance which serves (often in lieu of something better) to accomplish a given end ; a shift is commonly more tenta- 254 EXPIRATORY tive or temporary than an expedient^ and often implies evasiveness or trickery : as, his show of resentment was merely au txpedUnl for disarming suspicion; he was put to awkward shijts to keep up appearances. es'pe-dlte (Sks'pe-dit), v, t. ; -DiT'ED (-difSd) ; -DiT'iNa. [L. expeditusy p. p. of expedire to free one caught bythe foot, extricate, make ready ; ex out -\-pes, pedis, footT] 1. To accelerate the process or progress of ; facilitate ; quicken. 2. To execute with dispatch. 3- To send forth ; issue offi- cially. Rare. ^ a. Obs. Free of impediment ; hence : a Free ; easy, b Quick ; prompt, c Handy ; convenient. ez'pe-di'tlon (-dTsh'^n), n. 1. Act of expediting; state of being expedited; efficient promptness. 2. A sending forth or setting forth for some object. 3- An important journey or excursion ; also, the body of persons making such an ex- cursion. — Syn. See haste. ex'pe-dl'tlous (-dTsh'us), a. Possessed of, or characterized by, efficiency and rapidity ; speedy. — Syn. Ready, quick. See prompt. — ez'pe-dl'ttotis-lyt odv. — Uous-ness, n. ex-pel' (Sks-pSl'), v. t. ; -fellei/ (-pSld']) ; -pei/ling. [L. expellere, -pulsum ; ex out -\-pellere to drive.] 1. To drive or force out or away ; eject. 2. To cut off from member- ship in, or from the privileges of, an institution or society. — Syn. Exile, banish. See banish. ez-pend' (-pSnd'), v. t. [L. expender€,-pensu7n, to weigh out, pay out, lay out ; ex out + peiidere to weigh.] To lay out, put forUi, or distribute so as to use up or consume ; spend. ez-peild'l-t1ire(-dT-tyr),n. 1. Act of expending; disburse- ment. 2. That which is expended or paid out ; expense. ez-pense' (-pSns'), n. [L. ea^ensa (ac. pecunia), or exp&v- sumjir.expensus^p.p. of enpendere. See expend.] 1. Act of expending ; disbursement ; extravagance ; hence, a using up. Archaic. 2. That which is expended ; outlay ; hence, charge; cost. 3. A source of expenditure. — Syu. See price. ez-pen'slve (-pSn'sTv), a. Occasioning expense ; costly. — Syn. See costly. — ez-pen'slTe-ly, adv. slTe-ness, n. ez-pe'ri-ence (-pe'ri-gns), n. [fr. F., fr. L. experientia, fr. experiens, -etUis, p. pr. of experiri, -pertus, to try ; ex out -j- root of peritus experienced.] X. ^e actual living through an event or events ; actual enjoyment or suffering ; as, to know by experience. 2- Skill or practical wisdom gained by personal knowledge, feeling, or action. 3. Something experienced. — v. t. ; -enced (-2nst) ; -enc-ino (-^-sTng). To have the lot or fortune of ; undergo ; feel. ez-pe'ri-enced (-Snst), p. a. Having experience ; esp., made skillful or wise by trials, use, or observation. ez-pe'ri-en'tlal (-Sn'&h^l), a. Derived from, or pertaining to, experience ; empirical. — ex-pe'rl-eil'tlal-ly, adv. ez-per'l-ment (-pSrt-mgnt), n. [L. experimentum, fr. cx- periri to try. See experience.] 1. A trial made to con- firm or disprove something doubtful ; practical test ; proof. 2- The conducting of a test or of tests. 3. Experience. Obs. — Sm. See trial. — v. i. To make experiment. — ez-per'1-ment-er (Sks-pSrI-mSn-ter), n. ez-per^l-men'tal (-mSn'Cfil), a, l. Relating to, or based on, experience, esp. personal experience, as distinct from theory. 2. Of the nature of, pert, to, or founded on, experi- ment; as, expm7nen^ iaooiations derived from its older sense of one who has pene- trated the secrets of his art. ez'pl-a-ble (Sks'pT-d-b'l), a. Capable of being expiated. ez'pl-ate (-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-af M) ; -ai/ino. [L. eapin- tus, p. p. of expiare to expiate ; ex out -|- ^iare to seek to appease, purify with sacred rites, pitts pious.] To atone for, as a sin. — ex'pl-a^tor (-a'ter), n. ez^pl-a'tion (-a'shun), n. 1. Act of expiating. 2- MeansoT atonement ; expiatory sacrifice. — Syn, See propitiation. ex'pl-a-to-ry (Sks'pl-d-tS-rT), a. Having power or intend- ed to make expiation ; atoning. ez^pl-ra'tion (Sks'pi-ra'shJ2n), 71. 1. Actof expiring; esp., the act or process of emitting air from the lungs; a breathing out. 2. A coming to a close ; cessation ; end. ez-plr'a-tO-ry (Sk-spir'a-tA-rT), a. Pertaining to, or em- ployed in, expiration of air from the lungs. ale, senate, c&re, ^m, account, Jirm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, Abey, 6rb, fidd, 85ft, connect ; uae, Unitei um, iip, circus, menii; food, f^t; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iijk; ^en, thin; EXPIRE 255 EXPRESSLY ez-pire' (Bk-spir'), v. t. ; -PiKHD' C-spird') ; -pir'ino (-splr'- tng). [L. expirarey exspirare^ -atum ; ex out + spirare to breathe.] 1. To breathe out; emit from the lunga. 2. To giveforth, as an odor; emit. Obs. —v. i. 1. To emit the breath. 2. To die. 3. To come to an end ; cease. ex-pl'ry (Sk-api'rt; Ska'pI-rT), n. 1. Death; hence, ex- tinction. Arc/iaic. 2. A coming to an end ; termination. ez-pIaln'(Sks-plau'), v. t. [L. ex^anare to flatten, explain; «a out ^pla7iare to make level or plain, planus level or plain.] To make plain; clear of obscurity; expound. Syn. Unfold, develop, clear up. — Explain, expound, in- terpret, BLUomATB. To EXPLAIN, the moat general term, ia to make plain or intelligible ; to expound is to set forth, esp. learnedly, elaborately, or dogmatically ; to interpret ia to bring out the meaning of something, esp. by sympa- thetically entering into it ; to elucidatb is to throw Ught on, esp. by clear or luminous exposition or illustration. ^ V. i. To give an explanation. — ex-plain 'a-ble, a. ez'pla-na'tion (Sks^pld-ua'shi^n), n. 1. Act or process of explaining. 2. That which explains. — Syn. Definition, description, explication, exposition. — ex-plan'a-to-ry (Sks-plJtn'a-to-rl), a. — ez-plan'a-to-rl-ly (-rl-ll), a. ex'ple-tlve (8ks'ple-tTv), a. [L. expleiivus, fr. expletus^ p. p. of explere to fill up; ex out + pLere to fill.] Filling up ; hence, superfiuous. — n. Something added merely as a filling, as a word, letter, or syllable; ako, an oath. ex'plO-tO-ry (-t6-rT), a. Expletive. ex'pll-ca-ble (-pli-kd-b*l), a. Admitting of explanation. ex'pU-cate (-kat), v. t. ; -cat'bd (-kaVSd) ; -cat'ino. [L. expHcaius, p. p. of ezplicare. See exploit.] To unfold the sense of ; explain. ex^pll^ca'tlon (-ka'shuu), n. 1. Explanation. 2. A de- tailed statement. — ex'pli-ca-tlve (Sk8'pil-ka-ttv),a. &n. ex'pll-ca-tO-ry (Sks'plT-kd-t6-rt), a. Explicative. ex-pllc'lt (Sks-pWs'it), a. [L. expUcitus^ p. p. of explicare tounfold. SeeBXPLOiT.] 1. Having no folds ; smooth. Obs. 2. Distinctly stated so as to leave nothing to be implied ; express ; unequivocal ; as, an explicit reply. 3- Clearly developed; with all its elements apparent. — Syn. Open, unambiguous, precise, exact; fixed, absolute, unconditional, positive. — eX'plic'it-ly, adv. — ex-pllc'lt-ness, n. ex-plode' (Sks-plod'). V. t. ; -plod'ed (-plod'Sd) ; -plod'ino. [L. explodere^ -plosum, to drive out, as a player by clapping ; ex out + plaudere, plodere^ to clap, applaud.] 1. To drive from the stage by noisy disapprobation, as an actor. Ohs. 2. To drive from notice and acceptance, as a theory. 3. To cause to burst noisily ; detonate, as powder. — v. i. To burst or burst forth violently and noisily. — ex-plod'er (-plod'er), n. ez-ploit' (-ploif), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. expUcUum, prop. p. p. neut. of explicare to unfold, display; ex~\-plicare to fold.] A deed or act ; esp., a heroic act; a deed of renown. — Syn, See FEAT. — V. t. 1. To utilize ; get the value out of ; as, to exploit a mine. 2. To draw an illegitimate profit from. oz'plol-ta'tloil (Ska^ploi-ta'ahun), n. 1. Act of exploiting ; utilization. 2. Selfish or unfair utilization. ex'plo-ra'tlon(Ska^pld-ra'sbi2n), n. Act of exploring, asun- known countries. — ex-plor'a-tlve (Sks-plor'd-tTv ; 57), a. ex-plore' (-plor'; 57), v. t. ; -ploeed' (-plord') ; -plor'ino (-plorTng). [L. exploi^aTeto explore ; earout-f-jD/oraretocry out.] 1. To seek for or after. Obs, 2. To search through or range over for discovery, as new countries or seaa. — eX'plor'a-tO-ry (Sks-plor'd-tfi-rt ; Sks-pl5r'-), a. — ex- plor'er (-plor'er ; 57), n. ex-plo'sioil (Ske-plo'zhSn), n. 1. Act of exploding; a vio- lent bursting or expansion, with noise. 2. A violent out- burst of feeling. ex-plo'sive (-sTv), a. 1. Fart, to, operated by, or suited to cause, explosion. 2< Phon. Characterized in pronun- ciation by a slight explosion of breath ; as, p, b, i, d^ /:, <7, are explosive consonants. — n. 1. An explosive agent, as gunpowder. 2. An explosive consonant ; a stop. — ex- plo'slve-ly, adv. — ex-plo'slve-ness, n. ez-po^nent (-pS'ngnt), n. [L. exponens, -entiSy p pr. of exponere to set forth. See expound.] 1. Alg. A symbol written'above another symbol and on the right, denoting how many times the latter is taken as a factor ; thus, a^ means a x aration ; impromptu applies to that whidi is composed or uttered on the spur of the moment. Un- premeditated emphasizes less strongly than extempore and impromptu the immediate stimulus of an occasion ; it often applies to action ; as, unpreTnediiaied murder. ez-tem'po-rlze (-rlz), v. t. & i. ; -rized (-rizd) ; -Riz'iNG (-riz'tng). To do, make, speak or perform extempore, or offhand; improvise. — ez-tem'po-li-za'tlon (-rt-za'shun ; -rl-za'ahfin), n. — ez-tem'po-rlz^er (-riz'er), n. es-tead' (5ka-tSnd'), v. t. [L. extendere, extentum, extm- sum ; ex out -f- tenaere to stretch.] 1. To stretcli or draw out ; hence, to lengthen in space or time. 2. To straighten out, as a limb ; — opp. to Jlex. 3. To enlarge ; expand, as a surface, or as power, influence, etc. 4. To hold out or reach forth ; as, to extend the hand, sjonpathy, etc. — Syn. Increase, widen, diffuse. •— v. i. To'stretch or stretch out ; reach. — ez-tendl-lile (-tSn'dT-b'l), a. ez-ten'sl-ble (-tSu'sT-b'l), a. Capable of being extended. ez-ten'sUe (-stl), a. Capable of being extended* ez-ten'Blon (-shSn), n. 1. Act of extending ; state of being extended. 2. That property of a body by which it occu- pies a portion of space. ez-ten'slve C-sTv), a. 1. Of, pert, to, or characterized by, extension. 2. Having wide extent; wide; comprehensive. 3. Designating, or pert, to, any system of land cultivation in which large areas are used, with rel^ively little expense of capital and labor ; — opposed to iriiensive. — ez-tOU'- Blve-ly, adv. — ez-ten'slve-ness, n. ez-ten'BOr (Sks-tSn'sJ^r), n. A muscle which serves to ex- tend or straighten a limb or part ; — opposed to flexor. ez-tent' (-tSnf), n. [LL. exterUa, fr. L. extendere. See ex- tend.] 1. In Great Britain : Valuation or assessment, esp. of land. 2. Law. In Great Britain, a certain writ to re- cover debts of record to the crown. 3- An attack. Obs. 4- Space or amount to which a thing is extended ; hence, compass ; size ; length. 6- Degree ; measure. ez-ten'n-ate (-tSn'fi-at), v. t. ; -at^ed (-af 6d) ; -at^ino. [L. extenuatus, p. p. of extenuare to make thin, loosen, weaken ; ex -f- tenuare to thin, teiiuis thin.] 1. To attenuate. Bare. 2. To diminish ; weaken. 3- To underrate ; Obs.^ to dis- parage. 4. Hence, to treat or represent (a fault, crime, or the like) as less than it appears ; excuse. — Syn. See pal- liate. — ez-ten'a-a'tioii (-a'shfin), n. — ez-ten'n-a'tor (-a^ter), n. — ez-ten'u-a-to-ry (-ten'fi-d-tft-rT), a. ez-te'rl-or (-te'rT-er), a. [L. exterioi; compar. of exter or exterus on the outside, foreign, a compar. fr. ez out.] 1. Ex- ternal ; outward. 2. Being or occurring without ; extrin- sic. 3. Foreign. — See outer. — n. The outward surface or part of a thing ; outside. — ez-te'rl-or-ly, adv. ez-ter'ml-nate (-tflr'ml-nat), v. t. ; -nat^ed (-nat^Sd); -nat^- iNG. [L. exterminatus, p. p. of exterminareto abolish, drive out; ei out 4-'^""""* limit.] To destroy utterly; annihi- late. — ez-ter'ml-na'tion (-na'shun), n. — ez-ter'ml-na- tlve (-na-tiv), a. — ez-ter'mi-na'tor (-n&ter), n. — ez- ter'nd-na-to-ry (-nd-tft-rT), a. Syn. Abolish, root out, uproot.— Exterminate, extirpatb, eradicate. To EXTERMINATE is to dcstroy utterly : to ex- tirpate implies a violent and intentional rooting out; erad- icate imphes a less violent uprooting than extirpate. ez-ter'mine (-min), v. t. To exterminate. Obs. ez-tern' (-tfim'), a. External; outward. Bare. — n. 1. Out- ward form. Obs. 2. A x>erson connected with an institu- tion but not living or boarding in it. ez-ter'nal (-tfir'nSl), a. [L. exlemus^ fr. exier^ extei-us. See EXTERIOR.] 1. Outward; exterior. 2. Outwardly per- ceptible; visible; corporeal, as distinguished from mental or spiritual. 3. Not intrinsic or essential; superficial. 4. For- eign; relating to foreign nations. — Syn. See otrrER. — n. Something external. — ez-ter'nal-ly, adv. ez'ter-nal'l-ty (Sks'ter-nSin'-tT), n. .1. Quality or state of being external. 2. Regard for externals. ez-ter'nal-lze (Sks-tQr'nfil-iz), v. t. ; -ized (-izd) ; -iz^ing (-iz'Ing). To make external or externally manifest. ez-ter'ri-to'rl-al (-tSr'i-to'rT-ai ; 57), a. [See ex-.] Beyond the territorial limits or jurisdiction. ez-Unct' (-ttiikf), a. [L. extiiietus, exstinetus^ p. p. See ex- tinguish.] 1. Extinguished; quenched. 2- No longer liv- ing or active; obsolete; as, an extinct species; also, without a qualified heritor; lapsed ; as, an extinct title. ez-tlnc'tlon (-tTqk'shiltt), n. 1. Act of extinguishing ; state of being extinguished. 2. Destruction ; suppression. ez-tinc'tlve C-tti)k'tTv), a. Serving to extinguish. ez-tln'gnisll (-tTij'gwIsh), v. t. [L. extinguere, exstinguere, p. p.-Knc(iwvea:out -j-s^mf^were to quench.] 1. To put out, as a light or fire; hence, to cause to die out; destroy. 2. Law. To nullify legally. 3. To obscure; eclipse, as by superior splendor. — ez-tln'gnlsli-a-ble, a. — ez-tln'gulBli-er,n. — ez-tin'gnlBb-ment, n. ez-Urp' (6ks-tflrp^, v. t. To extirpate. Obs. ez'Ur-pate (Sks'ter-pat ; 5ks-tflr'pat), v. t. ; -pat/rd (-paf - 6d; -pat-6d) ; -patting. [L. exstijpattis, p. p. of exstirpare ; ex out + stirps stem, root.] To pluck up by or as by the stem or root; eradicate. — See exteruihatb. — ez'tlT-pa'- tlon (Sks'tSr-pa'shMn), n. — ez'tlr-pa^tor (Sks'ter-pa'tSr ; gks-tfir'pft-ter), n. ez-tor (Sks-tSl'; -tol'), V. t. ; -tolled' (-tBld'; -tSld') ; -tol'- LiNG. [L. extoUere ; ex out 4* tollere to raise.] To elevate by praise; laud. — Syn* Praise, applaud, celebrate, glorify. — ez-tol'ler (-Sr), n. — ez-tol'ment, ez-toll'ment, n. ez-tort' (-t8rt'), r. t. [L. extorttis, p. p. of extorquere to twist out, extort ; ex out -}- torquere to twist.] To wrest by force, duress, or any undue or illegal power or ingenuity ; wring ; exact. — Syn . See elicit. — ez-tort'er, n. ez-tOT'tlon (-t8r'sh?ln), n. Act of extorting. — Syn. Op- pression, rapacity, exaction, overcharge. — ez-tOl'tton-a- ry {-a-rT), a. — ez-tor'Uon-ate (-at), a. ez-tor'tlon-er (-Sr), n. One who practices extortion. ale, senate, c&re, Hva., account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, drb, 5dd, B5ft, cSnnect; use, Unite, ^n, iip, circus, menu; food, fdbtt out, oil; cliair i go i sing, iqk; tben, thin; EXTRA 257 EYE a IntradoB, or Soffit; b Ex- trados. ez'tra (SkBtrd), a. or adv. Beyond what is due, usuid, or necessary ; additional ; hence, superior ; better or larger than the ordinary. — n. 1. Something in addition to what is due, expected, or usual. 2. An edition of a newspaper other than a regular one. ex'tra- (Sks'tra-). [L., fr. easier, fr. ex out.] A Latin prepo- sition, used as a prefix to denote beyond, outside of ^ outside the scope of; as in ej:fralegal, beyond the province of law. ex-tract' (Sks-trakf), v. t. [L. extracliis, p. p. of extrakere to extract; ex + trahere to draw.] 1. To draw out or forth; hence, to derive as if by drawing out ; deduce. 2. To with- draw by expression, distillation, etc. 3. To select ; cite ; quote, as a text. — Syn. See elicit, — ex-tract'a-ble, a. OX'tract (Sks'trSkt), n. 1. Something extracted; esp., something prepared by expression, decoction, or the like. 2. A selection from a writing or discourse; a quotation. ez-trac'Uon (Sks-trSk'shfin), n. 1. Act of extracting, or drawing out. 2. Derivation from a stock or family; line- age; birth. 3. That which is extracted ; extract; essence. ex-traG'tlTe(-ttv),a. l. That can be extracted. 2. Tend- ing or serving to extract. — n. A thing extracted; extract. ez-trac'tor (-ter), n. One that extracts. ex'tra-dlte (Sks'trd-dit), v. t. ; -DiT'ED (-dif Sd) ; -dit'ing. To make or procure extradition of. — ex^tra-dl'ta-ble (Sks'tro-di'td-b'l), o. ex'tra-dl'tion C-dTsh'Sn), n. [L. ex out -^traditio delivery.] Surrender of an alleged criminal by one state to another ; surrender of a prisoner by one authority to another. ex-tra'dos (Sks-tra'dSs), n. [F., fr. extra- outside + dos (L. dorsum) back.] Arch. The exterior curve of an arch. eX^tia-JU-dl'dal (Sks^tra-joo-dTsh'Sl ; 86), a. Beyond the proper authority of a court or judge. — es'tra-Ju-dl'claMy, adv. ex'tra-mun'dane (-man'dan), a. [L. extra- mundanus.'] Beyond the material world. ez-tra'ne-OUS (Sks-tra'ne-iis), a. [L. extraneus^ from extra. See STB ASGE.] Not belonging to, or dependent on, a thing ; not essential or intrinsic ; foreign. — Syn. See extrinsic. — ez-tra'ne-ous-ly, adv. — ex-tra'ne-ous-ness, n. ex-traor'dl-na-ry (Sks-trSr'dl-nS-rT ; gks'tro-Sr'-), a. [fr. L., fr. extTa-\- ordinarius. See ordinary.] 1. Beyond, or out of, the common order or method; not ordinary. 2. Ex- ceedmg the common degree, measure, or condition; uncom- mon; remarkable. 3. Employed on a special service, as an ambassador. — ez-traor'dl-na-ri-ly (-rt-ll), adv. ez'tra-red', a. Physics. Infra-red. ex'tra-ter^ri-tO'rl-al (-tSr'T-to'rT-al ; 57), a. Exterritorial. eX'trav'a-gance (Sks-trSv'd-g^ins), n. 1. Quality of being extrav^ant; excess; esp., undue expenditure of money. 2. An instance of prodigality or excess. — Syn. Prodigal- ity, waste, lavishness. ez-trav'a-gan-cy (-gan-sT), n. / pi. -cies. Extravagance. ex-trav^a-gant (-gftnt), a. [F., fr. L. extra outside + va- gans, -antis^ p. pr. of vagnri to wander, vagus wandering.] 1. Straying; roving. 06*. 2. Excessive; unrestrained. 3. Pro- fuse in expenditure ; prodigal. 4. Excessively high ; exor- bitant. — Syn, See excessivb. — ez-trav'a-gant-ly, odv. ©X-trav'a-gan'za(-gSn'zd),w. [extravagance with an Ital- ian ending : cf. It. stravaganza.'} 1. A wildly irregular mu- sical or dramatic composition ; esp., a musical caricature. 2. Extravagant flight of sentiment or language. ex-trav'a-gate (Sks-tr5v'd-gat), v. i. ; -gat'ed (-gafSd) ; -gat'ino. To rove ; be extravagant. ez-trav'a-sate (-sat), v. t.<&:i. ; -sat'bd (-safSd); -sat/ing. lextra- -|- L. vas vessel.] To force, let, or pass by infiltration or effusion, out of the proper vessels or arteries, as blood. — ez-trav'a-sa'tlon (-sa'shwn), n.' ex-tremo' (-trem'), a.; -them'kr (-er) ; -trem'bst (-gst). Ih. extremus, Buperl. of exter,eTterus. SeeEXTERiORj 1. At the utmost point or border ; utmost; most remote. 2. Last; final;a8,ez^re7n€ unction. 3. Fartowardthe extreme. 4. Ex- isting in, or going to, the greatest degree; greatest. 6< Very great; hence, excessive; immoderate. 6- Radical; as, ez- ireme opinions. — Syn, See last. — n. 1. The utmost point; extremity. 2. Utmost limit; furthest degree; undue departure from the mean ; esp. , pl.^ things at nn extreme dis- tance from each other, etc. ; as, extremes meet. 3. An ex- treme condition; hence, danger, distress, etc. 4. An exees- 8ivedegree,meaBure,or expedient. 6. Math. Thefirstorthe last term of a proportion or series. — ex-treme'ly, adv. ez-trem'lst (Sks-trem'Tst), n. A supporter of extreme doc- trines or practice ; one who holds extreme opinions. OX-trem'l-ty(-trSm'I-tT), n./pZ.-TiBsC-ttz). 1. The utmost limit, point, or part. 2. A limb of the body, or, esp., the end part of a limb; — chiefly in pi. 3. Highest degree ; most intense form. 4. Utmost degree of intensity, pain, or the like ; greatest peril or need ; also, dying. ez'trl-ca-ble (Sks'trT-kd-b*l), a. That may be extricated. ez'trl-cate (-kat), v. t. ; -oat'bd (-kat'ed) ; -cat/ing. [L. e%- tricatus^ p. p. of extricare; ex -\- (r/cae trifles, impediments, perplexities.] To free, as from difBculties ; disentangle. - Syn. See disengage. — ex'tri-ca'tlon (-ka'shfin), n, ex-trin'sic (Sks-trln'slk), a. [L. extrlnsecus, adv., on tb outside; earner outside -f- mcms otherwise, beside.] Not in f of a body ; belonging to what is foreign to, or outside oi what is under consideration ; external; unessential. — ez- trln'si-cal (-sT-kSi), a. — ex-trln'sl-cal-ly, adv. Syn. Outward, foreign. — Extrinsic, extraneous. That is EXTRINSIC (opposed to intrinsic) which is not inherent or essential ; that is extraneous which is more definitely or cpncretely external or foreign ; as, extrinsic advantages of birth ; considerations extraneous to our subject. ex-trorae' (-trSrs'), a. [L. extrorsus in an outward di- rection.] Facing or turned outwards ; specif., Bot.^ turned away from the axis of growth. ex-trude' (-trood'), v. t. & i. ,- -thud'ed (-trood'Sd) ; -tedd'- iNo. [L. extrudere, exirusum; ex out -l-'/rwdere to thrust.] To force, press, or push out ; expel. ex-tru'sion (-troo'zhiin), n. Act of extruding. ex-u'ber-ance (Sgz^-u'ber-fins) 1 n. 1. State or quality of ex-u'ber-au-cy (-ber-3n-sT) ( being exuberant ; copious supply. 2. An instance of exuberant action, growth, or thelike. — Syn. Abundance, plenty, copiousness, profusion, overflow, excess ; rankness, wantonness, luxuriance. ex-u'ber-ant (-Snt), a. [L. exuberans, -antis, p. pr. of exu- berare to be abundant ; ex + uberare to be fruitful, uber fruitful.] Characterized by abundance or superabundance. — Syn. See plentiful. — ex-un>er-aiit-ly, adv. ez-Ude' (Sks-ud' ; Sgz-ud'), v. t. &i. ; ?ud'ed (-ud'Sd) ; -ud'- ING. [L. exsudare^ -aium^ to sweat out ; ex -j- sudare to sweat.] To discharge from a body through pores or inci- sions, as sweat. — ex'^U-da'tlon (Sks/u-da'shwn), n. ez-Ult' (Sg-zQlt'),^'. I. IL. exsultare, -atum,to leap vigorously, exult, intens. fr. exsilire to spring out ; ex^ satire to leap.] 1. To leap. Obs. 2- To be in high spirits ; rejoice exceed- ingly ; triumph. — ex-ult'lng-ly, adv. ex-Ult'ant (-zHl'tant), a. Characterized by or expressing ex- ultation.— Syn. See elated. — ez-ult'ance, ez-nlt'an-cy (-tffin-sT), 71. — ez-ult'ant-ly, adv. ez'Ul-ta'tlon (Sk'siSl-ta'shfin ; Sg'zQl-), n. Act of exulting. ex-U'vl-S (6gz-u'vT-e), n. pi, [L., fr. ew/ere to draw out or off.] Cast integuments of animals, asthe skins of snakes. eX-U'Vl-ate(-vI-at), v. i. & t. ; -at'ed (-at'gd) ; -at'ing. To shed an old covering ; molt. — ex-U^vl-a'tion (-a'shfin), n. ey'as (i'Ss), n. [F. niais fresh from the n ^„^'''^if'''='^=:==^s''''toJ^ nest, fr. L. nidus \<^ ^f^f\l^ y^^_%i,f'^ nest. E. an eyas J^^^'^^^^^^^^^'^^^^. h stands for a nios.] ^lflK^uC«Lr--JiTil3r*5g|^^ C A nestling. | eye(I),n. [AS.^a^e.] ;,. 1. The organ of sight *p\\\ or vision. 2. Vision; often, trained vision; also, look ; glance; close regard ; hence, oversight; watch. 3. Hence : Faculty of discrimination or perception ; discern- ment; point of view; judgment ; estima^ tion. 4. Fig., a seat of intellectual light. 6. Something resem- bling, or suggestive of, the organ of sight in form, position, or appearance ; as : a target's bull's-eye, a bud of a plant, , , „ . the hole through a ma in the center of the Optic Nerve. orizontnl aection of Right Human Eye- ball, Been from above. Somewhat en- larged, a b Conjunctiva ; c Cornea \ d Sclerotic j e Choroidi /' Ciliary MuHcle j a Ciliary ProcesB ; h Iris ; i Suspensory Ligament t APoBterior Aqueous Cham- ber between h and i ,* /Anterior Aqueous Chamber ; m CrvBtalhne Lena \ n Vitre- ous Humor ; o Retina ; p Yellow Spot ; q Center of Blind Spot ; r Artery of Ret- i j_ 4.1... _,,— *«- «c»u« i-t_*:_ KT^__. iiatjjre, ver4;ire (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (60) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure Explanations of AbbreTlAttont, Sl^na, etc, preceae Voeabulary< _ _ . Numbers refer to §§in Gtiide. Foreign Word* + combined with. es eq,italsi EYEBALL 258 FACT needle, the hole through the upper millstone, etc. 6. That which resembles the eye in importance or beauty. — v. t. ; EYED (Id); BY'iNQ (I'lng) OF EYS'iNO. To view; asp., to watch narrowly. — v. i. To appear; look. Obs. eyelialV (i^dV), n. The ball, or globe, of the eye. eyenorigllt' (i'brif ), n. A email European herb of the fig- wort family, formerly used for diseases of the eye. Oyenorow' (i'brou'), n. The arch or ridge over the eye ; also, the hair growing on this ridge. eye'fflass' (t'gl&sO, n. 1. A lens of glass or rock crystal used to correct defects of vision. 2- Eyepiece of a tele- scope, microscope, etc. 3. The lens of the eye. Obs. eye'hole^ (i'holO, n. 1. The orbit of the eye. 2. A peephole. eye'laslL' (I'lSsbO, n- The fringe of hair that edges the eyelid ; also, a single hair of this fringe. eye'less (i'lSs), a. without eyes; blind. eye'let (I'lSt), n. [fr. OF. dim. of ceil eye, L. oculus.'\ 1. A small hole, to receive a cord. 2. A metal ring, used to line an eyelet hole. 3- A peephole or loophole. eye'lld' (i'lTd^, n. The portion of movable skin with which an animal covers or uncovers the eyeball at pleasure. oy'en (i'^u), archaic or Scot. pi. of etb. eye'plece' (I'pes''), n. The lens, or combination of lenses, at the eye end of an optical instrument. oye'serv'ant (i'sQr'TSnt), n. A servant wl.oducs liisduty faithfully only when watched. — eye'serr^iuu (-vTs), n. eye'ShOt' (I'shStOi n. Range or reach of tlie eye ; view. eye'Blght' (i'slf), n. Sight ; view ; observation. eye'BOre' (f'sor^), n. Something offensive to the sight. eyo'Stono' (I'ston^), n. A small lenticular calcareous body, used to remove a foreign substance from the eye. eye'strings' (i'strtngz'), n. pt. The muscles, tendons, or nerves of the eye, formerly thought to break at death or on loss of sight, eye'tOOth' (i'tooth'), n. An upper canine tooth. eye'wa'ter (I'wd'ter), n, A wash or lotion for the eyes. eye'wlnk'er, n. An eyelash. eye'wlVneSB (i'wTt'nSs ; I'wifnSs), n. One who sees an object or act ; esp., one who testifies to what he has seen. 6yre (fir), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. iVer, itineris^ way, fr. root of ii-e to go.] A journey in circuit ; — used injustices In eyre, judges who, in the Middle Ages, rode circuit to hold courts. ey'rle, ey'ry (a'rt ; e'rl). Vars. of AERIE. E-ze^-el (e-ze'kl-gl ; -eek'ygl), n. [fr. L., fr. Heb. Yekkez- gel."] 1. A great Hebrew prophet of the 6th century b. o. 2. A certain book of the Old Testament. Ez'ra (Sz'rd), n. [Heb. '£zTa.'\ 1. A great Hebrew prophet of the 5th c. B. c. 2. A certain book of the Old Testament. F F(Sf) ; pi. f's or fs (Sfs). The sixth letter of the English alphabet. fa (fa), 71. [It.] Jtfwsic. The fourth of the syllables used in sol- mization ; — applied to thefourth tone of the diatonic scale. fa-ba'ceons (fd-ba'shfis), a. [L. /a6a bean.] Belonging to an immense family of plants {Fabacex, or bean family), including herbs, shrubs, and trees, the fruit of which is a true pod, or legume. Fa^-an (fa'bl-Sn), o. In the manner of the Roman gen- eral QuintusFablualUaximus Verrucosus, called Cunctator^ who avoided decisive contests ; cautious ; dilatory. fa'bie (-b'l), n. [F., fr. L./a&ufa, it.fari to speak, say.] 1. A fictitious narrative or statement ; specifically : a Un- truth, b Astoryof supernatural or marvelous happenings. A narration enforcing some useful truth, esp. one in which animals speak and act like human beings, d Talk ; common talk. 2. The plot or story of an epic or dramatic poem. ^v. i. ; -BLED (-b'ld) ; -blino (-bling). To compose fables ; to write or speak fiction ; talk idly ; lie. — v. t. To feign ; invent ; tell of falsely. — fo'bler (fa'blSr), n. ||fa'bli'au'(fA'ble'o'),n.;p/.-ADx(£.-3z'). [F.] F.Lit. One of a kind of short metrical tales of the 12th-13th centuries. fab'rlc (fSb'rtk), n. [L. fabrica fabric, workshop. See FOROE.] 1. A structure. 2. The structure of anything ; texture. 3. Cloth woven or knit from fibers. fab'rl-cant (-rt-kSnt), n. One who fabricates; manufacturer. fab'rl-cate (-kat), v. t. ; -cat/ed (-kat^Sd) ; -cat'ing. [L. /abTncatus, p. p. of fahricari^ -care, to build, forge, f r. fa- brica. See fabric] 1. To construct; manufacture. Archaic. 2. To invent (a fiction, legend, etc.) ; devise falsely, as a lie. — Syn. See fashion. — fab'rl-ca^tor (-ka'ter), n. f ab'rl-ca'tion (-ka'shun), n. 1. Act of fabricating. 2. That which is fabricated ; a falsehood. — Syn. See fiction. fab'U-Ust (ffib'u-lTst), n. One who invents or writes fables. fab'll-loilB(-lus),a. \\j.fahulosus.'\ 1. Feigned, as a fable ; fictitious ; legendary. 2. Like a fable, esp. in exaggeration; astonishing. — fab'u-lonB-ly, adv. — (ab^-lous-neas, n. Syn. Fabulous, mythical, apocryphal are here compared in their secondary senses. Fabulous connotes that which is incredible or beyond sober reality; &a^fabultyuji wealth. Mythical is often euphemistic for what is feigned or nonex- istent ; as, a mythical tale. Apocryphal adds the implica- tion of spuriousnesB or sham ; as, apocryphal letter, books. fa-^ade' (fo-sad'), n. [F., fr. It., fr. L. fades. See face.] A rch. Front of a building ; esp., the principal front. face (fas), n. [F.,fr. LL./acia, L./ac7'e«form, shape, face.] 1. The front part of the head ; of man , the part of the head including from forehead to chin. 2. Expression ; look. 3. Boldness; effrontery. 4. Presence; view; sight. 6. Out- side appearance ; aspect; hence, pretense. 6. The physical features of a country. 7. The surface of anything ; esp., the front, upper, or outer part. 8. The principal side, as the front of a building orthe marked side of a playing card. 9. Any bounding plane of a polyhedron. 10- The exact amount expressed on a note, bond, etc. Syn. Face, countenance, visage, fhysioonomt. Face is the simple and direct word ; countenance is more ele- vated, and often retains the implication of looks or expres- sion. VisAOB is now chiefiy poetical ; it often emphasizes outward appearance. Physiognomy denotes the face esp. as expressive of mind or disposition, or, fig., significant aspect. — V. t. ; faced (fast) ; fac'ing (fas'Ing). 1. To confront impudently. 2. To meet in front ; oppose firm^ ; resist. 3. To stand with the face toward. 4. To cause to present a face, as in a ceixain direction. 6- To cover with anything, as for ornament or protection ; put a face or facing on. ^ V. i. To present a face (in a certain direction). face card. Playlrw Cards. A king, queen, or knave. fac'et (fSs'St), n. IF. facetted 1. A little face ; esp., one of the small plane surfaces of a cut gem. 2. Zobl. The sur- face of one of the small eyes in a compound eye; also, one of the small eyes, or ocelli — v. t. To cut facets on. fa-ce'ti-8D (fd-se'shl-e), n. pi, [L., fr. facetus elegant, fine, facetious.] Witty or humorous writings or sayings. fa-ce'tlOOB (-shfis), a. Given to, or characterized by, pleas- antry ; jocose; jocular. — Syn. Bee witty. — fa-ce'tloiui- ly, adv. — fa-ce'tlons-nesB, n. fa'dal (fa'shjil), a. Of or pertaining to the face. — facial angle, the angle made by the intersection of the axis of the face with the axis of the skull. facile (fSs'tl), a. [L. facilis^ prop., capable of being done ; hence, facile, f r. facere to do.] 1. Easily done; not diffi- cult. 2. Easily surmounted, removed, or mastered. 3. Ap- proachable ; affable. 4. Easily persuaded ; yielding ; pUant. 6. Ready ; fluent. — fac'ile-ly, adv. — fac'ile-neBB, n. fa-clll-tate (fd-sIlT-tay, v. t ; -TAT/ED (-taVSd) ; -TAT/mo. To make easy or less difficult. — fa-cU'l-ta'tion(-t^'Bh^n),n. fa-cll'i-ty (-tT), n.;pl. -TIES (-tTz). 1. Quality of being easily done; ease. 2. Readiness from skill or practice; dexterity ; address ; expertness. 3. Easiness to be per- suaded; complaisance ; — usually in a bad sense. 4. That which facilitates any action; aid ; — usually ijipl. facl-ne'rl-ous (f&'t-ne'ri-fts), a. [L. fadnarosusy tr.f aci- nus bad deed, /flcere to do.] Very wicked. Obs. fac'ing (fasTng), n. 1. A covering in front, for ornament or protection; exterior covering. 2. A lining near the edge of a garment for ornament or protection. 3. pi. Mil. The collar, cuffs, and trimmings of a military coat. fac-Blml-le (fSk-sTm'T-le), n. [L. fac simile make like.] An exact copy or likeness. — Syn . See duplicate. — v. t. ; -LED (-led) ; -le-iko. To make a facsimile of. fact (fSkt), n. [Jj. factum, fr. facere to do.] 1. A thing done; deed. Obs. orR., exc. in "accessories after the /acf,y etc. 2. An event, occurrence, quality, or relation, mani- festly real. 3. The quality of being actual ; actuality ; as, a question of fact. 4. The statement of a thing done or existing; loosely, the thing supposed to be done or to exist. ale, senate, c&re, ftm, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, rec«nt, maker ; ice, HI ; old, Abey, drb, ftdd, B5ft, cdnnect; use} Onite, fixn, tip, circus, menii; f6od, foot; out, oil; chair; go ; sing, b|k; tben, thin; FACTION 259 FAIRY tao'tlon (fSk'shiin), n. [L. factio a doing, faction. See FACT.] 1. A set or claaa of peraons. 2. A combination or clique (generally contentioua or Belf-seekiug) in a state, party, etc. 3< Party in general ; party tumult ; dissension. — Syn, See combihation. — fao'tlon-al (-ftl), a. lao'tlous (-BhQs), a. 1. Given to faction, or diasension ; aeditious. 2- Proceeding from, or characterized by, fac- tion. — lao'tlous-ly, adv. — fac'tlous-ness, n. fac-tl'tlons (fSk-ttsh'ils), a. [L. factwius^ it, facere to make.] 1. Artificial; sham. 2. Formed by, or adapted to, an artificial standard or rule ; not natural ; as, a Jac- tiihus taste. — f ac-tl'tious-ly, adv. tlous-ness, n. Syn. FAcrmouB, unnatural. That is unnatural which departs in any way from a normal state ; that is factitious (see artificial) which is brought about or wrought up by labor and effort; as, & factitious demand (one "worked up "} ; unnatural excitement, factitious excitement. tac'tor (fSk'ter), 71. [L. factor a doer.] 1. One who does buaioess for another; agent ; eap., a commission merchant. 2- A steward or bailiff of an estate. Obs. or Scot. 3- Math. Any of the quantities which, multiplied together, form a product. 4- One of the elements that contribute to pro- duce a result ; a constituent. ^ v. t. To resolve into factors. lac'tor-age (-aj), n. Agency or commisBion of a factor. fac-to'll-al (fXk-to'ri-j^l ; 57), a. Belated to factors or fac- torials. ^ n. The product of an integer by all other smaller integers ; as, factorial 4 (written JJ or 4 !) equals 4x3x2x1. fac'tO-ry (fSk'tS-rl), n. ; pi. -hies (-rlz). 1. A trading sta- tion where factors, or agents, reside and transact buaineaa. 2. A building, or collection of buildings, usually with equipment, for the manufacture of goods ; manufactory. fac-tO^tnin (fSk-to'ti'lm), n. [L., do everything.] 1. A busybody. Obs. 2. One employed to do idl kinds of work. fac'ture (^k't(0r), u. [L./ac^U7'a a making.] Act or manner of making or doing anything, esp. an artistic production. lac'u-la(-Ti-ld), n. ; L.pl. -LjE(-le). [L.,dim. oifax,faeis^ a torch.] A spot or streak on the surface of the sun brighter than the surrounding regions of the photosphere. fac'nl-ta-tlve (-i^l-ta-ttv), a. 1. involving, bestowing, or having more or less freedom of choice, action, or the like; hence, optional. 2- Pert, to a faculty or faculties. fac'lll-ty C-tt), n. ; pi. -TIES (-tiz). [fr. F., fr. L. facultas, fT.facilis easy, facere to make.] 1. Ability to act or do. 2- a That in which one is trained ; trade ; profession. Ar- chaic, b Special endowment ; knack. 3. Oae of the pow- ers of mind or sense ; as, in possession of one's faculties. 4- A department of learning or instruction in a university. 6. The members of a profession or calling; as, the legal faculty. 6- The president, professors, and tutors in a uni- versity or college. Chiefly U. S. 7- Executive ability; efficiency. Colloq. — Syn. Talent, aptitude ; dexterity, cleverness, readiness. See gift. fad (fSd), n. A custom, amusement, etc., followed for a time with exaggerated zeal; hobby; craze. — Syn. See FASHION. — fal'dlBt (fSd'ist), n. fade (fad), V. i. ; fad'ed (fad'Sd ; 24) ; fad'ing. [prob. fr. OF. f Oder ^fr. fade feeble, pale.] 1. To grow weak; decay; wither. 2. To lose freshness or brightness ; grow dim. 3. To sink away ; vanish. — v. t. To cause to fade. fadeless, a. Unfading. — fade'leasly, adv. fadge (^j), 1'- i- To suit ; succeed ; thrive. Obs. Zad'ing, fad'dlng (fSd'Tng), n. A kind of dance ; — chiefly in loith afadinOf ae in the burden of a song. Obs. fad'om (fid'iim). Obs. or dial. var. of fathom. fSD'cal, fai'ces- Vara, of fecal, feces. ta'Sr-le \ (fa'5r-T), n. 1. The world of fairies, eap. of such fa'er-y f as were first depicted by Spenser, Archaic. 2. A fairy. Obs. — a. Of or like faery. — Syn. See fairy. Paf'nlrCfav'ner), 71. [Ice\. Fdfnir.'] leel. Myth. Atreaaure- guarding giant who, in dragon's form, was slain by Sigurd. fag (fSg), V. i. ; FAGGED (fSgd) ; pag'ging (fSg'Tng). 1. To labor to wearineaa ; drudge. 2. To act as a fag. ^ v. i, 1. To tire by labor ; exhaust. 2. To use or treat as a fag. — Syn, See tieb. — n. 1. Toil ; drudgery. Colloq.., Eng. 2. In English schools, a boy who does aervice for another of a higher form ; a drudge. — fag'gor (-er), n. fag'-end', n. The end of a web of cloth, of a rope, etc. ; an end of poorer quality ; remnant. (ag'Ot, fag'got (fag'St), n. [F.l 1. A bundle of sticks or twiErs,»B for fuel or a fascine. 2. Mil. One hired to take another's place at a muster; a dummy. 06*., Eng. — v. L To make a fagot of ; bind in a fagot, or bundle. Fah^en-lielt (fa'rZn-hit), a. Designating, or conforming to, the scale used by G. D. Fahrenheit (1686-1736) in grad- uating his thermometer -* n. The Fahrenheit thermome- ter or scale, bo graduated that the f reezihg point of water is at 32° above 0'^, and the boiling point at 212° above. II fa^ience' (fi'yaNs'), n. [F., fr. Faenza^ a town in Italy.] Fine richly colored glazed earthenware. fall (f 51), V. i. [F.faillir^ fr. L. fallere, falsum^ to deceive.] 1. To be wanting ; fall short ; come to an end. 2. To lose vigor, resources, etc. ; become weaker. 3. To perish ; die ; — of a person. Obs. 4. To be found wanting or to come short, in an action, duty, result, etc. 6. To err in judg- ment. 6. To become bankrupt or in solvent. — v.^ 1. To be wanting to; disappoint; desert. 2. To miss of attaining; lack. Rare. — n. Failure. Rare^ exc. in without fail. lall'lng, vb. n. A falling short; failure. — Syn. See fault. fall'ure (fal'iir), n. 1. A failing ; default ; deficiency. 2. Omission to perform. 3. Want of success ; state of having failed. 4. Deterioration ; breaking down. 6. A be- coming insolvent or bankrupt. 6. One that has failed. fain (fan), a. \_AS,. fsegen.'\ 1. Well-pleased ; glad. 2. Rel- atively contented ; constrained. 3. Inclined ; desirouB. — adv. With joy ; gladly ; — now with would. II t^Mrk^'taaX! (f a'na'SH'), a. [F., f r. faire to do +n^a7i/ noth- ing.] Inactive ; idle. — n. An idler ; sluggard. faint (fant), a. [F. feint, p. p. of feindre to feign, in OF. also, to remain inactive.] 1. Wanting in courage ; timorous; depressed. 2. Lacking strength ; weak ; languid. 3- Lack- ing distinctness; hardly perceptible ; as, dk faint color or sound. 4. Performed weakly or feebly; slight; half-hearted. 6. Producing a sensation of faintness ; oppressive. — n. Act or state of fainting ; swoon. — v. i. 1. To sink into dejec- tion ; lose courage or spirit. 2. To grow feeble. Archaic. 3- To swoon ; — often with away. 4. To decay ; grow dim. — faint'ly, adv..— falnt'ness, n, f alnt'-hearVed (iant'har''t€d ; ]09)> a. Cowardly; timorous. fair (fSr), a. lAQ.fgeger.l 1. Pleasing to the eye; beauti- ful. 2. Elegant; desirable; favorable. 3. Free from spots, specks, dirt, or imperfection ; unblemished. 4. Distinct ; legible, aa writing. 6- Characterized by frankneaa, honesty, or impartiality ; open ; juet. 6. Open to legitimate pursuit ; — chiefly in fair game. 7- Light ; blond ; aa, fair skin. 8. Without marked merit or defect; average; middling. 9. Not stormy ; favorable; also, clear; cloudleas; — eaid of the aky, weather, etc. 10. Unobstructed; clear ; as, a fair view. 11. Promising ; propitious. Syn. Just, equitable, unprejudiced. —Fair, impartial, un- biased, DISINTERESTED imply freedom from undue influence. Fair implies, negatively, absence of injustice or fraud ; ?ositively, the putting of all things on an equitable footing. mfartial implies absence of favor for one party more than the other. Unbiased expresses even more strongly lack of prejudice or prepossession. Disinterested denotes that freedom from bias due to absence of selfish interest. — adv. In a fair manner. — Syn. Attractively, pleas- antly, agreeably ; equitably; promisingly. — n. 1. A fair woman ; sweetheart. 2. That which la fair or fortunate. fair, n. [OF. feire, f r. L. feria holiday, pi. feriae days of rest, holidays, festivals.] 1. A gathering of buyers and sellers at a stated season. 2. A festival, and sale of fancy articles, etc., usually for charity. 3. A competitive exhibi- tion of wares, products, etc.; as, an agricultural /air. fair'-faced^ (-fast^ ; 109), a. 1. Of a light complexion. 2. Fair in appearance ; specious. falr'1-ly (ffir'T-lT), adv. In the manner of a fairy. falr'lng, n. A present, originally one from a fair. fairly, adv. In a fair manner ; justly, favorably, plainly, etc. falr'neSB, n. State or quality of being fair. falr'-spo'ken (-spo'kfti; 109), a. Usingfairspedch; ut- tered with fairness : courteous ; plausible. falr'way (-wa'), n. The navigable and unobstructed part of a harbor, river, etc. falr'y (fSr'I), n. ;pl. fairies (-Tz). [OF. faierie, faerie, en- chantment, fairy folk, fr. LL. fata one of the Fates, hence, fairy, fr. L. fattim fate. See fate,] 1. Faery. Obs. 2. An imaginary aupernatural being, supposed to assume a human form (usually diminutive), and to meddle in hu- man affairs ; a fay. ^ a. Of, pertaining to, or like, fairies. Syn. Fairy, faErt. Under the influence of the ^* Faerie Qiiepne," the spelling faEry has come to connote (aa con- trasted with the more concrete and definite implications of fairy) such an unreal, romantic, and visionary world as one associates with Spenser^s poem. natire, verdure (87) :K = ch in G.ich,acli (50); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Nunobers refer to §§ in Guidp. iSxpUiuatlonrof AbbrevlatlOHS, Slffna, eto., precede Vocabuittry. U Foreign Word, + combined with. =eauBi8. FAIRYLAND 260 FALSITY falr'7'laild' (ffirl-lSndOt n. Land or abode of fairies; faSry. faith (fath), n. [OF. feid, feit, /ei, fr. L. fides.'] 1. In- ward acceptance of a peraonality as real and trustworthy, of an idea as true and obligatory, or of a thing as beneficial. 2. Recognition of spiritual realities and moral principles as supreme. 3. That which is believed ; esp., a system of re- ligious beliefs. 4. Quality or state of being faithful ; fidel- ity i loyalty. — Syn. See belief. — interj. By my faith ; verily. —w.^ To believe. Obs. faltllflll(-f8dl),a. 1. Full of faith; disposed to believe, esp. in God. 2. Firm in adherence to engagements. 3. True in affection or allegiance. 4. Worthy of confidence and belief; accurate, as a story. — Syn. Trusty, honest, upright ; trustworthy, steadfast, constant. — laith'ful-ly, adv. falth'fnl-ness. n. See -ness. — Syu. See constamgt. falth'leBS, a. 1. Not believing, esp. in God or the Christian religion. 2. False to promises ; disloyal. 3. False to duty or service. — faithlessly, adv. — faithless -ness, n. Syn. Disloyalj treacherous, perfidious, false ; changeable, changeful, variable, mutable, wavering, fluctuating, vacil- lating, unsteady, unstable, volatile, mercurial, veering, shif tmg. — Faithless, inconstant, fickle. Faithless, the strongest term, commonly connotes deception or treach- ery. Inconstant implies changeableness and instability; FICKLE adds the implication of capriciousness. fal'tour (fa'ter ; -toor), n. '[OE.Jaiior a doer,L./oc/or.] A cheat ; impostor. Ohs. fake (fak), n. Naut. A single turn or wind of a coiled rope, cable, etc. — v. L; faked (fakt) ; fak'ino. To coil in fakes. fake, V, t. To do, make, or work upon in some way, esp. BO as to invent fictitiously, falsify, or the like. — v. i. To practice faking anything. — n. Any person or thing not what it ostensibly is. All Colloq. or Slang. fak'er (fak'er), n. Erroneously /oArir. Slang. One who fakes; as : a A peddler at fairs, etc. b A fraud ; petty swindler. fa-klr' (fd-ker' ; fa'ker),.n. Also fa-keer' (fo-ker'). [Ar. faqir poor.] A derviEdi ; a member of any of the religious orders of Islam ; loosely, esp. in India, a beggar or itinerant wonder-worker of other religions. fa la, or fa— la (fa la), n. Music, a A refrain in old songs. b Hence, an old kind of part song with such a refrain. fal^a-la (fSl'bo-la), farbe-lo(-be-lo), n. A furbelow. fal'cate (fSlOiat), a. [L. falcatics, fr. falx^falciSj sickle, scythe.] Hooked or curved like a sickle, as a claw. fal'chlon (ffil'chfin ; -shSn), n. [fr, OF., fr. LL., fr. L. falx, falcis^ sickle.] A broad-bladed, medieval sword, slightly curved ; hence, chiefly Poetic^ any sword. fal'cl-form (fSl'sT-fSrm), a. {li.falx,fnlcis, sickle +-/orm.] Qaving the shape of a scythe or sickle. fal'COn (fS'k'n; f61'-), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. falco.'] Formerly, any of various hawks, prop, a female, used in hawking, esp. a peregrine falcon; now, any of various long-winged hawks with a notch and tooth on the edge of the upper mandible. f al'con-er (-er),n. A breeder or trainer of hawks for hunting. fal'con-ry (fS'k'n-rl), n. Art of training falcons to pursue game; also, the sport of hunting with falcons. fal'de-ral' (fSl'de-rai' ; fal'de-raV), fal'de-roV (-r5»), fol'- de-IOl' (f 61'-), n. 1. A meaningless word used as a refrain in old songs. 2. A trifle ; bit of finery ; nonsense. fald'StOOl' (f6ld'stoolO) n. A movable folding stool or small desk at which worshipers kneel during devotions. fall (fSl), V. i. ; pret. fell (fSl); p. p. fall'en (f81"n) ; p. pr. & vh. n. fall'ing. [AS. jeallan.'} 1. To pass down- wards freely ; drop ; hence, to hang or depend freely ; as, his cloak falls from his shoulders. 2. Hence: a To lose dignity, character, or the like, b To come to pass as if by descending ; as, mght falls, o To be uttered, as words. d To be lowered, as the glance, e To sound less loud or high ; to sound with lower pitch ; as, his voice /eW. 3. To become prostrate. 4- Hence : a To stumble ; be en- trapped ; as, to fall into error, b To die, esp. by violence. C Tobecapturedordestroyed. 6< To move or extend down- ward. 6. Hence : a To subside, abate, decline, as flame ; to ebb, as the tide, b To decline in activi ^y , strength , price, etc., as stocks, c To become or appenr dejected ; — said of the face. 7. To strike; impinge; as. the shot /c// near him. 8< To pass somewhat suddenly into a new state; as, to fall asleep ; hence, to begin ; as, to fall to work. 9- To happen; light. 10. To come, pass, or be transferred, as by lot or inheritance. 11. To be arranged or divisible (tv/o). — V. t. 1. To let fall. 06*. 2. To fell, as a tree. Dial. — n. 1. Act of falling; a dropping, esp. by gravity ; de- scent. 2. Downfall ; ruin. 3. A thing or quantity that falls or has fallen; aa,a two-inch/aW of snow. 4. Adrop- ping or shedding, as of leaves. 6- Autumn. 6. A sinking ; subsidence, as of the tide. 7. Descent of water ; a cascade. 8. A downward direction ; declivity. 9. Distance which anything falls. 10. Decrease in price or value ; deprecia- tion. 11. Lapse from goodness ; spiritual ruin ; esp., the act (fall of man) of Adam and Eve in eating of the forbid- den fruit. 12. Surrender of a besieged place ; as, the/afj of Troy. 13. a Formerly, a kind of neck ruff or band, b A woman's veil. 14. a That part of the rope of a tackle to which the power is applied in hoisting, b pL Naut, The tackle used to lower or hoist a ship's boat. fal-la'dOUS (fa-la'shi^s), a. 1. Embodying a fallacy ; mis- leading. 2- Disappointing; delusive;as,/affaci(n»hopeB. — f al-la'cloiis-ly, adv. — fal-la'clous-ness, n. Syn. Dishonest, cheating, deceiving, guileful, crafty, wily. — Fallacious, misleading, deceptive, deceitful, fraudu- lent imply delusion. That is fallacious which deludes (esp.) by false appearance or false reasoning ; that is his- LEADiNa which leads into error, esp. of judgment. Decep- tive applies only to objects, deceitful, to either iwrsons or things ; the former does not always, the latter commonly does, imply intent to'deceive. Fraudulent adds the im- plication of deliberate cheating or trickery. f al1a-cy (fSl'o-sT), n. ; pi. -cies (-sTz). [L. fallaeia, fr. fal- lax deceitful, fallere to deceive.] 1. FjUse appearance; de- ception. 2. A false reasoning or idea; also, fallaciousness. Syu. Fallacy, sophism, sophistry (in their nontechnical senses). A fallacy is a misleading or illusory ai^ument ; a sophism, a fallacy designed to deceive; sophistry is inten- tionally fallacious reasoning, commonly subtle or specious. fal'-lar {f&Vl&y ; fSl'iai'), ». a bit of finery ; a falderal. faU'en(f61'*n), p. a. Dropped; prostrate; degraded; mined; sl^runken ; decreased ; dead ; etc. fal'li-blo(fSlT-b'l), a. [fr.LL.,fr.L./a//cre to deceive.] I.Li- able to err or to be deceived. 2 . Liable to he erroneous. — fal'11-bU'l-ty (-btn-tl), n. — fal'll-bly (bit), adv. fall'ing, p. pr. d: vb. n. of fall. — falling evil or sickneBS, epilepsy. fallow (f SI'S), n. 1. Land, ordinarily used for crops, when allowed to lie idle during the growing season. 2. The till- ing of land without sowing it for a season. — a. Left un- tilled or unsowed after plowing; uncultivated, —v. t. To plow, harrow,'and break up (land) without seeding, in order to destroy weeds and insects and render mellow. fal'lOW, a. IAS. fealu^fealo.] Pale ; pale yellow. fallow deei [from its color], a European species of deer much smaller than the red deer. In summer it is spotted with white. false (f6ls), a. ; fals'er (fSl'ser) ; fals'- BST. [L. falsus, p. p. oi fallere todeceive.] 1. Uttering falsehood ; untruthful ; dis- honest. 2- Not faithful or loyal ; untrue; treacherous. 3. Not according with truth or reality ; not true. 4. Not genuine orreal; counterfeit ; artificial ; feigned. 5- Not well founded ; erroneous; wrong. 6. Not essen- tial or permanent, as temporary or supple- mental structures ; as, & false deck, floor, etc. — adv. Falsely. false'hood (feisOiis^d), Fallow Deer (male). n. 1. "Want of truth or accuracy ; falsity. 2. A lie ; lying. 3- Treachery. Obs. or i?. 4. A counterfeit ; forgery. Arcfiaic. — Sjn. SeePALsiTY. false'ly, adv. In a false manner ; erroneously ; perfidiously. falae'ness, n. State or quality of being false ; inaccuracy; deceitfulneps ; treachery. — Syn. See falsity. fal-setno (fGl-sSt'o), n. ; pi. -tos (-oz). [It.] 1. A false or artificial voice ; esp., that voice of a man which lies above bis natural voice. 2. A falsetto singer. fal'sl-fy (f6l'sT-fT), V. t. ; -pied (-fid) ; -py'ing. 1. To make false ; as : a To represent falsely, b To make false by change or addition. 2. Tn prove false ; disprove. — r. i. To lie. — faVsl-fl-ca'tlon (-fi-ka'shiln). w. — fal'sl-H'er, n. fal'si-ty(-tT), n.; pi. -ties (-tlz). 1. State or quality of being false, ov untrue. 2. That which is false ; a falsehood. Syn. Falsity, falseness, falsehood, lie, untruth, men- dacity. Falsity and falseness both express Jack of con- ale, senate, cftre, am, account, firm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, fibey, 6rb, 6dd, sSft, connect ; iise, anite, iira, tip, circiis, menii j food, f66t ; out, oil ; chair ; go \ sing, iqk ; feben, thin,* FALSTAFF 261 FARAD formity to truth ; but Jalsity may or may not suggest blame, /affene^j (sometimes a synonym iox faithlessness) commonly does. A falsehood is a false declaration de- signedly made ; a lib (a term of extreme opprobrium) is a gross falseliood ; an untruth (sometimes euphemistic for falsehood or lie) may arise from iguorauce or misconcep- tion ; the word is sometimes used (like falseness) in the sense of unfaithfulness. Mendacity is habitual lying. Fal'Statfi Sir John (fSKstM). in Shakespeare's "Merry Wiveflof Windsor," and in bis " Henry IV.," afat, sensual, and coward!^ soldier, of great wit and impudence. fal'ter (fOl'ter), v. i. To move or act unsteadily or waver- ingly ; hesitate ; as, his step, tongue, courage faltered. — Syn. SeeHESiTATB.— v.£. To utter hesitatingly or brokenly. — n. A broken sound ; a quaver. — fal'tor-lng-ly, adv. lame (fam), ». [OF.,fr. L./ama, fr./a/itospeak.] 1. Pub- lic report ; common talk. 2. General opinion ; reputation. 3. Lofty reputation ; renown. — Syn. Celebrity, notoriety. See REPUTATION. — V. t. ; famed (famd) ; pam'ing (faming). Rarey exc. in p. p. 1. To report currently, widely, or honorably. 2- To make famous by speech and report. fa-mll'iar (fa-mil'ydr), a. [fr. F., fr. L. familiaris, fr. fa- inilia family. See family.] 1. Of or pertaining to a fam- ily; domestic. Archaic. 2. Closely acquainted ; intimate. 3. Like an intimate friend ; hence, not formal ; uncon- strained. 4. Well-known; common; frequent. Syn. Familiar, intimate. Familiar, as here compared, implies the informality and freedom of continued ac- quaintance or intercourse ; it occasionally suggests the taking of undue liberties ; intimate denotes close and con- fidential relations; as, though intimate for many years, they seldom addressed each other in familiar terms. — n. 1. An intimate; companion. 2. A. member of a family. Obs. 3. For famlUar spirit, a spirit or demon in intimate relation with, or subject to the call of, a person. fa-mll'l-arl-ty t-I-Sr'i-ti; -ySr'I-tt), n.; pi. -ties (-ttz). 1. State of being familiar ; intimacy. 2. Anything said or done in a familiar, or informal, manner ; esp., ^f., such ac- tions and words as propriety does not warrant ; liberties. 3. Close acquaintance with, or knowledge of, anything. fa-mlVlai-lze (-mTl'ydr-Iz), V. t. ; -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'ihg (-iz'- Ing). 1. Tomakefamiliar, or intimate; habituate j accus- tom. 2. To make well known, or familiar. fa-mll'iar-ly (-it)) adv. In a familiar manner. lam'l-ly (fSm'i-li), n. ; pi. -lim (-iTz). [L. familia^ fr. famulus servant. ] 1. The body of persons who live in one house, and under one head ; a household. 2. a Those de- scended from a common progenitor ; a tribe, clan, or race ; kindred. 1) Lineage ; esp., honorable lineage ; noble stock. 3. A group comprising immediate kindred, esp. of parents and children. 4. A group of kindred things ; as, a family of languages. 6- Siol. A group of related plants or animals ranking in classification above a genus and below an order. fam'ine C-In),». [P., fr.L./amci hunger.] 1, General scar- city of food ; dearth ; destitution. 2. Extreme scarcity of something; as, acoal/amiTie. 3. Lack of food; starvation. fam'lsh (-Tfah), V. t. l. To starve, destroy, or distress with hunger. 2. To deprive (of something necessary). 06s. tfc R. — v,i. 1. To die of hunger; starve. 2. To suffer ex- treme hunger or deprivation. — fam'lsll-ment (-m5nt),n. fa'mous (fa'mas), a. [L. famosits, fr. fama fame. See 7AME.] 1. Celebrated in fame; renowned. 2. Notorious. Obs. or Archaic. — la'moua-ly, adv. — fa'mons-ness, n. Syn. Famous, notorious. Famous is used in a good sense; notorious, now almost always in a bad; as, a famous preacher ; a notorious criminal. fam'u-lu8 (fSm'ti-lfis), n. ; L. pi. -li (-li). [L.] A servant .or attendant, as upon a scholar or a magician. fan (fSn), n. [AS. fann, fr. L. vannus fan, winnowing.] 1. An instrument for producing currents of air by the mo- tion of a broad surface. 2. Something fan-shaped. ^ v. t. ; FANNED (fSnd) ; fan'ning. 1. To winnow. 2- To move or impel with a fan. 3. To direct a current of air upon with a fan, as u^on a fire ; hence, to stir to activity; stimulate. fa-naVic (fd-n5t'Tk), a. [L. fanaticus^ lit., inspired by di- vinity, fT.fanum fane.] Excessively enthusiastic, esp. on religious subjects. —n. A fanatic person; a visionary zealot. — Syn. See enthusiast. — fa-nat'l-cal (-T-kfil), a. — fa- nat'1-o^-ly, adv. fa-nat'1-Clsm (-sYz'm), n. Excessive enthusiasm, unreason- ing zeal, orextravagant notions, on any subject, esp. religion. fail'cl-er(fSn'8T-er), w. 1. One governed by fancy. 2. One who fancies, or has a special interest in, something, as birds. fan'cl-ful (-fd61), a. 1. Full of, or guided by, or based on. fancy, rather than reason; whimsical. 2. Curiously shaped or constructed. — lan'cl-tul-ly, adv. — fan'Cl-ful-neSB, n. Syn. Imaginative, Ideal, visionary, chimerical, odd, queer, strange, wild. — Fanciful, pantabtic, grotesque, bizarre. Fanciful suggests such a liceuseto oue's conceits or fan- cies as subordinates taste and judgment to them. That is fantastic which is excessively or extravagantly /arici/wi; GROTESQUE adds to the implication of violent incongruity or distortion; BiZARREsuggests rather oddnessoreccentricity. fan'cy (.fSu'sI), n. ; pi. -cies (-slz). [coiitr. fr. fantasy, fr. OF., fr. L.) fr. Gr. ^avraaia appearance, imagination, <^a»'- TaC^Lv to make visible, <^aiVeii^ to show.] 1. The faculty by which the mind forms an image of anything not present ; imagination. 2. An image lormed in the mind ; thought ; Idea. 3. A caprice ; whim ; impression. 4. Inclination ; liking formed by caprice; also {Obs. exc. in /aTwry-free), love. 6. Judgment or taste in art, dress, etc. 6. Quality or condition of being fantastic ; eccentricity. Obs. Syn. Fancy,fantasy, PHANTASY, originally the same, word, have become differentiated in sense. Fancy (see imagina- tion) denotes the faculty itself ; fantasy implies Its capri- cious exercise. In Its learned spelling, phantasy, the word sometimes suggests the image-forming power. ^a.; -ci-BR (-st-er) ; -ci-est. 1. Adapted to please the fancy ; not plain ; as, fancy goods. 2. Above real value ; as, a. fancy price. 3- Bred for special points, as an animal. 4. Based on conceptions of the fanc> ; as, a. fancy sketch. 6. Dependent on fancy; whimsical. 6- Superior ; selected ; — as fruits, etc. — v. t. ; -cied (-sTd) ; -cy-ing. 1. To form a conception of ; Imagine. 2. To have a fancy for ; like. 3. To believe without being certain. — v. i. 1. To imagine something without proof. 2. To love. Obs. fan'cy— free', a. Free from the power of fancy, or Iotol fan-dan'go (fSn-dSij'go), ». ; jai. -qos (-gox). [Sp.] A lively Spanish dance, or a tune with its rhythm. fane (fan), n. [L. fanum a place dedicated to some deity, a sanctuary.] A temple ; church. Archaic or Poetic. fan'fare^ (fSn'far'), n. [F.] a flourish of trumpets. fan'fa-ron (-fd-r5n), n. [F., fr. Sp.] A braggart. fan'fa-ron-ade'(-r^n-ad'),n. [fr.F., fr. Sp.,fr. /an/aTTtin, braggart.] Brag; bluster; ostentation. fangCfSng), V. i. [AS. Ton.] To seize, as with the teeth. .4r- cliaic or Dial.^n. 1..A longsharp tooth by which the prey of an ani- mal is seized and held ; any long pointed tooth; esp. ,one of the long, hollow or grooved, and usually ' erectile, teeth of venomous ser- pents. 2. The rootof a tooth; sharp projection. — fanged (fSngd), a. fan'gle (fSij'g'l), n. Something FaJJ^part of head of new or novel; a novelty. i^uugBauuitmLui^jicau ux fan'-tan^ (fSn'tSn'), n. [Chinese (of Canton), in fari-tan-j^n gam- bling house.] A certain Chinese gambling game. fan'ta-Sl'a {fan'ta-ze'd; fan-ta'zT-d), n. [It.] Music. A composition in which fancy Is unrestricted by set form. fan-tas'tlG (fan-tSs'tIk), a. [fr. F., fr. LL., fr. Gr. fftavra- o-TtK^s able to represent, (/>ai'Ta^eti' to make visible.] 1. Of, pertaining to, or of the nature of, fantasy, or imagination. Obs. 2. a Imaginary, b Grotesque ; quaint; whimsical ; fanciful. — Syn. SeePANcxFUL. — n. One who indulges in fantastic ideas ; one given to fantastic dress, manners, etc. lan-tas'tl-cal(-tt-krtl),ff. 1. = fantastic, ^.,1. 2. Marked by fantasy ; given to fantasies, — f an-tas'tl-cal-ly, adv. fan-tas'ti~CO (fSn-tas'tt-ko), n. [It.] A fantastic. Obs. fan'ta-sy (fSn'td-st), n. ; pi. -sies (-sTz). [see panoy.] 1. Imagination ; fancy. 2. A product of imagination, as: a A mental image ; phantasm ; hallucination, b An in- genious or fantastical design or Invention. 3. Whimsical or capricious mood. 4. Music— vk'sta^ik, — Syn. SeeFANCT. — v. t. ; -BiBD (-sTd) ; -st-ing (-sT-Tng). To fancy; imagine. fan'tom. Var. of phantom. fap (fS,p), a. Intoxicated ; fuddled. Obs. far (fSr)i o^dv. [AS. fpor.\ 1. At or to a great extent or distance of space or time ; widely ; remotely. 2. In or to agreatdegree. 3. In agreatproportion;byagreatinterval; greatly. 4. To or at a definite distance, point, or degree ; as, BO far I will go. — a. ; far'thbr (far'ther) ; farthest (-febSat). 1. Distant; hence, remote or widely different in ' time, quality, or nature. 2. Long; protracted. 3. The more distant. 4. Advanced, as in years. — Syn. See distant, far'ad (fSr'Sd), n. [after Michael Faraday^ English elec- RftttleBnake / Fangs ; Poison Bag or Sac ; d Its Duct ! 771 7(1' Muscles. nature, verdure (87) : k = ch in G. icTi, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azm-e. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Ezplanatlona of AbbrevIatloDS, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulary. |j Foretgn Word. + combined with. = eanals.. FARADIC 262 FAST trician (1791-1867).] The practical unit of electrical capac- ity ; the capacity of a coudeiiBer which, charged with one coulomb, gives a diiference of potential of one volt. fa-rad'lc (fii-rSd'Ik), a. Pertaining to Faraday (see farad, Eiy-) ;. — applied esp. to induced currents of electricity, as produced by certain forms of inductive apparatus. far'a-lUsm (fSr'd-dlz'm), Iar'a-dl-za'Uoil(-dI-za'shfin; -dx- za'ahj2u),n. Med. The application of taradic electricity. far'-a-way^ (far'd^wa')i o- 1. Distant in time, space, or kinship. 2> Dreamy ; abstracted ; — said of a look or eyes. farce (lars), v. t. ; parcbd (farst) ; fabc'ino (far'sTug). [fr. OF., fr. L. Jarcire.'\ 1. To stutE with forcemeat ; stuff. Obs. 2. To season, or " spice " (a book, speech, etc.). larce^ n, [F., fr. LL. Jarsa^ fr. L. farsus^ p. p. of J'arcire to farce.] 1. A light dramatic composition oi satirical or humorous cast. 2. Ridiculous or empty show; mockery. far'cl-cal(f ar'sT-kfEl), a. Pertaining to farce ; ludicrous ; un- real. — far'ci-cal'1-ty (-kSi'i-tT), n. — far'cl-cal-ly, adv. far'cy (-si), far'cin (-sin), n. Obs. [F. farcin, fr. L. far- ciininum a disease of horses.] A form of glanders. fard (f Urd), n. [F.] Faint for use on the face. — v. ^ To paint ; gloss over. Both Obs, or Archaic. far'del (far'dgl), n. [OF.] A bundle ; burden. Archaic. fare (fSr), v. t ,■ PABED(ffird) ; par'inq (fSrlng). [AS./aran to travel, fare.] 1. To go; pass; esp., to journey. 2- To happen, well or ill; — used impersonally. 3. To be in any state, or pass through any experience; as, to fare well, or ill. 4. To be treated at table, or with bodily comforts ; live. — n. 1. aThe price of transportation for a person, b Xbe passen- ger or passengers hiring a public vehicle. 2. State of things; fortime. Archaic. 3. Food; prorisions; as, coarse /are. fare'well' (far'wgl'; sometiines, ittrfviSl'\inte7'j. {fare (thou, you) + well.'] Go well ; good-by; — often separated by the pronoun; as, fay^e you well. — ». 1. A wish of welfare at parting ; a good-by. 2. Departure; leave-taking. fare'weir (tfir'wa/ ; fSr'wSl'), a. Parting ; final. far'-!etched' (fiir'fScht/ ; far'fSchf), p. a. 1. Brought fromafar. 2. Notnaturaliydeducedorintroduced; forced. ta-rVna (fd-ri'na; fd-re'nd), n. [L., fr far spelt.] A fine flour or meal of starchy material, as cereals, nuts, etc. farl-na'ceous (fSr^-na'shiia), a. l. Consisting or made of, or yielding, meal or flour. 2. Mealy. farm (farm), n. [F. ferme, LL. firma, fr. L. Jirmare to ina.^e&Tin,firmus firm.] 1. A fixed sum or due payable by way of rent, tax, or the like. Hist. 2. A district leased (or farmed) out for collecting government revenues. 3. Orig., a piece of land leased for cultivation ; hence, any tract de- voted to agricultural purposes. 4- A piece of land devoted to the raising of domestic or other animals ; as, a chicken farm. — v. t. 1. To collect and take the fees or profits of (a business) on payment of a fixed sum. 2- To give up to another, as an estate, the revenue, etc., for a &ced sum. 3. To devote (land) to agriculture; to till, as a farm, — V. i. To till the soil ; to manage a farm. farm'er (fai'mer), n. One who farms; esp., one who tills the soil or manages a farm. farm'house' (-housOi n. A dwelling house on a farm. farm'illg,^. a. Devotedto, adapted to, or engaged in, farm- ing, or agriculture. — n. Act or business of cultivating land. farm'Stead (farm'stSd), n. A farm with its buildings. far'O (f^'o ; fa'ro), n. A gambling game at cards, in which all the other players oppose the dealer. far'-Off^ (fir'W ; far^Sf; 62), a. Eemote ; distant. far-ra'gO (fft-rygo), n. [L. farrago^ -aginis^ mixed fodder, medley, /or spelt.] A medley ; mixture. far'rl-er (fSr'T-er), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. ferrarius blacksmith, /errum iron.] 1. A borseshoer. 2. A veterinarian, Obsoles far'rl-er-y (-i), n. The farrier's art. f ar'row (-5), n. [AS./earA a little pig.] A young pig ; litter of pigs. — V. t. as i. To bring forth (young) ; — of swine. f ar'row, a. Not bearing young in a given year ; — of cows. far'see'ing (far'i^'tng ; far'se'tng ; 109), a. 1. Able to see far ; farsighted. 2. Having foresight. far'sight''ed (-sit^Sd ; 109), a. 1. Seeing to a great dis- tance; sagacious. 2. Hypermetropic. slght'ed-ness, n. far'ther (-feer), a., compar. of far. [iorfarrer, ME. fer- rer^ compar. of far ; confused with fwther.'] 1. Tending to a greater distance ; further. 2. More distant or remote. — adv. 1, At or to a greater distance in space or timej more remotely, 2. More completely ; to a greater degree. 3. Moreover ; in addition. See note under further. far'ther-most (-most), a. Moat remote; farthest. far'thest (far'&Sst ; 24). a., superL of pab. [see fabtheb.] 1 Mostdistaut or remote. 2. Longest. — adv. At or to the greatest diiitance. far'thlng (tar'tbing), n. [AS. fior- Sung, ir. feorSa fourth, feor^fiower, four.] 1. The fourth of a penny ; a small British coin. 2. A very small quantity or value. Obs. far'tbin-gale (-felij-gai), n. [fr. OF., f r. Sp. verdugado, being named from its hoops, fr. verdugo a young shoot j of a tree, fr. verde green, f r. L. vii-idis. i See VERDANT.] A hoop skirt or hoop \ petticoat, or a light hooped frame to | extend the petticoat. fas'oes(fas'ez),n.jL>/. [Ij., pi. of fasds _ _ bundle.] Roman Aniiq. A bundle of Farthingale, rods, having among them an ax with the blade projecting, borne before Roman magistrates as a badge of au- thority. fas'd-a (fSsh1-d), n. ; pi. -cue (-e). [L., a band.] 1. Arch. A fiat member of an order or building, like a fiat band ; esp. , one of the three bands mak- ing up the architrave in the Ionic order. 2> Anai. A sheet of coimective tissue covering, supporting, or binding together internal parts of the body ; also^ tissue of this character. — f^'ci-al (-(^1), a. fas'ci-ate (-at) ) a. 1. Bound with a fillet, sash, fas'cl-at^ed (-at^Sd) ] or bandage. 2. Fascicled; also, broadly banded with color. fas'Cl-Cle (iSs'I-k'l), n. [L. fasdculus."] A small bundle ; cluster. — fas-cic'u-lar (.ffi-sik'u-ldr), a. fas'ci-Cled (-k'ld), a. Arranged in fascicles- faa'ci-nate (fSs'i-nat), v. t. &i.; -nat/bd (-nat^Sd); -NAT/iNG. [L./£MCinare, fr. /a*C(K«m a spell.] 1. To bewitch ; enchant. Obs. 2. To influence by some powerful charm. 3. To excite and allure power- fully ; charm; captivate. — Syn. Charm, enrapture, attract. See captivate. — faa'ci-naMng-ly, adv. Faeces, fas'Ci-na'tiOIl(-na'shi2n), n. 1. Act of fascinating; enchant- ment ; unseen, inexplicable influence, 2. Quality of fas- cinating; charm, 3. State of being fascinated. fas'cl-na'tor (fSsT-na'ter), n. One that fascinates. fas-dne' (fS-sen'), n. [F., fr. L. fuscina a bundle of sticks.] A long fagot for raising batteries, filling ditches, etc. fash (f&sh), V. t. & i. [OF. foschier.1 To vex ; annoy. ^ n. Vexation; trouble. All Scot. ' fashion (ffish'finj. Obs. or dial. var. of farcin, farcy. fashion (fSeh'fin), n, [F. fagon^ orig., a making, L. factio a making, /acere to make.] 1. Act or process of making; hence, craftsmanship. Obs. 2. The make or form of any- thing. 3. Mode of action; manner; way. 4. The prevailing mode or style, esp. of dress. 6. A pretense ; mere form ; sifbw. Obs. 6. Polite, fashionable, or genteel life or, col- lectively, persons. 7. Something fashionable ; a fad. Syn. Fashion, mode, style, vogue, rage, craze, fad. Fashion is the general termf or current or conventional us- a^e, esp. in polite society; mode emphasizes elegance (some- times affected) ; style suggests an approved fashion, and often connotes a certain distinction in one^s manner of con- forming to it. Vogue suggests temporary prevalence or cur- rency; RAGE, CRAZE, and PAD add the implication of extrav- agant and even more short-lived enthusiasm. See manner. — V. t. 1, To form; mold. 2. To make; devise; contrive. R. 3. To forge or counterfeit, Obs. — f ash'lon-er (-er), n. Syn. Shai)e, construct, — Fashion, frame, fabricate. Fashion emphasizes the idea of shaping or modeling ; frame, that of constructing or contriving; to fabricate is now almost exclusively to forge or frame falsely. fa8h'lon-a-ble(-a-bU),a. 1. Well-appearing. Obs. 2. Con- forming to thecustom, fashion, orestablished mode. 3. Of or pertaining to the world of fashion. ^ n. A fashionable person. — fash'lon-a-bly (-bit), adv. f ash^on-mon^ger (-miiij^ger), n. One who affects the fash- ions ; a fop. — fashlon-mou'glng (-mfiij^ging), n. Rare. fast (f&st), V. i. [AS. faestan.'] To abstain from food, or to eat sparingly and only of certain kinds of food, as by way of religious discipline, —n. 1. Abstinence fromfood, or from certain kinds of food. 2. A time of fasting. fast, a. [ME., firm, strong, not loose, AS. fsest. The sense swift comes from the idea of keeping close to what is pur- sued.] 1. Firmlyflxed; securely attached. 2. Firminad- herence ; steadfast ; faithful. 3. Permanent ; not liable ale, senate, cdire, Sun, account, arm» ask, sofa ; eve, event, £Snd, recent, maker; ice, HI ; old, 6bey, drb, 5dd, sSft, c0miect ; uaetfUiitei Iku, tip, circus, meniii foud,ftfbti out, oil; olbair; so; 8ing,i]|kt ^en,tmni FAST DAY 263 FAULTLESSNESS to fade, as a color. 4. Not easily disturbed ; sound, as a sleep. 6- Moving, or capable of moviug, rapidly ; rapid ; swift. 6. Indicating the time of day as more advanced than it is; — said of a timepiece. 7- Making quick action possible ; as, a fast track. 8- Occupying comparatively lit- tle time ; as, &/ast trip. 9- Pleasure-seeking ; dissipated. Syn. Firm, secure ; durable, lasting ; expeditious, brisk, nimble, lively, prompt, hurried. — Fast, rapid, swipt, FLEET, QuiCE^ SPEEDY, HASTY. Fost and rapid are often used without distmction ; but fast ofteu applies to the moving object, whereas rapid is apt to characterize or suggest the movement itself. Swift suggests great rapidity, often with ease or facility of movement; fleet (commonly poeti- cal) connote? lightness or nimbleness, Quick appnes esp. tothat which happens promptly or occupies but little time; it suggests celerity ratoer than velocity. Speedy is opposed to dilatory; hasty suggests hurry rather than speed. ^adv. \_kS.fseste firmly, strongly.] 1. Inafastorfixed manner. 2. Near; close. Obs.^exc.tn/astby ; fast beside. 3. Immediately. Obs. 4. Rapidly; swiftly ; also, extrava- gantly; disaipatedly. — n. .Naut. A mooring rope. fast day. A day appointed for fasting, humiliation, and religious ofBces, as a means of invoking the favor of God, fasten (fis^'n), v. t. [AS. Jmtnian.'] 1. Tofixflrmly ; se- cure, as by a knot, lock, etc. 2. To cause to hold fast; attach or unite firmly. 3. To thrust; impose; as,to/a5^en a quarrel on some one. 4. To hold steadily and intently ; as, to fas- ten the eyes on something. — Syn. Cement, stick, affix, an- nex. — V. i. 1. To fix one's self ; seize ; cling ; — with on. 2. To become fast or fixed. 3. To become firm; set, as plas- ter. 4- To perform an act of fastening. — fas't6a-er, n, fasten-lng, n. That which makes fast, as a lock, bolt, etc. fas-tld'l-ons (fSs-tld'T-^s), a. [L. fastidiosus disdainful, /cu/i(2tum loathing, aversion.] Difficult to please; squeam- ish; overnice. — Syn, Dainty, finical, critical. See nice. — fas-tldl-ons-ly, adv. — fas-tld'i-ons-ness, n. fast'ness, n- 1. State of being fast. 2. A stronghold. fat(fSt),n. [AS./as/.] A large vessel ; vat ; tub ; cask. Obs, {at, a.; fat'tbr (-er) ; -test. [AS. /«^^]' 1. Abounding with fat; aS: a Fleshy; plump, "b Oily; imctuous; rich; — said of food. 2. Coarse; heavy; dull; slow-witted. 3. Characterized by some element of richness ; as, fai, or resinous, wood,/a/coal(richin volatile matter), etc. 4- Fer- tile; a8,a/a2soil. 6- Profitable; as, a/a^ office. 6. Abound- ing in riches ; affluent. 7. Well stocked ; as, &fai larder. *— n. 1. Any animal tissue consisting chiefly of cells dis- tended with greasyor oily matter, or the oily or greasy mat- ter itself. 2. The best or richest productions; best part. — V. t. ds I. ; fat'ted ; fat'ting. To make or grow fat. fa'tal (fa'tai), a. [L. fatalis, fr. fatum. See fate.] 1. Fated ; inevitable. Bare. 2- Fateful. 3. Prophetic; esp., ominous. Obs. 4. Causing death; deadly; mortal. — Syn. See DEADLY. fa'tal-lszn (-tz^m), n. 1. The doctrine that all things are subject to fate. 2. Submission to fate. — fa'tal-lst, n. — la'tal-ls'Uc (-Ts'tlk), a. Ia-tal'1-ty (fa-tSlt-ti), n. ;pl. -TIES C-tTz). 1. State of being fatal ; invincible necessity free of rational control. 2. That which is decreed by fate ; destiny. 3. State or quality of beii^ fatal, or destructive ; fatal influence ; mortality. 4. A calamity ; disaster, esp. one resulting in death. ta'tal-ly, adv. \. In a manner proceeding from, or deter- mined by, fate. 2> In a manner issuing in death or ruin. Fa'ta IHEor-ga'na (fa^ta mBr-gS'na). [It.] A fairy cele- brated in the tales of chivalry and in inedieval romances. lata (fat), n. [L. fatum an oracle, what is ordained by the gods, fate, fari to speak.] 1, Thenecessity, or compelling principle, of nature ; destiny. 2. Appointed lot, or a pre- determined event; esp., a disastrous lot; ruin; death. 3. Fortune as shaped by extraneous forces ; as, his happy fate. 4. \cap.'\ Class: MytH.. The or a goddess of fate, or destiny ; esp., pl.^ the three goddesses supposed to deter- mine the course of human life. In Greek mythology they are called the Moerae, their names being Clotho (Spinner), whospinsthe thread of life, LachcBla (Disposer of Lots), who determine8itBlength,andAtropo8 (Inflexible One),who cuts itoll. — Syn. See destiny. — 7'. i. Toforeordain; destine. fat'ed (fat'Sd ; 24), p, a. 1. Decreed by fate ; destined ; doomed; also, controlled by fate. 2. Fate-decreeing. Rare. late'flll (-f561), a. 1. Fraught with fate ; momentous in consequences. 2- Significant of fate ; ominous. 3. Con- trolled by irresistible foreordained forces ; as, the fateful Greek tragedies. — f ate'f nl-ly, adv. — fate'Iul-ness, n. father (f a'febSr), n. [AS. f seder.'] 1. One who has begot ten a child ; a male parent, 2, A forelather ; esp., a first ancestor ; pt., aucestors. 3. One that gives origin ; a pro- ducer, author, or contriver. 4. [cap.'] The Supreme Be- ing and Creator ; God. 5. As a title : a A dignitary of the church, as a bishop, b A confessor ; — called also father confessor, o A priest. 6. loften cap.l^ Eccl. Any early Christian writer accepted as an authentic source of the early history or teachings of the Church. 7. One who acts as a parent or to whom filial affection and respect are due. — V, t. 1. To beget. 2. To bring into existence ; orig- inate. 3. To take as one's own child ; adopt ; hence, to assume as one's own work. 4. To treat as a father ; care tor, 6. To provide with a father ; — only in p. p. Rare. fa'ther-hood (-hdbd), n. State of being a father. fa'thdr-ln-laW, n. ; pi. fathers-in-law (fa'therz-). The father of one's husband or wife. fa'ther-land' (-ISnd'), n. One'suative land ; thenativeland of one's fathers, or ancestors. fa'ther-lesB, a. Destitute of a living father. fa'ther-like, a. & adv. Fatherly. fa'ther-ly, a. Like or pertaining to a father, as in affection^ care, or demeanor ; paternal. -^ adv. In the manner of a father. Archaic. — fa'ther-ll-neBB (-IT-nSs), n. fath'om(fStfa'um),n. [AS. /se^m fathom.] 1. A full stretch of the arms; hence, grasp; reach. Obs. 2. A measure of length containing six feet (space to which a man can extend his aims), used chiefly to measure cables, cordage, and depth of water by soundings. 3. Capacity ; depth, as of intellect. Rare, ^ v. t. To measure by sounding ; sound ; get to the bottom of; comprehend. — v. i. To take soundings; search (into). — f ath'om-a-ble, a. [hensible. I fath'om-less, a. incapable of being fathomed ; incompre-| fat'l-ga-Wel^fSt'I-gd-b'lJia. [L. fatigabilis.'] Easilytired. fa-tLgue' (fa-teg'), n. [F., fr. fatiguer to fatigue, L. fa- tigare.'] Weariness from labor or exertion ; also, a cause of weariness ; labor. — v. t. ; -tigued' (-tegd') ; -ti'guino (-te'- gTng). To weary ; tire. — Syn. Jade, fag. See tire. fatigue duty. Mil. Work (such as cleaning grounds, etc.) done by uoldiers aside from strictly military duty. Fat'l-ma (fSt'T-md ; fii/te-ma), n. See Bluebeard. fatOlng (fSt'lIng), n. \_fdt + 1st -ling.] A calf, lamb, kid, or other young animal fattened for slaughter. fat'ness, n. I. Quality or state of being fat ; corpulency. 2. Richness or fertility, or a cause of it. Archaic, fat'ten (fat"n), D. ^ 1. To make fat; to fat. 2. To enrich; fertilize. — v. i. To grow fat. — fat'ten-er, n. fat'tlsh (fatlsh), a. Somewhat fat or greasy. fat'ty (fXt'I), a. ; -ti-er (-T-er) ; -ti-est. Containing fat ; having the qualities of fat. — fat'tl-ness (-T-nSs), n. fa-tu'i-ty (fd-tu'T-tt), n. ; pi. -ties (-tlz). [L. faiuitas, fr. fatuus fooliab..] 1. Stupidity ; folly ; self-complacent dull- ness. 2. Imbecility; idiocy. Rare. — fa-tu'i-tous(-tws),a. fat'n-OUS (fSt^-tts), a. [L. fntuus.] 1. Silly ; often, self- complacentlystupid. 2. Without reality; illusory. — Syn. See foolish. — fat'u-ous-ly, adv. — fat'u-ous-ness, n. II f au^bourg' (fo'boor'; E. fo'boorg), n. [F.} A suburb. fau'ces(f6'8ez),n.^i. [L.] Anat. The narrow passage from mouth to pharynx. — fau'cal (-kai), fau'clal (-shftl), a. fau'oet(-sBt;24), n. lY.fausset.] A fixture for drawing aliq- uid from a pipe, cask, or other vessel ; a tap ; cock. U. S. faugh (f6), inter j. An exclamation of disgust, etc. fault (f81t), n. [F.faute, fr. L./aiiere to deceive.] 1. Defect; lack. Archaic. 2. Anything that fails, is wanting, or im- pairs excellence ; a failing; flaw. 3- Amoral failing less aeriousthanavice. 4. Afailureindoingorforbearingsome- thing; negligence; also, culpability; blame. 5. Geol.ds Min- ing. A dislocation caused by a slipping of rock masses along a plane of fracture or the resulting dislocated structure. Syn. Error, blemish, defect, flaw, imperfection; weakness, frailty, infirmity; blunder, delinquency, indiscretion, slip, lapse. —Fault, failing, foible, peccadillo. A fault is a defect or imperfection in character, disposition, or habits ; failing is more negative, and implies shortcoming, often weakness; aFoiBLB 13 a harmless, and usually amiable.weak- ness or failing ; a peccadillo is a petty or venial fault. — v.t. 1. To blame. 2. Geol. To produce a fault in. — V. i. To err ; blunder. Archaic. fault'ful (-fd61), a. Full of faults. — fault'ful-ly, adv. faultless, n. Without fault ; not defective or imperfect, — Syn, Blameless, spotless, perfect. — fault'leaa-ly, adv. — faultaess-ness, n. natjire, verdure (87) ;K = ch in G.ich.ach (50); boN; yet; zli=z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Explanatlonrof AbbrevlatlonB, SIipiB, etc, preceile Vocabulary. II Porelfirn Word. -H combined with. = eanals. FAULTY 264 FEATHER favlVy (fSltl), a. ; FAULT'i-EH (-tt-er) ; -i-est. 1. Of the nature of, ormarked by, lault or faults; imperfect. 2. Guilty of a fault ; blamable. R. — lailltl-ly, adv. 1-ness, n. faun (f8n), ti. One of a class of rural Italian deities repre- sented as of human shape, with poiuted ears, small horns, and sometimeB a goat's tail, or as half goat and half man. taa'na (fS'ud), n. ; pi. E. -nas (-ndz), L. -NiE (-ne). [L. Faunay a sister of i<'aunuf.] The animals of a eiveu region or geological period or formation. — faa'nal (-n&l), a. Fau'nus (-niis), n. [L.] Roman Belig. A rural deity, god of animal life and fruitiulness, patron of husbandry, hunt- ing, and herding, and guardian of the secret lore of nature. He was identified with Fan. Hence, a faun. lause (fSs), a. Scot. var. of false. Faust (foust), n. The hero of a drama by Goethe. Faust is an elderly student who, weary of seeking knowledge, de- serts his studies, and sells his soul to the Bevil (Mephia- topheles), who agrees to fulfill all hia wishes. II fau^tenll' (fo'tfi'y'), ». [F.] An armchair. llfaoz'pas'Cfo'paOipf. FAUX PAS. [F.] A false step ; now, esp., an offense against social convention. fa-VO/nl-an (fd-vo'nT-au), a. [L. Favonius the west wind.] Pertaining to the west wind ; mild ; favoring. fa'Tor, fa'VOIir (fa'ver), n. [OF. & L. favor, fr. L. favere to befavorable.] 1. Kind regard ; commendation. 2. Act of countenancing ; state of being countenanced ; aid. 3. A kind act ; kindness. 4. Mildness or mitigation of punish- ment; lenity. Obs.orR. 6. One favored. Ohs. 6. Par- tiality. 7. Beauty; charm. Archaic. 8- Appearance; look. 9. A gift or present ; token, as of love, afifection, or loyalty. 10. Cojnmerce. A letter ; -- so called in compliment. Syn. Countenance, patronage; grace, benefit, benevo- lence. — Favor, good will may often be used indistineuieh- ably. But payor is often the manifestation of good wilt, and suggests graciousness, or even condescension ; oood WILL more commonly connotes heartiness or zeal ; as. he was promoted by my favor ; they owe us only good will. — V. t. 1, To regard with favor ; countenance ; show par- tiality to. 2. To be advantageous to; facilitate. 3. To tend to confirm or sustain ; as, these facts /n"or his contention. 4. To resemble in features. S. To oblige ; show favor to. fa'vor-a-ble, la'vonr-a-ble (-d-b'i), a. i. Full of favor; favoring; propitious; approving. 2. Advantageous; tending to promote or facilitate. — fa'vor-a-ble-ness, fa'vonr-a- ble-ness, n. — fa'Tor-a-bly, fa'vonr-a-bly, adv. fa'vored, fa'^onred (-verd), a. 1. Countenanced; aided. 2. Of a (certain) favor, or appearance ; as, \\\-favored. fa'voT-OT, fa'VOUr-er (-ver-er), n. One who favors, furthers, or promotes ; a well-wisher ; supporter. fa^or-lte, la'vonr-lte (-tt), n. [fr. OF., fr. p. p. of it. favo- rire to favor.] 1. One regarded with peculiar favor, or partiality. 2. Sporting. The competitor judged moat likely to win. ^a. Regarded with particular affection. fa'Vor-lt-lsin,fa'Tonr-lt-lsm(-tt-lz'm), n. 1. The dispo- sition to favor one to the neglect of others ; partiality. 2. State of being a favorite. fawn (f6n), n. [OF.faon young one of any beast, a fawn, fr. L. feitts. See fetus.] 1. A young deer ; a buck or doe of the first year. 2. A fawn color. — a. Of the color of a fawn ; light yellowish brown. fawn, v.i. [AS./n»77i«zn,/rtA7iMZ»,torejoice; var.of/aspnton. See fain.] 1. To show delight or fondness by crouching, wagging the tail, etc. ; — said of dogs. 2. To court favor by a cringing and servile demeanor. ^ n. A fawning ; a cringe. 06*. — fawn'er, n. — f awnlng-ly, adv. Syn. Creep, crawl,crouch,bow,atoop^ truckle, sneak, curry favor. — Fawn, cringe, cower (in their fig. senses). Fawn implies servile truckling or flattery, esp. in order to court favor ; crxngb adds to the idea of base humility or deference the implication of cowardly fear ; cower suggests a timor- ous shrinking from danger or crouching for shelter. fay(fa), ra. [OF./ei. See faith.] Faith. Archaic or Scot. fayi i>. t, ds i. [AS. fegnn to join.] Obs. or Dial., exc. in shipbuilding. To fit ; join or unite closely; as, to fay two planks to each other. fay, n. [AF. /aic] A fairy ; elf. faze (faz), v. t. ; fazed (fazd) ; faz'ino (fazTng). [cf. FEEZE.] To disconcert; worry; daunt. Colloq. or Dial. foal (fel), a. [OF. /mi, L. f delis faithful, ir. fides faith.] Faithful; loyal. Obs. or Archaic. fe'al-ty (fe'Sl-tt), n. 1. Fidelity to one's lord ; the obliga- tion or oath of a feudal tenant or vassal to be faithful to his lord. 2. Fidelity; faithfulness. — Syn. SeeLOTALTT. fear (fer), n. [AS. fSr danger.] 1. The emotion charac- teristic of the apprehension of evil ; apprehension ; dread. 2. Apprehension of incurring, or solicitude to avoid, the wrath or violence of someone, as of God ; hence, the dread reverence felt toward God. 3. That which causes, or is the object of, apprehension; danger. Obs. orji., exc. in no fear. Syn. FEAB, DREAD, FRIGHT, ALARM, DISUAY,CONSTSBNATI0N, PANIC, TERROR, HORROR. Ieab is the most general term. Dread emphasizes apprehension or anxiety ; as. Dr. John- sou had an awful dread of death. Fright implies the shock of sudden, startling, and commonly short-lived fear ; as, he fied shuddering, and died oi fright. Alarm suggests the surprise and agitation excited by imminent or unexpected danger ; as, he shook with vague alarms. Dismay implies deprivation of spirit, courage, or initiative, esp. by an alarming or disconcerting prospect; as, distracted with deep disniay. Consternation heightens the implication of pros- tration or confusion ; as, dumb with consternation. Panic is overmastering and unreasoniue, often groundless, fear or fright ; as, he was iu a perpetual ^aTzic lest I should expose his ignorance. Terror suggests the extremity of conster- nation or (often violent) dread ; as, the terror by night. Horror adds the implication of shuddering abhorrence or aversion ; as, the horror of supernatural darkness. — T). t. 1. To affright; terrify. Archaic. 2. Eeflexively. To be afraid. Archaic. 3- To be afraid of. 4. To have a reverential awe of (God). — Syn. Apprehend, dread ; rev- erence, venerate. — v. i. To be ^raid. — f ear'er, n. fear'fnl (-f&61), a. 1. Full of fear ; afraid. 2. Inclined to fear; timid. 3. Fullof reverence and awe. 4. Indicating, or caused by, fear. 5. Inspiring fear ; dreadful. 6. Extremely bad, etc. See Syn. — fear'fnl-ly, adv. fol-neSB, n. Syn. Apprehensive, timid, timorous ; horrible, shocking. — Fearful, dreadful, terrible, horrible, frightful, ap- palling, awful, are often used colloquially with little dis- tinction as terms of extravagant hyperbole. See apraid. fearless, a. Freefromfear;betrayingnofear. — Syn. Bold, daring, coun^eous, intrepid, valorous, brave, undaunted, dauntless. — fear1es8-Iy, adv. — fear^ess-ncBs, n. fear'nanghr, -nought^ (-ntt'), n. A stout woolen cloth. fear'BOme (-sum), a. Frightful ; causing fear. fea'sl-ble (fe'zT-b'l), a. [fr. OF.,fr./aiVe tomake or do, L. facere. See fact.] 1. Capable of being done, or effected ; practicable. 2. Fit to be dealt with successfully ; suitable. — Syn. See possible. — fea'sl-bll'l-ty (-bTl'I-tT), fea'sl- ble-ness, n. — fea'sl-bly, adv. feast (fest), n. [OF. feste festival, fr. L./erf«m, pl./e£to, fr. festus joyful, festal.] 1. A festival; esp., a rehgious festival, as opposed to a fast. 2. Act or occasion of making an elaborate meal ; banquet. 3. A meal, or repast, of abun- dant and satisfying food; hence, any rich treat. Syn, Feast, banquet, festival. Feast suggests rich and abundant viands ; banquet adds the implication of sumptn- ousness or ceremony ; festival commonly implies the cele- bration of an anniversary or occasion of special moment. — V. i. To eat of a feast ; — often fig. —v. t. 1. To en- tertain with sumptuous or abundant provisions. 2. Fig. To delight ; gratify. — f east'er (fea'ter), n. feast'fnl (fest'f5&l), a. Festive ; festal. feat (fet), n. [OF. fef, faitj fr. Ii.factumj prop., p. p. of facere to do.] 1. An act ; deed. Obs. 2. A noble deed ; exploit. 3. A striking act of strength, skill, or cunning. Syn. Feat, exploit, achievement. Feat commonly sug- gests an act of strength or dexter- ity ; an exploit is an adventurous, heroic, or brilliant /eo// achieve- ment emphasizes the idea of distin- guished endeavor, commonly in the face of difBculty or opposition : &s^ feats of strength; the exploits of Achilles ; the achievements of set- . ence. feat, a. IF. fait made, shaped, fit, p. p. of faire to make or do. See feat, n.] Skillful ; apt ; graceful. Archaic feath'er (fSthfer), n. [AS. /carer.] 1. One of the light, horny, epider^ mal outgrowths which make upthe external covering, or plumage, of birds. 2. Plumage ; hence, attire. Feather,!, a Shaft, from 3. Kind ; nature ; — from the whicli part of the barba phrase, " Birds of a/ea/Acr," that i>*^'« ^een cut away on is, of the same species. 4. A feath- ery tuft or fringe of hair, 5. A projecting strip, rib} flu, or flange. the left ; h AcceBsory shaft with the barbs cut away on the right ; ccc Barb ; d QnllL ale, senate, c&re, Jim, account, arm, ask, sofa; eve, ©vent, 6nd, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, Sbey, 6rb, 5dd, &5ft, cSnnect ; iise, anite, Om, fip, circus, menii; food, foot; out, oil; cliair; go; sing, ii|k; tben, thin; FEATHERED 265 FELDSPATH 6. Act of feathering au oar, eto. — v. t. 1. To furnish with a feather or feathers, as au arrow. 2 . To clothe or deck, as with feathers. 3. Rowing. To turn (an oar) after a stroke BO that the blade is almost horizontal and carry it thus to the position for the next stroke. — v. i. 1. To grow feathers ; become feathered. 2. To feather oars in rowing. featb'ered (fSth^rd), a. 1. Clothed, covered, or fitted with or as with feathers or wings. 2. Winged ; swift ; fleet. feath'er-edse' (-er-SjOi »• A very thm edge easily broken or bent. — feath'er-edged' (-SjdO, a. featll'er-head' (-bSd^, n. A frivolous or light-headed per- son. — feath'er-head'ed, a. feath'er-welght (-waV), n. 1. A very lightweight. 2. A very small or insignificant thing or person. feath'er-y (-T), a. Pertaining to or resembling feathers ; covered with or as with feathers. foat'ly (feb'ir),adu. 1. Fitly. 2. Neatly; nimbly. Archaic. tea'ture(fe'tiHr), n. [fr. OF., fr. L.factura a makmg, fr. /a- c«rc,/oc/Mni, tomake.] 1. The make, form, or appearance of anytliiug, esp. of a person ; esp., good appearance. Ar- chaic. 2. The cast or appearance of the human face, esp. of a part of it ; p/., the face. 3. Any marked characteristic. 4. A form ; shape ; in contempt, a creature. Obs. — Syn, See CHARACTERISTIC. — IK t. / -TUEBD (-tjurd) ; -TUE-iNG (-tyr- ing). 1. To resemble in features ; ^vor. CoUoq. 2. To delineate the features of. 3. To give prominence to. CaiU. fea'tured (-t^rd), a. l. Shaped ; fashioned. 2. Having, formed into, or expressed by, features. fea'tore-less, a. Having no distinct or distinctive features. fobTl-fage (fSb'rt-fnj), n. [F., fr. L. /e6m fever-|-/Mfirare to put to flight.] A remedy serving to abate or remove fever. — feb'ri-Juge, fe-bzil'u-gal (fe-brTf'G-gai ; m/Tt-ivJ-), a. UnatiXB (fe'brTl ; fSWrll), a. [F. fSbnle.-] Feverish. Feb'ru-a-ry(feb'roo-a-rT),Ti. [L. fe6rMori«5,fr./e6rMa,pl.» the Romanlustral festival on Feb. 15.] The second month in the year, now having usually 28 days, in leap year, 29. fences, iso'ces (fe'sez), n. pi. [L. /aex, p\.faeef,s, dregs.] 1. Sediment; dregs. 2. Excrement. — fe'cai,flB'cal(-k(il),a. leek (fSk), n. [abbr. fr. e^ec^] Scot. & Biol. Bng. 1. Efficacy ; force ; value. 2. Amount ; quantity. feck'leSB, a. \_feck -J- -less.'] Spiritless ; weak. fec'll-leiice (fSk'fi-I^na), n. State or quality of being fecu- lent ; muddiness ; also, that which is feculent ; dregs ; feces. fec/a-lent (-lent), a. [L. faeculentus, fr. faeoula dim. of faex. See FECES.] Foul; muddy; turbid; polluted. lec'nnd (fSk'und ; feHtand), a. [fr. F., fr. L. feeundus, fr. root ot fetus. See fetus.] Fruitful ; prolific ; fertile. fec'on-date (f6k'Sn-dat), v. t. ; -dat'ed (-dafSd) ; -dat'ing. [L. fecundare^ fT./ecundus.'] To make fruitful or prolific ; fertilize. — fec'nil-datlOIl (-da'shi^n), n. fe-cnn'di-ty (fe-kunMi-tl), n. Fruitfulness ; fertility. fed (fSd), pret. & p. p. of FEED. fed'er-al (fSd^r-Sl), a. [L. /oedus league, treaty, compact.] 1. Of or pertaining to a compact, esp. one between states which by the compact surrender their individual sovereignty and consolidate into a new state ; as, a. federal union 2. a Pertaining to a state consolidated of several states which retain limited residuary powers under the common sover- eignty of the new state ; aa, a. federal government. Hence: b Of or pertaining to, or involving the principle of, the governmentof such astate ; ob, federal officers. 3. leap.] U. S. Hist, a Friendly to the principle of a federal govern- ment with strong centralized powers. 1) Of or pertaining to, or loyal to, the United States in the Civil War (1861-65) ; as, the Federal troops. -^n. ^cap."^ U. S. Hist. A sup- porter of the United States in the Civil War. Fed'er-al-lst, n. U. S. Hist. An advocate of a federal union between the colonies after the War of Independence (1775-^3). — Ped'er-al-lam (-Tz'm), n. fed'er-a-ry (fSd'er-S-rT). Obs. var. of feodary, fed'er-ate (-at), a. Ih-foederatus, p. p. of foederare to estab- lish by league, iv.foedus. See federal.] Confederate. — (-at),w.^ ^t. ;-AT'BD(-at/Sd); -at'ing. To unite in a league or federation; to organize under a federal government. led'or-a'tlon (-a'shSn), n. 1. A confederation ; esp., act of uniting to form a sovereign power so that each of the uniting states remains self-governing in local affairs. 2. A con- federacy, esp. of several states under a central government. — fed'er-a-tive (fSd'er-a-ttv), a. lee (f e), 71. [OF. fiky fieu, fief, payment.] 1. Feudal Law. Any feudal benefice, or estate in land held of a feudal lord. 2. Convmon Law. An estate of inheritance in land, being an absolute fee (fee simple) or a fee limited to a class of heirs (fee tail). 3. A charge fixed by law for certain services or privileges; as, license /ees. 4. Reward for services, esp. professional services ; pay. 6. A payment for admission to a place of amusement or instruction, au association, etc. 6. A gratuity; tip. — v. t. ; peed (fed); fee'ikg. 1. To give a fee to. 2. To hire ; employ. Chiefly Scot. feeHble (fe'b'l), a.; -BLER(-bler) ; -blest (-blBst). [fr. OF.,fr. L. Jiebilis lamentable, flere to weep.] Z. Weak physically. 2. Fragile ; slight. 3. Wanting force, vigor, or efficiency. —Syn, See weak. — fee'tole-ness, n. — feebly, adv. fee'ble-mind^ed (-mln^dSd; 24, 109), a. 1. Wanting firm- ness ; irresolute. 2. Incapable of normal mental develop- ment, though not an idiot. — fee'ble-mind'ed-neBS, n. feed (fed), v. t. ; fed (fSd) ; feed'ing. [AS. /edan, tv.fdda food.] 1. To give food to. 2. To gratify or minister to, as a sense, talent, or desire. 3. To supply with that which is used or wanted ; as, to feed a furnace. 4. To nourish, in a general sense ; to foster. 5. To produce, or serve as, food for. 6- To give for food; furnish for consumption. 7. To supply (material to be operated on) to a machine. — V. i. 1. To take food ; eat. 2. To feed one^s self ; prey ; — with 071 or upon. 3. To be nourished or satisfied, as if by food. 4. To pasture, as cattle ; graze. — n. 1. Act of eating ; hence, a meal. Archaic or Colloq. 2. That which is eaten ; esp., fodder. 3. a The act of carrymg forward the stuff to be operated on, as in a machine, b Material supplied, as coal to a furnace, c The mechanism for feed- ing, as in a machine. — Syn. See food. — feed'er, n. fee^-faw'-tum' (fe/fa/ffim'), interj. tfrn. Also fee [or fe), fo, fum. A nonsensical exclamation attributed to giants and ogres ; hence, a bogy. fee enef. A grief exclusive to one person. Nonce Use. feel (fei)* "»• '• / ^BLT (f61t) ; feel'ihg. [AS./eioji.] 1. To perceive by touch. 2. To examine by touching ; to teat. 3- To be conscious of; experience, as pleasure, pain, etc. 4. To be convinced of; believe; as, he /e/i the justice of it. — v.i. 1. Tohaveperceptionby touch. 2. Tohavethesen- sibilities affected. 3. To have a sense of being (in a certain state). 4- Togrope. 5. To appear; seem; as, it /ecis cold. — 71. Z. Feeling. Rare. 2. A sensation communicated by touch. 3. Sense of touch; as, soft to the/ee^. feel'er (fel'er), 71. 1. One that feels ; esp., a tactile organ of an animal, as a tentacle. 2. Anything, as a remark, etc., put forth to ascertain the views of others. feeling, p. a. Z. Sentient. 2. Having or expressing great sensibility. -^ n. Z. Act or condition of one that feels. 2. That sense of which sensations of touch, temperature, pressure, etc., are characteristic ; esp,, touch. 3. A sensa- tion ; perception ; consciousness. 4. Any emotional state ; emotion; pl.^ general susceptibility; as, to hurt one's /eei- ings. 5. Susceptibility to emotion, esp. refined emotion. 6. Emotional attitude in a matter of opinion; sentiment. 7. State or quality of that which causes or expresses feeling, conceived as embodying the feeling; objectified feeling; as, the feeling of a tomb, of a picture. — f eel'lng-ly, adv. Syn, Feeling, emotion, sentiment, passion. Feeling, the general term, suggests leas of agitation or excitement than EMOTION ; it is often sharply contrasted with/wrfffmeTii, and often implies little more than susceptibility to, or ca- pacity for, sympathetic emotion ; a.B, a. feeling oi sadness. Sentiment connotes a larger intellectual element; it often suggests refined, sometimes romantic, occasionally af- fected, feeling ; as, opinions due to seniiment rather than belief. Passion suggests powerful emotion ; as, man's nH- ine passion. fee simple, fee tall. See under 2d fee, n., 2. feet (fet), n., pi. of foot. feeze(fez;faz), i'. <. {AS.fesian^fysian.'] Z. Todrive;put toflight. Obs. or Scot. <& Dial, Eng. 2. To frighten; worry; discomfit. Obs. or Dial. Eng. & Colloq. TJ. S. feign (fan), V. t. [F. feindre (p. pr. feignant)^ f r. Xt.fingere to touch, form, arrange.] Z. Toimagine; hence, topretend; to form mentally and relate as if true. 2. To sham. — v. i. To pretend ; dissemble. — Syn. See assume. — felgn'er, n. feint (fant), a. [F., p. p. of feindre to feign.] Feigned; sham. Obs. or R. — n. [_F.feinte,fT. feindre.] Z. That which is feigned ; pretense ; stratagem. 2. A mock attack on one part when another part is the real object of attack. — Syn. See pretense. ^ v. i. To make a mock attack. feld'spar^ (fSld'spar'), or, now rare, feld'spaUl' (fSld'- BpSth'), n. [Q. feldspath ; feld &eld-\- spath spar.] Min. Any of a group of crystalline minerals, all silicates of alu- natjire, ver4jire (87) ; k=c1i in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN; yet; «h= z in azure, fixplsBBtlona of Abbrevlatloa«, Sl^pis, eto.| precede Vaoftbularyi " " _ _ _ _ Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. II Foreign Word* -h oomblned with* es edualBi FELDSPATHIC 266 FEWCIBLE iiiiiiiuin,with potassium, sodium, calcium, or barium. — feU- spath'lc (feid-spSth'tk), feld-spatli'ose (-5s), a. 2e-llc'l-tatO (fe-lTe't-tat), a. [h. feliciialusy p. p. of /eli- eUare, fr. felix, -icis^ liappy-] Made happy. Archaic. — V, t. /-TAT/BD (-taf Sd); -tat/ino. 1. To make happy. Rare. 2. To congratulate. — fe-Uc'l-ta'tlon(-ta'ahi^n), n. Syn. Felicitate, congratulate. Felicitate is the more formal term ; congratulate commonly implies a heartier and more genuine expression of sympathetic joy. fe-Uc'l-tons (fe-lls't-tus), a. Happily expressed ; apt. — le-llcl-toua-ly, adv. — fe-Ucl-touB-ness, n. fe-Iic'1-ty (-tt), n. :pl. -ties (-tiz). [fr. F.,fr. Jj. felicitas, fr. /elix, -ids, happy, fruitful.] 1. State of being happy ; blessedness. 2. That which promotes happiness ; blessing *, prosperity. 3. A pleasing faculty, esp. mart or language; aptness; grace. 4. A happy achievement ; an apt expres- sion. — Syn. Bliss, beatitude, blissfulnesB. See happiness. fe'llne (feain), a. [L./eKntM, tr.feles, felis cat.] 1. Of or pertaining to the cat family. 2. Catlike; sly; stealthy; treacherous; as, tk/eline nature. — lellne-lT, o^v. tell (fSl), ore/, of pall. fell,n. [AS./ef/.] Askinorhide; pelt.— Syn. See bkin. fell, ». [Icel. fjall.'] A moor ; down. Brit. toll, t). (. [AS. J'ellan^ fr. feallan to fall.] 1. To cut, beat, or knock, down. 2. [perh. different word.] To sew or hem downinacertainway. ^e^tllust. ^ n. 1. Timber cut down in one season. 2. A seam formed by felling. — fell'er, n. toU, a. [OF. /el cruel, fierce, perfidious, fr. LL. felo^ feUo."] 1. Cruel ; ruthless ; inhuman ; Fell, 2. a Original Seam fierce ; savage. 2. Deadly; dire; joining piecea A wid £; piercing; destructive; very pain- ° Uemmed-down Fold, ful. Poetic. — Syn. See ferocious. — feloness, n. f ellab (fSl'd), n.; pi. Ar. fellahin or -heen (fgl^d-hen'). E. FELLAHS (fSl'dz). \Ax . felldh.'] A peasant or cultivator in Egypt, Syria, and other Arabic-speaking countries. tol'loe (fSl'o), n.. Var. of felly. tol1ow(f51'o),n. [ME./eiawe,/e;offAf,Icel./ei«5^.] 1. A sharer ; partner. Obs. %. A companion ; comrade ; asso- ciate ; contemporary. 3. An equal in power, rank, charac- ter, etc. 4. One of a pair, or of two things used together or suited to each other ; a mate. Obs. as to man and animals. 6. A person ; individual ; one. Chiefly Collog. 6- A man of low breeding or of little worth. 7* In English universities, an incorporated member of a college, or a scholar holding a fellowship. 8- In American universities and colleges, a member of the corporation ; also, a graduate appointed to a fellowship. 9. A member of an incorporated literary or scientific society. -^ a. Being a companion ; associated. ^ V. i. To produce a fellow or equal to ; match. tollOW toellnsf. Sympathy ; a like feeling. toll0W-ly, a. Companionable ; sympathetic. Obs. feVloW-sMp (-ship), n. 1. State or relation of being a fel- low, or associate. 2. Partnership ; membership (in a soci- ety). 3. Companionship; familiar intercourse; comrade- ship. 4. An association; eBp.,a company of equals or friends. 6. Universities. A foundation to maintain a scholar called & fellow ; position and emoluments of a fellow. felly (fSl'lT), adv. In a fell manner; cruelly; savagely. teiayfffilT), n.;pZ. -LIES (-Tz). Also telloo. iAS./elg.'] The exterior wooden rim of a wheel, supported by the spokes. II tolo-^e-ee' (fe'lo-dj-se'), n. ; pi. pelos- (feioz-). [LL. /eZo, "R./elon + de of -f- se self.] One who commits suicide. fel'on (fSl'Sn), n. A kind of whitlow. fel'on, n. [F. /Hon traitor, in OF., also, villain, fr. JjL. felo, better fella.'] 1. One guilty of a felony. 2. A wicked per- son ; villain. Obs. — Syn. Criminal, convict, malefactor. — a. Characteristic of a felon ; wicked ; cruel. tol'O-ny (f51'fi-nT), n.; pi. -nies (-ntz). Any of various crimes more serious than those called misdemehnors. — to-lo'nl-0118 (f e-lo'nT-fis), a. — fe-lo'nl-oas-ly, adv. teVapat' (fSKsparO, f el'spath^ (-spSth^, etc. Yars. of feld- spar, feldspath. felt (fSlt), pret. <& p.p. of feel. felt, n. [AS. felt.'} 1. A stuff of matted wool, or wool and fur or hair, compacted by rolling and pressure. 2. Any article of felt, esp. a hat. ^ v. t. 1. To make into felt ; to mat. 2. To cover with or as with felt. felt'ing, n. The material of felt ; also, felted cloth or the process by which it is made. fe-lnc'ca (f5-13k'd), n. lit. feluca."] A fast, Uteen-rigged vessel, chiefly used in the Mediterranean . fe'male (f e'mSl), n. [fr. F., tr. h.femellat dim. of femina woman.] 1. A female human being ; also, a female animal. 2.Bot. A pistillate plant. Syn. Female, woman, LADY. Female (the cor- relative of male) empha- sizes the idea of sex ; it ~ applies alike to human Felucca, bemgs, animals, and xeiucca. plants. Its use as a synonym for wom.an, once frequent among good writers, is now commonly tabooed. As com- pared with WOMAN (the correlative of man), which empha- sizes essential qualities, lady (the correlative of gentleman) connotes rather the externals of social position or refine- ment. LadyJB often used as a mere courteous synonym for woman (as,Please allow these ladiestov^ss) ; but its iudia- crimiuate substitution for tvoman is vulgar. — a. 1. Of or pertaining to, or of the sex of, a woman, or an animal of corresponding sex. 2. Characteristic of wo- man ; feminine. 3. Effeminate. Obs. 4. Bot. a Pertain- ing to any reproductive organ or portion of a plant body in which large gametes requiring fertilization by smaller gam- etes are organized, b Pertaining to any plant organ or re- productive body which produces, oris concerned in the pro- duction of, fruit cfter fecundation. Of seed plants, loosely, pistillate. 6 Machinery. Designating a hollow part, tool, etc., into which is inserted a corresponding, or male, part. Syn. Female, feminine, womanly, womanlike, womanish, effeminate, ladylike. Female (opposed to m.aie) applies to animals and plants as well as to human beings, and al- ways su^ests sex : feminine (opposed to masculine) de- notes that which belongs to, or is cnaracteristic of, women, and often suggests gender rather than sex ; it has now prac- tically displaced all except the more strictly physiological senses of female: as, the /emaie bee : the/cwia/e ivy ; a/«- ma/e slave ; /(STninine, maternal hands; /em^nine virtues. Womanly (often opposed to girlish) suggests esp. a wo- man's deeper, tenderer, more gracious qualities ; as, a wo- manly grace. Womanlike is more apt to suggest charac- teristically feminine faults or foibles ; as, uomanlike. shB acted on impulse. Womanish (compare m,annish, chilaish) is a term oi contempt; as, your tears are womanish. Ef- feminate emphasizes unmanly delicacy, luxuriousness, or enervation ; as, an effeminate foppery. Ladylike is often used sarcastically to imply a dainty and finical affectation of the proprieties; as, fops of ladylike mien. feme (fSm), n. [OF, feme, F.femme^ L./emma.] 1. Law. Wife; — chiefly in 6aronanrf/cme. 2. A woman. Obs. — feme covert (kiiv'Srt) [OF. coverte, fern, of covert covered], Zaw, a married woman. — f. sole (sol) [OF. sole alone], a single woman, whether spinster, widow, or a divorce. fem'1-nel-ty (fSm'T-neT-tl), n. [L. femineus feminine, f r. femina woman.] Womanliness ; femininity. fem'l-nine (fSm'l-nln), a. [L, femininus.'] 1. Female; of the female sex. 2- Of or pert, to a woman or women. 3. Gram. Conforming, or denoting conformity, to the class of words distinguished primarily as denoting females. — Syn. See female, a. ^n. Gram. A word or inflectional form or class of the feminine gender. — fem'l-nlne-ly, adv. feml-nlnl-ty (-ntnT-tl), n. Also f e-minl-ty (fe-mln't-tl). Quality or nature of the female sex ; womanliness. II femme (f&m), n. [F.J A woman. — femme de chambre (dS shaN'br'), a lady's maid ; chambermaid. fe'mnr (fe'mfir), n. ; pi. E. -mum (-mfirz), L. fbuoea (fgm'- d-rd). [L. femur, femoris, thigh.] The proximal bone of the hind limb ; thigh bone. — fem'0-ral(fSm'6-rai), a. fen (fSn), n. [AS., marsh.] Low swampy or boggy land. fence (fSns), n. [Abbr. fr. dc/e?»cej 1. Act of defending; a defense ; protection. Archaic. 2. Self-defense with the sword; fencing; hence, skill in debate and repartee. 3- An incloBure ; esp. , an inclosing barrier, as about a field, to pre- vent intrusion or egress. 4. A receiver of stolen goods, or a place where such goods are received. Coltog. — v.t.; fenced (fSnst); fenc'ing (fSn'sTng). 1. To fend off danger from; protect; guard. 2. To keep out; repel. Archaic. 3. To inclose with or as with a fence. ^v. i. 1. To guard; — with against. 2. To practice fencing. 3. To contest like fencers ; esp. , to baffle, or try to baffle, inquiry or argument by equivocation or evasion. — fenc'er (f Sn'ser), n. fen'cl-tlle (fSn'st-b'l), a. Capable of defending or defense. Archaic. — n. A soldier enlisted for home service, ffixt. ^le, senate, c&re, 2Lm, account, iirm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, Snd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, drb, ftdd, sSft, cSnnect ; ose, Unite, iirn, tip, circus, menii; fd5d,fdot; out, oil; cbair; go; siixg,i^k; ^en,tliin; FENCING 267 FESTALLY Fennec. fenc'lng (tSu'uTiig), vb, n. l. Art or practice of attack and defeu^e with the sword or foil. Heuce, art or practice of evaBive or equivocating argument or debate. 2- a Materi- als fur fences. U, S. b Fences collectively . lend (ffind), V. t. [for defend,] 1. To defend. Archaic. 2. To keep or ward off. 3. To maintain. Scol.—v.i. 1. To act on the defensive; resist ; parry. 2. To strive ; uiake shift. Scot. tend'or (fSn'der), n. One that defends by warding otf harm; as : a A cushion or pad to deaden a shock, b The device in front of locomotives, electric cars, etc., to throw oi£ obstructions or lessen injury in case of collision. fe-nes'trate (fS-nSa'trat), fe-ues'trat-ed (trat-Sd), a. [L. /eneslratus, p. p., furnished with openings and windows.] Having numerous openings; irregularly reticulated. Fe'Dl-an (fe'nT-$n), n. 1. In Gaelic legend, one of a band of heroes ; — from their leader Firing or Finn viae Coul. 2. A member of a secret organization, mainly of Irishmen, having for its aim the overthrow of English rule in Ire- land. — Fe'nl-an, a. — Fe'nl-an-lsm (-Iz'm), n. fen'nec (fSn'€k), n. [Ar./aneA;.] ZooL A small African fox of a pale fawn color. lBn'liel(-gl),n. [AS./e7io;,^no?, fr. L. /entcwium, faenimUum^ dim. of /enMm^/aenMTn, hay.] A perennial plant of the celery family, with yellow flowers, cul- tivated for its aromatic seeds. fen'ny (-T), o. [AS. fennig.'] Of orpert. to a fen; boggy. leod'a-ry(fud'a-rT), n.; p/.-RiEs(-rTz). [see peudart.] 1. A feudal tenant; vassal. 2. An accomplice. Obs. or Hist. feoff (fSf). Var. of PiEP. iWilUv.t. [seePiEP.] Attjy. To enfeoff. — feolf-oe' C-e'), ft. —feoffment (fSf'm?nt), n. — feof'lor, !eof'ler(-er), n. fe'ral (fe'rai), a. [L. fera a wild animal, fr. ferus wild.] Untamed or uncultivated ; wild ; savage. fer'—de— lance' (f&rMe-laNs'), n. [F., the iron of a lance.] ZooL A large venomous serpent of tropical America. Ier6(fer), n. [fr. AS.] Mate ; companion. Archaic or Scot. fere, a. strong ; able ; in health. Obs. or Scot. fe'rine (fe'rin ; -rin), a. \1.. ferinus.l Feral; wild. fer'ment (fdr'mSnt), n. [L. fermentum.l 1. An agent ca- pable of producing fermentation, as yeast. 2. Tumult; ag- itation. 3. Fermentation. fer-ment' (fer-mSnf), v. i. 1. To undergo fermentation ; work. 2. To be agitated or excited. — v.t. To cause fer- mentation in. — fer-menVa-ble (-mSn'td-b'l), a. fev/men-ta'tlon(fQr''mgn-ta'shtin), n. 1. A chemical change with eEfervescence, aa that produced by yeast. 2. Agita- tion ; excitement. — fer-ment'a-Uve (fer-mgn'td-ttv), a. fern (ffirn), n. [AS. /earn.] A kind of plant resembling seed plants in being differentiated into root, stem, and leaves (fronds) and in having viiacular tissue, but differing in producing no seeds. Cf. pebnsebd. — fern'y (fflr'ni), o. fern'er-y (fflr'ner-T), re. ; -ERIB8 (-Iz). An artificial planta^ tion or collection of ferns. fern seed. The dustlike asexual spores of ferns, formerly taken for seeds, and reputed to render one invisible. fe-ro'olous (fS-ro'shSs), a. [L. /eroz, -oc/s, fierce.] Fierce; savage; cruel. — {e-ro'clons-ly,a(2f'. — fe-ro'clous-ness, n. Syn. Barbarous, inhuman, brutal, merciless, pitiless, ruth- less, remorseless, relentless, implacable, bloody, blood- thirsty, sanguinary, murderous, rapacious. — Ferocious, PIERCE, SAVAGE, TRCcuLENT, CRUEL, PELL. FEROCIOUS Is al- ways uufavoraole in sonso, and implies rapacity, wanton cruelty, or (often) formidable aspect ; pierce suggests ex- cessive vehemence, sometimes pitilessness, of temper or ac- tion; it may also express extreme eagerness ; savage im- plies also barbarity or inhumanity. TRUcnLENT often sug- gests ostentatious ferocity: CRUEL implies indifference to others' suffering, or even pleasure in it; pell (now poet- ical or rhetorical) connotes dire or baleful cruelty. le-roo't-ty O-rSs'I-tT), re. Savage fierceness; cruelty. -fer-ons (-fer-fis), [L. -/er, fr./erretobear.] A suflSx signi- fying bearing^ producing^ yielding. fer'ret (fSr'gt ; 24), re. [It. fioretto, dim. of Jiore flow- er.] A kind of narrow tape; — called also finrrptivg. fer'ret, n. [F. fnret, OF. also /uirrf.] Ananimal, of the weasel family, native of Africa, bred for hunting rabbits, etc. ^ v. t. To drive or hunt out of a lurking place \ search out. -^ v. i. To hunt with ferrets ; search about, — fer'ret-er, n. — fer'ret-y, a. fer'ri-age (fSr'T-aj), n. The fare for passage over a ferry. fer'rlo (-Tk), o. [L. ferrum iron.] Pertaining to, derived from, or containing, iron, esp., C^l., in its higher valence. fer'ro-con'orete (fSr'ft-kSn'kret), n. Reenforced concrete. fer'ro-type (-d-tlp), re. A photograph taken on a thin iron plate by a collodion process ; a tintype ; also, the process. fer'roUB (-i^s), a. llj. /errum iron.] Pertaining to, or de- rived from, u'on, esp., CAem., in its lower valence. fer-ru'gl-nous (fS-roo'jt-reus), a. [h. f&i'uginus^ -neus, fr. J'&rrugo^ -gini-s^ iron rust, /errum iron.] 1. Ol, pert, to, or containing, iron. 2. Resembling iron rust ; brownish red. fer'rule (fSr'eSl ; -n),re. [fr. F., fr. Lli., deriv. fr. L. wriae, pi., bracelets.] A metal ring or cap on a cane, tool handle, or the like, to strengthen it, or to prevent splitting. fer'ry (fSr'I), v. t. ; -bied (-Id) ; -bt-ing. [AS. ferian to convey, fr. fser a journey.] To transport over a river, strait, etc., in a boat. ^ v. i. To pass over water in a boat or by a ferry. ^ re. ; pi. -ries (-Tz). 1. A place where, or a vessel in which, persons or things are carried across a river, etc. 2. A franchise or right to ferry passengers or goods, charg- ing tolls.— ferTy-boat' (-bof), vi.— fer'ry-man (-man),7i. fertile (fOr'tTl ; -til), a. llj.fertilis, iv.ferre to bear, pro- duce.] 1. Producing in abundance; fruitful; prolific; — chiefly of plants. 2. Bot. a Capable of producing fruit ; as, fertile flowers, b Containing pollen ; — said of anthers. C Developing spore-bearing organs ; as, a fertile frond. 3. Produced in abundance. Obs. 4. Causing fertility. Syn. Teeming, exuberant, rich, producti;ve. — Fertilb. PRUiTPUL, PROLiPic. That is PERTiLE (esp. soil or plants; which has the inherent power of producing ; that is fruit- ful (esp. plants, trees, fields) which actually does produce; that is PROLIFIC (esp. animals) which produces abundantly, fer'tUe-freBh', a. Having thick foliage. Obs. or R. fer-tU'1-ty (fer-ttl'I-tT), n. State or quality of being fer- tile ; fecundity ; richness ; fertile invention ; readiness ; also, a quality that renders fertile ; productive power. fer'tl-Uze (ffir'tT-irz), v. t. ; -lized (-lizd) ; -liz'ing (-llz'- ing). To make fertile or enrich ; to make fruitful or pro- ductive. — fer'tl-U-zatlon (-IT-za'shfin ; -li-za'shfin), n. fer'tl-llz'er (-liz'er), n. One that fertilizes; esp., a com- mercial manure for land, as guano, bone dust, etc. ferrule (fSr'dfil ; -Tl), re. [L. fentla giant fennel (its stalks were used for punishing schoolboys), rod, whip.] A piece of wood, aa a ruler, for striking children, esp. on the hand, in punishment. ^ v. t. To punish with a ferule. fer'ven-cy (ffir'vSn-sT), n. State of being fervent ; heat ; ardor ; eagerness. fer'vent (-vSnt), a. [F., fr. L, fervens, -entix, p. pr. offer- vpre to be boiling hot, glow.] 1. Hot; glowing; burning. 2. Warm in feeling ; zealous. — fer'vent-ly, adv. Syn. Fiery, vehement, impassioned, passionate, intense, eager, keen, fierce. — Fervent, fervid, ardent. Fervent suggests great warmth or earnestness of feeline: (esp. as manifested in zeal,^iety, etc.) ; fervid is stronger, and ex- presses vehement, impassioned, or (often) overheated feel- ing (esp. with reference to imagination, eloquence, etc.) ; ardent connotes eagerness and fine enthusiasm; as,_/er- rent prayers •,fenu'd intensity of expression; ardent desires. fer'vld (fflr'vTd), a. [L. femidiis, fr, fenmre. See fee- vent.] 1. Very hot; burning; boiling. 2. Ardent; fervent. — Syn. See FERVENT. — fer'vid-ly, adv. — fer'vld-ness,re. fer'VOr, fer'vour (-ver), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. feri'or, fr. fer- vere. See fervent.] 1. Heat ; excessive warmth. 2. In- tensity of feeling or expression ; glowing ardor. Syn. Fervor, ARDOR. Fervor suffgests glow or ebullition; ARDOR, fiery or burning heat. Fenmr ia often associated with zeal, devotion, piety^and connotes warmth rather than impetuoait;^ ; but ardor commonly suggests the eagerness and enthusiasm of high-minded impulses ; as, exhorting with/error to repentance ; burning with arrfor for the fight. fea'cue (fSs'ku), re. [OF. festu^ fr. L. festuca stalk, straw.] 1. A straw; twig; hence, a trifle. O&f. 2. A straw, wire, stick, etc., used to point out letters VM IIIIIIIIIII M II i lll to pupils. 3. ^ot A kind of grass; — called _{ also fe/toue grass. fc i iU i .h fess (fSs), 77,. Alsofease. [fr. OF., fr.ii. fascia band.] Jler.' A broad horizontal band across the middle of an escutcheon. fes'tal (fSs'tai), a. [L. festwm holiday, \^^ feajat.] Of or pertaining to a holiday or a '^^ feast ; joyous ; festive. — fea'tal-ly, adv. a Feas. ''''^liP' i lillllllllliP natnre, verdure (87) ;K = cli in G.ioli.ach (50); boN; yet; ali=z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. ICxplanatlon^or AbbravlBtfnni. i«lffn(i, etc prerprte VocabulBpy. II Forelmi Word. -^ combined with. = equaU. FESTER 268 FICTION fOB'ter (fSs'ter), n. [OF. festre, 1j. fistula a sort of ulcer.] 1. A small suppuratiug sore ; pustule. 2. A festering or rankling, ^v. i. 1. To generate pua; suppurate. 2. To cause increasing intiammation of sui-rounding parts ; ran- kle. 3. To putrefy ; rot. — v. t. To cause to fester. fes'tl-nate (-tl-uat), v. i. Fictitious literature; esp., novels and romances. 6. Law. An assumption of a possible thing as a fact. Syn. Invention, fable, coinage, forgery, falsehood.— ale, senate, c&re, ftm, account, £irm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, 5bey, drb, 5dd. B5ft, cSnnect ; use, Qnite, iirn, Qp, circus, menii ; f oOd, iobt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, iqk ; l^en, tbin ; FICTITIOUS 269 FIG Fiction, fiombnt, fabrication (in their general senae of iu- vention). Fiction (see novel) suggests imaginative fashion- ing, whether with or without intent to deceivej it Is opposed to/ac/j truths reality ; pigment implies more irresponsible invention ; it often suggests a somewhat transparent fic- tion, esp. to keep up appearances ; fabbication commonly implies something made up to deceive. flo-tl'tlons (flk-tlsh'i2s), a. 1. Feigned ; pretended ; false. 2. Ot-t pert, to, or like, fiction.— Syii. See arti- ficial. — flc-ti'tioua-ly, adv. — fic-tl'tloaB-nesB, n. flc'tlve (flk'tlv), a. 1. Capable of, or |)ertaiuing to, imaginative creation. 2. Imaginary; fictitious ; sham. fid (fTd), n. 1. A bar or pin to support or steady some- thing, as, Naut., the topmast. 2. A pin of hard wood used to open rope strands in splicing, etc. -fid. [L. -fidits, as in hijidus bifid, fr. root of Jindere tosplit.] Bot. A suffix signifying lobedovcl^t. fld'dle (f Id'U), n. [AS.yi*e/c.] A violin ; — now famil- iar or contemptuous, — v.i.o; t. ; -dled (-'Id) ; -dling jj-j^ (-ling). 1. To play on a fiddle ; — now familiar or contemptuous. 2. To make aimless or idle motions, as with the Angers ; hence, to trifle. fld'dle-f ad'dle (fld''l-f5d/'l), n. A trifle ; trifling talk ; — also used as adj. and iuterj. — v. i. To fuss; fiddle with trifles. Both Colloq. fld'dler C-ler), 71. One who fiddles. fiddler crab. A bur- rowing crab of the Atlantic coast. fld'dle-stiGk' (fTd'>l- stlk'), n. 1. The bow used in playing the fiddle; - now ^ famibar or contemp- tuous. 2. A mere nothing : — used, esp. in p2., as an inter- jection. fi-deM-ty Cfl-d511-tl ; fi-). n. [L. fidelitas, fr. fidelis faith- ful.] Faithfulness ; careful observance of duty or obliga- tions ; esp. : a Loyalty, b Adherence to the marriage contract, c Exactness ; accuracy. — Syn. See constancy. fldge (fij), V. t. Geom. A drawing representing a magnitude or the relation of two or more magnitudes; an inclosed surface or space. 9. Anan- alogiie or type ; as, the olive branch is a figure of peace. 10- Rket. A mode of expressing abstract ideas by words which suggest pictures or images ; pictorial language. II. A pattern or design, as in paper. 12- Dancing. A set of evolutions in a dance. — Syn. SeeroEM. — i'. t. ; -UEED (-urd) ; -UE-iHo. 1. To represent by a figure; specif., to form or mold. 2- To embellish with figures, or de- signs. 3. To indicate by numerals ; also, to compute. 4. To express by a metaphor ; symbolize. 5. To prefigure ; fore- show. Obx. — V. i. 1. To make a figure ; be conspicuous ; appear. 2. To calculate ; esp., to reckon in figures. Col- loq. — flg'nr-er, n. flg'nre-liead' (-lir-hSdO) n. 1. Naut. The figure on the prow of a ship. 2. A nominal head ; esp-, one who holds an office in an enterprise but exercises no power. fig^n-tlne' (fTg'ii-ren'), ?i. [F.] A small carved or molded figure ; esp., a painted, ceramic statuette. flg'WOTt' (ftg'wfirf), n. Any of various plants, chiefly roarse herbs with small flowers, Fl'Ji (fe'je), 71. One of the native race of the Fiji Islands. Ul'a-ment (fTl'fl^mgnt), n. [F., fr. L. filum thread.] A thread or threadlike object; specif., b Bot., the anther-bearing stalk of a stamen. — tU^a-men'ta-ry (-mSn'td-rT), a. — fil^a-men'- tous (-ti2s), a. fidar { fildr), a. [L. filum a thread. ] Of or per- a-- taining to n thread or line. fUnoert (fll'bSrt), w. [fr. F.] Either of two Eu- ropean hazels or their sweet-fiavored nut. fllch (fTlch), V. t. To pilfer; steal. — Syn. See STEAL. — fUch'er, n. file (fll), n. [F., row, fr. li. filum thread.] 1. A line, wire, or other contrivance by means of which papers may be kept in order. 2. An orderly collection of papers. 3. A roll ; list. Obn. 4. Mil. a A row of soldiers ranged one behind another, b A small number of soldiers detailed as a detachment. 5- A row of objects arranged one behind the other. — v. t.; filed (flld); fil'iho (fil'Tng). To arrange, or la> away, as papers, methodically for preser- Stamen, showing' a Fila- ment; b Anther, diBchar^- ing Pol- vatioD and reference ; place on file. ~- v. i. To march in & file, as, soldiers, one after another. file (fil), n: [AS. f6ol.'] 1. A hardened steel instrument with cutting ridges, or teeth, on its surface, for abrading sub- stances. 2. An3rthing used to smooth, polish, or rasp. 3. A shrewd or artful person. Slang. — v. t. 1. To rub, smooth, or cut, with afile. 2. To remove with a file; — with o^, away. me,i'.^ [AS./w/an,fr.^;foul.] Todefile. RareorScot. file'fish' (-fish'), n. Any of numerous fishes having roughly granulated, leathery skin. fil'lal (fTl'ySl ; -T-ai), a. IL.filialis, fr. filius bov, filia daugh- ter.] 1. Of or pert, to a son or daughter ; as, filial obedi- ence. 2. In the relation of a child. Rare. — fil'lal-ly, adv. fil'l-beg (fllT-bSg), ft. [G&el./eileadhbeag, i. e., little kilt; feileadh kilt + beag little, small.] A kilt. Scot. tlH-bUS'ter (fll'I-bOs/ter), 9*. [fr. Sp., deriv. fr. D. vrijbui- ter.'\ 1. An irregular military adventurer, esp. onein quest of plunder; freebooter. 2. A member of a legislative or de* liberative body who filibusters. U. S. — v. i. To delay legislation by extreme dilatory tactics. — fil'l-bOS'ter-er (-bQs'ter-er), n. V. S. fil'1-form (fT11-f8rm ; fi'll-), a. [L. filum thread +-/om.l Having the shape of a thread or filament. fll'l-graln \ (fll'I-gran), n. [fr. F., fr. It., fr. L. filum fil'l-grane f thread -j-^Q'^uj^i grain.] Filigree. ArcJiaic. fil'i-gree (-gre), 71. [corrupted ir.fi'ligrane.'} Ornamental work of flue wire, used chiefly in decorating gold and sil- ver, —a. Relating to, composed of, or like, filigree. fil'ing (fiKIug), n. A fragment filed off; as, itow filings. ni'i-pl'no (fTl't-pe'no), n. / pi. -nos (noz). Fein. PU'l- pl'na (-nU) ; pi. -SAS (-naz). [Sp.] A member of a native tribe, esp. of a Christianized tribe, of the Philippine Islands. flll(fTl),ft. iBeethilL] A thill of a vehicle. Obs or Dial. fill, V. t. IAS. fyllan, fr. full full.] 1. To make full; to put or pour into, till no more can be received. 2- a NauU (1) To dilate ; distend, as a sail. (2) To trim (a yard) to the wind, b To make an embankment in, or raise the level of (a low place), as with earth. 3. To furnish an abundant supply to ; to pervade ; swarm in. 4. To feed : satisfy; satiate. 6. To stop up the crevices, pores, etc., of (cloth, wood, etc.) with a foreign substance. 6. a To execute (a business order), b Med. To compound (a pre- scription). U. S. 7. To have and perform the duties of; ofilciate in, as an incumbent ; occupy. 8. To supply witli an incumbent, as an office. — v, i. 1. To become full ; be filled. 2. To fill a cup or glass for drinking. — n. 1. A full supply ; as much as supplies a want or need. 2. That which fills ; filling ; also, the place to be filled. fill'er (ftl'er), n. One that fills; a filling; as: a The tobac- co used for the inside of cigars, b A composition, as of silica and oil, to fill thepores of wood before applying paint. fil'let (-St), n. \V. filet thread, fillet of meat, dim. of;S/ thread, L. filuw."] 1. A little band, esp. one to encircle the hair. 2. A thin, narrow strip of any material or a nar- row, flat part or ornament, as a border in bookbinding, a flat molding separating other moldings, etc. 3. Cookery. A piece of lean meat without bone ; also, a long strip rolled up and tied. ^v. t. To bind, furnish, or ms^e, with or as with a fillet. fill'lng (filing), vh. n. That which is used to fill an empty Rpace, or supply a deficiency. Ul'llp (-Tp), V. t. & i. 1. To strike or snap in a certain quicH way with the flnger. 2. To snap ; project as by a fillip.— n. 1. A smart blow or tap with the finger. 2. Something serving to rouse or excite. fll'll-peen' (-T-pen'), n. See fhilopbna. filly (fTl'I), M. ; pi. -LIES (-Tz)- A female foal or colt. fllm(fnm), n. [AS./y/men, fr./e// skin.] 1. Athin skin. 2. Any thin, slight covering or layer, as the layer holding the sensitized salts of photographic plates, or a flexible sheet on which this layer is mounted —v.t.&t. To cover, or become covered, with or as with a film. fUm'y (fTI'ml), a. ; film'i-er (-mi-er); -i-est. Of, resem- bling, or covered with, a film. — film'l-ness, n. fil'ter (fll'ter), w. [LL. fiUrum, /eltnim, felt, this being used for filters.] Anything porous through which liquid is passed to cleanse or strain it. ^ v. t. To subject to, or remove by, the action of a filter ; strain. — v- i. To pass through or as through a filter ; percolate. filth (filth), n. [AS. /yffi, fr. fuf foul.] 1. Foul matter ; rppulsive dirt ; nastinesa. 2. Moral defilement ; corruption. fllth'y (ftl'thi), a..-FiLTH'i-ER (-thl-er) ; -i-est. Defiled witli ale, senate, c&re, &in, account, firm, ask, soffi ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker ; ice, HI ; old, fibey, 6rb, Odd, s5ft, cSnnect ; use, Unite, iim, up, circus, menii ; iCod, fdbt ; out, oil ; chair ; go , sing, iz)k ; then, thin ; FILTRATE 271 FINNISH Fiaa 1 Pectoral i '2 Pelvic or Ventral ; 3 FiTBt Dorsal: 4 Second Doreal: 5 Caudal; (i Anal. filth; foul; impure; obscfiie. — Syn. Unclean, squalid, nasty, gross, licentious. See diktv. — Hlth'l-ly, adv. — fllthl-ness, n. fU'trate (fll'trat), v. t. & i. ; -trat-ed ^-trat-Sd) ; -tbat-ing (-trat-Ing). To filter. — n. The liquid which has been fil- tered. — fil-tra'Uon (fll-tra'siian), n. Uma>rl-ate (flm'bri-at), a Also fimODri-ared (-afSd). [Li. Jimbriatus fibrous, fringed, yi/»6/-m fiber, fringe.] Bot. (&Zool. Fringed. — v. <. /-at'ed (-at'Sd);-AT'iHG(-at'Yng). - To lieiu ; fringe. — flm'brl-a'tioil (-a'shSn), n. fin (nn),n. [AS.^»n.] 1. A membranous winglike or pad- dlelike process of an aquatic animal, used hi propelling, balAnciug, or guid- ing the body. 2- A finlike organ, at- tachment, or part. fln'a-Me, flne'a- ble (fin'd-b'l), a. Liable to a fine. fl'nal (fi'nai). «. [F., f r. L. finaliSy f r. finis limit, end.] 1. Pert, to, or oc- curring at, the end ; last- 2. Conclusive; decisive. 3. Re- spectiug, or constituted by, an end or object in view; — chiefly in final cause. — Syn. See last. — n. That which is final. fl-na1e (f ^-na'la), n. [It.] Termination; concluding part. £l-nal'l-ty (fl-nSll-tt), n. ;pl. -ties (-tiz). 1. State of being final, finished, or settled. 2. That which is final ; a final ac- tion or state. 3. Relation of end to means; teleology. fl'nal-ly (fl'uaM), adc. 1. At the end ; ultimately. 2 Last- ly ; terminally. 3- Conclusively ; beyond recovery. fl-naace' (fl-nSns' ; fi-), n. [F., fr. OF. finer to finish, fur- ni^, come to terms, pay,^7i end.] 1. (Commonly \npl.) Pecuniary resources, esp. of a ruler or of a state. 2. The manageiiient of money or conduct of monetary affairs. ^ V. L; -NAMCBD' (-nSnaf) ; -nahc'ino (-nan'stng). To conduct the finances of; provide the capital for. fl-nan'clal (ft-nSn'shSl), a. Pertaining to finance, or money matters. — fl-nan'clal-ly, adv. Syn, Financial, monetary, pecuniary. Financial is used of money matters in general, esp. as conducted on a large scale; monetary has more direct reference tlian financial to money as such; pecuniaby suggests the application of money to practical ends. Hll'an-Cler'(fTn'ftu-ser'; fT-n5n'sT-er).ft. \_F.'\ 1. One hav- ing the administration of finance. 2. One skilled in finan- cial operations. — v. i. To conduct financial operations. fin-back' (fln'bSk^), n. Any of various whalebone whales having a prominent dorsal fin; a rorqual. Finback Whale. llllch(fTnch), n. [AS. finc.'\ Any of a numerous family of singing birds, including the sparrows, grosbeaks, crossbills, goldfinches, linnets, buntings, etc- nild (find), V. t. ;pret. t&p. p. found (found) ',p.pr. &vb. n. find'ino. [as. yZndcm.] 1. To meet with, come upon, or lightupon ; as: a To discover by studyor experiment; ns, water is found to be a compound substance, b To gain, as the object of desire or effort; procure; as, to^7ifi time, c To attain to ; arrive at ; reach ; as, to find one's level. 2- To arriveat, as a conclusion; determine and declare; a.^,to find a verdict. 3- To learn by experience; perceive; experience; feel ; as, he/onnd the argument absurd. 4. To gain, or re- gain, the use of; as, to find one's tongup. 5- To provide; supply; maintain ; as, to find food for work- men,toj5ndapersoninmoney. — n, Afind- incTi or something found. find'er (fin'der), n. One that finds; specif., a camera attachment which shows in miniature the view thrown by the camera lens on the photographic plate. II lln' de Ste'olo (fSN/ de syS'kl'). [F.] Lit., ^. ^ ,^ end of thecentury; "up-to-date;" - in Eng- ^f^'\%V^.% lish uaed esp. of the late )9fch century. Ground glasB. Und'lng, vb. n. 1. That which is found ; esp., or Viewing pl.y th^t which a journeyman artisan pro- Lens. vides for himself, as tools, trimmings, etc. 2. Law. The result of a judicial inquiry, esp. into some matter of fact. fine (fin), a. ; pin'er (fili'er) ; fin'est (tin'gst). ['S'.fin ; of uncertain origin.] 1. Finished ; refined; free from impu- rity ; superior. 2. Hot coarse, gross, or heavy ; as, fine sand ; a. fine thread ; a. fine edge ; fine linen ; etc. 3. Of senses, emotions, etc. : subtle ; sensitive ; delicate ; refined. 4- Of marked excellence or great merit ; as, a, fine man, ship ; a fine saying, view. ^w. (. tt i. ; fined (find) ; fin'ing (fiu'- Tng). To make or grow finer, Obs. or R. fine, n. [OF. fin end, settlement, L. finis end, also in LL., Q. final agreement between a lord and vassal ; money paid at the end, so as to end a proceeding.] 1. End; conclusion. Obs. , except in : in fine, in conclusion or in short. 2. A sum paid by way of composition, settlement, or punishment, as for an offense. 3. Law. A compromise of a fictitious suit used as a form of conveyance of lauds. — i'. i. To set a fine on by judgment of a court ; punish by fine. flne'draw^ (fin'drfiO* v- '•/ Pf^i- -drew' (-droo'); p- p- -drawn' l-drdn'); p . pr. it- w6, n. -draw'ing. 1. Todrawor sew closely together two edges of (a fabric). 2. To draw out finely, or tenuously. — flne'drawn'' (fin'drSn/), p. a. finely, adv. in a fine manner or degree. fine'ness (fIn'nSs), n. 1. Quality or condition of being fine. 2. The proportion of pure silver or gold in jewelry, bullion, or coins, often expressed in parts per thousand. fln'er-y (fiu'er-t), n. ; pi. -eribs (-Iz). Ornament ; decora- tion ; esp. , showy dress. fine'spun^ (fin'spQnO* a. Spun or drawn so as to be fine ; attenuated ; hence, unsubstantial; oversubtle. fl-nesse'(ft-nSBO, n. [F.,fr ^7»fine. See fine, a.] 1. Deli- cate skill ; refinement. 2.' Subtlety of contrivance ; cun- ning; stratagem. — Syn. See artifice, — v. i.; -nessed' (-nSsf) ; -NESs'iNG. To use finesse, artifice, or stratagem. flh'ger (ffij'ger), n, iA.S. fijiger.'] 1. One of the five ter- minal members of the hand, esp. one other than the thumb- 2. Something that resembles, or does the work of, a finger, as a pointer, a pawl, etc. 3. The breadth, or the length, of a finger, or nearly an inch, or about four and a half inches. 4. A part of a glove into which a finger is inserted. — v. t. 1. To touch with the fingers : handle. 2. To pilfer. — v. i. 1. Music. To use the fingers in playing. 2. To touch or handle something with the fingers. fln'l-al (fTnT-nl).n.- [li. fin is end.'] Arch. The ornament terminating a Gothic pinnacle, canopy, gable, etc. x fln'1-cal (-kai), a. [from fine, a.] Affectedly fine ; unduly fastidiouB.— fln'1-oal'l-ty (-ka]T-tT_),7i. — fln'l-Gal-ly,firf?'. Syn. Fastidious,nice, dainty. e£femmate,trim, smug,brisk, smart, alert.— Finical, spruce, dapper, jaunty, foppish (esp. with reference to costume or appearance). Finical (see nice) suggests fussy or affected nicety of dress or man- ner. Spruce implies a somewhat vulgar neatness and smart- ness; DAPPER suggests a rather consequential trimness and briskness, esp. on the part of a small person. Jaunty con- notes airy and complacent sprightliness ; foppish, ostenta- tipus and ovemice finery of dress, etc. fin'lck-lng (ftn'T-klng), fln'lck-y (-kT), fin'i-kin (-kin), a. Finical; unduly particular ; mincing; trivial. fl'nlS (fi'nts), n. [L.] An end; conclusion. fln'lsh (fTnTsh), v. t. {W-finir^tv. L..;?ni7'etolirait, finish, end, finis limit, end.] 1. To arrive at the end of ; end ; ter- minate. 2. To bestow the last required labor upon ; com- plete ; perfect ; accomplish. 3. To dispose of completely. Now Chiefly Colloq. — Syn. Conclude, accomplish. See CLOSE. — V. i. 1. To come to an end; cease. 2. To end; die. Rare. — n. 1. The conclusion; end. 2. That which finishes, completes, or perfects. 3. The condition resulting from com- pleted labor; manner or style of finishing. — fin'ish-er, n. fln'lshed (-Tsht),p. a. 1. Concluded ; perfected. 2. Pol- ished to the hiRhest degree of excellence ; perfect. fl'nlte (fi'nit), ft. [L. fi.ni(us, p. p. of finire. See finish.] 1, Having definable limits. 2. Having a character or being completely determinable either as an object of thought, or as an object susceptible of complete enumeration or of phys- ical measurement. — frnlte-ly, adv. — fl'nlte-ness, n. Finn (fin), n. A native of Finland ; also, a member of any of various allied races or of races speaking tongues allied to the Finnish. — Flnn'lG (-Tk), a. fln'nan had'dle or had'dock (fTn'ftn). A smoked haddock ; — from Findon or Findhorn, towns m Scotland. fln'nlck-lng, fin'nlck-y. Vars. of finicking, finicky. Flnn'lSh (-fsh), a. Of or pert, to Finland, the Finns, or their language. — n. Language of the Finns of Finland. natjire, verdure (87) :k = c1i In G.ich,ach (50); boN; yet; zli=z in azure. Numbers refer to KxvlMBtlonf^ Abbreviations. »lgnB. etc, prepede Vocabulary. || Fonlien Word. ' *-* — ' -"'*»• ,. in Guide. + combined with. =eauals. FINNY 272 FISHPLATE 'Wcfitem Balsam Fir, flll'ny (fTnl), a. Having, abounding in, or resembling, fins; hence, pertaining to, or abounding in, fishes. Uord(fy6rd),n. Alsoljord. [Dan. &Norw. ^ord.] A nar- row inlet of the sea, between high banks. Ur (fflr), n. [Dan. /yi\ /j/rr, or Icel. fyri- (in comp.).] Any of various trees of the pine family, of graceful shape and often of large size; also, their wood. flro (fir), n. [AS. fyr.l 1. The principle of combustion as mani- fested in light and heat, esp. flame, formerly regarded as one of the el- ements. 2. Fuel in combustion, as onahearth. 3. A destructive burn- ing, as of a house. 4- Lightning ; a tlranderbolt. Archaic. 5- An in- flammable composition or a device for producing a fiery display ; as, red fire. 6- Torture by or as by burning ; hence, severe trial; affliction. 7. Fever; inflammation. 8. a Liveliness of imagination or fancy, b Ardor of passion, c Ar- dor of spirit or temperament ; fer- vor. 9. Brilliancy ; hence, a glow- ing object, as a star. 10. The discharge of firearms ; firing. ^ v. /. ; FIRED (fird) : fir'ing (fir'- Tng). 1. To set on fire ; kindle ; ignite. 2. Hence : a To subject to intense heat ; bake, as pottery, b To tend the fire of ; as, to fire a boiler. 3. a To animate; give life to. b To inflame ; irritate, as the pas- aions. 4. To light up ; illuminate. 6. To drive away or out by or as by fire. Obs, or R. 6- To cause to explode, as amine; discharge, as a gun. 7. To project forcibly, as from a gun; hurl. CoUoq. 8- To eject; discharge from a position. Slang. ^ v. i. 1. To take fire ; hence, to glow ; redden. 2. To be inflamed with passion. 3- To discharge artillery or firearms. 4. To hurl. CoUoq. firo'ann' (-arm'), n. Any weapon, esp. one that is portable, from which a shot is discharged by an explosive. Ure'brand' (-brSnd'), n. 1. A piece of burning wood. 2. One who inflames factions or causes contention. f Ire'oraclc'or (f ir'krJCk'er), n. A paper cylinder containing an explosive, discharged to make a noise, esp. on festivals. fire damp. A combustible gas formed esp. in coal mines ; also, the explosive mixture formed by this gas with air. flre'dOK' (fir'dSg' ; 62), n. An andiron. flre'drake' (-drakO, Ure'drag^on (drSg/fin), n. A mytho- logical fire-breathing drake or dragon. Ure eater. 1. A juggler who pretends to eat fire- 2. A quarrelsome person. fire engine. An apparatus for throwing a jet of water to extinguish flres, esp. a steam engine and pump on wheels. fire escape. Any device for escape from a burning building. flre'flanghr (flr'fl6t/; Scot. -flaKf ), n. [Jfre -\- fi.augki a flake, flash.] Lightning ; a gleam ; flash. Chiefly Scot. fftre'fly' (-fliO, n. ; pi. -flies (-fliz'). Any nocturnal winged light- producing insect, as a certain small soft-bodied beetle. flre'man (-mdn), n. ,* p/. -men (-mi^n). 1. A man employed to extinguish fires. 2. A man who tends fires ; stoker. flre'-new', «. Fj-esh from the forge ; brand-new. flre'Dlaoe^ (fir'plas/), n. The part of a chimney appropri- ated to the fife, usually an open recess in a wall ; a hearth. fire'proof (-proof 0, a- Proof against fire; relatively in- combustible. ^ V. t. To render fireproof. flr'er (fir'er), n. One that fires ; specifically, an incendiary. fire ship. A vessel carrying combustibles or explosives, sent among the enemy's ships or works to set them on fire. flre'Slde' (-sid^), n. Place near the fire or hearth; home. flre'WOOd' (-w6Sd'), n. Wood for fuel. flre'work' (-wfirk')i «. 1. (Usually in jjZ.) A device for producing a striking display of light or a figure or figures in fire. 2. (Now only in p/.) A pyrotechnic exhibition. flrk(fflrk),v.^ Tobeat; strike. Archaic. — v.i. Tomove quickly ; hasten ; also, to be lively. Obs. flr'kln (fflr'kln), n. [prob. fr. D. vierde fourth +-^''i-] 1. A small wooden vessel or cask, for butter, lard, etc. 2. A measure of capacity, usually one fourth of a barrel. firm (fflrm), a. [F./e^we, fr. Jj.firtnus.'] 1. Fixed ; hence, closely compressed ; solid ; unyielding ; as,^rm flesh, wood. 2. Not easily moved or disturbed; steady; established; loyal. 3. Hence : a Secure in possession. Obs. b Certain; well-founded ; as, a fii'^n reason. Obs. 4. Solid ; — op- posed to fluid. 6- Indicating firmness ; as, a fir^h voice. 6. Steady ; not fluctuating markedly ; — of prices, etc Syn. Fixed, stable, steady, secure, immovable; impenetra- ble, rigid ; resolute, constant, determined. — Firm, hard, SOLID. FmM (opposed to loose^ flabby) suggests steadiness or consistency under pressure ; hard (opposed to soft) im- plies impenetrability or relatively complete resistance to pressure; solid (opposed to fluid, open, hollow) implies fix- ity of form and density of mass ; it suggests the negation ox empty space. Fig., jirm implies staEility, fixedness, or resolution; /tai'd, obduracy or lack of feeling ; solid, substan- tial or genuine qualities. — v. t. 1. To make fast; tomakesolid or compact. 2. To fix ; confirm. Obs. or Archaic. firm (fQrm), 71. [lt.,Pg.,or Sp.flrma signature, 'LL.firmare to sign, confirm, iu L., to make firm,yi7*?nu«, adj., firm.] The name, title, or style under which a company transacts busi- ness; partnership; commercial house. flr'ma-ment (ffir'md-m^nt), n. [L. firmamentum., tr. fir- mare to make Giin^fl/rmus firm.] The vault or arch of the sky ; the heavens. — flr^ma-men'tal (-mSu'tiil), a. flr'man(fQr'm(ln;fer-mau'),7i.. /^/. -UANS (-mSuz; -manz'). [Per. feiinan.^ In the Orient, a sovereign decree. fhmly, adv. In a firm manner. Urm'ness, n. State or quality of being firm. Syn. FiRMNBSS.coNSTANCY. FiRMNEssisesp. a Qualityof the will, and connotes resolution ; constancy belongs rather to the afl'ectious and principles, and implies steadfastness and fidelity, often fortitude or endurance ; as,fi?inness in discipline ; the conxtancy of martyrs. flr'ry (fflrn'), a. Made of fir ; abounding in firs. first (fflrst), a. [AS. fyrst.'] Preceding all others ; preced- ing all others in time or a series,positiou, or rank; — used as the ordinal of one. — Syn. Primary, primordial, primitive, primeval, pristine ; highest, chief, principal, foremost. -^ adv. 1. Before any or some other person or thing in time, space, rank, etc. 2. For the first time. 3- In preference to anything else ; sooner. — n. Anything that is first. first'-class' (ffirst'klas^ 109), a. Of the best or highest class, rank, or quality. ^ adv. By a first-class convey- ance ; with first-class accommodations, etc. flrst'-hand' (-hSndO, adv. At first hand; — written sXao first hand. — a. Obtained directly from the original source. flrst'ling (-iTug), n. The first of a class or kind ; the first produce, offspring, or result of anything. fvst'ly (-IT), adv. in the first place; first; — commonly used in connection with *^ secondly," etc. Many prefer ^5^ in this use. flrst'-rate' (-rat^ 109), a. Of the first rate ; hence, very efficient or good. — adv. Very or quite well. CoUoq, firth (ffirth), n. A narrow arm of the sea ; a frith. flac (flsk), n [F.,£r. L. ^«ct» basket, money basket, treas- ury.] Any state or royal treasury ; an exchequer. fiS'cal (fts'kftl), a. [F., fr. Jj. fiscalis, tr.fiscus. See Fisc] 1. Of or pertaining to the public treasury or revenue. 2. Financial. — n. In some European countries, and their colonies, one of various officials acting in part as public prosecutors. — fte'cal-ly, adv.' fish, n ; pi. FISHES (-Sz ; 24), or, collectively, fish. [AS. jf jc.] 1. Broadly, any animal living in the water. 2. Specifi- cally, any completely aquatic, water-breathing vertebrate having the limbs (when present) developed as fins and, typically, a somewhat spindle-shaped body covered with scales. 3. [("flp-] pi- Astron. = Pisces. 4. The fiesh of fish, used as food. 6. A rigid strip used to strengthen a part, as a mast, rail joint, etc. — v. i. 1. To attempt to catch fish , as by angling or drawing a net; — often with fw. , 2. To search (for anything submerged or hid) with hook, I dredge, extended arm, etc. 3. To seek to get by artifice, or indirectly. ^ v. i. 1. To catch or try to catch ; draw (out or up); as, to fisfi pearls ; to fish out a coin. 2. To fish in, as a stream. 3. To strengthen (a mast, rail, etc.) by a fish. — flsh'er, flsh'er-man (-mSn), n. flsh'er-y (fTsh'er-i), n.; pi. -eries (-Tz). Act, process, oc- cupation, right, season, or place of fishing. fish hawk. The osprey. flsh'hOOlC' (ftsh'hddkOi n. A hook for catching flsh. flsh'1-fy (-T-fi), V. t. To change to fish. Rare. flsh'bng, vb. n. Act of one who fishes; also, a fishery. flsh'mon^ger (mQij^ger), n. A dealer in fish. fish-plate' (-plat'), n. Mech. A plate used as a fish (sense 5), esp. in joining abutting railroad rails. ale, senate, c&re, &m, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, ^nd, rec«nt, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, 5bey, 6rb, ddd, B5ft, cSnnect ; use, tlziite, iim, iip, circus, menii; food, fdbt; out, oil; chair; go; sing, ii)k; tben, thin*. FISH TACKLE 273 FLAGON fish taclcle. A tackle or purchase used to laise the flukea of the auchor up to the gunwale. Uahfyviie' (flsh'wlf), n.; pi. -wives' (-wivz'). Also, lish'- WOm^an (-wd5iu'(2n). A woman who sella fish at retail. tlBh'y (Hah'T), a. ; pish'i-er (-I-er) ; -i-est. 1. Consisting of, or having the qualities, taate, or odor of, fish ; abouud- inginfiah. 2. Questionable; improbable. CoUotj. 3. Dull; luBterleaa ;— said of the eyes or of a jewel. — flshl-ness, n, Us'sUe (fTs'Tl), a. {li.fissilis^ fv.Jissus, p. p., split.] Capa- ble of being split ; cleavable. — fls-slll-ty (fl-sTl't-tT), n. fls'slon (ftsh'&n), n. [li. Jissio.'] 1. A cleaving into parts. 2. Biol. Reproduction by spontaneous division of the body into parts that become independent organisms. fis-aip'a-roua (fT-sTp'd-rSs), a. Reproducing by fission. fls'ale, fls'tle (fta'U), v. L To fidget ; also, to rustle. Scot. Us'sure (fTsh'ur ; 87), n. [L. fissura, iT.Jindere^Jissum^ to split.] 1. A narrow opening made by separation of parts; cleft. 2. A cleaving; state of being cleft; cleavage.^v. t. Dull ; uninteresting ; monot- onous, c Tasteless; insipid, as a drink. 6. a Lacking clear- ness or sonority ; — said esp. of sounds, b Of consonant sounds, soft or voiced. 7- Muxic. Below the true pitch ; hence, minor, or lower by a half step ; as, A flat. 8- Gram. Not having an inflectional ending or sign, as n. noun used as an adjective, or an adjective as an adverb, without the addition of a formative su£9x, or an infinitive without to. Many flat adverbs, as in run fast, buy cheapo are from AS. adverbs in -f?, the loss of this ending having made them like the adjectives. Some, as exceeding, wonderful, are archaic, the forms in -ly being usual. — Syn. See level, in- bifid. —adv. 1. Flatly. 2. Finance. Without interest. One form of Flask, 2. A long, shallow basket. Eng. ale, senate, cSxe, &m, account, Hnn, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, 6bey, drb, 5dd, s5£t( connect ; usei tinite, tim, up, circiis, DieuU; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go; Bing, iijk; t£ien, tliiu; FLATFISH 275 FLEXIBLE 3. Without excess; exactly. — h. 1. A level surface; a plain. 2. A shoal ; shallow. 3. Something hat or the flat part of anything, as of asword blade. 4. Mus-ic. A tlat tone or note. -^v. t. <& i. ,\ plat'ted ; plat'tino. To make or become tlat, — flatly, adv. — flatness, n. flsA'^ah' (flSt'flahOj «. Any of a large gioiip of fishes, in- cluding the flounder, halibut, etc., that swim on one uide, and, in the adults, have both eyes ou the upper aide. Flat'head' (flat'hSd'), n. 1. One of a small tribe of Amer- ican Indians, apecificall;^ ao called. 2-. A Chinook Indian. tlat'l'ron (-Piim), n. An iron for ironing clothes ; a sadirou. flat'llng; (-lTng),adv. AlaoUat'llngs, and Obs.^ flatlong. Flat; with the flat side. Archaic. flat'ten (-'u), v. t. l. To make flat. 2. To throw down ; prostrate; hence, to depress ; deject. — v. i. To become or grow flat. — tlat'ten-er, n. flat'ter (-er), u. t. l. To treat with flattery. 2. To encour- age with favorable, but sometimea unfounded, representa- tions; beguile; charm. 3. To portray too favorably. — v. i. To use flattery. — flat'ter-oT, n. — flattor-lng-ly, adv. flat'ter-y (-T), n.; pi. -teries (-Tz). [OF. jlaterie.'] Act of pleasing by artful compliments; false, insincere, or exces- sive praise; also, blandishment. — Syu. See cohfliqient. naVtish (flSt'Tsh), a. Somewhat flat. nat'U-lence (flStlfi-lgus) J n. state or quality of being flat- nat'u-len-cy (-iSn-si) J ulent. fiafu-lent (-Ifint), a. [F., fr. L. flatm a blowing, flaius venii-is windiness.] 1. Generating gas in the alimentary canal; marked by or affected with flatua. 2. Pretentious without substance; inflated. — flaVU-lent-ly, adv. fla'tUS (fla'ttts), It.; pi. E. -TUSES (-Sz ; 24), L. -Tus. [L., fr.jlare to blow.] I. A puff of wind. 2. Gas generated in the stomach, intestines, or other body cavity. flat'ways' (flSf waz/), flat'wlse' (-wiz'), a. or adv. With the flat side downward, or next to another object. flanght (fldfc ; Scot. flaKt), n. A flake; esp., a flake or flash of fire. Archaic or Scot. flaunt (flSnt ; flSnt), V. i. & t. To wave, flutter, or move ostentatiously ; parade or diaplay obtrusively or ostenta- tiously. — Syn. See brandish.^ n. Act of flaunting ; 06.?., anything flaunted. — flaimt'er, n. — flaunVing-ly, adv. nannt'y (flan'tl; fldn'-), a. Boastfully showy; flaunting. llau'Ust (flS'ttst), ra. \\t. fiantista.'] A flutist. fla'vor, lla'voiir (fla'ver), n. [OF. flextr^jfaur (two sylla- bles), odor.] 1. Odor; fragrance. 2. That quality of any- thing which affects the taste, or gratifies the palate ; relish ; flavor. 3- A flavoring substance. 4. A predominant or characterizing quality of anything. — Syn. See taste. — V. t. To give flavor, relish, or savor, to. fla'vor-lns, fla^VOar-lng, n. Anything, as an essence or extract, used to give a particular flavor. fla'vor-oas {-Tib), a. Imparting flavor; pleasant in taste. flaw (ti5), n. 1. A flake. Ohs. 2. A crack ; gap ; fissure. 3. A defect; fault. — Syn. Fracture, breach, rift, cleft ; spot, speck. See blemish. — v. t. To make a flaw in. — V. i. To become defective; crack. — flaw'less, a. flaw, n. 1. A sudden gust of wind' 2. A sudden tumult; uproar. Obs. — Syn, See wind. — flaw'y (-T), a. flax (flSks), n. [AS. Jieax.'} A slender erect annual plant, with blue flowers, commonly cultivated for its fiber and aeed; alao, its fiber prepared for spinning. — flax'en (flSk's'n), a. i flaz'seed' (dSks'sed' ; commonly flSk'sed'), n. The seed of flax, widely used in medicine, and yield- ing an oil {linseed oil) used in paiuts, printer'8 ink, linoleum, etc. flay, ?'. «. [AS./^ffn.] To strip off the skin or surface of ; fig., to crit- icize severely ; also, to pillage. flea (fle),n. [AS. J1Sa,JfSah.] Any of certain hard-bodied wingless bloodsucking insects with extraor- dinary powers of leaping. flea-bane' (fle'banO, n. Any of va- rious plants of the aster family,sup- posed to drive away fleaa. Common Flax yJ 1 Sec- floa1)it'teil (-bWn), a. 1. Bitten tiono^flo^'eriacapfluic. by a flea or fleaa. 2. White, flecked with minute dota of bay or sorrel ; — said of a horse. fleam (flem), n, liT.OP.tfT.LL.ph/ebolomum. See phle- botomy.] Surg. A kind of lancet. fleck (flSk), n. A spot, as a freckle; a streak; speckle. — V. t. To spot, streak, or stripe ; to dapple. fleck'led(ttSk"ld),a. Flecked. Hart. fleck'y (-T), a.; pleck'i-er (-I-er); pleok'i-b8T. Having flecks; also, wavy. — fleckl-nOBS (-T-nSs), n. flec'tion, flex'ion (-shiJn), n. 1. Act of flexing. 2. Abend; a part bent. 3. Gram Inflection, fled (ftSd), p7'eL tfc p. p. of PLBB. fledge (fie]), o. [AS* jfeye.] Feathered; equipped or able to fly. Obx. — V. i.; v^iged (flSjd); fledo'ino (flfij'tng). To acquire the feathers'- necessary for flight.^u. t. 1. To care for (a bird) until its plumage is developed. 2. To pro- vide or cover with mature plumage, or, fig. , with something feathery, as pubescent down. 3. To feather (an arrow). fledgeling, fLedge'ling (flgj'liug), n. A bird just fledged flee (fle), V. i. ; pled (flSd) ; pleb'ino. [AS. Jiion.^ 1. To run away, as from danger. 2. To pass away awiftly; van- ish. — ('. /. To run away from; shun. — fle'er (fle'er), n. fleece (fles), n. [AS. Jieos.} 1. The coat of wool that covers a sheep ; the wool shorn from a sheep at one time. 2. A fleecelike covering. — v. ^/ fleeced (flest); FLEsc'iNa (fles'- Tng). 1. Toshear (sheep). 2. To strip of money or other property. — fleece'a-ble, a. — fleecier (fles^r), n. ileech (flech), v. t. To flatter ; wheedle. Scot. fleec'y (flesl), a. ; FLEEc'i-ER (-T-er) ; -i-est. Of, like, or covered with, a fleece. — fleec'i-ly (-i-lT), adv. fleer (fler), v. i. ti* t. To laugh, grin, or grimace, coarsely; mock; gibe. — Syn. Seescopp. — n. 1. A word or look of derision or mockery. 2. A leer, Obs. — fleer'tog-ly, adv, fleet (flet), n. [A&.Jieot place where vessels float.] 1. A creek, inlet, or river. 0^6.,exc. in place names. 2. [cap."] A former prison in London, long ub,ed as a debtors' prison. fleet) 7^. [fr. A&.jieotBhip,ir.Jieolau to float.] 1. A niuu- ber of war vessels under one command ; also, the navy of a country. 2. Any group of vessels in company. fleet, v.i. [AS. /^o/aM to swim, float.] 1. To float; sail. 06*. 2- To glide along or away , hence, to flit; vanish. 3. Tofly swiftly ; hasten. — v.i. 1. To pass (time). 2. JVaut. To move or change (in some certain way) ; as, to fleet aft the crew, toj?eeiatackle, etc.-^n. 1. Swift in motion ; quick; nimble ; hence, evanescent ; fleeting. 2. Shallow. Obs, — Syn. See fast. — fleetly, adv. — fleet'neSB, n. tleet^lng, p. a. Passing swiftly. — Syn. See transient. fleg(fl6g),i'./. Frighten. — t). t. Flee.— n. Fright. ,Sco(- Flem^lng (flSm'Tng), n. A Flemish-speaking Belgian. Flem'ish, a. Pert, to Flanders, the Flemings, or Flemish. ^ n. The Low German language of northern Belgium. flesh (flSsh), n. [AS. /«sc.] 1. Broadly, the soft parts of an animal, esp. a vertebrate animal, usually excluding the skin and most viscera, 2. Animal food ; meat. 3. The surface of the body, esp. as to color. 4. The human body, as distinguished from the soul. 5. Human nature ; esp., carnality. 6. Kindred ; race. 7. Mankind. 8- The pulpy substance of fruit. —- v. t. 1. To feed (as dogs) with flesh ao as to incite to exertion. 2, To initiate in, or inflame with a desire for, bloodshed ; hence, to incite to passion, lust, etc., by a foretaste of it. Also, to thrust into flesh, as a sword. 3- To glut ; hence, to harden ; accustom. fleshier (flSsb'er), n. A butcher. Chieflij Scot. flesh fly. Any of numerous apecieaof true flies, aa the blue- bottle fly, whose larvss or maggots feed on flesh, flesh'1-ness (-T-nSs), n. State of being fleshy. flesh'ings (-Ingz), n. pi. Flesh-colored tights. flesh'less, a. Destitute of flesh ; emaciated ; lean, fleshly (-li), a. 1. Of or pertaining to the flesh or body; corporeal; carnal; sensual. 2. Fleshy. — fleshll-neSB, n. flesh'ment (-m^nt), n. Act of fleshing; excitement attend- iuK a successful beginning. Rare. flesh'pot^ {-•p'6V),n. Apotorveaael in which flesh is cooked; hence, pl.^ plenty ; high living. flesh'y (~T), a. ; plbsh'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-bst. 1. Of, pertain- ing to, or resembling, flesh ; marked by abun- dant or excessive flesh ; plump; fat. 2- Human; carnal. Obs. / II fleur'-de-lis' (flflr'dg-le')) n. ; pi. plecrs-de-V LIS (flflr/-). [F., flowerof thelily.] 1. Theirie. 2. Heraldry. A conventionalized flower (see ///7M/.), perhaps suggested by the iris. Fleur-de- flew (floo ; 86), pret. of ply. ^",2. flex (flSks), V. t. & i. [L./ctim, p. p, Qi fleci&re to bend.] To hpnd. flex'1-ble (flgk'aT-b'l), a. 1. Capable of being flexed ; pli- natnre, verdiire (87) ; K = chin G. ich, ach(BO); boN; yet; zh=z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. ExpianMtlona of Abbreviations, ttlffna, etc, precede Vocabulary. |) Forelffn Word. -|- combined with. = equals. FLEXIBLY 276 FLOCK able; not atiff. 2. Beady to yield ; tractable ; compliant. 3. Capable of being molded; plastic. — tles^l-blll-tv (Mk'- eT-btl't-tl), n. — tlox'1-bly, adv. Syn. Flexile, elastic; yielding, ductile, facile, complaisant, docile.— Flexible, PLIABLE, PLUNT, SUPPLE, limber, lithe, L1SS0UE. That is flexible (opposed eap. to rigid, briUle) which is easily beut^ or which adapts itself readily to chauge of shape; that is pliable (opposed esp. to sUj}\ hard) which IS easily bent, folded^ or (esp.) worked ; phant sug- gests more of inherent quality, leg&,df«u8ceptibility to ex- ternal influence; as flexible leatWa.ma.de pliable by soak- ing. Fig., flexible connotes susfSepEibiliby to impression, modification, or adaptation ; pliable, esp. susceptibility to (often evil) influence or control ; pliant often adds the im- plication of complaisance. Supple suggests esp. ease or freedom of movement ; limber is chiefly used in reference to bodily movements ; lithe often connotes grace and ac- tivity; LISSOME is poetical. Fig., supple connotes obsequi- ousness and fawning ; limbei\ weak compUance. flez'Ue (flSk'sTl), a. Flexible ; pliant ; tractable. flex'ion, tlex'lon-al, etc. See flection, etc. [_tensor.\ llex'or (-sdr), n. A muscle which bends a limb; — opp. to ex-\ flex'U-OUS (flgk'shu-J2s : flSks'Ii- ; 99), a. [L. flexuosus, fr. fleras a bending.] 1. Having turns or windings ; sinuous. 2. Wavering ; undulating. flez'ure (flSk'shtir; flSks'ur ; 99), n. 1. A flexing, or state of being flexed ; flexion. 2. A turu; bend; fold. aibnber-tl-gib^bet (ATb'er-tT-jTb'St ; 24), n. A gossiper or chatterer ; one who is giddy or frivolous, esp. a woman. Hick (fltk), V. t. 1. To whip lightly or with a quick jerk. 2- To snap or toss with a jerk; flirt. ^ v. i. To flutter; flit. — n. A flicking stroke, or the sound of it. fUck'er (flik'er), v. i. [AS. fiiceHan, flicorian, to flutter, hover.] 1, To flutter ; flap the wings with- out flying. 2. To waver unsteadily like a dying flame; flutter. — Syn. See fli^. — n. A flickering. — fUck'er-lng-ly, adv. fUck'er, n. A well-known woodpecker of easteiii North America ; — called also yellow-hammer. fli'er(fll'er),re. Onethatflies. = flyer. ~" " I (flit), n. {_&.S.ftiht,flyht, afly- ing,^eo^antofly.] 1. Act or mode of flying ; as, the flight of a bird, a kite, an arrow,oftime,etc. 2.Fow- r of flying or distance cov- ered atafllght. 3. A passing above or beyond ordinary bounds ; as, a flight of wit. 4. A num- ber of beings or things, as a flock of birds, passing through the air to- gether. 6. A light arrow for long-distance shooting ; a contest with such arrows. 6. Agitation; perturbation. Obs. 7- The stairs from one landing to the next. flight, n. [fr. AS. /con to flee.] Act of fleeing; hasty depar- ture. — V. t. To put to flight ; terrify. Obs. or Dial. Bng. fUghtl-ly (-T-1T), adv. of flightt. See -lt. fllghtl-ness, n. See -ness. ~ Syn. See lightness. fllght'~BhOt^ n. Distance a flight (def. 5) is shot. fUght'y (flif T), a. ; flight'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Fleet- ing ; swift. Bare. 2- Indulginp in nights, or sallies, of imagination, caprice, etc. ; volatile. 3. Mildly insane. fUm'flam' (flTm'flam/),n. 1. A trifle or conceit; also, a trick. 2. Nonsense; deception; humbug, ^v. /. To trick. Colloq. fllm'sy (flTm'zT), a. ; -bi-br (-zT-er) ; -si-est. Weak ; slight; vain; unsubstantial. — Syn. Feeble, superflcial, shallow. See limp. — fllm'sl-ly, adv. — fllm'slnesB, n. flinch (flinch), V. i. Todraw back, as from pain or danger ; wince. — Syn. See shrink. -^ n. Act of flinching. flin'der (flTn'der), n. A splinter ; fragment ; — usually inp/. fling (fling), V. i. ; pret. & p. p. flung (flHng) ; p, pr. A trowel, file, or rasp, for smoothing. ^ v. i. [AS. flotiant flSotan."} 1. To rest on the surface of a fluid. 2. To move quietly or gently on or as on the water ; drift along ; also, to be suspended, or move within, a fluid ; as, B^et^e floating in water. Syn. In their associations; float suggests light and buoy- ant, SAIL, smooth and gliding (sometimes ostentatious), soar, loftily rising or exalted, movement- — v.t. 1. To cause to float. 2.Toflood. 3.Toget(ascheme or company) started. 4- To smooth witli a float (4, tl). float'age, float-a'Uon, n. See flotage, flotation. float'er (flofSr), n. 1. One that floats ; a float. 2. U. S. a A voter who shifts from party to party, esp. one who is venal, b One who votes illegally in various places. float^lng, p. a. 1. Buoyed on or in a fluid. 2. Free or loose from attachment. 3. Shifting from place to place ; not permanent. 4. Variable; not funded ; as, a floating debt. flOC'GU-lent (flSk'ti-lgnt), a. [L. floccus flock of wool.] 1. Like wool. 2. Containing, consisting of, or covered with flocks of wool. — floc'cn-lence (-ISns), n. flock (flSk), n. 1. A lock of wool or hair. 2. Woolen or cotton refuse, etc., cut up and used in upholstering, etc. 3. A tuftlike mass, as of a chemical precipitate. flock, n. [AS. ,^orc flock, company.] 1. A company of peo- ple ; pl.f multitudes. 2. A number of birds or of animals, ale, senate, c&re, &m, account, iirm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, end, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, &bey, drb, ddd, B5ft; cSnnect ; ubOi tinite, &m, up, circiis, menu; food, f^t; out, oil; chair; go; Bing,u)k; ^en, tbin; FLOCK 277 FLOW as geese or sheep, of one kind liTiug or herded together. 3. AU Christians in their relation to Christ, the " Qood Shepherd," or a congregation intheirrelatiou to the pastor. Syn. Flock, hero, drove, vxckjIbevy, covby, swabm, shoal (in their transferred senses). Flook (lit. chiefly of sheep, goatSf or geese) commonly connotes care and guidance ; it also suggests a large company or crowd. Herd (lit. chiefly of cattle or larger animals), drove (lit. chietly of cattle or awine driven in a body), ana pack (lit. chiefly of hounds or wolves) are terms of derogation or contempt ; as, '* the com- mon herd ; " a drove of heresies ; a pack or fools. Bevy (lit. of quails, roes, larks)— less often oovBY (lit. of partridges), —is applied esp. to a band or galaxy of ladies. Swabh (lit. of insects, esp. in motion) and shoal (esp. of fish) connote thronging numbers ; as, a s^warm of flatterers beset him. flock [fl9k)f,v. i. To gatherer move in companies or crowds. flOQ (Ao), n. The floating ice formed in a sheet or field on the sea, etc. ; also, a low, fiat, free mass of floating ice. flog (fl3g), V. i. ; FLoaaED (flfigd) ; floo'chns (flaging). To beat or strike with a rod or whip ; whip. flood (flUd), n. lAS.JiSd. See flow, v.i.] 1. A great flow of water ; body of water overflowing land not usually cov- ered ; a deluge; inundation. 2. The flowing in of the tide; — opposed to ebb, 3. The watery element. 4. A great stream of or as of any fluid ; as, a flood of ligbt ; a great quantity widely diffused ; a superabundance. —the Flood, the Deluge {Oen. vii.). — v. I. 1. To overflow ; inundate; deluge. 2. To cause or permit to be inundated ; fill full or to excess. — v. i. To pour or issue like a flood. flood'gate' (fltSd'gaf), n. A gate for shutting out, admitting, or releasing, a body of water ; — often used figuratively. flood tide. The rising tide; —opposed to ebb tide. floor (flor ; 57), n. [AS.^on] 1. The bottom or lower part of a room. 2. Hence, any ground surface, as of the sea. 3. The structure dividing a building horizontally into sto- ries ; hence, a story of a building. 4. The surface of a structure on which to walk or travel. 6. The main part of an exchange, legislative chamber, etc., in distinction from a platform or gallery ; henoa, the right to speak from the floor of a legislative chamber. — v. t. 1. To furnish with a floor. 2. To lay level with the floor ; knock down; hence, to silence or defeat. floorage (fior'ij), «. Floor space. flooring, vb. n. 1, A floor. 2. Material for a fioor. floor'WUk^er (fior'wSk^er), n. One who walks about in a large retail store as an overseer and director. U. 8. flop (fl5p), V. i. ; FLOPPED (fiSpt) ; plop'pino. [variant of ^op'] 1. To strike about with something broad and flat, as a fish with its tail; rise and fall loosely or jerkily, as the brim of a hat. 2. To throw one's self heavily. 3. To change over ouddenly, as from one party to another. ^ V. /. 1. To flap or strike heavily or clumsily. 2. To turn or drop saddenly and heavily, — n. Act or sound of flop- ping. — floj/per (-er), n. — flop'py (-T), a. All Colloq. YWxSl (flo'ra ; 57), n. [L., fr. fios, floris, flower.] 1. Rom. Relig. Goddess of flowers. 2. \l. e."] The native plants of a given region or period ; a book describing such plants in systematic order. floral (flyrSl ; 57), a. [L. Floralis belonging to Flora,'] 1. [cop.l Pertaining to Flora. 2. Of or pert, to flowers. Flor'on-tme (flSr'gn-ten ; -ttn), a. Pertaining to Florence, in Italy, ^n. A native or inhabitant of Florence. flo-res'cence (flS-rSs'gns), n. [L. floresce-ns^ p. pr. deriv. fr. florere to blossom, flos, floris, flower.] State of bloom. flo'ret (flyrSt ; 57), n. [OF. florete, dim. of OF. flor flow- er.] A small flower; esp. , one of the numerous small fiowers which form the head in composite plants, as the daisy. Uo'll'Cal'tnre (flc'rl-kai'tsr ; flarrf- ; 57), n. [L. flos, fio- ris, flower + cultura culture.] Cultivation of ornamental flowering plants. — flo^rl-cul'tlir-lst, n. flor'ld (flSrld), a. [L. floridus, fr. flos, floris, flower.] 1. Flowery. Bare. 2- Bmbelliahed with flowers of rhet- oric ; excessively ornate. 3. Music. Flowery ; embellished. 4. Bright in color; flushed with red. — flo-rld'1-ty (fl*-rYd'- I-tT), ». — flor'id-ly, adv. — flor^d-ness, n. Syn, Florid, flowery (in their rhetorical uses). A flor- id style is excessively, often heavily, ornate ; a flowery style abounds in (esp.) romantic or sentimental figures of speech. But the words are often used indistinguishably. flO-rll'er-OTlS (fli-rlfSr-fis), a. [L, floH/er ; flos, floris, flower + ferre to bear.] Bearing flowers. flor'ln (flSrtn), n. [F., fr. It. florino, orig., a Florentine coin with a lily on it, fr. fiore a flower, fr. h. flos flower.] Orig., a gold coin with a lily on it first struck in Florence in 1262. Later: a An English gold six-shilling coin of Edward III. b An Austrian | silver coin worth i 48.2 cents, last coined in 1892. G The Dutch gulden, d A sil- — „ ver coin of Great Florentine Florm of 1252. Britain worth 2 shillings (4S.7 cents). flo'rlst (fiS'rIst ; flSr'Ist ; 57), n. A cultivator of, or dealer in, fiowers. floss (fiSs ; 62), n. 1. Waste silk fibers, esp. the short loose threads forming the outer part of a cocoon. 2- The styles of the pistillate fiowers of maize. 3. = floss sniK. floss sUfc. Lustrous untwisted silk thread of short and fine fiber used in embroidery. flOBS'y (fiSs'I), a. ; FLOss'i-BB (-T-€r) ; -i-est. Pertaining to, made of, or resembling, floss ; hence, light; downy. floatage (fio'taj), n. 1. Act or state of fioatiug ; capacity for fioating or buoying up. 2. That which floats. flO-ta'tlon(fiS-ta'sh&n), n. Act, process, or state of fioating. flO-tllla(-tn'd), n. [Sp., dim. of floia fleet.] A small fleet or a fleet of small vessels. flot'sam (flSfsSm), n. [OF. flotaison, prop., a floating,] Wreckage of a ship or its cargo found fioating on the sea. flounce (flouns), v. i. ; flounced (flounst); plounc'ino ■ (floun'slng). To throw the limbs and body one way and the other ; to floxmder ; flojp, often as in diepleasure. — n, A flouncing ; a sudden jerking of the body. flounce, n. A strip gathered and sewed on by its upper edge only, as on a woman's skirt. ^ v. t. To deck with a flounce or flounces. — flounc'lng (floun'stng), n. floun'der (fioun'der), n. Broadly, any flatfish: commonly, {as u sed alone or in CO mbina • tion), any of ^ various par- ticular spe- cies. flounMer,v.2. To struggle, as a horse in mii'e, or a fish on land. -— ra. A floundering. Winter Flounder. flour (flour), n. [OF. flor^ F. fleur de farine the fiower (i. e., the best) of meal. See flower.] Finely ground meal of grain ; esp. , fine meal separated by bolting ; hence, any fine soft powder. — v. (. 1. To grind and bolt ; convert into fiour. 2. To sprinkle with flour. flonrlsh (flar'Ish), v. i. [fr. OF., fr. L. florere to bloom, flosjfloris, flower.] l. To bear flowers; blossom. Obs. 2. To grow luxuriantly; thrive. 3. To increase in wealth, honor, etc.; to be in one's prime, as an author, or at its best, as an art. 4. To make bold and sweeping or fanciful movements, for show, bravado, etc. 6. To make ornamen- tal strokes with the pen. 6. To execute irregular or fanciful music, as for a prelude. 7. To boast; brag. — v.t. 1. To cause to look fair; justify. Obs. 2. To swing about ; bran- dish ; flaunt.— Syn, See brandish. — n. 1. Act or state of blooming ; luxuriant growth. Obs. 2. Flourishing condi- tion; prosperity. 3. Showydecoration;gloss. Obs. 4. Os- tentatious embellishment; parade; show. B. A fanciful stroke, as of the pen. 6. A fantastic or showy musical passage ; a fanfare. 7. A waving, as of a weapon ; a bran- dishing. — flonrlsh-er, n. — flourlsh-lng-ly, adv. flour'y (flourl), a. Of, like, or covered with, fiour ; mealy. flout (flout), V. ^. 1. Toraock; iiMult. 2. To say in mock- ing. Obs. —v.t. To practice mocking ; sneer. — n. An insult; jeer ; mockery. — flout'er, n. — flout'lng-ly, adv. fl0W(fl3), v.i. lA&.fldwan.] 1. To move or circulate, as aliquid; to run. 2. To liquefy. Obs. 3 To proceed; issue forth. 4. To glide along smoothly; sound smoothly; be ut- tered easily. 5. To hang loose and waving. 6. To rise, as the tide ; — opposed to ebb. 7. To abound; be full, so as to run over. — v. t. To cause to flow; also, to flood. — n. 1. Act or manner of flowing or streaming. 2. Physics. The type of motion characteristic of fluids. 3. A stream of nature, verdure (87) ; K = ch in G. icb, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; eh — z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide, flxpianatlona of AbbrevlatloDi, Siena, eto.» precede Vocabulary. || f orelffn Word* + oomblned with. neauals. FLOWER 278 FLUTING water or other fluid, or a mass pf matter that has flowed when molten, as of lava. 4. Tlie quantity that fiowa in a cer- tain time, aaof water. 6> A deluge. Ob8, 6. The tidal flood. 7. Any gentle, gradual movement of thought, diction, music, or the like ; also, a copious outpouring, as of words. 8- A bog; mo- rass. Scot, tSs Dial. Eng, flow'er (fiou'Sr), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. fios^ floris.'] 1. A bloom or blossom. 2. Any plant cultivated or esteemed for its blossoms. 3. Bot. That part of a plant destined to produce seed. 4. Anornament, asafloral desigu ; hence, a figure of Bpeech. 6. The choicest partofMiytMng; state or Flower of MarnhmaUow in Section, time of freshness, bloom, a Epicalyx ; 6 Calyx ; c Petal ; d or vigor; prime. ^ v. i. Stamens and their Appendages; e 1. To blossom; produce Ovule ;/ Piatila. flowers. 2. To come into the finest or fairest condition. — V. t. To adorn with or as with flowers. — flow'er-less, a. flow'er-de-lace' (-dfe-lus'), »• [corrupted fr. fleur-de-lis.'] The iris ; specif., the form chosen for the royal emblem of France by Charles Y. flow'er-et, n. A small- flower ; a floret. flOW'er-pot' (-pSt'), n. A vessel, esp. of pottery,for earth in which to grow plants. flow'er-y (-T), a. 1. Full of flowers or blossoms. 2. Of language, florid. — Syn. See FLOBiD. — flow'er-l-ly, adv. — l-ness, n. flOwa {Ron), p. p. ofvijY.^p. a. Inflated. Uno'tn-ate (fliik'tS-at), v. %.; -at'ed (-at^Sd); -Ai/iNO. lli.fiuctuare to wave, move as waves, fluGittsvra.ve,Jluere^fluctum, to flow.] 1. To move as a wave; roll hither and thither, 2. To waver ; vacillate. — v, t. To cause to move as a wave or to waver. Syn. Fluctuate, oscillate, vibrate, undu- late, VACILLATE, WAVER. FLUCTUATE SUggests irregular or alternating movement (esp. up and down); to oscillate is to swing within or between relatively flxed limits ; to vibrate is to oscillate rapidly, or to quiver ; flg., all three words connote irresolu- tion or mstability ; vibrate also often suggests responsive- ness ; as, the fluctuation of prices, the o-fcitlaiion of a pen- dulum, the vibration of a bowstring. Undulate usually suggests a waving or wavelike surface. Vacillate andwaver are now used chiefly of jiersons; to vacillate is to fluctuate weakly between two opmions, courses, or states of mind ; to WAVER is to hesitate or shrink back, esp. with the impli- cation of the shaking of previous determination ; as, he vacillated between hope and, fear ; to ivaver in purpose. flnc'tU-a'tlon (-a'sbi^n), n. Act or fact of fluctuating. fine (floo; 86), n. Light down ; fluff. — flUO'y (-T), a. nno, n. An inclosed passage for a current of air, gases, etc., as in a chimney, boiler, organ, etc. fln'en-cy (floo'Sn-sT ; 86), n. Quality of being fluent ; smoothness ; volubility. fln'ent (-2nt), a. lL.flu&is, -entis, p. pr. of fluere to flow.] 1. Flowing, or capable of flowing ; easily moving. 2. Ready in the use of words ; voluble ; hence, flowing ; smooth. — Syn. See talkative. — fla'ent-ly, adv. fluff (fliif), n. Nap ; down, as from cotton, fur, etc. ; flue. flnff'y (flJSf'!'),a.; pluff'i-bb (-T-er); -i-est. Soft and downy; also, covered with fluff. — f laffl-DOBS (-T-nSs), n. flulfl {floo'Id; 86), a. [L. fliiidus, f r. fluere to flow.] Hav- ing particles which easily move and change their relative position without separation of the mass, and which easily yield to pressure ; capable of fiowing<; liquid or gaseous. Syn. Fluid, liquid. Taken strictly, fluid and liquid are both opposed to solid ; but liquid is also opposed to gas- eous^ v^ereas fluid applies to both liquid and gaseous sub- stances. Liquid., more often than ^uza (which suggests eSp. freedom of now ormovement), is associated with drinking. Fig., fluid is opposed to rigid ; liquid, to harsh. fluid dram, or t. drachm, | fluid ounce, —t. ounce, a measure for liquid medicines, etc. ; 8 fluid drams. In the U. S. it equals A| pint, in Gr. Britain, ^g imperial pint (28.4 c. c). — n. A fluid substance. Fluids include both liquids (which are incompressible) and gases (which are compressible). fln-ld'1-ty (floo-ldT-tl), n. Quality of being fluid. fluke (flook ; 86), n. [AS. fldc] 1. A flatflsh or flounder, 2. Any of various flattened, parasitic trematode worms. fluke, 71. 1. That part of an anchor which fabteus in the ground. See anchor. 2. A lobe of a whale's tail. fluke, n. An accidentally successful stroke, as ut biUiarda; hence, any chance advantage. Cant or Slang. flnk'y (flook'I ; 86), a. Slang. 1. Happening or got by chance. 2. Uncertain ; capricious; as, afluky wind. flume (floom; SU), «.. [OF.Jlum, fr. L.fluinen,iT. fluere to flow. ] An inclined chaimel to convey water from a distance. flum'mer-y (tiiim'er-I), n. ; pi. -bieries (-Tz). [W. llymi-u a food made of steeped oatmeal.] 1. A sort of pap. 2. A kind of custard or blancmange. 3. Trash ; nonsense. flung (flung), pret. dk p. p. of fling. flunk (fiiiijk), V. i. To fail, as on examination; to back out through fear. — v. t. 1. To fail in; shirk. 2. To cause to flunk. — n. A failure or backing out. AllColloq., U.S. flunk'y, flunk'ey (fliii]k1),n./i)/. flunkies, -eys(-Iz). 1. A liveried servant; esp., a footman. CorUemptuous. 2. One obsequious or cringing ; a toady. — flnnk'(e)y-lsni, n. flu'or (tto6'5r; 86), K. [L., flux, fr.;?were to flow.] Fluorite. Uu^o-resce' (floo'6-rSa' ; 86), v. i. ; -eesced' (-rBaf); -kebc/- iNG (-rSsTng). To produce or exhibit fluorescence. flu^o-res'cence (-§ns), n. [from pluor.] Physics. That property which some bodies have of emitting light while exposed to the action of certain rays of the spectrum, or of BSntgen rays, etc.; also, the light so produced. The light of fluorescence is quite distinct from that reflected at the surface of the body, which gives it its surface color, and also from that transmitted by the body. flu^O-res'cent (-^t), a. Having or showing fluorescence. flu-orlc (floo-SrIk ; 86), a, Fertaining to, obtained from, or containing, fluorine. fln'or-ide (floo'dr-id; -Td;86),7i. Also -Id* A compound of fluorine with an element or radical. flu'or-lne (-Tn; -en), w. [from its occurrence in ^uon'/c] An element of the chlorine family. Isolated as a pungent, corrosive, palegreeuishyellowgas. Symbol, J^/ at. wt.,19.0. flu'or-ite (-It), n. [from fluor.] Calcium fluoride, a trans- parent or translucent mineral used as a flux. flu-or'O-scope (floo-5r'o-skop), n. [^uorescence -f- -Jcope.] An instrument for observing or exhibit- ing fluorescence, esp. in fluoroscopy. flu'0r-0S'C0-py(floo'8r-5s'k6-pT),n. Exam- ination of an object, as the human body, by exposing it tothe RSntgen, or X, rays. fluor Spar. The mineral fluorite. flur'ry (flHr'T), n. ; pl.-iaRs{-'iz). 1. A sudden, brief commotion of the air. 2. A light showerorenowfallwithwind.S.Ner- i vous commotion ; flutter. 4. The spasms ^ of a dying whale. — v. t. ; -hied (-Id) ; -BT-iNa. To agitate ; excite, as by haste. Fluoroscope. flush (flSsh), i>. i. 1. To flow and spread suddenly andfreely. 2. To turn red or hot ; blush ; glow. ^ v. t. 1. To ani- mate ; encourage. 2. To draw water from, or pour it over or through (a meadow, sewer, etc.); cleanse by a rush of water. 3. To make suddenly or temporarily red, rosy, or glowing, ^n. 1. A sudden flowing; a rush, an of water, which fills or overflows. 2. A sudden rush of feeling; a thrill. 3. Any tinge of red, as due to blushing; glow; vi^or. flush, V. 7. To start up suddenly ; fly like a startled bird. ^ V. t. To cause to start up and fly, as a startled bird. flush, a. 1. Fully supplied ; well fllled ; atanent. 2. Full of vigor; hence, ruddy. 3. Abundant; lavish; prosperous. 4. Unbroken in surface; level with the adjacent surface. — adv. So as to be level or even ; in the same plane. flush, n. [F. or Sp. flux.'} Card Playing. A hand of cards all of the same suit. flus'ter (flfis'ter), V. t. To make hot and rosy, as with drinking ; fuddle ; confuse, —v. i. To be agitated. — n. Heat or glow, as from drinking ; confused agitation. flute(floot;86), 71. [fr. OF.] 1. Music. A wind instrument. See Illust. 2. A groove or channel of curved section. — Flute. V. i. ; flut'ed (floot'Bd ; 24) ; flut'ino. To play on or an on a flute. — v. t. 1. To play, whistle, or sing, with a flute- like note. 2. To form flutes in, as in a column. flut'lng, ». Decoration with flutes; flutes collectively. ale, sen&te, cftre, ftm, account, ^nu, &sk, aof't ; eve, event, end, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, ftbey. drb, 6dd, 86ft, cSnnect ; use, Unite, drn, Up, circus, menu; foDd, foot; out, oil; chair; go; sing, iiik: %f)en, thmj FLUTIST 279 FOIL Hat'lSt (tlS&t/ Tst ; 86), n. A performer on the flute. tlnt'ter (riiit^r), v. i. [AS. Jiotorian to float about.] 1. To flap the wings rapidly, without flying. 2. To move with quick vibrations. 3. To move about agitatedly, with little remit. 4. To be agitated. — Syn. See put. — v.t. 1. To vibrate or move quickly. 2. To throw into confusion. — n. 1. A fluttering ; quick and irregular motion. 2. Agitation ; confusion. — flut'ter-or, n. — Ilut^er-lng-ly, adv. flnt'T (flooti; a6), a. Having a tone like that of a flute. flu'Vl-al (floo'vT-al ; 86), a. [L. ^uvialis, ir.Jiuviu.i river, fluere to flow.l Of or pertaining to rivers ; living in streams or ponds ; produced by river action. flux (fliika), n. [L.7?«xiw,fr.j/?were,yZuzM7rt, to flow.l l.An exceaaive and morbid fluid discharge, as from the bowels. 2. A flowing; constant succession; change. 3. Inflow of the tide. 4. State of being liquid through heat; fusion. 6. Any substance, as borax, lime, allialies, etc., used to promote fusion of metals or minerals. — v. t. 1. To fuse; treat with a flux. 2. To purge. — v. i. To flow freely. Archaic. nnzlon (flSk'shan), n. 1. A flowing. 2. A flux (def. 2). ny (fli), a. Knowing; keen; artful. Slang. fly, v.4./prc(. FLEw(floo); p.p. flown (flon); p.pT.&vb.n. FLT'iNO. \_AS>.Jliogan.'\ 1. To move in the air with winga, as a bird. 2. To move or be driven through the air^as before the wind. 3. To move or pass swiftly. 4. To float, wave, or soar in the air, as a kite or flag. 6. To run from danger ; flee. 8- To vanish ; disappear. ^ v. t. 1. To cause to fly or float in the air, as a kite, flag, etc. 2. To fly or flee from; shun; avoid, ^n. ; pi. rLiEa(fliz). 1. The course through theair of anythingprojected, as, eBp.,abattedball. 2. a A passenger coach or parcels cart. Obs. or Hist, b A public covered one-horse carriage. Eng. 3. Length of an extended flag. 4. The outer canvas of a tent with double top. 6. A lap on a garment, to conceal buttons. 6- pi. Space over a stage with paraphernalia for handling scenery, etc. fly, n. \_A.S. flfge^JlSogCj fv.flSogan to fly.] 1. Originally, any winged insect. Now only in butterfly^ fifejly, etc. 2. Now, particularly, a two-winged insect of a family of which the house fly is the most familiar form; popularly, almost any flylike insect; as, dragon ^^. 3. A fishhook dressed with feathers, tinsel, etc., to imitate a fly. fly agaric or axnanlta. A common poisonous mushroom of Europe and America having a warty white or yellow pileus. fly'a-way' (fli'd-wS'), a. Flighty ; unrestrained. fly'blOW' (fli'blo'), n. An egg or young larva deposited by a blowfly. ^ v, t. To deposit eggs on, as a blowfly does on meat ; hence, to taint. — fly-blown' (-blon'), a. flyTjOat' (-hot'), n. [ Jly -\- boat.'] Any of various fast ves- sels, including frigates, flshing boats, and ship's boats. ny'oatch'er (-kSch^Sr), n. Any of numerous small birds tliat feed on inaecta, which they take on the wing. fly'er, fll'er (fli'er), n. One that flies. fly'-fish', V. i. To angle with real or artificial flies. Qy'ing, p. pr. ds vb, n. of ply, v. — flying artillery, artillery trained to rapid evolutions. — f. bnttresB, Arch. , a masonry structure, typically a straight inclined bar carried on an archandasolid pier or buttress against which it abuts, for bracing a roof or vault. — f. flah, any of certain fishes having winglifce nectora) flns, and capable of moving Bome distance through the a i r. — 1 fox, any of various large fruit- eating bats, ™„. p,„. having a fox' ^^^^ ^^^ likeface.— f.Jlb, iVau^, a sail set outside the standing jib, on an extension of the jib boom.— f. lemur, an East Indian mammal of the size of a cat, having a broad fold of skin forming a parachute used in making long sailing leaps.— f mome, a very small Australian flying phalanger. — f. pba- la&gsr, any of various phalangera having a par- achutelike membrane used In leaping.— f. wpiix- rel. Any of certain squir- rels having parachute- _ like folds of skin con- Africi necting the fore and hind legs, enabling them to make very long leaps. flyleaf' (flilSfO. n. An unprinted leaf at the beginning or the end of a book. fly'speok' (-spSk^), n. A spot made by the excrement of a fly ; any insignificant dot. — v. t. To soil with flyspecks. flyte, Uyt'lng;. Vars. of elite, flitino. Archaic or Scot. fly'trap' (fil'trSp^), n. A trap for catching files ; also, a fly- catching plant, as the Venus'a-fiytrap. Uy'wheel' (-hwel^), n. A heavy wheel for equalizing by its inertia the speed of machinery with which it revolvea. foal (folj, n. [AS.fola.] The young of the horse family ; a colt ; filly. — v.t. ^ i. To bring forth (a colt or foal), foam (fom), 71. [AS. fam.'] The white substance, consist- ing of bubbles, formed on liquids, or in the mouth or on the skin of an animal, by violent agitation, fermentation, or perspiration; froth; spume. — v. i. To gather or form foam ; to froth. ~- v. t. To cause to foam ; cover with foam; also, to throw out with violence. — f oamleSB, a. foam'y (-T), a. ; foam'i-bb (-T-er); -i-bst. 1, Covered with foam ; frothy. 2. Full of, consisting of, or like, foam. fob (f5b), n. 1. A little pocket in men's trousers for a watch, etc. 2. A short watch chain or ribbon. U. S. fob, V. t. ; FOBBED (f5bd) ; fob'bino. To trick. Archaic. fo'cal (fo'kSl), a. Of or pertaining to a focus. fo'cal-ize (-12), 1'. t. ; -I2BD (-izd); -iz'ing (-iz/Ing). To bring to a focus. — fo'cal-i-za'tiozi (-T-za'shfin; -I-za'-), n. fo'CUS (-kSs), n.; pi. E. -coses (-Sz; 24), L. -oi (-si). [L. focus he&rth.'] 1. Physics, a A point in which rays, as of light, heat, sound, etc., meet, after being reflected or re- fracted ; the point at which an image is formed, b A point from which diverging rays appear to iasue, or a point at which converging rays would meet if not reflected or re- fracted before they reach it; — called virtual focus^ as distin- guished from the true, or real, focus. 2. a Focal length. b Adjustment, as of the eye or an eyepiece, requisite for distinct vision, 3- Math, a Either of two certain points on the principal axis of an ellipse. See ellipse, b Any anal- ogous point in other conic sections. 4. A central point; point of concentration, ^v. t. ; -onsED (f o'ki^st) or -cdsbbd ; -cns-iNaor-cns-BiNG. 1. To bring to a focus; focalize. 2. To adjust the focus of (the eye, a lens, etc.). fOfl'der(fSd'er),n. Ik^.fsdderjoddor.'] Coarse food for cattle, horses, and sheep, as hay, vegetables, etc. —v. t. To feed with or as'with fodder. foe (fo), n. [AS. fah hostile.] 1. One who Las personal enmity, hatred, or malice, against another ; an enemy. 2. An enemy in war ; adversary. — Syn. See eneuy. foehn (fQn), n. [G. dial. (Swiss), fr. L. Favonius west wind.] A warm dry wind of the northern Alpine valleys. foe'man (fo'm^^n), n. ; pi. -HEN (-mSn). A foe in war. f oB'tal, foe-ta'tlon, f oe'tns, etc. Vars. of fetal, fbtcs, etc. fog (f5g), n. 1. Aftermath ; rowen. 2. Moss. Scot. fog, n. 1. Vapor condensed to fine particles of water near the ground. 2. Any murky condition of the atmosphere, or any substance causing it. 3. State of mental confusion. — Syn. See haze. — v. t. To envelop as with fog ; hence, to perplex ; confuse. — v. t*. To become obscured with or as with fog. fog'gage ^Sg'aj), n. Moss. Scot. fog'gy (-T), a. ; -oi-ER (-Y-er); -oi-est. 1. Thick; filled with fog; misty. 2. Beclouded; muddled. — fog'gl-nOBB, n. fogdiorn' (-hdrn^, n. A horn sounded as a fog signal. f O^gy (f o'gT), n. ; p/. -oiEs (-gtz). Also fo'goy. A dull fel- low ; one behind the times, or over conservative. Collog. foil i,fo), interj. An exclamation of disgust; poh ; bah. foilile (foi'b'l), n. [OF. foible feeble. See feeble.] A failing ; weak point ; frailty. — Syn, See fattlt. f oU (foil), V. t. TF. fouler to trample, press, oppress.] 1. To trample. Obs.^ -ixc. Hunting. 2. To defeat; overthrow : baffle ; frustrate. — Syn. See frustrate. — n. 1. Failure; frustration. 2. A light blunt sword with a button at the point, for fencing. foil, n. [OF., leaf, fr. 'L.folium.\ 1. A leaf, or very thin sheet, of metal ; as, gold foil, tin foil. 2. Jewelry. A thin leaf of silvered, burnished, and colored metal, uaed to give color or brilliancy to pastes and inferior stones ; merly, a setting. 3. thing that adorns ( off by contrast. ^. iuo „ ., ^ space between the cusps in ' Gothic architecture ; a rounded or leaflike ornament, in windows, niches, etc. esfr /ft. (f% Js^ nature, verdure (87) ; k = cli in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to \ AxplsnatlonBof Abbreviations, Signs, etc, precede Vocabulurj. |] Foreign Word, -t- combined with. ^in Guide. =:eqiud*> FOIN 280 FOOLISH fOln (foiD), ti. i. To thrust with a Bword or spear ; lunge. Archaic. — n. A lunge. Obs. loi'son (foi'z'u),n. [F.,fr.L./iwto.] 1. Rich harvest; plenty. Obs. or Scot. Arcnaic. 2. Strength; iu pt,^ renources. foist (foist), V. t. To insert surreptitiously; interpolate ; pass off (something spurious) as genuine. fold (fol^, V. t. [AS./ea/dan.] 1. To lap or lay m plaits or folds. 2. To lay or clasp together ; lay close to the body ; aSf the bird folds its wings. 3. To Inclose witliin or as within folds; envelop; embrace, ^v. i. To become folded or doubled. —n. 1. A doubling; plait. 2. That which is folded together, or which infolds ; embrace. fold, n. [AS./aM,/oforf.] 1. An uiclosure for sheep. 2. A flock of sheep ; fig., the church or a church. 3. Farmyard; yard. Obs. or Dial. Eng.—^v.t. To confine in a fold, as sheep. -fold. [AS. -feald."] Times ; repetitions ; — used with nu- ' merals, to denote multiplication; as, twofold (double), etc. fold'er (foKder), n. 1. One that folds. 2. A circular, aa a time-table, of one or more folded sheets. fol'de-rol' (f51'de-r510. Var. of falderal. fo^li-a'ceous (fo'lY-a'shiis), a. [L. foliaceust fr. folium leaf.] 1. Bot. Belonging to, or like, a foliage leaf. 2. Con- sisting of leaves ; having tlie form of a leaf. fo'll-age (fo'lT-aj), n. [fr. OF., deriv of L. /o/ium leaf.] 1. The leaves of a plant, collectively. 2. A cluster of leaves, flowers, and branches. — fo'li-agOd (-ajd), a. foil-ate (-at), a. [L. foHatus leaved, leafy, /ofium leaf.] Leafy. — (-at), v. t. ; -at^bd (afSd) ; -at/ing. 1. To coat with tin amalgam or foil. 2- Arch. To ornament withfoils. fo'll-at^ed (-at^Sd), a. Resembling a leaf ; having leaves, laminae, or leaf like projections; separable into thin plates. fO'll-a'tlon (-a'shi^u), n. 1. Act of foliating. 2. Process of forming into a leaf or leaves ; state of being iu leaf. 3. Bot. Vernation. 4- Ornamentation with foils as iu tre- foils, or with foliage ; also, one of these ornaments. 6. Petrog. Foliated structure ; division into laminae or plates. fo'11-a-ture (fo'lT-d-tgr), n. Fo- liage or foliations. fo'll-o (fo'lT-o; fol'yo), n.;pl. -oa (-oz; -yoz). [ablative ofL. fo- lium leaf,] 1. A leaf of a book or manuscript. 2. A sheet of paper once folded. 3. A book made of sheets of paper each folded once (4 pages to the sheet); a book of the largest- t> •,- ^ sized pages. 4. The size or Foliations. 4. form of a folio book ; — abbreviated to fol. &. The page number in a book. 6. A page in an account book ; some- times, two opposite pages bearing the same serial number. 7. Law. In a (ioeument, a certain number of words taken as a unit or division fqr measurement or reference, —a. Formed of sheets each folded once, making two leaves, or four pages. -foll-ons (-fo'lT-fis). An adjective suffix f r. L. folium^ leaf. folk (fok),n. [AS./o/c] X. pi. POLKS. A group of kin- dred people, forming a tribe or nation. 2. Noiv only in pi, FOLK {Archaic) or folks (CoUog.). People in general or of a special class ; as, fine folks ; folks say. 3. Only in pi. FOLKS. The persons of one's own family; relatives, Colloq. folk'free^, a. Having a freeman'n rights. folklore' (fok'lor' ; 57), n., or folk lore. Traditional cus- toms, beliefs, etc., of a people, or the study of them. folk'moor (fok'moof), folk'mote' (-mof), n. [AS. folc- m-oi folk meeting.] An assembly of the people. Hist. fOiai-cle (fSl'f-k'l), n. [L. folliculus small bag, husk, pod, dim. of follis bellows, inflated ball.] 1. Bot. A one-celled simple fruit, dehiscent only by one suture, as the fruits of the milkweed. 2. Annt. A small nearly or entirely closed cavity, or gland. — fol-llo'll-lar (fS-lTk'fi-ldr), a. follow (f51'o), V. t. [AS.folg7/T.n,fylgean,fylgan,1 1. To go or come after ; attend. 2. To succeed in order of time, rank, etc. 3- To result from. 4. To walk in, or proceed along, as a road or course ; attend on closely, as a calling, 6. To endeavor to overtake ; pursue; strive after. 6. To pursue with hostility ; punish ; press to a conclusion. Obs. or R. 7. To acceptaa authority; obey. 8. To copy after ; take as an example. 9. To watch, as a receding object ; keep the mind on while in progreaa, as a speech. Syn. Follow, pursue, chase are often interchangeable. Follow is the general term ; to pubsce is to attempt to overtake, esp. eagerly, persistently, or in enmity ; to cbase is to pursue in order to, or as if to, catch or drive away. — V, i. X. To go or come after a person or thing in place, time, or sequence ; hence, to attend. 2. To result or occur as a consequence. 3. To pursue; strive for attainment. Syn. Follow, succeed, ensue. Follow is the general term for the idea of coming after; succeed commonly implies a regular order or succession ; ensue, some logiciu connec- tion or principle of sequence: as, m%M,foUov)S day; a new love succeeded the old ; misery ensued from his failure. fol'low-er (f51'6-er), n. 1. One who follows ; pursuer ; ad- herent ; retainer. 2. A sweetheart; beau. Collog. 3. A part of a machine that receives motion from another part. Syn. Follower, disciple, adherent, partisan, satellite. Follower is any one who attaches himself to another or his opinions ; disciple implies esp. allegiance to the doctrines of one looked on as a master; adherent connotes closer at- tachment than follower ; a partisan is a zealous, often prej- udiced, adherent, esp. of aparty or interest ; asATELLiTE, an obsequious, often sycophantic, follower. foriow-lng, vb. n. One's followers, collectively. — p. u. 1. Next aftei ; succeeding. 2. That now follows. folly (f51't), n. ; pi. -LIES (-Tz). [F. folie, fr. fol.fou, fool- ish, mad. See fool.] 1. Want of good sense ; levity or weakness of mind. 2. A foolish act or idea ; light-minded conduct. 3. Scandalous crime ; sin; lewdness. Archaic. Syn. Folly, infatuation. Folly implies lack of sense ; INFATUATION, blind and insensate folly, esp. withreference to opinions or personal attachments. fo-ment' (fS-mSnt'), v. i. [fr. F., fr, "L. fomentare^ fr./o- m,entum a warm application, /overe to warm.] 1. To apply a warm lotion, heated cloths, or the like, to. 2. To nurse to life or activity; cherish, or stir up, by excitements; rouse; instigate. — fo'men-ta'tlon (fo^mSn-ta'shiin), n. — fo- ment'er, n. fond (f5nd), a. [for/onncd.p. p. of ME./onnen to be foolish.] 1. Foolish ; simple ; weak. Archaic. 2. Foolishly tender and loving ; weakly indulgent. 3. Affectionate ; tender; — in a good sense. 4. Greatly pleased ; prizing highly; de- sirous ; — followed by of and to and the infinitive (formerly also by on). 6. Doted on; cherished. 6- Trifling. Obs. Syn, Ardent, passionate. — Fond, lovinO, amorous, en- amored, DOTiNO. Fond (sometimes connoting foolish ten- derness) implies affectionate attachment , loving implies stronger affection than fond ; amorous, a propensity to love. One is enamored who is inflamed with love ; one is doting who is excessively or weakly fond. — V. i. To be fond; dote. Obs. — v. t. To fondle. 06*. fon'dle (f5n'd'l), v. t. ; -dled (-dUd) ; -dling (-dllng"). [freq. of obs. fly the application, usually by an active agent, of physical or (in case of coercion more often) moral force to control the action of a voluntary agent. Con- TRAiHT and RESTRAINT may be exercised either by an ac- tive agent or by force of circumstances ; constraint some- times denotes driving to action, but more often Its forci- ble restriction or confinement ; restraint suggests its hin- drance or curbing. — V. t, ; FORCED (forst) ; roEc'iNO (for'sTng). 1. To do Tiolenceto; esp., ravish; violate. 2. To constrain or com- pel ; coerce. 3- To exert to the utmost ; urge ; strain. 4> To get by strength ; take by violence ; pass through by force. 6> To impel, wrest, extort, etc., by violence; — with along, away^from^ etc. 6. To impose or cause by ne- cessity. 7. To enforce. Obs. 8- To reinforce ; strengthen. Ohs. 9. Toallowtheforce of ; carefor. 06*. 10. To cause (flowers or fruits) to develop by artificial means. — Syn. Oblige, necessitate, drive, press. — w. i. 1. To make a difla- cult matter of any thing. Ohs. 2. To force one's way. Rare. forced (forst ; 57), p. a. 1. Compelled by force ; compul- sory. 2. Done or produced laboriously ; strained. fOTCe'Snl (f ors'fddl), a. Full of force ; forcible ; effective. lOTCO'ineat' (fors'mef; 57), n. [corrupt, tor farce-meat, fr. F. farce stuffing.] Cookery, Meat chopped fine and highly seasoned, served alone or used as a stuffing. lor'cepa (fdr'sSps), n. ; pi. E. -CEPS or, rarely, -cefsbs (-Sz), L. FORCiFBs (-sT-pez). [L. forceps^ -cipis."] A pair of pin- cers or tongs, esp. for delicate operations. forco pump. A pump with a solid plunger for drawing and forcing a liquid through the valves. forc'er (fSr'ser ; 57), n. One that forces. for'ci-Ue (fSr'sT-b'I), a. 1. Effected by forceused against resistance; got by compulsion. 2. Characterized by force, efficiency, or energy ; powerful. — Syn. Strong, energetic, mighty; potent, impressive, convincing. — for'cl-Ue- ness, n. — for'ci-lily, adv. ford (ford ; 57), n. [AS.] 1. A place where a river, or other water, may be crossed by wading. 2. A stream. Poetic. — V. U To cross by a ford. — ford'a-ble (f or'dd-b'l), o. for-dC (fSp-doo'), fore-do^ (for- ; 57), V. t. (see do for prin. parts.) [AS. /orrfon.] Archaic. 1. To kill or destroy; undo. 2. To fatigue utterly ; exhaust ; — on/y inp.p. fore (for; 57), adv. [AS. /07-c, adv. & prep., another form of /or.] 1. In the part that precedes or goes first ; — now only as opposed to aft. 2. Formerly ; afore. Obs. — fore and aft. Naut. a From stem to stern ; lengthwise of the vessel. 1) In, at, or towards bow and stem. — prep. & cony. Before ; — sometimes written ^fore, as if a contraction of afore or before. Obs, — a. Advanced ; toward the front; first; earlier; forward. —~ n. The front. fore'-and-aft', a. Lying, running, or acting in the gen- eral line of the length of a vessel ; as, fore-and-aft sails. fore'ann' (forearm' ; 57), n. The part of the arm between the elbow and the wrist. fore-aim' (f or-arm'), V. t. To arm beforehand. fore1)ear^ Var. of torbeab, an ancestor. fore-bode' (for-bod' ; 57), v.t. ac i. ; -BOD'ED(-bod'Sd) ; -bod'- INO. 1. To foretell ; portend. 2- To have a premonition or presentiment of ; augur despoudingly. — Syn. Predict, progqosticate, presage, betoken. See foretell. foie-bOd'ing (-bod'Tng), vb. n. Presage, prediction, or pre- sentiment, esp. of coming evil ; portent. — Syn. See ap- prehension. fore-by'. Var. of porbt. fore-cast' (-kisf ; 57), v. t. cfe i. ; -OAST', also -oabt'ed ; -OAST'iNG. 1. To plan beforehand ; project. 2. To fore- see ; calculate boforehand. — Syn. See foretell. fore'caat' (for'k&st^), n. l. Previous contrivance; hence, plan. Obs. or R. 2. Foresight ; forethought. 3. A proph- ecy or estimate of a future happening or condition. fore'cas-tle (for'k4s-'l ; naut. fok's'l), n. Naut. a That part of the upper deck of a vessel forward of the foremast, or of the fore channels, b In merchant vessels* the for- ward part or compartment where the sailors live. fore-close' (for-kl6z'), v. t. ; -closed' (-clozd') ; -clos'img. [F. forclos. p. p. of forclore to exclude ; OF. fore outside (L. foris) -f- clore to close. See close.] 1. To shut out ; bar. 2. To subject to foreclosure. 3- To hold exclusively. fore-clo'sure (-klo'zhur), n. A proceeding which extin- guishes a mortgagor's right to redeem a mortgaged estate. fore-do' (-doo'). Var. of fordo. fore'doom' (for'doom^), n. Doom or sentence in advance, fore-doom' (for-doom' ; 57), V. i. 1. To doom beforehand ; predestinate. 2. To predict as a doom ; forecast. Rare. fore'fa'ther (for'f aether; 57), n. An ancestor. fore-fend'. Var. of forfend. fore'fin^ger (-fti}'ger), n. The finger next the thumb. fore'fooV (-feSf), n.;pl. -feet (-fetO- 1- One of the front feet of a quadruped or multiped. 2- In wooden ships, a timber connecting the forward end of the keel to the stem. fore'front' (-frOnV), n. Foremost part or place. fore-gath'er. Var. of forgather. fore-go' (for-go'; 67), v. i. & i. To leave, etc. See forgo. fore-go', V. t. & i. ;pret. -went' (-wSnt');^.p. -gone' (-g8n'); p.pr. &vb. n. -oo'iNG. [AS. foregan ;fore -\-gan to go.] To go before ; precede. — fore-go'er, n. fore-going, p. a. Preceding. — Syn. See ahtbcbdekt. fore-gone' C-gSn' ; 62), ;;. a. That hus goui, Lelore; previous. — foregone conclmlon. a A predetermined couclusion. bA result that was inevitable. fore'ground' (foreground'), n. In nature or art, that part of the scene nearest to, and in front of, the spectator. foreliand' (for'h£nd'), n. 1. Superior position ; advan- tage. 2. That part of a horse which is before tlie rider, —a. 1. Done beforehand; anticipative. 2- Heading; front. fore'hand''ed, a. Mindful of the future ; thrifty ; well-to- do. Now U, S. — fore'hand'ed-nesB, n. fore'bead (f5r'gd), n. lAS. forHf^fod."} 1. The part of the face above the eyes. 2. Assurance ; also, modesty. Obs. 3. The front, or fore, part of anything. for'elgn (fSr'Tn), a. IF.forain, fr. L. foras, foris, out of doors, abroad, without.] 1. Outside of a place or country, esp. of one's own country. 2. Not native or domestic; not naturally belonging to a place, country, person, thing, etc. 3- Not naturally related or connected ; not appropriate. — Syn. Outlandish, alien, exotic ; remote, distant ; extrane- ous, extrinsic. — f or'elgn-ness, n. for'eign-er (-er), n. One not native in the country or ju- risdiction under consideration, or not naturalizai there; alien. fore-judge' (for-jSj' ; 57), v. i. To judge beforehand. fore-know' (-no'), v. t. (see know for prin. parts.) To know beforehand. — fore-knowl'edge (-nSl'Sj; 24), n. fore'land (for'lttn''), n. A promontory ; headland. fore'Iock' (for'lSk' ; 57), n. [/ore-f- lock a faatening.] A cotter or split pin ; a linchpin. forelock', n. The lock of hair growing from the fore part of the head. fore'man (for'mSn; 57), n.; pi. -men (-mgn). The chief man; specif. : a The chief man of a jury, who acts as its speaker and chairman, b A bead ; overseer. — fore'man-shlp, n. fore'mast (f or'mast), n. Nant. The mast nearest the bow. fore'most (-most), a. [AS. formest, fyi^mest, superl. of forma first, which is a superl. f r. fore fore.] First in time or place ; most advanced; chief in rank or dignity. fore'noon' (forenoon'), n. The early part of the day, from morning to meridian, or noon. fo-ren'SlO (f o-rSn'sTk), a. [L. forensis, fr. forum a public place, marketplace.] Belonging tolawcourts orto public debate; argumentative; rhetorical. — fo-ron'sf-cal-ly, adv. fore'or-dam' (for'6r-dan'), V. t. To ordain beforehand: predestinate. — fore^or-dl-na'tlon (-dT-na'shun), n. fore part, or fore'part^ (for'part'; 67), n. The part most advanced, or first in time or in place. fore-passed', fore-past' (-pAsf ), a. Bygone. OU. or B. fore'rank' (for^rST^k'), n. The first rank ; the front. fore-reach' (for-rech' ; 57), V. t. To pass; gain on. fore-run' (for-rJin'; 57), V. t. (see RUNfor prin. parts.) To come before ft" an oarneot of something ; announce. fore-rnn'ner (-er), n. 1. A messenger to give notice of the approach of others; harbinger. 2- A predecessor; ancestor. Syn. Prognostic, omen, sign. — Forerunner, precursor, ale, senate, cftre, &in, ^recount, firm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, ftbey, drb, 6dd, Bdft, cdnuecti use* finite, iirn, iip, circua» menu; foud, fddt; out, oil; cliair j go ; siixg, ii|k; ^en, thin; FORESAIL 283 FORGIVER HARBINaER. HERALD. FORERUNNER (SaZOD) and PRECURSOR (Latin) apply to both persona and things : forerunner, more frequently to the former, fjrecwi-A-or (often in tUe sense of prognostic, omen), to the latter; as, John the Baptist was a forerunner of Christ ; lightning is taepi'ecursor of thunder. A HARBINGER is One who goes before, esp. to provide lodg- ings ; the word is now chiefly used fig. of things. Herald connotes proclamation or announcement. tore'Sair (for'sal' ; naui. for's'l or fo's'l), n. Naut. The lowest sail on the foremast of a square-rigged vessel ; also, the gaff sail set on the foremast of a schooner. fore-see' (for-se' ; 57), V. t. [AS. J'oreseon ; fore + sSon to see.] To see or have knowledge of beforehand. fore-shad'OW (-shad'o), v. t. To shadow or typify before- hand ; to prefigure. — lore-shad'ow-er (-er), it. fore'-Slieet, n. Naut. a One of the sheets of a foresail. b pi. The forward part of an open boat. fore'Bhore' (f or'ahor' ; 57), n. The part of the shore between high and low water marks. fore-short'en (for-shOr't'n), v. t. Fine Arts. Toshorten, or to represent as shortened, as the effect of perspective. Jore-Show' (f or-sho')i v. t. [as. foresdawian to foresee; fore + sciawian to seej To show beforehand ; foretell. fore'slghV (for'aitO, n. X. Act or power of foreseeing; fore- knowledge. 2. Act of looking forward. 3. Action in ref- erence to the future; provident care. — Syn. See prudbnob, fore'skin' (for'sktn^), n. Anat. The prepuce. fore-spent' (-spguf), a. Already spent ; past. Obs. for'est (fSr'Sat ; 24), n. [OF., fr. LL. forestis, prop., open ground for the chase, L. foris^foras, out of doors.] A large tract of woodland. — a. Of or pert, to a forest; sylvan.— v.t. 1. To cover with trees. 2. To hide in a forest. Bare. fOre-Stair (for-st81' ; 57), V. t. [fr. WE.forstal obstruction, AS.forsteal,foj-esteaU, prop., a placiqg one's self before an- other. See FOSE; stall.] 1. To intercept; obstruct. Obs. 2. Law. To prevent the normal trading in (goods or a market) by buying up or diverting goods, or persuading others to enhance the price. 3. To exclude, hinder, or pre- vent, by prior measures ur occupation. 4. To get ahead of; anticipate. — fore-stall'er, n. Syn. Forestall, anticipate have the idea of being (or get- ting) ahead, or of prior action ; forestall often em^nasizes more than anticipate the implication of precluding, pre- venting, or rendering nugatory or useless ; as, he antici- pated my purpose; to /o'"e*^CE^i criticism by making excuses. lor^est- action (fSr^Ss-ta'shi^n), n. 1. The practical applica- tion of the study of forestry. 2. Establishment of new forests. lore'stay' (f or'sta'; 57), n. Naut. A. stay reaching from the foremast head to the bowsprit, to support the mast. for'est-er (fSr'gs-ter), n. 1. One trained in forestry, esp. one in charge of forest trees. 2. A denizen of a forest. Ior'est-ry(f5r'Sst-rT),n. 1. Forest land i forest. 2. The science and art of forming, caring for, or cultivating forests. lore'taste' (for'tast^), n. A taste beforehand; anticipation. fore-taste' (for-tasf), v. t. To taste beforehand; anticipate. fore-tell' (for-tei'; 57), u. i.&i. Totell beforehand; proph- esy ; foreshow. — fore-tell'er, n. Syn. Foretell, predict, prophesy, forecast, presage, FOREBODE, PORTEND, AUOUR, PROGNOSTICATE. FORETBLL (Saxon) and predict (Latin) are often interchangeable : but PREDICT is now commonly used when inference from facts (rather than occult processes) is involved. Prophesy con- notes inspired or mysterious knowledge, or great assur- ance of prediction. Forecast connotes conjecture rather than inference; pumage, shrewd forecast, sometimes pre- sentiment or warning. Forebode implies obscure pre- science or premonition (esp. of evil) ; portend, threatening or ominous foretokening. To augur is to presage from or as from omens, to prognosticate, from or as from symptoms. fore-thlnk'(-thTijk'),y.^ To anticipate; prognosticate. iJare. lore'thought^ (for'th6t/), a. Thought of, or planned, be- forehand. Now Rare.— 'ft. A thinking or planningbefore- hand; premeditation; provident care. — Syn. See prudence. fore'tO'lEen (-to'k'n), n. Prognostic ; premonitory sign. fore-to'ken (for-to'k'n ; 57), v. i. To prognosticate. fore'tOlf (for'tSp/), n. 1. Forelock ; fore part or top of a wig. Obs. 2. Naut.ThQ platform at the head of the foremast. foreMop'gallant (-t5p-gai'Snt ; naut. -t'gSl'ant), a. Des- ignating mast, sail, yard, etc., next above the fore-topmast. fore'-top'mast, n. A mast next above the foremast. fore^-tOp'saUt n. The sail set on the fore-topmast. for-ev'er (f5r-Sv'er), adw. 1. Through eternity; eternally. 2. At all times; incessantly. — Syn. Constantly, continu- ally, always, perpetually, unceasingly, interminably, ever- lastingly, endlessly. for-ev'er-more (-mor ; 57), adv. Forever ; —emphatic. fore-warn' (for-w8rn'), v. i. To warn beforehand. fore'wom'an (for'wdfim/fin), n.;pl. -wom'bn (-wTm'Sn ; 24). A woman at the head of other women, as in a workshop. fore'word' (-wfird'), n. A word said beforehand ; preface. for'feit (f6r'flt), w. [F. forfait crime, p. p. of forfaire to forfeit, transgress, fr, lih.forisfacere^ prop., to act beyond; L. for is abroad, beyond -^-facere to do,] 1. A crime. Obs. 2. A thing forfeited; what is or may be taken in requital of a misdeed; afine; penalty, 3. Forfeiture. — a. Forfeited. ^ V. t. 1. To lose, or lose the right to, by error, fault, or offense. 2. To subject, as property, to forfeiture or con- fiscation. Obs. or Hist. — for^felt-a-ble, a. — for'felt-er, n. for'fel-ture (f8r'fr-tyr), n. 1. Act of forfeiting. 2. That which is forfeited ; a penalty ; fin6 ; mulct. for-fend' (f Sr-fSnd'), also fore-fend', v. t. To prohibit ; for- bid; also, to avert ; prevent. Archaic. for-fought'en {Scot. fdr-fSs'tSn), a. Exhausted, as from fighting. Obs. or Scot. for-gath'er(f5r-gSth'ei),fore-gath'er(for-;57),v.i. l. To convene ; assemble. 2. To meet, esp. accidentally. 3. To fraternize ; consort socially. forgave' (fSr-gav'), f of FORGIVE. forge (forj;f6rj; 57), n. !• fr. L. fabrica arti- san's work8hop,/a- ^g^ ber artisan, smith, ' 'S^ as adj., skillful.] y 1. A furnace, or a place with its fur- nace, where metal is wrought by heating and ham- mering ; a smithy. ~ 2. A workshop where wrought iron is produced directly from the Down-draft Forge ore, or where iron hotcaaes, etc. 1 Down draft pipe for Pipe for blofit to quicken El . is rendered malle- combuation. 3 Water Tank, able by puddling and shingling. — v. L; forged (forjd; fSrjd); porg'ing (for'jYng ; f8r'-). [F. forger^ fr. It.fabri- care, fabricari, to fashion, fr. fabrica. See forge, n.] 1. To form by heating and hammering, as a metal. 2. To form,or shape out,in any way ; produce. 3. To make or im- itate falsely; fabricate ; counterfeit, as a signature. — Syn. Feign, falsify. — v.i. 1. To forge metals ; work as a smith. 2. To fabricate falsely; commit forgery. 3. Tomove for- ward;— esp. in to forge ahead. — forg'er (for'jer ; f8r'-), n. for'ger-y (for'jer-i; fSr'- ; 57), n. ;pl. -oeribs (-Tz). 1. Act of inventing ; esp., feigning ; fiction. Obs. or Poetic. 2. Act of forging, fabricating, or producing falsely. 3. That which is forged, or counterfeited. — Syn. See counterfeit. for-get' (fSr-gSf), V. t. ; pret. -got' (-gSf), Archaic -qki^ (-gSf) ; p. p. -got'ten (-g6t"n), -got' ; p. pr. & vb. n. -get'- TiNo. [f r. AS.] 1. To lose the remembrance of; be unable to recall; lose the power or use of. 2. To omit or disregard unintentionally ; hence, to neglect ; alight. — v. i. To cease remembering or noticing. for-get'fUl(-fd51), a. 1. Apt to forget. 2. Heedless ; neg- lectful. 3. Causing to forget ; inducing oblivion. Poetic. — for-get'ful-ly, adv. — forget'ful-ness, n. Syn. Forgetfulnbss, oblivion. Forgetfulness (Saxon) oftener signifies aptness to forget or the state of forgetting ; oblivion (Latin), the state of being forgotten. Forgetful oftener than oblivious suggests defective memory ; oblivi- ous commonlyimplies profound f orgetfulness (its use, how- ever, as an exact synonym for unconscious is erroneous). for'ge-tive (f3r'je-tTv ; fSr'- ; 57), a. [from forge.] In- ventive ; imaginative ; — a Shakespearean word. for-get'-me-'not^ (f Sr-ggfme-nSt'), n. A small herb, of the boragp family, having bright blue or white flowers, widely treated as the emblem of friendship and fidelity. for-give'(f5r-gTv'),v. ^; prsi. -gave' (-gaV) ; p.p.-aivfETH (-giv''n); /). pr. & vb. n. -qiv'ing. [AS. f orgief an, forgif an; for- -f- giefan, gifan to give.] 1. To give up resentment or claim to requital for (an offense or wrong) ; pardon. 2. To cease to feel resentment against (a person) for wrong com- mitted; absolve ; pardon, •^v. i. To grant forgiveness. — Syn. See excuse. — for-giv'ablO, a. — for-glv'er, n. for-give'ness, n. Act of forgiving; state of being forgiven. natjire, verdure (87) ; K = cli in G. ioh, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide Azplanatlons of Abbrevlatlontt Sl^nsp etOt, precede Vocabularya U Fc 11 Foreign Word* 4- combined with. = eauala' FORGIVING 284 FORTHRIGHT for-glTlnS, p. a. That f or^ves or shows forgiveness ; pla- cable. — for-glv'lng-ly, adv. — lor-glv'lng-ness, n. lor-so'(f5r-g3'), fore-go' (tor-go'; 57), v. t. [AS. /organ, prop., to go past ; /or- -\- gan to go.] 1. To depart from ; leave ; forsake. Archaic. Z. To abstain from ; resign ; re- nounce. — Syn. See relinquish. — f or-go'er, f ore-go'6r, n. for-got', for-got'ten. See forget. fork (fSrk), 7t. [AS./orc, fr.L./wca.] 1. An implement having two or more prongs, or tines, for piercing, holding, taking up, or pitching anything. 2. Anything like a fork in shape. 3. A barbed point, as of an arrow. 4. One of the parts into which anything divides or branches; the place where anything branches, —v. i. To divide into branches. — V. t. 1. To make forkshaped. 2. To raise, pitch, dig, or turn over, with a fork. forlE'y (fdr'ki), a. Opening into two or more branches. for-lorn' (f 5r-15rn'), a. [ME. , p. p. of /orlesen to lose utter- ly, AS. /oW^05a7i(p. p. /oWoren).] 1. Deserted; forsaken. 2. In pitiful plight ; wretched. 3. Almost hopeless ; des- perate. — Syn, Lost, abandoned, helpless, friendless, ab- ject, wretched, miserable. — for-lorn'ly, adv. ness, n. forlorn hope. [D. verlorenhoop, prop., alost band ortroop.] 1. A body of men selected for very perilous service ; hence, a desperate case or enterprise. 2. Hence, by a play upon, or erroneous understanding of, words : A vain or faint hope. form (fSrm), n. [F. /omie^ fr. L. /orma-^ 1. An image; likeness. Obs. 2. The shape and structure of anything; configuration ; figure. 3. a A body, esp. of a human being. h Pleasing appearance. Archaic. 4. One of the different modes or aspects of existence, action, or manifestation of the same thing or substance ; a kind ; variety ; as, graphite and soot Sire/orms of carbon. 6- A manner or method, esp. as regulative orprescriptive; as, a matter of /arm. 6. a An act of conduct or mode of procedure prescribed by custom, etiquette, etc. ; a formality, ceremony, or conventionality. 1) Manner of performing something, c Conduct regulated by custom, etiquette, etc. ; conventionality ; formality ; often, show without substance ; empty ceremony. 7. Phys- ical and mental condition; esp., fitness to do anything. Sporting or Colloq. S. Order, as in presenting ideaa ; or- derly arrangement ; also, a particular species of such ar- rangement. 9. A lonp seat ; bench. 10- A rank of students in a school ; class. 11. That by which shape is given or determined; mold; hence, pattern. 12- Print. Matter, as type, secured in a frame so that an impression maybe taken. Syn. Form, fiottre, shape, conformation, confiotjration, OUTLINE, contour, PROFILE. Forrriy figure, and shape (in theirnontechnical uses) are constantly interchanged. In general, form is the aspect under which a thing appears, esp. as distinguished from substance or color; figure is oftener form as defined bj^ outline : shape is more familiar and colloquial than/orm,* it often suggests form as given or acquired. Conformation and configuration denote form as dependent on arrangement or disposition of parts. Out- line suggests the bounding line of a figure ; contour con- notes rather body or mass as (esp. gracefully) outlined. Profile is esp. outline in aide view. See ceremont. — V, t. 1. To give form to ; make; fashion. 2> To give a particular form to; hence, to train. 3. Todevelop; contract, as a habit. 4. To go to make up ; act as constituent of. 6. Gram. To derive by grammatical rules. — v. i. 1. To become formed or shaped. 2. To take a definite shape. -form (-f8rm). A suffix denotmg/orm, shape, resemblance. for'mal (f6r'm%l), a. 1. Of or pertaining to form, or a form, esp. established former custom; conventional. 2. Charac- terized by, or done in, due form or order; regular. 3- De- voted to forms or rules; orderly; exact; prim; stiff. 4. Having the form or appearance without the substance ; external. — Syn. Precise, punctilious, aflEected, ceremoni- ous, outward. See ceremonial. — for'mal-ly, adv. form-al'de-hyde(f8r-mai'de-hTd),n. [/ormic--}- aldehyde.'] Chem. A pungent gaseous compound used as a preservative and disinfectant, commonly prepared in aqueous solution. for'mal-lsm (fSr'mSl-tz'm), n. Practice ordoctrine of strict adherence to prescribed forms, as in religion, art, etc. ; also, an instance of it. — for'mal-ist (-tst), n. for-maVi-ty (fSr-mSl'T-tt), n. ; pi. -TIES (-tTz). 1. Condition or quality of being formal, esp., ceremonious, precise, etc. 2. Form without substance; external form. 3. Compliance with formal rules ; form ; ceremony. 4. An established order or form; a ceremony. for'mal-lze (f6T'mSl-iz), v. t.; -ized (-izd); -iz'ing (-iz'tng). 1. To give definite form to ; shape. 2. To render formal. for'mat' (f^m&' ; for-maf), n. [F. or G.] Shape and size of a book; general style or get-up of a book. for-ma'tion (fSr-ma'shSn), n. 1. Act of forming, or shap- ing. 2. That which is formed. 3. Conformation; structure. 4. Geol. An aggregate of mineral deposits or rock masses of similar origin or composition. form'a-Uve (f8r'md-tlv), a. 1. Giving, or tending to give, form; plastic. 2. Gram. Serving to form. — 7i. Gram, a That wliich serves merely to give form, and is no part of the radical, as a prefix or termination, b A word formed in accordance with some rule or usage, as from a root, form'er (fSr'merJ, n. One that forms. for'mer (tfir'mer), o. conwar. [a compar. due to ME. /or- mest. See foremost.] 1. Preceding in time or order; pre- vious ; earlier. 2. Anterior in place ; forward; foremost. Obs. — Syn. Prior, foregoing. See antecedent. for'mer-ly (f8r'mer-ll), adv. 1. In time past; of old; here- tofore. 2. In time just preceding ; just before. Obs. for'mic (-mtk), a. [L. /ormica an ant.] Chem. Designating an acid, a colorless, mobile, vesicatory liquid, of pungent odor, occurring in various insects, as ants, and in plants. for'nU-da-lile (-mt-da-b'l), a. [L. /ormtdabitis, fr./ormi- dare to fear.] Exciting fear or dread ; alarming. — Syn. Dreadful, fearful, menacing, threatening, redoubtable. — for'ml-da-ble-ness, n. — for^-da-bly, adv. formless, a. Without determinate form ; wanting regu- larity of shape. — form'less-ly, adv. — formleBB-noBB, n. for'mn-la (fSr'mu-id), «. ; pi. e. -las (-laz), L. -hM (-le). [L., dim. of /orma form,] 1. A set form ; established rule; conventional method. 2. A prescription or recipe, esp. for a medicinal compound. 3. Math. Any general fact, rule, or principle expressed in algebraic symbols. 4. Chem. A symbolic expression of the composition of a substance. lor'mu-la-ry (f8r'mii-la-rT), a. Of or pertaining to formu- las. — n. ; pi. -RiES (-riz). 1. A book of prescribed forms, as of oaths, prayers, etc. 2. Prescribed form; formula. for'mn-late (-lat), v. t. ; -lat'bd (-lafgd) ; -lat/ikg. To ex- press in or as in a_f ormula ; state definitely and clearly. for^mn-la'tlon (-la'shun), n. Act or result of formulating. for'mu-llsm (f5r'mu-liz'm), n. Attachment to, or reliance on, formulas ; a system of formulas. for'ma-Uze (-liz), v. t. ; -lizbd ; -liz^^ing. To formulate. for'ni-cate (-nT-kSt), v. %.; -cat'ed (kat'Sd) ; -catling. [L. /oi-nicaius, p. p. of /omicari to fornicate, fr. /omiXj-icis, vault, underground brothel.] To commit fornication. for^nl-ca'tion (-ka'shJ2n), n. 1. Unlawful sexual inter- course, esp. on the part of one unmarried. 2- Fig., esp. in Scripture, idolatry. — for'nl-ca'tor (fSr'nl-ka'ter), n. — for'nl-ca'tresa (-ka'trSs), -ca'trlz (-ka'trlks), n./em. forplt, for'pet (fSr'ptt), n. The fourth part of a peck. Scot. for-sake' (f5r-^k'),v. t. ;prel. -sooK'C-sS8k'); p.p. -sak'bn (-sak"n);p. pr. & vb. n. -sak'ing. £AS./(»-jacan to oppose, refuse; /or- -j-socaw to contend.] 1. To reject. Obs. 2. To desert ; abandon. — Syn. See abandon. for-SOOtb' (-sooth'), adv. [AS. /orsotS ; /or^ prep. + soS Booth.] In truth ; indeed ; — now in irony or contempt. for-spend' C-spSnd'), 1). t. Also fore-. \_K%./or^endan to consume.] To waste in strength. Archaic or Poetic. for-SWear (-swfir'), v. t. [AS. /oj-swerian.] 1. To reject or renounce on oath; hence, to renounce earnestly. 2. To deny on oath. — Syn. See renounce, perjure. — v. i. To swear falsely ; commit perjury. fort (fort ; 57), n. [F., fr. /ort strong, L. /ortis.l A strong or fortified place, esp. one occupied only by troops; a for- tification. — v.t.& i. To fortify, Ohs. or R. for'ta-Uce (f8r'td-lTs), n. [fr. LL. or OF-] Mil. A fort; now, a small fort. [one excels. forte (fort), n. [P. /ort.'] The strong point ; that in which] ||for'te(f8r'ta), rt. (fearfv. [It./orfc,a.&adv.] il/tmc. Loud. forte, n. A tone or a passage played forte. forth (forth ; 57), adv. [AS. /orS, fr. /or.] 1. Forward; onward in time, place, or order. 2. Out, as from conceal- ment. 3. Away; abroad. Obs.—prep. Forth from..4rcAaic. fOrth'COm^ing (forthHtiSm/Tng; f orth'kiim'- ; 109), p. a. About to appear ; making appearance; approaching forth'OOmIng (-kiimtng), n. A coming forth ; approach. forth'putting (forth'pSSt'Tng; fortb'p66t'-), a. Forward; presumptuous. — n. Forward or aggressive conduct. U. S. fortlL'rigbr (forth'rit' ; fSrth'rlW), forth'rigbts' (-nts' ; -rits'), adv. 1. Directly forth or ahead. 2. Immediately. fortbTlgbt' (fortb'rif ; forth'rit'; 87), a. Gomt straight on ; direct. Archaic. — n. A straight path. Archaic. ale, senate, c&re, &m, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; ice, Ql ; old, dbey, 6rb, 5dd, B5ft, cSzmect; usO} finitet Cim, lup, circus, menu; food, foot; out, oil; chair; go ; sine, ^^i tben. thizi; FORTHWITH 285 FOUNDER forth^WltV (forth'wTtb' ; -wTth'; 57), adv. Immediately ; directly ; with reasonable dispatch. for'tl-eth (f6r'tr-Sth ; 24), a. Following the thirty-ninth ; also, constituting one of forty equal parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. The quotient of a unit divided by forty ; a fortieth part. 2. A fortieth unit or object. lor^tl-fi-ca'tion (-ft-ka'shfin), n. Act of fortifying or that which fortifies; esp., a work erected to defend a place against attack. 2, Section of Fortification, ITerreplein (connected with the Parade by the Interior Slope) ; 2 Banquette (connected with 1 by the Banquette Slope) ; 3 Superior Slope ; 4 Exterior Slope (between S and 4 is the Exterior Greet) ; 5 Scarp Wall aurmounted hy the Berm ; K Counterecarp Wall ; 7 Covered Way ! S Parapet. for'ti-Iy {f8r'tT-fi), V. t. ,- -FiED (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [fr. P., fr. h. forii/icar-e ; foriis strong + -Jicare (in comp.) to make.] To strengthen ; as : a To give physical strength to; iuvig- orate. 1) To add mental or moral strength to ; confirm ; cor- roborate, c To strengthen by forts or batteries ; to render defensible against attack. — ior'tl-fl''eir (-fi^er), n. for-tls'al-mo (f5r-tTs'T-mo), a. fold'), a. Consisting of four things or parts; quadruple. ^ adv. In quadruple degree ; four times. ^ n. An amoimt four times as many or as much. Fon^'rl-er-ism (foo'rt-Sr-Tz'm), n. The cooperative social- istic system of F. M. Charles Fourier, who recommended the reorganization of society into small communities. {01lr'-bl-lUUlll^ a. 1. Consisting of, or drawn by, four horses controlled by one person. 2. Designating a kind of necktie tied with a slipknot, — n. 1. A four-in-hand team or vehicle. 2. A four-in-hand necktie. foar'-o'olOOlE^ n. A plant with fragrant yellow, red, or white flowers which open late in the afternoon. fonr'penoe (for'pgns ; 57), n. The sum of four pence, or a British silver coin of this value. — foui'pen-ny, a. & n. fonr'SGOre' (for'skor' ; 57), a. {_fonT -\- scores n.] Four times twenty ; eighty. — n. Eighty units, objects, or years. foar'some (-si^m), a. Consisting of four ; requiring four participants. Scot, or Golf. four'SI|Uare^ (-skwSir/), a. ^ at2v. Square; in a square form. fonr'teen' (for'ten' ; fpr'ten'; 57), a. lA8.fSowertyne,f6- owertene. See four, ten.] Fourand ten more. —n. 1. The number greater by a unit than thirteen ; also, fourteen units or objects. 2. A symbol for fourteen, as 14, or xiv. fonrleenth' (f or'tenth^ ; for'tenth' ; 67), a. 1. Next in order after the thirteenth. 2. Constituting one of fourteen equal parts into which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. A fourteenth part. 2. A fourteenth unit or object. f onrth (forth ; 57), a. Next in order after the third ; also, forming one of four equal parts mto which a (whole) thing may be divided. — n. 1. A fourth part. 2- A fourth unit or object. — f OUTtbly, adv. fowl (foul), n. ;pl. FOWLS, or, collectively, fowl. [AS. fu- gol.'] 1. A bird; esp., a large or edible bird ; — now chiefly uicombination,asinwild/oM'/,water/owi,etc. 2. "Whenused alone, commonly, the domestic cock or hen. 3- The meat of fowls, esp. of the domestic fowl, used as food ; often, in cook- ery, the flesh of a mature fowl. — v. i. To take or kill wild fowl. — fowl'er (foul'er), n. f OWUng piece. A light gun, esp. for shooting birds, etc. foz (fSks), n. [AS.] 1. Any of cer- tain animals of the dog family, smaller than the wolves and noted for craftiness. 2. A sly, cunning fellow. 3. Naut. Rope yam twisted and tarred, for seizings, mats, etc. 4- A kind of sword. Obs. f oz'glove (fSks'gliiv), n. Any of a number of herbs constituting a, genus of the figwort family. The common foxglove is an ornamen- tal European plant with dotted white or purple flowers. See dig- ITALIS. „ ^ lOX'talV (fSks'tal'), n. 1. The tail Common FoxBlove. or brush of a fox. 2. Any of several grasses with brushlike spikes. lOX'y (fBk'sT), a. ; pox'i-br (-sT-Br) ; i-est. 1. Like or pert. to the fox ; esp., wily ; cunning. 2. Defective as to color or quality, as from age. — fOX'l-ness, n. foy (foi), n. [CD.] A feast, gift, etc., given by or to one about to leave a place. Ohs. or Scot. II foy'er' (fwA'ya'), n. [F., fr. IAj, focarivm fireplace.] A lobby, as in a theater. fo'zy (fo'zT), a. Soft; fat and puffy. Scot. & Dial. Eng. fra'cas (fni'kds ; F. frft/ka'; the first is usual in the U. S., the secondin England)^ n. [F., crash, din, tumult, It./ro- casso^ fr. fracassare to shatter.] Uproar ; brawl. lract'ed(frSk'tBd),jo.a. [L.'/rac(MJ,p.p.] Broken. Obs. frac'tlon (frSk'shfin), n. [F., fr. L. fractio a breaking, fr. /ra7i()'ere,/racium, to break.] 1- A fragment; scrap. 2. One or more aliquot parts of a unit or integer ; an expression for a definite portion of a unit or magnitude, or for any indi- cated but unexecuted division. frac'tlon-al (-ttl), a. 1. Of or pert, to fractions or a frac- tion. 2. Relatively small ; inconsiderable. frac'tlon-a-ry (-a-rl), a. Fractional. frao'tlOUB (-Bh^), a. Apt tobreak out into a passion; cross; ugly; unruly. — Syn. Peevish, waspish, irritable, perverse, pettish. — frao'tlons-ly, adv. — frac'tions-neBB, n. frac'tore (-tfir), n. [L. fractwra^ fr. frangere, fractum^ to break.] 1. Act of breaking; state of being broken ; breach. 2. The breaking ofaboneor(les80ften)acartilage. 3. That which is produced by breaking ; crack. — v.t.& i. ; -tuhed (-tard) ; -TUE-iNG (-^r-IngV To break ; crack. Syn. Fracture, rupture. Fracture commonly applies to hard, rupture to soft, objects. Rupture alone is used flg. frae (fra). Scot. var. of fro. frag'ile (frSjIl), a. [L. fragilis^ fr. frangere to break.] Easily broken ; frail ; delicate. — Syn. See brittle. — fra-gll'1-ty (frd-jTl'T-tT), n. frag'ment (frSg'mSnt), n. [L. fragmentum, f r. frangere.'] A part broken otE ; a small detached portion. —Syn. See part. — frag-men'tal (fr5g-mSn't£tl ; frKg'mSn-tai), a. frag'men-ta-ry (frSg'min-ta-rT), a. Composed of frag- ments; not complete. — frag'men-ta-rl-ly, adv. fra'grance (fra'^ftns), n. Quality of being fragrant; sweet- ness of smell ; a pleasing odor. — Syn. See smell. fra'grant (-grffint), a. {Jj.fragrans, -aniia^ p. pr. of fragrare to emit a fragrance.] Sweet of smell ; of an agreeable per- fume. ^Syn. Odorous, odoriferous, sweet-scented, balmy, spicy, aromatic. See redolent. — fra'grant-ly, adv. frail (fral), n. [OF. fraiel, freely frael.'] A rush basket ; also, the quantity, aa of figs or raisins, in such a basket. frail, a. [OF. fraile, frele^ fr. L. fragilis. See fragile.] 1. Fragile ; weak. 2. Liable to be led into sin.— Syn. Bee BRITTLE. — frall'ly, adv. — frall'ness, n- Irall'ty (-tl), n. / -ties (-tTz). 1. Quality or state of being frail ; fragility ; frailness. 2. A fault or sin due to weak- ness. — Syn. Imperfection, failing. frame (fram), v. i. ; framed (f ramd); frah'ino (framing). [ME./ramen, /7-crmten, to profit, to be of use, to fashion (in building), AS. framian to profit, fr. fram, from, forth, from.] 1. To resort ; proceed ; go. Obs. or Dial. 2. To be capable ; to contrive ; manage. — v. t. 1. To shape or fashion ; also, to fit or adjust, esp. to a specific end. 2- To direct, as one*8 steps. Obs. 3. To construct; make. 4. To plan, devise, or compose. 6. To provide with a frame, as a picture. — Syn, See fashion. —n. 1. Anything com- posed of parts fitted together ; a structure ; esp., the skele- ton of a building, vessel, etc. 2. The bodily structure ; make or build of a person. 3. A kind of open case or struc- ture for admitting, inclosing, or supporting something, as a window, picture, etc. 4. An inclosing border. 6. Regu- lated or correct form or order. 06*. or R. 6. Act of fram- ing, or devising ; contrivance. Ohs. 7. The form in which anything is framed ; shape. 8. Particular state or disposi- tion, as of the mind; humor; mood. — fram'er (fram'er), to. frame house. A house of which the form and support is made of framed timbers, whether filled in or sheathed. frame'work' (fram'wDrkO) n> The work of framing, or the completed work ; the frame, or skeleton, of anything. framing (framing), vb. n. 1. Act, process, or style of putting together a frame, or of constructing or contriving anything. 2- A framework, or a system of frames. fram'pler (fiSm'pler), n. A brawler. Obs. Scot. fram'pold (frSm'pold), a. Obs, 1. Peevish ; vexatious. 2. Fiery ; — said of a horse. frano (frSnk), n. [F., fr. J^Vanc a Frank. See frank.] 1. An old French gold coin ; also, an old Frenrli silver coin. 2. A silver coin and the monetary unit of France, now worth 19;3 cents. It equals 100 centimes. ale, senate, c&re, Am, account, arm, ask, sofa ; ptb, event, Snd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, dbey, drb, 5dd, afift, cSxmect ; use, finite, iim, up, circus, menu; food, f^ot; out, oU; chair; go; sing, ij)k; ^en, thin; FRANCHISE 287 FREEDOM fran'chlse (frSn'chiz; -chiz), n. [F., fr. franCt fern. franche, tree. See frank.] 1. Immunity from some bur- den, restriction, or the like; an exemption; hence, a privi- lege granted. 2- A conatitutioual or statutory right or privilege, esp. a political one, as the right to vote. — *t;. t. ; -CHiSED {-chlzd i -chTzd) ; -chis-ino. To enfranchise, Obs. rran-ola'oan(fr5u-Bls'kftn), a. R, C. Ch. Of or port, to the Order of St. Fraucis. — n. A monk or friar of the Order of St. Francis, a mendicant order founded in 1209 by St. Frau- cis of Assisi. franc'-tl'reur' (f raN'te'rQr'), n.;pl. prancs-tireurs (fraN'- te'rflr')- [F., lit., free shooter.] Mil. A French partisan 8oldier,or one belonging to a corps of detached light troops. fran'gl-ble (frSn'jt-bU), a. That can be broken ; fragile. Iran'lon (frSn'yr«n), n. A gay, idle fellow. Obs. frailb(frSi]k),7a. [fr. OF.] An iuclosure, esp. for pigs. Obs. frank,a. [F./i-anc free, frank, L. i^anctw aFrank, OHG. Fi'atiko a member of the Germanic people whafoiinded the French monarchy.] 1. Free, in various 06^. senses. 2- Lib- eral; generous. Now Rare. 3. Free in uttering one's real sentimeuts ; candid ; open. Syn. Free, outspoken, straightforward, direct, unreserved, honest, sincere, artless, unsophisticated. — Frank, candid, OPEN, PLAiN^NGBNUous, NAIVE agree in the idea of freedom in speech. _ Frank, the most general term, implies freedom in expressing one's real sentiments ; as, a Jrank manner, reproof. Candid implies particularly freedom from bias or gartiality (cf. pair) ; as, a candid opmion, account, friend. ipEN suggests freedom from reserve or concealment; as, an open avoy/nl. Plain connotes freedom from disguise or affectation ; as, to be plain with one. iNasHuous implies freedom of speech arising from a generous and honorable, sometimes artless or innocent, simplicity of nature ; as, an ingenuous confession, an ingenuous youth. Naive adds to ingenuous a, suggestion of something unsophisticated or unconventional ; as, a naive remark, question. frank, v. t. l. To send by public conveyance free of ex- pense, as a letter, telegram, etc. 2- To facilitate the pas- sage of ; enable to pass easily. 3. To exempt; free. -^n. 1. The signature, mark, or sign of a franked letter, pack- age, etc. ; also, a letter, etc., having such an indication. 2- Privilege of franking letters, packages,etc. — frank'er,n. Frank, n. [see frank, a.] A member of the confederated German tribes who founded the Frankish Empire, which in the 9th century broke up into parts forming the founda- tions of the modem states of France, Germany, and Italy frank'ln-cense(fraijk'Tn-s5ns),7i. [OF. franc free, pure + eiicens incense.j A fragrant gum resin, burned as incense. Frank'lsb, a. Like, or pertaining to, the Franks. — n. The language of the Franks. franklin (-ITn), n. [ME. frankelein.'] Formerly, in Eng- land, a freeholder, or substantial householder ; in the Hth and 15th centuries, a middle-class landowner. frankly (-IT), adv. In a frank manner ; freely. frank'ness, n. Quality or state of being frank. fran'tlc{fran'tTb),a. [fr.OF.,fr.L.,fr.Gr. (frpei/iTtKo?. See PRBNZT.] Frenzied; distracted. — fran'tl-cal-ly (-tT-kftl- I), adv. — fran'tlc-ly (-ttk-it), adv. — fran'tic-nesB, n. frap (frSp), V. t. ; FRAPPED (f rSpt) ; fbap'pino. [F. frapper to strike, bind.] Naut. To draw or bind tightly together. Ijfrap'ptf' (fri'pa'), a. [F., p. p. ot frapper to strike, chill.] Iced ; frozen.— n. A frapp^ mixture or beverage. fratch (fr&ch), v. i. c& n. Dispute, quarrel. Dial. Eng. fra-ter'nal (frd-tflr'nfil), a. [fr. LL., fr. L.fratemus^f rater brother.] Of, pert, to, or involving, brethren ; brotherly ; also, of or pert, to a fraternal society. — Syn. See bbothbr- LT. — fra-ter'nal-ly, adv. — fra-ter'nal-Ism (Tz'm). fra-ter'nl-ty {-nT-tT), n. ;pl. -ties (-tTz). [fr. F., fr. L. fra- temitas.'] 1. State of being brothers or a brother ; state or quality of being fraternal. 2. Body of men associated for common interest, business, or pleasure ; brotherhood. frat'er-nlzeCfrSt'er-niz),v.2.(fc/.;-NiZED(-nizd);-Niz'iNG. To associate, or bring into, fellowship, as brothers. — frat'er- nl'Za'tlon (frSt/gr-nT-za'shttn; -ni-), n. — frat'er-nlz'er,n. frat'rl-clde (frSt'rT-sId ; fra'trt-), n, [L. fratricidium a brother's murder, fralricida a brother's murderer ; frater, frairiSy brother ~\- caedere to kill.] 1, Act of one who kills his own brother. 2. One who kills his own brother. — frat'- rl-cld'al C-sid/ai), a. frauil(rr6rl), n. \¥.fraude,'L.fraus,fraudis.'] 1. Deceit- fulness ; trickery. 2. Artifice by which the right-or inter- est of another is injured; trick. 3. Cheat; humbug. Colloq. 4. State of being defrauded. Obs. — Syn. Deception, de- ceit, guile, craft; wile, sham, stratagem, imposition, cheat. fraud'U-lence (fr6dMi-lgns), n. Quality or state of being fraudulent ; deliberate deceit; trickishness. traud'U-Ien-cy (-ISn-sT), n. ; pi. -cms (-sTz). Fraudulence. fraud'U-lent (-l^nt), a. {L. fraudulentus.'] 1. Using fraud; deceitful. 2. Characterized by, or proceeding from, fraud. 3. Got or performed by artifice. — Syn. Guileful, crafty, wily, cuuning, deceiving, cheating, treacherous, dishonest, designing. See fallacious. — fraud'U-lent-ly, adv. fraugbt (fr8t), n. Freight ; load ; burden. Obs. or Scot. — v, t. To freight; load. Obs. — p. a. Freighted; laden. FraunliO-fer lines (froun'ho-fSr). Physics. The lines of the spectrum ; properly, the dark lines of the solar spec- trum, first accurately observed by J. von Fraunhofer. fraxl-nella (frSk^sT-nSl'd), n. [dim. fr. L. fraxinus the ash tree; alluding to its leaves.] A perennial herb, with pinnate_ leaves and white flowers. fray (fra), n. [abbr. fr. affray."] A commotion ; affray ; fight. — Syn. See CONTEST. — v.i. To frighten. Archaic. — V. i. To brawl ; fight ; attack. Obs. or Archaic. fray, v. t. & i. [fr. OF., fr. L./ncare.] To mb ; wear, wear off, or wear into shreds, by rubbing. — n, A frayed place. fraz'zle (frSz^l), v. t. 00t', v. i. free'— born', a. Bom free; not born in vassalage; also, per- taining or suitable to one born free. freed'man (f red'mfin), n. ,- pi. -men. A man who has been set free from slavery. — freed'WOm'an (-wd6m/(ln), n.fem. free'dom (frS'dl^m), n. Quality or state of being free ; as : a Liberty; independence, b Exemption from necessity in choice or action, g Frankness ; unreservedness. d Im- proper familiarity ; undue liberty, e Facility, f Bold- ness of conception or performance. % Exemption ; immu- nity, b An exemption ; a franchise. 1 Unrestricted use. natsire, Tcrtljire (87) ; k = ch in O. ich," ach (50) ; bON : yet * uxplanattoiiB of Abbreviations, Slfni, etc, precede VooAoulary, zlL= z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ In Guide. U Forelffn Word. -(• aomblned with. csequelt. FREE-HAND 288 FRET Syn, Freedom, liberty, independence, license. Free- dom aud liberty are often interchanged. But frbedou oftener implies absence of restraint or repression ; liberty commonly suggests previous restraint ; as, the freedovi of the press, to set a slave at liberty. Independence is free- dom from dependence or subjection ; as, the Declaration of Independence. License is freedom regarded as permis- sion or concession ; it sometimes denotes the abuse of free- dom ; as, liberty is too often taken to mean license. free'-lland^ a. Done by the hand without support, the guidance of instruments, measurements, or the like. free'-hand'ed (-h3nM6d ; U4, lOO), a. Generous; liberal. free'-hearted, a. Having a free heart; frank; spontaneous. free'hold' (fre'lioldO* n- Law. A tenure of real property by which an estate of inheritance or for life is held, or the estate itself. — free'taold'er (-hol'der), n. free liver. One who gratifies his appetites without stint. f ree'-liv'lng, a. Given to free gratification of the appetites. freely (fre'lT), adv. In a free manner. ~ Syn. Independ- ently, voluntarily, spontaneously, unconditionally, unob- structedly, readily ; liberally, munificently, bounteously, bountifully, largely, copiously, plentifully, pleuteously. free'man (-m&n),7t. ; pi. -men (-mgn). 1. One who enjoys liberty, esp. civil or political liberty. 2- A citizen. Free'ma'son (-ma's'n), n. A member of a well-known se- cret society (called more fully Free and Accepted Masons), consisting of persons united for fraternal purposes. Free'ma'SOn-ry (-s'n-rT), n. 1. The principles, institu- tions, or practices of Freemasons. 2. [2. c] Fig.: I^atural or instinctive fellowship or sympathy. free'ness, n. See -hess. free'-SOllS a. U. S. Hist. Pert, to or advocating the non- extension of slavery , — applied esp. [cap.], to a political party active during the period 184l)-56. — free'-SOlFer, n. free'-spo^ken, a. Outspoken. — free'-spo'ken-ness, n. free'stone^ (fre'stou^), n. Any stone, esp. saudstone or lime- stone, that may be cut freely without splitting. free'thlnk'er (fre'thtqk'er), n. One who forms opinions independently, esp. independently of the authority of reve- lation or of the church. — Syn. Skeptic, unbeliever. See iNPiDEL. — Iree'thlnklng, n. pvv mind.] Any violent mental agitation approaching to distraction; delirious rage, excitement, or enthusiasm. — Syn. Mad- ness, delirium. See mania. — v. /. ; -zied (-ztd) ; -zy-ino. To affect with frenzy , drive to madness. — fren'Zied,;'. a. fre'quence (fre'kwens), n. Frequency. fre'quen-cy (-kw^n-sT), n. ; pi. -cies (-sTz). Fact or con- dition of returning frequently ; occurrence often repeated. fre'quent (-kwent), a. [I,. frequens^ -entis, crowded, fre- quent.] 1. Ofaplace,thronged. Obs. 2. Often met with; happening at short intervals. 3- Common; familiar. Obs. or B. 4. Habitual , persistent ; iterative. fre-quent' (fre-kwSntO. V. t. . Jl, 1. To adorn with interlaoiiig Hues or fig- 1 ||||igR|n|lBRQ|| ures ; hence, to variegate ; diversify. LXJULXXJLX 2. To enrich or furuish with frets. — ^^^^^^^« fret'ful (frgt'fddl), a. Dispoaed to fret, or 2 151151515l£ such as to cause fretting ; peevisli. — Syn. ^^^^^-—^^ Irritable, waspish, captious, petulant^ . apleeny. See fbevish. — fret'lol'ly, adv, S UBnnljlCTn — fretfnl-nesB, n. — *"" ' -L-! - fret'WOrk'C-wQrk'),n. Ornamental open- ^ work or work in relief, esp. when elabo- ^ rate; hence, any intricate play of light ^ and shade, or the like. Frey (frS), n. Teut Myth. One of the Vanir, a deity of fruitfulnesB, love, pros- 5^ perity, and peace. See Vanir. ^ Frey'a (fra'd), Frey'la (fra'ya), n. [Icel. l, 2, s, 4 Greek Fieyja.l Norse Myth.. The goddess of |Jf Ja ' ^ Japaneae love and beauty, who also presides over *"'■ the regions of the dead. She is one of the Vanir and daughter of Njorth and sister of Frey. She has a jewel, or necklace, Briaingamen, obtained from the dwarfs, which Loki tried to steal and Heimdall defended. See Vanir. frl'a-ble (frl'd-b'l), a. [L. friabitis, fr. friare to rub or crumble into small pieces.] Easily crumbled or pulverized. — fri'a-bU'1-ty (bll'l-ti), frl'a-tile-nosB, ?i. War (-er), n. [OF./r^e, 1,. /rater brother.] R, C. Ch, A brother of a religious order, esp. a Franciscan, Augustin- ian, Dominican, or Carmelite. — Syn. See monk. friar bird. An Australian honey eater, having the head destitute of feathers. friar's chicken. Chicken broth with eggs in it. Scot. friar's lantern. Ignis fatuus. frl'ar-y (fri'er-T), a. Like or pertaining to friars or a convent. — n. ; pi. -AaiE3 (-Tz). A convent or brotherhood of friars. fribble (frlb''l), a. Frivolous ; trifling. — 71. A frivolous person or thing. — v. i. 1. To act frivolously. 2. To totter; falter. 06«. — frlbn>ler (-ler), n. IrlG^an-deau', -do' {frik'an-do'), n. [F. fHcandeau.'l A ragout or fricassee of veal, frlc'as-see' (-d-se'), n. [F. fricassSe, fr. fricasser to fry, fricassee.] A dish of meat cut into pieces, and stewed in a gravy. — v. t. ; -seed' ; -see'ino. To cook as a fricassee. frlc'a-tlve (frlk'd-tlv), a. [See friction.] Characterized by f Fictional rustling of the breath in utterance; — of certain consonants, as/, v, f, s, etc. — n. A fricative consonant. frlo'tlon(-shtin),n. \li.frictio^ fr./7i'care,/;i'(?iMm, tomb.] 1. Act of rubbing one body on another. 2. Mechanics. A resistance to motion between two surfaces in contact. 3. A clashing between two persons or parties in opinions or work. — trlc'tlon-al (frlk'shSn-ttl), a. — frlc'tion-al-ly, adv. Frl'day (fn'da), n. [AS, ftlgedaeg., fr. Fng^ name of a god- dess -f- dsdg day. C f . Frigo. ] The sixth day of the week. fried (fnd), pret. ds p. p. of fry. friend (frfind), n. [AS./r^onrf, prop, p, pr. oifr^on^fr^ogan^ to love.] 1. One attached to another by esteem and affec- tion ; an intimate. 2. One not hostile ; one of the same na- tion, party, kin, etc. 3 A favorer ; promoter ; as, o, friend to commerce. 4. A kinsman ; — now only in pi. 6. \_cap.'\ One of a religious sect popularly called QttalOirs. -^ v. t. To befriend. Bare. — frlend'less, a. — triendlesB-ness, n. friendly (frSndIT), adv. \_A.^. fr^ortdlxce.'] Amicably. friendly, a. [AS. friondltc.'] 1. Amicable ; kind ; favora^ ble; not hostile. 2. Favorable; propitious. — Syn. See AMICABLE. — filendli-nesB, n. Irlend'sllip, n. 1. state of being friends; friendly attach- ment ; friendliness ; amity. 2- Kindly aid ; help. Obs. Frles'lc (frSsTk), a. Of or pert, to Friesland or the Frisians or their language. — n. The language of the Frisians, a Low German tongue. frieze (frez), n. [F./rwe.] A kind of coarse woolen cloth, with a shaggy nap on one side. frieze, n. [F, /rise.'} 1. That part of an entablature be- tween the architrave and the cornice. See column, Zllust. 2. An ornamental band, as on a wall. Irlg'ate (frtg'at), TO, IT. frigate, fr. It. fregata."] Originally, a light vessel propelled by sails and oars. lAter, a ship- Friar Bird. Sailing Frigate (1800-*0). rigged war vessel intermediate between a corvette and a ship of the line. frigate bird. A long-winged rapacious seabird called also man-of-war bird. Frigff (frig) 1 ^ Frig'ga(trTg'ga)i"' [Icel. Frigg.} Norse Myth. The wife of Odin, and goddess of the sky. She pre- sides over marriage and domestic life, and has dominion in * heaven, and in the abode of the dead. She was often con- fused with Freya. frlgbt (frit), n. lAS.fyrhto.fyrhtu.} 1. Sudden and vio- lent fear; asuddenalarm. 2. A thing that frightens; lience, something ugly or shocking. — Syn, See pear. — v. t. To alarm suddenly ; terrify. — Syn. Affright, dismay. fright'en (frlf'n), v. t. To throw into a state of alarm or fright ; affright ; terrify. — fr^ht'en-er, n. Syn, Frighten, scare, intimidate, cow. To frighten is to alarm suddenly; scAREia more colloq. , less dignified, than frighten^ or else is felt to be archaic ; to intimidate is esp. toawe or deter by a display of force; cow heightens the im- plication of disheartenment or broken spirit. IrlghVened (-'nd), p. a. Alarmed. — Syn. See afraid. fllght'ful (-fsei), a. Terrifying ; shocking. — Syn. Ter- rible, dreadful, alarming, terrific, awful, horrid, horrible. See FEARFUL. — frlght'ful-ly, a FRITTER 290 FRUGAL <tor(Mt'Sr),n. Afragment;8hred; trifle.— v. t Tocut or break into fritters; hence, to disperse; scatter; waste. — to ftltter away, to diminish ; waste piecemeal. frl-VOll-ty (frl-vSlT-tl), n. ; pi. -ties (-tlz). 1. Condition or quality of being frivolous. 2. An act or thing that is frivolous. — Syn, See lightnbss. IrlV^O-loUB (frlv'S-l-as), a. [h.Jrivolus.'] 1. Of little weight or importance ; not worth notice. 2. Given to trifling or levity; interested esp. in triflefl. —Syn. Trifling, trivial, petty. — Mv'0-loas-ly, adv. — fxlv'o-lons-nesB, n. frlze (frez), n. Obs. var. of fbieze, cluth. friz, frizz (frtz), V. ^ (&«. /FRIZZED (frTzd);rRiz'ziNO. 1. To curl closely, as hair ; to crisp. 2. To form into little burrs or tufts, as the nap of clotli. — Jt. State of being frizzed ; something frizzed, as a wig or hair. — frlz'zy f-f), a. friz'zle (frlz"l), V, 1. & i. ; -zled (-'Id) ; -zlino (-ling). To cook with a sputtering or sizzling uoiae. Also fig. friZ'Zle (frTz'U), V. (fe n. Friz. — friz'Zly (f riz'll), a. fro (fro), adv. [of Scand. origin.] From ; away ; back ; — now only in to and fro. — pr^. = prom. A rchaic or Scot. frock (frJ5k), n. [F./roc a monk's cowl, coat, garment, LL. Jroccus.'] 1. A mouk'scoarsegowu, having a hood and girded by a cord. Ueuce, clerical office. 2- a A tunic or mantle. b A smock frock, c A sailor's woolen jersey, d A frock coat, e A military coat like a frock coat. 3. A gown ; dress. ^- V. i. 1. To clothe in a frock. 2 . To make a monk of. frock coat. A body coat for men, usually double-breasted, having long skirts of an equal length before and behind. tlOg (frSg), n. lAS. frogga^ frocga (in sense 1).] 1. Any of numerous well-known web-footed tailless amphibians of aquatic habits. The young hatch out as tadpoles. 2. The triaugular elastic homy pad in the middle of the sole uf the foot of the horse. 3. Railroads. A device for connecting onetrackwithanotherbrauching from or crosstngit. 4- An oblong covered cloak button fastening into a loop. 6- The loop, as on a belt, for receiving a sword, bayonet, etc. frolic (frSlIk), a. [D. vroolijk.'] Full of fun or mirth ; frolicsome ; merry. — n. 1. A prank ; flight of gayety or mirth. 2. A merrymaking. — v. i. /-ickbd (-Tkt) ; -iok-ihg. To play wild pranks ; sport \ make merry. — frol^ck-er, n . froVlc-SOme (fr5l^k-si2m), a. Full of gayety ; sportive. — frollc-some-ly, adv. — frol'lc-some-ness, n. from (fr5m), prep. [AS. framjrom. ] Forth out of ; away from contact with or proximity to ; out of (whether with an idea of motion or of origin, source, or cause) ; as, released from prison ; 100 miles /rom here ; three years from that day;tohang/r(»?»a bough; excluded/rom the plan; to rouse from lethargy; a present /rom him; suffering /rom neglect. fro'men-ty (fro'mSn-tl), n. Var. of peumbnty. frond (frSnd), ni [h. frons^ frondis^ a leafy branch.] Bot. a A lea^ike expansion not differentiated into stem and foli- age, b Specif. , the leaf of a fern, including both stipe and blade ; — used both of foliage leaves and of sporophylls. fron-des'cence (frSn-dSs'^ns), n. The period or condition of developing leaves ; also, foliage. front (friSnt),n. [F./r(mZforehead,L./r(»w,/r(»iiM.] 1- The forehead or brow ; sometimes, the whole face. 2. The countenance or personal bearing,' as expressive of charac- ter and esp. of boldness ; as, a bold front. 3. A part that is foremost or that faces in a given direction ; — opp. to back or rear; as: a Mil. The foremost rank; van; also, most advanced position or field of operations, b Any face of a building ; esp., the face containing the principal entrance. C Land which faces or abuts on a piece of water, a river, a road, etc. ; frontage. 4. A position directly before one. 5. The beginning; as, Bummer'8/r(m^ 6- A thing attached in front, as, a shirt front. — a. Of or pert, to the front, or forward part ; foremost. — v. t. 1. To oppose face to face ; confront. 2- To appear before ; meet. 3. To face toward. 4. To adorn in front; give a front to. — v. z. To have or turn the face or front (in a named direction) ; face. front'ago (frfin't£j), n. The front part of a building or lot ; extent of front, as of land along a road. fron'tal (frSn'tSl; frSn'-), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. frontale an or- nament for the forehead, frontlet.] 1. A frontlet. 2. A decorative covering for the front of an altar. 3- A facade. 4. A frontal bone. ^ a. Belonging to the front part or the forehead; being in front. front'ed(frQn'tSd; 24),p.a. 1. Formed with a front; drawn up in line. 2. Having (such) a front, or brow. fron'tler (frSn'ter; frfin'ter), n. [_F. fronti&re, ISL. fron- tarin. See front.] 1. That part of a country facing an- other country or an imsettled region ; the border or ex- treme part of a country. 2- A stronghold or protecting settlemeut on a frontier. Obs. — a. 1. Lying ou the ex- terior part ; bordering. 2. Of or relating to a frontier. fron^ers-man, n. ; pi. -uen. A man liying on the frontier. fion'tte-pleco (frHn'tts-pes; fr5n'-),n. [fr. F., fr. LL./roft- tispicium begiuning, front of a church, L. frons front -\- spicere, specere^ to view.] The part which first meets the eye ; as : a Arch. The principal front of a building, b An illustration fronting the first page, or title-page, of a book; formerly, the first page itself. front'less (f rtlnflSs), a. Shameless ; impudent. Now Rare. front'let (-ISt), n. lO¥.frontelet.'] A band for the forehead. frore (tror), p. a. LAS./ro?*e)i,] Frozen ; frosty. Archaic. frost (frSst ; 62), n. [AS., fr. fr&osan to freeze.] 1. Act or process of freezing. 2. Temperature which occasions freezing ; freezing weather. 3- Frozen dew ; — called also hoarfrost OT whUe frost. 4. Coldness of temperament ; se- verity. -~ V. t. 1. To injure by frost ; freeze. 2. To cover with hoarfrost ; produce a frostlike surface on. frost'bite^(-bif),v.<. To blight or nip with frost. — n. The freezing, or effect of a freezing, of some part of the body. froBt'ed (frSs'tSd ; 24), p. a. Covered with or as with hoar- frost; ornamented with frosting; also, frostbitten. frOBt'^h' (f rSsfflsh'), n. The tomcod, abundant on the New England coast in early winter. froBt'1-ly (frSs'tl-lt), adv. In a frosty manner. frost'l-neSB (-nSs), n. State or quality of being frosty. frOBt'lng, n. 1. A composition of sugar, as with beaten egg, used to cover or ornament cake, pudding, etc. 2. A lus- terless finish of metal or glass ; mat. frost'work^ (-wflrk'), n. Delicate figurework formed by frost, esp. on glass ; also, an imitation of this, as on silver. froBt'y (frSs'tT), a. ; feobt'i-be (-tt-5r) ; -i-est. 1. At- tended with, or producing, frost; freezing. 2- Covered with frost. 3. Without warmth of feeling. 4. Hoary; gray ; hence, belonging to, or characteristic of, old age. frotb (frSth ; 62), n. \. Bubbles collected on liquids from fermentation, agitation, etc. ; epume; foam ; esp., a spume of saliva from disease or excitement. 2. Something light or unsubstantial, as words without thought, —v. t. \. To cause to foam. 2- To eject as froth. 3- To cover with froth. ^ V. i. To throw up or throw out froth ; foam. froth'y (-T), a. ; feoth'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-bst. 1. Full of or con- sisting of froth ; foamy. 2. Of the nature of froth ; light; unsubstantial. — froth1-ly, adv. — frotli'i-neBB, n. ||frotl'fron'(froo'frooO, n. [F.] Arustling, esp.of adresB. frounce (frouns),v.^ & i.; FROUNCED (fromist); frouhc'ino. [OF. froncier.'] To gather into folds; curl; frizzle, as hair, b'on'zy. Var. of frowzy. [hence, a woman ; wife.] frow (frou), n. [B. vrouir."} A Dutch or German woman ;| fro'ward (fro'werd), a. ljro-\- -ward.'] 1. Perverse; ob- stinately willful. 2. Adverse. Obs. — Syn. Untoward, un- governable, refractory, obstinate ; petulant, cross, peevish. See WAYWARD. — fro'ward-ly, adv. — f ro'ward-neBB, n. frown (froun), V. i. [ME. frounen.'] 1. To contract the brow, as in uiF^pleasure or sternness; scowl. 2. To look with disfavor or threateningly ; lower. Syn, Frown, SCOWL, LOWER. Frown commonly implies disapprobation, severity, or anger ; soowl, ill humor, sul- lennesB, or discontent ; lower, menace or gloom. ^ V. t. To affect, express, ordrive,byafrown; as,hewaB frowned down. — n. 1. A wrinkling of the brow, as in an- ger ; a BOUT or stern look; scowl. 2- Any expression of dis- pleasure. — frown'er, n. — frownlng-ly, adv. frow'zy, frou'zy (frou'zl), o. ; -zi-er (-zt-er) ; -zi-est. Offensive to the smell or sight ; musty ; slovenly ; unkempt. — Syn. See slovenly. froze, prei. of freeze. [and severe cold.l fro'zen (fro'z'n), p. a. Congealed with, or subject to, longi fmc-tff'er-OUB (frfik-tlfgr-fis), a. [L. frticiifer;fructus fruit -\-ferre to bear.] Bearmg or producing fruit. fmc'tl-fi-ca'tion (frSk'tT-ft-ka'shMn), n. 1. Action of pro- ducing or bearing fruit ; a fruiting. 2. Bot. A fruit. fmc'tl-fy (-fi), V. i. ; -pied (-fid) ; -fy'ing. [fr. F., fr L. frvctifieare ; fructus fruit -f- -fcare (in comp.) to make.] To bear fruit, —v. t. To make fruitful ; fertilize. fru'gal (froo'gffil), a. [L. frugalis^ tv.frugi for fruit ; hence, fit for food, useful, fit, temperate.] 1. Economical in the use of resources; saving; sparing. 2. Got by, or appropriate to, economy. — fm'gal-ly, adv. — fm'gal-ness, ri. Syn. Saving,provident, careful.— Frugal, thrifty, chary, ale, senate, c&re, &,m, account, iinn, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker; ice, ill ; 51d, 6bey, drb, ftdd, sSftj cSnnect ; use, Unite, &m, dp, circus, znenii ; f 6od, fdbt ; out, oil ; chair ; fi^o ; sing, iijk ; t^ben, tliin ; FRUGALITY 291 FULL BFABUTG, ECONOmOAL, FRUGAL is O^pOSed tO WaBtoful, lUX- urioua, or lavish ; thbie'ty implies industry, good manage- ment, and prosperity; as, though affluent ne ia frugal ^ lie h&aa, thrifty habit of saving. Chary implies a cautious, dis- criminating, sometimes unwilling attitude ; bparinq con- notes abstention or restraint; as, he is chaiy of recommend- ing others ; a sententious man is svaring of words. Ecohom- icAL (opposed to extravagant) implies esp. the use of money or resources to the best advantage. tru-gal'l-ty (froo-gSl'I-tl), n. ; pi. -TIES (-tlz). Quality of being frugal; thrift. — Syn, Economy, thrift. Iru-giv'O-roiW (fr6o-jIv'6-rSa), a. [L./rux, frugis^ fruit -f- vorare to devour.] Feeding on fruit. (rnlt (froot), n. [F., fr. L. fructus enjoyment, product, fruit, ft. fruit p. p. fructus^ to enjoy.] 1. Any product of plant growth useful to man or animaJs, as grain, vegetables, cotton, flax, etc. ; — commonly in the pt. 2. The edible product of a perennial or woody plant, consisting of the ripened seeds and adjacent or surrounding tissues, or of the latter alone. In popular use there is no exact distinc- tion between a fruU and a vegetable^ except where the latter consists of the stem, leaves, or root of the plant. 3. Bot. In general, any product of fertilization with its modified envelopes or appendages ; esp., the ripened ovary of a seed plant and its contents, as the pod of a pea, a nut, grain, berry, etc. 4- Offspring. Archaic. 5. Effect; con- sequence; product; advantage ; profit, — v.t.di! i. To bear or cause to bear fruit; develop fruit on. traiVago (froot'aj), n. 1. Fruit collectively. 2. The state or process of bearing fruit. 3- Product of any action. froit'er-er, n. ; -er-ess, n. fem. One who deals in fruit. trult'ful (-f561), a. Full of fruit; producing fruit abun- dantly ; bearing results ; prolific. — Syn. See fertile. — fniiVful-ly, adv. — fmlt'ful-iiess, n. tru-l'tlon (froo-Tsh'fin), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. fruitio enjoy- ment, fr. li./fMi, p. p. fruilust to use or enjoy.] Use or possession of anything ; pleasure from possession or use. fruitless, ft- 1. Lacking or not bearing fruit ; barren. 2. Vain; idle; unprofitable. — Syn. Abortive, profitless. See USELESS. — friUVless-ly, ai^^'. — frult'Iess-ness, n. fniit'y (froofT), a. ; prdit'i-er (-T-er) ; b-ruit'i-est. Hav- ing the odor, taste, or appearance of fruit frn'men-ty (froo'men-tl), n. [fr. OF., fr, L. frumenium grain.] Hulled wheat boiled in milk, with sugar,plums, etc. fmmp (friimp), n. 1. pi. Sulky actions ; sulks. Now Dial. 2. A cross, old-fashioned person, esp. an old woman ; a dowdy. Colloq. — fmmp'ish, a. — frump'y (frtSm'pi), a. fruB^trate (f r Qs'trat) , a. [L. frustraius, p. p. of frustrare to deceive, frustrate, /n«/ra in vain.] Frustrated, — v. i ; -TRAT-ED (-trat-Sd); -trat-ing. 1. To prevent fromattaining a purpose ; balk. 2. To bring to naught ; defeat ; nullify. Syn« Check, disappoint, cross, hinder, checkmate. — Frustbate, thwart, foil, baffle, balk, circumvent, out- wit. To FRUSTRATE Is to render vain or ineffectual ; to THWART is to frustrate, esp. by crossing or running counter to; Fon. commonly implies repulse or discomfiture. To BAFFLE is to frustrate, esp. by confusing or puzzling ; to BALE, by interposing obstacles or hindrances. Circumvent implies stratagem, outwit, craft or cunning. frUB-tia'tlon (frHs-tra'shttn), n. A fnistrating; defeat. Ims'tam (frSs'tiim), n. ; pi. E. -tums (-tfimz), L. -ta (-to). [L., piece, bit.] Geom. > The part of a solid next / \ the base, formed by / \ Ij rt cutting off the top; or / \ /; \ the part of any solid (cone, pyramid, etc.), between any two cut- ting planes. tru-tes'cent (froo-tSs'- ftit), ■ a. [L. fruiex, frutids, shrub, bush.] oeSieT^™),'""' " ^"""""' ■■ "■" °°"' ■■ '' "' '"^™"- fru'tl-cose (froo'tT-kosJ, a. iJj. frnticosus, fr. frut&e, fru- licis, shrub.] Pertaining to, or resembling, a shrub. firu'tl-fy (-fi), V. t. To notify ; — used as a comic blunder by bey {fn), n. sing. & pi. 1. Offspring; aeed. Obs. 2. The young of fishes {used chiefly collectively) or, occasionally, the young of other animals, or of man. 3. Very small adult fishes, esp. in schools. 4. A swarm or brood of young; a crowd of small creatures, persons, or things. fry, V. t. ; FRIED (frid) ; frt'ing. [F. /rrrc, fr. L, frigere to roast, parch, fry.] To cook in a pan with fat over afire; cook in boiling fat ; — disting. from broil. ^ v. i. 1. To undergo the process of frying. 2. To burn with [)aBaiou. fry (f rl), n. ; pi. fries (friz). A dish of anything fried. fub (fiib), V. t. ; FUBBED (ftibd) ; -sing. 1. To trick ; cheat. 2. To put off deceitfully. Archaic, fach'sl-a (fii'ahT-(i ; fii'shd j^ as a Latin genus name^ fook'- al-d), 71. / B. pi. -siAS (fu'slidz). [after Leonhard Fuchs^ German botanist.] Any plant of a large genus {Fuchsia) of the even- ing primrose family, having handsome nod- ding flowers, usually red or pink. < tu'COid (f u'koid), a. [fucus + -oid.'] Bot. ' Pert, to or resembling seaweeds, esp. of the ' family containing the rockweeds and gulf- ^ weed. •— n. A fucoid seaweed. fu'CUS (fu'kfts), n,;pl. fuci (-si). [L., archil, used as a red dye.] 1. A paint; dye ; also, . . false show. Obs. 2. Any of a certain genus 'iieiisia. (Fucus) of olive-green or brown algse ; a rockweed. fud'dle (ftid^'l),!). /. ;-DLEo(-'ld); -dling. Tomakefoolisfa^ as with drink ; muddle. Collog.—v. i. Totipple. Colloq, fudge (fiij), n. 1. A made-up story ; nonsense; bosh; — of- ten an exclamation of contempt. 2- A kind of soft candy. fudge, V. t. ; FUDGED (f iijd) ; fudo'ing. To devise ; concoct, fU'el (fu'gl), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. L. focus fireplace, in LL., fire.] Anything that feeds fire ; hence, that which increases passion or the like. fU-ga'dons (ffi-ga'shMs), a. [L. fugax, fugacis, fr. fugere to flee.] 1. Flying, or disposed to fly; lasting but a short time ; fleeting. 2. Bot. Falling soon after full bloom. fu-gac'1-ty (-gSsT-ti), n. Quality of being fugacious. fu'gl-tlve (fu'jT-ttv), a. [fr. F., fr. L. fugitivus, fr. fugere to fiee.] 1. Fleeing, as from danger. 2- Not fixed ; not durable; evanescent ; liable to fade ; bb, fugitive colors. 3. Dealing with topics of temporarylnterest; occasional; as, fugitive verse. — Syn. Fleeting, unstable, uncertain, vol- atile, fugacious. See transient. — n. 1. One who fiees from pursuit, danger, service, etc. 2. a A deserter. Obs. b A refugee. — fu'gl-tiTe-ness, n. fu'gle-man(fu'g'l-mftn), 71.;;?;. -men (-mfti). [Gr.flugel- mann file leader.] A well drilled soldier placed in front of a company, as a guide for the others in their exercises. fugue (fug), n. [F., fr. It. fuga^ fr. L. fuga a fleeing, flight.] A musical composition in several parts, simultane- ous and harmonizing but independent in melody. 'S -ful (-fddl). [see FULL, a.] 1. A suffix forming adjectives, and denoting /mW o/, abounding in^ characterized by, also able to or tending to. 2. A suffix forming nouns, and de- noting quantity that would Jill; as, cup/w^ ful'crum (fiil'krttm), n. ; pi. E. -orums (-krfimz), L. -cha (-krd). [L., bedpost, fr. fulcire to prop.] 1. A prop. 2- The support, as a wedge, about which a lever turns. fnl-flir, fnl-fll' {f661-fTl'), V. t. ; -PILLED' (-fTId') ; -fill'ing. [AS. fulfyllan.'] To accomplish or carry out, as a promise ; satisfy, as a desire ; perform ; bring to pass, as a purpose. — ful-flU'er, n. — ful-flll'ment,fal-firment(-mdnt), n. ful'gent (fOl'jSnt), a. \\j. fulgeThs^ -entis^ p. pr.] Shining brightly; resplendent. — ful'gent-ly, adv. ful^am (fSSl'ffim), n. A loaded die. Slang. fn-Ug'l-nOUS (fu-ltjT-nfia), a. [L, fuliginosus, fr. fuligo soot.] SmolQ' or sooty. — fu-Ug'l-nous-ly, adv. full (f561), V. t. (& i. [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. L. fullo a fuller.] To thicken by moistening, heating, and pressing, as cloth ; scour, cleanse, and thicken in a mill. full, a. [AS./m?.] 1. Filled; abundantly supplied. 2- Sat- isfied in appetite ; sated ; also, serving to satisfy ; as, a full meal. 3. Absorbed in any matter and excited by it ; as, to be full of a plan. 4. Occupying completely the space or ac- commodation ; as, afull audience ; a full cargo. 6. Com- plete ; entire ; of maximum quality, force, development, etc.; as, a, full jury; fullweight; the full moon; infull re- treat, etc. 6- Rounded or plump. 7. a Of sounds, having volume or depth, b Of colors, pure. Of wines, etc., having good body. 8- Plenteous ; copious ; as, full notes. 9. Having the mind filled with information. 10. Having so much material that it hangs in folds. Syii. Full, replete. Replete {with), the more bookish term, as compared with full {oj)j heightens the implica- tion of abundant supply, or of being fraught with some- thing ; as, full of ambition ; replete with anecdote, fall blood, a Unmixed descent ; as, a negro otfull blood. nature, verdure (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zb = z in azure . Numbers refer to i ExDlBnationsbf Abbreviations, Siena, etc, precede Vocabulary. || ForeI«n Word. + combined wltb. S in Guide. = eauals* FULL 292 FURNISHER Fulmar. b Relationship through both parents. — fall dmi, the style of dress prescribed for occasious of ceremony ;esp., the customary formal dress for eveuiug, lull (fddl), n. Coiaplete measure; highest state or degree.— adi'. 1. Quite; entirely. 2. To the utmost; — chiefly iucom- binatiOu ; as, J'ull-blovfn. -^ v. t. To make full, as a sleeve. fnllam (fddl'Sm). Obs. var. of fuluam. fnll'er (Idbl'er), n. [from full to make full.] A set ham- mer for grooving and spreading iron. full'er, n.. One whose occupation is to full cloth. full'er'S earth (-erz). A soft earthy substance, resembling clay, used in cleansmg cloth and wool of grease. fall'ness, n. State or quality of being fulL furiy (r661'T ; -II), adv. In a full manner or degree ; com- Sletely. — Syn. Entirely ; maturely ; plentifully, abxm antly, plente'ously, copiously, amply, sumciently. ful'mar (feei'mdr), n. An Arctic sea bird of the 'petrel family. fnl'mi-nate (fiii'mT- nat), V. i. Med. A morbid spongy growth, esp. of granulations. fU'nl-cle (f u'nt-k'l), w. {h. funiculus, fT.fmiiscord.^ 1. A small cord. 2. Bot. The stalk of an oviUe or seed. fu-nlc'U-lar (fu-ntk'ij-ldr^, a. 1. GonsiBting of, or pert, to, a f unicle. 2. Pert, to, or dependent on, the tension of a cord. funk (fili]k), V. i. To shrink back through fear; flinch. Colloq.^n, A shrinking back through fear; panic. CoUoq. fnn'nel (fiin'Sl), n. [fr. L. fimdibulum, infundibulmnf funnel, deriv. of in -^fundere to pour.] 1. A vessel ^ shaped like a hollow cone, tapering into a tube, v. through which liquids, powders, etc., may be run * * into another vessel. 2. A fine ; a smokesteck. fnn'ny(-T),o.;-OT-ER(-T-Sr); -ki-est. [fromFUN.] 1. Droll; comical; laughable. 2- Strange; queer; odd. Colloq. — Syn, See laughable. — fanny (^mmon bone. SeecHAZTBONE. — fun'nl-ly (-t-lT), adv. Funnel. fur (fflr), V. t. ; FURRED (ffird); fur'rimg. [OF./OTrer, fr. fuerre, forre, sheath, case.] 1. To line, face, cover, or clothe withfur. 2. Arch. To apply furring to. ^ n. 1. A piece of the dressed pelt of any of certain animals worn as a trimming or lining to a garment ; hence, such a dressed pelt or pelts. 2. An article of clothing made of, or trimmed or lined with, fur; as, a set of furs. 3. The hairy coat of a mammal, when fine, soft, and thick. 4- pi. Skins of ani- mals with the fur; peltry. B- Any coating suggesting fur. fur^be-low (ffir'be-lo), n. A plaited or gathered flounce on a woman's garment; hence, any showy or fussy trimming, — V. t. To ornament, as with a furbelow. furOllsh (-bTsb), ?>. t. [fr. OF.,fr, 0HG./«r6an to clean.] To scour to brightness ; burnish. — Syn. See polish. fur'cate (-kat), a. [L. fiircn fork.] Forked ; branching. — (-kat), V. i. ; -cat-bd (-kat^Sd) ; -c at-ing. To branch like a fork. — fnr-ca'tlon (fQr-ka'sliTin), n. fur'cn-lum (ffir'kti-lMm), n. ; L. pi. -la (-Id), [dim. of L. furca a fork.] Anat. A forked part; esp., the wishbone. fur'fur (fflr'frlr), n. [L.] Scurf ; dandmflf. fur^fu-ra'ceoua (-ffi-ra'sbSs), o. Of or like bran; scurfy. fu'll-ous (fu'rT-&s), a. [L. furiosus^ fr. furia rage, fury.] 1. Full of, or transported with, passion or fury ; frantic; raging. 2. Moving with violence or impetuosity ; rushing ; violent. — Syn. Vehement, fierce, turbulent, angry, mad, frenzied. — fn'rl-ouB-ly, adv. — fult-ouB-ness, n. furl(fQrl), ?'.^ IfT. furdle^ fr. fardel bundle.'] To draw up into close compass; to wrap or roll, as a sail, close to a spar. furlong (fflr'Jong ; 62), n. IAS. furlang, furlung ; prop., furh furrow+Zanfirlong.] A measure of length, now legally ^ of a mile; that is, 40 rods or 220 yards (201.16 meters). furlough (-lo), n. Leave of absence, esp. to a soldier. — V. t. To grant a furlough to. fur'nace (-nSs), n. [fr. OF. &F.,fr. Jj. fornax.'] An appara- tus or structure in which heat is produced for reducing ores, warming a house, baking pottery, etc. fur'nlsh (-ntsh), v. t. [fr. OF., fr. OHG. /rumyan to further, execute, do.l 1. To provide for ; equip ; fit out or fit up. 2. To provide ; supply ; give ; afford. — fur'nlsh-or, n. Syn, Furnish, bquip, appoint. To furnish is to provide with whatever is necessary, esp. for use; to equip is to fur- nish with appliances or instruments, esp. for action ; ap- point (now bookish) suggests complete or elegant equip- ment ; as, to furnish a house, equip an expedition. ale, senate, cftre, 3.xn, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, £nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, &bey, drb, fidd, s5ft} cSxmect ; use, Unite, iim, up, circus, menii; xddd,fdbt; out, oil; cliair; go; sing, ii)k; ^en,thinj FURNISHINGS 293 GABRIEL Inr'nlsh-illgS, n. »/. Furniture, fixtures, apparatus, etc. Xm'iU-tureuQr'uI-tiar), n. [S'.fouruiture.l 1. Act of fur- nishing; state of being furoiaiied. Obs.oi- Archaic. 2. That with which anything is furuislied ; supplies ; outfit; equip- ment. 3. The necessary appendages to anything, aa to a machine, ship. etc. 4. Household furnishings. fu'ror (Iu'r5r), n. [L-] . 1* ^^yi frenzy ; also, madness. 2. A prevalent and excited admiration ; "rage;'* craze. far^-er (fiSr'I-Sr), n. A dealer in fura. fur'rl-er-y (-1), n./^?. -eries (-Tz). l. Purs, in general. 2. The business of a furrier ; trade in furs. Iur'rIngr(EQr'tng),7i. 1. Fur trimmings or lining. 2. Arch, a The application of thin strips, as of wood to a surface to level it, aa for lathing, plastering, etc., or to make an air space, etc. b The material so applied. furrow (fiir'o), n. [AS. furh.'] 1. A trench made by or ae by a plow. 2- Plowed laud; field. Poetic. 3. Any narrow channel, or groove ; a wrinkle. — v. t. To cut a furrow in ; to plow. — v. *. To make furrows ; to plow. fnr'row weed. A weed growing on plowed land. lur'row-y, a. Furrowed. Rare, tur'ry (ffir'T), a. 1. Covered with fur; dressed in fur; furred. 2. Consisting of or resembling fur. tur'ther (ffir'tber), a. compar. ; positwe wanting ; superl. fur'thest. [a comparative from fore; AS. fur&ra,^ 1. Alore remote ; farther. 2. Beyond; additional. — adv, 1. To or at a greater distance; to a great extent or degree. 2. In addition; furthermore. — v. t. To promote; for- ward. H^^ Further usually refers to time, quantity, or degree ; farther^ to space. They are not always differentiated. fni'ther-ailCB (-Sns), n. Act of furthering, or helping for- ward; promotion; advancement; progress. fiu'ther-more' (-mor'), adv. <& conj. Moreover ; besides. tor'ther-most (-most), a. Most remote ; furthest. fol'UieBt (-fehSat), a. & adv, superl. [formed as a super- lative, under influence of further."] Most remote ; farthest. fur'tlTe(fOr'tTv),a. [L./MWiVus,fr./urt!initheft,/w7'thief.] Done by stealth ; hence, sly ; secret ; stealthy. -~ Syn. Sea STEALTHY. — fur'tivo-ly, adv. — fur'tlve-ness, n. ta'run-cle (f u'rEiij-k'l), n. [L. furunculus a petfey thief, a boil.] Aboil. — lu-run'CU-lar (fu-rtiij'ku-ldr), a. lu'ry (fu'rT), n.;pl. -eies (-rlz). [L. /aria, fr. furere to rage.] 1. Violent anger; rage. 2. Fierceness; violence. 3. Overmastering agitation or enthusiasm; frenzy. 4. [ca/>.] Class. Myth. One of the Erinyes; hence, any avenging spirit. &. A turbulent person, esp. a woman; virago. — Syn, Indig- nation, wrath, ire- See anger. furze (fOrz), n. [AS. fyrs^ A spiny ever- green shrub, with yellow fiiowers, common in Europe ; ^called also jrorse and «jAm. — fnrz'y (fQr'zt), a. Ins'COUS {f lia'kiis), a. [L./twcwj.] Brown or grayish black ; darkish. fuse (fuz), V. I. & i. ; fused (fuzd) ; fus'ing (fuz'Tng). [L. fusut^ p. p. of fundere to pour.] 1. To liquefy by heat; melt. 2. To unite or blend, aa if melted together. fnse, fuze (fuz), n, 1. A tube, cord, or the like, filled or impregrnated with acombuatiT Furze. Flower- ble matter, for igniting an explosive. 2. A ingTwi?, much atrip or piece of fusible metal inserted in reduced, an electric circuit. When the current increases beyond safety, the metal melta, thua interrupting the circuit. Ju-aee', f u-zee' (f ii-ze'), n. [F. fusie a spindle of tow, fusee, fr. LL.,fr. L./ufuj spindle.] A kind of friction match witli a bulbous head, not easily blown out when ignited. fu'ael (fti'zel), w., fuael oil. [G. fusel bad liquor.] An acrid, oily liquid, oiten occurring in alcoholic liquors. fu'sl-ble (f u'zl-b'l), a. Capable of being melted. — iU'sl-bU'i-ty (-bll't-tl), n. fu'SMorm (-f8rm), a. [L. fusus apindle + -form..'] Spindle-shaped; tapering at each end. fu'Sil(fu'ztl), n. [F. fusil, OF. aisofoisilJutsU, steel for striking fire, h. focus hearth, in LL. fire.] A light flintlock musket. Obs. or Hist. fu'all, fu'sUe (fu'zTl), a. [L./ustVi^molten, fluid, fundere^ fusum^ to pour.] 1. Fusible. Rare. 2. Made liquid by heat. 3. Cast; founded. Obs. ' Zu'SlL-eer' 1 (-zt-ler'), n. 1. Formerly, a soldier fu^Sil-ler' ) armed with a fusil. Hence : 2. pi. A title now borne by some British regiments. fU'Bil-lade' (-lad'), n. [F. See fusil, n.] A simultaneous or vapidly repeated discharge of firearms. ^ u. t. ; -lad'bd (-lad'Sd); -lad'inq. To shoot down or attack by a fusillade. lU'Sloa (fu'zhiin), n. [L.jusio, fr. fundere^fu- sum, to pour, melt.] 1. A melting. 2. State of fluidity or flowing from heat. 3. Union or blending of things melted, or as if melted, together. fuss (ftis), n. 1. A tumult; unnecessary ado. 2- A fussy per- son. — oyiia See stir. — v. i. To be overbusy about trifles. fusa'y (fSs'T), a. /fuss'i-bb (-t-er) ; -i-est. 1, Disposed to fuss; overnice; fidgety. 2. Showing much detail or nicety. fast (f Cist), V. i. To become or smell moldy. Obs. or Scot. fns'tian (fiSs'chffin), n. [fr. OF., fr. Fustal, a suburb of Cairo, where it was made.] 1. Formerly, a cottou-and- linen cloth ; now, a kind of coarse twilled cotton stuff, as corduroy, velveteen, etc. 2- Inflated style of diecourae or writing; bombast; claptrap. — a. 1. Made of fuatian, 2. Pompous; bombastic. 3. Worthless. fUB'tlo (^ttk), «. [F. fustoc] 1. The wood of a tree of Mexico and the West Indiea, yielding a light yellow dye; also, the tree itself. 2. Any of several other dyewoods. fUSt'y (fiSa'tl), a. ; fust'i-er (-tT-er) ; -i-bst. [OF. /i«, cask, wood, fr. li.fusiisa\Ac^.] 1. Moldy; musty. 2- Old- fashioned ; obstinately fogyish. — fust'l-nesB, n. lu'tlle (fu'tTl ; or, chiefii/ British, fu'til), a. [L. fu(t)tilis^ that easily pours out, vain, worthless.] 1. Of no impor- tance; vaiu ; ineffectual. 2. Trifling ; frivolous. — Syn. See VAIN. — fu'tile-ly, adv. — fu-tll'1-ty (ffi-tTlt-tl), n. fut'tOCk (fiit'Sk), n. [Prob. for foothook.] Naut. One of the crooked timbers scarfed together to form a rib. fUttOCk shroud- One of the short, usually iron, shrouds connecting the topmast rigging with the lower mast. f U'ture (f u'tyr), a. [F. fulur, L. futurus, used as fut. p. of esse to be.] 1. That is to be or come. 2. Expressing futurity ; as, the future tenae. — n. 1. Time to come. 2. Future state or life. 3. Gram. The future tense, or a verb in it. 4. pi. Things bought and sold for future delivery. fu-ttt'li-ty (fu-tu'rl-ti), 71. ; pi. -TIES (-tiz). 1. State of be- ing yet to come; future state. 2. Future time ; time to come; posterity. 3. An event to come. fuze, n., fu-zee', n. Vara, of fuse, fusee. fuzz (fSz), n. Fine, light particles or fibers; loose volatile matter. — fUZZ'y (ftiz'T), a. ; fuzz'i-ee (-T-er) ; -i-est. -fy (-fi). [through F. verbs in -fier, L. -ficare, akin to fa- cereto do, make.] A su£9x meaning /o 7nak6,form into, etc. fy, fye (fi). Oba. vara, of fie. fyMot (fll'fSt), n. The swastika. G p (je) ; pi. g's, 08, GBE3 (jez). The 7th letter of the Eng- ^ lish, aa of the Latin, alphabet. gab (gSb ; g&b), n. The mouth. Scot. gab (gSb), n. as v. Prate ; chatter. Colloq. gab'bard (gSl/ard), giba>art (-art), n. [F. gabare, gabor rot.] A lighter, barge, or similar vesael. Scot. gab'ble (gSb"l), v. i. & t. ; -bled (-'Id) ; -bling (-ling), ^freq of^afitoprate.] 1. To chatter ; jabber. 2- To utter inarticulate sounds rapidly, as geeae. — n. Act of gabbing, or the sound so made. — gab'bler (-ler), n. gab^er-lUne', gab^ar-dlne' (gSiyer-den' ; gSb'Sr-den), n. [fr. Sp.] 1. A coarse loose frock or coat, chiefly in me- dieval costume, as of the Jews. 2- Covering ; protection. gab'erlun'zle (gSb/er-liin'zT ; Scot, gib'er-liin'yl, -loon'yl, -loon'I), n. A wandering beggar ; mendicant. Scot. ga^bl-on (ga'bT-wn),w. [F., fr. It., fr. gabbia cage, L. eavea."] A hollow cylinder to be filled with earth and ^ used in building fieldworks, in mining, etc. .^^ gamble (ga'b'l), n. [F.] Arch. A vertical tri- .^BI^IIS angular portion of the end of a building, from the cornice or eaves to the ridge of the roof. : gable roof. A roof forming a gable at each end. Oa'bri-el(ga'brI-Sl),n. [Heb. ffaftriei.] Bib. An angel of comfort and sympathy to man Gable. nature, verdure (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zli = z in azure. Numbera refer to §§ in Guide. ExpianaUona of Abbreviations, Slens, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Forel«n Word. + combined with. = eQuala. GABY 294 GALLEON (Dan. viil.ix.) ; the herald of good tidings {Lukei.). In Jew- ish and Christian tradition he ia one of the eeven archangels. ga'by (ga'bl), n,; pi. -bibs (-biz). A Bimpleton. Colloq. gad (gSd), n, [Icel. gaddr goad, sting.] 1. A metal spike or bar. Obs.or R. 2. A pointed metal toolfor breaking ore, etc. 3. A goad ; as, upon the gad^ suddenly, as if goaded. gad, V. i. To wander about idly; run wild. — n. A gadding, orrambling; — in on ot upon the gad. Colloq. — gad'der,n. Qad, n. A minced form of the word God. gad'a-bour (gSd'd-boutO, a. Gadding; roving. Colloq. — n. One who gads about. Colloq. gad'fly C-flxO, n. ; pi. -FLIBS (-fliz/). Igad, n. -\-fly.'\ A fly that bites or annoys cattle ; a breeze fly or horsefly. Oa-dhel'lc (ga-d61'Ik ; gSd'Sl-Tk), a. Of, belonging to, or designating, that division of the Celtic languages which in- cludes the Irish, Gaelic, and Manx. gad^O-lin'1-a (gSd'd-lTn'T-d), n. [after J. Gadolin, Finnish chemist.] A rare earth regarded as the oxide of a metallic element, {fad'O-liu'l-nm (-ITnl-i^m), with an assigned atomic weight of 157.3. Symbol, Gd. Gads^WOOns' (gSdz^woonz'), Oad'ZOOks' (gSd^zooks'), in- tei'jections. See Gad, God. Gas'a (je'd), n. [Gr. rato.] &r.Myth. The earth as a god- dess, the eldest bom of Chaos. Gael (gal), n. Originally, a Scottish Highlander, esp. one of Celtic speech ; now, any Gadhelic Celt. Gael'lc (gal'Tk), a. Of orpert. to the Gaels, esp. the Celtic Highlanders of Scotland ; also, of or designatiug their lan- guage. — ». The Celtic speech of the Scottish HigiUand- ers; Erse ; loosely^ any Gadhelic language. gaff (gSf), n. [F. gaffe.'] 1. A barbed spear or a hook used in securing heavy fish. 2. Naut. The upper spar of a fore- and-aft sail. ^ V. t. To secure with a gaff, or hook. gaff, n. A cheap place of amusement. Slang, Eng. gaf'for (gSf'er), n. [prob. fr. gramfer^ for grandfather.'] An old man ; aged rustic ; — now contemptuous. gag (gSg)i V. t. ; GAGOED (gSgd) ; gag^ging (-Ifng). To stop the mouth of ; hence, to prevent from free speech. ^ v. i. To heave as with nausea; retch. ^n. Something thrust into the mouth to hinder speaking ; — often flg. gag, n. 1. A joke or hoax. Slang. %. An offhand inter- polation by an actor in his part ; hence, a joke of this sort. gage (gaj), n. [F. gage, OF. also guage, wage, LL. ica- dium.] 1. A security; pledge. 2. A pledge (as a glove, cast on the ground) of one's intention to nght to supjrart his claims; hence, a challenge; defiance. — v. t. ; gaged (gajd); oag'ino (gaj'ing). 1. To deposit as a pledge. Obs. or Hist. 2. To wa,geT. Archaic. 3. To bind as by a pledge. Archaic. gage, n. [an English family named Gage imported the greengage.] A type of plum, including the greengage. gage, gag'er (gaj^r). Tars, of GAUGE, GADGEB. gag'ger (gSg'er), n. One that gags. gal'e-ty, »., gal'ly, adv. Var. of gatetz, gatly, gain (gan), n. A notcli, mortise, or groove, as in a timber, to receive the end of a joist. gain (gan), n. [Icel. gagn; — influenced by P. gain gain.] 1. Increase or addition to what one has of that which is of profit, advantage, or benefit ; profit ; -^ opposed to loss. 2. Act of gaining something; acquisition; accumulation. galll,v. t. [P. gagner, fr. OF. gaaignier to cultivate, OHG. weidenen to pasture, hunt, weida pasturage.] 1. To get; acquire ; procure ; primarily, to get (a profit or advantage) as by earning. 2. Ironically, to incur ; as, to gain harm. 3. To win, as a battle. 4. To win to an interest or party ; — often with 07;er. B. To reach; attain to. 6- To get as by development, increment, etc. ; as, to gain ten pounds. — Syn. Secure, earn, attain, achieve. See obtain. — v. i. 1. To secure advantage or profit; acquire gain. 2. To gain ground; also, to encroach. — galn'er, n. galn'flll (gan'fddl), a. Profitable ; advantageous. galn'glv^lng (-gtv'Tng), n. A misgiving. Archaic. galn'Sfty' (gan'sa' ; gan'sa^), v. t. (see sat for prin. parts.) To contradict ; dispute ; forbid. — galn^say'er, n. galn'say' (gan'sa^), n. Contradiction. Rare. gait (gat), n. [see gate a way.] 1. A going ; walk ; way. 2. Manner of walking or otherwise moving on foot. galt'ed, a. Having a (certain) gait ; as, B\ovf-gaited. gal'ter (ga'tSr), n. [P. guttre.] 1. A covering for the ankle and instep, or for the leg from knee to instep. 2. A kind of shoe with elastic strips at the sides. U. S. nia (ga'ld), n. [F. gala show, pomp, It. gala finery.] X* a Festive dress ; — now only in in gala, b Festivity. Obs. 2. A festival ; — chiefly attrib., as in gala day, etc. Gal'a-had, Sir (gSl'd-bSd). A knight of the Round Table, called " the chaste," who achieved the quest of the Grail. ga-lau'gal (gd-ISi]'gdl) I n. The rootstock of various gal'an-gale (gSKdu-gal) f plants of the ginger family. gal'an-tlne (gSl'fin-ttn ; -ten), n. [P.] Veal, chicken, or other white meat, boued, tied up, boiled, and served cold. Gal^a-te'a (gSl'd-te'd), n. [L., fr. Gr. raAireta.] Class. Myth, a A Nereid beloved by Polyphemus, b An ivory statue of a maiden, by Pygmalion, a king of Cyprus, He fell in love with it, and at his prayer Aphrodite gave it life. Ga-la'tian (gd-Wshtln), a. Of or pert, to Galatia, in Asia Minor, or its inhabitants, ^n. 1. A native of Galatia. 2. pi. TheEpistletotheGalatiaiis, in the New Testament. gal'az-y (gSl'fik-sT), n. ; pi. -AXiES (-siz). [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. ya\a^Ca<; (sc. kukAo? circle), fr. ■j'a.Aa,-(iKTos,milk.] 1. leap.] Astron. The Milky Way. 2. An assemblage of brilliant or noted persons or things. gale (gal), n. 1. A strong wind, between a stiff breeze and a hurricane. Its velocity lies between 25 and 76 miles an hour. 2. A breeze. Chiejiy Poetic. "~ ga'le-a (ga'16-d), n. ; pi. -ixjb. (-e). [L., helmet.] Any helmet-shaped part, as the upper lip of a labiate corolla. gale-ate (-at), ga'le-aVed (-at^Sd), a. Hel- met-shaped ; also, having or wearing a hel- met. Ga'len (g^£n), n. A famous ancient Greek physician; hence, humorously, a physician. ga-ie'na (go-le'nd), n. [L. galena lead ore.]4 Native lead sulphide. It is the chief ore of lead. — ga-len'lc (gd-lSnIk), a. Gal'l-le'an (-le'du), a. Also Gal'l-lae'an. Gaieate coroUa Of or pert, to Galilee, the northern province °^ Aconite. of Palestine under the Romans. -^ n. A native or inhabitant of Galilee. Hence, contemptuously, a Christian, gal'1-lee (gSPt-Ie), n. Arch. In certain English churches, a chapel or porch at the entrance. gal'ill-gale(gSl'Tn-gal),n, 1. = GALANGAL. 2. An Eng- lish sedge with an aromatic root. gaH-po^gal'li-pot(gSiKT-p5t), n. \T^ . galipot.] The crude turpentine resin exuded from a pii e of southern Europe. gall (g61), n. [AS. gealla.] 1. Bile, esp. that from the ox, used in the arts and in medicine. 2. The gall bladder, 3. Anything extremely bitter to endure. 4- Bitterness of spirit ; rancor. 6. Sensitive and courageous spirit. Obs. 6. Impudence ; effrontery. Slang, U. S. gall, n. [AS gealla a sore spot.] 1. A sore in the skin from chaflng, esp. on a horse's back. 2. A cause or a state of irritation. 3. A bare or weak spot ; flaw. — v. t. 1, To wear away by friction ; chafe. 2- To vex, 3. To injure. — V. i. To become sore or worn by chafing. gall, n. [P, gaile, noix de galle, fr. L. galla.] A swelling or excrescence on plants due to certain parasites- Many galls contain much tannic acid, as those on certain oaks. gallant (gSl'Snt; see s&ise 4), a. [F. galant, fr. OF. galer ' torejoice.] 1. Showy ; gay, esp. in dress. 2. Stately; grand. 3. Noble in bearing or spirit ; brave, 4- {usually ^H-X&nV) Polite and attentive to ladies ; hence: amorous; amatory. — (gd-lSnf ; ^\%r\t),n. 1, A gay, fashionable man ; a young blood. 2. One gallant to ladiei^ ; hence, a lover; suit- or; paramour, ^(gffi-lSnt'), v. t. 1. To bestov gallant atten- tions on (a lady). 2. To escort ; conduct. 3. To handle (a fan)modishly. Ohs.-~v. i. To act the gallant ; make love. gallant-ly (gSPfint-lt; gfJ-lSnt'lt), adv. of gallaitt. gal'lant-ry (gSl'Snt-rT ; rarely ga- ISnfrt), n. ;/ii.-RiBa(-rTz). 1, Brav- ery. 2. A gallant action or speech. 3. Life or conduct of a gal- lant. 4. Civility or polite attention to ladies ; also, amorous intrigue. — Syn. See cotTRAOE. gallbladder. The sac which receives the bile. gal'le-asB (gSl'e-Ss), n. [fr. F., fr. It.] A large galley mounting heavy guns in broadside, now obsolete. gal'le-on(gai'S-fin),ra. [Sp. ^ gale6n,fr. IJj. galeo,galio.] * A sailing vessel of the IStn Galleon, ale, senate, cftre, &m, dccount, ^m, ask, sofa ; eve, event, find, recent, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, obey, drb, ftdd, B5£t, cSnnect ; use, finltei ^m, iip, clrciiB, menii; foiOd, ftfbt; out, oil; chair; go; Buig,ii)k; ^entthin; GALLERY 295 GAMETE •nd following centuries, often having three or four decks, used esp. by the Spaniards. gal'ler-7 (gSl'Sr-l), n.; pi. -lbeies (-tz). [F. galerie, fr. LL. galena.'] 1. A long narrow room, hall, or passage, orig. one open at the sides ; hence, a room (typically, long and narrow) for showing pictures, shooting, taking photo- graphs, etc. ; also, an important collection, as of pictures. 2> A platform, on brackets or columns, in au auditorium, usually for part of the audience ; specif., in a theater, the highest of such platforms, or its occupants. parley (-1), n. ; pi. -leys {-tz). [fr. OF., fr. LL., fr. LGr.] 1. Au ancient or medieval vessel, usually low and one-decked, pro- pelled orig. by oars, or later by oars and sails. 2. A large row- boat. 3. The cookroom of a vessel. 4. [F.j/a- lie.'i Printing. Venetian Galley. An oblong tray to hold type set but not made up into pages. galley slave. A slave who works at the oar on board a galley ; also, a criminal condemned to such work. gall'fly' (gSVfliOt n- / pi- -FLiBS (-fliz'). An insect that de- posits its eggs in plants, and occasions galla. gal'llard(g51'yard),a. IF. gaUlard.] Archaic. 1. Gay; lively. 2. Hardy ; valiant. — n. 1. A galliard man. Ar- chaic. 2. An old gay and lively dance, or its music. galll-aSS (gSlT-Ss). Var. of GALLEASS. gal'Uo (gSl'tk), a. Of, pert, to, or containing, gallium. gaHlo,a. [fr. 3d GALL.] CAem. Designatingacrystallineaa- tringentacid, widely distributed among plants, esp. in galls. Gallic (gSltk),a. [L. GaUicus,fT.GamG3.\ilB, (?a//mGaul.] Of or pertaining to Gaul or £^ance ; Galilean ; French. Oal^-can (-T-k(2n), a. Gallic. Oal'U-clBlD (-sTz'm), n. A French idiom, usage, or mode. Oalll-cize (-Biz), V. t. & i. /-cizED (-sizd); -cu/isa (-siz'Tng). To make or become Gallic, or French. gal'll-gas'kill(-gSs'ktn),n. l.(jpZ.) Loose hose or breeches. Often Jocose. 2. A gaiter or legging. Dial. gaMl-man'fxy (-mS'frl), n. ; pi. -fries (-f rtz). [F. galima- fr^R a ragout of meats.] Any absurd medley; hodgepodge. gal'U-na'ceons (-na'shi2s), a. [L. gallinaeeus, fr. gallina hen, fr. gallus cock.] Resembling domestic fowls ; of or pert, to an order {GalHnss) of birds, including the barnyard fowl, pheasants, turkeys, grouse, partridges, quails, etc. gal'll-mzle (gSlT-nul), n. [L. gallinula chicken, dim. of gallina hen.] Any of certain birds of uhe rail family, re- lated to the coots, as the water (or moor) hen of Europe. galll-pot (gXl'T-p5t), n. A small earthen pot, esp. for medi- cines, etc. ; hence, a nickname for a druggist. galll-um (-zlm), rt. Chetn. A rare metallic element, found combined in certain zinc ores. Symbol, Ga; at. wt., 69.9. gal''U-vant' (gSl't-vSnt'), v. i. l. To play the gallant. 2. Hence, to roam about for pleasure. gall'aur (gdl'nSV), n. A nutlike gall. gallo-glass', gallow-glass' (gSl'S-gias/), n. [Ir. gallo- glach; gall foreigner + otj'/acA servant, youth, soldier.] An armed follower of an Irish or Gaelic chief. Ohg. or Hist. gal'lon (gSl'Sn), n. [fr. OF., fr. LL.] A measure of ca- pacity, containing four quarts. The standard gallon of the tjnited States is the old English wine gallon, containing 231 cubic inches ; the English Imperial gallon contains about 277.3 cubic inches. gal-loon' (gft-loou'), n. [fr. F.] A narrow binding or trim- ming, esp. of rich material. — gal-looned' (-loond'), a. gallop (gSl'Sp), V. i. [fr. F. ] To go or ride at or as at a gal- lop. — V. t. To cause to gallop, ^n. 1. A springing gait of various quadrupeds, esp. the horse. 2. A ride on a gal- loping animal. — gariop-er, n. gftllow (gSl'o), Obs. or dial. Eng. var. of oallt, v. i. Gal'lo-way (-5-wa), n. One of a breed of small hardy horses originating in Galloway. Hence, a small horse. gallows (gSl'oz; -Ss), n. siragf./p?. OALLOWSEB (-5z;24), or, Archaic^ gallows. [ME. galwes, pi., AS. galga^ gealga^ gal- lows, cross.] 1. A frame, in simplest form a crossbar on two posts, on which criminals are hanged. 2. A gallows bird. Obs. 3. Any frame with uprights and crosspiece. gallows bird. A person who deserves hanging. Colloq. gallows, or gallow, tree (gfil'5). The gallows, gaU'Stone' (g8l'st5n')in. A concretion, or calculus, formed in the gall bladder or biliary passages. gal'ly (gSl't; gftl'T), V. t. To frighten; worry. Dial. Eng. gallop (gSl'i^p; gSI'o), n. [F.] Music. A kind of lively ' dance, in 9 time; also, the music for the dance gal'o-pln (gSl'S-ptn), n. [F.] A scullion. Oba. ga-lore' (gd-lor^; 57), adv. [Gael, gu lebr enough, or Ir. goleor.'] In abundance; plentifully. Chiefly Colloq. ga-losh', ga-loohe' (gd-lSsh^, n. [F. galoche.] An over- shoe, now of rubber, worn in wet weather. Rare in U. 8. gal-van'lc (gSl-vSn'tk), a. [after Luigi Galvanic of Bo- logna, on account of his connection (about 1780) with the discovery of dynamical electricity.] Of or pertaining to, OT exhibiting, galvanism; voltaic; hence, atEected or affect- ing as by an electric shock or stimulus. gal'va-nlsm (gSl'vd-nTz'm), n. Physics, a Dynamical, or current, electricity, esp. as produced by chemical action. b Physical science treating of dynamical electricity. gal'va-nlze (gSl'vd-nlz), v. t.; -nizbd (-nizd); -niz'ino (-nlz'- ing). 1. To a£fect with galvanism; hence, to excite as if by an electric shock. 2. To plate by means of an electric current ; by extension, to coat (iron) with zinc. gal^va-nom'e-ter (-nJSm'e-ter), n. {galvanic- -|- -meter.'] Elec. An instrument to determine the intensity of an elec* trie current or its presence or direction, usually by deflec- tion of a magnetic needle. — gal'va-no-met'rlc (-ni^-mSt'- rlk), a. — garva-nom'e-try (gSl'vd-n5m'e-trI), n. gal'va-no-SCOpe' (gSKvd-nd-skop'; gSl-vfin'd-), n. {gal- vanic -f- -scope.] Elec. An instrument or apparatus, as a magnetic needle, for detecting the presence and direction of electric currents. — garva-no-scop'lc (-skSp'tk), o, — garva-noB'Go-py (-n5s'kS-pT), n. Oa-ma'11-el (gd-ma'llT-Sl ; -mal'ygl), n. [deriv. of Hob. Gavi- llel.] The Pharisee who was Paul's instructor. j4e/.vxxii.3. ga-masb'es (gd-mSsh'gz ; gSm'ffish-), n. pi. [F. gamachps.] A kind of protective leggings or gaiters. Archaic or Dial. gazn-ba'do (-ba'do), n. 1. A spring or bound of a horse. 2. A caper, as in dancing. gaxn-ba'do, n, [it. or Sp. gamba leg.] A kind of long boot attached to a saddle instead of stirrups; any long gaiter. gam'bit (gSm'btt), n. [fr. It.] A chess opening in which the first player loses a man for advantage in position. gamnble (-b'l), v. i.; -bled (-b'ld) ; -BLiNO (-blTng). [prob. fr. ME. gamenen to play, gamen game.] 1. To game for money or other stake. 2. To hazard somethlngon a chance; wager. ^ v. t. To lose by gaming, ^n. A transaction in- volving gambling or similar risk. Colloq. — ganin)ler, n. gamnbUng (-blTng), n. The action of one who gambles ; the act of playing or gaming for stakes ; loosely, any wagering. gam-boge' (gSm-boj'; -booj'), n. [fr. Cambodia.'] A gum resin used as a yellow pigment and in medicine. gambol (gSm'bSl), n. [F. gambade gambol. It. gambnta kick, gamba leg.] A skipping or leaping about in frolic ; a hop. — V. i. ; -BOLED (-b51d) or -bollbd; -bol-ing or -bol- LiNG. To bound or spring as in dancing or play; frisk. gamObrel (gSm'brSl), n. [OF. gamberel a crooked stick or iron used by butchers, fr. gambe,jambe^ leg.] 1. The hock of an animal, esp. of a horse. 2. A gambrel roof. gambrel roof. A form of curb roof (see curbboof, 17lvsf.). game (gam), a. Lame ; — said of a leg, arm, etc. Co/log. game, n. [AS. gamen, gomen, play, sport.] 1. Sport of any kind ; fun; also, playful ridicule ; as, to make game of one. Sport, fun, and jest are now the common words in this sense. 2. Amorous play. Obs. 3. A contest according to setrulesfor amusement or for a stake. 4. In games: a A single contest lasting until a definite limit is reached, b The number of points to be scored to win a contest. 6. A scheme ; plan; project. 6. An animal or animals hunted; also, their flesh considered as food. — Syn. See plav. — V. i.; GAMED (gamd) ; gam'ing. To play for a wager ; gam- ble. ^ V. t. To lose, pass, or dispose of, by gaming; — usu- ally with away. — a.; gam'er (gam'Sr) ; gam'est. Havinga resolute spirit; plucky. — gamely, adv. — game'ness,n. game fowl. One of a breed of domestic fowls bred largely for fighting. The male is the game^C0Ck^ game^eep^'er (-kep'er), n. One in charge of game. game'some (-sfim), a. Gay; sportive ; pla^yful ; merry. game'ster (-ster), n. 1. A person who plays at games; esp., a habitual gambler. 2. A lewd person. Obs. gam'ete (gfm'et ; gd-mef), n. [Gr. yaixeHt wife, vaju-enj? husband.] Biol. Asexual cell or germ cell. nature, verdure (87) ; K = ch in G. ich, ach (501 ; bow ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Explanations' of Abbrevlatlonsp SigmSf etc*i precede Vocabulsry* "** Numbers refer to §§ in Guides Forelffn Word* -H combined with* = equals* GAMETOPHYTE 296 GARLIC ga-me'to-phyte (gd-me't^-fit), n. [gamete ~\- phyte.'] BoL In the alteniatiou of generations in plants, that generation or phuBe wliich bears sex organs. Cf . sporofhyte. gamin (^Sm'tn; F. gd/mfiN'), n. [F.] A neglected, un- trained city boy; a young street Arab. gam'ma (gSm'd), n. [Gr. yaMjLta.] The third letter, r, -y, of the Greek alphabet, equivalent to Eng. g (as in go). gamma rays. Physics, Very penetrating radioactive rays not appreciably defected by a magnetic or electric field, probably ditfering from R6ntgeu rays only in penetration. gam'mer (gSm'er), n. {_piob.ir.grammer toT grandmother.'] An old woman ; — correlative of gaff&r. gam'mon (-uu), n. \0^,gambon^ix.gamhe\^%.'\ A smoked or dried ham ; also, the lower end of a side of bacou. gam'mon, n. [see game sport.] 1. Backgammon. i2. 2- A victory at backgammon obtained betore the opponent has thrown off a man. — v. t. To beat by getting a gammon. gam'mon, n. Nonsense ; bosh. ^ v. i. To talk gammon ; to feign. — V. t. To influence with gammon. All Colloq. gam^O-peVal-OUS (gam/6-p6t'ai-fi8), a. [Gr. ya/tos mar- riage -^ petalous.'] Bot. Having tl.e corolla composed of united petals. gam^O-phyl'lOUS (-fTl'fis), a. [Gr. y6.y.o "■ [F. gendar- merie.'] The body of gendarmes. gen'der (jSn'der), n. [fr. OF. , fr. L. genus, generis, birth, race, kind, gender.] 1. Kind, Obs. 2. G7'ani. Distinction of a word or words, as by infiection, according to the i (actual or imputed) sex denoted ; also, thei distinctive form itself, or a class ao distin- guished. — Syn. See sex. — 71. t. To beget; Head of Geme- generate. Archaic, — v. i. To breed. 06s. ^°^" gen'e-al'0-gy (jSn'e-Sl'o-jI ; je'ne-), n. ; pi. -oms (-jlz). ale, senate, c&re, Am, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker ; ice, 111 ; old, 6bey, drb, ddd, 86ft, connect : use, finite, iirn, up, circus, menli; food, fdbt; out, oil; chair; |fo; sing, iqk; Oien, thin; GENERA 299 GENTILE [fr. OF., fr. L., fr. Gr. YeweaAovfa; yeved birth, race, de- scent + A.6yo? discourse.] 1. A history of the descent of an individual, family, or group ; pedigree. 2. lineage. 3. Art or science of traciug and recording pedigrees. — gen'e-a- log'i-oal C-a-i5i'I-kai), a. — gen'e-al'o-glst (-ai'5-jlst), n. gen'e-ra (jSu'er-d), m., pi. of obnus. gen'er-al (-ftl), a. [fr. F., fr. L. generaiis. See genus.] 1. Of or pertaining to the whole ; uot local ; also, taken as a whole. 2- PerCaiuing to or affecting each aud all of a class or kind; uot particular. 3. Not limited to a precise import or application ; uot specific. 4- Of or pert, to what is typical or generic ; uot concrete. 5. Common to many ; prevalent; extensive, though not universal. 6. Broad; cath- olic; not special or specialized. 7. Not precise or definite. 8. Chief ; superior ; — when annexed to a name of ofEtce ; as, attomey-ffenerai, etc. Of. gbneeal, n., 4. SSrn. GoMUON, OENERA.L,UNivEBsAL. CoMuoN suggests pri- marily that in which many share, and hence, that which is usual or often met with ; as, rice is a common food. Gen- BRAii denotes that which pertains to all, or almost all, UNiTERS AL, to all wlthout excoptiou ; as, a general practice ; the desire to have is universal, ^n. 1. The whole ; total; hence, a general fact, principle, etc.;— opp.topari/cuZar. Ai-chaic. 2. The general public ; the people. 3. Eccl, The chief of an order of monks or of those under one rule. 4- Mil. An officer of rank higher than that of colonel, or one having general as his title or part of it. Specif.: a Thecommander(underthePresLdent)ofallthe military forces of the United States. See abut, b In Brit- ish usage, the commander of an independent army, usually next above a lieutenant general and below a field marshal. gen^er-al-ls'sl-mo (.-ts'I-mo), n. [It.] The chief command- er of an army or a combined force. Jiare or Hist. gen^er-all-ty (-Sl't-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-ttz). l. state or quality of being general. 2. That which is general; a vague statement or phrase. 3- Main body ; greatest part. gen^er-al-l-za'Uon (-iil-T-za'shun ; -i-za'sh»n), n. 1, Act or process of generaliziug. 2- A general inference. gen'er-al-ize (jSn'er-ai-Iz), v. t. ,- -ized (-Izd) ; -iz'iNQ (-Iz/- ing). 1. To make general; reduce to general laws. 2. To derive (a general conception or principle) from particulars. 3> To derive a general conception or principle from. ^ v, i. To form generalizations. — gen'or-al-lz^or (-iz^er), n. gea'er-al-ly (-t), adv. In a general manner ; as : a As a whole. 06*. ll Universally, c Commonly ; extensively, though not universally, d In a general way ; on the whole. gen'er-al-slllp^ (-ship'), n. l. Office of, or exercise of the functions of, a general. 2. Military skill in a general offi- cer. 3. Fig. : Leadership ; management. gen'^er-ate (-at), v. t. ; -at/ed (-afSd) ; -at'ino. [L. gene- ratust p. p. of generare to generate, fr. genus. See gents.] 1. To beget; produce (offspring). 2. To originate, esp. by a vital or chemical process; produce. 3. Math. To trace out, as a figure, by the motion of a point or magnitude. ^en^er-a'tlon (-a'ahfin), n. l. Act or process of generat- ing. 2. A step, stage, or remove in natural descent; hence, the body of men, animalB,orplantB of the same remove-from an ancestor, or Uving at one period ; also, the average life- time of man. 3. Race ; family. Obs. or JS. gen'er-a-tlve (jSn'er-a-tTv), a. Having the power or func- tion of generating, or propagating ; pert, to generation. gen'er-a^tor (-a^ter), n. 1. One that generates. 2. An apparatus in which vapor or gas is formed. 3. Electricity. Any machine by which mechanical energy is changed into electrical energy; a dynamo, esp. a large one. go-ner'io (je-nSr'Tk), a. [L. genus, generis, race, kind.] 1. BioL Pert, to, or having the rank of, a genus. 2. Pert. to things of the same kind or class; characteristic of, or deal- ing with, groups rather than individuals ; — opposed to spe- cific. — ge-ner'i-cal (-T-kfti), a. — ge-neT'l-cal-ly, ndv. gen'er-oa'l-ty (jSn/5r-5sT-ti), n. ;pl. -TIES (-tlz). Quality, state, or instance, of being generous. gen'er-ons (jSn'Sr-fis), «. [fr. F., fr. L. generosus of noble birth, magnanimous, genus birth, race.] 1. Of honorable birth or origin. Archaic. 2. Exhibiting qualities natural or appropriate to high birth ; noble ; magnanimous ; cou- rageous. 3. Liberal ; munificent ; as, a generous giver. 4. Characterized by generosity; abundant; ample; fertile, aa, f\ generous table; gpnerous fields. 6. Full of spirit or strength ; stimulating ; rich ; aa, generous wine. — Syn. See LIBERAL. — gen'er-ouB-ly, adv. — gen'er-ous-ness, ». geo'e-sls (-e-als), n. [L., fr. Gr. yeVeo-iy, fr. root of ylyve- trOai to be born.] 1. leap.} The first book of the Penta- teuch, narrating the creation of the world. 2. Origination or coming into being ; mode of originating, esp. by growth. -gen'e-SlS (-jgu'g-sta). [see oEN^rais, n.] A suffix used to aiguiiy genesis, generation, development, evolution. gen'Qt. Var. of jennet, horse. gen'et (jSn'6t ; jg-nSf ), ge-nette' (jg-nSt'), n. [fr. F., fr. Sp., fr. Ar.] Any of several species of small Old World Carnivora, allied to the civets, but without a scent pouch. ge-net'lG (jS-n§t'Tk) l a. Pertaining to th6 genesis of any- ge-net'1-cal C-T-k£l) f thing, or its natural development. ge-ne'va (jS-ne'va), n. [fr. F., fr. OF., fr. L. Juniperus juniper tree.] Holland gin. [-bbeJ Qo-ne'van_(-van), Qon'a-veBe'(jSn'S-vez'; -ves'). See -an,| ge'nl-al {jefaX-Si ; jen'ySl), a. [L. genialis. See genius.] 1. Nuptial; generative. 2. Favorable to growth or com- fort; hence, sympathetically cheerful and cheering ; jovial; kindly. 3. Belonging to one's genius; native; inborn. Obs. — ge'nl-al-ly, adv. — ge'nl-al'i-ty (-ai'I-tt ; -yfil'-), n. -gen'lc (-jSu'Ik). l-gen -[--£c.] A suffix denoting pertain- ing to generation or genesis ; generating, producing, yield- ing ; generated, produced. ge'llie(je'ni),n. IF.gSnie.'] Agenius, orjinni. — genius, 2. ge'nl-l (ie'ui-I), n. L, pi. of GENIUS. gen'1-tal (jSn'I-tftl), a. [L. genitalis, fr. genere, gignere, to beget.] Pertainingtogeneration,or to the sexual organs. gen'i-tals i-t&lz), n.pl. The sexual organs. gen'i-tlve (-tlv), a. [L. genitivus.'] Gram. Besignating the case, as the second of Latin and Greek nouns, express- ing primarily the relation of source or possession, in which use it corresponds to the £ng. possessive. — n. The geni- tive case ; also, a word in that case. U'val (-ti'vftl), a. gen'i-tor (jSn'lf-t3r), n. One who begets; parent. ' Rare. genl-tO-u'Ti-na-ry (jSn'T-to-u'rt-na-rT), a. Afiat. Pert, to the genital and urinary organs or functions. gen'lUS (jen'yfis or, esp. in 1 & 2, je'nT-tts), n. ; pi., s&n^es 1-2, L. GENII (je'nT-i), senses 3-7, E. geniuses (-Bz). ^L. ge- nius tutelar deity, taste, talent, genius, gea^.ere, gignere, to beget.] 1. [often cap."] Rom. Relig. An attendant spirit ; tutelar deity. 2. A nature spirit or an elemental spirit, as of fire or air ; specif., a jinni. 3. The mental endowment peculiar to an individual ; natural disposition or bent. 4. Pe- culiar character ; animating spirit, as of a nation, a langfuage. 6. The associations, traditions, and infiuences (of a place). 6. Uncommon native intellectual power, esp. in invention or origination. 7- One endowed nith genius. Syn. Genius, talent are variously, but sharply, distin- guished : as exalted, often supreme native endowment, in contrast with a high degree of mere aptitude ; as original creative power, in contradistinction to a faculty for effec- tive dealing with existent material ; as the intuitive and spontaneous, in opposition to mere aiscipline and training; as the inexplicable, unanalyzable, and as it were inspiredt over against what works by rule and line. See gift. gen'net (jSn'St). Obs. var. of jennet «n'o-ese' (-fi~ez'), -o-vese' (-vez'), a. & n. See -ebb. -go-nous (-je-nfis). \_-gen ^ -ous.'] AsufflxsiEtnifying:aP»'0- ducing, yielding, b Generated, produced, yielded. II gen're (zhaN'r*), n. [F.] A style or subject matter, esp. of painting, dealing realistically with everyday life. gens (jSnz), n. ; ^Z, gentes (jSn'tez). [L. See gentle, a.] 1. Rom. Hist. A clan embracing the families of the same stock in the male line. 2. = clan, 2. gen-teel'(jSn-tel'), a. {ir.Y. gentil. See gentle.] 1. Hav- ing qualities becoming to high birth and breeding; polite ; well-bred. 2. Graceful; elegant. 3. Suited to the posi- tion of a lady or a gentleman ; stylish; fashionaWe.— Syn. See polite. — gen-teellyi adv. ^^^ Genteel is now generally Ji regarded as at least inelegant, except when used with a hu- morouBorsarcasticsignlflcance. gen'tlan (jSn'shSn), n. [fr. F., fr. L. tentiana,iT. Geniius,o.n Illyrian king.] ,. Any, of various herbs prized for their handsome fiowers, usually blue. 2- The bitter root of a species of gentian. gen'tlle (-til), n. [L. gentilis of the same race.] Among Jews, one not Jew- ish in nationality or faith ; among „ .. Christians, one neither a Jew nor a uentian. Christian ; a heathen ; — in Biblical usage generally capi- nature, verdure (87) ; k=: ch in G. ich, ach (Rfl} ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Explanations of Abbreviations, tilgna, etc.« precede Vocabulary. || Foreign Word. + combined with. = e«uaU* GENTILITY 300 GERMANIZE talized. — a. 1. [often cap.'] Belonging to the nationa at large,' as distinguiBbed from the Jews. 2- Heathen; pagan. 3. Pert, to a nation, tribe, or clan ; esp., pert, to the Roman gens. 4. Denoting a race or country ; aB, a gentile noun. gen-tU'1-ty (jen-tTll-tr), n. 1. Gentle birth. 2. A qual- ity or the qualities appropriate to those well born, as self- reapect, dignity, courage, courtesy, etc. ; the status or rank of a person well bom. 3. The gentry. Bare. gen'tle (jSn't'l), a. ; -TUBR (-tier); -tlebt (-tlSst). [F. ffcn- tii noble, prett^, graceful, L. gentilis of the same clan, gens, gentis, tribe, race.] 1. Well-bom ; of good, though not noble, family. 2. Of animals, of fine breed. Obs., exc. of falcons, etc. 3. Of or appropriate to good birth or position; as, a gentle occupation; hence, chivalrous. 4. Refined; mild ; amiable ; — often used, eap. formerly, as an appellst- tive; as, gentle reader. 6- Tamed; docile; also. Rare, of fruit, etc., cultivated. 6. Soft ; easy ; soothing. 7. Mod- erate ; as, a gentle slope. Syn. Kind, tender, peaceful, bland, soothing^ clement. — Gbntle, hild, meek. Gentle has more positive connota- tions (esp. quietness, kindness, tenderness, refinement) than HiLO, which often suggests little more than the nega- tion of harshness or violence ; one is meek who is patient under provocation, or who has become mild through disci- pline or suffering; meek is now often mildly contemptuous; as, gentle care : mild rebuke ; meek submission. See polite. ^n. One well born ; gentleman. Archaic. ^ v. t. 1. To ennoble. Obs. 2- To make gentle, smooth, or easy. 3- To treat so as to make gentle, as by fondling. gen'tte-folk' (-f ok^, gen'tle-folks' (-foks^), n. pi. Persons of gentle, or good, family aud breeding. gen'tle-mazL (-mSn), n. ; pi. -hen (-mgn). 1. A man well bom ; one of good family ;' sometimes, any one above a yeo- man. Now R. or Hist. 2. A man of gentle or refined manners ; a well-bred man of fine feelings. 3- A man, ir- respective of condition; — esp. In pi., in address. gen'tle-man-llke' I a. Pertaining to or becoming a gentle- gen'tle-man-ly t man ; courteous ; polite. gen'tle-ness, n. Quality or state of being gentle; eap., softness of manners, disposition, etc. ; mildness. gen'tle-WOm'an (jSn'tU-wd5m'^n), ». ,* pi. -women (-wTm'- Sn ; 24). A woman of good family or breeding ; also, Now Hist., a woman who attends a la^y of rauk. gen'tly (-tlT), adv. In a gentle manner. gea'tllce (jSn'trTa), n. [fr. OF.] Archaic. 1. Gentility of birth; rank. 2. Gentle feeling ; good breeding. gentry (jSn'trT), n. 1. Rank by birth; eap., gentle birth. Obs. 2. People of education and breeding, specif., in England, those between the yeomanry and Uie nobility. 3. Courtesy; generosity ; good breeding. Obs. 4- People ; persons of a class ; — usually contemptuous or humorous. gen'n-flec'Uon, gen'n-flexloii (jSn/6-flSk'sh?!n), n. [fr. F. or LL., fr. L. genu knee + Jlexio a bendii^.] Act of bending the knee, esp. in worship. gen'n-ine (jSn'u-Tn), a. [L. genuinus, fr.genereto beget.] 1. Actually from the reputed source or author; authentic ; not counterfeit, false, or adulterated ; real. 2. Of or pert, to the original stock. 3. Sincere ; frank. — gen'll-lne-ly, adv. — gen'n-lne-ness, n. ge'miS (je'nus), n. ;pl. oeheka (jSn'er-d). [L., birth, race, kind, sort.] 1. Logic. A class of objects divided into sub- ordinate species. 2. Biol. A category of classification, be tween family and species. 3. A class; order; kind. -geny. [Gr. -yiveia, fr. root of yiyvetrOat to be bom.] A suffix denoting generation, production, dev^opmeni. ge'O- (je'S-), ge- (je-). [Gr. yew-, fr. yata, y^i the earth.] Combining forms signifying earth, ground, soil. ge'0-oen'trlo (-sgn'trTk), a. \_geo--\-G-w. iee»'Tpo»' center.] Pertaining to, or measured from, the earth^s center ; hav- ing, or pertaining to, the earth as a center. ge'ode (je'od), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. yeufiT}? earthlike; yala, y^, earth -f- eT5o$ form.] Geol, A nodule of stone having a cavity lined with crystals or mineral matter. gO-Od'e-sy (j^-^'e-sT), n. [Gr. yeaiSattrta; yala, yi}, earth -\-BaULv to divide.] Mathematics dealing with the deter- mination of the location or shape of large portions of the earth's surface, the shape of the earth, etc. ; also, survey- ing that takea account of the curvature of the earth. — ge^o-det'lo (je/o-dgtrrk), ge'o-deta-cal (-T-kSl), «. ge-Og'no-sy (-5B'nft-sT), n. \_geo- + Gr. yva A party at which it is danced.^ a. Of or pert, to Germany or the Germans. — German meaalea, Med., rubella. — O. silver, a silver-white alloy, essentially copper, zinc, and nickel. — G. text, the modem German type ; also, a type resembling it. See type. gerlnail, a. [fr. F., fr. L. germanus full, o\Tn (brother or sister).] Lit. , near of kin ; as : a Of the same parentage ; own (brother or sister) ; — in brotfier-german and sister-ger- Tnan. b Own, or first ; — now only in cousin-german. ger-man'der (jer-mSn'der), n. Any of a large genus of plants of the mint family . ger-mane' (jer-man' ; jQr'man), a. 1. = oerhan, akin. 2. Closely allied ; appropriate ; relevant. Ger-man'lC (jer-mSntk), a. 1. German. 2- Teutonic. Oer'man-lsill (jfir'mfin-Tz'm), n. 1. An idiom of the Ger- man language. 2- A characteristic of the Germans. ger-ma'nl-nm (jer-ma'nY-fim). n. [L. Germania Ger- many.] A rare metallic element. Symbol, 6c; at. wt.,72.5. Oer'mail-lze (jGr'mSn-iz), v. t. ; -izBD (-izd) ; -iz'rao (-iz'- Ing). To make German, or like what is peci^iarly German. Geranium, 1, or Wild Crane Vbill. ale, senate, cftre, am, occount, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker ; Ice, HI ; old, &bey, Srb, 6dd, B5ft, Connect , use, Onite, &m, up, circuSi nienii; food, tdht; out, oil; cbair; go; sing, iqk; &en,tliin; GERM CELL 301 GIBER Gerrymander. gorm oeU> BioL An eeg or sperm cell. ger'men (jQr'iDSn), n. [L.] A germ. Obs. or Fig. ger'mi-clde (jflr'mt-aid), n. Igervi + -cide.] Any sub- fltance or agent which destroys microfireaniBma. — eer'ml- cld'al C-Bid'ai), ger'ml-cWe (-sid), a. ger'mi-nal (-uai), a. Pertaining to a germ ; incipient. gei'ml-nant (-nftnt), a. Germinating ; sprouting. gei'ml-nate (-nat), v. i. & t. ; -NAiyED (-nat'Sd); -nat'ing (nafiug). [L. genninatus, p. p. of germinare, fr. gennen germ.] To begin to grow or develop ; sprout. — ger'ml- na'tion (-na'shfin) , n. — ger'ml-na-tive(iQr'mT-n£tIv),a. -ger0U3. [L. -ger, fr. gerSre to bear, carry.] Suflax signi- fying bearing, producing. g e r'r y-m a n'd e r (gSi-/!- mSn'der), v. t. [G&rry + ^9,\xma7uier ; fr. Governor Gerry, whose party, in 1812, divided Essex Co., Mass., so as to form a drag- on-shaped district.] To di- vide (a State, county, etc.) tnto civil divisions in an unnatural and unfair way. Polit. Cani, U. S. — (gSr'I- mSn'der), n. Act or result of gerrymandering. ger'nnd (jSr'find), n. [L. gerundium, fr. g&rSre to bear, carry.] Gram. A kind of verbal noun in Latin, ex- pressing the uncompleted action of the verb ; as in, are vi- vmdi, the art of living. Hence, any of certain analogous forms in other languages, as the modern English verbal noun in -ing in certain uses, as in " he is famous for scaling mountains." — ge-run'di-al (je-rSn'dt-al), -dive, a. Oe'ry-on (je'rT-5n), n. [L., fr. Gr. Vtipvtav.'] Gr. Myth. A winged monster having three bodies, slain by Hercules, one of whose labors was to carry off Geryon's cattle. gest (jSst), n. A stage in traveling; a rest in a journey; — usually in the pi. Obs. geat, gOSte (jSst), n. [fr. OF. See jest.] 1. A deed ; adventure ; exploit. 2. A tale or romance, esp. in meter, ges-ta'tlon (jSs-ta'sh^n), n. [L. gestatio a bearing.] Act or period of carrying youug in the womb ; pregnancy. gOS'tlc (jSs'tik), a. Relating to bodily motion, esp. dancing. ges-tlCn-late (jSs-tik'fi-lat), v. i.; -lat/bd; -lat'ing. [L. gesticulaliis, p. p. of gesticulari to gesticulate, fr. gesiicidus gesticulation, dim. of (/ej(iw gesture.] To gesture, esp. when speakiug. — ges-tlc'a-Ia'tor, n. ges-tlc'a-la'tlon (-la'shun), n. 1. A gesticulating. 2. A gesture, esp. an undignified one. — Syn. See gesture. ges'tore (jSs'tar), n. [LL. gestura mode of action, L. gerere, pe«/Mm,tobear,act.] 1. Carriage; posture. Obs. 2.Abodily motion or posture intended to express or emphasize some- thing. 3. Use of bodily movements as a mode of expression. Syn. Gestxtrbj gesticulation. Gesture applies to any expressive bodily movement j gesticulation commonly suggests (esp.) rapid, unrestrained, or undignified gestures; as, the gestures of an orator ; the gesticulations of a madman. ges'tnre,v.i.;-TUEED(-tiurd); -tdr-ing (-t^r-tng). Tomake gestures ; gesticulate. get (gBt), V. t.; pret. got (g3t). Archaic oat (gSt); p. p. got, or, esp. in V. S., got'ten (gSf'n); p. pr. See scofp. — w. t. To reproach contemptuously; mock. —n. An ex- pression of sarcastic scorn; sneer. — gibber, Jlb'or ( jlb'er),n. nature, ver4jire (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; bow ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Explanations of Abbreviations. Slffns, etc.* preceae Vocabularr. " " '" ■■' — Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Forelipi Word. + combined with. = equals. GIBLETS 302 GIRONDIST gtbletB (jTbaSts ; 24), n. [OF. gibelet game.] (Some- timea in sing.) The edible portions of a fowl that are re- moved before cooking, eap. the liver, gizzard, and heart. gld (gtd), n. [see oudt, a.] A parasitic disease, chiefly of Bheep, caused by a ]axval tapeworm in the brain. gld'dy (gtd'I), a. ; -di-bb (-T-Sr); -di-kst. [ME. gidi mad, Billy, AS. pi{ii£r-] !• Having a sensation of whirling in the head; dizzy. 2. a Promoting or inducing giddiness; as, a ^rf J/ height, b Turning with bewildering rapidity ; whirl- ing. 3. Characterized by inconstancy ; foolishly exuber- ant ; flighty. — V. i. i& i. ; -died (-Td) ; -dy-ino. To make or become giddy. — gld'dl-ly (-T-1T), adv, — gld'dl-ness, n. GU'e-on (gId'6-Sn),n. [Heb. Gtt/'On.] In the Bible, au Is- raelitish hero who defeated the Midianitea. Judges vi.-viii. gUt (gift), n. [prob. fr. Scand.] 1. The act, right, or power of giving. 2. Anything given; a preaent. 3. A bribe. Obs. 4. Endowment given to man by God ; special talent. Syn. Ability, capacity ; bent, turn, bias, tendency. — Gift, ENDOWMENT, FACULTY, APTiTDDE, TALENT ^reo in the idea of ability, esp. as exercised with ease. Gift connotes a quality conferred by nature or fortune, and is less formal than ENOOWHBNT or (oftener) bndowmbnts ; as, ** though the knack of versifying is a gift^ the art is an a>CQuirement; ' * a mind of high endowmenls. Faculty implies native address or ability, happily or easily employed, whereas aptetudb denotes a bent or turn, native or acquired, for some partic- ular activity or pursuit ; as, the ha.ppy faculty of ignoring rebuffs , an aptitude for affairs. Talent combmes with the implication of specific direction, as in aptitude, the sugges- tion of la^e capacity for cultivation and achievement ; as, a rare talent for music. See present. ^ V. t. To endow with a gift, esp. of some power or faculty. gig (gig), n. Anything that whirls; esp., a top. gig, n. 1. A light two-wheeled, one-horse carriage. 2- A light ship^a boat for oars or sail ; also, a kind of rowboat. gig, n, A kind of fish spear or harpoon, ^v t.&i. To fish with a gig ; to spear with a gig. gl^gan-teaqne' (jl^gSn-tSak'), a. Like or befitting a giant. gl-gail'tlc(jI-gSn'tTk}, a. [L. j^'oaf, -an^if, giant.] f. Of, pertaining to, or like, a giant. 2. Immense; tremendous. in^'g^B (glg"l)i V. i.; -GLBD (-'Id) ; -qling (-Itng). To laugh with short catches of the breath ; laugh in an affected or silly maimer. — n. Act of giggling. — glg'gler (-ler), n. glg'let (gtg'lSt) In. 1. A wanton ; lewd woman. Obs. glglot (eXg'l^t) ) 2. A giddy, frivolous girl. gig'ot (jig'dt), n. [F.] 1. A leg, as of mutton, venison, or veal, ready for the table. 2. A leg-of-mutton sleeve. 011a monaster (he'Id). [fr. Gila River.] A large, orange- and-black poisonous lizard of Arizona, New Mexico, etc. gild. Var. of GUILD. gUd (gild), V. t. ; on.D'&D or oii/f (gTit); ozld'ing. [AS. gyldxm^ fr. gold gold.] 1. To overlay thinly with gold ; cover or tinge with a golden color. 2- To make attrac- tive ; brighten. 3- To make outwardly fair ; embellish. 4. To fiuah, M with wine. Obs. 6- To reddeu (withblood). 06a. or Poetic. — gUd'er (gll'der), n. gUd'ed (gTl'dSd; 24), p. a. 1. Covered, or'tinged, aa with gold. 2. Wealthy, or of a wealthy family. Colloq. C^'der. Var. of GUILDER. glld'lng, vb. n. 1. Art or practice of overlajing with gold or gilt, or the material used. 2. A golden surface or coating. Oll'e-ad-ltes (gTl'S-Sd-Its), n. pi. in the Bible, a branch of the tribe of Manasseh ; also, the inhabitants of Gilead. gill (jtl), n. [OF. gille, a wine measure.] A liquid meas- ure ; )^ of a pint. gill f jTl), n. 1. A girl ; wench. 2. The ground ivy. gllI(gT^,n. [Icel.^iV.] 1. A woody glen; ravine. 8cot.& Dial. Eng. 2. A stream in a ravine. gill (gTl), n. . 1. An organ for respiration under water, as in fishes; branchia. 2. pL The gill-shaped plates forming the under part of the cap in some fungi. 3. A fowl's wattle. 4. pi. The flesh about the chin or jaws. gU'Ue 1 (gTl'T), n. ; pi. -lies (-Tz). [Gael, gille, giol/a, boy, gllly I lad.] In the Scottish Highlands, a male attend- ant, formerly on a chieftain, now, esp., on a sportsman. gllll-flow' er, n. Var. of gillyflower. gllly-flOW'er (jtl'T-tiou'er), n.^ [fr. OF. oirofre, girofle^ Gr. Kapvd^vAAoi/ clove tree ; Kapvov nut 4- ^lAAof leaf.] 1. a The clove pink. Now Rare, b The wallflower or the common stock. 2- A purplish red variety of apple. gll'Py (gYl'pT)i "• A lively, frolicsome girl. Scot. gll-rav'age (gll-rSv'aj), v. i. To royster; frolic in a dis- orderly fashion. — gU-rav'ag-er (-£-jer), n. Both Scot. CouipasB hung in GimbalH. gilt gln'ger-bread' (-brSdO, n. [OF. ginyebras, ghigembras, yingim- bj'at.'] 1. A kind of plain cake fla- - voredwith ginger. 2. Fig. : Some- thing tawdiy and unsubstantial. gln'ger-ly (-11), adv. 1. Daintily. Obs. 2. Very cautiously; timidly. ^ a.' Cautious ; wary. gln'ger-snap' (-anSp'), re. A thin, brittle cake flavored with ginger. uinger. Ci> glng'ham (glng'tlm), n. [F. guingan.'] A cotton or linen cloth, woven of dyed yam, usually in s^pes or checks. glnk'gO (gti]k'go; jtqk'go), n. [Jap. gingko.'] A u ornamen- tal tree with fan-shaped leaves, native to China and Japan. gln'seng (jtu'sSng), n. [fr. Chin.] A Chinese plant or a related North American species, the aromatic root of which is valued in China as a drug ; also, the root. glPi glP'sy, gip'sy-lsm, etc. Vars. of gyp, gypsy, etc gl-raifo'(jt-r4f'), n. [F. gira/e, fr. Ar. zura/ah, zar^ah,} A well-known ruminant mammal of Africa ; the camelopard. gird (gfird ; Scot, gird), v. t. & i. & n. Mock ; gibe. Obs. or B. gird (gfird), V. t. ; pret. & p. p. gibt (gfirt) or oird'ed ; p. pr, A vb. n, oiRD'iNO. [AS. gyrdan."] 1. To encircle with any flexible band, as a belt; to make fast or secure, as clothing with a cord. 2. a To clothe or invest, as with a robe confined by a girdle, or fig., with powers or attributes, b To prepare ; make ready ; brace. 3. To surround. glTd'er (gGr'der), n. 1. One that girds. 2. A horizontal beam to span an opening or carry a weight. glr'dle (gpr'd'l), n. [fr. AS.] That which girds or encircles ; esp., a ^ belt or sash about the waist. ^ V. t. ; -dlbd (-d*ld); -dling (-dltng). 1. To bind with or as with a belt. 2. To remove a ring of bark around (a tree, etc.). rn^nWa girl (gflrl), n. 1. A female child ; Uiratre- a maiden. 2. A female servant. — g^l'hood (-h66d), n. — girrish,a. glrn (gQrn ; gTrn), v. i. [see grin to snarl ] 1. To show the teeth, aa in rage ; anarl. 2. To grin. Obs. or Scot, Ql-ron'dlBt (jt-T5n'd{st), n. A member of the moderate ale, senate, c&re, &in, account, arm, ask, sof A ; eve, event, 3nd, recent, maker ; Ice, ill ; old, dbey, drb, 5dd, s5ft, cSnnect ; use, Qnite, urn, up, circiis, menii; food, ftfbt; out, oil; chair; go; sini;, ii)k; then, thin; GIRT 308 GLAUCOMA republican party in the French legislative asaembly in 1791. The leaders were from the department of Giroude. girt (gQi^t), pret. dc p. p. of oird. girt, V. t. To gird. — v. i. To measure in girth. girth (gfirth), n. [fr. Icel.] 1. A baud around an animal, to fasten on a saddle, etc. 2. That which girdles ; a girdle. 3. Measure around the body; circumference -^v. t. 1. To girdld. 2. To fasten or equip with a girth. 0l8 (jT8),». Corrupt, of Jesus; — used iu by Gis. Obs gi-aarme' (gt-zarm'). n. [fr. OF.] A kind of battle-ax. glBt (jtst), n. [fr. OF. fr. h. jacere to lie.] The ground of a legal action ; hence, the main poiut ; pith. git'tern (gTc'ern), 71. [OF. guiteme. ] An old wire-strung instrument like a guitar. glUBt (jQst) . Obs. var. of joust. give (gtv), V. t.; pret. gave (gav) ; p. p. Giv'EN (glv"n) ; p. pr. a: vb. n. giv'ino. [prob. of Scand. origin.] 1. To be- stow without a return ; confer; accord, as trust. 2. To deliver; Clittern pay, as money. 3. To profiEer, present, or furnish; as, to give one's hand. 4. To deliver, deal, or execute by bodily action; as, to give a blow ; to give a start ; utter ; as, to give a shout; ^iveasong. 6. To produce; emit. 6. To cause or occasion ; as, to give pleasure. 7. To communicate , im- part ; as, to give a cold to anotlier. Syn. Furnish, supply, vouchsafe, accord. — Give, pre- sent, BESTOW, CONFER, 6RA.NT. GivE is the general term. Present is more formal or ceremonious ; as, he presented the tx'ophy to the victor. Bestow implies the settling of something on one as a gift; as, the king bestowed the spoils upon his favorites. To confer is esp. to give graciously, or as a favor or honor ; to grant is to give in answer to a request, or to a denendent or inferior ; as, the favor was confei-j-ed freely ; he granted them liberty. — V. i. 1. To make gifts. 2. To yield to force; relax. 3. To accommodate one^s self or itself ; yield. 4. To open; look; — vfith upon^ into, etc. A Gallicism. -^^n. Act of giving; esp., act or process of yielding or giving way. g^V'en (gTv"n), ;?. a. 1. Disposed; addicted ; — with to. 2. Stated; fixed ; as, in a ^ventime. 3- Granted ; assumed. —given name, the Christian name. Colloq. glv'or (-er), n. One who gives ; donor ; grantor. glZ'zard (giz'drd), n. [OF. guisier, fr. L. gigeria, pi., cooked entrails of poultry.] 1. The second (posterior) stomach of birds, having thick walls and a horny lining for grinding food. 2- Stomach (of a person). Humorous. gla'brons (gla'brus), a. [L. glaber.'] Smooth; having a surface without hairs or projections. II gla'C^ (gla/saO, a- [F-i p. p. of glacer."] 1, Smooth and glossy. 2. Coated with icing; iced; — of fruits, cake, etc. gla'cial(gla'shal), a. \Jj.glaeialis,iT.glaciesiQB.'] 1. Pert. to ice or its action ; esp., pert, to glaciers. 2- Of or pert, to the glacial period ; as, glacial man. — gla'clal-ly, adv. gla'ci-ate (-shT-at), v. i. ; -at'ed (-afSd) ; -at'ing. To subject to glacial action, as rocks. — gla'cl-a'tlon, n. gla'Cier (gla'sher ; glSsl-er), n. [F., fr. glace ice, L. gla- cies.'\ A body of ice, formed in a region of perpetual snow, and moving slowly down a mountain slope or val- ley, as in the Alps, or over an extended area, as in Greenland. gla'cis (gla'sis ; glSs'- Is), n. [F.;— fr. its smoothness. See gla- cier.] A gentle slope ; Fort. , the outward slope from the top of the counterscarp. ViCBch Glacier, with Medial iMorame, glad (glSd), a.; glad'der (-er) ; -debt. [AS. glmd bright, glad.] 1. Characterizedby joyorpleasure; cheerful; pleased; happy. 2. £xpressiveof,orcausedby,orexcitlng, gladness. 3. Characterized by briglitness and beauty; gay. — Syn, Delighted, joyous, joyful ; cheering, pleasing, animating, gladsome. — v. t. To gladden. Archaic. glad'den_(glSd''n), v. t. & i. To make, be, or become, glad. glade (glad), n. A grassy open space in a forest. glad'l-ate(gl5dT-St; gla'dT-),a. [L.^'/oditw sword.] Bot. Sword-shaped ; ensiform. glad'l-a'tor(glSd'T-a'tSr),ra. [L.] Roman Hist. One who fought witli a weapon for the amusement of tiie people, as at a festival. — glad^i-a-to'rl-al (-o-to'rl-ai ; 57), a. gla-dl'0-lus (gld-di'6-ltfs ; giad'I-o'lus), n. / pi, L. -oli (-11), B. -OLDSEs (-Ifis-Sz; 24). [L. lit., a small sword.] 1. Any oia large genus {Gladiolus) of plants of the iris family, natives chiefly of Africa, with erect sword-shaped leaves and spikes of brilliant flowers. 2- A corm or flower of this plant. gladly (giad'lT), adv. With gladness or joy ; cheerfully. glad'ness, n. See -ness. — Syn. See pleasure. glad'SOme (-st2m), a, 1. Causing joy ; expressive of glad- ness ; gay. 2. Pleased; cheerful. — glad'SOme-ly, af£v. glalk (glak), w. Scot. X. Mockery. 2. A gleam of light. glair (glSr), 71. [F. glaire.'] 1. "White of egg, or a size or glaze made from it. 2. A similarly viscous substance. — glair'e-ons (glSr'e-ws), a. — glalr'y (glfirl), a. glaive (glav),n. [F.] Sword; esp., abroadsword. Archaic. glam'our (glSm'er), w. [Scot, corrupt, of E. gramarye, grammar.] Magic ; a spell ; hence, a charm. glance (glans), V. i. ,- glanced (gl^nst); glanc'ino (gl&n'- stng). 1. To strike obliquely and ily otf or turn aside. 2. To refer casually; allude ; hint. 3. To flash. 4. To look with a sudden, rapid cast; flash;— of the eye. — v.t. 1. To shoot or dart suddenly or obliquely. 2. To strike obliquely or lightly in passing. — n. 1. A rapid oblique movement or impact. 3. A movement causing a flash of light ; a flash so produced. 3. A quick, transitory, or cursory look ; a glimpse. Syn. Glance, gliupsb. A glance is commonly a brief or hasty look at something; a glimpse, a momentary or cas- ual sight or view of it. See flash. glance, n. [G. glam brightness, or D. glaTis."] Any of sev- eral mineral sulphides having a brilliant metallic luster. gland, n. [fr. F., fr. L. glandula, dim. of L. glans^ glandis, acorn.] Anat. A secreting organ of the body. g;lan'ders (gian'derz), n. [OF. glandres, pi., glands.] An infectious and destructive disease of horses, asses, etc. glan'du-lar (-dti-ldr), a. Containing or bearing glands or gland cells ; of, pertaining to, or like, a gland. glare (glSr), v. /. ,- glared (glfird) ; glar'ing (glfir'tng), 1. To shine dazzlingly. 2. To be bright and intense, as certain colors; be ostentatiously splendid. 3. Tostare with fierce or piercing eyes. — Syn. See flame, gaze — v, t. To shoot out or express with a glare. — n. 1. A bright, dazzling light ; shine; luster. 2. Ostentatious splendor; showiness. 3. A fierce or piercing stare. glare, n. A bright, glassy surface ; as, a glare of ice. —a. Smooth and bright ; chiefly of ice. — glar'y, a. All U. S. glar'ing (glSr'Ing), p. a. 1. Fierce or piercing ; — said of eyes. 2. Dazzling. 3. Open and bold; notorious. glar'y (-t), a. Of a dazzling luster; glaring; shining glass (glas), n. [AS. glses.^ 1. A hard, brittle, and com- monly transparent, amorphous substance made by fusing together silica, as sand, an alkali, as potash or soda, and some other base, as lime or lead oxide. 2. Collectively, articles made of glass. 3. Anything of glass; as; a A glassvessel, specif., atumbler, goblet; hence, the contents of such a vessel, as liquor ; a drink, b An hourglass, or the like, c A pane or plate of glass, d A looking-glass, e An optical glass ; a lens , a telescope ; microscope ; pi. eyeglasses; spectacles, f A weatherglass; barometer, thermometer, —v.t. 1, Tocoverorprotectwithglass. R. 2. To make glassy. R. 3. To mirror. [of glass. i glasseye. 1.;?^. Spectacles. Obs. 2. A-nartifirialeyemadel glaas'fuKglas'fsei), re. ,-jd;. -FULS (-f661z). The contents of a glass ; as much as a glass will hold. glaas'house' (gias'housO, n. A building chiefly of glass, used for growing plants. See greenhouse. glass'1-ly (-T-1T), adv. In a glassy manner. glass'1-ness, n. Quality or state of being glassy. glass snake. A harmless limbless lizard, superficially re- sembling a snake ; — so called from its fragility. glass-ware' (glas-w^r^. n. Articles of glass. glass'wort' (-wfirt^), n. A common maritime plant having succulent, brittle, jointed stems. glaSB'y (-T), a. ; glass'i-br (-T-er); -i-est. 1. Resembling glass, as in smoothness. 2. Dull; —of the eye or look. G^lau'ber salt, Glau'ber's salt (glou^erz). Often also pi. [after J. R. Glauber^ German chemist.] Sodium sulphate. glau-CO-ma (gl8-ko'md), n. [L., fr. Gr. y\avKtafi.a, fr. yAavKOf blue jray.] A condition of the eye marked by in- creased tension within and resulting in Impairment of vi- sion or ultimately in blindness. na^re, ver^jire (87) ; k := ch in G. ich, ach (50) . Explanations of Abbrevlatlona* SljEnSt etc, precede Vocabulary. boN ; yet ; zli = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. II Forelipi Word. + oomblned with, ss equali* GLAUCOUS 304 GLORY glau'oooB (gieiKiis), a. [L. glaueus^ Gr. yAavKo?.] Of a bluidli green or greenish blue color ; also, specifically, Bot., overcast with :i whitish bloom, as a plum. glaze (glaz), v. t. ; qlazed (glazd) ; glaz'ino (glazTng). [M£. glasen, fr. glas ^Is.as.'} 1. To furnish or fit (a win- dow, titc.) with glass, 2. To overlay with a surface of or like glass; hence, to make glossy. — v. i. To become glazed. — n. 1. Vitreous coating of pottery, eap. one that is trans- parent, as disting. from enamel. 2. A substance for glaz- ing. 3. A smooth, glossy surface. — glaz'er (glaz'er), n. gla'zler (gla'zher ; -zT-er), n. [for glaser^ fr. glaze.} One whose business is to set glass in window frames, etc. glaz'lng (glazTng), vb. n. 1. Act of furnishing or fitting with glass. 2. The glass set, or to be set, in a sash, frame, etc. 3. Act of laying on glaze ; also, the glaze applied. gleam (glem), n. [AS. glsem,^ A moderate brightness or a transient illumination ; a beam ; glow. — v. i. To shoot or dart, as rays of light ; send out gleams. ^ v, t. To emit (flashes of light, etc.). — Syn. See flash. — gleam'y, a. glean (glen), v. U [OF. glener^ glaner, fr. LL. glenare.'] 1. To gather (as grain or grapes)afterareaperorthelike. 2. To gather from (a field or vineyard) what has been left, as by reapers. 3. To collect with patient labor ; pick out. — V. t. 1. To gather what is left by reapers. 2. To pick up or gather anything by degrees. — glean'er, n. glebe (gleb), n. [L. gl{n)eba land.] 1. Soil ; ground ; sod. 2. The land belonging to an ecclesiastical benefice. gleil8(gled),n. ^;«o,5co^,gled(gl6d). [AS.^fitia.] The common European kite. gledge (gl6j), ». ds V. i. Glance to one side ; squint. Scot glee (gle), n. [AS. glio.'] 1. Music. An unaccompanied song for three or more solo voices. It is not necessarily gleesome. 2. Joy; merriment. — Syn. See cheerfulness. glee (gle), V i. To squint; look sidewiae. Obs. or DiaL gleed (gled), ti. [AS. gled^ fr. glowan to glow as a fire.] A live or glowing coal. Archaic or Dial. gleed, gleyd (gled, glid),a. Crooked; astray. Obs. or Scot, glee'llU (gle'fd51), a. Full of glee ; merry; gay. gleek (glek), n. A jest or scoff ; a trick. Obs, or Scot, ^ V. i. To gibe ; aneer. Obs. gleek, n. [OF. glioJ] An old three-handed game at cards. glee'man {gWm&a), n. ; pi. -MEN (-mSn). {.glee -jr "man ; AS. gtioinan.'] A minstrel or musician. Arcliaio, glee'SOme (-sam), a. Merry; joyous; gleeful, glog (glSg)) . i. [AS. glisnian.'] To sparkle or shine; esp.j to shine with a fitful luster. — Syn. See flash. — n. A glistening ; a shining brightness. — glis'ten-ing-ly, adv. glis'ter(-ter); v. i. Toglitter. — n. Glitter. gllt'ter (glTt'er), V. i. 1. To sparkle with light ; gleam. 2. To be showy, specious, or striking, and hence attrac- tive.— 'Syn. See FLASH. —n. A bright, sparkling light ; brilliant and showy luster; brilliancy. gloam'lng (gloming), n. [AS. glomung.'] Twilight; dusk. gloat (glot), V. i. To gaze or to meditate, esp. with malig- nant satisfaction, lust, or avarice. — Syn. See gaze. globe (glob), n. [L. globii.'!.} 1. A round or spherical body ; ball ; sphere ; orb. 2. a The earth ; — usually with the. t) Hence, any planet. 3. A spherical representation of the earth or heavens. 4. Anything nearly spherical or globular ; as, a lamp globe. — v. t. & i. ; globed (globd) ; glob'ing (globTng). To gather or form into a globe. globe'flsh' (glol/flsh'), n. Any of various fishes that can assume a globular form by sucking in water or air. glO'bose'(glo'bos';glo-bos'),a. IIj. gfobosus."] GlobulaT,or nearly so. — glo-bos'1-ty (glS-bSs'T-tl), n. ;pl. -ties (-tiz). glo'bons (glo'bus), a. Globose. glob'u-lar (gl5b'u-ldr), a. 1. Globe-shaped ; spherical, or nearly so. 2. Composed of globules. glob'llle (-ul), n. [L. globulus^ dim. of globus globe.] 1. A little globe ; a spherical particle. 2. A pellet. glom'er-ate (glom'er-at), a. [L. glomeratus^ p. p., col' lected intoa ball or mass.] Agglomerated; conglomerate. gloom (gloom), n. 1. A scowl, or sullen look. Scot. 2. Partial or total darkness ; deep shade. 3. A shady or gloomy place. 4. Cloudiness or heaviness of mind; low spirits. — Syn. Dimness, obscurity; depression, dejection, sadness. See uelancholt. — v. z. 1. To frown ; scowl ; also, to look dismal or melancholy. 2. To become dark or threatening, as the sky ; lower. 3. To be or appear gloomy, ^v. i. To render gloomy. gloom'y (gloomT) , a. ; gloom'i-er (-T-er); -i-est. 1. Dusky; dim. 2. Affected with or expressing gloom; melancholy. 3. Producing, or characterized by, gloom or melancholy ; dismal. — Syii. Dark, cloudy; sullen, morose, sad, de- jected. — glooml-ly (-T-lt), adv. — gloom'i-ness, n. Glo'ri-a(glo'ri-d;57), H. [L., glory.] EccL a The hymn beginning "GlorybetoGod on high" (ZwAeii. 14). b That beginning '' Glory be to the Father." c That beginning "Glory be to thee, O Lord." [being glorified, i glo'rl-H-ca'tlon (-f t-ka'shifn), n. A glorifying, or state of | glO'ri-fy (glo'rT-li ; 57), v. t. ; -fied (-fid) ; -fy'ino. [fr. F., fr. L. glorijicare; gloria glory + -j¥ca?-e (in comp.) to make.] To make glorious; specif.: a To bestow honor and distinction upon, b Toshedradianceorsplendoron. c To ascribe glory to ; promote the glory of- — glo^ri-fi'er, n. glo'ri-oua (-fis), a. [fr. OF., fr. L. gloriosus.'] 1. Vain- glorious. .Obs. 2. Exhibiting qualities or performing acts that deserve or receive glory ; illustrious. 3. Splendid; resplendent. 4. Delightful. Colloq. — Syn. Emment, noble, maemificent, grand. — glC'rl-OUS-ly, adv. glO'ry (glo'rl; 57), n.; pi. -bies (-rtz). [fr. OF., fr. L. gloria.^ 1. Praise, admiration, or distinction, accorded by common consent ; renown. 2. That which secures praise or renown. 3. Honor and praise accorded in worship. 4. Brilliancy ; radiant beauty ; resplendence. 6. Celestial honor or splendor ; heaven. 6. Height of prosperity or splendor. 7- A halo. — Syn. See reputation. ^ v. i.; -hied (-rTd); -rt-ing. 1. To exult; rejoice; also, to be proud or boEMtful. 2. To form, or spread, like a glory. ale, senate, cftre, itiu, account, Hrm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, 6bey, drb; Odd, B5£t, connect ; use, Unite, urn, tip, circus, menu; foQd, ftfbt; out, oil; cliair; ^o; sing, iqk; ^en, thin; GLOSS 305 GOATSUCKER gloss (glSs; 62), n. 1. Luster; polish. 2. A specious ap- pearance ; superficial quality or show. — Syn. Bee luster. — V. t 1. To give luBter or gloss to ; glaze. 2 . To give a gloss, or specious appearance, to ; color. ^OSS, n. [F. glose^ L. glossa a word needing explanation, Gr. 'yAwo'ira, lit., tongue.] 1. An interlinear, marginal, or gloBsarial note of explanation or interpretation ; loosely, a running commentary. 2. a A glossary, t) An interlinear translation. — Syii. See reuark. — v. t. 1. To furnish with glosses ; annotate. 2- Tu interpret speciously, or per- vert in this way. — v. i. To make glosses ; explain. glOB'aa-ry (glSs'o-rl), n. / pi. -ribs (-rlz). [L. glossaiium.'] A collection of glosses ; a partial dictionary of a work, an author, etc. — glos-sa'rl-al (gl5-sa'rt-Sl ; 3), a. glOBB^ (gl&s't; 62),a./ qloss'i-br (-T-er); -i-est. 1. Smooth and shining; reflecting luster ; polished. 2. Smooth; spe- cious; plausible. — Syn • See suooth. — glossl-ly (-t-ll), adv. — gloss'l-ness, n. glot'tis (gl5t1s), n. [Gr. -yAwTTt?, yXonrfriq, fr. yAwTTa, 7Auo-o-a, the tongue.] The opening from the pharynx into the larynx. — glot'tal (glBt'Sl), a. glove (glHv), n. [AS. glof.^ A cover for the hand with a separate sheath for each tiuger. ^ v. t. / gloved (glQvd) ; aiiOV'iNo (gluv'tug). To cover with or as with a glove. glov'er (glQv'er), n. One who makes or sells gloves. glow (glo), V. i. [AS. gtdwan.'\^ 1. To shine with an in- tense or white heat. 2. To exhibit a strong, bright color ; be briiJiant or red. 3. To feel hot ; bum. 4. To feel the heat of passiou ; be animated. — Syn. See plame. —v. t. 1. To heat. Obs. 2. To express by glowing. Sai'e. -^ n. 1. light such as is emitted by a solid body heated to luminosity ; incandescence. 2. Brightness or warmth of color, redness. 3. Earnestness; heat of passion ; ardor. 4. Bodily heat or warmth, as from exercise, etc. glOW'er (glou'er), V. i. 1. To look intently ; stare. Scot. 2. To stare angrily or with a scbwl. — Syu. See oaze. gloW'WOXm' (glo'wtlrm^), n. Any of various luminous in- sects or insect larvae. gloze (gloz), V. t. ; OLozBD (glozd) ; GLOz'iNa (gloz'tng). [ME. glosen, fr. F. gloser. See gloss note.] 1. To make glosses on; expound. Obs. 2. To smooth over ; palliate. ■^ V. i. To make a gloss ; comment, — n. 1. A note or gloss. Archaic. 2- Specious show ; gloss. Mare. gloze, V. t. dc i. To make shine; glow ; gleam. gla-Cl'niim (gloo-si'num ; 86), n. Chevi. Beryllium. gln'OOSoCglo&'kos; 8G), n. [FJ 1. Ckem. A sugar about half as sweet as cane sugar. 2- An uncrystallizable sirup got by imperfect conversion of starch into glucose. ^ue (gloo; 86), n. [F. glu, L glus.'] 1. A brownish gelatin, got by boiling skins, hoofs, etc., of animals, and used when heated with water as a cement. 2. Any of various viscous substances, ^v. /./ GLUED (glood) ; olu'ing. To join or fix with or as with glue ; fix ; fasten. — gla'oy (-1), a. glum (gl&m), a. ; gluu'ueb (-er) ; -mest. Moody; sullen; gloomy.~Syn, See sullen. — glumlyf adv. — noss, n. fl^1une(gIoom ; 86), n. [L. gluvia husk.] One of the chaffy scales or bracts of the spikelet in sedges and, esp., grasses. glllt(gliSt), V. ^./glut'ted ; glut'tino. [OF. gloiir^ gloutir, li. glutlire.'] To swallow greedily ; gorge; gulp. glut, V. t. [ME. glotten.'] 1. To fill to satiety ; satiate ; also, to overload ; surfeit. 2. To overstock ; as, to glut the market. — Syn. See satiate. ^ v. i. To eat glutton- ously or to satiety. — n. 1. Act of glutting; state of being glutted ; a full supply ; often, a supply to excess or loath- ing ; surfeit. 2. A supply of mercantile goods in excess of the demand at the seller's price. 3. An excess. glU-tO'al (gloo-te'ftl ; gloo'te-Sl; 86), a. [Gr. yAovrrfs rump, pi., buttocks.] Pertaining to the buttocks. gln'ten (glooOSn ; 86), n. [L., glue.] The viscid, tena- cious, nutritious substance giving adhesiveness to dough. glu'ti-nous (-tt-UT^s), a [L. glutinosus, fr. gluten glue.] Of the nature of or resembling glue ; viscous; gluey. glnnon (giaf'n), ». [fr. F., fr. L. glut(t)o.) 1. A vora- cious eater; gormandizer; one who gluts himself in any way. 2. A shaggy, carnivorous, thickset mammal, about 30 inches long, related to the martens and sables. — Syn. See BPiouRE. — glut'ton-ous (-fis), a. — ous-ly, ndv. glat'ton-y (-T), n. ; pi. -tonies (-Tz). Excess in eating. glyo'er-ln, glyc'er-lne (glTs'er-Tn), n. [fr. F., fr. Gr. y\v- Kepo^, yAuKv?, sweet.] A sweet, sirupy, colorless liquid, got by saponification of natural fats and oils. It is an alcohol. — gly-cer'lo (gll-sSrlk; glTs'Sr-rk), a. moil (no'mon), n. [L., fr. Gr. yviofLotv one that knows, index of a sundial.] 1. Any cr — i ■ uf ict which by its shadow serves \ V j ^ n indicator, esp. of the hour; \ \ \ jif., the style, pin, or vertical \ \_ \ e of a sundial. 2. Geoni. What ^'Sr^ ^—^^ ^ gly'00-gen (gU'kd-jSn), n. [Gr. yKvKVi sweet -]- -sren.] A white, tasteless carbohydrate, found esp. in the liver. glyph (glTf), n. [Gr, yKv^'^ carving, fr. yKv^tetv to carve.] Arch. A channel or groove, usually vertical. glyptic (gllp'tlk), a. [Gr. yAun-rds fit for carving, carved.] Of or pert, to carving or engraving, esp. gem engraving. gnar, gnarr (nar), v. i. To snarl ; growl. gnarl (nUrl), n. A knot in wood, esp. a large or hard knot, or a protuberance with twisted grain, on a tree. — gnarled (uarld), a. — gnarVy (nar'H), a. gnash (nSsh) ,v.LiS: t. 1. To griud or strike (the teeth) to- gether, as in anger or pain. 2. To bite with grinding teeth. gnat (nSt), n. [AS. gnmt.'] Any of various small two- winged flies, esp. such as bite ; — in England applied chiefly to mosquitoes, in America to smaller forms. gnaw (n8), I', t. tfc i. ; pret. gnawed (n8d) ; p.p. gnawed or QHAWN (n6n) ; p. pr. & vb. n. gnaw'ing. [AS. gnagan."] 1. To bite with repeated effort, esp. so as to remove small portiousorto wearaway. 2. To corrode ) fret ciray. 3- To pain or distress as if by gnawing. — gnaw'ei (-er), n. gnaw'ing, n. A pain (iu the stomach or bowels) likened to that caused by gnawing ; pi., pangs. gneiss (nis), n. [G.] A metamorphic rock, often cor- responding in composition to granite, but having its con- stituents, esp. mica, arranged in cleavable planes. gnome (nom), n. [F.] One of a fabled race of diminutive, subterraneous beings, the guardians of mines, quarries, etc. gno'mon (no'mQn), n. [L., fr. Gr. yvtafuov one that knows, the index of a sundial.] 1. Any c^ object ^ as an ii specif., plate of „»»^v..».. -. — „ - is left of a parallelogram on re- Gnomon. 2, moving a similar parallelogram containing one of its cor- ners; as, the gnomon bcdefg in Jllust. gnos'tic (nSs'ttk), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. yvonTTiKo^ sagacious.] 1. Of, pert, to, or having, knowledge. 2. leap."] Of or pert, to Gnosticism or Gnostics. 3. Knowing ; shrewd. Humorous. ^ n. \cap.'\ A believer in Gnosticism. Gnos'ti-ctem (nSs'tT-siz'm), n. A 2d-century system of thouglit which explained creation as consisting in effluxes from the godhead forming created beings. gnu (noo ; nu), n. [Kafir nqu."] Any of several African antelopes, with large oxlike head, long mane, curved horns in both sexes, and long flowing tail. go (go), V. i. ; pret. went (wBnt) ; p. p. gone (gSn ; 62) ; p. pr. & vb. n. Go'iNG. Went comes from the AS. wendan. See WEND, tJ. I. [^K^.gan."] 1. To pass from point to point ; proceed. 2. To depart ; — opp. to come. 3. To p:iBS or be transferred as if journeying. 4. To be habitually ; as, to go unpunished. 5. To pass away ; variously : to be re- jected, abolished, lost, spent, sold, etc.; hence, to faint ; fail ; die. 6. To be suited, as a song to a tune. 7- To fare; turn out. 8. To continue (in a specified state) ; operate ; act. 9. To have recourse or resort. 10. To put one's self, as to expense. 11. To extend ; lead ; reach ; run. 12. To follow or take a given course. 13. To reach or follow a given proportion ; as, to go shares, halves, etc. 14. To enter a given relation ; as, to go bail. ^ v. t. 1. To en- dure; afford. Colloq. 2. To bet; risk. —n. Collog.in all senses. 1. Energy ; spirit. 2. A turn of affairs, esp. an embarrassing one. 3. A chance ; turn. 4- Quantity used or furnished at one time, as of food. 6. Something that goes, or is successful ; also, an agreement. 6. With the, the fashion; the rage. _ goad (god), n. [AS. gad,"] 1. A pointed rod used to urge on a beast. 2. Something that produces the effect of a goad. ^ V. t. To prick ; drive with or as with a goad. — Syn. Urge, excite, arouse, irritate, incite, instigate. goal (gol), n. 1 The bound where a race or journey is to end. 2. Tlie final purpose, end, or aim. 3. In various games, a bound which must be passed or gone through to score. 4. The winning of a goal, or the score so made. goat (got), n. [AS. ^H/.] Any of certain hollow-horned ruminants closely allied to the sheep. — goat'lsh, a. goat^ee' (govts'), n. A part of a man's beard on the chin, trimmed in a tuft like the beard of a he-goat. gOat^erd^ n. Aherder of goats. gOat'BUCk'er (got'stik^er), n. Any of numerous nonpasser- ine birds, as the nightjar and whippoorwill, originally mis- takenly supposed to suck the milk of goats. na^re, verdjire (87) ; k = cli in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in KxpianatloDB of AbbrevlstlonSt Signs, eto.» precede Vocabulary. || FoFoIgn Word. + combined with. = in Guide. eauais. GOB 306 -GONY gob (gSb), n. A mau or lump. Now DUU» or Vulgar, gObtietCgSb'St ; 24), n. [F. gobet.'] 1. A portion or frag- ment; — now only of flesh. 2. A lump. Obs. or Archaic. gOb'ble (-'1)t v. t' i -BLED (-'Id); -BLiNO (-ITng). To swallow or eat greedily or hastily ; gulp. ^ v. i. To eat greedily. gObHslOt V. t. tSs i. To utter (the cry of aturkey cockor aouud like it). — n. A noise, such as that of a turkey cock. gObHller (gSb'ler), n A turkey cock. go'— bO-tWOen') n. An intermediary; broker, procurer. goblet (gSbaSt; 24), n. [fr. F.dim. of OF.^oAeJcup.] 1. A kind of cup without a handle ; any wine cup. Archaic. 2> A drinking glass with a foot and stem. gObUn (-ITn), n. [fr. F., fr. LL.] A sprite usually con- ceived as ugly or grotesque and as mischievous or evil. goHby (go'bt), n.; pi. -bibs (-biz). [L. gobius^ £ro&u>,akind of flBh,Gr.icu/3td9.] Any of numerous spiny- rayed Ashes. gO'-by' ("biO, 7t A neglecting. ^ gp'oart' (-karf), n. 1. A framework on casters, to support a Goby, child learning to walk. 2. A kind of small baby carriage. god (gSd; 62), n. [AS. god."] 1. A being of more than hu- man attributes and powers; a deity, esp. a male deity. 2. Any object thought to be the seat of divine powers ; an idol. 3. [cap.'] The Supreme Being. -4. A person or thing deified. ^ v. U To deify. [sponsor at baptism.! gOd'cldld' (-child/), n. One for whom a person becomes: god'dangh'ter (-dS^ter), n. A female godchild. god-den'. Obs., Scot., or dial. £ng. form of oood eyxn. god'dess (gSd'Ss), n. 1. A female god. 2. A woman of great charms, or whom one adores. — gOd'deSB-shlp, n. god'la^tber (-fS^tfaer), n. 1. A male sponsor for a child at baptism. 2. A male sponsor, as at confirmation. 3. pi. Jurymen. Humorous& Obs.—^v.t. To act as godfather to. god'head (-hgd), n. X- Godship; deity; divinity ; godhood. 2. icap."} The Deity ; God. 3. A divinity. Now Rare. god'hood (-hcidd), n. Godhead; godship. Oo-dl'va (gS-dl'va), n. A Saxon lady who, according to legend, rode naked through Coventry, upon her doing which her husband had promised to relieve the town of a tax. See Peeping Tom. godless, a. Having, or acknowledging, no God; without reverence for God ; impious. — god'less-xieBB, n. godlike^ (gSdMik^), a. like or befitting a god or God ; di- vine ; hence, preeminently good. — godllke'neas, n. gOd'ly (-IT), a. 1. Divine. 2. Pious ; reverencing God; devout ; righteous. — god'll-ness (-ll-ngs), n. god'moth'er (-mfi^'er), n. A woman sponsor at baptism. go-down' (gd-doun'), n. [corrupt, of Malay gadong ware- house.] In eastern Asia, the Philippines, etc., a warehouse. god'par'ent (gSd'pSr^gut), n. A godfather or godmother. KOd"Ud (gSdlld; 62). Obs. for God yield, God bless. God's acre. A churchyard ; a burying ground. god'send' (gSd'sSnd'; 62), n. [for God^s send, ME. sande^ sonde, a sending, message, AS. saTid.]^ Some desirable or needed thing coming unexpectedly as if sent by God. god'ablp, n. Character, state, or personality of a god. Sod'son' (-sQn'), n. A male godchild. Od'speed' (-spSd'), n. Success; prosperous journeying; — contraction of, '* God speed you." gOd'Wit(g5d'wIt),7i. Any of several wading birds of the snipe family. gO'er (go'er), n. One that ) goes; a runner or walker. gOf'fer (gfifer), r. ^ [F. gaufrer to figure cloth, velvet,etc.,.9raw/re honey- comb, waffle.] To plait, crimp, or flute, as lace, paper, etc. gog'gle (g5g''l), V. i.; -QLSD (-'Id) ; -OLINO (-glTng). 1. To squint ; roll the eyes; stare. 2. To turn to one side ; squint; roll; — of the eyes.— Bar-tailed Godwit CJ> n.pl. Akind of protective spectacles, ^a. Protruding; staring; — of the eyes. — gog'glo-eyed' (-id')) a. go'ing (gSlog), vb. n. 1. Departure. 2. Course of life j behavior; way; — usu^lyinp^ 3. Gait. Obs. 4. Condition of the ground or of a road, etc., as for traveling. goi'ter 1 (goi'ter), n. [F. goitre^ fr. L. guttur throat.] An goi'tre J enlargement of the thyroid gland, on the ante- rior part of the neck. — gol'tTOns (-trj2s), a. gold (gold), 71. [AS. gold.'] 1. A well-known yellow metal. It is the most malleable and ductile metal, and one of the heaviest substances known (sp. gr. 19.27). Symbol, Au (aurum); at. wt., 197.2. 2. Gold coin ; riches. 3. Gild- ing, gold thread, etc. ; also, fabric having in it gold or gold thread. Obs. 4. The yellow color of the metal. gold'en (gol'd'n), a. 1. Of or pert, to gold. 2. Contain- ing, or abounding in, gold. 3. Of the color of gold. 4. Precious; excellent. 6- Very prosperous and happy; as, golden days. — gold'en-ly, adv. Golden Fleece. Or. Myth. A fleece of gold placed by King .^etes in a sacred grove, where it was guarded by a dragon. See Phbixus ; Jason. — g. rale, the rule of doing to others as we would have them do to us. {Matt. vii. 12 ; Luke vi. 31.) gOld'en-eye^ n, A duck of Europe, Asia, and North Amer- ica noted for its swift whistling flight and expert diving. gold'en-rod^ (-rSd'), n. Any of various plants of the aster family with heads of small yellow-rayed flowers. gOld'-flUed'(-fIld'),a. Jewelry. Covered with a layer of gold mechanically put on and of appreciable thickness. gOld'llnclL' (gold'ftnch' ; 140), n. 1. A small European flnch having a patch of yellow on the wings. 2- In Amer- ica, any of various small finches, of which the male in sum- mer is bright yellow with black wings, tail, and crown. gOld'llBh' (-flshO, n. A small cypriuoid fish, usually golden yellow or orange in color, often kept in aquariums. gold'l-looks'(gol'dl-15ks'),n. 1. A person with golden hair. 2. Any of various yellow-flowered plants. gold'sniltll'(gold'smTthO,n' A worker in gold. Goldsmiths commonly acted as bankers as late as the 18th century. golt (gSlf ; sometimes gSf ), n. A game which consists in striking a small, resilient ball with clubs so as to drive it into a series of holes. — v. i. To play golf. — goU'Or, n. ()Ol'gO-tlia(gSl'g3-thd), n [L., f r. Gr. voAyoda, f r. Aramaic orHeb.] 1. Calvary. Jo/m xix. 17. 2. [i.e.] A burial place. Qo-U'ata (gd-li'Ath), n. [Heb. Golyatfi.] In the Bible, a giant killed by David with a sling. 1 Sam xvii. go-losh', go-loshe'. Vars. of galosh. gom'er-al (gSm'er-Si), gom'er-el (-^l), gom'er-11 (-T1), n. A simpleton; fool. Scot. & Dial. Eng. Oo-mor'rah, or Go-mor'rha (gd-m5r'd), n. See Sodou. gon'do-la (gSn'do-ld), n. [It., dim. of gonda a gondola.] 1. A kind of boat used in the canals of Venice. 2. Akind of heavy barge, used esp. inNewEngland. U. S. 3. Aeronautics. A car at- tached under the gas bag or gas container of a dirigible. ^: gon'do-ller' ^ (ler'), n. A man who propels a gondola, by rowing or by poling. gone (gSn ; 62), p. p. & p. a. of go. As p. a. : a Lost ; un- done, b Departed, as through death. gono'nesa, n. A state of exhaustion ; faintnesB. Gon'er-U (gSn'er-Tl), n. See Lear. gon'fa-lon (-fd-15n), n. [fr. F. or It.] 1. The ensign or standard in use by certain princes or states, as the medieval Italian republics. 2. Popularly, any flag which hangs from a crosspiece or frame. — gon'la-lon-ier' (•er'), n. gong (gSng), n, [Malayan gong.] 1. A metallic disk with upturned rim, producing, when struck, a harsh, resounding tone. 2. A kind of saucer-shaped bell. go'nl-om'e-ter (go/nT-Bm'e-ter), n. , [Gr. yiavia angle + -meter,] An instrument for measuring (solid) angles, as of crystals, etc. — gO'nl- om'e-try (-Bm'e-tri), n. gon'oph, gon'ol (gSn'df), v. [Heb. ganndbh thief.] A pickpocket or „„ „ thief. Slang, kng. *^*»°8.2. gon'or-rhe'a Hgon'3-re'd), n. [fr. Ij.,fr. Gr.] Med. A gon'or-rhOB'a l contagious inflammatory disease of the genito-urinary tract. -gony(-gd-nT). [L.-^onia, Gr. -yoWa, fr.rootof viypecrtfai ale, senate, c&re, ftm, account, arm, ask, sofd; eve, event, Snd, recent, maker; Ice, ill ; old, dbey, drb, 5dd| sfift, cSnnect ; use, Unite, iirn, up, circus, menii; fodd, f(grSb),r.^<£ri.,-GRABBED(grSbd);GRAB'BiNG. Tosnatch; seize; hence, totakeunscrupulously. -^n. Act of grabbing. grace (gras), n. [F. grd.ce, L. gratia, fr. gratus beloved, agreeable.] 1. a The mercy of God. b Enjoyment of di- vine favor, c A Christian virtue; as, the graces of humil- ity, meekness, temperance, etc. 2. A petition for grace; blessing asked, or thanks rendered, at a meal. 3. Good will; favor ; dieposition to show mercy, etc. 4. A kind- ness ; a favor, b. Title given to a duke, duchesb, or arch- bishop, and formerly to the sovereign of England; — usually cap. 6. Fate; luck. Obs. ?• Virtue; efficacy. 8. A pleasing or attractive characteristic, feature, or manner. 9- Attrac- tiveness; charm; easy elegance; propriety. 10. Music. An embellishment consisting of notes not essential to the mel- ody or harmony, as the trill, turn, etc. 11. pi. [cap."] Class. Mifth. Graceful and beautiful maidens, sister god- desses, intimate with the Muses and attendants oftenest of Eros, Aphrodite, and Dionysus. They were commonly men- tioned as three, Aglaia (Brilliance), Euphrosyne (Joy), and Thalia{Bloom).— Syn. SeeMBRcy. — v. £.; graced (grast); GRAC'iNG (gras'Tng). 1. To endow with grace or graces; adorn ; embellish. 2. To dignify by an act of favor ; honor. 3. To call by way of honor. Obs. graee'tul(-f5&l),a. 1. Fullof the grace of God. Obs. 2. Dis- playing grace ; elegant ; felicitous ; tactful. ful-ly, odv, graceless, fT. Lacking in grace; hence, depraved; corrupt. grac'lle (grasTl), «. [L. gracilis.'} Slender; thin; slight. gra'ClouB (gra'sh?lB),a. [OP. gracios, L. gratiosus.l 1. Find- ing grace. Obs. 2- Attractive ; acceptable. 3. Abound- ing in grace, or mercy; kindly; benignant; merciful. 4. Lucky; happy. 06*. —Syn. Favorable, kind, benevo- lent, friendly. See oiviL. — gra'Cl0U8-ly, adv. DOBS, n. grackle (grSk"l), n. [L. graculus jackdaw.] Any of cer- ale, senate, cftre, am, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, find, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, ftbey, drb, ddd, Boft, connect ; use, finite, urn, up, circus, menu ; food, f dbt ; out, oil *, chair ; go ; sing, ii)k ; &en, thin ; GRADATE 309 GRANDAME tain bizds of the atarling family of the Old World, and of the family including the American blackbirds, etc. gra'date (gra'dat), v. i. & t. ; -oat-eo (-dat-Sd) ; -dat-ihq. To shade into another or each other, as colors ; blend. gra-da'tloil (gra-da'shiin), n. 1. Gradual advance. Rare. 2. A series forming successive stages or grades. 3. Act or process of grading; state of being graded. 4. Any de- gree or relative position in au order or aeriea. grade (grad), n. [F., fr. L.£rra<2u$ step, grade.;] 1. A step or degree in any series or order ; relative position ; a class of things of the same relative position, quality, or value. Specif., U, S.f in elementary schools, a division of the course ; also, the pupils working in any division. 2. Rate of ascent or descent of a road, etc.; also, an ascending or descending portion of a road ; gradient. — v. t. ; GjaAO'BD (grad'Sd; 24); grai/ins. 1. To arrange in grades; claes; sort. 2. To reduce to a level, or to an evenly progressive grade, as a road. -^v. i. To be graded ; be of a grade. gra'dl-ent (gra'dl-Snt), a. [L. gradlens^ p. pr.] Adapted for walking, as the feet of certain birds. -^ n. A part of a road which slopes upward or downward ; a grade, grad'a-al (grSd^-£l), a. 1. Arranged in grades or degrees. Obs. 2. ftoceeding or changing by steps or degrees. — gTad'a-al-l7, adv. — grad'u-al-neas, n. grad'n-ate (-£t), n. [LI <. graduatus^ p. p. of graduare to admit to a degree, fr. L. gradus grade.] One who has re- ceived an academic or professional degree ; U.S.^ one who has completed the prescribed course of study in a school, etc. — (gr5d^-at), v. t. ; -at'ed (-aVSd) ; -at/ihg. 1. To admit to a certain grade or degree ; esp., to admit, at the close of a course of study, to a standing defined by a di- ploma. 2. To mark with, or divide into, degrees or grades; grade. -^ v. z. 1. To become a graduate, as of a college. 2. To pass or change by degrees.-^ a. That has been gradu- ated; of or pert, to graduates. — grad'U-a^tor (-a'ter), n. grad'U-a'tlon (-a'shun), n. l. Act of graduating ; state of being graduated. 2. A mark or marks on an instrument or vessel to indicate degrees or quantity. g^a'dns (gra'dtis), n. pJ. gradus step, grade.] A diction- ary of prosody, to aid in Latin or Greek versification. Qls^SB (gre'e), n. pi. [Gr. ai VpalaiJ] Gt. Myth. Three watchers for the Gorgons, daughters of a sea deity. They have but one eye and one tooth among them. gratf (gr&f), n. {&v. = GRAFT in horticulture. Archaic. giaft (gr&ft), ». [F. greffe^ orig. same word as OF. graSe peucil, L. graphium^ Gr. ypa>i>Lov, fr. ypd^eiv to write ; — from the shape of a scion or shoot.] 1. Horitculture. a A scion, b A grafted plant or tree. The point of insertion of a scion on a stock. 2. Act of grafting ; that which 18 grafted. 3- Acquisition of money, position, etc., by dishonest or imj'ust meane ; also, anything so gained, i Colhq.^v. t. 1. To insert (a graft) ^ in or on. 2. To join as if by grafting. "^ 3. To get by graft. CoUoq. — v. u 1. To be or become grafted. 2. To insert buds or scions from one plant in another so as to effect a permanent union. 3. To practice graft. Colloq. — graft'er (grSf'tSr), n. Ora'bam flour (gra'Sm). [after Sylvester Graham (1794- 1851), a physician and vegetarian.] Unbolted wheat flour. grall(gral), n. [fr. OF.] A' platter ; achalice _; — used only [cap.'] of the ^o/^ (?rai/, which in some medieval legends was the platter, in others the chalice, used by Christ at the Last Supper, and which was brought to England. Its keepers becoming impure, it vanished, and search for it was undertaken by many knights. They could approach it only if chaste in thought, word, and act. grain (gran), n. [F., fr. L. granum grain, seed ; in sense 6 fr. OF. graine crimson dye, kermes, prop., seed, fr. L.] 1. The seed or seedlike fruit of any cereal grass, as wheat, maize, oats, rice, etc. 2. Collectively: The seeds or fruits of various food plants, now usually of the cereal grasses; also the plants themselves ; — in British usage usually called corn. 3. pi. Remainsof grain after brewing or distilling. 4. Any small, hard particle, as of sand, sugar, etc. ; hence, an;^ minute portion. 6. The unit of the English system of weights, derived fr. the weight of a grain of wheat. The pound avoirdupoiscontain87,000 grains, and the pound troy, 5,760 grains. A grain— .0648 gram. 6. Kermes or, some- nature, verdjire (87) ; k — ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; 7.h = z in azure. £xpIaDfttlons of Abbreviations, Slsna, etc., precede Vocabulary. || JTorelan Word, Grafts. times, cochineal ; also, a reddish dye made from either of them; hence, any red color ; also, any dye ; color, esp. a fast one. <56.v., cxc. Hisl. or Poetic. 7. A granulated surface or appeai'auce. 8- The hair side of apiece of leather, or the marking on that side. 9. The composite particles of any substance ; texture. 10. a The fiber which forms the sub- stance of wood, etc. b The direction, arrangement, or ap- pearance of the fibers in wood, of strata in stone, etc. H. Temper ; natural disposition. — v. i. cfe t. 1. To form grains or into grains ; granulate ; to give a grain to. 2- To take the hair off (skins); to soften and raise the grain of (leather, etc.). 3. To dye in grain ; ingrain. 4. To paint, etc., in imitation of the grain of wood, etc. — grainier, n. gralth (grath), n. Equipment ; apparel, Obs. w Scot. graMa-to'ri-al (grai'd-to'rT-ffil ; 57) I a. [fr. L. grallcUor gral'la-to-ry (grSl'a-t^-rl) ] one who runs on stilts.] 01 or pertaining to the wading birds. gram, gramme (gr£m), n. [F. gramme^ fr. Gr. ypa/xjua that which is written, letter, small weight.] The unit of weight in the metric system. It is equiv. to 16.433 grains. -gram (-grSm). [Gr. ypd.ii.fx.ai a thing written, letter, ypa- ^etv to write.] A suffix indicating drawing^ writing. gr&^mSL (gra'md), n., or grama grass. [Sp. grama a sort of grass.] Any of various pasture grasses. gram'a-rye, -a-ry(grSm'a-rt),7t. [fr.OF. SeeoRAMUAR.] 1. Grammar ; learning. Obs. 2. Magic. Archaic. gra-mer'cy (grd-mflr'sl), interj. [F. grand-merci.'] A word expressing thanks; also, surprise or sudden emotion. gra-min'e-OllS (-min'e-lis), a. [L. gramineus, fr. gramen, -minis, grass.] Grasslike; resembling, or pert, to, a grass. gram''i-nlv'o-rous (gr3!m/I-uTv'6-rus), a. [L. grarnen, -minis^ grass + -vorous.'] Feeding on grass and like food. gram'mar (grSm'er), n. [OF. gramaire, prob. f r. L. gram- matical Gr. ypaft.fiaTiK'q, fem. of ypanfiariKo^ skilled in grammar, fr. ypd/xjua letter.] 1. The science or art treat- ing of the classes of words, their infiections, syntax, etc. 2. A treatise or book on grammar 3. Manner of speak- ihg or writing, in reference to conformity to grammat- ical rules. 4. The elements of any science or art ; also, a treatise on them. Rare. — gram-ma'rl-an (gra-ma'rl- Hn ; 3), n. grammar school. 1. Orig., a school for the teaching of Latin; now, esp. in England, a school in which Latin ,Greek, etc., are taught. 2- A graded school, intermediate between the primary school and the high school. If. S. gram-matl-cal (grfi-mStT-ktil) , a. [L. grammaticu.% grainmnticalis, Gr. ypatifxariKo^ skilled in grammar.] 1. Of or pertaining to grammar. 2. According to the rules of grail) mar. — gram-matl-cal-ly.acfv. gramme. Tar. of GRAM, weight. gram'pus (grSm'- pSs), n. A small , whale allied to the Grampus, {in) blackfish. gran'a-ry (grSn'o-rT), n.;pL'Rm& (-rTz). [L. granarium, fr. granum grain.] A storehouse for grain, esp. after it is threshed or husked ; fig., a region fertile in grain. grand (grSnd), a. [OF. grant, fr. L. grandis.'} 1. Pre- eminent; chief; hence, great; eminent; prominent; — often used in titles. 2. Marked by great magnificence, display, or formality; also, indicating the possession of wealth or high social standing. 3. Fine or imposing; noble, magnificent; sublime. 4. Standing in the second or some more remote degree of ancestry or descent ; — chiefly in composition ; as, grandchild, etc. — grandly, adv. Syn. Grand, grandiose, magnificent, gorgeous, splen- did, SUPERB, sublime. That is grand which Is of imposing magnitude, majesty, or nobility ; grandiose (used esp. of literary or artistic style), in a good sense, adds to grand the implication of stateliness or becoming pomp; in a bad sense, implies affectation ormereoutward appearanceof grandeur; as, the grand music of Haydn; "wooden verse, occasionally grandiose, but never ^rawf/-" Magnificent implies impos- ing beauty, amplitude, or power; gorgeous, sumptuous- ness, sometimes showiness : splendid, briUiancy or luster; BUPBRB, commanding stateliness or opulence ; that is sub- limb which awakens mingled admiration and awe. ' wand duke, a A sovereign duke, only inferior to a king._ d In Russia, son of a czar.— g. Jury, one required to hold private inquests and indict offenders. — g. opera, opera elaborate in plot and all set to music. gran'dam(gran'dam),7i. \¥.gra^de-\-dame.'\ Alsograil'- dame. An old woman, esp., a grandmother. Numbers refer to §^ va Guide. 4- combined with. == equals* GRANDAUNT 310 GRATIFY grand'aunV (grSnd'SnV), n. An aunt of one's parent, grand'chlld' (-cfaildO, n. Child of one's sou or daughter. grand'daUjSb'ter (-dd^ter), n. A female grandchild. g^an-dee'' (griCn-de'), n. [Sp. grande.l^ A mau of eminence. In Spain and Portugal, a nobleman of the Urst rank. gran'deiir (grSn'4ur), n. [F., fr. grand grand.] State, quality, or instance of being grand. — Syn. Greatness, emi- nence, magnificence, nobility, majesty, stateliness. grandfa'tner (grSnd'fa^tber), n. Father of one's father or mother ; also, any forefather. — grand'fa'tber-Iy, a. gran-dll'O-fllient (grSn-dll'd-kw^t), a. [L. grandis grand -{- loqui to speak.] Speaking in, or marked by, a lofty style ; pompous; bombastic. — Syn. See turgid. — grau- dU'o-aaenMy, adv. — gran-dlVo-queiice (-kwgns), n. gran'di-ose (grSn'dl-os), a. [F., fr. It.] 1. Impressive or elevating in effect. 2. Affectedly grand or splendid ; flaunting; curgid. — Syn. See grand, tdrgid. — grau'dl- ose-ly, adv. — gran^dl-OB'i-ty (-Ssl-tl), ». grand'moth'er (grSnd'mQ^/er), n, FamUiarly grand'ma' (grSnd'ma'; grSn'ma/), g^and'mam-zna' (-md-ma^ ; -ma^- md). Mother of one's father or mother ; any female ances- tor more remote than a mother. — grand'motlL'er-ly, a- grand'pa' (grSnd'pa' ; grSn'pa') ) n. Grandfather. Faviil- grand'pa-pa^ (-pd-pa'; -pii'pd) | iar. grand'pai^ent (grand'p&r^Snt), n. A parent's parent. grand'slre'(-sirO,n< Archaic. Agrandfather;anagedman. grand'aon' (grSnd'sQn'), n. A son's or daughter's son. grand'Ull'cle(grSnd'Qi]^k'l),n. An uucle of one's parent. grange (granj), n. [F., barn, LL. giumea, fr. L. granum grain.] 1. Agranary. Archaic. 2- Afarm; esp., afarm- house with its outbuildings. 3. U. S. a One of the lodges of the '^Patronq of Husbandry," a secret association of farmers, la Icap.^ Popularly, the association itself. gring'er (gran'jer), n. U.S. a A member of agrange. 1) A farmer; a countryman. Often Humorous or Derogatory. gran'lte (grSn'tt), n, [It. granito granite, adj., gramy, derir. of L. granum grain.] A very hard crystalline gran- ular rock, mainly of plutonic origin, consisting essentially of quartz and feldspar. — gra-nlt'lc (gi'd-ntt'I k), a. granite ware. A kind of enameled ironware. gra-niT'0-rous (grd-ntv'S-rSs), a. [L. granum grain + -vorotis.'] Feeding on seeds or grain. gran'^ny, gran'nle (grant), n. ; pi. -neeb (-Tz). Grand- mother;— used familiarly orafEectionately; an old woman. grant (grant), V. t. [OF. graanier, ereanter, to promise, yield, fr. L. crerfens. SeeoBEDENCB.] 1. To agree to; allow to be fulfilled ; accord. 2- To give. 3. To admit ; concede. Syn. Grant, concede agree in the idea of bestowal or acknowledgment in response to a petition or a claim. Of the two, GRANT often implies the more voluntary, oohobde, the more forced or reluctant, yielding. See orvB. — n. 1. Act of granting ; concession ; allowance ; gift ; bestowal. 2. Thing or property granted ; gift; specif., a tract of land, a monopoly, or the like, granted by a govem- ment. 3- A transfer of property by deed or writing. gran-tee' (gr&n-teOi n. Law. One to whom a grant is made. grant'or(grftn't3r; gr4n-t6r'), n. Law. The one by whom a grant is made. gran'U-lar (grSn'u-ldr), a. 1. Consisting of grains or gran- ules ; granulated. 2. Of the nature of granules. gran'n-late (^lat), v. i. & i. ; -lat/ed (-lafSd); -lat'ino. 1. To form or collect into grains or granules. 2- To raise in granules ; make rough. — gran'U-lat^ed (-lat^Sd), p. a. gran^U-la'tlon (-la'shi2n), n. 1. Act or process of granu- lating; state of being granulated. 2. One of the grains of a granulated surface, or something resembling one. gran'Ole (grSn'ul), n. [L. granulum-l A little grain; pellet. grape (grap), n. [OF., bunch or cluster of grapes.] 1. The berry of the grapevine. 2. A grapevine. 3. Grapeshot. grape'fmlt^ (grap'frootO, n. A variety of shaddock with bitter rind and acid pulp. grap'er-y (grap'Sr-t), n.;pl. -EBIE3. A build- ing or incloBure for cultivation of grapes, grape'ShOt' (grap'shStO, n. A cluster of small iron balls, to be shot from a cannon. grape sugar. Natural glucose. grape'vlne' (grap'vin'), n. A well-known vine bearing smooth berries in clusters. -graph (-grif). [Gr. -ypai^os, fr. ypa^eiv to write.] A aufBx signifying lertVrw^ ; writer. QrapeBhot. -grapber. a suffix forming nouns denoting an (or the) agent, and corresponding to nouns in -graph or -graphy. graphic (grSf'Tk) \ a. [L. graphicus, Gr. ypou^iieos, fr. graph'1-oal (-t-kai) [ ypa^etc to write.] 1. Of or pert, to the arts of painting, drawing, and writing. 2. Well deline- ated; vividly described. 3. Pert, to, or designating, repre- sentation by diagrams, lines, etc. — graph'1-cal-ly, adv. Syn. GRAFHic,viviD,PiCTURBSQUE(asto language). Graphic suggests telling and lifelike ; vivid, salient, forcible, and in- tense, reproduction in worda ; as^ a graphic account of an accident; the vivW portrayal of ]oy or sorrow. That is pic- turesque which is strikingly graphic or vivid. graphite (-it), n. [Gr. -ypa^eic to write.] Soft, black native carbon of metallic luster ; plumbago ; black lead. It is used for lead pencils, crucibles, as a lubricator, etc. graph'O-phone (grSf d-fon), n. [fr. Gr, ypd^eiv to write -j- -phone.'} A kind of phonograph. -graphy* [Gr. -ypa^tia, fr. ypd^sLv to write.] A suffix de- noting the u/i of writing or describing; alBOf the writing ot description itself ; a treatise. grap'nel(grSp'nSl), n. [fr. F.] Au instru- ment for grappling something, as a ship's J rigging ; specif ., akind of small anchor. grap'ple (-'l), n. [OF. grappil a grapnel, fr. ^rqperto seize.] 1 A grapnel. 2- A seizing Grapnel, or seizure ; close hug in contest. — v. t. ; -PLBD(-'ld); -FLING (-ling). To Beize,hold,or fasten, as With a grapnel ; lay fast hold of. — v. i, \. To use a grapple; contend in close fight ; seize one another. 2. To grasp ; grope. Ohs. or R. grap'pllng (-ITng), n. Also grap'lln (-Itu). A grapneU grap'y (grapl), a. Of, pert, to, or resembling grapes. g^asp (grisp), V. i. [ME. graspen to grope, grasp at.] To make the motion of seizing ; clutch. Obs., exc. with at. -* v.t. 1, Toseizeand hold by orasbyclasping; catch. 2. To lay hold of with the mind ; comprehend. — n. 1. A grasp- ing ; embrace. 2. Reach of the arms; power of seizing and holding. 3. Forcible holding; possession. 4. Mental hold, or comprehension, esp. when broad. — gjasp'or, R. graap'lngip. a. Avaricious; greedy. grass (grAs),Ji. {_A&. grses,gmrs.'] 1. Green herbage afford- ing food for grazing animals, esp. that of certain plants (the true grasses) . 2. Any of the true grasses, having jointed stems, narrow sheathing leaves, flowers in spikelets com- posed of bracts, and fruit consisting of a seedlike grain. 3. Abladeof grass;— now only in pi. 4. Pasture. — v.t. 1. To graze (as cattle). 2. To cover with grass. 3. To bring to the grass or ground. Slang or Collog grass'hop'per (-hBp'er), n. Any of numerous leaping in- sects of the same order as the crickets, cockroaches, etc. grassy (grfts'Y), a.; grabs'i-er (-T-er) ; -i-est. 1. Covered with grass. 2- Resembling grass ; green. grate (grat), a. [L. j7ra^u« agreeable, grateful. See grace.] Serving to gratify; also, agreeable. Obs. grate, V. ^;GEAT'BD(grat'Sd; 24); grat'ing. lOFt graier to scrape, scratch, fr. LL.] 1. To scrape, abrade. Archaic. 2. To reduce to particles by rubbing with something rough. 3. To produce (a harsh sound) as by grinding ; to utter in a harsh voice. 4. To fret; irritate ; offend. — v. i. To make a harsh sound by friction ; to have a harsh or rasping effect. grate, n. [fr. LL., fr. L. crates hurdle.] 1. A frame of paral- lel or crossed bars, as in a window. 2. A frame of iron bars for holding burning fuel. 3 ■ A grated cage ; hence, a prison. Obs. — V. t. To furnish with a grate or grates. grate'JEul (-f581), a. [_grate, a. -{-full."] 1. Having a due sense of benefits received. 2 Affording pleasure; pleasing; gratifying. — grate'fuMy, adv. — gratefnl-ness, n. Syn. Grateful, thankful. Grateful more commonly expresses a proper sense of favors received iesp.} from one's fellow men ; thankful, acknowledgment of divme favor, or of what is vaguely felt to be providential. grat'er (grat/er), n. One that grates ; esp., a utensil with a rough, indented surface, for abrading a substance. gratl-fl-ca'tlon (grSfT-fl-ka'shfin), n. 1. A gratifying or state of being gratified. 2- Something that gratifies, or pleases. 3. A reward ; recompense ; gratuity. gratl-fy (grSt^-fi), v. t.; -pied (-fid) i -FY'iNG. [fr. F., fr, L. gratificari; grains pleasing + -Jicare to make.] 1. To requite; reward. Ohs. or R. 2. To give or afford pleasure or satisfaction to ; hence, to oblige ; favor ; humor. Syn. Satisfy, please, delight, requite.— Gratify, indulge, HUMOR. To GRATIFY 18 to glve pleasure or satisfaction to ; indulge implies a concession, sometimes through weak- ness, to wishes or desires ; huhob suggests adaptation to the varying moods or caprices (esp.) of others. ale, senate, B6ft, cSnnect , c&re, &m, account, firm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, 6nd, recent, maker; Ice, HI ; old, dbey, drb, 5dd, ct ; usCf Unite, iim, iipi circiiSi menii ; id>ad| ftfbt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, Iqk ; then, thiui GRATING 311 GREEDY grat'lnff (grating), n. A partition, covering, or frame of parallel or cross bari ; a grate. gra'tls (gra'tTfl), adtf. t^., contr. fr. gratiis out of favor, f r. gratia favor,] For nothing ; freely. — a, Gratuitoue. gratl-tnde (grat'I-tud),n. [F., fr. LL. graiitudo, fr. gratus agreeable, gratef ul.|_ State of being grateful ; thankfulness. gra-tul-tOUS (gro-tu'I-tfis), a. [L. gratuitus^ fr. gratus pleasing.] 1. Given without, or not involving, recompense or pay ; free. 2. Not baaed upon reason, cause, or proof. — gra-tn'l-tona-ly, adv. — gra-tu'l-tous-ness, n. Syn. Groundless, baseless, unwarranted. —Gratuitous, UNCALLBD-FOB, WANTON. That is GRATUITOUS which Is Un- warranted or has no reason for its existence ; unoall&d-for often adds the implication of impertinence ; wanton sug- gests reckless, willful, or malicious disregard for rights or restraints. gra-tn'i-ty (-tT), n. ; pi. -ties (-ttz). 1. Something given without recompense ;a gift. 2. Something given in retiu^n for a favor or service ; a tip. — Syn. See present. gjat'U-late (grati^-Iat), v. t. [L. gratulcUuSyp. p. of gratu- lari to congratulate, fr. gratus pleasing, agreeable.] To congratulate, fiare. — a. Worthy of gratulation. Obs,&R. grarU'la'tion (grStJi-la'shun), n. 1. Gratification; re- joicing. Rare. 2. Congratulation. 3. Thanks. Obs. grat'U-la-tO-ry C-la-fco-rl), a. Expressing gratulation. gra-va'men (grd-va'mSn), n. ;pl. L. -VAMiNA (-vam'I-nd), E. -MENS (-ya'mSnz). [L., f r. gravare to load, gravis heavy.] The material part of a grievance, charge, complaint, etc. grave (grav), v. t. ; orated (gravd) ; grav'ing. Naut. To clean and pay with pitch (a vessel's bottom or a vessel). grave, a. ; orav'br (grav'er) ; grav'est. [F., fr. L. gravis heavy.] 1. Deserving" serious consideration; weighty; dignified. 2. Not lisfht or gay; sober; somber. 3- Not acute orsharp; low; deep; — of sound. — Syn, Serious, sage, staid, demure, sedate , momentous. See earnest. grave, v. t.;pret. graved (gravd) ; p. p. orav'bn (grav"n) or graved; p.pr. t&vb.n. gr av'ing (grav'Tng). [AS. grafan.] 1. To dig. Archaic. 2. To bury. 3. To engrave ; carve with a chisel ; sculpture. 4. To impress deeply (on the mind). grave, n. [AS. pras/.] An excavation in the earth as a place of burial ; a tomb; sepulcher. — grave'less, a. grav'el (grSv'gl), n. [OP. gravele, dim. of P. grkve sandy shore.] 1. Sand. Obs. 2. Small stones and pebbles, often mingled with sand. 3. Med. A deposit of email concretions in the kidneys or bladder; the disease which they indicate. — V. t. ; -BLED (-gld) or -ellbd' ; -el-ing or -bl-lino. 1. To cover with gravel. 2. To run aground ; cau3e to stick fast in gravel. 3. To embarrass ; perplex. Collog. grav'el7■bllnd^ a. Having very dim sight, as more than aand-blind ; — originally jocular. grav'el-ly (-T), a. Consisting of, or containing, gravel. gravely, adv., grave'ness, n. See -lt, -ness. grav'en (grav"n), p. p. of grave. — graven Image, an idol. grav'er (-or), n. One that graves; aa : a An engraver or a sculptor, b Any of various cutting or shaving tools. grave'BtonG' (grav'ston^), n. A atone marking a grave. grave'yard' (-yard'), n. A yard for burial ; cemetery. grav'ld (grSv^Id), a. [L. gravidus^ fr. gravis heavy, loaded.] Pregnant. — gra-vld'My (grd-vTd'T-tT), n. grav'l-tate(gr5v1-tat), v. %.; -tatted (-tat'Sd); -tat'ing. To obey the law of gravitation ; tend toward any object. ~ grav'l-ta'tion (-ta'shf^n), n. 1. Act or process of gravitat- ing. 2. The attraction by which all bodies or particles of mabtertend toward each other. — grav'l-ta'tIon-al(-ftl),ffi. grav'1-ty (grSvT-tT), ra. / pi. -ties (-tTz). [L. grafaitas.^ 1. State or quality of being grave. 2. Something grave or serious. _ 3. Lowness of pitch ; — opp. to amiteve.ss. 4. a Terrestrial gravitation; esp., the attraction of bodies to- ward the center of the earth, b Loosely, gravitation in general. gra'vy (gra'vT), n, ;pl. -vies (-vTz). 1. A liquid dressing for meat, etc. 2. The juice that drips from flesh in cooking. gray, grey (gra), a. [AS. grmg, greg.'j 1. Ofthecolorgray; hence, dull; nocbright. 2. Gray-haired; hence, elderly or mature. — gray, or pey, matter. Anat. a Nerve tissue (esp. of the brain and epmal cord) which contains nerve cells as well as fibers, and so is brownish gray, "b Brains ; intellect. Colloq. — n. Any color formed by blending white and black. ^ V. i. To become gray. graya)eard',grey'beard^(-berdO,ra. 1. An old man. 2. A kind of stoneware jug. gTiyTiound/, n. Greyhound. grayish, greyish, a. Somewhat gray. graylag', grey'lag^ (grS'lSgO, n. The common gray wild goose of Europe. grayling, greyilng (graling), «. Any of sev- eral fishes allied to the trouts. gray'ly, greyly, adv., gray'ness, greyness, n. See -ly, -nbss. graze (graz), v. t. ; gbazed (grazd); oRAz'iNQ (graz'Tiig). [AS. grasian^ fr.^fls* grass,] 1. To feed (cat- tle, sheep, etc.) on pasturage. 2. To feed on (growing herb- age) ; browse. 3. To tend (cat- tle, etc.) while grazing. ^ u. »» - To feed on growing herbage.- graz'er (graz'er), n. graze, v. t. l. To touch lightly ^^7^ in passing. 2- To scratch or "^^^y"^' abrade. — v. i. To touch or rub against something in pass- ing. — n. A scraping, or an abrasion made by scraping. gra'zler (gra'zher), n. One who grazes cattle, as for market. graz'lng (graz'Ing), n. A pasture ; growing graas. grease (gres), n. [p. graisse.l 1. Pat or fatness in an animal body. 0&5.,exc. in hunting. 2. Animal fat, esp. when soft; hence, oily matter. ^ (grez ; gres), r. t. ; greased (grezd; grest); greas'ino. l.To smear or anoint withgrease; lubricate. 2. To bribe ; influence by presents. greaB'er(grez'er ; gres^r},n. 1. One that greases. 2. A Mexican or a Spanish American. Slang, U. S. grease'WOOd^ (gres'wd^dOt n. A low stiff shrub common in alkaline soils in the western United States. greas'y (grezl; gres'T), o. ; greas'i-be (-I-er); -i-est. 1. Smeared with grease. 2. Containing much grease ; oily. 3. Like grease ; smooth ; slippery. — greas'i-ly (-T-1I), adv. — greas'l-nesB, n. great (grat), a. [AS. great.^ 1. Large in size ; big ; — op- posed to small and little; specif., pregnant, 2. Numer- ous. 3. Long continued. 4. Considerable in degree; — of qualities, feelings, etc. 6. Eminent; elevated; impor- tant; distinguished. 6. Older, younger, or more remote, by one generation; as, 5rrea^grandchild, great-aunt, etc. Syn. Great, large, bio. As applied to material objects, great has been ■practically displaced by labob ot (Colloq.) BIG. Where great is used of physical magnitude, it now regularly connotes some impression (as of wonder, amuse- ment, annoyance) associated with the size. Great alone expresses degree. Pig., great suggests importance, emi- nence, distinction ; large, breadth, comprehensiveness, generosity ; hig implies mere extent or bulk. Great Bear, Ursa Major. — g. Dane, one of a breed of large smooth-coated do^s. — g. gross, 12 ^ross. — O. Mogul, the sov- ereign of the empire founded in Hindustan by the Mongols. Hence [/. c], a very important personage ; a lord. — g. pow- ers, the (of Europe), in modern diplomacy^ Great Britain, Prance, Germany, Austria- Hungary^ Russia, and Italy. great'-aunt^ n. A grandaunt. great'COaV (grafkot^), n. An overcoat. g^eaVen (-'n), v. t. & i. To make or become greater. great^-grand'chlld^ n., greaV-grand'dangh'ter, n., grear-grand'fa^ther. »., etc. See great, a., 6. great'— heart^ed, a. Generous ; magnanimous. groat'ly, a(2i;. 1. in a great manner. 2. In a great degree. great'ness, n. State or quality of being great. great'-un'cle, n. A granduncle. greave (grev), n. [OP. graves."} Armor for the leg below the knee ; — usually in pi. greaves (grevz), n. pi. The sediment of melted tallow. grebe (greb), 71. [F.gribe.'} Any of certain swimming birds related to the loons. They are most expert divers. Ore'olan (gre'shiin), a. Greek. — n. 1. A Greek. 2. AHel- lenized Jew. 3. One versed in Greek or its literature. Qre'clsm, Grffi'dsm (-sTz'm), n. 1- An idiom of the Greek language. 2. The spirit of Greek art or culture. gree (gre), n. [OP. gri, L. gradus grade.] Grade; rank; hence, superiority ; mastery ; also, a prize. Obs. or Scot. gree, V. i. a; t. [for agree.] To agree; harmonize. Obs. or Scot. greed (gred), n. [see greCdy.] Eager desire or longing ; greediness. — Syn. See cupidity. greed'y (-1), a. ; greed'i-er (-t-Sr) ; -i-ebt. [AS. gradig, gredig."] 1. Having a keen appetite for food or drink ; rav- enous; voracious;— followed by o/. 2. Having eager de- sire; avaricious. — greed1-ly, adv. — greed'l-nefls, n. Syn. Insatiate, gluttonous, avid, edacious, devouring; grasping. — Grebdy, voracious, ravenous, rafagioub. Greedy implies keen and excessive appetite for food or nature, ver4jire (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, acli (50) ; boN ; yet ; zli = z in azure. Kxplanatlonft of Abbrevlatlans, ISI^ns, etc., precede Vocabulary. || Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Forelffn Word, -f- combined with. = equals. GREEK 312 GRIPPE (fig.) gun -J voBAGions rather excess or gluttony in eating or (fig.) acquiring ; as, to be greedy of praise ; voracious as a cormorant. Ratenous suggests violent or grasping vo- racity (often due to hunger). Rafagious suggests a violent tendency to appropriate to one's self. Qreek (grek), n. 1. A native or citizen of Greece, or spe- cif., of ancient Greece. 2. One using the Greek language as his native tongue. 3. [l. c] A swindler or sharper ; esp., a card cheat. 4. The language of the Greeks, primarily of the classical Greeks. — a. Of or pertaining to Greece, the Greeks, or their language. arre61lCgren),a. [AS.t^rerie.] 1. Of thecolorgreen. 2. Char- acterized by green growth ; verdant. 3- Full of life and vigor; fresh. 4- Not ripened or matured. 5- Young; raw; not trained; hence, ignorant; simple. 6- Not seasoned, dried, matured, or cured ; raw. 7- Having a sickly color, as from fear, jealousy, etc. — n. 1. The characteristic color of growing herbage ; color between yellow and blue. 2. A grassy plain or plot. 3. a Fresh leaves or branches ; wreaths ; — usually in pi. b pi. Green vegetables boiled for food. ^ V. i. & i. To make or grow green. green^baGk' (gren'bSkQ, n. Any United States legal-ten- der note having the devices on the back printed in green. Kreeil'brl''9r (-briber), n. Any plant of the genus Smilaz. green'er-y (-er-I), n. ; pi. -bries (-iz). Verdure. gree»'gage'(gren'gaJO,n- [ffreew-hs'a^eaplum,] Akind of plum of greenish flesh, and fine flavor. See oage. gTeen'gro^cer (-grosser), n. A retailer of frssh vegetables and fruit. — groen'gro'^cer-y (-1), n. ; pi. -cebibs (-Iz). green'taom^ (-h6m'), n. A raw, inexperienced person. groenllOllse' (-hous^i ""■• A glasshouse devoted to the pro- tection or cultivation of tender plants. green'lng, n. Any of several kinds of green-skinned apples. green'ish, a., greenly, adv. See -ish, -lt. gireon'room' (gren'room^), n. Retiring room in a theater. green'SWard' (-sw6rd')i n. Turf green with grass. green'WOOd^ (gren'wd6d^), n. A forest in foliage. greet (gret), v. t. [AS. gretan to address, approach.] 1. To address, esp. with expressions of kind wishes ; accost ; wel- come. 2. To appear or present itself to. ^ v. ». To meet and give salutations. greet, v, i. [fr. AS.] To weep; cry; lament. Archaic or Scot. greeVlng (greflng), n. Expression of kindness or joy. gre-ga'rl-OUB (gre-ga'rT-fis ; 3), a. [L. gregarius,iT. grex, gregis, herd.] Habitually, living or moving in flocks or herds; tending to flock together. — gre-ga'H-OUS-ly, adv. Ore-gO'ri-an (gre-go'rT-Sn ; 57), a. Pertaining to, or orig- inated by, Gregory, esp. one of the popes of that name; as, the Gregorian chatit, after Gregory I. ; the Gregorian calen- dar, now generally used, established by Gregory XIII. gie-nade' (gre-nad'), n. [F., a pomegranate, grenade, or Sp. granada."} 1. Mil. A shell filled with an explosive, to be thrown by hand and explode on impact. 2. A glass flask, containing volatile chemicals, to be thrown and burst, as for extinguishing a Are. gTen'a-dler' (grSu'd-der'), n. [F.] Orig., a soldier armed with grenades ; later, one of a company wearing a peculiar uniform. Now, a member of a special regiment or corps. gren'a-dlne (grSn'd-den), n. [F.] A thin gauzelike dress fabric of silk or wool, plain or figured. gres-SO^i-al (grS-syrt-Sl), a. [L. gressus, p. p. of gradi to step.] Adapted for walking, as the feet of some birds. grew (grod), pret. of grow. grew'soxne, etc. Var. of oruesour. grey (gra), a. & n. See gray. greyllOlllld' (-hound'), n. [AS. grtgkund.'] One of a breed of slender dogs, remarkable for swiftness and keen sight. grice (gris),n. [fr. Scand.] A young pig. Archaic or Scot. glld'dle (grTd"l), n. A plate for cooking gridalecakes. Greyhound. gjld'Ale-ClQEe' (-kak^), n. Abatter cake baked on a griddle. gride (grid), v. t. & i. ; grid'bd (grid'Sd; 24); 065., gride; orid'ino (griding). To cut ; pierce; hence, to cut or scrape raepingly. — n. A harsh scraping or cutting. grid'l'ron (-I'ttrn), n. [ME. gredire, gredime ; the ending was confused with E. iron.'] 1. A grated iron utensil to broil food on. 2. Something likened to a gridiron. — v. t. To mark with bars or lines suggesting those of a gridiron. grief (gref ), n. [OF., f r. grever to distress, burden.] 1. Suf- fering ; distress ; also, a cause of these, as a hurt, diraase, injury. Obs. 2. Meutal suffering, as from affliction, re- morse, etc., or a cause of it. 3. A mishap ; disaster ; fail- ure; — esp. in to come^ or hring^ to grief. — Syn. See sorrow. grlev'ance (grev'iins), n. 1. Suffering; grief; affliction. Obs. 2. Aggrieved state ; anger. Obs. 3. A cause of un- easiness and complaint ; injury. grieve (grSv), v. t. ; grieved (grevd); oriev'ino (greving). [OF. j^CTer,fr.L.jrafaretoburdeu,(?ravwheavy.] 1. To injure. Obs. or R. 2. To occasion grief to; afflict. — v. %. To feel grief ; sorrow; mourn. Syn. Sorrow, lament.— Grieve, mourn. Grieve implies deeper mental suffering than hourn, which ofteuer refers to external, sometimes conventional, evidences of sorrow. grlev'01IS(grev'l2s),a. [fr. OF.] 1. Heavy; hence, burden- some ; oppressive. Obs. or JR. 2. Distressing ; hence, se- vere; intense. 3. Atrocious; heinous. 4. Full of, or express- ing, grief. — grlev'ons-ly, adv. — grleVous-ness, n. grlf'fta (grtfln) 1 n. [F. griffon^ fr. L. gryphuSf Gr. grlt'f on (grtf dn) ) ypvi// . ] A fabu- lous monster, half lion and half eagle. grig (grig), n. 1. A cricket or grass- hopper. Obs. or Dial. Eng. 2. A lively person ; — usually with merry. grill (grtl), n. [F. gril^ fr. L. cratl- ctUwm^ dim. of crates hurdle.] 1. A gridiron. 2. A grillroom. — v. t. GrifBn. re, &ni, account, linn, ask, sofa ; eve, event, €nd, recent, maker ; ice, ill ; old, ftbey, drb, ftdd, s5ft, connect : use. tmite. ^m. up, circus, menu : food, fdbt : out. oil : chair : go : sing, iiik : &en, thin: GRIPPLE 313 GROUP grip'ple (grTj/*!), a. [fr. AS.] Grasping. Archaic or Scot. grlp'sack'' (-sSk'), n. A traveler's band bag. Colloq. , U. S. rl-serda (grT-zSl'dd ; -sSl'dd), n. [It., of G. origin.] A lady in old romance, proverbial for virtue and patience. grl-aette' (grT-zSf ),,n. [F., lit., a gray woolen elotb, gris gray ; — orig. from tbeir gowns of this stuff. ] A French girl of Uie working class, of lively and free manners. grls'ly (grTz'lT). Var. of grizzly. grisly, a.; -li-er (,-lT-§r); -li-bst. [AS. grislic, fr. grisan (in comp.) to sbudder.] Horrible ; grim and ghaatly. — Syn. See GHASTLY. — eiis'll-nesB (-ll-nSs), n. grist (grist), n. [AS, grist, fr. grindan to grind.] Grain to be, or that has been, ground ; esp., as much grain as is carried to the mill at one time, or the meal it produces. gris'tle (grls''!), n. [AS. gristl.^ Cartilage ; also, a carti- laginous part or structure. — grls'tly (-11), a. griaVmlll' (grtsfmYV), n. A mill for grinding grain. grlt(grft),w. [AS.^'r^oigrit, sand, dust.] 1. Sand; gravel; rough, hard particles. 2. A hard, coarse-grained siliceous sandstone. 3. The structure of astonethatfits itforgrind- ing. 4. Firmness; unyielding courage. — Syu. SeeDEOislON. ^ V. *. ffe i. ; grit'tbd ; oeit'tihg. To grind ; grate. grits (grYts),».pi. [AS. (7ry«n,(/»'yrta7i,pl.] Grain, esp. oats or wheat, hulled and (usually) coarsely ground. grlt'ty (grlfl), a..; -ti-sr (-I-Sr); -ti-est. 1. Containing or resembling sand, or grit. 2. Plucky. Colloq., U.S. griZ'zle(grTz''l), (I. [fr. OF.,fr. yrijprray.] Gray, grizzled. — n. 1. Gray hair; a gray wig. 2- The color gray. — v, t. & i. ; -ZLED (-'Id) ; -zlihg. To make or become grizzly. grlZ'zlefl (-*ld), rt. Gray. grlz'Zly (-11), a. ; -ZLi-ER (-IT-er) ; -zli-est. Some- what gray; grizzled. — griz- zly boar, a large imwerful bear of western North America. It is usually brownish yellow. — n. ; pi. -zLiiLs(-lIz). A grizzly bear. groan (gron), v. i. [AS. grdnian.'} 1. To utter a deep, moaning sound, as in misery or grief . 2. To man- ifest desire with or ae with Grualy Bear. (^) groans. 3- To be afflicted to the point of groaning; hence, of things, to creak, as from a burden. — v. t. To utter or five forth with groans, -^n. A sound uttered in groaning. yn. Groan, hoan. Gboan applies to a deep, often spas- modic sound indicative of suffering : uoan, to a low and continuous one. Groans may also indicate a feeling of op- pression or disapprobation; moaning is esp. associated with weakness or gnef ; as, to groan with pain; to moan in sleep. groat (grot ; grdt), n. [LG. grote, or OD. groot, fr. the word for great, hence a great coin.] An old English silver coin worth f ourpence. groats (grots ; grQtB),n.pL [AS. jrraton.] Grits. gro'cer (gro'aer), n. [formerly written grosser, orig., one who sells by the gross, or deals by wholesale, fr. F. gros- siery marchand grossier, gros large, great.] A dealer in tea, coffee, sugar, spicos, fruits, and other foodstuffs. gro'oor-y (-ser-I), n. ;pt. -OERiM _(-Tz). 1. The commodi- ties sold by grocers; — commonly in pi. 2. A retail grocer's shop. U. S. grvg (p"8g), n. [from" Old ffrogr," a nickname of Admiral Edward Vernon, alluding to his grogram cloak. He diluted the rum served to bis sailors.] An unsweetened mixture of spirit and water ; hence, any intoxicating liquor. grog'ger-y (-er-I), n. ; pi. -GBREBs (-Tz). A grogshop. U. 8. grog'gy (-1), a.; -oi-ER (-T-er); -oi-est. Tipsy ; hence, un- steady. CoWog.— grog'gl-ness, n grog'ram(gr5g'rSm),n. [OF. gros-graiUj lit., groflgrain.] A coarae stuff of silk and mohair, or of silk alone. grog'shop/ (-sh5p/), n, A dramshop. grol]i(groin),n. iVTE.grynde.'] 1. The junction of the lower part of the abdomen and the thigh, or the region about it. 2. Arch. The solid angle formed by the meeting of two vaults. — V. t. Xo build with groins. Groined Vault. grom'met (grSm'St) 1 n. [f r. F.] 1. Naut. A ring of rope. grum'met(grQm'6t) I 2. A metal, or metal-lined, eyelet. groom (groom), n. 1. A man, esp. of inferior station. Ar- chaic. 2. Amanservant, now, esp., oneinchargeof horses. 3. One of several officers of the English royal household. 4. A bridegroom. ^ v. t. 1. To tend (a horse), as by cur- rying, feeding, etc. 2. To make neat, smart, or tidy. grooms'man (groomz'm^n), n./p^ -men (-m&i). A male friend who attends a bridegroom at his wedding. groove (groov), n. [D.proeue pit, trench.] 1. A channel; furrow; rut. 2. Hence, a fixed routine, ^v. t.; obooved (groovd) ; groov'ing. To form a groove or grooves in. grope (grop), V. i. (fc t. ; GROPED (gropt); OBOP'mo (grop'- Ing). JAS. grapian, fr. gripan to gripe.] To search out by feeling, as in the dark ; feel one's way. — grop'er, n. gros'beak' (gros'bek'), n. Igross -|- fieaft.] Any of various finches, or allied birds, with large stout conical bill, gros'graln' (gro'gran/), a. [F.] Of a large grain or cord, as certain silk fabrics. — n. Grosgi-ain silk or ribbon. gross (gros), a. [F. gros, L. grossus^ 1. Big; thick; bulky. 2. Rank; heavy. 3. Burly; fat. 4. Plain; obvious. Archaic. 6. Coarse; not fine; hence, dense; heavy. 6. Compact; close. Obs. 7. Whole; entire; total; — opposed to net. 8. Wanting delicacy or nice discrimination ; (iull ; witless. 9. Sensual; hence, vulgar ; low; obscene. 10. Flagrant; shameful. — grossly, adv. — gross'ness, n. gross(gros), n. [F. gros, grosse.'} 1. The main body; bulk; mass. 2. sing. &pL Twelve dozen. — in groBB, in the bulk. grot (grSt), n. [F. grotte. See geotto.] A grotto. Rare. gro-teS41ue' (grfi-tSsk'), a. [fr. F., fr. It., fr. grotta grotto.] 1. Characterized by fantastic exaggeration or combination, esp. of human and animal figiures. 2. Absurdly incongru- ous or awkward. — Syn. See fanciful. — n. That which is grotesque. — gro-tesquely, adv.— gro-tesQue'ness, n. gro-tes'q.uer-y (-tSs'ker-i), n. pi. -queries (-Tz). Also gro-tes^quer-le. Grotesque quality, action, speech, or manners ; also, grotesque objects or works. groVtO (grSt'o), n. ;pl. -toes or -tos (-oz). [It. grotta, JSL. grupta, fr. L. crypta. See crypt.] A cave ; also, an arti- ficial recess or cavernlike apartment. ^ ground (ground), pret. <& p. p. of grind. ground (ground), n. [AS. grund bottom, earth.] 1. The surface of the earth, or the earth as a basis or abode. 2. A region, territory, or piece of land resorted to for a par- ticular purpose; as, a hunting f^round. 3- Land; estate; esp., pi., the gardens, lawns, etc., of a homestead. 4. An extent of land ; an area or distance ; as, to gain grouTid. 6- Basis; foundation; reason. 6. A point of view ; opin- ion. 7. The surface or background on which anything is wrought or displayed, as in painting, etc. S- The connec- tion of an electric conductor with or as with the ground. 9. pi. Sediment; dregs; lees. — v. t. 1. To found; fix firmly. 2- To instruct in first principles. 3- To cover with aground or background. 4. To place on, or cause to touch, theground. 5- Elec. To connect in circuit with the ground. ^v. i. To run aground. ground floor. The floor of a house most nearly on a level with the ground ; — in America often called also^r^^^oor. ground hog. The woodchuck. ground'less, a. Without ground, foundation, or reason. groundling (-ling), n. 1. One that keeps close to the groimd, as a fish that keeps to the bottom. 2. A spectator in the pit of a theater, which formerly was on the ground. gronnd'nuV (-niSf), n. 1. = earthnut. 2. Any of sev- eral plants having edible tuberous roots ; any of the roots. ground pbie- !■ AEuropeanherbof the mint family, hav- ing a resinous odor. 2. A kind of club moss, or lycopod. ground plan. A plan of the ground floor of any building, or of any floor ; hence, any first, or basic, plan, ground'sel (ground'sgl ; colloq. groun's'l), n. [AS. grun- deswylige, grundeswelge.'] Any of various plants of the aster family, chiefly having yellow flowers. ground'sel (ground's^l), ground'slU (-sTl), n. [ground + sill.'} A foundation timber ; foundation ; sill. grouna swell. A broad, deep swell or undulation of the ocean, caused by a distant storm or seismic disturbance. ground'WOtb;^ (-wflrk/), n. Foundation ; basis, group (groop),n. [fr.F.,fr. It.^ X. Fine Arts. Two or more figures forming a design or a unit in a design. 2. An assem- blage regarded as a unit ; a cluster ; aggregation. 3. An assemblage of objects having some common characteristic, —v. t. To arrange or combine in a group. nai itoe, verdjire (87) ; k= ch in G. ich, ach (50} ; boN ; yet ; zh rDlftnatlonB of Abbreviations, SIkdb, etc, preceae Vocabulary. || = z in azure. Numbers refer to « Forelipi Word* + combined with. ^ in Guide. = equals. GROUPER 314 GUESS groap'er (groop'Sr), n. [Pg. garupa crupper.] Any of nu- merous American fishes of the sea bass family. grouse (grous), n. [see plural.] Any of a number of gal- linaceous bir Breech- gan'nine C-Ing), n. Hunt- block ; 7 Firing Pin ; 8 Extractor ; inff of same with a Run. 9 Main Sprinu i 10 Link :n Barrel gun'ny(-t),«. [uJ^gon, Screw ; 1^ Breechblock Plunger. goni, a sack, sackingj A coarse jute sacking. gnn'pow'der (-pounder), n. An explosive mixture of salt- peter, charcoal, and sulphur, used in gunnery and blasting; also, any of various other explosive, powders. gnu'shot' (-ahStO, n. 1. A ct of firing a gun ; a shot. 2. Dis- tance to which a missile can be shot from a gun effectively. gun'smiUl' (-smTth^), n. One whose occupation is to make or repair small firearms ; an armorer. glin'StOCk' (-st&kO, 71. The wooden stock of a firearm. Gun'ther (gdon'ter), n. See Brunhiu), Sibofried. gun'wale (giin'Sl ; formally gtin'wal), n. Also gun'nel. igun -j- wale / because the upper guns were pointed from it.] Naiit. The upper edge of a vessel's or boat's side. gurgO (gfirj), n. [L. gurges.'] A whirlpool. Rare. gor'gle (gQr'g'l), V. i. ; -gled i,-g'ld) ; -glino (-gltng). 1. To flow in a broken, noisy current, as water from a bottle. 2. To sound like gurgling liquid. — v. t. To utter with a gurgle. — n. Act or sound of gurgling. gur'goyle (-goil). Var. of OARGOTLE. gUl'nard (gur'nard), n. [OP. gomart-l Any of certain spiny marine fishes liaving the head armored. gush (gtish), V. i. 1. To issue copiously or violently, as a fluid. 2. To suffer, or give vent to, a free flow of tears, blood, etc.; — with fortk^ out, etc. 3. To show effusive affection, enthusiasm, etc. Colloq.—v. t. To emit freely. ^n. 1, Act of gushing; a free outpouring. 2. Effusive display of affection, enthusiasm, etc. Collog. — giish'er, n. — gusli'mg-ly, adv. gUS'set (gQs'St ; 24), n. [F. gousset armpit, fob, gueset, dim. of gousse, pod.] A small tapering piece inserted in a garment, glove, etc., to give width or strength. gust (giiat), n. [Icel. guslr.'] 1. A sudden blast of wind. 2. A sudden outburst, esp. of temper. — Syn. See wind. gll8t,n. [L. gustus.'\ R.or Archaic. 1. Taste; relish. 2. Savor; flavor. 3. Gratification ; enjoyment. 4- A foretaste. Obs. gns'ta-tO-ry (giis'td-to-ri), a. Pert, to the sense of taste. gua'tO (giia'to), 71. [It. or Sp., fr. L. gustus."] 1. Taste; liking. 2. Keen or zestful appreciation. — Syn. See relish. gUSt'y(-tT), a. ;ausT'i-BR(-tT-er) ; -i-est. Windy ; stormy. gut (gtit), n. [AS. gut.'] 1. An intestine ; the alimentary canal, or a part of it ; pi., bowels; entrails. 2. Prepared entrail of an animal ; as, c&tgut. 3. A narrow passage, as of water, or a defile between hills. — v. t. ; gut'ted (-Sd ; 24) ; gdt'ting. 1. To disembowel. 2 To destroy or re- move the interior or contents of; plunder of contents. Ou-tru'ne (gfiS-troo'ne), n. See Sibgried. gut'ta (giit'd), 7?. ; pi. -iM (-e). [L.] A drop. gut'ta-per'cha (gufd-pflr'chd), n. [Malay gatah gum + pereha the tree from which it is got.] A thick juice, neai'ly white when pure, yielded by various Malaysian trees. In many ways it resembles caoutchouc. guVter (giSfer), n. [fr. OP., fr. goute drop, L. gutia.'] 1. A channel worn by running water. 2. A channel for water; an eaves trough. 3. Any narrow channel or groove. — V. t. To form gutters in. — v. i. 1. To flow in streams. 2. To become channeled, as a flaring candle. gUt'tlir-al(giSt'Sr-ai),a. [L. (7M«ur throat.] 1. Oforpert. to the throat. 2. Of vocal sounds, produced, or thought to be produced, in the throat; Phon., articulated between the tongue and the back, or soft, palate ; — said of certain sounds, as ^ in go. —n. A guttural sound or its symbol. — gutlor-al-lze, v. t. — gnt'tor-al-ly, adv. guy (gi)i ""i- [OF. gut, a guide.] A rope, chain, or rod at- tached to a thing to steady it. — v. t. To steady with a guy. gny (gi)t n. 1. In England, an efflgy of Guy Fawkes, parad- ed and burnt, esp. formerly, on the anniversary of the Gun- powder Plot (Nov. 6, 1605). 2. A person of grotesque ap- pearance or dress. — v. /. To make (a person) an object of ridicule. Collog. guz'zle (giiz"l), V. i. <& t. ; -zlbd (-Ud) ; -zlihg (-iTng). To drink to excess or overfrequently. — guz'Zlor (-ler), n. gybe (jib), n. men (-m^n). hand'1-ly (hSnMI-lI), adv. in a handy manner. hand'l-neas (-nSs), n. Quality of being handy. hand'l-work' (-wfirk'), n. [_AS. handgeweorcl Work done with the hands ; hence, any work done personally. hand'ker-chlel (hSq'ker-chtf), n. \_hand -\- kerchief.'} 1. A piece of cloth, usually square, carried for wiping the face, nose, etc. 2. A neckerchief ; neckcloth. han'dle (hSn'd'l), v. t. ; -DLED (-d'ld) ; -dlino. [AS. han- dUan."} 1. To touch, feel, hold, take up, move, etc., with the hand. 2. To manage ; manipulate. 3. To treat. 4. To have pass through one's hands ; deal or trade in.^v. i. To use the hands. — n. That part of a vessel, instrument, etc., to be held in the hand; often fig. — han'dler (-dler), n. hand^mald' (-mad'), n. Also, Archaic, hand'mald^en (-mad^'n). A female servant or attendant. hand organ. A barrel organ cranked by hand. hand'saw' (hSnd'sdOi n. A saw used with one hand. In Hamlet the word is prob. a corrup. of heronshaw, heron. hand'ael (hSud's^l ; hSn'-), or handsel, n. [AS. handselen.'] Something given or received for good luck, esp. in a new enterprise or experience. Hence, an earnest; foretaste. — v.t. 1. To inaugurate. 2. To use or do for the first time. hand'Some(hSn'sSm),a. ; -som-er {-er) ; -som-est. [hand -\--RO')ne.'\ 1. Dexterous. 06s. 07- Co/io^. 2. Suitable. Obs. orCollog. 3. Ample; as, a^andsome fortune. 4- Gracious; liberal; generous. 6. Pleasing m appearance, esp. with dig- nity and symmetry. some-ly, adv. some-ness, n. hand'splke' (hSnd'spik^), n. [D. handspaak, lit., hand pole.] A bar, as of wood, used as a lever, as in a capstan. handiwork'' (hand'wQrkO,". Work done with the hands. hand'wrlVing (-rit'tng), n. l. Form of writing peculiar to a particular hand or person. 2. Manuscript. Archaic. hand'y (hSn'dT), a. ; hand'i-er (-di-er); -i-est. 1. Beady to hand; convenient. 2. Skillful with the hand; dexterous. 3. Nautical. Easily managed. hand'y-dan'dy , n. A child 's play in which one child guesses in which closed hand another holds some small object.— intejy. Guess if you can. Obs. or R. hang (hSng), V. t.; pret. ack, to go back a little for a fresh start; hence, to revert, — n. A shout of encourage- ment or guidance to hounds. hark'en. Var. of hearken. harl (harl), V. t. To drag or scrape along. Scot. Har'le-quixi (h'ar'le-kwm; -kin), n. [F. arlequin, obs. harle- quin.'] A character in comedy and pantomime with .qhaven head, masked face, party-colored tights, and sword of lath. Also [?.c.], a buffoon. — a. [I.e.] Party-colored; fantastic. har'lot (har'l^^t), 7i. [OF.] A prostitute. — a. Lewd. liar'lOt-ry (-ri), 71. 1. Prostitution ; lewdness. 2. Harlot. liann (harm), n. [AS. hearvi.'j 1. Injury; hurt ; misfor- tune. 2. Evil ; wrong- — Syn, Mischief, loss. See in- jury. — V. t. To hurt ; injure ; damage. harm'ful (harm'fd5l), a. Hurtful ; mischievous. haimleas, a. Free from harm ; not harmful. — Syn. In- nocent, innocuous, inoffensive; uninjured, unharmed. liar-mon'lc (har-mSntk), a. [L. harmonieus, Gr. apfiovi- Koq. See HARMONY.] 1. Musical. Rare. 2. Concordant; con- sonant. 3. Rc-^cing to harmony as disting. from melody or rhytbm. 4. Pert, to harmonics. — n. A tone accompanying a fundamental tone and produced by the concurrent vibrar tion of the aliquot parts of the string or vibrating medium ; also, such a tone produced separately, as by touching a vi- brating string with the finger. — har-mon'i-cal (-k^l), a. Rare. — har-mon'l-cal-lv, adv. ]iar-II10n'l-ca(-Y-kd), n. [fem. fr. L. harmonious.] Mv.t. 1. Revolving glasses sounded by touching the edges with the dampen^ finger. 2. Graduated hanging strips of glass or metal struck with hammers. 3. A harmonicon. liar-IIIOIl'l-GOIl(-k($n),n.; L. pi. -iCA(-kd). [Gr. apfioviKov, neut. of apfxoviKos harmonic] A mouth organ. har-mon'lCB(-Tks),n, (see-ics.) Science of musical sounds. har-mo'nl-ons (-n.o'nT-iia), a. 1. Having parts adapted and proportioned to each other ; symmetrical ; congruous. 2. Marked by harmony; free from discord; pleasant-sound- ing. — har-mo'nl-ous-ly, adv. — har-mo'nl-ous-ness,??. har'mo-nlBt (har'mci-nlst), n. 1. One who shows thft agreement of parallel passages of different authors, as of theGospels. 2.Mtisie. a A composer or performer, b One expert or skilled in harmony. 3- A harmonizer. har-mo'ni-lllll (hSr-mo'ni-um), n. A kind of reed instru- ment resembling a small organ . bar'mo-nlze (har'mo-niz), v. i. & i. ; -NTZED (-nizd) ; -niz'tno (-niz'tng). To be or make harmonious. — har'mo-nl-za'tlon (hSr'mfi-nl-za'shiin ; -ni-), n. — liar'mo-nlz'er (-niz'er), n. har'mo-ny (har'mo-nI),7i.; pi. -NiEB (-ntz). [fr. OF., fr. L. harmonia^ G-r. op/j.oi/(^a joint, proportion, concord, apjxo; a fitting.] 1. Just adaptation of parts to each other; agree- ment between the parts of a design or composition, giving unity or a pleasing whole. 2. Concord in facts, opinions, manners, interests, etc. ; peace and friendship. 3. Music. a Musical consonance ; tuneful sound, b Combination of tones iuto a chord; triad, c Structure of a piece of music according to the composition, progression, and modulation of its chords ; — disting. from me^otf^ and rhythm, d Sci- ence of the structure, relation, and progression of chords. 4. A literary work which compares parallel passages re- specting the same events and shows their consistency. Syn. Harmony, melody. Harmony suggests thei>leasing concord of simultaneous sounds or strains differing in pitch or quality ; melody, the agreeable arrangement of succes- sive musical sounds in a single strain. bareness (bar'nSs), n. [fr. OF.^ 1. The complete dress, armor, or trappings, esp. in a military sense, of a man or a horse. Hist. 2. The gear or tackle (other than a yoke) of a draft animal, as of a horse. Single HarneaB. 1 Rein; 2 0vercheck Rein ; 3 Cheekhook ; 4 Tenet ; 5 Crownpiece ; 6 Front ; 7 Blind: H Face Piece of Overcheck ; yCheekPiece ; 10 Throatlatch ; 11 Neck Strap; 12 Breastband, or Breast CoUai ; 13 Saddle; 14 Eellyband ; 15 Breech- ing Strap ; 16 Breeching, or Breeching Body ; I" Crupper; 18 Hip Strap; 19 Trace. Double HarnesB. 1, 1 Check Lines; 2 Bridle Rein or Side Rein; 6, 7, 9, 10, IB, IS, 19 same as in Single Harness; 13 Back Pad; 14 Billet; lid Collar: 21 Hame; 22 Breast Strap ; 23Clioke- strap (22 & 2.S fasten to the Neck Yoke sup- porting the Pole) ; 24 Side Strap; 25 Back Strap ; 2fi Breeching Stay ; 27 Diagram showing Crossing of Lines : 2fi Eellyband ; 29 Collar Strap; 30 La- zy Strap. — V. t. 1. To accouter ; arm ; also, to mount ;. apparel. Ar- chaic. 2. To put harness on, asa horse ; hence, to prepare for, or constrain to, work. harp (harp), n. [AS. hea7-pe.] 1. A stringed instrument generally having strings set in an open frame and plucked with the fingers. 2. Any of various contrivances sugges- tive of a harp. — v. t. 1. To express ; voice. 2. To effect or affect by harping. — v. i. 1. To play the harp ; sounrl like a harp. 2. To dwell on, or recur to, a subject tedi- ously or monotonously. — harp'er, harp'lst, n. harp'ingS (bar'ptngz), harp'lns (-pinz), n. pi. The wales round the bow of a ship, made stout to sustain shocks. har-poon' (har-poon'), n. [F. harpon.] A barbed spear or javelin used to strike large fish, whales, etc. — v. t To strike, catch, or kill with aharpoon. — har-poon'er(-er),n. harp'Sl-chord (harp'sT-k8rd), n. [fr. OF.] A harp-shaped wire-stringed instrument, the immediate precursor of the piano, in use from the 16th to the 18th century. Har'py (har'pT), n. ; pi. -pies (-pTz). [F harpie, L. har- pi/y'a, Gr. apTTVia, fr. root of apTra^eiv tosnatch.] 1. Class, ikyth. A monster usually figured as having a woman's head anVl upper part of the body and a bird's wings, tail, legs, and claws. Their number is differently stated ; as three, they were Aello,Ocypete, and Celaeno, or Podarge. Cf. Phi- NEUS. 2. [l. c] One rapacious or ravenous ; extortioner. har'aue-bus (har'kwe-btSs), har'que-buso, ar^que-bus (ar'-). n. [fr. OF., — fr. D. or G.) prop,, a _ gun with a hook.] An obsolete portable . _ firearm, at first hav- Harquebus. ing a matchlock operated by a trigger. — Iiar'q.ue-bllB-lor' (hav'kw§-bfis-er'), ar^qne-bUS-ier' (Sr'kwe-), 71. Harness. na^re, ver^iire (87) ; k = ch in G. Ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Explanations of Abbreviations^ Slf-n8» etc.* precede Vocabulary. || Forelffn Word. + combined with* = eQuols* HARRIDAN 322 HAULM harfl-don (hSrt-dSn), n. [F. hartdelle a worn-out horae, jade.] A worn-out stiiimpet ; a vixeubb woman ; a hag. Itai'ri-or (-er)f n, 1. One who harriea. 2. Anyofcertoin hawks feeding chiefly on small animals and insects. har'rl-er, n. [from iure, n.] One of a breed of small hounds used for hunting hares. har'row (hSr'o), v. t. [see harry.] To harry. Archaic. barlow (hSr'o), n. [ME. harowe^ harwe."} An implement of agriculture set with iron or wooden teeth and drawn over plowed land to level it, break the clods, etc. — v. t. 1. To draw a harrow over (land). 2. To torment or dis- tress ; vex ; — often with up. — har'row-er, w. har'ry (hSr'T), v. t. & i. ; -hied (-Id); -rt-ino. [AS. her- gian to act as an army, ravage, fiere army. ] 1. To ravage ; pillage ; plunder. 2. To harrow ; harass. 3. To steal ; take in a raid or foray. Obs. or Scot. harsh (harsh), a. [ME. karsk."]^ 1. Offensive to sense or feeling as being coarse, rougli, discordant, astringent, stern, severe, sour, etc. ; lacking harmony or smoothness ; rasp- ing; repellent. 2. UnfeeUng; severe ; cruel. — handily, adv. — harsh'ness, n. hart (hart), n. [fr. AS.] A stag ; male red deer. harte'beest' (hUrt'besf ; har'tg-), n. [D. hert hart + beest beast.] A certain large African antelope. hartB'horzi' (harts^idrn^), n. 1. A hart's horn, or antler. 2. a Spirits of hartshorn, or a solution of ammonia in wa- ter, h Carbonate of ammonium ; — called also volatile salt. har'nin— scar'am (hSr'um-skStr'um), a. Reckless ; wild. ^ n. Harum-scarum person or conduct. Both Collog. ha-nis'pex (hd-riis'pSks), n. ;pl. -picbs (-pT-sez). [L. hn- mspex^ aruspex.l Roman Relig. A diviner or soothsayer of a class not official priests of the state religion. Of. augitb. hardest (hiir'v6st),n. [AS. hser/est.'\ 1. Season of gath- ering grain and fruits ; late summer or early autumn ; also, the gathering of a crop or crops. 2. Crop; yield, as of grain, fruit, or honey. 3. Product or outcome of any exertion. ^ V. t. To reap or gather, as a crop. — haiMrest-er, n. harvest home. The gathering and bringing home of the harvest ; the time of harvest ; also, a feast made at the close of the harvest ; hence, the song sung by the reapers. hai'vest-man (har'vSst-mSn), n. ; pi. -hbh ^-mln). 1. A man engaged in harvesting. 2. Any of various arachnids resembling the true spiders. Most forma have very long slender legs, and are popularly called daddy longlegs. has (hSz), 3d pers. si-ng. pres. of have. hash (hSsh), V. i. [fr. F., fr. hache hatchet.] To mince and mix ; slash; mangle. — n. 1. That which is hashed ; meat.'\nd vegetables, esp. when already cooked, minced and mixed. 2. A mixture ; jumble ; meaa. hash']sh(hSah'esh; hd-shesh')) n< Also hash'eesh. [Ar. hMshish.^ A narcotic preparation of hemp used in the Orient for its intoxicating effect when chewed or smoked. has'let (hSs'iet ; 24), n. [F.hatelettes broil, fr. haste spit.] The edible viscera (heart, liver, etc.)of a beast,eBp. of a hog. hasp (h&sp), n. [AS. hsepse.'] A clasp or fastening, as for a door ; esp., a hinged metal strap secured by a staple and pin, padlock, or the like, or by snapping into the lock. has'SOCh (hSs'fik), n. [AS. hassuc tussock.] 1. A rank tuft of bog grass or sedge; tussock. 2. A cushion footstool. hast (hSat), 2d pers. sing. pres. of have ; — contr. of kavest. Obs. or Archaic. has'tate (bSs'tat), a. {JL. hastatztSyfr. hastaa'pear.'] Spear- shaped or shaped like the head of a halberd ; of leaves, triangular, with spreading basal lobes. haste (hast), n. [fr. OF., fr. G.] 1. Celerity of motion ; swiftness; dispatch; — applied to voluntary action. 2. Un- due celerity; unthinking or rash hurry. 3. Urgency; hurry. Syn, Quickness, nimbleness ; impetuosity, precipitancy, precipitation ; flurry, bustle; alacrity, alertness; velocity, rapidity. — Haste, hurbt, speed, EXPEDmoN, dispatch. Haste denotes qulcknesa, often urgency, sometimes pre- cipitancy, of (esp. voluntary) action ; hurry connotes con- fusion and want of collected thought ; speed denotes swift- ness of (esp. forward) movement ; it is not (like haste and hurry) confined to voluntary agenta, and it sometimes re- tains its original implication of prosperity or success. Ex- PBomoN and dispatch suggest prom^ptitude, esp. in the set- ting forward or conclusion of a business or affair. haste, V. t. & I, / hast'ed (has'tSd ; 24) ; hast'ino (has'- tTng). To hasten ; hurry. Now Chiefly Literary. has'ten (haa''n), V. t. To drive or urge forward; expedite; hurry. — v. %. To make haste ; hurry. — has'ten-er, n. hast'y (has'tT), a. ; hasi/i-er (-tT-er) ; -i-ebt. 1. Done or made quickly; swift ; hurried. 2. In a hurry; impatient. Obs. 3. Not deliberative or cautious; precipitate. 4- Hav- ing, proceeding from, or indicating, a quick temper. — Syn. See past. — hast'My (has'tt-ll), iidr. — hast'i-ness, n. hasty pudding- 1* A batter or pudding of flour or oatmeal stirred into boiling water or milk. Eng, & Local, U. S. 2. Indian meal mush. C/. S. hat(hSt), n. [AS. limt^hsett.'] A covering for the head, esp. one with a crown and brim. hatCh(hSch),v. t. [F. AacAer to hack. See hash.] 1. To mark with hatching. 2. To inlay in fine lines. hatch, V. t. 1. To produce (young) from an egg or eggs ; also, to produce young from (an egg or eggs). 2. To con- coct ; contrive. — v. i. To produce young ; — said of eggs; to come forth from the egg ; — of the young. -^ n. Act of hatching ; also, that which is hatched ; hence, outcome. hatch, n. [AS. haec.'] 1. A door, gate, or wicket, with an opening over it; lower half of adivided door. 2. a The covering of an opening in the deck of a vessel, in a floor, etc. b Hatchway, c A floodgsfte ; sluice gate. hatCh'el(hSch'gl),n. {M.^.hechele.'] A toothed instrument for cleansing flax or hemp from the tow,hards, or coarse part; hackle ; heckle. — r. t. ; -eled (-eld) or -elled ; -bl-ino or -EL-LINO. To dreas with a hatchel. hatch'er (-er), ^u 1. One that hatches eggs. 2. A con- triver; a plotter. [eggs, esp. of fish. I hatch'er-y (-T), n. ; pi. -ebies (-Tz). A place for hatching! hatch'et (hSch'St ; 24), n. [F. hnchette, dim. of hache ax.] A small ahort-handled ax to be used with one hand. hatch^g, n. In engraving, dravi-ing, etc., the process or result of making close fine lines, to give shading. hatch'ment (-mgnt), n, \toT achievement.'] Her. Asortof panel on which a decedent's arms are temporarily displayed. batch'way' (-wa^), n. Anopeningin a deck, floor, roof, etc. hate (hat), V. t. ; hat'ed (hat'Sd; 24): hat'ino. [AS. Ao- tian.'y 1. To dislike intensely ; detest ; abhor; as, to hate deceit. 2. To have aversion to; in a weakened sense, to dislike ; as, to hxte to write. Syn. Hate, detest, abhor, abominate, loathe. Hate, the general term, implies extreme aversion, esp. with en- mity or malice ; detest connotes violent ormtense antip- athy or dislike. Abhor suggests profound repugnance; abominate, strong detestation, as of something ill-omened or shameful ; loathe implies utter disgust. — n. [_h.%. hete.'] 1. Intense aversion; detestation. 2. An object of hatred. — hat'orOiafer), n. hate'fnl (hat'f661), a. 1. FuU of hate orill will; malevolent 2. Exciting or deserving hate ; odious. — hate'f ul-ly, adv. — hate^ul-ness, n. Syn. Repulsive, repellent, repugnant, abhorrent, disgust- ing, revolting, loathsome. — Hatkpdl. odious, obnoxious, offensive, invidious. Hateful and oaious are sometimes used with little distinction. But hateful oftener applies to what excites actual hatred, odious, to what is excessive- ly disagreeable, orawakens repugnance. That is obnoxious which IS highly objectionable ; that is offensive which is actively annoymg, insulting, or repulsive. Tliat is invidi- ous which procures or entails odium, ill will, or envy. hath (hfith), equiv. of has^ contr. fr. haveth. Archaic. ha'tred (ha'trSd), n. [ME. haired, hatreden, -reden beingfr. AS. r«rfe/i condition.] Strong aversion or detestation with ill will. — Syn. Enmity, hate, animosity, malevolence, rancor, loathing, abhorrence, repugnance. See odium. hat'ter (hSt'er), n. One who makes or sells hats. hantierk (h6'berk), n. [fr. OF., fr. OHG. halsberc; hols neck + bergan to protect.] A coat of ring or chain mail. haught(h6t),a. [F.haut. SeeHAuoHTT.] Haughty. Archaic, haugh'ty (li6'tT), a. ; -ti-er (-tl-er) ; -ti-est. [F. baut high, OF. also halt, fr. L. alius.'] 1. Disdainfully or contemptu- ously proud ; arrogant ; supercilious. 2. Exalted ; lofty in nature ; noble ; bold. Archaic. — Syn. See arrogant. — hangh'tl-ly (-tl-lT), adv. — hangh'tl -nees, n. haul (h61), V. t. [P. haler.] 1. To pull ; drag ; transport by drawing. 2. To shift the course of (a ship), esp. so aa to sail closer to the wind. — Syn. See draw. — v. i. 1. Kaut. Toshiftthecourseof aship, esp. rluser tothe wind. 2. To pull; tug; drag. 3. To changedirection,asthe wind; shift; hence, to change one's attitude or course of action ; — often with nrounrf. — n. 1. A violent pull ; a tug. 2. A single draft of a net. 3. That which is caught or gained at once, as by hauling a net. 4. Distance through which anything is hauled, as freight. — hauFer, n. haulm (h6m), n. [AS. hmlm.'{ 1. Stems or stalks, as of '. 2. Culm or stem of a plant. cereals ; straw or litter. Eng. ale, senate, cftre, am, account, axm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, find, recent, maker, ice, ill ; old, 6bey, drb, 5dd, sSft, connect , use, Unite, iirn, iSp, circiis, menii ; food, fdbt ; out, oil ; chair ; go ; sing, iqk ; then, thin ; HAUNCH 323 HEAD hnnnnh (hanch ; h6nch), n. [F. hanche."] 1. The hip ; the projecting region about the hip ; loosely, in pi., the hiud quarters. 2. Of meats : The leg and loin taken together. haunt (haut; hOut), v. /. [F. kanier.l 1. To frequent ; frequent the company of ; visit intrusively. 2. To inhabit or frequent as a ghost or specter. 3. To recur to (the mind, etcO often and spontaneously. — Syn. See frequent. — V. i. To stay, visit, or associate persistently or habitu- ally. — n. A place to which one often resorts ; resort. liaus-tO'll-um(h6a-to'rI-wm;57), n.; pL-jtiA.{-d). [LL.,a well, f r. L. haurirej haustum, to drink.] In parasitic plants, a specialized outgrowth serving to absorb food. hautnsoy (ho'boi), n. [F. Aau^fiow, lit., high wood; haut high + 6oi« wood ; — from its high tone.] Music. An oboe. baa-teuf (hS-tfir'-), n. [F.,fr. Aau^ high.] Haughtiness. have (hSv), V. t. ; preL &p.p. had (had); p. pr. Jormerly often hSk'at), n. [L., f r Gr. 'Ekcittj.] Class. Relig. A goddess of the moon, earth, and underworld ; later, the dark goddess of magic. Hecate was merged more or less with Selene and Artemis. hec'a-tomb (hSk'd-tSm; -toom),«. [fr. L., fr. Gr. eKarofi^t); eKOTov hundred+ |8ou9 ox.] Antig. A sacrifice of ahun- dred oxen or cattle at one time; benc^, a great slaughter. heckle (hSk"l), v.t.,- -led (-'id); -ling. [ME. hekelen, hechelen. SeeHATCHEL.] 1. = hackle. 2. To badger with questions or gibes. Brit. — n. = hackle. — heck'ler, n. hectic (hSk'tlk), a. [fr. F., fr. Gr. Utlkos habitual, con- sumptive.] 1. Habitual; constitutional; pert. esp. to slow waste of animal tissue, as in consumption. 2. In a hectic condition; having a fever characteristic of the advanced stage of a wasting disease, as tuberculosis ; consumptive. —n. 1. Hectic fever; also, a consumptive, 2. A hectic flush. hec'tO- (hSk'to-). A combining formfr. Gr. eKaroc, hundred; as in : hec'taro (-tSr), 100 ares ; hec'to-gram, -gramme (-grSm), 100 grams; hec'tO-lHer, -U'tre (-le'ter), 100 liters; hec'to-me'ter, -me^tre (-me'ter), 100 meters; hec'tO-Stere (-ster), lOO steres. hec'tO-graph (-to-graf), n. [hecto- + -graph."} A mani- folding device using a slab of gelatin to print from. Heo'tor (hSk'tSr), n. [L., fr. Gr.'EKTwp, prop., holding fast.] 1. In Homer's " Iliad," a son of Priam, husband of Andromache, and bravest of the Trojans. He slew Pa- troclus, and was slain by Achilles. 2. [/. c] One who hec- tors; bully; blusterer, —v.t. <& ?'. [I. c] To bully; bluster. Hec'a-ba (hSk'u-bd), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'EKa/Sij.] InHomer's " Iliad," the wife of Priam. hed'dle (h£d''l), n. One of the sets of cords or wires com- posing the harness guiding the warp threads in a loom. hedge (hSj), n. [AS. hecg.} 1. A thicket, esp. when planted as a fence or boundary. 2. A barrier ; a limit. — V. t. ; HEDGED (hSjd) ; hbdg'ikg (hgj'tng). 1. To inclose or separate with a hedge. 2. To obstruct ; hinder. 3. To guard; protect; hem (in). 4. To surround so as to prevent escape.—?'.?'. To shelter one's self; skulk; slink; specif.: a Betting. To reduce the risk by betting against the side one has previously bet on. b Stocks, etc. To lessen one's holdings or obliga- tions so as to minimize loss. To avoid committing one's self definitely. 4 hedgeHiog^ (hSfhSgOi n. 1. Any of certain Old World insectivorous mammals „ „,. /,v having hair mixed with European Hedgehog. (J) nature, verdjire (87) ; k — ch in G. ich, ach (50) ; boN ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Explanatloiia of Abbreviations, Islsns, etc., preceao Vocabulary. |[ Forelffn Word. + combined with. = equals. HEDGEPIG 326 HELLKITE spines which they present outwardly by rolling themselves up. 2> In America, popularly, the porcupine. hedge'plg' (hSi'pIgO, n. The hedgehog. Mare. bedge priest. A poor, ilUterate priest. hodg'er (hgj'er), n. One who makes or mends hedges; also, jne who hedges, as in betting, etc. hed^e'row' (hgj'ro^), n. A row of shrubs or trees planted for luclosure oi- separation of fields. heed (hed), v. t. [AS. hedanJ^ To regard with care ; take notice of. — Syn. Notice, note, observe, mind, attend.— v.i. To pay attentiou ; haveacare. — n. Attention; regard. heed'flll(-fd61), a. Full of heed; attentive; mindful. heed'less, a. Without heed ; inattentive ; careless. heel (hel), V. i. & i. [AS. ?ieldan, hyldan^ it. heald inclined.] To tut or incline ; tip; — chiefly of ships. heel, n. [AS. hSla.^ 1. The hinder part of the foot, or of a shoe, sock, etc. 2. Something suggestive of the human heel, as in shape, position, etc., as the bottom orend crust of bread, riud of a cheese, etc., a knob, the after end of a ship's keel, the lower end of a mast, etc. — v. t. To add a heel to. — V. i. Of a dog, to foUow at tho heels. heel'er (hel'er), n. One who follows at the heels; esp., a subservient hanger-on of a politician. Polit. Cant^ U. S. heel'tap' (-tSp^), n. 1. S/ihejnaking. A lift for the heel. 2. A small portion of liquor left in a glass after drinking. heft (h6ft), n. [fromHBAVK.] 1. Violent strain. Obs.or Dial. 2. Weight; ponderousness. Colloq. 3. Greater part; bulk. Colloq., U. S. — V. t. 1. Toheave up; raise. 2. To try the weight of by raising. Colloq. he-eem'0-ny(hg-jgm'd-nT; hfij'e-m6-nT; lie'je-),n.;;9Z.-KiEB (-mz). [Gr. ijyefjLovCay deriv. of ijyeia-Qai to lead.] Lead- ership; political ascendency. heg^'i-ra (hSj'I-rd; he-ji'rd), n. [Ar. hijrah flight.] The flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina (a.d. 622). heU'er (hSfer), n. [AS. h^ahfore^ h^afore.'\ A young cow that has not had a calf. heigll (hi; ha), interj. An exclamation used to attract at- tention, to encourage, to express exultation, etc.; hey. heigh'— ho' (hi'ho'; ha'ho'), interj. An emotional exclama- tion, as of surprise? joy, dejection, w^eariness, etc. helght(hlt),n. Also,»iOM?i2.,lilrfith(hitth). iK^.hieh^u, hiahSu^ hehSu, f r. hSah high.] j.. Condition of being high; high pointer position. 2. Altitude; stature. 3. An emi- nence; a Iiill or mountain. 4. Magnuiimity. Archaic. 5. Highest part; summit; hence, utmost degree; extreme. Syn. Height, ALTfTDOB, ELEVATION. Height is the general term^ altitdde su^ests great or lofty height or (esp.) position above a given level, or in the air; blbtation sug- fests esp. height to which something is regarded as raised; oth allUude and elevation apply to neight as determined by angular measurement; as, the height (not altitude) of a candlestick, of a man; the height (or altitude) of a mountain; the altitude of the clouds ; at a dizzy height. Fig., height suggests exalted position or the highest or extreme point ; elevation^ loftiness or dignity; altitude is less often fig. helght'en (hlfn), v. t. 1. To make higli or higher ; ele- vate. 2. To advance ; augment; intensify. — Syn. See RAISE, -^v. i. To rise in height ; increase ; augment. Helm'dall (ham'dal), n. [Icel. Hei-mdalr.'] Teut. Myth. The warder of Asgard. He can see a hundred leagues by day or by night, and can hear the grass grow. At the end of the world Loki and he kill each other. See Frbta. hei'noOB (ha'nfis), a. [OF. hdinos hateful, fr. ha'ine hate ; of Or. origin.] Hateful ; odious ; atrocious. — Syn, See FLAGRANT. — hel'noas-ly, adv. — hei'nons-ness, n. heir (fi;r), n. [OF. heir^ eir, L. /teres.l One who inherits, or is entitled to inherit. — faelrapparentiZrair, an heir whose right is indefeasible if he survives the ancestor ; — disting. from heir preatunptlve, whose heirship is contingent. heir'dom (^r'diim), n. State or inheritance of an heir. heir'ess (^r'gB)^n. A female heir. helr'loom (Sr'looinOi n. [heir -|- loom implement, tool.] Any personal chattel which descends to the heir or has been in a family for several generations. heir'shlp (Sr'shtp), n. Right of inheriting ; inheritance. he11-ra. Var. of hboira. hek'tare, hek'to-gram, etc. Vars. of hectare, etc. Hel(hSl),n. [Icel.] NmseMyth. 1. Daughter of Loki. She is goddess of the dead and queen of the lower world. See Ragnarok, Yoodrasill. 2. The abode of the dead. held, pret. & p. p. of HOLD. Helen Ol Troy, in Greek legend, the wife of Menelaus, whoseabductionbyPariscaused the Trojan War. See Paris. BeFe-nns (hSl'S-nae), n. [L., fr. Gr.'EAevos.] In Greek legend, a Trojan prince, a son of Priam and Hecuba, gifted with prophecy. He is captured, and Ulysses compels him to reveal the means by which Troy may be taken. hel'1-cal (h6UI-k'fd51),a. Furnishing help; assistant; useful; salutary. — help'tlU-ly, adv. — help'iul-ness, n. helpless, a. 1. Destitute of help or strength ; unable to help one's self ; feeble. 2. Bringing no help. Obs. or R. — help'less-ly, adv. — help'less-ness, n. help'mate' (-mat'), help'meeV (-met'), n. [corruption of the " help meet for him" of Genesis ii. 18.] A helper ; a companion ; esp., a wife. hel'ter-skerter (hSl'ter-skSl'ter), adv. In hurry and con- fusion ; in disorder. Colloq. ^ a. Characterized by con- fused hurry, —n. Anything that is helter-skelter. helve (hSlv), n. [fr. AS.] The handle of a tool or weapon, as an ax, hatchet, or adz. — v. t. ; helved (hSlvd); helv'- INQ. To furnish with a helve. Hel-ve'tlail(hel-ve'shan), a. Of or pert, to the Helvetii or Helvetia; Swiss, —ra. One of the Helvetii ; a Swiss. Hel-vet'lG (-vStTk), a. Helvetian; Swiss, — n. A Swiss Protestant; a follower of the reformer Zwingli (1484-1531.) Hel-Te'tl-1 (hSl-ve'shi-i), n.pl. [L.] In thetimeof Julius CiEsar, the inhabitants of the Alpine regions. hem (hSin), pron.^Mpers. pl.ohjpctive {dative or accusative). [AS. him, heom, dative pi. of he he.] Them. Obs. hem (hSm), interj. A word used to call attention, to warn, to express hesitation, doubt, etc., orto represent a clearing of the throat. — n. An uttering or the sound of '* hem." — V. i. ; HEMMED (hSmd); hem'mino. Toutter the sound rep- resented by " hem ; " hence, to hesitate in speaking. hem, n. [AS.] 1. The edge or border of a garment or cloth, esp. when formed by doubling back the cloth and sewing it. 2. Border; edge. —v. t. 1. To fold and sew down the edge of ; hence, to border; edge. 2. To inclose and confine ; surround ; — nearly always with an adverb, esp. in, about, etc. hem'a-tite, hsem'a-tlte (hSm'd-tit; he'md-), n. [L. hae- matites, Gr. alfiaTLTTi^ bloodlike, fr. aT/u.a, aijuaro?, blood ] An important ore of iron, red when powdered. hem'l- (hSm'T-), [Gr, rj/xt.-.'] A prefix, signifying half. hem'1-ple'gl-a (-ple'jT-a), n. [hemi--\- Gr. n-Ayjy)} stroke.] A palsy that affects but one side of the body. He-mlp/ter-a (he-mTp'ter-«), ??.. pi. Ihemi- -f- Gr. irrepov wing.] A large order of true insects having a jointed pro- boscis, adapted for piercing the tissues andsncking the blood or juices of animals and plants. It includes the bugs proper, lice, plant lice, etc. — he-mlp'ter-al (-ffil), a. — he-mlp'- ter-an (-Jin), a.&n. — he-mlp'ter-ous (-^b), a. ' hem'l-Bpliere(hSm't-sf5r), ». [fr. Ii., fr. Gr.,fr.Ti/xt-half + (T^aipa spliere.] 1. A half sphere, 2. Half of the ce- lestial or tevreutrial globe, or a projection of it as in a map. — hem'l-spher'ic (siSr'Ik), -spher'l-cal (-t-kfil), a. hem'i^stich (hSm't-stlk), «. [fr. L., fr, Gr., fr. ij^t- half + o-Ti'xoy line, verse.] Half a poetic verse, or line, esp. as divided by a caBsura, etc.; an incomplete line. hem'lock (hgmM5k), n. [fr. AS.] 1. Any of several poir Bonous herbs, of the celery family, having finely cut leaves and small white flowers. 2. The hemlock spruce, a valuable forest tree of several species of the pine family. hem'mer (hSm'Sr), n. One that hems. he'mo-glo'bin. Var. of Hi^MoaLOBUf. hem'or-rhage (hgm'3-rSj), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr., fr. ai/xa blood -j- 'py\yvvvaL to burst.] Any discharge of blood from the blood vessels. hem'or-rhold, hsem'or-rhoid (roid), n. (Usually in pi.) [fr. F., fr. L.j ir. Gr. deriv. of aiiLo. blood -j-peZ;/ to flow.] A livid and painful swelling foi'med by dilatation of a blood vessel at the anus ; (jpl.) piles. — -rhoi'dal (-roi'dftl), a. hemp (hSmp), n. [AS. henep, hsenep.'] 1. A tall Asiatic herb, cultivated for its tough fiber and as the source of the drug bhang, or hashish. 2. The fiber of this plant, pre- pared for use. 3- A gallows rope. Jocular or Cant, hemp'y (hSm'pI), a. Also hemp'ie. Fit for hanging ; mis- chievous, —n. A rogue ; a gallows bird ; jocularly, a mis- chievous boy or girl. Both Scot. hem'stitch' (hgm'stich^), v. t. To ornament at the head of a hem by drawing out a few parallel threads and fastening the cross threads in small groups.— n. Ornamental needle- work done by hemstitching, or the stitch used in it. hen (hSn), n. [AS.] The female of the domestic fowl, or of any of various other birds. hen'bane' (hgn'banO, n. [hen -\- bane.'] A fetid Old World herb witli sticky, hairy, dentate leaves and yellowish brown flowers. It is a deadly poison, esp. to fowls. hence (hSns), adv. [ME. hpnnes, kens (the s is prop, a geni- tive ending), AS. heonan.] 1. From this place; away; from this world or life. 2. From this time ; in the future. 3. From this reason ; therefore. 4. From this source. hence^forth' (hSns^f orth' ; hSns'forthO, honce'for'ward (-f8r'werd), adv. From this time forward. hench'man (hSnch'mSn), n. ; pi. -men (-men). X. An at- tendant, squire, or page. Ofi-v. 2. A trusted follower. hen-dec'a-gon (hSn-d8k'a-g5n), n. [Gr, erSexa eleven + yui'ia angle.] A (plane) polygon of 11 angles and 11 sides. hen-dl'a-dys (hSn-di'd-dis), n. [LL., fr. Gr. eV 6i.a Svolv one by two.] Gram.. A figure expressing an idea by two nouns connected by and, instead of by a noun and a limiting ad- jective ; as, we drink from cup-H and gold, for golden cups, hen'na (hSn'd), n. [Ar. hinna.'] An Asiatic thorny tree or shrub with fragrant white flowers. From its leaves are made a reddish orange dye and a cosmetic. hcn'ner-y (-er-T), n. A place for keeping hens. hen'peCK' (hgn'pSk/), v- t. To subject to petty attempts to rule ; — said of a wife who thus treats her husband. hen'ry (-rT), n. ; pi. -rts, -ries (-rlz). [fr. J. Henry, Amer, physicist.] Elec. The unit of inductance ; inductance of a circuit in which an electromotive force of 1 volt is induced by a current varying at the rate of 1 ampere per second. hent {hint), V, t. 1. To seize. Archaic. 2. To arrive at; reach. Obs.^n. That which is grasped or conceived. Obs. he-pat'lc (he-pSt'Tk), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. rjiraTiKO^f fr. ^Trap liver.] Of orpert. to, or resembling, the liver. he-pafi'Ca (-T-kd),n. ; pi. L. -CJE (-se), E. -gas (-kdz). [from the lobed basal leaves; see hepatic] A plant or flower of a genus(^ejoa/ica) of American herbs of the crowfoot family, having white, pink, or purplish flowers. He-phsBS'tus (he-fgs'tas), Hc-phais'tos (-fis'tSs), n. [Gr 'H^otcTTos.] Gr. Relig. The god of fire and of metal work- ing, Ron of Zeus and Hera and husband of Aphrodite. See Vulcan, Cyclops. hep'ta- (hgp'td-). A combining form fr. Gr. kitrd, seven. taep'ta-chord (-k8rd), n. [fr. Gr., fr. eTrrd seven -f- xopS^ chord.] Gr.Music. a Lyre of seven strings, b Adiatonic system of seven tones, c Interval of a major seventh. hep'ta-gon (-gSn), n. [fr. Gr., fr. eTrrd seven -f yavia angle.] A (plane) polygon of seven angles and therefore seven sides. — hep-tag'O-nal (hgp-tSg'o-nal), a. hep-tan'gu-lar (hgp-tarj'gfi-lar), a. ikepta- + angular.'] Having seven angles. hep'tarch-y (hgp'tar-kt), n. ; pi. -tarchies (-kiz). Ihepta- nature, verdare (87) ; k — ch in G. ich, acU (50) ; boN ; yet ; z] iCzplanatlons of Abbreviations^ ^l^il?; ^t^tj precede Vocabularr* zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to 4 II Forelsrn Word. + combined with. ^ in Guide. = equals* HER 328 HERMIT + -archy."] A goTemment by seven persons; also, a coun- try under seven rulers. her (hQr), proji. <& a. [AS. Ai're, gen. and dat. sing, of h6o she.] The objective and the possessive case of she, He'ra (he'ra), He're (he're), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Hpa, 'Hpi;.] Gr. Rdig. Au Olympian goddess, queen of heaven, sister and wife of Zeus. She is goddess of women and marriage. Her'a-cles, Her'a-klea (hSr'd-klez), n. [Gr. 'HpaKAei^?.] Hercules; — the Greek form of tbe name. Her'a-cU'aa(-kli'de), n.pL Gr. Myth. The descendants of Hercules. They conquered the Peloponnesus. her'ald (h6r'Sld), ra. [fr. OF.,fr. IX.] 1. Anciently: a An officer wboproclaimed war or peace, bore messages between rulers or commanders, made solemn announcemeuts, etc. b In tourneys, an official who issued challenges, marshaled combatants, etc. 2. In Great Britain and Ireland, a simi- lar officer charged also with the care of genealogies, etc. and esp. of armorial bearings. 3- One who proclaims or announces; a messenger ; forerunner ; harbinger. — Syn. See FORERUNNER. — V. t. To introduce, or give tidings of, as by a herald ; proclaim ; announce ; usher in. he-ral'dlc (hS-r&l'dtk), a. Pertaining to heralds or heraldry. her'ald-ry (hSr'fild-rl), n. ;pL -HiBB (-rlz). 1. The art or office of a herald ; science of recording genealogies and bla- zoning arms or ensigns armorial; also, of marshaling proces- sions, etc. 2. Heraldic standing or precedence. 0&£. 3. An emblazonment ; a heraldic symbol or symbols. herb (Qrb; hQrb), n. [fr. OF., fr. L. herba."] 1. A seed plant whose stem does notdevelop woody tissue, but persists only long enough to bear fruit. 2- Grass ; herbage. 3. A plant valued for medicinal properties, scent, flavor, etc. her-ba'ceous (her-ba'shiJs), a. [L. herbaceits grassy.] Pert, to, or having the characteristics of, an herb ; herblike. horb'age (flr'baj ; hflr'-), n. [F.] Herbaceous vegetation ; green plants collectively, esp. those used for pasturage. herb'al (hfir'bftl), n. 1. A book describing plants. Obs. or Hist. 2. A herbarium. R. — a. Of or pert, to herbs. herb'al-lst, n. Originally, a botanist ; later, a collector of, or dealer in, herbs, esp. medicinal herbs. her-ba'rl-nm {her-ba'rT-Mm ; 3), n ; pi. E. -eiums (-wmz), L. -RiA (-d). [LL., fr L. kerba herb.] A collection of dried plants, usually mounted and classified; also, the room or building where the collection is kept. Her-blv'0-ra (her-bTv'o-rd), n. pi. [L. herba herb + vorare to devour ] ^o'dl. A group or division of mammals (nonr generally called ungniaies) that feed mainly on herbage. her-biv'O-rons (-rus), a. Eating, OT living on, plants. herVy((ir'bT ^hflr'bTj.a. 1. Abounding in herbaceous veg- etation ; grassy. 2. Pertaining to or resembling an herb. Her-CUle-an (her-ku'le-iin), a. 1. Of or pertaining to Her- cules. 2. [Often 2. c] Requiring or having the strength or size of Hercules ; hence, very great, difficult, or dangerous. Her'CU-les (hQr'ki5-lez), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'HpeucAeijs ; "Hpo Hera + KAeo$ glory.] Class. Myth. A hero, son of Zeus (Jupiter) and Alcmene, celebrated for hia strength, and for achieving twelve great tasks, or " labors," imposed by Eu- rystheus as a result of the hatred of Hera (Juno) for Her- cules. See EuRTSTHEus, Nbssus, Omphale. Hei/cil-les'-club^ (htir'ku-lez-), n. A small prickly tree of the eastern United States, with handsome bipinnate leaves. herd (hflrd), n. [AS. heord.'\ 1. A number of beasts, esp. large ones, assembled together. 2. A crowd of common people; rabble. — Syn. SeeFLOCK. — v.i. 1. To unite or as- sociate in aherd. 2. To associate; allyone's self with, or join, a group or company. — v. t. To form or put into a herd. herd, n. [AS. Aicrrfc, kirde^ hyrde, keoi-de.^ A herdsman ; — now chiefly in comp., as shepherd, goat A erd. — u. t. To tend, lead, or drive as a herdsman. — herd'er (hfir'der), n. her'dlc (-dik), «. [after P. /fcrdtc, inventor.] Akindoflow- hung, usually two-wheeled, cab with entrance at the back. herdsman (hOrd^nfin), n. A heinlsman. Obs. hold's grass (hfirdz). A grass of several species valued for hay; esp., timothy. herds'man (hQrdz'man), n. ; pi. -men (-m2n). One who owns, keeps, or tends a herd or herds. here (her), adv. [AS. Aer.] 1. In this place ; — opposed to there. 2. In the present life or state. 3. To or into this place; hither. 4. Atthis point of time; now. — Syn. See HITHER, —here and there, in one place and another ; irregu- larly.— neither here nor there, to no purpose ; irrelevant. here'a-bOuV (-d-bout^) I adv. About this place ; in this here'a-bouts' (-bouts') ) vicinity. here-aft'6r (her-&f'ter), adv. In some future time or state; after this. — n. A future existence or state. here-at' (-Sf), adv. At, or by reason of, this. here-by' (-bl'), adv. 1. Close by. Obs. 2- By this means. Iier'e-dlt'a-ment (hSr'e-dlt'a-mSnt), n. [fr. LL.] Law. Any inheritable property. he-red'i-ta-ry (he-rSd'I-ta-rl), a. [L. hereditarius, fr. here- ditas inheritance, heres heir.] 1. Descended, or capable of legally descending, from ancestor to heir. 2. Having title or possession by inheritance. 3. Transmitted or trans- missible by heredity. 4. Pert, to inheritance or heredity. — Syn. Ancestral, patrimonial, inheritable. he-red'l-ty (-tl), n. [L. hereditas heirship.] Biol. Heredi- tary trausmiasion of the physical and psychical characters of parents to their offspring. here-ln' (her-InO, adv. [AS. herinne.'] In this. here-Ol' (-5v' ; -of), adv. Of this ; from this ; hence. here-on' (-Sn'), adv. On or upon this; hereupon. her'e-sy (hSr'e-sT), n. ; pi. -sibs (-sis), [fr. OF., fr.L., fr. Gr. a'lpecrts a taking, choice, sect, heresy, aipeiv to take, choose.] 1. Unorthodox religious opinion tending to pro- mote schism. 2. An opinion opposed to the commonly re- ceived doctrine, and tending to division or dissension. her'e-tic (hSr'e-tIk), n. [fr. F., fr. L., fr. Gr. aipertKos able to choose, heretical.] One who holds to a heresy; esp., one who, having professed Christianity, deliberately upholds a doctrine at variance with that of his church, or rejects one prescribed by his church. he-retl-cal (he-rSft-kSl), a. Of the nature of, or marked by, heresy. — Syn. See heterodox. — he-ret'1-cal-ly, adv. bore-to' (her-too'), adv. To this ; herexmto. hore'tO-foro' (her'tdd-f or' 57),a(/v. Hitherto; in time past. here^mi-to' (her'On-too'), adv. Unto this; up to this time. here^Hp-on' (-fi-p5n'), adv. On this ; hereon. here-wlth' (her-wlth'; -with'), adv. With this. her'i-Ot (hgr1-8t), n. [fr. AS.,f r. here army -j- geaiwe equip- ments.] A feudal tribute due to a lord on atenant's death. h6r'lt-a-blo(-It-d-b'l),a. lOF. heritable.'] 1. Inheritable. 2 . Capable of inheriting. — horlt-a-bll'l-ty (-bil1-tl), n. her'lt-age (hSrl-taj), n. [f r. OF., f r. hSriter to inherit, LL. hereditare, fr. L. /teres heir.] 1. That which is inherited ; inheritance ; birthright. 2. In the Bible, God's chosen people; Israel; the Christian church. Syn. Heritage, inheritance^ patrihont. Hebttaoe is poetical or elevated for inheritance^ in the sense of that which is inherited ; inheritance alone applies to the act or state of inheriting. Patriuony is strictly an inheritance from one's father. her-maph'ro-dite (her-mSfrS-dit), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr.; — alluding to Herniaphroditus.l 1. An individual having both male and female reproductive organs. 2. It^aut. A hermaphrodite brig. ^ a. Of or pert, to, or of the nature of, a hermaphrodite. — hermaphrodite brig, Naut.^ a two- masted vessel square-rigged forward and schooner-rigged aft. — her-maph'ro-dlt'lc (dltTk), a. Her-maph'ro-dl'tas (-dl'ti2s), n. [Gr. 'Epjua^pdfiiTo?.] Gr, Myth. A son of Hermes and Aphrodite. While bathmg he became fused in body witli a nymph. Her'mes (hflr'mez), n. [L., fr. Gr. 'Ep^^s.] Gr.JRelig. An Olympian god, son of Zeus and Mala. He was herald and messenger of the gods, giver of increase to herds, and guardian of boundaries and of roads and their commerce. He was also god of science and invention, of eloquence, of cunning and theft, of luck and treasure-trove, and was con- ductor of the dead to Hades. Hermes is usually repre- sented asa slightly draped, beardless youth with the winged sandals (talaria), caducous, and winged hat (petasus). See MSRCtmT, 1.— Her'meBTriB'me-glB'tnfl (tris'me-jTs'tKs) [Gr. 'Ep^ijs Tpio-ft^icTTos, lit., Hermes thrice greatest], was a late name of Hermes, as identified with the Egyptian god Thoth. He was the fabled author of works embodying magical, astrological, and alchemical doctrines or lore. her-met'lO (her-mStIk) 1 (7. l. [Usually ca;).] Oforpei^ her-met'l-Cal (-I-kftl) ] tainlng to Hermes Trismegistus or the teachings, etc., attributed to him ; magical. 2. Made . air-tight by fusion or soldering. — her-met'1-Cal-ly, adv. Her-ml'O-ne (her-mi'S-ne), n. [L-, fr. Gr. 'Epjllioi'tj.] Gr. Myth. The daughter of Menelaus and Helen. She becomes the wife of Neoptolemus and later of Orestes. her'xnlt (hGr'mIt), n. [fr. F., fr. L. eremita^ Gr. (pijjuiTijs, fr. ep^iuo? solitary.] 1. One who lives in solitude; a re- cluse. 2. A beadsman. Obs. Syn. Hermit, anchorite, becluse, abobtio. Hermit and ale, senate, cd,re, a.m, account, arm, ask, sofa ; eve, event, Snd, recent, maker; Ice, ill ; old, ftbey, 6rb, 5dd, s5ft, connect; Ose, Unite* urn, "up, circus, menii; food, fo'bt; out, oil; chair; go ; sing, iqk; &en, thin; HERMITAGE 329 HEXAHEDRON AHCHORiTS apply to one who i-etires to a life of solitude, eBp. from religious motives ; but anv/iorite commouly con- notes greater austerity than hermii. A reclusb is one who lives iu seclusion, originally for religious reaaous, in mod- ern usage ofteuer because of love of solitude or aversion to society. Ascetic adds to the idea of solitary life the impli- cation of extreme rigor or self- mortification. her'mlt-age (hQr'ml-taj), n. The habitation of a hermit ; a secluded residence. hem (hQrn). Archaic or Scot. var. of hbron. Heme the Hunter (hQm). Iu English popular tradition, an ancient keeper in. Windsor Forest, who walked there at midnight, as a malevolent spirit, around an old oak, her'nl-a (hflr'nl-d), n. / pi. E. -HiAS (-dz), L. -ni-e (-e). [L.] Med, Protrusion of an organ or part through some opening in the walls of its cavity; rupture. — her'nl-al (-51), a. he'ro (he'ro), 71.; pi. -R0E3 (-roz). [L. heros^ Gr. ijpws ; 'Hpu>.] 1. Myth. fSs Relig. a A mau, esp. a warrior, of the Greek epic or heroic age. b A mau honored after death by public worship, for exceptional service to mankind, aud usually lietd to be, in part at least, of divine descent. 2- The principal personage in a poem, story, or the like. 3. A per- son of distinguished valor or fortitude. 4- A pioiuineut or central personage in any remarkable action or event; hence, one regarded as a model of noble qualities. 5- C^^p.] In Greek legend, a priestess of Aphrodite at Sestos, visited nightly by I^ander, who swam the Hellespont to reach her. When he was finally drowned she cast herself into the sea. He-TO'dl-as (lie-ro'dT-it3),n. Bib. The wife of Herod Antipas, who caused the death of John the Baptist. See Saloue. he-ro'lc (he-roTk), a. iJare he-ro'1-cal (-T-k31). 1. Pert. to, like, or marked by, a hero or heroes ; of the nature of a hero; as, the heroic age, heroic poetry. 2. Worthy of a hero ; brave ; illustrious. 3. Fine Art. Larger than life size, but smaller than colossal. — Syn, Intrepid, coura- geous, daring, valiant, bold, gallant, fearless ; noble, mag- nanimous. — n. 1. A heroic verse or poem. 2. pi. Ex- travagant expression ; bombast. — he-ro'i-cal-ly, ]?, fr. epiretv to creep.] ilfed. Any of various acute inflammatory affec- tions of the skin and mu- cous inenibiane, marked by clusters of vesicles which tend to spread. — her-pet'ic (her-pSt'tk), o. her^^e-tol'o-gy (hQr'pe-tSl'o-jt), n. [Gr. epirerov reptile (fr. epncLv to creep) -f- -logij.'] Zoology relating to reptiles. — her'pe-tol'0-glst (jTst), n. her'rlng (hSr'Ing), n. [AS. hxrlngJ] A small fish caught iu great numbers in the North Atlantic. It swims in schools. hers (bflrz), pron. The form of the possessive her used when the governing noun does not follow. her-seU' {her-sSlf), pron. An emphasized form for Aer, she. heirship (hQr'shTp), n. A warlike raid or foray, esp. to steal cattle. Scot. , Obs. , or Hist. HertZ'l-an (hSrt'sT-tl^n), a. Of or pertaining to the German physicist Heinrich Hertz. — Hertziaii waves, electric waves; — Hertz was the first to investigate them aystematically. He-Bl'o-ne(he-si'S-ne),n. [L,,fr.Gr. "Ho-ioctj.] Gr. Myth. A daughter of Laoraedon, king of Troy, rescued from a sea monster by Hercules. hes'l-tance (hSz'T-tans) ) /?.. Hesitation ; indecision. — hesl-tan-cy (-tSn-sT) I Syn, See hesitation. hes'l-tant C-tftnt), a. Hesitating.— hes'l-tant-ly, adv. bea'Mate (hSz'T-tat), v. i.; -TAT'ED(tat/5d); -tat/ing. [L. Aaeji/are, intens.fr. Aaerere to hesitate, stick fast.] 1. To stop; pause ; be in uncertainty. 2. To falter in speaking. ^v. t. To utter with, or intimatB by, hesitation, Syn, Hesitate, falter, demdr, imply irresolution or un- certainty. Hesftate is the general term ; palter (often used of a hesitating brokenness of speech) suggests waver- mg m purpose or action ; deuur now implies a taking ex- ception to something. hes'l-ta'tlon(h6z'Y-ta'shun),n. 1. Actof hesitating;doubt; vacillation. 2. A faltering iu speech ; stammering. Syu. Hesitation, hesitancy are often indistinguishable. But hesitation ofteuer applies to the action, hesitancy to the condition, or quality, of hesitating. See hesitate. Hes'per (hga'per), n. Hesperus. Hea'per-a (-a), n. See Hesperideb, 1. Hes-pe'rl-a (hSs-pe'rt-d), n. [L.,fr. Gr. 'EtrTrepia,] The Western Land; — aname given by the Greek poets to Italy and by the Roman poets to Spain and sometimes to Italy. Hes-pe'rl-an (-i^u), a. [L. hesperius, fr. he^erus evening star, Gr. ea-n-epos evening, eo-jrepo? ior^'p evening star.^ Poetic. \. Western, Occidental; specif., of or pert, to Hesperia. 2. Of or pert, to'the Hesperides. Hes-per'1-deB (-pSrt-dez), n.pl. [L., fr. Gr. 'Eo-TrcpiSe?.] Class. Myth. 1. The nymphs who guarded, with the aid of a dragon, the garden containing the golden apples given by Gsea as a wedding present to Hera. Their names, as often given, are ^gle^ Arethusa, ErytUea, Hespera^, Hestia. 2. The garden of the golden apples, in the extreme West. Hes'per-us (hSs'per-i^s), n. [L.] The evening star. See Venus. Hes'Slan (hSsl/Sn), a. Of or pertaining to Hesse, in Ger- many, or the Hessians. — Hes&lau boots, boots of a kind worn in England, early iu the liJth century, tasseled iu front. ^ n. 1. A native or inhabitant of Hesse, Germany. 2. A mercenary or venal person ; — alluding to Hessian mercena- ries iu the British army iu the Revolutionary War U. S. heat (hSst), n. [AS. hms, fr. hatau to bid.] 1. Command ; precept. Archaic. 2. A promise ; pledge. Obs. Hes'tl-a (hSs'ti-d), 71. [Gr. 'Ecrrta.] 1. Gr. Relig. God- dess of the hearth, daughter of Cronus and Rhea ; — iden- tified with the Roman Vesta. 2. See Hesferidbs, 1. he-tse'ra (he-te'rd) I n.; pi. -b.m. (-le), -rai (-li) [Gr. erai- he-tal'ra (lie-tl'rd) f pa.'] Gr.Antiq. A female paramour of the better class. Het^rae were usually slaves. het'er-O'dOZ (h5t'er-6-d5ks), a. [Gr. erepoSofos i erepos other -|-5d£a opinion.] Differing from some acknowledged standard, as the Bible, a creed, etc. ; not orthodox. Syn. Heterodox, heretical. That ia heterodox which is at variance with accepted doctrines (esp. religious) ; that is heretical which is perniciously heterodox or erroneous. het'er-0-dox^y (-dSk'sT), n.;pl. -doxies (-sTz). 1. Quality of being heterodox. 2. A heterodox opinion, doctrine, etc. heVer-O-ge^ne-OUS C-Je'ne-fis), a. [fr. LL., fr. Gr. sTepo- yevij?; erepo? other -|- yet* o« race, kind.] Differing in kind; unlike in qualities ; dissimilar; — opp. to homogeneous. — het'er-0-ge-ne'l-ty (-je-ne'T-ti), n. / _p/. -ties (-tTz>. het/er-0-gen'e-Bls(-jSn'S-sTs), n. [Gr. eVepo? other + -^en- esis."] Biol, a Spontaneous generation, b Reproduction in which successive generations differ, the original form reappearing after one or more generations. heter-og'y-nous (-5j'T-naa), a. [Gr. erepo? -f- -^yntms.] Zool. Having females of more than one kind, as bees. het'er-Op'ter-OUS (-5p'ter-7J.s), a. [Gr. eVepo? other -f- ttc- p6v wing.] Z'dol. Belonging to a suborder of hemipterous insects, comprising the bedbug, chinch bug, etc. — het'er- op'ter-an (-Sn), n. An. het'er-oa'po-rous {-Gs'pfi-riia ; -ft-spo'riis), a. [Gr. erepos other -|- -sporous. ] Bot. Bearing asexual spores of more than one kind. Specif.: Producing microspores and mega- spores, [sack headman. I het'man (hSt'mSn), n, ; pi. -mans {-manz). [Pol.] A Cos-| heugh, heUCh(huK), n. Crag; cliff; glen. Obs. or Scot. hew {hu),v.t.; pret. hewed (hud) \p.p. hewed, hewn (hun); p. pr. & vb. n. HEw'iNG. [AS. heawan.'} 1. To cut by blows with an ax or other sharp instrument ; chop. 2. To fell, as trees, by cutting. 3. To form or shape by blows with a sharp instrument ; cut. ^ik i. To make cutting blows, as with an ax. — hew'er, n. hex- (hSks-), hex'a- (hgk'sd-). [Gr. ef six, efa-(in comp.).] A prefix denoting5iar,S7x?A. hex'a-gon (-g5n), n. [fr. L., fr. Gr. e$ six + yoivia angle.] Geom. A polygon of six angles aud hence of six sides. — hex-ag'O- naKhSk-sSg'S-nSl), a. hex'a-grain (hBk'sd-grSm), n. \hexa- + iiexagon. gramJ] A figure formed by completing externally an equi- lateral triangle on each side of a regular hexagon. hez'a-he'dron (-he'drSn), n.; pi. E. -DRONS C-drSnz), L.-dra (-drd). [hexa- + Gr. eSpa seat, base.] Geovi, A polyhe- dron of six faces. —hex'a-he'dral (-driil), a. nature, verdpre (87) ; k = ch in G. ich, ach (50} ; bON ; yet ; zh = z in azure. Numbers refer to §§ in Guide. Kxplanatlona of AbbrevlatlonB, Slcns, etc., preceae Vocabulary. || Foretsn Word. + oomblned with. = eauals. HEXAMETER 330 HIGH-HANDED ilieE-ain'e-ter (faSk-sSm'S-ter), n. [L., fr. Gr. e^a^ierpos, lit. » of six iiietera , ef six -}- jneVpoi' measure.] Pros. A verse of six measures; esp., the six-foot dactylic verba of Greek aud Latiu epic poetry, of which the first four feet may be either dactyls or spondees, the fifth is regularly a dactyl, aud the sixth a spondee : thus, — Arma viliumque cu|do || Tro jte qui | primus ab | oris- (- - - I - - - I - 11 - 1 - - I - - I - -) — a. Having six metrical feet. bex'an'gU-lar (hSks^Si/gu-Iar), a. Having six angles. hes'a-pod (hSk'sd-pSd), a. [Gr. k$a.irov<; aix-footed ; e£ six -|-Trous,7roSos, foot.] Having six feet. —n. Asix-footed animal ; one of a claas {Jlexapoda, or Insecta) cousiating of the true insects. — hex-ap'o-dOUS (hSk-sSp'fi-dfis), a. hey (ha), interj. An exclamation, as of inteirogation, joy, surprise, or eucouragemeut. Uey'day' (ha'da')i interj. An expression of frolic and ex- ultation, or of wonder. hey'day^ n. 1. High spirits. 2. Timeof highest strength, vigoi', or bloom ; acme; hence, joy; high spirits. Hoz'e-kl'all(-ki'd), n. [Keh. Khisqiydli.'} Anyof several Old Testament characters ; esp., a king of Judah about 700 3. c, who tried to abolish idolatry among the Jews. M-a'tUB (hi-a'tSs), n, ; pi, L. -tub, B. -tubes (-Sz ; 24). [L., fr. kiare^ hiaium, to gape.] 1. An opening; gap ; esp., a break with a part missing. 2- Concurrence of two vowels in two successive words or syllables without contraction. Hi'a-wa'^ia(hi^d-w6'thd),n. 1. A Mohawk chieftain of the 16th century who effected the confederation known as the Fivr Nations. 2. The hero of a poem by Longfellow. binber-nate (hi'ber-nat), i\ i. ; -nat^bd (-nat^Sd) ; -nat'ino. [L. hibemiarey -nalumy fr." hibentus wintry.] To winter ; paas the winter in close quarters, in a torpid or lethargic state, as do many animals. — lil'ber-na'tloil(-na'fihi2n),n. Hl-ber'ni-a (hi-bttr'nt-d), 71. [L.] Ireland. Poetic, — Hl- taer'nl-an (-Sn), a. & n. Hl-ber'nl-cism (-elz'm), Hl-ber'nl-an-lsm (-&n-Tz*m), n. An idiom or expression characteristic of the Irish; esp., an Irish bull. hl-bls'cus (hi-bTs^i2a ; hT-))n< [L.,marshmallow.] Any of a large genus (Hibiscus) of herbs, shrubs, or smaU trees, the rose mallows, having large showy flowers hlC'CUp, hlc'cough (hlk^Qp), n. A spasmodic inspiration with closure of the glottis, producing a characteristic sound. -~v. i. To have hiccups, or make a hiccup or hiccups. hlck'O-ry (liTk'fi-rT), n. ; pi. -ries (-rTz). [North Amer. Jn.di6,vi pawcokiccora an oily liquor pressed from pounded hickory nuts.] Any of various American trees of the walnut family, or their wood ; esp. , the shagbark or one of its allies. tdd (hid), pret. & p. p. of HIDE. See hidden. hl-dal'ffO (hl-dSKgo), n. / pi. -oos (-goz). [Sp., contr. fr. hijo de algOf i. e., son of something.] A title denoting a Spanish nobleman of the lower class. bld'den (htd''n), j9. a. Concealed; secret; mysterious. — Syn. GovQrt, clandestine, surreptitious. hide (hid), n. [AS. hid.] Hist. A measure of land, varying from 80 to 120 acres ; — common in old English charters. hide, n. [AS. hyd."] The skin of an animal, either raw or dressed. — Syn. See skim. — v. t. ; hid'ed (hid'Sd; 24); HiD'iNO. To flog, as with a cowhide. Colloq. hide (hid), V. t. ; prei. hid (hTd) ; p. p. hid'den (htd''n), hid; p.pr. (fcvfi.Ti. HiD'iNG(hid'Tng). [AS. AwdoJt.] 1. Tocon- ceal; put out of view; secrete. 2. To withhold from knowl- edge; keep secret. 3. Toshelter. 4. In the Bible, to turn away, as the eyes or ears, in inattention or displeasure. Syn. Cover, mask, veil, cloak, shroud, bury, screen.— HidBs CONCEAL, SECRETE. HiDE (the general term) and conceal are often interchangeable. But conceal often emphasizes more strongly the element of intention or the effectiveness of the result, and is oftener used of a refusal to divulge ; as, the bonnet hid her face ; the papers were concealed in a secret drawer. To secrete is to deposit in close hiding. — V. i. To lie concealed ; keep one's self out of view. hlde^bound' (hid^boundO. a. 1. Having the skin closely adhering to the ribs and back ; — said of an animal. 2. Of trees, having the bark so tight that it impedes growth. 3. Fig. Obstinately or stupidly narrow in thought. hld'e-011s(hId'e-uB),a. [fr. OF.] 1. Dreadful. Archaic. 2. Revolting; horrioly ugly or discordant ; morally shocking or detestable. — Ud'e-ona-ly, adv. — hld'e-ous-ness, n. hie (hi), V, i, ; HIED (hid) ; ht'ing (hi'Tfng). [AS. hlgian."] To hasten ; go in haste ; — often with adverbial accusative ; as, to hie one's way. lllll'ems(hi'Sinz), n. [L.] Winter. hl'er-arch (-er-ark), n. [fr. LL.,fr. Gr. iepap^i)?; iepos sacred + ap^os ruler, apxeiv to rule.] A ruler in sacred things ; a chief priest. hl'er-ar'chal (Sr'kai), hl'er-ar'chic (kTk), hl'er-ar'chl- cal (-kt-kai), rt. Pertaining to a hierarch or hierarchy. hl'er-arch'y(hi'er-ar/ki),n.;^Z. -AHCHiE8(-kIz). 1. Arauk or order of holy beings, as angels. 2. Dominion in sacred things. 3. A body of officials (esp. ecclesiastical) iu suc- cessive ranks, or government by such a body. hl'er-at'lc (-St'Ik), a. [fr. L., fr. Gr. UpoTLicds.] Conse- crated to sacred uses ; sacerdotal ; pei-taining to priests. hl'er-0-glyph' (lu'er-o-glif)) n- A hieroglyphic. hl^'er'O-glyph'ic (-gllflk), a. [fr. L , fr. Gr. lepoyAut^ticds ; t€p6s sacred -\- ^A.v^eti'to carve.] Pertaining to a hieroglyph or hieroglyphics; also, inscribed with hieroglyphics. —n> 1. A sacred charac- ter; esp., chiefly i pl.^ a character i: the picture writing of the ancient The name CTco;j(i/m in Egyptian Hiero- Egyptians, Mexi- glyphics. cans, etc., or the mode of writing in such characters. 2. A figure of hidden signilicance ; pi.., humorously, illegible writing. — hl^er-0-gIyph'l-cal (-I-kai), a. — hl'er-o i(£l^HM) glyph'l-cal'ly, adv. U'e ■ ■''-'•- ^^ /er-O-phant (hi'er-6-f£nt ; hi-gr'-), n. [f r. L , f r. Gr. Upo- (f avTijs ; tepd? sacred -}- ^aiveiv to show.] 1. Gi: Antiq, A priest ; specif., the chi^ priest of the Eleusinian myster- ies. 2. Hence, an expositor of sacred mysteries. hlg'gle (htg'U), V, i. ; -GLED ; -gling. 1. To stickle for ad- vantage ; haggle. 2. To peddle provisions. — hlg'gler, n. hig'gle-dy-pig'gle-dy (-dT-pTg"l-di), adv. In confusion; topsy-turvy. — a. Confused ; jumbled. high (hi), a. [AS. hSah, heh.] 1. Lifted up ; lofty ; tall ; elevated. 2. Geog. Far toward one of the poles ; — chiefly in high latitude. 3. Of season : Advanced to or toward its acme or culmination ; as, Mg/i noon. 4. Of time : Ancient ; remote ; as, high antiquity. 5. Of sound : Loud ; shrill ; in music, acute ; sharp ; — opp. to grave or low. 6. Chief ; as : a Exalted in rank, dignity, etc. b Grave; serious. 7. Ele- vated in character ; lofty ; also, abstruse. 8- a Arrogant ; boastful, b Showing elation ; as, in high spirits, c Ex- treme, esp. in doctrine or ceremony ; as, High Church. 9. Strong ; mighty ; powerful ; majestic, etc. 10. Having a quality in a superior degree ; as, high heat. 11. Strong- scented; slightly tainted. 12. Biol. Complex in organiza- tion. 13. Dear ; costly ; of a price or the like, great. Syn. High, TALL, LOFTY. High, the general term (opposed to ioic), applies to extension upward ; that is tall (often opposed to short) which is high as compared with others of its kmd, esp. when its breadth or diameter is relatively small ; that is lofty (often poetical for high) which is of great or imposing altitude ; as, a high (not tall) hill ; a Mgh (or tall) tree, building ; a tall (nothtgh) man ; a loftymoxm- tarn. High and lofty (not tall) also apply to that which is at great or considerable height ; as, a hiph (or lofty) cloud. High alone is used to express degree or intensity ; as, man speed, power, color. Fig., fngh connotes distinction, ele- vation, sometimes pride or arrogance; lofty suggests moral grandeur or dignity ; it may also imply haughtiness. Ugh and dry, out of water; — said of a vessel aground above water ; hence, fig., out of the current of events, etc. — H. Ohnrch arid Low Church, two parties in the Anglican Church. High-Churchmen emphasize the doctrine of apostolic suc- cession and the saving grace of the sacraments, and attach muchimportancetoceremonies and symbols. Low-Church- men lay less stress on these poihta.—H. German, See German, n., 2 b. — h. school, in the United States,a free public school between grammar school and college. — h. seas, the open, uninclosed portion of the sea or ocean. — h. treason, treason againstthe sovereign or the state,— the highest civiloffense. -~-adv. 1. At or to a high place, altitude, degree. 2. Ab- strusely. 3. At or to a high pitch. 4. Richly; luxuriously. hlgh'blnd^er (-bin'der), n. U.S. 1. A ruffian ; one who hounds, or spies on, another. 065. orR, 2. A member of a band of Chinese criminals in the Chinese quarter of an American city who hire out as bravos to commit crimes. high-born' (hi^6rn/), a. Of noble birth. hlgh'day^ «• & interj. Heyday. Obs. hlgh'-^llown', a. Extravagant; bombastic; inflated. hlgh'ily'er, hlghfU^ei (hi'fli/Sr; hi'fli'er), n. One that files high. Hence: a One extravagant in pretensions, modff of living, etc. b A fast stagecoach. Obs. hlgh'-hand'ed (hi'hSn'dSd), a. Overbearing; arbitrary. ale, senate, c&re,&m, account, Sxm, ask, sofet; eve, event, §nd, recent, maker; ice, HI; old, obey, 6rb, 5dd, a5ft, connect ; use, Unite, iiru, up, circus, menU; food, fdbt; out, oil; chair; go; sing,ii)k; &eii,tlun; HIGHLAin> 331 HIPPOPOTAMUS blEhland (hi'lftQd), n. Blevated or mountalDoufi land; often, in pt. [usually cap.'] , au elevated region or country. Ughlana-er (-Ifin-der), n. An iuhabitaut ol highlands, esp. [cap.] of the Highlands of Scotland. Ugh'-loW, n. A laced boot, ankle high. Illghl7t ^^1'' 111 ft high degree; very much. hlffh'-mlnd'sd, a. l. Proud, arrogant. 2. Havhag honor- able pride; of or marked by elevated principles and feelings. hlgh'inost (hi'mSet), a. Highest. Obs. or Dml. Eng. hlgb'ness (hI'uSs), n. l. Elevation; loftiness. 2. [cap.'] A title of honor given to kings, princes, or others of rank. high'— prea'BUre, a. Having or involving a pressure greatly exceeding tliat of the atmosphere. highroad' (hl'rod^), n, A highway ; main road. high'-slghVed, a. Looking upward; supercilious. Obs. high'-splr^lt-ed, a. Bold or lofty in spirit ; aery. high'-Stnin^', a. In a state of tense or quick sensibility; highly sensitive or nervous. hlght (hit), p. p. {it. AS. hatan to call.] Galled or named. Archaic or Poetic. [hbiqht.I hlghth (hitth). Also, Obs. ov Dial., hlght (hit). Var. of] Illigh'-toned^ a. 1. High in tone or sound. 2. High-priu- clpled; elevated; digniAed. hlgh'ty-tlgh'ty (hi'tt-ti'tt), interj. <& a. Hoity-toity. hlgh'way' (ht'wa'),?!. A main road or thoroughfare; hence, any ^ray open to the public. — Syn. See wat. hlgh'way'man (-mJin), n. ; pL -men. Highway robber. hike (hik), V. t. : HIKED (hikt); hie'ino (Iiiktng). To move with a swing, throw, jerk, or the like. — v. i. To tramp; march laboriously. —n. Act of hiking. AU Dial, or Colloq. hi-la'ri-OUB (hi-la'rl-ftaj hi-; 3), a, IL.hilaris, hilarus, G-r. iAapof.] Mirthful; noisy; merry. — hl'la'ri-OUS-ly, adv. hi-Iai'1-ty (hi-lSr'I-tt ; hi-), n. Boisterous mirth. — Syn. Glee, joyousness, joviality. See cheerfulness. hU'dlng (hilMTng), n. A base wretch or jade. — a. Base; spiritless. Both Obs. or Archaic. hill (htl), n. [AS. hylL] 1. A natural elevation of land, now one less than a mountain. 2. An artificial heap or mound, as of earth; specif., a heap of earth raised about the roots of a plant or cluster of plants ; also, the plant or cluster so cultivated. ^ v. t. To surround with earth. hill'l-nesB (hllT-uSs), n. State of being hilly. hll'lO, hinoa (hTVo; hl-lo'). ». ^ interj. Hollo. bill'ock (hll'Sk), n. A small bill. hlll'slde^ (-sidOi n. The side or declivity of a hill. hUVtOlK (-tSpO. n. The top of a hill. hill'y (-T), a, ; hill'i-er (-Y-er); -i-kst. 1. Abounding with hills. 2. Of the nature of a hill; steep. hilt (hilt), n. [AS.] A handle, eap. of a aword, dagger, etc. hi'lnm (hi'lum), n. / p/. HiLA (-Id). [L., a little thing.] Bot. a The mark at the point of attachment of an ovule. It forms the " eye '^ of large seeds, b Nucleus of a starch grain. him (him), pron. [A3., dat. of he."] Objective case of he. Hl-mala-yan (hl-ma'ld-yttn ; less correctly, bvt Hill often, him'd-la'yan), a. [fr. Skr. Ai7na/n//ffl,lit.,snowabode.] Of, pertaining to, or designating, the Himalayas. Um-BeU' (hlm-sSlf), ;jron. An emphasized form for hp, kim. hind (hind), n. [A3, hine, hlna, orig, gen. pi.] 1. A far'm servant or assistant. 2- A peasant; a rustic. Eng. hind (hind), n. [A3.] Female of the red deer. Cf. stag. hind (hind), a.; hihd'br; hind'most, orHiNi/ER-MOST. In the rear; — opposed to front ; pertaining to the part or end which follows, or is behind — Syn. See posterior. hlnd'or (hin'der), a. Pertaining to that part or end that fol- lows, or ia in the rear. — Syn. See posterior. hin'der (hln'der), V, t. [AS. hindrian^ fr. hinder behind.] 1. To keep back or behind ; check ; obstruct. 2 To pre- vent; emb%rra