m ■ w IVAc (QatneU HnittBrBitjj 3tljsca, New gurt COLLEGE OF ARCHITECTURE LIBRARY Date Due -4tffcl Jf»*T<303P wia v : 1Q86 Tj^ftAISS tsffi^Rsm iVi^»d ^ vT^J n -fi ''"*' * iv^l rncr j» fi Is, vUtv. l UBS** vu** ■1^^ i Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924024447140 MUNICIPAL REFERENCE NUMBER ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY MONTHLY BULLETIN. July, 1917 No. 7 New Ser., v. 15 ZONING The division of cities into residence and industrial districts; a discussion of laws and ordinances. COMPILED BY EARL H. DAVIS LIBRARIAN MUNICIPAL REFERENCE BRANCH ^.'.-tAinf) New York. — Section of final zone plan put into effect by the city of New York on July, 1916, showing height restrictions in force in that part of the borough of Manhattan just south of Central Park. In the center of areas enclosed with heavy black lines are large figures. The height limit in such areas is the width of the street multiplied by the corresponding figure. ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY INDEX. Adickes, Dr. Franz, 205 Advisory engineer, Phila., 228 Akron, O., 205 Apartment zones, Bridgeport, 209 Appraisers, duties of, Minn., 220 Assessments for restricted districts, Minn., 223 Baltimore, Md., 205 Bassett, E. M., 205; articles by, 238 Baumeister, advocates zoning, 205 Berkeley, Cal., 206; text of ordinance, 206 Bettman, Alfred, articles by, 238 Bissell, judge, decision by, 228 Board of Estimate, N. Y. City, 226,227 BoARDING-house defined. Berkeley, Cal., 207 Boathouses, Elkhart, Ind., 211 Boston, 208; excepted from provisions of state act, 215; reports listed, 238 Bridgeport, Conn., 208 BuiLDiNG-line, Bridgeport, Conn., 208; Elgin, 111., 211; Ohio, 228; Richmond, Va.,231 Bulk of buildings restricted, N. J , 224 Cases in law, on zoning, cited, 237 Chicago, 209; text of vetoed bill (1913), 209; of bill introduced 1917, 210; bill published, 238 City Bld'g Code Committee, Pittsburgh, 230 City Commission, Sacramento, 231 City Plan Commission, Bridgeport, 208; St. Louis, 232; Salem, Mass., 231 City Plan Commissions authorized by N. J. act, 225 City Planning Board, Boston, 215 City Planning Commission, Omaha, 228; Muskegon, Mich., 223 City Planning Commissions, in Ohio, 228 City Planning law, N. Y. State, 227 Civic Club, Pittsburgh, 231 Cleveland, O.,'210 Commission of Fine Arts, D. C, 234 Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions, N. Y. City, 223, 226 Commonwealth Club of California, 234 Cornish, F. V„ Article by, 238 Davenport, Iowa, 210 Des Moines, Iowa, 211 District of Columbia, 234, 235 Districting Commission, N. Y. City, 226 Districting defined, 205 Durham, N. C.,211 Dwelling defined, Berkeley, 207 East Orange, N. J., 211 Elgin, 111., 211 Elkhart, Ind., 211 Eminent domain, Minnesota, 220 Exception districts, Los Angeles, 212 Factories, restriction of, Berkeley, Cal , 207; Chicago, 209; Elgin, 111., 211; Los Angeles, 212; Milwaukee, 216; Minne- apolis, 216; Minnesota, 219, 220; New Jersey, 224; N. Y. City, 226; N. Y. State, 227; Niagara Falls, N. Y., 228 Fairiteld, Ala., 211 Fire Commissioners to report on peti- tions for industrial locations, Los Angeles, 214 Flack, H. E., article by, 2-38 Ford, Geo. B., plan for E. Orange, 211; for Mansfield, O., 215 Forest Park district, Baltimore, 206 Goodrich, E. P., plan for E. Orange, 211; for Mansfield, O., 215 Green Bay, Wis., 216 Haldeman, B., article by, 238 Height restrictions, Baltimore, 205; Bos- ton, 208; Bridgeport, Conn, (suggested), 209; Chicago, 209; Muskegon, Mich, (proposed), 223; New Jersey, 224; New York City, 226; Ohio, 228; Omaha, 228; Phila., 229; Washington, D. C, 235; Court decisions, 238 Heights of Buildings Commission, Mass., 208; N. Y. City, 226 Homestead Commission, Mass., 215 Illinois, text of bills, 209, 210 La Crosse, Wis., 216 List of books on zoning, 238 Los Angeles, Cal., 205, 212; text of ordi- nance, 213 Madison, Wis., 216 Mansfield, O., 215 Maps, N . Y. City, 203, 226, 242; St. Louis, 232; required in Minnesota, 223 Massachusetts, 215; text of act, 215 Meier, W. F„ article by, 238 Milwaukee, 216 Minneapolis, 216; text of ordinance, 217 Minnesota, 219; text of general statutes, 219; of session laws, 220 Monrovia, Cal., 223 Muskegon, Mich., 223 New Jersey, 224; text of act, 224 New Republic, article in, 238 New York City, 205, 226: charter pro- visions, 226; partial maps shown, 203, 242; report published, 238 New York State, 227; text of law, 227 Newark, N. J., 223 Niagara Falls, N. Y., 228 - Nolen, John, report on Akron, O., 205; on Bridgeport, Conn., 208; study for Sacramento, Cal., 231 NbRFOLK, Va., 228 Notices for districting, Berkeley ,Cal., 207; Minnesota, 221 Ohio, 228 Omaha, Neb., 228 Oshkosh, Wis., 216 Parkway, Phila., regulations, 229 Pennsylvania, text of act, 229 Philadelphia, 228; text of ordinance, 230 Pittsburgh, Pa., 230 Racine, Wis., 216 Reading List, 238 Residence — exception district's, Los An- geles, 213 REsroENTiAL restrictions, Bridgeport (suggested), 208; Chicago, 209; Elgin, 111., 211; Los Angeles, 212; Milwaukee, 216; Minneapolis, 216, Minnesota, 219, 220; New Jersey, 224; New York State, 227; Sacramento, 231 Richmond, Va., 231 Rochester, exception in N. Y. State, 227 Sacramento, Cal., 231 St. Joseph Manor, Elkhart, Ind., 211 St. Louis, 232; questionnaire, 233 St. Paul, Minn., 220, 234 San Francisco, 234 Seattle, 234 Sheboygan, Wis., 216 STATE Planning Law, Ohio, 228 "Story" defined, Berkeley, Cal., 207 Superior, Wis., 216 Tenement zones, Bridgeport, 209 TlME-zone map, N. Y. City, 226 U. S. Steel Corporation, 211 Use-districting, Berkeley, Cal., 206; Bridgeport, 208; Chicago, 209; Los Angeles, 212: Milwaukee, 216; Minne- apolis, 216;. Minnesota, 219, 220; New Jersey, 224; N. Y. City, 226; N. Y. State, 227; Norfolk, Va., 228; Ohin, 228; Omaha, 228; Phila., 229; Sacramento, 231; St. Louis, 232 Veiller, L., papers by, 238 Walla Walla, Wash., 234 Washington, D. C, 234 Wisconsin, 216, 235; text of zoning act (1913) 235; text of bill of 1917, 236! another act of 1913, 237 Zoning defined, 205 Zoning Commissions, Phila, 228 PUBLICATIONS TO WHICH REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE FOOT-NOTES. Books and Pamphlets. City Planning Progress. American Institute of Architects, The Octagon, Wash., D. C. Merriam, C. E. Building districts and restrictions. Chicago. City Council, [Printed by] Jno. F. Higgins, 376 Monroe St., Chic, 111. N. Y. (City) Com'n on Building Districts and Restrictions. Final rept. Bd. of Estimate and Apportionment. Com. on the City Plan., N. Y. City. Nolen, J. Preliminary report to the City Plan Commission of Bridgeport, Conn. City Plan Commission, Bridgeport, Conn. Plan of Elgin. [Printed by] David P. Cook, Elgin, 111. Salem. City Plan Commission. Report ,1912. [Printed byj Newcomb & Gauss, Salem. Periodicals. American City. Civic Press, 87 Nassau St.,'N. Y. City. Berkeley Civic Bulletin. City Club. J. H. Quire, Sec, 1616 Leroy Ave., Berkeley, Cal. City Record. Supervisor, Board of City Record, N. Y. City. Civic Club of Alleghany Co., Pittsburg, Pa. Monthly Bulletin. Municipal News. Municipal League of Seattle, Central Bldg., Seattle, Wash. Evening News. Evening News Publishing Co., 215-217 Market St., Newark, N. J. Special Libraries. Special Libraries Assoc., 54 Lafayette St., N. Y. City. Municipal Journal. 50 Union Square, N. Y. City. National Conference on City Planning. Proceedings. 19 Con- gress, St., Bost., Mass. MONTHLY BULLETIN ZONING. INTRODUCTION. "Zoning" or "Districting" is the division of a city into zones or districts for the purpose of regulating the height of buildings, the uses to which they may be put, and the percentage of lot-area which may be built upon. The zone system in city planning was first advocated in the early seventies by Baumeister, one of the great theoretical city planners of Germany. The system, however, was nowhere put into practice until 1884 and again in 1891 by Dr. Franz Adickes. The use of the term "Zoning" had its origin in the growth of cities of the old world in bands or zones around the old city wall, the older portion within the walls constituting the center. In certain cities of the United States the height of buildings within specified areas has been regulated for several years, and various cities have also regulated the percentages of lot-area which may be built upon. It was not, however, until the last few years that any thorough-going system of zoning was undertaken in this country. Los Angeles in 1909 divided its city into residence and industrial districts. The active movement for zoning may be said to have received its origin with the adoption of the plan in New York City. A compilation showing the advance of the movement in the United States is given in the following pages. The information is complete so far as the data are at hand. Most of the important legislation on the subject has been included. A short reading list is appended and also a list of court decisions, made by Mr. Edward M. Bassett, chairman of the New York Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions. AKRON, OHIO. A comprehensive city plan is being prepared by Mr. John Nolen, landscape architect. He has recommended the zoning of the city, or setting apart certain areas for specific uses, as industrial, business or residential sections. No action is planned toward the establishment of the zoning plan until Mr. Nolen's plan has been completed. Letter. May 22, 1917. City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 5. BALTIMORE. Baltimore has done very little in what is termed "Districting and Zoning" other than by property owners themselves in placing upon their property restric- tions as to its use. A law (chapter 42, Laws of Maryland, 1904) regulates the height of buildings on Mount Vernon Place and Washington Place, surrounding the Washington Monument. A law has been passed restricting the height of buildings so that no building shall be made more than 175 feet high. No tenement or apartment house may be built higher than ten stories and a basement, nor more than 125 feet high, and no tenement or apartment house may be more than 5 stories in height nor more than 70 feet high, without being made a fire proof 206 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY building. Every building more than 85 feet in height must be made fire proof. Section 47, paragraph 12, Building Code 1908, specifies the buildings which shall be limited as to location — amended by Ordinance 32, approved Nov. 28, 1911. 1 The Forest Park residential district in Baltimore was created by a special act of the legislature in 1912. The houses in this district must be unattached buildings. In the case of frame buildings, they must be twenty feet apart and stone and brick buildings are required to be at least ten feet apart, the areas reserved for dwelling houses exclusively. This is a case of a district in which certain citizens called upon the legislature to give them a degree of protection they felt unable to secure by private agreement alone. 2 1 City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 13. 1 Letter. May 31, 1917. a Building Districts and Restrictions, by Alderman Chas. E. Merriam, Chicago, 111. February 1917. BERKELEY, CAL. The following ordinance of the city of Berkeley, California (a city of 57,653), passed in March, 1916, may be said to specialize on "use-districting." It provides, for instance, districts in which there can be only single family dwellings, and other districts in which only single family and two family dwellings can be erected. It further provides two business or industrial districts, one of which will contain non-offensive industries, while in the other all kinds of business or industry will be allowed. The City Plan. April 1917, p. 15. Berkeley Civic Bulletin. Aug. 22, 1916, p. 6. ORDINANCE No. 452 N. S. Creating a basis of classification by means of which the city of Berkeley may be divided into dis- tricts within some of which it shall be lawful and within others of which it shall be unlawful to erect, construct or maintain certain buildings, or to carry on certain trades or callings. Whereas, the public interest and convenience of the City of Berkeley and the proper preserva- tion of its public peace, health and safety require the classification of said City into districts within some of which it shall be lawful and in others unlawful to erect, construct or maintain certain build- ings or to carry on certain trades or callings, and Whereas, to properly effect said purpose, it is necessary to enact certain definitions of districts within said City as the same are hereinafter set out. Now, Therefore, Be it Ordained by the Council of the City of Berkeley as follows: Section 1. Districts of Class I shall be that portion or those portions of the City of Berkeley in which no building or structure shall be erected, constructed or maintained which shall be used for or designed or intended to be used for any purpose other than that of a single-family dwelling Section 2. Districts of Class II shall be that portion or those portions of the City of Berkeley in which no building or structure shall be erected, constructed or maintained which shall be used for or designed or intended to be used for any purpose other than that specified in Section I hereof, and that of a two-family dwelling. Section 3. Districts of Class III shall be that portion or those portions of the City of Berkeley in which no building or structure shall be erected, constructed or maintained for any purpose other than those specified in Sections 1 and 2 and that of a group dwelling, each habitation of which shall have a separate entrance on the ground floor level and of which no part shall be more than two stories in height, exclusive of a finished attic. Section 4. Districts of Class IV shall be that portion or those portions of the City of Berkeley in which no building or structure shall be erected, constructed or maintained which shall be used for or designed or intended to be used for any purpose other than those specified in Sections 1, 2 and 3 hereof and that of a boarding-house, fraternity-house, student club-house or dormitory. Section 5. Districts of Class V shall be that portion or those portions of the City of Berkeley in which no building or structure shall be erected, constructed or maintained which shall be used for or designed or intended to be used for any other purpose except those specified in Sections 1, 2, 3 and 4 hereof and that of an apartment house, hotel, lodging house or restaurant, all without display windows. MONTHLY BULLETIN 207 Section 6. Districts of Class VI shall be that portion or those portions of the City of Berkeley in which no building or structure shall be erected, constructed or maintained which shall be used for or designed or intended to be used for any other purpose except that of a building used for religious purposes or place of worship, assembly hall, public or private school, playground structure, park structure, public art gallery, museum, library, fire house or convenience station. Section 7. Districts of Class VII shall be that portion or those portions of the City of Berkeley in which no building or structure shall be erected, constructed or maintained which shall be used for or designed or intended to be used for any purpose other than that of a warehouse, industry or factory not engaged in making or preparing soap, candles, fertilizer, glue, tallow, chemicals, gun- powder or other explosives, or in slaughter, bone boiling, fat boiling, tanning, dressing or preparing skins, hides or leather, or used for crematory or similar purposes. Section 8. Districts of Class VIII shall be that portion or those portions of the City of Berkeley in which no building or structure shall be erected, constructed or maintained which shall be used for or designed or intended to be used for any purpose other than those specified in Section 7 hereof, and those of making or preparing soap, candles, fertilizer, glue, tallow, chemicals, gunpowder or other explosives, or in slaughter, bone boiling, fat boiling, tanning, dressing or preparing skins, hides or leather, or used for crematory or similar purposes. Section 9. Private stables and garages and the usual outbuildings may be located or main- tained appurtenant to any building lawfully within the boundaries of any district herein specified. Section 10. Any ordinance of the City of Berkeley hereafter enacted which shall classify any property within said City as being within any district of any class of said City shall be con- strued as referring to the district of the class defined in this Ordinance, or any amendment hereof. Section 11. Whenever the Council of the City of Berkeley shall introduce an ordinance to classify or reclassify any portion or portions of said City into one of the districts hereinabove speci- fied, then the Street Superintendent of said City shall immediately after the introduction of said ordinance cause to be conspicuously posted along all the streets within the district affected by said ordinance notices of the introduction of said ordinances. Said notices shall be headed "Notice of Districting," or "Notice of Redistricting" as the case may be, in letters of not less than one (1) inch in length and shall in legible characters state the fact of the introduction of said ordinance, its date and the district within which said ordinance pro- poses to include the territory. Said notice shall also contain a statement of the day and place when and where any and all persons having any objection to the proposed districting or redistricting may appear before the City Council and show cause why said proposed districting or redistricting should not be carried out in accordance with said ordinance. The City Council shall at the time of the introduction of said ordinance cause notice to be entered at large upon its minutes stating the said date and hour of hearing protests. At any time not later than the hour set for hearing objections to the proposed districting or redistricting any owner of property within the proposed district may make written protest against the proposed districting or redistricting. Such protest must be in writing and be delivered to the City Clerk prior to the hour set for hearing protests. At the time set for hearing protests the City Council shall proceed to hear and pass upon all protests so made, and its decision shall be final and conclusive. The failure of the Street Superintendent to post such notices shall not invalidate or affect the jurisdiction of the Council to finally adopt such ordinance. Section 12. Definition of Terms. For the purposes of this Ordinance certain words and phrases are defined as follows: (1) Dwelling: A dwelling is any house or building or portion thereof which is occupied m whole or in part as the home, residence or sleeping place, either permanent or transient, of one or more human beings. (2) Types of Dwellings. For the purposes of this ordinance the types of dwellings are definecj as follows: Single-Family Dwellings Two-Family Dwellings Group Dwellings. (a) A single-family dwelling is a dwelling occupied by but one family alone. (b) A two-family dwelling is a dwelling occupied by but two families alone. (c) Group dwelling is a building designed for more than one private dwelling, each private dwelling of which shall have a ground floor entrance and be entirely separated from each other private dwelling by a vertical party wall. (3) Boarding-House. A boarding-house is a building in which persons are lodged for hire and in which there are not more than twenty-five sleeping rooms, with or without a public dining room. (4) Story. The term "story" means a vertical distance from floor to ceiling. Section 13. This ordinance shall take effect and be in force from and after thirty (30) days after its final passage. Section 14. This Bill is hereby ordered to be printed and published (with ayes and noes) for two days in "Berkeley Daily Gazette," which newspaper is hereby designated for that purpose. 208 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY Finally adopted at a regular meeting of the City Council of the City of Berkeley held on the 28th day of March, 1916. BOSTON. Boston has resorted to both police power and the power of eminent domain in controlling the development of private property through districting. In 1892 the legislature imposed stringent limitations on the heights of buildings in Boston, under the Massachusetts Acts of 1892 (chapter 419, sec. 25), and in furtherance of the principle, the legislature passed an act in 1904 (chapter 333) providing for the appointment of a Heights of Buildings Commission by the Mayor of the city. The Commission had power to hold public hearings and to divide the city into two districts, which were to be known respectively as District A and B. These boundaries were to remain unchanged for a period of fifteen years. In its report of December 3, 1904, the Commission made its recommendations which, with a few minor exceptions, restrict the height of buildings above the grade of the street to 125 feet in district A and to 80 feet in district B. In 1905 the legislature passed an amendatory act slightly modifying the Commission's orders. With these orders in force, there followed a number of important court decisions on the right of the city to regulate the height of buildings, which are among the most important precedents in districting and zoning. A Commission on Heights of Buildings was created by chapter 333 of the Special Acts of the year 1915, to determine and revise the boundaries of Districts A and B, as heretofore designated by former commissions. The deliberations of this Commission have extended over nearly a year. Their report dated Novem- ber 2, 1916, contains a plan for revising the two areas in question, and the new boundary lines have been carefully worked out. 1 The revised order under authority of chapter 333 of the Acts of the year 1915 divides the city into two districts, A and B; District A permitting the erection of buildings to a height of 125 feet; District B, restricting buildings to a height of 80 feet, except on streets 64 feet in width or more, when buildings may be erected to a height not exceeding one and one quarter times the width of the street on which the building stands. 2 1 City Planning Progress. 1917, pp. 21-22. 3 Letter. May 24, 1917. BRIDGEPORT, CONN. The establishment of building zones was recommended by John Nolen, City Planner, in his preliminary report to the City Plan Commission, January 1915. Diagramatic plans were submitted showing in a general way (1) present building distribution and (2) the approximate location of proposed zones or building districts. 1 The suggested restrictions (made by Mr. Nolen) for the various residential zones in the city are as follows: First residential zone. — Single family houses, and only one house to a lot. Lots to be at least 60x120 feet. No building allowed nearer than 20 feet to the street and 10 feet to side and back lines. No stores allowed except by special ordinance. Second residential zone. — Single and two family houses. Single family houses to have at least 60x100 feet. No building allowed nearer than 15 feet to the streets and 7J^ feet to other lines MONTHLY BULLETIN 209 of property. Block houses allowed in restricted areas, but the number of families to the acre not to be raised higher than allowed for two family houses. Block houses to be built complete with finished ends. No building allowed nearer the street than 15 feet. The end walls not allowed nearer the property line than 10 feet. No stores allowed except by special ordinance. Tenement and apartment zones. — No building to be over three stories in height. Regulations as to materials to be covered in improved building code. Buildings to be complete without blank end walls. End walls to be at least 7K feet from property lines. All blocks 200 feet or over in length to have a public wagon way to rear of lots from front street, through the block; archway if desired. This is necessary as a fire protection. Stores allowed on first floors. All buildings allowed in the Second Residential Zone allowed here with same restrictions. Apartment houses to be allowed only in special zones indicated. They are to be of fire proof material, and not over four stories in height. Complete blocks only allowed. Stores allowed on first floor .2 1 Preliminary report to the Cily Plan Commission of Bridgeport, Conn., by John Nolen. p. 33. 9 Municipal Journal. Aug.^p915. CHICAGO. The City Council of Chicago, has by ordinance provided that the following industries or businesses may not be conducted in blocks in which more than one- half of the buildings are used exclusively for residence purposes, without the written consent of the owners of one-half of the frontage in the block; "Bill boards or any building or place used for a gas reservoir, packing house, rendering plant, soap factory, tannery, blacksmith shop, smelter, metal refinery, machine shop, factory combined with a foundry, laundry to be run by machinery, livery stable, boarding stable, sale stable, medical dispensary, second hand store or yard, smoke house or place where fish or meats are smoked or cured." The city has also exercised the power to limit the height of buildings and in 1910 fixed the maximum at two hundred feet. Two hundred sixty feet had previously been permitted. A bill giving the city more comprehensive power to create residential, business and industrial districts was presented to the Legislature in 1913. The bill, which was approved by the City Council of Chicago, was as follows: The City Council shall have power to establish and create exclusively residential districts, to prohibit the erection therein of buildings other than residences and the usual outbuildings appurte- nant to residences, to prescribe the general character of residence buildings to be erected in such districts, and to prohibit the carrying on of any business in such districts except upon the consent of all or any specified major fraction of the owners of lands therein, measured by street frontage, within the limits of the city or village. To direct the location and regulate the construction and maintenance of factories, manu- facturing or business establishments, and stores, in residence districts in which a majority of the street frontage is used exclusively for residence purposes. To direct the location and regulate the use and construction of breweries, distilleries, livery, boarding or sale stable, blacksmith shops, foundries, machine shops, garages, hangars, laundries, bathing beaches, planing mills, flour mills, box factories, lead factories, steel factories, iron factories, ice plants, either for the manufacturing or storing of ice, factories or other manufacturing establish- ments using machinery, or emitting offensive or noxious fumes, odors, or noises, and storage and warehouses within the limits of the city or village. To regulate, direct the location of, and prohibit the keeping of any lumber or coal yard, and the placing or piling or selling any lumber, timber, wood, coal, or other combustible material, within the limits of the city or village. To regulate the location of and prohibit the placing, keeping, piling or storing of building or other material, junk, or noxious matter, upon vacant property, and to regulate the use of such property within the limits of the city or village. To regulate the sale of meats, poultry, fish, butter, cheese, lard, vegetables and all other pro- visions, to provide for place and manner of selling the same, and to direct the location thereof. To regulate and direct the location of places of amusement. The Legislature passed the bill, but it was vetoed by the Governor on the ground that such legislation was unconstitutional. Building Districts and Restrictions, by Alderman Charles E. Merriam, Chicago, 111. February, 1917. 210 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY The following bill was introduced in the House at the 1917 session of the legislature, but it has not yet passed. House Bill No. 220, 50th G. A. 1917. A BILL For an Act to amend section 1 of article V of an Act entitled, "An Act to provide for the incorpora- tion of cities and villages," approved April 10, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872, as amended by subsequent Acts. Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly: That section 1 of article V of an Act entitled, "An Act to provide for the incorporation of cities and villages," approved April 10, 1872, and in force July 1, 1872, as amended by subsequent Acts, be amended so as to read as follows, viz: Ninety-Eight. To regulate and limit the intensity of the use of lot areas and to determine the proper areas for yards, courts and other open spaces; to regulate and restrict the location of trades and industries and the location of buildings designed for specified uses and to designate the trades and industries that shall be permitted in, or excluded from, designated districts, or subjected to special regulations and to designate the uses for which buildings in any designated district may or may not be erected or altered, giving reasonable consideration to the character of the district, its peculiar suitability for particular uses, the conservation of property values and the direction of building development to the best advantage of the entire city or village; to divide cities or villages into districts of such number, shape and area and to classify the buildings, trades and industries therein as may be deemed best suited to secure safety from fire and other dangers and to promote the public health, comfort and welfare, regard being given, so far as possible, to securing adequate light, air and convenience of access and to conserving the taxable value of buildings and land through- out the city or village; provided, that it shall be a provision of all regulations or ordinances enacted under the authority herein conferred that all buildings and improvements may be continued in any condition or use to which they are lawfully devoted at the time of the enactment of such regula- tion or ordinance, and provided, further, that no such regulation or ordinance shall be enacted until after a public hearing has been held upon the question of such regulation or ordinance either before the city council in cities, or the president and board of trustees in villages, as the case may be, or before a committee or commission authorized by these bodies to investigate and make recom- mendations concerning such proposed regulations or ordinances. Notice of such hearing shall be given by publication of the same in a newspaper of general circulation within such city or village at least thirty days prior to the date of such hearing, at which hearing opportunity shal],be given parties interested to be heard upon the matter of the proposed regulation or ordinance. CLEVELAND. Cleveland has not yet a zoning and districting law but is about to undertake a comprehensive survey of the city, and zoning and districting will form an import- ant part of the work. Letter. June 1, 1917. DAVENPORT, IOWA. Recently the City Council passed a resolution authorizing the preparation of a city plan by the City Engineer. The resolution calls for "a comprehensive plan for the orderly development and extension of the street system of the City of Davenport, containing suggestions for the correction of mistakes, where the present plan is considered defective, and recommendations for controlling the platting and development of tracts within and contiguous to the city limits, minimum size of lots, limitation of number of houses to the acre, the establishment of building lines, residential, retail and manufacturing districts, and containing other matters pertinent to such plan, same to be submitted to the City Council for approval and adoption." City Planning Progress. 1917. p. 47. MONTHLY BULLETIN 211 DES MOINES, IOWA. Very little has been done in the way of zoning and districting the city. A law was passed by the last legislature giving certain districts of the city power to petition for restricted residence districts. One or two localities in Des Moines have taken advantage of this law or are about to do so. Letter. May 21, 1917. DURHAM, N. C. The adoption of zoning measures which will restrict industrial plants to specific areas is being urged. City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 55. EAST ORANGE, N.J. A preliminary survey is being made by Geo. B. Ford and E. P. Goodrich of New York City on which to base a comprehensive city plan for East Orange. They are making a study of the possibility of restricting the use of property by zoning, along the lines which are proving so popular in New York City. A large number of maps are being made, some of them essential to any plan for districting or zoning of the city. City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 56-57. ELGIN, ILL. A committee is working on the zoning phase of the city plan, with a view of defining a business district and the streets upon which grocery stores, garages, laundries, etc., may be established outside of the business district, probably on streets with street car lines. They have also established an industrial district in the southern end of the town, where the direction of the wind is such as to keep the smoke, dirt and soot from blowing into the city, where transportation facilities for freight and passengers are excellent, and where land can be had in large acreage at a more reasonable figure than anywhere else in the community. With these two districts established, all the rest will be designated as residence districts. 1 They also propose the establishment of residential districts in which one and two family houses, private garages and private stables are permitted, establishment of areas in which multiple family dwellings will be permitted, building-height restrictions and the control of the building line. 2 •Letter. May 22, 1917. ■Plan of Elgin. Jan. 1917, p. 13-15. ELKHART, IND. Saint Joseph Manor. Has restrictions as to the frontage, character and cost of buildings and the location of garages and boathouses. Plan of Elgin. Jan. 1917, p. 15. Map. FAIRFIELD, ALA. This model town is on the property of the local branch of the United States Steel Corporation, and the building and supervision of this development and the 212 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY building of the houses has been under the direction of a local real estate company. The scheme of the town revolves about the central park area, where are located a civic center, a plaza park, and business buildings. The residential sections have been divided into zones in order to insure reasonable stability in the value of properties. City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 18. LOS ANGELES, CAL. Los Angeles has had a longer experience with districting than any other city in the country. The first ordinance was passed in 1909, and it has frequently been amended since that time. In February, 1916, two ordinances were passed codifying the regulations in this city. Under the provision of these ordinances the entire city of Los Angeles, excepting certain sections which had been set aside as industrial districts, is declared to be a residence zone in which all businesses and industries are prohibited. The remainder of the city not included in the resi- dence district is divided into twenty-seven industrial districts in twenty of which all industries or businesses may be located; one district in which all industries are permitted except the following: "Winery, blacksmith shop, stone crusher, rolling mill, carpet beating, gas works, mattress factory, soap factory, fertilizer factory, tallow rendering establishment, tannery, glue factory, public laundry, washhouse, brick yard or lumber yard." and six small districts which are practically residence districts, the only industries permitted being "public hand laundry or washhouse where power other than animal power is used to operate them." There are, in addition, one hundred "residence exception districts" scattered through the residential zone. The most important of these districts is ttie area known as Fire District No. 1, which includes the business section of the city and embraces an area of approximately two and one-half square miles. The largest of these districts includes areas as yet undeveloped and annexed to the city of Los Angeles subsequent to January 1, 1915, having an area of one hundred and eighty square miles, added to the city of Los Angeles in connection with its port and harbor project. The other residence exception districts are very small, the largest being about one-half mile square, while the next largest does not occupy a greater area than two square blocks. In many instances these districts do not occupy more than one or two lots, and with the exception of the tract of one hundred and eighty square miles, which is really out of the city proper, the combined area of the exception districts is about one per cent of the residential zone in which they are located. These exception districts are scattered rather widely through the residential area and illustrate the tendency of light manufacturing plants to distribute themselves because they are not dependent upon railroad facilities. In these residential exception areas, under the provisions of the 1911 ordinance, it was permissible to carry on all but a few of the heavier and more objectionable industries, viz.: "Blacksmith shops, stone crushers, winery, rolling mills, carpet beating establishments, gas works, mattress factory, soap factory, fertilizer plant, tallow rendering establishment, tannery, glue factory, public laundry, washhouse, brick yard or lumber yard." MONTHLY BULLETIN 213 The 1916 ordinance limits still further the kind of industries and adds to the list of prohibited industries the following: "Crushed stone yard or bunker, rock, sand or gravel loading, distributing or receiving station, machine shop, planing mill, foundry, livery stable, riding academy, hay barn, wood yard, brick kiln, brewery or plant for the distillation of alcoholic liquors." The ordinance permitting the creation of residence exception districts pro- vides that on the petition of a person or corporation wishing to establish an industry not included in the prohibited list in the residence district, the City Council may create such a district, provided that the City Council may in its discretion require a petition, giving consent, signed by the owners of sixty per cent of the frontage where such establishments, works or factories are proposed to be erected and also signed by the owners of sixty per cent of the property of the frontage on the opposite side of the street in the same block. If such a business or industry is proposed to be erected or established on a corner lot, a petition is required signed by the owners of sixty per cent of property frontage on both sides of each street contained within a four hundred foot square and if such business or industry is established on property comprising more than sixty per cent of the block, a petition must be signed by the owners of sixty per cent of the property frontage on both sides of each street within one hundred and fifty feet of the sides of said block. The City Council has always required such frontage-consent petitions before permitting a "residence exception" district to be established. The ordinances of Los Angeles are specially significant because their validity has been upheld both by the California Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court as a reasonable exercise by a municipality of its police power, and because under the provisions of these ordinances this city has forced obnoxious industries and businesses out of the residential zone. 1 •Building Districts and Restrictions, by Charles E. Merriam, Alderman, Chicago. February. 1917. Ordinance No. 33,761. An ordinance establishing a residence district in the City of Los Angeles, and prohibiting the establishment or maintenance of certain businesses and industries in said district. The Mayor and Council of the City of Los Angeles do ordain as follows: Section 1. That all the city of Los Angeles is established as and declared to be a residence district excepting therefrom those portions of said city included within the boundaries of such industrial districts as are now or may be hereafter established and designated as such by ordinance; also excepting such portions of the said city as are now or may hereafter be excepted by ordinance from the said residence district; also excepting that portion of the said city lying south of Manchester avenue; also excepting all those portions of the City of Los Angeles which subsequent to the first day of January, 1915, have become annexed to and incorporated in the said city of Los Angeles; and also excepting that portion of said city included within the boundaries of Fire District No. 1, except that portion of said Fire District No. 1 bounded and described as follows, to-wit: Beginning at the intersection of the center line of First street with the center line of Grand avenue; thence southwesterly along said center line of Grand avenue to a point in the center line of Second street; thence northwesterly along said center line of Second street to a point in the center line of Bunkerhill avenue; thence southwesterly along said center line of Bunkerhill avenue to a point in the center line of Fourth street; thence southeasterly along said center line of Fourth street to a point in the southwesterly prolongation of the center line of Clay street; thence northeasterly along said center line of Clay street and along the northeasterly prolongation thereof to a point in the center line of First street; thence northwesterly in a direct line to the place of beginning. Section 2. It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, to erect, establish, carry on or maintain within the residence district described in Section 1 hereof any stone crusher, crushed stone yard or bunker, rock, sand or gravel loading, distributing or receiving station, rolling mill, machine shop, planing mill, foundry, carpet beating establishment, livery stable, riding academy, hay barn, wood yard, lumber yard, public laundry, wash house, coal yard, briquette yard, gas works, mattress factory, soap factory, fertilizing plant or factory, tallow rendering plant or factory, tannery, 214 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY glue factory, brick yard, brick kiln, winery, brewery or plant for the distillation of alcoholic liquors, or blacksmith shop (other than blacksmith shops maintained as such on or before the 17th day of June 1911), or any plant, works or factory where power other than animal power is used to operate any such plant, works or factory; provided, that one electric motor of a capacity not to exceed five horse power may be operated and maintained in the said residence district; provided, however, that nothing in this section contained shall be construed to permit or allow any person, firm or corporation to operate or maintain in the said residence district in conjunction with any such electric motor, any business, industry, works, plant or factory, which business, industry, works, plant or factory is by the provisions of this section prohibited in the said residence district. Section 3. Any person, firm or corporation desiring to erect, establish, maintain or carry on in the residence district of said city any business or industry, or any works or factory where power other than animal power is used to operate, or in the operation of the same excepting those certain businesses, industries, works, plants or factories enumerated in Section 2 hereof, which businesses, industries, works, plants or factories are by the provisions of said section prohibited in the residence district established by Section 1 hereof, may file with the Council of the City of Los Angeles a peti- tion setting forth the name of the person, firm or corporation, the location and the nature of the business, industry, works or factory desired to be erected, established, maintained or carried on, the record description of such property with its frontage and its depth, the dimensions of each building proposed to be erected or maintained and the number of stories thereof, and if power is proposed to be used, the amount and character thereof. Each such petition must be duly verified by the person making or filing the same. Section 4. Before granting any such petition the Council may in its discretion require any such person, firm or corporation to file in connection with such petition a statement signed by the property owners as set forth in Section 5 hereof, to assist the Council in determining the necessity of establishing the residence exception district as requested in said petition, provided however, that nothing in this ordinance contained shall be deemed or construed to limit or abridge the power of the Council to establish residence exception districts upon its own initiative. Section 5. If such business, industry, works or factory is proposed to be erected, established, maintained or carried on on an inside lot in any block, and if the Council shall request that a state- ment be filed with any such petition as hereinbefore provided, every such statement shall be signed by the owners of sixty per cent (60%) of the property frontage in the block where such establish- ment, works, or factory is proposed to be erected, established, maintained or carried on, also by the owners of sixty per cent (60%) of the property frontage on the opposite side of the street from the site of such establishment, works or factory for a distance equal to the length of the side of the side of the block where such establishment, works or factory is proposed to be erected, established, maintained or carried on, and opposite thereto. If any such business, industry, works or factory is proposed to be erected, established, main- tained or carried on on a corner lot, and if the Council shall request that a statement be filed "with any such petition, as hereinbefore provided, every such statement shall be signed by the owners of sixty per cent (60%) of the property frontage on both sides of each street contained within a four hundred foot square having its sides parallel to the intersecting streets upon which such lot corners, the center of such square being the point of intersection of the center lines of such streets. In the event that said streets do not bi-sect each other the center of such square shall be the point where the center lines of such intersecting streets would bi-sect each other if prolonged. If any such business, industry, works or factory is proposed to be erected, established, main- tained or carried on on property comprising sixty per cent (60%) or more of any block, and if the Council shall .request that a statement be filed with any such petition, as hereinbefore provided, every such statement shall be signed by the owners of sixty per cent. (60%) of the property frontage on both sides of each street within a parallelogram surrounding such block, the sides of such parallelo- gram shall be distant one hundred fifty feet beyond the sides of such block. There shall be set forth after each of the signatures above required the number of the lot, block and the name of the tract wherein such lot is situate and the proper reference to the book and page of the recorded map showing such lot and tract. Section 6. Upon the filing of any such petition or statement with said Council, such petition or statement shall be transmitted to the Board of Fire Commissioners for consideration and report. Such commission shall investigate the location where any such business, industry, works or factory named in such petition is proposed to be erected, established, maintained or carried on, and shall determine whether the signatures of the owners of property frontage are genuine and whether such signatures represent the amount of frontage as provided in section 5 hereof. The Board of Fire Commissioners shall report the result of its investigation and its recom- mendation in relation thereto to the Council. Section 7. That Ordinance No. 22,798 (New Series), entitled, "An Ordinance establishing a residence district in the City of Los Angeles, and regulating and prohibiting the conducting and maintaining of works and factories where power other than animal power is used to operate or in the operation of the same within the boundaries of such residence district," approved June 17, 1911, and all ordinances amendatory thereto or thereof, and all other ordinances in conflict with this ordinance be and the same are hereby repealed; provided that any such repeal shall not affect MONTHLY BULLETIN 215 or prevent the prosecution and punishment of any person, firm or corporation for any act done or permitted in violation of any ordinance which may be repealed by this ordinance, and shall not affect any prosecution or action which may be pending in any court for the violation of any ordinances repealed by this ordinance. Section 8. That any person, firm or corporation violating any of the provisions of this ordi- nance shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be punishable by a fine of not more than $500.00 or by imprisonment in the city jail for a period of not more than 6 months, or by both such fine and imprisonment. Each such person, firm or corporation shall be deemed guilty of a separate offense for every day during any portion of which any violation of any provision of this ordinance is committed, continued or permitted by such person, firm or corporation, and shall be punishable therefor as provided by this ordinance. Section 9. The City Clerk shall certify to the passage of this ordinance by a unanimous vote and cause the same to be published once in The Los Angeles Daily Journal. I hereby certify that the foregoing ordinance was passed by the Council of the City of Los Angeles by the unanimous vote of all the members of said Council present, there being not less than seven members present, at its meeting of February 15, 1916. Chas. L. Wilde, City Clerk. By D. M. Carroll, Deputy. Approved this 16th day of February, 1916. C. E. Sebastian, Mayor. MANSFIELD, OHIO, The City Planning Commission has engaged George B. Ford and E. P. Good- rich of New York City to prepare a comprehensive city plan, which is to include a complete plan for districting and zoning. City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 96. MASSACHUSETTS. An act governing cities in Massachusetts other than Boston permits such cities to regulate by districts the height, size, location and use of buildings. Such regulations must be designed for the prevention of fire and the protection of life, health and morals of the community. This act does not apply to the city of Boston. That municipality in 1907 passed an ordinance regulating the height of buildings by zones. This ordinance was declared valid and the principle of regulation of buildings by districts was sustained by the Massachusetts Supreme Court and the United States Supreme Court. The City Planning Board of Boston, after a study of conditions in East Boston, has recommended legislation so that industrial and residential zones may be established in that section of Boston. Building Districts and Restrictions, by Alderman Charles E. Merriam, Chicago, 111. February, 1917. The Homestead Commission in Massachusetts has procured the passage of a constitutional amendment (subject of course to the rule that it must be again passed by the legislature and then approved by the people) which absolutely gives to the people the right to weed out in one stroke any congested district by the exercise of the right of eminent domain. Nat'l. Conference on City Planning. 6th, 1914, p. 120. MASSACHUSETTS:— AN ACT To authorize the regulation of the location, size, and use of buildings in cities of the first class. Section 1. Be it enacted, . . . That, for the purpose of promoting the public health, safety, order, and general welfare, cities of the first class may regulate the location, size, and use of buildings therein, and may make different regulations for different districts thereof. The park commission of any city of the first class may make such regulations as to the location, size, and use of buildings, 216 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY any portion of which shall come within two hundred feet of any park, parkway, playground, or other public place under its care or management, and, upon their approval by the councils of such city, said regulations shall have the same effect as if originally made by said councils. Approved— The 11th day of May, A. D. 1915. MILWAUKEE. The legislature of Wisconsin in 1913 granted to the city councils of all cities having a population of over 25,000 (Milwaukee, Green Bay, La Crosse, Madison, Oshkosh, Racine, Sheboygan and Superior) the right to establish exclusive resi- dential zones. Cities are empowered to create districts to be used exclusively for residential purposes, to prohibit absolutely the location of factories in such districts and to require persons wishing to establish stores and other businesses to secure the consent of a majority of property owners and residents in such dis- tricts. The Wisconsin law differs from that of Minnesota in that it gives the City Council power to take the initiative in establishing residential districts. Several ordinances have been passed under the provisions of this act by the Milwaukee City Council, the first one in 1913. Recently the city attorney gave a legal opinion to the effect that the ordinances were invalid and the City Council has repealed the zoning ordinances passed. Ordinances passed in 1913 by the City of Milwaukee prohibit slaughter houses, rendering plants and rag shops within the city limits and require the consent of the owners of two-thirds of the frontage within three hundred feet of where it is proposed to establish garages used for the keeping of automobiles for hire, gas reservoirs or holders, livery boarding and sales stables, paint, oil and varnish works and salesrooms for automobiles. 1 On January 2, 1917 the Common Council passed an ordinance prescribing the limits of the business section of the city of Milwaukee (amends Section 476 of the Code 1914). A zoning bill has been introduced at this session of the legislature. The bill has passed the Senate and is now being considered by the Assembly. It is expected to pass. For the text of the zoning bill see under WISCONSIN. 2 , Building Districts and Restrictions, by Charles E. Merriam, Alderman, Chicago. February, 1917. 'Letter. May 24, 1917. MINNEAPOLIS. Under the provisions of an act passed by the Minnesota legislature in 1913, the City of Minneapolis is authorized to create residential and industrial districts upon petition of fifty per cent of the property owners within the district. A num- ber of such districts have been established by action of the property owners and the City Council. In the ordinance passed February 28, 1913, seven industrial districts were created. The kind of business and industrial establishments per- mitted differ in one district from another. Two residential districts are also created by this ordinance. All business or industrial development is excluded in these districts, and only single family dwellings, apartment buildings, hotels, churches, libraries, art museums and schools are permitted. Since the ordinance was passed in 1913 a number of other ordi- nances reserving areas for residential purposes have been passed. Large sections of the city are not affected by the ordinances, as districts can be established only MONTHLY BULLETIN 217 upon the initiative of the property owners and a commission of the City Council is now working on a comprehensive zoning plan which will include the whole city. Building Districts and Restrictions, by Alderman Charles E. Merriam, Chicago, IU. February, 1917. City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 103. The ordinance reads as follows: An ordinance classifying and designating certain buildings, business occupations, industries and enterprises as business industries and denning and designating certain districts in the City of Minneapolis as industrial districts, and certain other districts as residential districts, within which such buildings, business occupations or enterprises may or may not be maintained or carried on. The City Council of the City of Minneapolis do ordain as follows: Section 1. That for the purposes of this ordinance the following buildings, business occupa- tions, industries and enterprises are designated as business industries or buildings and classified as follows: Class 1. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds for the purpose of manufacturing or generating gas, electricity, naphtha, gasoline, acetylene, dynamite, powder, fireworks, or gun cartridges. Class 2. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds for the purpose of manufacturing soap or glue, or as stock yards, slaughter houses, tanneries or boiler shops. Class 3. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds for the purpose of brewing or distilling intoxicating liquors. Class 4. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds for the storage or sale of intoxicating liquors. Class 5. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds as lumber yards, wood and coal yards, fuel yards, lime, plaster or cement warehouses, oil mills or bottling works or for the storage or manufacture of boxes or barrels or other like inflammable material. Class 6. All business industries which use or occupy as common carriers buildings or grounds for depots, freight houses, warehouses, round houses, switch yards, railway transfers and terminals, providing however that this shall not apply to the operation of railway trains by railway companies in continuous travel upon or along a railway right-of-way, nor to the operation of street railways upon or along public streets or avenues, or private right-of-ways, nor to switch tracks or side tracks maintained to accommodate any other business industry not a common carrier. Class 7. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds or tanks for the storage or sale of lubricating oils, paints, varnishes, crude petroleum, gasoline, naphtha, benzine, camphene, coal, rock or earth oils, turpentine or kerosene. Class 8. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds for the manu- facture of cement stone or concrete or cement blocks, extracts, perfumes or medicines or for green- houses, grain elevators, bakeries, blacksmith shops, dry cleaning establishments, laundries or for the storage or manufacture of ice or buildings used by telephone companies as telephone exchange buildings, providing that this ordinance shall not apply to the use of the public streets, avenues or alleys by telephone, telegraph or electric companies for the purpose of stringing wires or setting poles thereon or of building or laying conduits therein in the manner and methods as now provided or may hereafter be provided by ordinance. Class 9. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds in the operation or use of which steam or other power is used, warehouses, elevators or industries of every kind excepting those enumerated in classes 1, 2, 3 and 4, above set forth. Class 10. All business industries (excepting those enumerated in Classes 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) which use or occupy buildings or grounds in the operation or use of which gas, gasoline or electricity is used as power, providing that such gas, gasoline or electricity is not manufactured on the premises. Class 11. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds for the storage or sale of materials or goods only, providing such material or goods displayed or sold are not made or manufactured on the premises, and providing all material or goods so stored or sold are not of of the classes enumerated in Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 7. Class 12. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds as hospitals, asylums for the inebriate or insane, or institutes for the care or treatment of infectious diseases, or for those addicted to the use of alcoholic liquors or narcotics. Class 13. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds for dance halls, assembly halls, theaters or public places of recreation and amusements, roller rinks and baseball grounds, providing that the same shall not apply to any park, parkway, bath house, athletic field, or any place or building maintained by the City of Minneapolis or any board thereof as a public place of recreation or amusement. Class 14. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds for garages, stables, or barns. 218 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY Class 15. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds for fiats, duplexes, apartment houses, hotels, cafes or restaurants. Class 16. All business industries which use or occupy buildings or grounds for religious purposes or places of worship, libraries, school houses, institutes of learning, art galleries or art museums. Section 2. That the following described territories within the City of Minneapolis be and they are hereby designated and described as industrial districts within which certain business indus- tries may be carried on as hereinafter provided. Industrial District No. 1. Beginning at the point of intersection of the center lines of 27th avenue and University avenue southeast, thence southerly along the center line of 27th avenue southeast to the northeasterly line of the right of way of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railway Company, thence northwesterly along said right of way line to the center line of Delaware street, thence east on Delaware street to center line of Erie street, thence north on Erie street to center line of Washington avenue southeast, thence west on Washington avenue southeast to center line of Ontario street, thence north on Ontario street to center of University avenue southeast, thence northwesterly on University avenue southeast to center line Oak street, thence north on Oak street to center line 4th street southeast, thence northwesterly on 4th street southeast to center line of 19th avenue southeast, thence northeasterly on 19th avenue southeast to center line 5th street southeast extended, thence northwesterly on 5th street to center line 17th ave. southeast, thence northeasterly on 17th avenue southeast to center line 8th street southeast, thence northwest- erly on 8th street southeast to center line 15th avenue southeast, thence northeasterly on 15th avenue southeast to center line Elm street southeast, thence southerly on Elm street to the east city limits, thence south along said east line of city limits to the northerly line of block 2, Prospect Park Third Division Revised, thence northwesterly along said north line to the northeast corner of lot 31, block 4, Eustis Park, thence northwesterly along the northeasterly lines of said lot 31 and lots 30, 29, 28, 27, 26, 25, and 21, to the center line of Malcolm avenue, thence southerly along the center line of Malcolm avenue to the center line of University avenue southeast, thence northwesterly along the center line of University avenue southeast to point of beginning. No person shall hereafter construct any business building within such district nor conduct or maintain any business industries except those enumerated and described in classes 5 to 15 inclusive, as above set forth. Industrial District No. 2. Blocks 2, 3 and 4, Oakhurst Addition and block 3, Meeker Island Land and Power Company's Addition, Revised. No person shall hereafter construct any business building nor conduct or maintain any busi- ness enterprise within such district except those enumerated in classes, 5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16, as above set forth. Industrial District No. 3. Lots 1 and 12, block 14, and lots 1 to 11 inclusive, block 24, and all of block 25, Meeker Island Land and Power Company's Addition, Revised. No person shall hereafter construct any business buildings nor conduct or maintain any busi- ness industry within such district, except those enumerated in classes 5 and 7 to 15, inclusive, as above set forth. Industrial District No. 4. Lots 1 to 5 inclusive, block 26, lots 1 to 11 inclusive, block 33, Meeker Island Land and Power Company's Addition, Revised, block 5, Prospect Park Heights Addition. No person shall hereafter construct any business building nor conduct or maintain any busi- ness industry within such district except those enumerated in classes 7, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 as above set forth. Industrial District No. 5. Lots 2 to 9 inclusive, block 4, all block 9, Prospect Park Heights Addition, and the following described tract of land:. Beginning at the intersection of the south line of Hamline avenue with the northeasterly line of the right of way of the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. P. Ry. Company, thence southeasterly along said right of way line to the northwesterly line of Seymour avenue, thence northeasterly along the northwesterly line of Seymour avenue to the southwesterly line of Arthur avenue, thence northwesterly along the southwesterly line of Arthur avenue to the south line of Hamline avenue, thence west along the south line of Hamline avenue to point of beginning. No person shall hereafter construct any business building nor conduct or maintain any busi- ness industry within such district except those enumerated in classes 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 as above set forth. Industrial District No. 6. J. George Smith's Twin City Addition, block "A". Lot 1, block 1, Prospect Park Third Division, Prospect Park First Division Revised, lot 34, block 5, lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, block 4. No person shall hereafter construct any business building nor conduct or maintain any busi- ness industry within such district except those enumerated in classes 8, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, as above set forth. MONTHLY BULLETIN 219 Industrial District No. 7. Prospect Park First Division Revised, block 7, lot 8. No person shall hereafter construct any business building nor conduct or maintain any busi- ness industry within such district except those enumerated in classes 10, 11, 13, 16, as above set forth. Section 3. That the following described territories be and they are hereby designated as residential districts in which no business buildings or industries shall hereafter be maintained or carried on except as hereinafter provided. Residential District No. 1. All ot the following described tracts of land, viz.: Eustis Park, block 3 and lots 21 to 31 inclusive, block 4; Prospect Park Third Division, block 1, except lot 1, and all block 2; Prosepect Park First Division Revised, block 4, except lots 1, 2, 3, 4, 8, 15, 16, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, block 5, except lot 34, block 7, except lot 8 and blocks 8 to 17 inclusive; Peterson's Rearrangement block 11, C. M. Starr's Addition; lot 27, Auditor's Sub. No. 21; Oakhurst Addition blocks 1 and 5; Meeker Island Land and Power Company's Addition block 2, lots 1 to 8 inclusive; Andrus Addition; Nickels' First Addition; Prospect Park Heights blocks 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8; Prospect Park Second Division Revised blocks 1 to 13 inclusive; Carter and Stone's Addition blocks 1, 2, 3; Watson's Prospect Place Addition, blocks 1 and 2; Mississippi Park Addition, blocks 1, 2, 3, 4. No person shall hereafter construct any business building, nor conduct or maintain any busi- ness industries within such district, except those enumerated in classes 14 to 16 inclusive, as above set forth. Residential District No. 2. All that part of lot K West End Subdivision bounded on the west by Dean Boulevard, on the south by Lake Calhoun Boulevard, on the east by that part of said lot K owned by the City of Minneapolis and on the north by the right of way of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company. No person shall hereafter construct any business building within such district nor conduct or maintain any business industries except those enumerated and described in classes 14, 15, 16, as above set forth. Section 4. Nothing in this ordinance shall alter or amend the provisions or requirements of any ordinance restricting or licensing the construction or maintenance of any business building or industry, nor apply to the construction of any building used as a private dwelling, except as hereinbefore provided. Section 5. Any person who shall violate this ordinance shall be punished by a fine of not less than Ten Dollars nor more than One Hundred Dollars or by imprisonment until such fine is paid, not exceeding ninety (90) days; and the continued work of constructing or altering, or the maintenance of such business buildings contrary to the provisions hereof, shall constitute a separate offense for each and every day such violation shall continue. Section 6. This ordinance shall take effect and be in force from and after its publication. Passed February 28, 1913. Karl De Laittre, President of the Council. Approved March 6, 1913. W. G. Nye, Mayor. MINNESOTA. An act empowering cities with a population in excess of 50,000 to establish residential and industrial districts was passed in 1913 (chapter 98 Session Laws 1913). This act was followed by an act approved April 16, 1916, entitled:— An act authorizing cities of the first class to designate and establish restricted districts and to pro-hibit the erection, alteration and repair of buildings thereon for certain prohibited purposes (Session Laws 1915 Chapter 128). The text of the Minnesota legislation on zoning is as follows: The General Statutes of Minnesota 1913, relating to zoning are as follows: 1581. Residence districts — Council may designate — Any city in the state now or hereafter having a population of fifty thousand inhabitants and over may, in the exercise of the police power by ordinance, duly adopted by its city council or common council or other governing body, upon petition of fifty per cent of the property owners of the district sought to be affected, designate resi- dence districts in such cities wherein only buildings for residences may be erected and maintained including duplex houses and double houses and prohibiting the erection and maintenance of hotels, stores, factories, warehouses, dry cleaning plants, public garages or stables, tenement and apartment houses. 1582. Residence districts in cities not under home rule charters — Council may designate — Any city in this state now or hereafter having a population of fifty thousand inhabitants or over 220 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY may, in the exercise of the police power, by ordinance duly adopted by the city council or common council or other governing body, by a two-thirds vote, upon petition of fifty per cent of the property owners of the district sought to be affected, designate residence districts in such cities and prohibit the erection and maintenance of hotels, stores, factories, warehouses, dry cleaning plants, public garages or stables, or any industrial establishment or business whatsoever, tenement and apartment houses. 1583. Same — Designation of industrial districts, etc. — Any such city by a like vote of its governing body may also classify industries and industrial establishments, and may designate, define and limit industrial districts within said city where such classes of industries and industrial establishments may be erected, operated and maintained, and may prohibit the erection, operation and maintenance of others within such districts. 1584. Same — Change of districts — The said city council, common council or other governing body of said city may, at any time thereafter or whenever it shall find that the character of any residence or industrial district shall have changed materially, and on petition of fifty per cent of the property owners of said district, set aside its former determination and establish a residence district out of an industrial district, or an industrial district out of a residence district, by resolution or ordinance, duly passed, provided however, that any industry which may have been heretofore established in such district, shall not be disturbed unless the same shall become a public nuisance. 1585. Same — Ordinances legalised — Any ordinance providing for such classification of indus- tries and industrial establishments and the establishment of industrial or residence districts, which may have been heretofore passed by any such city, is hereby legalized. That portion of sections 1581 and 1582 designed to prevent the erection of stores and apartments in restricted residence districts has been declared uncon- stitutional by the Supreme Court of Minnesota. SESSION LAWS 1915. CHAPTER 128— S. F. No. 39. An Act authorizing cities of the first class to designate and establish restricted residence districts and to prohibit the erection, alteration and repair of buildings thereon for certain pro- hibited purposes. Be it enacted by the Legislature of the State of Minnesota: Section 1. City council may establish restricted residence districts in St. Paul. — Any city of the first class may, through its council, upon petition of fifty (50) per cent of the owners of |he real estate in the district sought to be affected, designate and establish by proceedings hereunder re- stricted residence districts within its limits wherein no building or other structure shall thereafter be erected, altered or repaired for any of the following purposes, to-wit, hotels, restaurants, eating houses, mercantile business, stores, factories, warehouses, printing establishments, tailor shops, coal yards, ice houses, blacksmith shops, repair shops, paint shops, bakeries, dyeing, cleaning and launder- ing establishments, bill-boards and other advertising devices, public garages, public stables, apart- ment houses, tenement houses, flat buildings, any other building or structure for purposes similar to the foregoing. Public garages and public stables shall include those, and only those, operated for gain. Nothing herein contained shall be construed to exclude double residences or duplex houses, so-called, schools, churches, or signs advertising for rent or sale the property only on which they are placed. No building or structure erected after the creation of such district shall be used for any pur- pose for which its erection shall be prohibited hereunder. The term "council" in this act shall mean the chief governing body of the city by whatever name called. Section 2. Council given power of eminent domain. — The council shall first designate the restricted residence district, and shall have power to acquire by eminent domain the right to exercise the powers granted by this act by proceedings hereinafter denned, and when such proceedings shall have been completed the right to exercise such powers shall be vested in the city. Section 3. Provisions for appointment of appraisers and duties of the latter. — The council shall appoint five appraisers who shall be disinterested qualified voters of the city, and none of whom shall be a resident of the ward or wards in which any part of the district so designated is situate, to view the premises and appraise the damages which may be occasioned by the establish- ment of such restricted residence district and by the exercise by the city of the powers herein granted. Said appraisers shall be notified as soon as practicable by the city clerk, as the case may be, to attend at a time fixed by him, for the purpose of qualifying and entering upon their duties. Whenever a vacancy may occur among said appraisers by neglect or refusal of any of them to act or otherwise, such vacancy shall be filled by the council. Second. The appraisers shall be sworn to discharge their duty as appraisers in the matter with impartiality and fidelity; and to make due return of their acts to the council. MONTHLY BULLETIN 221 Third. The appraisers shall give notice, by publication in the official newspaper of the city, once a week for two consecutive weeks, which last publication shall be at least ten days before the day of such meeting, which notice shall contain a general description of the lands designated by the council, and give notice that a plat of the same has been filed in the office of the city clerk, and that said appraisers will meet at a place and time designated in the notice, and thence proceed to view the premises and appraise the damages which may be occasioned by the establishment of such restricted residence district and by the exercise by the city of the powers herein granted, and to assess benefits in the manner hereinafter specified. Fourth. The city clerk shall, after the first publication of such notice, and at least six days (Sunday excluded) prior to the meeting specified in said notice, serve upon each person in whose name each tract or parcel of said land is then assessed, a copy of said notice by depositing the same in the postoffice of said city, with postage prepaid, directed to such person at his place of residence, if known to the city clerk, but if not known, then to his place of residence as given in the last pub- lished city directory of said city, if his name appears therein. After the first publication of said notice, and at least six days (Sundays excluded) prior to the meeting specified in said notice, a copy of the same shall also be served upon the person in possession of each of said tracts or parcels of land, or some part thereof, if the same be actually occupied, in the same manner as provided for the service of summons in a civil action in the district court. A copy of all subsequent notices relating to said proceedings which are required to be published, shall be mailed by said clerk in the manner above specified, immediately after the first publication thereof, to such persons as shall have appeared in said proceedings and requested in writing that such notice be mailed to them. Fifth. At the time and place mentioned in the notice, the said appraisers shall meet and thence proceed to view the premises, and may hear the evidence of proof offered by the parties interested, and may adjourn from time to time for the purposes aforesaid. When their view and hearing shall be concluded they shall determine the amount of damages, if any, suffered by each piece or parcel of land of which each piece or parcel of land in the district is a part. They shall also determine the amount of benefits, if any, to each such piece or parcel of land. If the damages exceed the benefits to any particular piece, the excess shall be awarded as damages. If the benefits exceed the damages to any particular piece, the difference shall be assessed as benefits, but the total assessment for benefits shall not be greater than the aggregate net award of damages; and in every case the benefits assessed upon the several parcels shall be in proportion to the actual benefits received, and no assessment upon any particular piece shall exceed the amount of actual benefits after deducting the damages, if any. Sixth. If the land and buildings belong to different persons, or if the land be subject to lease, mortgage or judgment, or if there be any estate less than an estate in fee, the injury or damage done to such persons or interests respectively may be awarded to them separately by the appraisers. Provided, that neither such award of the appraisers, nor the confirmation thereof by the council shall be deemed to require the payment of such damages to the person or persons named in such award in case it shall transpire that such person or persons are not entitled to receive the same. Seventh. The said appraisers having ascertained and appraised the damages and benefits as aforesaid, shall make and file with the city clerk a written report of their action in the premises, embracing a schedule and appraisement of the damages awarded and benefits assessed, with descrip- tions of the lands, and the names of the owners, if known to them and also a statement of the costs of the proceedings. Eighth. Upon such report being filed, the city clerk shall give notice that such appraise- ment has been returned, and that the same will be considered by the council at a meeting thereof to be named in the notice, which notice shall be published in the official newspaper of said city, once a week for two consecutive weeks, and the last publication shall be at least 10 days before such meeting. The council upon the day fixed for the consideration of such report, or at any subsequent meeting to which the same may stand over or be referred, shall have power in their discretion to confirm, revise or annul the appraisement and assessment, giving due consideration to any objec- tions interposed by parties interested in the manner hereinafter specified, provided that said council shall not have the power to reduce the amount of any award, nor increase any assessment. In case the appraisement and assessment is annulled, the council may thereupon appoint new apprais- ers, who shall proceed, in like manner, as in case of the first appraisement, and upon the coming in of their report, the council shall proceed in a like manner and with the same powers as in the case of the first appraisement. Ninth. If not annulled or set aside, such awards shall be final, and shall be a charge upon the city, for the payment of which the credit of the city shall be pledged. Such assessments shall be and remain a lien and charge upon the respective lands until paid. The awards shall be paid to the persons entitled thereto, or shall be deposited and set apart in the treasury of the city for the use of the parties entitled thereto, within six months after the confirmation of the appraisement and award. But in case any appeal or appeals shall be taken from the order confirming said appraise- ment and assessment, as hereinafter provided, then the time for payment of said awards shall be extended until and including sixty days after the final determination of all appeals taken in the 222 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY proceeding, and in case of any change in the awards or assessments upon appeal, the council may, by resolution duly adopted, at any time within sixty days after the determination of all appeals, set aside the entire proceeding. Any awards so set aside shall not be paid, and the proceedings as to the tracts for which the awards are so set aside shall be deemed abandoned. Any awards not so set aside shall be a charge upon the city, for the payment of which the credit of the city shall be pledged. All awards shall bear interest at the rate of six per cent per annum from the time of the filing of the original appraisers' report and all subsequent awards and awards upon appeal shall be made as of the day and date of filing of such original reports. Tenth. Upon the conclusion of the proceedings and the payment of the awards, the several tracts of lands shall be deemed to be taken and appropriated for the purpose of this act, and the right above specified shall vest absolutely in the city in which the lands are situate. In case the council shall in any case be unable to determine to whom the damages should in any particular case be paid, or in case of adverse claim in relation thereto, or in case of the legal disability of any person interested the council shall, and in any and every case, the council may in its discretion deposit the amount of damages with the district court of the county in which such lands are situate, for the use of the parties entitled thereto, and the court shall, upon the application of any person interested and upon such notice as the court shall prescribe, determine who is entitled to the award, and shall order the same paid accordingly. Any such deposit shall have the same effect as the pay- ment to the proper persons. Eleventh. Any owner of land within said district who deems that there is any irregularity in the proceedings of said council, or action of the appraisers, by reason of which the award of the appraisers ought not to be confirmed, or who is dissatisfied with the amount of damages awarded, to him or the assessment thereon, may at any time before the time specified for the consideration of the award and assessment by the council, file with the city clerk, in writing, his objections to such confirmation, setting forth therein specifically the particular irregularities complained of, and the particular objection to the award or assessment, and containing a description of the property in which he is interested, affected by such proceedings and his interest therein, and if, notwithstand- ing such objections the said council shall confirm the award, or assessment, such person so objecting shall have the right to appeal from such order of confirmation of the council to the district court of the county where such land is situate, within twenty days after such order. Such appeals shall be made by serving a written notice of appeal upon the city clerk which shall specify the property of the appellant affected by such award and refer to the objection filed as aforesaid, thereupon said city clerk, at the expense of the appellant, shall make out and transmit to the clerk of the district court a copy of the record of the entire proceedings, and of the award of the appraisers as confirmed by the council and of the order of the council confirming the same, and of the objections filed by the appellant, as aforesaid, and of the notice of appeal, all certified by said city clerk to be true copies, within ten days after the taking of such appeal. But if more than one appeal be taken from any award, it shall not be necessary that the city clerk in appeals subsequent to the first, shall send up anything but a certified copy of the appellant's objections. There shall be no pleading on any appeal, but the court shall determine in the first instance whether there was in the proceedings any such irregularity or omission of duty prejudicial to the appellant and specified in his written objec- tion that as to him the award or assessment of the appraisers ought not to stand, and whether said appraisers had jurisdiction to take action in the premises. Twelfth. The case may be brought on for hearing on eight days' notice, at any general or special term of the court, and the judgment of the court shall be to confirm or annul the proceedings, only so far as the said proceeding affect the property of the appellant proposed to be included in said district or damaged or assessed, and described in said written objection. In case the amount of damages or benefits assessed is complained of by such appellant, the court shall, if the proceedings be confirmed in other respects, appoint three disinterested qualified voters, appraisers to reappraise said damages, and reassess benefits as to the property of appellant. The parties to such appeal shall be heard by said court upon the appointment of such appraisers, and the court shall fix the time and place of meeting of such appraisers, they shall be sworn to the faithful discharge of their duties as such appraisers, and shall proceed to view the premises and to hear the parties interested, with their allegations and proofs pertinent to the question of the amount of damages or benefits; such appraisers shall be governed by the same provisions in respect to the method of arriving at the amount of damages or benefits and in all other material respects as are in this chapter made for the government of appraisers appointed by said council. They shall, after the hearing and view of the premises, make a report to said court of their award of damages and assessment of benefits in respect to the property of such appellant. The award shall be final unless set aside by the court. The motion to set aside shall be made within fifteen days. In case such report is set aside, the court may, in its discretion, recommit the same to the same appraisers, or appoint new appraisers as it shall deem best; said court shall allow to said appraisers a reasonable compensation for their services, and make such award of costs on such appeal, including the compensation of such appraisers as it shall deem just in the premises, and enforce the same by execution. In case the court shall be of the opinion that such appeal was frivolous or vexatious, it may adjudge double costs against such appellant. An appeal may be taken to the supreme court of the state from any final decision of the district court in said proceedings. MONTHLY BULLETIN 223 Section 4. Maps and plats of restricted districts to be made. — As soon as sucH condemnation proceedings have been completed, it shall be the duty of such council to cause maps or plats of such restricted residence district to be made, with a list of the parcels of land within such district, and to file one of such maps and list duly certified by the president of the council and the city clerk, in each of the following offices, to-wit, the office of the city engineer, the office of the register of deeds of the county and the office of the city clerk, and the same shall be prima facie evidence of the full and complete condemnation and establishment of said restricted residence district. As soon as the assessments are confirmed, the city clerk, or the clerk of the district court, as the case may be shall transmit a copy thereof duly certified, to the county auditor of the county in which the lands lie. The county auditor shall include the same in the next general tax list for the collection of state, county and city taxes, against the several tracts or parcels of land, and said assessments shall be collected with and as a part of, and shall be subject to the same penalties, costs and interest, as the general taxes. Such assessments shall be set down in the tax books in an appropriate column to be headed "Restricted Residence District Assessments," and when collected a separate account thereof shall be kept by the county auditor, and the same shall be transmitted to the treasurer of the city, and placed to the credit of the proper fund. Section 5. Power to enact ordinances for enforcement of rights given to council. — The council shall have the power to enact ordinances for the enforcement of the rights which shall be acquired under this act, and to fix penalties for their violation, including a fine not exceeding one hundred dollars ($100) or confinement in the city workhouse not exceeding ninety (90) days. Violations of the ordinances may be prosecuted in the municipal court of the city. Section 6. Buildings declared a nuisance. — Any building or structure erected, altered, re- paired or used in violation of this act or any ordinance passed under it, shall be deemed a nuisance and may be abated at the suit of the city in a civil action. The city may maintain actions for injunc- tion to prevent violation of the act and of the ordinances passed in pursuance hereof. Owners of land and others interested in land within the district may also maintain similar actions of abate- ment and for injunction. Section 7. Application. — This act shall also apply to cities existing under a charter framed pursuant to Section 36, Article IV of the Constitution of the State of Minnesota. Approved April 16, 1915. MONROVIA, CAL. Has an ordinance, No. 607, adopted Aug. 26, 1913, establishing a business district within the city of Monrovia, and prohibiting certain kinds of business outside of the business district within the city without first obtaining a permit from the board of trustees of the city. A penalty is fixed for violations. Special Libraries. January, 1916. MUSKEGON, MICH. The City Planning Commission is now studying the regulation of building heights. City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 107. NEWARK. On June 1, 1917, the Common Council of the City of Newark adopted a resolu- tion creating a Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions which is to consider the regulation and limitation of the height and bulk of buildings, the regulation and determination of the area of yards, courts and other open spaces and the regulation and restriction of the location of trades and industries. Bounda- ries of districts and appropriate regulations and restrictions are to be stated by the Zoning Commission in a tentative report, after which public hearings will be held, to be followed by a final report to the Council. The Commission just appointed was created under the General Assembly bill 129 which was passed during the 1917 session. 224 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY The Zoning Commission will begin work as soon as the ordinance creating the Commission is approved by the Mayor. The text of General Assembly bill no. 129 will be found under New Jersey. Letter. June 4, 1917. NEW JERSEY. New Jersey has passed an act (Assembly bill no. 129) to enable cities of the first class to regulate and limit the height and bulk of buildings, to regulate and determine the areas of yards and courts and other open spaces, and to regulate and restrict the locations of trades and industries, Approved March 19, 1917. The object of the New Jersey act is to enable the governing body in cities of the first class, after preliminary investigation by a commission to be appointed by them, to divide such cities into different zones or districts, residential, business or manufacturing, and to define generally the occupations which may be carried on in such respective districts, and to regulate the height and area of buildings. (Assembly Bill no. 129 Statement.) ASSEMBLY, No. 129. State of New Jersey Introduced January 30, 1917. An Act to enable cities of the first class to regulate and limit the height and bulk of buildings, to regulate and determine the area of yards, courts and other open spaces, and to regulate and restrict the location of trades and industries. Be it enacted by the Senate and General Assembly of the State of New Jersey: 1. The common council or governing commission of cities of the first class shall have power to regulate and limit the height and bulk of buildings hereafter erected and to regulate and determine the area of yards, courts and other open spaces. The common council or governing commission may divide the city into districts of such number, shape and area as it may deem best suited to carry out the purposes of this section. The regulations as to the height and bulk of buildings and the area of yards, courts and other open spaces shall be uniform for each class of buildings throughout each district. The regulations in one or more districts may differ from those in other districts. Such regulations shall be designed to secure safety from fire and other dangers and to promote the public health and welfare, including provision for adequate light, air and convenience of access. The common council or governing commission shall pay reasonable regard to the character of buildings erected in each district, the value of the land and the use to which it may be put to the end that such regulations may promote public health, safety and welfare and the most desirable use for which the land of each district may be adapted and may tend to conserve the value of build- ings and enhance the value of land throughout the city. 2. The common council or governing commission of cities of the first class shall also have the power to regulate and restrict the location of buildings designed for specified uses, as well as the location of trades and industries, and may divide the city into districts of such number, shape and area as it may deem best suited to carry out the purposes of this section. For each such district regulations may be imposed designating the uses for which buildings may not be erected or altered, and designating the trades and industries that shall be excluded or subjected to special regulations. Such regulations shall be designed to promote the public health, safety and general welfare. The common council or governing commission shall give reasonable consideration, among other things, to the character of the district, its peculiar suitability for particular uses, the conservation of property values, and the direction of building development in accord with a well-considered plan. 3. The common council or. governing commission of cities of the first class accepting the provisions of this act shall appoint a commission to be known as "Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions," to consist of the chief engineer of the board or body having control of streets and highways, the superintendent of buildings, the officer of said city in charge of the inspection of combustibles and fire risks, the president or other officer of said city in charge of the Board or body which assesses and revises taxes, four members of the city plan commission and three addi- tional members at large. In any city of the first class in this State which has not appointed a city plan commission under the provision of an act entitled "An act to enable cities of the first class in this State to provide for a city plan commission and provide funds and defining the duties thereof," MONTHLY BULLETIN 225 approved March twelfth, one thousand nine hundred and thirteen, the common council or governing commission shall then appoint seven members at large instead of three. Such commission shall serve without pay and shall recommend the boundaries of districts and appropriate regulations and restrictions to be enforced therein. Such commission shall make a tentative report and hold hear- ings thereon at such times and places and upon such notice as said commission shall determine before submitting its final report to the common council, or governing commission. Said common council or governing commission shall not determine the boundaries of any district nor impose any regulation or restriction until after the final report of a commission so appointed. After such final report said common council or governing commission shall afford persons interested an opportunity to be heard at a time and place to be specified in a notice of hearing to be published for five days in two newspapers of said city. 4. The common council or governing commission, may from time to time, after public notice and hearing, amend, supplement or change said regulations or districts. Such proposed amend- ment, supplement or change, however, must first be referred to the commission on building districts and restrictions for consideration and report before final action shall be taken thereon by said com- mon council or governing commission. But in case of a protest against a proposed amendment, supplement or change be presented, duly signed and acknowledged by the owners of twenty per centum or more of the frontage of the property proposed to be altered, or by the owners of twenty per centum of the frontage upon the street immediately in the rear thereof, or by the owners of twenty per centum of the frontage directly opposite the property proposed to be altered, such amendment shall not be passed except by a three-quarters vote of the common council or governing commission. 5. The experts, clerks and secretary of the city plan commission shall act in similar capacities for the commission on building districts and restrictions. Such expenses as said commission on building districts and restrictions may lawfully incur under the powers hereby granted, including the necessary disbursements incurred by its members in the performances of their duties as members of said commission, shall be paid out of the amount appropriated for the city plan commission by the board or body having charge of the finances of said city under the provisions of an act entitled "An act to enable cities of the first class in this State to provide for a city plan commission and provide funds, and defining the duties thereof," approved March twelfth, one thousand nine hundred and thirteen; provided, that such expenditures are duly approved by the city plan commission; and provided, further, that the total amount so expended in any one year shall not exceed the appropriation for such year. 6. In any city of the first class in this State which has not appointed a city plan commission under the provisions of an act entitled "An act to enable cities of the first class in this State to provide for a city plan commission and provide funds and defining the duties thereof," approved March twelfth, one thousand nine hundred and thirteen, it shall be lawful for the board or body having charge of the finances of said city to appropriate any amount not exceeding ten thousand dollars in any year that such commission shall remain in existence for the expenses of such commis- sion on building districts and restrictions, and the moneys for said commission shall be raised by annual tax upon real and personal property as other taxes are raised in and for such city; provided, however, that for the fiscal year in which this act becomes effective, such moneys may be raised by said board or body having charge of the finances of such city, by appropriating for that purpose any moneys in the treasury by such city not otherwise appropriated, or by issuing and selling tempo- rary loan bonds or certificates of indebtedness; provided, that such bonds or certificates shall be sold at public or private sale, after the advertisement, at not less than par; which bonds shall bear interest at not more than five per centum per annum, and the payment thereof, with interest, shall be provided for in the next tax levy. 7. This act shall not be construed so as to limit or abridge any right, power or authority conferred or vested in city plan commissions in cities of the first class appointed under the provisions of an act entitled "An act to enable cities of the first class in this State to provide for a city plan commission and provide funds, and defining the duties thereof," approved March twelfth, one thousand nine hundred and thirteen. 8. Wherever the provisions of any ordinance or regulation adopted by the common council or governing commission under the provisions of this act impose requirements for lower height of buildings or a less percentage of lot that may be occupied, or require wider or larger courts or deeper yards than are imposed or required by existing provision of law or ordinance, the provision of such local ordinance or regulation adopted under the provision of this act shall govern. Where, however, the provisions of the New Jersey tenement house law, the building code or other ordinance or regula- tion of any city of the first class impose requirements for lower height of building, or less percentage of lot that may be occupied, or require wider or larger courts or deeper yards than are required by any ordinance or regulation which may be adopted by the common council or governing commis- sion under the provision of this act, the provision of said New Jersey tenement house law or said building code or other ordinance or regulation shall govern. 9. This act shall take effect immediately. 226 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY NEW YORK CITY. On June 26, 1914 the Board of Estimate and Apportionment appointed a Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions under authority of chapter 470 of the Laws of 1914. The work of the Districting Commission was preceded by the investigation and report of the Heights of Buildings Commission. The resolution under which the Heights of Buildings Commission was appointed directed it to investigate and report on whether in its judgment a districting plan would be lawful. After a careful study of the subject, the Commission rendered its opinion that reasonable and appropriate regulations for the districting of the city are constitutional under the general police powers of the state. The Commission submitted a draft charter amendment permitting the Board of Estimate and Apportionment to divide the city into districts for the purpose of regulating the height of buildings, the area of courts and open spaces, the location of trades and industries, and the location of buildings designed for specified uses. This draft amendment was passed by the Legislature, approved by the Governor, and became a law April 20, 1914. Pursuant thereto the present Districting Commission was appointed. During the past two years the commission has made an extensive study of the present distribution of population and of the present and proposed transit facilities, including a detailed transit time zone map showing the estimated time from 14th Street, Manhattan, to every section of the city, under the new dual subway system. Maps have also been prepared showing the distribution of factory employees in the places in which they work throughout the city; also maps showing graphically and in detail the assessed land values per front foot throughout the city. Maps have been prepared for each borough showing at various periods «in their history the transit lines and the building development and its use for resi- dential, business and industrial purposes. The present building development has been most carefully studied and maps have been prepared to show graphically and in detail the height of each building and the percentage of the lot covered by it. Maps were also prepared showing existing grades, contours etc. A number of public meetings were held. A tentative report and maps were printed and distributed. The final report is dated June 2, 1916. Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions Final Report. June 2, 1916, p. 5-8. APPENDIX I— CHARTER PROVISIONS. Sections 242a and 242b of Greater New York Charter, as enacted by Chapter 470 of Laws of 1914 and amended by Chapter 497 of Laws of 1916. 242-a. The board of estimate and apportionment shall have power to regulate and limit the height and bulk of buildings hereafter erected and to regulate and determine the area of yards, courts and other open spaces. The board may divide the city into districts of such number, shape and area as it may deem best suited to carry out the purposes of this section. The regulations as to the height and bulk of buildings and the area of yards, courts and other open spaces shall be uniform for each class of buildings throughout each district. The regulations in one or more dis- tricts may differ from those in other districts. Such regulations shall be designed to secure safety from fire and other dangers and to promote the public health and welfare, including, so far as condi- tions may permit, provisions for adequate light, air and convenience of access. The board shall pay reasonable regard to the character of buildings erected in each district, the value of the land, the use to which it may be put to the end that such regulations may promote public health, safety and welfare and the most desirable use for which the land of each district may be adapted and may MONTHLY BULLETIN 227 tend to conserve the value of buildings and enhance the value of land throughout the city. The board shall appoint a commission to recommend the boundaries of districts and appropriate regula- tions to be enforced therein. Such commission shall make a tentative report and hold public hear- ings thereon at such times and places as said board shall require before submitting its final report. Said board shall not determine the boundaries of any district nor impose any regulation until after the final report of a commission so appointed. After such final report said board shall afford persons interested an opportunity to be heard at a time and place to be specified in a notice of hearing to be published for ten consecutive days in the City Record. The board may from time to time after public notice and hearing amend, supplement or change said regulations or districts but in case a protest against a proposed amendment, supplement or change be presented, duly signed and acknowl- edged by the owners of twenty per centum or more of the frontage proposed to be altered, or by owners of twenty per centum of the frontage immediately in the rear thereof, or by the owners of twenty per centum of the frontage directly opposite the frontage proposed to be altered, such amendment shall not be passed except by a unanimous vote of the board. 242-b. The board of estimate and apportionment may regulate and restrict the location of trades and industries and the location of buildings designed for specified uses, and may divide the city into districts of such number, shape and area as it may deem best suited to carry out the purposes of this section. For each such district regulations may be imposed designating the trades and industries that shall be excluded or subjected to special regulations and designating the uses for which buildings may not be erected or altered. Such regulations shall be designed to promote the public health, safety and general welfare. The board shall give reasonable consideration, among other things to the character of the district, its peculiar suitability for particular uses, the conservation of property values, and the direction of building development in accord with a well- considered plan. The board shall appoint a commission to recommend the boundaries of districts and appropriate regulations and restrictions to be imposed therein. Such commission shall make a tentative report and hold public hearings thereon before submitting its final report at such times as said board shall require. Said board shall not determine the boundaries of any district nor impose any regulations or restrictions until after the final report of a commission so appointed. After such final report said board shall afford persons interested an opporunity to be heard at a time and place to be specified in a notice of hearing to be published for ten consecutive days in the City Record. The board may from time to time after public notice and hearing amend, supple- ment or change said regulations or districts but in case a protest against a proposed amendment, supplement or change be presented, duly signed and acknowledged by the owners of twenty per centum or more of the frontage proposed to be altered, or by the owners of twenty per centum of the frontage immediately in the rear thereof, or by the owners of twenty per centum of the frontage directly opposite the frontage proposed to be altered, such amendment shall not be passed except by a unanimous vote of the board. NEW YORK (STATE). NEW CITY PLANNING LAW. The bill put forward by the New York State Conference of Mayors and other city officials, giving power to cities in New York State to limit the height of build- ings and to restrict the use of property, has been passed by the legislature and signed by the governor. All cities in the state, with the exception of Rochester, now have the same power for zoning as has New York City. The new law is as follows: — "To regulate and limit the height and bulk of buildings hereafter erected and to regulate and determine the area of yards, courts and other open spaces, and for said purpose to divide the city into districts. Such regulations shall be uniform for each class of buildings throughout any district, but the regulations in one or more districts may differ from those in other districts. Such regula- tions shall be designed to secure safety from fire and other dangers, and to promote the public health and welfare, including, so far as conditions may permit, provision for adequate light, air and con- venience of access, and shall be made with reasonable regards to the character of buildings erected in each district, the value of land and the use to which it may be put, to the end that such regulations may promote public health, safety and welfare and the most desirable use for which land of each district may be adapted, and may tend to conserve the value of the buildings and enhance the value of land throughout the city. "To regulate and restrict the location of trades and industries and the location of buildings, designed for specific uses, and for such purposes to divide the city into districts and to prescribe for each such district the trades and industries that shall be excluded or subjected to special regula- tion and the uses for which buildings may not be erected or altered. Such regulation shall be 228 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY designed to promote the public health, safety and general welfare and shall be made with reasonable consideration, among other things, to the character of the district, its peculiar suitability for particu- lar uses, and conservation of property values and the direction of building development in accord- ance with a well-considered plan." Municipal Journal. . . May 31, 1917, page 740. NIAGARA FALLS, N. Y. The city of Niagara Falls passed an ordinance forbidding the erection of a factory within a certain prescribed area unless the owners of two-thirds of the resi- dences located within 200 feet of the place where the factory was to be built all consented in writing, and this ordinance was held valid April 5, 1916, by Supreme Court Justice Bissell, who based his decision upon the Hadacheck case. "Guiding City Growth." Reprint from "Helping Newark to grow," from the Newark Evening News. Feb. 5-8, 1917. NORFOLK, VA. A bill which will give the city full control over the platting of land in private ownership and authority to restrict private property to specified uses is now before the state legislature. City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 128. OHIO. The State Planning law, enacted in 1915, provides for City Planning Commis- sions in Municipalities, making city planning, regulation of building lines, heights and uses, permissive. City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 38. OMAHA, NEB. The City Planning Commission is drafting a scheme of districting and zoning, with different restrictions as to height of buildings, size of yards and courts, and the character and usage in different parts of the city. • City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 133. PHILADELPHIA. On May 11, 1915, an act was passed by the General Assembly authorizing cities of the first class to regulate the location, size and use of buildings. A resolu- tion authorizing the mayor to appoint a Commission to consider and recommend regulations and legislation concerning the location, size and use of buildings in different districts of Philadelphia, was adopted by the Select and Common Councils on July 20, 1916. Pursuant to this resolution the mayor, on October 4, 1916, appointed the members of the Philadelphia Zoning Commission, whose duty it is to prepare a code of regulations and legislation to carry into effect the act of May 11, 1915. Immediately after its appointment the Zoning Commission organized for the work authorized by the act of the Assembly. An appropriation of $11,000 has been made by the Councils and an operating force has been organized and is making the preliminary plans and investigations necessary to the preparation and estab- lishment of regulations and the districting of the city. This operating force is in charge of an Advisory Engineer. MONTHLY BULLETIN 229 Plans showing existing conditions as to height, use and area of buildings are nearing completion. A tentative code of rules for regulating the height and use of buildings has been submitted by the Advisory Engineer for consideration and approval by the Commission and a code covering area regulations is in prepara- tion. The districting of the city will be commenced as soon as the Commission approves the regulations, and an ordinance will then be prepared and submitted to the Councils for enactment into law. The Commissioners of Fairmount Park prepared an ordinance establishing regulations for the Parkway. This ordinance was adopted by the Councils on March 21, 1917; it was not approved by the Zoning Commission. The texts of the various acts are as follows: AN ACT To authorize the regulation of the location, size and use of buildings in cities of the first class. Section 1. Be it enacted, etc., that for the purpose of promoting the public health, safety, order and general welfare, cities of the first class may regulate the location, size and use of buildings therein, and may make different regulations for different districts thereof. The park commission of any city of the first class may make such regulations as to the location, size and use of buildings, any portion of which shall come within two hundred feet of any park, parkway, playground or other public place under its care or management, and, upon their approval by the councils of such city, said regulations shall have the same effect as if originally made by said councils. APPROVED— the 11th day of May, A. D. 1915. Martin G. Brumbaugh. The foregoing is a true and correct copy of the Act of the General Assembly No. 175. Cyrus E. Woods, WHR Secretary of the Commonwealth. RESOLUTION Authorizing the Mayor to appoint a Commission to consider and recommend regulations and legisla- tion concerning the location, size and use of buildings in different districts of Philadelphia. RESOLVED, BY THE SELECT AND COMMON COUNCILS OF THE CITY OF PHILADELPHIA, That the Mayor be, and he is hereby authorized to appoint as members of a Commission, in accordance with the Act of Assembly approved May 11, 1915, the following: The Director of the Department of Public Works, the Director of the Department of Public Safety, the Director of the Department of Public Health and Charities, the President of the Park Commission, a member of the Board of Surveyors, a member of the Art Jury, and one representative of each of these bodies: The Committee on Comprehensive Plans, Philadelphia Real Estate Board, Phila- delphia Operative Builders Association, Philadelphia Chapter of American Institute of Architects, Philadelphia Housing Commission and the Chamber of Commerce, to prepare a code of regulations and legislation concerning the location, size and use of buildings in different parts of the City, and to report the same to Councils for further action. ADOPTED the 20th day of July, 1916. Commission appointed by the Mayor October 4, 1916, to prepare a code of regulations and legislation to carry into effect the Act of May 11, 1915, authorizing the regulation of the location, size and use of buildings in the City of Philadelphia. President. George E. Datesman, Director Department of Public Works, 216 City Hall. Secretary. Bernard J. Newman, Representing Phila. Housing Commission, 130 S. 15th St. William H. Wilson, Director Department of Public Safety, Room 225 City Hall. Dr. Wilmer Krusen, Director Department of Public Health and Charities, Room 584 City Hall. -E. T. Stotesbury, President Fairmount Park Commission, 1925 Walnut St. Chester E. Albright, President Board of Surveyors, Room 412 City Hall. Joseph E. Widener, Representing the Art Jury, Land Title Building. George S. Webster, Representing the Permanent Committee on Comprehensive Plans, Bourse Building. Leroy A. Worrell, Representing the Phila. Real Estate Board, 6004 Market St. John H. McClatchey, Representing the Phila. Operative Builders Association, Land Title Building. Edgar V. Seeler, Representing the Phila. Chapter, American Institute of Architects, 101 S. Juniper St. Edgar S. McKaig, Representing the Chamber of Commerce, Widener Building. 230 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY AN ORDINANCE To approve regulations for the location, size and use of buildings along the Parkway. Section 1. THE SELECT AND COMMON COUNCILS OF THE CITY OF PHILA- DELPHIA DO ORDAIN, That the following regulations, made by the Fairmount Park Com- mission for the location, size and use of buildings along the Parkway, a public place under its care and management, are hereby approved: BUILDING REGULATIONS For the Parkway, between Broad street and Eighteenth street. No building, any portion of which may come within the boundary lines of the Parkway, between Broad street and Eighteenth street or within two hundred feet therefrom, shall hereafter be erected, altered or used, except in conformity with the following regulations: 1. The main cornice line of every such building, except a church, fronting on or facing toward the Parkway, shall not exceed in height above the street level three times the width of its facade fronting on or visible from any point within the boundaries of the Parkway, or in any event two hundred feet, and no other portion of said building, except pediment or attic wall, shall exceed the height of said cornice, unless the portion or portions above said cornice line shall recede from the plane of each facade of said building at least as far as said portion or portions extend above said line. No portion of such building, except a church, shall in any case exceed two hundred and forty-five feet in height above the street level. 2. No such building erected on a lot abutting on the Parkway shall be used for a stable, a garage or for any manufacturing purpose, or for the display of a bill-board or roof sign. 3. No such building shall be erected or altered until the plans therefor have been approved by the Art Jury, and no sign, notice or advertisement of any kind, visible from any point within the boundaries of the Parkway, shall be displayed thereon, unless the design and location of said sign, notice or advertisement have been similarly approved. No permit for such erection or altera- tion shall be issued until the approval of the Art Jury has been obtained, and the erection or altera- tion shall conform to the design, location and plans approved. BUILDING REGULATIONS For the Parkway and Logan Square, between Fairmount Park and Eighteenth street. No building, any portion of which may come within the boundary lines of the Parkway or Logan Square, between Fairmount Park and Eighteenth street, or within two hundred feet there- from, shall hereafter be erected, altered or used, except in conformity with the following regulations: 1. The main cornice of every such building, except a church, shall not exceed in height^bove the street level the width of its facade fronting on the Parkway Drive or facing toward the Parkway or Square, or in any event eighty feet, and no other portion of said building, except pediment or attic wall, shall exceed the height of said cornice, unless the portion or portions above said cornice line shall recede from the plane of each facade of said building at least as far as said portion or portions extend above said line. No portion of such building, except a church, shall in any case exceed one hundred feet in height between Fairmount Park and the Crescent, or one hundred and sixty feet in height between the Crescent and Eighteenth street. 2. No such building erected within the boundary lines of the Parkway or Square, or on a lot abutting thereon, shall be used for a stable, a garage, or for any manufacturing, industrial or commercial purpose, or for the display of a bill-board or roof sign. 3. No such building shall be erected or altered until the plans therefor have been approved by the Art Jury, and no sign, notice or advertisement of any kind, visible from any point within the boundaries of said Parkway or Square, shall be displayed thereon, unless the design and location of said sign, notice or advertisement have been similarly approved. No permit for such erection or alteration shall be issued until the approval of the Art Jury has been obtained, and the erection or alteration shall conform to the design, location and plans approved. Section 2. The Fairmount Park Commission may, in its discretion, pending the completion of the Parkway, extend the time within which any such building now actually used for a stable, a garage or for any manufacturing, industrial or commercial purpose may continue to be so used. Approved March 21, 1917. PITTSBURGH. The Board of the Civic Club has directed the attention of the City Building Code Committee to the importance of providing in the new building code some means by which residence districts may be protected against the erection of all buildings which disregard the houses on either side and their building line. Such MONTHLY BULLETIN 231 action seriously affects the value of all property in the block and destroys the ap- pearance of the street in the immediate vicinity. Of equal if not greater importance is the encroachment of business upon sections of the city which are purely residential in character. The drafting of new building laws is considered the city's opportunity to adopt regulations which will safeguard those who invest their capital in dwellings. The Monthly Bulletin of the Civic Club of Allegheny County, Pittsburgh, Pa. Feb. 1916. RICHMOND, VA. The City of Richmond is the only city which has passed an ordinance estab- lishing a building line in certain sections of the city. The ordinance passed in 1908 provided that whenever two-thirds of the property owners on any street shall petition the Committee on Streets of the City Council to establish a building line on the side of the street upon which their property fronts, the committee shall establish such a line not less than five feet nor more than thirty feet from the lot line. This ordinance made it mandatory for the City Council to establish such a building line upon the filing of a petition. It was in the discretion of the City Council, however, to determine (1912, Chapter 334), within the limits above stated, the distance of the building line from the lot line. This ordinance was attacked in court on the ground that it delegated powers as to the use of property to other property owners in the block, and this view was taken by the United States Supreme Court which declared the ordinance invalid. Subsequently, in 1913, a new ordinance was passed authorizing the City Council to establish building lines at its discretion in particular blocks or areas. The ordinance has not been attacked in the courts. Building Districts and Restrictions, by Alderman Charles E. Merriam, Chicago, 111. February, 1917. SACRAMENTO. Zones for industrial, business and residential purposes were recommended by Mr. John Nolen, City Planner, of Cambridge,Mass., in his city-planning studies for Sacramento. The industrial zone embraces sections where the land values are low and satisfactory for industrial use. The business zone embraces the area now used for this purpose and permits of reasonable expansion. Local business centers in the residential sections will be established and controlled by ordinance of the city council after the people in the immediate locality have deemed such centers necessary. The residential zone will be for that purpose only. It may be divided into various classes to provide, for instance, for tenement and apartment houses. 1 The City Commission of Sacramento has never passed an ordinance estab- lishing zones in the city. About two years ago the city employed Mr. John Nolen to draw a city plan, and his plan has been formally adopted by the City Commission. 2 'American City. July 1916, p. 24-26. "Letter. June 9, 1917. SALEM, MASS. The City Plan Commission report for 1912 recommended the establishment of manufacturing, business and residential zones. Salem City Plan Commission Report. 1912, p. 38-40. 232 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY ST. LOUIS. On February 7, 1917, the mayor signed the bill providing for an appropria- tion of $10,000 "to prepare a complete plan of the city by districts, to regulate and limit the height and bulk of buildings hereafter erected, to regulate and deter- mine the area of yards, courts and open spaces and to regulate and restrict the location of trades and industries and the location of buildings designed for speci- fied uses, and to prepare such ordinances, maps and data as may be necessary for the execution of such plan." (Ordinance no. 29463.) The City Plan Commission proposes to make, or has already made, the follow- ing maps, as an aid in working out a districting plan for St. Louis: 1. Use maps showing occupancy of land, 1890. 2. Same, 1903. 3. Same, 1916. 4. Height of buildings in relation to street width, 1916. 5. Percent, of lot covered by all buildings in the city, 1916. 6. Land values assessed, 1916. 7. Time-zone map showing traveling distance from a central point to each part of the city. 8. Time-zone map showing traveling distance from a central point to each part of the city under proposed rerouted scheme. 9. A new city map of scale of 1"-1000'. 10. New buildings, 1902-1906. 11. Same, 1907-1911. 12. Same, 1912-1916. In addition to these maps, certain additional studies with regard to the height and bulk of buildings should be made, for which the following are suggestions: 1. Study of floor heights in all buildings, old and new showing evils if any. 2. Study of light projection and direction, showing both good and bad features in all present buildings. 3. Study of prominent and typical buildings (residential and commercial) showing dark rooms, etc. 4. Study of present buildings with regard to lot sizes and the resulting good and bad practices and conditions. With regard to the use of buildings the following studies are suggested: 1. To analyze closely the increase and expansion of various industries. 2. Classify nuisances and industries which may or not become objectionable. 3. Study the character of vacant land to determine its future usefulness. 4. If possible make careful study of the vacant building situation. 5. Hold separate hearings for all business and commercial interests to obtain their idea of growth and expansion. 1 1 Minutes of the meeting of the Committee on Districting. February 2, 1917, p. 3-5. The City Plan Commission recently sent a questionnaire on Zoning to a group of twenty-five members of each of the representative business, industrial and professional men of St. Louis. The questions presented are as follows, with a MONTHLY BULLETIN 233 summary of the replies so far as they seem to be of more than local interest. The replies varied so much that it is exceedingly difficult to make a concise summary. 1. In your opinion to what height should a. Buildings for one family dwelling purposes be erected? Reply: 2 stories and attic or 3 stories limit. b. Apartments and tenements? Reply: 3 stories for non-fireproof and without elevator service. For first class apartments of fireproof construction and with elevator service 8 to 10 stories limit. Great variation in replies. c. Office buildings? Reply: A 12 story limit or one based upon the width of the street. d. Buildings for industry and light manufacturing? Reply: 6 stories. Varies. 3 stories to unlimited. What is the best height to erect a. Office buildings? Reply: 10 stories general, average 12 to 14 stories. b. Apartments and tenement houses? Reply: 3-4 stories non-fireproof and without elevator service. 6-8 stories for first class apartments of fireproof construction and with elevator service. 2. What in your opinion should be the maximum and minimum percentages of lot area, occupied by buildings for a. Dwellings? Reply: 50% by large number. b. Apartments and tenements? Reply: 66%. Varied greatly. c. Office buildings? Reply: 100% by most for ground floor. d. Industries and light manufacturing purposes? Reply: 75 to 100%. What percentage of lot area should be devoted to front yards, rear yards and interior courts a. For dwellings? Reply: Average 20% front; 30% rear; 3 to 5% side. b. For apartments and tenements? Reply: Varies greatly. 25% interior court. c. For office building? Reply: About first floor 20% interior court. 3. What evils have come particularly to your attention regarding the size and arrangement of buildings on adjacent lots? Replies: 1. Better contiguous than three or four feet apart. 2. Too much difference in heights. 3. Tendency to crowd toward inside lot line. 4. Lack of front building line. 5. Lot lines should be perpendicular to street and building lines parallel to lot lines. 4. Assuming that restrictions be established fixing special districts for residential, commer- cial and industrial buildings, and that these restrictions be reasonable, legal and not retroactive, what advantages would accrue? Replies: 1. Would stabilize property values. 2. More harmony in appearance of streets. 3. Insures residence property owners against intrusion. 4. Would localize demand for rail communication, simplify freight switching and reduce teaming to a minimum. 5. Increase ownership of homes. 6. Less spreading out in detached sections. 7. More permanent construction. 8. Tend to prevent depreciation. 9. One reply — "No advantage". 5. What objections would there be to the establishment of separate districts as above referred to? Replies: 1. "If districts are determined judiciously, and means provided for changing character of district when conditions warrant such change, I know of no objection." 2. None "Some might say, Interference with the liberty of the individual." 3. Might tend to create fictitious values. 4. None— the answer by many. 6. Can you briefly outline in a general way where and how, in your opinion, the residential, commercial and industrial districts of St. Louis should expand? Reply: Of local interest only. 234 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY 7. Is the economic welfare of St. Louis menaced at any point through expansion? a. Residential districts? b. Factories and warehouses? c. Stores or other commercial structures? What measures would be most effective to check any of these undesirable tendencies? 8. In section of St. Louis where values of property and buildings have greatly depreciated, is it your opinion that proper and reasonable districting restrictions would be of value in rehabilitating these districts? 9. Please give any additional suggestions for consideration in a districting study. 10. In your opinion is a districting plan calculated to benefit the health, safety, economic and general welfare of the city of St. Louis? Reply: Unanimously, yes. The Committee on Districting has been holding informal conferences with groups of persons representing various organizations and business and professional interests, with the idea of obtaining suggestions in relation to the districting ques- tion. After the various groups have been consulted and the plan has been put into a more workable shape, the Committee plans to hold public meetings. After a generally accepted plan has been worked out, an ordinance will be drafted which will grant the necessary authority to carry out the proposed plan. SAINT PAUL. The advisability of securing a city ordinance which will divide the entire city into classified districts is being considered. One of the principal boulevards, Summit Avenue, was recently districted pursuant to chapter 128 of the Minnesota Session Laws of 1915. 1 For the text of the act see MINNESOTA. 'Letter. May 29, 1917. SEATTLE. The zoning of the city should be seriously considered "with a view to sub- mitting to the people and the responsible authorities, some definite method qf procedure. The building ordinances already contain limited restrictions, which if they become operative, are dependent largely upon the initiative of interested individuals." The "Bogue Plans" today, by W. R. B. Wilcox in Seattle Municipal News. May 5, 1917, p. 2. SAN FRANCISCO. The city planning section of the Commonwealth Club of California is making an investigation to determine the need of districting or zoning in San Francisco and vicinity. City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 166. WALLA WALLA, WASHINGTON. The building of better dwellings, the improvement and enforcement of housing laws, and the zoning of the city are being agitated, but the city is not ready for such measures. City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 182. WASHINGTON, D. C. The need of more adequate authority in the limitation of the heights of build- ings in the national capital has been felt for several years. A number of confer- ences have been held by the Commission of Fine Arts with the District Commis- MONTHLY BULLETIN 235 sioners on this subject, the desirability of adopting a zoning system being one of the chief recommendations made. The subject is now receiving earnest attention from those in charge, with a view to a revision of existing law to meet the more modern needs of the community as New York City has done. 1 "The height of buildings has been limited under act of Congress in the District of Columbia since 1899. The regulations, which have been amended from time to time, are more stringent than those of any other city in this country, with the exception of New York and Boston. No building may be erected to a greater height than the width of the street, increased by 20 feet. On residence streets buildings may not exceed 80 feet in height. The Commissioners of the District are also authorized to regulate the maximum height of buildings on such blocks as are immediately adjacent to public buildings or to the side of any public build- ing. The Commissioners are not only authorized, but directed, to denominate portions of streets as business streets, and all streets in the district not so desig- nated are considered residence streets, but there is no statutory provision that restricts the development of residence streets to residence purposes and vice versa. Every owner is free to develop his own property, whether it is located on a busi- ness street or a residence street, as he sees fit." 2 "Letter. June 1, 1917. a City Planning Progress. 1917, p. 186. WISCONSIN. Wisconsin passed a zoning act in 1913 (chapter 456 Laws of 1913). This act does not make it clear whether its provisions come under police power or under eminent domain and is unsatisfactory. Several bills have been introduced during the present session (1917). Bill 165S of this session is based on the New York law, and is considered a very good bill. The provisions of the various acts follow: Zoning Act Chapter 456 Laws of 1913. An act to create section 670 — 1 of the statutes, to authorize county boards in counties having a population of 150,000 or more to subdivide the territory within such counties in residential, busi- ness and factory districts, and to limit the use of lands within such districts to certain purposes. Whereas, it is necessary for the health, comfort, convenience and morals of the inhabitants of counties and districts having a large population to set aside certain districts within such counties for business, factory and residential uses and purposes, The people of the State of Wisconsin, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. There is added to the statutes a new section to read: Section 670 — 1. 1. In counties having a population of 150,000 or more the county board is authorized and empowered to subdivide and to set apart certain portions of the territory within said counties to be used ex- clusively for business, factory or residential purposes, and to limit the use of such lands within such districts to the purposes prescribed, and to adopt and enforce such ordinances, resolutions, orders and regulations by appropriate fines and penalties. The power herein granted shall extend to all territory within the jurisdiction of such county board, including all cities, villages and towns within such county. The enactment of such ordinances shall be deemed a finding and declaration to the effect that such districting will protect, promote and conserve the public health, convenience and morals. 2. The power herein granted may be exercised upon the initiative of the county board or upon the petition of ten or more actual residents of the district to be affected. 3. Ordinances subdividing or setting apart portions of any land within a city of a population of one hundred and fifty thousand or upwards shall be in force and effect when ratified by the com- mon council of such city by resolution or ordinance. 4. Any person sustaining loss or damage in his property by the restrictions and limitations herein authorized, may recover such damage or loss from the county by filing his claim therefor with the county clerk within three months from the passage of such ordinance; proceedings for such recovery shall be conducted in the manner prescribed by law for obtaining payment of damages sustained by any person whose lands are taken for public purposes in laying out state roads. 236 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY A bill introduced at the 1917 session of the legislature which is based on the New York law reads as follows: A BILL To repeal subdivision (75) of Section 925-52, and to amend Sections 959-17a and 959-17e, and to create Sections 959-17n and 959-17p, relating to city plan commissioners and authorizing cities to regulate the location of industries and buildings and the height and bulk of buildings. The people of the State of Wisconsin, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. Subdivision (75) of Section 925-52 is repealed. Section 2. Sections 959-17a and 959-17e are amended to read: Section 959-17a. The Common Council of every city [of the first, second and third classes] whether organized under special or general law, may by ordinance, provide for the creation of a commission on the city plan to consist of seven members whose organization, power, duties and qualifications shall be set forth in Sections 959-17b to 959-17J, inclusive. Section 959-17e. [No member of the Common Council or citizen shall be elected or appointed a member of such commission who shall be actively engaged in the purchasing or selling of real estate in such city, and all] All citizen members shall be persons of recognized experience and qualifica- tions. Such members of the commission shall hold office until their respective successors are elected and qualified. No member of any such commission shall receive any compensation for his services as such member. Section 3. There are added to the Statutes two new sections to read: Section 959-17n. Every city, whether organized under special or general law, is hereby authorized to regulate and restrict the location of trades and industries and the location of buildings designed for specified uses, and to establish districts of such number, shape and area as such city may deem best suited to carry out the purposes of this section. For each such district regulations may be imposed desig- nating the trades or industries that shall be excluded or subjected to special regulations and desig- nating the uses for which buildings may or may not be erected or altered. No such districts shall be established except where such city has a city plan commission organized as provided by law. Upon request from the Common Council, the city plan commission shall recommend boundaries of such districts and appropriate regulations and restrictions to be imposed therein. The city plan commission shall first formulate a tentative report and shall hold public hearings thereon before submitting a final report to the Common Council. After such final report is submitted to the Common Council, the Council may from time to time, alter, supplement or change the boundaries or regulations contained in such final report, provided that not less than ten day's notice of any such proposed changes shall first be published in the official newspapers for publication in such city, and a hearing be granted to any persons interested at a time and place to be specified in the notice. Each such notice shall be published at least three times during the ten days prior to the date of hearing. In case a protest against a proposed amendment, supplement or change be presented', duly signed and acknowledged by the owners of twenty per centum or more of the frontage pro- posed to be altered, or by the owners of twenty per centum of the frontage immediately in the rear thereof, or by the owners of twenty per centum of the frontage directly opposite the frontage pro- posed to be altered, such amendment shall not be passed except by a three-fourths vote of the Council. Such districts and regulations shall be prescribed by ordinances which shall be designed to promote the public health, safety and general welfare. Such ordinances shall not prohibit the continuance of the use of any building or premises for any trade or industry for which such building or premises are used at the time such ordinances take effect, but such ordinances may prohibit the alteration of, or addition to, any existing buildings or structures for the purpose of carrying on any prohibited trade or industry within the district where such buildings or structures are located. The powers herein granted shall be liberally construed in favor of the city exercising them and this act shall not be construed to limit or repeal any powers now possessed by any such city. In any city of the first class where there is not in existence a city plan commission and until there is such com- mission, the Board of Public Land Commissioners, if there be such board, shall be vested with the powers given to the city plan commission by this section. Section 959-17p. Every city whether organized under special or general law, is hereby author- ized to regulate and limit the height and bulk of buildings hereafter erected, and to regulate and determine the area of yards, courts, and other open spaces, and to establish districts of such number, shape and area as it may deem best suited to carry out the purpose of this section. The regulations as to the height and bulk of buildings, and the area of yards, courts and other open spaces shall be uniform for each class of buildings throughout each district. The regulations in one or more dis- tricts may differ from those in other districts. Such regulations shall be designed to secure safety from fire and other dangers, and to promote the public health and welfare, including, so far as condi- tions may permit, provision for adequate light, air and convenience of access. No such districts shall be established except where such city has a city plan commission organized as provided by law. Upon request from the Common Council, the city plan commission shall recommend bounda- ries of such districts and appropriate regulations and restrictions to be imposed therein. The city plan commission shall first formulate a tentative report and shall hold public hearings thereon before submitting a final report to the Common Council. After such final report is submitted MONTHLY BULLETIN 237 to the Common Council, the Council may from time to time alter, supplement or change the bounda- ries or regulations contained in such final report, provided that not less than ten days' notice of any such proposed changes shall be first published in the official newspapers for publications in such city, and a hearing be granted to any persons interested at a time and place to be specified in the notice. Each such notice shall be published at least three times during the ten days prior to the date of hearing. In case a protest against a proposed amendment, supplement or change be presented, duly signed and acknowledged by the owners of twenty per centum or more of the frontage proposed to be altered, or by the owners of twenty per centum of the frontage immediately in the rear thereof, or by the owners of twenty per centum of the frontage directly opposite the frontage proposed to be altered, such amendment shall not be passed except by a three-fourths vote of the Council. Such districts and regulations shall be prescribed by ordinances which shall be designed to promote the public health, safety and general welfare. The powers herein granted shall be liberally construed in favor of the city exercising them and this act shall not be construed to limit or repeal any powers now possessed by any such city. In any city of the first class where there is not in existence a city plan commission and until there is such commission, the board of public land commissioners, if there be such board, shall be vested with the powers given to the city plan com- mission by this section. Section 4. This act shall take effect upon passage and publication. Another Wisconsin act of 1913, chapter 457, Laws of 1913, reads as follows: An act to create subdivision (75) of section 925 — 52 of the statutes, authorizing common councils of cities in counties having or which may hereafter have a population of one hundred fifty thousand inhabitants or more, for the purpose of securing the health, comfort and convenience of the inhabitants of such cities, to set aside districts for residential purposes and to prohibit the erec- tion and maintenance of factories and to limit the location of places of business therein. Whereas, It is necessary to secure the health, comfort and convenience of the inhabitants of populous districts to limit the use of the land for certain purposes, setting aside certain districts within such cities for business, factory and residential uses; and Whereas, Such power properly exercised, in addition to promoting comfort, convenience, health and morals, will give and maintain a certain stability of value to property once properly improved; therefor, The people of the State of Wisconsin, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. There is added to the statutes a new subdivision to read: (Section 925— 52) (75) (a) The common council in cities of one hundred fifty thousand or more are authorized to set apart portions of such cities to be used exclusively for residential purposes and to prohibit the erection and maintenance of factories within such districts. Such cities may in like manner restrain the encroachment of business houses upon purely residence districts and require the consent of the majority of landowners and residents of such districts, once improved, before such business is per- mitted on such streets and making as low a unit as one block. The power granted may be exercised upon the initiative of the common council or upon the petition of ten or more residents in the district or block to be affected. All such exercise of power herein granted may be enforced by appropriate fines and penalties prescribed by ordinance. (b) The enactment of ordinances excluding factories from residential districts shall be a final and conclusive finding that factories operated in such district are detrimental to the health, comfort and welfare of the residents of said cities. (c) The power herein granted shall not be construed as suspending or abrogating any general law or sanitary regulation made by authority of such laws, nor to limit the use of a factory already erected or established, except to require the same to be operated in a sanitary manner. (d) Any person sustaining loss or damage in his property by reason of the passage of an ordinance of the common council, made as herein authorized, may recover such loss or damage from the city by proceedings begun within three months after the adoption of such ordinance in the same manner as is now provided for the recovery on claims or demands of any nature against such city, provided that such claim or demand shall be fully itemized and the recovery limited to such itemized statement. Cases in which attempts have been made to fix residential areas that might not be invaded by business or industries, and business areas that might not be invaded by factories, are as follows: Ex parte Quong Wo, 161 Cal. 20, 118 Pac. 714; in re Montgomery, 163 Cal. 457, Ann. Cas. 1914 A 130; Nahser v. City of Chicago, 271 111. 288, L. R. A. (1916), 95; People ex rel. Ormsby v. Bell, 218 N. Y. 212; Willison v. Cooke, 54 Colo. 320, 44 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1030; Spann v. City of Dallas, 189 S. W. 999; Bacon v. Walker, 204 U. S. 311; in re Montgomery (1912), 163 Cal. 457, 125 Pac. 1070, Ann. Cas. 1914 A 130; State v. Taubert (1914), 126 Minn. 371, 148 N. W. 281; State v. With- nell (1912), 91 Neb. 101, 135 N. W. 376, 40 L. R. A. (N. S.) 898— See also, Horton v. Old Colony Bill Posting Co. (1914), 36 R. I. 507; in the Matter of the Application of Richard Russell, New York Supreme Court, Niagara Co., April 6, 1916; Quintini v. City of Bay St. Louis, 64 Miss. 4831 South, 625, 60 Ann. Rep. 62; State v. Gurry, Court of Appeals of Maryland, October 7, 1913, 121 Md. 534, 88 Atl. 546, 47 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1087, Ann. Cas. 1915 B. 957; Stubbs v. Scott, 127 Mary- 238 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY land 86; Bostock v. Sams, 95 Md. 400; Shephard v. City of Seattle, July 16, 1910; Supreme Court of Washington, 109 Pac. Rep. 1067; State ex rel. Krittenbrink v. Withnell, Supreme Court of Nebraska, March 26, 1912, 135 N. W. Rep. 377. Constitutional limitations on City Planning Powers by E. M. Bassett in New York (City.) City Record. May 11, 1917, p. 3470. "Attempts to limit building heights or the location of ordinary business or industry were frequently frowned upon by the courts as being based on aesthetic considerations." City of St. Louis v. Dorr, 145 Mo. 466; 42 L. R. A. 686; Lawton v. Steel, 152 U. S. 133, 14 Sup. Ct. 499, 38 L. Ed. 385; State ex rel Omaha Gas Co. v. Withnell, Sup. Ct. of Neb., Jan. 5, 1907, 110 N. W. Rep. 680; People ex rel. Friend v. City of Chicago, Sup. Ct. of 111., Dec. 17, 1913, 261 111. 16; Parker v. Commonwealth, 178 Mass. 199. Cases where building heights in small area were limited by eminent domain, compensation being made to the private owner. Attorney general v. Williams, 174 Mass. 476 (Copley Square, Boston). Height restriction by condemnation near proposed new court house in New York City, Laws of 1911, Chapter 880. Welch v. Swasey, 193 Mass. 364. Affirmed; 214 U. S. 91. In a Boston case, Welch v. Swasey, the court held that different height limits can be placed on different streets. It became apparent to cities that the courts were not hostile to height and use regulations that were based on the general welfare and that were applied reasonably and without unfair discrimination. Gundling v. Chicago, 177 U. S. 183, 188; Cochran v. Preston, 108 Md. 220, 23 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1163. From Constitutional limitations on City Planning Powers, by E. M. Bassett in the New York (City.) City Record May 11, 1917, p. 3470. A SHORT SELECTED READING LIST. Bassett, E. M. Constitutional limitations on city planning powers. (New York (City.) City Record. May 11, 1917, p. 3470) Survey of the legal status of a specific city in relation to city planning. (National Con- ference on City Planning. 5th. 1913.) Police powers, p. 57-59; discussion, p. 60-68. Bettman, Alfred. Constitutionality of district- ing legislation. (National Conference on City Planning. 6th. 1914. p. 111-114.) Residential districts and the courts. (American City. Aug. 1914. p. 113-115). Discusses court decisions: Municipal police power versus property rights. Boston. City Planning Board. Report. East Boston, a survey and a comprehensive plan. 1916. 128 p. Boston. Commission on Height of Buildings. Nov. 2, 1916. 21 p. Chicago, 111. Council Building districts and restrictions: bill for an act granting to cities and villages in the State of Illinois the power to create residential, business and industrial building districts or zones, recommended by the City Council of the City of Chicago to the General Assembly of the State of Illinois for enactment into law; and a statement of the desirability of giving the City of Chicago power to create building districts, presented by the committee of judiciary of the City Council of the City of Chicago by Alderman Charles E. Merriam. Chic. 1917. 56 p. Cornish, Frank V. Legal status of zone ordi- nances. (Berkeley Civic Bulletin. May 18, 1915. v. 3, p. 173-179.) Discusses California supreme court decisions; describes situation in Los Angeles and Berkeley, California and in New York City, Massachusetts, Minnesota, and Wisconsin. Flack, H. E. Ought there to be some restric- tions as to where to place business or industrial properties? (Baltimore Municipal Journal. Jl. 23, 1915. 3:2.) Discusses advisability of the Zone System; describes situation in Pennsylvania (Philadelphia), Los Angeles, Grand Rapids, Mich., Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, New York (Syracuse and Utica) and other cities of the second class. Haldeman, B. Control of Municipal develop- ment by the "Zone System" and its applica- tion in the United States; with discussion. (National Conference on City Planning. 4th. 1912. p. 173-191.) Interesting account of the history of the movement, the benefits of zoning and the development of the system. Meier, Walter F. Legality of zone ordinances: decisions by the courts of several states con- cerning the rights of cities to prohibit certain commercial uses of property in residential sections. (Municipal Journal. Sept. 14, 1916. p. 738-740.) New Republic. Town planning and the law. Dec. 19, 1914. 1:27-28. Discusses the legal aspect of building control under the police power. New York (City.) Commission on Building Districts and Restrictions. Final Report. June 2, 1916. 100 p. Veiller, Lawrence. Districting by municipal regulation. (National Conference on City Planning. 8th. 1916. p. 147-158.) Discussion, by E. M. Bassett, pp. 158-162; G. B. Ford, pp. 163-170; by Col. W. W. Harts, pp. 171-173; and others to p. 176. Protecting residence districts; constructive suggestions based on a study of state laws and municipal ordinances; from a paper read at the 6th National Conference on City Planning. 1914. (-American City. June, 1914. 10:525-529.) MONTHLY BULLETIN MUNICIPAL REFERENCE BULLETIN. 239 No. 17 EARL H. DAVIS. Branch Librarian, 206 CITY HALL JUNE 15. 1917 ANTI-NOISE Batterson, E. S. Progress of the anti-noise movement. (Nat. Mun. Rev., May, 1917, p. 372-378). BUDGET San Francisco. Finance Committee. Budget estimates, 1917-1918. (Mun. Rec. May 17, 1917, p. 155-171). Springfield, Mass. 1917 budget reprint by the Springfield Bureau of Municipal Research. Mar. 1917. CAMPAIGN EXPENDITURES U. S. Library of Congress — Legislative Refer- ence Division. Limitations on campaign ex- penditures by the political party committees, also of candidates for the offices of U. S. Senator and Representative in Congress, under laws in effect 1916. 64th Cong. 2nd Session, Docu- ment No. 640. CITY PLANNING Adams, Thomas. City engineers should be the city planners; future of this work in America rests largely with the engineers who must execute as well as plan. (Eng-News Record, May 3, 1917, p. 247-248). American Institute of Architects. City plan- ning progress in the United States, 1917. Com- piled by the Committee on Town Planning; edited by G. B. Ford. 1917. 207 p. Bennett, E. H. Plan of Elgin, (111). Janu- ary, 1917, p. 46. Boston. City Planning Board. Report, East Boston, a survey and a comprehensive plan. 1916. 128 p. Bassett, E. M. Constitutional limitations on city planning powers. (N. Y. City Record, May II, 1917, p. 3469-3470). 352.7012 Hooker, G. E. City planning and political areas. (Nat. Mun. Rev., May, 1917, p. 337-345) Lewis, N. P. Methods of financing city plan- ning projects. (Nat. Mun. Rev., May, 1917, p. 361-365). National Conference on City Planning. Pro- ceedings, Eighth National Conference on City Planning, Cleveland, June 5-7, 1916. 275 p. St. Louis. Engineers, Board of. Report, Feb. 16. 1917. 15 p. 12 plans. 352.701 DUST PREVENTION U. S. Dept. of Agriculture. Progress reports of experiments in dust prevention and road preservation. .a 111 UUSL piCVCULlUU CV11U 1UOU 1915. Bulletin no. 407. 614.71 EQUALIZATION OF TAXES Missouri. State Board of Equalization Jour- nal. 1913, 1914, 1915 and 1916. 336.28 HOUSING MacNeille, Perry R. Ways and means of providing workingmen's houses. (Amer. City, May, 1917, p. 508-511). ELECTIONS— NON-PARTISAN Fesler, Mayo. The preferential, non-partisan ballot. Illinois Municipal League Proceedings, 1916. University of Illinois Bulletin, Jan. 15, 1917, p. 25-42. GARBAGE DISPOSAL Modern methods of refuse and garbage dis- posal. (Mun. Eng. June, 1917, p. 318-319). INFANTILE PARALYSIS Seymour, Gertrude. Poliomyelitis ; a winter's work and study. (Survey, June 2, 1917, p. 205- 210). MARKETS Los Angeles. Municipal markets of Los Angeles. (Mun. Jour. May 24, 1917, p. 727). PAVEMENTS The construction of bituminous pavements. (Mun. Eng., May, 1917, p. 226-233). Owens, James M. New pavement ordinance helps San Francisco's development; small yearly payments make possible the use of more perma- nent types — checker-board streets eliminated. (Eng. News-Record, May 3, 1917. p. 263-264). Sawistowsky, R. E. How Davenport pro- portions paving assessment benefits; method devised to eliminate unfairness of the front foot rule as a basis for computing taxes. (Eng. Record, Mar. 10, 1917, p. 378-379). PUBLIC HEALTH Buffalo, N. Y. Health Debt. Annual report, 1916. 126 p. 614.12 U. S. Public Health Service — Municipal ordinances, rules and regulations pertaining to public health. 1915. 614.18 REFUSE AND REFUSE DISPOSAL Alcohol from garbage. Possibility of conserv- ing food products by producing ninety-six thousand gallons of alcohol a year — experiments at Columbus, Ohio, indicate a profit in utilizing garbage this way. (Mun. Jour. May 24, 1917, p. 707-709). Edy, John N. Saving expense in garbage collection. (Mun. Eng., June, 191 7, p. 302-306). 240 ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY SEWAGE DISPOSAL Bartow, Edw. J. The most recent practice in sewage disposal. Illinois Municipal League, Proceedings 1916. University of Illinois Bulle- tin, Jan. 15. 1917, p. 77-88). Rochester's sewage disposal plant in operation. (Mun. Eng., June, 1917, p. 317-318). Terminology in sewer and sewerage disposal design. (Mun. Eng. Journal, May, 1917, p. 135-143). Sewage disposal requirements in Columbus getting more rigid; city takes whole river for water-supply, leaving little for dilution — opera- tion of Imhoff tanks satisfactory. Eng. News- Record, May 10, 1917, p. 311-312). STREET CLEANING Detroit, Mich. Street cleaning in Detroit — methods employed and recommendations — flushing — machine sweeping — hand sweeping — snow removal — hired vs. municipal teams. (Mun. Jour. May 31, 1917, p. 738-740). Detroit, Mich. Street cleaning and refuse collection methods; a study of present methods of the Department in Detroit, with recommenda- tions for the improvement both of administra- tion and practical methods of street cleaning and refuse collections. (Mun. Jour. May 10, 1917, p. 655-658). Western cities employ vacuum machines for cleaning streets. (Eng. News-Record, May, 1917, p. 398-99). Vacuum street cleaning in St. Louis. (Mun. Jour.. May 24, 1917, p. 710). STREET LIGHTING Milwaukee. Consulting Engineers. Supple- mentary report on street lighting survey, city of Milwaukee, summary edition, n. d. 352.715 Complete edition, n. d. STREET RAILWAYS Widespread organized movement for increased fares. (Mun. Jour. May 31, 1917. pp. 748- 750.) SUBWAYS Placing concrete in the subway (New York) difficulties of introducing it in contracted spaces for tunnel lining — forcing through pipe several -« hundred feet long by pneumatic pressure — lining behind shield in soft ground. (Mun. Jour. May 31.1917. pp. 733-736.) TAXIMETERS Taximeter regulations. Provisions in various cities. (Milwaukee Mun. Ref. Library Bulletin, May 29, 1917). TRAFFIC Toledo, O. Digest of the new traffic law- The Toledo City Journal, May 19, 1917- pp. 1-2. Ordinance (no. 876) in full. pp. 6-10. TREES Shade trees in Detroit. (Mun. Jour. May 17, 1917. pp. 701-702.) WATER SOFTENING Trax, E. C. Growth of filter sand at three water softening plants. Pt. III. Eight years experience at McKeesport. (Eng. News-Record May 17, 1917. pp. 351-352.) WATER SUPPLY Orchard, W. J. Water-supply standards and their improvement. (Eng. News-Record May 17. 1917. pp. 348-349.) WATERWORKS American waterworks Ass'n Convention Ac- count of the Richmond Convention. St. Louis chosen for the 1918 convention (Mun. Jour. May 17, 1917. pp. 692-694.) Babbitt, H. E. Administration of municipal waterworks in Illinois. Illinois Municipal League Proceedings, 1916. University of Illi- nois Bulletin. Jan. 15, 1917. p. 89-95). Miller, W. E. Value of Racine waterworks fixed at $1,015,000; Wisconsin Railroad "Com- mission settles six-year contest on reproduction cost new less depreciation basis — capitalizing net earnings unfair in this case. (Eng. News- Record. May 10, 1917. pp. 317-318.) Montreal plant makes its own electrolytic chlorine. (Eng. News Record May 24, 1917. pp. 397-398.) Waterworks statistics of American cities. (Mun. Jour. May 3, 1917. pp. 607-640.) Winsor, Frank E. New waterworks at Prov- idence, R. I., to cost $12,000,000; reservoir will be formed by earth dam 1 00 feet high — three types of construction in seven-mile aqueduct — first contract let. ~(Eng. News-Record, May 3, 1917. pp. 233-235.) MONTHLY BULLETIN MUNICIPAL REFERENCE BULLETIN. 241 No. 18 EARL H. DAVIS. Branch Librarian. 206 CITY HALL JULY I. 1917 ATTENTION During the months of July and August this Bulletin will be issued on the first of the month only. The July number of the St. Louis Public Library Monthly Bulletin will contain a compila- tion upon the advance of Zoning or the districting of cities in the United States, by Earl H. Davis, Municipal Reference Librarian. CITY AUTOMOBILES Toledo, O. The City's Automobiles and how they are cared for. (Toledo City Jour., June 9, 1917. p. 3.) CITY PLANNING Chicago Plan Commission Sixth annual report for the year 1915. Proceedings of the fourteenth meeting of the Chicago Plan Commission, held on Mar. 16, 1916, pp. 826-860. City planning progress. (Nat. Mun. Rev., May 1917, pp. 351-360.) Ford, George B. City planning in war time. (American City, June 1917, pp. 569-572.) Plans announced for a New Dublin. (Survey June 2, 1917, pp. 227-228.) Vinnedge, G. E. Park planning with minia- ture models. (American City, June 1917, pp. 600-601.) ELEVATED RAILROADS Seattle, Wash. Short municipal elevated sug- gested. (Electric Railway Jour., June 2, 1917, p. 1018.) HEALTH INSURANCE Hoffman, F. L. Facts and fallacies of com- pulsory health insurance. (Prudential Insur- ance Co. of America, 1917, p. 101.) 368.5 LABOR HOURS National Consumer's league. The eight hours day for wage earning women. U. S. Supreme Court upholds the California law. (List of eight hour laws, Dec. 1916.) MUNICIPAL FINANCE Philadelphia, City Controller, Annual Report, 1916, p. 376. PAVEMENTS Milwaukee, Wis. Under a decision handed down by the Supreme Court at Madison, the Common Council has the power to compel the electric company to pave its track zone with the same -kind of material as laid on the street. (Municipality, Apr. 1917, p. 66.) PENSIONS Illinois Pension Laws Commission Report, 1916. 310 p. POLICE WOMEN Salt Lake City, Utah. The work of the police woman in Salt Lake City. (American City, June 1917, pp. 619-620.) PUBLIC HEALTH U. S. Public Health Service. The notifiable diseases: prevalence during 1916 in cities of over 100.000. (Public Health reports. Apr. 27, 1917.) PUBLIC UTILITIES Lindsley, H. D. Elements of a good franchise. (Texas Municipalities. Public Utilities Num- ber, May 1917, pp. 100-106.) STREET CLEANING New York City. Motor vehicles the key to N. Y. street-cleaning problem. (Eng. News- Record, June 7, 1917. pp. 501-504.) Philadelphia. Street cleaning in Philadelphia. (Mun. Jour.. June 14. 1917, pp. 779-782.) STREET RAILWAYS Burroughs, Dwight. Putting across the skip stop in Baltimore. (Electric Railway Jour., June 2, 1917, pp. 992-995.) TERMINALS Lowrie, S. G. A municipally-owned passenger station. (American City, June 1917, pp. 581- 583.) St. Paul Union Station plans finally approved. (Eng. News-Record. June 7, 1917, pp. 486-488.) TESTING Deans, R. R. How proper inspection and testing saves money. (Canadian Mun. Jour., May 1917, p. 222.) WAGES National Consumer's League. Minimum wage regulations for women in seven states. Jan. 1917. WATER PURIFICATION The growth of filtration systems. Compara- tive tables compiled from data prepared by Burns and McDonnell, Consulting Engineers, Kansas City, Mo. (American City, June 1917, p. 583.) ST. LOUIS PUBLIC LIBRARY MONTHLY BULLETIN New York. — Section of final zone plan adopted by the city of New York, showing area restric- tions in a section of Brooklyn. The area districts are, A — essentially a warehouse district; B and C — residence sections in which a tenement or apartment house development is anticipated; D — sections in which detached or terraced houses will be allowed; E — areas where a high-class villa development seems appropriate. BOARD OF DIRECTORS. Geo. O. Carpenter, President. Jos. R. Barroll. G. A. Buder. Aaron Fuller. John F. Lee, Vice-President. J. L. Mauran. O'Neill Ryan. JOS. H. ZuMBALEN. Arthur E. Bostwick, Librarian and Secretary. 'urn* tTYTpQ