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 THE N. Y. STATE VETERINARY COLLEGE. 
 
 1897 
 
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 Cornell University 
 Library 
 
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 tine Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/cletails/cu31924000263388 
 
Cornell University Library 
 SF 967.T5L51 
 
 Cattle tuberculosis; a practical guide to 
 
 3 1924 000 263 388 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS. 
 
^. /3 2 $^ 
 
 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS: 
 
 a practical (Buibe to tbe jfarmer, Butcber, 
 ant) ni>eat Jnspector. 
 
 
 T. M." LEGGE, M.A., M.D., D.P.H., 
 
 Secretary of the Boyal Commission on, Tuberculosis, 1896-98, 
 Author of 'Public Health in Europecm, Capitals.' 
 
 AND 
 
 HAROLD SESSIONS, E.R.C.V.S. 
 
 NEW YOEK: 
 WILLIAM R. JENKINS. 
 
 1899. 
 
CONTENTS, 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 Introduction - - - - - - - - 7 
 
 CHAPTEE II. 
 Symptoms op the Disease - - - - - - 19 
 
 CHAPTEE III. 
 Mbastjees of Pbbvbntion - - - - - - 23 
 
 CHAPTEE IV. 
 
 Conditions affecting Meat Inspection in Great Britain and 
 Abroad - - - - - - - - 39 
 
 CHAPTEE V. 
 
 Nature of Inspection required, and Qualifications of Meat 
 Inspectors - - - - - - - 45 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 Examination of Tuberculous Carcases - - - - 51 
 
 CHAPTEE VII. 
 Utilization of Tuberculous Carcases - - - - 55 
 
 CHAPTEE VIII. 
 Insurance against Loss from Seizure - - - - 64 
 
INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Veby few subjects have given rise of late years to so much 
 discussion and difference of opinion as that of bovine tuber- 
 culosis. The disease affects the interests of widely different 
 .sections of the community, but in respect to each it is a mattei 
 of some difficulty to estimate exactly the amount. Farmers com- 
 plain of the losses inflicted on them by its prevalence in their 
 herds, resulting in the death of a certain number of animals ; in 
 the lowered price that an animal thus affected fetches when sold ; 
 and the great difficulty, nay, impossibility in many cases, of 
 telling whether an animal is affected with the disease or not. 
 The butchers complain loudly that they are the parties whose 
 interests suffer most largely, owing to the risk they are at any 
 time exposed to of having an animal, bought in perfectly good 
 faith as sound, seized and destroyed by an officer of the sanitary 
 authority, because, after slaughter, it may be discovered to be 
 affected with the disease. The veterinary profession is interested 
 in the subject from the point of view of its causation, of the 
 extent to which it prevails in domestic animals, and of its treat- 
 ment and prevention. The medical profession is brought into 
 relation with the disease in two ways : first, because of the 
 identity of the bacillus in human and bovine tuberculosis, and of 
 the probability of the transference of it from animals to man, 
 either in the meat or in the milk derived from animals affected 
 with the disease ; and, secondly, because medical officers of health 
 are the servants of the local authorities to prevent the sale of 
 unwholesome food. Lastly, the general public is interested in the 
 subject from a desire to have eliminated one of the sources, even.if 
 
viii INTRODUCTION 
 
 it be a small one, from which the scourge of consumption in man 
 may arise. 
 
 "When the knowledge we have to-day as to the causation of the 
 disease and of its effects is compared with that which was 
 possessed ten years ago, it must be acknowledged that the 
 advance has been immense. 
 
 The majority of farmers and butchers then would probably 
 have been mystified by the word ' tuberculosis,' nor would medical 
 of&cers of health have imagined that it was necessary to condemn 
 the carcases of animals affected with the disease on the ground 
 that there was a risk to the human subject of contracting the 
 disease from the meat. 
 
 During the interval the matter has been subjected, both on 
 the scientific and practical side, to the close scrutiny of two 
 Eoyal Commissions, and as a result of their investigations it is 
 possible to show wherein the existing law requires to be relaxed 
 and wherein it requires to be strengthened. 
 
 It is now held that consumption in man and consumption in 
 the lower animals is caused by the same bacillus, an organism 
 belonging to the lowest form of vegetable life, and so small that 
 in order to be properly examined it must be magnified four or 
 five hundred times in all directions. When it gains access into 
 the system, whether of animals or men — and in both it finds an 
 entrance most readily into the lungs — it lives and multiplies on 
 the tissues in such a way as to destroy their functions, and in 
 the destructive process forming little lumps, or ' tubercles.' 
 
 In man, as everyone knows, consumption of the lungs is by far 
 the most common form in which the disease appears, and causes 
 annually in England and Wales over 40,000 deaths — more deaths, 
 in fact, than is caused by any other disease. It is most fatal between 
 the ages of fifteen and forty-five. This form cannot be shown to be 
 caused by eating tuberculous meat or drinking tuberculous milk, 
 but is due to the contagion spreading from man to man by the 
 inhalation of dust to which is attached particles of dried sputum 
 containing the tubercle bacillus. There are, however, many 
 other forms in which the tubercle bacillus develops in man, and 
 the most interesting of these, for our present purpose, is con- 
 sumption of the bowels, or 'tabes mesenterica.' This form 
 occurs in children, and it is but reasonable to suppose that, 
 
INTRODUCTION ix 
 
 if there is contagion in the food, the alimentary canal along 
 which it passes will become affected by it. 
 
 Statistics show that consumption of the lungs in man during 
 the last forty years has diminished by about 37 per cent., which 
 further tends to prove that the eating of meat affected by tubercu- 
 losis can have little influence in causing the disease. But statistics 
 over the same period with regard to consumption of the bowels 
 show that there has been no corresponding diminution — that it 
 has diminished, in fact, only by about 5 per cent., and, conse- 
 quently, one is driven to the conclusion that there is some cause 
 at work in maintaining this special form of the disease which is 
 not present in the former ease. Seeing that milk is the staple 
 food of children, and it has been definitely shown that tubercle 
 bacilli exist in the milk when the udder is tuberculous, there is 
 strong presumptive evidence that this cause at work is the con- 
 sumption of milk. Further, the argument is strengthened when 
 the experimental evidence is adduced which was carried out on 
 lower animals, such as guinea-pigs, for the Eoyal Commission 
 of 1890. When guinea-pigs were fed on food designedly con- 
 taminated with tuberculous matter, only a few of them developed 
 the disease, but when they were fed on milk from tuberculous 
 udders they all became affected. Indeed, so markedly so was 
 this the case that the experimenter (Dr. Martin) could only 
 describe the action of such milk as ' virulent.' 
 
 The general conclusion from this is, therefore, that too much 
 attention has been paid to the meat from tuberculous animals by 
 local authorities, and too little to the subject of milk. 
 
 There can be no doubt that in the past a great quantity of 
 meat has been destroyed by the of&cers of local authorities which 
 might very well have been consumed, because it has been found 
 that only rarely does the tubercle bacillus lodge in the muscular 
 substance itself, and, provided the organs containing the tuber- 
 culous deposits are destroyed, the meat itself may be sound. 
 
 While, therefore, it will be necessary to make it a penal 
 offence to sell the milk of animals affected with tuberculous 
 disease of the udder, this will not mean a great loss to the 
 agriculturist, because the flesh of the majority of such animals 
 will still be quite suitable as food. 
 
 It must be to the interest of the farmer, if, as he maintains, 
 
X INTRODUCTION 
 
 the disease involves him in severe loss by reason of its pre- 
 valence among his herd, to try and get rid of it. The means 
 to this end are now placed in his hands, not, it is true, without 
 requiring some degree of effort and sacrifice on his part to bring 
 about a successful issue, but still, at the same time, not demand- 
 ing great expense or much readjustment of buildings. 
 
 The use of the tuberculin test affords now to the farmer an 
 infallible guide to the animals in his herd which are tuberculous. 
 It has been urged against its use that it draws no distinction 
 between an animal that is markedly affected and another that is 
 merely touched. This is true ; but the fact that by its means an 
 animal in the very earliest stages of the disease can be recog- 
 nised, before its power for evil can be great, far outweighs any 
 demerits it may possess. 
 
 The fact that the majority of the animals so tested have only 
 latent tuberculosis, and show no outward visible sign of the 
 disease, does not demand any drastic remedy, such as slaughter 
 or the withdrawal of the milk, but only the isolation of those that 
 have reacted from those that are sound by means of a movable 
 partition erected in the sheds. 
 
 This done, it is to the interest of the farmer gradually to 
 eliminate the reacting animals by selling them for the meat 
 market. In this way, which is the method that has been 
 adopted with so much success in Denmark, a farmer can in 
 the course of a few years succeed in replacing a herd which 
 may have been seriously affected with tuberculosis by a sound 
 one. 
 
 The butcher, however, will naturally resist the attempt of the 
 farmer to sell to him apparently healthy animals which may 
 after slaughter prove to be so tuberculous as to necessitate total 
 seizure. This may be the case in a few instances, but it is 
 probable that the great majority of such animals will, under 
 the new conditions prescribed for the seizure of carcases affected 
 with tuberculosis, be passed as fit for food. 
 
 To protect himself against loss two courses are open to 
 the butcher. It might be considered that there was a third, 
 namely, compensation either from Imperial funds or from the 
 local rates. This course, however equitable it may seem, is not 
 likely to be adopted ; and it is a question whether, if it were 
 
INTRODUCTION xi 
 
 adopted, it would not tend to perpetuate the disease, by inducing 
 a certain class of cattle-dealers to keep animals under conditions 
 likely to foster tuberculosis for the sake of obtaining the couit 
 pensation. 
 
 The two courses are : The obtaining of a warranty by the 
 butcher from the farmer that the animals shall pass the meat 
 inspector ; and, secondly, the formation of an insurance fund, 
 either among the butchers alone or jointly among the butchers 
 and farmers, which would be preferable, to cover the losses 
 that might ensue from seizure. In Germany, where inspection of 
 meat has been carried out for years by veterinary surgeons under 
 regulations affecting a much greater uniformity of practice than 
 has been the case in this country, butchers and farmers have 
 availed themselves almost entirely of the method of insurance. 
 
 This plan has been adopted with some success in certain 
 towns in the United Kingdom, and there seems no reason why 
 the benefits that have accrued from its adoption in a few places 
 should not be extended so as to be universally applicable through- 
 out the country. 
 
 It is hoped that the following pages will furnish reliable infor- 
 mation on the points alluded to, and thus serve as a guide to the 
 farmer, the butcher and the meat inspector. 
 
 Note. — The proof-sheets of Chapter VI. were kindly revised by 
 Mr. King, M.E.C.V.S., Veterinary Inspector of the City of 
 Manchester. 
 
CHAPTBE I. 
 
 CAUSE OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 Although tuberculosis has only been recognised among agri- 
 culturists as a specific disease during the last few years, dairy 
 farmers have seen and recognised i-ts ravages in their herds 
 for a long time, but have not been able to appreciate its cause. 
 Animals suffering from tuberculosis were supposed to be affected 
 with various distinct diseases, and many local names, such as 
 grape disease, pearl disease, wasters, piners, snorters, have been 
 given, according as the lungs, bowels, or glands of the throat were 
 attacked. Many eases of so-called wens or clivers, and of hard 
 swellings in the udder setting up mammitis, were attributed to 
 different causes, but, according to present knowledge, they should 
 all be included under this one heading of tuberculosis. 
 
 In pigs it is generally called ' wasting,' from the very prominent 
 symptom which it produces. Frequently it has been mistaken 
 for swine fever or a cold, and in hundreds of cases pigs have died 
 from it without any attempt having been made to ascertain the 
 cause of death. 
 
 While cattle and pigs contract the disease easily, horses and 
 sheep are only occasionally affected with it. Dogs and cats con- 
 tract the disease, and probably more are affected than is commonly 
 supposed ; while birds and wild animals when kept in confinement 
 are all subject to its ravages. 
 
 It is, however, chiefly among cattle that are used for dairy 
 purposes, and which are housed for a considerable portion of the 
 year, that tuberculosis exists. The symptoms which are observed 
 in cattle vary to a certain extent, according to the portion of 
 the body where the disease exists. In many cases an animal 
 may be extensively affected with tuberculosis without showing 
 
14 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 external symptoms of the disease. In other cases, a very rapid 
 loss of flesh is observed, quickly resulting in death. 
 
 From observations and experiments that have been made, there 
 seems little doubt that tuberculosis is not frequently met with 
 among those breeds of cattle which are usually kept out of doors, 
 while, on the other hand, those breeds which have been kept indoors 
 in warm cow-sheds, and which have been forced for the production 
 of milk, are affected with the disease to a very great extent. The 
 Shorthorns, Ayrshires, Jerseys and Guernseys are the breeds of 
 cattle in which the disease is most prevalent. No doubt, if any 
 other breed of cattle was placed under the same conditions which 
 have prevailed for the last few years in the management of the 
 Shorthorns, Ayrshires, Jerseys and Guernseys, it would become 
 quite as badly affected with tuberculosis as those already men- 
 tioned. Amongst dairy cattle at the present time it has been 
 estimated that at least 25 per cent, are more or less diseased. 
 This estimation has been made as the result of post-mortem 
 examinations of herds of cattle which have been slaughtered 
 under the pleuro-pneumonia regulations, and as the result of 
 observations made at public slaughter-houses. Where the tuber- 
 culin test has been used, to which reference is made later, the 
 percentage of animals affected is considerably higher. 
 
 Dr. Eobert Koch in 1883 discovered that tuberculosis was 
 due to the presence of a very small germ, or fungus, which 
 invaded the animal tissues, and in the tissues in which the 
 fungus developed little round nodules, or tubercles, were formed. 
 He found that a number of these germs, or bacteria, as they are 
 called, would only grow under certain definite conditions, and 
 that in the main they were very much like plants of a larger 
 growth with which we are more familiar. The germs of the 
 disease, or, to speak more correctly, the tubercle bacilli, belong to 
 the lowest form of plant-life. When viewed under the microscope, 
 the bacillus has the appearance of a little rod (see Frontispiece). 
 As soon as it had been found that these bacilli were present in 
 all the tubercles, it became necessary to ascertain whether they 
 were the actual cause of the disease, or only happened to grow 
 after the disease had become established. To determine this 
 point, some of these bacilli were sown in little glass tubes 
 containing a mixture of gelatine and broth, and were kept in 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 15 
 
 them at a regular temperature of about 99° F. for some weeks. 
 On this nutrient medium the bacilli grew, and after a time the 
 appearance they presented was that of a grey membrane extending 
 over the surface. Some of them were then taken from these glass 
 tubes and planted in other glass tubes and grown under similar 
 conditions. This was repeated a number of times, so that there 
 was no possibility of any other bacilli being present in the last 
 tubes. A crop of bacilli from one of the last tubes was then 
 taken and introduced into the body of a healthy animal ; in some 
 cases they were injected under the skin, in other cases into the 
 abdomen, and in others, again, they were mixed with the food 
 given to the animals. The result was that in the course of a 
 short period the animals thus inoculated became affected with 
 tuberculosis, and when they were killed, and a post-mortem 
 examination made, tubercles were found to have developed in 
 various parts of their bodies containing the same sort of bacilli 
 which had been first taken from another animal's body some 
 months, or even longer, before. 
 
 These experiments established the fact that the bacilli are the 
 cause of tuberculosis. They further show that the disease is of a 
 contagious nature ; that wherever these bacilli are planted, if the 
 conditions be suitable, they will take root, grow, multiply, and 
 cause disease. 
 
 Following up this argument, it will be readily seen that it is 
 quite possible for an animal affected with tuberculosis of the 
 lungs to cough out the bacilli over its own or some other 
 animal's food, and the food when swallowed will carry the bacilli 
 into the digestive organs and infect the bowels or mesentery. 
 An analogy may help to explain the meaning of the greater 
 susceptibility to tuberculosis of one class of animal than of 
 another. Everyone knows that both Indian corn and wheat 
 are grown in England. Wheat, as is known, readily matures 
 and produces heavy crops. It is also known that acres of 
 Indian corn may be grown, and it will reach a height of 6 feet 
 and more ; but it is only in exceptional years that in England 
 it is possible to count upon getting a crop of maize. The 
 climate is such that it does not ripen quickly or easily. At 
 the same time, occasionally some very fine heads of Indian corn 
 >,.may be obtained, and the reason for the difference in the results 
 
i6 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 is that there is something in the habit of growth of the two 
 corns which enables the one to produce a crop where the other 
 cannot. But if the Indian corn is grown in America, it finds 
 there a congenial climate, which assists it in producing abundant 
 and heavy crops of the ripened corn. Much the same thing is 
 found with regard to the tubercle baciUi. The bacillus is the 
 seed, and the animal body the soil. But the seed and soil 
 alone are insufficient to produce crops. There must be warmth, 
 moisture, and general suitability. These agents are spoken of 
 as accessory causes, and in the development of tuberculosis they 
 are of the very greatest importance. For instance, animals of a 
 hardy constitution which live out of doors may take in a con- 
 siderable number of the tubercle bacilli without being affected by 
 them. The condition of the tissues of their bodies is such that 
 it is uncongenial to the growth of the bacilli. The following are 
 among the chief accessory causes : 
 
 Heredity. — Until very recently it was generally asserted that 
 the principal influence or cause was heredity. At the present day 
 it is quite as strongly asserted that heredity has httle or nothing 
 to do with the spread of the .disease. Although heredity cannot 
 be said to be the actual cause of the disease, yet it is impossible 
 to doubt that it exerts an important influence on its propagation. 
 There are some families of animals the tissues of which form a 
 very favourable seed-ground for tuberculosis, and if any of the 
 bacilli effect an entrance they will grow quickly and luxuriantly, 
 the animal having little or no protective power in its own body. 
 On the other hand, there are members of other families, ex- 
 posed to the same infection and under the same conditions, 
 which are able to resist the disease to a very marked extent 
 (see Table II.). 
 
 Sire. — In heredity, the question arises what influence the sire 
 possesses, and what influence the dam. If the sire is tubercular, 
 is there a likely prospect of his communicating the disease either 
 to the dam or to the offspring? A careful examination of the 
 evidence on this point leads to the conclusion that there is very 
 little danger, if any, of the disease being communicated by the 
 sire to either the dam or the offspring. A tubercular bull might 
 when in contact with a cow infect her, but practical experience 
 shows that such an event is highly improbable, and is not an 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 17 
 
 important factor. It is even less likely that a bull could infect a 
 calf at the period of service. The influence a sire has on the 
 disease is that derived from the power he has to perpetuate and to 
 reproduce the particular form, colour, shape, and peculiarities of 
 tissues which his individuality may possess. 
 
 Dam. — It also seems probable that there is very little danger of 
 the disease being communicated from the cow to the calf before 
 birth ; and although it is quite conceivable that where a cow is 
 the subject of generalized and progressive tuberculosis the foetus 
 may become infected before birth, it must be at some period after 
 the development of the ovum has commenced, and in any case it 
 is an extremely rare occurrence. 
 
 The part which heredity plays in the propagation of this disease 
 seems to consist in the perpetuation of constitutions favourable to 
 the growth of this particular bacillus when introduced. 
 
 Climatic Influence. — Climate undoubtedly has a direct influence, 
 and the purer the air is, the less chance is there for the develop- 
 ment of the tubercle bacilli ; indeed, in mild cases of tuberculosis 
 there are particular districts where the air exerts a curative effect 
 on the disease, such, for example, sSa the climate of the High Alps 
 and the Highlands of South Africa. But in no climate, so far as 
 is known, can the disease originate spontaneously. 
 
 Geological Conditions. — It has been asserted that tuberculosis 
 is due to a large extent to the soil. This does not seem to be the 
 case, as the disease is found equally prevalent on primary, 
 secondary, and tertiary formations. It is found alike on clay, 
 gravel, or sandstone. 
 
 Influence of Food. — As an accessory cause or favouring circum- 
 stance food plays a large part, and animals fed on stimulating or 
 forcing food, particularly such foods as brewers' grains, are 
 rendered more susceptible to all diseases, including tuberculosis. 
 
 Housing. — What statistics there are show very clearly that 
 animals kept in houses are more liable to tuberculosis than those 
 living an open-air life, and this is very much more the case when 
 the animals are kept in small, dark, badly ventilated sheds. In 
 dark sheds the tubercle bacilli will live for weeks or months, 
 perhaps even longer, and they are carried about in the dust ready 
 to cause disease. Exposed to the sunlight for a few hours, the 
 bacilli are killed and rendered harmless. Badly ventilated sheds 
 
 2 
 
l8 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 cause a great accumulation of foul gases, given off from the 
 animal's body and lungs, which are necessarily rebreathed many 
 times, and cause a lowered vitality of the tissues. The air must 
 be continually changed, so that an animal can at every breath 
 take in pure air, and not air plus injurious gases. In order to 
 change the air constantly, and yet prevent a continuous rush that 
 would cause a draught, it is necessary for the buildings to have 
 sufficient air space. 
 
 The exact amount of air space that is beneficial must vary 
 a little according to the size of the animal, the position and 
 structure of the building, and the amount of ventilation. A safe 
 guide to take in cases where the sheds are isolated and free from 
 other buildings is a minimum air space corresponding to 1 cubic 
 foot for each pound weight of the animal's body, but in towns or 
 places where the sheds are shut in by other buildings a minimum 
 air space of not less than 800 cubic feet should be given. 
 
 Where tuberculous cattle have been tied up in one stall for a 
 number of years, the woodwork, the mangers, and the walls 
 become so thoroughly infected with the tubercle bacilli that 
 healthy animals tied up in the same place months afterwards 
 will contract the disease. 
 
 Contagion. — The great, in fact the only, means by which 
 tuberculosis is spread is contagion, principally from the dust con- 
 tained in the air inhaled, or from the food which is eaten. And 
 it must be remembered that it is not necessary for animals to be 
 in direct contact to communicate the disease. 
 
 Another means which has been advanced as propagating the 
 disease is contact with human beings, and there is no doubt that 
 some of the men who are employed in stalls in which cows are 
 kept all the year round, and in which the ventilation is defective, 
 are themselves tubercular. It is only reasonable to suppose that 
 in some cases these men can infect animals. But it is improbable 
 that this is so to any large extent. 
 
CHAPTEE II. 
 
 SYMPTOMS OF THE DISEASE. 
 
 Having admitted, then, that a large number of animals are 
 affected, and that the disease is one which is practically only 
 spread through contagion, though influenced by heredity, food, 
 housing, and climate, the next point to consider is whether any 
 practical means can be devised for eliminating the disease, or, at 
 any rate, for keeping it within much smaller limits than is the 
 case at present. 
 
 The fir^t step in the problem is to diagnose the disease 
 correctly. 
 
 Physical Symptoms. — In only a small proportion of the animals 
 that are actually affected with tuberculosis is it possible, by a 
 physical examination, to diagnose the disease correctly, and this 
 ias been the great stumbling-block hitherto in the way of dealing 
 ■with the disease. There are no absolutely diagnostic symptoms 
 which are usually found present in the various forms assumed by 
 -the disease, for nearly all the symptoms may arise from some other 
 cause, and it is necessary from circumstantial evidence to balance 
 between the most likely probabilities. In cattle there are acute and 
 chronic forms of the disease which may merge or change into each 
 other. In the acute form the symptoms will vary with the organ 
 or organs that are chiefly attacked ; but one symptom always 
 present is a high temperature, 105 to 107 F., with quick respira- 
 tions and accelerated pulse-beat. If the lungs are involved 
 auscultation will reveal it. They quickly become congested, and 
 air is prevented from passing to the smaller bronchi and air 
 vesicles. The abdominal respiratory movements are shallow, 
 quick, and often twice as rapid as usual, while the elbows are 
 xnarkedly turned out. There is glistening and brilliancy of the 
 
 2—2 
 
20 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 eye, a dry nose, and disinclination for food. Deatti is the usual 
 sequel within the course of a few weeks. In the chronic form 
 there are frequently no physical manifestations of the disease, and 
 considerable portions of various organs may be affected for months 
 or years without apparent inconvenience to the animal. In some 
 chronic cases it is frequently noticed that other illnesses, such as 
 difficulties during parturition or colds, are materially aggravated, 
 and are more difficult to treat. In others a gradual manifestation 
 of symptoms is observed, dependent on a disturbance of the 
 functions of the body, brought about by the tubercular growths. 
 When the mesenteric glands are affected, nutrition is impaired, 
 and in spite of the best food and nursing the animal gradually 
 wastes away until it dies. 
 
 Where the lungs are involved, shortness of breath and a chronic 
 cough are generally leading features. It is, however, a curious 
 fact, which has been repeatedly noticed, that although large 
 portions of the lungs may have become completely solidified 
 through the disease, and enormous tubercular nodules be present 
 on the pleura, the animal has remained in a nearly fat condition 
 for years, and the existence of the disease only been discovered 
 after slaughter in the ordinary trade way for human food. It 
 must not be assumed that because this is the case in some 
 individual animals the chronic form of the disease is not serious. 
 In most cases the disease progresses, and though it may do so 
 slowly, there usually comes a time when physical symptoms are 
 manifested and the animal depreciates in value. There is also 
 the danger that the disease may be communicated to other 
 animals and set up the disease in an acute form. 
 
 In young stock the glands of the throat are sometimes the 
 seat of the disease, showing its presence by hard, deep-seated 
 swellings at the junction of the head and neck. After a time the 
 swelling forms an abscess^ but still remains hard, and does nob 
 yield to treatment. 
 
 When the udder is affected, the swelUng generally appears as a 
 small marble-like nodule in one quarter, which gradually extends 
 until the whole quarter is involved, and useless for milk secretion. 
 The other quarters may also become affected. In some cases 
 there is no disturbance of the general health of the cow ; in others 
 the attack may be acute, showing itself by feverish symptoms. 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 21 
 
 In pigs the symptoms manifested- are a markedly unthrifty 
 condition, often accompanied by an erratic appetite. There is 
 almost invariably a cough and a tendency to diarrhcsa. Many 
 of the outbreaks occur on dairy farms, and often large numbers 
 of pigs are attacked. It spreads easily from one pig to another, 
 and the sties become so contaminated with the disease that it is 
 unsafe to put healthy pigs into them until they have been 
 thoroughly disinfected. Pigs are generally affected in the lungs, 
 spleen, and liver, but brood sows which are diseased become 
 affected in the udder, and some give the disease to their offspring. 
 Unfortunately, so few people know that pigs are affected in this 
 way that often large herds are decimated, while the survivors are 
 sold off as being ' an unthrifty lot,' to spread disease among 
 neighbouring herds. A case is reported where a brood sow from 
 an infected herd was sold to a neighbouring farm, with the result 
 that within a few months seventy pigs on that farm had become 
 diseased. 
 
 By constant practice these symptoms become valuable aids to 
 diagnosis, but there is not sufficient evidence in them to make 
 the diagnosis certain. 
 
 Eecently a new substance has been discovered which promises 
 very material aid in dealing with the disease. It is made by 
 growing large numbers of the tubercle bacilli in an incubator, 
 and from them preparing a very powerful substance called tuber- 
 culin. When a correct dose of tuberculin is injected into the 
 body of a tuberculous animal, it causes a good deal of feverish 
 disturbance, and if the temperature of the animal be taken during 
 the twenty-four hours succeeding the injection of tuberculin, it 
 will be found to have risen several degrees (see Tables I., II.). 
 If, on the other hand, the animal is healthy, the injection of 
 tuberculin causes no appreciable effect. At first it was hoped 
 that the repeated injection of tuberculin might cure the disease, 
 but at present this has not proved to be the case. Possibly 
 some modification in the preparation of tuberculin may be dis- 
 covered which will have that desired result. Tuberculin must be 
 regarded merely as a means of diagnosing the disease, and it 
 therefore becomes a serious matter to ascertain to what extent 
 the test is a reliable and practicable one. 
 Eecently one of us has had the opportunity of testing three 
 
22 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 herds of about 150 cows. The tuberculin was obtained from 
 the Pasteur Institute in Paris in one consignment, the same 
 syringe was used, the same thermometers, and the cows were 
 injected on succeeding nights. In one herd about 40 per cent. 
 of the animals were found to react to the test ; in the other 
 two no animal gave a reaction. In the first herd tuberculosis 
 was known to have existed in the sheds almost, if not quite, from 
 the time that they were built. The animals were kept in day and 
 night, there was very little ventilation, and on entering the 
 cowsheds after the workmen had left of an evening they were 
 exceedingly hot, close, and had a strong smell. In the other 
 herds, the ventilation was good, the sheds roomy, and the cattle 
 had lived open-air Uves. So far as could be ascertained, tuber- 
 culosis had not been previously found among the stock. There 
 is no way of explaining the action of the tuberculin in these 
 cases, except by accepting the results as a correct diagnosis. 
 In addition to these testings, hundreds of others have been 
 carried out with similar results. Particular attention should be 
 paid, however, to those carried out by Professor Dewar on the 
 Castle Craig herd of Sir T. D. Gibson-Carmichael, the results of 
 which we have been allowed to append (see Table II. at the end 
 of the book.) It will be seen that those cattle that reacted to 
 the tuberculin test did so on each subsequent occasion that they 
 were tested, and Sir T. D. Gibson-Carmichael has found that 
 the post-mortem examinations made on his herd have proved 
 the test to be reliable. 
 
 Professor McFadyean's views, expressing reliance on the 
 tuberculin test, are set out in the minutes of evidence of the 
 Eoyal Commission on Tuberculosis, 1896. A reference to the 
 many results published in Europe and America with regard to 
 its use leaves no doubt that tuberculin, when properly prepared, 
 is absolutely reliable. 
 
 The foregoing remarks therefore show that tuberculosis is a 
 contagious disease communicable from one animal to another. 
 It has also been proved to exist to a considerable extent among 
 dairy stock, and the best means of diagnosing it is by the 
 tuberculin test. 
 
CHAPTEE III. 
 
 MEASURES OF PREVENTION. 
 
 ExPEEiMENTS made for the Eoyal Commission (1890), and obser- 
 vations since published, show that the milk of a cow only contains 
 tubercle bacilli when the udder is affected, and it has been proved 
 (McFadyean, Bang, Carmichael) that healthy calves can be 
 reared by cows that have tuberculosis, but the udders of which 
 are free from disease. The percentage of cows that have tuber- 
 culous udders is fortunately comparatively small, but the 
 virulence of the milk is so great that animals taking it readily 
 become infected with the disease. It has been found that not 
 more than from 1 to 2 per cent, of tuberculous cows have the 
 udder affected. Such cows are dangerous, and ought on no 
 pretext whatever to be kept in a dairy. 
 
 The danger that children run by drinking raw milk from farms 
 where the cows are not kept under the best conditions, with the 
 probability that one or two have tuberculous udders, cannot be 
 overestimated. When the milk from several cows is mixed the 
 danger is lessened, as, if one animal is thus affected in the udder, 
 the individual dose is diluted. The practice of keeping a par- 
 ticular cow for nursery-milk should only be allowed under strict 
 veterinary supervision, and it is wisest to let children have the 
 mixed milk, unless it is quite certain that the cow is absolutely 
 healthy. It cannot be too strongly insisted on that milk is a 
 variable article, produced under very different conditions, and 
 because the price of milk is lower in one dairy than in another, 
 it does not follow that it is in reality a cheaper article. The 
 richness of the milk depends upon the way in which the animals 
 are fed and looked after. The colour is no criterion of its quality, 
 as there is very little, if any, milk sold in the large towns that is 
 
24 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 not coloured artificially before it reaches the consumer. Boiling 
 kills the tubercle bacilli, and this simple expedient should always 
 be resorted to, unless it is known that the cows are perfectly 
 healthy. 
 
 It is probable that in the future there will be a great extension 
 of the principle of the application of heat to milk prior to its sale, 
 for the purpose of destroying the pathogenic micro-organisms 
 which in one way or another may gain access to it. Outbreaks 
 of typhoid fever, scarlet fever, and diphtheria have repeatedly 
 been traced to milk-supplies, and the very high diarrhoeal death- 
 rate in children is largely due to the presence of putrefactive 
 organisms in stale milk. 
 
 In the application of heat in addition to simple boiling or 
 scalding, the two methods employed are Pasteurization and 
 sterilization. By Pasteurized milk is meant milk that has been 
 raised to a temperature of about 167° F. for half an hour. This 
 temperature is sufficient to destroy the germs of tuberculosis, 
 scarlet fever, etc. Although it is thus sufficient to destroy the 
 pathogenic germs, it is not sufficient to destroy highly resistant 
 bacteria or spores, so that the keeping property of the milk is 
 only slightly increased above that of ordinary milk. The taste of 
 milk thus treated is only slightly altered, and in some cities, as, 
 for instance, Copenhagen and Paris, there is a large demand for 
 this Pasteurized milk, which is sold in glass bottles. 
 
 By sterilized milk is meant milk that is raised to such a 
 temperature that all organisms and their spores are destroyed, 
 so that, when hermetically sealed, the milk keeps perfectly well 
 for an indefinite time. To render milk thus sterile it is usually 
 placed in bottles in a steam sterilizer (an apparatus not unlike 
 that used in steam disinfection), where the temperature can be kept 
 at rather over 212° P for some time. 
 
 In this country hitherto local authorities have had no powers 
 for controlling the danger to man from the sale of milk of 
 tuberculous cattle, even when the udder is diseased. The Dairies, 
 Cowsheds, and Milkshops Order, 1885, prescribes and regulates 
 the lighting, ventilation, cleansing, drainage, and water-supply of 
 dairies and cowsheds, and states that if at any time disease exists 
 among the cattle the milk shall not be used for human food. 
 Unfortunately, this cannot be stretched so as to cover tuberou- 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 25 
 
 loais, since that disease was not included in the Contagious 
 Diseases (Animals) Act, 1878, under which the Order was 
 instituted. Nor has it been found possible to make use, as 
 regards tuberculosis, of the section in the Infectious Disease 
 Prevention Act, authorizing the Medical Officer of Health to stop 
 the sale of milk from a dairy from which he believes infectious 
 disease is being spread. In one or two local Acts, however, such 
 as the Glasgow Police Amendment Act, steps have been taken 
 directly with the view of preventing the sale of tuberculous milk, 
 and hence the Eoyal Commission recommends an extension of 
 such powers in the direction of systematic inspection of the 
 cows in dairies and cowsheds by the officers of the local sanitary 
 authorities within whose districts the premises are situated; 
 inspection, when desired) of the cows in any dairy or cowshed, 
 wherever situated, by the authorized officers of local authorities 
 within whose districts milk from the premises in question is 
 supplied ; power for a Medical Officer of Health to suspend the 
 supply of milk from any suspected cow for a limited period 
 pending veterinary inspection ; power to prohibit the sale of 
 milk from any cow certified by a veterinary surgeon to be suffer- 
 ing from such disease of the udder as in hia opinion renders the 
 animal unfit for the supply of milk, or exhibiting clinical symp- 
 toms of tuberculosis ; and the provision of a penalty for supplying 
 milk for sale from any cow having obvious udder disease without 
 the possession by the owner of a certificate to the effect that 
 such disease is not tubercular. They further recommend that 
 notification of every disease in the udder shall be made com- 
 pulsory, under penalty, on the owners of all cows, whether in 
 private dairies or those in which the milk is offered for sale. 
 The reason it is advisable that all diseases of the udder should be 
 notified is that notification of tubercular disease of that organ 
 alone would fail of the object in view, as expert knowledge is 
 required for its diagnosis. Notification of cows showing symptoms 
 of the disease is required, because when once an animal is recog- 
 nised as tuberculous there is no knowing when the tubercular 
 process may not invade the udder. Dr. Sims Woodhead, in his 
 investigations for the Eoyal Commission (1890), was impressed 
 with the fact that the spread of tubercle in the udder goes on 
 with most alarming rapidity, and he noticed that on several 
 
26 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 occasions the disease had become distinctly developed between 
 fortnightly inspections carried on along with a veterinary surgeon. 
 
 The disease being recognised as contagious, common-sense 
 indicates that it is necessary to separate the healthy from those 
 that are diseased, and as soon as the disease is recognised there 
 is no longer any excuse for allowing the healthy and unhealthy 
 to stand side by side. 
 
 In Denmark much has already been done by separation and 
 isolation of the diseased animals, and a reference to the legisla- 
 tion of foreign countries may indicate what is likely to be done 
 here. 
 
 Many countries have, through the Veterinary Department of 
 the Government, issued instructions on the employment of 
 tuberculin as a diagnostic agent for the use of farmers and 
 stock-owners generally, and one or two have passed laws with 
 regard to its employment. 
 
 Although it was first employed on an extensive scale by Pro- 
 fessor Bang in Denmark, the conditions under which it was tried 
 there were voluntary, and Belgium may be said to have been 
 the first country to take legal steps with regard to its employment, 
 in 1895. 
 
 It is interesting to note that the Belgian Government was led 
 to legislate on the subject by the knowledge gained as to the 
 extent of the disease in the country by the thorough system 
 of meat inspection instituted in 1890. As regards this first 
 measure, which was admittedly an experiment, it was found to 
 be too drastic, as the test was made almost compulsory on all 
 cattle in consequence of the fact that, if tuberculosis was found 
 post-mortem in an animal, none of the animals which had 
 occupied the same shed were allowed to be sold, except for the 
 meat market, unless they failed to react to the test. 
 
 The first law, therefore, was replaced by a less stringent one, 
 which was passed in August, 1897. 
 
 By this regulation the use of tuberculin is only permitted under 
 a special authorization of the Minister of Agriculture, in order to 
 prevent frauds which might easily be committed were anyone to 
 be allowed to use it. The tuberculin is supplied gratuitously to 
 the veterinary surgeons, and those animals only which show 
 symptoms of tuberculosis are tested. If they react, they must 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 27 
 
 be slaughtered within a week. In cases where tuberculosis 
 is found in animals slaughtered for the meat market, the owner 
 is required to notify within five days the place from which the 
 animal came, and a veterinary inspection may be made of all 
 the animals in the herd, except such as are being fattened, for 
 the purpose of dealing with any that show suspicious symptoms. 
 Any stock-owner may have his herd tested on condition that he 
 does not sell, except for the meat market, the reacting animals, 
 and that he isolates those that fail to react from those that 
 do. The farmer can, however, continue to make use of the 
 reacting animals so long as they show no clinical signs of the 
 disease, provided he removes the calves from their mothers soon 
 after birth, and submits all newly-purchased animals to the test 
 before allowing them to mix with the other animals. 
 
 Provision is made for testing, when necessary; any animal that 
 is imported into Belgium from any neighbouring county. 
 
 Compensation is given in certain cases, a distinction being 
 drawn between the animals found tuberculous after slaughter in 
 the ordinary course for the meat market, and those slaughtered 
 by order of the authorities as being clinically affected. In the 
 first case, 50 per cent, of the value of the flesh and organs is 
 given when the carcase is totally condemned, and in the second, 
 when it is a question of breeding cattle, 70 per cent, of the value 
 of the animals estimated as perfectly healthy if the flesh is totally 
 condemned as unfit for food. But in no case can the compensa- 
 tion exceed £17. When the flesh of the animal can be sold as 
 fit for food, 25 per cent, of the same value is given. When it is 
 not a question of breeding cattle, the conditions are very similar 
 to those prevailing for animals intended for the meat market. 
 
 The compensation is safeguarded by requiring : (1) A veteri- 
 nary surgeon's certificate, stating whether the flesh was or was 
 not fit for food ; (2) a statement from the local authority as to 
 what was done with the flesh ; and (3) proof that the animal had 
 been in the country for six months. 
 
 In Prance a decree was passed in March, 1896, requiring that 
 all cattle, except such as are intended for the meat market, 
 imported into the country should be submitted to the tuberculin 
 test, and placed under observation on the frontier for forty-eight 
 hours. 
 
28 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 Eeacting animals are to be sent back to the country from 
 which they came, after having been marked, unless the importer 
 consents to their immediate slaughter. 
 
 This action on the part of the French authorities is likely to 
 have the effect of inducing the owners of pedigree stock in this 
 country to have their herds tested, as it has already led to the 
 slaughter of some such animals imported for breeding purposes 
 into Prance. 
 
 In Germany, so far as is known, there has been no definite 
 legislation on the subject, but most of the States have made 
 arrangements for the preparation of tuberculin in the veterinary 
 colleges, and have circulated information to farmers and agri- 
 cultural societies as to the means of applying the test, and the 
 interpretation to be put upon the results obtained. 
 
 In Denmark nearly £6,000 is allocated in the annual budget 
 for the purpose of assisting owners to make use of tuberculin. 
 
 Only those cattle-owners, however, can benefit from the gift 
 of tuberculin, and the services of a veterinary surgeon free 
 of cost, who will undertake to keep the healthy animals isolated 
 from those that react, by means of a partition erected in the 
 shed. The work is under the superintendence of Professor 
 Bang, one of the greatest authorities on bovine tuberculosis, 
 and in April, 1897, there had been tested in the whole of Den- 
 mark 6,306 herds, numbering 144,800 cattle. The results are 
 eminently satisfactory, and anyone who has had the opportunity 
 of seeing the work carried out there cannot but be struck by the 
 simplicity and slight cost of the arrangements necessary to bring 
 about success. 
 
 In Switzerland and Norway action has been taken to supply 
 tuberculin gratuitously to such stockholders as wish for it. 
 
 In some of the United States of America very active measures 
 have been taken to combat bovine tuberculosis by means of 
 tuberculin. For instance, the following are the main provisions 
 of a General Order as regards the importation of cattle into the 
 State of Massachusetts issued by the Board of Cattle Commis- 
 sioners in July, 1895. 
 
 All owners desirous of introducing neat cattle into the State 
 must produce a certificate based on a tuberculin test, carried out 
 by a veterinary surgeon, that such cattle are free from tuber- 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 29 
 
 culosis, and stating the quantity injected and the temperature 
 resulting from such injection. On their arrival the animals 
 are quarantined until they have been inspected by an officer of 
 the Board. Animals imported without a certificate of soundness 
 will be quarantined and submitted to a tuberculin test after the 
 lapse of six days at the owner's expense. Should they react, they 
 are condemned and killed. 
 
 Compensation up to the full value is given for the slaughter of 
 animals by reason of tuberculosis, provided the animal has been 
 in the State for six months, and there has been no contributory 
 neglect on the part of the owner. 
 
 Numerous experiments have been carried out at the Agricultural 
 College of the various States on the use of tuberculin, and 
 pamphlets, in all cases recommending the use of tuberculin, have 
 been issued. 
 
 From this very brief summary of the legislation that has been 
 enacted by other countries, it is apparent that tuberculosis is 
 considered a contagious disease, a dangerous disease, and a 
 disease that can be eliminated, or at least controlled. 
 
 The means which a farmer can adopt under present conditions 
 will go far to check and lessen the disease, and the means which 
 the State can adopt will help still further to eliminate the disease. 
 
 In getting rid of the disease, a farmer must be prepared to give 
 the subject a little thought and attention, and be ready to re- 
 arrange his herd, and in some cases to alter his cowsheds. This 
 course, it is certain, will amply repay him by the general improve- 
 ment in the health and hardihood of the animals, and will prove 
 of lasting benefit. 
 
 The first thing to do is to test the herds of cattle. Experience 
 in testing a number of herds has shown that it is only necessary 
 to test breeding animals ; consequently the matter resolves itself 
 into testing cows, heifers and bulls. Cattle must have been at 
 least a week in their homes, under normal conditions, before the 
 test can be properly applied. Cattle that have been driven long 
 distances, or have come by boat or rail, cannot be tested until the 
 effect of the journey has passed off. Should this be done pre- 
 maturely, the results obtained are unreliable. "While being tested, 
 the cattle must be kept tied up in their regular stalls for a period 
 of eighteen hours, and fed on their usual food. 
 
30 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 The results will not be satisfactory if the cattle are taken in 
 from the fields, or even from a strawyard, and tested the same 
 day. They must be kept tied up at least twenty-four hours before 
 they are tested, and great care is necessary to see that their 
 temperatures are normal. Cattle out at grass during the day 
 and housed at night, may be tested by keeping them in for a day. 
 Even in this case it will be found that the excitement consequent 
 on their not being allowed to go out as usual may increase the 
 temperature of one or two of the cows to the extent of a degree 
 or more. 
 
 The cattle should be injected either last thing at night or early 
 in the morning, so that the temperatures can be taken during the 
 daytime. 
 
 The following directions ^ are issued from the EeBHEcrcb — -" 
 Laboratory^- Eoyal Veterinary College, Lond6n7~ by-^^ofessor 
 McEadyean'i^for using tuberculin^ 
 
 Directtons-fSiTusmg Tuberculin. 
 
 ' 1. While under the tuberculin test cattle ought to be kept in 
 the house, fed on their usual food, and protected from draughts. 
 
 ' 2. The dose of tuberculin for a medium-sized cow is 3 cubic 
 . centimetres, or 50 minims, and it may be varied a little above or 
 below that, according to the size of the animal. 
 
 ' 3. It ought to be injected under the skin with a clean hypo- 
 dermic syringe. The'most convenient points are in front of the 
 shoulder, or on the chest wall behind the point of the elbow. 
 The best form of syringe is one with an asbestos piston, as the 
 whole instrument may be sterilized by boiling it in water for five 
 minutes before use. 
 
 ' 4. The tuberculin must be injected into the subcutaneous 
 connective tissue, and care must be taken that the whole dose is 
 introduced. 
 
 '6. The temperature must be taken at the time of injection, 
 and at the sixth, ninth, twelfth, and fifteenth hours afterwards. 
 
 ' 6. Animals in which the temperature, during the fifteen hours 
 following the injection, rises gradually to 104° F., or more, may 
 be classed as tuberculous, and those in which it remains under 
 103° F. as not tuberculous. When the maximum temperature 
 attained is under 104° F., but over 103° F., the case must be con- 
 sidered doubtful, and the animal may be retested after a month. 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 31 
 
 ' 7. The test is not reliable in the case of animals in the last 
 stage of the disease, or in those in which the temperature is over 
 103° F. before injection. 
 
 ' 8. The tuberculin should be kept in a cool place, and pro- 
 tected from light. Should it become turbid or cloudy, it must 
 not be used. 
 
 ' 9. The tuberculin test does not render the milk in any way 
 injurious.' ^ 
 
 In herds containing many suspected animals which have been 
 tested for the first time, it is often observed that the diseased 
 animals are, or have been, in groups in contact with each other. 
 
 After having found out those animals which are affected, it 
 becomes necessary to separate them from the sound animals. 
 If there are two cowhouses on the farm, or the owner has two 
 farms, the cattle can be easily divided and kept apart. Where 
 there is only one shed it is more difficult, but the two lots of cows 
 should be put at separate ends, and a cheap boarded or canvas 
 partition erected to separate them, which should be thoroughly 
 limewashed and cleansed every six months. 
 
 Many cows that have reacted will be found to be only slightly 
 affected, and if they have been kept in a hot, close, badly- 
 ventilated stall, there is no doubt that by a change to an open-air 
 life, particularly in bracing hilly districts, a number will recover. 
 This is seen by a reference to the following table : 
 
 TABLE III. 
 
 Showing the possibility of Recovery where slight cases are placed 
 under favourable Conditions. 
 
 1897. 1897. 1898. 
 
 
 February 3. 
 
 
 February 4. 
 
 Mar. 1. 
 
 Mar. 2. March 3. 
 
 
 11 
 
 10 
 
 6 
 
 9 
 
 12 
 
 3 
 
 10.80 
 
 8 
 
 6.30 
 
 10 
 
 2 
 
 No. 
 
 a.m. 
 
 p.m. 
 
 a.m. 
 
 a.m. 
 
 noon. 
 
 p.m. 
 
 a,m. 
 
 p.m. 
 101-2 
 
 a.m. 
 
 a.m, 
 
 p.m. 
 
 11. 
 
 101-8 
 
 101 !l01-3 
 
 101-5 
 
 102-2 
 
 103-6 
 
 101-4 
 
 101 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-8 
 
 VIII. 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-4 
 
 100-8 
 
 101 
 
 101-3 101-4 
 
 101-4 
 
 101-2 
 
 101 
 
 101-6 
 
 101-2 
 
 IX. 
 
 102-1 
 
 102-5 
 
 103-3 
 
 106-5 
 
 107-6 105-3 101-2 
 
 101-2 
 
 102 
 
 103-6 
 
 104-6 
 
 X. 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 102-2 
 
 104-1 
 
 105-4 105-5 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-4 
 
 101-4 
 
 101-6 
 
 102-2 
 
 XIII. 
 
 101-5 
 
 100-8 
 
 104-6 
 
 105 
 
 104-1 
 
 103-4 
 
 101-4 
 
 101-2 
 
 100-6 
 
 101-4 
 
 101-6 
 
 XVI. 
 
 101-8 
 
 102 
 
 102-2 
 
 102-8 
 
 105-2 
 
 106 
 
 101-4 
 
 101 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-6 
 
 101-8 
 
 XVII. 
 
 101-3 
 
 101-8 
 
 101-4 
 
 102-2 
 
 105-5 
 
 105-7 
 
 101-4 
 
 101-2 
 
 101 
 
 101-6 
 
 101-2 
 
 XIX. 
 
 101-3 
 
 101-4 
 
 100-6 
 
 100 
 
 101-1 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-4 
 
 101-2 
 
 101 
 
 101-6 
 
 101-2 
 
 XXV. 
 
 102 
 
 101-8 
 
 102-6 
 
 106 
 
 107-4 105-4 
 
 101 
 
 100-6 
 
 101 
 
 102 
 
 101-8 
 
 XXVIII. 
 
 101-5 
 
 100-5 
 
 101-4 
 
 102-9 
 
 106 
 
 105-3 
 
 102-2 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-4 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-4 
 
 XXXIII. 
 
 102-4 
 
 101-1 
 
 101 
 
 101-3 
 
 101-4 
 
 101-3 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-2 
 
 102 
 
 103-6 
 
 102-2 
 
 XXXIV. 
 
 102 
 
 101-8 
 
 101-6 
 
 102-6 
 
 106-1 
 
 104-4 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-2 
 
 101 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-4 
 
32 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 In 1896 these cows had been tested and found free from 
 disease ; they were then placed in the same stall with others 
 that were affected, and the shed in which they were kept had 
 contained tuberculous cows for some years. 
 
 The shed is a good one, airy, well built, and with means of 
 ventilation. During the winter the temperature rarely, if ever, 
 exceeded 50° F. During the autumn after the 1896 testing the 
 cows were kept in the same shed, but, owing to the prejudice of 
 a cowman, the windows and ventilators were rarely opened, and 
 the temperature of the shed was continually at 60° F. and over. 
 It was hot, close, and after the shed was shut up the air quickly 
 became so foul that it was most unpleasant to enter it. In the 
 spring of 1897 this condition of things was changed. The cows 
 were turned out on some hill-pastures, where the air is particu- 
 larly bracing, and when they came into the sheds at night, 
 windows and ventilators were kept open. As the result of this, 
 during the past winter the shed has always been perfectly sweet 
 and clean. 
 
 The very different results obtained in 1897 and 1898 go far 
 to show that recently-affected cows may recover. They also 
 emphasize once again the most important fact that large air 
 space and ventilation are requisite, not only for the well-being of 
 men, but also for all animals. 
 
 Cattle that react should, therefore, be given every chance of 
 recovery; but it is wise to get such animals fat as soon as 
 possible, and killed, as the disease may not be arrested, and they 
 are under certain conditions a constant menace to the health of 
 other animals. Tuberculosis rarely spreads from one animal to 
 another when they are at pasture, because cows do not, as a rule, 
 eat over the same particular piece of ground as another cow does 
 during the same day, and the sunlight has such a powerful 
 germicidal action that the tubercle bacilli are soon killed. If it 
 is practicable, it is wisest to keep the cattle in separate fields. 
 
 The great majority of cowsheds are much smaller than they 
 should be, and though this defect is being gradually remedied, 
 still, the condition of very many leaves much to be desired. 
 In the course of a number of observations collected during 
 February, 1898, it was found that the inside temperature de- 
 pended very greatly on whether the owner took advantage of the 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 33 
 
 means of ventilation or not. Those sheds that had the greatest 
 air space were the least draughty and sweetest. 
 
 TABLE IV. 
 
 No. 
 
 Number 
 
 of 
 
 Cows. 
 
 Breed. 
 
 Cubic Feet 
 Air Space. 
 
 Outside 
 Tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 Inside 
 Tempera- 
 ture. 
 
 Condition of 
 Shed. 
 
 I. 
 
 25 
 
 Jersey 
 
 500 
 
 33° F. 
 
 42° F. 
 
 Very sweet. 
 
 II. 
 
 28 
 
 1} 
 
 421 
 
 39° F. 
 
 45° F. 
 
 }) 
 
 III. 
 
 24 
 
 Shorthorn 
 
 600 
 
 33° F. 
 
 52° F. 
 
 Fairly sweet. 
 
 IV. 
 
 24 
 
 1} 
 
 520 
 
 33° F. 
 
 52° F. 
 
 }) 
 
 V. 
 
 9 
 
 jt 
 
 414 
 
 33° F. 
 
 52° F. 
 
 )j 
 
 VI. 
 
 28 
 
 )) 
 
 450 
 
 33° F. 
 
 60° F. 
 
 Very close and 
 foul. 
 
 VII. 
 
 25 
 
 }i 
 
 888 
 
 40°-45° F. 
 
 40°-45° F. 
 
 Very sweet. 
 
 VII. 
 
 20 
 
 9) 
 
 888 
 
 38°-58° F. 
 
 38°-58° F. 
 
 )} 
 
 VIII. 
 
 36 
 
 Jersey 
 
 544 
 
 30° F. 
 
 60° F. 
 
 Unstated. 
 
 It is clear that for the production of milk warmth is beneficial, 
 but where the warmth is obtained by keeping the animal in foul air, 
 more harm than good is done, and no cowshed, even at midnight, 
 should smell hot and unpleasant. When tuberculosis exists in a 
 shed, the stall should be kept scrupulously clean, and scrubbed 
 down' weekly with an ounce of carbolic acid in every pailful of 
 hot water used. 
 
 The prevention of tuberculosis can be aided largely by the 
 State. 
 
 In future all new buildings should be larger, more airy, and 
 better paved and drained than is the case in the existing ones. 
 Sufficient light should be insisted upon, so as to obviate dark 
 corners. In summer the windows can have sacks hung over 
 them, if necessary. The ventilation should be so ample that 
 when the stalls are full of cows the air inside the shed should be 
 as sweet to breathe as it is outside. 
 
 Tuberculin should be supplied direct from the Government, 
 and no other kind should be used. It should be supplied only to 
 the County Veterinary Inspector, and he should be empowered 
 to supply it to veterinary surgeons free of charge, a return on a 
 schedule being made by him of the place and time it was used 
 and the results obtained. 
 
 All cattle tested should have a tag put in the ear. Where a 
 herd has been tested, the Inspector should see that the animals 
 
 3 
 
34 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 are kept apart, and if the cows' milk is being used, particular 
 care should be exercised as to the condition of the udders. To 
 sell milk from a cow with a diseased udder, or to drive an animal 
 along a highway when it shows symptoms of the disease, should 
 be made a penal offence. 
 
 The Eoyal Commission on Tuberculosis (1896), in their report, 
 recommend that notification of every disease in the udder should 
 be made compulsory on all owners of cows ; that local authorities 
 should have power to exclude from their districts the milk of 
 cows thus affected, or which show clinical symptoms of the 
 disease ; that powers be given to local authorities to take samples 
 and make analyses of the milk produced or sold in their districts 
 (including that coming from foreign countries), and that milk- 
 vendors should be required to supply sufficient information as to 
 the sources from which their milk is derived. 
 
 As regards cowsheds in urban districts, the recommendations 
 are, that in future no cowshed shall be permitted within 100 feet 
 of any dwelling-house ; and that the discontinuance of any one 
 already existing shall be ordered on the certificate either of the 
 Medical Officer of Health that it is injurious to the health of 
 human beings residing near it, or of the veterinary inspector that 
 it is not a place wherein cows ought to be kept for the purpose 
 of milk supply, and that it is incapable of being made so. 
 
 The conditions they recommend for new cowsheds are : 
 
 1. An impervious floor. 
 
 2. A sufficient water-supply for flushing. 
 
 3. Proper drainage. 
 
 4. A depot for the manure at a sufficient distance from the 
 byres. 
 
 5. A minimum cubic contents of from 600 to 800 feet for each 
 adult beast, varying according to the average weight of the animal. 
 
 6. A minimum floor space of 50 feet for each adult beast. 
 
 7. Sufficient light and ventilation. 
 
 The Commissioners think that the above conditions should also 
 hold in the case of cowsheds in rural districts, except in so far as 
 cubic contents per cow are concerned. As regards these cubic 
 contents, such space per cow should be provided as would, in view 
 of the surrounding circumstances, secure reasonable ventilation 
 without draught. 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 35 
 
 For the elimination of bovine tuberculosis the recommendations 
 are that the Board of Agriculture should manufacture tuberculin 
 and offer it gratuitously, together with the services of a veterinary 
 surgeon, to stockowners, on condition : 
 
 1. That the test be applied by a veterinary surgeon. 
 
 2. That tuberculin be supplied only to such owners as will 
 undertake to isolate reacting animals from healthy ones. 
 
 3. That the stock to be tested shall be kept under satisfactory 
 sanitary conditions. 
 
 In Manchester the following regulation is in force : 
 
 ' For prescribing and regulating the Lighting, Ventilation, Cleans- 
 ing, Drainage, and Water-supply of Dairies and Cowsheds in 
 the Occupation of Persons following the Trade of Cowkeepers 
 or Dairymen. 
 
 ' A person following the trade of a eowkeeper or dairyman 
 shall observe the following regulations with respect to every 
 cowshed in his occupation, viz. : 
 
 ' 1. He shall provide for the effectual hghting thereof in all 
 parts. 
 
 ' 2. He shall cause every cowshed in his occupation to be 
 provided with adequate means of ventilation, and to be properly 
 ventilated at all times when such cowshed is in use. 
 
 ' 3. He shall cause every cowshed in his occupation to be 
 maintained at all times in a thorough state of cleanliness, and so 
 that no offensive matter is allowed to sink into the floor. 
 
 ' 4. He shall cause every cowshed in his occupation to be 
 effectually drained, and in such a manner as not to allow of 
 direct communication by means of any drain between the interior 
 of such cowshed and any sewer or cesspool into which such 
 drain may enter. 
 
 ' 5. He shall cause the cowshed to contain for each animal 
 proposed to be kept therein a space of at least 600 cubic feet, any 
 portion at a height exceeding 14 feet not being taken into account 
 in reckoning such space. 
 
 ' 6. He shall provide an adequate supply of wholesome water, 
 either constant or stored in a metal or slate cistern, which he 
 shall provide with a proper cover and maintain in a thoroughly 
 clean condition. 
 
 3—2 > 
 
36 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 ' 7. He shall cause the floor to be thoroughly cleansed twice a 
 day at appropriate times, and shall at the same time remove all 
 dung from the cowshed. 
 
 ' 8. He shall cause every cowshed in his occupation to be 
 thoroughly cleansed from time to time, as often as may be neces- 
 sary to keep the same in a clean and wholesome condition. 
 
 ' 9. Where any part of the inner surface of the walls of the 
 cowshed is covered with a hard, impervious material, he shall 
 cause such part to be so cleansed at least once in each week. 
 
 '10. "He shall cause the roof and the walls, except so much 
 thereof as may be painted or covered with materials such as to 
 render limewashing unsuitable, and as may be properly cleansed, 
 to be limewashed at least twice in each year — viz., in the 
 months of March and October — and at such other times as may 
 be necessary.' 
 
 The Urban Sanitary Authority of Euskington have the following 
 regulations : 
 
 ' In Bespect of Cowsheds. 
 
 ' Lighting. — The occupier of a cowshed shall provide windows 
 or openings in its walls, doors or roofs, so placed as to ensure its 
 being well lighted in every part of its interior. He shall cause 
 the aggregate area of such windows or openings to be not less 
 than one-thirtieth of the floor area of such cowshed. 
 
 ' Ventilation. — The occupier of a cowshed shall provide in its 
 external walls, doors or roof, permanent openings, so placed and 
 kept as to insure an effectual change of air therein, and having an 
 aggregate area for inlet of not less than 54 square inches for each 
 animal actually in such shed, and the same for outlet. 
 
 ' Cleansing. — The occupier of a cowshed shall at all times keep 
 it in a properly clean condition, and free from any accumulation 
 of offensive matter. He shall cause its floor and mangers to be 
 thoroughly cleansed at least once in each day it is occupied. He 
 shall cause the inner surface of its walls, doors, and ceiling or 
 roof, to be limewashed at least once in each year, viz., in the 
 month of September, and at such other times as the local 
 authority may require by notice given in writing under the hand 
 of their clerk. 
 
 ' Provided that when the structure of any part of the internal 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 37 
 
 surface of a cowshed is of a nature to render limewashing in- 
 expedient, the local authority may prescribe, in place thereof, 
 other suitable means of cleansing the whole or a part of such 
 internal surface. The occupier of a cowshed shall cause a grain- 
 pit, or other fixed receptacle used for containing grains or other 
 fodder, when situated within such cowshed, at all times, when 
 such cowshed is occupied, to be cleansed sufficiently often to 
 prevent it from being in a foul condition. 
 
 ' Drainage. — The occupier of a cowshed shall provide it with 
 , such proper means of drainage as will effectually carry away 
 from it all urine and liquid filth, and he shall cause such liquid 
 drainage to be discharged outside it in such a manner that no 
 inundations from any drain, sewer, or cesspool, can gain 
 entrance to it. 
 
 ' Provided that a fixed trap or gully may be placed within a 
 cowshed, if it be made to discharge into a drain on which there 
 is a complete air disconnection outside such cowshed, before such 
 drain enters any sewer or cesspool. The afore-mentioned air 
 disconnection shall be formed by a suitable trap in the drain, 
 with not less than one untrapped opening, one of which shall be 
 placed at or near the level of the surface of the ground adjoining 
 such opening, and communicating with the drain by means of a 
 suitable pipe, shaft, or disconnecting chamber of a sectional area, 
 not less than that of the drain, with which such pipe, shaft, or 
 disconnecting chamber may communicate, and situated as near 
 as may be practicable to the trap, and on that side of it which is 
 nearer to the cowshed than the sewer, or other means of drainage 
 with which such drain may lawfully communicate. A grating or 
 cover to the afore-mentioned opening shall be so constructed and 
 fitted as to secure the free passage of air through it by means of 
 a sufficient number of apertures, of which the aggregate extent 
 shall be not less than the sectional area of the pipe or drain to 
 which such grating or cover may be fitted. In no case shall any 
 but a fixed trap or gully be situated within a cowshed. 
 
 ' Water-Supply. — The occupier of a cowshed shall provide it 
 with a sufficient supply of pure and wholesome water. He shall 
 not permit soakage from a privy, drain, sewer, cesspool, pigsty, 
 or accumulation of manure or other foul matter, to percolate into 
 a well or other source of water supplying such cowshed. 
 
3$ CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS > 
 
 ' The occupier of a cowshed shall not permit a water-cistern, 
 supplying such cowshed, to be situated within a building in which 
 any animal is kept, or in any place or situation where it would 
 be liable to be exposed to any foul or injurious inundations. He 
 shall cause such cistern to be properly covered, and to be cleansed 
 as often as may be necessary to keep it in a clean condition and 
 free from any deposit. He shall not allow a pipe from such 
 cistern to communicate with a water-closet, soil-pipe, drain, 
 sewer, cesspool or privy. He shall cause any overflow pipe from 
 it to discharge into the open air. 
 
 ' The occupier of a cowshed shall cause a water-trough in such 
 cowshed to be cleansed as often as may be necessary to keep it 
 in a clean condition, and free from any deposit. The occupier of 
 a cowshed shall permit the Medical Officer of Health or the 
 Inspector of Nuisances of the local authority to take and carry 
 away some of the water supplied to such cowsheds, sufficient for 
 the purpose of examination or analysis, whenever he may deem 
 it necessary so to do. 
 
 ' Alterations. — The occupier of a cowshed shall not make, or 
 permit to be made, an alteration in the lighting, ventilation, 
 drainage or water-supply of such cowshed, without forthwith 
 giving notice thereof, in writing, to the clerk of the local 
 authority. Provided that such notice shall not be required for 
 the execution of necessary repairs.' 
 
 To attempt to get rid of tuberculosis without regulating the 
 conditions under which cows are kept, where they are forced for 
 milk production, will fail of its purpose. The way in which 
 tuberculosis is and has been largely spread is through the sale 
 and turning out' to grass of cows which have been stall-fed for 
 some years, and are badly affected with tuberculosis. After a 
 time they improve again, and at their next calving are 
 re-sold into another dairy herd, carrying the contagion with 
 them. This can only be prevented by regulating the sale of 
 such animals. 
 
GHAPTEE IV. 
 
 CONDITIONS AFFECTING MEAT INSPECTION IN GREAT 
 BRITAIN AND ABROAD. 
 
 In a review of the conditions affecting meat inspection in this 
 country, as compared with those prevailing abroad, it should be 
 remembered that there are conspicuous differences between the 
 two. In the first place, abattoirs are much more common on 
 the Continent than in the United Kingdom. Whereas in England 
 and Wales their number is about 80, in Prussia it is 321, and in 
 the other States which form the German Empire there must be 
 at least another 300, making a total of over 600 altogether. In 
 Wiirtemburg and Baden, most of the little towns with a popula- 
 tion of 3,000 possess abattoirs ; but it has been estimated that, 
 not to mention smaller districts, there are in Germany over 
 350 districts with more than 5,000 inhabitants that are as yet 
 unprovided with public slaughter-houses. It would be a mistake, 
 therefore, to say that their use is universal, and, indeed, it is 
 considered in Prussia that, while as regards towns meat inspec- 
 tion is satisfactory, in many rural districts the condition of things 
 in this respect leaves much to be desired. 
 
 In France, Belgium, and Austria it is probable that all towns 
 of any magnitude are provided with public abattoirs. 
 
 In Prussia their use has been largely brought about by a law 
 passed in 1865 to compel all slaughtering to be carried out in a 
 public abattoir, as soon as one has been erected in the district. 
 Power was further given to the local authority to draw up regula- 
 tions requiring all cattle to be examined by an expert before aud 
 after slaughter. 
 
4° CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 The owners of private slaughter-houses were compensated to 
 the extent of the real loss sustained by them in the withdrawal 
 from their original purpose of the buildings and fittings. No 
 compensation was given for mere disturbance of business. 
 
 All the slaughter-houses are self-supporting, the charges that 
 are imposed on the butchers being so calculated as to cover 
 working expenses and to defray interest on capital and sinking 
 fund. They vary from 2s. to 5s. for the slaughter of cattle, 
 Is. for calves and sheep, and Is. to 2s. for pigs. In addition to 
 this, there is a charge for the expert examination amounting to 
 Is. to 2s. for cows, 6d. for sheep, and Is. for pigs, which includes 
 a microscopical examination of the fiesh for trichinosis. 
 
 The advantages of public slaughter-houses over private are 
 many. A greater uniformity of inspection is obtained, because 
 efficient inspection of meat in private slaughter-houses, when 
 scattered about a town, can only be secured at great cost. 
 Better provision can be made in them for the housing of the 
 animals, pending their slaughter. When the cattle market is 
 adjacent to the public slaughter-house, as it always should be, 
 and both are in direct communication with the main railway 
 lines, the driving of cattle through the main thoroughfares is 
 done away with. In connection with slaughtering, many trade 
 processes for the utilization of the waste products are carried on, 
 such as bone-boiling, gut-scraping, the extraction of albumin from 
 the blood, and fat-melting, which, if not carried out with care, 
 are productive of grave nuisance, and it is highly desirable that 
 they should be centralized in a public slaughter-house as much 
 as possible. 
 
 If any attempt is to be made in this country to utilize by 
 sterilization or cooking the flesh of animals affected to a certain 
 extent with tuberculosis, or to utilize profitably, for trade 
 purposes, carcases so badly affected with tuberculosis or other 
 disease that they must be wholly condemned, the plant necessary 
 for carrying this out must be centralized in the public slaughter- 
 house. , To show what can be done by these methods, when 
 effi.ciently supervised, the authorities in Stolp, in Prussia, re- 
 covered 30 per cent, of the full value of the condemned carcases. 
 
 Lastly, the knowledge gained in them as regards the nature of 
 and extent to which diseases prevail among animals used for 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 41 
 
 food can be tabulated, and such knowledge must prove useful in 
 many ways. 
 
 Public slaughter-houses should be built and controlled by the 
 local authorities themselves. In not a few instances abroad they 
 are in the hands of butchers', associations, but this course is not 
 to be recommended. 
 
 It is probable that the objections raised by butchers in England 
 to the erection of public slaughter-houses, on the ground of the 
 inconvenience to the trade and the belief that their erection 
 would lead to a falling-off in the killing of home-fed cattle and an 
 increase in the importation of dead meat from the colonies, would 
 disappear when once they were established. At any rate, in 
 Scotland the butchers prefer public to private slaughter-houses, 
 for the simple reason that they have tried them and been made 
 sensible of their advantages. The general public, it is certain, 
 would prefer to have meat from public slaughter-houses, where it 
 is known that the inspection is adequate. 
 
 The second point in which there is a marked difference between 
 the conditions at home and on the Continent as regards meat- 
 inspection is the far larger consumption in England of imported 
 meat than is the case in any country on the Continent. 
 
 A distinction must be drawn between animals that are im- 
 ported from over sea and killed at the port of entry, and the 
 animals killed in the distant countries and imported in a frozen, 
 or chilled, condition. 
 
 Although it must be admitted that hitherto there has not 
 been the same stringency of inspection of the carcases of 
 animals slaughtered at the port of landing in this country as 
 compared with native cattle, there is no reason whatever why 
 this should be so. In some places, for instance, the offal are not 
 kept close to the slaughtered animal, as is the case ijvith home- 
 fed animals, so that the carcase to which they belong cannot be 
 identified with certainty. But it requires only a slight organiza- 
 tion or increase of staff to subject both to identical conditions of 
 inspection. In Deptford, until a year or two ago, there was no 
 inspection of the carcases of the enormous number of animals, 
 amounting in the case of large cattle in 1895 to 151,049. Now, 
 however, one inspector is deputed to examine the carcases, but a 
 larger staff is imperatively required to do the work satisfactorily. 
 
42 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 An important question arises : Is there less tuberculosis among 
 these imported cattle than there is among the home-fed ? 
 
 The evidence given before the Eoyal Commission by those 
 whose work brings them most into contact with such imported 
 animals was that there was considerably less disease among 
 them — a fact which was attributed to their open-air life on the 
 prairies, the small number of cows among those sent over, and 
 to the fact that they are selected animals. 
 
 Nor should it be forgotten that in some of the countries — as, 
 for instance, the United States — the animals are all inspected. 
 Some doubt has been cast on the value of this inspection ; and 
 certainly, if the Work is done thoroughly, it must require an 
 enormous organization and entail great expense. From the 
 report of the Chief of the Bureau of Animal Industry (Dr. D. E. 
 Salmon) for 1895, it is evident that an organized attempt has 
 been made in the United States to cope with the matter, and 
 every credit should be given the Government there for it. 
 
 Whereas in 1892 in the abattoirs 3,800,000 head of cattle were 
 inspected, in 1896 the number inspected amounted to 23,275,000, 
 and in stockyards to 12,641,000. Of cattle alone 7,529,523 were 
 examined before slaughter, and 23,356 were condemned. Post- 
 mortem examination was made of 3,995,461 cattle, of which 
 8,757 were condemned. Since March 15, 1897, under an order 
 of the United States Department of Agriculture, all meat which 
 is transported to European ports must be accompanied by a 
 certificate issued by an inspector of that department. It is 
 unfair, therefore, to say that cattle imported into this country 
 are subjected to no examination whatever. 
 
 The relation between the living animals (cattle and sheep) 
 imported to be slaughtered at the port of entry, and the same 
 class of animal imported as dead meat, is brought out in the 
 accompanying table, taken from the Board of Trade returns for 
 the year 1897. 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 43 
 
 Living Animals. 
 
 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896. 
 
 1897. 
 
 
 
 Number, 
 
 Number. 
 
 Channel Islands 
 
 
 1,719 
 
 1,633 
 
 Canada ... 
 
 
 101,591 
 
 126,495 
 
 United States ... 
 
 
 393,119 
 
 416,299 
 
 Argentine Eepublic 
 
 
 65,699 
 
 73,867 
 
 Other countries 
 
 
 425 
 
 42 
 
 
 562,553 
 
 618,336 
 
 
 Sheep. 
 
 
 
 Canada 
 
 ... ... 
 
 83,767 
 
 63,761 
 
 United States ... 
 
 ... 
 
 266,760 
 
 186,755 
 
 Argentine Eepublic 
 
 
 339,381 
 
 345,217 
 
 Other countries 
 
 
 
 79,684 
 
 15,771 
 
 
 
 769,592 
 
 611,504 
 
 Imported Dead Meat. 
 
 
 
 Beef. 
 
 
 
 
 
 1896. 
 
 1897. 
 
 Fresh : 
 
 
 Cwt. 
 
 Cwt. 
 
 United States ... 
 
 ... ... 
 
 2,074,644 
 
 2,242,063 
 
 Other countries 
 
 ... 
 
 585,066 
 
 768,324 
 
 
 2,659,700 
 
 3,010,887 
 
 Salted : 
 
 
 
 
 United States ... 
 
 ... ... 
 
 240,630 
 
 171,970 
 
 Other countries 
 
 Mutton 
 
 6,906 
 
 3,266 
 
 
 247,536 
 
 175,236 
 
 
 
 
 Fresh : 
 
 
 
 
 Germany 
 
 
 3,610 
 
 2,321 
 
 Holland 
 
 
 229,283 
 
 266,842 
 
 Australasia 
 
 
 1,858,129 
 
 2,009,085 
 
 Argentine Eepublic 
 
 
 801,733 
 
 908,623 
 
 Other countries 
 
 
 7,403 
 2,895,158 
 
 6,405 
 
 
 3,193,276 
 
 It will be seen that enormous quantities of both beef and 
 mutton are imported as dead meat, and the only inspection they 
 undergo is the cursory examination by the inspector while they 
 are hung up in the chilling-rooms, or the still more casual inspec- 
 tion by the inspector when they are exposed for sale in the shop. 
 
 On the Continent, hardly any live animals or dead meat are 
 imported from abroad, the home-fed animals sufficing for the 
 
44 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 supply. But, naturally, into the large towns a good many 
 carcases of animals that have been killed in the country districts 
 are brought, and in these towns regulations have been made for 
 the careful examination by experts of such meat before it can be 
 offered for sale. Special stations are appointed near the main 
 railway-stations and roads, by which such meat is brought for 
 its examination. The following are the main points of the regu- 
 lations in force in Berlin as to the examination of this imported 
 dead meat : 
 
 1. The stations are under the control of the director of the 
 slaughter-house, and in each one a veterinary surgeon is placed 
 in charge. 
 
 2. No less amount than whole quarters of an animal may be 
 imported, and they must always be accompanied by the organs 
 and head of the animal. 
 
 3. A certificate from a member of the police or from a 
 veterinary surgeon must be brought, stating that the animal 
 had been inspected before slaughter, and was not affected with 
 contagious disease. 
 
 4. No meat can be removed from the station until it has been 
 stamped as fit for food. 
 
 5. The charge for examination must be fixed, so as to cover 
 the working expenses of the station. 
 
 6. A careful register must be kept of all the conditions leading 
 to seizure of the meat. 
 
 Sinai] ar regulations are enforced by the municipal authorities 
 of many large towns abroad. In Copenhagen, indeed, where 
 all the meat, as is universally the case abroad, is stamped, two 
 stamps of different colours are employed, one for first-class meat, 
 and another for that which is, in the opinion of the inspector, of 
 second-class quality, and this latter stamp is used largely in the 
 case of imported dead meat. 
 
CHAPTBE V. 
 
 NATURE OF INSPECTION REQUIRED, AND QUALIFICA- 
 TIONS OF MEAT INSPECTORS. 
 
 It is absolutely necessary that there should be meat inspection, 
 first, to protect human health from the danger of eating meat 
 that might prove injurious, and, secondly, to give an assurance to 
 the public that what they buy is what it purports to be. 
 
 Butchers themselves quite recognise the importance and value 
 of inspection, and would welcome it provided it were carried out 
 by competent officials. 
 
 To be effective, meat inspection must extend to the animal both 
 before and after slaughter, because, if inspection is deferred until 
 after the organs are removed and only the carcase remains, the 
 most valuable indications whereby the nature of the meat may be 
 judged will have been destroyed. 
 
 Another advantage which may accrue from the inspection of 
 meat, which has been almost entirely lost sight of hitherto in 
 this country, is the knowledge which a careful compilation of the 
 statistics of meat inspectors enables the authorities to gain of the 
 extent to which various diseases affect domestic animals, and 
 what organs become chiefly affected with the diseases. 
 
 In no disease has this knowledge been more wanted than in 
 tuberculosis, but the reports of most medical officers of health 
 may be searched in vain for information as to the relative pro- 
 portion in which bullocks, heifers, bulls and cows, calves, and pigs, 
 are affected with the disease. All the information usually given 
 on the subject is that so many carcases or so many pounds of 
 meat were seized and destroyed as unfit for food. 
 
46 
 
 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 On the Continent, especially in Germany, France, and Belgium, 
 very great care is taken to tabulate, in the annual reports of the 
 Director of the public slaughter-house, all information which 
 would help the authorities in gaining a better knowledge of the 
 diseases affecting domestic animals, and that the reader may see 
 the form which this information takes, especially in relation to 
 tuberculosis, the following examples are taken from the annual 
 reports of the abattoirs in Leipzig and elsewhere : 
 
 LEIPZIG, 1897. 
 
 
 
 
 Kind of Animal. 
 
 Number 
 Slauglitered. 
 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Oxen 
 
 9,131 
 
 3,205 
 
 35-10 
 
 Bullocks and heifers 
 
 1,493 
 
 306 
 
 20-49 
 
 Cows... 
 
 10,355 
 
 5,068 
 
 48-09 
 
 Bulls 
 
 6,212 
 
 1,820 
 
 21-24 
 
 Total cattle 
 
 27,191 
 
 9,899 
 
 36-40 
 
 Calves 
 
 67,961 
 
 139 
 
 0-20 
 
 Sheep 
 
 49,559 
 
 8 
 
 0-01 
 
 Goats 
 
 235 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pigs 
 
 132,062 
 
 3,679 
 
 2-78 
 
 Horses 
 
 1,530 
 
 8 
 
 0-52 
 
 Extent of the Tuberculous Process. 
 
 
 Localized and Limited to 
 
 Generalized and 
 
 Extending to 
 
 Kind of 
 Animal. 
 
 One 
 
 Several 
 Organs 
 
 Organs 
 
 Total of 
 
 
 
 
 
 Glands 
 of the 
 
 Total 
 of 
 
 Organ 
 
 in the 
 
 of botb 
 
 Local- 
 
 Spleen. 
 
 Kid- 
 
 Udder. 
 
 Bones. 
 
 Mus- 
 
 Gener- 
 
 
 only. 
 
 Body 
 Ca-vity. 
 
 Cavities. 
 
 Cases. 
 
 
 neys. 
 
 
 
 cular 
 Tissue. 
 
 alized 
 Cases. 
 
 Cattle 
 
 7,018 
 
 339 
 
 1,878 
 
 9,235 
 
 202 
 
 462 
 
 93 
 
 54 
 
 128 
 
 664 
 
 Calves 
 
 44 
 
 — 
 
 9 
 
 53 
 
 79 
 
 35 
 
 4 
 
 9 
 
 21 
 
 86 
 
 Sheep 
 
 5 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 — 
 
 1 
 
 — ■ 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 Goats 
 
 . — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 . — • 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 Pigs... 
 
 851 
 
 8 
 
 1,843 
 
 2,202 
 
 1,368 
 
 496 
 
 140 
 
 161 
 
 173 
 
 1,477 
 
 Horses 
 
 4 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
 6 
 
 2 
 
 2 
 
 — ■ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 2 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 STETTIN, 1895. 
 
 47 
 
 
 Num- 
 ter 
 Slaugh- 
 tered. 
 
 Of which 
 
 Distribution of Tuberculosia. 
 
 
 Tuberculous. 
 
 Thorax. 
 
 Abdomen. 
 
 Kind of 
 Animal. 
 
 Gener- 
 alized. 
 
 Local- 
 ized. 
 
 Lungs. 
 
 Bron- 
 chial 
 and 
 
 Medias- 
 tinal 
 
 Glands. 
 
 Serous 
 Mem- 
 branes. 
 
 Liver. 
 
 Kid- 
 neys. 
 
 Spleen. 
 
 Intes- 
 tines. 
 
 Serous 
 Mem- 
 branes. 
 
 Cattle . 
 Calves . 
 Sheep . 
 Pigs ,„ 
 Horses 
 
 8,118 
 
 11,498 
 
 21,913 
 
 41,483 
 
 488 
 
 33 
 
 44 
 
 1,798 
 71 
 23 
 
 1,697 
 
 1,523 
 52 
 22 
 
 1,317 
 
 1,747 
 68 
 42 
 
 1,451 
 
 170 
 11 
 
 "37 
 
 155 
 
 22 
 
 7 
 
 318 
 
 41 
 37 
 
 69 
 
 17 
 
 1 
 
 109 
 
 195 
 
 30 
 
 2 
 
 541 
 
 119 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 Total... 
 
 84,500 
 
 77 
 
 3,589 
 
 2,920 
 
 3,308 
 
 218 
 
 502 
 
 78 
 
 196 
 
 768 
 
 125 
 
 The following table shows clearly the increase that has taken 
 place in the disease within the last few years. The comparison 
 is probably unfair when made between the first and last years 
 given, because there can be little doubt that inspection has been 
 more rigorous in the latter period ; but taking the two years 
 1895 and 1896 in Kiel, the probability is that inspection was 
 about as rigorous in the one year as in the other, and yet the 
 increase is enormous. 
 
 KIEL, 1895-96. 
 Percentage of Cattle and Calves affected with Tuberculosis. 
 
 Animals. 
 
 Number 
 Slaugh- 
 tered. 
 
 Single 
 
 Organs 
 
 Destroyed. 
 
 Only flesh of 
 
 full value. 
 
 Whole 
 Carcases 
 
 Con- 
 demned. 
 
 Total. 
 Aflfeoted. 
 
 Percentages. 
 
 
 1896-86. 
 
 1894-96. 
 
 1893-94. 
 
 1892-93. 
 
 Oxen ... 
 BnUs ... 
 Oows ... 
 Calves ... 
 Kgs ... 
 
 610 
 
 2,642 
 
 8,789 
 
 15,499 
 
 26,670 
 
 204 
 
 706 
 3,958 
 
 155 
 1,615 
 
 1 
 
 2 
 69 
 11 
 56 
 
 205 
 708 
 
 4,027 
 166 
 
 1,671 
 
 33-61 
 
 26-90 
 
 45-82 
 
 1-7 
 
 6-27 
 
 29-74 
 
 19-80 
 
 34-40 
 
 0-3 
 
 4-36 
 
 16-56 
 
 12-47 
 
 22-30 
 
 0-08 
 
 3-72 
 
 13-15 
 
 10-05 
 
 19-05 
 
 0-08 
 
 Total ... 
 
 54,210 
 
 6,638 
 
 139 
 
 6,777 
 
 
 
 
 
 In the 321 abattoirs in Prussia in 1896, there were slaughtered 
 726,824 cattle, of which 14-2 per cent, were affected with tuber- 
 culosis. When this result is compared with similar statistics for 
 the four preceding years, it is seen that the percentage of 
 
48 
 
 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 tuberculous cattle has steadily increased : 8-6 in 1892, 8-9 in 
 1893, 10-09 in 1894, and 12-7 in 1895. 
 
 Another table is appended from Kiel, to show that the 
 incidence of the disease is much more marked in animals over 
 three years of age than in those under that age : 
 
 KIEL, 1895-96. 
 Age Periods of the Animals Affected with Tuberculosis. 
 
 
 Uuder 6 Weeks. 
 
 Prom 6 Weeks 
 to 1 Year. 
 
 1-3 Tears. 
 
 3-6 Years. 
 
 07er6 
 Years. 
 
 Of 83 whole animals 
 condemned 
 
 Of 5,023 that were 
 partially con- 
 demned 
 
 8 
 43 
 
 3 
 126 
 
 1 
 
 775 
 
 23 
 1,741 
 
 .48 
 2,338 
 
 Total 
 
 51 
 
 129 
 
 776 
 
 1,764 
 
 2,386 
 
 A mere consideration of the foregoing tables will suffice to show 
 the frightful extent to which the disease prevails abroad, and 
 such exact reports as we possess of the condition of things in 
 England and Wales show the disease to be equally widespread. 
 
 Prom the following table prepared by Mr. King, Veterinary 
 Inspector of Manchester, it would appear that the percentage of 
 animals found affected with tuberculosis there is almost identical 
 with that in Leipzig. 
 
 The figures, however, relate only to a period of about three 
 months. 
 
 A Table showing the Incidence of Abdominal Tuberculosis in Cattle 
 of Different Ages slaughtered in the Manchester Water Street 
 Abattoir, and not specially selected. 
 
 Number. 
 
 Number 
 Tuber- 
 culous. 
 
 Condemned 
 as Unfit 
 for Food. 
 
 Number in 
 
 which, the 
 
 Abdominal 
 
 Organs only 
 
 were affected. 
 
 Number in 
 wbich both 
 Abdominal 
 and Thoracic 
 Organs were 
 affected. 
 
 Tuber- 
 culous 
 Udders. 
 
 Cows ... 168 
 Heifers... 124 
 Bullocks 75 
 Bulls ... 8 
 Calves ... 23 
 
 69 or 41% 
 27 or 22% 
 12 or 16% 
 2 or 25% 
 (l?)or4% 
 
 11 
 3 
 
 
 
 
 19 
 
 19 
 
 8 
 
 
 
 
 
 23 
 4 
 2 
 2 
 
 
 2 
 
 
 
 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 49 
 
 It should be remembered, too, that in all the instances given 
 it is the inspection post-mortem merely that has revealed the 
 presence of disease, and that doubtless the number would have been 
 increased had the tuberculin test been used on the animals 
 instead. 
 
 Meat inspection has been considered hitherto to be one of the 
 duties of the Medical Officer of Health and Sanitary Inspector. 
 The former relies on his pathological training on the human 
 subject to help him with regard to the diseases of animals, 
 while the latter can only have an empirical knowledge, aided 
 in some cases by long practical experience of the work. The 
 persons whose knowledge would seem to fit them best for the 
 work — veterinary surgeons — have in only rare cases been em- 
 ployed. The reasons for this are, that to employ a veterinary 
 surgeon would be too costly, and some have even believed that 
 his knowledge would be in his way — that he would, in fact, know 
 too much. 
 
 On the Continent, in Germany, Prance and Belgium, and, 
 indeed, in most of the countries abroad, it has been held for 
 years that veterinary surgeons alone ought to have the final 
 decision as to what should and what should not be condemned 
 for food, and it is owing to this fact that the views held abroad 
 on the subject of tuberculous meat are so much in advance of 
 those in this country. It is curious that the plea of expense 
 should be raised in a rich country like Great Britain against the 
 employment of veterinary surgeons as meat inspectors, when in 
 a comparatively poor country such as Germany their employ- 
 ment is almost universal. 
 
 In Germany it is held that meat inspection is no insignificant 
 branch of science, but that it requires for its complete mastery 
 and proper exercise a varied knowledge and a thorough practical 
 training. It is not, however, considered enough that a veterinary 
 surgeon, to be competent for the work, should merely have passed 
 his examinations for his diploma (of which the theory of meat 
 inspection forms a part), but that he should in addition undergo a 
 special training in a public slaughter-house. 
 
 In Belgium and France, also, the stringent laws that have been 
 passed on the subject of meat inspection constitute members of 
 the veterinary profession the final arbiters on questions of meat 
 
 4 
 
so CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 inspection, and require that they shall be placed at the head of 
 public slaughter-houses. 
 
 In Belgium, where the law requires that all meat should be 
 inspected before consumption, it is not possible that veterinary 
 surgeons should be able, unaided, to inspect the whole of the 
 animals killed, and consequently there are placed under them 
 inspectors of meat who have no veterinary qualification. 
 
 Their duty is, however, not to condemn, but to reserve any 
 carcases of animals which they suspect for the inspection of the 
 veterinary surgeon. But to carry out this limited sphere they 
 must pass an examination in the following subjects : 
 
 1. Knowledge of the laws and regulations dealing with meat 
 inspection. 
 
 2. Description of the animals used for human food. 
 
 3. The names and situation of the different organs and regions 
 of the body. 
 
 4. Signs of health and disease in animals used for food, both 
 when alive and after slaughter. 
 
 5. The characters of fresh meat, organs, fat and blood, as well 
 as of the different preparations made from them, as to the con- 
 ditions rendering them fit or unfit for human consumption. 
 
 6. Knowledge of the abnormal conditions laid down in regula- 
 tions, in regard to which he can act on his own responsibility, 
 and of those in which he must summon the aid of a veterinary 
 surgeon without delay. 
 
 The conditions in which he can take action himself are limited 
 to the flesh or organs when affected with abscesses, cysts, chronic 
 changes in the visceral organs, and adhesions or growing together 
 of organs naturally distinct. In all cases of tuberculosis he must 
 summon a veterinary surgeon. 
 
CHAPTEE VI. 
 
 EXAMINATION OF TUBERCULOUS CARCASES. 
 
 TuBEECULOSis in cattle, as found by post-mortem examination, 
 generally occurs in one of two forms : (1) where organs and their 
 glands only are affected, (2) when there has been invasion of the 
 serous membranes. The former is the more frequent form in 
 cattle, and the latter is almost invariably secondary to disease of 
 the organs. 
 
 Tuberculosis of the lining membranes of the chest and ab- 
 dominal cavities shows itself by the formation of a number 
 of small lumps, or ' tubercles,' from the appearance of which 
 the familiar name of ' grapes ' has been given. Sometimes these 
 grow to an enormous size, so that they weigh several pounds ; at 
 others the appearance presented is that of a roughening or 
 velvety appearance of the wall, owing to the coalescence of a 
 large number of small tubercles. Of the organs, those most 
 frequently affected are the lungs, then those of the digestive 
 tract, and lastly the organs of generation. From a primary 
 infection all the organs of the body can be secondarily infected. 
 
 The tubercles are formed by the life processes of the bacilli, 
 which live upon and bring about changes in the tissues, and in 
 all cases the bacilli can, if proper care is taken, be discovered. 
 When the tubercles first appear they resemble little grey bodies, 
 each of about the size of a millet-seed, or rather larger, and from 
 this resemblance the name 'miliary' tuberculosis has arisen. 
 They rapidly increase in size by the multiplication of the bacilli, 
 and by the formation of secondary foci in the neighbourhood of 
 the primary ones.- 
 
52 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 Under the microscope the appearance of a tubercle is very- 
 characteristic, from the alteration in the character of the cells of 
 the tissue which is brought about. 
 
 They are, however, unprovided with bloodvessels, and conse- 
 quently undergo fatty changes, or caseation, as it is called- 
 Sometimes the broken-down tissue hardens by the deposition of 
 lime salts, and the affected part gets shut off from the rest, and 
 gradually heals. On the other hand, if the bacteria which cause 
 pus gain an entrance, as is not unfrequently the case, then an 
 abscess will be formed. 
 
 In meat inspection the point that it is of the utmost importance 
 to decide is whether an animal is affected with localized or 
 generalized tuberculosis. The term ' locaUzed ' is used when 
 the disease is limited to one organ, or spreads to another organ 
 by contiguity, or by the lymphatic channels, or through the 
 portal circulation (i.e., the circulation between the intestinal 
 tract and the liver), but not by means of the general blood- 
 stream of the body. As examples of it are tuberculosis of the 
 retropharyngeal lymphatic glands with tuberculosis of the lungs 
 and bronchial lymphatic glands, tuberculosis of the intestines and 
 mesenteric lymphatic glands, tuberculosis of the lungs and pleura, 
 tuberculosis of the intestines and liver. 
 
 By ' generalized ' tuberculosis is meant the spread of the disease 
 by the passage of tubercle bacilli into the main blood -stream or 
 into the thoracic duct, and their conveyance thence to different 
 organs and parts of the body, such as the lungs, liver, spleen, 
 kidneys, bones, and muscular tissue. If the bacilli in this case 
 enter in large numbers into the blood-stream, then acute miliary 
 tuberculosis (galloping consumption) results ; but it by no means 
 follows that in generalized tuberculosis all the organs and tissues 
 become equally infected. Some tissues offer a particular resisting 
 power to the organisms. The lungs are always attacked, then 
 come in order the abdominal organs, the serous membranes, the 
 lymphatic glands of the muscular tissue, the udder, kidneys, and 
 lastly the bones. 
 
 Seeing, then, the importance of determining in a tuberculous 
 carcase whether the disease is generalized or not, it is necessary 
 to make a systematic examination of the organs and chains of 
 lymphatic glands, which give the best indications of the presence 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 53. 
 
 of this condition. These are the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys, the 
 axillary glands, and the internal and external iliac glands. 
 
 In the case of dressed carcases consigned without offal the 
 condition of the lymphatic glands ought to be particularly noted. 
 
 Professor Ostertag of Berlin, the highest authority on the 
 subject of meat inspection in Germany, considers that affections 
 of the serous membranes, when it is a question, of generalized • 
 tuberculosis, play a very much less important role than the organs 
 named. So much so, indeed, is this the case, in his opinion, 
 that in passing judgment on flesh their condition should be 
 disregarded, because tuberculosis on them is a local condition. 
 The one exception to this is when the disease starts from the 
 uterus. The serous membranes may be most extensively affected 
 without causing any infection of the lungs, liver, or spleen ; and, 
 on the other hand, there may be extensive miliary tuberculosis 
 of the lungs, etc., without any sign of disease on the pleura or 
 peritoneum. Tuberculosis of the serous membranes only rarely, 
 leads to a generalization of the disease. 
 
 The examination of the important organs should be carried out 
 by examining first the organs least likely to be affected, and not, 
 as is usually the case, those which are most likely to be the seat 
 of the tubercular process. The reason for this is that the knife 
 will probably, if the latter method be adopted, carry infective 
 material from a diseased to a healthy organ. That this is not a 
 risk that may be neglected was proved by the feeding experiments 
 carried out by Dr. Sidney Martin for the Eoyal Commission, 1890. 
 Every unnecessary incision into tuberculous deposits should be 
 avoided. 
 
 The following is the method of examination as carried oiit in 
 Manchester. The points noted are : 
 
 1. The general condition of the carcase. 
 
 2. The outward appearance of the viscera without any handling 
 or cutting. 
 
 3. The appearance of the serous membranes. 
 
 i. Examination of the lymphatic glands of the carcase. 
 
 This examination of the lymphatic glands is considered the 
 most important, as the extent of the disease, without fear of 
 contamination, can be readily ascertained. It is commenced by 
 cutting into (1) the internal and external iliac and the sub-lumbar 
 
54 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 glands if the abdominal viscera or lining membrane have been 
 affected ; (2) the dorsal, supra-sternal and pre-pectoral glands, if 
 the disease is present in the thorax. 
 
 Should further examination be required, the carcase is quartered 
 and cut up (in the usual way of trade) and the deep-seated 
 glands are examined, such as the superficial and deep-seated 
 inguinal glands, the popliteal in the hind-quarters, and the pre- 
 scapular and the brachial in the fore-quarters. A butcher seldom 
 objects to such a course, as his meat, if passed, is not reduced in 
 value on account of the cutting up. In the examination of the 
 carcase of cows the lymphatic glands of the udder should be 
 observed. Tubercular disease of the udder can often be detected 
 by its hardness, but it is better to incise the ampulla and examine 
 the lining of the ducts for evidence of tuberculous deposit or 
 ulceration. 
 
 The portal lymphatic glands often show more marked tubercular 
 deposits than the liver itself, and the same is the ease with the 
 bronchial glands and the lungs. 
 
 In the lungs the tubercular changes are of two kinds — either 
 large cavities or small nodules. The former are situated either 
 at the apex or base ; the latter are distributed throughout its 
 substance. 
 
 An examination made in the manner described will enable 
 the inspector to determine whether generalized tuberculosis is 
 present or not — i.e., whether or not the bacilli have been carried 
 by the main bloodvessels from one organ to another. 
 
 It will also show the organs which must be destroyed if the 
 flesh is to be passed as sound. 
 
CHAPTBE VII. 
 
 UTILIZATION OF TUBERCULOUS CARCASES. 
 
 When the interehangeability of human and bovine tuberculosis 
 became an established fact, it was only natural that an extreme 
 view should have been taken of the danger to man from the 
 consumption of the meat of animals affected with tuberculosis. 
 This view was advocated with great energy by M. Arloing, 
 Director of the Veterinary College in Lyons, at the Congress on 
 Tuberculosis held at Paris in 1888, and led to the adoption of a 
 resolution that the flesh of animals affected with tuberculosis in 
 any degree should be condemned. There can be little doubt that 
 this resolution has formed the basis on which many meat in- 
 spectors have acted, but the enormous loss - that the strict 
 carrying out of the resolution would have entailed, and the 
 result of numerous experiments on the infectivity of tuberculous 
 meat made since then, have prevented, fortunately, its strict 
 execution. 
 
 It would serve no useful end to detail the enormous number of 
 experiments that have been made to arrive at a definite con- 
 elusion as to the infectivity of tuberculous meat, both in this 
 country and abroad, within the last fifteen years. 
 
 It will suf&ce to say thai they have been carried out in two 
 ways : First, by the inoculation, that is, the introduction into 
 the peritoneal cavity of an animal, such as a guinea-pig, of the 
 meat in question ; and secondly, the feeding of similar animals 
 with portions of the meat. It is evident that the first method is 
 by far the more delicate test, as the infective material is, as it 
 were, sown on a very receptive soil, but it is one that has no 
 analogy in everyday life. As was to be expected, positive results 
 
56 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 have been obtained much more frequently by inoculation than by 
 feeding experiments. And in feeding it is evident that a distinc- 
 tion must be drawn between food that is derived from cases of 
 localized or generalized tuberculosis. 
 
 The general conclusion to be drawn from all these experiments 
 is that the muscular tissue of tuberculous animals, as a rule, 
 contains no bacilli, or, at least, not enough to cause disease in 
 the animals experimented on. The flesh is only infectious in 
 cases of a high degree of tuberculosis. 
 
 But from these experiments the following main conclusions 
 may be drawn* : 
 
 1. In purely local tuberculosis the flesh is harmless. This 
 includes cases where the tubercular deposits have undergone 
 caseation or become calcified, and have not broken down into 
 pus. It may also be extended to cases of limited generalization 
 of the disease (chiefly of the organs), where the tubercles have 
 become calcified, showing that the dissemination has not been 
 recent. 
 
 2. On the other hand, the flesh must in all cases be regarded 
 as injurious to health when the tubercles are generalized in the 
 muscles, bones, and lymphatic glands. 
 
 3. When the local character of the tubercular process is 
 doubtful, as in cases when abscesses have formed in the lungs 
 or in the liver, the flesh must be viewed with suspicion, and 
 treated as though it was injurious to health. 
 
 4. When the tuberculous animals are wasted, the flesh will 
 be very poor in quality, without regard to the extent of the 
 lesions. 
 
 Where the organs are affected, it is not sufficient to cut away 
 the diseased portion. The whole organ must be totally destroyed, 
 because the lymphatics ramify in all directions through the organs, 
 and have probably set up tubercular changes which cannot be 
 detected by the naked eye. Similarly, too, all the lymphatic 
 glands connected with the organs in question must be destroyed. 
 When the pleurae or peritoneum are affected, the cutting away of 
 the whole chest wall or abdominal wall is preferable to merely 
 stripping them, as by careless manipulation tuberculous material 
 may be left behind. 
 
 * Ostertag's 'Handbuch der Fleischbeschau,' p. 542. 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 57 
 
 But in Germany they have gone much further than merely 
 saying that, as a rule, carcases affected with localized tubercu- 
 losis are to be passed, and with generalized tuberculosis to be 
 condemned. What makes the meat injurious is the dissemina- 
 tion in it of the tubercle bacilli, and if these are destroyed, then 
 its harmful nature will have departed. A joint that has been 
 roasted or boiled will certainly have all the tubercle bacilli on the 
 outside, and to a certain depth in its substance, destroyed, and 
 such outside pieces will therefore, in the process, have lost their 
 harmful properties. Unfortunately, the temperature to which the 
 interior of the meat may have been raised in the roasting will not 
 be so great as on the outside, and may not have been sufficient to 
 kill the bacilli. 
 
 If exposed to steam in a closed chamber, on the other hand, 
 for a certain length of time, the steam will penetrate to every 
 fibre and destroy every organism. The plan is, therefore, to cut 
 up meat — affected with tuberculosis to such an extent that it 
 would be dangerous to sell it in the raw condition, but yet which 
 is not affected to such an extent as to require total destruc- 
 tion — into small pieces weighing 2 or 3 pounds. These are 
 placed in a steam sterilizing apparatus on shelves. The doors 
 are shut, and steam at a temperature of 212° F. is admitted into 
 the apparatus, and allowed to remain in contact with the pieces 
 of meat for about an hour, by which time the whole of the meat 
 will have been sterilized. The penetration of the steam is assisted 
 by allowing it to act intermittently by alternately shutting off and 
 re-admitting it. When the door is opened, a quantity of the 
 steam will be foundto have condensed, and as this forms a rich 
 broth, having dissolved some of the extractive matters out of the 
 meat, it is sold with the pieces. 
 
 An illustration is given of one of these steam sterilizing 
 apparatuses. It is in every essential exactly like a steam dis- 
 infecting machine, such as all properly - equipped sanitary 
 authorities possess for disinfecting infected bedding and clothing. 
 
 Simple cooking, if carried out under proper supervision, is 
 equally efficacious in sterilizing the pieces of meat, and in some 
 places such cooking apparatuses are used. 
 
 Naturally, the method is applicable to many other conditions 
 of diseased meat besides tuberculosis, but the apparatus was 
 
S8 
 
 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 designed in the first place to enable a quantity of tuberculous 
 meat to be sold, which would otherwise have had to be 
 condemned. 
 
 Such meat is then sold at a special stall, called a Freibank. 
 This institution is peculiar, and requires a brief notice. It is 
 intended for the sale of second-class meat — meat that is not 
 unwholesome, but for which the purchaser should not have to 
 pay the price of prime meat. Whether the sale takes place at 
 
 bohrbeck's steam sterilizer. 
 
 the abattoir or at a shop in the city, a notice must be clearly 
 written over the place as to the class of meat sold. Such meat 
 must not be purchased by butchers or restaurant proprietors. 
 It is intended for the very poor, who would probably have to 
 dispense with meat altogether if they could not obtain it at a 
 very cheap rate. At first the authorities were doubtful whether 
 there would be any public which would be desirous of buying 
 such meat, but experience has proved that there is, and now the 
 demand is greater than the supply. 
 To show the utility of the Freibank, it may be stated that in 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 59 
 
 at least five-sixths of the abattoirs in Prussia they are to be 
 found. 
 
 The following are the regulations, based on the views that have 
 been described, which guide the inspectors in France, Prussia, 
 and Saxony in the condemnation of tuberculous carcases, and 
 they can be compared with the recommendations of the Eoyal 
 Commission on the same subject. 
 
 Seeing that in Great Britain the idea of sterilization or cooking 
 of tuberculous meat has not been entertained, it will be noted 
 that the recommendations formulated by the Eoyal Commission 
 on this subject do not give quite the same latitude as do some of 
 those already quoted ; but they will, when generally adopted, 
 remove much of the harshness complained of by butchers with 
 regard to the action of medical officers of health in the past. 
 
 FEANCE. 
 
 Order of the Minister of Agriculture, dated Paris, September 28, 
 1896, prescribing the Procedure to be adopted in the Case of 
 Carcases affected with Tuberculosis. 
 
 The flesh of tuberculous animals is to be excluded, in whole or 
 in part, from human consumption, according to the nature and 
 extent of the lesions found, in accordance with the subjoined 
 description. 
 
 They are to be seized and totally condemned — 
 
 1. When the tuberculous lesions, whatever their importance, 
 are attended with wasting. 
 
 2. When there are tubercles in the muscles or in the glands in 
 the muscular tissue. 
 
 3. When generalized tuberculosis is present with miliary 
 deposits on all the organs, and notably on the spleen. 
 
 i. When important tuberculous lesions exist at the same time 
 both on the organs of the chest and of the abdominal cavity. 
 
 They must be seized, and partially excluded from human con- 
 sumption— 
 
 1. When the tuberculosis is localized either in the thoracic or 
 abdominal cavity. 
 
 2. When the tuberculous lesions, even though they exist at the 
 
6o CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 same time both in the thoracic and abdominal cavities, are not 
 extensive. 
 
 The seizure in this case only extends to portions of meat 
 (costal or abdominal walls) vyhich are directly in contact with the 
 diseased portion of the pleura or peritoneum. 
 
 In every case the tuberculous organs must be destroyed, what- 
 ever the extent of the lesion. 
 
 In all cases meat that is fairly fat can be handed over to the 
 owner, after being sterilized, for at least an hour, either in 
 boiling water or in a steam sterilizer, but the sterilizing must be 
 carried out in an abattoir, under the control of a veterinary 
 surgeon. 
 
 The Prefects of the Departments are charged with the execution 
 of the present order. 
 
 PEUSSIA. 
 
 The flesh of tuberculous cattle is, as a rule, to be regarded as 
 injurious to health if the muscular tissue contains tubercles, or if 
 the tuberculous animal, without the presence of tubercles in the 
 muscular tissue, is wasted. 
 
 On the contrary, the flesh of a tuberculous animal is to be 
 passed (as not injurious to health) if the animal is well nourished, 
 and (1) the tubercles are confined exclusively to one organ ; or 
 (2) if two or more organs are affected, these organs lie in the 
 same body cavity, and are connected directly with one another, 
 either by lymph-channels or by such bloodvessels as do not 
 belong to the systemic circulation, but to the pulmonary or 
 portal circulation. 
 
 SAXONY. 
 
 1. When tuberculosis is present in a high degree and extensive, 
 with pronounced wasting, and when the condition of the flesh 
 differs markedly from that which is healthy. 
 
 2. If it is generalized, that is, if the extension of the tuber- 
 culous process in the body has taken place only through the 
 blood-stream (with the exception of the portal system), and the 
 animal is at the same time markedly wasted, or the flesh and 
 the bone or lymphatic glands belonging to them are studded with 
 tubercles. 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 6i 
 
 3. If it appears in the form of an acute generalized (embolic) 
 miliary tuberculosis, accompanied by fever. 
 
 The recommendations of the Eoyal Commission are : 
 
 1. When there is miliary tuberculosis of 
 
 both lungs ------ 
 
 2. When tuberculous lesions are present 
 
 on the pleura and peritoneum - 
 
 3. When tuberculous lesions are present in 
 
 the muscular system, or in the lym- 
 phatic glands embedded in or between 
 the muscles - - - - - 
 
 4. When tuberculous lesions exist in any 
 
 part of an emaciated carcase 
 
 The entire car- 
 case and all the 
 organs may be 
 seized. 
 
 1. When the lesions are confined to the lungs 
 
 and the thoracic lymphatic glands 
 
 2. When the lesions are confined to the liver 
 
 3. When the lesions are confined to the 
 
 pharyngeal lymphatic glands 
 
 4. When the lesions are confined to any 
 
 combination of the foregoing, but are 
 collectively small in extent - 
 
 The carcase, if 
 otherwise healthy, 
 shall not be con- 
 demned, but every 
 part of it contain- 
 ing tuberculous 
 lesions shall be 
 seized. 
 
 In view of the greater tendency to generalization of tubercu- 
 losis in the pig, we consider that the presence of tubercular 
 deposit in any degree should involve seizure of the whole carcase 
 and of the organs. 
 
 In respect of foreign dead meat, seizure shall ensue in every 
 case where the pleuree have been ' stripped.' 
 
 In the following tables it will be seen how systematic the 
 inspection is under these regulations abroad, and how much meat 
 is saved from total condemnation by the provision of a Freibank; 
 
62 
 
 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 LEIPZIG, 1897. 
 Treatment of Animals affected with Tuberculosis. 
 
 
 Kind of Animal. 
 
 
 Number 
 Slaughtered. 
 
 0£ which were 
 Tuberculous. 
 
 
 Number. 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Total Cat 
 Oxen 
 Bullocks 
 Cows 
 BuUs . 
 Calves . 
 Sheep . 
 Goats 
 Pigs 
 Horses . 
 
 tie ... 
 ind Heifers 
 
 
 
 27,191 
 9,131 
 1,493 
 
 10,355 
 6,212 
 
 67,961 
 
 49,559 
 
 235 
 
 132,062 
 
 1,530 
 
 9,899 
 3,205 
 
 306 
 5,068 
 1,320 
 
 139 
 8 
 
 3,679 
 8 
 
 36-40 
 35-10 
 20-49 
 48-09 
 21-24 
 0-20 
 0-01 
 
 2-78 
 0-52 
 
 Treatment of Animals affected -witli Tuberculosis. 
 
 
 
 
 Of the Tuberculous Animals there 
 
 were 
 
 
 
 liind of Animal. 
 
 Totally Con- 
 demned. 
 
 (6) 
 Sold as Fit for Food. 
 
 Only Fat 
 
 Melted 
 
 Out. 
 
 Sold without 
 any Restriction. 
 
 
 No. 
 
 For 
 
 cent. 
 
 Raw. 
 
 SterU- 
 ized. 
 
 Total. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 No. 
 
 Per 
 
 cent. 
 
 No. 
 
 Per 
 cent. 
 
 Total Cattle ... 
 
 207 
 
 2-08 
 
 96 
 
 472 
 
 568 
 
 5-73 
 
 
 
 
 
 9,124 
 
 92-19 
 
 Oxen 
 
 48 
 
 1-50 
 
 4 
 
 122 
 
 126 
 
 3-93 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 3,031 
 
 94-57 
 
 Bullocks and 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Heifers 
 
 9 
 
 2-94 
 
 8 
 
 26 
 
 34 
 
 11-11 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 263 
 
 85-95 
 
 Cows 
 
 126 
 
 2-48 
 
 81 
 
 274 
 
 355 
 
 7-00 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 4,587 
 
 90-52 
 
 BuUs 
 
 24 
 
 1-81 
 
 3 
 
 50 
 
 53 
 
 4-01 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 1,243 
 
 94-18 
 
 Calves 
 
 79 
 
 56-80 
 
 
 
 7 
 
 7 
 
 5-04 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 53 
 
 48-16 
 
 Sheep ... 
 
 2 
 
 25-00 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 75-00 
 
 Goats 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pigs 
 
 19 
 
 0-51 
 
 1 
 
 1,173 
 
 1,174 
 
 31-91 
 
 774 
 
 21-0 
 
 2,201 
 
 59-84 
 
 Horses 
 
 2 
 
 25-00 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 6 
 
 75-00 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 63 
 
 HANOVEE, 1895. 
 Treatment of Carcases affected with Tuberculosis iu Various Degrees. 
 
 
 Number 
 Slaugh- 
 tered. 
 
 Sold as of Full Value. 
 
 Animals. 
 
 Muscular 
 
 Substance 
 
 and 
 
 Bones. 
 
 With 
 Emacia- 
 tion. 
 
 Of One 
 Organ 
 only. 
 
 Of several 
 
 Organs in 
 
 same 
 
 Body 
 
 Cavity. 
 
 Of the 
 Udder 
 with 
 Disease 
 in Body 
 Cavity. 
 
 Of Organs 
 
 in both 
 
 Body 
 
 Cavities. 
 
 Cattle 
 Calves 
 Swine 
 Sheep 
 
 12,721 
 16,248 
 55,287 
 15,124 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 525 
 
 3 
 
 178 
 
 1 
 
 26i 
 22 
 
 3 
 
 82 
 
 1 
 
 248 
 
 Total ... 
 
 99,380 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 702 
 
 48J 
 
 8 
 
 276 
 
 
 ... 
 
 Sold when Sterilized. 
 
 Cattle 
 Calves 
 Swine 
 Sheep 
 
 2^ 
 
 1 
 
 -^ 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 H 
 
 12 
 
 49 
 
 Total ... 
 
 3* 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 — 
 
 li 
 
 61 
 
 
 Totally Condemned. 
 
 Cattle 
 Calves 
 Swine 
 Sheep 
 
 4i 
 20 
 
 8 
 1 
 
 — 
 
 h 
 1 
 
 5 
 
 3 
 
 2 
 
 36 
 
 Total ... 
 
 24J 
 
 9 
 
 — 
 
 ^ 
 
 5 
 
 41 
 
 CAELSRUHE, 1895. 
 Prevalence of Tuberculosis among Cattle and Swine. 
 
 Animals. 
 
 Number 
 Slaugh- 
 tered. 
 
 Affected 
 with 
 
 Tubercu- 
 losis. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Relegated 
 
 to 
 Freibank. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Totally 
 Con- 
 demned. 
 
 Per Cent. 
 
 Oxen 
 Cows 
 Heifers 
 Bullocks ... 
 
 3,118 
 2,868 
 2,056 
 1,959 
 
 163 
 458 
 160 
 202 
 
 5-2 
 19-4 
 
 7-8 
 10-3 
 
 3 
 
 51 
 
 6 
 
 4 
 
 1-8 
 
 11-1 
 
 3-8 
 
 2-0 
 
 
 
 5 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 11 
 
 
 0-5 
 
 Total ... 
 
 9,496 
 
 988 
 
 10-4 
 
 64 
 
 6-5 
 
 6 
 
 0-6 
 
 Swine 
 
 25,987 
 
 74 
 
 0-29 
 
 27 
 
 36-5 
 
 2 
 
 2-7 
 
 Comparison with Previous Years as regards Cattle. 
 
 1895 
 1894 
 1893 
 1892 
 
 9,496 
 
 983 
 
 10-4 
 
 64 
 
 6-5 
 
 6 
 
 10,287 
 
 874 
 
 8-5 
 
 53 
 
 5-6 
 
 1 
 
 11,584 
 
 1,086 
 
 8-9 
 
 70 
 
 6-7 
 
 14 
 
 10,055 
 
 610 
 
 6-0 
 
 79 
 
 12-9 
 
 28 
 
 0-6 
 0-1 
 1-3 
 4-5 
 
CHAPTEE VIII. 
 
 INSURANCE AGAINST LOSS FKOM SEIZURE. 
 
 In giving an account of the method of insurance by which the loss 
 that must occasionally be suffered from the seizure of carcases 
 when affected to the degree mentioned in the preceding chapter 
 may be best met, it will be convenient to commence by describing 
 the systems already in vogue in the United Kingdom. 
 
 It appears that for some years such insurance systems have 
 been at work at Newcastle, Carlisle, and West Hartlepool in 
 England, at Paisley and Aberdeen in Scotland, and at Belfast in . 
 Ireland. 
 
 In Newcastle and CarHsle the method adopted is very similar. 
 Both are associations formed by the butchers in the usual way, 
 with a president, treasurer, secretary, and committee of manage- 
 ment. Any butcher may become a member on paying a premium 
 of one shilling for every bullock or heifer and one shilling and six- 
 pence for every cow slaughtered, and, in the case of the Carlisle 
 Insurance Association, an entrance fee. Compensation is given 
 to the amount of three-fourths of the value of the beast, but none 
 is given in the case where the animal cost less than £8, nor 
 for one purchased otherwise than in perfect good faith. Com- 
 pensation is given for other diseased conditions besides tubercu- 
 losis, or where the animal dies as the result of accident. Should 
 the funds of the association at any time be unable to meet the 
 compensation required, a levy is made on the owners of each 
 beast slaughtered in that week to make up the deficiency. 
 
 In Carlisle, and, indeed, in most of the places named, the 
 insurance association was avowedly started on account of the 
 losses caused by seizure of tuberculous carcases. In 1895 the 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 6.5 
 
 sum of money paid in compensation for sixteen claims was 
 £94 15s. 6d., and in 1896, for thirty-two claims, £209 8s. 5d. 
 After the close of the first year, so good was the state of the 
 finances of the association that the height of the premium was 
 reduced to one shilling in the case of cows, and to sixpence in 
 that of bullocks and heifers. It became necessary, however, to 
 re-establish the old premiums, owing to an increased number of 
 seizures. Another interesting point brought out in connection 
 with the Carlisle Association, in the evidence of Mr. Bell before 
 the Eoyal Commission, is that such an association, consisting as 
 it does of butchers, is the best agency for detecting cases of fraud 
 on the part of its members. In Carlisle, as it was thought that 
 one of the members was dealing in old cows for the sake of the 
 compensation that he would get were they condemned, the £6 
 limit for compensation was raised to £8. 
 
 In Newcastle the insurance was commenced in 1892, and since 
 that date 22,764 animals have been insured, of which only eight 
 have been surrendered. The total amount paid in compensation 
 has been £70, thus leaving no less a sum than £827 12s. 9d. 
 (over 90 per cent, of the sums received) to be re-distributed 
 among the forty members. 
 
 The explanation of the small number of seizures in this case 
 is the fact that most of the animals insured were of a good 
 class, and no compensation is given for an animal costing less 
 than £8. 
 
 In West Hartlepool the insurance society was formed in 1891, 
 with a membership of forty. The premium charged is one 
 shilling for a cow and sixpence for a bullock. In the course 
 of six years fifty-two claims have been paid, amounting to 
 £440 9s., and the system has worked very satisfactorily, until 
 of late some members who had had no seizures objected to 
 paying money to compensate others who had. Two-thirds of the 
 value of the beast is given in compensation for seizure. The 
 number of seizures for tuberculosis (and the payment of com- 
 pensation is limited to this disease) has been gradually increasing, 
 the numbers being four in 1891 and 1892, eleven in 1893, ten in 
 1894, five in 1895, and fifteen in 1896. 
 
 In Paisley the premiums charged are threepence for a bullock 
 or heifer, sixpence for a bull, and one shilling for a cow, but the 
 
66 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 society has the power of raising these charges if the fund requires 
 it. One half the value of the animals is given, but not unless the 
 animal cost more than £8. This limit, however, is a variable one, 
 subject to current market values. Since the society has been in 
 operation fifty-one claims have been paid, amounting to about 
 £300. Mr. Scarlett, the secretary, stated in his evidence before 
 the Eoyal Commission that as far as its operations had gone they 
 had been quite successful. It was, however, not taken advantage 
 of by all the butchers, and its activity has been largely affected 
 by a compulsory system of insurance on the part of the 
 auctioneer. 
 
 The auctioneer charges on every cow put through his ring 
 two shillings (one shilling from the buyer and one shilling from 
 the seller), and one shilling on every bullock or heifer (sixpence 
 from the buyer and seller respectively), and a somewhat similar 
 arrangement has been employed in the auction markets at Aber- 
 deen. The system has the advantage of compulsion, and it is 
 improbable that the charge of sixpence for a bullock and one 
 shilling for a cow would be appreciably felt by either the butcher 
 or farmer, in view of the three-fourths compensation he would 
 receive in case of total seizure. 
 
 It is evident, then, from a consideration of the above facts, that 
 insurance in this country has not passed much beyond the experi- 
 mental stage. All the weight of the National Federation of 
 Butchers has been thrown against any extension of the scheme, 
 on the ground that they would, by advocating it, be cutting the 
 ground from under their feet as regards compensation from 
 imperial or local funds. But if the losses are so considerable 
 that they exert a crippling effect on dealers in home-fed beasts, 
 seeing that the majority of the Eoyal Commission report un- 
 favourably on the subject of compensation, insurance offers the 
 best way out of the difficulty. 
 
 Passing from this country to Germany, it will be found that 
 the subject is there fully worked out on an extensive scale, and is 
 no longer experimental. 
 
 It must be premised that there, as a rule, the farmer, and not 
 the butcher, suffers the loss from seizure, as payment is not made 
 by the latter to the former until after the carcase has been passed 
 by the inspector. The subject, further, is less difficult to deal 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 67 
 
 with in Germany, because public slaughter-houses are more the 
 rule than in this country, and consequently the collection of 
 premiums and means of checking fraud are easier to effect. 
 
 But the growth of these insurance societies has been neces- 
 sarily brought about by increased uniformity of inspection, 
 and by means of them the apparent hardships inflicted on 
 owners by seizures have been almost entirely alleviated. The 
 view of the matter taken in Germany is that if the State will not 
 organize insurance or give compensation for tuberculosis, as in 
 the case of animals affected with other contagious disease (and 
 the State so far has shown no disposition to do so), then the 
 interested parties must protect themselves as best they can. 
 Unremitting efforts have been made to induce the various States 
 to organize a system of insurance, but so far Bavaria and Baden 
 alone have dealt with the matter. Agriculturists there maintain 
 that unless the insurance is made compulsory it will be a failure, 
 and they urge that the organization for the insurance of cattle 
 should be as all-embracing as possible, in order to protect the 
 small owners. 
 
 In Baden the law of 1890 led to the establishment of district 
 insurance offices, but under the condition that when once started 
 they should not be dissolved until after the lapse of seven years. 
 It was considered desirable that the State should exercise a 
 certain amount of control and supervision over these offices, 
 because the loss of an animal to a farmer in poor circumstances 
 might lead to a serious diminution in his capital, and to his 
 borrowing at an exorbitant interest. 
 
 Every cow must be insured as soon as the office has been 
 es'tablished, and any loss must be defrayed by the office. In 
 the case where several district insurance offices agree to amal- 
 gamate, then the insurance office of the particular district bears 
 one quarter of the loss, and the remaining three quarters is dis- 
 tributed among the others. 
 
 It is evident that the knowledge the officials of the insurance 
 society would gain as to the prevalence of the disease in a 
 particular district might be utilized very easily to bring about a 
 better state of things. In most towns where there is a public 
 slaughter-house, as, for example, in Leipzig, Berlin, Dresden, and 
 Halle, there are insurance offices against loss by condemnation 
 
 5—2 
 
68 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 of carcases, managed either by the slaughter-house authorities 
 themselves, or by the Butchers' Union, or by the farmers and 
 butchers banding together. 
 
 As an instance, the chief rules of the Cattle Insurance Associa- 
 tion, having its headquarters in Berlin, may be given : 
 
 1. The insurance of cattle destined for slaughter belonging to 
 the cattle-dealers of Berlin has been founded to protect the 
 owners of cattle, by the payment of a premium, from the great 
 losses to which they are exposed, owing to the rigorous measures 
 of the veterinary inspectors at the abattoir. 
 
 2. The association is not started for purposes of gain. The 
 premium to be paid, therefore, is regulated every month, accord- 
 ing to the number of seizures, and published on the first of each 
 month in the abattoir. 
 
 In February, 1895, this was eight shillings for a cow, six 
 shillings for a bull, and two shillings for a bullock or heifer. 
 
 3. No person is allowed to insure who does not promise in 
 writing to insure the whole of his cattle coming to the slaughter- 
 house. 
 
 4. Animals cannot be insured which have been injured during 
 transit, or have been transferred as suspicious by the veterinary 
 inspectors to the contagious disease isolation slaughter-house, or 
 are markedly wasted or recognised as diseased by the veterinary 
 inspectors. 
 
 5. The compensation paid is the full market price of the 
 animal. If the carcase is not wholly condemned, then the price 
 of the portions which are allowed for sale must be deducted. 
 
 6. The liabiUty of the society ceases if the animal is not 
 slaughtered within twenty days. 
 
 7. The director is justified in refusing the privileges of insurance 
 to those whom he is convinced will cause damage to the office, or 
 to those not acting in good faith. 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 69 
 
 Table of Premiums of Different Insurance Societies. 
 
 Place. 
 
 Cattle. 
 
 Amount of Com- 
 
 Nature of Insurance 
 
 
 
 pensation. 
 
 Office. 
 
 Dresden 
 
 Oxen 1 3^- 
 
 Full market price 
 
 Butchers' Union. 
 
 
 and slaughter- 
 
 
 
 Cows, 6s. 
 
 house charges 
 
 
 Gottingen 
 
 OxenH^- 
 
 *) )» 
 
 Cattle Insurance 
 
 
 
 Association. 
 
 
 Cows, 5s. 
 
 
 
 Halle 
 
 For members, 
 
 j> ») 
 
 Cattle Insurance 
 
 
 3s. 
 
 
 Association, with 
 
 
 For non-mem- 
 
 
 limited liability. 
 
 
 bers, 6s. 
 
 
 
 Leipzig 
 
 bXK^^- 
 
 »i )5 
 
 Municipal Associa- 
 
 
 
 tion for Insurance 
 
 
 Cows, 9s. 6d. 
 
 
 of Cattle. 
 
 It will be seen that the amount of the premiums varies con- 
 siderably, being dependent, no doubt, on the character of the 
 animals brought to the slaughter-house, and to the greater or 
 less degree of stringency in inspection. 
 
 In Leipzig, for instance, by far the largest number of cattle 
 brought to the abattoir are old cows and oxen, which are much 
 more liable to be affected with tuberculosis than younger cattle. 
 
 The following figures, taken from the annual reports of the 
 Dresden and Leipzig slaughter-houses, show the actual status of 
 the associations : 
 
 Particulars extracted from the Annual Report of the Butchers' 
 Union of Dresden for the Year 1895. 
 
 Number of Animals brought to the Market. 
 
 Oxen ... ... ... 12,251 
 
 Bulls 7,721 
 
 Cows and heifers . . . 8,982 
 
 Swine 
 Sheep 
 Calves 
 Goats 
 
 Total 
 
 28,954 
 
 134,579 
 
 53,265 
 
 62,093 
 
 26 
 
 279,277 
 
70 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 Results of the Insurance Office for Cattle under the Combined 
 Management of the Butchers' Union and a Commission of 
 the Cattle-Dealers. 
 
 Place. 
 
 Number Insured. 
 
 Premiums Paid. 
 
 Oxen ... 
 
 Bulls 
 
 Cows and heifers 
 
 10,172 
 6,721 
 5,858 
 
 £ 
 
 Total 
 
 22,751 
 
 J5,566 
 
 In addition, however, to these special insurance societies, quite 
 a number of the public insurance offices undertake insurance 
 against loss which may be sustained through the condemnation 
 of cattle in the abattoirs. They have agents in the principal 
 towns, and there seems no reason why live stock insurance 
 societies in the United Kingdom should not extend their lines 
 in the same direction ; but it must be observed that private 
 unions inaugurating an insurance fund can work much more 
 economically than societies which carry on insurance as a 
 business. In the former the expenses of management are small, 
 because, with the exception of the veterinary surgeon and clerk, 
 all the appointments are honorary. The larger the number of 
 parties interested who can be induced to join, the lower will be 
 the premiums that will have to be charged, and on this ground 
 the plan is to be highly recommended of farmers, butchers, and 
 cattle-dealers all uniting to form the insurance fund. 
 
 It should be clearly understood, if the insurance office is to be 
 of real value, that (1) all animals, before being insured, must be 
 examined by a veterinary surgeon, and only those be accepted 
 which are without visible signs of disease ; (2) that carcases 
 which are presented for examination of animals that have not 
 been seen alive shall be excluded ; (3) that there should be a 
 Freibank or similar institution for the sale of second-class meat ; 
 and (4) that there should be arrangements for utilizing to the full 
 for trade purposes carcases totally excluded from human con- 
 sumption. 
 
 In addition to these, over 3,500 cattle were insured; but as 
 they were removed from the cattle market to be slaughtered 
 elsewhere, the premiums, less 1 mark, were returned. 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 71 
 
 Compensation was paid in the following cases, owing to 
 veterinary condemnation : 
 
 
 A 
 
 i 
 
 m 
 
 1 
 
 h 
 
 a 
 
 2 
 
 . 
 
 S« 
 
 
 n 
 
 
 g 
 
 a 
 
 aa 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 fH 
 
 3 
 
 EH 
 
 J 
 
 QQ 
 
 t> 
 
 > 
 
 ■< 
 
 Oxen ... 
 
 17 
 
 147 
 
 870 
 
 45 
 
 18 
 
 49 
 
 
 98 
 
 4^418 
 
 BuUs ... 
 
 15 
 
 89 
 
 310 
 
 36 
 
 13 
 
 29 
 
 — 
 
 30 
 
 2,325 
 
 Cows and" 
 heifers . 
 
 31 
 
 248 
 
 649 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 49 
 
 32 
 
 160 
 
 4,451 
 
 Total ... 
 
 63 
 
 484 
 
 1,829 
 
 102 
 
 52 
 
 127 
 
 32 
 
 288 
 
 ^11,194 
 
 £4,486 was, however, realized by the sale of meat on the 
 Freibank, and by the utilization of the condemned carcases, etc., 
 so that the total amount of the claims paid out of the insurance 
 fund was £6,608. 
 
 The heavy losses which the office suffered led, in addition to 
 the expenditure of £660 from the reserve fund, to the lowering 
 of the compensation for livers from 8 to 6 marks, and the raising 
 of the premiums on oxen to 5 marks, bulls to 6 marks, cows and 
 heifers to 8 marks, making the total loss to the office for the 
 year 1895, £905. 
 
 The report for 1893 is in marked contrast to that for 1895. 
 In 1893 the insurance charge for oxen and bulls was 3 marks, 
 and for cattle and heifers 6 marks. 
 
 Insured were : 
 
 Oxen 
 
 Bulls 
 
 Cows and heifers 
 
 Total 
 
 In addition to these, over 5,000 cattle were insured ; but, as 
 they were removed to be slaughtered elsewhere, the premiums, 
 after deducting 1 mark, were returned. 
 
72 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 Compensation was paid in the following cases : 
 
 
 13 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 l>.| 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 a 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 w 
 
 ri 
 
 » 
 
 43 
 
 
 6 
 
 ^ 
 
 3 
 
 'i 
 
 
 ■a 
 
 1 
 
 > 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 £ 
 
 Oxen ... 
 
 16 
 
 73 
 
 1,335 
 
 20 
 
 18 
 
 14 
 
 
 
 47 
 
 2,178 
 
 Bulls ... 
 
 10 
 
 28 
 
 341 
 
 21 
 
 4 
 
 2 
 
 . 
 
 6 
 
 896 
 
 Cows ... 
 
 20 
 
 111 
 
 494 
 
 4 
 
 10 
 
 13 
 
 44i 
 
 15 
 
 1,942 
 
 Total ... 
 
 46 
 
 212 
 
 2,170 
 
 45 
 
 32 
 
 29 
 
 441 
 
 68 
 
 ^5,016 
 
 £2,299 was, however, realized by the sale of meat on the 
 Freibank, etc., so that the total amount paid out of the insurance 
 fund was £2,717. 
 
 The premiums paid amounted to £3,591, so that there was a 
 balance in. hand of £874. 
 
CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 73 
 
 LEIPZIG, 1895. 
 
 Income and Expenditure of the Municipal Cattle Insurance 
 
 Society. 
 
 Receipts. 
 
 1. Insv/rance pay, as follows : 
 
 11,488 bulls and heifers' 
 at 7s. 6d. each 
 8,563 cows at 9s. 6d. 
 each ... 
 97,848 native pigs at Is. 
 
 each 
 
 2,930 imported pigs at 
 Is. 6d. each ... 
 
 2. Proceeds from sale of 
 
 animals on the Frei- 
 hamk : 
 
 133 oxen 
 
 23 heifers 
 339 cows 
 
 58 buUs 
 924 pigs ... 
 8,8001b. beef 
 3341b. pork 
 
 8. Proceeds of sale from 
 animals totally con- 
 demned : 
 
 32 oxen 
 8 heifers 
 
 56 cows 
 
 10 bulls 
 243 pigs 
 Various 
 
 £ 
 ■ 13,487 
 
 6,656 
 
 482 
 
 Total 
 
 ... ^20,625 
 
 Expenditure. 
 
 Compensation pa/id for : 
 
 165 oxen ... ..."» 
 
 31 heifers 
 
 395 cows ... ... I 
 
 68bulls } 
 
 1,168 pigs 
 
 Various organs and par- 1 
 tions of meat j 
 
 Slaughter-house, etc., 
 charges paid back 
 
 Insurance premiums paid 
 back 
 
 £ 
 18,719 
 
 890 
 
 286 
 252 
 
 Office and other expenses 
 
 Total ^20,147 
 
 Total receipts 
 „ expenditure... 
 
 £ 
 20,625 
 20,147 
 
 In band ^478 
 
74 
 
 CATTLE TUBERCULOSIS 
 
 TABLE I. 
 
 Showing Rise of Temperature in Cows affected with Tubefculosis, 
 and showing how Diseased Cows are grouped together. 
 
 
 Pbbeuaky 3ed. 
 
 
 Fbbeuaey 4th. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 No. 
 
 11 a.m. 
 
 Injected 
 10 p.m. 
 
 6 a.m. 
 
 9 a.m. 
 
 12 a.m. 
 
 3 p.m. 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 102 
 
 101 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-4 
 
 
 2 
 
 101-8 
 
 101 
 
 101-3 
 
 101-5 
 
 102-2 
 
 103-6 
 
 
 3 
 
 102 
 
 101 
 
 101-2 
 
 100-8 
 
 101 
 
 101-3 
 
 
 4 
 
 101-1 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-5 
 
 102-4 
 
 104-3 
 
 103-7 
 
 Eeacted. 
 
 5 
 
 101-6 
 
 103 
 
 102-5 
 
 104-5 
 
 106 
 
 105 
 
 )} 
 
 6 
 
 102 
 
 101-8 
 
 101-3 
 
 102 
 
 104-3 
 
 105-4 
 
 ;f 
 
 7 
 
 101-1 
 
 101-6 
 
 101-4 
 
 101 
 
 101-4 
 
 101-7 
 
 
 8 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-4 
 
 100-8 
 
 101 
 
 101-3 
 
 101-4 
 
 
 9 
 
 102-1 
 
 102-5 
 
 103-3 
 
 106-5 
 
 107-6 
 
 105-8 
 
 Beacted. 
 
 10 
 
 102 
 
 102 
 
 102-2 
 
 104-1 
 
 105-4 
 
 105-5 
 
 »» 
 
 11 
 
 100-6 
 
 101-6 
 
 104 
 
 106-3 
 
 105-9 
 
 105-8 
 
 1) 
 
 12 
 
 102-2 
 
 101 
 
 101-6 
 
 102-4 
 
 105-9 
 
 106 
 
 ») 
 
 13 
 
 101-5 
 
 100-8 
 
 104-6 
 
 105 
 
 104-1 
 
 103-4 
 
 )) 
 
 14 
 
 102-5 
 
 102-2 
 
 102-4 
 
 103-9 
 
 106-3 
 
 105-7 
 
 )j 
 
 15 
 
 103-8 
 
 103 
 
 103-4 
 
 105-9 
 
 105-5 
 
 106 
 
 ») 
 
 16 
 
 101-8 
 
 102 
 
 102-2 
 
 102-8 
 
 105-2 
 
 106 
 
 )» 
 
 17 
 
 101-3 
 
 101-8 
 
 101-4 
 
 102-2 
 
 105-5 
 
 105-7 
 
 )) 
 
 18 
 
 102 
 
 102-3 
 
 104-6 
 
 104 
 
 103-3 
 
 103-5 
 
 )) 
 
 19 
 
 101-3 
 
 101-4 
 
 100-6 
 
 100 
 
 101-1 
 
 101-2 
 
 
 20 
 
 102 
 
 101-9 
 
 102 
 
 101-5 
 
 101-9 
 
 102-5 
 
 
 21 
 
 102 
 
 102-7 
 
 102-7 
 
 103-5 
 
 101-9 
 
 108-4 
 
 
 22 
 
 102-8 
 
 102-1 
 
 105 
 
 107-5 
 
 106-7 
 
 104-8 
 
 Beacted. 
 
 23 
 
 102-4 
 
 102-2 
 
 108-4 
 
 105-5 
 
 106-4 
 
 104-5 
 
 )> 
 
 24 
 
 101-4 
 
 101-8 
 
 101-3 
 
 102-6 
 
 106-1 
 
 105-2 
 
 jj 
 
 25 
 
 102 
 
 101-8 
 
 102-6 
 
 106 
 
 107-4 
 
 105-4 
 
 )) 
 
 26 
 
 102-1 
 
 101-4 
 
 102-8 
 
 105-6 
 
 106-3 
 
 104-1 
 
 )) 
 
 27 
 
 101-8 
 
 101-6 
 
 101-8 
 
 101-4 
 
 101-5 
 
 101-6 
 
 
 28 
 
 101-5 
 
 100-5 
 
 101-4 
 
 102-9 
 
 106 
 
 105-3 
 
 Eeacted. 
 
 29 
 
 101-8 
 
 101 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-5 
 
 101 
 
 101-6 
 
 
 30 
 
 101-5 
 
 101-6 
 
 101 
 
 101-5 
 
 101-7 
 
 101 
 
 
 31 
 
 100-8 
 
 101-1 
 
 101 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-3 
 
 101-2 
 
 
 32 
 
 102-3 
 
 102 
 
 101-7 
 
 100-8 
 
 102-1 
 
 101-5 
 
 
 33 
 
 102-4 
 
 101-1 
 
 101 
 
 101-3 
 
 101-4 
 
 101-3 
 
 
 34 
 
 102 
 
 101-8 
 
 101-6 
 
 102-6 
 
 106-1 
 
 104-4 
 
 
TABLE II. — RESULT OP THE TUBERCULIN TEST ON 
 
 (Extracted from ' The Use of Tuberculin,' by J. Wilson, Forclyce Lecturer in A, 
 It will be noticed in examining this table that the numbers are grouped according to the cow's family, and that there are ver 
 
 1. Calved 1888 
 
 65. Calved 1894, daughter of 1 
 
 2. Calved 1887 
 
 3. Calved 1887 
 
 23. Calved 1893, daughter of 3 
 98. Calved 1895, son of 23 
 
 66. Calved 1894, daughter of 3 
 52. Calved 1895, son of 3 ... 
 
 100. Calved 1 896, son of 3 ... 
 
 5. Calved 1878 
 
 11. Calved 1886, daughter of 5 
 
 Calved 1893, daughter of 11 
 Calved 1895, son of 11 
 Calved 1896, daughter of 11 
 Calved 1892, son of 5 
 
 *12. 
 
 42. 
 
 118. 
 
 41. 
 
 63. 
 
 47, 
 
 Calved 1894, daughter of 
 Calved 1895, son of 5 .. 
 
 6. Calved 1890 
 
 83. Calved 1895, daughter of 
 
 7. Calved 1892 
 
 50. Calved 1895, son of 7 .. 
 
 8. Calved 1888 
 
 44. Calved 1895, son of 8 .. 
 
 109. Calved 1896, son of 8 .. 
 
 9. Calved 1892 
 
 77. Calved 1895, daughter of 
 105. Calved 1896, son of 9 
 
 10. Calved 1887 
 
 84. Calved 1895, daughter of 10 
 123. Calved 1896, daughter of 10 
 
 13. Calved 1891 
 
 49. Calved 1895, son of 13 ... 
 
 14. Calved 1890 
 
 78. Calved 1895, daughter of 14 
 117. Calved 1896, daughter of 14 
 
 15. Calved 1881 
 
 4. Calved 1892, daughter of 15 
 
 91. Calved 1895, son of 4 
 
 115. Calved 1896, daughter of 4 
 43. Calved 1895, son of 15 ... 
 
 116. Calved 1896, daughter of 15 
 
 Temperatures, March, 1895. 
 
 before' Atlnocu- 4^ hours ti hours lOJ hours ISJhours 16J_hours 19} hours 
 
 inoculation. 
 
 latioQ. 
 
 after. 
 
 after. 
 
 after. 
 
 after. 
 
 after. 
 
 after. 
 
 1031 103-8 105-4 107-0 106-7 105-8 1045 102-8 
 
 102-0 102-0 102-9 104-5 1070 106-4 1048 1044 
 
 101-0 101-0 102-0 101-0 102-2 100-6 101-0 101-0 
 102-0 101-9 101-7 101-5 101-4 101-1 101-4 100-9 
 
 100-6 100-2 101-3 101-6 1047 106-9 104-5 102-8 
 101-4 101-5 100-8 100-8 103-7 1061 105-6 103-4 
 
 102-5 102-8 102-8 102-8 102-7 102-3 101-6 101-6 
 
 101-8 101-6 101-4 101-6 101-0 101-2 100-8 
 
 102-0 102-4 102-2 102-8 1060 1060 105-3 1051 
 
 101-4 101-6 101-7 101-8 105-5 105-8 104-2 1033 
 
 101-5 101-6 102-0 102-1 105-7 1054 1040 103-3 
 
 102-0 102-1 101-1 101-9 101-6 lOM 101-5 101-3 
 
 101-1 101-5 101-3 100-9 102-9 1053 104-8 1030 
 
 101-7 102-4 103-6 107-4 1061 105-6 105-9 104-8 
 
 101-4 101-2 100-9 100-1 100-6 lOM 102-2 100-9 
 
 101-0 101-0 100-4 100-2 1010 103-6 105-1 1040 
 101-0 101-3 101-2 101-0 100-7 100-7 lOM 100-7 
 
 24 hours 
 
 before 
 
 inoculation. 
 
 Temperatures, January, 1896. 
 
 At inocu. 6 hours 9 hours 12 hours 15 hours 
 lation. after. after. after. after. 
 
 101-3 
 
 101-9 
 104-0 
 
 102-5 
 102-3 
 
 101-2 
 
 102-1 
 
 105-1 
 
 102-5 
 101-9 
 
 102-9 
 
 102-5 101-2 101-5 101-4 101-7 
 
 102-0 102-1 101-7 101-2 100-8 lOM 
 101-7 101-4 101-9 101-7 101-7 101-7 
 
 102-5 102-2 101-6 101-7 101-7 
 103-4 103-0 104-0 103-7 104-2 
 
 102-5 
 
 105-3 
 
 106-6 
 
 105-8 
 
 106-3 
 
 104-6 
 
 11)1-5 
 
 101 -3 
 
 101-7 
 
 103-2 
 
 103-3 
 
 103-3 
 
 101-3 102-8 102-2 
 
 1020 101-9 1053 
 
 101-7 102-8 101-9 
 
 103-0 103-1 102-8 
 
 102-7 102-6 103-3 1(13-2 102-9 102-5 
 102-5 103-1 103-4 103-1 102-7 102-5 
 
 102-1 . 102-3 102-4 101-4 101-2 101-7 
 
 10,3-0 102-3 1021 102-3 l()2-3 101-6 
 
 101-4 102-0 1025 1057 1061 
 103-0 102-8 102-9 102-7 102-7 
 
 101-2 101-1 
 102-9 101-9 
 
 101-3 
 101-5 
 
 101-8 
 101-7 
 
 104-4 
 102-3 
 
 101-2 lOl-i; 101-5 102-0 101-7 
 102-0 101-4 101-1 100-8 101-0 
 
 102-0 102-3 100-9 104-1 105-6 
 102-5 1021 litl-7 101-7 101-6 
 
 102-2 102-9 102-7 102-9 102-5 
 
 101-8 
 101-2 
 
 102-8 102-3 102-3 102-7 103-9 105-9 
 
 102-1 102-2 102-6 102-3 1011 1(11-6 
 104-5 102-2 102-3 102-3 l(r2-0 102-5 
 
 102-1 103-0 102-9 102-3 102-4 
 
I. — RESULT OP THE TUBERCULIN TEST ON THE OASTLEORAIG HERD. 
 
 'xtr acted from ' The Use of Tuberculin/ by J. Wilson, Fordyce Lecturer in Agriculture, Aberdeen University,) 
 numbers are grouped according to the cow*8 family, and that there are very few instances in which more than one member of a family has been affected. 
 
 .9^ hours 
 after. 
 
 102-8 
 
 104-4 
 
 101-0 
 100-9 
 
 102-8 
 103-4 
 
 101-6 
 
 100-8 
 
 105-1 
 103-3 
 103-3 
 
 101-3 
 
 103-0 
 
 104-8 
 
 100-9 
 
 1040 
 
 100-7 
 
 24 hours 
 
 before 
 
 inoculation. 
 
 Temperatures, January, 1896. 
 
 At inocu- 6 hours 9 hours 12 hours 15 hours 18 hours 
 lation. after. after. after. after. after. 
 
 101-3 
 
 102-0 
 101-7 
 
 i6i-9 
 
 104-0 
 
 101-3 
 102-0 
 
 101-7 
 103-0 
 
 102-7 
 102-5 
 
 102-1 
 
 103-0 
 
 102-5 
 102-3 
 
 101-2 
 
 102-1 
 
 1061 
 
 102-5 
 101-9 
 
 102-8 
 
 102-1 
 104-5 
 
 102-9 
 
 102-5 101-2 101-5 101-4 101-7 101-8 
 
 102-1 
 101-4 
 
 102-5 
 103-4 
 
 102-8 
 101-9 
 
 102-8 
 103-1 
 
 102-6 
 103-1 
 
 101-7 
 101-9 
 
 102-2 
 103-0 
 
 102-2 
 105-3 
 
 101-'.» 
 102-8 
 
 1 03-3 
 103-4 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-7 
 
 101-6 
 104-0 
 
 102-5 
 105-8 
 
 101-5 
 103-2 
 
 1(13-2 
 1113-1 
 
 100-8 
 101-7 
 
 101-7 
 103-7 
 
 105-3 
 106-3 
 
 101-3 
 103-3 
 
 102-9 
 102-7 
 
 101-1 
 101-7 
 
 101-7 
 104-2 
 
 106 6 
 104-6 
 
 101-7 
 103-3 
 
 102-5 
 102-5 
 
 101-2 
 102-0 
 
 101-6 
 101-4 
 
 101-5 
 101-1 
 
 102-0 
 100-8 
 
 102-0 102-3 100-9 104-1 
 
 102-5 102-1 101-7 101-7 
 
 101-2 
 102-9 
 
 102-3 
 
 102-2 
 102-2 
 
 101-1 
 101-9 
 
 102-3 
 
 102-6 
 102-3 
 
 101-3 
 101-5 
 
 102-7 
 
 102-3 
 102-3 
 
 101-8 
 101-7 
 
 103-9 
 
 101-1 
 102-0 
 
 101-8 
 101-2 
 
 105-9 
 
 l(»l-6 
 102-5 
 
 100-9 
 101-7 
 
 101-0 
 103-2 
 
 105-8 
 104-1 
 
 101-2 
 102-7 
 
 101-9 
 
 102-0 
 
 102-3 102-4 101-4 lUl-2 101-7 101-6 
 
 102-3 102-1 102-3 102-3 101-6 101-7 
 
 101-4 102-0 102-5 105-7 1061 104-4 103-5 
 103-0 102-8 102-9 102-7 1027 102-3 102-3 
 
 101-7 101-6 
 101-0 100-8 
 
 105-6 104-7 
 
 101-6 101-7 
 
 102-2 102-9 102-7 102-9 102-5 102-2 
 
 101-7 
 101-7 
 
 105-8 
 
 101-8 
 101-9 
 
 Tempeeatuees, November, 1896. 
 
 ours ^^ inocu- 6 houra 9 hours 12 hours 15 hours 
 inoculation. 1^"°°- ^^^"^^ """=■■- '^^''- ''^^- 
 
 IS hours 
 after. 
 
 102-1 103-0 102-9 102-3 102-4 101-8 
 
 101-8 
 101-9 
 102-5 
 102-5 
 
 101-3 
 
 102-7 
 101-9 
 102-4 
 
 [101-4 
 101-1 
 
 102-8 
 
 102-6 
 
 101-3 102-7 102-5 101-0 101-6 101-4 
 
 101-3 
 102-2 
 103-1 
 102-3 
 
 100-9 
 102-1 
 102-7 
 102-2 
 
 101-0 
 101-3 
 102-2 
 102-2 
 
 100-9 
 101-5 
 102-0 
 101-9 
 
 101-0 
 101-3 
 101-7 
 102-0 
 
 101-7 102-6 
 
 101-8 101-0 
 
 103-6 103-4 
 
 102-8 102-2 
 
 102-3 101-6 
 
 102-9 102-3 
 
 100-5 
 101-3 
 102-9 
 
 102-9 
 
 101-5 
 102-1 
 
 101-0 
 101-0 
 102-4 
 
 103-3 
 
 101-5 
 102-2 
 
 101-0 101-3 
 
 100-4 100-7 
 
 102-6 102-0 
 
 106-3 106-0 
 
 101-5 101-6 
 
 102-1 101-9 
 
 102-6 
 101-3 
 102-1 
 
 100-9 
 
 101-2 
 
 102-7 
 101-8 
 
 102-9 
 101-6 
 101-4 
 
 103-4 
 102-0 
 101-6 
 
 101-3 101-5 
 
 101-8 101-7 
 
 102-8 
 102-1 
 
 102-7 
 
 i6i'-i 
 
 102-9 
 101-3 
 101-9 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-1 
 
 10-2-4 
 loi'-5 
 
 103-0 
 101-0 
 101-7 
 
 102-7 
 
 101-2 
 
 l6l-9 
 101-6 
 
 101-0 
 101-3 
 101-6 
 102-2 
 
 102-6 102-6 102-4 101-8 102-2 101-7 102-8 
 
 102-3 101-9 103-6 l6'6-3 lo'sO l6'6-4 1030 
 
 102-6 102-5 102-0 102-0 l6l-6 101-8 101-8 
 
 102-9 102-7 102-6 101-9 101-3 101-4 101-9 
 
 ldi'-8 loi'-e l6l-7 l6l-6 101-4 101-5 ioi-4 
 
 102-0 102-3 104-6 1060 107-8 1060 104-2 
 
 102-8 102-4 102-3 102-2 102-1 101-8 
 
 101-7 
 
 101-4 
 100-4 
 102-5 
 
 105-2 
 
 101-4 
 101-9 
 
 101-9 101-6 101-2 101-0 101-0 100-8 
 
 102-1 
 100-9 
 101-5 
 
 102-6] 
 101-3 
 
 102-1 
 
 101-7 
 
 1 had a living premature calf (No. 65) in 1894, 
 
 had a dead premature calf in 1895, and was 
 slaughtered a few days after being tested. 
 
 65 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 
 2 had a dead premature calf in 1896, and was 
 
 slaughtered shortly after being tested. 
 
 23 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 98 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 
 66 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 
 62 was bred at Oastlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 100 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 
 5 had a dead premature calf in 1896, and was 
 
 slaughtered. 
 12 was sent to the butcher in 1896. 
 42 was bred at Oastlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 118 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 41 was sent to the butcher in 1895. 
 
 63 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 
 47 was bred at Oastlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 
 6 did not settle to the bull in 1895, and was 
 
 slaughtered after her calf was weaned. 
 83 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 
 7 did not settle to the bull in 1895, and was 
 
 slaughtered after her calf was weaned. 
 50 was bred at Oastlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 
 44 was bred at Oastlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 109 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 
 77 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 105 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 
 84 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 123 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 
 13 had a diseased udder in 1895. Her calf 
 
 taken from her and she was slaughtered. 
 49 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 
 14 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 78 was bred at pastlecraig. 
 
 117 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 
 91 was bred at Oastlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 
 115 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 
 43 was bred at Oastlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 
 116 was bred at Oastlecraig. 
 
TABLE II. {contmued).— RESULT OP THE TUBEROUUN TEST ON THE OASTLEORAIG ] 
 
 16. Calved 1890 
 
 71. Calved 1894, daughter of 16 
 
 89. Calved 1895, daughter of 16 
 
 101. Calved 1896, son of 16 ... 
 
 17. Calved 1892 
 
 18. Calved 1891 
 
 54. Calved 1895, aon of 18 ... 
 
 104. Calved 1896, son of 18 ... 
 
 19. Calved 1891 
 
 90. Calved 1895, son of 19 ... 
 
 112. Calved 1896, daughter of 19 
 
 20. Calved 1893 
 
 114. Calved 1896, daughter of 20 
 
 21. Calved 1893 
 
 122. Calved 1896, daughter of 21 
 
 *22. Calved 1893 
 
 24. Calved 1893 
 
 *25. Calved 1893 
 
 26. Calved 1893 
 
 27. Calved 1893 
 
 124. Calved 1896, daughter of 27 
 
 28. Calved 1891 
 
 94. Calved 1895, son of 28 ... 
 
 113. Calved 1896, daughter of 28 
 
 29. Calved 1885 
 
 30. Calved 1891, daughter of 29 
 76. Calved 1895, daughter of 30 
 
 102. Calved 1896, aon of 30 
 75. Calved 1895, daughter of 29 
 
 120. Calved 1896, daughter of 29 
 
 .31. Calved 1891 
 
 60. Calved 1894, daughter of 31 
 93. Calved 1895, son of 31 ... 
 
 119. Calved 1896, daughter of 31 
 
 32. Calved 1890 
 
 58. Calved 1893, daughter of 32 
 
 61. Calved 1894, daughter of 32 
 
 95. Calved 1896, son of 32 ... 
 110. Calved 1896, son of 32 ... 
 
 33. Calved 1891 
 
 67. Calved 1894, daughter of 33 
 
 96. Calved 1895, son of 33 ... 
 99. Calved 1896, son of 33 ... 
 
 Temperatures, Makoh, 1895. 
 
 24 hours 
 
 before 
 
 inoculalion. 
 
 At iuocu- 4^ hours 7i hours lOJ hours 13J hours 16J hours 19J hours 
 lation. after. after. after. after. after. after. 
 
 101-2 101-6 .101-1 101-0 101-0 101-4 101-6 100-8 
 
 101-1 101-9 1010 102-4 105-1 105-8 104-6 103-1 
 
 102-1 102-6 101-5 101-2 101-6 101-2 101-7 101-3 
 
 103-1 103-1 103-2 102-7 1023 102-1 102-0 101-9 
 
 [102-5 102-8 102-4 1021 1043 1047 103-2 1021] 
 
 103-0 102-2 101-8 101-0 101-4 101-7 101-3 101-0 
 
 102-1 102-5 102-2 102-3 102-0 101-6 101-6 lOM 
 
 102-6 102-2 102-6 103-2 1056 1053 1046 103-a 
 
 102-2 102-4 102-1 101-0 101-3 101-3 101-0 101-2 
 
 102-2 103-0 102-2 1026 1040 1052 1047 103-7 
 
 102-4 102-4 102-0 102-0 101-7 101-4 101-6 101-4 
 
 102-2 101-7 102-2 101-8 101-4 101-4 101-6 101-6 
 
 102-1 100-6 
 102-3 101-6 
 
 101-4 100-8 100-4 101-1 101-2 101-2 
 101-5 101-4 101-1 101-7 102-2 101-5 
 
 102-2 101-6 101-8 101-6 101-6 101-4 102-0 101-8 
 
 102-2 101-2 101-4 102-0 102-1 102-8 101-7 101-: 
 
 102-8 102-8 102-8 102-8 102-4 102-6 102-4 102-4 
 
 Tempbratuees, January, 1896. 
 
 v.f™™ Atinocu- 6 hours 9 hours 12 hours 15.hours 
 inoculatfon. 1»"™- ^^^'- «"«■•• «'»«■■• ^'^''- 
 
 IS hours 
 after. 
 
 102-1 102-2 
 102-3 102-7 
 102-0 102-0 
 
 102-8 
 103-1 
 
 101-7 
 
 102-9 
 
 102-7 
 
 102-5 
 104-7 
 
 103-3 
 
 102-6 
 102-0 
 
 idi'-8 
 
 102-4 
 102-4 
 105-1 
 
 102-8 
 103-2 
 102-5 
 105-1 
 
 102-3 
 102-5 
 
 101-8 
 101-8 
 102-0 
 
 102-4 
 103-0 
 
 101-8 
 101-3 
 101-4 
 
 101-8 
 103-4 
 
 101-2 101-6 
 101-9 101-8 
 101-2 101-7 
 
 101-5 
 102-3 
 
 101-9 
 102-6 
 
 102-2 102-2 102-4 102-6 101-8 102-0 
 102-4 102-4 102-7 102-5 103-4 102-1 
 
 [101-4 1020 101-5 101-5 102-3 102-9 
 102-4 101-7 101-7 105-5 106-6 105-5 
 
 102-1 101-3 101-7 101-5 101-3 
 
 103-3 
 102-6 
 
 103 
 
 103-2 
 102-4 
 
 102-8 
 101-9 
 
 103-5 
 
 102-0 
 101-9 
 
 103-2 
 102-2 
 
 103-9 
 
 101-4 
 101-9 
 
 102-8 
 101-9 
 
 106-1 
 
 101-1 
 101-3 
 
 102-3 
 101-9 
 
 106-0 
 
 101-6 
 101-1 
 
 102-6 
 1020 
 102-5 
 
 102-5 
 102-2 
 101-9 
 102-6 
 
 103-0 102-6 
 101-9 102-7 
 105-2 102-6 
 
 103-5 
 102-0 
 102-8 
 
 103-1 
 102-3 
 102-2 
 102-7 
 
 102-3 
 101-4 
 103-0 
 
 102-8 
 101-9 
 103-2 
 
 102-6 
 102-1 
 101-5 
 102-4 
 
 101-7 
 101-3 
 103-1 
 
 101-8 
 101-4 
 102-7 
 
 101-8 
 102-3 
 101-1 
 102-0 
 
 101-8 
 101-4 
 102-6 
 
 102-3 
 102-1 
 101-2 
 102-2 
 
 102-3 101-6 
 101-6 101-3 
 103-0 102-8 
 
 102-2 
 101-9 
 101-6 I 102-1 
 103-2 
 
 Temperatures, N( 
 
 At inocu- 6 hours 9 hoi 
 ino^SLn. '"«<"'■ ^'""'- __ ^"« 
 
 102-2 102-5 101-7 lO: 
 
 24 hours 
 before 
 
 101-6 
 102-3 
 
 102-0 
 101-7 
 
 103-8] 
 106-3 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-6 101-4 100-9 101-1 101-7 101-2 
 
 102-2 102-0 102-1 100-7 101-6 lOM 
 
 102-7 
 101-7 
 
 103-6 
 
 102-0 
 101-3 
 
 102-5 102-0 101-5 101-2 101-3 100-9 
 
 102-6 
 101-2 
 102-2 
 
 101-9 
 101-7 
 100-5 
 102-1 
 
 102-5 
 101-5 
 102-3 
 
 103-0 
 103-5 
 101-7 
 103-3 
 
 102-9 
 
 102-3 
 
 102-9 
 
 102-7 
 
 102-5 
 
 101-9 
 
 101-9 
 103-B 
 
 102-5 
 
 162-5 
 
 l6i'-5 
 103-3 
 162-5 
 101-5 
 
 162-5 
 
 101-6 
 101-8 
 
 162-6 
 
 101-7 
 102-2 
 
 101-6 101-3 10 
 102-2 102-5 10' 
 
 102-7 102-3 
 103-0 162-8 
 
 101-3 
 1020 
 
 101-5 
 102-8 
 
 102-6 1024 
 
 101-9 102-8 
 
 102-7 103 6 
 
 102-6 1021 
 
 102-5 IOC - 
 
 101-6 10;i O 10] 
 
 101-9 101 -o 10( 
 
 102-6 103-0 IOC 
 
 102-5 103-0 10: 
 
 102-3 102-3 lOi 
 
 162-2 101-0 l6( 
 
 102-9 1630 105 
 
 161-9 161-7 16: 
 
 101-0 101-3 10 
 
 162-1 161-7 16' 
 
 1020 101-0 10: 
 
 101-6 101-8 10: 
 
 162-1 162-2 16' 
 
 1020 101-0 10 
 
 102-3 101-9 10 
 
 103-8 102-7 102-9 
 
THE TUBERCULIN TEST ON THE OASTLEORAIG HERD. 
 
 Tempbratuebs, January, 1896. 
 
 t inocu- 6 boun 9 hours 12 hours IS hours 18 hours 
 lation. after. after. after. after. after. 
 
 102-2 101-8 
 1027 101-8 
 102-0 102-0 
 
 101-8 
 101-3 
 101-4 
 
 101-2 
 101-9 
 101-2 
 
 101-5 102-2 
 101-8 101-9 
 101-7 101-6 
 
 102-8 
 101-9 
 
 103-5 
 
 102-0 
 101-9 
 
 103-2 
 102-2 
 
 103-9 
 
 101-4 
 101-9 
 
 102-8 
 101-9 
 
 106-1 
 
 101-1 
 101-3 
 
 102-3 
 101-9 
 
 106-0 
 
 101-6 
 101-1 
 
 103-,5 
 102-0 
 102-8 
 
 103-1 
 102-3 
 102-2 
 102-7 
 
 102-3 
 101-4 
 103-0 
 
 102-8 
 101-9 
 103-2 
 
 102-6 
 102-1 
 101-5 
 102-4 
 
 101-7 
 101-3 
 103-1 
 
 101-8 
 101-4 
 102-7 
 
 101-8 
 102-3 
 101-1 
 
 102-0 
 
 102-3 
 101-6 
 103-0 
 
 101-8 
 101-4 
 102-6 
 
 102-3 
 102-1 
 101-2 
 102-2 
 
 101-5 
 101-3 
 102-8 
 
 Temperatures, November, 1896. 
 
 24 houi-s 
 
 before 
 
 Inoculation. 
 
 At inocu- 
 lation. 
 
 6 hours 9 hours 12 hours 15 hours 
 after. after. after. after. 
 
 18 hours 
 after. 
 
 102-3 102-4 101-8 101-5 101-9 101-6 
 102-5 103-0 103-4 102-3 102-6 102-3 
 
 102-2 102-4 102-O 101-8 102-0 102-0 
 102-4 102-7 102-5 103-4 102-1 101-7 
 
 1020 101-5 101-5 102-3 102-9 103-8] 
 
 1017 1017 105-5 106-6 105-5 106-3 
 
 102-1 101-3 101-7 101-5 101-3 101-2 
 
 101-6 101-4 100-9 101-1 101-7 101-2 
 
 102-2 102-0 102-1 100-7 101-6 lOM 
 
 102-7 
 101-7 
 
 103-6 
 
 102-0 
 101-3 
 
 102-0 101-5 101-2 101-3 100-9 
 
 102-5 
 101-2 
 102-2 
 
 101-9 
 101-7 
 100-5 
 102-1 
 
 102-5 
 101-5 
 102-3 
 
 102-2 
 
 102-5 
 
 101-9 
 103-3 
 
 102-5 
 
 102-5 
 
 l6i'-5 
 103-3 
 162-5 
 101-5 
 
 162-5 
 
 101-6 
 101-8 
 
 102-6 
 
 101-7 
 102-2 
 
 163-8 
 
 102-5 101-7 101-7 102-4 101-7 IOI-4 
 
 102-1 101-6 101-3 101-7 101-4 101-3 100-9 
 103-2 102-2 102-5 102-7 102-0 102-0 101-6 
 
 103 
 
 102-7 
 
 102-3 
 
 102-0 
 
 102-0 
 
 101-8 
 
 102-0 
 
 103-5 
 
 103-0 
 
 162-8 
 
 162-7 
 
 162-4 
 
 102-0 
 
 102-0 
 
 101-7 
 
 101-3 
 
 101-5 
 
 101-3 
 
 100-9 
 
 101-2 
 
 101-6 
 
 103-3 
 
 1020 
 
 102-8 
 
 101-9 
 
 163-6 
 
 162-2 
 
 161-8 
 
 102-9 
 102-3 
 
 102-6 
 101-9 
 
 102-4 
 102-8 
 
 102-3 
 
 102-2 
 
 103-3 
 
 102-3 
 
 107-0 
 101-6 
 
 106-2 
 101-3 
 
 102-9 
 102-7 
 
 102-7 
 
 102-6 
 
 103-6 
 
 102-1 
 
 104-3 
 
 1021 
 
 106-4 
 102-0 
 
 106-4 
 101-8 
 
 105-0 
 
 101-5 
 
 102-0 101-0 101-4 101-1 101-7 
 101-6 101-8 101-7 101-5 101-9 
 
 102-0 101-0 101-4 101-4 101-4 
 102-3 101-9 101-6 101-6 101-4 
 
 71 was sold in 1896. 
 89 was bred at Castleoraig. 
 101 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
 17 was injured in calving her first calf in 1895, and 
 was slaughtered. 
 
 54 was bred at Castlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 104 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
 90 was bred at Castlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 112 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
 102-5 102-5 102-3 101-8 101-6 101-5 
 
 101-9 101-6 101-9 101-9 100-6 101-2 101-3 
 
 101-9 101-3 100-9 100-9 100-8 101-1 
 
 102-6 103-0 102-7 102-7 102-4 102-2 
 
 102-5 103-0 101-9 102-1 101-3 101-9 
 
 162-3 162-3 162-1 l6l-9 101-4 161-9 
 
 162-2 161-0 166-7 101-0 l6i-4 166-8 
 
 102-9 1630 162-9 162-9 161-7 162-8 
 
 161-9 161-7 161-5 161-8 162-3 l6i-6 
 
 1010 101-3 101-3 101-3 100-8 101-7 
 
 162-1 161-7 162-5 161-8 161-0 161-2 
 
 101-4 
 102-2 
 
 102-1 102-2 102-4 101-7 101-3 101-6 
 
 101-0 
 101-4 
 
 102-7 102-9 103-0 102'7 102-6 103-7 
 
 114 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 122 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
 24 was a heifer when tested, and was slaughtered 
 shortly after. 
 
 26 was a heifer when tested, and was slaughtered 
 shortly after. 
 
 124 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
 94 was bred at Castlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 113 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
 29 had a dead premature calf in October, 1896, and 
 has since been slaughtered. 
 
 76 was bred at Castlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 102 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
 75 was bred at Castlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 120 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
 31 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
 60 was bred at Castlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 93 was bred at Castlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 
 119 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
 32 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
 58 was bred at Castlecraig. She is now a dairy 
 cow. Her first calf (1896) died at birth. 
 
 61 was bred at Castlecraig. She was being fed for 
 
 the butcher, and was not tested in Nov., 1896. 
 
 95 was bred at Castlecraig ; was sold in 1896. 
 110 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
 33 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 67 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
 96 was bred at Castlecraig ; sold in 1896. 
 99 was bred at Castlecraig. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 -Air Space, amount required, 18, 32, 33 
 Eeoommendations of Royal Com- 
 mission as to, 34 
 
 B. 
 
 Bang, Professor, Work of, in elimina- 
 ting tuberculosis from herds in Den- 
 mark, 28 
 
 C. 
 
 Carcases, Condemnation of, when dis- 
 ease is generalized but not when 
 localized, 56 
 Examination of, for evidence of 
 
 tubercle, 51-54 
 Regulations as to condemnation of, 
 when tuberculous, in France, 
 59 ; in Prussia and Saxony, 60 ; 
 recommendations of Royal Com- 
 mission, 61 
 Treatment of, when tuberculous, in 
 Leipzig, Hanover and Carlsruhe, 
 62, 63 
 Carlisle, System of insurance against 
 
 loss from seizure, 54 
 Carlsruhe, Slaughterhouse returns of, 
 
 63 
 Cattle, Breeds of, most susceptible, 14 
 Conditions under which tuberculin 
 
 test may be applied to, 29, 30 
 Increase of tubercxilosis among, in 
 
 recent years, 47 
 Niunber of, imported alive for food- 
 supply, 43 
 Periodical inspection of, recom- 
 mended by Royal Commission, 
 25 
 Proportion of tuberculous, 14, 46, 
 47, 48, 62, 63 
 Climate, Influence of, on disease, 16 
 Compensation demanded by farmers 
 and butchers for cattle when con- 
 
 demned, 66 ; and given in Belgium 
 and United States under certain 
 restrictions, 27, 29 
 Contagion the main cause of tubercu- 
 losis, 18 
 Cowsheds, Conditions to be required of, 
 34 
 Regulations as to, in Manchester 
 
 and Ruskington, 35-38 
 Unsatisfactory condition of, 32 
 Ventilation of, 17, 18, 32, 33 
 
 D. 
 
 Dairy cows most subject to disease, 13 
 
 Dairies, Cowsheds, and Milkshops 
 Order, 24 
 
 Denmark, Legislation as regards tuber- 
 culosis in, 26, 28 
 
 Dewar, Professor, Tuberculin inocula- 
 tions by, 22 
 
 F. 
 
 Fattening of reacting animals recom- 
 mended, 32 
 Food, Influence of, on the disease, 17 
 France, Legislation as to tuberculosis 
 in, 27 
 Regulations as to condemnation of 
 tuberculous carcases, 59 
 
 , G. 
 
 Germany, Insurance systems against 
 loss from seizure in, 66-73 
 Regulations as to condemnation of 
 
 tuberculous carcases in, 60 
 Use of public slaughter-houses in, 
 39, 40 
 
 H. 
 
 Hanover, Slaughter-house retm'ns of, 
 
 63 
 Heredity, Relation of, to tuberculosis, 
 
 16 
 
76 
 
 INDEX 
 
 Horses, Immunity of, 13 
 Housing, Effect of, on spread of the 
 disease, 13, 14, 17, 18 
 
 I. 
 
 Imported dead meat, Consumption of, 
 in England, 40 
 Inspection of, in Berlin and Copen- 
 hagen, 44 
 Less stringent inspection of, 40 
 Infectious Diseases Prevention Act, 25 
 Insurance, Method of, adopted in New- 
 castle and Carlisle, 64, 65 ; in 
 West Hartlepool, 65 ; in Paisley^. 
 65, 66 ; and in Germany, 66, 67 
 Premiums paid for, in English 
 towns, 64, 65 ; and in Germany, 
 69 
 Results of societies for, in Germany, 
 
 69-73 
 Rules of Association for, in Berlin, 
 
 68 
 Systems of, against loss from 
 seizure, 64-73 
 Isolation, Necessity for, in case of 
 tuberculous cows, 26, 31 
 
 K. 
 Kiel Slaughter-house, Return of, 47 
 
 L. 
 
 Legislation as regards tuberculosis in 
 England, 24, 25 ; in Denmark, 26, 
 28 ; in Belgium, 26 ; in France, 27, 
 28 ; in Germany, 28 ; in the United 
 States, 28, 29 
 Leipzig Slaughter-house, Returns of, 62 
 Lymphatic system, Examination of, 
 53 
 
 M. 
 
 Manchester, Method of examining car- 
 cases in, 53, 54 
 Regulation as to cowsheds, 35 . 
 Slaughter-house, Return of, 48 
 Martin, Dr. S. , Experiments of, for the 
 Royal Commission on Tuberculosis, 
 1890, ix, 53 
 McFadyean, Professor, Directions of, 
 
 for using tuberculin, 30 
 Meat, how dealt with in Leipzig when 
 tuberculous, 62 ; and in Han- 
 over and Carlsruhe, 63 
 Infectivity of, when tuberculous, 
 
 55, 66 
 Regulations as to, in France, 69 ; 
 
 in Germany, 60 
 Stamping of, 44 
 
 Meat to be condemned when disease is 
 generalized, but not when localized, 
 56 
 Meat inspection. Advantages of public 
 slaughter-houses in securing effi- 
 ciency in, 40 
 Statistics as to, from Continental 
 slaughter-houses, 46-48 ; in the 
 United States, 42 ; and in Man- 
 chester, 53 
 Meat-inspectors, Qualifications of, in 
 England, 49 ; in Germany, 49 ; 
 in Belgium, 50 
 Veterinary surgeons would make 
 the best, 49 
 Milk, Epidemics spread by, 24 
 
 Infectivity of, when udder tuber- 
 culous, 23 
 Pasteurization of, 24 
 Powers for controlling sale of, in- 
 adequate, 24, 25 
 Recommendations of Royal Com- 
 
 piission as to control of, 26 
 Sterilization of, 24 
 Variable nature of, 23 
 
 N. 
 
 Newcastle, System of insurance against 
 
 loss from seizure in, 64 
 Notification of disease of the udder and 
 
 of clinical symptoms of tuberculosis 
 
 recommended, 25, 34 
 
 Paisley, System of insurance against 
 
 loss from seizure in, 66 
 Pasteurization of milk, 24 
 Pigs, Prevalence of disease in, 46, 47, 
 62, 63 
 Symptoms of tuberculosis in, 13 
 
 R. 
 
 Rohrbeck, Steam sterilizer of, 58 
 
 Royal Commission on Tuberculosis, 
 1896, Recommendations of, as to 
 control of milk-supplies, 25, 34 ; as 
 to cowsheds, 34 ; as to elimination of 
 tuberculosis, 35 ; as to condemnation 
 of carcases, 61 
 
 S. 
 
 Serous membranes. Relative importance 
 of, when affected with tuberculosis, 
 53 
 
 Sheep, Immunity of, 13 
 
 Shorthorns, Prevalence of disease in, 
 14 
 
 Sire, Influence of, on disease, 16 
 
INDEX 
 
 77 
 
 Slaughter, Advisability of, when animal 
 
 tuberculous, 32 
 Slaughter-houses, public. Advantages 
 of, over private, 40 
 Charges made in, 40 
 Law enforcing use of, in Prussia, 39 
 Number of, in Germany, 39 
 Objections to, on part of butchers, 
 
 41 
 Statistics from Continental, 46-48 
 Sterilization of milk, 24 
 of tuberculous meat, 57 
 
 T. 
 
 Tubercle bacillus. Appearance of growth 
 of, 15 
 Conditions for growth of, 14, 15, 17 
 Interchangeability of, in man and 
 animals, 65 
 Tuberculin, Conditions under which 
 test must be applied, 29, 80 
 Directions for using, 30, 31 
 Legislation as to, in Denmark, 26, 
 28 ; in Belgium, 26, 27 ; in 
 France, 27, 28 ; in Germany, 
 28 ; in United States, 28, 29 
 Number of animals which react to 
 
 test, 22 
 Recommendations of Royal Com- 
 mission as to, 35 
 Restrictions in use of, 33 
 Use of, in Castlecraig herd, 22, 
 
 Table II. 
 Value of, as a means of diagnosis, 
 21 
 Tuberculosis, Accurate knowledge of, 
 in this country wanted, 45 
 Contagious nature of, 15, 18 
 Different names given to the dis- 
 ease, 13 
 DifBculty of diagnosis of, 19 
 Forms of, found post-mortem, 51 
 Heredity in relation to, 16 
 
 Tuberculosis, increase of, in recent 
 years, 47 
 Influence of food on, 17 
 Influence of housing on, 17, 18 
 Influence of sire and dam, 16, 17 
 Localized and generalized, 52 
 Most frequent in dairy cattle, 13 
 Prevalence of, in Leipzig and else- 
 where, 46-48, 62, 63 
 Symptoms of, 13, 19-22 
 
 U. 
 Udder, Examination of, in a carcase, 54 
 Number of cows with tuberculous, 
 
 23 
 Recommendations of Royal Com- 
 mission as to disease in, 25, 34 
 Symptoms of tuberculous disease 
 
 of, 20 
 Virulence of milk from, when 
 tuberculous, 23 
 United States, Legislation as to tuber- 
 culosis in, 28, 29 
 Jleat-inspection in, 42 
 
 V. 
 Ventilation, Importance of, 17, 18, 32, 
 
 33 
 Veterinary surgeons always appointed 
 as meat-inspectors abroad, 49 
 Inspection of cows by, recom- 
 mended, 25 
 would make best meat-inspectors, 
 49 
 
 W. 
 
 Warranty between farmer and butcher 
 as to soundness of animal, xi 
 
 West Hartlepool, System of insurance 
 against loss from seizure in, 65 
 
 Woodhead, G. Sims, investigations for 
 Royal Commission, 1890, 25 
 
 THE END. 
 
 Bailliire, Tindall and Cox, 20 * 21, King William Street, Strand, London. 
 
WILLIAM R. JENKINS' 
 
 Veterinary Books. 
 
 1898. 
 
 (*) Single asterisk designates New Books. 
 (**) Double asterisk designates Recent Publications. 
 
 ANDERSON. " Vice in the Horse " and other papers 
 on Horses and Eiding. By E. L. Anderson. Demy, 
 8vo, cloth 2 00 
 
 — " How to Eide and School a Horse." With a System 
 of Horse Gymnastics. By Edward L. Anderson. 
 Or. 8vo 1 00 
 
 C^BACS. "How to Judge aHorse." A concise treatise 
 as to its Qualities and Soundness ; Including Bits and 
 Bitting — Saddles and Saddling, Stable Drainage, Driv- 
 ing One Horse, a Pair, Four-in-hand, or Tandem, etc. 
 By Oaptain F. W. Bach. 12mo, cloth, fully Illustrated, 
 fl 00; paper 50 
 
Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 BANHAM, "Tables of Veterinary Posology and 
 Therapeutics," with weights, measures, etc. By 
 George A. Banham, F.B.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth 75 
 
 BA ZTCH^S.. ' ' Method of Horsemanship. " Including 
 the Breaking and Training of Horses 1 00 
 
 {*)BELIj. "The Veterinarian's Call Book (Perpetnal)." 
 
 By Eoscoe B. Bell, D.V.S., editor of the American 
 Veterinary Review. 
 
 A visiting list, 'that can be commenced at any time 
 and used until full, containing much useful informa- 
 tion for the student and the busy practitioner. 
 Among contents are items concerning: Veterinary 
 Drugs ; Poisons ; Solubility of Drugs ; Composition of 
 Milk, Bile, Blood, Gastric Juice, Urine, Saliva ; Kespi- 
 rallon; Dentition; Temperature, etc., etc. Bound In 
 flexible leather, with flap and pocket 1 25 
 
 (*)BBAI)LE¥. " Outlines of Veterinary Anatomy." 
 
 By O. Charnock Bradley, Member of the Koyal Col- 
 lege of Veterinary Surgeons ; Professor of Anatomy 
 in the New Veterinary College, Edinburgh. 
 
 The author presents the most Important facts of 
 veterinary anatomy in as condensed a form as possible, 
 consistent with lucidity. 12mo, paper. 
 Complete in three parts. 
 
 Part I, : Tfte Limbs 1 25 
 
 Paet II. : The Trunk 1 25 
 
 Pabt III. : The Head and 1 25 
 
 TpK Set complete , ^ .3 5q 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. iSth St.), New York. 3 
 
 CJLEMEKT. "Veterinary Post Mortem Examina- 
 tions." By A. W. Clement, V.B. Kecords of 
 autopsies, to be of any value, should accurately 
 represent the appearances of the tissues and organs 
 so that a diagnosis might be made by the reader were 
 not the examiners' conclusions stated. To make the 
 pathological conditions clear to the reader, some 
 definite system of dissection is necessary. The 
 absence in the English language, of any guide in 
 making autopsies upon the lower animals, induced 
 Dr. Clement to write this book, trusting that it 
 would prove of practical value to th« profession. 
 12mo, cloth, illustrated ; 75 
 
 (**)CADIOT. "Roaring in Horses." Its Pathology 
 and Treatment. This work represents the latest 
 development in operative methods for the alleviation 
 of roaring. Each step is most clearly defined by 
 excellent full-page illustrations. By P. J. Cadiot, 
 Professor at the Veterinary School, Alfort. Trans. 
 Thos. J . Watt Dollar, M.E.C.V.S., etc. Cloth 75 
 
 (•) — " Exercises in Equine Surgery." By P. J. Cadiot. 
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 by Prof. A. Llautard, M.D.V.S. Svo, cloth, illus- 
 trated 2 50 
 
 CHA UVEA U. " The Comparative Anatomy of the 
 Domesticated Animals." By A. Chauveau. New 
 edition, translated, enlarged and entirely revised by 
 George Fleming, F.E.C.V.S. Svo. cloth with 585 
 Illustrations 5 75 
 
4 Veterinary Catalogue of William B. Jenkins 
 
 CLABKE. "Horses' Teeth." A Treatise on their 
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 enlarged. By W. H. Clarke. 12mo, cloth. 2 50 
 
 — "Chart of the Feet and Teeth of Fossil 
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 CLEAVELiAND. "Pronouncing Medical Lexicon." 
 
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 cloth 275 
 
 {**)COX. "Horses: In Accident and Disease." The 
 
 sketches introduced embrace various attitudes which 
 have been observed, such as in choking; the disorders 
 and accidents occurring to the stomach and Intestines ; 
 affection of the brain ; and some special forms of lame- 
 ness, etc. By J. Koalfe Cox, F.B.C.V.S. 8vo, cloth, 
 fully illustrated 1 50 
 
 CURTIS. "Horses, Cattle, Sheep and Swine." The 
 
 origin, history. Improvement, description, characteris- 
 tics, merits, objections, etc. By Geo. W. Curtis, 
 M.S.A. Superbly Illustrated. Cloth, $2 00; half 
 sheep, $2.75 ; half morocco 3 50 
 
 (*)DALRYMPLE. "Veterinary Obstetrics." A com- 
 pendium for the use of advanced students and Practi- 
 tioners. By W. H. Dalryinple, M. K. C. V. S., 
 principal of the Department of Veterinary Science in 
 the Louisiana State University and A. &"M. College; 
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 Member of the United States Veterinary Medical 
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 tions ...,..,, , , .2 50 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. mh St.), New fork t 
 
 DALZIEL. " British Dogs." Describing the History, 
 Charaoterlstlcs, Points, and Club Standards, etc., etc. 
 With numerous colored plates and wood engravings. 
 By Hugh Dalziel. Vols. I., II. and III., 4.00 each 
 
 " The Fox Terrier." Illustrated. (Monographs on 
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 "The Diseases of Dogs." Their Pathology, Diagnosis 
 and Treatment, with a dictionary of Canine Materia- 
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6 P'eterinary QatatogM of William B. Jenkins 
 
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 of horses, cattle and dogs with the causes, symptoms 
 and cures 75 
 
 DANA. "Tables in Comparatire Physiology." By 
 
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 [')DOLLAIt. "A. Hand-book of Horse-ijhoeing," with 
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 gery," "An Atlas of Veterinary Surgical Operations," 
 etc. ; with the collaboration of Albert Wheatley, 
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 (•*)Dt77V. " Veterinary Medicines." ByFinlayDun, 
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 (almost entirely re- written), 8vo, cloth 3 50 
 
 " What more can be said than has already been said of 
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 for students, but the standard work of reference for prac- 
 titioners ? That this edition has been revised and so con- 
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 of modern therapeutios.is well evinced by the arrangement 
 of the volume. * * * Dun's "Veterinary Medicine' will, 
 for years to come, continue to be the authority par excel- 
 lence of its kind in the English language,— ^m. Vet.Beeiew, 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. isih St.), New York, i 
 
 DWTES,. ''Seats and Saddles." Bits and Bitting, 
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 trated. 1 vol., 12mo, cloth, gilt 1 50 
 
 OFLEMIWG. "Veterinary Obstetrics." Including the 
 Accidents and Diseases incident to Pregnancy, Parturi- 
 tion, and the early Age in Domesticated Animals. 
 By Geo. Fleming, F.E.O.V.S. With 212 illustrations. 
 New edition reeised, 226 illustrations, 758 pages. ..6 25 
 773 pages,8vo, cloth (old edition) 3 50 
 
 — "Rabies and Hydrophobia." History. Natural 
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 — "Propagation of Tuberculosis." Stating Injurious 
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 "Tuberculosis." From a Sanitary and Pathological 
 Point of View 25 
 
 " Tlie Contagious Diseases of Animals." Their 
 influence on the wealth and health of nations. 
 12mo, paper 25 
 
t Veterinary Catalogue of William ii. Jenkins 
 
 — "Operatiye Veterinary Surgery." Part I, by Dr. 
 
 Geo. Fleming, M.K.O.V.S. This valuable work, 
 the most -practioal treatise yet issued on the 
 subject in the English language, is devoted to the 
 common operations of Veterinary Surgery; and the 
 concise descriptions and directions of the text are illus- 
 trated with numerous wood engravings. 8vo,cloth.2 75 
 Second volume in preparation. 
 
 — " Humaa and Animal VariolsB." A Study in 
 
 Comparative Pathology. Paper 25 
 
 — "Animal Plagues." Their History, Nature, and 
 
 Prevention. By George Fleming, F. B. 0. V. S., etc. 
 First Series. 8vo, cloth, $6.00; Second Series. 
 8vo, cloth 3 00 
 
 — " Roaring in Horses." By Dr. George Fleming, 
 
 F.B.C.V.S. A treatise on this peculiar disorder 
 of the Horse, indicating its method of treatment 
 and curability. Svo, cloth, with col. plates 1 50 
 
 {**)FLEMING-NEUMANN. "Parasites and Para- 
 sitic Diseases of the Domesticated Animals." A 
 
 work which the students of human or veterinary medi- 
 cine, the sanitarian, agriculturist or breeder or rearer 
 of animals, may refer for full information regarding 
 the external and internal Parasites — vegetable and 
 animal — which attack various species of Domestic 
 Animals. A Treatise by L. G. Neumann, Professor 
 at the National Veterinary School of Toulouse. 
 Translated and edited by George Fleming, C. B., L.L. 
 D.jF.K.O.V.S. 873 pages, 365 illustrations, cloth,7 50 
 
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 FBIEDBEBGEIi ■ FBOBNEB. " Pathology 
 and Therapeutics of the Domesticated Animals." 
 
 Translated by Prof. L. Zuill, M. D., D. V. S. 
 2 vol 6 00 
 
 GBESS WEL L. "The Diseases and Disorders of the 
 Ox." By George Gresswell, B.A. With Notes by 
 James B. Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, cloth, illus 3 50 
 
 " Diseases and Disorders of the Horse." By Albert, 
 James B., and George Gresswell. Crown, 8vo, illus- 
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 GBESS WELL. Manual ot ' 'The Theory and Practice 
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 and Albert Gresswell, M.K.C.V.S., second edition, 
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 " Veterinary Pharmacology and Tlierapeutics." By 
 
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 " The Bovine Prescriber." For the use of Veterina- 
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 " The Equine Hospital Prescriber." Drawn up for the 
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 Cloth 75 
 
10 Veterinary Catalogue of William h, Jenkins 
 
 — "Veterinary Phai-macopseia, Materia Medica and 
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 with descriptions and physiological actions ot medi- 
 cines. By Albert Gresswell. Crown,8vo,ol 2 75 
 
 DGOTTHEIL. "A Manual of General Histologjr." 
 
 By Wm. S. Gottheil, M.D., Professor of Pathology in 
 the American Veterinary College, New York; etc., etc. 
 Histology is the basis of the physician's art, as 
 Anatomy is the foundation of the surgeon's science. 
 Only by knowing the processes of life can we under- 
 stand the changes of disease and the action of remedies ; 
 as the architect must know his building materials, so 
 must the practitioner of medicine know the intimate 
 structure ot the body. To present this knowledge in 
 an accessible and simple form has been the author's 
 task. 8vo.> cloth, 148 pages, fully illustrated. . . 1 00 
 
 {*)HASSLOCS. " A Compend of Veterinary Materia 
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 V.S., Lecturer on Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 
 and Professor of Veterinary Dentistry at the NewYork 
 College of Veterinary Surgeons and School of Compa- 
 rative Medicine, N. Y, 12mo, cloth, 235 pages . .1 50 
 
 HAYES. " Veterinary Notes for Horse-Owners." An 
 
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 12mo, clotli 5 00 
 
 — "Riding^." On the Flat and Across Country. A Guide 
 to Practical Horsemanship. By Captain M. H. Hayes. 
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881-863 Siooth Avenue (cor.48th St.), New Tork. il 
 
 "Illustrated Horse Breaking." By Captain M. H. 
 Hayes . 12mo, cloth, illustrated. 8 40 
 
 — "The Horsewoman." By Captain M. H. Hayes and 
 Mrs. Hayes. 12mo , cloth, Illustrated 4 25 
 
 DMEATJLEV. "The Stock Owner's Guide." A 
 
 handy Medical Treatise for every man who owns an 
 ox or cow. By George S. Heatley, M.B.C.V. 12mo, 
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 " The Horse Owner's Safeguard." A handy Medical 
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 — "Practical Veterinary Remedies." X2mo, cloth... 1 00 
 
 HULiIi. '• The Principles and Practice of Bovine Med- 
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 Cloth. (Temporarily out of print). 
 
 (We have one copy of this work that can be had for 
 $15.00.) 
 
 HlIJl,. "The Management and Diseases of the Dog." 
 Containing full instructions for Breeding, Rearing and 
 Kenneling Dogs. Their Different Diseases. How to 
 detect and how to cure them. Their Medicines, and 
 the doses in which they can be safely administered. 
 By J. Woodroffe Hill, F.B.C.V.S. 12mo, cloth, extra 
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13 Veterinary Catalogue of William it. Jenkins 
 
 HINEBAUCH. "Veterinary Dental Surgery," For 
 
 the use of Students, Practitioners and Stockmen. 
 
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 Sheep 2 75 
 
 {*')HOARE. "A Manual of Veterinary Therapeutics 
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 12010, cloth, 560 pages 2 75 
 
 "Deserves a good place in the libraries of all veterina- 
 rians. * * * Cannot help but be ot the greatest assist- 
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 (^*)B:UNTllfG. The Art of Horse-shoeing. A manual 
 for Farriers. By William Hunting, F.E.O.V.S., edi- 
 tor of the Veterinary Record, ex-president of the Koyal 
 College ot Veterinary Surgeons. 8vo, cloth, v?ith 
 nearly 100 illustrations 1 00 
 
 O'KOBEBT. "Practical Toxicology for Physicians 
 and Students." By Prof. Dr. Eudolph Kobert, 
 Medical Director of Dr. Brehmer's Sanitarium for 
 Pulmonary Diseases at Goerbersderf in Silesia (Prus- 
 sia), late Director of the Pharmacological Institute, 
 Dorpat, Kussia. Translated and edited by L. H. 
 Frledburg, Ph. D. -Authorized Edition. 
 
 8yo, cloth 2 50 
 
«51-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4Sth St.), New York. 13 
 
 KOCH. "Etiology of Tuberculosis." By Dr. E. 
 
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 KEATING. "A New Unabridged Pronouncing 
 Dictionary of Medicine." By John M. Keating, M.D., 
 LL.D., Henry Hamilton and others. A voluminous 
 and exhaustive hand-book of Medical and scientiflo 
 terminology with Phonetic Pronunciation, Accentu- 
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 important tables of Bacilli, Miorocci Leucomaines, 
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 Measures; Themometer Scales; New OfBcinal and 
 Unoffioinal Drugs, etc., etc. 8vo, 818 pages 5 00 
 
 LAMBBBT. "Tlie Germ Theory of Disease." 
 
 Bearing upon the health and welfare of man and the 
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 8vo. paper 25 
 
 LAW. "Farmers' YeterrnaryAdTiser." A Guide to 
 
 the Prevention and Treatment of Disease in Domestic 
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 cloth 3 00 
 
 (')LEGGE. " Cattle Tuberculosis." A Practical Guide 
 to the Farmer, Butcher and Meat Inspector. By T.M. 
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 Commission on Tuberculosis, 1896-98; author of 
 " Pablio Health in European Capitals," and " Harold 
 
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 (Beady in October.) 
 
14 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 LIA UTAJRD. "Median IfeurotomyintheTreatmentof 
 Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of tlie Fetlock." 
 
 By C. Pellerin, late Eepetitor of Clinic and Surgery to 
 the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated with addi- 
 tional facts relating to it, by Prof. A. Llautard, M.D., 
 V.M. 
 
 Having rendered good results when performed by 
 himself, the author believes the operation, which 
 consists in dividing the cubito-plantar nerve and in 
 excising a portion of the peripherical end, the mean? 
 of improving the conditions, and consequently thfa 
 values of many apparently doomed animals. Agricul- 
 ture in particular will be benefited. 
 
 The work is divided into two parts. The first covers 
 the study of Median Neurotomy itself ; the second, 
 the exact relations of the facts as observed by the 
 author. 8vo., boards 1 00 
 
 {•*)LIATJTARD. "Manual of Operative Veterinary 
 Surgery." By A. Liautard, M.D., V.M., Principal 
 and Professor of Anatomy, Surgery, Sanitary Medicine 
 and Jurisprudence in the American Veterinary College ; 
 Chevalier du Merite Agricole de Prance, Honorary 
 Fellow of the Eoyal College of Veterinary Surgeons 
 (London), etc., etc. 8vo, cloth, 786 pages and nearly 
 600 illustrations 6 00 
 
 — "Animal Castration." A concise and practical Treatise 
 on the Castration of the Domestic Animals. The 
 only worli on the subject in the English language. 
 Illustrated with forty-four cuts, 12mo, cloth ,..% 00 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4Sth St.), New York. 15 
 
 (*) " Tade Mecnm of Equine Anatomy." By A. Llautard, 
 M.D.V.8. Dean of the American Veterinary College. 
 12mo. cloth. New edition, with illustrations 2 00 
 
 — "Translation of Znndel on tlie Horse's Foot." 
 Cloth 2 00 
 
 " How to Tell the Age of the Domestic Animal." By 
 
 Dr. A. Llautard, M.D., V.S. Profusely illustrated. 
 12mo, cloth 50 
 
 "On the Lameness of Horses." By A. Liautard, 
 M.D.,V.S 2 50 
 
 See also "Cadiot's Surgery.'" 
 
 LONG. "Book of the Pig." Its selection, Breeding, 
 Feeding and Management. 8vo, cloth 4 25 
 
 {*)LOWE. "Breeding Kacehorses by the Figure 
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 sioner," London Sportsman, Hon. Secretary Sporting 
 League, and Manager of the International Horse 
 Agency and Exchange. With numerous fine illustra- 
 tions of celebrated horses. Quarto, cloth 7 50 
 
 (•*)i UPTON. " Horses : Sound and Unsound," with 
 Law relating to Sales and Warranty. By J. Irvine 
 Lupton, F.K.C.V,S. 8vo, cloth, Illustrated .,,... X 35 
 
16 Veterinary Catalogue of William R. Jenkins 
 
 — "The Horse." As he Was, as he Is, and as he 
 Ought to Be. By J. I. Lupton, F.E.C.V.S. Illus- 
 trated. Crown, 8vo 1 40 
 
 MAGNEn. "Facts for Horse Owners." By D. 
 
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 engravings. 8vo, cloth, $5.00; sheep, $6.00; full 
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 MATHEW. "The Illustrated Horse Doctor." An 
 
 accurate and detailed account of the Various Diseases 
 to which the Equine Race is subject ; together with the 
 latest mode of Treatment, and all the Requisite Pre- 
 acrlptions written in plain English. By E. Edward 
 Mayhew, M.E.O.Y.S. Illustrated. Entirely new 
 edition, 8vo, cloth , 2 75 
 
 McBHIDE. "Anatomical Outlines of the Horse." 
 
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 WFADTEAN. " Anatomy of the Horse." A Dis- 
 section Guide. By J. M. M'Fadyean, M.E.C.V.S. 
 This book is intended for Veterinary students, and 
 offers to them in its 48 full-page colored plates numer- 
 ous other engravings and excellent text, the most 
 valuable and practical aid in the study of Veterinary 
 Anatomy, especially in the dissecting room. 8vo, 
 cloth ....,...,, r ,,,..,..... ,5 50 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. 48f7i St.), New York. 17 
 
 " Comparative Anatomy of the Domesticated Ani- 
 mals." By J. M'Fadyean. Profusely illustrated, 
 and to be issued in two parts. Part I — Osteology, 
 ready. (Part II. in preparation.) Paper,2.50; olotii,2.75 
 
 MILLS. "How to Keep a Hog in the City." By 
 
 Wesley Mills, M.D., V.S. It tells how to choose 
 manage, house, feed, educate the pup, how to Iieep him 
 clean and teach him cleanliness. Paper 25 
 
 {**)MOLLEM. "OpcratiTeTeterinary Surgery." By 
 Professor Dr. H. MoUer, Berlin. Translated and 
 edited from the 2d edition, enlarged and improved, 
 by John A. W. Dollar, M.K.C.S. 
 
 Prof. MoUer's work presents the most recent and 
 complete exposition of the Principles and Practice of 
 Veterinary Surgery, and is the aiandard text-hook on the 
 subject throughout Germany. 
 
 Many subjects ignored in previous treatises on 
 Veterinary Surgery here receive full consideration, 
 while the better Itnown are presented under new and 
 suggestive aspects. 
 
 As Prof. Holler's work represents not only his 
 own opinions and practice, but those of the best 
 Veterinary Surgeons ot various countries, the trans- 
 lation cannot fail to be of signal service to American 
 and British Veterinarians and to Students of Veter- 
 inary and Comparative Surgery. 
 
 J. vol., 8vo. 722 pages, 142 Illustrations , , .5 25 
 
18 Veterinary Catalogue of William B. Jenkins 
 
 MOHETON. " On Horse-breaking." 12mo, cl . . . 50 
 
 (**)MOSSEL,MAJ!i-LIEirA UX. "Veterinary Micro- 
 biology." By Professors Mosselman and Lienaux, 
 Nat. Veterinary College, Cureghem, Belgium. Trans- 
 lated and edited by R. E. Dinwiddie, Professor of 
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 State University. 12mo, olotti, 3i2 pages 2 00 
 
 ("WO CARD. " Tlie Animal Tuberculoses, and their 
 Relation to Human Tuberculosis." By Ed. Nocard, 
 Professor of the Alfort Veterinary College. Trans- 
 lated by H. Seurfield, M.D. Ed., Ph. Camb. 
 
 Perhaps the chief interest to doctors of human 
 medicine in Professor Nocard's book lies in the 
 demonstration of the small part played by heredity, 
 and the great part played by contagion in the propa- 
 gation of bovine tuberculosis. It seems not unreason- 
 able to suppose that the same is the case for human 
 tuberculosis, and that, if the children of tuberculosis 
 parents were protected from infection by cohabitation 
 or ingestion, the importance of heredity as a cause of 
 the disease, or even of the predisposition to it, would 
 dwindle away into insignificance. ]2mo, cloth, 143 
 pages .1 00 
 
 PEGLEB,. "The Book of the Goat." 12mo, cloth.l 75 
 
 (**) PELEEBIN. ' 'Median Neurotomy in the Treatment 
 of Chronic Tendinitis and Periostosis of the Fetlock." 
 
 By C. Pellerin, late repetitor of Olinio and Surgery to 
 the Alfort Veterinary School. Translated, with Addi- 
 tional Facts Eelating to It, by Prof. A. Liautard, M.D , 
 
 V.M. 8vo, boards, illustrated 1 00 
 
 See also " Idauia/rd" 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue (cor. 4Bth St.), New York. 19 
 
 PBOCTOB. " The Management and Treatment of 
 the Horse " in the Stable, Field and on the Road. 
 By William Proctor. 8vo 2 4f> 
 
 PETERS. "A Tuberculous Herd-Test with Tuber- 
 culin." By Austin Peters, M. E. C. V. S., Chief 
 Inspector of Cattle for the New York State Board of 
 Health during the winter of 1892-93. Pamphlet 25 
 
 REYNOLD. "Breeding and Management of Dranght 
 Horses." 8vo, cloth 140 
 
 R OBERTS OJjf. "The Practice of Equine Medicine." 
 
 A text-book especially adapted for the use of Veter- 
 inary students and Veterinarians. By W. Eobertson, 
 Principal and Professor of Hippopathology in the 
 Koyal Veterinary College, London. 8vo. cloth, 806 
 pages, revised edition .6 25 
 
 *)R, OBER OE. ' 'The Foot of the Horse, "or Lame- 
 ness and all Diseases of the Feet traced to an Unbal- 
 anced Foot Bone, prevented or cured by balancing the 
 toot. By David Koberge. 8vo, cloth 5 00 
 
 {*)SE WElilj. '• The Examination of Horses as to 
 Soundness and Selection as to Purchase." By Ed- 
 ward Sewell, M.E.C.V.S.L. 8vo, paper 1 £0 
 
 (Just published, July, 1898.) 
 
20 Vdermary Calalogwe of William B. Jmhms 
 
 {'*) SMITH. "A Manual of Veterinary Physiologj." 
 
 By Veterinary Captain F. Smith, M.R.C.V.S. Author 
 of " A Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." 
 
 Throughout this manual the object has been to con- 
 dense the information as much as possible. The 
 broad facts of the sciences are stated so as to render 
 them of use to the student and practitioner. In this 
 second edition — rewritten — the whole of the Nervous 
 System has been revised, a new chapter dealing with 
 the Development of the Ovum has been added together 
 with many additional facts and illustrations. About 
 one hundred additional pages are given. Second 
 edition, revised and enlarged, with additional illus- 
 trations 3 75 
 
 (,")SMITII. "Manual of Veterinary Hygiene." 2nd 
 edition, revised. Crown, 8vo, cloth 3 25 
 
 STOHNMOUTM. "Manual of Scientific Terms." 
 
 Especially referring to those in Botany, Natural 
 History, Medical and Veterinary Science. By Eev. 
 James Stornmouth . , 3 00 
 
 C*)STMANG-EWAY. "Veterinary Anatomy." New 
 edition, revised and edited by I. Vaughan, F.L.S., 
 M.K.C.V.S., with several hundred illustrations. 8vo, 
 cloth 5 00 
 
85i-853 sixth Avenue (cor. mh St.), New York 2i 
 
 i*)SUSSDOBF. large Colored Wall Diagrams. 
 
 By Professor Sussdorf, M.D. (of G6ttiDgen). Text 
 translated by Prof. W. Owen Williams, of the New 
 Veterinary College, Edinburgh. Size, 44 inches by 
 30 inches. 
 
 1.— Horse. 4.— Ox. 
 
 2.— Mare. 5.— Boar and Sow. 
 
 3.— Cow. 6.— Dog and Bitct. 
 
 Showing the position of the viscera in the large 
 cavities of the body. 
 
 Price, unmounted ; i 75 each 
 
 " mounted on linen, with roller 3 50 " 
 
 (*) F^JV" MATXm. "A TextBook of Veterinary Oph- 
 thalmology." By George G. Van Mater, M.D., 
 D.V.S., Professor of Ophthalmology in the American 
 Veterinary College ; Oculist and Aurist to St. Martha's 
 Sanitarium and Dispensary; Consulting Eye and Ear 
 Surgeon to the Twenty-sixth Ward Dispensary ; Eye 
 and Ear Surgeon, Brooklyn Eastern District Dispen- 
 sary, etc. Illustrated by one chrome lithograph plate 
 and seventy-one engravings, 8vo cloth 3 00 
 
 VETERINABT DIAGMAMS in Tabular Form. 
 Size, 28J in. x 22 inches. Price per set of iive. . . .4 75 
 
 No. 1. "The External Form and Elementary Ana- 
 tomy of the Horse." Eight colored illustrations — 
 1. External regions ; 2. Skeleton ; 3. Muscles (Superior 
 Layer) ; 4. Muscles (Deep Layer) ; 5. Respiratory Ap- 
 paratus ; 6. Digestive Apparatus ; 7. Circulatory Ap- 
 paratus ; 8. Nerve Apparatus ; with letter-press descrip- 
 tion 1 25 
 
22 Veterinary Catalogue of William It. Jenkins 
 
 No. 2. "The A.ge of Domestic Animals." Forty-two 
 figures illustrating the structure of the teeth, indicat- 
 ing the Age of the Horse, Ox, Sheep, and Dog, with 
 full description 75 
 
 No. 3. "The Unsoundness and Defects of the Horse." 
 
 Fifty figures illustrating— 1. The Defects of Confor- 
 mation ; 2. Defects of Position ; 3. Infirmities or Signs 
 of Disease ; 4. Unsoundnessps ; 5. Defects of the Foot ; 
 with full description 75 
 
 No. 4. "The Shoeing of the Horse, Mule and Ox." 
 
 Fifty figures descriplive uf the Anatomy and Physio- 
 logy of the Foot and of Horse-shoeing 75 
 
 No. 5. "The Elementary Anatomy, Points, and But- 
 cher's Joints of the .Ox." Ten colored illustrations 
 — 1. Skeleton; 2. .Nervous System: 3. Digestive 
 System (Right Side) ; 4. Respiratory System ; 6. Points 
 of a Fat Ox ; 6. Muscular System ; 7. Vascular Sj'Stem ; 
 8. Digestive System (Left Side) ; 9. Batcher's Sections 
 of a Calf ; 10. Butcher's Sections of an Ox ; with full 
 description 1 25 
 
 fFALLEY. "Hints on the Breeding and Bearing of 
 Farm Animals." 12mo, cloth 80 
 
 — "Pour BoTine Scourges." (Pleuro - Pneumonia, 
 
 Foot and Mouth Disease, Cattle Plague and 
 Tubercle.) With an Appendix on the Inspection of 
 Live Animals and Meat. Illustrated, 4to, cloth . . 6 40 
 
 — "The Horse, Cow and Dog." By Dr. Thomas 
 Walley. A poetical account of the "Troubl- 
 ous Life of the Horse " ; " The Life of a Dairy Cow," 
 and " The Life of a Dog " ; with an article on Animal 
 Chafaoteristics. 12mo, cloth 80 
 
851-853 Sixth Avenue {cor. iSlh St.), New York 23 
 
 (") WA L LEY. "A Practical Guide to Meat Inspection." 
 
 By Thomas Walley, M.R.C.V.S., formerly principal 
 of the Edinburgh Royal (Dick) Veterinary College; 
 Professor o't Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, etc. 
 Third Edition, thoroughly revised, with forty-five 
 colored Illustrations, 12mo, cloth 3 00 
 
 An experience of over 30 years in his profession 
 and a long official connection (some sixteen years) 
 with Edinburgh Abattoirs have enabled the author to 
 gather a large store of information on the subject, 
 which he has embodied in his book. Dr. Walley's opi- 
 nions are regarded as the highest authority on Meat 
 Inspection. 
 
 •) WILLIAMS. "Principles and Practice of Veter- 
 inary Medicine." New author's edition, entirely 
 revised and illustrated with numerous plain and color- 
 ed plates. By W. Williams, M.E.C.V.S.Svo., el. .6 00 
 
 (**) "Principles and Practice of Veterinary Surgery." 
 
 New author's edition, entirely revised and illustrated 
 with numerous plain and colored plates. By W. 
 Williams, M.R.C.V.S. 8vo, eloth 6 00 
 
 WYMAN. "Tlie Clinical Diagnosis of Lameness 
 in the Horse." l^y W. E. A. Wyman, V.S., Prof, of 
 Veterinary Science, Clemson A. & M. College, and 
 Veterinarian to the South Carolina Experiment Sta- 
 tion. 8vo, clpth, illustrated 2 50 
 
24 Veterinary Catalogue of William, R. Jenkins 
 
 ZUNDEL,. "The Horse's Foot and Its Diseases." By 
 
 A. Zundel, Principal Veterinarian of Alsace Lorraine. 
 Translated by Dr. A. Liautard, V.S. 12mo, cloth 
 illustrated • 2 00 
 
 ZUILL. "Typhoid Feyer; or Contagious Influenza 
 in the Horse." By Prof. W. L. Zuill, m:.D.,D.V.S. 
 Pamphlet 25 
 
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