* CORNELL UNIVERSITY THE GRADUATE SCHOOL. This is to certify that the accompanying thesis of M hf a i for the degree of has been accepted. ^ft y da " * ' - c ■ . . * . - . . , . . . :.0 ■ - * made possible by the building of large reclamation projects in the west and northwest largely accounted for the large plantings of apples for commercial purposes in these reg¬ ions during a period which had been preceded by fifteen years of relatively low prices for apples* With the exception of the more recent commercial plantings very little attention has been given to special¬ ization in the production of a few varieties primarily ad¬ apted to our large domestic and foreign markets. Regions with such specialization are marketing their fruit at a great advantage when compared with those having many vari¬ eties most of which are poorly adapted to the market and shipping requirements* Much progress has been made by the fruit growers dur¬ ing the past decade in marketing their apples. Through united efforts in organized cooperative associations more efficient grading, packing, warehousing, advertising, and marketing have been made possible as well as more intelli¬ gent and economical production. The marketing channels which have been numerous,and frequently costly,are being reduced in number with those remaining, gradually becoming- more efficient factors in our distribution process. - V L , ■ v . ...... . i - * . ■ - J. ' • - ' ' . . . " ' - ' • ' ■ * , - . •- ■ V . t - ' i . ■ ' -3- Summary and Conclusions Commercial apple growing has become a highly developed and highly specialized industry. During the last tow dec¬ ades it has made the greatest strides in regions where it has been recognized as such. Co-operative grading, packing, warehousing, and market¬ ing have enabled the apple grower to sell his product on the world’s best fruit markets in competition with citrus and other fruits* The commercial apple crop in the United States repre¬ sents 40 to 60 per cent of the total crop, the average for the past six years being 47 per cent. In 1931 it was 63 per cent of the entire crop reflecting the importance of the commercial orchards in the Pacific Northwest. Commercial apple growing in the Northwest reached a high degree of development on newly irrigated land because of the high acre value of the product or the lack of com¬ petition of squally valuable crops. In the apple growing regions of the Northwest there is a definite correlation between commercial orchard plant¬ ings and the building of irrigation projects. The most important commercial plantings in the United States were made during the following years: 1860-1875 New York. 1885-1895 Pennsylvania and Virginia, 1890-1900 Qzar&s and Prairie States* 1900-1910 Western and Northwestern States. Very few important plantings have been made since 1910, -4- Until new plantings are made it is hardly expected that the commercial crop will exceed the record crop of 1930, totaling 36,273,000 barrels* For the 5-year period, ISIS to 1930, 69 per cent of the commercial crop was marketed in barrels, and 31 per cent in boxes* The most important commercial apple growing regions today in order of importance are as follows: 1. The Pacific Northwest 3. Western New York 3. Shenandoah—Cumberland (Penna., Maryland, Virginia) 4. California The Dominion, of Canada is the second important com¬ mercial apple producing country in the world, Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand are third in importance with a crop- half as large as that produced in Canada* An important factor in the Australian industry is the fact that their harvesting and marketing seasons correspond with our winter and spring, thus providing an active market for their surplus fruit in the United States ana Europe. While apples are an important product in America and Europe they are a relatively unimportant fruit in Asia and Africa. During the 5-year period, 1914-1913, the apple ranked eighth in importance when compared with the value of other farm crops produced in the United States. The apple is our leading fruit crop. More than one-fourth of our total proauction consists . * . » * . - - * ' ■ * ■ • ■ ...... v \ of two varieties, Baldwin and Ben Davis. The first twelve varieties provide over SO per cent of our total apple crop. In establishing a commercial orchard a few varieties well adapted to the region and market requirements should be planted in preference to many varieties as too frequently has been the case in the past. During the 1918-1930 shipping season, 77 per cent of the fruit shipped from the Pacific Northwest consisted of six varieties, and of these six, two varieties furnished half the shipments. Exports, when measured by the average for 5-year periods from 1853 to 1931, have increased from 37,000 to 1,800,000 barrels annually. The largest exports of ripe apples from the United States occurred during the 1913- 1916 period. For the last five years, 1917-1921, the annual exports were only 77 per cent of those for the pre¬ vious period. There was only one year, 1915, when the to¬ tal exports exceeded 3,000,000 barrels. The value of ripe and green apples exported during the three years, 1919, 1920, 1931, exceeded that for the fourteen years, 1896 to 1909, ana for the entire 7-year period, 1913 to 1913. The total value of exports for the past three years has slightly exceeded #43,500,000, an average of more than #14,000,000 per year. When including the exports c-f dried apples the total value of apple exports reached the high mark of $18,581,110 in the year 1919. Two years later, in 1931, the total value of exports of ripe and dried apples was $16,188,708. For the years 19X9, 1930 ana 1931, the exports of ap- t > . ' .— * w ■ * ■ V \ * -» V lr -6 ples represented 6.5, 4.9, and S.6 per cent, respectively, of the commercial apple crop for those years. The simple average for the three years is 7 per cent. The average annual exports for the six year period, 1916 to 1931, were 5.6 per cent of the commercial crop. The United States is the greatest fruit producing as well as the greatest fruit consuming country in the world. Apples represent fifteen per cent of the total value of fruit exports. Statistics for a period of years show that more than two-thirds of our apple exports (in value) are to the United Kingdom (England, Ireland, Scotland and Wales). Tile Scandi¬ navian countries are becoming more important markets as il¬ lustrated by the increase in exports since 1910. With an improvement in economic conditions Germany should again be¬ come an important market for American apples. The average annual shipments cf apples in the United States for the years 1916 to 1930 were approximately 75,000 cars. It is a big undertaking to move this volume of a product to market without waste or loss. In the Pacific Northwest alone where in 1919 sixty per cent of the fruit was shipped during October and November, it required an average of 415 cars at the sidings per day for each shipping day in those two months to move the crop to market• From 1915 to 1930 prices of apples practically trebled while the purchasing power remained almost constant at 74 to 76 until 1919 when it rose to 90 followed by a fall to 85 in 1930. The secular trend of purchasing power of apples * ■ *■ w * -7 from 1910 to 1920 was downward falling considerably below that for 31 farm products. During the first four years of the period, 1910 to 1920, a box of oranges had a slight advantage over a bushel # of apples in purchasing power. For the remainder of the period, however, organes fell much below apples in purchas¬ ing power when compared on the same base, 1908-1914, Better warehousing facilities near the large producing sections would prove an important factor in stabilizing prices during the heavy crop moving months. In marketing apples there are three to six channels through which the fruit passes before it reaches the ulti¬ mate consumer. Each of these renders a service and makes a charge for same. Time and place services are legitimate marketing costs and deserve a fair compensation. Gross profits of retailers vary from 75 to 250 per cent. Lowering this margin taken by retailers by a reduc¬ tion in price would increase the consumption of apples and, through the increased volume of business, return equally good profits. Attempts to increase the use of apples in the diet should be directed toward the weak link in the marketing process, namely, the one connecting the retailer and the consumer. * £1 k 1 ■ ■ • -• • v r V . - * ** ** - - - • - . v ' ^ * -8 II History of Commercial Apple Growing The apple industry in the United States has re¬ sponded to rather definite cycles* Periods of heavy planting and high prices have alternatea with periods of less extensive plantings and low prices* Commer¬ cial apple growing dates back to about 1350. It was about this time that two brothers, A. J. Downing and Charles Downing, were devoting much of their time to the development of the apple industry in the Hudson Valley* The former in 1845 published one of the first treatises on apples entitled "Fruits and Fruit Trees of America" which served as a reliable guide on apple growing fa* many years* Another early leader in the apple industry was Patrick Barry, part owner of the Mt. Hope Nurseries at Rochester, New York, founded in 1840. Mr. Barry was a pioneer in the commercial development in West 1 -* ern New York, a region which long has held first place in the commercial apple industry in the United S t at es • Another region which has held an interesting as well as an important place in the history of apple growing is the Piedmont or Albemarle Pippin Region at the base of the Blue Ridge Mountains in Virginia* It was the Albemarle Pippins which Arthur Stevenson ' . - • ■ -W.~- ■ . .. ■ - . . • . - • . . * ■- - .... * V A <• ■ V ■ ‘ V - - - ' ■. ; . v . ■ . . * - ■ ■ ' -\. . ... i * * •*' . .. . »; ■■ .. * • i; . ■ ■ ■ * ■ «■ • - . " . . ■ 9 ' ' w ; ’ ' - - v. - . , . , ■ American Minister to England, sent to the late Queen Victoria, that so pleased her that she caused the import tax on apples to be removed. This marked the beginning of our export trade to England, which was in the future to play so important a part in furnishing a market for our surplus apples. It was during the eighties that the commercial plantings in the Missouri River and Ozark Regions were made, continuing through the nineties. This region for many years had the largest number of trees in the United States. The late spring frosts occuring during the period 1900-1910 caused a very heavy loss of trees in this region materially affecting its importance as a commercial apple section. Included in this section are the Loess Apple Belt along the Missouri River in northwestern Missouri, southwestern Iowa, southeastern Nebraska, and northeastern Kansas, and the Ozark region in southern Missouri and northwestern Arkansas, The Ben Davis apple grows to perfection in the Ozark Mount¬ ains anu until within recent years was produced almost exclusively. In recent years the Winesap and Jonathan varieties have become important in the new plantings. The first section in the far west to take up apple growing on a commercial scale was the Pajaro Val¬ ley in California. Several commercial orchards were set out in 1858 by Isaac Williams and Judge R. F. Peck- man. Mr. Williams offered his first fruit on the San Fraud soo market in 1867. From this date the demand . •• * . ' V* - ■ ■ L f ' ' ■ .v. i ■ ■—. ■. *• • - - • - *- - ■.. < , ... " v ... ' - - - ■. .... ■ * -. -- v ij ‘ ' * * * " - v V. - - ■ - .. . : . • -fc. - Vv « V • V ' V * V.> - * • v - v. v “10 for apples of good quality increased and numerous plantings were made. The period from 1880 t ® 1800 witnessed a rapid development of the apple industry in California at a time when the famous Wenatchee and Yakima Valleys in Washington were in their infancy. The Pajaro Valley differs from most other regions in the northwest in its climatic conditions. The rain¬ fall here is sufficient to grow large yields without resorting to irrigation. Even today California is the second state in importance among the western states. The Yellow Newtown and Yellow Bellflower are the leading varieties, the former entering largely in¬ to the export trade, and the latter offered on the home markets. Standardization in package, methods of handling, and cooperation in marketing their product, have not in California made as rapid progress/as in the northwest. A large percentage of the growers sell the fruit on the trees for a lump sum to Slavonian packers, who care for the orchard, do the spraying, thinning, and finally the harvesting of the crops. By thus assuming the grow¬ ers risk these small packers quite naturally require a safe margin in making their contracts. This system cannot give the same return to the owner as would ac¬ crue if he performed these operations and combined with other growers in packing and marketing the fruit co-operatively. Commercial apple growing in the State of W-ash- ♦ " ■ * '• • •• • ♦ , > < ' ■ . * ■ l V . . . ■ * * ... -11 ington, now the leading state in this industry, dates back to 1877 when the first orchard was planted in the Yakima Valley by an Indian named Klickitat Peter, This region has a very small rainfall and must resort to ir¬ rigation, In 1888 and 1889 the first irrigation compan¬ ies were organized followed by a rapid development of the apple industry. Six years later, in 1894, the total shipments from the Yakima Valley did not exceed twenty- five carloads. With the development of the irrigation projects came very extensive plantings of apple trees, especially during the years 1900 to 1908. The Wenatchee Valley, lying north of Yakima and separated from it by mountain ranges, started its de¬ velopment in 1896 when the Gunn ditch was built to pro- "viae water for SOo acres of land. The development in this valley was pehnomenal up to 1913 when it possessed a total of 30,000 acres of irrigated land most of which planted to fruit. This valley is today the leading and most intensive apple growing region in the world. The total acreage in North Central Washington, includ¬ ing the Vienatchee Valley and the upper Columbia River Region, is approximately 40,000 acres. For the ship¬ ping season of 1919-1920 the shipments reached 12,300 cars cf apples. Land values are very high, averaging nearly $3,000 per acre. The co-operative marketing of fruit is highly developed. The organizations are the logical outgrowth of a great need requiring the market*-* ing of their fruit in distant markets. It is here that the grading, packing, and standardization has been de- . - ■ . 4 . * »• t ' ' : . « r^S ' . * r > . * t • ' i- • . , 1; ;■ •. : . ... . . ... j * . • • . ■ ~ ■ -12 veloped to the highest degree known in the history of commercial apple marketing* Another prominent apple growing region T& in the northwest is the Hood River Valley in Northern Oregon* This Valley has a rainfall equal to that in New York SE& differing widely from the Wenatchee and Yakima Val¬ leys. In spite of this fact irrigation has been found advisable and is common in most of the orchards. Due to the fact that light bearing varieties, such as the Yellow Newtown and Spitzenburg predominate, the yields do not compare with those in the important valleys in the state of Washington. In order of importance the principal apple growing states in the Northwest are Washington, California, Ore¬ gon, Idaho, and Colorado. Small areas in other western states may be found in Utah, Montana, and New Mexico. The unusual development in all of these states reached its height during the decade from 1900 to 1910 when many important public and private irrigation projects were completed. By ignoring state lines we find that the leading apple districts of the West are as follows: District Average Annual Production 1916-1919 Bushels Wenatchee, Washington 6,686,675 Yakima, Washington 6,015,350 W T atsonville, California 3,787,500 Southern, Idaho 1,894,750 Hood River, Oregon 1,635,000 Western Slope, Colorado 1,493,500 30, 501,675 Total - . , . / * : . » t * * . « C ■ . X , , ■ ■ -V i -: . s -13 Important commercial sections also are found in the North Central States, notably in the lake and river valley regions of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Wisconsin* In the east, in addition to those already discussed, commercial growing districts are located in Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, New Jersey, North Car¬ olina, and the famous Baldwin belt in New England* While the apple has been grown in America for the past three centuries yet it was not until the middle of the nineteenth century that it was recognized as a food product of commercial importance. It was during the years 1860 to 1875 that most of the commercial plantings were made in New York, 1885-1895 in Pennsylvania and Virginia, 1890-1800 in the Ozarks and the prairie states, and 1900 to 1910 in the western states. Very few important plant¬ ings have been made since 1910* These numerous plantings when taken collectively reached their maximum bearing during the decade from 1810 to 1920 when the total production in the United States in¬ cluding the crop from the farm orchards averaged nearly 200,000,000 bushels annually. The 1914 crop was the _ 000 largest on record totaling over 253,000/bushels, with the 1920 crop second, amounting to more than 240,000,000 bush¬ els* Because of the small plantings during 1910-1920 it is not expected that these yields will be greatly exceeded during the next decade. It is possible, however, with the many orchards in the far west only coming into maximum production that the record commercial crop of 1920 may be exc ceded* . ♦ ' .■ ■ * • t - .... * ■ * , ■ * : ' . - -14 III Total Apple Production in the United States There is a very marked fluctuation in the total bush¬ els of apples produced in the United States from year to year due largely to seasonal conditions. The high record year as shown in the accompanying chart was in 1814 when the crop exceeaea 353*000*000 bushels. This was more than 10v*0u0*000 bushels above the preceding year* and only <53*000*000 bushels above 1S15. Since production records have been kept there are two years in the recent history of the crop which stand out in bold relief as low crop years. They are the years 1890 and 1931* the only two in the past 33 years in which the total apple crop in the United States tell below 100*000*000 bushels* Among the high yielding years are 1895* 1904* 1906* 1813* 1914 and 1930* the latter being second only to 1914 the year with the largest crop on record* In general the high crop years were years when lower prices prevailed although there are numerous exceptions to this during the period of a rising price level* Assuming the yield for the period 1909 to 1913 as a base for an average yield we find by referring to the chart that during 15 years of the past 33 the yield was above the average and during the remaining 18 years below this level* Twelve states produce about 70 per cent of the total crop* For information on yields in the most important states refer to the table in the appendix containing sane for the past J V v- t s. . - r, - - ... * ! Jr ■ I f V, .... *- .-I V - ■ • ■ - -15 five years. During this period the states in order of importance rank as follows: New York, Washington, Penn- sylvania, Virginia, Michigan, California, Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Oregon, West Virginia, ana North Carolina. In comparing states the total yield must not be con¬ fused with the commercial crop in which the states are placed in a different order. Pennsylvania, for example, drops from third to sixth place when rated according to commercial production. Apples produced in farm orchards for home use ana for local markets only are not marketed in standard containers and are not included in the commer¬ cial crop. If sent to market in carload lots they usually are shipped in bulk ungraded. This stuay is concerned largely with the commercial apple crop of the United States a discussion of which follows, V . 1 . - t *■ + * 1 V.. ‘ - i • • > '■ V * :■ .. i ’ . - -IS Table i— Total Apple Production in the United States Bushels (000 omitted) 1889 143,105 1906 216,720 1890 80,143 1907 119,560 1891 198,907 1908 148,940 1892 130,536 1909 146,133 1893 114,773 1910 141,640 1894 134,648 1911 314,030 1895 319,600 1913 335,330 1896 332,600 1913 145,410 1897 163,738 1914 353,200 1898 118,061 1915 330,011 1899 175,397 1916 193,905 1900 205,930 1917 166,749 1901 135,500 1918 169,635 1903 312,330 1919 153,338 1903 195,680 1920 240,443 1904 333,630 1931 96,881 1905 136,330 Average Annual Production based upon 5-year average, 1909-1913, 176,482,000 bushels Yearbook, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1920, p. 653. V . . ; ~ - . ♦ -1? The Commercial Apple Crop The commercial apple crop always is quoted in barrels a convenient distinction from the total crop reported in bushels only. It is only within the past six years that separate figures of reasonable accuracy have been compiled for the commercial crop. The accompanying chart shows the variation in the annual production of this crop for the years 1916 to 1921 with the record commercial crop of 33,272,000 barrels in 1920. Because of the severe spring frosts in New York, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and other eastern states in 1921 the commercial crop for this year was the lowest for the period. No authentic records could be obtained for years preceding 1916. The commercial crop usually represents 40 to 60 per cent of the total apple crop of the United States, the average for the past six years being 47 per cent. In 1921 this percentage greatly increased, as was to be expected in a low crop year, and reached the 62 per cent mark. The accompanying statistics show clearly where our commercial apples are produced. The Pacific-Northwest leads as a region with Nev/ York dropping to second place. The Shenandoah-Cumber1and Region in Pennsylvania, Mary¬ land, Virginia, and West Virginia holds third place. In point of young trees and potential production this region ■ • . • r » .. \ - ; ■ ■- - . . * ' ». t ‘ .. . • ■ ...... ( » v v.- ... - — . ■ ' v ‘ • • - '« Mt - • - • • ' - ■■ V. t - ■■ ■ . v . ... : ■ . ... ~ .... * . ■■.- • ........ - ■ ■ . _ -■ ■ -18 ranks above New York and rivals the great commercial apple producing section in\ the Northwest* A comparison by states shows that during the past five years Washington wrested first place from New York in 1921 and 1919* With the rather conspicuous lack of young orchards in the latter it probably will not be many years before Washington will occupy first place among the commercial apple producing states 75 to 80 per cent of the time. During the same period California has occupied a place among the first five states four-fifths of the time* Virginia has a similar record, most of the time occupying third place. Other states included in this group from time to time are Michigan, Pennsylvania, Oregon, Idaho, and Illinois. Of the entire commercial crop, 50 to 72 per cent of it is produced by five states with those prac¬ ticing modern methods of grading, packing, and marketing rapidly coming to the front* *> — ■ . ■ « . ... .. !JIU .... J * - — " » ...... ■ f v - - -. V. • . ^ , .» y >, - - • •- • ... • • - V. . . • ... - :a Table 3—r Commercial Apple Crop in the U. S*i (Barrels 000 omitted) 1931 1920 1919 1918 1917 1916 30,098 36,373 36,333 34,743 33,341 36,747 Yearbook, U. S, Department of Agriculture 1930, p. 653. X * . . ■- • • . . . * * ► Chart II /?/6 tUl I'm /f/f If20 Mat -20 Table 3— Commercial Apple Crop by Regions (Barrels—000 omitted) 1 1919 1918 1 . Pacific Northwest 9,138 5,037 2. Western New York 1, 738 4,800 3. Shenandoah Cumberland 1,980 3,600 4. California 1,511 1,137 5. Ozark Mountains 1,395 404 6 • New England 1,130 645 7. Hudson Valley 1,050 647 8 . Western Michigan 913 760 9. Missouri River 990 630 10. Southern and Western Illinois 705 800 11. Colorado 838 537 13, Piedmont 551 465 13. Southern Ohio 184 558 14. Arkansas River 135 123 1 Crop Reporter, U. S. Bureau of Markets ana Crop Estimates. . . ■ V. *» « •' ■ X . . * * * « c - * Table 4— on (jl. Five Leading Commercial States for 1921, 1320 , 1919 , iQiff nci *» -;x6, 15 i | (Barrels — COC omitted) m 1920 United States 20.09S United States 36,272 Washington 7,750 Mew York 3,275 Mew York 3,000 Washington 3,623 Oregon 1 ,300 Michigan 3,167 California 1,220 Virginia 2,030 Idaho 1 ,227 Pennsylvania 2,000 5 States—.72# of Com- mercial Crop 5 States—57$ of Crop Commercial 1312. 1213 United States 26,223 United States 24,724 Washington 6,S17 * Mew York 5,350 Mew York 2,375 Washington 4,296 Virginia l,50S Virginia 1,766 California 1,400 Michigan 1,425 Oregon . hSL California 1,127 t 5 States—5^?’ of Com¬ mercial Crop 5 States—5 3% of Crop Commercial mi United states 22,341 Washington 4,620 Mew York 2,05s Virginia 1,637 Illinois 1,554 California 1,174 5 States— 0 f Cornmer- cial Crop ( t < ( ( t < l c t t * ( ( . .1 l t ( f ( ' ( t ( < c < t < V IV. 28 Production of Apples in Other Countries Records of annual production in European and South American countries are very incomplete and practically inadequate for making reliable comparisons. On the other hand production records for Canada, Australia and New Zealand are well prepared and may be used with reasonable accuracy in comparison with production in the United States* When measured according to the total production for¬ eign countries may be arranged as follows, (in order of importance): Germany Franoe Austria-Hungary (1913) Canada United Kingdom Australia and New Zealand Spain Argentina Japan Chile Other apple producing countries are: Belgium, The Netherlands, Denmark, Italy, Uruguay, Mexico, Russia, Bul¬ garia, Roumania, and South Africa. Germany Practically all of the appl es produced in Germany are * used for home consumption. The plantings are greatest in the mild and moist western section, particularly in Rhenish Prussia and Wurttemberg. Much of the fruit is grown for cider or beverage purposes and does not enter the world markets as fruit. Germany imports large quan¬ tities of apples in the form of ripe and dried apples, a large portion of which prior to the World War, came from the United States and France. No production data is avail- aole. In 1913, however, it was reported that Germany had 74 ,3^0,000 apple trees, including both bearing and non- bearing trees. A large part of the plantings are found along highways and in pastures, making it impracticable even to attempt an acre comparison with the apple orchards in the United States, France The apple industry of France is confined largely to the northern section bordering upon the English Channel. In this country, also, a very large portion, possibly 90 per cent of the crop, is used for cider and beverage pur¬ poses. Probably the principal reason for the location of most of the apple trees in northern France is due to the fact that this region is beyond the limits of vine cult¬ ure. It is in Brittany and Normandy where cider, and not wine, is the traditional beverage. In southern France the apple cannot successfully compete with the vineyards. Climatic conditions also are less favorable in the south¬ ern part. Because apples are grown largely for cider purposes . ... . * * * ♦ >■ • t « / . ■ >• a ■- . • \ ... * -* ■ -34 little attention is given to the selection of varieties. Yield rather than quality is of major importance result¬ ing in inferior fruit for table purposes. France*s sur¬ plus composed largely of cider apples is exported to Ger¬ many. Of the fruit imported by France very little con¬ sists of apples. The eating of apples out of season is a habit not highly developed in France, The limited de¬ mand for apples of high quality is met by training the young trees in trellises similar to those found in vine¬ yards. These trellises frequently are found along high wails, on the lawns of residences, and bordering the vegetable and flower gardens. United Kingdom The commercial apple crop of the United Kingdom is grown in southern England, viz., Kent, Herefordshire, and the southwestern peninsula. The climate and soils in this region are favorable to the production of Igig’h grade table stock. Trees generally are small but pro¬ duce good yields. One of the districts, Herefordshire, is lamed for its production of cider apples rather than table fruit although much of the latter is grown. Ex¬ cellent markets for apples are found in London and other large cities of England where the price charged at res¬ taurants frequently amounts to one shilling (nearly 35 cents). It is in these cities where the United States finds its best market for surplus apples. Canada Canada has four important apple growing regions. These are found in the Lake Eri e and Lake Ontario dis- v ' V A- - - . - . • 4 V . • - » w - ' • • ' • . - - V i W w m .... ' * : . :. ..... i . . ■ >• * • J. . * .. ~ • - ■ v - > ¥ f ■J * tricts, in Nova Scotia in the territory surrounding Mont- real, and in the valleys of British Columbia. The soil and climatic conditions are the determining factors in the location of these orchards. It is interesting to note that the largest apple region in Canada is found on the shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario directly opposite the important apple growing region in Western New York. In 1918 this region produced nearly two-thirds of the entire Canadian apple orop. It may be noted, further, that the valley region of British Columbia lie/just north of the interna-* tional boundary line bordering the states of Washington. Heavy plantings have been made in this section of Canada in recent years. Irrigation is necessary because of the low rainfall in these mountain valleys. The production by provinces in Canada in order of im¬ portance is as follows: Ontario Nova Scotia Quebec British Columbia New Brunswick Prince Edward Island The normal commercial apple crop of Canada is about one-fifth that of the United States. Approximately SO per cent of the trees were of bearing age in 1910. A large per centage of the total crop is exported most of it going to England and Scotland. Since 1909 the Canadian exports have oeen decreasing, dropping from 1,604,477 barrels in 1909 to 103,626 barrels in 1917, the year of the British embargo on * > . . . ). ■ * , V „ : ' r . : . - - ► .. * r k ; ' ■ ' - . , . . - ■ ' t ' -36 apples. The commercial crop has varied from 6,000,000 barrels in 1913 to 3,500,000 barrels in 1918. Commercial production in two important Caaadian provin- ces for the years 1911 to 1919, inclusive. was as follows: Nova Scotia British Columbia Barrels Barrels (of 3 boxes each) 1911 - 1,734,876 75,033 1913 - 993,533 138,880 1913 - 651,390 153,137 1914 981,347 305,300 1915 613,883 331,030 1916 - 681,470 458,770 1917 - 744,730 595,135 1918 - 808,600 459,335 1919 — 1,500,000 833,333 1 Folger,J.D., Thomson,S.M. The Commercial of North America. The Macmillan Co. pp.87, Apple Incustry 93. 1931. Australia and New Zealand Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand are now the most important commercial apple growing regions outside the The crop North American Continent. M is estimated to be about half that of Canada, and one-tenth that of the United States. The area in bearing trees is increasing. The present acre¬ age in Australia is about 50,000 in Tasmania 35,000, and in New Zealand 15,000 acres. A very large portion of the acre¬ age enters into the commercial crop most of which is con¬ sumed at home. England and Germany furnish the principal markets for the surplus fruit, which amounts to approxi¬ mately one-fourth of the crop;;, T - , ~ v ' ‘ - -■ . . . yi .... * ' • -l r • - . , ■ ' - * . < * * • ■ . > ■ * m- ' . . * , - 3 ? Plantings were greatest during the five year period from 1910 to 1915. It is likely, therefore, that the pro¬ duction will continue to increase for a number of years, especially if the orchards are properly cared for. Most of the orchards vary from 15 to 35 acres. The harvest season comes at a time which gives these countries a marketing period when the minimum of apples from the United States and Canada are being placed upon the market. Picking starts about the middle of February and continues until the middle of April. Australian ap¬ ples, therefore, are not limited to English and other Euro¬ pean markets, but may even be shipped to the United States. The three months of heavy receipts on foreign markets are April, May, and June. In the United States there should be an active market for a limited supply during the spring and summer months. This condition pertaining to the har¬ vesting and marketing season may cause iirge additional plantings and prove a great factor in the future develop¬ ment of the commercial apple industry in Australia, Tas¬ mania, and New Zealand. Of the other apple producing countries Austria-Hungary in 1913 produced approximately 18,000,000 bushels of which nearly one-third were exported to Germany. Argentina has over a million apple trees and is an importing nation. During the period 1909-1913 the average annual imports of apples were valued at $200,000. No pro¬ duction data is available. In Chile the apple crop in the year 1914 amounted to aoout 1,000,000 bushels, a large portion of which is oon- ■ ; ■ < . 1 * * ... - . * V , ■ -. - . t . i '• > , - ■ ■ ■■■--■■■ .... ... , . . ‘ 4 ■ * , . • - * - . ■ t 1. —38 verted into cider. Chile is an importing country of fresh fruits. According to production statistics for Spain, the ap¬ ple crop in 1910 was equivalent to 7,043,000 bushels, largely produced in the northern provinces. The crop is largely consumed within the country. Apple exports for the years 1909-1913 averaged only $33,000 in value being very low in the list of fresh fruits exported annually. Japan is the most important apple growing country in the far East. Most of the fruit is grown in the northern provinces. Eastern Asia is the important market for sur¬ plus fruit. Even though this country grows some of its apples on elaborate trellises, most of the orchards in the commercial sections are similar to those in the United States. The industry was started about 50 years ago when foundation stock was introduced from California. The vari¬ eties are largely American and European varieties. In 1914 the apple crop of Japan was 1,600,000 bushels. Special in¬ terest attaches to the fruit industry of Japan because of the popular belief among American fruit growers twenty years ago that the destructive San Jose scale insect was brought to the United States from this country. It has since been established that the insect likely was intro¬ duced with nursery stock from North China and not from Japan. Russia and other countries in Eastern Europe produce some apples which are oonsumed largely within the country, very small quantities entering the export trade* . . 1 * ■- < & - - * w V . * ... . . . . . . . *t . ...V , ■ % .. . ... ... . ... ■* - - -j .. : ► ♦. ‘ * ' V -39 Rank of Apple Crop in the United States Value of Total Apple Crop in 1918 - $> 339,990,000 " " " " " " 1919 - $ 375,463,000 Apples in ±919 ranked ninth in the list of farm crops, "being exceeded in total value only by wheat, oats, cotton, corn, potatoes, hay, tobacco, and barley# The total value of the apple crop was about three tines that of rioe, almost twice that of rye, and about equal to that of barley* Over a period of years the apple orop varies in rank from eighth to twelfth in value as com-* pared with other farm crops* The greatly fluctuating yield of apples from year to year due to climatic conditions ac¬ counts for the annual change in rank* With the growth of the commercial industry in the United States the apple is maintaining an important position among other agricultural products as illustrated by the export data found elsewhere in this study* The apple is the leading fruit both in tonnage and value of product and destined to maintain its important position among fruits* European and South American count¬ ries are rapidly expanding their demand for apples for table use and reflect a very significant trend toward in¬ creased consumption. In the United States, also, the de¬ mand xor apples in the cities is growing and should prove to be an important factor in maintaining the rank of the • * • ' f -.4 - ' ' , , . - . • — ■ : .. . ■ • * .. . i I *■« -i- •. ' • v ■„« V, k . ... , * V, . - . ■ v i , — V ...... r * of the commercial apple among other food products. With the greater efficiency and increased per capita production of the American farmer a larger proportion of our popula¬ tion is making the city or large town its home. The per¬ centage of rural population has been dropping rapidly from & decade to decade. According to the 1930 Census reports, less than 30 per cent of the population is now classed as rural. Having in mind these facts as well as the fact that our total population has greatly increased we can readily see that the market for agricultural products among the non-agricultural people must become larger each year. The apple should be included in this increased demand and should have little difficulty in maintaining its present rank among other farm products. In the five year period, 1914—1918, the estimated annual value of important farm crops in the United States was as follows* 1 . 2 . 3. 4. Corn Wheat Hay Cotton # • • 5. Oats 6. Potatoes 7. Tobacco Apples, . $ 3,634,804,000 . 1,188,737,000 . 1,133,376,000 . 1,097,039,000 . 773,753,000 . 373,339,000 . 308,436,000 . 184,774,000 8 . V k* 4 4 *• * k V fc 4 » t * f k * * * ► t * 4 * * * * *• 4 f ir r * 4 * * * * 4 / -31 Vi Table 3— Varieties of Apples grown in the United States Percentages of normal crop of all apples 1. Baldwin. 13 .4# 3. Ben Davis . , Two varieties. 3. Northern Spy . 13.3 # 36.7# 6.1 # 4 • Winesap. . 5.1# 5* R. I. Greening 4.7# 6. Jonathan . . 3.6# 7. Rome Beauty . 3.1# 8. Early Harvest. 3.8# 9. Grimes Golden. 3.3# 10* Wealthy, , 3.3# 11. York Imperial. 3.1# 13. Maiden Blush . 3.0# Next Ten Varieties 33.9# First Wwelve (13) Varieties 60.6# All Other Varieties 39.4# Other Varieties producing more than one per cent of the total crop in order of importance: Oldenberg, Red Astrachan, Fall Pippin, Red Limbertwig, Yellow Newtown, Red June, Gano, Yellow Transparent, Stayman ?/inesap. Golden Russet, 4 Tompkins King, Yellow Bellflower, -32 Fameuse (Snow), Gravenstein, Tolman Sweet • Table 6— Varieties of Apples Shipped from the Pacific Northwest"* in 1919-193$ Variety Carloads Percent 1. Wineeap ..... 35.0 3* Jonathan. .... . . 5,989 , , 18.0 3. Home Beauty. . . 4,335 . . 13.0 4. Spitzenberg. . . 2,994 . , 9.0 5. Yellow Newtown. . . 3,328 . . 7.0 6 * Delicious. 5.0 Miscellaneous . . . 7,653 , . 33.0 Total. . . 33,370 . . 100.0 1 Yearbook, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1820, p* 654. 3 Kitchen, C. W., Seifert, E. M. Jr., ana Hall, Mary B, Ine Distribution of the Northwestern Boxed Apples* U.S.Department of Agriculture, Bui. 935, p„4. 1921 . * t ■ i. t 1 „ ► Table 7— -33 Varieties of Apples Shipped by the Sebastopol Apple Growers 1 Union. Sebastopol, California during Season of 1931 Varied Mo. of Boxes 1. Alexanders . 7,401 3. Arkansas Blacks . 3,310 3, Aetrachans . 1,037 4 « Baldwins . 17,744 5. Bellefleurs . 8,158 6 . Ben Davis . 433 7. Bevans Favorites . 433 8 . Bietigheimers . 95 9. Cook Seedlings ., . 38 10 . Delaware Reas . 79 11. Delicious . 70 13. G RAVEN STEINS . 374,933 13. Grindstones . 113 14. Hoovers . 10,553 15. Jonathans *. 10.639 16. Kings . 10;354 17. Late Gravensteins .. 5,749 18. Maiden Blush . 17 g 19. Mammoth Black Twigs . 130 30. McIntosh Reds . 103 21. Newtown Pippins . 4,769 33, Nonesuch . 410 33. Northern Spy . 189 34. Qrtley Pippins . 33 35. Pearmains . 113 36. Red Cheek Pippins . 563 37. Rhode Island Greenings .. 8,973 38. Rome Beauties . 14,909 39. Rosy Reds . * 33 30*.Skinner Pippins . 339 31. Smith Cider . 1,093 33. SpitJtenburgs . 34,506 33. Sundry Varieties . 155 34. Taliman Sweets . 41 35 . Twenty Oz, Pippins .. . ,, 568 35. Virginia Greenings .. 450 37. Wageners . 17,583 38. Williams Favorites .. 695 39. Willow Twigs . 18 40. Winter Bananas . 353 iAnnual Report 434 , 761 '■ / Distribution of Varieties by Regions -34 Western New York The most important varieties in this region are Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Twenty Ounce, Duchess, and Wealthy. Hudson Valley Baldwin, Rhode Island Greening, Ben Davis, North¬ ern Spy, and McIntosh. New England Baldwin, Northern Spy, Rhode Island Greening, Me Intosh, Fameuse, and Wealthy. Virginia Albermarle Pippin (Yellow Newtown), Ben Davis, York Imperial, Winesap, Stayman, Delicious. Southern Pennsylvania York Imperial, Stayman, Grimes Golden, Duchess, Yellow Transparent, Wealthy, Early Harvest. Ohio Valiev Rome Beauty, Ben pavis. Grimes Golden, Stayman, Duchess, Yellow Transparent, and Wealthy. Michigan Northern Spy, Baldwin, R. I. Greening, Ben Davis, McIntosh, Duchess, and Wealthy. Illinois Wealthy, Duchess, Red June, Jonathan, Stayman, De¬ licious. Qzarks Ben Davis, Gano, Jonathan, Stayman, Grimes Golden, Yellow Transparent, Winesap. . * t . . . . ■ '■ \ . ■ - - ' - - ■ * * -• v> » -dO Missouri River Region Ben Davis, Gano, Jonathan, Winesap, Wealthy. Northwest, including Washington, Oregon, Idaho. Utah. Montana. Colorado Winesap, Jonathan, Rome Beauty, Spitzenberg, Yellow Newtown, Delicious, Stayman, Grimes Golden, Winter Banana and Ortley. California Yellow Newtown, Yellow Bellflower.., 1 J?olger,J.D•, Thomson,S.M. The Commercial Apple Industry of North America. The Macmillan Co. pp.393, 393. It is interesting to note that the two leading vari¬ eties of apples in the United States make up nearly 37 per cent of our normal apple crop and that the first twelve varieties constitute over 60 per cent of the total crop. With the growth of the commercial apple industry leading fruit growers are learning the wisdom and importance of fewer varieties, well selected as to adaptation to soils and climate, as to quality, and as to shipping and keep¬ ing qualities. With the abandonment and loss of many trees, especially in farm oroharas and in commercial re¬ gions where poorly adapted varieties were planted, there should come about a new alignment of varieties in order of relative importance. Anyone wishing to set out a com¬ mercial orchard in any of the well known apple regions today need not experiment in varieties. These have al¬ ready oeen determined through the many experiments during the last sixty years and through recent studies of market demand. The shipping and keeping qualities also have be¬ come well known to producers and merohants. The proppeot- * ■ s * » - s' - — ' ' : ; «* - - i , J i V .... -• ' - i .. - . „ '■/, ' ■ ■ - .. ... * ..... ■ ' • • V.-' • - -36 ive grower by applying to the poraologist at his state agricultural experiment station or to the United States Department of Agriculture has at his disposal a vast store of practical information for use in determining the varieties for his orchard* Among the commercial varieties Ben Davis, Northern Spy, Esopus, and Yellow Bellflower are rapidly declining in importance. They are gradually being replaced by other varieties having a better combination of desirable qualities* V. V i. ■- .. ... * *■ V - J . • * * — . • . -. - . Tabie-8 37 Varieties of Apples Packed and Shipped by the Western New York Fruit Growers’ Go-operative Packing Association,Inc. Season of 1931-1933 Variety In Bushel Containers In Barrels Total Quantity Shipped (Bu.r (B'cls.) Bk> /«s* Baldwin 1419 84,473 84,945 R. I. Greening 363 6,609 6,696 Roxbury Russet 13 5,905 5,909 Northern Spy 730 3,614 3,857 ' Ben Davis 110 3,562 3,599 Wealthy 8548 274 3,123 Tompkins King 198 3,406 2,472 Hubbardston 783 1,036 1,387 Telman 165 823 877 Twenty Ounce 1563 285 806 Spitzenburg 35 733 741 Maiden Blush 2059 0 686 Stark 2 556 557 McIntosh 642 185 399 Wagener 158 325 378 Gravenstein SIC 7 310 Gillflower 30 302 309 Golden Russet 4 379 380 Rome Beauty 201 161 928 Fall Pippin 537 46 325 Hendrick Sweet * 80 191 318 Cranberry Pippin 270 94 184 Alexander 539 7 183 Jonathan 293 85 183 See k-No-Further 45 154 169 } Table-8 Con*d -38 In Bushel Variety Containers Ubu.I In Barrels (Bbls.f Ship.;- Pippin 395 34 166 Bottle Greening 6 148 150 Snow 155 97 149 N. W. Greening 313 89 140 Holland Pippin 375 9 134 Boiken 38 116 139 Detroit Red 386 0 139 Ontario 39 115 135 Canada Red 33 113 134 Bellflower 35 110 133 Swaar 39 ill 131 Ribstcn Pippin 338 3 ill Sutton Beatuy 131 63 110 Rambo 39 94 107 Gano 39 76 . 86 Total 40 Varieties 31785 113360 130533 81 Miscellaneous Varieties Shipped—* A♦ Brandy Greasy Pippin Arkansas Black Grimes Golden Baker Sweet Haas Beauty of Kent Hog Island Sweet Belle Bond Hulbert Bittersweet Hyde King 39 Table-8 Con’d 81 Miscellaneous Varieties Shipped—Con’t Black Twig Jeffries Blenheim Jersey Sweet Blue Pearmain Jewett Red Bismarck King David Boston Russett Lackawaxen Canada Russett Laay Colvert Laay Sweet Cooper’s Market Longfellow Crab Mann Dutches 3 Mother English Streak Munsey Sweet Grand Duke Natural Fruit Fall Genetian Newton Pippin Fall Greening Nonpareil Flower of Genesee Oliver French Spitzenberg Paradise Sweet Gloria Mundi Parker Golden Sweet Peck’s Pleasant Pewankee Perfect Porter Fount Sweet Pumpkin Sweet Unknown Priestly Valentine Red Sweet Vandeveer Red Streak White Graft St, Lav/rence Winesap Salome Winter Banana i Tabl3-8 Cunt 1 cl 81 Miscellaneous Varieties Shipped—Cent 1 a. Scott 1 s Winter Winter Pippin Senator Strawberry Smoke House Winter Sweet Sour Sweet Wolf River Steel Red Yellow Transparent Stearns York Imperial Sweet Greening- York Pippin Sweet RuS 3 Stt Winter Strawberry Twenty Ounce Pippin £1 Miscellaneous Varieties* Bu.— 1,937 81 ,! 11 Bbls.- 949 Grand Total of all Varieties Shipped Number of Varieties 131 Quantity in Bushels 33,713 Quantity in Barrels 114,309 Total Quantity Shipped (Bbls.) 133,113 I VII -41 App5.e Exports Exports of apples, including green and ripe, and dried fruit, have shown a remarkable growth since 1896* During that year the total value of the apple exports was sf3,045,586. By the year 1900 the value of exports had in¬ creased to nearly four million dollars, by 1905 to over six million, 1910 over seven million, and by 1915 to nearly 1C.4 million dollars. Most of the increase in value of ex¬ ports was due to the increased exports of ripe fruit which in 1896 were valued at $1,880,013 and in 1915 at $7,686,094, The value of dried fruit exported increased nearly one mil¬ lion dollars from 1896 to 1901. Beginning with 1903 the value varied annually from $2,000,000 to $3,500,000, Only once previous to 1915 did the value of dried fruit exported exceed three million dollars. This was in the year 1911 when they amounted to $3,851,295 or more than 40 per cent of the entire apple exports from the United States for that year. The advent of the World War marked a very sharp decline in our apple export trade. Considered more as a luxury dur¬ ing the war period they suffered greatly and by 1918 were valued at only $3,500,000. This was a drop of nearly seven % million dollars from the previous high mark reached in 1915, This condition was changed with the signing of the armistice. Early in 1919 Europe as well as the United r- i i V * Hi / - u V . L V. * X ... - •- X - ,* ' i U , cn ty ■y Mi £ r> -r-" Cf O' a r? o €> a& s? p c> p £P ; V7 States entered upon a period of unprecedented prosperity and at once began to demand, among other things, the Ameri¬ can apple to which she had become accustomed prior to the war period* The year 1918 showed the most remarkable values in the history of the United States export trade in apples* These exports consisted of 1,713,367 barrels of apples valued at $14,471,383, and 24,704,359 pounds of dried ap¬ ples valued at $4,109,282, or an aggregate value of $18,581, 110. This is an increase of 45 per cent in the total value, but a decrease of 11 per cent in the quantity of ripe apples and 36 per cent in the quantity of dried apples exported, as compared with the pre-war year 1913, when the aggregate val¬ ue of exports was $10,136,603. The accompanying tables show the fluctuations in ex¬ ports from year to year as well as the val\ies per unit. A careful study of these impresses one with the fact that the changing production due to seasonal conditions, frost in¬ jury, etc., has a direct bearing upon the price as well as the volume of exports from year to year. While the average annual crop from 1910-1930 has exceeded that of 1900-1910, yet the increase is very much less than the difference in value would indicate, nothwithstanding the fact that many new orchards in the Northwestern States have come into pro¬ fitable bearing during the last decade. From the record high value of apple exports of $18,581,110 in 1919 there was a drop to $15,597,730 in 1920, and a somewhat smaller drop to $16,188,708 for 1921. The greater aecline was intbhe dried apple exports which fell ) X . . v •- -• - ; ' k • ■ v.. v ... : . u V i v V ,* . v — V- *•.' V. ' * ' c ‘a , .... - ' r -, 4 i'-.. ... -V -43 from slightly over four million dollars in 191S to one and one-half million in 1920. During the past year, 1931, these recovered to $2,206,843 in value as compared with the five year average 1910-1914 of $2,763,415. The effect of the war was to reduce our apple exports, in some cases, notably Germany and Belgium, entirely elimina¬ ting the markets. Parallel with this falling-off in 1915 came great increases in exports for several years to such countries as Denmark, Norway and Sweden, lasting until the effective blockade of the North Sea in the latter part of 1917 and 1918 practically eliminated these markets. One of the accompanying tables shows the rapidly increasing exports by months for the year 1919 illustrating the rapidity with which the volume and value of exports recovered after the close of the war. In this case the high export month which normally would have occurred in November or December 1918, was advanced to February 1919 when the total exports of ripe apples for the month reached 493,996 barrels, valued at $3,792,361. For the month of March the exports were 286,979 barrels wotth $2,619,903, making a total in exports of ripe apples for the two months of February and March 1919, of 780,975 barrels valued at $6,413,363. With the exception of 1913, 1913, 1915 and 1916, the exports of ripe apples for these two months in the first year following the war exceeded in value the annual exports of any year pre¬ vious in the history of our export trade. It is estimated that the combined fruit crops of the United States exceed in variety, quantity, and value, those of any other nation. This country is one of the greatest .. . ... 4 - \ V. . U < ■ : • ' * V. «. K. T V - -- •- * V * ' \> : - .1 . « V V . .. . • w ■ V' s. w • > s. £2 *>”» +■ Thoi}&47)4 , 1 ?sr* -44 fruit-consuming as well as fruit-producing nations in the world, yet, in addition to the domestic consumption $133, 678,783 worth of all kinds of fruit w*ere exported during the year 1919, 15 per cent of which consisted of dried and fresh apples. This percentage does not include the value of canned and preserved apple products. During this depression period it is to be expected that the value of apple exports will continue to decline while the quantity of ripe apples should compare favorably with the exports for the past decade, excepting the two low years of 1917 and 1918. When compared with the five pre-war years, 1910-1914, they should be represented by an index number of approximately 100 in quantity, and at least 120 in price per unit. t ... ,-v ■.. i . v t ■ L r, , T • S t .. - . ... j ' iqio fl/s- l?2oifM Exports of Apples by Months 13 iq-^Year of Highest Prices 45 Table 9— _ © rt s § ► © o -4 o P4 •H u Pi •d © a & © o •H (4 H P« © & <3 « PQ M © M ► © <4 A © P« •H Pi 1-4 o C © © A r-i • H a CM • VO • vO • CO • CO • in in in VO ctv vO r-l O CO O H r-i r-i r-i r-l r-l r-l M CM r-l CM o vO • 0 so > H <4 r-l m f- or\ m *-1 t*- §5 -O z± KV H ta¬ co 3 OV m K\ r— O in S' cr\ r-i CM O in r- in cn r-i ^r r— in co s co sO r-i ~ t CO 00 sO in CM m 6% «k. «* «* 0 k «• CM • vO • CO * CO 9 a> CO -m- CO H CM r^ r— m •3 O O S' vO O iH -rt¬ m sO CO m (TV CM f'— r— r-l CO r— 0 k ** ** A r» a 0 k m r-- CM av in O r-l O CM co CM av r-l in s O 1 ^- «o m in r— vo r-l r-l r-l CM S' S' CO r— CO m o crs - m ^ f— km m CM m- & r— sD o o> r-i cr» «h m CM I qv in S' in r-l R vo vD f— CM « :* in m CM m r-i r-i r-i CM 0 0 -P m • P« ► f a O O a VO 8 •l CM J^h 0 O a ce- CM CO CM r-i r— - 3 - ^ 4 “ H VO m CM *3 +» o Bi Total Valias (Ripe and Dried Apples) of Exports — $ 18 , 581,110 •Too 300 J200 Th o u s. $ b I s. -46 Export Varieties Up to the present time the favorite export varieties have been Yellow Newtown, York Imperial and Baldwin. In England a preference is shown for the yellow varieties, dating back to the quality of the famous Albemarle Pippins (Yellow Newtown), shipped from the State of Virginia. In the Scandinavian countries the red varieties command the best prioe, including Baldwins, Kings, and Ben Davis, all marketed in barrels. Few green or cooking apples are de¬ manded in these northern countries. The box—packed apples in greatest demand are Jonathans, Spitzenberg, Winesape, and Arkansas Blacks. The western box pack is preferred. This preference for box-packed apples may oe -o-tuributed to the fact that they can be shipped more safely and are mere likely to arrive in a satisfactory con¬ dition, Boxed apples also are better adapted to handling for inland transportation. The following varieties have proved very well adapted to the export trade: Barreled Boxed Baldwin Yellow Newtown Yellow Newtown Winesap Jonathan York Imperial Ben Davis Rhode Island Greening Gano Spitzenberg x - . .. V i - . i . i. . V * * £ - V -A. - • • - VIII -47 Important Foreign Markets The important foreign markets for apples are locates in Northern Europe, Canada, Mexico, and south America, Dur ing the shipping season of 1930-31 the principal ports of destination in Europe were Liverpool, Lonuon, Glasgow, Man Chester, and Scandinavian ports. Eefore the war Hamburg and Bremen, Germany, were important markets, but to date have barely started to recover. The past five years have shown a great increase in demand for American apples in Mexico, Brasil, Argentina, and Cuba. To some degree Aus¬ tralia, New Zealand, China and the Philippine Islands have demonstrated their ability to absorb some of our surplus apples. It is hoped that these markets can be extended as better facilities and channels for marketing the fruit in these newer countries have been developed. Since the har¬ vest season in Australia, Tasmania, and New Zealand comes about six months later than that in the United States con¬ siderable quantities of fresh fruit are imported by these countries in off seasons. This market can be further de¬ veloped and be made to serve as an additional outlet for apples from the Western States and Canada. During the past the United Kingdom has been our best customer taking one million ana more barrels annually. The largest exports to this country were made in the fiscal year 1915-1916 totaling 1,747,393 barrels. The year 1904 was second with 1,553,341 barrels, and the calendar year 1931 third with a total of nearly one and one half million .. . X l - v * - ■ V c <■ . .. i » * -- 4 . V. . V - V - ■. - - .' -J t i i * - X . -v . . »» *•.. '■ - ». - V. .- V: . '»• c : -» . 4 .. V- . * ... .. •- ■ . « ■v ■ * ... «* • •„ J - f • +.. + J ... - . N- - - - * • ... • • V * - ^ J ♦ v > V • r V '-.j .. X • . J'X. u «— t ■» H# r . - - O . \ r r " * V : : •• r . ■ -48 barrels. Canada furnishes our next best market frequently- taking more than 300,000 barrels annually. Our greatest volume of exports to Canada were made in the fiscal year 1913-1914, totaling 377,000 barrels of apples. Since the disappearance of the German market for ap¬ ples Norway has become the,third most important market for American apples. During the past three years the average annual exports to Norway totaled nearly 100,000 barrels* At the present time South America gives the greatest promise of becoming an important market for apples, a mar¬ ket as yet largely undeveloped. Reduced costs in getting cur apples to these distant markets toil! be the greatest factor in bringing about a demand for this fruit. At pre¬ sent the high costs, by the time a package of high grade apples reaches these foreign markets, puts the price cut of reach of many who otherwise would consume them. A special effort is being made by exporters of fruit to ship by the consignment method ana thereby aecrease the costs and profit per package, giving the consumer the benefit of a lower price. Since a larg’e number of vessels with re¬ frigeration facilities are sent to Argentina for cargoes of fresh meat it is planned to utilize the cold chambers for the shipping of apples southward. This opportunity to profitably utilize what otherwise would be lost space is expected to justify lower ocean freight rates resulting in a price to the consumer which will encourage increased consumption of apples. In order to assure the safe transportation of apples to South America it is necessary that the fruit be care- 49 fully selected, graded, ana packed. Only fruit classed as "Fancy" or "Extra Fancy" should he used. For this mar¬ ket the box package is preferred for the reason that fruit arrives in much better condition than when packed in bar¬ rels . Another potential demand for American apples exists in the far east, notably in China. With one-fourth the popula¬ tion of the world this country whose people are great lovers ana consumers of fruit should present one of the most prob¬ able fields for the extension of cur export trade. These facts combined with the increased wage-earning capacity of the Chinese laborer and improved transportation facilities, will enable a large proportion of the people to enjoy what in the past have been considered as luxuries beyond their reach. The high quality of the American apple as compared with its principal competitors of low quality from Japan and Chosen, will prove of special advantage in the develop¬ ment of this market with almost unlimited possibilities. - " . . V.. S V- • ■ * . V ....... - ■ - - : - - .. v. .. ; ,: ... - , l - . ... , • v . —- J - •• ,v ... - > - I ■■ s V ■ i- 1 . * ■ / -50 Table-10 Barrels of Apples Exported to Important Countries during 181S, 1930, and 1921 United Kingdom 1931 barrels 1,498,839 1930 barrels 1,250,033 1919 barrels 1,209,855 Canada 166,410 374,358 158,859 Norway 80,333 67,434 147,586 Sweden 13,465 14,432 34,950 Denmark 38,638 12,983 33,281 Mexico 43,017 37,935 23,565 Cuba 33,569 33,363 36,548 Argentina S,839 33,688 15,159 Brazil 13,760 34,656 16,880 Panama 7,043 7,701 Australia 3 3,766 Netherlands 4,101 3,093 Germany 1,569 50 Philippines 10,634 11,036 15,683 All Other Countries 36,116 35,305 30,oca Total 1936,324 1,797,711 1,713,367 Per Cent Exported to the United Kingdom 77,4 69.5 70.7 V - V ■ . I f r ’ v - - - • * t , J '• ^ i .. • . J v .l) v.- •'«* V -51 In 1919 the United States exported 1,209,855 barrels of apples to the United Kingdom alone, and 158,859 barrels to Canada* A large portion of the latter is exported to Europe and not consumed in Canada. In this year our exports to Norway were 147,586 barrels. No other country received 100,000 barrels or mere of our apples during 1919. In studying the accompanying tables it is interesting to note the growing importance of the Northern European countries especially Norway and Sweden, as well as Mexico, ana the two South American countries, Argentina and Brazil, in our export trade. For example, the exports to Norway have had a consistent growth from a value of $9,000 in 1910 to $1,697,000 in the year 1919. The value of the latter, however, was greatly increased by the effective war blockade of the preceding year, 1918, when no apples were exported to Norway. The value of our exports , continuing to this country in 1930 was $778,000, Norway as our third most important market* Prior to the World War, Germany was the second largest market for our apples. For the present, however, this mar¬ ket has disappeared. As soon as the rate of exchange and general economic conditions reach a more stable level, Ger¬ many should again become an important market for American apples. Were it possible to place our apples on foreign markets at a price comparable with that paid by our consum¬ ers at home there would result a greatly increased demand for this fruit. After shipping them 3,000 to 5,000 miles the transportation and added merchandising charges have ad- ded mush to the price ana frequently have put the fruit in £*\IER Omtft f MS P/rr&BURGH (pAtQkgypisTfil&iITl dV ) '/Ye a a-) WtiUPELP/HA LWB/V 'K.PAK.) STLouts SPOKANE Boston II wX,. C- 'J 0 £ Q 0 0/ r % % a o ' o 4 v. V o o K x b'tb* ; . .' ' - ‘ .v«> \ v>"- ' 1 ‘ v ’■ . V!> ■■• - swy.:- -.r- /• ■ ...... - - ;.v- • / ’ .•-• •'/ '••• ' .-rAW •'•'* y: V :x 7 - •• . : \ ♦», \K St ;\ V V- A A U-\ * f \ *. - i - - ■ .. - ; ■' - . .r . - ?L . ■ ■ J '-'= j B B . \ • - - - : ..w •• - •; • ' \ ' V'-.' ?S ■ -W i) t b' ~'V '" -./b~ : -,b '5% ■ j ■ . | . . 3T \m i VvMK,\2 0bfvb£;\ T' . . V- - ; '■ 'V^' ! ‘ ' T. >.'• /"V *’;>i bbbb t •. 'V'.W - ■ • ... . • r wHIHi9HR ri / ■ '■ * I-;./-' t , - •; , V . • ' • - .* ■• \ r»A \ b, '*• ' ■:-* ' S rV; ' , - v _ -- • ' «,i : •• * . H \ *£ . . *r-\: V'-. ^ S ;4 ■:• | ■ j ; :-i 'A? •&. .' -■ W'U-V^ . i ■ - ■ - •' i V •• .O U * -.b . - - 5 ^ -•V.Jfc 56 X Prices Paid Producers of Apples The accompanying chart shows the seasonal variation in prices paid producers in the United States for the ten years, 1913-1921. The greatest variation occurred in 1930 when the price reached $3.97 per bushel in July and drop¬ ped to $1.15 in December, a total drop of $1.82. The year 1914 also showed a wide variation in price, $1.43 in July and $0.57 ih November. During the entire period there was but one year, 1931, which showed a rise in price from July to November. This unusual change followed the high crop year of 1920, and was a reaction of the tremendous drop which preceded it and of the 3hort crop accompanying it, the latter bring¬ ing the lowest on record for 31 years. In the other nine years the lowest price paid pro¬ ducers prevailed during the height of the harvest season, the drop usually starting in July when the crop prospects for the year are well known by buyers and producers. . \ , . ■ V - V 4 • .. PXiji o <5» Vd O J9/$ tf/3 D r S>r tf/ar P* )r /f/y &T / V r ''x k - — — * _ — — . V/ Y "i r 17 24 1 8 15 22 29 5 12 19 26 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 21 28 4 11 IS 25 4 11 IS SEPT. OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH 19 17 - 19 1S 21394°—21. (To face page 10.) Exhibit No. 1.—F. o. b. prices of Northwestern boxed apples. r o i.t 01. t ■ . ll a s is ^ si 2 ■ Of!AM YHJHISHH YAAUV5AL .0 s c ( - e ; e I PER BOX ROHES 19 17 - 19 1S SPITZENBERGS r Xr h J k 7 K r ✓ y \ T r L 7 J 1 0 s 3 T 5 2 B E 2 29 ! R H ■ 12 1 0 V E M 9 26 ; B E R » 1 3 E C 0 17 24 E M B E fi 19 18 - 19 19 21394°—21. (To face page 11.) I Exhibit No. 1 (Continued).—F. 0 . b. prices of Northwestern boxed apples. I Chart XI Daily Price Ran 1916—1930 -57 Relation of Quantity of Apples Marketed to Prices In research studies made on large markets such as New York City and Boston covering 30 to 30 years it has been found that there is a definite correlation between the quantity of apples received and the price per barrel. During the months and years when receipts were highest the price per barrel dropped below the average for the previous year of low receipts and vice versa. The ac— companying charts of these two markets show this very clearly. On the New York market the average price for the second ten year period, 1903-1913, was §3.87, and for the first period, 1893-1903, §3.63 per barrel. The latter period occurred when there was a rising price level. For each year the change in price reflected the change in annual receipts of apples. The same applied to the Boston market for which 30 years' statistics were obtained. On this market the price for the first 10-year period, 1885-1895, was §3,43 per barrel, for the second, 1895-1905, it was $2.33, and for the third, 1905-1915, $3.67 per barrel. Receipts reached their maximum in the year 1903-03 and were great¬ est during the second period, 1895-1905, when the average price was lowest. The third period coming when the price level was rising showed greater receipts and a higher av¬ erage price than during the first period. The accompanying chart shows a definite correlation between the quantity received and the average yearly price per barrel. l Chart XII i Vy •?*asrr OQ'Qt Purchasing Power of Apples During the entire period from 1910 to 1930 there were only two years when the purchasing power of apples exceeded the average for 31 farm products. These years were 1911 and 1914 with apples ten points above in the former and only one point above in the latter. For the other nine years apples had a purchasing power of one to twenty-eight points below that of farm products in general. The lowest purchasing power was reached during the two war years 1918 ana 1917, during both of which, the total crop, as well as the commercial apple crop, was relatively low. The index number on the other hand constantly in¬ creased during the latter half of this decade reaching the high point of 213 in 1930. The accompanying chart shows graphically hew unreliable is the index number of prices received for any commodity when used independently of purchasing power as a basis for comparison,. To be of real significance the price must be interpreted in units of ether commodities that can be purchased by a bushel, a barrel, or ton of the product in question. There was a decrease in purchasing power of farm products from 1910 to 1930, ana an even greater decrease in the purchasing power of apples when measured by com¬ modities which the farmer purchased. A comparison with . '• V - <. „ , • .. ... ■ ■ i •’ *c>,( V vv - . - ... * . J. . - -V • -. t .. - v:■ - . •— - ■ • _ s, ‘ / X .. - . . » - , • * - » V.t . • * .r K • - * . W * - - * • - s. - • » «u ♦ - - , ■ * V ... VV S -i. v— ■ 1 .* - ..VS t 1 < j - ■■ - - .. - * ' . . • - « N • -59 oranges shows that during six of the eleven years the purchasing power of apples ranked highest. These years were 1910, 1911, 1914, 1917, 1919 and 1930. Orgnges had a higher purchasing power in 1913, 1913, 1915, 1916 and 1918. For one year only, 1913, did they have a higher purchasing power than the 31 farm products. The range for oranges also is much wider, varying from 43 in 1930 to 133 in 1913, a total range of 81 points as compared with 35 for apples. . . ■ - . . ■ '». V.J . . <■ - • - * i ... . * : - - ' . i ■ . . ./ v. -so Table-12 Average Yearly Price Paid Producers for a Bushel ( of Apples, Index Number, and Purchasing Power. . Price per Bushel Index No. Purchasing Power of Apples Purchasing Power of Oranges Purchasing Power of 31 Farm Pro 1930 - 1 3.08 *313 85 43 86 1919 1.85 197 90 60 97 1918 1.41 150 74 83 103 1917 1.36 133 74 60 100 1916 .91 96 76 80 94 1915 .73 78 76 83 98 1914 1.00 101 100 87 99 1915 .85 91 89 133 97 1912 .88 91 SO 97 98 1911 1.03 106 109 97 S3 1910 .98 103 103 93 105 *Base, 5 ye&r average August, 1909 to July, 1914. 1 Warren, States. G. U F. Prices • SDepart me Ox Farm Products in the United at of Agri. Bui.989. ig 31> 4 ■ ^ . . » * ' ’i A -• Jm - 1 • ...» s_ Chart XIV ' I/KPEX HlitidEK AtiDPu^HAsmn Power? gfc:; r i[;-:4a OF APPLES Wo-lfeo fOflfPAnEp wnH pupouAtiNc Power? op 3! Farh Products. / m / _ RP qeAphjes ^ip[j|||i^^(^^ il: g_ PR OF 31 from fftOPPCTS. j / _ TNDElNe. For? PRiOes (sfARPLES / _ P, R OF ORANGrES f g: base try ft A VERA&E, Am. !p • - •* / f- t ; *- V " • - . . V J J . . t -S3 continued to 16.6 cents in 1919, and 17.1 cents in 1930, a rise of 330 to 350 per cent of the 1913 pre-war price. In 1931 the lowering price level and the still somewhat limited export market brought the average price of dried apples down to 11.1 cents per pound, approximately 157 per cent of the pre-war price, which when compared with the com¬ modify price index for 1931 enabled the producer to purchase about the same quantity of other goods with a pound of dried apples as in 1913. The price was higher but the purchasing power about the same . “•63 Table-13 Average Prices Received for Apples Exported from the United States^ Green and Ripe Dried Apples Pr ice per Barrel Price per Pound 1913 • • • • 9 S 3.80 • $ 0.07 1914 t • ♦ • • 3.70 9 .078 1915 « • t • • 3.53 9 .078 1916 • * • • • 4.31 9 .076 1917 t • • • 9 4,69 9 9 .088 1918 • • • • • 5 .40 9 .141 1919 t • ♦ • • 8.45 9 .166 192C • t • t 9 7.84 9 .171 1931 « • 9 9 7.32 • .111 Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce. \ -34 Table-14 Monthly Fluctuations in Prices Received for Apples Exported in 1919n Green and Ripe Dried Apples Price per Bushel Price per Pound January $ 7.17 $ 0.15 February 7.38 .15 i March 9.13 .151 April 10.60 .141 May 13.36 • M CD June l 11.30 .19 July 7.35 .192 August 7.55 .166 Sept ember 6.90 .316 October 8.37 .300 November 8.15 .188 December 9.40 .308 Average for 1819 - $ 8.45 $0,166 Eureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce. . * I i v -85 XI Marksting Costs Of ail costs entering into the marketing of a box or barrel ofapples, that of the retailer is the highest. Usu¬ ally this item exceeds all the other distribution costs combined. The number of channels through which the product passes varies greatly. Ordinarily the grower sells to the local dealer or to the fruit growers association who in turn ships to a wholesaler in the large city markets or to a broker. The wholesaler 3eils to the jobber or to the re¬ tailer, or in some cases direct to a large consumer. It is possible,wherefore, that a carrel of apples passes through from three to six of the marketing channels before it reaches t-is ultimate consumer. Each of these agencies renders a service and makes a charge for same. While the intrinsic value of the apple has not been increased since the fruit left the orchard, yet the value of time and place service has been added to the commodity and greatly enhanced its price. In other words, the apple grown in the State of Washington is a different apple by the time it reaches New York and commands an entirely different price. In fact, ■vile grower, were he suddenly to exchange places with the wity purchaser at a truit stand, would not be able to re¬ cognize his product by the price, so great has been the change. Investigations show that a reduction in price by re¬ tailers would materially increase the consumption of ap- *les ana eventually result in equally good profits for • ^ V - V*. '\ . 7 ■ V '- I ' - » s, .V ■„ **« ■>» A ■ V ** ' 1 • • t , L A XV GROWf AssocfArto, Public PRlYAT ^fSPOKE, HEfKHlitf- Exchaw Aucriori travel mo. CARLQT C0/Vt,A» VM0LE6AL (fETAlLEP -88 the retailer. These reduced prices and better business practice should prove beneficial to grower, dealer, and consumer. In general, the gross profits of fruit stand, vendors range from 100 to 350 per cent. Grocers cater¬ ing to a high grade trade ana maintaining a credit and delivery service also receive large gross profits, due partly to the fact that they are selling these services as well as the fruit itself. These handling the cheaper grades of apples usually operate on a margin of 75 to 100 per cent of the purchase price. These include largely cash dealers such as cash grocers, peddlers and push cart men, i the latter creating quite a demand by delivering the fruit at the home of the consumer. In the large cities a large quantity of fruit is handled in this way* The chain stores in some cases also move a large quantity at low prices. These prices usually are far be¬ low ordinary retail prices and frequently return a gross profit of not exceeding 35 per cent. These sales, of course, do not include any telephone, credit and delivery service. The accompanying table shews the various costs entering into the marketing of apples by one of the 5 and 10 cent stores which in the fall of the year conducted special sales at very low margins. ; V ' r 1 v . ■ ' * ■ - - - s. •*. ' - .j \ v - » » Table-I5i ■87 I o u 0 m ® u o 43 CD 4 » 0 © o O 91 © ■H Ph 4- O CO rk © Ik 53 pp r~% SO . H bO |3 •H 4> 5 O 4> CO O O in o © 43 43 ft •tO- © © u © 43 4> 13 o « s in q S' S bD a 1 41 <« bO fl •H § Pk S3 •H •d © b o 4k *d © > © O © fk Ik O A p< © ik a 4h O © o o in 0 m 8 m 0 rk -=f TO © m in 0 in s CVJ o O rk in 45 m hi rk S' CM m o 3 © CM -ro to o CM '-O in 05 CM to- .3' CM no © £ m -to © & 51 43 O bD 0 rk © m 13 o i © © U O 43 © 9 bD 0 *rk 43 4» © 0 & k 43 © 13 s d •H 9 O •ri CQ rk d O u o O 4^ © 43 m O « © •<< © Ik © o u ci» o 4* S3 *rl bO 43 W) •rk © Ik Pk +> © 4 +» Ik © H cj © © rk O © rk O o JP 43 © 43 53 O o 4> © © 4k O u Pc ?4 © rk C$ © o © Ik O 43 w O 43 43 © o o rk •d s in o 43 4k o Jk CU u © © g o s 4> d Pk © o •H Ik Pk ^Moornaw, C.W., and Stewart, M.M. Apple Market Investiga¬ tions. U, S. Dept, of Agri. Bui, 3C3, p,8. 1915, -68 In the preceding table it is shown that the freight charges amounted to 11 per cent of the consumers price. This charge must be added to most of the fruit sold on city markets and represents the cost of place service in our marketing system. The following table shows the different freight rates in effect between the most important producing centers and nine of the principal terminal markets in the united States. These rates prevail for 100 pounds, or approximately 3 bushel3, or 3/3 of a barrel of ap¬ ples. (See Appendix). Important as it may seem to the sonsumer the freight rate represents but a small percentage of the price paid by him. More important than this is the margin taken by the dealer. Any improvement aiming toward the cheapening of our system of distribution should first be directed toward this weaker link in our marketing channels. / . . .. . . * . ► Shrinkage Market investigations show that the shrinkage, includ¬ ing decay and deterioration, of perishable products handled on our large markets averages 30 to 40 per cent of the middleman's margin’of profit. It is evident that some one must bear this loss, consequently it is added to the con¬ sumer's price. It is logical, therefore, that any reduc¬ tion in this loss through shrinkage will lessen the neces¬ sary margin of the dealer and make possible, either a lower price to the consumer or a larger return to the producer, or both. Among the causes of this unusually heavy shrinkage are the glutting of our markets with perishable products through poor distribution, improper care of the product before and after it reaches the market, frequent handling, rough treat¬ ment after it reaches the retailer, and lack of proper storage and refrigeration facilities. With apples there is also a very heavy shrinkage on the farm. Frequently the farmer will allow his fruit to rot or become over-ripe be¬ cause he cannot find a satisfactory market for it, or be¬ cause he is too busy seeding or harvesting another crop considered of greater importance. The trouble quite often may be traced to a lack of proper market information or marketing facilities. That the losses through shrinkage could de reduced there is little uoubt • There "is evidence that progress is being made in this direction through con¬ certed efforts on the part of producers organizations and distributors, especially through a more efficient use of by¬ products made possible by a large volume of business. . ' »' • -i . H - ■ - \ • , N . ■ \ . t ■ ■ - . V - - . - - - ^ ... . - ♦ .... - r. • if '• •4 - . y J - 1 > — * * v- J. .> V. * Advertising It is only within recent years that organized ana consistent advertising of apples has been practiced by growers and dealers. The immediate stimulus to an ad¬ vertising campaign was supplied by the citrus fruit growers who for the past ten years have been engaged in constant advertising of orgnges and other fruits. The apple growers realized that in order to cope with their nearest competitor they must employ similar tactics to create and maintain a demand for theij* fruit. In October 1919, a well planned advertising campaign was evolved by the growers of Northwestern box apples in cooperation with wholesalers, jobbers, and dealers in the box apple trade. The advance advertising was carried in the New York Packer and other marketing and fruit jaurn~ als calling upon the dealers to aid in "The Big Box Apple Advertising Drive.” This was followed by the appearance of carefully prepared and uniform advertisements in ap¬ proximately 500 city newspapers. Feature lines were as follows: "Washington, Oregon and Idaho Jonathans." Fresher, cheaper, "Delight in Every Bite." "Order a Box of Jonathans from Your Grocer Today," "Butchers' Bills ana Pastry Shop Bills Drop in Families that Bat Apoles•" "An Apple a Day Keeps the Doctor Away." "Food Value of One Apple Equal to one Lamb 71 Chop, Two Slices of Bread, or One Egg. etc., etc." Stress was placed upon the effect upon the vigor and health of children, upon the quality of the fruit, and the economy of the fruit eating habit. In addition to Jona¬ thans such varieties as Rome Beauty, Winesaps, and Spit- zenbergs were featured in the daily paper advertising. The campaign started October 15th and was continued for a month. Statements from wholesalers and jobbers in¬ dicated that they were well pleased with the results. Many inquiries were received from consumers who wished to purchase fruit by the box and sales of box apples were greatly stimulated. "The "Skookum Brand" is a good illustration of the policy of national advertising participated in by both grower and distributor. It demonstrates, further, the value of a trade-mark and the importance of standardiza¬ tion of product and package. Many growers organizations today are marketing their fruit through large distribu¬ ters such as the American Fruit Growers, Inc., and the North American Fruit Exchange, and are cooperating in financing consistent advertising of their particular brand. 1 APPENDIX Total Prodisction of Apples 73 Table-16 I VO VO cu *» R 60 VO 63 r— i— «% VO rt r-i ■*% 1 «* O -VO «% 60 ri IT* <•% o r-— O «% VO r-i O'* rH r~! H H H -r? VD in 60 in K* m o ru m *1 ! m i*— c-* •% o r-| m © 4^ oi +-» a UO £ *H T) eft e> co •cJ «> +> 4J r »l S o o o o i f tfi «> w ! 2 I P3 60 r-4 o> O'* rH o'* H 8 CTV CU t. * r-i © 4 -* eft 4 -> CO CO r— 60 «% i? CO H *“t o O'* 60 o vo H { — CM IT* VD in o O'* cu VO 60 CU o in O'* in rj 1 VO VO O in 60 o «% R in *% o <•% m cu * m o H O'* VO r— K* m o o e'¬ o O m m in VO cu en O'* r-i CU o in 8 in r-S «* 4% «* #* «k in m in VO VO K> in r~l CU r-i r-l «~i IT* r— VO CM 60 O «* If* 60 CM 60 f'- O H r— K\ O R VO VO eft •a $ o 4-* a i .H i=* 61 *H pi g 60 eft •»«! e o a •H O -HI 3r •r-f .cJ <0 *H cO nr| *H o •V r— O'* a\ .zfr VO vo 60 63 •» CU O'* r-— in ir* m m 8 8 K* O O CU z* cj a *rl 4s0 h *HI > 4 -» OS in «% tn o o in ** CM O o O'* «* m O'* ir* eg a .,-4 c~i O o 4-> u o 1 Yearbook, U.S,Department of Agriculture 1930 , VO o rf <* I— CU K* i"- ru R K% tn r— rif S'— 60 rl P ■3 4* Eh p. 6bl, I I I i ) l . Commercial Crop in Important Apple States 74 Table-17. T> 6 i +» 4-"> fi o o o I © r~l <0 u u Pj H CVJ CX> «5 ** 3 in «* £ rH =3“ H zt •» 1-— r-4 «* in CVS Cl) Ok § o Ok s rH ok - in 1— VO r-4 O to r — r- i-— VO a rH - in rf CVJ s IT' 14- lO CVJ rl rH r-i rH rl r— rH e> 8 VD « e*> in O «% f— to VO •% in •Hi in 3- rH «* rt in TO H* in in «% to TO VO to C\1 rl m r5_ KV o in rl a K* r— to f O in vo -e- Cll rH ifH rH rH to •"•4 3 VD cn CVJ o tn G\ •% VO VO t— O* in cn .=f «*► CU rH •* VO r-i rl «k r— tn 63 CVS oa o 0» in 10 #H t— VO CVJ o o> r~— CVJ in CVJ H rl rH rt CVJ m tn m in *H rH «H rH r-l O'* 1 rH in W O'V r* rH r-~. o o cn j to crv ITv rH r-l Ok Ok. I VO cut rl rl KV tv? VO Ok m in r-'- CU GO VO K\ VO Ok CV3 G0> O *0 u . in =r t— VO f— VO KN O r— to to fM in VO CVJ tn fH rH m Ok rl CVJ to o <** r< o o o <* CVJ *hs I s — ■=J- VO .rj rH *% >» I r< KV KV o i-4 VO o cu o crv LT\ VO *H vo m C! to r— 1— CV! rH O O V3 to o CVJ in O KV 8 to r— o rl CM rl r^- m r-l *k rl *H C 1 — KV O CVS 0\ VO tn CVJ K\ O o KN o VO m cvs d CVJ CVJ Ok rl VO ri s? H» CO a o -*-» ivO 54 a 01 ,d 12? {3 crt £ 6fl ■H >- S hO O H O o d *H § •"i 02 «> Pi O •r-4 O 54 •H H H M d hO 5* •rl t> +> tn 54 o So 9) q o O 3 d 5* o H O o d Tj 1 Yearbook, U.S.Department of Agriculture, 1930, p ,653 00 d OS ) I: i -75 Table-18 Commercial Production of Apples Marketed in Boxes and Barrels (000 omitted) Year Unit ed States 33 barrel States *9 box St at es $ 4 Northwest Box Stabes bbls. bbls. bbls* bbls. 1930 34,381 36,593 7,688 -- , ' - - 6,568 1919 36,174 14,353 11,831 9,131 1918 34,743 17,640 7,103 5,154 1917 33,467 13,914 8,563 6,313 1918 35,059 19,103 5,957 4,301 Fruit in box states quoted in barrels* 1 ine distribution of the Northwestern Boxed Apples* U. S. Dept♦ of Agri. Bui. 935, p. 3. 1931. •fc * : ' : - ' * ■ . l - ■ , •/ -' . • • - , i ' ■ • ■ • * - • * ■ V < United States Apple Exports 36 Years,1896-1931 Year Barrels 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1903 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1913 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1930 1931 1,137,714 881,379 453,739 499,638 741,575 599,006 1,354,558 1,980,879 1,550,068 1,453,446 1.348.917 1.119,313 1,053, 996 839,730 1,370,395 1,436,335 1,813,456 1,930,331 1,541,361 3.176.918 1,670,543 958,104 579,916 1,713,367 1,797,711 1,836,734 Average 1910-14- 1,676,333 (5 yr.) 1 Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Value $ 1,880,013 1,858,117 1,413,494 1,381,661 1,831,563 1,761,394 3,391,940 5,351,930 4,300,333 4,063,700 4,094,635 3,906,178 3,396,437 3,863,035 5,456,450 5,383,943 6,618,938 7,417,400 5,695,631 7,686,094 7,305,766 4,496,707 3, j.3o , 303 14,471,383 14,088,733 13,981,865 6,094,370 Commerce, U. S. Department of Commerce. *v J » s. v c. ; 5 V . c c " t -77 Table-30 Average Annual Exports By Five Year Periods For Seventy Yearsn 1853—1931 Barrels of Ripe Apples 1852-56 t ♦ • • 37,413 1857-61 • • • • 57,045 1863-66 1867-71 • • t ♦ « t ♦ 115,433 1873-76 * t « t 133,756 1877-81 • • • t 509,735 1882-86 • t • t 401,886 1887-91 ♦ ♦ • • 533,511 1893-96 • « • t 530,810 1897-1901 t • • • 779,980 1903-06 ♦ • • ♦ 1,368,608 1907-11 • • • • 1,335,655 1912-16 • t • * 1,834,500 1917-31 « t • « 1,396,865 I Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, U. S, Department of Commerce. A V A. " ; .. - * > - Exports of Apples 1913-1921 Table-31^ 1 Better Fruit, September 1931 i ! . 1 ; ( Table-33 Exports of Dried Apples 1896-1921 -79 Pounds Value 1896 24,486,000 $ 1,165.573 1397 31,711,000 1,546,218 1898 30,098,000 1,931,359 1899 23,961,000 1,558,461 1900 3b,961,000 2,134,566 1901 14,505,000 900,739 1902 32,236,000 2,147,660 1903 43,658,000 2,506,978 1904 45,806,000 2,512,325 1905 32,034,000 2,105,614 1906 36,041,000 2,497,955 1907 31,642,000 2,418,643 1908 35,055,000 2,570,921 1909 29,196,000 2,262,508 1910 22,643,000 1,847,548 1911 44,279,000 3,351,295 1912 37,748,000 2,957,936 1913 33,734,000 2,719,203 1914 31,028,000 33,906,000 2,441,094 1915 2,671,601 19x6 13,186,000 1,002,007 1917 7,853,000 691,111 191s 2,201,000 24,704,000 311,352 1919 4,109,828 1920 8,828,000 19,962,000 1,508,937 1921 2,206,843 Average 1910-14 34,886,256 2,763.415 (5 yrO Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, U. S. 1 Department of Commerce* < t < ( ( t ' < r < t f i r t f J i : t * t < < ( l - t -80 Table-33 Appife Exports by Months Six Most Important Months of Each Year.]_ Barrels 1916-17 1917-18 1918-19 1919-30 September 139,503 34,730 14,943 34,619 October 346,014 68,985 90,780 115,715 November 378,330 150,644 104,573 313,370 December 343,573 190,390 160,035 143,806 January 303,904 33,776 313,107 161,157 February 130,666 36,333 493,996 90,315 Total for 6 months 1,530,979 494,747 1,077,433 757,783 Note effect of World War on change in highest export month* 1 The Distribution of the Northwestern Boxed Apples. U. S. Dept, of Agri. Bui, 935, p, 3. 1831, ' c t r T ' T able-34' “OX % cfl +> »3 •d ® a> s a o u ta «B H P* Qj O so ■p o £ & *•* S’ s a $4 <3 0> f- on H CVI ON CM if ON on • • rH ir\ mo KN CM « a rH 5* 80 q|r- O cmJcm KN on! •* A rHJCM vO KN in 9 rH rO K\ sis slo on 00 ^f rH CM on f— H ** CM HO •~»]0 M3 a & «* KN ir\ a KN H r-t ON UN KN CM d* CM KN 60 M> O vo rf O rH KN KN CM ON 0 A f— KN A M3 8* A ON rH O rH in in o CM rf rH 60 A UN CM 8 CM •“» 3 ON M0 O A ® KN 60 O m rH ON if ON O rH ON in cm kn «* *> «* UN ON rH CM d UN rH rH CM VO d" 60 o o kn AAA H f rl UN f— ON VO M> rH d - ON kn A ON S' & CM kn UN $ ON A CM rH CM 8 ' * kn d* f— UN _ d rH KN ON 5 ON 60 d UN 60 I"- 60 d o CM r— A 3* KN © * s -rH „ P3 ni a 3m S< sc >* SH si 4® ® at & S a KN w 3 O I s - KN ^f -d 60 60 H- in vo 60 60 rH ON ON KN d AAA VO M3 .d 4 - in UN ON in d- A 60 CM CM S' A VO CM rH d A UN -f CM 8 A S' * O >4 I S3 ~q - :C P« rH 'O *0 a} *H rH >4 O £ e § « ♦ os •H o m rH U o £ £ n S s & 60 KN 1^- f— CM 60 I s - 60 60 A A A rH ON M3 K~ fP- r^ rH CM M0 •o KN rH KN 81 m CM KN -=f CM CM A M0 KN ON rH Fi A I s *** ON I— 60 ^f KN A vO I s — UN A I—I M0 i CM 60 KN CM UN 0 m KN CM ..... 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O o 0 A 8 O o 8 A o 8 . •o •o vX> os in m m rl m CP> o o 8 8 JD vO in m VO I 4 * c * Q •3 § *» u *H pH TJ © ‘ © £ u ri -ri © © P« ^ © P« -♦» ISJ «H O rH «£ «H rH jS 3 CM r— r- * to «H in «» in a to o to o r— CT\ to o o ■=f m o » to o> to vO zf os m os 3 m in to in h- r^- in m m in m cS o i .• V * fi ' ’ ' ■ ’ /-• 4 Countries to Which U« S. Apples are Exported (Continued) 1 S 19-1920 Value _____ 1917 1918 1919 1920 _ 1921 United Kingdom $5,491,000 $ 10,000 $9,557,000 $9,738,000 Table-35 Con'd. H VO <0 N' c\j iri r«- r-« ITVVD H 60 H t\J go mvx) HOW r<-\ 8 8 St * O O uS CM CM K\ =t rH CM *Cf ® § *3 © tSJ £ J> #25 *> c & •H © P. Si 9i +> *H O r-» *H H a, <; sJD GO CO ctn ** K\ K\ P GO GO O a CM P st St r -1 8 r*i GO — CM P a\ *3 «P\ -83 » Table-36 Car-lot Shipments by Most Important Regions i 1918-30 1918-1918 1917-18 1916-17 Cara Cars Cars Cars Pacific Northwest 33,370 19,376 33,984 17,693 New York 10,334 23,900 5,867 10,306 Central Appalachian 11,393 9,635 7,313 11,748 T ot al United States 83,514 69,553 58,534 57,831 l The Distribution of the Northwestern Boxea Apples, U. S. Dept, of Agri. Bui. 835, p. 4. 1931, v .. •• \ C •• V •• V • l \ . t v .1 V. * { I * -85 Table-37 Gar-lot Shipments by Box Regions 1920-31 1S19-30 1918-19 Washington 31,652 37,169 16,333 California i 4,503 4,153 3,473 Oregon 3,169 5,443 3,246 Colorado 3,830 3,235 1,984 Idaho 3,784 3,943 536 All Others 1,339 1,658 1,110 Total 36,397 45,591 25,581 t ■86 Table-28 Car-let Shipments by Barrel Regions 1930-31 1919-20 1818-19 He?7 York 33,830 10,386 32,900 Virginia 8,709 7,075 4,227 Michigan 6,174 3,435 3,863 West Virginia 4,889 3,849 3,919 Illinois 3,45? 2,935 3,676 Pennsylvania 3,403 1,266 1,794 Arkansas 3,666 4,553 1,065 Missouri 1,735 3,155 1,167 All Others 7,930 6,890 4,439 Total 73,783 41,444 44,049 * Carloaas Shipped from Barrel Regions in 1921-23 - 398S3 « " « Bex " " 1921-22 - 54730 * To April*1* 1923, ' ■ - . ■ • ■ > . -* - > Table-39 -87 pH K> «o in & tn d VO pH r-l pH r>— +> VO pH in CM to to o A A a A A A E 4 8? CM CM vo CM VO CM S' o CM d o •p hO d » ® +* m in §8 S' -rj- vo 8 t8 o% ov f— vo to d o A rH • I d « d o o C\1 $ vo CO vo 3 3 h* ri cr% rH d o •rj < 3 , in m d- in 5 « 5 vo r -1 s 1 O pH CT> pH 3 S d o\ o r^- pH CM » P 4 to 00 pH CM 3 to CO +» *> in CM ■Zt CM m 0) +» ® 02 •MMMi p.< aj at d +» *H «Hi to VO o O r— d g 49 m m m in rH m O SI d d m vO pH VO CM m ■p •h d ss A A A u o rH pH pH «H rH 'd o od o g* os H M 3 o $4 Eh © « a A A A A 49 02 m CM rH H pH pH bO d P •s S to cr\ pH in vo rH CM f£ 8 49 =t o\ CM f* 1 * 49 «b a A A A A *H - -Pi - m CM CM CM CM CM • d CM tn rH 3 r— m H O gH crv -HI m m 1— to CM to £ A a A A A m CM CM CM m CM S CM in VO d o in CM m m m in CM o Q> in •H a a A o rH rf in =*■ A A A o vO r*- in d r-1 vo ■O rH CO vO o o> OV m o in m >H r-l CT\ m VD © CM *» a A A A 1 A 55 o t— pH o #H o pH rH rH pH H pi m u VD r-~ 00 CT% CT\ crv cr> > >4 r-4 H r-8 pH r-i oj I Average December Jobbing Price on 10 Markets 1930 "(Price New York • • • $ 4.71 ♦ Chicago « • • 5.23 • Philadelphia * « • 4.13 • Pittsburgh. « t • 4.68 • St. Louis . • • • 4.83 • Cincinnati. • • t 4.87 • St. Paul • * • 5.53 t Minneapolis • • ♦ 5,84 • Kansas City • • • 5.66 • Washington. • « • 5.53 • 1919 per Barrel) 1919 Box Apples January . $7163 . $3.20 , 8.41 . 3.03 . 7.01 . . 7.84 . 3.81 . 7.54 . . 7.86 . 3.74 . . 8.80 . 3.25 9.00 . 3.69 7.63 . 3.15 . 8.09 . . 3.e3 / / ► » * k ♦r f * * * » « k | * f- * *• Jobbing Price Hangs s of Baldwins on Throe Large Markets Average for Oct. to Jan. 1914-1922 Table-31 89 CM in in OJ m m 1 • k\ • r-i VO vo in OJ 5 f I £ • • • i — r— vo -to- H CT\ tr\ r- • • J m m d- Q i I 8 OJ CT\ H O <7v «H 00 in rH • © © in in -to- 8 in i*— m K> O • © © OJ 0- VO VO 1 8 ? 8 ON H 3 vo in m m €T\ # « © H 00 00 N -to- in r— 8 m m © H H =Sr © i 1 8 cm 00 in J. H i— tn VO 0% • • r-l vO in « to- 00 ca tn rl 00 rH m 1 00 » © 1— CM in m rH « 8 8 Cft H ' t ' * I * Table-33 Average Wholesale Prices of Apples (All Varieties) In New York Oity from 1893-1913 Total Receipts Average Price Year Barrels per Barrel 18S3-94 335,000 $ 3,43 1894-95 536,000 3.60 1895-96 736,000 3.31 1896-97 1,437,000 1.41 1897-98 877,000 3«66 1898-99 651,000 3.35 1899-1900 933,000 2.33 1900-01 896,000 3.50 1901-03 554,000 3.73 1903-03 1,540,000 3.08 1903-04 3,044,000 2.39 1904-05 1,865,000 3.09 1905-06 1,567,000 3,30 1906-07 3,238,000 2.64 . 1907-08 1,688,000 3,05 1908-09 1,858,000 3,33 1909-10 1,898,000 3.18 1910-11 1,933,000 3,57 1911-13 1,875,000 3.68 1913-13 2,439,000 2.59 Average Price 1893 to 1903 3.63 Average Price 1903 to 1913 3.87 *■ * ■i * * 1 ■ . Table-34 Average Wholesale Prices and Receipts of Apples (All Varieties) in Boston from 1885 to 1915 1885- 86 1886- 8? 1887- 88 1888- 89 1889- 80 1890- 91 1891- 93 1893-93 1893- 84 1894- 95 1895- 96 1896- 97 1897- 98 1898- 99 1899- 1900 1900- 01 1901- 03 1903-03 1903-04 1804-05 1905-06 1905-07 1907- 08 1908- 09 1908-1910 1910- 11 1911- 13 1913-13 1913-14 1814-15 Average Price 1895 to 1895 1895 to 1905 Total Receipts Barrels 496,000 619,000 403,000 545,000 385,000 191,000 568,000 575,000 175,000 685,000 379,000 1,131,000 466,000 418,000 498,000 686,000 397,000 1,359,000 1,190,000 1,106,000 708,000 910,000 750,000 433,000 465,000 760,000 768,000 1 , 011,000 531,000 788,000 $ 3.43 3.33 Av. Price t.er Barrel 1.81 3.00 3.34 1.89 3.83 3.89 1.89 3.44 3.09 3.03 3.33 1.3? 3.95 3.63 3.33 1.97 3.44 1.94 3.45 1.93 3.11 3.50 3.49 3.86 3.78 3.13 2.34 3.36 3.3? 1.95 1905 to 1915 3.67 ‘ . ' / ■: . . : , * k . * l * . * • ► . . * k ■ • ♦ > ► « * * * * . k ♦ — ■ . * * - ,i . • *.■ ■ . ■-• - S3 Table-35- The Distribution of Northwestern Boxed Apples. Department of Agriculture. Bui. 935. 1931 . U. S. ♦Rates in Effect March 31» 1920. -94 BIBLIOGRAPHY U. S. Department of Agriculture Yearbooks, 1850 to 1920. U. S. Department of Agriculture Bulletins, No ! s. 266, 357, 303, 446, 483, 518, 614, 935, 999, 1080, 1196 and Department Circulars 145, 146. Cornell University, Agricultural Experiment Station, Ithaca, N. Y. Bulletins 226, 229, 263, 307 Circulars 23, 28. Folger, J. C,, and Thomson, S. M. The Commercial Apple Industry of North America. The Macmillan Company. 1931. Commercial Intelligence Service, Department of Trade and Commerce, Ottawa, Canada. Weekly Reports. International Institute of Agriculture, Rome, Italy. Bulletins of Agr’l. Statistics, 1930 and 1931. U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Reports, 1894 to 1931. Crop Reporter, 1915 to 1931. Bureau of Markets ana Crop Estimates, U. S. Dept, of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Market Reporter, 1919, 1920, 1921, Bureau of Markets ana Crop Estimates, U. S, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. ■95 Weather Crops and Markets, January to May, 1933. U. S, Department of Agriculture, Washington, D. C. Oregon Agricultural College and Experiment Station, Corvallis, Oregon, Bulletin No, 133. American Fruit Grower, American Fruit Grower Co., Chicago, Illinois. Issues for 1930 and 1931, Better Fruit, Better Fruit Publishing Co., Portland, Oregon. Issues for 1919, 1930, ana 1931. Green’s Fruit Grower, Green’s Fruit Grower Co,, Rochestey. New York. Issues for 1930 and 1931, International Apple Shippers Association, Rochester, N. Y. Report for 1930-1931. The Country Gentleman, Curtis Publishing Co., Philaaelphia, Pa. Issues for 1916 to 1933, The National Stockman and Farmer, Stockman-Farmer Publish¬ ing Co., Pittsburgh, Pa. Issues for 1918 to 1933. The Packer, Barrick Publishing Co., Kansas City, Missouri. Issues for 1921 and 1933. * * * * . 1 ' « . * V ► » r < > *■ * * * ' « * « . ' ♦ ■ ►