Cornell University Library HD5014.N3 Wages in foreign countries ... 3 1924 000 410 336 HD 50 14 N3 THE LIBRARY OF THE NEW YORK STATE SCHOOL OF INDUSTRIAL AND LABOR RELATIONS AT CORNELL UNIVERSITY B Cornell University M Library The original of tiiis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924000410336 WAGES IN FOREIGN COUNTRIES Research Report Number 53 August, 1922 PROPERTY OF LIBRARY NEW )'m HHE mmi CORNELL UNIVERSJTY National Industrial Conference Board ••/ THE CENTURY CO. NEW YORK publishers in . Copyright, 1922 National Industkial Confekence Board Foreword 'T^HE present report on wages in leading European countries -■■ supplements the study of wages in Great Britain, France and Germany, published as Research Report No. 40. The present study brings the information presented in the preceding report forward to the latest date for which material is avail- able. It covers a greater number of European countries and a greater variety of occupations than did the former study. All available official sources of information have been used, and the Board had also the advantage of receiving special informa- tion direct from important private industrial sources abroad. In the present report the wage data given have been translated into American values in terms of exchange rates prevailing at the time when the wage figures given were current, thus afford- ing a fair picture of foreign wage conditions in terms of American currency. It must be noted, however, that such a picture does not represent the purchasing power of the foreign wage rates in the respective countries, because of the unstable eco- nomic conditions and the inflation of currencies in those coun- tries. It must therefore be used in comparison with American wage conditions with great care and with due regard for other economic factors which play a large part in the diflFerences among manufacturing conditions in the various countries in question. In view of the tariff revisions now under consideration by Congress, involving the difficult question as to the extent to which American manufacturers are affected by lower costs in foreign industrial countries, it is felt that the present report is of especially timely interest. 10369 CONTENTS PAGE IhfTRODUCTION 1 I. The General Wage Situation in European Countries 3 Great Britain 3 France 4 Belgium 6 Sweden and Norway 6 Switzerland 8 Italy 9 Germany 10 Austria 12 11. Building Trades 14 Great Britain 14 France 16 Belgium 18 Sweden 18 Italy 19 Germany 21 III. Mining 22 Great Britain 22 Coal...... 22 Other mining and quarrying 24 France 25 Sweden 26 Italy 26 Zinc 26 Sulphur 27 Germany 27 Coal... 27 Quarrying 29 IV. Metal Manufacturing 30 Great Britain 30 Iron and steel 30 Engineering and shipbuilding 32 Other metal trades 34 France 37 Belgium 40 Switzerland 41 Italy. 41 Shipbuilding 41 Other metal trades 42 Germany 44 Austria 49 V CONTENTS— Co«//««f^ PAGE V. Textiles 51 Great Britain 51 Woolen and worsted 51 Cotton 53 Jute 54 Silk _.._. 54 Bleaching, dyeing and finishing 55 Making-up and packing 57 Hosiery 57 Linen 58 Flax and hemp 58 France 59 Belgium 62 Cotton 62 Linen 63 Sweden 63 Switzerland 64 Italy 65 Silk 65 Other textile workers 67 Germany , 68 Spinning and weaving 68 Wool , : 70 Dyeing and finishing 71 VL Clothing Manufacturing 72 Great Britain 72 France 74 Sweden 74 Belgium 75 Germany 76 Italy 78 Austria 78 VII. Leather Manufacturing 79 Great Britain 79 Leather tanning 79 Boots and shoes 80 Miscellaneous leather products 81 Glove making 82 France 82 Sweden 83 Leather trades 83 Boots and shoes 84 Switzerland 84 Boots and shoes 84 Germany 85 vi CONTENTS— Co«ftw«f^ PAGE VIII. Sand, Clay, and Glass Products 86 Great Britain 86 Pottery 86 Glass..... 87 Brick making 87 France 88 Pottery 88 Glass 88 Brick making 89 Marble 89 Sweden 90 Glass 90 Italy 90 Pottery 90 Glass 90 Marble 91 Granite. 91 Germany 92 Glass 92 Austria 93 Glass 93 IX. Chemicals 94 Great Britain 94 Heavy chemicals 94 Drugs and fine chemicals 95 Paint, color and varnish 95 Salt. 96 Soap and candle manufacture 96 Printing ink manufacture 96 Germany 97 Sweden 98 - X. Paper, Printing and Bookbinding 99 Great Britain 99 Printing and bookbinding 99 Envelopes and stationery 101 Paper making 102 Paper bag and box making 102 France 103 Printing and bookbinding 103 Paper 104 Belgium 104 Printing 104 "vii CONTENTS— Co«//««^^ PAGE X. Paper, Printing and Bookbinding — Continued Sweden 105 Printing 105 Bookbinding 105 Paper manufacture 106 Italy 107 Printing 107 Paper making 107 Germany 108 Printing 108 Paper 110 Austria 112 XI . Woodworking 1 14 Great Britain 114 Furniture 114 Vehicles 116 Belgium 1 17 France 118 Italy 118 Furniture 118 Carriages 119 Sweden 120 Germany 120 Austria 123 XII. Foodstuffs Manufacturing 124 Great Britain 124 France 127 Belgium 127 Sweden : . . . 128 Slaughtering and meat packing 128 Sugar 129 Chocolate and confectionery 129 Italy 130 Germany , . 130 Austria _ 131 Wages in Foreign Countries INTRODUCTION The purpose of this present report is to present information in regard to wage trends and current wage rates in important European industrial countries. It traces changes in wages from the end of 1920 to the beginning of 1922, and supple- ments a previous publication of the National Industrial Con- ference Board,* which traced the course of wages from 1914 through the period of war inflation up to the end of 1920. In general, the first report covered a period of inflation in wages, while the present one deals with the succeeding period of deflation. In addition to Great Britain, France and Germany, which were included in the earlier report, rates have been quoted for Sweden, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland, and Austria, where the data have seemed of value. The industries covered are: building; mining; metal; textile; clothing; leather; sand, clay and glass products; chemical; paper, printing and bookbind- ing; woodworking; and foodstuff^s. Very few national investigations of wage rates or earn- ings have been undertaken in foreign countries. The material for the most part is, therefore, in the form of wage rates for specified occupational groups in particular localities as con- tained in the reports of collective agreements between national or local associations of employers and workpeople published in official reports and trade journals. In all cases agreements of the latest date available have been quoted, many of which are still in effect. The chief sources of the material are: (1) The official government reports of the respective countries, chiefly of the Ministries of Labor; (2) The bulletins of the International Labour Office at Geneva; (3) Foreign consular representatives in New York; (4) European trade journals, and trade association journals; (5) United States official publications; (6) Foreign industrial associations in correspondence with the National Industrial Conference Board. In the previous report, wage figures were quoted in terms of foreign money, with a conversion into American currency 'National Industrial Conference Board. "Wages in Great Britain, France, and Ger- many." Research Report No. 40, New York, August, 1921. 1 at par rate, and also at the average rate of exchange for the year from April, 1920 to April, 1921. In the present case wages are converted into American money at the rate of ex- change current at the time the wage agreement was made, or when the wage was paid. Owing to the wide fluctuations in foreign exchanges in the past two years, particularly in the case of Germany, the conversion at par of exchange has not seemed of significance, and has, therefore, been omitted. A statement of exchange at par noted at the head of each table will indicate roughly the normal value of the wage in terms of United States currency. Rates vary widely from place to place in any country, due to local conditions or methods of wage adjustment, and no standard occupational nomenclature exists. An attempt has been made, therefore, to select data sufficiently representative to show the range of rates by localities and by occupational groups within an industry. Quotations are made in their original form, that is, as hourly, daily or weekly rates, or as actual earnings, as the case may be. It must be remembered in using the tables that only rough comparisons may be made between wages in various foreign countries, and between foreign and American wages. First, differences in the dates of the wages quoted make them incomparable in a period when there is a continual fluctuation in internal purchasing power and foreign exchange, and fre- quent readjustment in rates. Second, there is a wide variation in the amounts paid according to the locality. In very few cases are averages sufficiently inclusive to be representative of conditions in an entire industry. Third, wage rates can- not be compared with earnings. United States wage figures are generally in terms of average earnings while European wage data are expressed in rates. Even with full appreciation of the qualifications in the ma- terial as stated above, one can draw conclusions regarding the relative cost of production in various countries only with caution. It should be recognized that wages represent but one element in production, and that the importance of this element varies among industries in different countries and establishments in the same country, according to the differ- ences in working conditions and working methods, and the character and capacity of the workers. 2 I THE GENERAL WAGE SITUATION IN EUROPE Great Britain In this country the year 1921 represents a period of retrench- ment in industry. Extensive economic depression resulted in serious unemployment, curtailment of hours, and drastic wage reductions. Under the system of unemployment insur- ance whereby male and female workers receive 20 shillings and 16 shillings respectively per week during IS weeks of unemployment, out of approximately 12,000,000 work- people registered for insurance, 15.2% were drawing benefit at the end of February, and 14.6% at the end of March, 1922.1 In summarizing the wage situation between 1914 and 1922 the Labour Gazette for March, 1922 says:" "From the details given it will be evident that both the actual amounts of increase and the corresponding percentages on pre-war rates continue to show a wide diversity among different classes of workers. In some cases, e.g., in the coal mining industry in certain districts, the increases up to the end of February, 1922, were equivalent to not more than 20% on the pre-war rates. On the other hand, in some other cases, particularly among the lower-paid grades of work- men in some industries, they were equivalent to as much as 150% on pre-war rates, and there were some exceptional instances of increases equivalent to 200% or more. The information in the possession of the Department is not sufficiently complete to enable the average percen- tage increase for all industries and occupations to be calculated exactly, but it is estimated that at the end of February, 1922, weekly full-time rates of wages ai adult workpeople, in the industries for whicn particu- lars are available, were approximately 100% above the pre-war rates. As the length of the normal working week had been considerably re- duced in the same period, the usual range of full-time working hours in industry generally being about 44 to 48 weekly at the end of Febru- ary, 1922, as compared with 48 to 60 before the war, the percentage increase in hourly rates of wages would be substantially greater. At the end of 1920, shortly before the decline in wages began, the increase on pre-war rates in the same industries is estimated to have been about 170% or 180%. The average reduction in rates of wages from the beginning of 1921 until the end of February, 1922, therefore, would appear to have been equivalent to between 25% and 30% of the rates current at the former date. "It should be remarked, however, that the information regularly col- lected by the Department as to changes in rates of wages relates mainly (though not exclusively) to changes arranged as the result of action by organized bodies of employers and workpeople. Many changes not of a general character do not come to the notice of the Depart- ment, and in some industries, therefore, the particulars available for •Great Britain. Ministry of Labour. La6o»r Cojede, April, 1922, p. 155. s/6>d., March, 1922, p. 109. 3 December, 1920 and February, 1922, may fall short of indicating the full amount of the increase in rates of wages as compared with July, 1914. On the other hand, it appears probable that the increases in wages in industries in which the workers are well organized may have been greater, on the whole, than in unorganized trades, and as the latter are not adequately represented in the available statistics, the figure of about 100% suggested by the Department's information as representing the average rise in rates of wages since 1914 may possibly be somewhat in excess of the true average for all industries. "It should also be observed that the foregoing particulars relate to rates of wages for full time, and that no account has been taken of the widespread loss of earnings which is now being caused by unemploy- ment and short-time working, or of the effects of increased or reduced exertion on the earnings of workpeople paid at piece rates of wages." Wage reductions in most cases have been made in accord- ance with the official cost of living index number. The peak of commodity prices was reached in November, 1920, when the increase over July, 1914 amounted to 176%. By April 1, 1922 the increase over the pre-war level was 82%. In comparison with the changes in the internal purchasing power of the pound sterling, it is interesting to note the varia- tion in the exchange value in terms of dollars. The pound rose from $3.58 in July, 1921 to $4.40 in March, 1922. Thus the downward movement of the wages curve is more marked when expressed in pounds than in dollars. In some cases where there has been a decrease, the wage expressed in terms of American currency will show an increase. The wages of engi- neers illustrate this point, as can be seen in the following table: Occupation Wage, Dec, 1920 Wage, Feb., 1922 Increase or Decrease 89 shillings, 6 pence or JlS.81 73 shillings, 6 pence or J16.13 Shillings Dollars Fitters and turners —17.9% +2% France ^" Practically no recent data are available regarding current rates, or regarding changes in rates during the latter part of 192l|and the first three months of 1922. At intervals of five years since 1896 the General Statistical Office of the Minis- try of Labor of France, has made a study of average rates in important industries in representative industrial districts. Such studies are valuable as showing the trend of wages over 4 long periods, and the 1921 investigation was considered fairly indicative of wage levels of the present time, since labor con- ditions in France have been comparatively stable. As far as can be ascertained, the general tendency still prevails in French industries to maintain without modification the basic pre-war wage rates, and to make necessary increases in the form of bonuses for the high cost of living, or premium bonuses. In wage comparisons in France it should be remembered that the 10-hour standard workday was changed by law to 8 hours during 1919. This explains why the increase in hourly wages amounted to 500% between 1911 and 1921, while daily wages increased only 400%. As in other countries there was a ten- dency during that time to increase the low-paid workers more than those drawing higher wages. An average of 38 male professions and 7 female showed average actual wages in Paris, and in cities outside of Paris during the early part of 1921 to be as follows:' Hourly Percentage of Increase, 1911-1921 Daily Francs Dollars (Exchange 2nd Quarter, 1921) Francs Dollars (Exchange 2nd Quarter, 1921) Percentage of Increase, 1911-1921 Men Paris 3.43 .275 323 27.52 2.203 254 Outside Paris . . 2.31 .185 402 18.92 1.515 310 Women Paris 2.00 .160 388 16.00 1.281 290 Outside Paris . . 1.17 .094 409 9.44 0.756 312 Since wages in many French industries are adjusted auto- matically according to changes in the cost of living, it is inter- esting to note the general trend of the latter. During 1921, prices of the several main items entering into the cost of liv- ing in Paris decreased about 12%, while the cost of food alone decreased approximately 21%; in 310 towns the average de- crease in food prices was about 19%. By December, 1921, the increase over July, 1914 amounted to 197% for all budget items and 223% for food in Paris; and 249% for food in the 310 towns .2 'France. Minist&re du Travail. Bulletin de la StatistigueCSnSrale de la France, July, 1921, p. 342. ^International Labor Office. International Labour Review, May, 1922, pp. 772-773. 5 Belgium Practically no recent wage data are available for Belgium, as far as can be ascertained. Since wages in most industries are adjusted in accordance with changes in the cost of living, it is probable that they have followed the same general trend. The retail cost of certain common commodities by October, 1920, had increased about 377% above 1914. Between that time and March, 1922, the decrease amounted to about 22%, leaving prices 271% above April, 1914.* Sweden and Norway Wages in Sweden are negotiated either nationally or locally between employers' associations and trade unions. National agreements generally classify wages in "ortsgrupper," or dis- trict wage groups, calculated according to the cost of living in the different localities. Extensive studies of retail prices of the important items which enter into the workingman's budget in representative localities are made by the Govern- ment. According to information received from the Swedish Ministry of Labor, "At present all state employees as well as many employees in the local service of the great towns are paid according to a sliding scale, conceived after different systems and based upon the index of the cost of living calcu- lated by the Social Board."* The year 1921 was a period of deflation in wages from their high point in 1920. It has been estimated that the approxi- mate decrease amounted to 19% up to October 1, 1921, while the cost of living declined about 18% from October, 1920 to October, 1921. Between October, 1921 and April, 1922 there was a further decline in cost of living of about 16%, or a total fall of about 31% from the peak of high prices.' In April, 1922, the cost of food in 40 towns was 82% above the retail price level of 1914, while the combined budget had increased 95%. General labor conditions, according to the Swedish Govern- ment view,* are very depressing. Early in March, 1922, the number of unemployed was estimated to exceed 160,000, of whom about 90,000 were supported by the States, being in receipt of State relief or engaged on relief works. According ■Belgium. Minist^re de I'lndustrie etdu Travail. Revue du Travail, April, 1922, p. 539. 2By letter. ■Sweden. Department for Social Affairs. Sociala Meddelanden, 1922, No. 5, p. 428. ^International Labor Office. Industrial and Labour Information, April 7, 1922. p, 16. 6 to Royal proclamation in force, State relief was obtainable only by unemployed who could not be given "suitable opportunity to support themselves by their own work." Since 1915 the rule had been adopted that workers should be regarded as "involuntarily unemployed" who refused to accept work at lower rates of wages than those laid down by collective agree- ment, or at unreasonably low wages. Difficulties in deter- mining what were "reasonable" wages, coupled with the fact that collective agreements for most trades had expired and were not renewed, increased the complexity of the situation. By ten important national agreements, to be in effect to the end of 1922, successive reductions in wages were arranged to take place amounting in all, in the coal industry to 43%; in small-scale glass manufacturing, 45%; bookbinding, 35%; lithographic and printing trades, 35%; textiles, 40%; tanning, 29% to 38%; in shoe factories, 26% to 28% in men's hourly wages and 33% to 34% in women's, with the reductions in piece rates slightly more; glove-making, 35%; chemical- technical, 30%; match industry, 30% in piece and time rates.' The Swedish crown rose in value from ^.210 to J. 262 be- tween January 1,1921 and April 1, 1922, or approximately 25%. In connection with Swedish wages, some mention of Nor- wegian rates may be of interest. Very few current rate sched- ules are available for the latter country. The Norwegian Employers' Federation, however, has made a survey of the trend of average rates in three large industrial groups, from the pre-war period to November, 1921, from which the follow- ing tabulation is quoted. According to these figures the high- est wages were paid in November, 1920. During the succeed- ing year the decline in rates for men amounted to 3% in shoe- making; 6.9% in mining; 20.6% in cellulose manufacture; 16.6% in canning; 20.6% in textiles, etc. The total percentage increase over 1914 in men's wages ranged from 219% for lith- ographers to 412% for brewers; in women's wages from 234% in canning to 590% in brewing. In most cases women's wages show a greater rise during the period covered by the study than those of men. Average hourly rates for men and women in representative industries in 1914 and in November, 1921 were as follows:^ 'Swedish Board of Trade. Ekonamisk Bversikt, Stockholm, February, 1922, p. 53-56. ^Norsk Arbcidsgiverforenings. "Lons- og arbeidsforholde i Norgc i November, 1921 og tidligere." Unpublished study, December, 1921, pp. 27-28. AVERAGE HOURLY WAGE RATES IN NORWEGIAN INDUSTRIES, 1914-1921 Export Industries Men: Mining Pulp making. . . . Cellulose Paper Electro-chemical. Women Paper 1914 Crowns 0.586 0.407 0.465 0.448 0.632 0.299 Dollars (Par of Exchange) .157 .109 .125 .120 .169 .080 Nov., 1921 Crowns 2.015 1.943 2.039 1.998 2.045 1.255 Dollars (Exchange Nov., 1921) .287 .277 .291 .285 .291 .179 Other Industries Men Mechanical workshops. Textiles Shoe making Brewing Women Textiles Shoe making Brewing Handwork Industries Men Bookbinding .... Carpenters Masons Cabinet making . . Women Bookbinding .... 0.565 0.400 0.490 0.445 0.226 0.275 0.267 .151 .107 .131 .119 .061 .074 .072 0.583 0.579 0.679 0.319 .156 .155 .182 .085 .232 .720 .337 .279 .078 .399 .843 2.522 2.418 3.040 2.138 1.328 .318 .245 .333 .325 .154 .199 .263 .359 .345 .433 .305 .189 In Norway, the increase in the cost of living between July, 1914 and November, 1921 amounted to 183%, and up to March, 1922, 157%. It seems from a comparison of the in- crease thus shown with the average rise in wages, that the posi- tion of the Norwegian workman in November, 1921 was some- what better than before the war. Switzerland Wage rates in Switzerland are established by collective agreement between employers' associations and trade unions, or by individual agreement. Wage statistics are not collected extensively in Switzerland either officially or non-officially, although an official announcement indicates that wage statis- tics will be published in the future. According to reports of strikes in the Bulletin of the Federal Labor Office at Berne/ wage reductions are being hotly contested, resulting mainly in compromise or acceptance of reduction. Among the trades in which decreases have taken place are building, metal, printing, textiles and clothing. ^ The cost of food, fuel and light reached its highest point in October, 1920, when, accord- ing to the index number of the Swiss Federation of Coopera- tive Societies, it was 162% above June, 1914. There was a decrease of about 36% up to April, 1922, at which time the increase was 67% over 1914. Inferences are that wage re- ductions have approximated this fall. The Federal Labor Office, in a new study of the cost of food alone, estimated that in April, 1922, the increase over 1914 was 62%.' Italy With the continued growth of the organization of labor, collective bargaining as a method of adjusting wages and working conditions has become practically universal through- out Italy. Wages are generally adjusted in the form of basic rates, hourly, daily, or weekly, plus a flat rate or percentage cost of living bonus. The bonus is generally revised quarterly in accordance with the rise or fall of the cost of living index computed by a specified municipal statistical office. There is a very wide range in the amounts of the rates paid, and the form of wage varies among industries, and in different localities. Agreements summarized in the Bolletino del Lavora indi- cated an upward trend in rates up to the beginning of the summer of 1921, when reductions began to take place. Dur- ing the last three months of 1921 decreases took place in most of the important industries, amounting to approximately 10% in textiles, from 5% to 20% in the building trades, 10% to 20% in various metal establishments, and about 30% in mining. Some increases were still being reported, indicat- ing that the upward movement of wages had not entirely ceased by the end of 1921. The cost of living index number for Rome rose intermittently during the year, and in Decem- ber was 323% above 1914. The cost of food at this time was 358% above 1914 prices. The exchange value of the lira 'Switzerland. Federal Labor Office (Berne). Der Schweiurische Arbeilsmarkt, May 15, 1922, p. 196. 'Ibid., pp. 177-1S2. yWd-.p. 205. 9 increased from 3.51 cents in January, 1921, to 5.23 cents in March, 1922, or about 49%. Germany In Germany, where both employers and workingmen are strongly organized, wages are generally fixed by either local or national collective agreements. All such agreements are registered with the Ministry of Labor and regularly published. Due to the constantly changing cost of living, wage rates are generally valid only for a period of one or two months, and sometimes for a shorter time. During 1921 there was a continual rise in the cost of living, with a corresponding increase of wage rates. At the same time a steady depreciation of the mark took place. Accord- ing to official estimates,' the rise in weekly wages in the Berlin metal trades between July, 1914 and February, 1922 in the case of single men, amounted to 1,067% for skilled workers, 1,075% for semi-skilled, 1,388% for unskilled. In the case of married men the increase was still greater, being 1,396% for the skilled, 1,424% for semi-skilled, and 1,844% for unskilled. Statistics issued by the Union of German Metal Workers at the end of 1920 show that, of 2,300,000 workers, about 63% were receiving wages 800% greater than those of 1914, about 36% from 500% to 800% greater than in 1914, and the re- mainder wages which had not increased so much as 500%. According to official index numbers of the cost of living, dur- ing 1921 and the first two months of 1922, there was an in- crease of 116% in the cost of food, and 111% in the cost of food, heat, light and rent in 47 towns, the total increase in February, 1922, over 1914 amounting to 2,627% for food alone, and 1,889% for the larger number of budget items. In Berlin, according to an authoritative estimate of the mini- mum subsistence cost of living, food increased 4,155%, and the entire budget 3,077% from July, 1914, up to April, 1922^ Between January, 1921, and February, 1922, the mark de- clined 69% in value, the total depreciation from par value being 98%. Estimates of German statisticians and economists as to the changes in wages and the cost of living between 1914 and ■Germany. National Statistical Department. Wirlschafl und Statistik, February 1922, p. 120. 'International Labour Office. International Labour Review, June, 1922, pp. 948-994. 10 December, 1921 corroborate these statements.' In connec- tion with a discussion of the tendency toward a leveling of wages between the skilled and unskilled, the average earnings of single adult chemical workers were cited as a typical ex- ample and estimated to have increased 1,411% in the case of the unskilled, and 1 ,023% in the case of skilled workmen between 1914 and the end of 1921. The earnings of the skilled worker in the Berlin chemical industry as compared with the mini- mum cost of living, or in other words, his "real wages," are given as follows: Cost of Living =100 Spring, 1914 End of 1921 Single man Man and wife Family with one child . . . Family with two children 232 161 174 110 152 99 135 90 This authority further states: "This tendency to equaUty is to be seen everywhere. For example, the salaries of higher salaried employees have not risen so much as those of the middle class salaried employees, and those of the latter not so much as the low salaried employees, so that today the general classes of salaried employees stand much closer to each other in earn- ings than before the war. The figures for salaries of government em- ployees afford special evidence of this. If we compare the salaries of government employees, including appointed as well as lower, middle and higher officials as they were after the regulations of December, 1921, with those of the same classes before the war, we get the follow- ing picture, very characteristic of the change in German conditions: Changes in the Comparative Earnings of Wage Earners and Salaried Officials in Berlin, 1913-1921 Unskilled workers. . . Semi-skilled workers Skilled workers Lower officials Middle officials Higher officials 100 103.4 111.3 105.9 151.1 222.3 "As regards the division between 'capital' (or better, capital owner- ship) and labor, the share of the capitalist has become constantly smaller and that of the worker (in the broadest sense) constantly great- er. According to the careful investigation made by Felix Deutsch, the well-known director of the A. E. G., covering 152 corporations, the gross income is divided as follows, at various periods: iSombart, Werner. "German Standards of Living." Translated in The New Republic, May 24, 1922, pp. 362-365. 11 1919-1920 Wages and salaries 87% 96% Capital 13% 4% Certain conclusions drawn in December, 1921, by the Nether- lands Commission of Enquiry into the hours of work in Ger- man industry are pertinent to the subject of wages:^ "With certain exceptions . . . the normal working week per worker, which determines the importance of the wage bill in total cost of production, does not exceed 48 hours, being thus at the outside 3 hours longer than that in force in the Netherlands. In certain impor- tant industries, however, these hours have been reduced by collective agreement by an amount varying from 1^ to 3 hours. Thus the working week in the wood working industry is only 46 hours in the large towns; in the metal working industry at Berlin it is 46^ hours; in Saxony and southern Germany it is 46 hours; while in the textile indus- try, with the exceptionoftheoccupiedarea,itisalso46hours. . . . ^ "The total number of hours worked per week (man hours) which determines the proportion of labour costs to total costs of production, is in certain German industries twice and in some cases even three times as high as in the Netherlands, owing to the fact that the two and three shift systems are subject to no restriction in Germany and are not even opposed by the workers. "During the last quarter of 1921, owing to the rush of orders both at home and from abroad, due to the sudden fall in the mark, industrial activity increased considerably, thereby reducing unemployment and forcing certain industries to work 5 to 10 hours overtime per week more or less regularly." Austria Wage rates in Austria change with such rapidity, owing to the almost fantastic rise of the cost of living, that quotations are nearly always out of date by the time of publication. They can, however, serve to illustrate the position of wage rates for the date quoted. Rates are generally fixed by col- lective agreement, according to an intricate system which has grown out of the present emergency. Up to November, 1921 , wages were composed of a basic wage per hour, of a special fixed additional hourly bonus, and an additional allowance per hour on a sliding scale. The latter allowance was deter- mined in accordance with an index number based on caloric values, that is, a certain number of calories in articles of food taken as a minimum and expressed in various articles of food according to the season. In November, a large part of these special allowances was incorporated into a new basic wage, with a new additional sliding scale allowance. •International Labour Office. International Labour Review, May, 1922, p. 797-798. 12 Analysis of wage schedules is still further complicated by the government subsidization of bread, which was in force up to the beginning of 1922. Under this system the worker paid about 34 crowns for a loaf of bread to cover the expense of manufacture while the government provided the flour. The cost of each loaf of bread to the government was about 300 crowns. A similar situation was found in the case of fats, sugar and, in some districts, condensed milk. The only restriction was that at the reduced price only certain rations were granted by the State, and extra amounts had to be bought in open market.^ The subsidy proved an intolerable burden to the government and notice of its removal was published in December, 1921, causing serious riots in Vienna. A com- promise was effected whereby the government gave the sub- sidy only to certain classes of pensioners, government em- ployees, students, and certain groups of non-manual workers, while employers were compelled to supply a weekly bread subsidy to their employees. The amount of the subsidy was determined by a joint committee of employers and employees at from 325 to 442 crowns a week from January 8 to February 25, 1922. Special cost of living bonuses must also be paid by the employers to supplement pensions or insurance allow- ances paid any employees or their families on account of sick- ness, unemployment, infirmity or other causes. No comprehensive figures showing the trend of wages in Austria during 1921 were available. It is certain, however, that the increase was enormous, owing to the rise in the cost of living. By October, 1921, the increase in the latter above 1914 amounted to 20,400% while by the end of the year the total rise was 59,300%.^ Between January, 1914 and October, 1921 weekly earnings of metal workers in Vienna increased 16,057% in the case of skilled workers, 19,352% for unskilled, and 16,457% for women.' ■Information by letter from Dr. Theodore Alexander, Vienna, November 7, 1921. 'International Labour Office. International Labour Review, March, 1922, p. 480. 'Germany. National Statistical Oflice. Wirtschaft und Statislik, March, 1922, p. 162. 13 II BUILDING TRADES Great Britain During 1921 and up to March, 1922 the reduction in average hourly wage rates in British building trades ranged from \2}4% to 15% for skilled workers, and to approximately 22% for common labor. This amounted to a decline of 2>]4 pence to 4 pence (current exchange, $.064 to $.073) per hour in the case of skilled labor, and 5.2 pence (current exchange, $.095) in the case of unskilled workers. At the end of February, 1922, hourly rates in the larger towns of England showed increases above 1914 ranging from 139% to 162% for skilled labor, and 186% for common labor. The rise in weekly rates based on the nominal week did not parallel the general increase in hourly rates, since in 1919 and 1920 working hours were reduced from a full-time week ranging from 47 to 54 hours, to one of 44 hours. The actual hourly and weekly rates in 1922 have been com- piled on the basis of the unweighted averages of the standard rates of wages of the main groups of workmen in towns of over 100,000 population. The weekly rates were obtained by multiplying the hourly rates by the number of hours constitut- ing the full-time week on the date specified:^ AVERAGE HOURLY AND WEEKLY WAGE RATES TOR VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS IN THE BUILDING TRADES, FEBRUARY 28, 1922 (1 shilling at par = $.243) Hourly Weekly Pence Dollars (Exchange Feb., 192?) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Feb.. 1922) Bricklayers. 23.7 23.7 23.6 24.3 23.7 23.1 18.6 .439 .439 .437 .450 .439 .428 .344 86 9 87 86 7 89 1 86 7 84 11 68 5 19 27S 19.330 Carpenters and joiners 19 238 19.793 Plasterers 19 238 18.867 Laborers 15 201 'Great Britain, Ministry of Labour. Labour Gazette, March, 1922, p. 107. 14 If the increases shown are combined in the proportion of the relative number of men employed in these different occupations, the general average increase over pre-war rates at the end of February, 1922 was about 165%, compared with 225% in December, 1920. The increase in weekly full-time wages was 135% in February, 1922, compared with 190% at the end of 1920.^ The average percentages of decrease, from December, 1920, were 18.5% for hourly and 19% for weekly rates. Hourly wage rates in the building trades vary but little from place to place in Great Britain, since they are fixed by agree- ments by which towns are classified in four grades in eight great areas, with uniform hourly rates in all towns of the same grade in each area. The area grading system is in operation in practically all of Great Britain except the County of London and Scotland. Rates in the northern, western and Midland areas are about the same, while rates in the eastern and southern counties are slightly lower per hour. Wage rates in civil engineering construction work were fixed by the Civil Engineering Construction Conciliation Board ot Great Britain according to a grading system somewhat similar to that in the building trades. In March, 1921, a working week of A9}4 hours in summer and 44>^ in winter was adopted, to make an average of 48 hours for the year, and resulting generally in an average increase of about Xyi hours per week all the year round.^ Adjustments in wages are made from month to month according to changes in the cost of living as indicated by the Ministry of Labour. A total decrease of about 5jpence per hour took place between May, 1921 and April, 1922, leaving the current hourly rates for navvies and common labor in the County of London, 16 pence (current exchange, J.294), and in other centers, from 13^ pence to 15^ pence (current exchange, ?.248 to $.285).' In the main cities of Scotland, electrical installers were receiving \9]4 pence per hour (current exchange, $.356) up to the end of February, 1922.* Workers in the electrical installation trade in England and Wales, under the sliding scale adjustment according to the cost of living, received reductions in hourly wage rates amount- ^Labour Gazelte, March, 1922, p. 107. Hhid., May, 1921, p. 267. Ubid., May, 1921, to May, 1922, inclusive. Hbii., March, 1922, p. 132. IS ing to 16% during 1921. Wage rates for qualified electrical workers, adjusted for February-June, 1922, are:^ (1 shilling at par = = $.243) Grade of Town Pence Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) A 25.25 22.75 21.00 19.25 461 B 415 C 383 D 351 France According to official figures of wages, the average hourly- rates of skilled workers in the French building trades in the early part of 1921 ranged from 3.25 francs to 3.75 francs (cur- rent exchange, $.260 to ^.300) in Paris, while outside of Paris the rates were considerably lower, from 2.05 francs to 2.45 francs (|.164 to ^.196). In Paris the increases over 1911 were from 250% in the case of carpenters to 369% for joiners, while in other cities wages of tilers were 371% above 1911, and of diggers 426%. Daily earnings among skilled workers in Parisian building trades ranged from 26 francs to 30 francs (current exchange, ?2.08 to $2.40); outside of Paris, from 17.22 francs to 20.24 francs (current exchange, $1.38 to $1.62). The weekly earnings of carpenters were 211% above 1911, while those of house painters were 288% higher. Average hourly and daily wages in the French building trades in 1921 as reported in the Bulletin de la Statistique Genkrale are given in the first table on the next page.^ A statement issued by M. Loucheur, French Minister of Labor, May 2, 1921 gave the new scale of wages in the building trades to take effect in the liberated regions of France on that date, thereby bringing about a reduction of approximately 25% in rates. The detailed table is given on the page following.' ^Labour Gazette, March, 1922, p. 132. ^France. MinistSre du Travail. Bulletin de la Statistique GSnirale, July, 1921, pp. 341-342 •Great Britain. Ministry of Labour. Labour Overseas, April-June, 1921, p. 72. 16 HOURLY AND DAILY WAGES IN FRENCH BUILDING TRADES, 1921 (1 franc at par = $.193) Locality Hourly DaUy Occupation Percent- Percent- Dollars age of DoUars age of Francs (Exchange Increase Francs (Exchange Increase 1921) 1911-1921 1921) 1911-1921 Masons Paris 3.50 .280 268 28.00 2.242 227 Other cities 2.39 .191 388 19.72 1.579 311 Diggers Paris 3.25 .260 306 26.00 2.082 242 Other cities 2.05 .164 426 17.22 1.379 351 Tilers Paris 3.50 .280 268 28.00 2.242 250 Other cities 2.45 .196 371 20.14 1.613 299 Painters .... Paris 3.50 .280 312 28.00 2.242 288 Other cities 2.35 .188 380 19.43 1.556 308 Sawyers Paris 3.50 .280 28.00 2.242 Other cities 2.34 .187 420 19.56 1.566 328 Carpenters. . Paris 3.50 .280 250 28.00 2.242 211 Other cities 2.44 .195 378 20.24 1.621 301 Joiners Paris 3.75 .300 369 30.00 2.402 275 Other cities 2.34 .187 398 19.45 1.557 314 Plumbers Paris 3.50 .280 268 28.00 2.242 250 Other cities 2.36 .189 382 19.36 1.550 293 OFFICIAL HOURLY WAGE RATES IN THE BUILDING TRADES IN LIBERATED REGIONS, MAY 2, 1921 (1 franc at par=?.193) Dollars i<*rancs (Exchange May, 1921) 1.65 .142 2.25 .194 2.20 .190 2.35 .203 2.95 .254 1.60 .138 1.20 .103 2.45 .211 2.75 .237 2.10 .181 2.25 .194 2.50 .216 1.90 .164 2.50 .216 1.90 .164 2.55 .220 2.55 .220 2.35 .203 2.80 .241 2.50 .216 Navvy Bricklayer Well-sinker and cleaner Pointer and cement worker Stonemason Laborer Laborer under 18 years Floor tiler Carpenter Carpenter's mate Jxicksmith Tiler and slater Tiler's mate Zinc worker Zinc worker's mate Joiner Floor layer House painter House decorator Glazier (including tool allowance) 17 Belgium By agreement, hourly wage rates in the building trades in Belgium for different groups were fixed for the period from December, 1921 to March, 1922 as follows: Common labor, 2.10 francs per hour (current exchange, J.16); masons, 2.35 francs (current exchange, $.179); carpenters, cabinetmakers and stonecutters, 2.42 francs (current exchange, $.185). After March 1, 1922 the sliding scale changing according to the rise or fall of the cost of living was to go into effect. Rates for different occupations in specific localities as reported from miscellaneous sources are given as follows: HOURLY RATES FOR VARIOUS OCCUPATIONS IN THE BUILDING TRADES IN SPECIFIED LOCALITIES DURING 1921 (1 franc at par=$. 193) Locality Date Francs Dollars (Current Exch. 1921) Carpenters, cabinetmakers. Belgium Ufge a (( Ghent Brussels Dec, 1921 to March, 1922 Aug., 1921 May to Sept. 1921 May, 1921 2.42 2.35 2.10 2.75 2. 52 2.64 2.33 2.50 2.43 2.00 1.75 2.75 Nlasons' .185 .179 .160 Flectricians^ .209 Joiners^ .191 Masons^ .200 Painters* .177 Plasterers'* .190 Plumbers'* .184 Bricklayers, skilled' Bricklayers, semi-skilled*. . . Plasterers* .171 .150 .235 Sweden Hourly rates in the building trades in Sweden, effective until April, 1922, were established by a special government commis- sion in November, 1920. Rates in Stockholm under terms of the agreement were slightly more than those in smaller places. Hours were fixed at 48 per week with no provision for payment of compensation for time lost. A comparison of 1922 rates in Stockholm with those prevailing in 1914 shows increases rang- iBelgium. Ministry of Labor. lUvue du Travail, January, 1922, p. 55. ^ from July, 1919. The weekly wages of time workers remained un- changed when these reductions in hours were made, and piece rates were increased so as to yield approximately the same weekly earnings as before." The Iron and Coal Trades Review published a table of rates in iLabour Caselle, March, 1922, p. 107. 22 pence per hour, including the basic rates plus the then current percentage additional, which were paid in a colliery district in 1914, and the rates paid in the same district in Deceniber, 1921. Increases ranged from 20% to 98% in the case of under- ground workers, and from 19% to 137% for surface workers. Rates as of the later period are quoted as follows:' HOURLY WAGE RATES IN BRITISH COAL MINES, DECEMBER, 1921 (1 penny at par=$.020) Pence Dollars (Exchange Dec, 1921) Underground Trammers Day men Horsekeepers Onsetters Pumpsmen Haulage Corporals Coiners (day men) . . . Colliers (contractors). Surface Power-house men Steam pumysmen Pumpmen and motor attendants. Winders Cleaners Stoker chargemen Stokers Trimmers and ash-wheelers Banksmen, chargemen Banksmen's assistants General laborers Carpenters' foremen Carpenters Blacksmiths' foremen Blacksmiths Fitters' foremen Fitters Lampmen Saddlers Masons Washer attendants Screens' foremen Tipplers Beltmen > Boys Age 14 years. Age \Ayi years. Age 15 years. Age \Syi years. Age 16 years. 13.60 16.50 12.43 to 13.60 15.86 14.70 13.60 to 19.30 13.60 to 21.50 17.86 32.29 11 9.90 87 to 12.87 9.90 17.81 9.40 11.87 10.89 9.40 12.21 10.23 9.40 13.53 13.20 13.20 10.89 13.37 10.79 10.75 10.75 12.21 10.89 11.38 9.90 8.91 3.30 3.63 3.96 4.29 4.62 .220 .266 .201 to .220 .256 .237 .220'to .312 .220 to .347 .288 .521 .160 .192 to .208 .160 .288 .152 .192 .176 .152 .197 .165 .152 .218 .213 .213 .176 .216 .174 .174 .174 .197 .176 .184 .160 .144 .053 .059 .064 .069 .075 Hran and Coal Trades Review, London, December 23, 1921, p. 915. 23 Another table comparing daily earnings in, different districts of Great Britain furnished by the Miners' Federation of Great Britain is as follows:* DAILY EARNINGS Or MINE WORKERS, GREAT BRITAIN, JANUARY, 1922 (1 shilling at par =$.243) Occupation Dollars (Exchange Jan. 1922) Nottingham Coal getters Underground laborers, Derbyshire Coal getters Underground laborers. South Yorks Coal getters Underground laborers. Cannock Coal getters Underground laborers Lancashire Coal getters Underground laborers Northumberland Coal getters Underground laborers Scotland Coal getters Underground laborers Durham Coal getters Underground laborers Forest of Dean Coal getters Underground laborers 3.642 2.869 3.421 2.429 3.200 2.429 139 355 2.718 1.903 018 171 1.959 1.591 1.699 1.242 1.569 1.255 Other Mining and parrying According to the Labour Gazette changes in wages in the mining and quarrying industries other than coal mining have been as follows: "For iron miners in Cleveland and limestone quarrymen in Dur- ham, rates of wages at the end of February, 1922, were about 57% above pre-war rates, compared with an average estimated at about 200% at the end of 1920. In Lincolnshire the wages of ironstone miners ranged from 34% to 38% over pre-war rates, with an additional flat rate advance of 13 pence per shift in February, 1922, compared with 243% plus the same flat rate advance in December, 1920. In Cumberland the bargain price for iron ore miners and the shift rate for underground leading laborers in February, 1922, were about 68% and 36% respectively above the pre-war level. At the end of 1920 the corresponding percentages were 309 and 198, respectively."* 'London Times, January 14, 1922, p. 7. 'Labour Gazette. March, 1922, p. 107. 24 Minimum hourly rates in January, 1922, in the quarrying industry are reported in the Laiour Gazette, as follows:^ MINIMUM HOURLY WAGE RATES IN THE QUARRYING INDUSTRY, JANUARY, 1922 (1 shilling at par=$.243) Dollars (Exchange Jan., 1922) Morley and District Freestone, sandstone: Quarrymen Laborers Northumberland and Durham Freestone: Quarrymen Laborers Macclesfield and District Rock getters and quarrymen Laborers Sawyers Derbyshire Gritstone quarry workers: Stone cutters, sawyers, engine drivers and blacksmiths Laborers Aberdeen Granite: Turners, scabblers, toolsmiths, cutters Hand polishers, leading bedsetters and saw- men .317 .264 .388 .282 .344 .256 .326 .317 .247 .317 .300 France According to official French figures, miners were earning from 5 francs to 5.25 francs (par exchange, $.964 to $1,012) per day in 1911, while in 1921 they were earning from 20 francs to 30 francs (exchange 1921, $1.60 to $2,402) per day, or an increase of from 300% to 500%. The following table shows average daily wages paid to miners in the principal mining districts of France in 1921 :^ ^Ibid., February, 1922, pp. 80-81. ^Bulletin de la. StatisUqueCtnlrale, July, 1921, p. 343. 2S AVERAGE DAILY WAGES OF MINERS IN 1921 (1 franc at par=$.193) Francs Dollars (Exchange 1921) Albi 20 25-30 24 21 1.601 Firniiny . 2.00-2.402 1.922 St. £tienne . - 1.681 Coal Mining According to the Sweden Ekonomisk oversi kt,^ wages for skilled workers in the coal mining industry in Sweden reached their highest point during the period of the agreement effective from January 1, 1920 to January 1, 1921, when they were 283% above the 1914 level of wages. In March, 1922, skilled laborers were receiving .65 crown (current exchange, $.171) per hour, which was 117% above the hourly rate paid in 1914. The rate was to be eifective up to the end of 1922. Italy Zinc In Bisuchio in Lombardy zinc mine workers are paid a daily cost of living bonus on an eight-hour day basis, in addition to wages. The following hourly rates reported by the Minister of Labor represent an increase of 9% to 12% over rates paid before the new agreement effective from June 13, 1921 up to January 1, 1922, was made:^ (1 lira at par=$.193) Lire Dollars (Exchange June, 1921) Miners 2.30" 2.15" 2.15" 1.206 118 .111 Diggers , 111 Boys 062 a Daily cost of living bonus, 4 lire. b Daily cost of living bonus, 2 lire. iEkonomisk enersikt, February, 1922, pp. 88-89. 'Bolletim dellavoro, October, 1921, Part I, p. 366. 26 Sulphur Mining Sulphur is the most important mineral product of Italy, with its richest deposits in Sicily and smaller mines in the central part of the mainland. The Minister of Labor has reported daily wages in sulphur mining in Sicily, as effective by collec- tive agreement in October, 1921; and in the Marches Comparti- mento, effective by agreement in August, 1921. Rates in Sicily declined approximately 14.5%, and in the Marches about 30% from the time of their previous agreements. The rates here quoted were paid for an eight-hour day: DAILY WAGES IN THE SULPHUR MINING INDUSTRY OF ITALY IN 1921 (1 lira at par=$.193) Lire Dollars (Exchange Oct., 1921) Sicilf Pickers Trammers Boys Burners Firemen Mechanics Day laborers Marches^ Masons, 1st class Masons, 2nd class Smiths' apprentices Joiners Joiners' apprentices Boys up to 17 years Men over 17 years Women over 18 Machinists Mechanics and electricians 12.60 13.40 6.00 9.00 8. 85 11.80 11.00 .63 to 15.40 .48 to 14.25 .24 to 11.55 .25 to 16.94 .63 to 12.32 ,47 to 10.40 78 to 13.48 8.47 86 to 16.56 63 to 16.66 .510 .542 .243 .364 .358 .477 .445 .592 to .545 to .407 to .627 to .424 to .373 to .474 to .373 .610 to .644 to 623 577 508 745 542 458 593 729 674 Coal Mining The journal of the German Federal Department of Statistics publishes quarterly an account of wages in coal and lignite mining in the principal areas of Germany. The results of the last study covering the third quarter in 1921 show increases for various occupations ranging from about 1,100% to 1,700% over the pre-war wage level. Rates per shift for various occu- pations are shown in the table below:' '■BoUelino delLavaro, November, 1921, Part I, p. 526. Vbid., October, 1921. Part I, p. 366. Translated in British Labour Gazette, March, 1922, p. 111. Detailed figures for third quarter, 1921, in Wirtschaft und Siatistik. January, 1922, p. 26. 27 AVERAGE NET EARNINGS PER SHIFT OF PRUSSIAN MINERS DURING THIRD QUARTER OF 1921 (1 mark at pai = $.238) Hewers and Trammers Other Under- ground Workers Men Surface Workers Marks Dollars (Current Exch'nge) Marks Dollars (Current Exch'nge) Marks Dollars (Current Exch'nge) Coal Upper Silesia Lower Silesia Dortmund 66.48 59.56 75.68 63.62 79.57 49.98 63.98 .818 .733 .931 .783 .979 .615 .787 50.72 53.87 59.24 51.39 58.74 43.54 56.47 .624 .663 .729 .632 .723 .536 .695 50.62 53.35 59.71 50.78 59.25 41.76 53.55 .623 .657 .735 Aix-la-Chapelle Rhine— Left Bank. . . Bavaria .625 .729 .514 Saxony .659 Unweighted average . . . 65.55 .807 53.42 .657 52.72 .649 Lignite 51be— Right Bank. . . Etbe— Left Bank.... Rhine— Left Bank. . , Saxony 57.00 54.89 62.30 56.48 63.50 .701 .675 .767 .695 .781 52.44 51.97 61.68 51.51 52.90 .645 .640 .759 .634 .651 51.99 51.10 61.59 53.69 50.49 .640 .629 .758 661 Thuringia 621 Average 58.83 .724 54.10 .666 53.77 .662 Coal and lignite together Unweighted average. . . 62.75 .772 53.71 .661 53.16 .654 Wage rates in the coal mines in the Ruhr district in March, 1922 according to a metal trade journal, are given below :^ ' (1 mark ar par=$.238) Marks Dollars (Exchange March, 1922) Surface labor {hourly) Skilled workers over 20 13.45 13.30 13.05 9.25-10.90 6.30- 7.55 4.20- 5.15 107.50 105.50 .055 Semi-skilled workers over 20 .054 Shift workers over 20 .053 Shift workers 18-19 .038- 044 Shift workers 16-17 .026- 031 Shift workers 14-15. 017- 021 Underground labor {wage per shift) Skilled miners over 20 .438 Semi-skilled miners over 20 430 'Melallarbeiterzeitang, March 4, 1922, p. 39. 28 In the same connection the estimate of a German statistician as to the total amount of collateral compensation per shift paid to mine workers in the Ruhr district in 1914 and in March, 1922, is interesting:^ AVERAGE WAGES PER SHIFT OF ALL MINERS IN THE RUHR (1 mark at par =$.238) 1914 March, 1922 (estimate) Marks DoUars (Par of Exchange) Marks Dollars (Exchange Mar., 1922) Wages (including insurance con- S.5S .30 .20 1.323 .071 .048 126.60 2.90 8.65 9.00 2.30 .516 Insurance contribution by em- olover .012 Free coal .035 Allowances for rent and children. . . .037 .009 Total 6.05 1.442 149.45 .609 Quarrying Collective agreements published in the Reichs—Arbeitsblatt show wage rates in the quarrying industry in various sections of Germany. The table below gives hourly rates in Gummers- bach, Wipperfufth, Waldbrot, Olpe and Altena effective from November 1, 1921 to December 31, 1921, as follows:^ (1 mark at par=?.238) Dollars (Exchange Nov., 1921) Trimmers, etc Stone quarry workers Over 16 years Over 20 years Machinists, borers, etc. 18-20 years Over 20 years Craftsmen (apprentices) First year Second year Third year Piecework (minimum) Trimmers, etc Quarry workers .041 to .043 .021 .039 .034 .042 .006 .008 .011 .037 .035 >/ron and Coal Trades Review, March 31, 1922, p. 4S4. 'lUichs-ArbeitsUall, December 31, 1921, pp. 1264-1267. 29 IV METAL MANUFACTURING y J c. 1 Great Britain Iron and citeel , In the heavy iron and steel trades (smelting, puddling, rolling, forging, etc.) in which wages fluctuate in correspondence with the- selling price of the finished products, the increases over pre- war rates vary widely, in February, 1922 being in some cases (e.g., with certain blast furnace laborers) equivalent to 120% on the pre-war level, while at the other extreme the rates for process workers in South Wales show a net increase of less than 20%. At the end of 1920 the increases ranged between 150% and 350% on pre-war rates, and in some cases further small increases were given early in 1921.' The following table is illustrative of the' fall in two typical sliding scales during the year 1921 -^ PERCENTAGE INCREASE OF WAGES ABOVE THE STANDARD Cleveland Blast Furnacemen Steel Smelters' Scale (England and Scotland) Basic Acid January, 1921 . April, 1921.... July, 1921 October, 1921. January, 1922. April, 1922. .. . 170X 144 72K 36 34K 190 166K 138K 93J< 60« 165 141 113^ 68^ 35" oFebruary, 1922. In the tin plate and steel sheet trade in South Wales the net increase over pre-war rates now amounts to about 34%, com- pared with a range of 150% to 231% in December, 1920.' After substantial reductions during 1921 made under the arrangement whereby wages are governed by sliding scales based upon the selling price of the product, the scale percentages representing additions to the basis rates fixed for the different occupations, rates per shift for blast furnace workers in >£a6our Gazelle, March, 1922, p. 108. ^Industrial Yearbook. London, 1922, p. 310, and Labour Gazette, March to May, 1922. 'Labom Gazette, March, 1922, p. 108. 30 South Staffordshire in April, 1922, were 30% above the 1920 standard, as follows:* RATES PER SHIFT FOR BLAST FURNACE WORKERS IN SOUTH STAFFORDSHIRE (1 shilling at par=$.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange April, 1922) Keepers Furnace fillers, chargers and bridge stackers Ore, mine, coke and lime wheelers, and barrow fillers Blast-enginemen, stove minders Loco-drivers Slaggers, teasers, cinder catchers Hoist and filling enginemen, brakemen, pump and boiler- men, boiler minders Keepers and sluggers' helpers, kilnmen, boiler-gasmen. . . Assistant boiler minders Stokers and boiler firemen, cinder or slag tippers or tipmen Shunters and firemen Oilers, weighmen, boxmen, horse drivers, bogie strippers, scrappers, assistant cinder catchers, bye-turn laborers 11 1 9 8 8 11 8 8 8 S 8 4 11 7 4 2.43S 2.125 1.9S8 1.910 1.862 1.839 1.815 1.767 1.743 1.671 1.624 1.569 Rates paid to unskilled labor in the iron and steel trades in December, 1921, were as follows:' (1 shilling at par=$.243) Location Shilhngs and Pence Dollars (Exchange Dec., 1921) South Wales 43 48 8.983 Sheffield 10.028 Puddlers, paid a standard rate of 13 shillings, 6 pence a ton plus a sliding scale percentage, were receiving wages per ton in March and April, 1922, as follows:' (1 shilling at par =$.243) Location Shillings and Pence Dollars (Current Exchange) North of England West of Scotland. Midlands 20 21 21 3 11 11 4.468 4.835 4.835 'Labour Gazette, December, 1920, to May, 1922, inclusive. The Economist, January 21, 1922, p. 76. 'Labour Gazette, April, 1922, p. 177; May, 1922, p. 224. 31 Engineering and Shipbuilding The following average rates published in the Labour Gazette, March, 1922, show the unweighted average time rates of wages for men in representative occupations in 16 of the prin- cipal engineering centers and 13 of the principal shipbuilding centers in August, 1914, and February, 1922. The net increase of the rates in February, 1922 over August, 1914 was 148% in the case of laborers in the engineering trades, 150% for laborers in the shipbuilding industry and from 82% to 92% for other classes of workers. Weekly rates (inclusive of the 26 shilling, 6 pence war bonus, but exclusive of the additional 12>^% bonus on earnings, which was reduced in November and finally withdrawn December 31, 1921, for certain occupations in these trades), were reported as given below:' AVERAGE (unweighted) WEEKLY RATES IN PRINCIPAL CENTERS OF THE ENGINEERING AND SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRIES FEBRUARY 28, 1922 (1 shilling at par=?.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) Engineering Fitters and turners Iron moulders Patternmakers Laborers Shipbuilding Shipwrights Ship joiners Platers Riveters Laborers 73 76 77 56 75 76 74 71 56 6 3 10 11 1 11 1 6 7 16.331 16.942 17.294 12.646 16.683 17.090 16.460 15.886 12.572 From a tabulation of minimum and maximum time rates inclusive of all bonuses in the engineering trades in various localities of Great Britain, the following figures are taken, representing the widest range of rates paid:^ liaioMC Gazette, March, 1922, p. 107. 'Industrial Yearbook, London, 1922, pp. 384-385. 32 •o-s V o as m « S u o H Q CO M Q i-t " «i :■ « 13 3 ^ ■^ I o H a I 2; 8gg 71 to 21.90 71 to 21.90 71 to 21.90 71 to 21.90 14 to 22.00 71 to 20.20 19 :8 : is : S \c SO vo vo r^ vo oo • . :^S SSSSSS : : : p. p. p. p. 9. p. \o vo vo r^ 1^ o\ • vo vo 00 2 o vOnOtJI'^ .^ -NOVOC^ *OVOiOVO»Oi^ -U-iioVO vo>o-* SSBSSS SSS SSS CT^O^O^c^.-|-i^■<^^»5nc-) ■^■^■•i^in'^viw^nc^n >iT>t>CO \0 \0 VO VO v^ SO ■ vo VO ^O VO ^ VO OOOOOO OOO OOO VO VO NO ^ VO ^ VO VO VO VO NO VO NO o 4-1 \o ■a -.S • E u M g c S Eh • g.S S-Q 6rt.2 JO ^ ^H 33 In the same source, hourly wages of shipyard workers on January 1, 1922,. according to classification by degree of skill, were reported as follows:^ HOURLY WAGE RATES OF SHIPYARD WORKERS, JANUARY, 1922 (1 penny at par = $.020) Pence Dollars (Exchange Jan., 1922) Percentage of increase over pre-war hourly wages Skilled 19.1 IS. 6 14.6 .336 .27S .257 105 Semi-skilled 152 Unskilled 176 In the following tabulation are given weekly wage rates, inclusive of all bonuses, for various occupations in the ship- building industry in specified localities in Great Britain, as reported in the Labour Gazette during the first five months of 1922: WEEKLY WAGE RATES OF SHIPBUILDERS, 1922 (1 shilling at par=$.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Current Exchange) Shipbuilding Milford Haven Fitters and smiths Joiners , Swansea, Cardiff, Barry, Newport, etc. Fitters, turners, blacksmiths, sheet metal workers, etc Riggers Chippers and painters Smith's hammermen Fitters' helpers and general laborers Hull Sailmakers 85 75 82 75 69 67 66 76 18.446 16.276 18.184 16.641 15.318 14.877 14,657 16.619 Other Metal Trades Weekly and hourly rates for certain occupations in various metal trades are given on the next page:^ ■^Industrial Yearbook, London, 1922, p. 336. 'Labour Gazelle, January to May, 1922, inclusive. 34 RATES IN VARIOUS METAL TRADES, JANUARY TO APRIL, 1922 (1 shilling at par =$.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Current Exchange) Weekly Textile machinery fittings, bobbin and shuttle making England and Wales Higher skiller men Lesser skilled men Laborers Women Scotland Skilled men Semi-skilled men Laborers Women Boys and girls Gold, silver and allied trades (Bir- mingham) Men, skilled Semi-skilled ^ Unskilled Women, skilled Semi-skilled Unskilled 76 67 57 31 67 60 54 31 16 63/3 and 67/9 49/8 and 52 45/2 and 48/10 28/11 and 30/9 22/7 and 27/1 18/1 and 22/7 16.861 14.767 12.563 6.833 14.540 13.129 11.719 6.727 3.581 13.726 and 14.702 10.778 and 11,285 9.802 and 10.597 6.275 and 6.673 4.901 and 5.877 3.924 and 4.901 Hourly Railway wagon sheet metal (Dundee) Sheet metal workers Gold, silver and allied trades (Lon- don) Adult male time workers Optical instrument making (London) Males skilled Military musical instrument making (London) Brass instrument makers Drum makers Woodwind and saxaphone makers. Brass finishers, polishers, etc Improvers Sheet metal workers (Great Britain) Day workers Constructional engineering industry (London) Erectors Sheeters Sheeters' holders-up Constructional engineering industry (England and Wales) Erectors Sheeters Sheeters' holders-up Lead smelting (Gt. Brit, and Ireland) Adult male workers 10 9 1/8K and l/lyi 1 I'A 1 8K 1 6K 1/lK and 1/3 1 1" IQH 7 1/1 to 1/3 .398 .380 .371 .371 and .353 .353 .371 .335 .244' and .271 .235 .371 .411 .375 .353 .371 .344 .235 to .271 a Subject to addition of war bonus of 26/6 per week. 35 By Trade Board Act effective beginning September 21, 1921, minimum hourly time rates in the wrought hollow-ware trade of Great Britain were fixed as follows:^ MINIMUM HOURLY TIME RATES IN THE WROUGHT HOLLOW-WARE TRADE OF GREAT BRITAIN (1 penny at par=$.020) Dollars (Exchange Sept., 1921) Minimum time rates Female learners under IS to 17 years, inclusive , Male learners, under 15 to 20 years, inclusive . , Male workers, other than learners Piece-work "basis time rate Females, 18 years and over 3.Sto6.S 3.5 to 10.75 14.5 9.0 .054 to .101 .054 to .167 .226 .140 After general reductions as the result of Trade Board Acts effective October 10, 1921 and January 14, 1922 (affecting women workers), minimum time rates for workers in stamped and pressed metal ware trades were as follows:* MINIMUM HOURLY TIME RATES IN THE STAMPED OR PR.ESSED METAL WARE TRADES, GREAT BRITAIN (1 penny at par=$.020) Dollars (Exchange Jan., 1922) Males, 21 and over (Braziers, burnishers, drop stampers, dippers, annealers, brass polishers of 3 grades) Males, under 21 (braziers, etc.) All other males (according to age) Females, 1 8 and over (polishers and drop stampers) Females (hand-brush japanners, solderers, etc.). . . All others (according to age) 18 to 22 4K to 12>^ 3^ to H}i 10 to 11 9 to 10 3 toS}i .317 to .388 .079 to .220 .062 to .256 .176 to .194 .159 to .176 .053 "to .101 •Industrial Yearbook, London, 1922, p. 403. 'Labour Gazette, November, 1921, p. 614; February, 1922, p. 85; 1922, pp. 404-405. 36 Industrial Yearbook, General Metal Trades ^''ance According to official figures covering hourly wages in various occupations of the metal industry, there were percentages of increase ranging from 261% to 338% in Paris, and from 384% to 420% in other cities between 1911 and 1921. Average daily wages during the first half of 1921 in the same occupations had increased from 220% to 250% in Paris, and from 283% to 333% in smaller cities. The following table shows the average hourly and the average daily wages in 1921 in Paris and other cities:^ GENERAL AVERAGE HOURLY AND DAILY WAGES IN 1921 AND PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE, 1911-1921 (1 franc at par=$.193) Locality Hourly Per- centage Daily Per- centage Occupation Francs Dollars (Exch. 1921) of In- crease 1911- 1921 Francs Dollars (Exch. 1921) of In- crease 1911- 1921 Coppersmiths. . Tinsmiths Paris Other Cities... Paris 3.50 2.37 4.00 2.50 2^29 2. '42 3.25 2.31 3.50 2.57 .'269 .280 .190 .320 .200 !i83 J94 .260 .185 '.280 .206 392 337 404 300 400 420 384 261 402 324 385 21! 33 28.00 19.26 32.00 20.53 i9!67 19 JO 26.00 19.18 28.00 20.67 i.'768 2,242 1.542 2.562 1.644 \.m i'.'sk 2.082 1.536 2.242 1.655 295 250 Blacksmiths . . . Other Cities. . . 306 220 Horseshoers Stovemakers. . . Locksmiths. . . . Other Cities. . . Paris Other Cities... Paris Other Cities... Paris 301 333 287 225 Metal turners.. Other Cities. . . Paris 312 240 Other Cities. . . 283 In certain localities the minimum wage is fixed by collective agreements, or by decisions of employers' organizations. The table on page 38 shows minimum rates for various classes of labor and also maximum wages for skilled labor in operation during the summer of 1921. The rates quoted are inclusive of the cost of living bonus.^ Daily wages and bonus of various classes of metal workers computed on an eight-hour day basis from hourly rates published in the organ of the General Federation of Labor, are shown on page 39.' '^Bulletin de la Statistique Ginlrale, July, 1921, p. 341. Hhid., pp. 34S-348. 'La Voix du PeupU, May, 1921, pp. 278-279. 37 H tJ Q 13 i-t •J ^^ ■a! " H * II tij 15 ffi D, f^ 4-. >< Q 1= s 1 1 is Dollars (Exch. June 1921) oo i^2 M : tn :g§ : : : ■ONl> ■ • ■ E 1 Dollars (Exch. June 1921) ■ CO C^ COO O . voO\^0 COO; .\0CSVJDS0V0 3 a 2 1 1 s s n Dollars (Exch. June 1921) ^ ,_( w-i »-H oo oo COOOLO C\0 "^ 1 r^tNvooooo O\o CO oor--vo a 3 s ■3 S Dollars (Exch. June 1921) OOMN Cft9o CS O so OS C^I i-H 1 oooooo voO^OOO oo ■«i^ ui OS c^ *n tN 2 1 1 ■s .S3 Dollars (Exch. June 1921) f-H \o r-f 1-H o r^ O CO -^VO^O O CNOVOOS^OI 1 ■* ■* oo ,-. -*i ■* i Dollars (Exch. June 1921) o NO es ooi^in voncvoir^t-) ^ O C^ OOO O li. ■*' "J* w^ d « cs ^ Paris Nancy Limoges Bourges Nevers 38 •J^ VI (N ^ OO OS oooo -^r^ C4 c^ s ■^'^u^t^ O CT\ &) ,—1 1— 1 t-H 1— 1 1— ( 8 1 OOOO O o > o o «^ p o o u-1 3 C^IC^l c^tc^ C-l '-< Q oooo o o 4-1 M £j 4-< 4-1 4-< fe 20.80 20.80 21.60 19.20 si 8 E.d.r.-. vo^£)^0^0 VO vo DoUa (Exc Mai 1921 OO OO OO 00 OO OO 01 p<0(N^ hours on Saturday, and 8J^ on other days.^ WEEKLY TIME RATES FOR JUTE WORKERS, GREAT BRITAIN (1 shilling at par =$.243) Men, 21 years and over fyomen Spinning mistresses Orra (or spare) spinners 18 years and over Other spinners, all ages Single spinners Double spinners All other workers, 18 years and over. . . . Shillings and Pence 40 39 30 7K 10^ 30/6 to 49/10 32/6 to 47/8 26 Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) 8.891 8.535 6.757 6.675 to 10.906 7.113 to 10.432 5.690 Silk Weekly wage rates for workers in silk factories in Leek and Brighouse as reported in the Labour Gazette, are given below:' (1 shilling at par =$.243) Shillings and Pence DoUara (Exchange May, 1922) Brighouse Men First framers Warehousemen Boilermen, machinemen Women Gassers Warpers Reelers Winders Leek Men, 22 years and over Pickers Braid workers Fully qualified braid speeders and knitting tacklers Millmen Weavers Women, 18 years and over ■ioioar Gazelle, February, 1922, p. 97. s/Wd., March, 1922, p. 148. 'Ibid., 1921, August, 1921 to May, 1922, inclusive. 54 66 58 60 38 35 30 29 53 54 61 55 59 31 1 3>^ 14.788 12.898 13.342 8.506 7.783 6.690 6.514 11.786 12.119 13.565 12.231 13.120 6.894 The minimum weekly time rates in the silk industry at Macclesfield in November, 1921 (in the table below), have been computed on the basis of net reductions reported in the Labour Gazette during 1921 and 1922, added to standard time rates as of December 31, 1920, taken from an official source :' MINIMUM WEEKLY TIME RATES IN THE SILK INDUSTRY, MACCLES- FIELD, NOVEMBER, 1921 (1 shilling at par =$.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange March, 1922) Men Manufacturing section: Harness builders and card cutters. Knitting Section: Night workers Throwing mill men Dyers and finishers: Permanent, 22^ years Temporary, llyi years Women Manufacturing Section: Winders Warpers Twisters. Pickers Making-up section Smallwork, embroidery Knitting, large firms Knitting, small firms SO 11.031 53 11.693 51 11.252 65 6 14.451 57 1 12.594 28 6 6.233 34 6 7.612 34 4 7.575 28 6 6.233 28 6 6.233 28 6 6.233 28 6 6.233 30 6 6.729 Bleaching, Dyeing and Finishing Wages in this industry are paid in the form of a basic rate plus a "cost of living wage" which fluctuates to correspond with the Ministry of Labour index of retail prices. The fol- lowing tabulation of weekly wage rates for certain occupa- tions has been compiled from the reports of wage decreases in ^is. Labour Gazette, during 1921 and up to April 1922. 'Great Britain, Minister of Labour. "Standard Time Rate of Wages and Hours of Labour at 31st December, 1920," pp. 88-89. 55 WEEKLY WAGE RATES IN TEXTILE DYEING AND FINISHING, MARCH, 1922 (1 shilling at par =$.243) Lancashire, Cheshire, Derbyshire Bleaching, dyeing, calico printing and finishing: Males, time workers, 21 years and over Females, time workers, 18 years and over Scotland Males, time workers, 21 years and over. . Females, time workers, 18 years and over Lancashire, Cheshire, Derbyshire, Scotland Turners, polishers, and varnishers in calico print works London Workpeople employed in the cloth-work- ing trade: Dampers, sheet end Dampers, bout end Foremen Table-hands, stock-keepers, carmen, front packers, etc Pattern hands Pressmen's mates, back packers, etc. . . Examiners, rollers, and measurers Press setters Cutters Leek Males in silk dyeing trade: Dyers and glossers, 22 years Dyers and glossers, 22.J^ years and over Adult mixers Dyeing machinemen Shillings and Pence 57 34 S3 31 57 57 45 6 10,038 58 12,796 72 8 16,032 72 8 16,032 72 10 16,253 65 14.341 70 2 15.481 77 2 17.025 46 10.149 59 59 to 67 59/6 to 61/6 Dollars (Exchange March, 1922) 12.612 7.667 11.730 7,005 12,612 12.594 13,017 13,017 to 14.782 13.127 to 13.568 56 Making-up and Packing The following full-time weekly wage rates are reported for the making-up and packing industry in Manchester:' MINIMUM WEEKLY WAGE RATES IN THE MAKING-UP AND PACK- ING INDUSTRY, MANCHESTER, JANUARY, 1922 (1 shilling at par= =$.243) Shilling? and Pence Dollars (Exchange Jan., 1922) Males, 21 years and over Hydraulic packers Makers-uD (erev) 74 69 64 64 60 58 , 54 39 36 34 33 30 8 1 11 2 7 8 1 4 11 6 9 15.795 14.614 Cloth lookers 13.733 Markers-off, stampers, and pressers-oiF Hoistmen, plaiters, cutters and lappers 13.574 12.693 Warehousemen Porters 12.393 11.565 Females, 18 years and over Markers-ofF 8.268 Cutters Stitchers, plaiters, tiers-up, parcellers, sorters, and tapers 7.686 7.387 7.087 6.505 Hosiery According to official estimates, weekly wages in the hosiery trades in Midlands were, in December, 1920, 125% and in Febru- ary, 1922, 75% above pre-war rates.'' Minimum weekly rates for time workers in the hosiery industry in Dumfries and Dis- trict, effective in March, 1922, were reported as follows:^ (1 shilling at par = $.243) ShUlings Dollars (Exchange March, 1922) Men 49 28 10 811 6 178 ^LabomCaztUe, August, 1921, to April, 1922, inclusive. Hbid.. March, 1922, p. 108. *U>ii., April, 1922, p. 179. 57 Linen In February, 1922, min'mum weekly wage rates for time- workers in the linen industry of Kirkaldy and District were as follows:' (1 shilling at par=$.243) Tenters and dressers. Lappers Common labor 13.788 13.022 11.381 Flax and Hemp Hourly time rates for male and female workers in the flax and hemp industry were fixed by Trade Board Agreement effective October 24, 1921.^ No change was reported up to March, 1922, when a proposal was issued to reduce wages by amounts ranging from 2 shillings, 2 pence to 2 shillings, 1 1 pence in the case of adult male workers, and 2 shillings of female workers.' Rates before the probable change are given below: MINIMUM HOURLY WAGE RATES OF WORKERS IN FLAX AND HEMP TRADES OF GREAT BRITAIN, OCTOBER, 1921 (1 shilling at par=$.243) Shillings and Pence DiUara (Exchange Oct., 1921) Males, 21 years and over Tenters with full charge 63 43/3 to 54 58 6 48 6 1 4 32 28 12 494 Under-tenters Dressers, mounters, card-cutters, and hacklers Others. Hose-pipe weavers employed on power or hand looms, piece-work basis time rate, hourly Female,\S years and over Spinners, card-cutters, weavers, winders and warpers Others 8.577 to 10.709 11.601 9.618 .264 6.346 5.553 'Labour Caatte, November, 1921 to April, 1922. 'Ihid., November, 1921, p. 613. 'Ibid., March, 1922, p. 148. 58 The following minimum hourly time rates for women in the flax and hemp industry in Ireland, varying according to the dis- trict of employment, have been compiled from the monthly reports of wage changes in the Labour Gazette ;' MINIMUM HOURLY RATES FOR WOMEN IN THE FLAX AND HEMP INDUSTRY IN IRELAND, OCTOBER, 1921 (1 penny at par=?.020) Pence Dollars (Exchange Oct., 1921) Preparers Spreaders and carders Rovers and drawers Doffers Spinners Spinners and twisters Piecers Layers Doffers Driers, reelers and winders Machine yarn driers Reelers and wet winders Hank winders All others (except in weaving department) Over 18 6 to 7 6 to6j< 3J^to6 4X to SK 6K to 7K 6 to 6^ 6Kto7 5>< to iyi .099 to .116 .099 to .112 .062 to .083 .107 to .124 .095 to .116 .074 to .099 .070 to .091 . 107 to . 124 .099 to .112 .112 to .116 .087 to .095 France According to official figures of wages in the textile manufac- " turing industry in various localities of France, male workers were receiving an hourly wage of from .30 to .65 francs (par exchange, $.058 to $.125) in 1911. In 1921 they were earning from 1.465 to 3.28 francs (current exchange, $.117 to $.257). The percentages of increase in the hourly wages in 1921 over those in 1911 ranged from 388% to 638%. The increases in daily wages for various classes of workers ranged from 286% to 635%. The following tables show the rates for certain occu- pations in specified locahties during the first quarter of 1921 -^ ^Labour Gasetle, February, 1921; to April, 1922, inclusive. 'Bulletin de la Statistigue Ciniral, July, 1921, pp. 341-352. 59 AVERAGE WAGES IN TEXTILE MANUFACTURING IN FRANCE, 1921 (1 franc at par =$.193) LOCALITY 1921 Percentage Francs Dollars (Exchange 1921) of increase 1911-1921 Cotton spinners Cotton spinners Cotton spinners NVool spinners Wool spinners Hourly Roubaix 3.21 2.69 2.95 3.28 2.28 2.65 2.05 1.465 2.00 2.00 1.85 1.95 16.00 13.50 12.00 20.80 18.00 14.00 to 18.00 13.50 18.00 6.80 13.00 13.00 14.33 15.84 .257 .215 .236 .263 .183 .212 .164 .117 .160 .160 .148 .156 1.281 1.081 .961 1.665 1.441 1 . 121 to 1.441 0.181 1.441 .544 1.041 1.041 1.147 1.268 484 Lille 412 Troves 637 405 Vienne 551 562 Weavers Elbeuf 447 388 Weavers Epinal 471 433 Weavers Cities other than Paris. Cities other than Paris . Daily 429 Rope makers Cotton spinners Cotton spinners Cotton spinners Wool spinners 413 256 Fraize 275 300 Kourmies 494 635 Wool weavers Fourmies 460 to 620 286 350 Silk spinners (female) Silk weavers 325 Amplepuis 306 333 Weavers (average) . . . Rope makers Cities other than Paris. Cities other than Paris. 332 335 In the textile dyeing trades the following average wages were in effect at the beginning of 1921 ■} (1 franc at par=$.193) - 1921 Francs Dollars (Exchange 1921) Dyers, cleaners Paris 34.00 16.80 18.00 16.00 2.772 Other cities 1.345 Dyers 1 lAmiens 1 441 I Roanne 1 1.281 ^Btdktin de la StatisUque Cinirale, July, 1921, pp. 60 341, 3 43. The average hourly wages for male spinners and connectors at the beginning of 1921 were as follows:' AVERAGE HOURLY WAGES IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRIES IN FRANCE, 1921 (1 franc at par=$.193) Spinners Francs Dollars (Exchange 1921) Connectors Francs Dollars (Exchange 1921) Cotton Roubaix . . Lille Rouen Troyes . . . Epinal Mulhouse. Carded wool Roubaix. . Elbeuf . . . . Vienna . . . Lavelanet. Castres. . . Mazamet. Combed wool Roubaix. . Elbeuf. . . . Mulhouse. 21 69 21 ,9S 10 25 3.28 2.50 2.28 2.20 2.45 1.70 3.507 2.75 2.35 .226 .189 .155 .207 .148 .158 .231 .176 .160 .155 .172 .119 .247 .193 .165 2.703 2.38 1.32 2.30 1.785 1.80 2.87 1.35 2.03 1.25 2.869 2.24 1.88 .190 .167 .093 .162 .125 .127 202 095 143 088 .202 .157 .132 Daily wage rates in the textile trades at Fourmies fixed by agreement, effective from May 21, 1921, were reported as follows:* (1 franc at par=$. 193) Spinners Tiers-up Apprentices after 6 months: 14 years old 15 years old Women (hourly) Francs 16.01 to 20.24 8.00 9.00 10.00 .90 to 1.20 Dollars (Current Exchange) 1.380 to 1.745 .690 .776 .862 .078 to .103 ^Bulletin de la StatistiqueGhiiralr, July. 1921, p. 353. 'Bulletin du Ministire du Travail, October-December, 1921, p. 434. 61 The following tabulation of wages in the cotton manufac- turing industry was published mLe Nord Textile et La Vie Economique and incorporated in the report of the United States Commercial Attach 6 at Paris, dated February 21, 1922*: WAGES PER HOUR IN COTTON MANUFACTURING DISTRICTS, 1922 (1 franc at par=$. 193) Spinners Weavers Warpers Winders Helpers Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars Francs (Exch. 1922) Francs (Exch. 1922) Francs (Exch. 1922) Francs (Exch. 1922) Francs (Exch. 1922) Rouen 1.99 .160 1.319 .106 1.51 .122 1.215 .098 Troyes... 2.65 .213 Mulhouse. 2.145 .173 i.98 .i59 i.58 .i27 .... Roubaix- Tourcoing 2.81 .226 2.25 .181 1.85 .149 1.60 .129 1.85 .149 Epinal — 2.05 .165 1.78 .143 1.43 .115 1.43 .115 Belgium Cotton The following tabulation of wage rates in the cotton spinning industry in Ghent was furnished by the United States consul in that city and published in the Monthly Labor Review."^ Ac- cording to a later report, reduction of 10% on June 13, and 3% on July 1, 1921, were agreed upon.' (1 franc at par=$.193) 1914 March 1, 1921 Percentage Francs Dollars (Par of Exchange) Francs Dollars (Exchange Mar., 1921) of increase 1914-1921 Mixers 0.27 .27 .28 .24 .28 .32 .37 .27 .27 .052 .052 .054 .046 .054 .062 .071 .052 .052 1.60 1.65 1.60 1.25 1.75 1.85 2.00 1.65 1.55 .119 .122 .119 .093 .130 .137 .148 .122 .115 493 511 Spool carriers 471 421 Strippers 525 Help grinders 478 Grinders 441 Smearers 511 Workmen 474 ^United States. Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. Commerce Reports, April 10, 1922, p. 77. 'United States. Department of Labor. Monthly Labor Review, June, 1921, p. 67. 'Labour Overseas, April-June, 1921, p. 52. 62 Linen The following minimum wage rates for linen workers at Rouler were determined by the Court of Arbitration, appointed to settle the wage conflict between employers and employees in the industry. Exceptionally good male workers and women of the same class who had had one year or more of experience, received at least 10% more:^ HOURLY RATES IN LINEN TRADES, ROULER, FEBRUARY, 1922 (1 franc at par=$.193) Franca DoUara (T'xchange Feb., 1922) Male Weavers 1.60 to 2. 20 1.90 1.80 1.70 1.65 2.10 2.30 to 2.50 1.25 134 to 184 .159 Winders, warpers, examiners, fine drawers, manglers, clippers, dressers, combers Measurers, dyers, oilers .151 .142 .138 Mounters .176 .193 to .210 Female Winders .105 Sweden During 1921, successive reductions brought wages to a point 25% below the peak in 1920. By a new national agreement effective during 1922, further reductions were to take place, whereby, after April, 1922, wages for textile workers would be 40% lower than in 1920. Hourly rates, varying according to locality, were fixed as follows:' (1 crown at par =$.268) Crowna DoUara (Exchange lat Quar., 1922} January-March, 1922 Men over 21 years Women over 18 years, After April 1, 1922 Men over 21 years. . . , Women over 18 years. .81 to .98 .54 to .63 .69 to .84 .46 to .54 .209 to .253 .140 to .163 .178 to .217 .119 to .140 iHeiiae d« Travail. February, 1922, p. 209. 'Sociala Meddelanden, 1922, No. S, p. 387. 63 At the peak of earnings in 1920, male workers in the textile industry at Norrkoping were earning 276% more than they were in 1920.' During 1921 wages were reduced 25% and by the national agreement of 1922, still further. (1 crown at par=$.268) Male 1914 1920 Jan. 1, 1922. April, 1922. . Female 1914 April, 1921.. Jan. 1, 1922. April, 1922. . Crowns Dollars (Current Exchange) .091 .264 .225 .201 .054 .196 .145 .131 Switzerland According to information furnished by the Union Centrale des Associations Patronales Suisses,* hourly rates for various classes of workers in textile manufacturing in Switzerland were as follows: ,, , " ^ « ,q'i\ (1 franc at par=J.193) Dollars (Exchange 1921) Cotton manufacturing Ring spinners (female) Mule spinners (male) Weavers (male) Weavers (female) fFool manufacturing Spinners, wool (male) Weavers (male) Weavers (female) Finishers (female) Silk manufacturing Weavers (female) Weavers (female)" Dyers (male, over 20 years) Dyers (male, over 20 years)" Hosiery and knit goods manufacturing Knitters (female) Finishers (female) aLarge cities. ^Ekonomisk aversikt, February, 1922, pp. 88-89. •By letter. 64 .165 .248 .193 .171 .272 .235 .180 .162 .184 .231 .346 .357 .184 .160 Italy A report in Labour Overseas^ presented daily wages in the cotton, silk, wool, and textile dyeing industries in the province of Milan, June 1921, as given below. It further stated that a three-, four-, or five-day week was being worked at that time in Milan. DAILY WAGES IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN MILAN, JUNE, 1921 (1 lira at par=$.193) Lire Dollars (Exchange June, 1921) Cotton 22.00 19.00 to 22.50 12.00 to 13.00 8.50 to 9.00 6.50 to 8.00 19.00 to 22.00 18.50+7.75" 16.00+7.75" 10.00+5.10" 1.132 Others (men) .978 to 1.158 Women 618 to 669 Silk Skilled hands (women) Others (women) .437 to .463 .335 to 412 fFoo/ Men .978 to 1.132 Dyeing Dyers (men) 952+ 399 .824+. 399 Women .515+ 262 aCost of living bonus. Silk In June, 1921, the following daily wages were in effect in ribbon factories of Lombardy:^ DAILY WAGES IN RIBBON FACTORIES IN LOMBARDY, JUNE, 1921 (1 lira at par=$.193) Time workers (women) Piece workers (women) Piece workers (men) ^Labour Overseas, April-Junet 1921, p. 46. 'Idem. 65 Lire 14.00 to 16.60 15.00 to 25.00 20.00 to 40.00 Dollars (Exchange June, 1921) .721 to .854 .772 to 1.287 1.029 to 2.059 The table below shows rates in the silk industry as fixed by agreement in various localities of Lombardy. Reductions up to 13% took place over rates as of previous settlements.^ (1 lira at par=$.193) Locality and Occupation Brescia, July 13, 1921 Spinners 1st class 2nd class Spinning wheel operators Induno Olona, Oct. 1921 Spinning and reeling: Women Twisters Boys Milan, Sept. 6, 1921 Spinning: Adult women Male assistants Spinning wheels: Winders (women) Common laborers Spinners (Work by contract) . . . Treviglio, August, 1921 Women: Weavers Winders Bobbin winders Replacers Lire Dollars (Current Exchange 1921) 4.30 to 8.55 4.05 to 8.20 7.95 to 8.35 .203 to .403 .191 to .386 .375 to .394 7.40 to 9.00 16.00 5.00 .229 to .364 .647 .202 7.50 to 8.50 11.00 (min.) .329 to .372 .482 7.10to7.90 7.10 13.50 (min.) 13.50 (min.) .311 to .346 .311 .591 .591 8.00 6.85 7.20 6.50 .352 .301 .317 .286 In February, 1922, daily wage rates in the Italian silk mills for various classes of female labor ranged from 3.36 lire for beginning twisters to 9.25 Ure for skilled operators. Further details are given below:' (1 lira at par=$.193) Skilled spinners Apprentices Twisters Beginning twisters — 1st month. Beginning twisters — 2nd month. Beginning twisters — 3rd month. 8.75 to 9.25 4.38 to 4.63 8.40 to 8.90 3.36 to 3.56 3.78 to 4.00 4.20 to 4.45 Dollars (lixchange Feb., 1922) .435 to .459 .218 to .230 .417 to .422 .167 to .177 .188 to .199 .209 to .221 ^BoUelino delLavoro, October, 1921, Part I, p. 371. ^L'Orsanizzazione Industriale, March 1, 1922, p. 9. 66 Other Textile Workers Daily time rates for textile workers in Milan, in force from October 17 to December 31, 1921, were as follows:' (1 lira at par=$.193) Lire Dollars (Exchange Dec, 1921) Dyers, bleachers and allied occupations Men From 12 to 15 years From IS to 16 years From 16 to 18 years From 18 to 20 years Over 20 years Pf^omen'^ From 12 to 15 years From 15 to 17 years Over 17 years Printers and engravers (minimum rates) Printers (one color) Printers (many colors) Printers after 3 years' experience Helpers (skilled and non-skilled) 6.30 to 8. 10 10.80 12.60 14.65 17.10 6.30 to 8.10 9.00 10.80 20.25 22.05 21.15 to 22.95 18.90 .287 to .369 .492 .574 .667 .779 .287 to .369 .410 .492 .923 1.005 .964 to 1.046 .861 aRate of pay equal with men's for equal work. Additional rates quoted are paid for all other work. Wages in the textile dyeing industry, as established by agreements in Lombardy on October 9, and in Campania on August 9, 1921, were as follows:' (1 lira at par=g.l93) Monza in Lombardy Work people, all classes 12-15 years 15-16 years 16-17 years 17-18 years 18 years and over Naples in Campania Men Over 15 years Under 15 years Mechanics over 15 Women Over 15 years Under 15 years Dollars Lire (Current Exchange) 5.13+2.523 .208+. 102 6.30+3. 15a .255+. 127 7. 74+3. 92a .313+. 159 9. 00+4. 50a .364+. 182 12. 60+6. 30a .510+. 255 16.00 .704 5.30 .233 20.00 .880 8.50 .374 4.60 .202 aCost of living bonus. ^BoOetino delLavaro, November, 1921, Part I, p. S30. nbid., October, 1921, Part I, p. 372. 67 Germany The Deutscher Textilarbeiter Verband, representing 650,000 workers, in a report on conditions in the German textile indus- try in December, 1921, described wage rates as follows:^ "Piece work wages in cotton spinning and weaving mills were from 8 to 16 marks an hour, according to district and grade. Wages in wool spinning mills were practically the same. Women workers over 20 years of age were paid from 6 to 9 marks an hour. The highest wages were in special branches, such as lace and curtain factories, where workers earned on an average 10 marks an hour, while piece work rates were generally proportionately higher. "In the flax, hemp and jute industries wages were from 8.45 to 8.75 marks an hour. Married workers received a supplementary allowance of 40 pf. an hour, with 20 pf. extra per child. Girls from 14 to 20 were paid from 4 to 6.30 marks; while youths of the same age were paid 60 pf. more per hour. These were maximum wages, and were taken as basis in calculating piece work wages, which were at least 15% higher. "In the Leipzig jute industry, wages varied from 9.25 to 11.55 marks. Foremen and overseers were paid one mark more per hour. En- gineers and stokers were paid 10.35 marks an hour. An extra 15% is paid for night work. Other special work done during the night, or on holidays, was paid as time and a half; overtime as time and a quarter. The above wage rates were those fixed by the collective agreements in force at the end of the year. "The report establishes a comparison between wages and the cost of living, in order to give some idea of the value of money. For ex- ample, the cost of a man's suit represents as a rule three weeks' work, a pair of boots from 35 to 40 hours, a kilogramme of beef 4 hours, two eggs one hour, a litre of milk about half an hour, a kilogramme of but- ter (at 90 marks per kilo.) from 9 to 10 hours. Butter, however, is no longer within the reach of the working classes, and was consequently replaced by margarine, which was equivalent to one day's work per kilo." Spinning and Weaving Monthly wage rates for designers in curtain and lace weaving establishments in the Free State of Saxony, as fixed by collec- tive agreement effective from November 1, 1921 to January 31, 1922 are quoted in the following tabulation. Foremen and heads of departments received 300 marks per month in addition to the standard rate. The following monthly wages in the spinning industry in Saxony as established by co'lective agreement, are reported:' ^Industrial and Labour Information, February 24, 1922, pp. 26-27. 'Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, December 31, 1921, p. 1265. 68 MONTHLY WAGES IN THE SPINNING INDUSTRY IN SAXONY, EFFECTIVE NOVEMBER 1, 1921, TO JANUARY 31, 1922 (1 mark at par = ?.238) Designers During first year after apprenticeship 18-20 years Over 30 years Pattern makers After first year 18-20 years Over 30 years Combination pattern makers Copyists (female) During first year after apprenticeship Under 20 years Over 20 years Apprenticeship (2 months) Lace drawers Foremen 1,100 1,450 2,800 1,000 1,250 2,350 100 (monthly payment addi- tional to above rates) 600 800 900 75-600 1,700 to 2,800 300 (monthly payment addi- tional to above rates) 6.215 8.193 15.820 5.650 7.063 13.278 .565 3.390 4.520 5.085 .424-3.390 .605-15.820 1.695 Another table suggests the range of hourly rates according to age, in the textile industry in Baden and Wurttemberg:^ HOURLY WAGE RATES IN THE TEXTILE INDUSTRY IN SOUTHERN GERMANY IN OCTOBER, 1921 (1 mark at par^g.238) Baden Marks Dollars (Exchange Oct., 1921) Wurttemberg Marks Dollars (Exchange Oct., 1921) Men and boys Up to 14 years Up to 18 years Up to 20 years Up to 25 years Women and girls Up to 14 years Up to 18 years Up to 20 years Up to 25 years 1.70 3.25 4.70 5.40 1.55 2.65 3.50 4.00 .013 .025 .036 .042 .012 .021 .027 .031 1.89 3.50 4.90 5.74 1.68 2.87 3.43 3.99 .015 .027 .038 .044 .013 .022 .027 .031 ^Daily News Record. New York City, October 20, 1921. 69 The German Federation of Trade Unions has reported hourly wages of weavers as established by collective agreements in different cities after March 31, 1922, as follows:' (1 mark at par =$.238) Male Female Marks DoUars (Exchange April, 1922) Marks Dollars (Exchange April, 1922) Aachen 17.95 17.50 12.30 15.75 15.75 20.00 14.80 16.70 12.75 14.00 15.75 18.70 15.75 17.00 .064 .063 .044 .056 .056 .072 .053 .060 .046 .050 .056 .067 .056 .061 17.95 15.51 9.60 13.20 13.20 15.40 9.65 11.10 8.50 9.00 13.20 13.90 13.20 12.75 .064 Berlin .056 Breslau .034 Chemnitz .047 Dresden .047 Dusseldorf .055 Erfurt .035 Hamburg .040 .030 Kiel .032 Leipzig .047 Munich .050 Plauen .047 Stuttgart .046 Wool The hourly wage rates set by collective agreements for workers in the wool and worsted industry in Reichenbach from December 1, 1921, to January 31, 1922, are given below:^ (1 mark at par =$.238) Spinners (tending 2 machines) Spinners (tending 1 machine) Skilled feeders, male and female 14-16 years Over 20 years Setters up 14-16 years 16-18 years Over 18 years Women learners, 14 years and over Ring spinners, winders, etc Packers, etc Marks 11.35 10.20 5.10 7.35-9.65 3.95 5.10 5.65 3.75-7.20 4.20-7.35 3.75-6.50 Dollars (Exchange Dec, 1921) .064 .057 .029 .041-. 054 .022 .029 .032 .021-. 041 .024-. 041 .021-. 037 iKorrespondenzblatt des AUgemeinen Deulschen Gewerkschaftsbundes, May 20, 1922, p. 35, 'Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, January IS, 1922, p. 17. 70 Dyeing and Finishing According to official figures, average hourly wage rates in the textile finishing industry in the Prefecture Annaberg as fixed by agreement, effective from November 1, 1921, to Janu- ary 31, 1922, were as follows:' AVERAGE HOURLY RATES IN THE TEXTILE FINISHING INDUS- TRY IN ANNABERG, JANUARY, 1922 (1 mark at par = $.238) Marks Dollars (Exchange Dec., 1921) Skilled dyers Up to 20 years 20-25 years Over 25 years Experienced dyers 18-20 years Over 20 years Beginners (dyeing and finishing), rate increasing according to age Female workers, rate increasing according to age 7.50 8.80 9.50 7.00 8.50 3.00-8.00 2.50-5.20 .042 .050 .054 .040 .048 .017-. 045 .014-. 029 'Reichs-ArbeilsblatI, December 31, 1921, p. 1265. 71 VI CLOTHING MANUFACTURING Great Britain In the British clothing trades, the principal changes in 1921 took place as a result of orders issued under the Trade Board Acts. The minimum rates fixed under these Acts were reduced during the year in the case of females in the ready- made and in the wholesale custom and retail custom tailoring trades, and both males and females in the corset trade. Males in the retail custom tailoring trade suffered a further reduction in piece and time rates in February, 1922. ^ In the case of females, in the wholesale mantle, costume and laundry trades, there were increases and decreases which left the minimum rates at the same level at the end as at the beginning of the year. No change occurred for adults in the hat, cap and millinery and the shirt-making trades, until February, 1922, when the minimum rates as fixed by Trade Board Acts were reduced by amounts varying from one-half penny to four pence per hour.^ In the dressmaking and women's light clothing trades, certain classes of women received an increase while other classes of adults had no change.' Minimum hourly time rates in the wholesale mantle and costume trade as established by Trade Board Act effective April 17, 1922, are given in the following tabulation. Piece work basis time rates amounted to Xyi pence (exchange, April, 1922, $.028) more per hour than the time rates quoted, while the standard piecework time rate for women was 8^ pence per hour (exchange, April, 1922, $.156).* ^Labour Gazette, March, 1922, p. 137. 'Ihid., March, 1922, p. 138. tibid., January, 1922, p. 5. 'Ibid., May, 1922, p. 239. 72 GENERAL MINIMUM TIME RATES IN THE WHOLESALE MANTLE AND COSTUME TRADE, APRIL, 1922 Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange April, 1922) Males Measure cutters, employed not less than S years, after the age of 19 Cutters, pressers, fitters-up, 3 and 5 years experience Warehousemen, packers and porters All other males, over 22 Females Cutters, trimmers, fitters-up (according to age) Others (including home workers) Learners (according to age and time of em ployment) 1/2J< and 1/5 1/- to 1/1 1/- -n}4 to -/8K -/7K -/IK to -/6}4 .349 .271 to .312 .220 to .239 .220 .138 to .156 .138 .032 to .119 Trade Board Acts fixed minimum time rates and piecework basis time rates effective for women workers in the retail custom tailoring industry on November 21, 1921' and for men workers on February, 22, 1922,^^ as follows: MINIMUM HOURLY WAGE RATES IN RETAIL CUSTOM TAILORING (1 shilling at par = |.243) Class of Worker Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Feb.. 1922) Time Workers Females over 20 yrs. with 5 years experience Other females, not apprentices Piece Workers (time rates) Females over 20 yrs., with 5 yrs. experience Other females, not apprentices Time workers Males with 5 years experience, and less than 1 year additional employment Between 1 and 3 years additional employment. . , More than 3 years additional employment Special workers General minimum time rate for all other workers, and other than apprentices and cutters Piece workers (time rates) Males with 5 years experience and less than 1 year additional employment Between 1 and 3 years additional employment. . , More than 3 years additional employment -/10J< -/8K -/llK -/ 9y^ 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 1 1 45^ 1 syi 1 6>? .196 .155 .214 .173 .274 .292 .310 .237 .301 .319 .337 ^Labour Gazelle, December, 1921, p. 657. ilbid, March, 1922, pp. 137, 148. 73 France The following table gives the general average hourly and daily wages in French clothing industries in 1921 as compiled by the French Department of Labor, together with the percentages of increase between 1911 and 1921:^ GENERAL AVERAGE HOURLY AND DAILY WAGES IN THE CLOTHING INDUSTRY IN 1921, WITH PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE, 1911-1921 (1 franc at par = $.193) Hourly Daily Per- cent. Per- cent. Occupation Locality Dollars In- Dollars In- Francs (Ex- crease Francs (Current crease change 1911- Ex- 1911- 1921) 1921 change) 1921 Tailors (male) Paris 3.50 .280 367 28.00 2.242 273 Other cities 2.20 .176 400 18.02 1.443 296 Ironers (female) Paris 2.00 .160 400 16.00 1.281 300 Other cities 1.07 .086 386 8.73 .699 306 Dressmakers (female). Paris 2.00 .160 471 16.00 1.281 357 Other cities 1.17 .094 409 9.43 .755 313 Linen draper (female) Paris 2.00 .160 567 16.00 1.281 433 Other cities 1.11 .089 429 8.96 .717 331 Vest makers (female). Paris 2.00 .160 300 16.00 1.281 220 Other cities 1.22 .098 388 10.04 .804 302 Lace makers (female). Paris Other cities 1.30 !l04 491 10.49 .840 392 Embroiderers (female) Paris 2.00 .160 16.00 1.281 Other cities 1.18 .094 372 9.16 .733 275 Milliners (female) Paris 2.00 .160 300 16.00 1.281 220 Other cities 1.17 .094 368 9.24 .740 273 ^ ., . Sweden Tatlortng The weekly wages of male tailors in Stockholm increased from 31 crowns (par exchange, $8.31) in 1914 to 100 crowns (par exchange, $26.80; exchange, March, 1921, $22.85) dur- ing the period of an agreement effective from March, 1920 to March, 1921. A new agreement extending from January 1, 1922 to March, 1922, reduced the weekly wages to 85 crowns (current exchange, January, 1922, $21.23) the decrease amounting to 15%.^ Weekly earnings for wage earners in tailoring establishments as fixed by collective agreement effective from March, 1922 to March, 1923 were as follows:^ ^Bulletin de la Statisiique Cinlrale, July, 1921, pp. 341-342. 'Ekonomisk Sversikt, February, 1922, pp. 88-89. 74 WEEKLY WAGES IN TAILORItJG ESTABLISHMENTS, 1922-1923 (1 crown at par=^.268) SWEDEN, Mar. to Aug., 1922 After Sept. 1, 1922 Crowns Dollars (Exchange March, 1922) Crowns Dollars (Exchange March, 1922) Stockholm 75.00 48.75 67.50 43.87 63.75 41.44 60.00 39.00 56.25 36.56 19.757 12.842 17.781 11.556 16.793 10.916 15.806 10.274 14.818 9.631 70.00 45.50 63.00 40.95 59.50 38.67 56.00 36.40 52.50 34.13 18.440 Women 11.986 Goteborg Men 16.596 10.787 Norrkoping 15.674 Women 10.187 Orebro Men 14.752 9.589 Kalamar Men 13.830 Women 8.991 Belgium According to figures furnished by the Bourse OfSciel du Travail'' employees in the clothing trades in Brussels were receiving hourly wages ranging from 1 franc (current exchange, $.070) to 3.25 francs (current exchange, $.229) in November, 1921. Average hourly wages in specified occupations were as given in the following table: HOURLY WAGES OF CLOTHING WORKERS, BRUSSELS, NOVEMBER, 1921 (1 franc at par=f .193) Francs Dollars (Exchange Nov., 1921) IVfachine embroiderers 1.50 to 2.00 1.25 to 2.00 1.00 to 1.75 1.25 to 1.75 2 . SO to 2 . 75 2.75 to 3.25 106 to 141 .088 to .141 .070 to 123 Women's tailors. fema.le 088 to 123 .174 to .194 Women's tailors .194 to .229 'Sociala Meddelanden, 1922, No. S, p. 3R7. ^Cited in; United States. Department of Labor. Monthly Labor Review^ March, 1921 p. 86. 75 Germany In collective agreements concluded between employers and employees in the German clothing trades, the following hourly wage rates for different classes of labor are specified, effective from March 4, 1922:i (1 mark atpar=?.238) Locality Grade of Worker Marks Dollars (Exchange Mar., 1922) Bonn 1 4 6 1 3 4 1 3 5 1 and 2 3 and 5 1 2 3 4 1 and 3 5 1 2 3 1, 2, 4 2 4 5 1 3 5 1 4 5 2 3 S 4 3 and 5 2 3 5 3 5 6 16.50 15.70 15.20 16.50 16.25 16.00 16.50 16.20 15.70 16.00 15.50 16.00 15.70 15.45 15.25 16.00 15.70 15.00 14.70 14.40 14.00 13.70 13.35 13.00 13.70 13.40 13.10 13.70 13.20 13.00 13.00 12.80 12.20 12.00 12.00 11.50 11.25 11.00 9.50 9.20 9.00 .067 Dusseldorf. .064 .062 .067 Colocne .066 .065 .067 Berlin ... .066 .064 .065 Frankfort-on-the-Main .063 .065 .064 .063 .062 .065 Wiesbaden .064 .061 .060 .059 .057 .056 .055 .053 .056 .055 .053 .056 Cassel .054 .053 .053 .052 .050 .049 .049 .047 Weilheim .046 .045 .039 .037 .037 ^Behleidungs Arbeiler, Berlin, March 11, 1922, p. 47-48. 76 In the Reichs-Arbeitsblatt wage rates are given from time to time covering specific occupations in the waist manufacturing industry at Miilhausen, Thuringia. Rates effective during January and February, 1922 show increases from 78% to 100% over rates in effect March 1, 1921. Hourly wages for specified classes of workers effective from December 1 to December 31, 1921, were as follows:' (1 mark at par = |.238) Independent cutters Cutters (helpers) First fitters and pressers Second fitters and pressers .... Button hole makers Under 20 years Over 20 years Seamstresses (after six months) 1st year 2nd year 3rd year 017 019 015 016 OlS According to collective agreements reported to the General Federation of Trade Unions in Germany, hourly wage rates paid to male workers in tailoring establishments in various cities of Germany after March 31, 1922, were as given below:'' (1 mark at par = }.238) Marks Dollars (Exchange Apr., 1922) Berlin 20.00 17.20 17.20 17.20 17.20 21.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 17.20 17.20 17.20 .072 .062 Breslau .062 Chemnitz .062 .062 Dusseldorf .075 Essen .072 .072 .072 Hanover .062 Kiel .062 LeiDzifiT .062 'Reichs-ArbeitsblaU, December 31, 1921, p. 1266. 'Korrespandtniblatt des Allgenuinen Deutschen Cewerkschaflsbundes, May 20, 1922, p. 35 . 77 Italy The Minister of Labor reported average daily wages of workers in the clothing industry in Milan, by agreement effective from October 26, 1921, as follows: ' AVERAGE DAILY RATES IN THE CLOTHING INDUSTRY IN MILAN FROM OCTOBER 26, 1921 (1 lira at par =^.193) Class of Labor Lire Dollars (Exchange Oct., 1921) Adult men 24.00 18.00 6.00 .971 Women .728 Boys under 15 .243 Austria Weekly wages of tailors in Vienna at the end of 1921 are given in the following table:'' WEEKLY WAGES OF TAILORS IN VIENNA, DECEMBER, 1921 (1 crown at par = J. 205) Crowns Dollars (Exchange Dec., 1921) Cutters (men's order trade) 19,620 15,224 9,443 to 15,572 4,198 to 9,072 8.829 Men's tailors 6 851 Ladies' tailors 4 249 to 7 007 Ladies' tailors' helpers 1 889 to 4 082 An Austrian' labor journal reports tailors' weekly earnings in Vienna for the first week in February, 1922, as 28,450 crowns (current exchange, $9.60) with a 20% further increase probable up to March 11, 1922.' ^Bolhtino del Lavoro, December, 1921, Part I, p. 691. ^International Labor Office. Industrial and Labour Information, March 3, 1922, p. 39. 'Oeslerreichische Volkswirtschaft, March 11, 1922. 78 VII LEATHER MANUFACTURING Great Britain Leather Tanning By agreement between the Leather Producers' Association for England, Scotland and Wales, and the National Leather Trades Federation, uniform hourly rates were adopted for skilled, semi-skilled, and unskilled laborers in the tanning and currying trades, and in hat leather manufacture. Rates for piece workers were adjusted so as to enable a worker of average ability to earn not less than 25% above the new basic time rates for corresponding grades of skill. Hourly rates for time workers in leather currying and tanning effective up to April, 1922, in various districts of Great Britain are given in the following table :^ HOURLY WAGE RATES OF WORKPEOPLE IN MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER, SEPTEMBER 5, 1921° (1 shilling at par = |.243) SkiUed Shilling«i and Pence Dollars (Ex- change April, 1922) Semi-skilled Shillings and Pence Dollars (Ex- Change April, 1922) Unskilled Shillings and Pence Dollars (Ex- Change April, 1922) London district (within s 17-mile radius of Char ing Cross) London district (outside a 17-mile radius of Char- ing Cross) Lancashire Yorkshire apd northeastern counties Northamptonshire and sur- rounding counties Walsall and Birmingham . . Worcester and Warwick . . , 1 6 4 1 4J< 6 4. .331 -294 .326 .308 .308 .331 .294 1 4 1 2 1 3K 1 2K 1 2J< 1 IK .294 .257 .289 .271 .271 .253 1 2 1^ 1 1 1 OK 1 .257 .220 .253 .239 .230 .220 a Women on jobs classified as semi-skilled were receiving 8 pence per hour in the London district, and 7K pence in Yorkshire and the Northeastern Counties; on jobs of a lower category, 7 pence per hour in the London district. In London, male juniors 16 to 205^ years of age received from 5K pence to IS pence per hour, and female juniors, 16 to ISyi years, from S pence to TA pence per hour, according to their age and degree of skill . Wage rates for these groups outside of London were slightly less. ^Labour Gazette, September, 1921, to May, 1922, inclusive. 79 HOURLY WAGE RATES OF WORKPEOPLE IN MANUFACTURE OF LEATHER, SEPTEMBER 5. 1921 — Continued (1 shilling at par = = $.243) Skilled S^i-skillcd Unskilled Shillings and Pence Dollars (Ex- change April, 1922) Shillings and Pence DcUars (Ex- change April, 1922) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Ex- change April, 1922) Hat Leather Workers^ Ashton-under-Lyne!", Den- ton, Hyde and Stockport Northamptonshire and Nottinghamshire Scotland Rural and remote districts . 1 4^ .303 1 2 .257 1 OX 1 4K .308 1 2J< .271 1 OK 1 6 .331 1 4 .294 1 2 1 3 .276 1 .220 11 .230 .230 .257 .202 fcWomen in Ashton-under-Lyne, etc., received 26 shillings per week; male juniors, 18 to 20K years, from 24 shillings to 39 shillings per week; and female juniors, 16 tol9 years, from 11 shillings to 19 shillings per week. Boots and Shoes The Labour Gazette summarizes wage conditions in the boot and shoe industry at July, 1914, December, 1920, and February, 1922, as follows:" 'In the manufacture of boots and shoes the minimum time-rate of wages for the principal classes of skilled workmen, 23 years of age and upwards, at the end of February, 1922, was 64 shillings a week. At the end of 1920 the corresponding minimum was 68 shillings, and before the war it was 30 shillings in most districts, though in a few cases it was 28 or 29 shillings. For men at the same ages in the heel- building departments and in the shoe and stock rooms the minimum in February was 61 shillings a week, compared with 65 shillings in December, 1920, and with a rate of 27 shillings a week adopted in 1914, to take effect from the beginning of 1915. For women of 20 years or over employed in certain operations in the closing and heel- building departments and the stock and shoe room the minimum rate was 38 shillings a week at February, 1922, compared with 40 shillings at December, 1920, and with 17 shillings or 18 shillings adopted in 1914, with effect from January, 1915." 'Industrial Yearbook, London, 1922, p. 518. ^Labour Gazette, March, 1922, p. 108. 80 Comparative rates with exchange values for specified groups of labor are given below: MINIMUM WEEKLY RATES IN THE BOOT AND SHOE INDUSTRY (1 shilling at par = $ . 243 ) Jan., 1915 Dec, 1920 Feb. ,1922 Shillings Dollars (Cur- rent Ex- change) Shillings Dollars (Cur- rent Ex- change) Shillings Dollars (Cur- rent Ex- change) Skilled workmen (23 years of age and upwards) .... Workers in heel-building depts. (23 years of age) . . Women (20 years and over) in certain operations in heel-building dept 28to30 27 17 to 18 6.813 to 7. 300 6.576 4.141 to 4.384 68 65 40 11.937 11.410 7.022 64 61 38 14.132 13.470 8.391 Miscellaneous Leather Products Hourly wage rates in other branches of leather product man- ufacturing in February, 1922, were as follows:' (1 shilling at par = |.243) Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) Birmingham and Walsall Districts Made-up leather goods industry: Males Females Gig saddle makers United Kingdom Leather belt manufacturing: Skilled workers Semi-skilled workers Hyde and District Chamois leather dressing and glove-making; Skilled workers Semi-skilled workers Newcastle, Sunderland, Durham Saddlers Horse collar makers Lancashire and Cheshire Saddlers and harness makers Horse collar makers Ubii., October to March, 1922, inclusive. 81 .292 .137 .310 .328 .264 .328 .292 .310 .347 .347 .365 Glove Making In the leather glove making trade in Worcester, North Devon, Yeovil and Oxford, skilled men were receiving 60 shill- ings per week in February, 1922, and women, 20 years of age and older, 8 pence per hour. Laborers in the same trade were receiving 15 pence per hour less 12>^%of total earnings. ' France According to information obtained by the French Govern- ment concerning wages in various industries in 1911 and 1921, hourly wages in the leather trades had increased from 333% to 425%, and daily wages from 247% to 400% during the ten- year period. Smaller increases took place in Paris than in cities outside of Paris. Rates for specific occupations in leather making were as follows:^ AVERAGE HOURLY AND DAILY WAGES IN LEATHER TRADES IN 1921 (1 franc at par = ^.193) Occupation Locality 1921 Francs Dollars (Exchange 1921) Percent- age of Increase 1911-1921 Hourly Tanners . Saddlers and harnessmakers . , Shoemakers Paris Other cities Paris Other cities Paris Other cities 3. IS .252 2.10 .168 3.15 .252 2.07 .166 3.25 .260 1.98 1.59 385 425 350 393 333 421 Daily Tanners Saddlers and harnessmakers Shoemakers Shoe operatives Glovemakers Glovemakers Glovemakers Glovemakers (women) Paris Other cities Paris Other cities Paris Other cities Romans Millau Niort St. Junien Millau 25.20 17.02 25.20 16.83 26.00 16.30 10.00 17.00 20.00 16.00 14.00 2.018 1.363 2.018 1.348 2.082 1.305 .801 1.361 1.601 1.281 1.121 288 316 260 295 247 313 400 300 300 344 833 ^Labour Gazelle, March, 1922, p. 137. 'Bulletin de la Slatistique GirUrale, July, 1921, pp. 341 and 343. 82 During the third week of December, 1921 shoe finishers in Gloron, France, according to newspaper report, received weekly wages from 45.40 francs to 94.55 francs (exchange, December, 1921, $3,618 to $7,534) or an average of 72.95 francs (exchange, $5,813). Wages as quoted include a 10% bonus, and an additional cost-of-living allowance.' Leather Trades As the result of a national agreement, hourly wages of male workers in the tanning industry during the first six months of 1922 amounted to 1.23, 1.15, 1.03 and .93 crowns respectively in each of four locality groups, a reduction of from 23% to 30% from the highest wages in these groups. It was agreed to reduce these wages .10 crown beginning July 1. In the shoe industry, it was agreed that from January 1 wages in the four locality groups should be between 1.05 and .90 crowns for men, and between .67 and .58 crown for women with a reduction of .10 crown for men and .07 crown for women on July 1. The following table shows the average hourly wages in the tanning industry (locality group 2) and shoe industry (group 3) in 1914, at the peak of earnings, and in 1922.^ AVERAGE HOURLY WAGES IN THE LEATHER INDUSTRY (1 crown at par = $.268) Tanning Industry Male 1914 1920 Jan., 1922 July, 1922 Shoe Industry Male 1914 1920 Jan., 1922 July, 1922 Female 1914 Dec, 1921 Jan., 1922 July, 1922 oFiret quarter 1922 exchange used. ■Li! Feufle, March 9, 1922, p. 4. mkonomisk oversiki, February, 1922, pp. SS, 88-89 83 Dollars (Current exchange) .107 .287 .257 .240" .107 .268 .237 .220" .064 .226 .152 .140" Wages in the glove industry in Skane as fixed by agreement effective from January, 1922 until February 1, 1923, are as follows:' WEEKLY WAGES FOR WORKERS IN THE GLOVE INDUSTRY AT SKNE, AS FIXED BY AGREEMENT (1 crown at par = J.268) Male Female Crown Dollars (Exchange First Quarter, 1922) Crown Dollars (Exchange First Quarter, 1922) Dec, 1921. Jan -May 1, May-Oct. 1, Oct.-Feb. 1, 1922. .. 1922... 1923. .. 85.00 63.75 59.50 55.25 21.964 16.477 15.378 14.280 50.00 37.50 35.00 32.50 12.920 9.692 9.046 8.400 Boots and Shoes By national agreement, effective during the year 1922, hourly wages for men workers were to be reduced 33% to 36%, and for women, 40% to 42% from the terms of the previous agreement. Rates, varying slightly between four localities, were as follows:* (1 crown at par = $.268) Crowns Dollars (Exchange First Quarter, 1922) January to June, 1922 Men (over 19 years) . . . Women (over 18 years) July to December, 1922 Men (over 19 years) . . . Women (over 18 years) .90 to 1.05 .58 to .67 .80 to .51 to .95 .60 .233 to .271 .ISO to .173 .207 to .246 .132 to .155 Switzerland Boots and Shoes In October, 1921 male workers in the boot and shoe industry in small towns of Switzerland were earning from 115 centimes to 160 centimes per hour, according to occupation. Women were earning from 94 centimes to 100 centimes per hour. Rates for specified trades are shown in the following table:' ^Ekonomisk Sversikl, February, 1922, pp. 53-56. 'Sociala Meddelanden, Stockholm, 1922, no. S, p. 387. 'Figures supplied by the Union Centrale des Associations Patronales Suisses. 84 AVERAGE HOURLY EARNINGS IN THE BOOT AND SHOE MANUFAC- TURING INDUSTRY IN SMALL TOWNS ON OCTOBER 1, 1921 (1 franc at par = J. 193) Male Female Francs Dollars (Exchange Oct., 1921) Francs Dollars (Exchange Oct., 1921) Cutters 1.45 1.40 1.60 1.40 1.15 .266 .257 .294 .257 .211 .94 90 1.00 Stitchers .173 .165 .184 Unskilled laborers Germany The German Federation of Trade Unions in a tabulation of rates as established by collective agreements after March 31, 1922, gave the following hourly wages for skilled male and female workers in the shoe and leather industry. Rates varied according to the classification of cities under the cost-of-living scale system.' HOURLY WAGES IN THE LEATHER INDUSTRY, APRIL, 1922 (1 markat par=J0.238) Male Female Leather Goods Shoe Making Leather Goods Shoe Making Marks Dol- lars (Ex- change April, 1922) Marks Dol- lars (Ex- change April, 1922) Marks Dol- lars change April, 1922) Marks Dol- lars change April, 1922) Berlin Bremen Breslau Chemnitz Dsesden Diisseldorf. . . . Essen Frankfort - on- Main Hamburg Hanover Hildesheim . . . Leipzig 21.00 20.00 20.00 20.75 20.75 20.75 20.75 20.75 21.00 20.75 18.50 20.75 .075 .072 .072 .074 .074 .074 .074 .074 .075 .074 .066 .074 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 19.20 20.00 .072 .072 .072 .072 .072 .072 .072 .072 .072 .069 .072 13.80 13.00 13.00 13.55 13.55 13.55 13.55 13.55 13.80 13.55 11.90 13.55 .049 .047 .047 .049 .049 .049 .049 .049 .049 .049 .043 .049 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 15.00 14.40 15.00 .054 .054 .054 .054 .054 .054 .054 .054 .054 .052 .054 'KorrespondenMaU des AUgemeinen Deulschen Gewerkschaflsbundes, May 20, 19 22, p. 35. 85 VIII SAND, CLAY AND GLASS PRODUCTS Great Britain Pottery A British official journal reports that at the end of February, 1922 the general level of wage rates in the pottery indus- try was 66?^% above the pre-war level as compared with 108>^% at the end of 1920. In 1919 the hours of labor were reduced from 52 to 47 per week without any reduction in weekly rates of wages. In March, 1922 wages of pottery workers in certain districts of England and Scotland, calcu- lated on the basis of gross earnings as of December, 1920 re- ported in the "Standard Time Rates of Wages and Hours of Labour," minus subsequent total reductions of 20%, inclu- sive of the 66^% incorporated bonus, were as foUows:'^ WEEKLY MINIMUM RATES OF POTTERY WORKERS, MARCH, 1922 (1 shilling at par = $.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) Placers and saggar makers (daily) Warehouse women and girls (13 to 21 years) Dipping-house women (1st to 3rd year of experience) Laborers, over 21 Stokers, over 21 Enginemen Earthenware potter's attendants (13 to 21 years) Females employed in electrical fittings section Glost and biscuit warehouse (13 to 21 years) Pressers, fettlers, dippers and cleaners (14 to 21 years) Glost placers and biscuit placers working with men in placing-houses (14 to 21 years) Female printers, decorators, and transferrers (13 to 21 years) 11 8 10/6 to 26/8 20/ 50/ 53 58 to 30/ 11/8 to 26/8 11/ to 26/7 13/ to 28/ 14/ to 30/ 11/11 to 28/2 2.551 2.296 to 5.832 4.374 to 6.561 10 . 934 11.754 12.757 2.551 to 5.832 2.406 to 5.813 2.843 to 6.123 3.062 to 6.561 2.606 to 6.160 Vjibtmr Gazette, March, 1922, p. 109. 86 Glass The following table shows the wage rates for various classes of workers in the glass industry in specified localities:' HOURLY WAGE RATES IN THE GLASS WORKING INDUSTRY (1 shilling at par = ^.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange April, 1922) Yorkshire, London, Manchester Flint glass bottle makers and blowerso Glasgow Glass embossers, painters and fret lead glaziers Glass bevellers, silverers and cutters 4 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 6 10 10 8K .9SS .441 331 Newcastle-on-Tyne and Gateshead Lead light glaziers, glass painters, etc Leeds, Bradford, Sheffield, Huddersfield, Hull and York Decorative glass workers .404 404 London Silverers and cutters in plate glass trade .399 .381 aPer move. Brick Making Wage rates in the brick industry in various localities, are pre- sented in the table below. The latest hourly rate available in each case is reported up to May, 1922.^ HOURLY WAGE RATES IN THE BRICK MAKING INDUSTRY ADOPTED BETWEEN NOVEMBER, 1921 AND APRIL, 1922 (1 shilling at par = J. 243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Current Exchange) Peterborough and District Oilers 1 2 1 OX 1 7X 73 (weekly) 7 1 3K 51 (weekly) 247 216 Fitters 339 Burners 15 443 Women 123 Sheffield and District 273 Buckley and District 10 060 ^Labour Gazette, August. 1921, to May, 1922, inclusive. 'Ibid., December, 1921 to May, 1922, inclusive. 87 France Pottery According to official figures, average hourly wages for workers in the pottery industry in Paris had increased 483% from 1911 to 1921; in other cities they had increased 417%. Average daily earnings had increased 367% in Paris, 330% in other cities. Average wages per hour and per day in 1921 were as follows:* AVERAGE HOURLY AND DAILY WAGES IN THE POTTERY INDUSTRY IN 1921 (1 franc at par = f .193) Francs Dollars (Exchange First Quarter, 1921) Hourly Wages Paris 3.50 2.17 28.00 18.33 280 .174 Daily JVages Paris 2 242 Otiier cities 1.468 Glass The percentage increase between hourly earnings of glaziers in 1911 and in the first half of 1921 was 289% in Paris, and 384% in other cities. Below are shown the average wages for 1921:' AVERAGE HOURLY AND DAILY WAGES OF GLAZIERS IN 1921 (1 franc at par = $ . 193) Francs Dollars (Exchange First Quarter, 1921) Hourly JVages Paris 3.50 2.37 28.00 19.52 280 Other cities .190 Weekly Wages Pans 2 242 1 563 ^Bulletin de la Stalistique Glnlrale, July, 1921, p. 342. ''Idem. 88 The following table shows the average daily wages of glass makers in three specified localities of France in 1921:' AVERAGE DAILY WAGES OF GLASS MAKERS IN 1921 (1 franc at par = $.193) Francs DoIIare (Current Exchani;e) AIbi 24.00 29.00 25.00 to 50.00 1 922 2.322 Rive-de-Gier 2.002 to 4.003 Brick Making According to official figures, wages of brick makers in the first half of 1921 were as follows:^ AVERAGE HOURLY AND DAILY WAGES OF BRICK MAKERS IN 1921 (1 franc at par = J . 193) Dollars (Exchan?e First Ouarter, 1921) Hourly Wages Cities outside of Paris . Daily Wages Cities outside of Paris . .188 1.597 Marble Marble workers at Cousolres were receiving an average wage of 18.00 francs to 19.00 francs per day (current ex- change, $1,441 to $1,521) in the first half of 1921, as com- pared with from 5.00 francs to 8.00 francs (par exchange $.964 to $1,542) in 1911.' ^Bulletin de la Statistique Ginlrale, July, 1921. p. 343. 'Ibid., p. 342. 'Ibid., p. 343. 89 Sweden Glass By a national agreement the wage rate for unskilled workers in the small glassware establishments was fixed at .55 crown (current exchange, $.142) per hour for the year ending Febru- ary 1, 1923, a decrease of 45% from the terms of the 1920 agreement. Rates for piecework were reduced approximately 45% during the same period.* Italy Pottery According to a wage agreement in September, 1921, adult male pottery makers in Milan received from 18 lire to 25 lire (current exchange, $.789 to $1,095) and boys from 6 lire to 10 lire (current exchange $.263 to $.438) per day. Women of the first class received 15 lire (current exchange, $.657) and of the second class 12 lire (current exchange, $.526). The rates set by the agreement are as follows:^ DAILY WAGES IN THE POTTERY INDUSTRY IN MILAN FROM SEPTEMBER, 1921 (1 lira at par = $.193) Adult workers, first class . . , Boys, first class Adult workers, second class Boys, second class Adult workers, third class. . Boys, third class Adult women, first class . . . Girls, first class Adult women, second class. Glass Daily wages of glass makers in Milan, as fixed by a wage agreement of September 27, 1921 were as follows:' ^Ekonomisk dversikt, February, 1922, p. 54. 'BoUettino del Lamm, November, 1921, Part I, p. S28. Udem, 90 DAILY WAGES IN THE GLASS INDUSTRY IN MILAN FROM SEPTEMBER, 1921 (1 lira at par = ^ . 193) Dollars (Exchange Sept., 1921) Men over 18 years . . . Boys under 18 years. . Women Grinders (5 day week) 1.095 .613 .657 1.753 Marble Daily wages paid to marble workers in Stazzema, Tuscany according to a collective agreement effective August, 1921, whereby a reduction of about 19% took place, were as follows:^ (1 lira at par = |.193) Dollars (Exchange Aug., 1921) Head miners Miners Laborers . . . Apprentices . 22.20 18.95 to 20.00 17.70 12.00 .977 . 834 to . 880 .779 .528 Granite Daily wage rates paid to workers in granite quarries in Lombardy in October, 1921 were:'^ (1 lira at par = J. 193) Lire Dollars (Exchange Oct., 1921) 20 20 20 14 20 6 .809 .809 Masons 809 Common labor 566 .809 Boys . 243 'BolUUitto del Lttvoro, October, 1921, Part I, p. 367. 'Jbid., December, 1921, Part I, p. 688. 91 Glass Germany The Reichs-Arbeitsblatt reports hourly rates for glass lens workers in Leipzig as fixed by collective agreement effective beginning January 13, 1922, as follows:^ (1 mark at par = = J.238) Trade Marks Dollars (Exchange Jan., 1922) Cutters Pattern and letter 18-21 cutters 10 11 12 9 10 11 10 11 12 8 10 11 8 10 11 10 11 12 7 8 9 10 5 6 7 7 5 5 40 80 60 SO 70 SO 15 40 05 05 75 40 OS 75 40 40 80 SO 10 35 65 20 85 40 SO 75 65 40 .063 21-25 .071 Over 25 .076 Tracers, polishers, 18-21. . .' etc. . . ( .057 21-25 .064 Over 25 .069 Balance and mannikin 18-21 cutters .061 21-25 .069 Over 25 .073 Polishers 18-21 .049 21-25 .065 Over 25 .069 Assistant coaters 18-21 .049 21-25 .065 Over 25 .069 Melters 18-21 .063 21-25 .071 Over 25 .075 Common labor 16-18 .043 18-21 .050 21-25 .058 Over 25 .061 Women 16-18 .035 18-21 .039 21-25 ... .045 Over 25 .047 Workers under 16 Male .034 .033 In 11 representative cities of Germany, the average hourly earnings of skilled glaziers in March, 1922 ranged from 13.00 ^Reichs-ArbeitsblaU, February 28, 1922, p. 127. 92 marks in Breslau (current exchange, $.053) to 19.00 marks in Diisseldorf (current exchange, ($.077), as in the following table:' HOURLY EARNINGS OF GLAZIERS, MARCH, 1922 (1 mark at par = jl.238) Marks Dollars (Exchange March, 1922) Berlin 18.00 15.00 13.00 14.50 14.50 19.00 14.00 15.00 18.20 14.00 14.00 073 Bremen 061 Breslau 053 059 059 Diisseldorf 077 Kiel 057 .061 Hamburg 074 .057 .059 Austria Glass The following table shows the average earnings of workers in the glass trades in the first week of February, 1922. It was estimated that by March 11, 1922 they would have risen 20%. » ACTUAL EARNINGS IN THE GLASS TRADES IN VIENNA, FEBRUARY, 1922 (1 crown at par = ^205) Trade Crowns Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) Cutters 19,920 32,000 7.221 Highly skilled blowers 11 600 ^Korrespondmzblatt des Allgemeinen Daitschen Gewerkschaflsbundes, May 20, 1922, pp. 22-27. 'Oeslerrachische VMswirt, March 11, 1922, p. 568. 93 IX CHEMICALS Great Britain t Heavy Chemicals In a review of changes in wage rates during the year 1921, the Labour Gazette states that wages of heavy chemical workers were reduced generally by 4 pence per hour, or 19% to 21% of the rates prevailing before the reductions were made.^ After further small decreases at the beginning of 1922, mini- mum time rates on April 1, 1922 were as follows:^ (1 shilling at par = J. 243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange April, 1922) Day laborers . Shift workers . .220 .257 According to figures published by the Labour Gazette, in April, 1922 plumbers employed in chemical works were receiving the following hourly wages:' (1 shilling at par = J. 243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange April, 1922) London 2 2 1 11 1 11 1 10 1 11 .478 Manchester .422 Huddersfield .422 Runcorn, Swansea, Widnes .404 .422 ^Labonr Gazette, January, 1922, p. S. Hbii., May, 1922, p. 230. nUi., March, 1922, p. 142; May, 1922, p. 230. 94 Drugs and Fine Chemicals For workers employed in the drug and fine chemical manu- facturing industry, the following weekly wage rates, effective beginning August 1, 1921,^ continued in operation up to April, 1922: (1 shilling at par = J. 243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange April, 1922) Men, 21 years and over Class 1 (process workers, drug grinders, pill and tablet makers, first class counter- men, including stock-keepers) Class 2 (packers for transport, countermen) . 68 63 58 20 to 45 39 37 34 6 31 6 16/6 to 24/6 14.988 13.886 12.784 4.408 to 9.918 Women, 18 years and over Class 1 (first class counter hands) Class 2 (pill, tablet and suppository makers) Class 3 (counterhands) . 8.596 8.155 7 604 Class 4 (bottle washers and finishers) Juniors, 15 to 18 6.943 3.637 to 5.400 Paint, Color and Varnish Under agreement arrived at by the Joint Industrial Council for the Paint, Color and Varnish Trade, minimum weekly rates for specific classes of workers in January, 1922 were as follows:^ WEEKLY RATES IN PAINT, COLOR AND VARNISH TRADES, UNITED KINGDOM, JANUARY 1, 1922 (1 shilling at par = J. 243) Dollars (Exchange Jan., 1922) Males, 21 years and over 20 years 14 years Females, 21 years 14 years 12.058 9.943 3.067 6.558 2.468 ^Labour Gazette, September, 1921, p. 498. 'Ibid., February, 1922, p. 90. 95 Salt Small reductions in rates for timeworkers in the salt manu- facturing industry in Tees-side, Middlewich, Northwich and Winsford districts, resulted in the following hourly wages, effective from March 1, 1922 :i (1 shilling at par = J . 243) Day laborers . Shift workers . Soap and Candle Manufacture Reductions in December, 1921 resulted in minimum time rates for workers in the soap and candle manufacturing industry, as follows:'' MINIMUM WEEKLY RATES IN THE SOAP AND CANDLE MANU- FACTURING INDUSTRY, DECEMBER, 1921 (1 shilling at par = ^.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Dec, 1921) Men, 21 years and over 61 68 59 33 6 36 30 12.744 Port Sunlight and Bromborough Pool Other centers ... 14.206 12 326 Women, 18 years and over 6.999 Port Sunlight and Bromborough Pool" . . . Other centers 7.521 6 267 aAfter one year's service. Printing Ink Manufacture The following table shows the minimum weekly rates for workers employed in the printing ink and roller manufacturing industry in London after a reduction of 5 shillings per week in October, 1921. Weekly wages of workers in the provinces were 10% lower than those in London.' 'Labour Gawttc, April, 1922, p. 182. 'Ihid., November, 1921, p. 607; January, 1922, p. 38. nbid., January, 1922, p. 38. 96 (1 shilling at par = = ?.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Jan., 1922) Male workers — grade 1 87 6 77 6 70 67 6 45 18 510 Male workers — grade 2 16 395 Male workers — grade 3 14 808 Male workers — grade 4 14 279 Women, 21 years and over 9 S20 Germany The following table shows the trend of wages in the chemical industry in Frankfort-on-the-Main from 1914 to July, 1921. The increase is about 1,250% for the whole period, the greatest rise occurring between January 1 and July 1, 1920. Between January 1, 1920 and July 1, 1921 wages of workers in large chemical factories increased 191% and those in small chemical factories increased 205%.^ AVERAGE HOURLY WAGE RATES IN CHEMICAL FACTORIES IN FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAIN (1 mark at par = J. 238) Workers in Large Factories a Workers in Small Factories 6 Marks Dollars (Current Exchange) Marks Dollars (Current Exchange) 1914 .48 2.20 5.50 6.00 6.40 6.40 .114 .044 .146 .087 .109 .086 2^00 5.00 5.70 6.10 6.10 January 1, 1920 July 1,1920 December 1, 1920... May, 1921 .040 .133 .083 104 July, 1921 082 a These include large factories of dye. b These include some of the smaller factories of pharmaceutical articles, cosmetics and soap. The German Federation of Trade Unions has reported wage data for skilled workers in over fifty localities. The table following shows the rates in 11 representative cities in March, 1922. In addition to regular earnings, family allowances are paid for each wife and child, varying from 6 marks in Munich and Augsburg to 30 marks per week in Cologne:^ ^United States. Department of Labor. Monthly Labor Review, December, 1921, p. 99, ^Korrespondenzblott des AUgemeinen Deutscken Gewerkschaftsbundes, May 20. 1922. dd. 22-29. 97 HOURLY EARNINGS IN THE CHEMICAL tNDtfSTRY, mArCH, 1922 (1 mark at par = J. 238) Male Female Marks Dollars (Exchange March, 1921) Marks Dollars (Exchange March, 1922) Berlin 14.00 13.20 10.45 13.25 13.25 17.60 15.40 14.30 13.75 12.00 13.25 .057 .054 .043 .054 .054 .072 .063 .058 .056 .049 .054 9.45 '6.9S 8.30 8.30 11.30 10.78 8.70 8.80 7.90 8.30 .039 Bremen .028 Chemnitz .034 Dresden .034 Dusseldorf .046 Essen .044 Frankfort-on-Main . . Hamburg .035 .036 .032 LeiDzis: .034 According to a collective agreement published in Vorwaerts ,^ chemical workers of the second grade were to receive, begin- ning April 13, 1922, 16 marks per hour (current exchange, $.057); beginning April 20, 18 marks per hour (current ex- change, $.070); and from April 27, 20 marks per hour (current exchange, $.088). Handworkers and skilled workers received from 1 to 1.35 marks more per hour. Women workers re ceived from 60% to 70% of the above wages. Sweden In the Stockholm chemical technical factories, the 1920- 1921 wages were reduced 20% during the first six months of 1922 and a further reduction of 10% on 1920-1921 wages was agreed upon for the last half of the year 1922.'' HOURLY WAGES IN THE CHEMICAL TECHNICAL FACTORIES (1 crown at par = $.268) Crowns Dollars (Current Exchange) 1920-1921 1.50 1.20 1.04 340 First half 1922 310 Second half 1922 269 ^Vorwaerts, Berlin, April 29, 1922 (morning edition). 'Bkonomisk oversikt, February, 1922, pp. S3-S6. 98 X PAPER, PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING Great Britain Printing and Bookbinding The Labour Gazette, for January, 1922, in a review of wage changes during the year 1921, estimates that on. the basis of the recognized time rates of wages at the end of 1920, reduc- tions ranged from 5% to 6% in the case of hand compositors, from 1}4% to 9% in the case of bookbinders and from 6% to 8% in the case of women. In London, however, no reduc- tion was made in the rates of wages of newspaper printers during the year 1921.' The following table shows the average weekly rates in the printing and bookbinding industry in 1914 and in February, 1922 in 27 towns of Great Britain. The increase was 141% for hand compositors and 155% for bookbinders and machine rulers. The normal work week in February, 1922 was 48 hours as compared with 50 to 51 hours in 1914.^ AVERAGE (unweighted) WEEKLY TIME RATES IN THE PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING INDUSTRIES IN 27 TOWNS IN GREAT BRITAIN (1 shilling at par = $ . 243) August 4, 1914 February 28, 1922 Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Aug., 1914 Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) Hand compositors on book an4 jobbing work Bookbinders and machine rulers 35 8 33 11 9. 541 9.073 86 2 86 7 19.027 19.119 In January, 1922 wages of certain classes of male and female workers in the printing industry in Belfast were decreased by ^Labour Gazette ^ January, 1922, p. 5. 'Ibid.. March, 1922, p. 108-109. 99 amounts ranging from 1 shilling to 2 shillings, 6 pence per week. The minimum rates after the change were as follows:' MINIMUM WEEKLY RATES IN THE PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING TRADES IN BELFAST, JANUARY, 1922 (1 shilling at par = ^.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Current Exchange) 87 99 89 6 90 87 73 51 6 87 35 33 18.308 CoiTiDositors mornins news 20.833 18.834 LithoorraDhic orinters 18.939 18.308 Cutters (employed over five years) Laborers 15.362 10.838 18.308 Qualified pagers and sewers (women) 7.365 6.944 The following table shows the minimum weekly rates of specified workers in the printing industry in London and other towns, after a reduction in wages in the first week of January, 1922:" MINIMUM WEEKLY TIME RATES IN THE PRINTING INDUSTRY IN ENGLAND, JANUARY, 1922 (1 shilling at par = J. 243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Current Exchange) London^ 90 6 92 6 92 6 90 87 84 81 78 75 19.045 Copper plate and steel engravers and die sinkers 19.465 19.465 Other towns and cities Jobbing compositors 18.939 Grade II towns 18.308 17.677 Grade IV towns Grade V towns 17.045 16.414 15.783 ^Labour Gazette, March, 1922, p. 'Ibid., February, 1922, p. 89. 100 The minimum weekly rates of jobbing compositors and lithographic printers in various cities of Scotland, January, 1922, were as follows:* MINIMUM WEEKLY RATES IN THE PRINTING INDUSTRY IN SCOTLAND, JANUARY, 1922 (1 shilling at par = $.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Current Exchange) 86 18.063 89 18.729 88 18.518 61 3 12.889 90 18.939 87 6 18.413 89 18.729 90 18.939 90 18.939 Jobbing compositors Aberdeen Dundee Edinburgh (male) . , Edinburgh (female) Glasgow Lithographic printers Aberdeen Dundee Edinburgh Glasgow Envelopes and Stationery Wage rates of workers employed in the envelope and station- ery manufacturing industries in various localities in England were reduced in February, 1922. The rates of specified workers in London are shown in the following table. Wages in other towns were lower than in London, except for cutters and head warehousemen at Manchester who received 1 shilling more per week than the same class of workers in London.' WEEKLY RATES FOR ADULT WORKERS IN THE ENVELOPE AND STATIONERY MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIES IN LONDON, FEBRUARY, 1922 (1 shilling at par = J. 243) Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) Cutters, packers and head warehousemen.. , Assistant packers and warehousemen Porters Women 17.180 16.414 14.882 9.192 ^Labour Gazelle. February, 1922, p. 89. ^Ibid., October, 1921, p. SS2; February, 1922, p. 89. 101 Paper Making Wages in the paper manufacturing industry in Great Britain are automatically regulated in accordance with the index number of retail prices, rents, etc., published by the British Ministry of Labour. Under this arrangement, wages were reduced in June, 1921, December, 1921 and February, 1922. The minimum rates effective from February 1, 1922 were as follows:* MINIMUM HOURLY WAGE RATES IN THE PAPER MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN GREAT BRITAIN, FEBRUARY, 1922 (1 shilling at par = $.243) Men (21 years of age and over) Class I Class II dayworkers Class II shiftworkers Class III dayworkers Class III shiftworkers Boys and youths (under 21 years) 14 years 18 years 20 years Juniors doing adult work of Class II 18 years — shiftworkers. . . 18 years — dayworkers. . . . 19 years — shiftworkers. . . 19 years — dayworkers .... 20 years — shiftworkers . . . 20 years — dayworkers. . . . Women and girls 14 years 17 years 18 years and over North and South of England Shillings and Pence 7 2}i 4 0J< 2K 3K 9 llX OK 3 HA 4 2}i Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) .347 .260 .292 .233 .264 .068 .164 .210 .246 .228 .274 .251 .292 .260 .059 .119 .130 West of England, Scotland and Ireland Shillings and Pence 6 1^ 3 llK 1}^ 3}i 11 0J< 11J< 1 3yi IK 2K 6 6H Dollars (Exchange Feb.,1922) .328 .242 .274 .214 .246 .059 .155 .201 .233 .214 .260 .237 .278 .246 .050 .109 .121 Paper Bag and Box Making The table following shows the rates effective in the paper box and paper bag manufacturing industries in Great Britain beginning November 4, 1921:^ ^Labour Gazelle, AuRust, 1021, p. 4.13; January, 1922, p. 37: March, 1922, p. 139. Ubid,, November, 1921, p. 614; December, 1921, p. 659. 102 MINIMUM HOURLY WAGE RATES IN THE PAPER BOX AND BAG INDUSTRIES, NOVEMBER, 1921 (1 shilling at par = $ . 243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Current exchange) Paper box making Males (18 years and over) Machine minders, die makers, form set- ters, cutters and head stock keepers.. . . Females Workers (other than learners) Paper bag making Males (21 years and over) Machine tacklers, hydraulic pressers, slitters, paper bag cutters, stock keep- ers, packers and dispatchers .' Other workers (except learners) Females Workers (other than learners) to D 6)4 6J< 3^ .142 to .298 .136 .242 to .308. .251 .136 France Priming and Bookbinding According to official French figures, the average wage rates for printers, compositors and binders in 1921 were as follows:^ AVERAGE WAGES IN THE PRINTING TRADES, FRANCE, 1921 (1 franc at par = |.193) Occupation Locality Francs Dollars (Exchange 1st Quar., 1921) Percent- age Increase 1911- 1921 Hourly Printers, compositors i. Binders Paris Other cities Paris Other cities Paris Other cities Paris Other cities 3.45 2.31 3.20 2.25 27.60 18.54 25.60 17.86 .276 .185 .256 .180 2.210 1.484 2.050 1.430 331 362 300 Daily Printers, compositors Binders 423 283 275 220 282 ^Pullefin de la Stafisliiue Ginirale, July, 1921, p. 34. 103 Paper Average daily wages of workers in the paper industry in 1921 were as follows:' (1 franc at par = J . 193) Occupation Locality Francs Dollars (Exchange, 1921) Percentage Increase 1911-1921 Papermakers Angoullme St. Junien Fraize AngoulSme Perpignam Chaions- sur-Marne 12.50 12.40 13.50 8.00 to 15.00 9.00 20.25 1.001 .993 1.081 .641 to 1.201 .721 1.621 285 Papermakers Papermakers Cigarette papermakers . . Cigarette papermakers. . Decorated papermakers. . 238 200 to 220 414 305 Belgium Printiiig According to the Printer's Federation, average hourly wages rose from 0.44 francs in 1914 to 1.89 francs in 1920 and 2.37 francs in the first quarter of 1921, a total increase of 407%. The Joint Committee agreed to a reduction of 6% during the second quarter of 1921; the reduction to vary according to the locality and nature of the work from 5.60 to 8.00 francs a week." AVERAGE HOURLY WAGES IN THE PRINTING INDUSTRY (1 franc at par = $.193) Francs Dollars (Current Exchange) Percentage Increase Over 1914 1914 0.44 1.89 2.37 2.23 .085 .143 .174 .179 1920 330 First quarter 1921 439 Second quarter 1921 407 ^Bulletin de la Stalistique GiniraU, July 1921 , p. 343 ft. 'Labour Overseas, January-March, 1921, p. 56. 104 Sweden Printing By national agreement effective from January to December, 1922 worlcers in printing establishments are to receive reductions at intervals of four months during the year, amount- ing in all to 35% from the terms of the previous agreement. Wages for skilled lithographers, varying according to the workers' locality, are as follows:' MINIMUM HOURLY RATES FOR LITHOGRAPHERS (1 crown at par = $.268) Crowns Dollars (Exchange Ist Quarter, 1922) January to April Skilled workers after S-year apprenticeship . . Skilled workers beginning with 4th year of employment May to August Skilled workers after S-year apprenticeship . . . Skilled workers beginning with 4th year of employment September to December Skilled workers after S-year apprenticeship. Skilled workers beginning with 4th year of employment .90 to 1.06 1.16 to 1.37 .85 to .99 1.09 to 1.28 .77 to .91 1.00 to 1.17 .233 to .274 .300 to .3S4 .220 to .2S6 .282 to .331 .199 to .23S .2S8 to .302 Skilled engravers and pressmen of four years' appren- ticeship received 5 to 7 ore (current exchange, $.013 to .018) less per hour than lithographers in each grouping above. Experienced compositors in private printing establish- ments in locality Group 3, received 26 crowns (current ex- change, $6,968) per week in 1914, 77.4 crowns (exchange from $17.00 to $16.55) from July, 1920 to July, 1921, and 65.5 crowns (current exchange, $16,929) from January, 1922 to July, 1922, an increase of 152% above 1914.' Bookbinding No reduction in wages in the bookbinding trades was reported during 1921. By national agreement, however, effective from January to December, 1922 reductions were 'Sociala Medddanden, 1922, No. 5, p. 387. 'Ekonomisk Bversikt, February, 1922, p. 89. 105 arranged to take place January 1, May 1, and September 1, amounting in all to approximately 35% from the rates in operation under the previous agreement. Minimum hourly rates for bookbinders as established according to five grades of towns were as follows:^ (1 crown at par = J.268) Crowns Dollars (Exchange 1st Quarter, 1922) January to April Skilled workers, after 4-year ajjprenticeship. Skilled workers, beginning with 4th year of employment May to August Skilled workers, after 4-year apprenticeship. . Skilled workers, beginning with 4th year of employment September to December Skilled workers, after 4-year apprenticeship. . Skilled workers, beginning with 4th year of employment .80 to 1.00 1.04 to 1.30 .72 to .90 . 96 to 1 . 20 .68 to .85 . 88 to 1 . 10 .207 to .258 .269 to .336 .186 to .233 .248 to .310 .176 to .220 .227 to .284 Paper Manufacture Workers in paper pulp establishments in five wage districts, by the national agreement effective from March, 1922 to the end of the year, were to receive the following hourly wage rates:' (1 crown at par = J.268) Crowns Dollars (Exchange March, 1922) March-June .75 to .96 .58 to .75 .69 to .88 .54 to .69 .67 to .86 .52 to .67 .198 to .253 Others (over 18 years) .153 to .198 July-<)ctober .182 to 232 Others (over 18 years) 142 to 182 November-December Skilled workers 176 to 227 .137 to .176 ^Sociala Meddelanden, 1922, No. 5, p. 386. 'Idem. 106 Italy Printing Wages of workers in daily newspaper establishments in Palermo, Sicily, as fixed by an agreement effective from October 1921 to January 1922, are shown in the following table. The rates represented an increase of from 6.80 lire to 11.50 lire over rates in effect by previous agreement, and were paid on the basis of an eight-hour day and seven-hour night.' WEEKLY- WAGES IN THE PRINTING INDUSTRY AT PALERMO, SICILY, 1921-1922 (1 lire at par = > . 193) Occupation Lire Dollars (Exchange Oct.. 1921) Printers Foremen 145.80 88.00 to 126.50 140.40 91.80 to 110.00 103.40 to 110.00 167.40 77.00 151.20 132.84 5.899 Workers 3 560 to 5.118 Stereo typers 5.681 Workers 3.714 to 4.451 Comoositors fhand) 4 184 to 4 451 6.773 3.115 LinotVDists Xechnicians ^head) 6.118 Workers 5.376 Paper Making Daily wages of paper makers in Abruzzo for an eight-hour day, October, 1921 were as follows:^ (1 lira at par = $.193) Skilled workers Common labor, male . . Common labor, female Dollars (Exchange Oct., 1921) .728 .486 .405 ^BoUetino del Lavoro, October, 1921. Part I, p. 373. 'Ibid., December, 1921, Part I, p. 689. 107 Germany Printing The table following' shows the hourly wage rates in the printing trades in Greater Berlin as fixed by collective agree- ment, effective from October 20, 1921. Unmarried male workers over 24 years of age were earning from 8.14 marks to 10.53 marks per hour. Married male workers were earning from 8.31 marks to 10.72 marks per hour. (1 mark at par = - ^.238) Unmarried Married Marks Dollars (Exchange Oct. 20, 1921) Marks Dollars (Exchanae Oct. 20, 1921) Trained workers 8.89 9.55 9.80-10.05 9.37 10.03 10.28-10.53 9.09 9.75 10.00-10.25 9.04 9.70 9.95-10.20 6.54 8.29 8.34- 8.54 2 . 60 increasing to 8.14 5.43 6.43 6.48- 6.68 4.83 increasing to 6.26 .062 .066 .068-. 070 .065 .070 .071-. 073 .063 .068 .070-. 071 .063 .067 .069-. 071 .045 .058 0. 58-. 059 .018 .057 .038 .045 .043-. 046 .034 .044 9.07 9.73 9.99-10.24 9.55 10.21 10.47-10.72 9.27 9.93 10.19-10.44 9.22 9.88 10.14-10.39 8.46 8.51- 8.71 2.60 increasing to 8.31 6.53 6.58- 6.78 4.83 increasing to 6.36 .063 .068 .069-. 071 Up to 21 years .066 .071 .073-. 075 IVlachine operatives (Large machines) Up to 2 1 Years .064 21 to 24 years .069 .071-. 073 Rotary machine operatives (Small machines) .064 21 to 24 years .069 .070-. 072 Skilled workers Ud to 18 vears .059 Over 24 years 0S9-,061 Unskilled workers 018 Over 24 years 058 Skilled workers (female) 18 to 24 years .045 .046-. 047 Unskilled workers (female) 034 Over 24 years 044 '■Reichs-ArbeitsUatt, December 31, 1921, p. 1266. 108 According to figures published in Wtrtschajt und Statistik, weekly wages of printers over 24 years of age in Berlin had increased over 1,600% between July, 1914, and February, 1922. Wage rates in February, 1922 were as follows:^ (1 mark at par = J. 238) February. 1922 Marks Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) Single workers . . . Married workers . 591.00 613.00 2.975 3.086 The following minimum weekly rates for married workers in printing establishments were established by collective agreements after March 31, 1922. Machine compositors received from 40 to 50 marks more. The variation in rates is due to the differences in the cost of living in different localities.'' WEEKLY RATES FOR MARRIED WORKERS IN THE PRINTING INDUSTRY, APRIL, 1922 (1 mark at par = ?.238) Marks Male Helpers Dollars (Ex- change April, 1922) Marks Dollars (Ex- change April, 1922; Female Helpers Marks Dollars (Ex- change April, 1922; Female Press Feeders Marks Dollars (Ex- change April, 1922) Berlin Bremen Breslau Chemnitz Dresden Diisseldorf Essen Frankfort-on-Main Hamburg Hanover Kiel Leipzig 933 905 872 872 895 970 970 895 933 872 886 895 3.344 3.244 3.126 3.126 3.208 3.477 3.477 3.208 3.344 3.126 3.176 3.208 794.60 760.75 741.20 741.20 760.75 760 . 75 760.75 760.75 804.80 741.20 741.20 760 . 75 848 727 657 657 727 727 727 727 885 657 657 727 485 . 75 447.50 436.00 436.00 447.50 447.50 447.50 447.50 447.50 436.00 436.00 447.50 1.741 1.604 1.563 1.563 1.604 1.604 1.604 1.604 1.604 1.563 1.563 1.604 559.70 492.25 479.60 479.60 492.25 492.25 492.25 492.25 521.99 479.60 479.60 492.25 2.006 1.764 1.719 1.719 1.764 1.764 1.764 1.764 1.871 1.719 1.719 1.764 nVirlschafl und Slatistik, February 2, 1922, p. 121. ^Korrespondgnzblatl des Allgemeinen Gewerkschaftsbundes, May 20, 1922, p. 35. 109 Average hourly rates in the bookbinding industry in twelve representative cities are given as follows:^ HOURLY WAGES IN THE BOOKBINDING INDUSTRY, MARCH, 1922 (1 mark at par = J.238) Male Female Marks Dollars (Exch. March, 1922) Marks Dollars (Exch. March. 1922) Berlin 15.70 14.85 15.90 14.00 14.85 16.15 15.30 14.85 14.85 14.85 14.00 14.85 .064 .061 .065 .057 .061 .066 .062 .061 .061 .061 .057 .061 9.15 8.40 8.80 7.75 8.40 9.10 8.45 8.40 8.40 8.40 7.75 8.40 .037 .034 Breslau .036 Chemnitz .032 Dresden .034 Diisseldorf .037 Essen .034 Frankfort-on-Main .034 Hamburg .034 Hanover .034 Kiel .030 Leipzig .034 Paper In the Province of Hanover, the worker, in addition to his regular wage, was allowed 7 marks per week (December 1921 exchange, $.035) for his wife, if not gainfully employed, and for each child under 14 years of age. The hourly rates as fixed by agreement effective December 1, 1921, were as follows:'' (1 mark at par=}.23S) Dollars (Exchange Dec., 1921) Machinists Hand papermakers Rolling machine tenders Rolling machine helpers, boiler helpers .... Laborers, slag drivers Unskilled workers (over 21 years) Craftsmen (locksmiths, masons, carpenters, etc., over 21 years) Semi-skilled workers (female) 7.90- 9.20 7.70- 8.90 7.70- 8.80 7.55- 8.70 7.45- 8.70 7.45- 8.70 7.95- 9.00 4.50- 5.20 .039- .046 .038- .044 .038- .044 .037- .043 .037- .043 .037- .043 .039- .045 .022- .026 ^Korrestondemblatt des AUgemeinen Deulschm Gewerkschaftsbundes, May 20, 1922, pp. 22-28. ^Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, December 31, 1921, p. 1265. 110 The following hourly wage rates in the paper industry in Thuringia, Saxony, as fixed by collective agreements effective from January 1, 1922, were reported in the Reichs-Arbeitsblatt . The rates vary between localities according to the cost of living.^ HOURLY RATES IN THE PAPER INDUSTRY IN THURINGIA, FROM JANUARY 1, 1922 (1 mark at par = $ . 238) Marks Dollars (Exchanee Jan., 1922) Machine operators First machine assistant 16-18 4.80- 6.25 7.11- 8.35 8.55- 9.90 4.10- 5.75 6.40- 7.85 8.05- 9.40 8.60-10.00 8.05- 9.40 8.55- 9.90 4.00- 5.65 6.30- 7.70 7.95- 9.30 7.95- 9.30 2.85- 4.20 4.00- 5.65 6.30- 7.75 7.95- 9.30 2.10- 3.40 3.25- 4.60 4.40- 5.40 4.80- 5.80 .027- 035 18-21 039- 046 Over 21 .047-. 055 Second machine assistant 16-18 .023-. 032 18-21 .035-. 044 Over 21 .045-. OS 2 .048-. 055 R.ag machine assistants, etc .045- 052 .047-. 055 Helpers 16-18 .022-. 031 18-21 .035- 043 Over 21 .044-. 052 .044-. 052 Common labor 14-16 . .016-. 023 16-18 .022-. 031 18-21 .035-. 043 Over 21 .044-. 052 Women 14-16 .012-. 019 16-18 .018-. 026 18-21 .024^.030 Over 21 .027-. 032 Rates for skilled workers in the paper manufacturing trades and in cardboard box manufacturing establishments, as fur- nished by the German Federation of Trade Unions, in March, 1922 were as follows:^ ^Reichs-Arbeitsbiatl, February 28, 1922, p. 127. ^KorrespondenzUatt des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gewerkschafisbundes, May 20, 1922, pp. 22-28. Ill HOURLY RATES IN THE PAPER INDUSTRY, MARCH, 1922 (1 mark at par=J.238) Male Female Paper manufac- turing industry Cardboard box manufacturing Paper manufac- turing industry Cardboard box manufacturing Marks Dollars (Ex- change March, 1922) Marks Dollars (Ex- change March, 1922) Marks Dollars (Ex- change March, 1922) Marks Dollars (Ex- change March, 1922) Berlin 12.15 10.85 13.65 13.65 16.45 050 16.40 14.25 14.25 14.25 14.25 14.25 14.25 14.25 15.05 14.25 13.50 14.25 .067 .058 .058 .058 .058 .058 .058 .058 .061 .058 .055 .058 8.40 7.10 8.20 8.20 10.05 i'.'so 8.20 .034 .029 .033 .033 .041 .031 !633 9.85 8.20 8.20 8.20 8.20 8.20 8.20 8.20 8.65 8.20 7.70 8.20 .040 Bremen Breslau 044 056 056 067 051 056 .033 .033 Chemnitz .033 .033 Diisseldorf. Essen .033 .033 Frankfort-on-Main Hamburg 12.60 .033 .035 Hanover Kiel .033 031 Leipzig 13.65 .033 Austria According to data given in JVirtschaft und Siatistik, March 1922 wages of book printers in Austria had increased 17,810% between January, 1914 and October, 1921. The minimum weekly wages of book printers in Vienna in these periods are as follows:' (1 crown atpar= J.20S) January, 1914. October, 1921 . Dollars (Current Exchange) 7.699 4.424 In February, 1922 male workers in the paper and printing industries were earning between 14,450 and 25,000 crowns per week, while women were earning between 8,700 and 10,000 crowns. It was estimated that by March 11 wages had risen 20% above these figures." Cited in the Economic Review, April 7, 1922. 112 'IVirlsckaft und Statistik, March 1, 1922. 1922, p. 488. K>esterreichische VolkswirUchaft, March 11 ACTUAL EARNINGS IN PAPER AND PRINTING TRADES IN VIENNA, FEBRUARY, 1922 (1 crown at par = J. 205) Crowns Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922 Women helpers in paper making Female labor in paper products. Skilled men in paper products. . Printers' helpers Typesetters (newspapers) 10,000 8,760 20,153 14,452 25,000 3.625 3.176 7.305 S.239 9.063 113 XI WOODWORKING Great Britain Furniture In the furniture trades, wages are fixed by agreements be- tween the local employers' associations and the National Amalgamated Furnishing Trades Association and the Amalga- ■mated Union of Upholsterers. Wages are generally paid on an hourly basis, which varies between different localities. There has been a levelling of wages since 1914, however, which has tended to eliminate this variation. At the same time a general reduction in hours has diminished the percentage increase in weekly earnings. As illustrative of the general trend in wages in the furniture trade, the following official figures are taken from the Labour Gazette.^ In December, 1920 the increases over 1914 in average weekly wages for cabinet makers, upholsterers, and french polishers were, respectively, 157%, 161%, and 175%. Up to the end of February, average weekly wages for the same groups of workmen had declined from 17% to 18%, leaving wages 111%, 116% and 125% above pre-war rates. Hours of labor were 44 to 47 in 1922, as compared with 49^ to 54 in 1914. AVERAGE (unweighted) WEEKLY TIME RATES IN THE FURNITURE TRADES IN 17 TOWNS, GREAT BRITAIN (1 shilling at par=$.243) Aug. 4, 1914 Dec. 31, 1920 Feb. 28, 1922 Shillings and Pence Dollars (Current Exchange) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Current Exchange) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Current Exchange) Cabinet makers. Upholsterers .... French polishers. 39 9 38 9 37 1 $10,633 10.366 9.920 102 1 101 1 101 11 $18,037 17.860 18.007 83 9 83 7 83 6 $18,608 18.571 18.553 ^Laiom Gazette, March, 1922, p. 108. 114 The following hourly rates for specified trades in the furni- ture industry were reported effective in February, 1922:' (1 shilling at par=$.2i3) Locality Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) London Cabinet makers and upholsterers . . French polishers 1 10 1 9K 1 9 11^ 1 IH 401 392 Carpet and blind section Upholstresses .383 .210 Female french polishers .246 Middlesbrough, Stockton, and Hartlepool 2 1 llK .438 Others .429 Leeds, Bradford and Halifax Cabinet makers and upholsterers . 1 9K 1 lOK .392 .410 York and Ripon. . . Cabinet makers, upholsterers and french polishers 1 8 36S Manchester and Stockport Cabinet makers, upholsterers and polishers 1 10 1 6 1 1 .401 Districts Laborers .328 Upholstresses and female polishers .237 Hourly rates in the packing case making industry in various districts, effective during the early part of 1922, were reported in the same source.'' (1 shilling at par=;.243) Locality Shillings and Pence Dollars (Current (Exchange) LiOndon Laborers 1 3 .271 1 9 1 11 .380 Sawyers and woodcutting machin- ists .416 Birmingham 1 5 .310 Scotland Journeymen, packing case makers 1/6 and 1/7 1 7 .326and.344 (except Aber- deen) .344 •/6»U,PP. 139-140. 'Ibid., p. 140. lis In the saw-milling industry the following hourly rates were effective from the end of February, 1922:' (1 shilling at par = $.243) Locality Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange March, 1922) Birmingham Sawvers and machinists . . . 1 6 1 3 ,331 Deal carriers and laborers .276 Bristol Machinists 1 7 .350 Cardiff Woodcutting machinists and saw- 1 9 .386 Woodcutting machinists (journey- men) 1 7 .350 Vehicles Men employed by the National Employers' Association of Vehicle Builders are paid according to a town grading system, whereby uniform rates of wages are fixed for certain occupa- tions in towns of the same grade, with variations from month to month according to the cost of living. Rates as of February 1, 1922 were as follows:^ (1 shilling at par=f.243) Grade of Town Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) Bodymakers, wheelwrights, coach joiners and finishers, smiths, painters, trimmers, mounters, general machinists and sawyers A B C D 1 8 1 7 1 iH 1 3}i .361 .343 .298 .280 Coach fitters A B C 1 7 1 6 1 3K .343 .325 .280 Vicemen A B C 1 3 1 2K 1 IK .271 .262 .244 Hammermen or strikers, and brushhands, . , A and B C 1 1 1 OH .235 .226 ^Labour Gazelle, March, 1922, p. 140. nbid., September, 1921, p. 497; March, 1922, p. 140. 116 The National Federation of Vehicle Trades, covering a somewhat different district, paid minimum hourly rates in London as follows:' (1 shilling at par=$.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (EKchange Feb., 1922) Spindle hands and leading hands 1 9K 1 1}4 1 8^ 1 3K 1 2 .388 Mounters, coachfitters and sawyers .352 Other skilled men , 370 280 Hammermen and brushhands .253 In other towns, under the same agreement, skilled men received: (1 shilling at par=^.243) Location Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) Liverpool Manchester, Oldham, Sheffield Bedford, Reading .370 .361 .325 Belgium Average hourly wages in August, 1921 in Liege for certain woodworking trades were published in the Monthly Labor Review, as follows:' (1 franc at par = J.193) Dollars (1921 Exchange) Cabinet makers Coopers Planers Carpenters .206 .190 .193 .218 ^Labour Gazette, December, 1921 to March, 1922. ^United States. Department of Labor. Monthly Labor Review, December, 1921, p. 90. 117 France The following table shows the increase in hourly and in daily wage rates in the French woodworking trades from 1911 to 1921, for Paris and for provincial cities. In practically every case the proportional increase appears to be greater in the provinces than in Paris. The Paris rates, however, con- tinue to be above the provincial in all cases except that of wheelwrights.' AVERAGE HOURLY AND DAILY WAGES IN WOODWORKING TRADES IN 1921, WITH PERCENTAGE OF INCREASE, 1911-1921 (1 franc at par = J. 193) Locality Hourly Per- cent- age In- crease 1911- 1921 Daily Percentage Occupation Francs Dollars (Ex- change 1921) Francs Dollars (Ex- change 1921) Increase 1911-1921 Wheelwrights.. . . Woodturners .... Coopers Paris Other cities Paris Other cities Paris Other cities Paris Other cities 2.28 3.50 2.46 3.75 2.36 4.00 2.46 .183 .280 .197 .300 .189 .320 .197 430 367 392 436 436 344 402 i8!77 28.00 19.80 30.00 19.47 32.00 20.36 1.503 2.242 1.S8S 2.402 1.559 2,562 1.630 323 273 306 329 Cabinetmakers. . 335 255 329 Furniture Italy National wage figures in the woodworking industry of Italy are not available. Collective agreements reported to the Minister of Labor are here quoted as representative of wage rates for certain crafts in important industrial districts. By agreement effective from November 2, 1921 the hourly wage rates for two thousand furniture operatives in Lombardy were increased approximately 31% above the rates in the previous agreement. Adult workers over 18 years of age re- ceived an hourly cost of living bonus from .40 to .45 lira (exchange, Nov. 1921, $.011 to $.019); apprentices, 16 to 18 years, .26 lira (exchange, $.011); boys .13 lira (exchange, .005) . Hourly rates were as follows:^ ^Bulletin ie la Statistique GlniraU, July, 1921, p. 341. 'Bolletino del Lavoro, December, 1921, Fart I, p. 688. 118 (1 lira at par = f .193) Dollars (Exchange Nov., 1921) Skilled workers and stage furnishers Experienced workers Helpers Apprentices (from 19 to 20 years) Apprentices (from 18 to 19 years) Apprentices (from 16 to 18 years) Common labor Boys (1st year employment) Boys (after 1st year and up to 16 years of age). . Carriages According to the same official source, one thousand carriage workers in Milan in October, 1921 were receiving for an eight- hour day wages as given below. In addition to these wages, a cost of living bonus of 4.55 lire (exchange, October, 1921, $.184) daily was paid.^ (1 lira at par = >.193) Dollars (Exchange Oct., 1921) Men, all classes. . . Boys Women, all classes 1.272 .301 .746 In Treviso, in Veneto, after reductions amounting to from 6% to 18% according to the class of worker, woodworkers received in July, 1921 the following hourly wage rates on an 8-hour day basis :^ (1 lira at par = J. 193) Dollars (Exchange July, 1921) Joiners Apprentices over 16 years Laborers and porters .... . 104 to . 120 .059 .071 to .080 ^BoUetino del Lavoro, December, 1921, Part I, p. 688. 'Ihid., October, 1921, Part 1, p. 368. 119 Sweden According to collective agreements quoted in Sociala Meddelanden y hourly wage rates for specified trades and localities were as follows:' HOURLY WAGE RATES IN TH6 WOOD INDUSTRY, 1921-1922 (1 crown at par = $.268) Crowns Dollars (Current t Exchange) Lindesberg (Aug. 1, 1921-Aug. 1, 1922) 1.10 .90 .70 1.11 1.02 .85 .72 1.00 .92 .83 .75 .233 Timberyard workers (20 years of age) .190 .148 Uddevalla (Oct. 4, 1921-March 14, 1922) IMachine woodworkers r .256 Helpers and timberyard workers (20 yrs. Helpers and timberyard workers (19 to 2( Helpers and timberyard workers (18 to 19 Tranemo (Oct. 3, 1921-Dec. 31, 1921) Skilled workers (20 years of age) afage). yrs.).. yrs.).. .235 .196 .166 .231 .212 Skilled workers (18 years of age) .191 Skilled workers (l7 years of age) .173 Germany A new general collective agreement regulating the conditions of work in the wood industry for the whole of Germany was concluded at Wiirzburg in July, 1921. Under its provisions the 48-hour week was adopted , general regulations for compensa- tion for holidays, apprentices, and for piece-work were made, and representation of small firms in the Joint Council was made possible. Wage settlements, however, were left to local organizations on account of the differences in living conditions in various parts of Germany." Hourly wage rates in Berlin as fixed by local collective agreement effective March 1, 1922 for specified classes of workers, were as follows:' ^Sociala Meddelanden, 1922, No. 3, pp. 187-188. "International Labor Office, Daily Intelligence, August 23, 1921, p. 13-14. 'Vorwarts, Berlin, March 1, 1922. (Evening edition). 120 HOURLY WAGE RATES FOR WOODWORKERS, BERLIN, MARCH, 1922 (1 mark at par = $.238) Male, skilled . . Male, helpers . . Femde, skilled. Female, helpers Dollars (Exchange Mar., 1922) .072 .062 .048 .039 Hourly earnings for skilled male workers in the woodworking and furniture trades in 12 representative localities of Germany, in March, 1922, as furnished by the German Federation of Trade Unions, are given below:* HOURLY WAGES FOR WOODWORKERS IN SPECIFIED LOCALITIES, MARCH, 1922 (1 mark at par = J. 238) Cabinetmakers Upholsterers Coopers (male) Wood Industry (female) Dollars Dollars Dollars Dollars Marks (Exch., Mar.. 1921) Marks (Exch., Mar., 1921) Marks (Exch.. Mar.. 1922) Marks (Exch., Mar., 1922) Berlin 16.25 .066 18.00 .073 17.20 .070 10.70 .044 Bremen IS. 95 .065 13.45 .055 15.75 .064 11.15 .045 Breslau 13.45 .055 10.00 .041 11.75 .048 9.65 .039 Chemnitz 14.00 .057 13.60 .055 13.50 .055 9.15 .037 Dresden 14 .■00 .057 14.85 .061 14.00 .057 9.15 .037 Diisseldorf. . . . 19.15 .078 18.50 .075 Essen 18.05 .074 19.00 .077 720.00" 2.93 11.20 .046 Frankfort-on- Main 15.25 .062 16.50 .067 728.00" 2.97 10.60 .043 Hamburg 18.70 .076 16.45 .067 17.00 .069 11.00 .045 Hanover 13.45 .055 13.00 .053 15.75 .064 9.20 .037 Kiel 16.80 14.00 .068 .057 13.00 13.00 .053 .053 12.30 15.00 .050 .061 9.90 9.15 .040 Leipzig .037 a Per week. ^KorrestondenzUaU des AUgemeinen Deutschen Cewerkschoflsbundes, May 20,^1922, pp. 22-28. 121 Collective agreements published in Reichs-Arbeitsblatt are interesting as giving comparative hourly occupational wage rates in the woodworking industry of Upper Silesia, effective from November 14, 1921 up to January 15, 1922. Rates by the agreement quoted below show increases over rates effec- tive beginning February 11, 1921, ranging from 62% to 65% for skilled craftsmen over 21 years, and from 48% to in the case of female workers.' HOURLY WAGE RATES FOR WOODWORKERS IN UPPER SILESIA IN 1921, AS ESTABLISHED BY COLLECTIVE AGREEMENTS (1 mark at par = >.238) Agreement effective Nov. 14, 1921 to Jan. IS, 1922 Marks Dollars (Exchange Dec, 1921) Skilled cutters, planers, etc., and all craftsmen over 21 years, according to locality Second cutters, planers, firemen, etc. 1 8 years and over Under 18 years Cutters in the timberyards 18 years and over 16-18 years Loaders 18 years and over Under 18 years Casual workers 18 years and over 16-18 years 14-16 years Female workers 18 years and over 16-18 years 14-16 years 4.50 to 6.70 4.20 to 5.90 3 . 75 to 5 . 25 3.80 to 5.45 3. IS to 4.50 4.35 to 5.90 3.75 to 5.25 3.45 to 5.30 2.70 to 4.40 1.35 to 2.10 2 . 25 to 3 , 30 2.05 to 2.90 1.20 to 1.70 .019 to .029 .018 to .025 .016 to .023 .016 to .023 .014 to .019 .019 to .016 to 025 023 .015 to .023 .012 to .019 .006 to .009 .010 to .014 .009 to .012 .005 to .007 ^Reichs-ArbeitsUalt, December 31, 1921, p. 1265. 122 Austria Wage rates in Austria change with such rapidity that figures of a month ago are no longer illustrative of conditions today. The following tables, however, are suggestive of wage rates as existing on the date specified:^ ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS IN THE WOODWORKING INDUSTRY or VIENNA, FEBRUARY, 1922 (1 crown at par = ?.205) Crowns Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) 14,200 26,000 5.148 9.425 It was estimated by the labor paper furnishing the figures, that these wages had increased 20% by March 11, 1922. Another quotation of weekly wage rates in Vienna by the Wirtschaft und Statistik^ shows the fantastic change in rate and money values between January, 1914 and October, 1921: (1 crown at par = $.205) 1914 1921 Occupation Crowns Dollars (Par of Exchange) Crowns Dollars (Exchange Oct.. 1921) Caroenters 30 23 16 6.078 4.660 3.242 6528 3840 3600 3024 4.243 Helpers (skilled) Helpers (unskilled).. . Women 2.496 2.340 1.966 HJestareichische Vdlkswirt, March 11, 1922, p. 568. 'Wirtschaft und Statistik, March 1, 1922, p. 162. 123 XII FOODSTUFFS MANUFACTURING Great Britain Between July, 1914 and December, 1920, the unweighted average weekly time rate of table hands in 27 towns had in- creased from 30 shillings, 3 pence (current exchange, $7,690) to 83 shillings, 3 pence (current exchange, $14,613), or 176%. At the end of February, 1922, table hands were receiving an average of 73 shillings, 3 pence (current exchange, $16,175) per week, which represented a net increase of 142% over pre- war rates. The nominal workweek, meanwhile, which was 48 hours in 1914, was stated to range from 48 to 60 hours in February, 1922. ^ During March, 1922, decreases in the wage rates for table hands in the baking industry in various sections of England became effective. The rates in specified localities after the reductions were as follows:^ WEEKLY RATES OF ADULT MALE TABLE HANDS IN THE BAKING INDUSTRY, MARCH, 1922 (1 shilling at par = J.243) Dollars (Exchange March, 1922) Barrow-in-Furness Blackpool Bolton Warrington Birmingham Bristol North Staffordshire Leicester Northampton Nottingham Eastbourne Chatham and Rochester Bath 15.885 15.444 17.871 16.547 13.458 14.285 14.892 14.782 13.605 14.782 13.237 13.348 14.285 'Labour Gazette, March, 1922, p. 108. nbU., April, 1922, p. 183. 124 Beginning February 25, 1922, worker^ in London employed by the members of the Incorporated Society of Principal Wholesale and Retail Bakers, Ltd., and by cooperative socie- ties were receiving weekly wages as follows:' MINIMUM WEEKLY RATES FOR ADULT MALE WORKERS IN THE BAKING TRADES IN LONDON, 1922 (1 shilling at par = $.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Feb., 1922) Forehands Singlehands Second hands and doughmakers Ovenmen, machine minders and stokers Tablehands 68, 72 and 76 64 62, 66 and 68 63 60 15.015, 15.898 and 16.782 14.132 13.690, 14.574 and 15.015 13.911 13.249 Weekly wage rates for employees of the London Master Bakers' Protection Society were in March, 1922 as given below .^ Wages in all these associations are regulated in accordance with changes in the cost of living as indicated by the Ministry of Labour. (1 shilling at par = |.243) Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Mar., 1922) Forehands Singlehands Second hands and dough- makers Ovenmen, machine mind- ers and stokers Tablehands 70/6, 74/6 and 78/6 66/6 64/6, 68/6 and 70/6 65/6 62/6 15.664, 16.553 and 17.442 14.775 14.331, IS. 220 and 15.664 14.553 13.887 The following tabulation shows wage rates in the flour milling industry after a reduction in March, 1922, when the sliding scale system was adopted, whereby wages are adjusted in accordance with the Ministry of Labour index number of retail prices:' ^Labour Gazelle, March, 1922, p. 141. 'Ibtd., April, 1922, p. 183. ^Ibid., October, 1921, p. 555; April, 1922, p. 183. 125 MINIMUM WEEKLY RATES IN FLOUR MILLING, MARCH, 1922 (1 shilling at par = $.243) First Rollermen Cleaners, General Laborers Shillings and Pence Dollars (Estchange Mar.1922] Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Mar.1922) Grade I Mills Class A Districts 77 74 6 72 67 6 64 75 72 6 70 65 6 62 63 6 60 16.988 16.437 15.885 14.892 14.120 16.547 15.995 15,444 14.451 13.679 14.010 13.237 61 58 6 56 51 6 48 61 58 6 56 51 6 48 51 6 48 13.458 Class A A " 12 907 Class B " 12 355 Class B B " 11.362 Class C " 10 590 Grade II Mills Class A Districts 13 458 Class A A " 12 907 Class B " 12 355 Class B B " 11 362 Class C " 10 590 Grade III Class B B " 12 355 Class C " 10 590 According to information furnished by the Flour Milling Employers' Association,* specified labor groups in Great Britain received hourly earnings as given in the tabulation below. The normal week for day workers was 47 hours, for shift work- ers, 44 hours. HOURLY EARNINGS IN FLOUR MILLING, OCTOBER 1, 1921 (1 shilling at par — $.243) Large Towns Small Towns Shillings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Oct.. 1921) ShiUings and Pence Dollars (Exchange Oct., 1921) Men Rollers (highly skilled) day men. . Rollers (highly skilled) shift workers 1 9.3 1 10.7 1 5.2 1 6.4 10.4 .331 .353 .267 .286 .162 1 5 1 6.1 1 1.6 1 2.8 8.4 .264 .281 .211 .230 .131 Unskilled laborers, day men Unskilled laborers, shift workers IFomen Sack menders (chiefly) 'By letter 126 France According to official French figures, pastry makers in Calais were receiving an average daily wage of 16 francs in 1921, which represented an increase of 300% over wages in 1911 when the last pre-war study was made. Wages of candy makers at Tinchebray had increased 331% and those of vermi- celli makers at Valence 300% during the same period.^ AVERAGE DAILY WAGES IN BAKING AND CONFECTIONERY IN 1921 (1 franc at par = ^.193) Locality Francs Dollars (Exchange 1921) Pastry makers Calais Tinchebray Valence 16.00 14.00 14.00 1 281 1 121 Vermicelli makers 1 121 Belgium A United States consular report of September, 1921 quoted the following data from a report of the Liege Employment Office. The figures represent wages paid during the month of August, 1921 to workmen placed in employment by the employment exchange.^ AVERAGE HOURLY WAGES OF BAKERS AND CONFECTIONERS AT LIEGE, AUGUST, 1921 (1 franc at par = $.193) Dollars (Exchange Aug., 1921) Bakers Confectioners Gingerbread makers .209 .190 .152 According to official data hourly wages in the baking and confectionery trades in Brussels in November, 1921, were as follows:' ^Bulletin it la SlalisttQue Ginirale. July, 1921, p. 343. ^United States. Department of Labor. Monthly Labor Review, December, 1922, p, 90. 'Bourse Offidelle du Travail. Cited in: Monthly Labor Review, March, 1922, p. 86. 127 AVERAGE HOURLY RATES IN THE BAKING AND CONFECTIONERY TRADES IN BRUSSELS, NOVEMBER, 1921 (1 franc at par = J. 193) Francs Dollars (Exchange Nov., 1921) Pastry cooks 1.75-2.00 2.25 1.85-2.00 2.00-2.50 1.75-2.25 .123-. 141 Bakers .158 Chocolate makers .130-. 141 Gingerbread makers .141-. 176 Confectioners .123-. 158 Sweden Slaughtering and Meat Packing The following table shows the weekly rates in the slaughter- ing industry as established by collective agreements in various cities of Sweden, effective in Goteborg and Karlstad from October, 1, 1921 to October 1, 1922; in Norrkoping from November 1, 1921 to November 1, 1922. The rates by the new agreements represent a reduction of 10% from rates by previous settlement.' WEEKLY WAGES IN THE SLAUGHTERING INDUSTRY IN SWEDEN (1 crown at par = J. 268) Crowns Dollars (Exchange April, 1922) Goteborg (Oct. 1, 1921-Oct. 1, 1922) Men, 4 years in the trade 90.00 63.00 85.50 94.50 81.00 76.50 65.50 64.00 56.00 23 508 Women, 2 years in the trade 16 456 Norrkoping (Nov. 1, 1921-Nov. 1, 1922) Men, 4 years in the trade 22 333 Foremen 24 683 Chauffeurs 21 157 Drivers 19 982 Women 17 109 Karlstad (Oct. 1, 1921-Oct. 1, 1922) Workers in responsible positions 16 717 Men, 4 years in the trade 14 627 iSociala Medielanden, 1922, No. 3, p. 188. 128 Sugar During the validity of the March to June, 1921 agreement, wages in the sugar industry in South Sweden were at their highest, or from 237% to 289%. above pre-war rates, varying according to the sex and skill of the worker. Later agree- ments reduced wages to a point from 226% to 278% above the 1914 level. By collective agreement effective from June, 1921 to March, 1922 male workers received 1.40 crowns (current exchange, $.316) and women .88 crowns per hour (current exchange, $.199).^ Chocolate and Confectionery By national agreement effective from February 6, 1922 to the end of the year, hourly rates for men and women over 18 years of age, or after 5 years' experience, were fixed as given below. Rates vary according to locality from Kalmar, at the bottom of the scale, to Stockholm, where the highest wages were paid.* HOURLY WAGE RATES IN CHOCOLATE AND CONFECTIONERV MANUFACTURING, IN SWEDEN, 1922 (1 crown at par = |.268) Crowns Dollars (Exchange (1st Quarter, 1922) Men February-April. . . May-July August-September Women February-April. . . May-July August-September 1.04 to 1.26 .99 to 1.16 .90 to l.OS .66 to .79 .63 to .73 .57 to .66 .269 to .326 . 2S6 to . 300 .233 to .271 .171 to .204 .163 to .189 .147 to .171 ^Ehotumisk aversikt, Febtuaty, 1922, p. 88. 'Sociala Meidelanden, 1922, No. 5, p. 387. 129 Italy Daily wage rates for millers and paste makers near Naples in Campania quoted in the following table were reported in the official bulletin of the Italian Ministry of Labor. ' DAILY WAGES OF MILLERS AND PASTE MAKERS IN CAMPANIA, OCTOBER, 1921 (1 lira at par = $.193) Milling Sifters, grinders, rollers, etc Joiners and mechanics Helpers Foremen Pastemaking (long) Kneaders, etc Technicians (chief) Pastemaking (short) Kneaders, cutters, etc Boys Lire Dollars (Exchange Oct. , 1921) 20.20-21.70 ,817- .878 21.95 .888 11.70 .473 24.95 1.009 24.40-25.35 .987-1.026 29.25 1.183 19.50-27.30 .789-1.105 7.80 .316 Germany The following minimum weekly rates for bakers and con- fectioners in Kolberg were established by a collective agree- ment to be effective from March to September, 1922:^ MINIMUM WEEKLY RATES TOR BAKERS AND CONFECTIONERS IN KOLBERG, 1922 (1 mark at par = J. 238) Marks Dollars (Exchange March, 1922) Journeymen of 3 years experience. . Journeymen of 4-5 years experience Experienced foremen 260 240-280 260-300 1.060 .978-1.141 1.060-1.223 Weekly earnings of bakers in twelve of the larger cities of Germany in March, 1921 were as follows:' '■Bolletino del Lavoro, October, 1921, Part I, p. 368. 'Reichs-Arbeitsblatt, February 28, 1922, p. 128. 'Korrestondenzblatt des Allgemeinen Deutschen Gerwerkschaflsbundes, May 20, 1922, pp. 2-28. 130 WEEKLY EARNINGS OF BAKERS IN GERMANY, MARCH, 1922 (1 mark at par = ^.238) Marks Dollars (Exchange March, 1922) Berlin 650 650 588 625 580 750 740 660 840 600 645 670 2.649 Bremen 2 649 Breslau 2.396 2.547 Dresden 2.364 Dusseldorf 3.056 3.016 2.690 Hamburg 3.423 2.445 Kiel 2.628 LeiDzis 2.730 Austria Data furnished by the Chamber of Labor in Vienna show weekly earnings for workers in certain occupations in the food trades in December, 1921, as follows:^ AVERAGE ACTUAL WEEKLY EARNINGS IN FOOD TRADES IN VIENNA, DECEMBER, 1921 (1 crown at par = |.205) Crowns Dollars (Exchange Dec., 1921) Klour mill workers ... 12,000 11,000 9,722 5.100 Bakers 4.675 Confectioners 4.132 ^International Labor Office. 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