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CORNELL 
 
 UNIVERSITY 
 
 LIBRARY 
 
Cornell University Library 
 G1033 .T21 
 
 First classical maps with chronological 
 
 3 1924 029 974 627 
 
 Clin Overs 
 
Cornell University 
 Library 
 
 The original of tiiis book is in 
 the Cornell University Library. 
 
 There are no known copyright restrictions in 
 the United States on the use of the text. 
 
 http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029974627 
 
FIRST 
 
 CLASSICAL MAPS, 
 
 CHEONOLOGICAL TABLES 
 
 OF 
 
 GRECIAN AO EOMAN HISTORY: 
 
 BY 
 
 JAMES TATE, M. A. 
 
 HEAD MASTER OF RICHMOND GRAMMAR SCHOOL. 
 
 'LonfftB amboffes. . summafastigia.' 
 
 Hontlon: 
 
 GEORGE BELL, FLEET STKEET. 
 RICHMOND: T. AND A. BOWMAN, AND M. BELL 
 
 1845. 
 
RICHMOND : — T. AND A. BOWMAN, PRINTERS. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 It is tlie particular object of the following Maps promiaently to exhibit those places, and 
 those only, which possess a leading interest in the Ancient History of Greece and Rome and 
 their principal connexions and dependencies : and, by rendering very conspicuous the great 
 outlines and natural features of each country, to invite the eye and the attention to its more 
 important locahties. 
 
 With this view, (after a free erasure of other names), the Towns and Rivers, &c., of primary 
 importance have been marked by Hark Capital letters : while Open Capitals are used to desig- 
 nate the Countries themselves and their larger Districts. Other places of consequence or 
 interest from various causes, as for instance the birth of distinguished men, have been given 
 in Italics, greater or less, as the case seemed to require. And it is presumed that the 
 extreme facility of reference will enable the young scholar, or the student of compendious 
 History, to acquire thus a distinct and adequate knowledge of the subject. It is very certain, 
 that the young Classical Scholar is seriously discouraged from consulting his Maps, by the 
 diflSculiy with which (even if Latitude and Longitude be supplied) he detects the position 
 of any required place ; crowded as the surface is with names of apparently equal importance, 
 though possessing no interest whatever to him either naturally or historically. 
 
 An enlarged map of Southern Greece, and also of Latium, was found necessary for a due 
 exhibition of these Countries. In Gaul, the early triple division has been observed, and httle 
 else attempted than the insertion of a few chief rivers and cities ; as evidently a special map 
 is requisite for Caesar's Gallic Wars, inadmissible on the present scheme. And so also with 
 respect to Palestine ; more particularly as Maps of that country are so easily obtained 
 elsewhere. 
 
 For the sake of simplicity, a continuous and positive outhne has been assumed for the 
 chain of the Pyrenees, the Alps and Appenines, for Hsemus, Pindus and its branches, and 
 for Mount Taurus. But in this, as in every other case, if more precise knowledge be requi- 
 red, reference to some fuUer and more minute Atlas in the hands of the Master is supposed 
 to be practicable. The present Maps, in truth, are designed as introductory to others of a 
 more comprehensive nature, by first rendering the position of important places ready of 
 reference and familiar. 
 
u. 
 
 It should be further observed, that by a deeper and broader line of Coasts, the Mediter- 
 ranean Sea (in Map I.) has been rendered conspicuous, as a chief feature of Ancient and 
 Historical Geography : its waters and their tributaries, in fact, forming the great field of 
 Phoenician, Egyptian and Grecian enterprise, and the highway of civilization towards the 
 West : whilst the great Empires of the Older World found a boundary on its shores. And a 
 singular convenience, which should be explained by the Master, is also afforded by the cen- 
 tral fold of the same map, for pointing out the division of the Roman Empire into its Eastern 
 and Western portions, — a division not merely geographical, nor of fanciful value, when we 
 take into account the essential difiference of character between the one class of nations and 
 the other, and especially the spreading in a westward direction, under Koman influence, of 
 Latin laws, fashions, and language, * whUe the Eastern world from the Hadriatic to the 
 Euphrates, — in the native towns and Macedonian colonies, — adhered with reasonable prejudice 
 to the institutions and dialect of their forefathers. 
 
 In the annexed Tables the same principle has been pursued as in the Maps : and an 
 endeavour has been made to present Historical Information, from the earliest periods of 
 Greece and Rome to the Birth of Christ, in such a manner as to suggest the most remarkable 
 particulars. The student will be also assisted by a difference in the size and character of 
 letters and figures, as well as by frequent references to and fro, by which that connection 
 of events and circumstances has been indicated, which might otherwise escape his notice in 
 the larger developement of History. This latter convenience may be extended according to 
 his ovra knowledge and judgment, or by the advice of his Master. It is suggested, that 
 the Maps and Tables may be advantageously employed as companions in the perusal of any 
 approved Manuals of History, — not only in the first instance to direct attention to matters of 
 special interest, but subsequently for examination, and as a groundwork for further and varied 
 instruction on these subjects. 
 
 29th September, 1845. 
 
 J. T. 
 
 * See Gibbon's Decline, &c. Ch. ii. 
 
CHRONOLOGY 
 
 OF 
 
 GRECIAN AND EOMAN 
 HISTOEY. 
 
 In Roman Chronology, msrk as below, and read in the order of the Letters. 
 B. C. 
 
 753. ROME founded by Romulus. The Populus.. WRamne uses and Titienses 
 Cidivided into 30 Cu rise or Parishes: Comitia Curiata: (*)A third tribe. 
 Luce res, afterwards W(PoUtical number 3 X 10.). . Patrons and Clients. 
 
 After "121. Triumph, &o." add the reference " Vid, 88, 82," erasing it after "118. Dal- 
 matia, &c." 
 
 In Map 2, erase " Caystrus o ' 
 
GRECIAN CHRONOLOGY. 
 
 From Troy to 600 B. C. 
 
 The First year of the First Olympiad was 776 before Christ, 
 
 01. XX. 1 = 700. xlv. 1 = 600. Ixx. 1 = 500. xcv. 1 = 400. cxx. 1 = 300. 
 
 In the age of CROESUS, 560, the LACEDEMONIANS were pronounced, at Delphi, 
 the most powerful of the DOBIC race, and the Athenians of the Ionic. 
 
 The iEras of Barthelemy, in his Anacharsis, for Athens are these ; — 
 594. . 490. Age of the Laws : Solon; Clisthenes. 
 
 490. .444. Glory: Themis tocles ; Aristides; &c. 
 
 444 . . Arts : Pericles. 
 
 Successive Ascendancies of Grecian States : 
 477. Athens from Persian Wars tillendofPeloponnesian (^gospotamos) 404. 
 
 404. Sparta till Leuctra 371. 
 
 371. Thebes tin Mantinea 362. 
 
 338 . Macedon Philip Chseronea " fatal to liberty." 
 
 1184. Trov taken. Homer -within 200 years afterwards. Hesiod a century later. 
 
 1 1 24. Migration of ^oli an Colonies.. .. 1 044 of Ionian .... to Asia. 
 
 1104. Return of the HERACLIDE, and Doric conquest of the Peloponnese. 
 
 1070. Kingdom of Athens (Cecrops? 1556) ends in Codrus. (cf. Decii, Home. 338). 
 Perpetual Archons from family of Codrus; Medon first. 
 
 884. Lycxirgxjs gives Laws to Sparta .... rather moral than political. 
 
 Two Kings as before. . . . (Dorian institutions revived) . . G e r u s i a . . J"ive Annual 
 Ephori; but qu? real power by King Theopompus circ. 750. 
 
 776. C r oe b u s . . . . conquers at Olympia : the common Mta. begins. 
 
 754. The First Decennial Archon at Athens (still from Codrus). 753. iJOJtfE. 
 
 743. The first Messenian War. ..19 years., to the taking of Ithome. 
 
 735. Syracuse, a Dorian Colony from Corinth. Vid. 478. 416. Rome, 212. 
 
 685. The Second Messenian War — Tyrtteus of Athens; and c. h. t. Archilochus of 
 Paros. 
 
 684. Annttal Archons at Athens, nine, E u p a t r i d 8e ; p«re .4m<ocrocy. 594. cf. 
 Rome after Kings. 
 
 630. Cyrene founded by Battus of Thera. 
 
 623. Draco Athenian Legislator .... definite penalties too severe. 
 
 620. InsuiTection of Cylon. Sacrilege of Alcmseonidie. (Fynes Clinton.) 
 
600.... 501. VI. Cent. B. C. [Grecian Hist.] 
 
 59-1. Solon, Archon an* LAWGIVER. (Bpimenides) By him Seis- 
 
 a c t h e i a : and New division into Four Classes ad Censum: Vote 
 in Assembly, and Courts, to all Citizens alike: those of first three 
 Classes ehgible to the Senate of 400 . . . . and any Magistracy, with 
 Areopagus after Archonship : lots in the Election. 
 
 Aristocracy blended with Democracy. 684. 610. cf. generally the Six 
 Classes and Centuries of Servius Tcllius : — Some. 553. 
 
 588. Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon. vid...536. 
 
 560. PISISTRATUS (Tyrannus) first usurps at Athens — (laws maintained). 
 Phalaris of Agrigentum ob. 552. 
 
 559. CYRUS begins to reign as King of Persia. 
 
 C. h. t. Solon with Croesus King of Lydia at Sardis. 
 
 548. Crcesus conquered by Cyrus. 
 
 539. The Phocoeans, of Ionia .... escaping Cyrus .... found Massilia in Gaul. 
 
 538. Babylon taken by Cyrus., and, 636, Edict for the return of the Jews, 
 The Tepiple rebuilding, 534 .... finished, 515. 
 
 535. The first Tragedy, c. h, t. on a waggon.... by Thespis. 
 
 525. Cambyses, aided by Polycrates of Samoa, conquers .Sigypt. 
 
 521. Darius Hystaspes .. . . Smerdis and the Magi. 
 
 510. The PISISTRATID^ expelled from Athens through Alcmaeoni das, aided 
 by Lacedaemon, (Aristocratic), cf. 509. Tarquins from Rome. 
 
 * For more than 150 years previous, Popular Tyranni, chiefly in Dorian 
 States. Vid. Keightley's Greece. 
 
 Clisthenes (Alcmaeonid) Legislator. The Tribes from 4 to 10.... 
 the Senate to 500. ... Ostracism .... Democracy. 594. 479. 
 
 508. Sybaris destroyed by Crot ona. . . . Milo, Olympic Victor and Pythagorean. 
 504. Ionians revolt from Persia — Sardis taken and burnt, Athenians aiding. 
 
[Grecian Hist] 500 401. 
 
 495. Miletus, Capital of Ionia, taken by the Arsians. (Vid. 504). Capture 
 of Miletus, a Tragedy, by Phrynichus, Scholar of Thespis. 
 
 490. First Fersian Invasion of Greece by Datis and Artaphernes, 
 
 Generals of Darius . . . . H i p p i a s the Pisistratid. 
 MARATHON. . ..M.iin:i\iiES.. .. Ath.eTiia.na aided by Plataeans. 
 
 480. Xerxes (King 485), (Second Invasion), crosses the Hellespont, 
 
 Leonidas vrith 300 Spartans. . and others., at THERMOPYL^. Athens burnt. 
 
 Aristides . . from exile (484) at JSgina. . joins his rival Themistocles. 
 
 Battle of SALAMIS' (^schylus, present the birth, so said, of Euripides.) 
 
 479.' Mardonius defeated (and killed) at PLATJEA, by Pausanias, Regent of Sparta. . 
 and Aristides. 
 Off MrCALE. . same day . . Persians defeated by Xanthippus the Athenian, and 
 Leotychides, King of Sparta, 
 
 Citizens of fourth class, at Athens, made eligible to fffices of state by Aristides. 
 Vid. 510.. 444. 
 
 478. Administration of Themistocles. 
 
 Athens restored and fortified .... the Pir^us built. 
 
 477 (allovced by Sparta,) head of a new Confederacy of Greeks .. .31 ge an 
 
 Islands, Asia Minor, and Thrace. Aristides and Helleuotamise. . Delos. 
 
 Phrynichus. ... Phoenissse.. .. and in 473, his rival's Persae. 
 Sophocles first in 470. 
 
 471, Themistocles banished by Ostracism, retires to Argos; and 5 years later 
 to Persia; leaving Aristides (ob. 468), and Cimon (ostracised 461), at the 
 head of affairs. After them, Pericles. 
 
 * In the course of this decade, Hiero (succeeded his brother Gelo as King in 480) 
 at Syracuse, entertains Pindar, Simonides, and others, ^schylus died 
 there 456. 
 
 466. Cimon defeats the Persians by land and sea, near the Eurymedon. (F. C.) 
 
 465. Third Messenian War (revolt of Helots) . . Ithome. . 10 years .... then set- 
 tlement at Naupactus .... protection by Athens. Vid. 743. 371. 
 
V. Cent. B. C. [Grecian Hist] 
 
 454. The Ramans send to Athens for the laws of Solon. 
 
 450. By CiMoN (reetJled! 456) vi-ctorious expedition agfunst Cyprus,. (Persians),; 
 and g 1 o ri o u s P e ace conekded, after his death at Citium. 
 
 448. The first -S4CBBZ) or Phocian War- Temple of Delphi: Athens 
 
 auxiliar to Phoeis. . . . Lacedsemon adverse. 
 
 447. At Coronea, Tolmidas, the Athenian, defeated (and slain) by the Boeotians. 
 
 445. The Thirty years Tr'tioe!; 
 
 444. PERICLES (never Axchon) begins to have the sole direction of 
 
 Depression of Areopagus: Democracy prepond'erafes. Vid'. 47'9. 404, 
 Anaxagoras . . ..Phid'ias. . . . Aspasia. 
 Population of Athens, excliisive of Metics and Slaves, 78,243. (P. C.) 
 
 443. Co Tony from Athens to Thurium near the ruins of Sybaris (50&)t. 
 
 0. h. t. Herodotus " historiam condidit Tfeuiriis in Italia," Pliny. N. B. Thucydides, 
 set. 15. heard Herods. set. 28. recite paitof his History at Olympia, 46. 
 
 440. War betwixt Samos (Doric) and'MiFetns. Samos taken by Pericles. 
 
 439. Quarrel of Corinth and Corcyra .... 435. The action at sea of' Corcyra, aided 
 by Athens, against Corinth. First sea fight between Ch- and'C*- 6. 
 
 431. PELOPONNE8IAN WAR. Th eb an » besiege Pi;at»a (taken in 27.) 
 
 Plagi^e of Athens, 30. PERicii^BS dies, 29, after 40 years of poHticaJ life. 
 
 421 . Peace for 23 years (kept for nearly 7,) between Athens and Lacedasmon. 
 
 416. Ilipedition of Athenians^ to Sicily.-. .. Alcibiades. ... Siege of &»racuse. 
 Gylippus the S^pai^tan — ^Athenian fleet and army annihilated — 
 Nicias and Demosthenes kUIed . . 413. 
 
 414. Invasion of Attica. ... Deceleia fortified. . Alcibiades with Sparta. 
 
 406. Arginusse off Lesbos: Victory, but generals- condemned: Socrates. 
 
 405. Fatal battle of ^gospotamos. 
 
 404. Athens taken by Lysander . . 30 Tyrants •. . next year expelled by Thrasybulus . . 
 f and Bemocracy, in form, re-established. 
 
 r '401.'^Cyrxj& .. . . at CtJtJAXA.... Ketreat of lOiOOO, under Xenophon . . Trapezus. 
 2.:. * J''*- Internal weakness' of Persia discovered. 
 
 ;;;400. Socrates put to death, (in reality 399, F. C.) 
 
[Grecian Hist.] 400 323. Death of Alexander. 
 
 396. Agesilaus, King of Sparta Successful Campaigns in Asia. 
 
 394. Corinthian War, through Persian gold. Corinth with Thebes, Argos 
 and Athens against Sparta. Agesilaus recalled .. on his way defeats 
 confederates at Coronea. 
 
 CoNON (after ^gospotamos to Cyprus) with Pharnabazus meanwhile des- 
 troys the Spartan power at Sea off Cnidus; and afterwards rebuilds the 
 Long Walls with Persian money. 
 
 Athenian influence again in Thrace and Hellespont. 
 
 387. Peace of AntalcidaS, at cost of Asia Minor, purchased by Sparta from 
 the Persian King. Compulsory settlement of European Greece. 
 
 382. Citadel of Thebes seized by Phsebidas the Spartan. 
 
 379. rsEBBS liberated by Pelopidas and refugees from Athens; hence a rising state. 
 EpaminonDAS. Rivalry of Thebes (democratic) and Sparta. 
 
 371. Letjctra. Theban Supremacy. Epaminondas invades Peloponnesus (with 
 Elean and Argive allies) .... restores Messenians (after 300 years), in 
 
 Messene, as a garrison town founds Megalopolis, by union of 
 
 Arcadian clans, for same purpose. 
 
 368. Alexander of Pherae till 363. Pelopidas slain. 
 
 362. Mantinea .... death of Epaminondas Sparta weakened but Thebes 
 
 without a leader. 
 
 Mutual jealousies and weakness of Grecian States. 
 
 359. Accession of PHILIP of Macedou . . He defeats Athenians at Methone.. first 
 battle with Greeks. 358, tiU 352 ; Amphipolis .. Olynthus .. with Athens 
 ally, and Potidsea. 
 
 356. Second Sacred War (448. 339.) aroused by Amphictyons against 
 Sparta and Phocis (382). Philip, invited by Thessalians, interferes., 
 forms designs on Southern Greece .... ruins Olynthus after P y d n a and 
 other Macedo-Greek Towns. DEMOSTHENES. 
 
 347. Peace with Athens. Thermopylae opened. 346. Phocis reduced: Philip 
 an Amphictyon. Phocian. 
 
 339. Third Sacred War (356.) against Amphissa. Elatea by Philip. 
 
 338. Ch^ronea. MACEDONIAN SUPREMACY. Philip Commander in chief against 
 Persia. ... assassinated, 336. 
 
 336. Alexander .... Athenian opposition suppressed (Demosthenes) .... schemes the 
 conquest of Asia, 334. 
 
 333. At the Issus defeats Darius (Codomannus) in person — (Granicus year before: 
 Tyre (to secure coast) 332: near AjtBELA, 331, Conquest of, Western 
 Asia complete: 328. . 26, India, .... mutiny feared. 
 
 323. On return dies suddenly at Babylon. 
 
B. C. 321 ... B. C: 30. [Grecian Hist.] 
 
 After immediate and subsequent partitions of Macedoman Empire, (Egypt excepted), 
 
 there arose : — 
 
 312. Kingdom of SELEUCIDJE (S^- Nicator) in upper Asia. At Ipsus, 301, SYRIA 
 added, and made chief province : ANTIOCHIA, "Western Capital; Seleucia 
 on Tigris, and another on Orontes, Eastern. 
 
 192. War with Rome ; (Hannibal): Ks. Antiochtjs defeated. Vid. Bom. Chron. 190. 
 Kings of Pergamus aggrandized, as a check on Syria, now perma- 
 nently dependent ; and formally annexed as a Roman Province, .. 64. 
 
 323. Km. of PTOLEMIES in MGYPT Alexandria Jews.. ..Pharos. 
 
 Learning encouraged .... first Library. 
 
 284. Py- Philadelphus .... Septuagint Version. 
 
 51. Cleopatra last Sovereign. Vid. R. C. 47. 31. M- a Roman Province, 30. 
 
 302. K"- of MACEDON and Greece: Cassander. Vid. R. C. 200. 168. 
 
 284. ^TOLiAN League, aroused by oppression of Macedonian Kings. Vid. R.C. 
 200. 189i 
 
 280. AcH^AN League (revived) .... chiefly against Macedon. Arattjs (Historian) its 
 Prsetor, 246: succeeded, 213, by Philopcemen. ob. 183: and he by Lycortas, 
 the father of Polybixis, tUl 168. Vid. R. C. 
 
 282. Pergamtjs .... till by Attaltjs bequeathed to Rome. 133. 
 
 PoNTUs. First MiTHRiDATES an Achsemenid. c. 333 : for the last Mithridates, 
 vid. R. C. 89... .63. 
 
 AnsAciDiE in Farthia .. Secession from Seleucidae. Vid. R. C. 53. 20. 
 
 NOTE. Periods most important of Greece and Rome, 
 
 Of Grecian History from B. C. 510 to 323, and of Roman from 321 to 31, let 
 the Scholar lay in a clear and correct knowledge, in the principal events and persons, 
 with dates, &c, if he conveniently can. 
 
 The greatness of Athens, Lacedamon, Thebes, and Macedon, occupies the first period : 
 after which the conquests of Alexander, as quareUed for and enjoyed by his Captains, 
 form the History of the World. 
 
 Of Roman greatness it may seem strange to date the story from the Caudine Forks: 
 but the quaintness of the connexion assists memory. And I need say no more to a 
 Scholar who casts his eyes on the Table of Greek and Roman Annals, with a view also to 
 the Classical connexion of both. J. T. 1816. 
 
 R. S. Y. 11th June, 1845. 
 
EOMAN CHEONOLOGY. 
 
 B. C. 
 
 Florus makes the Infantia of Rome last during the Kings, from 753 to 509. 
 
 And its Adolescentia, " annos quibus Italiam subegit," to the beginning of the First 
 Punic War, 264. 
 
 The Juventa Imperii and robusta maturitas to Augustus Csesar (if Actium), 3 1 . 
 
 A. D. 
 
 And its SenecfMS, " sub rro/arao movens lacertos," to Dacia subdued, 103. 
 
 Urbem Romam a principio Reges habuere. Libertatem et Consulatum 
 L. Brutus instituit. Dictaturse ad tempus sumebantur: neque Decem- 
 viralis potestas ultra biennium, neque Tribunorum militum consulare 
 jus diu valuit. Non Cinnse, non Sullse longa dominatio; et Pompeii Cras- 
 sique polentia cito in Csesarem; Lepidi atque Antonii arma, in Augustum 
 cessere; qui cuncta discordiis civilibus fessa, nomine Principis, sub 
 imperium accepit, Tacitus. 
 
 B. C. 753 ... . 501. Period of Kings. 
 
 B. C. 
 
 753. Rome ioxm&cAh-^ MOMULUS. The PopuLus..Ramnenses and Titienses. . 
 divided into 30 Curiae or Parishes; Comitia Curiata. A third tribe, 
 L u c e r e s, afterwards. (Political number, 3 x 10.) Patrons and Clients. 
 
 C.650. Origin of Plebs, by migration of the Albans to Rome. Tullus Hostilius King. 
 
 578. ..538. Servius Tullius, 6th King. 
 
 Six Classes and Comitia Centuriata estabUshed by him: and c. 553. 
 Census cum Lustro. Vid. 443. 
 
 509. The TARauiNs . . from Rome. Vid. Gr. Chr. 5 1 0. PisisTRATiDiE, from Athens. 
 
 Consular government estabUshed Junius Brutus and Valerius Publicola. 
 
 Lex Valeria de Provocatione ad Pqpulum. cf . Porcia de tergo. 301. 
 
 508. PoRSENA Kb of Clusium .. H. Codes ; M. Sc^vola, and Cl«lia. 
 Commercial Treaty with Carthage ; and again 345. 
 
301 . . . 201. III. Cent. B. C. [Roman Hist] 
 
 2S0. - PyrrhuS (first foreign antagonist of Rome) to aid the TARENTINES 
 
 Fabricitjs and Curius . . ..retires after 6 years to Epirus. 
 
 273. Embassy from Ptolemy PhiladelphuSj and to him. Vid. G. C. 284. 
 
 272. Saranites (vid. 341), and Tarentines subdued, f Conquest of Lower Italy. 
 
 264. The First PIOT7C War— 23 years to 241. The Mamertines of Messina. 
 
 260. DUILIUS first naval triumph; but Drepanum 249. 
 
 256, Regulus defeated by Xanthipptis, the Spartan Mercenary. 
 
 241. Hanno defeated ofif the j3Egades by Ltjtatius. 
 
 t Sicily the first Province, 227. Hence date Provincial Prsetors (gradually 
 
 increased to 8), and other Magistrates of Provinces. 
 Syracuse under King Hibro till 215. 
 
 235. Temple of J a n u s second time shut. ..first time by Numa ... third time by 
 Augustus. 
 
 230. Illyrian Pirates .... Queen Teuta. 
 
 f First political relatleas •with Greece Ach^ans .... .SItolians .... 
 
 Rome a deliverer. Vid. 197. Soon afterwards Roman Ambassadors at 
 Athens and Corinth. 
 
 225. Gallic War again, in vrhich Fabtxjs Pictor present, fir st Roman Historian : 
 
 and Romans first pursue across the Padus. 390. 361. 
 222. Marcellcs .... of Viridomarus .... third Spolia Opima. Vid. 437. 
 
 fCis-Alpine Gaul a Province. 
 
 219. Saguntum taken by HANNIBAL; who passes the Pyrenees; and 
 218. crosses the Alps. Second PtOTIC War. 
 
 Ticinum..Trebia..ad Ticinum " monstratus fatis" P, Scipio (Consul aet 28.) 
 
 217. Thrasimenus. 216. C^iViV^, (^milius Paxjlus killed.) . . . . to Cap ua. 
 Philippus cum Hannibale egerat, after Cannse. Vid. 192. 
 
 212. Syracuse (Archimedes) now, after 3 yeais, (Vid. 241.) taken by Mar- 
 
 CELLUS ; " qui ex insidiis occisus est — sak culpi" .... 208. 
 
 209. P. SciPio in S p ai n . . . . New Carthage taken. 
 
 Tarentum recovered by Fabitis Maximus Cunctator. 
 
 207. Hasdrubal .... Metaurus .... Claudius Nero. . . . Livius Salinator. 
 
 202. Zama .... Hannibal .... Scipio. 
 
 * Power of Senate — through administration of long and successful wars — now 
 almost unlimited : and Rome a great military republic bent on conquest. Vid. 
 Heeren. 
 
[Roman Hist.] 200... 101. II. Ccnt. B. C. 
 
 200. First MACEDONIAN War ..(witli the ^tolians ..confederates 211, and sub- 
 sequently the Ach^ans . .against Philip .. 4 years, tiU 197. Cynocephal^ in 
 T]iessaly..FLAMiNius..Defea t of Philip .. but Peace. 
 Freedom of Greece proclaimed at Isthmian Games. Vid. 230. 
 
 192. War against ANTIOCHUS the Great, King of S^SM, 2 years . . Hannibal . .^to- 
 LiANs now adverse to Kome. 190. 
 Magnesia in Ly dia. .L, Scipio Asiatictjs, .Antiochtjs driven from Asia Minor. 
 
 * Foundation of Roman Power in the East. 
 
 189. The ^tolians also reduced . . M. Fulvitis Nobilior. 
 
 184. M. PoRTitrs Cato .. chosen Censor. .his severity. 
 
 183. Philop(emen,— Hannibal,— p. Scipio Africanus,— die so Livy. 
 
 171. Second MACEDONIAN War. 
 
 168. PrDJv:^.. Perseus.. ^MiLitrs PATJLTJs..Trium p bus tristior. 
 The R h o d i a n s, for aid to Perseus, slowly forgiven. 
 
 * Polybius's ^ra of 53 years for the conquests and ascendancy of Rome ends here. 
 
 * From this time Consuls chosen in July or August . . office in January. 
 
 * By this War Treasury enriched, and remission of Tribute from citizens for many 
 
 years. 
 
 149. Third Punic War Carthage destroyed by P. Scipio "i 
 
 147. War against the ACH JEANS (Vid. G. C. 280 &c.) Corinth— by Mummius ) 
 
 141. War with NUMANTIA, 8 years : destroyed by P. Scipio Africantjs Minor, 133. 
 133. Ks- Attaltjs, bequeaths Pergamtjs to the Romans. Vid. G. C. 282. 
 
 — Agrarian Law moved again. Vid. 485. 367. Insurrection of Aristocratic party 
 under Nasica Scipio. T. S. Gracchus murdered. 
 
 123. Sempronian Law of C. S. Gracchus, Tribunus Plebis, transfers the judi- 
 cial Power from the Senators to the B quite s, who also became (? the 
 date) Publicani. . vid. 82. Seats of Honor assigned by Roscius Otho, 
 66. N. B. 400 Sestertia. 
 
 * Gracchus hoped to render the Equites a counterbalance to the Senate. 
 121. Triumph of Aristocratic faction, by assassination of CaiusGracchvs. 
 Hence bitter feuds between Arista, and Demo"- parties. 
 
 118. Dalmatia conquered by Metellus. Vid. 88. 82. 
 
 111. The Jugurthine War .... 5 years ; Bestia, Scaurus, Metellus (C. Marius, D e m c- 
 Corn. Sylla, Arist«.) 
 
 109. The Teutones and Cimbri, 8 years. 105. defeated on the Rhone; and 
 101, in Noricum by Marius (iter urn) and Catulus. 
 
500.... 401. V. Cent. B. C. [Roman Hist.] 
 
 499. First DICTATOR . . Titus Lartius . . without appeal, but responsible, semestris, . . 
 witb a Magister eqtjitum. 
 
 493. First Secession to Mons Sacer. . ..Plebeian Debt.... Menenitjs Agrippa. 
 
 Two TRIBUNI Plebis sacrosancti &st created ; (in 445, ten.) 
 
 Two Plebeian ^diles to assist them. 
 
 Hence struggles between Plebs, through their Tribunes, and Patricians. Vid. 
 445. 367. 
 
 451. C. Martitjs Coriolanus offends the Plebs, and flees to the Volsci. cf. 390. 
 
 CamiUus. 
 
 485. Sp. Cassius moves an Agrarian Law (Vid. 367. 133.) — "ob regnum affec- 
 tatum" condemned by CuriBe — and executed more majorum. 
 
 Ascendancy of Patrician Aristocracy. 
 
 477. Cremera 300 Fabii Veientes. Vid. 437. 396. 
 
 470. ComitiaTributa (Vid. 753. 578.) first held for Plebeian Magistrates. 
 The tribes ultimately increased to 35 4 UrbaniB, 31 Kusticae. 
 
 * C. h. t. the Legends and Stories of fiist three Centuries terminate. Arnold. 
 
 452, Embassy into Greece for Solon's Laws, &c. ; and next year DECEMVIRI (Patricians) 
 
 created : (? Athenian Archons. Niebuhr.) 
 
 Laws of XII Tables drawn up ... . "fons universi pubUci privatique juris." Ee- 
 vision of Constitution also. 
 
 Decemvirate abolished after 2 years .... Virginia .... Icilius. 
 Consular government again for a time. 
 
 445. Plebeian intermarriage legalized.. .. Canuleius. 
 
 right to Consulship attempted. Compromise. 
 
 Military Tribunes (rite sex) with Consular Power created .... might be three 
 
 from each order .... but usually Patricians. 
 "Legal equality gained, but no political adjustment of orders." Heeren. 
 
 * For more than 70 years confused government. 
 
 443. Two CBiVSOiJ-S first created — once in 5 years, Vid. 553. Their power annua ac 
 semestris. 
 
 439. Sp. M.«;litjs "ob regnum affectatum" "frumento ex Etruria coempto," — put to 
 death by C. Servilius Ahala Mag^- Eq™- of Cincinnatus. Vid. 384. MaiJius. 
 
 437. Corn. Cossus, from Lar Tolumnius Ke- of Veientes, second SpoHa 
 Opima : the first by Eomulus from Acron Ke- of Cseninenses. Vid. 222. 
 
 421. Two more QVMSTORS (? first by Valerius Pubhcola) to attend Consuls in War, 
 indifferently Patr^^- or Plebis- : afterwards many more. Vid. 367. 
 
[Roman Hist.] 400.... 301. IV. Cent. B. C. 
 
 396. Veii (after 10 years) taken by Camillus, soon afterwards an exile. 
 
 *During this contest winter campaigns, and regular pay to army. 
 Hence more important wars and increase of taxes. 
 
 390. Battle of ALLIA, ..Rome taken and burnt by Brennus. Camillus 
 returns, and defeats the Gauls. Vid. 361. 225. 
 N. B. Another Brennus invades Greece c. b. c. 280. . . Galatia . . 
 
 384. M. Manlius Capitohnxjs .. Plebeian debt .. Aura popularis.. fromTarpeian 
 Rock., through Camillus his enemy. 
 
 367. One Consul made eligible from the Plebeians. Licmius Stolo the 
 first . . 366. 
 
 First PBjETOR . . " Concessum ab Nobilitate Plebi de Consule Plebeio, a Plebe 
 " Nobihtati de Praetore uno, qui jus in urbe diceret, ex Patribus creando." 
 
 Another Prsetor, Peregrinus, in 244. ButVid. 241. 
 Lex Licinia de Agro Publico. ,. 500 jugers, &c. 
 Henceforward political equality of orders, and gradual admission of Plebeians 
 to all offices of state, .... complete in 300. Vid. 445. 421. 
 
 * New parties, — Aristocratic and Democratic .... Growing animosities. Vid. 133. 
 
 361. Gallic Wars (Italian).. T. Manlius Torquatus; and 350. M. Valerius 
 CoRVUS, (Consul set. 23.) Vid. 390. 225. 
 
 341. SAMNITE Wars, with little intermission till 272 : during which 
 
 * System of Colonies developed in Italy, (propugnacula imperii. Cic.) 
 
 338. Latins, defeat of under M'* Vesuvius. " To their Victory ou that day, securing for 
 ever the alliance of Latium, the Romans owed their conquest of the world." 
 Arnold. Civic franchise not till 91 ; when to other Italian tribes. 
 
 This the true Heroic Period of Rome: Decius Mus, father and son ; Papirius 
 Cursor ; Q. Pabius Max*' &c. 
 
 321. FURCJE CAUDINjE. Pontius the Samnite ; but next year by Papirius C. 
 yoke repaid. 
 
 303. FABIUS, the Censor, (thence? stiled Maximus,) with P. Decius Mus Minor, 
 his Colleague, reforms the Tribes from an abuse introduced by Appius Claudius 
 Coccus. 
 
 N. B. Via Appia (militaris) by Appius to Capua, (by J. Caesar thence to 
 Brundusium) ; and Aqua Appia. 
 
 301. The Porcia Lex de Tergo. cf. Valeria. S'- Paul. 
 
100... 1. I. Cent. B. C. [Roman Hist.] 
 
 100. Julius C^sar bom, 4 Id. Quintil. afterwards called July. cf. 6. 
 
 91 . The Social or Marsic War, for citizenship ; finished by Sylla, 88. Vid. 338. 
 
 89. The MITHRJDATIC War . . 26 years . . Ltjculltjs . . Pompey . . ends in 63. 
 
 88. The First CIVIL War, betwixt Maritjs, Cinna . . and Sylla . . 6 years, 
 
 82. Sylla victorious.. Perpetual Dictator .. first Proscription . cf. 43. 
 
 Military Colonies for his Veterans. Vid. and Dist. 341 abolishes 
 
 aU Plebeian rights save the mere Veto., strips the Bquites also.... 
 
 Pompey partly restores afterwards. * 
 after abdicating the Dictatorship, dies 78. 
 
 74. To Sertorius the Marian,. . in S-paia. . embassy irom MITHRIDATBS. 
 73. The Servile War . . SPASTACUS the Gladiator; defeated in 71 . 
 67. Pompey reduces the Cilician Pirates. 
 
 63. Catiline's Conspiracy . . . . M. Tullius Cicero, Consul . . (ia 66 Prsetor.) 
 
 60. First TRIUMVIRATE Julius Cjesar, Crassus, and Pompey. 
 
 53. Crassus killed by Surena in Mesopotamia. Exactly 14 years afterwards 
 
 Pacorus killed by Ventidius, then acting for M. Antony. 
 50. C^SAR from campaigns in Gaul; 49. crosses the Kubicon. . secures Spain. . 
 
 Di ct at or. 
 
 48. PHARSALIA.. 47. Alexandria .. 46. ■Utica,.45. Munda. 
 46. C^sAR stabbed in the Senate House. 
 
 43. Second TRIUMVIRATE . . Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus. Proscription. . Cicero. 
 42. PHILIPPI . . Brutus and Cassius . , 39. Ventidius. Vid. 53. 
 36. Sextus Pompey . . "Son of Neptune," cf. 67 . . defeated off Sicily by Agrippa. 
 31. ACTIUM. Agrippa, again. . 30. Alexandria taken. . Cleopatra's end. Vid. G.C. 
 323. Mgfpt. 
 Extinction of the Republic .... Supreme power in the Emperor. 
 
 27. Octavius, IMPERATOR for 10 years .. stiled Princeps and AUGUSTUS. 
 
 Censor ..Tribune (sacrosanctus) .. .. Pontif ex Maximus .... afterwards. 
 By a new and pohtic Division, Provincise Senatoriae et Populares, under 
 Pr oc onsuls ; . . . . Imperatorise vel Csesarum, under Legati. 
 
 20. The Roman Ensigns of Crassus . . from the Parthians (vid. 53,) . . by TIBERIUS. 
 
 15. The Vindelici defeated, and.. 11. some German nations by Drusus. 
 
 1 6 . The Pannonians conquered by Tiberius. 
 
 6. Augustus reforms the Calendar . . his name given to the month Sextilis. cf. 100. 
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