''4fiiMBi'i-^ , .' ". \'' t' \'j ' :.<<',Vj',-..: y!!'j.'i?>jf,'-f'.': Cornell University Library arV14161 Practical ethics for schools and famili 3 1924 031 264 322 olln.anx Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924031264322 PR ACTICAL ETH ICS *^ ^IttJiL ?1,^^CtIEB. Practical Ethics, gdaooif{^d¥iCS!i< 5]J^Sid^. DIVISION L PURPOSE OF BOOK— LOVE— CONSCIENCE- REFLECTION— WILL. DlYlBlOK I. CHAPTER I. PURPOSE OF BOOK. What 18 the purpose of this book? To teach us to be good, and useful, and happy. How may this be accomplished ? By cultivating good qualities, and overcoming bad ones. What faculties are necessary to awaken, develope and perfect the virtues, or good elements of the soul ? Love, Reflection, Conscience and Will. What are the fundamental or principal virtues? Industry, Hope, Purity, Fidelity. PRACTICAL ETHICS. How are the good qualities represented upon the chart f By light. Why are the faculties and qualities that compose the moral nature represented by light? They constitute the natural Ught, guide, or inspira- tion of the soul. Without these, what would be the condition of humanity? Brutal and Savage. Why is the Chart in the form of a heart? It is customary to speak of the moral nature as the Heart. Give examples ? A person who is pure, is pure-hearted; one who has Courage, is brave-hearted; one who has Fidelity, true-hearted, &c. What then are you to coDsider this chart? A representation of the moral nature of a human being. When is it necessary to begin the study of our moral nature ? As early in Kfe as we can understand the differ- ence between right and wrong. How long shall we continue this study ? As long as we hve. PURPOSE OF BOOK. How may we improve ? By adopting a regular plan of right thought and action, and educating the Will to follow it. Has any one ever done this ? Many pfeople have. Give exewnples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER II. LOVK. now is Love represented upon the Chart ? By the Sun. Why is it thus represented ? Love is the great central light of the soul, about .which all the virtues revolve. What do }ou mean by virtues ? The good principles of the soul. Why do you say that the virtues revolve about Love ? The good elements of the soul are dependent upon Love. They are vivified and controlled by its power and beneficence. How is Love divided ? Into Love of Grod and Love of Humanity. LOVE. 7 How is God represented upon the Chart? " By a light from above. Why is he thus represented ? The knowledge of God is the purest light that the soul can receive, and the highest attainment pos- sible to it. What is the Love of God called? Religion. Where do we learn this? At home, and at church. What emotions are common to a loving heart ? Gratitude, Kindness, Sympathy, Charity, Pity and Mercy. What is Gratitude ? A loving, generous, and thankful feeling. What is Kindness ? A gentle, helpful feehng toward others. What is Sympathy ? A tender, earnest kindness that yearns to remove others' burdens and sorrows. PRACTICAL ETHICS. "What is Charity? A broad, generous love that is wiUing to believe all things, to hope all things in favor of others, and to endure all things that they may be happy. "What Is Pity ? A tender sympathy, and sorrow for the miserable. "What is Mercy? It is tenderness of heart toward an oiFender, treating him better than he deserves. "Which of these emotions is proper toward God? Gratitude. "Which toward Humanity? Gratitude to"ward those who are kind. Sympathy, Charity, and Kindness toward all people. Pity toward the "wretched and unfortunate, and Mercy toward the wicked. "What is the result if people lack these qualities ? They are unkind, ungrateful, and cruel in disposi- tion. Can such people be happy, or make others happy ? They cannot. Can such people be good ? No, their whole character becomes evil. LOVE. 9 What then is necessary, if you would avoid this unlovely, unhappy disposition ? We must continually try to cultivate gentle, lov- ing thoughts, words and acts. What faculties must you use to do this? Reflection, Will and Conscience. 1)0 people who are naturally ill-tempered, ungrateful, and unloving, ever succeed in becoming loving and kind ? They do? Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER III. CONSCIENCE. How is Conscience represented upon the Chart ? By an eye. Why is it thus represented? Conscience is that power of the mind that sees what is right and what is wrong. What, besides an eye, may represent Conscience? The voice, as Conscience, not only sees what is right, but it approves a right action, and accuses and condemns us continually when we do wrong. What is necessary to enable Conscience to act? Reflection and Will. What eflfect does Reflection have upon Conscience ? It illuminates it with all the light or knowledge that comes to the soul. CONSCIENCE. II Should people act and live as Couacience dictates? They should. What is the effect if we do that which CoDScience tells us is wrong ? We cannot respect ourselves and be happy. Is that the only personal eflfect of wrong doing » It sometimes oppresses the Conscience so much that the guilt}' person feels that everyone suspects him, and is ready to denounce him. What is that feeling called that Conscience awakens in the guilty? Remorse. AVhat is the extreme effect of Eenaiorse? It forces the person to insanity, and suicide, or to confession, even though he knows that this wiU bring the punishment of death for the crime. What, besides Reflection, is necessary to enable us to do that, and that only, which Conscience approves? The Will. How must the Will act? The WiU must instantly and always decide to act in harmony with Conscience. Can Conscience accomplish anything good without the help of the Will? No. The WiU must co-operate continuaUy, to bring PRACTICAL ETHICS. all the faculties and emotions of the soul, and all the acts of the body into harmony with Conscience. Is it easy to understand and heed Conscience ? It is for those who are taught to do so early in Hfe. If people will not heed Conscience early in lite, is, it possible for them to do so when they are older ? It is possible, but far more difficult. What are the special effects of Conscience ? Its approval iospires Courage, and imparts satisfac- tion and joy; its disapproval excites fear, pain and despair. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. REFLECTION. 13 CHAPTER IV. REFLECTION. What is Reflection? Thonght How is it represented upon the Chart? By the Moon. Why is it thus represented? The Moon receives and reflects its light from the sun, and Thought, Reason, or Reflection receives and reflects aU light or knowledge that comes to the soul from whatever soxurce, facult}-, or emotion. How does Thought act upon the body? Through the brain and nerves. By what faculty does it act? The Wm. 14 PRACTICAL ETHICS. How is Thought divided ? Into good and bad. Should Tj'e encourage both ? We should love and cherish good, and reject and despise bad Thoughts. What is it that sees which are good Thoughts ? Conscience. What enables us to cherish good Thoughts and despise bad ones? The Will. How shall we acquire the power of right thinking and just conclu- sions? By studying our tendencies and checking the least impulse toward wrong, and carefully reviewing the experience of others in self-improvement. Do people ever follow this plan for learning and perfecting their own nature? They do. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. WILL. 15 CHAPTER V. WILL. How is Will represented upon the Chart? By a large star. Why is it thus represented ? A pure unperverted Will is a great source of light and strength to the soul. Where is Will located upon the Chart? At the lowest point. Why is it thus represented? The Will should act under the direction of Con- science, and also as a servant or helper to every good element of the soul. What is the Will ? It is that force of mind that compels or restrains action. • ,i6 . PRACTICAL ETHICS. Do you mean action of body, or of mind ? Of both. Cannot the mind act unless the Will allows it to do so ? It can. It has both voluntary and involuntary action. What is involuntary action of the mind ? It is Thought that comes and goes without the WiQ determining that it shall. What is voluntary action ? It is the mind determining to think upon a cer- tain subject, or to act through the body for a certain purpose. How may Will affect involuntary thought? It may restrain or encourage it. How does Will affect voluntary thought ? It induces and co-operates with it. Could there be voluntary thought and action without the Will? There could not. The Will produces or calls into action aU voluntary thoughts and deeds. What is necessary to the proper action of the Will? Conscience. WILL. 17 Should Conscience ever yield to the Will? Never. What relation shonld Will bear to Conscience? That of a servant, ever ready to do its bidding. If this is reversed and Will becomes the controlling power of the soul without regard to Conscience, ^what is the resnll ' A headstrong wickedness takes the place of the good elements and blinds and perverts Conscience. If the Will is part of the time in harmony with Conscience, acd part of the time in opposition, what is the eflVct upon the Character? It is inconsistent, vacillating and unworthy of respect. What is the oflSce of a pure good Will ? It is that of a guardian angel, or principle that compels every thought and act to harmonize with Conscience, thus moulding the whole being to noble untiring energj. Do people ever succeed in exemplifying this high and peifect har- mony of the Will and Conscience? They do. Give examples fpoTO. Poetry, Biography, Observation. ^5^d¥id^i< 5{¥eid^. DIVISION II. INDUSTRY— HEALTH— AMBITION— ENERGY-ORDER- PATIENCE— ECONOMY— SELF-DENIAL- PUNCTUALITY— PRUDENCE. f)lVI^IO}( II. CHAPTER I. INDUSTRY. What iB Industry ? Labor, useful activity. How is Purity dependent upon Industry? Purity includes cleanliness and other qualities that require Industry for their existence. In what way does Industry assist Fidelity ? Activity and Energy are necessary to enable us to be fj^ithful to friends, country, duty, self or object. In what way is Hope dependent upon Industry V Hope would be fruitless without the co-operation of Industry to render successful its plans. PRACTICAL ETHICS. Is Industry conducive to happiness and prosperity? It is the foundation of every comfort and luxury of life. What would the world be without Industry? The earth would be a wilderness and its people savages. How sbould we regard Industry ? As one of the noblest and most necessary virtues. When we see people who are ashamed to work how should we feel toward them ? We should be ashamed of them and pity them. Referring to Industry, do you mean labor of the hands alone ? We mean labor of the hands, or the brain; or both combined. How does Love affect Industry ? Love of self and friends impels us to supply nat- ural wants, and this requires the exercise of Indus- try. How does Conscience develop Industry ? It enables us to see our obligation to the claims of self, friend, duty, &c., and this furnishes an in- centive to action. INDUSTRY. 23 How is Industry represented upon the Chart? , By a large star. Why is it thus represented ? Because it is a great light and blessing to the soul in its results. What qualities are directly dependent upon and anxilliary to Indus- try? HEALTH. AMBITION. ENERGY. ORDER. PATIENCE. ECONOMY. SELF-DENIAL. PUNCTUALITY. PRUDENCE. How are each of these represented on the Chart ? By a star. Why are they so represented ? They are each a source of light or inspiration to the soul. 24 PRACTICAL ETHICS. How does Reflection aid Indusffy ? It enlightens Conscience with the knowledge of the needs that demand our action. Wllat is tlief use of tbe Will in the exercise of Industry 1 It enforces ail action that constitutes Industry. Is will absrtltttely dtcessary to lildnstfj^ ? Without the exercise of the Will, neither the hght of Reflection, the vision and voice of Con- science, nor the inspiration of Love, would be able to develop Industry. What then is necessary to a proper development of Industry? The careful education of WiU to enforce the law of Conscience. Have the great and good of earth, admired, revered and practiced Industry ? They have. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. HEALTH. 25 CHAPTER II. HEALTH. What do we mean by Health? Soundness of body and mind. How is it tepreSentiSd upon tlie Chart? By a star in the constellation of Industry. Why is it thus represented ? It is a quality that enables the individual to appre- hend and receive the light of other vktues. How does Health depend upon Industry ? Cleanliness, one of the requisites to Health, de- pends upon Industry. Is there any other way that Health depends upon Industry? Exercise is necessary to Health, and Industry is the most beneficial. 26 PRACTICAL ETHICS. Why is usefulness or Industry the most beneficial exercise ? It has a liappy and satisfying effect upon the mind, as of duty performed, or good done. What effect has Idleness upon the person ? It diseases body and mind if long continued. What depends upon Health ? AU enjoyment, progress and wisdom. Is Health dependent upon Love ? The knowledge that we are beloved adds to our happiness and brings serenity of temper, which is favorable to health of body and mind ; while a loving disposition toward others inspires us to Industry, Purity and Hope, all of which are conducive to Health. How does Conscience act upon the Health ? An approving Conscience strengthens and im- proves the health, whUe a guilty Conscience induces an unhealthy condition of both body and mind that sometimes becomes positive disease. Is Health dependent upon the Will ? The Will must enforce those measures that are designed to protect and improve the Health. HEALTH. 27 Has Reflection any power over the Health ? It furnishes tlie light or knowledge by which both the Will and the Conscience minister to the Health. Is it wrong to be unhealthy ? It is wrong to carelessly injure our Health in any way, and wrong to neglect those things that wiU restore or improve it. What are the things most necessary to Health ? Pure air, pure water, cleanliness, judicious exer- cise, nutritious food properly cooked, cheerful tem- per. What are some of the most common causes of ill-health ? Over-work, over-study, or over-exertion of any kind, anxiety, sorrow, drinking intoxicating liquors, using tobacco, loss of sleep, eating too much, and other dissipation. What is the effect of good Health ? Good health disposes the mind and body to hap- piness and worthy achievement ; while ill-health or disease, brings insanity, crime, pain, sorrow and misery of all kinds, and causes the failure and ruin of family, state and nation: Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. 28 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER III. AMBITION. What is Ambition ? Desire to gain favor, to excel, to achieve. How is it represented upon tlie Cliart? By a star in the constellation of Industry. Why is it thus represented ? Ambition is a light or inspiration to the soul that inclines it to develop other virtues and attain objects. Is Ambition right ? Properly indulged, it is right. Explain how it may be properly indulged ? If we are ambitious to excel or to achieve for good purposes, it is worthy .and noble. If wo desire power that we may benefit humanity, Ambition is a pure and excellent quality. AMBITION. 29 When is Ambition a sin and snare. When it see^s power only for selfish and wicked purposes. How is Ambition dependent upon Industry? Without Industry, Ambition would be nothing but wretched discontented dreaming; with Industry, it can accomphsh great results. For what are you Ambitious when you study? Some are ambitious to gain knowledge for the love of it, others to be considered scholars, some for the good they can do, and others are ambitious to please friends. Do yon consider Ambition any benefit to you? It helps us to persevere in aU that we undertake. How does Love affect Ambition? It inspires it in behalf of the loved one's comfort and happiness, and impels us to success that we may be inore worthy of Love. Is Ambition dependent upon Conscience ? A good Ambition is subservient to Conscience and will attempt nothing that is not right, whUe un- worthy Ambition is accused and condemned by Conscience continually. 30 PRACTICAL ETHICS. Is Will necessary to Ambition f Ambition could not exist without Will, it would at the most, be but an idle fancy or weak desire. How does Reflection aid Ambition ? It enables Conscience and WiU to decide what is a good and useful Ambition, and to enforce it, and helps them to check bad impulses. How is it possible to properly regulate the Ambition? By educating the Will to obey the Conscience re- gardless of the fervor of soul for conquest and advancement. Has Ambition been an important element in the history bf man- kind? It has. Give examples from Poetry, Bio^aphy, Observation. ENERGY. 31 CHAPTER IV. ENERGY. What is Energy? Power, force, or vigor. How is it represented upon the Chart? By a star in tlie constellation of Industry. Why is it thus represented ? Energy is a light or help that when present in the nature, makes many virtues visible and possible. Is It natural to people? It is iaherent in a few, but must be cultivated in many natures. If a man is willing to work but lacks Energy, what is the eflFect? He will never accomplish much, and is considered stupid, shiftless and unlucky. 32 PRACTWAl ^THICS. How can you acquire Energy f By going at every task eai'nestly, determined to accomplish it in the best possible manner, in the least possible time. Why must this quality b.e scquireiJ in youth? It is impossible for energy to be worked into mus- cles and bones that have grown old in slothful and easy ways. How does n young person appenr who is slow, easy and careless of achievement? He appears contemptible and good for nothing. Is it necessary for all to be energetic in the same pursuit? No, but we should be energetic in whatever we have chosen to do, and be certain that it is something useful. Has Love any effect upon Energy ? It inspires Energy, even in the naturally slothful. What is an excellent way to cultivate E'Acrgy in individuals? To incline their minds lovingly toward a worthy object or person, and to let them understand that you or others have an affectionate interest in their success. ENERGY. 33 What relation should Conscience bear toward Energy ? That of guide and teacher. What is Energy under the guidance of Conscience? A light and blessing. What relation does WiH bear toward Energy? Without the co-operation of Will it would be use- less. Energy, in its best development, is the pure Will in a state of intelligent action. Has Reflection any efifect upon Energy ' It enables Conscience and Will to adapt Energy to good purposes. Has Energy been of use to the world ? Without it all difficult things would be abandoned. It is one of the elements in every worthy achieve- ment. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. 3 34 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER V. ORDER •t What does Order, mean? Regularity, method. How is it represented upon the Cliart? By a star in the constellation of Industry. Why is it thus represented? Because it ia a light, inspiration, and help to the soul. How may Order be divided ? ^ , ,,%■ Into System and Harmony. To what is System generally applied ? Regular ai-rangement — as of books in a library, furniture in a room, rules and divisions in a book. order: 35 Does System refer to anything else? It refers to Order iu action;, as, a system of teach- ing, of work, of study. What is the eflfect of disorder ? It hinders, discourages and confuses. What do you mean .by Order in action » Beginning and proceeding with whatever we wish to accompMsh in a regular way. What is the use of Order in action? We can accomplish anything more easily, speedi- ly and intelhgently^ by following a regular plan. Will lazy people develop Order? They will not; Order depends upon Industry. What is meant by Harmony of Order? Arrangement of things by proportion ; as, of furni- ture to a room, of rooms and windows to a house, drawers to a bureau. Would it be Harmony of Order to have large furniture in a small room, or small -windows in a large house? It would not; all things should, be in proportion. When should we practice Order? All the time, from early youth to old age, in every thing we do. 36 PRACTICAL ETHICS. 'How shall we begin? By preparing a place for everything, and keeping everything in its place. Is that all we caa do ? We can fix upon a certain time for all duties that are under our control, and see that they are attended to at the time appointed. How can a child apply this to Its daily life 1 His sleeping, eating, playing, studying and work- ing can be arranged at regular intervals, each at the same time, and beginning at the same hour as the day previous. Will this help in any way besides giving him habits of Order? Regularity in eating, sleeping, playing, &c., is con- ducive to health, comfort and happiness. How does Love affect Order? It inspires the individual to practice Order in the arrangement of all things out of regard to the com- fort and happiness of self and loved ones, and from a love of Harmony. How should Conscience act towards Order ? It should approve Order, and condemn disorder and confusion. ORDER. 37 How does Reflection affect Order? It enlightens the soul with the meaning of Order, and the method of attaining it as a permanent habit or virtue, and enables Conscience to see what is right and what is wrong in regard to it. What is the relation of Will to Order? It is the power that enforces System and Har- mony. Where will we find the greatest lack of Order ? Among ignorant, barbarous and savage people. Where will we find the highest type of Order ? Among the wise and enlightened. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. SS PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER VI. PATIENCE. What is the meaning of Patience ? Calmness, when provoked by others, or perplexed by trials. How is it r«piesented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellation of Industry. Why Is it thus represented ? Patience is a Hght or guide to help the soul per- ceive the insignificance of trials. Is it easy to be patient? It is very difficult. Is it a desirable quality ? It is a noble and beautiful virtue, and necessary to our happiness. PATIENCE. 39 How can it be acquired f By careful attention to our temperj and a determi- nation to improve. What do we Bay of impatient people ? That they are quick-tempered and quarrelsome. What do we say of patient people ? That they are sweet-tempered, amiable and good. What are the benefits of Patience ? It soothes and strengthens the mind, and fits it for useful thought. It improves the general health, and adds to our own happiness and that of others. Does Love aid the development of Patience ? ^ It is its greatest help and inspiration. Is an unloving, unkind, and ungrateful heart likely to be patient? No. It is- generally petulant and cruel. ,fiow should Conscience aettowsrds.Patience? It should encourage and approve Patience, and condemn the lack of it. It should also be able to perceive when it is right to exercise Patience. Is.itever right to be impatient? It is right to feeil a just indignation toward evil, and to. exhibit displeasure toward the evil-doer. 40 PRACTICAL ETHICS. Is it best ti) do this in an impatient, petulant way ? No. We should be calm, and firm, and gentle, when reproving others. Suppose wo impatiently rebuke them ? We will do them no good and will harm ourselves. How does Reflection aid Patience t It gives it time to develop, and enables Conscience to encourage and control it. Does Will aid Patience in ils development? It is one of its greatest helpers. Without the faithful restraining power and firm determination of Will, it would be impossible for any one to be patient. How is Patience dependent upon Industry f Industry develops Patience in its own unfolding as one of its necessary elements. How is Patience neccssarj' to Industry? Neither Industry, nor anything that is difficult, could be accomplished without the exercise of Pa- tience. Has it always been favorably regarded ? In all the known history of the world, Patience has been considered one of the noblest vh'tues. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. ECONOMY. 41 CHAPTER VII. ECONOMY. What is the meaning of Economy? Proper care in saving means. How is it represented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellation of Industry. Why is it thus represented ? Economy is a light and help in aU practical achievements. Why is it right to economize ? That we may be able to take care of ourselves and of others dependent upon lis. Suppose we are rich, is it right to practice Economy ? It is always right. What we do not need we should save and give to the poor. 42 PRACTICAL ETHICS. What is the relation of Economy to Industry ? Economy must be sufficiently developed to accu- mulate the fruits of Industry, or people wUl become discoui'aged and sink into idleness. How is Economy dependent upon-Industry ? Industry produces that which should be saved. How should you regard Economy ? As a necessary and worthy quality. What should you think of wastefulness ? That it is disgraceful and wicked. How does Love affect Economy ? It encourages it that we may be able to minister to our loved ones, and, however great its wealth, a loving nature will not be wasteful, but will always Remember the poor alid suffering. How should Conscience regard Economy ? It should approve and encourage it, and should condemn wastefulness. What will enable Conscieilce'to.do this? Reflection. Is 'Will necessary to Economy? It needs to be continually exerted as there is n6 RCONOMY. 43 bad habit so eaSy to leani as wastefulness and neglect of things to their damage or ruin. ■WMtisone of the most common sources of wastefulness? Buying what we do not need. How do people happen to do this ? It pleases them for the moment, or some one else has bought the same and they wish to imitate them, or, they desire to keep up appearances of being richer than they are. How should you regard such action ? As fooHsh and wicked. Are people sometimes ashamed to economize 1 They are. What is the eiiect of this contemptible disposition ? It causes a great many failures, much suffering, and all kinds of crime. Mention other sources of wastefulness ? Eating and drinking too much, or that which is not wholesome. What is the most wicked waste of means ? Buying intoxicating liquors, and tobacco, as they 44 PRACTICAL ETHICS. are not only a waste of money, but of health, life, and happiness. Have we any record of wise aod eminent people who believed Econ- omy a noble virtue and practiced it? We have. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. SELF-DENIAL. 45 CHAPTER VIII. SELF-DENIAL. WhatisSelf-Denial? Voluntarily doing without things that we desire. How is it represented upon the Chart? By a star in the Constellation of Industry. Why is it thus represented ? Self-Denial enlightens and blesses the soul by freeing it from selfishness. Is this virtue easy to acquire ? It is difficult to acquire, but one of the noblest and most necessary qualities possible to attain. What is its effect' It strengthens all the other good quaHties. If we could not practice Self-Denial would we succeed in life? No ; we should be likely to waste all our means and be obliged to live upon the charity of others. 46 PRACTICAL ETHICS. When shall we practice Self-Denitilf All the time. Is this necessary ? It is, because we are so constituted that we are always wishing jEot things that we ou^t not to have or cannot afford to have. How does Love influence Self-Denial ? Love enables us to sacrifice self, that our loved ones may be happy. Is Conscience necessary in the development of Self-Denial f It is, and should be especially active and exact- ing, as there is no quality that needs its continual guidance more. Is the Will required ? It is, and should be constantly striving to subdue selfishness and strengthen Self-Denial. What othor faculty is needed to insore development of this noble and necessary quality f Reflection. How is Self-Denial dependent upon Industry? Industry strengthens the whole being and nerves it to the practice of this rigid virtue. SELF-DENIAL. 4? Does Self-Denial assist Industry ? It allows the results of labor to accumulate, thus encouraging Industry to persevere. When can the young practice Self-Denial ? At t9,ble, at play, and everywhere and at all times when they desire what they should not have. Are there any great and notable results on record that were accomplished by tbe,exerci8e of this virtue ? There are. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. 48 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER IX. PUNCTUALITY. What Is Punctuality? Being prompt to meet our engagements. How is it represented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellation of Industry, Why is it thus represented ? Punctuality is a light and help to the soul in all business transactions, and all the other relations of life. Have we any right to be behind time for an appointment? i We have not. If we have the reputation of not being punctual, what is the effect? It injures us in business, and destroys confidence in us. PUNCTUALITY. 49 Does it harm others ? It robs them of time and Patience. Should we be punctual in little matters as well as in great? We should be prompt to the minute, no matter how unimportant the object, that we may acquire the excellent habit of Punctuahty, and do justice to those with whom we deal. Does Punctuality depend upon Industry ? Useful people are generally prompt, while the lazy and idle seldom are. Can you trace any dependence upon Loye in this quality ? K we love self, we shall strive to develop this and every other good quahty. If we love others, we should do the same that they may rejoice in our excellence, and if we love justice, we shall always be prompt that we may not rob people of their time and patience. Should Conscience aid this virtue? It should approve promptness, and deplore and condemn the lack of it. • What will enable it to do this ? Reflection. 4 50 PRACTICAL ETHICS. How will Reflection act? It will enlighten Conscience with a knowledge of obligation to others, and enable it to see their claims for consideration. Is Will necessary to this quality? The Will is chiefly at f^ult in a failure to be prompt and must always be the principal element in Punctuality. In cultivating this quality what must you keep in mind ? The education of the Will by Conscience and Reflection. How is Punctuality regarded ? Some of the wisest people have considered it the chief virtue, while it has always formed an im- portant feature in the success of people. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. PRUDENCE. SI CHAPTER X. PRUDENCE. What is Prudence ? Care in the method of doing, or not doing. How is it represented on the Chart » By a star in the constellation of Industry. Why is it thus represented? Prudence enables us to see what is proper, useful, discreet and necessary, in regard to all things. How may Pmdence be applied to Industry ? We should be prudent in the use of our strength, our time, our means. If we are not prudent in the use of strength what is the result? Our health is injured. How shall we be Prudent in the use of time ? By dividing the hours of toil, and the hours of 52 PRACTICAL ETHICS. rest so that we shall not be too weary, and yet per- form all that is necessary. If I should fritter away the morning and then toil late in the even- ing, would that be a prudent use of time f No. Morning is the proper time for work, and the evening for rest. Is Love any incentive to the perfecting of this virtue f Love for others induces us to make a prudent use of time, means and strength. Love of self and of right has the same effect. How does Conscience help this virtue? It sees and announces what is prudent. Can it do this of its own power ? It must have the light or knowledge of Reflection to enable it to see the right in this, as in all other cases. , Is will active in the exercise of Prudence ? It co-operates with every measure of Prudence. What is Prudence often called ? Wisdom and Discretion. Has it always been considered an important quality? From the earliest ages it has been regarded as a noble virtue. Give examples from Poetry, Biograpliy, Observation. f>f{^d^id^i< s$¥Sidg. DIVISION III. HOPE— PERSEVERANCE— CHEERFULNESS— FORTI- TUDE— SELF-POSSESSION— SELF-RELIANCE- CONTENTMENT— MORAL COURAGE-MEN TAL COURAGE— PHYSICAL COURAGE. f)IVI^IO]v[ III. CHAPTER I. HOPE. What is Hope? It is expectation of better conditions. Faith in coming good. How is Hope represented upon tlie Chart ? By a large star. Why is it thus represented ? Because Hope is a great light or inspiration to the soul. What relation does it bear to Love? If there were nothing to love, there would, be nothing to inspy:e Hope. S6 PRACTICAL ETHICS. May we not feel that we love nothing upon the earth or beyond it and yet have Hope ? It may be possible, but in that case Hope is inspired by the love we have for our own comfort and existence. What qualities depend upon Hope ? PERSEVERANCE. CHEERFULNESS. FORTITUDE. SELF-POSSESSION. SELF-RELIANCE. CONTENTMENT. MORAL COURAGE. MENTAL COURAGE. PHYSICAL COURAGE. How are these represented upon the Chart? By stars. Why? Because they are each a light or inspiratioa to the mind. , HOPE. 57 How should Conscience regard Hope f It should cherish it as one of the greatest needs and noblest virtues of the soul, and should discour- age and condemn the evU of despondency. Does Reflection render any particular assistance to Hope ' It presents its advantages and blessings to the mind and enables Conscience to act intelligently. Is the Will necessary to the presence and growth of Hope ? Hope may be spontaneous in some natures, but even then, WiU is necessary to curb or encourage, as occasion may require ; while nearly all temperaments need special exertion of the Will to keep the bright and hopeful side present to the mind. Is Industry dependent upon Hope ? It is, as no one would toil without a hope that it would bring better conditions. Does purity depend upon Hope ? It does. People struggle to be pure with the hope of the approval of friends. Conscience and God. Is Fidelity also dependent upon Hope ? It is. It would be very diflficult to be faithful to friends, country or duty, without at least Hope of S8 PRACTICAL ETHICS. approval of friends, while Hope of the approbation of God is ever a strong inspiration to Fidelity. What is the condition of individuals who abound in Hope ? They are strong and courageous, ready for all achievments, and all emergencies. They make the best of everything and find sunshine in the darkest day. What is the lesult if people are deficient in Hope? They imagine evU and calamity in aU things, are unhappy, cowardly and weak. How shall we cultivate Hope ? By trying to find something good in the most unpleasant experiences; by contrasting cheerful and hopeful with desponding natures; and by a determi- nation to look hopeful and feel hopeful in all circum- stances. Do people ever succeed In conquering gloomy, hopeless tendencies and becoming hopeful ? They do. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. PEMSEV^EANCM. 59 CHAPTER II. PERSEVERANCE. What is PerseveraBee? Continued pursuit of anything begun. How is it represented upon the Chart? By a star in the constellation of Hope. Why is it thus represented ? Perseverance is a light or inspiration that aids the cultivation of all good quahties, and the accomplish- ment of every purpose. Why is this an important quality ? Beginning is useless unless we persevere. Would people be industrious without Perseverance? They would quit labor the moment they began to be weary, and thus very httle would be done. 6o PRACTICAL ETHICS. In what should we persevere ? In all things that are good and useful. What enables Conscience to act in the cultivation of Perseverance? Reflection enlightens Conscience to understand and follow the right, and to reject the evil. How does Will aid and establish Perseverance in the mind? By co-operating with Conscience to compel con- tinued action in the right direction. Has Perseverance been a prominent element in the achievements of the past? It has. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. CHEERFULNESS. 6i CHAPTER III. CHEERFULNESS. What does Cheerfulness mean ? Good nature, genial and happy looks, words and acts. How is it represented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellation of Hope. Why is it thus represented ? It is a hght or inspiration to the soul. Is it any advantage to us to be cheerful ? It makes us happier, htealthier, more beautiful, and more beloved by others. Does it help others? A cheerful temper is a blessing to all who come in its presence. 62 PRACTICAL ETHtCS. Are we pleased with people who pout, quarrel, are sad looking and ill tempered ? We cannot be pleased with them, for they make us continually unhappy. Do we love those who are kind but always sad and gloomy? We may love them for their good qualities, but their society is so depressing that it is a relief to go away from them. How can we cultivate cheerfulness ? By always trying to look on the bright side, and finding a good reason for all that is unpleasant. If it is impossible to do this what shall we do? There are many things that will aid us. One is, to contemplate the fate of those who are more mis- erable than ourselves. Another is, to begin and persevere with something worthy \a be accomplished. What qualities are necessary to Cheerfulness ? All the good qualities contribute to it, and health of body and mind is especially necessary. How does Conscience affect Cheerfulness ? It is impossible to be cheerful with a guilty Con- science condemning and accusing us, while a good Conscience continually ministers to Cheerfulness. CJIEEIiFULI^BSS. 63 Does Love influence Cheerfulness? It is very easy to be cheerful surrounded by those by whom we are beloved and for whom we have sympathy and affection. Does any other faculty assist Cheerfulness? Reflection enables us to understand even the uses of adversity, and to appreciate our blessings. What is the most efficient help in the development of a cheerful tem- per? The education of the Will to a persistent deter- mination that the bright side of all times, places'and incidents shall be discovered and enjoyed. Has Cheerfulness been common to great and good minds? It has. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observatiao. 64 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER IV. FORTITUDE. What is Fortitude? It is Cheerfulness under great misfortune, pain or sorroiv. How is it represented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellation of Hope. Why is it thus represented? It enlightens and strengthens the soul in adversity and sorrow. Can Love assist Fortitude ? A knowledge that we are beloved enables us to endure sorrow with calmness, while a loving nature is more easily aroused to the virtue of Fortitude than the opposite. Should Conscience assist Fortitude? It should encourage it as a noble and needful FORTITUDE. 6s virtue, and should condemn repining, fear and weak- ness. What will enable it to do this ? Reflection and Will. How does Reflection act toward this virtue ? It enables Conscience to see the wisdom of Forti- tude, and to announce the right method of its devel- opment. Is Will necessary to the existence of Fortitude? Fortitude may rightly be considered a combina- tion of Will and Hope. How is it dependent upon Hope? Hope nerves the soul to endurance, with the thought of approaching rest, or the approval of Con- science, of good people and of God. How has Fortitude been regarded by the wise of all ages ? As a great and important virtue. How can it be cultivated ? By the determination to endure pain, discomfort and disappointment, without murmuring. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. 5 66 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER V. SELF-POSSESSION. What is Self-Possession » Control of our powers; self command. How is it represented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellation of Hope. Why is it thus represented ? This virtue aids us in seeing and applying all wis- dom, and is particularly useful in the cultivation of aU good elements. Explain how it renders assistance ? It exercises a calm restraining power that enables us to realize our thoughts and express our senti- ments. Does it aid in any other way? It helps US to act wisely in time of danger. SELF-FOSSESSION. 67 If a person is deficient in Self-Possession what is the result ? His thouglits are confused in conversation, and he is excited to the verge of insanity in danger. How is this quality dependent upM»n Hope? Self-Possession in the presence of others, or in conversation, generally depends upon the Hope that we are favorably regarded by them, or that we will be; while Self-Possession in time of danger depends upon the prompt action of Hope that a way of escape is possible. How is Self-Possession dependent upon Love ? Love of self constitutes suflScient incentive to the cultivation of this necessary quahty for use in time of danger. Knowledge that we are beloved adds to our self-respect, and this encourages • Self- Possession; whUe a loving nature acquires this vir- tue by the development of helpful sympathies to- ward others. How should Conscience regard Self-Possession ? As a good and necessary quality that it is our duty to cultivate for the protection of ourselves and others, as well as for its beneficial effect upon our character. 68 PRACTICAL ETHICS. How should Conscience regard the lack of Self-Possession ? As a weakness and an evil that must be over- come. What enables Conscience to understand this? Reflection exhibits the necessity and use of Self- Control and the misery that flows from the lack of it. What will enable us to cultivate this excellent quality? The Will must continually act upon the thoughts, compelling them to do our bidding under trival cir- cumstances, as well as in emergencies. Can this virtue be easily acquired? By some people it may, while others must give it careful and unremitting attention. Are there any remarkable instances upon record of the existence and use of Self-Possession ? There are. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. SELF-RELIANCE. 69 CHAPTER VI. SELF-RELIANCK. What is Self-Reliance ? Depending upon our own power or resources. How is it represented upon the Chart? By a star in the constellation of Hope. What does this signify ? That Self-Reliance is a light or guide to the mind. Is it right to depend upon one's self? It is, SO far as we possibly can. Why is it right? It strengthens and fits us for life's trials and duties, and keeps us from imposing on others. If we become so Self-reliant that we think nothing of other people's experience and advice, what Is the effect? We are unwise, headstrong and conceited. 70 PRACTICAL ETHICS. How is Sclf-Reliance dependent upon Hope? If it were not for the expectation of being able to bring about ease and independence, we should remain helpless and dependent. How is Self-Reliance dependent upon Love ? A desire to be beloved, inspires us to be strong and Self-reliant that we ipay win admiration and respect. Love for others, urges us to be Self-rehant that we may never be a burden, but able, always, to minister to them, while a true respect for self, com- pels us to a careful cultivation of this virtue. How sliould Conscience regard Self-Reliance ? It should approve it as one of the noblest and most useful attainments, and should discourage and condemn dependence upon others, except when it is absolutely necessary. What will enable Conscience to follow this course ? Reflection will show the absurdity and wicked- ness of putting our burdens and responsibilities upon others, and the advantage to be gained through intel- ligent Self-Reliance. Wliat other faculty is necessary to the development of Self-Reliance ? The Will must act continually, inclining the mind SELF-RELIANCE. 71 to think for itself, and the body to exemplify at aU times a pure, intelligent, Self-reliant character. What -will be the effect of this action of the Will in reference to this virtue ? The miad will learn wisdom from all sources, and apply it to its own uses. It will think and act for itself according to the best light it can obtain. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. 72 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER VII. CONTENTMENT. What is Contentment ? Cheerful serenity of disposition. How is it represented upon the Chart? By a star in the constellation of Hope. What does this signify? That Contentment is a light or inspiration that removes clouds of difficulty, and shows their unimpor- tance, or how they may be banished. What is the foundation of Contentment ? Its greatest strength is in the hope that all will be well in the future. Is Contentment necessary to us ? A certain measure of Contentment is necessary to the endurance of life. SELF-RELIANCE. 73 Are wise people contented ? A truly wise person will make the best of all times, seasons and circumstances; but will endeavor to improve all these wherever possible, from princi- ple, rather than from petulant discontent. How should Conscience regard Contentment? Conscience should encourage Contentment as a noble and necessary virtue, and disapprove and con- demn discontent as unwise and injurious. What will enable it to do this ? Reflection enables Conscience to see the wisdom and necessity of serenity of temper. Is Contentment dependent upon Love ? A knowledge that we are beloved aids Content- ment, and a loving nature more easily endures trials with serenity of feeling; while a true love of self, compels us to avoid discontent and petulance how- ever much we see the need of change, or labor for improvement. What is necessary in order to attain a contented spirit ? The cultivation of the Will to restrain impatience, and to compel constant attention to repose of temper in the presence of trials, and to awaken 74 PRACTICAL ETHICS. earnest gratitude for all the blessings that come to us. Have wise and good pe'^ple generally admired Contentment and encouraged others to do so f They have. I Give Examples ft-om Poetry, Biography, Observation. MORAL COURAGE. ■ 75 CHAPTER VIII. MORAL COURAGE. What 18 Courage ? Bravery, Dariag. How many kinds are there'? Moralj Mental and Physical. Which is the highest ? Moral Courage. Why? A person who has the virtue of Moral Courage will do right under all circumstances, while Mental and Physical Courage may be exerted in a wrong cause. How is Jloral Courage represented upon the Chart ♦ By a star in the constellation of Hope. 76 ■ PRACTICAL ETHICS. Why is it tlius represented? Moral Courage is a light or inspiration to the soul in the accomplishment of good. / Why Is it in the constellation of Hope f Moral Courage is dependent upon Hope. People could not continue to do right when opposed and ridiculed if it were not at least for the hope of the approval of Conscience and of God. The hope of the approval of good people is a great incehtive to Moral Courage. How is Moral Courage dependent upon Love? It is more easy to exhibit Moral Courage if those whom we love encourage us to do so, while the knowledge that we are beloved inclines us to be worthy in this respect as well as in all others. How should Conscience act in regard to this virtue ? It should approve Moral Courage continually, and condemn all incHnations of failure in right doing. What will enable Conscience to pursue this course? The light of Eeflection enables Conscience to see when Moral Courage should be exerted. m What other faculty is necessary to the existence of Moral Courage ? The Wm. MORAL COURAGE. 77 Why is the Will necessary ? Reflection might enligliten Conscience, and Con- science might see and announce the right, but Will must furnish the force of character that constitutes true courage of whatever kind. * If a person should dare you to do wrong, would it be brave to do it? No, it would be cowardly. Why would it be cowardly f It would prove us to be afraid of ridicule. How has Moral Courage always bsen regarded? As a noble attribute. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. 78 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER IX. MENTAL COURAGE. What is Mental CoUfage? It is that disposition that makes us risk failure for the sake of success. How is it represented upon the Chart? By a star in the constellation of Hope. Why is it represented by a siar? It is a practical light or perception that inclines the individual to risk, or to take responsibility, where there is doubt of success. Why is it in the constellation of Hope ? It is Hope of success that enables the individual to take the risk. If you have Mental Courage how will it affect yoa when you are young ? We shall not be afraid to undertake difficult tasks. MEN-TAL COURAGE 79 When you become a inan or woman how will it aid you f We stall dare to go into business, and to take other important responsibilities. Can people succeed in business or anything worthy without Mental Courage ? They may happen to succeed, but it is not gener- ally the result. Is it possible to have too much Mental Courage ? We may become reckless, and take great, unreas- onable, and dishonest risks. If Mental Courage is perverted what is the result ? It degenerates into gambling, theft, swindling, and other wickedness. Does Mental Courage depend upon Love ? Love inspires people to risks that they would never, otherwise, imagine possible. The care and protection of loved ones demand risks that we heed, scarcely reahzing why. How should Conscience act toward Mental Courage? It should cherish an intelligent degree of Mental Courage for good purposes, and carefully check and condemn unreasonable and wicked risks. So PRACTICAL ETHICS. What will aid Conscience in accomplisbing this? Reflection. Is Will also necessary? Will is the chief element of Mental Courage, and must act continually to strengthen and make it effective. Has Mental Courage been of much use in great and successful enter- prises ? It has. Give Examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. PHYSICAL COURAGE. 8i CHAPTER X. PHYSICAL COURAGE. What is Physical Courage ? Risking bodily injury to accomplish a purpose. How is it represented upou the Chart? By a star in the constellation of Hope. Why is it thus represented ? It is a Hght or help that protects the individual and preserves his Hfe, enabling him to achieve and to develop. What do we call those who lack courage ? Cowards. Do we admire those who are hrave for an unworthy purpose ? Wise people do not. When should we honor bravery » When it is exercised for a noble object. 82 PRACTICAL ETHICS. Is Physical Courage founded upon Hope ? It is. The hope of succeeding, and of approba- tion. How does Love influence Physical Courage ? Love of friends, of s6lf, or of duty, often inspires risk of life. How should Conscience regard this virtue ? It should cherish Physical Courage for all good and noble purposes, and check and condemn any evil use of it. How does Will aid its action? WiU is the chief element in Physical Courage, as it is in every emotion of courage that is effective, and must accompany it continually. Has Physical Courage been of much use or received much credit for the achievements of the past ? It has. Give examples firom Poetry, Biography, Observation. f>f{^d¥id^i< 3]J¥Sidg. DIVISION IV. PURITY— CLEANLINESS— TEMPERANCE-CHASTITY- PEACE— POLITENESS— JUSTICE— HONESTY- TRUTH— MAGNANIMITY. DIVI^IOX IV. CHAPTER I. PURITY. What is Purity? Freedom from evil in thought,, word and deed; and perfect cleanliness of body, clothes and sur- roundings. How is Purity represented ? By a large star. Wliy is it so represented ? Purity is a great guiding light or inspiration to the soul. Is Purity dependent upon Love? We strive to be pure from Love of friends and S6 PRACTICAL ETHICS. desire for their approval; sometimes from a pure high regard for our own being, and sometimes because we know it is right, and love principle. Purity includes what qualities ? , Cleanliness, Temperance, Chastity, Peace, Justice, Politeness, Honesty, Truth, and Magnanimity. What is the first essential to Purity ? Pure thoughts. Is it possible to have pure thoughts? It is. Is it possible always to avoid impure thoughts? No. But it is possible to hate them. If impure thoughts arise in the mind how may they be conquered? By thinking of good things, and repeating good and beautiful sentiments that we have learned. How shall we keep our actions pure ? By doing nothing under any circumstances that we are not sure is right. Upon what do pure acts depend? Upon pure thoughts and a determination to do what is right. PURITY. 87 What qualities do we need to enable us always to keep our actions pure? There is no good quality that we do not need, and no bad one that we should not hate. When we have learned to love good deeds and hate bad ones, what is necessary ? Careful attention all the time to our thoughts and motives. How shall we keep our language pure ? By avoiding all impure and profane words and slang phrases. Is it easy to do this ? Not if we hear them often. ; What is the first essential in keeping language pure? 1 Pure thoughts. What else is necessary ? Carefully noting our expressions and correcting them immediately if they offend Purity. How should Conscience act toward Purity? It should approve and cherish purity and discour- age and condemn impurity of thought, word and act. S8 PRACTICAL ETHICS. What will enable it to do this ? Reflection and Will. How will Reflection aid ? It will enable Conscience to see what is pure. How does Will assist ? It determines that no evil shall be thought or done and forces the mind and the body to live ac- cordingly. Do people ever strive to live absolutely pure lives? They do. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. CLEANLINESS. 89 CHAPTER II. CLEANLINESS. What ia Cleanliness ? Freedom from filth; Neatness. How is it represented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellatioA of Purity. Why is it thus represented ? Cleanliness is a light or guide to the soul, inclin- ing it toward Purity and harmony in all things. In what does Cleanliness consist? In cleanhness of the whole body. Clean clothes, , clean house, and clean surroundings. Why should we learn Cleanliness ? It promotes health, comfort, and happiness. 90 PRACTICAL ETHICS. Is Cleanliness dependent upon Love? It i^ dependent upon Love of friends, of duty, of self, or all these combined. If people are not clean in person and surroundings what is said of them? That they are slovenly, dirty, and low. How can cleanliness be learned t By careful practice every day. Why is it wrong to be uncleanly ? It is degrading for the mind and unhealthy for the body. Why is it unhealthy for the body ? FUthiness of person produces disease of the skin, the scalp, the teeth, and of the whole body, while filthiness of the house and surroundings poisons the air, thus biinging disease to ourselves and others. When should we acquire the habit'of Cleanliness? Early in life. Can you think of any bad habits that contribute to uncleanliness and disease' The use of tobacco, opium, and intoxicating hquors. CLEANLINESS, 91 Why do you call these bad habits ? They are uncleanly and bring weakness and disease to the body and mind. What are tobacco and opium ? They are poisonous narcotics. Is the use of them easily acquired ? It is. Is it easily given up ? It is very difficult, and quite impossible for some people. "What is the only way to be safe from these bad habits ? Never to begin them. What will help us to understand that these are bad habits? Reflection and Conscience. How should Conscience aid us ? It should approve Cleanliness and all Purity, and condemn uncleanhness, and all bad habits. What will enable Conscience to do this ? Reflection. Is anything else required to impel us to Cleanliness and Purity ? The Will must be in harmony with the Conscience, 92 PRACTICAL ETHICS. and must be firmly resolved to put away all unclean- liness, whether of person, habits, dress, or sur- roundings. Do good and wise people insist npon the cultivation of this virtue ? They do. Give examples from Poetry, Bio^aphy, Observation. TEMPERANCE. 93 CHAPTER III. TEMPERANCE. What does Temperance mean ? Moderation in what we eat, drink, or do. How is It represented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellation of Purity. Why is it thus represented ? Temperance is a light and help to the soul, while the absence of it darkens and disfigures the nature. How is Temperance dependent upon Purity ? Purity of act and thought is necessary to keep us from becoming intemperate. If we are intemperate in studying, what is the result ? We injure the brain and the general health. 94 PRACTICAL ETHICS. What is the eflfect of intemperance in sleeping? Sleeping too much weakens the body, and is a waste of time. If people sleep and lounge about too much, what is said of them? That they are lazy. Why is it wrong to eat too much ? It impairs the health and wastes food. What do you call those who eat too much ? Gluttons. What is the worst form of intemperance ? Drinking intoxicating liquors. Why do we say it is the worst form of intemperance ? It causes a vast amount of crime, degradation, and misery. Is a person who gets drunk pure ? A person can not be pure who has any bad habit. Is drunkenness a very bad habit ? It may be considered the worst habit, because it promotes all kinds of bad thoughts and acts. How does the bad habit of drunkenness injure a person ? The stomach, nerves and brain become diseased. TEMPERANCE. 95 Does this injure the moral nature ? It generally makes the individual cross, wicked, and cruel in acts, and fills his mind with "vile thoughts, and weakens aU his good qualities. Do yon expect to become a drunkard ? No. What is the only sure way to avoid this evil ? Never to taste anything that can intoxicate. What is it that intoxicates ? It is a poison called Alcohol which is found in Brandy, Wine, Whisky, Gin, and many other liquors. How docs the poison of alcohol affect the human system ? It inflames the blood, stomach, nerves and brain.' If taken frequently, what is the result ? The stomach becomes so diseased that it causes a horrible thirst and gnawing sensation, that induces the patient to drink more and more. Describe the last stage of drunkenness ? The interior of the stomach is frequently covered with ulcers, and the nerves and brain so diseased that the victim has terrible fits of insanity, called dehrium tremens, ox mania a potu. 96 PRACTICAL ETHICS. Does tlie victim suffer any other way ? The eyes are often inflamed, and sometimes blind- ed, and the patient becomes bloated, and his coun- tenance disfigured with blotches and redness. How do drunken men injure society f By increasing riot, bloodshed, and other crimes. Do they injure society in any other way ? They increase insanity, idiocy, poverty, and all kinds of misery. What is our duty in regard to intemperance ? To do all in our power to destroy the evil and to reform its victims. How should Conscience cherish the virtue of Temperance ? It should approve and encourage total abstinence from all things that can intoxicate, and should ab- hor and condemn the use of them. What will enable Conscience to do this? Reflection wUl enlighten Conscience with all knowledge that can be gained upon the subject. How must Will assist ? WO must exercise a firm determination to touch not, taste not, handle not this ruinous poison, and TEMPERAl^CE. 97 be ready to resist and overthrow its power at all times and places, as well as to compel Temperance in all other things. What relation has Love lo the virtue of Tempwrance ? Love of friends, duty, or self, strengthens us against this evU, and has been known to bring about reform in what seemed hopeless cases of drunken- ness. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. 98 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER IV- CHASTITY. What is the meaning of Chastity ? Purity of thought, word and act, in regard to the opposite sex. How is it represented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellation of Purity. What does this signify ? That Chastity is a guide and light to the soul in its development, while the absence of it darkens the whole moral nature. How is Chastity dependent upon Purify? It is only possible to those who aspire to be pure and hate impurity. What is Chastity of thought? That state of mind that hates and avoids all im- CHASTITY. 99 proper and impure thoughts of ourselves and of oth- ers; and that loves and cherishes pure thoughts and emotions. What is Chastity of language ? It is that which rejects all impure words and despises those who use them. What is Chastity of act? Keeping the body from all impure contact with others. What are the results of unchastity ? Debased morals, weakened minds and diseased bodies. How should you regard unchastity ? As the most loathsome and fearful evil that af- flicts the human race. How should Conscience regard Chastity 1 It should approve, and encourage it as an abso- lutely necessary virtue, and condemn and abhor un- chastity. What will enable Conscience thus to act ? Reflection. PRACTICAL ETHICS. Is anything else necessary to preserve Chastity of thought and act? The Will must act in harmony with Conscience and fortify the soul, by compelling purity of thought and by rejecting and despising every emotion and thought that is impure. Give examples from Poetry, Bktgraphy, Observation. PEACE. CHAPTER V. PEACE, What Is the meaning of Peace ?■ CaJirmess, quiet, absence of strife and anger. How is it represented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellation of Hope. What does this signify ? That Peace is a light, or favorable inspiration to the soul, and is founded upon Purity of temper and manner. How is Peace dependent upon Love ? A loving nature naturally develops peaceful and harmonious thoughts, emotions and acts, while a knowledge that we are beloved, inclines the soul to peace and happiness. PRACTICAL ETHICS. Is a peaceful temper of any particular advantage to us ? It promotes health of body and mind, it increas- es the happiness of ourselves and others, and cher- ishes all the good quaKties. Can you mention any other benefit arising from Peace ? It enables society, state, and nation, to develop harmoniously and to make the best possible use of time, means and power. What is our duty in regard to Peace ? We should honor and cultivate peace in indi- viduals, society, state and nation, and despise and discourage war, quarrehng and discord of aU kinds. Is war and strife ever necessary ? Sometimes honorable peace can only be achieved and maintained through war. Why does this happen ? Because discontented, aggressive, or wicked people, determine to impose upon and destroy othr ers; and this must be counteracted either by peace- ful counsels, or by vigorous strife. Is it right for a man to remain inactive, and allow an enemy to in- jure or destroy his family, state or country ? It is infamous, and he who does so makes him- self a party to the evil. PEACE. 103 How should he proceed to check the aggressor ? He should try all honorable and peaceful means first. Suppose these fail ? Then he should use aU his wisdom and strength to render powerless the adversary. Should he punish from a feeling of revenge ? Never. He should strike only with the pure motive of securing the right and protecting the in- nocent. How should Conscience assist in the cultivation of Peace ? It should approve and cherish all thoughts and emotions that favor Peace, and should condemn and discourage every thing that will produce war or discord. What should help Conscience to act thus? Reflection should enlighten it with all the knowl- edge that comes to the soul, regarding the advan- tage and glory of Peace, and the unhappiness and ruin brought about by its opposite. Is any other faculty necessary to aid the Conscience in training the soul to harmony and Peace ? Will must resolve to cherish peaceful thoughts 1(54 PRACTICAL ETHICS. and compel the individual to put away all angry and quarrelsome feelings as unworthy of its high des- tiny. How then can we cultivate Peace ? By trying continually to be cheerful and amiable, and by discouraging war, quarreling and discord. Has this method ever been pursued f It has, by wise and good people of all ages. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, ObBervaticJii. POLITENESS. 105 CHAPTER VI. POLITENESS. What is the meaning of Politeness ? Kind and gentle words, looks and acts. How is it represented ifpoil ther Chart? By a star in the constellation of Purity. What does this signify? That Politeness is a virtue that furnishes a Hght or help to us in our association with others. How does Politeness depend upon Purity ? It is Purity and harmony of manner that consti- tutes Pohteness. What assistance does Ixwe give to Politeness? It is easy for a loving nature to be polite and gentle toward all, as it will despise a lack of har- mony in manner, as weU as in feehng. io6 PRACTICAL ETHICS. What is the secret of Politeness? To feel kindly toward all. Suppose you cannot feel kindly toward all people, should you still be polite to them ? We should. Is not this being deceitful? No. It is only being true to ourselves. We should respect ourselves too much to indulge in im- politeness toward any one. Is there any other reason ? It is our duty to be kind and pleasant even to those we do not like, out of regard for our common humanity. Can we respect everybody regardless of their behavior ? We can respect their immortal soul and its infin- ite possibilities, though we may have reason to des- pise their present hfe and behavior. If people are unkind to you, should you resent it ? It is sometimes necessary toresent such treatment, but it is wiser and nobler to be sUent than to make use of coarse, angry and unkind retorts. Why is it our duty to be polite ? We add to our own happiness, and do good to oth- ers by our amiable example and pleasant words. POLITENESS. 107 How should Conscience act toward Politeness? It should approve it as a noble virtue, and should condemn impoliteness as unworthy, wicked and foolish behavior. What aids Conscience thus to act ? Reflection shows the advantage and beauty of Politeness, and the unlovehness and discord pro- duced by the lack of it. AVhat other faculty is needful in the cultivation of Politeness ? The WUl should be continually active, compelling the thoughts, words and acts to gracious, genial be- havior. Has Politeness always been favorably regarded ? It has been conspicuous in the lives of many wise and eminent people. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. io8 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER VII. JUSTICE. What is JuBtice? That quality that enables us to do precisely what is right by others. How is it represented upon the Chart t By a star in the constellation of Ptwity. Why is it thus represented ? Jnatiee is a light that assists us in doing right. How is it dependent upon Purity? Purity of intention and of act is necessary to its existence. Does Love assist in the development of this virtue ? Love of others awakens Justice towards them, while a pure self respect, or love of self, that in- JUSTICE. 109 spires us to be perfect in all things, is sure to de- velop Justice in our nature; and the love of right will lead us to respect the just claims of all people. What bad quality prevents us from being juat to others ? Selfishness. How ahall we become just ? By trying continually to be unselfish in our thoughts, words and acts, by thoughtful care for oth- ers' welfare, and by despising injustice in ourselves or others. Is Justice an important quality ? It is the foundation of all law and order, in society, state and nation. How should Conscience act In regard to Justice? It should encourage Justice toward others in thought, word and act, and condemn instantly and always the slightest appearance of injustice in our- selves or others. What will assist Conscience to do this ? Reflection will aid it with all the knowledge and all the good emotions that the mind possesses. PRACTICAL ETHICS. What is necessary to the perfect esrabliEhtnent of Justice in any or all things ? Will must act promptly and always in harmony with Conscience, compelling all thoughts, words and acts, to aid the success of Justice, and the overthrow of injustice. Has this virtue been always revered and admired ? It has been considered one of the greatest virtues possible to man from the earliest ages. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. HONESTY. CHAPTER VIII. HONESTY. What does th« term Honesty generally mean ? Fairness in dealing. How is it represented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellation of Purity. What does this signify ? That Honesty is a light or help to the soul to- ward Purity. Is it also dependent upon Purity ? Purity of intention and act are both necessary to its existence. If you are not honest what will be said of you ? That you are deceitful, a swindler, a chekt or knave. 112 PRACTICAL ETHICS. When are we dishonest in thought ? When we covet what belongs to others, and plan to cheat them. When are we dishonest in word ? When we say that which will deceive. When are we dishonest in act ? When we cheat or steal. What bad qualities are we to overcome and despise if we wish to be honest ? Deceitfulness, covetousn'ess, selfishness and envy. What will enable us to do this? Conscience, Reflection and Will. How must Conscience act? It must approve and cherish Honesty in thought, word and deed, and despise and condemn all incli- nation toward dishonesty. What must assist Conscience ? Reflection must give it aU the h"ght or knowledge that comes to the mind. How must Will assist ? Will must co-operate with Conscience continuaUj'', HONESTY. 113 compelling every thought, word and act, to perfect Honesty. Has Honesty always been considered a noble Tirtuc ? Wise and good people have always honored and revered it. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. 8 114 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER IX. TRUTH. What is Truth ? Exactness; Purity from falsehood. How is Truth represented upon the Chart f By a star in the constellation of Purity. Why is it thus represented ? Truth is one of the most necessary guides or sources of light that the soul can possess. Why is it dependent upon Purity ? Purity of intention and act is necessary to all in- telligent expressions of Truth, while impurity of thought and act is in harmony with falsehood, and generally makes use of it. How shall we be truthful in thought f By trying always to think what is right and true in regard to persons, principles and things. TRUTH. 115 If you do not try to be truthful in thought what will be the result » The aaiad is left a prey to jealousy, suspicion, in- justice, aaid other bad qualities. How can you be truthful in woni ? By saying only what is true. * What will you be called if you say untrue things? A liar. Docs it harm you to tell a lie ? It weakens our power to tell the Truth, and jie- grades us in our own mind and in the estimation of others. How ^es it degrade you with others ? People will not trust a Mar. They look upon all he says with suspicion, and despise him. If you have acquired the habit of lying, how may you "become truth- ful again ? > By watching our words, and when we vary the least from the Truth, correcting our statement im- mediately. Suppose others laugh at your attempt to improve ? We must not heed them, but should hate lying the more as the cause of our trouble, and earnestly love the Truth. ii6 PRACTICAL ETHICS. How can you act a lie ? By living beyond our means, by trying to appear ■what we are not, or doing any thing else to deceive. What is the most disgraceful form of lying? Slander, What is slander ? It is speaking evU of another falsely. If we cannot help disliking another shall we speak evil of them? No. If we can not speak well of a person we should say nothing at all. If we know evil of another is it well to tell it? Not unless it is necessary to shield others from harm, and then we should feel sorrow that we must perform so unpleasant a duty. How is Truth dependent upon Love ? A pure Love, or respect for self, inspires us to be truthful; a desire to be loved and respected has the same efiFect, while a loving nature tends toward Pur- ity in all things. What other helps toward truthfulness have we ? Conscience should approve Truth in all things, and discourage and condemn as a disgraceful and wicked habit, all forms of deceit and lying. TRUTH. ri7 What will enable Conscience thus to act ? Reflection will enlighten Conscience with a knowl- edged of the beauty, grace, and nobility of a truth- ful spirit, and the deformity and wickedness of falsehood. What besides Keflectioa and Conscience is necessary ? The WiU must be in harmony with Conscience, and it must act with prompt vigilance, to check every impulse toward untruth in thought, word and act. Has Truth been long considered an important Tirtue ? It has been held in the highest esteem by the wise and good at all times, in all countries. Give examples fi-om Poetryi Biography, Observation. ii8 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER X. MAGNANIMITY. What is Magnanimity ? Nobleness of soul. How is it represented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellation of Purity. What does this signify ? That Magnanimity is a light or guide to the soul in attaining Purity. How is it dependent upon Purity ? It is only the purest of thought that is capable of magnanimous emotions and acts. To what is the term generally applied f To generous emotions toward those who have injured us. M4 GNANIMITY, , 1 19 If a person ridicules or otherwise attacks or injures you, how may you exercise Magnanimity ? By being as kind to him at the first opportunity as though he deserved, it. "Why is it right to tie magnauimons ? It makes us nobler, and encourages our enemy to become better. How is Magnanimity dependent upon Lore ? A true regard for ourselves, a desire for the admi- ration and Love of others, a Love for what is right and noble, and a pure, unselfish affection for others, inspire us to develop this noble virtue. How should Conscience assist us ? It should see and approve the beauty and glory of a magnanimous spirit and condemn and discour- age a narrow, revengeful disposition. What will enable Conscience to do this ? Reflection will disclose to it the necessity, use, and beauty, of the virtue of Magnanimity, and the great loss and insecurity of the soul that allows revenge, indifierence, and distrust, to take its place. What is necessary to the cultivation of Magnanimity ? The Will must act in harmony with Conscience, 120 PRACTICAL ETHICS. promptly and generously putting into practice all noble emotions toward enemies or others. How has this virtue been regarded in tlie past f Wise and good people have always admired and revered it as a great and noble virtue. Give examples from Poetry, Bioerrapl;iy, Observation. f>f{^d¥id^i< s{¥Sid^. DIVISION V. FIDELITY— SELF-RESPECT— CONJUGAL VOWS- PARENTAL LOVE— FILIAL LOVE— FRATERNAL LOVE— FRIEDNSHIP— PATRIOTISM— PHI- LANTHROPY— DUTY. f)iyi^io]sf V. CHAPTER I. FIDELITY. What is Fidelity? Exact observance of duty ; faithfulness. How is Fidelity represented upon the Chart? By a large star. Why is it thus represented ? Because Fidelity is a great inspiration, light, or guide to the soul. From what does Fidelity receive its light or inspiration 1 From Love. Explain this ? Fidelity is always exercised toward an object or 124 PRACTICAL ETHICS. person that we love, or because it is right and we love principle, or from a regard for ourselves. What are the principal divisions of Fidelity? SELF-RESPECT. CONJUGAL VOWS. PARENTAL LOVE. FILLiL LOVE. FRATERNAL LOVE. FRIENDSHIP. PATRIOTISM. PHILANTHROPY. DUTY. How should CoDBcience regard Fidelity ? It should approve and encourage us to be faithful in thought, word and act, and should discourage and deplore the least inclination to infidelity toward people, principles, or things that have a right to our adherence. What will enable Conscience to thus act ? Reflection will enlighten it with knowledge of the true and false. FIDELITY. 125 Is any other faculty necessary to the cultivation of Fidelity? Will must promptly and continually act in har- mony with Conscience, firmly determined to uproot and cast out forever all tendency to unfaithfulness. Is Fidelity dependent upon Industry ? Providing for and ministering to ourselves or others requires Industry. Is Hope also necessary ? We could not be faithful, especially under difficul- ties, without the Hope of better conditions, or at least the Hope of the approval of good people, of Conscience, or of God. Is Fidelity dependent upon Purity? It is. No impure person is faithful to self, to friends, to duty, to country, or to God. What does this apparent relation of the virtues prove? That they are reciprocal and harmonious. What does this mean ? That the cultivation of one vu-tue awakens and strengthens the others. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. 126 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER II. SELF-RESPKCT. What ie Self-Bespect ? A pure love and reverence for our own being. How is it represented upon the Chart? By a star in the constellation of Fidelity. Why is it thus represented ? Self-Respect is a light or inspiration that is of great assistance in the cultivation of all the good, qualities, and in the overthrow of all evil tendencies. How is it dependent upon Fidelity ? It is impossible to respect ourselves if we are un- faithful to any trust. Is Self-Respect dependent upon Love ? It could not exist without love of se]y^ while the knowledge that we are beloved, or that we love SELF'R£SPECT. 127 f others, inspires and chefishes a high and noble regard for our own spirit. Will a person who truly loves self, be bad, selfish and cruel? No. He wUl try continually to be good, to do good, and to think only gw)d thoughts. True Self-Respect then has what effect ? It causes a person to develop all good qualities, and to shun all bad ones. What faculties must be used in the cultivation of Self-Respect? Oonscientje, Reflen, and Will. How should Conscience act ? It should see and announce what is right in minor matters as well as in great. It should cherish Purity, Industry, Fidelity, Hope, and all other good qual- ities or emotions possible to the soul, and should condemn and despise all inclination to evil thoughts, words and acts. What will enable it thus to act 1 Reflection, wUl accumulate for its use all light or knowledge it receives from whatever source. How must Will assist the growth of Self-Respect? It must promptly and continually strive to compel the thoughts and acts to harmonize with Conscience. 128 PRACTICAL ETHICS. Why is Self-Respect necessary to us? It facilitates our prosperity, development and hap- piness, and establishes us in the love and respect of others. How is this virtue regarded by wise and good people ? It constitutes an important element in the charac- ter of the great and good of all ages, and has by them been considered a necessary and noble attri- bute. Give Examples &om Poetry, Biography, Observation. CONJUGAL VOWS. 129 CHAPTER III. CONJUGAL VO\A^S. What are Conjugal Vows? They are the promises that a man and woman make to each other when they are married. How are they represented upon the Chart? By a star in the constellation of Fidehty. What does this signify ? That Fidelity to Conjugal Vows is one of the necessary guides or sources of light in the cultiva- tion of the moral nature. Are Conjugal Vows dependent upon Fidelity ? The purity and permanence of the Conjugal Vows depend upon the FideUty of the parties to each other, and to duty. 9 I30 PRACTICAL ETHICS. \ Is it wrong to be false to the Conjugal Vows ? It is one of tlie worst and most disgraceful sins. Why are the Conjugal Vows held more sacred than all others? The marriage relation is the most important a person can assume. What is the most necessary clement in marriage ? Love. Are married people who truly love likely to prove false to each other? They are not. Should people marry upon short acquaintance ? No. They should take time to understand each other and be sure that they love. How can yon tell Live from a false sentiment toward others? False sentiment fills the mind with unworthy, sel- fish, and impure thoughts that we would be ashamed to have known. How does Love aflFect us ? It inspires us to be noble and pure and makes us wish our loved one to be worthy in all respects. Is Love all that is necessary to a harmonious marriage ? All the good qualities are necessary, but Love awakens and strengthens all these. CONJUGAL VOWS. 131 Suppose a wife says she loves her husband, and yet is Idle, slovenly, or cross,. is she faithful to him ? She is not. If a man is a drunkard, is he faithful to his wife ? He is not. He degrades himself and becomes a disgrace and an affliction to her. Is a fault-finding, discontented, man or woman, faithful to Conjugal "Vows? They are not. They should be peaceful, patient, cheerful, and polite. If a man has all other good qualities and does not provide for his family. Is he faithful? He is not. What then is necessary to harmony in the married relation? Both the husband and wife should be pure and gentle, in word, act, appearance, . and habit. They should also be cheerful, industrious, economical, and loving. If people would properly prepare themselves for a well ordered home-life, what is necessary? Careful cultivation of every good quality known to the moral nature of humanity. Is it as easy to cultivate the good qualities at one time of life as at another? It is not. We should begin early in life, to be successful. 132 PRACTICAL ETHICS. What faculties must be continually active to enable us to be faithful to Conjugal Vows? Conscience, Reflection, and Will. How should Conscience act ? It should approve and cherish all things that pro- mote the comfort, improvement, and happiness of our companion, and condemn and despise aU inhar- monious thoughts, words, and acts. What will enable Conscience to do this? Reflection wUl enlighten it with the meaning of its sacred obligation and the necessity of keeping it inviolate, and will cause it to see the evU that must befall self, family, society, and country, from infidel- ity to such sacred and important vows. What besides Conscience and Reflection is necessary to keep peo- ple true to Conjugal Vows? The "WUl must determine firmly, from first to last, to be true in thought, word, and act, through all trials, to the sacred promise made. Is Fidelity to Conjugal Vows generally considered a necessary and noble virtue ? It is by all pure and noble people. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. PARENTAL LOVE. 133 CHAPTER IV. PARENTAL LOVE. What is Parental Love ? It is the tender emotion that fathers and mothers have for their children. How is it represented upon the Chart? By a star in the constellation of Fidelity. What does this signify ? That Parental Love is a necessary light or guide to a parent in the performance of duty toward a child. How will a wise parent prove his love for his child ? By carefully trainiag it to develop all good traits, and helping it to overcome all bad habits. Can a drunken parent be faithful to a child ? No. He brings disgrace and sorrow upon it and is an unfit example and teacher. 134 PRACTICAL ETHICS. Is an impatient, fault-finding parent faithful to a child ? No. He awakens angry feeling and revenge in the chilfTs heart. Can a parent be too kind and generous to a child ? He may be too generous toward its faults, and thus ruin it through lack of discipline. What are the best gifts that parents can bestow upon a child f A pure, loving, faithful, hopeful, heart, anid in- dustrious habits. Can parents really bestow these |?reat gifts ? They can, by early, patient, and persistent train- ing. What knowledge is necessary to the child that he may be success- fully trained f He must understand and feel that his parents truly love him, and seek only his highest good and purest happiness. What is the purest, noblest, and best help in the training of ^ child? A disposition to refer its thoughts to God in pray- er and praise. When can this be more easily fixed in the mind and habits f In the early years of life. PARENTAL LOVE. 135 What faculties must parents exercise to be faithful to parental ties ? Conscience, Reflection, and Will. How must Conscience act ? It must see and announce the right method of training a child, and the parent's whole duty toward it; and must condemn all injustice, carelessness, cruelty, and everything else that will harm either body or soul. What will aid Conscience ? Reflection will disclose to it all light or knowledge that the soul possesses in reference to the nature of the child, and the "help that it needs. What else must aid the parent ? Will must curb, direct, instruct, and mould the child according to the dictates of an enlightened Conscience. How is Fidelity to Parental Love generally regarded ? ^ As a natural and noble virtue, and the absence of it is considered inhuman and wicked in the extreme. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. 136 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER V. FILIAL LOVE. What is Filial Love? Love for parents. How is it represented upon the Chart? By a star in the constellation of Fidelity. What does this signify ? That FUial Love is a light or inspiration to aid the soul in the development of Fidelity. Is Filial Love dependent upon Fidelity? FUial Love implies being faithful to parents, and could not exist without Fidelity. How shall we be faithful to Filial Love ? By being gentle, loving, and obedient. FILIAL LOVE. 137 Should you obey and honor your parents in all things ? In all things that are right. If a parent desires you to steal, lie, or swear, or do anything else that you know to be wrong, ought you to do it? We must never do anything that we know to be wrong. Are you unfaithful to a parent when you will not do wrong at his bidding ? We are not. It is only by being pure and upright in aU things that we can truly honor a parent. If you are cross and idle are you faithful to parents? We are not. We should be peaceable, pohte, and industrious. If you are dishonest are you faithful to them ? We are not. We should be honest, faithful, and just. What else is necessary to true Fidelity to parents? Purity in all things, cheerfulness, and continual improvement. What will direct us to the intelligent exercise of Filial Love? Conscience, Reflection, and Will. How should Conscience act ? It should see and announce our duty, in regard to 138 PRACTICAL ETHICS. parents, in small things and in great, and encourage us to do it; and should condemn and discourage all unfilial thoughts, words, and acts. What will assist Conscience in tliis? Reflection will enlighten it with all the knowledge that comes to the soul. How sliould Will aid Filial aflFection ? It should resolutely determine that a tender defer- ence shall be cultivated toward parents however unworthy they may be, and however impossible it may be to heed their requirements; while all reas- onable and proper wishes should be granted. How is Filial Love regarded by the wise and good? As a natural, praise-worthy, and noble virtue. How is the lack of it considered ? As a revolting and disgraceful trait. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. FRATERNAL LOVE. 139 CHAPTER VI. FRATERNAL LOVE. What is Fraternal Love ? Love of brothers and sisters. How is it represented upon the Chart? By; a star in the constellation of Fidelity. What does this signify? That Fraternal Love is a necessary light or inspi- ration to the full development of Fidelity in the soul. Is this virtue dependent upon Fidelity ? It is. People cannot be truly faithful who lack Fidelity to brothers and sisters. How can we be fiiithiul to brothers and sisters? By cheerful, loving, just, polite, and peaceable behavior toward them. 140 PRACTICAL ETHICS. If we are impure in word, or act, are we faithful to tliepn ? No; we influence them to evil, and degrade them in the estimation of others. If we are idle, are we faithful to brothers and sisters? No. We injure them hy our example, and it is our duty to acquire industrious habits that we may never become a burden to them, but may be able to help them if they fall into adversity. What faculties will aid us in the cultivation of Fraternal Love? Conscience, Reflection, and Will. How should Conscience assist ? It should see and announce our duty in all things concerning the Fraternal relation, and should con- demn all unbrotherly and unsisterly conduct. What will enable Conscience to act intelligently? Reflection wUl disclose to it all the light or knowl- edge that the soul possesses to guide its vision and judgment. What should Will do to sustain Fraternal Love? It should promptly heed the commands of Con- science, and compel the affections, thoughts, and acts, to do its bidding. FRATERNAL LOVE. 141 What is the general opinion of civilized people in regard to Frater- nal Love? That it is a natural, necessary, and noble virtue; and that to be deficient in this respect, is disgraceful and unworthy of sensible people. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. 142 PRACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER VII. FRIENDSHIP. What Is Friendship ? Fidelity to friends. How is it represented upon the Chart? By a star in the constellation of Fidelity. How is Friendship dependent npon Fidelity? Faithfulness to another is what constitutes Friend- ship, therefore it could not exist without Fidelity. Is Friendship also dependent upon Love ? It is. Friendhness, as well as all other kindly feel- ings, are an outgrowth of Love. Is that person your friend who teaches you bad habits, or encourages you to do wrong ? He is not. FRIENDSHIP. 143 But suppose he says that he is your friend ? We must not believe him. What is a true friend ? One who rejoices in our Purity, prosperity and happiness, and who gladly hastens to help us and sympathize with us in trouble and adversity. How will a friend regard your bad qualities ? He will grieve over them, and help us to overcome them. How will a friend regard your good qualities ? He will encourage them, and love to think and speak of them. How should Conscience act toward Friendship ? It should approve and cherish Friendship for good people, and condemn and discourage us from confid- ing in th^ wicked and false; and should also help us to see the wickedness of being untrue to a friend. What will enable Conscience to act thus ? Reflection will furnish it Kght or knowledge that it may be able to distinguish the true from the false, and see what is our duty toward all. 144 PRACTICAL ETHICS. What besides Conscience and Reflection is necessary to guide ns aright in cultivating Friendship ? Will must act promptly, and constantly, in harmony with Conscience to enable us to be faithful, just, and discrimioating toward aU people, and especially affectionate and loyal to our friends as we would have them be to us. If yon betray or neglect a person who has been a true friend to you, how will good people regard you? As untrustworthy, mean, and contemptible. Are there many Instances in the history of the past of Fidelity to friends ? There are. Give Examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. PATRIOTISM. 145 CHAPTER VIII. PATRIOTISM. What is Patriotism? Fidelity to country. How is it represented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellation of Fidelity. What does this signify? That Patriotism is a light, help, or inspiration to the soul in the development of the moral nature. Why does it depend upon Fidelity? Patriotism consists in faithful thoughts, words, and deeds toward our country. What do yon call a peraon who has this quality of Patriotism ? A Patriot. 146 PRACTICAL ETHICS. Who are Patriots ? Those who sacrifice their comfort, happiness, or life for the good of country. Who are the most patriotic of all ? Those who risk their lives on the battlefield, or elsewhere, for their country's welfare. Must a man be a soldier to be a Patriot 1 He may be a soldier, or civilian, a statesman, a poet, an artist, a writer, a teacher; or follow almost any caUing. When is a soldier a Patriot? When he is devoted to the defense of his country. Suppose he is idle, worthless, and cowardly ? He is unfaithful and. not patriotic. When is a scientist a Patriot? When he patiently toils and studies to discover or invent something for the benefit of his country. When is a statesman a Patriot ? A true statesman is always a Patriot, because he devotes his talent and energy to the good of his country. PATRIOTISM. 147 If a man is an officer or servant of the (government, and sacrifices the country's welfare to his own selfish purposes, is he a Patriot? He is not. What should he be considered ? A traitor to his country. What do you mean by this ? A traitor to his country, is one who betrays it to an enemj'', or is false to its best interest in any way. How can a writer or speaker be a Patriot ? By writing or speaking that which inspires the people with love of country. How can an artist be a Patriot? By using his art to present to the people repre- sentations that wUl inspire them with Patriotism. How can a teacher be a Patriot? By teaching the young to love their country and reverence its iastitutions. How can a child be patriotic ? By striving to be pure in all things and active for good. How should every man and woman prove themselves patriotic ? By voting and using their influence for good men and good measures, and against bad ones. PRACTICAL ETHICS. Is Patriotism dependent upon Love ? It is dependent upon love of self, of friends, of right, and of country. How should Conscience regard Patriotism? As a noble virtue that must be approved and cherished. How should it regard the lack of Patriotism ? It should condemn it as mean-spirited, treasona- ble, selfish, and wicked. What will enable Conscience to act thus . Reflection will bring to it light or knowledge of the necessity and nobiHty of Patriotism, and the ruin to family, society, and state, that flows from the lack of it. Is any other faculty necessary to the cultivation and exercise of Patriotism? The WiU must act promptly to encourage and perfect aU tendencies toward Patriotism, and to check and cast out aU inclinations to grow careless of the country's welfare. How should we regard our Country? As a home of which each individual is a mem- ber. PATRIOTISM. 149 What is the special duty of each member of the great home called Our Country ? To add to its peace, prosperity, harmony, and happiness. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. ISO PFACTICAL ETHICS. CHAPTER IX. PHILANTHROPY. What is Philanthropy? Fidelity to the helpless. How is it represented upon the Chart ? By a star in the constellation of Fidelity. What does this signify? That Philanthropy is one of the sources of light that helps the soul to cultivate Fidelity. How does Philanthropy depend upon Fidelity? Generous emotions only become Philanthropy when we faithfully put them into practice. Is Philanthropy also dependent upon Love ? It is. All kind feelings are an outgrowth of Love. PHILANTHROPY. 151 What is necessary to the development of Philanthropy in the heart? Cultivating kindly feelings toward all people, what- ever their appearance or condition. What is the most important element of Philanthropy? Benevolence. What do we mean by Benevolence ? Generosity of means and of sympathy. Suppose you lack generosity how do people regard you ? As stingy, mean-spirited, cold hearted. What is the chief characteristic of true philanthropists ? An affectionate sympathy that regards all men and women as brothers and sisters, to whom they are bound by a tie that cannot be broken. What is the proper way to exercise Philanthropy? Adding to the comfort and happiness of the poor and suffering in our own neighborhood and country. If you have no money to give to the unfortunate can you be Philan- thropic? We can encourage and help them by kind and cheerful words. How should Conscience regard Philanthropy? As a noble virtue that should be approved and cherished. 152 PRACTICAL ETHICS. What should aid Conscience in this? Reflection should bring to it the light or knowl- edge of the beauty and nobility of Philanthropy, and the deformity and unholiness of an ungenerous, unsympathetic soul. What other faculty is necessary in the cultivation and exercise of Philanthropy ? The Will should determine to bring continually into intelligent action, aU philanthropic emotion that Conscience announces as proper and right. How has Philanthropy been regarded by wise and good people ? As a great and noble virtue. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation. DUTY. 153 CHAPTER X. DUTY. What Is Duty? Fidelity to right. How is it represented upon the Chart? By a star in the const^lation of Fidelity. What does this signify? That Duty is a source of light in the cultivation of our moral nature. Why is it dependent upon Fidelity? Discharging our Duty is being promptly faithful in that which we know to be right. If It is difficult to determine what is right, how shall we proceed? If we are obliged to act, we must do that which seems to us to be right. 154 PRACTICAL ETHICS. What is necessaiy to enable us to understand our Duty ? A knowledge of all the other virtues, and the cul- tivation of the Will, by Conscience and Reflection. How should Conscience act ? It should see, announce, and approve the right, and condemn all tendencies to wrong. What should assist Conscience to do this ? Reflection should enlighten it with all the knowl- edge of good and evil that comes to the soul. What else is necessary ? The exercise of the Will in a determination to do what is right at all hazards. Who are the most faithful to Duty ? Those who sacrifice their lives for principle. Give examples from Poetry, Biography, Observation.