J^:^ '* i r;rH«- -T^xK : t^- ^M^'iifc^.^ 4t -V Hi^' (^///'ou- ^\r/fr^r^€A/>'f//*^^ ^xy/rA //r^^/^j/f-^ ,y/f/////^-/f>//^isfry ry ^/' /////'/r/-/ .^//f//^.j <'^^''////t\- Jr,'4// 17 0'07 f 4 < ".g " ■i- All books not in use for instruction or re- search are liinited to all borrowers. Vpltimes o^f ,!periodi- cals and of pamphlets comprise so many sub- iects,that they are held in the library as much as possible. For spe- cial purposes tljey are given oftjt for a limited time. Graduates and sen- iors are allowed five volumes for twoweeks. Other students may have two vols, from the circulating library for two weeks. Books not needed during recess periods should be returned to the library, or arrange- ments made for their return during borrow- er's absence, if wanted. Books needed by more than one person are held on the reserve list. Books of special value and gift books, when the-giver wishes it, are not allowed to- circulate. Cornell University Library Z731 .U57 Public libraries in the United States of olin 3 1924 029 529 553 c^l Cornell University Library The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924029529553 PUBLIC LIBRARIES ^'o,, UNITED STATES OF AMEEICA HISTORY, CONDITION, AND MANAGEMENT SPECIAL REPORT DEPARTMENT OP THE INTERIOK, BUREAU OF EDUCATION :e>-a.i^t I WASHINGTON Government Printing Office 1876 ^f'f \^'^\<,s\'' - ■■■- Wj 3lJ- EEEATA. PARTI. i. Page 14. For" Bellamont" read Bellbmoafc. "'"' Page 143. For "Baptist Theological Seminary" read Baptist Union Theological Semi- nary. Page 252. For "oapitol" read capital. Page 271. For " W. P. Taylor" read W. B. Taylor. Page 538 (note.) For "rVf ".read rdTroc." ■'" ' Page 618. For "Begun (in 1872) by C. R. Lowell, etc.," read Begun by C. E. Lowell ; finished, after his death, and edited by C. A. Cutter. The first sheet .was issued June 25, 1872. PART II. t Page 5. For "Journal of Speculative Philosophy for 1869" read Journal of Specula- tive Philosophy for 1870. ■itli'il i,Hll.] {, ''. ■iil-i' ;i TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page. Letter of the Commissioner of Education to the Secretary of the Interior vii-ix Introduction xi-xxxv Chapter I. Public libraries a hundred years ago, Horace E. Scudder 1-' II. School and asylum libraries, editors 38 III. College libraries, editors 60 IV. Theological libraries in the United States : Part I, a librarian 127 Part II, Prof. John S. Sumner, S. J 137 Part III, editors 142 v. Law libraries, Stephen B. Griswold, LL. B 161 VI. Medical libraries in the United States, J. S. Billings, assistant sur- geon, U. S. A 171 VII. Scientific libraries in the United States, Prof. Theodore Gill, M. D., Ph. D '. 183 VIII. Libraries in. prisons and reformatories, editors 218 IX. Professorships of books and reading : Part I, F. B. Perkins 230 Part II, William Mathews, A. M 240 X. Libraries of the General Government, editors 252 XI. Copyright, distribution, exchanges and duties, editors,... 279 XII. State and Territorial libraries, Henry A. Homes, LL. I) 292 XIII. Historical societies in the United States : - Part I,, Henry A. -Homes, LL. D 312 Part II, W. I. Fletcher.. 325 Part III, editors 332 XrV. Young men's mercantile libraries, F. B. Perkins 378 XV. Young men's Christian associations, Cephas Braiuerd 386 XVI. Free libraries, J. P. Quinoy 389- XVII. Public libraries in manufacturing communities, W. I. Fletcher 403 XVIII. Public libraries and the young, W. I. Fletcher 412' XIX. How to make town libraries successful, F. B. Perkins 419 XX. Heading in popular libraries, Justin Wiusor 431-' XXI. Art museums and their connection with public libraries. Prof. H. S. Frieze, LL.D 434 XXII. Free town libraries, editors 445 XXIIL Free reading rooms, W. C. Todd 460 XXIV. Library buildings, Justin Winsor 465 XXV. The organization and management of public libraries, William F. Poole 476 XXVI. College library administration. Prof. Otis H. Bobinson 505 XXVII. Library catalogues, C. A. Cutter 526 XXVIII. Catalogues and cataloguing : Part I, Melvil Dewey 623 Part II, S. B. Noyes 648 Part III, Jacob Schwartz 657 Part IV, John J. Bailey 660 iv Contents. Page. Chapter XXIX. On indexing periodical and miscellaneous literature, Prof. Otis H. Eobinson 663 XXX. Binding and preservation of books, A. E. Spofford 673 XXXI. Periodical literature and society pubUoations, A. E. Spofford.. 679 XXXII. Works of reference for libraries, A. E. Spofford 686 XXXIII. Library memoranda, Justin Winsor 711 XXXIV. Titles of books, Prof. Otis H. Eobinson 715 XXXV. Book Indexes, F. B. Perkins 727 XXXVI. Library bibliography, A. E. Spofford 733 XXXVII. Library reports and statistics, editors 745 XXXVIII. Public libraries of ten principal cities, several contributors . . . 837 XXXIX. General statistics of all public libraries in the United States, editors... -• > 1010 Index 1175 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. liOganian Library, Philadelphia, Pa 7 Redwood Library, Newport, R. 1 17 Wellesley College Library, Wellesley, Mass 91 Library of the College of New Jersey, Princeton, N. J 101 Public Library, Concord, Mass 391 Eoxbury Branch Boston Public Library, Boston, Mass ; 397 Public Library, Northampton, M9,ss 441 Public Library, Worcester, Mass 449 Cornell Library, Ithaca, N. Y 457 Boston Public Library, Boston , Mass 861 Boston Public Library, (Bates Hall,) Boston, Mass 865 Boston'Public Library, (reading room for periodical!,) Boston, Mass 869 Public Library, Cincinnati, O., (exterior) 909 Public Library, Cincinnati, O., (interior) 913 Lenox Library, New York, N. Y ^ 947 Library Company of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa 955 Ridgway Library, Philadelphia, Pa 959 Apprentices' Library, Philadelphia, Pa j 971 LETTER. Department of the Inteeioe, Bureau op Bbu cation, Washington, D, 0., August 31, 1876. SiE : I have the honor to submit the completed report on Public Libraries in the United States, undertaken in the year 1874, and ordered pri nted by your predecessor. This report, it will be observed, constitutes a part of the exhibit made by this Office at the Centennial Exhibition, and is modified accordingly. Lack of funds prevents the reproduction here of the graphic views of the growth of libraries ^ased on the statistics of this report, whiclrform a part of that exhibit. The other portions of the special exhibit are made up of views of library buildings and collections of reports and catalogues of libraries. In no other country, it is believed, do so many libraries publish either catalogues or reports. It having been decided to do what was in the power of the Office to increase the usefulness of public library work in this country, by pub- lishing information respecting public libraries and the results of the experience of librarians, the undertaking was committed to the special care of Mr. Samuel R. Warren, who manifested an intelligent interest in the subject, and whose attention had already been occupied with it in connection with the statistics of libraries collated and published in my annual reports. He has remained in charge until its completion, and much of the value of the report is due to his judgment, scholarship, and fidelity. After the difficulties of the task had so increased as to require addi- tional labor, Maj. S. N. Clark, long before favorably known to me for his ability, extensive reading, facility in research, and thorough method of work, temporarily employed in the Office, was assigued to assist Mr. Warren. They are the editors. Their labors have not been limited to the forms or hours of office work. Special acknowledgments are due Mr. Thomas Hampson, ther accom- plished proof-reader of the Office, not only for the unwearied care he has bestowed upon the proofs, but also for his many important critical suggestions in every part of the work ; also to Miss Mary E. McLellan, an assistant in the statistical division of the Office, for the excel- lent manner in which she has performed the difficult task of compil- ing the statistical tables; also to my chief clerk. Dr. Charles Warren, viii Public Libraries in the United titates. for the care with which he has carried out my wishes when he has acted in my place. I am indebted to the ofiacers of the Government Printing^ Office, especially to Capt. H. T. Brian, foreman of printing, for efficient assistance in the mechanical execution of the work ; to many gentlem en who have aided by advice and suggestions in the preparation of this re- port; to Mr. A. E. Spofford, Librarian of Congress, who has throughout the progress of the work cordially given the benefit of his wide experi- ence and intimate knowledge of the subject; to Mr. Justin Winsor and Mr. F. B. Perkins, of the Boston Public Library; to Mr. 0. A. Cutter, of the Boston Athenaeum ; to Mr. W. P. Poole, of the Chicago Public Library ; to Mr. H. A. Homes, of the New York State Library ; to Mr. W. H. Venable, of Cincinnati; and to the other contributors, nearly all of whom have rendered much valuable aid in addition to the treatment of the special subjects confided to them. To many librarians and others interested in libraries whose names do not appear as con- tributors, many thanks are due for valuable assistance and advice, among whom should be mentioned President D. C. Gilman, LL. D., of the Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore ; Rev. Frederic Vinton, A. M ,, librarian of the College of New Jersey; Mr. Thomas Hale Williams, librarian of the Minneapo is Athenaeum, Minneapolis, Minn. ; Mr. S. S. Green, librarian of the Worcester (Mass.) Free Public Library; Mr. Charles Evans, librarian of the Public Library of Indianapolis, Ind. ; Mr. E. B. Elliott and Mr. Eafael A. Bayley, of the United States Treas- ury Department ; Mr. J. G. Barnwell, of the Philadelphia Mercantile Library ; General B. S. Ewell, president of the College of William and Mary, Virginia ; Mr. E. A. Brock, secretary of the Virginia Historical Society; Eev. WilUam S. Southgate, Annapolis, Md.; Mr. J. L. Ridgely, G. C. Secretary L O. O. F., Baltimore ; Mr Addison Hutton, architect, Philadelphia; Mr. J. W. McLaughlin, architect, Cincinnati; Mr. E. M. Hunt, architect. New York ; Messrs. Sturgis and Brighaui, architects, Boston; Mr. W. A. Potter, late Supervising Architect United States Treasury Department; and the Hon. George P. Hoar, of Worcester, Mass. To the many school officers, librarians, and officers of societies and other correspondents, who have kindly furnished reports and infor- mation, thanks are gratefully tendered. The issue of this report makes it proper to call attention to some features of the plan of work in this Office. It has been my desire in reference to each phase of education or class of institutions, such as colleges, libraries, and normal schools, embraced in the annual reports of the Office — First, to perfect the statistics as far as the means appropriated would permit and as voluntary cooperation should be accorded. The extreme diversity in the manner of conducting the business and keeping the records of educational institutions of all classes in the coun- try rendered that harmony of results essential to useful comparison and correct inference difficult of attainment ; and required (a) sound discrim - Letter. ix ination in selecting the points of the various systems concerning which inquirieis should be addressed; and (&) gfeat care in devising a nomen- clature which,- suitable for general adoption, should mean the same to all. Second. "A second par-t of my plan of work has been, when the statis- tics of any class of institutions become reasonably complete, to use them as the basis of a special report, embracing the most important points in their history, administration, and management ; -then to bring out, for the benefit of each, the most instructive lessons in the experience of all.' This report is the first attempt to carry out the second portion of the scheme. Third. As a third item in the plan of work upon statistics, I have kept in mind a correspondence in substance and form which should enable a student in the future to gather those rich results that can only be derived from facts noted year by year and extending through a long period of time. Fourth. A fourth item in the plan looks toward bringing into a com- mon nomenclature the statistics of the principal phases of education or classes of institutions throughout the world. It will be observed that neither the third nor fourth part of this plan for the statistical work of the Office has been attempted to any consid- erable extent in this report. If the means of the Office were adequate, it would be my desire to treat each year, in a special publication, some one class of institutions or systems included in the tabulated portions of my annual report. The value of a series of these comprehensive surveys of various systems, methods, or institutions of education could hardly be overestimated. The demand for them is increasing, and will not long be satisfied without them. Those who comprehend the general plan of the work of this Oflflce need no explanation of its difiQculties. Acknowledging, with great pleasure, the constant and cordial cooper- ation of your Department, I am,, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, ' JOHI^T EATON, Commissioner. Hon. Z. Chandler, Secretary of the Interior. INTRODUCTION. PUBLIC LIBRARIES AND EDUCATION. For forty years the importance of public libraries as auxiliaries to public education has been recognized and dwelt upon by American edu- cators wherever common schools have flourished. Beginning as ad- juncts of the district schools in New York and Massachusetts, free public libraries in some form have been established in nearly twenty States of the Union. It was known that within the last quarter of a century the number of public libraries bad greatly multiplied, and that they had assumed a position of commanding importance as an educa- tional force, but there were no data for determining the'extent of their influence. THE LIBRARIAN AN EDUCATOR. The influence of the librarian as an educator is rarely estimated by outside observers, and probably seldom fully realized even by himself. Performing his duties independently of direct control as to their details, usually selecting the books that are to be purchased by the library and read by its patrons, often advising individual readers as to a proper course of reading and placing in their hands the books they are to read, and pursuing his own methods of administration generally without ref- erence to those in use elsewhere, the librarian has silently, almost un- consciously, gained ascendency over the habits of thought and literary tastes of a multitude of readers, who find in the public library their only means of intellectual improvement. That educators should be able to know the direction and gauge the extent and results of this potential influence, and that librarians should not only understand their primary duties as purveyors of literary supplies to the people, but also realize their high privileges and responsibilities as teachers, are matters of great import to the interests of public education. " NECESSITY FOR A SPECIAL REPORT. Eecognizing these conditions, the United States Commissioner of Ed- ucation began in 1870 to gather and publish the statistics of public libraries in this country, a work which has been steadily continued each year since that time. As the statistics became Inore complete and the number of libraries making reports increased, the awakened interest of all engaged in educational work expressed itself in more frequent calls xii Public Libraries in the United States. for information regarding not only the number and extent of libraries already existing, but also respecting the different plans of organization, sources of revenue, etc. ; and asking advice and information on the sub- jects of library econoojy and administration, the selection, arrangement, cataloguing, binding, and preservation of books, the proper buildings, and all the multifarious interests of a public library. Similar calls came from librarians, from library committees, and from others charged with the duty of organizing new libraries, but having little experience in such affairs. At the same time it became evident that the number of libraries con- tinued to increase in an unexampled ratio, and that a reasonably com- plete account of their condition could be obtained only by a special and systematic inquiry. The increasing demands for information already mentioned not only made the need of such an inquiry imperative, but required that the result should be accompanied by the suggestions and conclusions of librarians and others whose ability and experience enable them to speak with authority on library subjects. Another consideration was influential in determining the preparation of this report. The interest of the General Government in libraries, as shown by its liberal grants to the Territories and by the building up at the capital of the nation of valuable working libraries for the several Departments, and its disposition to add to the general sum of knowl- edge among the people — as evinced by the liberal expenditures for the publication and distribution of public documents — have never been measured. It is known, in a general way, that many million volumes of Government publications of greater or less value have been distributed among the people at a cost of some millions of dollars ; how many no one can tell. Notwithstanding the depreciatory criticism of this class of publications, there is probably hardly one among them that does not possess positive value to many persons. The results of the explo- rations and surve.vs that made the Pacific Railroad a possibility were published by the Government; the patent room of the Boston Public Library containing the slighted Patent Oflace Eeports and Specifications was visited for study and consultation last year by 1,765 persons ; and the number of users of these reports is yearly increasing; the Medical and Surgical History of the War of the Eebellion, published by the Gov- ernment, forms one of the most valuable contributions to medical and surgical science that has appeared within the last century; and an element of actual value belongs to most if not all these publications. They are designed for the use and benefit of all the people, and should be placed where they will be readily accessible to all. It is hardly cred- itable that there should not be in any public depository in the United States, even iu the National Library, a complete series of Government publications. Thanks to a higher estimate of their value and impor- tance, earnest efforts ^re being made to supply this deficiency by several libraries, especially the one mentioned, and it is hoped they may prove Introduction. xiii saccessfal. Many librarians are unacquainted with the steps they should take to procure these publications for their libraries as issued, and so lose the opportunity of procuring them at all, and many large communities are thus deprived of benefits intended for them. Private individuals cannot be expected to collect complete series of public docu- ments, and if they should do so the benefit to the public would be small. Public libraries are the proper place of deposit for such collections, and the time has arrived when, by knowledge of their privileges and of the •means of acquisition on the part of librarians, and by more systematic and thorough methods of distribution by the Government, these collec- tions will be begun and regularly increased and maintained in every part of the Union. A careful abstract of the laws and regulations governing the distri- bution and exchange of public documents by the General Government and the Smithsonian Institution, and a statement furnished by the Treasury Department at the request of the Secretary of the Interior, showing the amounts expended by the General Government for libraries and for certain special publications for distribution, were therefore deemed essential and will be found in the proper places in this report. It has been judged both necessary and expedient to issue the report at once and as a whole, rather than in a series of Circulars of Informa- tion extending over a considerable period, not only because the proper presentation of the subject and the exigencies of the case seemed to re- quire it, but for reasons of economy as to time, labor, and expense. PLAN OP THE REPORT. After considerable study of the subject and consultation and corre- spondence with eminent librarians, the following plan was adopted: To present,. first, the history of public libraries in the United States; second, to show their present condition and extent^ third, to discuss the various questions of library economy and management; and fourth, to present as complete statistical information of all classes of public libraries as practicable. The number of libraries is so great and the history of many of them so rich that to print even the briefest sketch of each one individually, the plan adopted by Jewett and Eh^es, would require many volumes, and it therefore became necessary to divide them into classes and treat of their history in that form, though this plan has been departed from as regards the principal libraries of colleges, of theological schools, and of historical societies, brief sketches of which will be found in the proper chapters. A further exception, will be found in Chapter XXXVIII, which contains sketches of the public libraries in leading cities of the United States, where the chief depositories of literary treasures are found. Gentlemen who by their local information or their special knowledge were considered competent were invited to prepare such sketches. It has been found necessary, as the plan of this report has been modified xiv Public Libraries in the United States. by circumstances, to abridge some of the notices furnished and to omit others. In many instauces work has been done and appears which was performed by librarians of particular libraries, but the general re- sponsibility remains with the authors whose names are given at the beginning of the sketches for the several cities. The one hundredth year of our existence as a nation was deemed a suitable occasion on which to present a sketch of American public libra- ries at the time of the Eevolution. It has been prepared with great care and most industrious research, and forms a chapter that will excite thfr deep interest of every lover of his country who reads it g,nd contrasts the literary resources of our country one hundred years ago with those of the present time. Public libraries are next considered in their direct relations to edu- cation, as adjuncts of common schools and academies, of colleges, of professional schools, theological, law, medical, and scientific; and as a necessary factor in the elevation of the unfortunate in asylums, and in the instruction and elevation of the vicious and criminal iti reforma- tories and prisons. The necessity and practicability of enhancing the usefulness of col- lege libraries by means of professorships of books and reading are dis- cussed and advocated. Next the history of the relations of the General add State Govern - ments to public libraries is traced, showing the province of each a& defined by necessity and experience, and exhibiting in detail the result* that have followed. Following this the libraries of historical societies, of young men's mercantile and young men's Christian associations have been sketched, and their influence on the increase and diffusion of intelligence described^ And last, free public libraries, established and maintained on the same principle that frep public schools are, receive attention and considera- tion. These libraries are regarded as fulfilling for all a function similar to that which the college libraries perform for those fortunate enough to pursue a college course; rightly administered they are indeed what, one writer has called them, " the people's colleges." The propriety and feasibility of establisliipg art museums in connec- tion with free public libraries are discussed, and considerations favoring, the creation of such museums urged. The history of the several classes of public libraries, together with some general considerations touching their management, and some facts, respecting their present extent and condition, having been presented,, the many details belonging to what may be called the economy and administration of public libraries are considered. . Here are presented the fruits of the ripe experience and best thought of eminent librarians, respecting the different topics suggested by the above general defini- tion; they will, it is hoped, answer satisfactorily the numerous appeals- for advice and informatiqn, as well as stimulate the already rapid growth. Introduction. XV of free libraries, and so of general intelligence and oulture. The division anji arrangement of subjects in this department are as follows : 1. Li- brary buildingSvinclading plans and descriptions. . 2. The organization and management of public libraries. 3. The administration of college libraries. 4. Catalogues, comprising an essay on the subject by 0. A, Cutter, librarian of the Boston Athenaeum, and a table, chronologically arranged, of printed catalogues of American public libraries, followed, in a succeeding chapter, by descriptions by their authors of two notable cata.logues now being published ; a plan of indexing and arranging a library, which has received the approval of several distinguished libra- rians, and is now in use in the library of Amherst College ; and a descrip - tion of the classiflcation adopted for the Public School Library of St. Louis. (The Eules for making a Dictionary Catalogue, by Mr. Cutter, are printed separately as. Part 11 of this report, for the convenience of librarians, for whose use they were mainly prepared.) 5. Indexing periodical and miscellaneous literature, giving a description of the. ex- cellent plan in use by Professor Robinson, of the University of Rochester , K T. &. Binding and preservation of books. 7. Periodical literature ^and society publications. 8, Reference books. 9, Library memoranda. 10. Titles of, books. 11. Book indexes. 12, Library bibliography. All of which, it is believed, will be found of high value to librarians and others interested in the establishment and management of public libraries. , , , EEEOBTS AND STATISTICS OF PUBLig LIBRAEIBS. Considerable space has been devoted to library reports and statistics in Chapter XXXVII, where wiU be found, besides remarks and illustra- tive tables showing the discrepancies in the I'eports of different investi- gators and the difficulties Of gathering such statistics, the following, viz : A table of public libraries in 1776, 1800, aind 1876 ; a table show- ing the number and extent of public libraries which now contain 10,000 volutnes or more in the years 1836, 1846, 1849, 1856, 1857-'58, 1863,. 1874, and 1875; a table showing the increase in number of American public libraries during the last one hundred yearS", by periods of twenty - five years each, and the number of volumes they contained in 1875 ; a summary table of public libraries numbering 500 volumes and upward ,. classified according to size ; a summary table of all public libraries in the United States, by classes and States; and a number of other tables re- specting funds, circulation of books, loss and wiear of books, etc., tdgether with soineahsilyses of the library tables piiblished by the Bureau of Ed u- cation in 1S71,' 1872, and 1874; aUd last, the statement of the expendi- tures of the Greneral Government on account of libraries and pUblicaJ tions,betb»re mentioned. ' Polio wibg this will be found sketches of libraries in ten of the chief cities of the Union, prepared by gentlemen (generally librarians) in the respec- tive cities. One of these papers, describing the libraries of Charles- ton, S. C, contains also some notices of public libraries in the Southern xvi Public Libraries in the United States. States ; and another on the public libraries of San Francisco notices other libraries on the Pacific coast. Chapter XXXIX comprises the general table of statistics of all public libraries in the United States from which reports have been received, prefaced by a summary of its contents, and fpUowed by a list of the names of librarians and other ofl&cers reporting. A few items gathered from the tables of statistics will indicate the. remarkable growth and present extent and importance of public libraries in the United States. So far as is known, there were in 1776 twenty-, nine public libraries in the thirteen American colonies, and they num- bered altogether 45,623 volumes; in the year 1800 the number of li- braries had increased to 49, and the number of volumes to about 80,000; in 1876 there are reported (including the society libraries of students in colleges, reported separately) 3,682 libraries, numbering in the aggre- gate 12,276,964 volumes, besides 1,500,000 pamphlets; the latter very; incompletely reported. The above do not include the libraries of common and Sunday schools,, except a few of the former class not of sufQcient importance to materi- ally modify the figures given. For several reasons, mainly because it did not seem essential to the completeness of this report, no attempt ■was made to collect the statistics of church and Sunday school libraries, of which the number is almost as great as that of the churches in the United States ; these contained altogether, according to the census of 1870, about 10,000,000 volumes. Of the 3,682 libraries, 358 report permanent funds, amounting alto- gether to $6,105,581, and 1,364 report that they possess no such funds, while the returns of 1,960 libraries aiford no information on the subject. Only 742 libraries reported the yearly circulation, which forms an aggre- gate of 8,879,869 volumes ; 1,510 reported an aggregate yearly increase of 434,339 volumes ; 830 reported a total yearly income of $1,398,756; while 769 reported an aggregate yeatly expenditure of $562,407 for books, periodicals, and binding ; and 643 reported a total yearly expend- iture of $682,166 for salaries and incidental expenses. The increasing rate of growth of public libraries in the last twenty-five years is well exhibited by the table, which shows that 20 libraries were formed from 1775 to 1800, 179 from 1820 to 1825,551 from 1825 to 1850, and 2,240 from 1850 to 1875. It is altogether probable that nearly all the 088 libraries the dates of organization of which are not reported were also begun within the last twenty-five years. It has been impracticable to obtain definite and complete returns of the total amount received by public libraries in the last century from gifts and bequests in money; some $15,000,000 in all are reported, but it is safe to estimate the whole amount at $30,000,000. This amount includes only private benefactions and does not take account of money received from Government, State,'or municipal grants or taxation. No estimate can be formed of the vast contributions of books that have been made during that period. Introduction. xvii PEIVATE LIBRAEIES. It will, of course, be understood that no attempt has been made to collect information respecting private libraries. While a multitude of these libraries exist, thousands of which are of great value, some rival- ing in completeness, in special departments of knowledge, even the col- lections of 'the leading public libraries, it would be impracticable, if otherwise expedient, for the General Government to gather and present reasonably complete and satisfactory information respecting them. On this subject the remarks of Gen. P. A. Walker, Superintendent of the Ifinth Census, are regarded as conclusive. He says :' At til* ninth census (1870) tlie total number of libraries returned was 163,353, coutaiu- iug 44,539,184 volumes. Of these, 107,673 were private libraries, containing 25,571,503 volumes, No return under this head was made from the State of Couneotiout, the deputy marshal reporting that no exact information could be obtained. While this increase in the number of private libraries and volumes therein over the returns of 1860 shows that this portion of the census work has been performed with far greater effort and care on the part of the assistant and deputy marshals charged with the col- lection of this class of statistics, the results are yet manifestly far below the truth of the case for the whole country, while, in respect to certain States, the iigures of the following table are almost ludicrously disproportionate. The only compensation for this failure — for siich it must be pronounced, in spite of the increase over the returns of former censuses — is found in the consideration that the statistics of private libraries are not, from any proper point of view, among the desirable inquiries of the census. The statistics of the manufacture and importation of books would be far more signifi- cant and instructive, while obtained with one-tenth of one per cent, of the effort that would be required to collect accurate statistics of private libraries based upon any classification that might be adopted. , The last clause of the foregoing sentence intimates a practical difficulty which, however the methods of the census might be improved, would always render the sta- tistics of private libraries of the least possible value. Unless each one of the two or three hundred thousand private collections of books which might claim admission to such a table as that in contemplation of the census law were to be personally visited and inspected by a competent judge, it would be impossible to prevent the intrusion into that table of tens of thousands of such collections without any merit to entitle them to a jilace there. No matter how carefully assistant marshals might perform this duty, or how fully instructed they might be from tile central office, the mere fact of six or seven thousand persons being employed in collecting these statistics would be sufficient to defeat, utterly and hopelessly, all approach to uniformity of treatment. One-half of the assistant marshals would call that a library which the other half would riot, or, more probably, nine out of ten such officers would admit everything that claimed to be a library to their lists. The plan most commonly urged for preventing such a want of uniformity in the col- lection of the statistics of private libyaries is to fix a number of volumes below which no collection of books shall be returned as a libra-ry, as, say, 100, 200, 300, or 500 vol- umes; but it is quite Suffl(?ient, without ijrgument, to disprove such a proposition, to indicate the practical difficulties arising froin such questions as these: Wha-t shall be done with pamphlets and unbound volumes'? With children's books ? With school booKs, old and new ? With public documents, State aud national ? It is. not too much tasay, that if; all these classes were to be rejected, nine out of ten collections in the United States which would otherwise pass into a table of private libraries containing one hundred volumes and over would be thrown out, while, on the other hand, it is difficult to see what value such a table can have for auy use, soieutific or popular, If these classes are to be indiscriminately admitted. ' Ninth Censm of the United States ; Population aud Social Statistics, pp. 472, 473. B — II xviii Public Libraries in the United States. PLAN OF GATHERING STATISTICS. It may not be amiss to describe here the plan followed in gathering the statistics for this report, As has been already intimated, there was until 1870 little ioforraation respecting public libraries in existence. As late as 1850 an American Secretary of State was obliged to reply to the application by a committee of the British Parliament for such in; formation that, with the best disposition to do so, he found it impossible to comply with their request.' At that time the late accomplished Professor Jewett was preparing for publication his report on public libraries in the United States, which appeared the next year, and was the pioneer attempt to give a description of all our libraries. In 1859 Ehees published his Manual of Public Libraries, which contains a list i of the names of 2,903 libraries; but he was unable to obtain an account of the number of volumes in more than 1,338 of them. The works of Jewett and Rhees were prepared with great care and in- dustry ; but the rapid increase of public libraries within the last few years has made them of little value for purposes of reference. Other partial statistics were published at different tiraeSj but no systematic attempt was made until 1870 to procure returns from all classes of public libraries, except in the returns of the United States census in the years 1850, 1860, and 1870. These returns did not attempt to name and localize the diiferent libraries, and were for other reasons incom- plete and untrustworthy.^ The Reports of the Commissioner of Educa- tion for .1870, 1871, 1872, 1873, and 187-1 furnished statistics of several hundred libraries. Beyond this little was known save that there were in the country two thousand or more public libraries, each exerting a less or greater educational influence, of which nothing was generally known ; even a knowledge of their names and whereabouts was limited to their immediate localities. It therefore became necessary to ascertain first the name of every town in the United States the population of which was sufficient to seem to justify the belief that it possessed a public library of some sort. Letters of inquiry were sent to all such towns, generally to the postmaster, asking whether a public library existed, and its name ; the name of the library being obtained, direct inquiries were sent to it. In each of the larger towns and smaller cities the superin- tendent of public schools was chosen as a correspondent ; in the larjier cities persons were selected to make special investigations ; the directo- ries of cities were consulted ; gazetteers were examined ; the officers of all institutions and societies that might be supposed to possess libraries were applied to for information ; and correspondence opened with clergy- men, officers of courts, of cities, counties, States, and with other persons likely to possess information on the subject of libraries in their respective localities. The reports of Professor Jewett and Mr. Rhees, and a list of • For his letter see page 759. -Ninth Census of the United States : Population and Social Statistics, p. 47'2. Introduction. XIX societies and institutions published in 1872 by the Smithonian Institu- tion also afforded considerable information respecting the names of libraries. .i ,, This preliminary Atork involved the writing of some 10,000 letters, to which the responses have generally been most prompt and gratifying. A mass of information was thus gathered which formed the basis for subse- quent specific inquiry and correspondence ; and the cordial cooperation of all interested enables us to present, as the result of much time and labor expended, definite and trustworthy information respecting nearly 3,700 public libraries bf all classes. It will be observed that the table includes statistics of some public libraries containing no more than three hundred volumes each. These have been added in dases where the recent dates of the establishment or other known circumstances of the libraries justify the expectation of their permaneuce and rapid growth. ILLUSTKATlOiSS. Each pf the library buildings chosen as ft siibject for illustration has been selected with reference to its historic or representative character. Thus representations of the, Eed wood and Loganian Libraries are given solely because of the historical interest that attaches to them as the first on the Western Continent devoted entirely to library purposes. Both were built about the same time, a quarter of a century before the Revolution, and one of them, the Eedwood Library, though greatly en- larged, is still devoted to library uses. The Lenox and Kidgway Libra- ries, now nearing completion, each the gift of a single individual, are also represented ; and perhaps no inore striking evidence of the vast growth of public libraries ia this country could be found than is afforded by the contrast between the first two buildings (each also the gift of a single public spirited citizen) and the two last named. College libraries are well represented' by'iilustrations of the library building of the Col- lege of _ New Jersey and the interior of Wellesley College Library, (for women,) each of whicli is a monument to the munificent liberality of a wealthy citizen. Engravings of the Boston Public and Cincinnati Pub- lic Libraries are presented as examples of the largest free libraries in the United States built and maintained at the public .expense; while the Concord,' Eoxbury Brahch, Northampton, Worcester, and Cornell Libraries are included as represeritatives of free library architecture in the smaller cities ancl Howns. The last, bearing the name of its builder and founder, who preseiited it to his fellow citizens, is properly assigned a place with' the remarks respeciing patronymic libraries, in Chapter XXH.^ A cut of the building of th,e Library Company of Philadelphia, organized |by Franklin in 1731, properly represents the early proprietary libraries. It was the third library built in this country, dating from ' For this cut acknowledgments are due Messrs. Harper A Brothers. 2 Page 457. ' ' ' XX Public Libraries in the Unitea states. 1792, and is still devoted to its original uses. The cut of the Appren- tices' Library of Philadelphia represents a class of libraries that has conferred great and lasting benefits on many young artisans, but which is being rapidly superseded by the free and other public libraries which offer e^nal advantages to all. While perhaps no one of the buildings represented may be regarded as a model in all respects, neither is any one without its points of excel- lence, and several are admirably adapted to their speci^^l uses. Taken together they fairly represent the past and present of library architect- ure in America, and certainly show an improvement in some degree commensurate with the growth of the libraries they shelter. The plans accompanying Mr. Winsor's contribution on Ubrary buijd-^ ings (Chapter XXIV, pp. 473-475) are the expression of long experience and careful study of the subject, and will doubtless prove of much prac- tical value. "VYith the exception of the Welleisley College, Concord Public, Cornell, Loganian, Library Company and Apprentices' of Philadelphia, and the Cincinnati Public (exterior) libraries, the engravings have been executed by Miss C. A. Powell, a graduate of the Cooper Union Free Art Scjiool, of Xew, York. SUNDAY BEADING IN PUBLIC) LIBRAEIES. Within the last few years several public libraries in the larger cities have thrown open their rooms for reading on Sundays; notable among these being the Boston Public Library, the Free Public Librarj'^ of Wor- cester, Mass., the Cincinnati Public Library, the Chicago Public Librarj-, and the Public School Library of St. Louis. The reports show that a large number of persons avail themselves of this privilege for improve- ment and recreation, and that the number of Sunday users of books «.nd periodicals at most of the libraries has steadily increased from year to year. The number of Sunday readers at the Free Public Library of Wor- cester, Mass., the first public library in lifew England to open its doors to Sunday visitors, for each year since 1872, when the privilege was first granted, was as follows: In 1872-73, Sunday readers, 5,706; 1873- '74, 7,179; 1874-'75, 10,142. Tlie superintendent of the Boston Public Library, in his report for 1873, remarks that the use of the reading rooms for periodicals on Sun- days " was from one-half to three-quarters of the average week day use. The frequenters were uniformly decorous ; the most favorable feature ai the result being that a large proportion of the Sunday visitors were not such as are seen in the rooms on week days." And in his report for 1875, in summing up the experience of the library in jthis regard, he says, " that from the start the use of the Central reading room has been abundantly commensurate, and has justified the movement." Some interesting remarks on the results of the Sunday opening of the Introditction. xxi Public Library of Giacinnati and of the Public School Library of St. Louis will beifound in the sketches of those libraries iu auother part of this report. IKT MUSEUMS AND THEIR CONNECTION WITH PUBLIC LIBEARIES. ' "VVhile the plan of niaking art museums adjuacts of public libraries, aS advocated in Chapter XXI, may at first seem unpractical aud un- wise a study of the eiiperience of the .British Free Libraries iu this regard leads to' k directly opposite dpaclusiba. TThe art gallery of the Birmingham Free Library was established in 1867 j in the five follow- ing years it was visited by ti'iore than 600,000 persons ; iii 1872 it was open 36 Sundays, 49 Saturday evenings, and 289 w^efc days; the Sun- day visitors numbered 13,064, tlie Saturday evening visitors 12,817, and the week day Visitor^ 119,880, makiiig a' total of 145,761 for the year. The gallery then contained 35 paintings, 4 statues and busts, and 11 collections, more or less extensive, of artistic manufactures iu glass, po'ttery, and metals, owned by the corporation, a large proportion Of which had been presented';' 9 paintings, an interesting series of draw- ings from nature, and a collection of enamels deposited by the Birming- ham and Midland Institute ; and 23 paintings and three collections of Japanese enamels and metal wojjk lent for exhibition by their owners. The library committee in its report for 1872 says : The reading rooms, especially at nigUt, have been greatly crowded daring the year, and the art gallery has also been used by a largely increased number of visitors. Looking to the growing usefulness of all departments of the libraries and of the art gallery,!and to the ajiyaiicing Remands upon their space, the committee regard with much satisfaction the wise and liberal resolution of the town council anthprizing the extension of the libraries and the art gallery. The repoi?t of the Liverpool Free Public Library, Museum, and Gal- lery of Art for the year 1873 contains the, following : , The success of the annual exhibitions of pictures held during two successive years naturally drew attention to the want of a suitable building" where a permanent gal- lery of art might be collected, and the annual exhibitions held without the necessity of disturbing the arrangenlfents of the museum for several mouths in the year, as has , hitherto been the case. An application to the city council for aid to provide a proper building was unsuccessful, but the mayor of the city announced his intention to devote £20,000 for a building. ' i f ■ ' ! - , The same report continues : , , The subcommittee have now the pleasure to report the resultsof the late autumn exhibition of pictures at the Free Library and Museum. , ■ TJie exhibition was opeu^dj .to.the, public from Monday, September 1,, to Saturday, November 29, during .the day, at a charge of Is., and in ^the evening, from Monday October i^, t'o Saturday, irovember 29, at 3(i. The humb'^r of addiissidns by payments ^t the door amounted to 13,318 in the morh- iug and 18,361 in the evening,: makiUg a total of 31,679, besides 523 season tiekbts, and about 10,000 pupils of educational establishtaients of all classes and denominations ad^ niitted gratvii,tpusly. : , ; , xxii Public Libraries ifi' the Unitea amies. The number of works exhibited consisted of 454 oil colors, 563 water colors, 35 pieces of sculpture aud other works of art, forinio^ a total of 1,037. ', ■ i • Of these, 972 were for sale,' and' '271 were' actually sold for sums anioiinting to £7,402 17s. M. ; £787 16», heiiig expended by the corporatidn *iu pictures for the pef- manenfc gallwy^ of art now iii the course of formation. lTh«i total receipts amounted to £1,566 1«. 3(?., leaving a profit of £406 li.- ' ' ; . 'J'he general results of this exhibition have^beeu enopuraging, as the following figures denote, and wlien their nature is examined they are stUl more satisfactory : ' ' ' '' ■ '■ ' ■ •''■.' .!U ,. Daily I , _ 1872. > ■ ■ ' ■ -- average. Day admissions, (ls,,jl2 days at 6(J. each) ... 13, 27,6. . ... . ... .... 90 day8,,.r|. ,,,,-- - H~i'i Evening admissions, (12 nights at Sd) ..... . 9, 618 , .... . ... .. 43 nights ,..^. .^. . . SOOif ... i^''^- Day admissions, tali at Is. each).'. 13, 318.... 1 t8 days .!...' 170??- Evenlig admissions, (iall at 3(i.) 18,361....: 42 nights 4374^/ ^,. : . , AVater Sculp- Oil. color, ture, etc. Worlis exhibited, 1873 :.. i-'^ 4.54 568 35 Works eihibited, 1872 ;.... i.- 4:» 501 29 Increase -,-,,.--f - r- ■- r--r ,, ^4 67 6 The large increase in the number of season tickets, yiz, 523, as against 332 in 1872, demonstrates the existence of a rapid,ly incrpasing section of the public who return again and again to study the pictures carefully, and wW will in time form a body of independent and-cultivated art opinion, the effects of which must be most advan- tageous to' the town. ' ' Hitherto the committee have been somewhat disa,ppointed at the comparative apathy of the artisan class, but this year the attendance in the evenings has been very hope- ful, so much so, indeed, as to ^warrant the expectation that an interest in art may be thoroughly excited, and a knowledge diffused among that class which may be pro- ductive of valuable industrial results. The presence of art gaJleries and museums in Paris has enabled that city, in the absence of most material advantages, to become a large manufacturing centre, owing solely to tlie educated taste of .her artisans. London has, within the last few years, become the seat of art jjianufactures which have in several instances been the direct outgrowth of South Kensington, and which in most cases owe their success to the interest in art it has excited and the opportKnity of study it affords. If Liverpool is to become eventually more than a mere warehous- ing port, any means of attracting such manufactures into her midst should be most anxiously improYcd. The attendance of the artisan class at these exhibitions ! is, therefore, a most important element from an industrial point of view. : In addition to the art gallery tbiag successfully establislj(6d, the Liver- pool Free Library possesses also a valuable museum of natural his- tory, etc. The auuual report of the MuseUin Library and Park Committee of the borough of Salford, for 1873-'?^, shows that there tvere in that year 527,500 visitors to the museum, 800,000 to the park, and that the issue of books belonging to the Central Library and its two branches (contain- ing altogether 53.024 volumes) was 313,389, while the number of readers in the reading and hews rooms was 477,000. Like satisfactory results have followed the joiniiig of art and natural history museums witTi other free libraries in England, and it is believed that similar benefits would accrue from the union of public libraries and museums here. mtroamtion. xxiii « THE , STUDY OF LIBRARY SCIENCE. Considerable space has been devoted, und6r the title of Professorships iof Boo}is and Eeadiug, to the discussion of the question of, a new col- lege professorship the duties of which should be to teach students what and how to read. While this would meet the needs of college students, the much larger constituency of the public libraries would still remain, . as now, generali J' dependent on tlie librarians for advice and direction. Hence, it is clear that the librarian must soon be called upon to assume 'a distinct position, as something more than a mere custodian of books, and the scientific scope and value of his office be recognized and esti- mated in a beqoniing manner. Tp meet the demands that will be made on him he should be granted opportunities for instruction in all the de- partments of library science, . In Germany the importance of this is beginning to be realized, and tte plan of making it a subject of special study in the universities finds advocates. Under the title of The science of library arrangement with a view to a common organization among libraries, and to the special study of library science in German universities, Dr. F. Eullmann, libra- rian of the tTniversity of Freibutg, says:^ It is very desiuable that libraryispieuoe should, more thau lias been the case liltbierto in Germaay, form a subject of discussion at the meetings of librarians, and tbatoueof the points to be discussed should be whether library science is to form a special branch of study at.theuniiSfJESSities. . „, ,, .,, , I^ i,IBRAR'p; 'sCiENCE SHOULD HAVE A COM.MOX ORGANIZATION'. Three points have to be considered in this connection: L'lhe system.— the best authorities agree as to the desirability of a uniform library system for Germany. At-pres.ent' there are-veryfew systems which entirely satisfy the demands of our age. This is not the place,"however, to criticise the faulty systems of various libraries, as they are sufficiently well known. lu creating a good bibliographic system we meet with considerable difficulties, esptecially with regard to the harmonizing of all the theoretical and practical require- ments, so as to combine ascsientific with a convenient arrangement. At present one of the two generally preponderates.. ' It frequently occurs that one and the same work is ranged under twelve different heads in twelve different libraries, which, of course, is very confusing. All this tends to show that it should not be left to the will of every librarian to establish a systerti for his library, but that there Should be a uniform sys- tem throughout the couiltry. ' ' > !• 1 ., M ' ■c- . 1. , : ; In order to produce a uniform system, it is of course necessary that individual views should readiiy submit to the wishes of thg majority. The chief feature of siich a system should be the logical arrangement of the dgtails, withoiit, however, carrying the method of headings and subheadings too far. Smallei: libraries, especially, will be ■ able to'dowitiioiit ih&5fiy of tlie headings required by larger'ones. 2. -TAe catalogue. — The new 'system, of course, presupposes g. rearratigemdnt of the catalogue. We would not advocate absolute uniformity of catalogues, because the results would not be commensurate with the ainount of labor bestowed. It would, . hQwever, be vpCT useful if the "catchwords" iu all the German libraries could, as 1 liie Bibliothekseihtichtungskunde zum Theile einer gemeinsamen 'Organisation, jdie BibliotheksWisseuBchaft als sfllche einem besonderen Universitiitsstudium in Deutschland unterworfen, voR Dr. F. Eullmann, Gustos der Fmiburger Universitiits- bibliothek. Freiburg i. Br., 1874, 28 pp. xxiy Public Libraries in the 'United States. much as possible, be selected and be treated according to a uniform, principle, so as not to let individual opinion be the only guide in the matter. To show how necessary this is, we will only mention, as an instance, the different way, in -which various im- portant questions are answered, e. ,. i , ,i. , . First of all it will satisfactorily settle a ,q;uestion of vital iiiterest to all libraries, viz, regarding suitable selection in the buying of books. Such a study only wiU almost entirely remove the danger of having certain portions of the liliirary favored in an undue degree, both as regards the direct expenditure in liiorifey, aSalsb the indirect expenditui'C by having the librarian's time tot) laiich' occupied b,y special subjects. Such cases have occurred particularly in university libraries? for thesei whether in the hands of " private professors" ^Vdvat-jpoeenUn,) or not, Ijaye always, been, man- aged by specialists, who, as, a general rule, favored their own studies at the expense of the whole library. Such a Study of library yeiento will also hav6 the effect to produce^ much more fre- quently than is tlie case now, works on libraries and Everything counedted with them, which of course will be an immense benefit to library seielltie in general. LIBRARY CONVENTION. ' Iq May; 1853, a call, signed by Professor Jewett and other librariaus, tras publislied, iuvitiDg ''librarians aiul others interested in bibliogra- phy " to meet in convention at Xew York, September 15, 1853, " for the purpose of conferring together upon the; means of advancing the pros- perity and usefulness of public libraries, and for the suggestion and dis- ■cussion of topics of importance to bobk collectors and readers." The convention met at the tiine and place appointed, and remainied in Session tliree days. About eighty librarians (representing libraries containing altogetlier some eight hundred thousand vdluuies) and others interested in bibliographical pursuits were in attendance. The work accomplished was summed up by the editor of Norton's Literary Gazette (October 15, 1853) as follows : Acquaintances have been formed among numerous members of the librarian's profes- sion, who had never seen or corresponded with one another befoie ; an arrangement has been made for the regular interchange of catalogues and reports ; the experience of those who have long had charge of public libraries has been brought before those who are novices in the work, upon a great variety of topics ; the Smithsonian system of cataloguing, which aims at most important changes, has been explained by its •origiuator, and carefully discussed ; facts and statistics concerning a large number of widely scattered institutions have been collected and arranged ; certain new and in- genious inventions for the preservation and exhibition of illustrated works have been introduced to the public ; preliminary steps have been taken for preparing a complete ■librarian's manual ; suggestions have been made in regard to the establishment of popular libraries all over the country ; and measures have been taken to form a libra- rians' association or bibliographical society of a permanent character, the object of which shall be to promote, in every way, the establishment and efficient conduct of collections of books. '' ■ IntroCtuction: xxvii The convention adjourtiecl to ineet at Washington at the call of the committee on permanent organization^ of which Professor Jewett was chairman, but no meeting was i^fterwards held. Twenty-three years have passed; libraries 'have increased in number fivefold, and in influence in a much greater ratio ; all the conditions and necessities that demanded the cooperation of library officers then are more important and urgent now, and others equally requiring to be met have arisen. In view of the magnitude of the interests involved, social, financial, intellectual, and moral, it seems proper and expedient that librarians and others interested in the welfare of libraries should again meet to interchange views, compare methods and the results of experience, and discuss practical questions. In August, 1S75, Mr, Thomas Hale Williams, librarian of the, Minneapolis (Minn.) Atheuseum, wi;ot;e suggesting such a national tueeting,; his suggestions were favored by a number of the leading librarians of- the country, and have recently taken practical form in a preliminary call for a conference of librarians, signed by gen- tleman repteseii'tiiig libraries niimbering in the aggregate more than two million volumes. Three of the signers of the call representing, re- spectively, proprietary, college, and free publiclibraries, were delegates to the convention of 1853, and have been continuously in library service since that time; two in the same libraries they then represented, while the other, the accomplished author of Poole's Index to Periodical Litera- ture, has since successfully organized the two largest free public libra- ries in the West. The proposedjCQUveution will be held at Philadelphia, October 4, 5, 6,1876. • • ,i A LIBRARY JOURNAL, ; Another evidence of a revival of interest in public Jibraries is ^afforded by the proposition to establish a journal to be devoted to the ,4isQ^U;Ssion of practical questions relating, to.the management of public libraries, and thei dissepaination of information regarding them. It is expected that the first number of the American Library Journal, to be published rnpnthly, will appear in September. On. account of the importance of such a journal to the library interests of the country, an abstract of the prospectus of the, American Library Journal is herewith presented. xxviii Public Libraries in the United mates. THE AMERICAN LIBRARY JOURNAL. Pnblished monthly. , MISLVIL DEWKY, AMHERST COLLBGB I,IBR.1.RY, MANAGING EDITOR. Associate editors. Justin Winsor, Bo.'iton Public Library. James L. Whitney, Boston Public Library. Fred. B. Pei-kins, Boston Public Library. Charles A. Cutter, Boston Athenaium. John Fiske, Harvard'Uuiversity Library.' Ezra Abbot, • Harvard University. Reuben A. Guild, Browu University Library W. I. Fletcher, Watkinsou Lilurary. J. Carson Brevoort, Astor Library. H. A. Homes, New York State Library. S. B. Noyes, Brooklyn Mercantile Library. Frederic Vinton, Princeton College Library. Lloyd P. Smith, Philadelphia Library Company. A. R. Spbfford, Library of Congress. John S. BilliiigS, Surgeon-General's Office. Wm.F. Poole, Chicago Public Library. Charles Evans, Iudianai)oUs Public Library. Thomas Vickers, Cincinnati Public Library. Wm. T. Harris, St. Louis. .John Jay Bailey, St. Louis Public School Library. A. E. Whitaker, Mercantile Library, San Francisco. Publisher : F. Leypoldt, 37 Park Row, New York. Prospectus. Extract from the annual report for 1869 of the superintendent of the Public Library of Boston. " We have no schools of bibliographical and bibliotbecal training whose graduates can guide the formation of and assume management within the fast increasing libra- ries of our country, and the demand may, perhaps, never warra,nt their establishment; bnt every library with a fair experielice can afford inestimable instruction to another in its novitiate ; and there have been no duties of my office to which I have given more hearty attention than those that have led to the granting of what we could from OUT experience to the representativeb of other libraries, whether coming with inquiries ■fitting a collection as large as Cincinnati is to establish, or merely seeking such mat- ters as concern the establishment of a village library." To furtlier these and like purposes it is proposed to publish an American Library Journal. The rapid growth of libraries in this country makes such a medium of ex- changing experience vitally necessary, and it will be a means of economizing both time and money. The Jotirnal is meant to be eminently practical, not antiquarian, and the following departments are proposed : Editorials and coritrib'uted papers by specialists on library ecoriottiy, bibliography, classification, construction, and arrangement of library buildings, and litfe topics. Library notes as to statistics of growth and circulation, donations, nevf- enterprises, improvemetits in binding, catalogfting, library fittihgs, shelf arrangement, charging, loan, and returJi of books, regulations, restrictions, etc. Bibliograpliy. — Record of every new catalogiisj report, oV otheir publication beariiig directly On the library interest, ili' any langhage.' The more iuiportant will be re viiewed by specialists. - 1 1 Current periodical literatiire.'-^-Refeieuc^ to or analysis of articles of library interest, ' appearingiuAiiidrlcau or foreign periodicals;' Introduction. xxix Pseudonyms. — A record, of all pseudonyms, anonyms, etc., of which any new informa- tion can he given. CoiTespondence. — Library letters from abroad and from various parts of our own country. ' ' ■ . - , i Notes and queries. — A department that should* be of special value. Questions on any subject coming within the scope of tjjie, journal will be received, and, if possible, an- swered editorially in the next issue. Otherwise they will be referred to readers for reply. Duplicates. — Lists of the more important books offered by the various libraries for sale or exchange. Books wanted. — By purchase or e^chanire. Situations. — Addresses of librariaus and cataloguers desiring engagements, and of libraries needing such services. Jnnual index. — A complete index to each volume of the American Library Jourual, which will form a finding list of all topics of l.ibrary interest during the year. The Journal, containing about 32 pages small quarto, will be issued every month from the office of the Pulilifshers' Weekly, 37 Park Row, New York,. The managing editor's office is at 13 Tremout Place, Boston, where it seemed desirable that th§ journal should be chiefly edited, that the fullest advantage might be taken of the daily expe- rience of the justly famed libraries and librarians, of that yipinlty. The time chosen for starting the Journal seems very opportune, especially since it follows closely the publication of the Special Report, on Public Libraries in tl|e United States, issued by the United States Buresna, of, Educatipn. The real object ,9f the Journal is, in fact, to form a periodical supplement to this work. The active cooperation of librarians, by ■way of subscription, as well as by contributions, communications, etc., is earnestly so- licited. • ( , , Libraries are especially requested to send to the managing editor of the Journal copies of new catalogues, annual reports, regulations, etc. Scraps or notices of articles, reviews, notes in local papeifs, or any other inforiiiation concerning library interests, will also be thankfully received. In connection with the American Library (Journal it is proposed to form a collec- tion of everything of special interest to librariaus for common reference and use by all contributing to it. For this purpose it is requested that every library send to the managing editor of the Journal two copies of every blank, form, card, slip, cata- logue, or anything portable that it may use in its administration, and is willing to contribute ; one set to bei arranged by libraries, showir(g as completely as possible the methods and catalogues of each library by itself; the other under classification show- ing the various methods used by diiferent 1 ibraries in the same work, e. g., all the differ- ent catalogue cards that are in use in different libraries. The specimens sent should all be marked with the date, cost, aufi manner lOf using; and if, after practical trial, aiiy improvement can be suggested to other libraries using a similar form or appliance, this should also be added. This collection, like the Journal itself, is, something to which all should cordially contribute, and from which all may freely draw. The printing of accurate titles of new books in snch a way that they can be used for the card catalogues of libraries in general, at a slight expense, is an important field for cooperation. The early completion of Poole's Index to Periodical Literature and ar- rangements for annual or monthly supplements, the preparation of a guide to the special collectioris and rare and valuable, books in the libraijies of the United States for the purpose of special research and study, and other enterprises of similar character a.nd intent, are among the purposes which it is hoped to accomplish through the agency of this journal in securing the cooperation of all interested in library work. The circulation of such a journal being necessarily limited, the subscription price, in order to put the enterprise on a safe footing, must be made $f) for the first year; To insure its success will require the hearty cooperation of librarians in pecuniary as well as literary support. Subscriptions should be addressed to F. Leypoldt, 37 Park Row New York; inquiries and other communications to Melvil Dewey, 13 Tremout Place, Boston. XXX Public Libraries in tlie Umtea aiauis. It may be reasonably expected that, conducted in accordance with the plan above described, under the direction of the gentlemen named, and receiving, as it doubtless will, the hearty support and cooperation of active librarians and educators throughout the country, the Library Journal will flud a wide field and abundant opportunities for usefulness. COOPEEATITB CATALOGUES AND INDEXES.' A farther illustration of awakened interest, and of the desire to effect cooperation in library work and bring the librarians of different libraries into more intimate relations, is found in the propositions of Professor Robinson and Mr. Winsor in this country, and of a writer in the Academy in England, to economize the labor and expense of cata- loguing and indexing, by associated effort on the part of publishers and librarians of different libraries and countries. These propositions are noticed'in detail elsewhere in this report.- The following brief notices of public libraries in the countries above named will, it is thought, be of interest to Americans. They comprise all the trustworthy information on the subject that has been found available. Dominion of Canada. Ontario. — Within the past twenty-five years Canada has shared in the general-growth of public libraries. A brief account of the excellent school library system of the province of Ontario will be found in Chap- ter II, pp. 57-58. According to the report of the chief superintendent of education of that province, there were, in 18^74, 1,334 libraries of this class, containing in all 266,046 volumes. An examination of the revised catalogue published by the depart- ment of education shows that great care has been exercised in the choice of books, and that a judicious selection from it would form an excellent library in all departments of literature for adults as well as for pupils in the public schools. According to the same report, there were also in the province lO.'J other public libraries, not including those of Sunday schools, contain- ing in all 142,733 volumes, making an aggregate of 1,427 public libra- ries, -with 408,778 volumes. ^Meftec— The following extract from a letter of the secretary of the minister of public instruction of the province of Quebec, dated March 8, 1875, shows the number and extent of public libraries in that province : ' In a letter daoed August 4, 1876, Professor Robinson writes : •' 1 may add that I have the honor to be chairmiiD of a committee recently appointed at the convocation of the regents in Albany, by the college officers of this State, to devise a general plan on which the colleges may unite in cataloguing and indexing. I hope something may b& done in this direction." 2 See pp. 513, 514. Introduction. . xxxi From the best informatiou we can obtain there are 612 libraries, divided as follows : '- ' ^Number. Volumes. Pa,rish, Jibraries -,,..rr a 160 92,967 UniveTsities.-f, ,. ^ .3 53,500 Coil6ges,'Cafholio '.. .'..... .'J...... .'...' 12 8:1,624 Colleges! P'r6testaut . '. '.-. }'. '11 ''}-. L ... . . !'. . L'. I . J : ." 4 2, OOa Industrial colleges, Catholiq 15 29, 244 Industrial colleges, Protestant 1 70 Normal sobools, ..,,-..; ,., , 3 7,850 Academies for boys, and mi^^ed. Catholic 43 7,016 Academies for boys, and mixed, Protestant 29 2,267 Academies for girls. Catholic 66 33,923 Model schools. Catholic 233 22,005 Model schools, Protestant..... r 43 2,720 Totar ..'.,.. 612 337,186 If we add to this the library of the local parliament, that of the department of public instruction, and a certain number belonging to the different literary societies, which cannot be les^ than 100,000 volumes, and which are more or less open to the public,, we have a total of 437,186 volumes. The educational reports of the other provinces of the Dominion do not afford specific information in regard to libraries. Mexico. The sketch of the public libraries of Mexico, prepared by Fernando 0. Willett, esq., secretary United States legation, Mexico, was kirid'lj' furnished by Hon. J. W. Foster, Anierican minister to that republic. The following exhibits the number of states in the republic which have public libra- ries, the number of volumes in each state, and the total number of volumes : Aguas- Calienttfs, 1,400 ; Campeche, 2,024; Chiapas, 3,758; Durango, 5,022 1 Guanajuato, 11,382 ; Jalisco, 22,000; Mexico, 8,904; Michoacan, 12,038; Oajaca, 12,922; Puebla, 24,821; Queretaro, 10,130 ; San Luis Potpsi, 2,624 ; Yera CiTuz, a library, but not reported ; Tu- catan, 1,143; Zacatecas, 10,000; Federal District, 106,700; making a total of 234,86& volumes. It will thus be seen that of the 29 states and territories of the republic only 16 have any public libraries at all, and respecting those which do exist it should be noted that only a small proportion of the boolrs which they report: are of modern dates or of any great value ex;cept to the antiquarian and hjgtpriau, the great majority of them having been obtained from the old ecclesip,stical libraries of the, closed churches and convents. There are doubtless among these old collections rare copies of valuable works from which something may be realized for the purchase of modern books, but the great bulk of these coUeotious from the convents and churches consists of the religious writings of priests and monks, the value of which almost entirely departed with the age that produced them. The principal library in the republic is the , BIBLIOTEOA JSIACIOXAL. A visit to this library, and an interview with the courteous librarian, Don Joaquin Cardoso, elicited the following facts respecting, its origin and present condition : Previous to the promulgation of the la ws of reform there existed in the City of Mex- ico the cathedral and university libraries and those of the convents. After the triumph of the liberal party the :governnient cam* into possession of these libraries, and steps- were at once taken to unite them into one, as the basis of a grand national library ; but not until the year 1867 was any definite plan to this end inaugurated. In that year xxxii Public Libraries in the United States. the fine old church of Sau Agustiu-was taken possession of as a library building, and the work of refitting it for its new use was begun. The sum of iiiil42,714 has Ijeen appropriated for this purpose, and when completed it will be one of the finest buildings of its kind on the continent. The work, however, progresses very slowly, and no one, I believe, ventures to predict when it will be finished. In the mean time the large chapel adjoining the church is being used as a library building, where the books are collected, and the work of classification and cataloguing is slowly progressing. It is estimated that there are in all something' over 100,000 volumes, but these for the most part are of the character above referred to ; and there being several religious libraries thrown together in the collection, there are, as might be expected, a great many dupli- cates. Some fifteen or twenty young men were consulting books in the reading room when I called, and, as an indication of the increasing improvement in the reading habits of the people, the librarian stated that two years ago, when he first became connected with the management, only four or five would call daily, and they generally ouly^to read the papers or trashy novels. Now the attendance averages over fifty daily, and the demand for scientific, historical, and the better class of literary works is steadily on the increase. For the last four years the sum of $4,000 has been annually appropriated by congress for the purchase of new books, but only a small portion of this sum has been actually expended, as it is not deemed best to increase materially the number of books until the new building is ready for their reception. By law two copies of evei;y work published in Mexico must be presented to this library. CINCO DE MAYO LIBRAltV. This is the only other public library in the city of Mexico, and is under the manage- ment of the Lancasterian Society. In the society's report for the last year the follow- ing reference is made to this library : " It is open to the public every day from 8 in the morning until 10 at night, and is constantly attended by persons from all classes of society, but principally by artisans and poor scholars from the national schools, who being in want of text books, are able to procure the use of them in the popular library This establishment received during the year 1^73 donations of books not only from the members of the Lancasterian Society, but from various other persons, among whom the Messrs. Appleton, of New York, had the goodness to send to the popular library a generous contribution of works of the highest utility." Nearly all the periodicals of the country are found here, but no foreign ones. LITBKARY AND SCIENTIFIC SOCIETIES. There are in the republic seventy-three associations of this character, of which twenty-nine are scientific, twenty-one literary, twenty devoted to the cultivation of arts, and three mixed. The most important of all is perhaps the Society of Geography and Statistics. This society was established in 1851, and comprises among its active members many of the leading scholars of the country. It holds its sessions every Sat- urday, and its discussions cover a much wider range of subjects than the title of the society would indicate, embracing, besides the mere subjects of geography and statis- tics, the various topics of history and science. In the fine building where the meetings are held are the museum and excellent library of the society, the latter being more rich in scientific and historical works than any other in the country. The government annually appropriates $6,000 to defray the expenses of a keeper of the archives, clerk, janitor, and the publication of the society's bulletin. PEKIODICAL LITERATURE. The periodical publications in the republic during the year 1874 amounted to 168, of which 18 were scientific; 9, literary; 2, artistic; 26, religious, and 118, political. Of these there belong to the city of Mexi3o alone 12 scientific, 3 literary, 4 religious, Introduction. xxxiii and 35 political publications, fourteen of the latter being rlaily papers, though it should be noted that these dailies are all small, not specially noted for the collection and pub. lication of news, and resorting very little to theuseof the telegraph,whioh now extends to most of the states of the republic. The press association as it exists jn the United States is an institution unknown in Mexico, and there is but one steam printing press in the republic. Bras:il. The following inforniatiou resiaectiflg' the libraries of Brazil is drawn from an official report entitled The Empire of Brazil at the Universal Exhibition of 1876, in Philadelphia. The most important library iu Brazil is the National Public Library, situated at the imperial capital, which numbers more than 120,000 printed volumes, besides valuable collections of manuscripts, maps, charts, and national and foreign newspaper's. Of the five main sections or departments into which the library is divided, that of theology numbers 15,000 volumes ; that of history, biography, and voyages, 24,000 volumes ; that of science, (moral, politi- cal, and physical,) 39,000 volumes; that of belles-lettres, 16,000 volumes ; that of Greek and Latin classics, 4,000 Volumes ; that of arts and trades, about 3,500 volumes ; that of periodical and miscellaneous literature makes up the remainder. The library is free to the public, and is open six days in the week, from 9 a. ra. to 2 p. m., and from 6 to 9 p. m. From 1,000 to 1,300 per- sons use the library monthly. Prior to 1873 the yearly grant for the maintenance and increase of the library amounted to £2,500 ; in 1873 the grant for these purposes was increased to £6,785. At the capital of the empire there are many libraries belonging either to public educational institutions or to associations and religious com- munities, the principal of which, are the following : The library of the Faculty of Medicine, 17,317 volumes; the Marine Library, 19,000 vol- umes ; Library of the Polytechnic School, 6,000 volumes; Library of the Military School, 2,100 volumes ; the National Museum Library, 8,000 volumes ; Library of tie' Academy of Fine Arts, 1,000 volumes; Library of the Imperial Blind Institute, over 1,000 voltimes; Portuguese Bead- ing Ropin Library, 52,000 volumes ; Library Fluminense, 42,000 volumes ; British Literacy Club Library, 6,219 volumes; Germania Association Library, 5,781 volumes; Historical, Geographical, and Ethnographical Brazilian In'stitUte,' 6,841 volumes; St. Benedict's Monastery, 8,000 volumes; tlie Municipal Library, 14,500 ypluraes. In the several prov- ince^ .of the empire there are many important libraries, some of which have been recently establislied under the name of " popular libraries." . According to the official document named, the aggregate number of volumes in all the libraries of the empire which are accessible to the public is 460,272. In 1875, the libraries were attended by 85,044 per- sons. , . . E — 111 xxxiv Public Libraries in the United States. ]S"ot only goVernmenD, but private individuals continue to evinne solicitude in the establishment of libraries, not only in the capital, but in all the provinces of the empire. Japan. As a vivid illustration of the spread of western ideas in regard to popular etlucation among the nations of the East, the free public library recently established at Tokio, in Japan, deserves to be mentioned. For the following brief account of this library we are indebted to the kindness of our countryman, Hon. David Murray, Ph. D., LL. D., super- intendent of educational affairs in the department of education of the empire of Japan : I think this library i8 the iirst in Japan in whicli foreign boolis were to constitute a feature. It is designed to comprise books in Japanese and Cliiuese, and in European languages. It is a public library, open to all persons, native or foreign, who may desire to cou- iuilt it. In general, the books are not to be taken from the building ; but certain speci- fied classes may, under the sanction of the minister of education, be permitted to borrow from the library. It is in the city of Tokio, (Yedo,) and is now temporarily bestowed in the ancient temple of Confucius, "which, although probably the most beautifnl building in Tokio, is not specially adapted to the purposes of a library. It was founded by the Mombnsho (department of education) and opened to the public iu ldT5. The nucleus of the col- lection of foreign books was the private library purchased from Hon. Mori-Arinori, formerly the representative of Japan in the United States. By purchase, donation, and otherwise, the foreign department has largely increased. The Japanese and Chinese department has been obtained chiefly Jroni donation by departments of the government and wealthy families. I estimate the foreign collection now to contain, say, G,000 volumes, and the Japanese and Chinese, say, 4,000 volumes. A small annual allowance is made for the support and increase of tlie library. Ex- traordinary grants will be made from time to time. The management of the library is in the hands of a bureau of the department of education. CONCLUSION. It is not to be expected that a report covering so long a period of time, and treating of a subject regarding which so little definite information could be obtained from the labors of other investigators, will be com- plete and perfectly accurate ; but it may be fairly claimed that this work, prepared as it has been with painstaking research and attention to accuracy in details of lesser as well as greater importance, may be accepted with a considerable degree of confidence, at least so far as statements of fact are concerned.' Every one who has pursued a sim- ' On pages 446 and 447 of this report it is stated that the shares of the Social Library of Casting, Me., became the property of the town in 1827. That statement, made on the authority of the present librarian, is, it appears, incorrect. He states, in a Iptter dated August 2, 1876, that the town did not establisli a public library until March, 18.5.->, the year subsequent to the enactment of the state law authorizing the establishment of free town libraries. This information was, unfortunately, received too late for tlie correction of the error iu the proper place, and necessitates this explauatiou. Introdtidion. xxxv ilar investigation of any subjei^t knows how elusive tacts are when ob- scured by the mists of a hundred, fifty, or even twenty-five years ; how difticult the verification of a date a half-century old ; how unsafe a tra- dition or reminiscence of an event antedating the inquiry by even a few vears. t It will be observed that on several subjects, as cataloguing and novel reading, different opinions are expressed by different contributors ; but as the contrariety in each case respects questions that are still unset- tled and matters of discussion, it is thought quite i)roper that all sides should be heard. There is also necessarily some repetition, resulting from the intimate relations of certain subjects assigned to different con- tributors, who prepared their papers without opportunities for consulta- tion with each other. Usually the texts of both or all have been re- tained, either because each possesses distinctive features of its own, or because the importance of the subject justifies reiteration. In the editorial chapters, the endeavor has been to state facts and the conclusions they apxjear to justify with as little comment as practicable ; and in the presentation of statistics, the temptation to " estimate " and " approximate " has been steadily resisted. In no table of statistics in the work does a figure or other item appear that is not substantiated by what in our judgment is the most trustworthy evidence procurable. To the official acknowledgments made elsewhere for assistance and advice in the preparation of this report, the editors desire to add their personal thanks. S. E. WARREN, S. N. CLARK, Editors. CHAPTER I. PUBLIC LIBRARIES A HUNDRED YEARS AGO. BY HORACE E. SCUDDEE. Resources for literary culture a century ago— Proprietary akd subscrip- tion LIBRARIES — College libraries — Parish libraries. In taking account of the present state of society and education in our country as compared with conditions a hundred years ago, one of the most suggestive points of comparison is in what may be called the im- mediate resources of literary culture. Although true culture can never be attained except by the foregoing of indulgence in meaner pleasures, yet it almost seems as if the day had gone by in the more closely in- habited parts of our country when the obstacles in the way of book- learning required to be overcome by extraordinary means. In our principal cities and large towns there are free libraries ; bookstores dis- play not only American books but fresh importations constantly from England and the continent, while magazines and newspapers of general or special character are made accessible to the poorest person living in the remotest hamlet. Moreover the business connected with the pro- duction and distribution of literature has become so important an in- dustry that reading is forced upon the notice of people, and by new sys- tems of dealing, the customer for books and periodicals is not waited for but sought out. A hundred years ago the country was not only sparsely settled, but communication between the different portions was irregular and infre- quent; there was no highly organized postal system to act as an ex- press from the publisher to his remotest customer; the large towns themselves were very imperfectly supplied with bookstores and print- ing ofiices, and education was much more confined than at present to certain classes of society. The idea of a free public library could hardly find general acceptance until the idea of free public education had be- come familiar to men's minds, and the libraries existing at the time of the Eevolution were necessarily representative of the existing state of public opinion on the subject of culture. They were, with scarcely an exception, either connected directly with 'institutions of learning or the outgrowth of associations of gentlemen having tastes and interests in common. EXPEEIENCB OP FRANKLIN. Perhaps nothing could make this clearer than to recite the experience of Benjamin Franklin, who easily represents for us the poor boy of the lE ■ 2 Public Libraries in the Umtea imitates. period, with a mind quick in its appetite for literary knowledge, and the sagacious citizen whose perception of the wants of his countrymen would lead him to take measures to satisfy them. In what be did not, as well as in what be did, may be read the condition of the most advanced pub- lic sentiment in his time. "From a child," he tells us in his autobi- ography,! (II Vas fond of reading, and all the little money that came into my hands was ever laid out in books. Pleased with the Pilgrim's Progress, my first collection was of John Banyan's works in separate little volumes. I afterward sold them to enable me to buy E. Ohurton's Historical Collections ; they were small chapmen's books and cheap, forty or fifty in all. My father's little library consisted chiefly of books in polemic divinity, most of which I read, and have since often regretted that, at a time when I had such a thirst for knowledge, more proper books had not fallen in my way, since it was now resolved I should not be a clergyman. Plutarch's Lives there was in which I read abundantly, and I still think that time spent to great advantage. There was also a book of De Foe's, called an Essay on Projects, and another of Dr. Ma- ther's, called Essays to do Good, which perhaps gave me a turn of thinking that had an influence on some of the principal future events of my life." This bookish inclination, he adds, determined his father to make him a printer, and he was accordingly apprenticed to his elder brother James. " I now had access, " he continues,^ " to better books. An acquaintance with the apprentices of booksellers enabled me some- times to borrow a small one, which I was careful to return soon and clean. Often I sat up in my room reading the greatest part of the night, when the book was borrowed in the evening and to be returned early in the morning, lest it should be missed or wanted. And after some time an ingenious tradesman, Mr. Matthew Adams, ■who had a pretty collection of books, and who frequented onr printing-house, took notice of me, invited me to his library and very kindly lent me such books as I chose to read Aboutthis time I met with an odd volume of the Spectator. It was the third. Ihadnever before seen any of them. I bought it, read it over and over, and was much delighted with it. . . . And now it was that, being on some occasion made ashamed of my igno- rance in figures, which I had twice failed in learning when at school, I took Cocker's book of arithmetic, and went through the whole by my- self with great ease. I also read Seller's and Shermy's books of Naviga- tion, and became acquainted'with the little geometry they contain, but never proceeded far in that science ; and 1 read about this time Locke on the Human Understanding and the Art of Thinking, by Messrs. du Port Koyal." These memorabilia of Franklin indicate sufliciently the resources ^Tbe Life of Benjamin Franklin, written by himself: now first edited from original manuscripts and from his printed correspondence and other writings. By John Big- elow. Philadelphia, 1875, vol. 1, p. 105. nbid.,p. 107. Public Libraries a Hundred Years Ago. 3 which a bright boy of the time— the first quarter of the last century — had iu Boston. , A few theological books in his father's library, the use of a book now and then from the bookstore, the chance of borrowing ■from a "pretty (Jollection of books," and the occasional purchase of a book which was mastered and turned inside out by use, as in the case of the odd volume of the Spectator, which served him, as he tells us, for a copy-book in his attempts at producing literature — these were his lit- erary resources. He was about seventeen years old when he left Boston and began that striking career which has especially identified him, so far as his fame and his influence had local bounds, with the city of Philadelphia. It was by chance, seemingly, that he went there. One printer only was in Ifew York at the time, and he had no employment for him, but told him that the recent death of a young man in Philadelphia had left a vacancy in a printing ofiice there, and, consequently, Franklin ex- tended his journey to that town. It gives us a lively notion of the slight place which literature held in the economy of the time, when we discover that, in 1723, there was but one printer in New York and two only in . Philadelphia, both of these poorly qualified for their .business, one being illiterate though bred to the business, and the other something of a scholar but ignorant of press-work. Perhaps an even more significant commentary is in the incident related by Franklin of his return to Philadelphia the next year, when he had been to Boston and had brought back with him his books, together with those of his friend Collins, "a pretty collection of mathematics and natural philoso- phy." Franklin brought the books with him in a sloop by which he traveled from Boston to New York. " The then governor of New York," he relates,^ "Burnet, (son of Bishop Burnet,) hearing from the captain that a young man, one of his passengers, had a great many books, desired hS would bring me to see him. I waited upon him ac- cordingly, and should have taken Collins with me but that he was not sober. The governor treated me with great civility, showed me his library, which was a very large one, and we had a good deal of conver- sation about books and authors. This," he adds complacently, " was the second governor who had done me the honor to take notice of me, which, to a poqr boy like me, was very pleasing." THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY AND THE PHILADELPHIA LIBRAEY. It was about six years after this, when Franklin was fairly established in Philadelphia as a printer, that his interest in philosophy and litera- ture led him to combine with certain associates to form a debating soci- ety, called " The Junto," which grew into the American Philosophical Society, and also was the cause of the establishment of what he calls 'Ibid., p. 138. 4 Public Libraries in the United states. " the mother of all the North American subscriptiou libraries." ' His account^ of the origin of the library is interesting for the picture it gives of the period : At the time I established myself iu Philadelphia, there was not a good bookseller's shop iu any of the colonies to the southward of Boston. In New York and Philadel- phia, the printers were indeed stationers ; they sold only paper, etc., almanacs, ballads, and a few common school-books. Those who loved reading were obliged to send for their books from England ; the members of the Junto had each a few. We had left the ale-house, where we first met, and hired a room to hold oUr club in. I proposed that we should all of vfs bring our books tff that room, where they would not only be ready to consult in our conferences, but become a common benefit, each of us being at liberty to borrow such as he wished to read at home. This was accordingly done and for some time contented us. . . . The number was not so great as we expected ; and though they had been of great use, yet some iucouvenieuces occurring for want of due care of them, the collection, af.er about a year, w£is separated, and each took his books home again. And now I set ou foot my first project of a public nature, that for a subscription library. ... I drew a sketch of the plau and rules that would be necessary, and got a skillful conveyancer, Mr. Charles Brockdeu, to put the whole in form of articles of agreement to be subscribed, by which each subscriber engaged to pay a certain sum down for the first purchase of books, and an annual contribution for increasing them. So few werethereadersjat that time in Philadelphia, and the majority of us so poor, that I was not able, with great industry, to find more thau fifty persons, mostly young trades- men, willing to pay down for this purpose forty shillings each, and ten shillings per an- num. On this little fund we began. The books were imported ; the library was open one day in the week for lending to the subscribers, on their promissory notes to pay double the value if not duly returned. The institution soon manifested its ability, was imi- tated by other towns, and in other provinces. The libraries were augmented by do- nations ; reading became fashionable ; and our people having no public amusements to divert their attention from study, became better acquainted with books, and in a few years were observed by strangers to be better instructed and more intelligent thau people of the same rank generally are iu other countries. In 1732 the first books were received from London, arrangements for settling the bills having been made with Peter Collinson, mercer, in Gracious street, London. This gentleman took a lively interest in the matter, and himself added two books, which he accompanied with the following letter :^ London, Juhj 22, 1732. Gextlemex : I am a stranger to most of you but not to your laudable design to erect a public library. I beg your acceptance of my mite, Sir Isaac Newton's Philosophy and Philip Miller's Gardener's Dictionary. It will be an instauce of your candour to accept the intention and good will of the giver and not regard the meaunoss of the gift. I wish you success, and am, with much respect, yours, PETER COLLINSON. The books were at first kept in the chamber of Eobert Grace, one of Franklin's friends, and an associate iu establishing the library. A libra- rian was in attendance an hour on Wednesday and two hours on Satur- day, and he was allowed to permit, as the record shows, "any civil gentleman to peruse the books of the library in the library room but ' Ibid., p. 208. 2 Ibid., p. 2i0. 'Notes for a history of the Libraty Company of Philadelphia, [by W. Smith] published in Waldie's Portfolio. Philadelphia, 1835. Part ii, p. 100. (Sept. 26 ) ' Puhlic Libraries a Hundred Years Ago. 5 not to lend or to sufifer to be taken out of the library, by any persoa ■who is not a subscribing member, any of the said books, Mr. James Logan only excepted." ' The exception is a notable one, Mr. Logan being at the time a Friend, advanced in years, who had been secretary to William Penn, and having a high reputation as a man of learning and a collector of books, had been consulted by the young associates as to> the choice of their books. Joseph Breiutnall, Philip Syng, and Benjamin Franklin were afterward presented with the freedom of the company, that is, excused from paying the yearly contribution; Breintnall for his trouble as secretary six years, Syrig for engraving the seal, and Franklin for printing notices each two years. Something of the simplicity of the early years ot the library may be discovered in the entries which appear in the records shortly after the formation. Thus we read that, "one of the subscribers having some weeks ago brought to the library a book for the directors to see, and^ buy if they pleased, belonging to a gentleman lately from London, who' is a transient person, the committee this night agreed to buy it for the library, and ordered the librarian to pay the price of fifteen shillings for it, that being less than a cent on the fii'St cost, and the book undefaced. To be paid out of money received for forfeitures or penalties from bor- rowers of books delinquent. 'Tis a Voyage to the South Seas and along the coast of Chili and Peru in the years 1712, 13, and 14, by Mons. Fre- zier, in folio, with thirty -seven copper cuts, and well printed and bound on good paper.'" On the 12th of March, 1733, William Eawle presented "six volumes or books of the works of Mr. Edmund Spenser;" whereat the worthy secretary observes, after stating that the directors kindly received this gift for the company, "the famous old English poem called Spenser's Fairy Queen is included in these works.'" THE UNION, ASSOCIATION, AND A3IICABLE LIBRARY COMPANIES MERGED IN THE PHILADELPHIA LIBRARY. In 1740 the books were removed to the upper room of the western- most office of the State-house, the use of which had been granted to the company by the assembly. One more removal was made in 1773 to the second floor of Carpenters' Hall, where the library remained until the present building was erected. The comirany was regularly incorporated in 1742, and by its general prosperity and its excellent management gradually drew to itself other collections of books. Thus in 1769 the Union Library Company, in 1771 the Association Library Company and the Amicable Company were merged in the Philadelphia Library Com- pany as the institution was called. These libraries were established sub- sequently to the Philadelphia Library, and were indeed suggested by it. TI-IE LOGANIAN LIBRARY. A moreimportantjunction,however, wasthatof theLoganiau Library, which still forms an important and individTial part of the library. James 1 Ibid., p. 100. 6 Public Libraries in the United States. Logan, whom the young tradesmen had consalted when they began their adventure, had himself a valuable private library, especially rich in classical and foreign works, which he had been fifty years gathering. The character and value of these books may be inferred from the fol- lowing extract from Mr. Logan's will : In my library, wbicb I have left to the city of Philadelphia for the advancement and facilitating of classical learning, are above one hundred volumes of authors, in folio, all in Greek, with mistly their versions. All the Roman classics without exception. All the Greek mathematicians, viz, Archimedes, Euclid, Ptolemy, both his geography and almagest, which I had in Greek, (withTheon's commentary, in folio, above 700 pages) from my learned friend Fabricius, who published fourteen volumes of his Bibliotheque Grecque, iij quarto, in which after he had finished his account of Ptolemy on n)y in- quiring of him at Hamburgh, how I should find it, having long sought for it in vain in England, he sent it to me out of his own library telling me it was so scarce, that neither prayers nor price could purchase it : besides there are many of the most valu- able Latin authors, and a great number of modern mathematicians, with all the three editions of Newton, Dr. Watts, Halley, etc. What a pleasing glimpse this allows us of the book-hunter and the book-reader as well. He found time to play a little with literature, and when about sixty years old made a translation of Cicero's tract De Seneetute, enriched with notes, which Franklin printed ten years after- ward, himself furnishing a preface. He proposed to erect this collec- tion into a public library, and accordingly, in 1745, conveyed a lot of ground on the west side of Sixth street, between Chestnut and Walnut streets, with a building,' and some three thousand books to trustees for this purpose, at the same time placing certain rents in their hands to defray the expenses of a librarian and to increase the library. He afterward canceled the deed and began the preparation of another, but died before he completed it. After his death, his widow and heirs made a trust-deed, carrying out his wishes. By this deed it was pro- vided " that there should be a perpetual successiou of trustees, part of whom should be of the descendants of James Logan, preferring the male line to the female, as long as any of his descendants remained ; that one of his male descendants, taken in priority of birth, and prefer- ring the male line to the female line, should be librarian of the said public library, with a power of employing deputies; that the library should be opened for the public use of the citizens, and that books might be borrowed thereout under certain restrictions."^ This, we be- lieve, is the only case in America where a public office is hereditary. A younger brother of James Logan, Dr. William Logan, of Bristol, England, collected many books, which fell to the possession of James Logan's son William, who added to the number, and bequeathed ihem, some thir- ' On page 7 will be found a view of this building, the lirst in the United States devoted to the uses of a public library. — Editors. 2 Catalogue of the Books belonging to the Logan'ian Library, to which is prefixed a short account of the Institution, with the law for .-lunexiug the said library to that belonging to the Library Company of Philadelphia, and the Rules regulating the manner of conducting the same. Philadelphia, 1795, p. vi. Lou-AXi AX lij;i;ai:y, i7-i:-5u Public Libraries a Hundred Years Ago. 9 teen hundred volumes, to the library of which he had been librarian, in accordance with the terms of the trust. After his death, however, in 1776, the library remained closed for several years, and finally, in 1792, the only surviving trustee, of those originally appointed, James Logan, at Franklin's suggestion, applied to the legislature of Pennsylvania to vest the property in the Library Company, This was accordingly done by an act which provided that the books should be kept separate, and that one of the trustees should continue to be a descendant of James Logan, but the librarianship was not so restncted, the ofBce passing into the control of the Philadelphia Library Company. The Loganian Library, as we have seen, was chiefly a library for scholars, but the origin of the Philadelphia Library had the effect to make its books read by all classes. There is a small volume of letters,'^ published in 1774, written by Eev. Jacob Duch6, an Episcopal clergy- man, residing in Philadelphia, in which the writer says : " You would be astonished at the general taste for books which prevails among all orders and ranks of people in this city. The librarian (of the City Library) assured me that for one person of distinction and fortune there' were twenty tradesmen that frequented this library.^ In another letter he says : There is less distinction among tlie citizens of Philadelphia than among those of any other civilized city in the world Literary accomplishments here meet with deserved applanse. But such is the prevailing taste for hoolis of every kind, that almost every man is a reader ; and by pronouncing sentence, right or wrong, upon the various publications that come in his way, puts himself upon a level, In point of knowledge, with their several authors. ' The character of the books at first composing the Philadelphia Library may be guessed to have reflected to a considerable degree Franklin's own taste. He printed a catalogue in 1741, and afterward, without date, but presumably within a few years, a list of " books added to the library since 1741." These two catalogues, which have no other arrange- ment than the mechanical division of books into folio, quarto, octavo, and duodecimo, show very simply, within certain limits, the class of books most in vogue at that time in Philadelphia. Of theological books and controversial tracts there is scarcely one. There is rather a small allowance of books in polite literature; but travels, science, iihilosophy, natural history, and especially the mechanic arts, are well represented. History makes a good show, but politics is not very prominent; A single page in the catalogue is devoted to a short account of the library, probably by Franklin, in which there is held out an inducement to sub- scribe to the stock. A share, it declares, " is now valued at £6 10s. But for this small sum, which, laid out in books, would go but a little , \ i -_ ' Observations on a variety of subjects, literary, moral, and religious ; in a series of Original Letters written by a gentleman of foreign extraction who resided some time in Philadelphia. Revised by a Friend, to whose hands the manuscript was committed for publication. Philadelphia, 1774. 2Ibid., p. 11. =Ibid., p. 29-30. 10 Public Libraries in the United States. way, every member has the use of a Library, now worth upwards of £o(!0, whereby knowledge is in this city rendered more cheap and easy to become at, to the great pleasure and advantage of the studious part -of the inhabitants. It is now ten years since the company was first established; and we have the pleasure of observing, That tho' 'tis compos'd of so many Persons of different Sects, Parties and ways of Thinking, yet no Differences relating to the affairs of the Library have arisen among us; but every Thing has been conducted with great Har- mony, and to general Satisfaction. Which happy Circumstance will, we hope, always continue." ^ The character of the library at a later period may be inferred from the correspondence which passed between the committee on importation and their London agents in 1783, when, after an enforced restraint of nine years, the library resumed its collecting. Iq their letter accompanying a remittance of £200, the committee say : " We shall confide entirely iu your judgement to procure us such books of modern publication as will be proper for a public library, and though we would wish to mix the utile with the dulce, we should not think it expedient to add to our present stock anything in the novel way ;'' ^ a principle of selection which has largely governed since. The Philadelphia Library passed through the scenes of the Eevolu- tion without suffering any special detriment. Fears, indeed, were enter- tained for it, and an attempt was twice made, without effect, to call a general meeting for the purpose of empowering the directors to remove the books and effects of the company in case of an emergeacy. Both of, the opposing parties had the benefit of the , library. In August, 1774, it was, upon motion, ordered " that the librarian furnish the gen- tlemen who are to meet in congress in this city, with such books as they may have occasion for during their sitting, taking a receipt from them;"^ and the British army officers who occupied the city during the winter of 1777-'78 were in the habit of using the library, but invaria- bly paid for the privilege. At the close of the war the number of books was about five thousand. PHILADELPHIA LIBUAKY BUILDING. The library was housed in its present quarters in 1790, the first stone of the edifice being laid August 31, 1789. A tablet was prepared and inserted in the building bearing this inscription : Be it remembered iu lionor of the Philadelpliia youth (then chiefly arti6cers) that in MD CO XXX I. they cheerfully, at the instance of Benjamin Franklin ' A Catalogue of books belonging to the Library Company of Philadelphia. Philadel- phia, 1741, p. 56. 'Smith's notes, in Waldie's Portfolio, p. 102. = Ibid, p. 102. Public Libraries a Hundred Years Ago. 11 ' : one of , their number, instituted the Philadelphia Library which, though small at first, is become highly valuable and extensively useful, and Which the walls of this edifice are now destined to contain and preserve : ( the first stone of whose foundation was here placed the thirty-first day of August 1789. The inscrii)tioii wks prepared by Franklin, with the exception of the reference to himself, which was inserted by the committee. The refer- ence was. deserved, thoilgh it may be doubted whether the committee iu inserting it did not Seek the honor which Franklin's name lent to the librarjr quite as much as they sought to add to his fame. He probably felt more direct iiiterest iu the companion Philosophical Society, to which he left a larger bequest in books ; and it does not appear that during his lifetime, after the first institution of the library, he either added much to its collection 6r ^ave much thought to it. His absence from America would naturally withdraw him from it, while his connec- tion with the more personal Philosophical Society was easier to main- tain. Be this as it may, the conception of a free public librar|y', as now held, did not occur to Frankliu, while the scheme for aiding apprentices, which lay nearer his heart, has been practically dissipated, owing to changes in the social condition of the people, which he did not foresee. The statue of Frankin, which occupies a niche in the front of the building, was given by William Bingham, who, in consultation with the directors, learned that Dr. Franklin " would approve of a gown for his dress and a !R6inan head."' It would be a curious inquiry to learn what successive distortions of some simple remark of the doctor re- sillted in this queer recipe for* a statue. Howfever, Mr. Bingham, to make sure of the Roman head perhaps, sent an order to Italy, accom- panied with a bust belonging to the Pennsylvania Hospital and a draw- ing of the figure. The resultant statue, we are told, was regarded by his contemporaries as showing a good likeness. Franklin called the Ph iladelphia Library the mother of all the North American subscription libfaries, and while some of those existing when he wrote, (1771,) havd very possibly been allowed to die, there Still remain several libraries whose origin dates from near the period when this present enterprise attracted attention from its success. UNION AND CHESTEK LIBEAEY COMPANIES. In Pennsylvania there were two other libraries of similar character; one, .in Hatborough, a town about sixteeil miles north of Philadelphia, the Uiiion Library, founded in 1755, and, perhaps, saved from the fate of other libraries by a bequest which in later years brought a substau- ' 'Ibid., p. 103. ' 12 Public Libraries in the United States. tiiil building for its preservation ; the other in Chester, the oldest town in the State, the library company being formed in 17G9 by an associa- tion of citizens who contributed thirty shillings each. .TITLIANA LIBEAEY. A third library, dating from 1770, is the Juliana Library, in Lancaster, established by Thomas Penn, one of the proprietaries, and named by him after his wife. But this probably cannot be classified among the subscription libraries. The Juliana Library maintained an indepen- dent but not very animated existence until about 183S, when the books were sold to pay long accruing rents to the heirs of Caspar Weitzel, the last librarian, in whose house the books had been kept. Some of the books found their way into the Juvenile Library and Young Men's Eeading-Eoom of Lancaster, some into a private circulating library, and some were scattered among private citizens ; but there is little to show that the library ever had any other impetus than that given by ■the original founder. CHAELESTON LIBEAEY SOCIETY. Outside of Pennsylvania, several libraries appear in the old colonies which may very possibly point to the Library Company as the original suggestion. "The Charleston (S. C.) Library Society"— we quote from the preface to the catalogue of 1826— ''owes its origin to seventeen young men who, in the year 1748, associated for the purpose of raising a small fund to collect such new pamphlets and magazines as should occasionally be published in Great Britain. They advanced and re- mitted to London ten pounds sterling as a fund to purchase such pam- phlets as had appeared during the current year, acting at first under a mere verbal agreement and without a name. Before the close of the year their views became more extensive ; and on the 28th of December rules for the organization of the society were ratified and signed, when they assumed theiiame of a Library Society, and made arrangement for the acquisition of books as well as pamphlets; . . . the society be- came po]3ular, and before the close of the year 1750 numbered more than one hundred and sixty members." ' An eftbrt was made to obtain an act of incorporation. For three successive years applications were made to the colonial assembly, and upon defeat b^' the governor's veto, to the privy council in Great Britain, but without success. It is difficult uow to ascertain the causes which created these obstructions to the incorporation of a literary society. But the effect was injurious, and liad nearly pro- duced a dissolution of the association. The members finally resolved to place their funds at interest, and malie no further purchases until a charter could be obtained.^ The act of incorporation was finally secured in 1755. From this time tlie progress of the society was rapid and satisfactory. The members continued to invest a portion of their income in bonds, and soon began to embrace in ' Ciitalogue of the books belonging to the Charleston Library Society. Charleston, 1826, p.viii.- 2 Ibid., p. iv. Public Libraries a Hundred Years Ago. 13 their views the establishment of au institution for eaucation in connection with their library. Such was, the increase of their funds that in January, 1775, the amount in bonds was £18,6t)0 (about $11,000) and between two and three thousand pounds were added to this sum between this period and the 1st of January, 1778. The library of the society, at the same time, was receiving regular addition from annual purchases, and the donations of individuals, which were then frequent. Great attention appears, from the minutes of the society, to have been paid, at this period, to classical literature, and many discussions took place as to the portion of the funds which should be annu- ally applied to this department. The collection of classical authors, and of nommentu- tors on the classics, was not only respectable from its number, but valuable for the selection ; for some excellent scholars then superintended this portion of its labors.' M'KENZIE LIBKAEY A TAET OF THE SOCIETY LIBEARY. The society kept to its intentioa to establish a college eventually, and this probably " induced Mr. John M'Kenzie, a lawyer of eminence, who died in 1771, to bequeath a valuable, library to the society for the use of a college, when erected in the province. . . . These books were received, distinctly marked, and always kept apart from the books of the society."^ This library, like others, as we shall see, suffered considerably from the derangement of society and affairs during the Eevolntion, when Charles- ton was occupied .by the British, and also by the calamity of fire, which iu other cases also wrought great havoc, so that of the five or six thou- sand volumes which had been carefully collected, only one hundred aud eighty-five were saved. The M^Kenzie library fared better ; its size is not indicated, but the statement is made that two-thirds of , the books were saved. For several years the society kept alive as a social club, and the books that had been saved, together with the few added from time to time,^ served as a nucleus for the preset library, which was or- ganized anew in 1790. WINYAW INDIGO SOCIETY. The only other public library south of Philadelphia which we can discover to have existed prior to the Eevolution, is that which was attached to the academy under the control of the Winyaw Indigo Society, in Georgetown, S. C. This society, formed about the year 1740, by the planters of Georgetown district, was originally a social club, which met once a month to discuss the latest news from London and the culture of indigo, the staple product of the county. The initiation fees and annual subscription of the members were paid iu indigo, and as the expenses were light, there had accumulated by 1753^ a sum which ■ seemed to require some special application. The president of the society proposed that the surplus fund should be devoted to the establishment of an Independent Charity School for the Poor j and out of this proposi- tion sprang the establishment of a school which, for more than a hun- dred years, was the chief school for all the country lying between Charleston and the North Carolina line, and resorted to by all classes. 'Ibid., p. iv. «Ibid., p. V. 14 Public Libraries in me umtea mtates. The society was chartered in 1755, and a library was accumulated, but no records remain to indicate how large it became — the occupation of the academy building at Georgetown during the late war leading to the destruction both of papers and books. NEW YOUK SOCIETY LIBEARY. In the Northern States there were others, some of which still exist in different degrees of prosperity. The present New York Society Library was; incorporated in 1754, twelve y^ars after the incorpjjration of the Philadelphia Company. It did not at first take that name, but that of the City Library, and owed its origin to the efforts of a body of gentlemen who clubbed together for the purpose and raised in a few days nearly £000,' which was laid out in the purchase of about seren hundred volumes of " new, well chosen books." Tlie books were at first deposited in the City Hall, and with them were placed what remained of two previous collections of books, one a small library ijre- sented in 1700, by Rev. John Sharp, chaplain of Lord Bellamont, the other a gift from the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, to whom, in 1729, alibrary of 1,622 volumes^ had been bequeathed by the Eev. John Millington, rector of Newington, England. This last gift was made to New York " for the use of the clergy and gentlemen of New York and the neighboring provinces," and the two collections were for a time thus maintained j but the librarian dying, the books were neglected and almost forgotten, until the founding of the Society Library in 1754, called fresh attention to them. In 1772, a charter was granted to the society under the name it now bears, but the war not only interrupted the growth of the library, but nearly destrayed ^t. It appears from the minutes that " the accidents of the late war having nearly destroyed the former library, no meeting of the proprietors for the choice of trustees was held from the last Tuesday of April 1774, until Saturday, 21st December, L788, when a meeting was summoned and the operations of the society were resumed." ^ In 1789, the original charter was revived, a new collection was begun, and in 1793, a cata- logue was published containing about five thousand titles. It is plain, therefore, that when Benjamin Franklin and John Collins, two young tradesmen, brought their books in a sloop from Boston to New York, the event was significant enough to lead Governor Burnet to make the acquaintance of a young man who contrasted in respect to his love for literature with those about him. It was the gentlemen, indeed, of New York, who, perhaps under the example of the Philadelphia mechanics, . ' In New York currency, or $1,500. — Editors. ^" April 22, 1730. — The library from the society for propagating the gospel, etc., arrives, being 1,642 volumes to be placed in the City Hall until a place be made to receive them." History of the New Netherlands Province of New York, etc., by Will- iam Dunlap, New York, 1840, v. ii, appendix, clxii. — Editors. ' Alphabetical and analytical catalogue of the New York Society Library, with a brief historical notice of the institution, the original articles of association in 17D4, and the charter and by-laws of the society. New York, 1838, p. viii. I^ublte JL/ibranes a Jdundred Years Agg. 15 clubbed together to form the Society Library, and it was in a similar (Class of society that the E^dwood Library of Newport, had its origin. ..- . REDWOOD LIBRARY. There was in Newport a literary and philosophical society, founded in 1730, though it does not appear that a collection of books formed at first any important part of their plans. It was founded in part by Bishop Berkeley, >vho was at this time residing inEhode Island, a colony exceptionally marked by its wealth and culture. Newport then held a relative commercial importance much beyond its present position, and New York was described as " near Newport." Out of the action of the society there grew a demand for a library, and finally in 1747, the gift to the society of £500 sterling, from Abraham Eedwood, for the purchase of books led to the inauguration of direct measures. Mr. Eed wood's gift was a libera.1 one, but we have rarely seen an acknowledgment of a public benefaction so grandiose as the following, taken from an early catalogue of the Eedwood Library. It seems to be in keeping with the general sentiment among book-men, that led them to catalogue and classify their books according to their size, treating folios with a respect which those clumsy books seldom receive in this day. The generous Abraham Redwood Esq ; of Newport on Rhode-Island, sensible of the distinguishing Favour, -whereby Heaven had blessed him with an ample Fortune, pro- posed to acknowledge it by a Design, which coulfl only be the genuine Effect of a grateful Mind, the improving the Place of his Residence in Knowledge and Virtue; that from the Inhabitants some Revenues of Honour might return and be paid to the Donor of all Mercies. To accomplish this happy End, he freely, and without a Prompter, devoted and paid down FxvB Hundred Pounds Sterling, for purchasing a Librawv of all Akts and Sciences, put under the most prudent Limitations and Restrictions ; ■wherennto the curious and impatient Enquirer after Resolution of Doubts, and the bewildered Ignorant, might freely repair for Discovery and Demonstration to the one, and true Knowledge and Satisfaction to the other; nay to inform the Mind in both, in order to reform the Practice. Now to conduct this Design to the best Advantage, he proposed to form a Company of some of the best Repute and Character, who might join in Consultation upon the most suitable Methods to bring so important a Project to a happy Issue.' REDWOOD LIBRARY BUILDING.^ Five thousand pounds^ were subscribed in the town for a suitable 'Laws of the Redwood Library Company. Newport, 1764, p. 3. ^A view of this building is given page 17. "An Historical Sketch of the Redwood Library and AthenEeum," by David King, M.D., contains the following description: " The Library Building, which is a beautiful specimen of the Doric order, was begun in 1748 and completed in 1750. The plan was furnished by Peter Harrison, assist- ant architect of Blenheim House, England. The principal front is ornamented with a portico of four Doric columns seventeen feet in height and projecting nine feet from the walls of the building. The edifice consists of a main building and two small wings. The wings furnish two rooms, each about twelve £eet square. The principal Library room, occupying the hall of the main building, is thirty-seven feet long, twenty- six feet broad, and nineteen feet in height. The building on the outside is worked in imitation of rustic and is adorned by the ornaments appropriate to the Doric order." The building was enlarged in 1858. In 1S75 further extensive additions were begun, which will be finished the present year. — Editors. 'Colonial currency.— Editors. 16 Public Libraries in me umiea i^naien. library building, and in 1750 the present beautiful house was built upon land which had been given by Henry Collins. The books bought were mainly of a classical and theological cast, these being the lines of study chiefly pursued by the scholars of the day, and the pro- vision in Newport was for the gentlemen of the colony. Such was the attraction of this library that it was the principal inducement to Dr. Ezra Stiles to Hx his residence in Newport in 1755, and there he re- mained for twenty years, acting as librarian, and by his influence drew many books to the shelves. There is a suggestive entry on the fly-leaf of Montanus' Biblia Sacra Polyglotta, in the handwriting of Dr. Stiles, showing the primitive man- ner in which books were bought, and perhaps, also, the value set upon a work which required such a company of gentlemen to lift it. Jan. 5, 1774.— Montanns' Polyglot &o in 8 vols., folio, price 21^ dollars or £4 IGs. sterliug was given to the Redwood Library in Newport, R. I., by tlie following persons; viz., the Hon. Abraham Redwood Esq., the founder, two guineas, or 9i doll'ars ; Mr. Francis Malbone 1 dollar ; Mr. James Rod Rivera, li dollar ; Mr. Aaron Lopez, 1 dollar ; Dr. William Hunter, 1 dollar ; Mr. John Bours, 1 dollar ; Mr. Isaac Hart, 1 dollar; Mr. Samuel Rodman, 1 dollar; Mr. John Cranston, li dollar; Ezra Stiles, 1 dollar ; viz. 21J dollars. The books received and deposited in the Redwood Library by Ezra Stiles, librarian.' From the years 1750 to 1810, not a single tax was laid on the proprie- tors to increase the library. The books bought with Mr. Kedwood's money were considered at the time the finest collection of works on theology, history, the arts and sciences in the American colonies, and very possibly this deterred merchants and others in Newport from giving money further, leading Dr. Stiles to resort to si>ecial subscrip- tions when he wished to purchase particular books. Gifts, indeed, of value, were made from time to time ; but the revenues of the library arising from fines and an annual tax of twenty shillings on each share, were employed for discharging officers' salaries, incidental charges, and unavoidable repairs. The occupation of Newport by the enemy during the Eevolution broke up Dr. Stiles's congregation, so that he removed to Portsmouth, N. H., and with the destruction of the commercial prosperity came the reductioQ of the place to an unimportant town. The library, as in the case of the New York Society Library, suffered during the war, and no meetings of the company were held from 1778 to 1785. The building was defticed, many of the books carried off', and it became necessary to begin almost anew the collection and cataloguing of books, a matter which was the more difficult since the glory of the town had quite de- parted, and upon the death of Mr. liedwood in 1788, the interest in the library became feebler. The revival of society interest in Newport has led, however, to a renewed prosperity for the library. 'A catalogue of the Redwood Library and Athenajum in Newport, R. L, together with a supplement, addenda and index of subjects and titles ; showing all the books belouging to the company on the 1st of June, 1 860 ; to which is preiixed a short account of the institution, with the charter, laws and regulations. Boston, 1860, p. xii. Public Libraries a Hundred Years Ago. 19 PROVIDENCE LIBRARY. There was another library in Rhode Island, less conspicuous than the Redwood — the Providence Library. It was established in 1753, and suffered the customary trial by fire in 1758, when, along with the town- house, in which it was placed, it was burned, only about seventy volumes, loaned at the time to members, being saved. An eiibrt was made by the proprietors in 1762 to revive it, and some boolis were imported from Lon - don and placed in the new court house, the occupation of a room there being granted in consideration of the free use of the library by the mem - bers of the assembly. The library must have received considerable attention, for in 1768, when the population of Providence was less than four thousand, the proprietors bad collected nearly a thousand volumes. It was for a time the only library used by Rhode Island College, after- ward Brown University, which removed to Providence from Warren in 1770. The books were badly used, partly on account of the somewhat irresponsible hands in which they were placed, and the company accord- ingly sought an act of incorporation, which was granted in 1798. It kept up an independent existence until 1836, when it was united with the Providence Athenseum. EARLY LIBRARY AT PORTLAND, ME. i The city of Portland, Me., had not the relative importance to Provi- dence in its earlier days that it now has ; but it was one of the few towns possessing a library formed by the voluntary contribution of citizens. We copy from a paragraph in William Willis's History of Portland : The state of litBrature in towa previous to the Kevolntion was not of a very ele- vated charioter ; nor indeed from the situation of the people could much have been expected. Yet when the small population of the Neck is considered, nof exceeding 1,900 at the very eve of the war, perhaps it contained as large a proportion of edu- cated men as any other place in that day. In 1763 several gentlemen upon the Neck, desirous of promoting the diffusion of useful knowledge and extending the means of information, made some attempts to establish a library. Iq 1765, twenty-six persons had associated together for this purpose, all but two or three of whom lived upon the Neck. The progress of their laudable undertaking was extremely slow, and at the open- ing of the library in 1766 it contained but ninety-three volumes, of which ancient and modern universal history comprised sixty-two volumes, just two-thirds of the whole number. Only part of this work was first put in, but in 1765 a subscription was raised among the members to complete the set, and £*39 15s. were contributed on this occasion. Books at that period were not thrown from the press with the rapidity and in the quantity they are at this time : book-shops were rare, and all works of standard value were imported from England. It will be seen that among those which constituted the first library here, not one was printed in this country. Not much addition was made to the books previous to the Revolution, and in the destruction of the town, the little collection was widely dispersed and a number of the books lost.' Such of the books as remained were afterward deposited in the Portland Athenpeum. 'The History of Portland from 1632 to 1864, with a notice of previous settlements, colonial grants and changes of government in Maine. By William Willis. Portland, 1865, p. 380. 20 Public Libraries in the United mates. KEVOLVING LIBRARY. A library, half public, half private, that dates from the same period is the " Revolving Library, for the benefit of the first and second par- ishes in Kittery, (Maine,) and one in York." This library, which, true to its name, revolved bodily upon a small axis, was the result of a gift of Sir William Pepperell and others of books from their private libraries for use as above. The books were at first in the possession of the Rev. Benjamin Stevens, pastor of the first church at Kittery from 1751 to 1790, and the collection bad grown, by a special gift from Sir William's son, until the whole library was quite a substantial one of standard books. After Mr. Stevens's death the library for a time remained with bis son-in-law, the Rev. J. Buckminster, and then began its revolutions, falling into the hands successively of the oldest settled minister, and traveling about among the parishes. It probably never numbered over three hundred books, and it may be guessed that its wandering life was not calculated to increa^ the number of the volumes. "Two years ago, (1873,)" writes a friend, who lately saw the library, " when the present pastor at Kittery Point took possession of the parsonage, he found the library dumped down on the attic floor, like a load of coal, the wife of the former incumbent considering books unhealthy, and so being unwilling to have them in any living-room. The books are now placed on shelves in the minister's study, and though man y have fallen out of the ranks, it contains fine old valuable copies of the standard works of the last century." SOCIAL LIBRARY AT SALEM. Tu 1760, a number of gentlemen united to form the Social Library of Salem, Mass., placing the shares at five guineas each, and making the number of shares thirty-two. The library could not have been very extensive. A catalogue was published in 1809, showing about 800 books. On a fly-leaf of the copy in the Harvard library is written : A few of us also possess iu this town of Salem a Philosopaical Library of several liiin- dred volumes, including the memoirs of the French Academy from the beginning, the Royal Society Transactions from the beginning, Memoirs of the Berlin Academy American edition of the British Encyclopedia, Harris's Lexicon Technicum, &c., be- sides the philosophical works of Boyle, Newton, Wolf, Leibnitz, Bernouille, Buifon Franklin, Priestley, Maupertias, ifec, and works by Smith, Maclaurin, Leadbetter,Keil Stewart, Arbuthnot, Rehault, Spalanzini, Pringle, Price &c., and of several Literarj Institutions. This library was captured during the war by an American privateei from a vessel crossing the Irish channel, brought to Beverly, and sole to the gentlemen of the Philosophical Society. It belonged originall> to Dr. Richard Kirwan, who, with very good grace, declined to receivi the remuneration which the society offered him. SOCIAL LIBRARY AT LEOMINSTER, MASS. The Leominster, Mass., Social Library was formed iu 1763, with abou one hundred volumes. For fifty-two years it was kept in the library o Public Libraries a Hundred Years Ago. 21 the Eev. Francis Grardaer. The case which held it is still in the posses- sion of his niece, Miss E. G. Gardner, and it is designed to deposit it in the Public Library. It hardly seems worth while, perhaps, to call a hundred books a library, but it should be remembered that at that early day we were still colonists of Kiug George, and American literature was still a thing of the future. In 1820 the books of this old library were sold and the proceeds invested in a new collection bearing the same name. SECOND SOCIAL LIBKARY AT HINGHaM, MASS. This library, still in existence and containing 1,750 volumes, was begun in 1773. Owing to the absence of records no facts respecting its early history can be obtained except that, in 1793, there were seventy- six shareholders. The libraries, then, mentioned above, represent the chief means of general literary culture open to Americans a hundred years or more ago : one in Philadelphia, two or three small ones in Penasylvauia, one in Charleston, one in New York, one in Newport, one in Providence, one in Portland, one in Salem, one in Leominster, one in Hingham, and the Revolving Library of Kittery and York. But the distinction between these public libraries and the libraries connected with colleges was not so great then as now, so far as the persons using them are concerned. The Philadelphia Library was an exception and a very interesting one, but the other libraries were mainly formed and need by the persons -who in other places, as Cambridge and New Haven, would be using the college libraries. Harvard Library was at the service of the educated men in Boston and the neighborhood, and the same is true of the other college libraries, though they were, of course, most convenient for facul- ties and students. The idea of a free' public library has gradually served to separate the great lending and consulting libraries from those connected with institutions, which have gradually come to be more strictly confined to the use of the ofi&cers and students comprising the institutions. COLLEGE LIBRARIES.' — HARVARD. Of these college libraries the most notable is that of Harvard College. The founding of the library was contemporaneous with the founding of 'Almost as soon as the first English settlement was made at Jamestown, Va., the initial steps were taken to establish an institution of learning in the infant colony by the grant, at the instance of Sir Edwin Sandys, treasurer of the London Company, of 15,000 acres of laud towards the endowment of a college at Henrico for the colonists and Indians. Kiiig Jaities, in 1619, issued a " brief" asking contributions from the English churches to aid the company in "y" erecting of some churches and schools for y= education of y<= children of those Barbarians." The sum of £1,500 was contributed in response to the King's letter. Other liberal benefactions came in from other sources. The officers and sailors of an East Indiaman g-ave £70 8s. 6d. "towards the building of a Free School in Virginia, to be called the JEast India School." In January, 1621, "a small Bible with a cover richly wrought, a great Church Bible, the Booke of Common 22 Public Libraries in the United >>tates. the college. Like that, it was small and increased only by a slow growth; but the few books which had been gathered in the course of a hundred and twenty-six years, were, almost without exception, destroyed in the fire of January 24, 1764. This collection of five thousand volumes was the most extensive college collection in the country, although it is doubtful if it was intrinsically more valuable than Mr. Logan's collec- tion then existing. The Are gave an impetus at once to the eflforts of the friends of the college to re-establish the library, and the records of the college at the time enable us to form quite an exact notion of the choiceofbooks then made, and of thedispositioncfthedonors. The library was to be constructed anew, and there is good evidence of the wide' spread interest in the college both in this country and in England. RESTORATION OP THE LIBRARY. The fire occurred January 24, 1764. Governor Bern&ird promptly sent a recommendation to the legislature that they should take measures to replace Harvard Hall, and, accordingly, the sum of £2,000 was voted. A general subscription was made among the towns and counties of the Prayer, and other bookes were presented to be sent to Virginia, in the name of a per- son who had the yeare before sent lor the nse of the Colledge at Henrico : S. Augustine De ciuitate Dei, Master Pirliins, his workos, and an exact map of America. The giuer is not known, but the books are valued at £10 0. "Giuen by Master Thomas Burgraue, and Minister in Virginia, deceased, for the nse of the Colledge, a library valued at 100 marks." In the same year th»" gentlemen and mariuers that came lately home from the East Indies in the two ships called the ETart and Roe-Bucke, being at the C'upe of Bona-Spe- ranza, homeward bound, gave towards the building of the aforesaid Free Schoole in Virginia the summe of £66 13s. id." Charles City was fixed on, from its convenience to Henrico, as the place for the East India School, and early in 1622 carpenters were sent from England to put up the nec- essary buildings. The school was designed to prepare students for the college at Hen- rico. There George Thorpe, charged with the preliminary work of organization, had settled with one hundred colonists on the college lands. Eev. Patrick Copeland, chaplain of the East India Company, a zealous friend and generous patron of the East India School, was appointed president of the New Col- lege and general manager of its property. lu April, 1622, beiag then in London, he was "requested by the company to deliver a thanksgiving sermon . . . for all the late mercies of God to the colony and for the bright prospects before them." About three weeks before this, on the 22u of March, 1622, the torch and tomahawk of tbe savag6had laid waste the infant settlements on the James, and nearly three hun- dred and fifty settlers had lost their lives— among them the noble Thorpe. The savage deeds of that day drove all thoughts of peaceful efforts to civilize and educate the In- dians from the minds of the colonists, who entered on a war of revenge and extermi- nation against their savage foes. More than sixty years elapsed, and then Virginia saw another and happily successful effort made to establish a college, which, in spite of re- peated misfortunes, still lives, the second college in point of age in the United States. For authorities consulted, see Annals of America, by Abiel Holmes D.D., volume i, second edition, Cambridge, Hilliard and Brown, 1829; Old Churches, Ministers and Families of Virginia, by Bishop Meade, volume i, Philadelphia, J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1857 ; and Papers Relating to the History of the Church in Virginia, edited by William Stevens Perry, D.D., privately printed, 1H70.— Editors. Puhlk- Librarh-^ a Huixhed Years Ago. 23 State, amoauting to £S7S 16*. M., and Tbomas HolHs of London, a former benefactor of the college, sent £200 for the same purpose. Bat it was in the special gifts of books that the general interest was most displayed. In May the ovei-seers took measures to raise sabscriptions for the library. Mr. Hollis, writing .some time afterwards, thinks •' the govexnmeni of the college in the wrong, that they did not take a diflfer- ent method to obtain assistance toward repairing their library than in their weekly papers, (which are seldom read in England.) The method most likely,*' he says, •• was to have made the pablication in all the Eng- lish papers and magazines, to have engaged all the booksellers in England in the cause of collecting, etc, etc., bat as that was not done in proper seasoQ." he recommends " that it be done now; that an account of the fire and the loss be drawn up and published; that the necessity and liberty and conseqnently tlie charity of contribating toward the re- pairing the library be properly and pathetically set forth ; the benelac- tions alrc-tdy received gratefully and genteely acknowledged, studious- ly avoiding the naming particular benefactors.) and at the same time pointing out how very inadequate the books already received are to the greatness of the loss or to the purposes of such a library: that all the booksellers of any note in the kingdom be engaged to undertake for you and appointed to receive donations; that some gentleman of letters and leisure be pitched upon in London to correspond with them and to receive the books or monies to lay out in books." ' SOTABLE GIFTS. Mr. Hollis gave something more than good advice. In. addition to his gift for the building, he gave a like amount to be expended in books. and from time to time sent over 8x>ecial books whieli he had picked up, and left a sum of money to the college, the interest of which is still ex- pended in the purchase of books. The college had many frien<1s in England. Their agent in Loudon at this time was Jasper Mandnit. and much of the business was transacted through him. He writes, April 17, 1764: I am to ao4)naint yoa that the Hew Eagl^ad Compaoy for Propagating the Gospel witli yon and parts adjaeeot at a General Court have ordered me to lay onr £200 in snch books as shall be most saitable for those persons who shall be willing to qnalify themselves for missionaries to go and preach the gospel to and among the loi'lians. Yon may therefore please to send me a list of snch as were destroyed l>y the late fiie and will be nseAil.- The society that gave this liberal gift had always been generously disposed towards the college : and some notion may be formed of the standard of qoalifleation for missionary work among the Indians when the list of books. I.IOL in number, supplied for this laudable purpose is examined and found to contain solid works in science and classical lit- erature as well as in religion. It is evident that their conception of an ' Harvard College Papers, toL ii, 1764-17 ~.=>. =Ibid. 24 Public Libraries m the Unitetl states. education which would qualify a man for missionary work in Natick did not materially differ from what they would have required in one to deliver a Thursday lecture in the First Church in Boston. Other English donors were the archbishops of Canterbury and York, the trustees of the British Museum, who gave two folio volumes of the Harleian manuscripts ; Messrs. Dilly, the booksellers, who gave Lang- home's Plutarch; A. Kiucaid, of Edinburgh, the King's printer, who is credited with a gift of forty-three volumes ; and the Rev. George White- fleld, who gave his collection of books, procuring, also, by his influence a large number of valuable books from various parts of Great Britain. The purchases of books were necessarily made in England, and the prov- ince of New Hampshire voted £300 sterling to be used in purchasing books for the library. A catalogue was transmitted to the Rev. East Apthorp, in London, by whose care 743 books were purchased. It looks as if the books were more costly than those purchased by the Society for Propagating the Gospel.- Besides these large gifts and purchases, there were manj^ gifts of single books from frieuds living in America. Lieu- tenant Governor Hutchinson gave his History of Massachusetts Bay, in three volumes, and Harris's collection of voyages. John Greenleaf gave Henry's Expositions, in six volumes, aud'Eev. Dr. Byles Caflfellus's Commentary. Mr. Fleet, presumably the printer and bookseller, gave ThomEe Willis, M.D., Opera, and John Hancock, Calasio's Hebrew Lexi- con, in four volumes, folio, a work which that light-minded man was doubt- less glad to be comfortably rid of. Hancock also made a very liberal gift of £500 sterling for the purchase of books. Eev. William Adams, of Rox- bury, is credited with the generous gift of " his sermons and other books," and Hon. Nathaniel Sparhawk, of Kittery, with six copies of the Dissent- ing Gentleman's Answer to White, which may fairly have been distrib- uted among those who were specially qualifying themselves to preach the Gospel to the Indians. Thomas Palmer gave twenty volumes of Eoman antiquities, which called out a vote of thanks from the corporation " for the noble addition he has been pleased to make to the library, of that trjily royal work The Antiquities of Herculaneum, and a complete set of the remaining monuments of Eonaau grandeur.'" One gentleman, John Barnard, of Marblehead, who wished to contribute his mite, added also the sentiment : " May Harvard Library rise out of its Ashes with new life and Vigour, and be durable as the Sun, tho' the Building is a Nusance, and may the Blessing of Heaven continue upon that Society at Cambridge and make it a Nursery of pure Religion and accomplished Literature thro'out all Generations." ^ The curious phrase respecting the building is not probably as contemptuous as it first strikes the ear, the word "nuisance" being used to describe tbe condition of the ruined building. 1 The History of Harvard University. By Josiab Quincv, LL.D. Boston, 1860, vol. "2 p. 487. ''Harvard CoUcge Papers, ii. Fublic Libraries a Mundred Years Ago. 25 The growth of the library from this time up to the war was quite rapid. The number of books cannot be determined exactly, but it probably was not far from ten thousaud volumes, and certainly the col- lectiou was in many respects made with great care, the books especially selected by Mr. Hollis being substantial and in good editions. The war iaterrupted the work of the college, and the library was removed, part to Concord, part to Andover, and deposited for safety elsewhere. It was iacreased also by the grant ou the part of the general court of se- questrated libraries from the possession of loyalists, which had been deposited in the province-house, and iu some stores. COMPOSITION OF THE LIBRARY. There is in the library a manuscript catalogue, not dated, but prepared about this time, which gives the names of all the books in the library, together with the names of donors ; and the first general catalogue, printed in 1790, is classified by subjects, and enables one to make some comparison of the prominence given to certain classes of books. We do not know how far Hancock advised as to the selection of books bought with his £500, but they comprise the largest part of such polite litera- ture as the library contains. Spenser, Chaucer, Pope, Dryden, Gay, the Gentleman's Magazine, Vjllaire, and Rabelais were among his gifts, while Hollis gave Milton, Boccacio, La Fontaine, and Shakspere. That he should have given Milton is easy enough to understand, since he was an ardent admirer of his works, and indeed of all writing that breathed the rarer air of mental and political liberty. The mention of Shakspere reminds us how meager was the entire showing of dramatic works. Frauklyn's translation, the works of Molifere, Colley Gibber, one Igno- ramus, and two editions of Shakspere comprise nearly the whole of the dramatic reading at Harvard, but the general drift of the library will be seen when we say that of the 350 pages in the catalogue of 1790 100 are devoted to theological tracts and 50 to theological books. Indeed, the tracts, so called, constitute about two-flfths of all the titles in the library, and indicate how considerably the authorship of the day was expended on these ephemeral publications. They are by no means to be confounded with the single-leaf little missiles which are shot out by religious publication societies, but were frequently very solid produc- tions. They answered to the articles in our periodicals to-day, to our editorials and newspaper contributions, and, by their form and bearing, testified to the hi-gh- respect which men of letters entertained toward books. A sudden energy of writing could find vent in a tract, but a book was a much weightier matter. "We note also in this catalogue that its list of Bibles occupies three pages and a half, while three-quarters of a page suffices for its periodicals. Books of travel occupy four pages and Greek and Latin authors ten. , We haye lingered over the Harvard library because the peculiar cir- cumstances of its reconstruction render it the best exponent we have of 26 Ptihllc Libraries in the United States. the literary taste and the resources of our ancestors a hundred years ago. There were, however, six other college libraries in existence at the same time. WILLIAM AND MARY COLLEGE. The College of William and Mary, in Virginia, was founded in 1692, and a library at some unknown subsequent date was established there, but it was small when" the war o f the Bevolation came.' iThe college of William and Mary was the most richly endowed institution ol' learning in North America at the outbreak of the war for independence, its annual income from all sources amounting to nearly_^i; 4,000 sterling. The first oommoncement was held in the year 1700. The nucleus of a library was formed, which was destroyed with the college building in 1705. The second college building was not completed till 1723. The record book of the faculty contains the following, under date of August 10, 1723, desiring that the income of a certain fund, bequeathed by Hon. Robert Boyle for the education of Indian youth, should be devoted to the purchase of books : " Instructkins from the President and Masters of William an'D Mary Col- lege, IN Virginia, TO John Rvxdolph, Esq., now bou.vd for E^fGLA^•D.* "We have now in bank upon that fund about five hundred pounds, part of which we desired to lay out in a well-chosen library, which wo judge necessaryj and, indeed, the most necessary thing that is now wanting towards the finishing their education and fitting them for what was intended, the being put in orders, and sent out pastours to preach in their own country language, and instruct and convert their own people. As we do not live in an age of miracles, it is not to be doubted that Indian scholars will want the help of many books to qualify them to become good pastours and teach- ers, as well as others. And the fund allotted for their education being able to supply them, what reason can be given why part of it m.iy not be employed that way ? If it be alleged that our College Library, it may be expected, should supply them, it may be • truly answered that at present our funds are so poor, and theirs so rich, that they can better supply us than we them, and so it would be no hardship upon them, if whilst we found them with Masters and Professors to teach them Latine, Greek, and Hebrew, and Philosophy, Matliematios, and Divinity, they should in their turn help themselves and us to a few necessary books for those studies. But we are willing to compound the matter with them : we have, we can't say good store of books, but enough to make a good foundation and beginning of a library, to the use of which they are welcome, and if we were able, would buy a great many more, which we and they want. This want is their loss as well as ours. What can be more reasonable than that since their fund is able to do it, and ours not able, they should contribute their share towards so neces- sary means of education ? .Some, perhaps, will be apt to object that by this means we think to make a considerable addition to the College Library at theirexpense, andif it were so, there would be no great harm in it, since the College Library is to be a common Library to them and us. But the case will be really much better qn their side, for what- ever books are bought with their money shall not only be reposited in distinct presses marked with the name of Boyle or Bratferton, and at their own house, (being without the college,) but every particular book shall have that inscription on the back of it ; so that, as to the use we shall have the benefit of their books, as they shall of ours, yet really the property shall not be altered. Every one shall know his own ; and this assist- ance of books we think as necessary a means and instrument of their education, as the paying for their victuals and cloatUs, and master's salary, and medicine, and falls fully *Papers relating to the History of the Church in Virginia, A. D. 1650-1776. Edited by William Stevens Perry, D.D. Privately priuted, 1870, pp. 550, 551. Public Libraries a Hundred Years Ago. 27 YALE COLLEGE LIBKAEY. Yale College, established in 1700, had, so to speak, its library before it was organized, since its establishment was symbolized by the gift of books. President Cla;p, in his Annals of Yale College, tells the story, and as he also recites the several gifts which the library received down within the dosigu of their noble founder, and therefore we hope the Earl of Barlington and my Lord Bishop of London (whose directions we are to follow in the management of this charity,) will easily come into it, and then there will remain nothing (for we shall give you a letter of creclit to the cashier of this fund) but to talie my Lord Bishop of Loudon, our ohanoellour, his advice couoeroiing the properest books for our use, and their best editions ; and to help you in this choice you will have with yoij two cata- logues, one of those books the college is possessed of already and another of those which an auoieut minister designs shortly to leave to it,* that you may not buy them. " Upon this occasion, too, we must desire you to wait on his Grace, my Lord Arch Bishop of Canterbury, who, as he has been upon all occasions a notafjle friend of the College, so was pleased particularly to signify his good intentions of giving or loaning something towards our Library ; pray render our thanks to his Grace, and so consult him in the books yon may buy for us, that he may have his share of supplying us with what part of learning he thinks most proper, that what you buy may not interfere with his Grace's intended donation. These are the chief things w'ch occur to us at present. Perhaps you may meet with some charitable benefactors, especially towards our library, that'being at present our chief want, and as all this will put you to trouble and charge though you generously say nothing of it, we shall think it our duty not to be ungrateful." In July, 1724, Dr. Blair, minister of Bruton parish, Williamsburgh, as well as president of the college, wrote as follows : "We have not, nor never had any Parochial Library. The college has .a small library. The key is kept by one Of the ma8ters."t In 1724, the Bev. Hugh Jones, A.M., minister of Jamestown, and chaplain of the as- semliily, in his' Present State of Virginia, published in London that year, thus refers to the college : " There js a library without books, comparatively speaking." t In 1743, Dr. Blair died, leaving £500 in money and his private library to the college. ' Although the library was not extensive, it was, for the period, very rich and valu- able and appears to have numbered from fifteen hundred to two thousand volumes. The following letter Ji-oin R. A. Brook, corresponding secretary of the Virginia Histor- ical Society, dated Richmond, Va., January 23", 1876, and including extracts from a letter of Dr. Grigsby, president of the sanie society and chancellor of the college will be found of interest. After explaining his delay in responding to the"tequest for nformation, he says : "Neither rny own library, nor those of the State, the Historical Society, nor of my friends resident in the city contained the desired information. " Mr. Grigsby, the president of our Historical Society, from his long connection with the college and his known familiarity with its history, appeared to me to be the most likely resort. " I have been awaiting his reply, which reached me yesterday. He writes ; " ' In answer to youf inquiry about the extent of the library bequeathed to William anid Mary College by President James Blair, I am inclined to believe from the number of books bearing his name which I have seen in the college library, that they must have reached between six and seven hundred volumes. If you will visit Henrico Court- * Dr. Blair, who was undoubtedly the author of these inatructiona. t See Papers relating to the Church in Virginia, p. 300. J Ibid, p. 547. 28 Puhlic Libraries tn tiie unitea amies. to 1766, we give here ia succession the several paragraphs in his A.n- nals which contain the record of the gradual formation of the library: Tbe miuistors bo nomiuated met at Ne«' Haveu, (1700,) and formed themselves into a boily or society, to consist of eleven ministers, including a rector, and agreed to found a college in tlie colony of Connecticut, which they did at their next meeting at Branfoid in t he following manner, viz:' Each member brought a number of books and House andlook into the record of wilh. from August 1, 1743,i;i^Dr. Blair died, you will find his will, which may throw some light on the subject. The scattered books to which you allude [I mentioned in my letter to him having seen a number of volume, on theological and philosophical subjects, bearing the imprint of the seventeenth cen- tury, and marked with his label of ownership 'J. Blair,' in printed red letters, having been exposed for sale at puhlic auction.in this city some years since -two of them are in my library -K. A. B.] were either some of those which the commissary gave his nephew John Blair, the father of the John Blair of the Supreme Court of the United States, or were taken from the college library by borrowers and never returned. " ' Several months ago I saw in Prince Kd ward County two folio vol umes with the book- mark of Dr. Blair, which had been borrowed by Frank Gilmer and kept by him during life. But the books of Dr. Blair composed but a small portion of the library of William and Mary. I have seen there books bearing the book-plates of nearly all our governors from 1700 to 1775, and of our leading colouial men. There was the finest edition of The Fathers, in many folio volumes, splendidly bound and gilt, which was presented by the Archbishop of Canterbury to the college between 1750 and 1760. There was one set of works in folio that was estimated to be worth in England, thirty years ago, nearly $700. I should put down the books in 1776 as between fifteen hundred and two thous'and volumes of the most valuable kind in Latin, Greek, French, and English. " ' The splendid set of the Encyclopedic Methodique in thirty-three folio volumes was presented to the college by Louis the Sixteenth, at the close of the war. It must be remembered that as late as 1776, all our English classics were in quarto f jrm — Shak- spere to Hume, Robertson, and Gibbon. " 'Among the books in the college library before 1776 and until 1859, when the books were burned, was the Biblia Sacra Polyglotta, by Brianus Waltonus, printed in 1657, in bix volumes, folio. As late as 1843, a distinguished English divine pronounced this work the most complete biblical apparatus in any language. " 'Another book of immense value was the Lexicon Heptaglotton of Edmund Castell, two volumes, folio, 1669. As nearly two-thirds of the edition was destroyed in Eng- land, this great work rose in value, and' was estimated iu 1825 by Professor Campbell to be worth in England seven hundred dollars. It was presented to the college by Eobert Carter Nicholas. But these books, which I took a note of many years ago on a visit to the library, will show its great cqmploteness and its great cost.' "As suggested by Mr. Grigsby, I have referred to the records of Heurico County court without success. I hardly thought that the records of the ancient James City County would have been lodged in another county. Those of James City were all destroyed during our late unhappy war, as I was informed some years'since by the then clerk of the county. There are about a dozen early volumes, however, preserved in the Hen- rico County Court-house, the earliest of date 1678." President Ewell of the college writes under date of December 19, 1875 : " The books given by Dr. Blair counted by hundreds ; a complete set of the Church Fathers, said to be the best iu the United States, among them. There were books given by Queen Anne and tbe Georges — the first two at any rate — and by Louis XVI of France." — Editoks. ' The Annals or History of Yale College, in New Haven, in the Colony of Connecticut, from the first founding thereof, in the year 1700, to the year 1766, with an appendix containing the present state of the college, the Method of Instruction and Government, with the officers, benefactors, and graduates. By Thomas Clap, A.M., President of the college. New Haven, 1766. Public Libraries a Hundred Years Ago. 29 presented them to the body ; and laying them on the table, said these words, or to this eflfeot : " I give these iooks far the founding of a eoUegein this colomj." Then the trustees as a body took possession of them, and appointed the Rev. Mr. Russel of Branford to be lieeper of the library, which then consisted of about 40 volumes in folio. Soon af- ter they rjeoeived sundry other donations, both of books and money which laid a good foundation. This library with the additions was kept at Branford, in a room set apart for that purpose near three years, and then it was carried to Killingworth.' [1713.] About this time sundry donations of valuable books were made to the librairy, partionlarly by Sir John Davie of Groton, who had an estate descended to him in England, together with the title of baronet. Upon his going to England he sfent a good collection of books to the library. Bnt the greatest donation of all was by the generosity and procurement of Jeremiah Dummer, esq., of Boston, then agent at London, who in the year 1714 sent over 800 volumes of ve ry valuable books, about 120 of which were at his own cost and charge, and the rest by his procurement from sundry principal gentlemen in England ; particularly Sir Isaac Newton, Sir Eiohard Blackmore, Sir Richard Steele, Dr. Bnrnet,T)r. Woodward, Dr. Halley, Dr. Bentley, Dr. Kennet, Dr. Calamy, Dr. Edwards, the Eev. Mr. Henry, and Mr. Whistou severally gave a collection of their own works, and Goveroor Yale put in about 40 volumes, all which I suppose to be worth £260 sterling.^ [1717.] Last year he (Yale) sent.above 300 volumes, both which parcelsl suppose to be worth £100 sterling. Mr. Dummer at this time also sent 76 volumes of books, whereof 20 were folios, in value about £20 sterling.' [1723.] Mr. Daniel Turner Of London sent to the library sundry volumes of his own works on Physic and Chirurgery, and a collection of other valuable books, principally on the sanie subject, and particularly the large volume of Cowper's Anatomy. Where- upon the trustees sent him a diploma, creating him Doctor of Physic' [1733.] At the same time ihe Rev. Dr. Berkeley pursuing his generous intentions sent to this college the finest collection of books that ever came together at one time into America. The number was near 1,000 volumes, (including those which he had sent before,) whereof 260 were folios, and generally very large. I judge that this col- lection cost at least £400 sterling. This donation of books was made partly out of the doctor's own estate, but principally out of moneys which- he procured from some gen- erous gentlemen in England.^ [1742.] Before this time there never had been any perfect catalogue of the books in the' library, for want of which the students were deprived of much of the benefit and advantage of this. The rector therefore placed all the books in the library iii a proper order, (but in honor to the Eev. Dr. Berkeley for his extraordinary donation, his books stood by themselves at the south end of the library,) and put a number to every book in its proper class and box, and took three catalogues of the books as they stooi in their proper order on the shelves, and another in an alphabetical order, and a third, wherein the most valuable books were placed under proper heads, according to the subject-matter of them, together with figures referring to the place and number of each book. ' By which means it might be easily known what books were in the library upon any particular subject, and where they might be found, with the utmost expedition. This catalogue was printed and was a great incitement to the dili- gence and industry of the scholars in reading of them.^ [1765.] We have a good library consisting of about 4,000 volumes, well furnished with ahcient authors such as the Fathers, Historians and Classics. Many modern valuable books of Divinity, History, Philosophy and Mathematics, bnt not many authors who have wrote within these thirty years. It was two or three years before this that the building was erected which contained the library until it was removed to its present quarters.' 1 Ibid., p. 3. ^ Ibid., p. 15. ' Ibid., p. 23. ' Ibid., p. 34. 6 Ibid., p. 38. s Ibid., p. 43. ' Ibid., p. 86. 30 Public Librmies in the United States. THE BROTHERS IN UNITY AND THE LINONIAN SOCIETIES. At Yale also should be noticed the libraries of the two societies of students, the Brothers in Unity and the Linonian, established a half dozen years before the Revolution, and numbering each a hundred vol- umes or so at that time. These societies with, their libraries were the precursors of the many similar societies in all our colleges. The libraries probably owed their origin to the almost exclusive attention given at that time by the college libraries to learned works. COLUMBIA COLLEGE. The library of Columbia College, New York, was established in 1757, shortly after the foundation of the college. Joseph Murray, an English- man, who had resided long in New York as one of His Majesty's coun- cil and attorney-general for the province of New York, left the whole of his estate, including his library, to Kings, now Columbia College, shortly after it was founded. Rev. Dr. Bristowe, of London, also be- queathed his library of about 1,500 volumes. Gifts were also made by the University of Oxford, the Earl of Bute, and others in England, so that the library was one of considerable value at the beginning of the war, but the same fate befell it which the Society Library suffered. The college building was required by the British as a military hospital, and "the books were deposited in the City Hall or elsewhere. The consequence was an almost total loss of the library, only six or seven hundred vol- umes being found some thirty years after in a room in St. Paul's Chapel, though how they found refuge there was a mystery to every one. Some of the books still show the book-marks of Murray and Bristowe ; these are principally law books, theological treatises, and other ponderous lit- erature in massive folios, which probably were too heavy to be easily moved and destroyed. Mr. John Pintard, founder of the New York Historical Society, used to say that he had seen the British soldiers carry away the books in their knapsacks and barter them for grog.^ UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. The library of the University of Pennsylvania was a very small one, being composed mainly of books procured by individual donation. Its chief distinction at the time was in the fact that it was the recipient, during the war, of a gift from Louis XVI of books printed at the royal printing offlce, consisting chiefly of mathematical works and works on natural history. COLLEGE OF NEW JERSEY. The library of the College of New Jersey, begun in 17.-)5, was also a very small one; it was entirely consumed by fire in 1801. In 1764 an account of the college, published by the trustees, gives the numbei of books as 1,200, all gifts of patrons in Europe and America. ' Address delivered before the New York Society Library on the one hundredth auui versary of its incorporation, November 9, 1872. By Thomas Ward, M. D., New York 1872, p. 10. Public Libraries a Hundred Years Ago. 31 KHODE ISLAND COLLEGE. We have already noticed that Brown University, then called Ehode Island College, depended at first on Providence Library for its books. The collecting of a library however began early, and there are some slight feeling references to it in the correspondence of President Man- ning with the English friends of the institution. In 1772 he wrote to Dr. Llewellyn : "At present we have but about 250 volumes, and these not well chosen, being such as bur friends could best spare ;"' a pathetic comment which a good many young libraries could echo. A few mouths later he wrote to Rev. Dr. Eyland : By the last ship wereoeived the works of the great aud good Dr. Gill, with fifty-two folio volumes of the Fathers, etc., the gift of Messrs. George Keith aud John Gill, the doctor's executors. This is l)y fair the greatest douatiou our little library has yet had.^ A year later, November 25, 1773, he writes to the same gentleman : Eev. Benjamin Wallin of London sent me an agreeable letter, accompanied with all he has published, in ten volumes neatly bound and gilt, with the most valuable works of John Bunyan in six volumes, the Reign of Grace, by William Booth, and Wilson's Sermons — all for the college librarj'.^ ■ I. DAETMOUTH COLLEGE. The only other college library was that of Dartmouth, but as the col- lege was founded six years only before the opening of the Revolution,* its library was insignificant, and can scarcely be counted as a literary influence. PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL LIBRARY. The professional libraries connected with theological, legal, and med- ical schools did not come into existence until after the present century opened, with thp single exception of a library connected with the Penn- sylvania Hospital in Philadelphia, which comprised only about a hun- dred volumes before the Revolution. The library began in a peculiarly quiet way. In 1762 Dr. John Fothergill gave a single book, Lewis's History of the Materia Medioa, and the next year the hospital began to exact a fee from students attending the wards in company with physi- cians, which was devoted to the founding of a library. AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY LIBRARY. The American Philosophical Society, which had its origin among the same persons who started the Philadelphia Library, had a small collec- tion of books at the time of the Revolution. friends' library. The Library of Friends, of Philadelphia, was established by a bequest from Thomas Ghalkley, in 1742, of his library, consisting of 111 books, 1 Life, Times, and Correspondence of James Manning, and the Early History of Brown University. By Reuben Aldridge Guild. Boston, 1864, p. 194. 2 Ibid., p. 200. n'bid., p. 221. 32 Public Libraries in the United States. which waS; accepted by the Monthly Meeting, ami a librarian appointed. The collection was gradually increased by purchase and donatiojis, but received little attention until a special effort was made in 1765, when the scattered boots were brought together, new ones purchased, and a catalogue made. It was not until 1794, however, that the library became considerable, when it received a large bequest from John Pemberton. PRINCE LIBRARY AND PARISH LIBRARIES. Perhaps this library ought to be included in what are more properly parish libraries. There are occasional glimpses of these before the Revolution, but only two can be named that were of any magnitude.' The Prince Library, ' Among the early libraries in the colonies, the parochial libraries, formed betwefen 1698 and 1730, through the efforts of Rev. Thomas Bray, D.D., founder of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, were prominent. Owing to the zeal of their founder and patron, these libraries increased in number and extent during his lifetime. As we have seen, the first public library of New York became indebted, in 1729, to the society above named for a generous gift of books. The parochial libraries, though designed especially for the use of the clergy, and nol public, in the popular sense of the present day, were readily opened to students, on application, and were doubtless, in many places, the chief means accessible for the pursuit of knowledge. The number of libraries founded in Maryland by Dr. Bray was 30, containing altogether 2,602 volumes; in the other North Atnerican colonies 8 libraries, with 1,162 volumes, were formed; and books to the value of £50 given to the College of William and Mary, in Virginia. " Before his laborious and useful life reached its close. Bray had the satisfaction of seeing not less than thirty-nine parochial libraries established in North America. The chief of them was at Annapolis — the princess after whom the city was named having given most valuable contributions toward it ; and others, containing in some instance; more than a thousand volumes each, were spread over the whole country, from Massa- chusetts in the north to the farthest borders of South Carolina."* Tlie assembly ol South Carolina passed an act November 16, 1700, for the x^reservation of a librarj which Dr. Bray and others had sent to Charleston for the use of the church in th( province.t "In justice also to his indefatigable zeal to promote the knowledge of true religioi it is proper to observe that besides founding the above-mentioned libraries he sent into America upward of thirty-four thousand religious books and tracts to be dispersSc among the inhabitants. "t Rev. William Stevens Perry, D.D., of Geneva, N. V., in a recent letter on the subject remarks: "It should be noted that the venerable society, independently of Dr. Bra; and the doctor's Associates, frequently supplied large and v aluablo parochial librarie to the missions they had established in America." The largest of the parochial libraries sent by Dr. Bray was that of St. Ann's parisl at Annapolis, Md., which numbered 1,09.5 volumes. This library was probably scat- tered or destroyed during the Revolution, as no trace of it can now be found. A library of 42 volumes was sent to St. Paul's parish, Baltimore. Respecting th 'History of tho Colonial Church, by James S. M. Andereon, M.A. London, F. & J. Eivington, ls4! 8°. Vol. a, pp. (524, 625. tibid., p. 90. 1 Public Spirit illustrated in the life and designs of the Rev. Thomas Bray, D.D. Second editioi revised. 8°. Londo'n, 1808, p. SO. Public Libraries a Hundred Years Ago. 33 belonging to the Old South Church in Boston, and lately deposited in the Boston Public Library, is a very valuable collection of books and manuscripts relating to New England history, formed by Thomas Prince, one of the early pastors of the church, and held after his death in 1758, as the pul)lic library of the church. NEW ENGLAND* LIBRARY. At the same time he bequeathed a separate collection, to which lie gave the name of the New England Library, consisting of books and t)apers either published in New England or pertaining to its his- tory and public affairs. He required that this should be kept in a dif- ferent apartment from the other books, that no person should borrow any book or paper therefrom, but that any person whom the pastors and deacons should approve might have access to it. This collection, numbering in 1814 two hundred and fifty-nine works, was deposited with the Massachusetts Historical Society. remains of this small collection, Dr. J. S. B. Hodges, rector of St. Paul's, writes, Jan- nary 26, 1876: "As a parish libra,ry it does not now exist, hut in an out-o^tho-^ay place iu the church I have found thefollowing volumes, which must have formed a part of the 42 so given : Five books of S. Irenseas, ed. 1702 ; Scriveuer's Course of Divinity, 1674 ; Du- pin's Ecclesiastical History, vols. 1 and 3, ed. 1693; Dupin's Ecclesiastical History, vol. 7, ed. 1695; Bray's Lectures on the Catechism, 1697; Sermons on the Apostles' Creed. These are folio volumes, and most of them are imperfect." The following interesting sketch of a parish library sent by Dr. Bray to St. James parish, Anne Arundel County, Md., is kindly furnished by Rev. T. C. Gambrall, the rec- tor of the parish. He quotesthe parish record as follows : " ' 1698. Books received by y° Rev. Chs. Hen. Hall, y'' — of May. " 'A catalogue of books belonging to y" 'library of St. James parish, in A. A. co., in Maryland, sent by y« Rev. Dr. Bray, & marked thus, — belonging to y" library of Her. ring Creeke, Ann Arundell County.' "There were two lots. The first was received in 1698, as seen above. The second was received June 5th, 1703, sent also direct to Herring Creek, by Dr. Bray. " The first lot contained 125 distinct, works in 141 vols. "The second lot was composed almost entirely of such works as catechetical lectures, tracts, &c., there also being many duplicates. The total number of copies in this col- lecti.m.was at least 200, several items being merely denoted as parcels. The whole collection, therefore, iu 1703, was about 341 volumes. " There were, in the lot of 1698, 29 volumes folio, 19 volumes quarto, 93 volumes octavo. "The second lot of 1703, not specified. " Some of the works were in Latin, while the subjects covered the whole ground of the literature of the day probably, being in theology, (controversial, exegetical, and practical,) in philosophy, geography, history, and travels. These works were also of high character, many of them being standards to-day, especially, of course, thosp in theology. " In 1748 the catalogue is given again, when the list numbers 168 volumes. This is probably the true number and thehigliest belonging to the library proper, the many duplicates above mentioned having been distributed. " The library was preserved very well, probably down to the Revolution, it being the law of the colony th.it the vestry should, from time to time, visit and inspect it. In 1740 vie find as one of the grievances of the vestry against a rector of the parish, the 3 B 34 Public Libraries in the' United States. LIBE'AU'i'' OF king's CHAPEL. There,wasg|UoofcUer,librr (J,., QE JPBEE LIBRARIES. It will be seen, from this survev, that the idea of a free public library, a^ now practically exemplified in. several of oar States, was not recc|g- nizedM its dullness before the Re v6lution.\ ^he nearest approach, to it ivas in the liberty given to persons not stockholders to consult the books in the Philadelphia Library. The growth of the system has been ill' the cohju4c'it6h of private benefic^iiQe wijjh public aid, especially where a system of free sclj,C(ois has developed a sense of the need of;a pijiblic library. It is interesting, as one notes the development of; the best known public' library ia the country, that in Boston, to s6e- how a Bity; with old tritditions'Of education ^nd ihtelligehciej ga!ye' no sf^nificant indicatibnsof consideriiig this mjatter , until within Qn,e or two generations. Before the Revolution there were but two librariesrof publni charaoter,^both of those of theological literatore largely ; Harvard College Library, it is true,, wa.s close, at ha,ii,^. MEIN'SCIECtTLtollifG LIBBABY. ' Andj, mention should certainly be made of a circulating libraryj es- _ tablished in 1||65 by John MeiUi^fte^'Wards a royalisfi, refugee, ^t^Hd.k^pt '^ Public Mbrary and Library of Kiiig>Pniliiirk'f/Scho6l,'at Annapolis,' Md.^—Vit'bei'liHia.Vf'' of St. Jobn'suCoUege, at Auna^bliSjMdi, are deposited S98 tatterfeJd and venerable volume.s that tell of the existenoe'of one, and probably two, public libraries itl Annapolis asieanlyas 1696-'97,'foiIr years anterior to thefouadation'of the public libril'jr at New- York, by Ker. John Sharipi- The'circumstanoes under which We of these, the "'pub- lic Iibtary,"'was formed, are made the mbre'interestingby tlie fact that they we're'marked by the first official recommendation iU this country for the application of public funds to aid iti'the maintenanke of a; free public library'. Itt 1697 Governor Nicholson |>rbp6sed to the'h<}-U!8e of burgesses " that His Majesty, "Willianl III,'b6 addressed that some' part of the revenue given toward furnishing arms and ammunition for the use of the province, be laid out for the purchase of books to be Added to the books which Ji'ad been'pte^ented by the Kiiig,'to form a library iti the tJiirte of Annapolis; add thdt' a" portiott of the public revenue be applied to the enlargement thereof; and 'that the lihrairy shonld be 'placed' in the office, and under the care of the OOmmi^^ar^ Of the proMncej' permitting all persons desitblils to study far reUd the books, to have access theneto under proper) restrictions."* '' ' ' ' ^ j The library was kept in the State-house until that building was burued in 1704, wheti it appears to haite been removed to, and nnited with, the library of "KiUg Willikrtn's Sohodlt,"'.(established iu 1698-'97, and still remembered with pride by MarylalflderS as the school where the learned and elotjueut JWilliam PiAAkney received his eafly train- ing,) which, with other property of the school, was',' in the year 1785, gi veto to St. Jfihn's College. '' ' iii.i"ii .•>;■■ Rev. William S. Southgate, of Annapolis, recently inspected the remaias of this "•'A'itfate'of Aiinapoiis, by Davii Eidgely) librarian of the l^tate Library, Baltimore. Cushiiig and Brother, 1841; i).' S2i' " • ' '' -'"'■ "' ' '■ ' 3G Tiihlic. Libraries in the United IStates. at thp? Loiuion bookstote. It numbered some 1,200 volumes and boasted a printed catalogue. The yearly subscription was twenty -eight shillings ; the quarterly, ten shillings and eight pence. In his adver- tisement he states that he was influeucled to undertake it "by the re- peated' request of a, nupaber of gentlemen, the friends ofliteratat-e." Mein wag a bookseller, and it gives some indicatioa of the condition of tiie bpok'busiuess in, Boston at the tiipe, Ijhat he advertised, shortly after,^ a stopk of above ten , thousand volumes. We suspect that books were more freely bought by private persons iu Boston than elsewhere, and we have seen how Franklin had recourse to bookstores and to {irl- vate collections of books. ALLUSION t6 an BAELY PUBLIC LIBRARY. There is one curious bit of literary history which points somewhat in- decisively to notions of a public library at a very earlj- date. In the Mather Papers in the Prince Library there is a will of John Oxenbridge, in which occurs the bequest : /(e7?ii^— To the Pablic Library in Boston or elsewhere as my executors and overseers shall jnfigebest Augiistitte's works ill 6 volnmes, the Century's in 3 vols. The cat- alogue' of Oxford library. The will is dated Boston, in New England, tlje 12th daj of the first historic euUpctiou, and kindly furnished the following interesting description for tliis sketch : , " There is an alcove in the library of St. John's College, Annapolis, tilled with a miscellaneous collection of very old books, presenting a striking contrast to the new and fresh appearance of the contents of the other alcoves. They are all in their original leather binding, and in a very dilapidated condition. Some are stamped on the oui-' side, of the covers, ' De Bibliotheca Anuapolitaua ;' others, ' Sab auspioiis Wilhelmi III.' • The greater portion have no stamp, book-plate, or writing of any sort to show from wliat collection they came. They are in all probability the remains of the library esfablishefl in Annapolis by Governor Nicholson about 1(397, and of the King Willia,m's School Library, mentioned by Eidgely in his Annals of Auiiapolis. "This collection consists of about 188 folios and 210 quartos, octavos, and duodecimos. They are principally theological works of the editions of the seventeenth century. Prominent ijmong them are the^ works of the Church Fathers, such as Ambrose, Athaua- siusi Aquinas, Augustine, Basil, Cleinent Alexa6drinus, Chrysostom, Eusebius, Epipha- nius,GregGry Nazianzeu, Gregory the Great, Origen, Theodoret, Theophylact, Grotiud, aud Jerome. Among the critical and historical works are the Critic! Sacri,9 vols., fol., 1660; Corpus Juris Canonici, 3 vols., fol., 1671; Concilia Generalia, 9 vols., fol., 1636; Baronius, Annales Ecclesiastioi,5 vols., fol., 1601. Of English writers we find such as Cave, Selden, Bishop Bull,Thos. Hobbes, Bishop Pearson, Goodwin, Charuock, Ham- mond, Bray, Chillingworth, Jewell, Andrews, Patrick, More, Bishop Hall, and Boyle. In the classics there are editions of Virgil, (2 vols., 1598 ;) Plutarch, 1574; Euripides, 1694; Aristophanes, 1607 ; and Delphine editions (1674 to 1691) of Claudiau, Q. Cnr- tius, Eutropius, Horace, Livy, Martial, Ovid, Plautus, &c. " One of the most interesting books of the collection is a catalogue of the American Library, presented by White Kenuet to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Paris, iu 1713, for use by the colonial missionaries in the West Indies. " These books are of little use where they are, and would be a valuable acquisition for the library of a theological school." — Editoks. Public Libraries a Hundred Years Ago. 37 month, 167|-. One: other refereace appears in the'towii records for March 11, 1695: , , Voted, that the bookes of the Registar of birthes and (J^iithes in the tofl'ii of Bo3fcpn shall hedemamled by the Selept-meu, in whose hands soever they be, and that all bookes or other things belonging to the library, and all the goods or estate belonging to the Town, be demanded, and taken posiession of by the Selectmen;' !HM,ii 1,1" a.'i I-' ],.■,.•'• ' I - ' . -'.,1^1' What called out this vote, and whether the library liientioaed in It had any connection with the shadowy one to which John Oxehbridgie bequeathed his books, are questions not answered by any' further lifiowledge that we liaye.^ ' Mather Papers, vol. il, 15. (Prince Library, Boston Public Library.) ^ There is some other evidence that a public library existed in Boston prior to lf)86. In that year Rev. Roberij Ratclifife, sent to establish the first Eni^oopal Church in New England, arrived from England and " waited on the council, and Mr. Mason and Ran- dolph proposed that he should have one of the congregational meeting houses to preach in. This was denied, but he was granted the use of the library room in the eas£,end of the town house." June 15, 168S, it was voted to pay " Mr. Smith the Joyner," for tnakiag' "li formes for the servise of the church," and it was also voted -to employ and pay " Mr. Smith the Joyiier, 20s. (iuarterlie,,for his pjeaneing, placeing, and renjpveing the Pulpit, formps, table &c.'' The historian of/ King's Chapel, from whpse work* the above extracts are quoted, adds, "The accommodations provided for and referred to in tfie two last votes were intended to furnish the, library room in the town house in a decent manner for the performance of divine service." i • « Holmes, in his Annals of America, vol. l,p. 421,note, quotes from the manuscript diary of Judge Sewall,referring to the efforts of Governor Andros to secure a place of worship for the Episcopal Society, ( 16i3,) " It seems [he] speaks to the ministers in the library about acoommodatioas as to a meeting house." Drake, the, historpmt of Boston, says that a oommitteei of the Episcopal Society applied to the council for the use of one of the three meeting houses for the minister to preach in. " 'That is denyed; and he is granted the east end of y* ToWn-house, where y" Deputies used to meet, until those who desire his ministry shall provide a fitter place.' This ro im contained a library." The town house was burned in 1711 ; rebuilt the foliowing year, and again destroyed by fire in 1747, ait which time " 'A vast number of ancient books and early records, together with a collection of valuable papers, were destroyed; and to the ravages of this calamity we may attribute the imperfect accounts that are to be obtained of the first and second building.'"): Probably the library was consumed in the great Are of 1747. The foregoing accounts seeril to prove indubitably that such a library existed at a very early date. — Editors. * A History of King's ^l^apel, in Boston, The First Episcopal Chiiroh in New England, by F. W. P. Gj^eenwood,, Junior Minister of King's Chapel. Boston, Carter, Hendee & Co., and Allen &. Tickndr, 18331" ' " 1.1.).,. ^ t Tbe'History and Antiquities of Boston, by Samuel'G^ Drake, A.M. Boston; Luther Stevens, Itiofi. J'History and Autiqaities of Boston, pi 350, note. ..li CHAPTER II.' SCHOOL AND 'ASYLUM LIBRARIES. BY, THE; EDITORS. I.— COMMON SCHOOL LIBEAEIBS. ^ iNTIiODUCTORY liEMAJfKS — HWXORICAL ^SKISTCH^ Olf COMMON SCHOOL ilBRAKIBS J ;" New Yokk, Massachuskti's, Michigax, Connecticdt, Rhode Island, Iowa, Ind ANA, iiAiNK, Ohio, Wisconsin, MtssouRi, CALiKORNiil, Oregon, iLLmois, Pbnnsy VANiA, Kansas, ViRGlisiiA, Nfew jBtisBY*,' KEN'rucKY, MiNSTEsbTA, Colorado, i*Tu OUDHR of ESTABLISHMENT —School LIBRARlBSiltflTHlS PBOVINGB OV ONTARIO. 7//,! ■ ■ ■ 1-1 ,-. . ■,.;':, ,'■''' ' '' ,,.4,|tl(ough the history of school -libraries in the United States i uiiH'ked by many changes and .i^ishaps, ^t would be untrue to say ths these libraries hjive entirely faije(3^ to accomplish the good expected f them. From ^rst to last, their shelves have held millioas of good book! afforfliug amnspment and instruction, ^md cultivating a taste for rea( iug in million^ of readers, young and old. In a single State, !N'ew Yprl tifteen years aftep the first, library was formed, over 1,000,000 volumf were reported in the school libraries, without account of the large nu mbe probably not reported, jand thjB .still larger number worn out ana los during that period. It, should also h^ ^aid that in a number of State the schooyibraries furnished, for many years, the only supply of readin" the imperfect facilities for procuring, and the comparative scarcity ( books, preventing their purchase. Thousands of youth,_ then as non left, thes district school to engage at once in the active duties of life, an their only hope of retaining \yhat they had aciiuired and adding tb.it lay in the means of , self-instruction affprded by the district schot libr^r;5 . . A careful study of the history of the school library system in tbesev eral States where it has been tried develops the causes of the dangei and failures that have attended it. These maybe grouped in two classes first, defects and frequent changes in legislation ; second, incompetenc and ihaiflf'erence in the administration of the law. ' Premising that th system -of no one State qr district exhibits all, but that, with a fe' 'fexeeptions, each yv ill be found to contain oue or more of the evils, th^ ma!y be summed up as follows": . ^ j i First. Defects of legislation: In permitting school districts to raise li tax and expend 'money for libraries, without providing for State aid, (. supervision of the selections of books; in ^rattting State aid \v\tWi. supervision of selections ; in suspending at intervals the grants of St£ii as School and Asylum Libraries. 39 aid ; ia limiting the size aad usefulness of the libraries, by permitting the diversion of the funds to other purposes, after each had acquired a cer- tain number of volumes, or for any other reason ; in not requiring that a sum equal to the State grant to any district should be raised by local taxation as a condition of such grant ; in failing to provide by stringent regulations, in case^ where the-libpry i\\a^f were to be partly or wholly derived from fines or other variable sources, tor the full payment and legitimate use of such funds; in not cultivating interest in the libraries by holding trustees and other sehci^ol 'officers to a more strict accounta- bility for their management and preservation. Second. Defeats of administration : As shown /by the selecting and pur- chasing unsuitable and often improper and immoral boolis by trustees ilnacquainted with, or indifferent to, their'merits or demerits j'by placing thelibraries in the charge of teacher's who^e interesjt in ttie school and Ubr%ry alike termiaated with the .close of thp school terra ; by /ajlipg to hold librarians responsible for the care and- preservation of the ^booljs; by perverting, t(ip library funds to ot^her uses without authority of law; by allowing the libraries to' sink into heglect and contempt through "failure to' provide regular supplies of- fresh reading; by trustees fail- ing to realize th^ir duty and pHrsoiial responsibility in respect to the proper management and preservatioh of the libraries, and their indif- ference respecting the fate of the books; by a like indifference, in too many cases, on the part of town and county superintendents ; by inju- dicious selections ot books by' State superintendents aii'd boards of edu cation,' wheii charged 'with the performance of itnat duty. tt isbelieyed that an examination of the subjoined sketcliey of the school library s^j^stein iii the different States where it 'has been adopted wilt disclose all thes6 causes as operating. The endeavor has been to present each with aslittle comment "as practicable, leaving tlie reader to draw his bwn.cohclusionsl ■the brief sketch of the libraries connected with the public schools of the province ot' Ontario has beeniutrodiiced oh HccOutit of certaih feat- ures, which seem to commend the system to those charged ' with the administration of school libraries already in operation or which may be hereafter established in the tJuited Stated. ' ' " '" '' JSTew York was ,the_ pioneer in foun,dir(g school libraries. , In 1827, Governor De Witt Cli,^ton, in his message to the legislature, recom- mended their formation; b,u^ it, was not till 1835 thq,t the friends of free 'schools saw their hopes realized in the passage of a law which per- mitted. the voters in atjy school district to leyy a tax of i^.O to begin a library, and a tax of $10 each sucoeediu^^ear to provide for its increase. Much apathy was shown, !3,nd,fe\^ districts yoted the necessary tax. In 1831, James Wadsworth, with others, ha4 succeeded in getting the State to republish and place in every school district in the State^ Hall's 40 Public Libraries in the umtea >:iutteb: Lectures on School Keeping: The favor wifch which this booki had been received and read by bothtekcbers and parents, was one of the^ practi- cal arguments used to Secure the passa^- of the law of 1835. Mr. Wadsworth again came forward and agreed to pay one- fourth of the first year's tax to each district in the towns of Geneseo and Avon. Even this failed to get a response, and the friends of the libraries saw that other uieansmust be found or their plans would fail. Their efforts were at last successful, and in 1838 the law was passed which was to place within fifteen years over 1,600,000 books on the sbtlves of the school libraries of New York. General John A. I)ix, theji secfetary of state, and ex ofBcio superintendent of schools, from the. first a zealous and powerful friend of the movement, was charged with the execution of the law giving to the school districts $55,000 a year to buy books for their libraries aud requiring them to raise by taxation an equal amount for the same purpose. The law met favor everywhere save among those who opposed the common schools themselves; so that General Dix's successor was able in 1841 to report 422,459 volumes in the school libraries; in 1842 this number had increased to 630,125, a growth in one year of more than 200,000 volumes. In 1,843 authority was granted school districts to use the library fund for the purchase of school apparatus, and after that had been sufiQciently obtained, for the payment of teachers' wages, provided that each district containing more than fifty children between five and sixteen years of age, should have a library of not less than 125 volumes, and each district containing less than fifty children, a library of not less than 100 volumes. Year by year the libraries grew and multipb'ed until, in 1853, they contained an aggregate of 1,604,210 volumes. Then began the period of decadence. In his annual report for the year 1861, the State superintendent said : Concurrent testimony from nearly, e\"ery quarter of the State represents the libraries in the rnral districts as almost totally unused and rapidly deteriorating iu value. The whole number of volumes reported during the past year is 1,286,536, which is 317,674 less than was reported in 1853, although $55,000 has been appropriated etich year since that period for library purposes. His successor, in his report for thefoHovying year, finds the libraries — mainly represented by a motley collection of books, ranging; in character, from Headley's Sacred Mountains to the Pirate's Own^Book, numbering in the, aggre- gate a million and a half of volumes, scattered among the various families of dis- tricts, constituting a part of the family library, or serving as toys for children in the nursery ; . . . crowded into cupboards, tlirown into cellars stowed away in lofte, exposed to the action of water, the sun, and of fire, or more frequently locked away into darkness unrelieved and silence unbroken. . . . The dark- ness of this picture is partially relieved by the fact that the cities and larger villages of the State . . . have been less negligent, . . . and that under the IftW of 1858, as also by the sanction of the depiutiiieut under a previous statute, tunoh of the appropriation ba:s been applied to the payment of teachers' wages. Still, in the last live years, |139,7U8.10 have been expended iu the rnral districts for library purposes, while the uuiuber of volumes reportefl hasdiminished iu the same period from 1,288,070 to 1,206,075, a loss of 81,995 volumes as a return for the expenditure named. I think this may safely be set down as amoug our permanent investments of the school fund form which no revenue is derived. School and ■ Asylum Libraries. 41 111 1864 the legislature authorizeil. all districts (11,000 in number, accordinjf to Hon. S. S. Randall, formerly general deputy superintendent of schools for the State) which received less than $3 a year for library purposes to expend it for teachers' wages, and in all other districts for the purchase of school apparatus, and this being supplied, to teachers' wages. Mr. Eandall observes :' , 'So far as the rural districts were concerned, and most of the city schools, this enact- ment was virtually eqiiiival^ut to an entire abandonmept of 'the library system, mani- festly and unquestionably a retrograde liiovement. It is earnestly to be hoped that before the million of volumes stilii remaining in the 13,000 districts of the State shall tave disappeiired, this great and beneficent feature of our common school system will bl3 restored and placed upon a jferUlaneilt and improved footing. ' The diversion 6f the library fuiid to other pufpos^S continues, and all the b&cirtl reports indicate tliat, in a majority of the districts, the people batve come to accept the diversion as a matter of course, and that in some the very existence of a library at '^hy time is ratier a matter of tradi- tion than of knowledge. The prediction of Superintendent Morgan, in 1'840, that any diversion of the library fund to any other purpbse, in any case and under any circumstances, would lead to the destructioil of the libraries, seems to be^ fully verified. The present State superintendent, writing in 1875, says: The total amount of State appropriation since lS38 is $2,035,100. . . . I doubt whether more than one-half of the State appropriation has, for many" years, been used for library purposes. ... It is safe to say that, at the present timn, the amount raised by local taxation for the. maintenance, of district libraries is very small. ., . . The district library system has not worked, jy.ell in t^iis State and has utterly faile^ to accomplish what was expected of it by those who inaugurated it. The libraries have ■ fallen into disuse, and in a large majority of the districts of the State have become practically valueless. The number of volumes is annually decreasing. . . . At the! date of the last report it was but 831,554.^ . . . Mr. Weaver's^ plan for im- proving, and increasing the usefulness, of libraries, was to prohibit, absolutely,, tl^e use ot library moneys for any pther purpose, to cpnipel districts to raise, by local taxat-iou, a sum equal tpthat apportioned from the Sta.te funds,.and to pernjit them to raise by taxation a sum fqur times greater than the State apportionment. He also believed there should be a change in the method of selecting books ^^and,in that belief |,most heartily concur. In very few instances are the school trustees competent to make selections. 1 have no doubt that under Mr. Weaver's plan, the sj-'sfem would: be vastly improved.. I have, however, been' of the opinion that it' might be better to consolidate the district libraries in the several to wns, and form joint town libraries, T^^ith a town fund' for their support. '' MASSACHUSETTS. ' School libraries in JMCassachii^etts ow,ed their origin to tlie ^arflestness and eloquence of their advocate Horaca Maun, through whose influeuce aj law was euacted, in 1837, allowing school districts to raise and expend for one year and $10 each succeeding year to begin and support a V* History of the Common School System of the State of 'New York, by S. S. Eandall. New York and Chicagoj Ivison, Blakeman, Taylor & Co., 1871, pp. 363, 364. ^Valued, according to the superintiendent's report, at:$500,959. ^Hon. Abram S. Weaver, lateStatesuperintendent of public instruction. ■ - 42 Public Libraries m )ine vnucw omi^ks. library ;..the school committee to select the books. Fe* districts availed themselves of the authority thus grauted, and foar years after, in 1841, there were only 10,000 volumes in all the school libraries, while it was estimated that one hundred towns ia'theState were without libraries of any kiud'save private. The friends of school 'libraries di^ riot despair, and in 1842, owing to their unvvea'ried efforts, '_aresolutipu was passed appropriating to each district that sbftuU] iWS,^ aft equal atpojinfc th^ sum of $15 for library purposes. Neither this resolution, nor tha/feiOif 1843 extending its provisions to cities and townfe not* hitherto divided into school districts, gave iuc(r6 than $15 th aiiy Otie library. In 1842 one-fourth of the districts formed libraries, at an, expense to theStateof $11,355'; t|i0y contained Ijy estimjite, 35,000 to 40,000 ,'Kolui)jes. T^iie applications for aid gradually .diminished from 1843 until 1850, when the law wa« repealed. The total atooant paid from the school fund in aid of 2,0S4 libraries was $31,260; the value of thd first libraries was therefore $02,520. Accorftihg to the report of the board of education for 1849 the value of all the libraries was $42,707 ; the number of vol- umes, 91,539, . i ; > ■I The school libraries have been superseded by free town libraries. MICHIGAN. , , : , The school law of 1837 empowered' the voters of each district, to raise by tax a sum not exceeding $10 annually for the purchase and inprpai^e of, district libraries. Each district that levied the library , tax, bpcaine eptitl^dto— , ,,,;,, ... ,,,,., ,, ,, ,,,„.., ,„, ,„,, .,_, its proportion of the clear proceeds of all fioes collected witbia the several cpuuties for any breach of the peace laws,. and also its proportion of the equivalent for exemp- tion from 'military duty, Which fines and equivalent shall lii paid ovet by the' several ofSueis collecting the same to the county treasurers,' to be apportioned aiiboWinJ to the number of dhildi^en in tlie townships between the ages of five and seventeen years. An amendment, in 1840, directed that the fund arising from fines a|id exemptions should be used for libniry purposes only. The act, of 4843 provided for the establishment of township libraries and for an annual intome of $25 for eacli, to-be raised by taxation;' it permitted the elect- ors,'after a library had acquired 200 volumes, to reduce the ^moiiiit' ti) \>^ rai^sejj by taxation tp a si^itn not Ip^s, than $10 annually ; and it wjas made the duty of, the State superiuteudent to publish a, list of booM shitiible for school libraries. The law also empowered thei electors of any to'wu to raise by Special tax $50 additional for the purchase 'dt books for the library. Ijlie act of 1859 authorized' the Voters' o^ ainy town to determine wh^t portion of, 'the amount raised by taxation for school purposes should be used to purchase books for the town library ; it also authorized the electors to divide the township library into dis- trict libraries. The law' of 1869 peiyfcnits the electors of any towti'^to nmte the several district libraries and' 'form a to wii^^ip library. Tlip electors of, a school district may vote a tax foy library purposes. '^y^'School and Asylimt' Libraries. 43 I ThefoHowiug, from the auauml report of the State superiut^adent for 1809, will indioa/te'Someof tkeidifdealties ithat beset'tbe system i' •■- ■The>oldllaW',-- ■ • .' 'TElie'Stkte' saperintendent's re|)(i>Bt for the year 1873 discusses the question of school libraries, and from it the following statemfeiits are -takeii:"''''"^'' "■'' •"■''-'''--■"■"■' ■'■-'"'■■' ii- '■■ -^"- ', -■■-^' '■-^■> ■'-'■•' I, WMle jjt must be a4mil^tied tl^iat there are n,ot a few ,wl(0, are. .(lecicledly opposed to ,apljQftl ]ibr£vries a^.a useless appliance in ^ our school work, and many ,more,iire| quite in^jffer.eflt to the subject, there are yet ,a,„h,QSt of c^arnest j;j|tizens,^nd anjong t,l^^|m.fl]ir most active educators, who believe the value of school libraries, properly managed, Mi'ii4rdi;beo4rB4itnl&i'.'^'-'' ■^'■' ' ■ '^' " '' " ''^'^' ''- '"'-^"•i'" ■ '■ ' The J/fipbttenty 6ay, tlialt though >there was a time When school libraries may ha*e beeuidesitabiej at the presentj when the country isifull of books, and they can be so easily a|nd cheaply ^procured,, by all, it is a^va^te of public money tojoia^t^ifi.^licfi libraries. To this it may be replied, that, although books are plenty, it is very far from true that all or even a majority of the people can individually procure them to ''ife^' desirMetdWdeilt.'' Mul'titud'es fe^ uUabte' to' buy them, and those who are' atjH^ generally 'will iiot, unless they have first J^ttiW-tred a' "taste for reading." if one Were to gofthroDghitbte oonntryiaciditated an, inventory of the books to be, found in all the houses, he woulfl hardlfy be willing, to assiprt tha^ th^ people are supplied with books; aud if he ask 'the people how much they find to the creflit accouUitof their finances at the end of the year, andlow strong (or now weak) is their desire for books, the answer iiiight ^^^Bli to the winds the belief he may have' entertained that the pbofplewill sup- ply themselves.' ■*-!' ' ' . yyu'i ^ .....ti^r! _, ■-.*ni4!i Y i:n.,!W <.]'•■ ,■. ;,» !■; • 'ffe «:- '- , * ,. • i! ■.,*.. ij^Mt. ■' VeiyJpw (^istrictg ap^ npw voting sums pf money jSufficient to build up creditable Ii^^ries. The.whc^e system seems to have come in,to general ^isfavor, and is, more than ahy other JEfeaiure of our school system, the one of which we 'are least proud. Many perSonsiiiffibute ttfe' ill suCcless to the division of the township librarfes to the 44 Public Libraries in the United States. districts, arid advocate as a remedy a return to tlie townShip'systetn. The townships" can retarn to that, system at any tiine if they wish, bat we have no information that any have done so. Tlifi township libraries have ,fare4 no bet(;er since the change in the law than the district libraries. If any advantage has been gained it hasjirobal»ly been by the latter, 'the radical defect and failure was in destroying all certain means for the' support of the libiaries. The moneys from fines, &c., were iievfcr designed as a support to the libraries, Tjut were so appropriated by the constitufcion as merely inci- dental, and to make the penalty for crime aid iu preventing crime by an increased in- telligence, .' , , ,,: According to the same report there were 1,265 district liiararies, con-, taining 120,577 volumes, and 207 township lijararles, containing 49,872 volumes, making 170,449 volumes. The amount paid during the year for township libraries was $5,576.64; for district libraries 813,374.77, making $18,951.41. There were added to all the libraries during the year 14,836 volumes. ' The funds are derived from three sources : . 1. From fines for breaches of the peace. , , , 2. Townships can vote a portion of the two-mill tax. 3. The districts can vote a tax for their support. From the first source about $40,000 were realized in 1873. From the second $2,122 were reported ; of the third we have no report, but the amonnt voted was small, donbt- lesst Less than §19,000 wer^ reported as expended for books, showing one-half of the fund, small as it was, illegally used for other, purposes. Our law, as it non- stands, gives us an admirable library system, but there is a want of disposition on the part of our people (save in exceptional instances) to vote the means for the support of the libraries. Nothing is certain but the fine money, and that is wholly inadequate, (ex- cept in the county of Wayne, including the city of Detroit.) Only seyeuteen town- ships of the 955 voted anything the past year, and these in the aggregate less tljan $1,500. CONNECTICUT. In 1838 there were but six school libraries, contaiaiug altogether less than 1,000 volumes, in the State. In 1839 districts were authorized to tax themselves for a school library. In 1840 the secretary of the board of commissioners of common schools reported : ' I do riot find that anything has been done by districts to secure for them- selves a library of useful books as they are now authorized to do by a tax not exceed- ing thirty dollars The school law of 1841 gave school districts the power " to establish and maintain a school library." In 1842, the secretary reported : Some assistance has also Ibeen rendered to districts, in purchasing and procuring libraries and apparatus. In this way, to my personal knowledge, more than 3,d0D volumes have been added to district libraries. r j ; A Jong period of inactivity followed, and the school libraries lan- guished. Iu 1856 a new law was enacted, giving to each district that would raise by taxation or subscription for library purposes au equal amount, the sum of $10 the first and $5 each succeeding year by the Statp. The first year after the passage of the law, $1,33Q were appro- priated by the State, and $2,000 raised by the districts for the " purchase of libraries and apparatus." In the year ending March 31, 1875, the ■School md Asylum Libraries. 45 State appropriated $2,865, and the districts raised $4,803.82 for the same purposes. As the two items are not charged separately, it is im- possible to know what part was .expended for libraries. By a Subsequent modiflcatioii of the law, large districts are, allowed to draw the sums named fpr each, one, hundred pupHs in actpal attend- ance at school. High schools supported by towns also ^participate in the benefits of the law. Tliere are 1,500 school districts in the State, and about 960 of them have availed themselves of State aid. '' ' The secretary of the StatiB board of education Writes : Tlie 'Workings of the system are entirely satisfa ct(^ry. Sfo changes are required. Local wants ar& provided for as local authorities prefer.' ' ' RHODE ISLAND. A.n act of February, 1840, gave the school committee of each town power to appropriate out of the public school money to be distribtited to each district the sum of $10 aunuallyi to be applied to th^ purchase and maintenance of a sehool.library for said district. The lawof 1845 made it the. duty of the State commissioner of com- mon schools to select the booiks for school libraries. The earnest exertions of Hbn. Heni-y Barnard, th6n superiutendent, resjulted in the^prniatioii of school libraries in nearly every town in the State, mainly by the subscriptions of generous individuals; and in 1852 there were some 20,000 volumes in all the libraries. A period of inactivity followed, and in 1874 a new law wsts enacted, which provides that the board of education " may cause to be paid annually, to and for the use of each free public library," $50, for the purchase of books, provided, the library contains 500 volumes, and $25 for each addition of ,500 vQlumes, though no, library can receive niore ' 'Mauy tdwils in' Connecticut, as in other parts 'of New England, enjoyed from an. early period the educational advantages pf libraries. , Salisbury ■was particularly fa- vored,. Before the Revolution it received from an Englishman engaged iu business tliere the gift of a liljrary of 200 -Well selected volumes, imported from LouiJon. This library flourished until the town was nearly a century old. In 1803 Caleb Bingham, a native' of Salisbury, editor and publisher of the American Preceptor, Columbian Orator, and other sohool' books, then a publisher and: "bookseller in Boston, wrote -to his brother, saying : i" I well remember, when I was a boy, how ar- dently I longed for the opportunity of reading, but .had no access to a library. It is ipofe'tli'au 'probable that there are aii the present time,,in my native town, many chil- dren who possess the same desire, and who are iu_ a like unhappy'predicament. . ... I have selected from my shelves 150 volumes for the commencement of a library for ilie sole use of the (jhildren of the town of Salisbury, from nine to sixteeii years of age. . - . . Toithesmall begihning it.is pr^esumied the liberality of your fellow townsmen will, induce them to .make -sftch add^tipn^^ from .time to time, as that it will at length become respectable." - ^ . , The expectations of the generous donor were u,ot disappointed. The f' Bingham LibrUry'" liVed and prospered foi^'inany y'eaTs,'Supported by occasional grants' of money from tile town, the 'first exilmplfe; it is believed, of municipal aid to a library in the United States. ,. i' 46 Public Libraries- in. the Wnited States. than $500. Thebpard of edncatioQ is directed to oversee tb&chi)ice of books and secure their free nse to the inhabitants of the town in which thelibcary is situated. • '"; '' ' The law and a cotieiof regulations were published in Aagast, 1875. These regulations seem so wise. that they are here inserted. , ■ 1. Tlie>tm3teB3 or board of tti«ttagbment' of (fVery library Clainiiii^^airtniKWr tb« proffisious of chapter 4^4 of tbp geoeral statuilies, shall show, to the Jsabisf action of thei bpar(^.of e(l]i,p^tion,tl}a,t the free use of all the a,d vantages of the libr^-ry is grante* to, . all citizen's of suitable age' aud character of the, town or cifj; ,. ., . iucladiug thos^ of the neighboring territory witliin a radiiis oi three miles. ,, p 2. E'v^tl applioatifon for said aid shall be 'dijc^aip'auiea' by a catalogue of the liobks in the possession of the library, and albo a written statement by the^li'lMrat'fall'of theit*'' number and icondition. - . ... ■_ n^., . ,i'. :. m ',):'•■'-> .■'' 3. In the number of books reported as belonging to the library, only thpsesshall be counted which are in good condition for use. Furthermore,|in such enumeration po dUpVicate of congressional reports, ^tate documents, or books of a similar pharacterj^ shAllbo reckoned ; but unbound liia^azin^s iiisij^be counted in their complete volutties. 4; Vith each application for aid following the first; there shall be tiled a sohedaW of the books purchased with the preceding grant from the State. 5. Every library receiving aid from tbe State 8l?p,ll.have a printed catalogue of all its books. 6. Each application for aid shall be made to the comniissioner of public schools, and, be submitted by him to the coraraittee oil libraries, who shall report thereon at the next meeting of the bbard. ' • 7. Every library tebeiving aid in accordance *rith these provisions, shall be open at all times to the inspection of the board of education, or of any member thereof, or 6f their agent. Applications for State aid have been received from seven libraries, the grants to which amount to $550; they contain, in th^ aggregate, 9,.356 volumes. The commissioner of public schools writes, September 25, 1875; , , I think the indications are very favorable, and I am strongly in hopes that within a few years we shall have a library in every village and town ii^i oiif State. , tow A. 'By an act bf the territorial legislature, passed in 1840, school districts were authorized to impose a tax of $10 a year for the purchase, and in- creiise bf'schOol libraries. In 1849, aft^r the adraissibn of Iowa into the Union, a new law was passed, empowering school distriot;s to expend a portion of the money raised by taxation for school plurposes for tlie for- uiatiorl' and incfealse bfsbllool libraries. ' ^'■''"'-''' ''n ' The growth of %hese libraries Seems to have been sure thougli'glow. The whole number of volumes reported in 18(13 wa^'Si'sSf; in 1875, i3,l;io. '■■'''■ -''■■' '"[' ' " ■'■■" In 1875 there W'ere 3,670 scho6l di&tricts in the State. '' INDIANA. An act passed in 1841 authorized taxation, not exceeding $20 in any one year, for the purchase and increase of a library in any school district 'School and Asylmm Libraries.. 47 in the State. In 1852 a law w.as enacted requiring that a tax of one- fourtb,of a mill on eftoh dollar of, property taxable for State purposes, and 25 cents on each poll, should be levied during two years, and 'the proceeds applied to 'the purchase of township libraries by the saperih- tendent of public instruction, updfcr the direction of the State board of edncatipw.; The libraries were to be distributed by the superintendent among'the coimties on the basis of population, butth« injustibeof this method became maniYeSt as^6bn as it was tried, and the book^ 'wel-e afterward designed to the townships oh'tlie basis of school population. .J?ljie §um realized in thpijwo years was ^at)out $176,000., According tq,tl,ie repoiit of the superintendent of public instruction for the year 1865j! 691 libraries, containing an aggregate of 135,378 volumes, had been distribiited. '' ■ "''--''' ■■■'''■ ' ••■i^^'- ' '- ■'■' ■■ ^ - > ; , Thfe' Vtjvised school law'of 18i)5 provided for the levy of' a tax for one year, ^nd tlje whplp, anioupt .received duriijg the , three years was $266,597. Up to 185,7, 226,213 volumes, costing $252,333, had. been pur- chased. ' " In his report for 1856, the superintendent trote: " Sufficient time Jias now elapsed, j^inq^^l^e first .seleption of book? wa5.^1,is,t;ributed to tlie townships, to test, t,o a liipited extent, t)ie capacity of tlae library ,feijtnre., as an educational instrumentality, as an appropriate adjunct of our school syste^a. It has, even in the bijief period pf its operations, accomplished i;esi\lts equ,al to the niost san- guine expectations^ of its friends, a,^(\ fally f;G^ee.\a^A their pledges ,jn,.jt8 behalf, Thej reports from many of thejtowijships will show that the number of books taken out, in - twelve consecutive months, is from one to twentv times the entire number in the libra;ry;l*''' '" -,i.^ -'-=» i'^ l!'r.,r>'= .1 :.."( - . '' ,..r. ■!,!-; 'The' libraries continued to gro\y until they were reported to contain 315,209 volumes in 1861, from which time they began to decline, . The superintendent's report for 1864 contains this sigiiificant sentence : 1 have . . . ' agaih to urge ripon the legislatui^e to make provision for reason- able, not large, annual additions to these libraries, and for better care of them, under the full conviction that if such provision is not s 'on made they will mostly, if not entirely, waste away and disappear, and the immense amount of money invested in them be lost to the Sfate, and this powei^ul auxiliary e.dpcatianal agency, losf,- to the schools. ''''', , . ., Ip 1866,141,000 were raised by taxa|,ipii for the purchase of book^, and aljout 29,000 volu!nes,.i;idded to the libraries. The circulation of books in tliat year was abQut 85,bf)p volumes j the small. addi;tion made awakened interest, so that two years later the circulation was reportetl, at about 140,000 volumes, showing that the people craved fresh read- lug. - The additions, „^iucp, 18^6 havje^ he,eq, small, amounting, iq;l§74, to only 2,510 voluijies, while out of 253,^45 volumes reported in the libra- ries, only 85,366 wer§ reported as ^avitig beei) "taken out during the year."^ ' The number of volumes reported in the Public Library of Indianapolis, April 9, 1874, was; 14,560 ; the circulation of, books for the year-eijding on that4ate was 101,281 voltimes.. 48 Public Libraries in the United estates. The average coudition and use of the libraries are fairly indicated b^ the subjoined excerpts from the report of the superintendent of public instruction for 1874, as reported to him by the superintendents of tlit several counties named : Bartholomew Covnty. — The Diinibtr of voluaies reported as belonging to twelve town ships is 2,572; the number taken out, 395. A few volumes of reports have beer added to each library during the year. Many of the books have been lost, the re- mainder are in bad condition, and but little read. The expense overruns the benefil derived. I would suggest that an appropriation be made to fill the empty shelves witl reading matter that will command respect by its worth ; if not, our township libraries will soon belong to the past. Volumes in libraries, 2,572; talien out during year, 395; added during year, 46. Benton Coiinf!/.— The township libraries under the present arrangement are simply of no benefit whatever ; not 50 volumes out of the 1,350 are reported as having been taken out and read. Volumes in libraries, 1,.350; taken out during year, 45; added during year, 8. Carroll Cotintij. — Our libraries are in rather poor condition, and poorly patron- ized. Many of the books are stale, and people seem to take little interest in them, Volumes in library, 3,428; taken out during year, 428; added during year, 7. CraKjord Coimty. — Each township has a good bookcase and the books are kept tol- erably well. In some townships they are not kept as well as in others. They get weak tor want of exercise. Volumes in libraries, 2,0G6; taken out during year, 1,2S1; added during year, 17. Dearborn County. — Our libraries are greatly neglected, the people seeming to care but little for the books, they generally being supplied with fresher publications for general reading. Volumes in libraries, 3,518; taken out during year, 1,541. Decatur County. — Contrary to ^yhat was expected the township library system in the State, at least in this county, is comparatively a failure. Never have the advantages been realized from it that its projectors expected. In this county the books are but little read, and are slowly but surely becoming scattered and lost, and its complete re- duction is only a matter of time. Volumes in libraries, 3,637 ; taken out during year, 528. DeEalb County. — Our libraries are in a fair condition, though in some townships the books are not much read. Volumes in libraries, 2,573; taken out during year, 50; added during year, 1. There are nine townships in DeKalb County. Dllau-are County. — The public libraries of the various townships of our county are ir a most deplorable condition. Many books are lost and but few read. I am aifraic many of our citizens do not know of the existence of such libraries. Our teachers, too many of them at least, are unacquainted with the character of these books, and henci cannot call attention to them and nuike such recommeudatious to their pupils as wil enable them to re.ad proQtably. A great reformation is here needed. Volumes in libraries, 2,821; taken out during year, 600; added dur iiig year, 11. School and Asylum Libraries. 49 Fountain Cowity. — Onr towiishiip libraries are in general a fiiiluro. They have been poorly ^resorvecl, often left to the mercy of visitors, and in this way more .than half of ■ the boots have^been oarripd away and lost. They are now praotieally of no valne, but a decided expense. Unless we can get more new books, I hope the npxt legislature will pass a law ordering the sale of our old books and that the proceeds te added to the general school fund. i- ' " ,'• ' Volumes in libraries, 2,748 ; taken out during ye4r, 546 ; added duriug year, 60. ' Franklin County. — The books in our libraries are well taken care of, but not read as much as they ought to be. A small addition by State aid, or otherwise, to each of them, would have a good effect in calling the attention of the people to their existence, and attracting them to a perusal of the books. Volumes in libraries, 4,062 ; taken out during year, 1,019 ; added dur- iug year, 5. Grant County. — Our libraries in some townships do tolerably well, while in others they do poorly. When some one takes an interest in this work, as in other things, and talks it up, invites persons to call in and examine the books in the library, the people as a result appreciate the reading of such books, and are benefited ; while ip some other places no one speaks of the library, and it is considered a thing of expense for no profit, for the books are not read. I am of opinion that there is advantage and great profit in the aggregate, even as it iSj though the books are not read as much as they should be by our people. i . , i Number of volumes reported, 1874, 2,556 ; taken out during year, 566 ; added during year, 4. Howard County. — By the statistical.' report you, will observe that in our township libraries are 1,820 volumes ; that not a book has been added ; that only 362 of these books have been taken out and read. ; MontgorAery County. — The libraries are doing very well, being rarely ever molested. If the case, box, or apartment wherein contained, is of good material and kept in the dry, the probability is they wilVfeerve the next generation as well as they have this. As a general thing they are composed of very poor selections, consequently they are but little read. I am decidedly of the opinion that they are not worth what it costs to keep them. If they were distributed among the different distriotSj and placed under the charge of the teacher, I believe they would be productive of great good, and cost the pui)lic less. , As now handled they are of but little value. Volumes in libraries, 3,728; taken out during year, 908; added dur- ing year, 2. Wayne County. — -The libraries, Inmost cases, are well preserved, and centrally located. The books, however, have been on hand so long that calls for them are not so frequent as they would be had they a supply of fresh new books. It would be well, in my opinion, to amend the law so as to permit the levy of a small tax by the township trustee,' to increase the books on hand from year to year. The Morrison Library, in the city of Richmond, established by the generosity of a for- mer citizen, has done and is still doing much to diffuse general intelligende; Volumes in libraries, 13,459; taken out during year, 29,708; added during year, 230. MAINE. By an act dated March 19, 1844, school districts were authorized to expend not exceeding 5 per cent, of the district school appropriation 4e 50 Public Libraries in the Umtea titates. each year iu the purchase of books for school libraries, and two dis tricts might unite their funds for this purpose. Few, if any, libraries grew up under the above provision, and the State superintendent, writ ing in 1875, says : We have no library system in this State recognized by the school laws. OHIO. The pioneers of Ohio were men who knew and appreciated the impor- tance of common schools. When they began the building of the Stat( they also began an effort in behalf of public education. Ainid all th( discouragements that beset them iu the wilderness, their energy did noi flag nor their faith waver. The school law of 1825 gave place in 183' to one more eflBcient. Prior to this a State convention of friends of edu cation, presided over by Governor Eobert Lucas, met at Columbus during the session of the general assembly, in January, 1836. One o: the resolutions adopted recommended that authority be granted for th( formation of school libraries. The law enacted the following year provided for the appointment oi a State superintendent of schools. He immediately entered on his du ties, and, after traveling twelve hundred miles on horseback and visit, ing three hundred schools, submitted his report and recommendations one of which was the establishment of school libraries. From this time onward the advocates of the libraries were unwearied in their efforts and the legislature was constrained in 1847 to ena.-t a law by which the county commissioners of eleven counties, named in the act, were em- powered to grant the whole or any part of the proceeds of surplus revenue to teachers' institutes, one-half of which was to be devoted t( the institution of libraries for their use. Tliis act was amended February 1848, so as to require that all money used for libraries should be de voted to the purchase of common school libraries, and its provisions wer extended to all counties in the State having possession of t)?e func named in the first act. Iu 1853, after a severe struggle, the genera school law was passed, which contained a clause creating a fund by a ta: of one-tenth of a mill on the dollar, yearly, on the taxable property c the State, '' for the purpose of furnishing school libraries and apparatti to all the common schools in the State." It was estimated that this ta: would produce $80,000 per annum. The State superintendent wa charged with the duty of selecting and purchasing thfe books. During the first three years after the enactment of this law 332,57 volumes were placed in the school libraries. A suspension of theopers tiou of the law for two years produced its natural result, a dimiuutio of the number of books, and therefore of the usefulness of the librarie The decrease in the number of volumes reported was over 100,000. ] would not be fair to suppose that one-third of the books had disappeare in two years ; much must be attributed to imperfect returns throng waning interest. As soon as operations under the law were resume .School, and, Asyium Libraries.. 51 and new books were added, interest was re-awakened, and for several years they, prospered. In 1860, a law authoriziug the levy of a tax for school, libraries was adopted. In 1865, the number of volumes re- ported was nearly 350,000. Prom the report of the State superintendent for the year 1858 and from other sources it appears that the selections of books for the school libraries during the early years of the system were not in all respects satisfactory, and some of the criticisms evoked, though severe, seem just and reasonable. It was felt that the libraries would command greater interest and better care if, instead of being divided among the several districts, they were consolidated and the town system adopted. Accordingly an act, dated March, 1864, was passed, directing such consolidation, which it was hoped would infuse new life into the system. The reports of the State superintendent show, however, that this hope was not realized. The libraries continued to languish. In his annual report for 1868, the State superintendent said : There can be little question that our township libraries have either fulfilled their mission or are destined never to fill it. The books are scattered or lost in large num- bers. Those that are gathered into the township central libraries, as required by the amended law of 1864, are read by few or none but the families of the librarians ; and in the townships where tbe requirements of the amended law have not been complied with, the books, at least the great balk of, them, are hopelessly scattered or destroyed., . . . Township school officers are puzzled to know what to do with the few books remaining, and iu many cases are oa,Uing for the privilege to sell them by public auc- tion or to be otherwise relieved of their care. The superintendent recommended that the books be transferred, un- der proper restrictions, to voluntary associations, which — already exist in nearly all oar cities and in many of our towns and villages; and if the public school library books were turned over to these associations, or offered to others that may yet be formed, a very commendable enterprise would be promoted, and the books be properly cared for and used. According to the report above quoted, there were 286,684 volumes in all the school libraries. In 1869 there were but 258,371 volumes reported. Since that year no statistics of school libraries have been published by the State superintendent; the last mention of them appears in the an- nual report for 1871, where allusions are made to them in the reports from eight counties, without exception unfavorable. The recommendations of the superintendent in his report for 1868 were in May, 1873, embodied in a law which provides that a majority of the electors in any city or incorp,orated village not exceeding one thou- sand inhabitants, may levy an annual tax not exceeding one-tenth of a mill on the dollar on the taxable property, for the purpose of creating and maintaining a public library, and on consent of the board of edu- cation being had, the Ohio school library of the town may be trans- ferred thereto. An act passed March, 1867, empowers boards of education in cities 52 Public Libranes in theTimuew amiea. of the firsi and second classes to levy an annual tax of one-tenth of mill on the dollar on all property taxable for school purposes, for th purchase of books for public school libraries. The law of Pebruarj 1868, authorizes the city council of any city of the second class to ley a tax not exceeding one-half a mill on the dollar for a free public 1: brary and reading room, provided suitable accommodations are fui nished without expense to the city. In several cities lai-ge public libraries have grown up, the creation q ■which was due to the school library law of 1853. The article entitle( Public .Libraries of Cincinnati, in another part of this report, will b found to contain an interesting description of the most important of thi class, the Public Library of Cincinnati. WISCONSIN. The constitution of Wisconsin, adopted in 1848, provided for the foi mation of school libraries in the same section which enacted that com mon schools should be established. The first school law authorized th( town superintendent to deduct 10 per cent, from the school fund anc with it buy books for the several districts. This law remained in forc( until 1859, when it was repealed. In 1858 there were 1,125 distrie libraries and 250 joint libraries in the State, containing an aggregate o 38,755 volumes. At that time there were 4,000 school districts in th( State ; there were 56 counties in the State, 20 of which did not report i single library ; six others reported nine libraries, with a total of 131 vol umes — an average of less than 15 volumes each. There seemed good reason, after summing up the results often years effort and finding them so meager, for the superintendent to recommenc the substitution of the township system. In 1859 a law for town school libraries was enacted. By it a perma nent library fund was to be created by devoting 10 per cent, of the school fund "subject to apportionment in 1860, and annually there after," and adding the proceeds of a tax of " one-tenth of one mill on the dollar valuation of taxable property." This fund could only be used foi library purposes. The local school boards were no longer to purchase books, that duty being devolved on " public authority." Unfortunatelj the law was not specific, and a bill prepared by three distinguishec educators, who had been appointed by the legislature in 1859 to make a revision of the school laws and report to the succeeding legislature presented to that body a bill which cared for all details. It failed t( become a law, and in 1862 the law of 1859 was repealed, the funds thai had accumulated, amounting to more than $88,000, being transferred tc the school and general funds whence they had been derived. A return to the district system was inevitable, and in 1863 a law was passed allowing school districts to vote a tax of $50 a year, and, if the district contained two hundred or more children of school age, $100 s year for a library. In 1874 there were reported in the district librariei School and Asylum Libraries. 53 16,157 volumes, valued at $14,657.43, and $809.77 had been paid for 776 volumes during the year. Six counties reported less than 10 volumes each in their school libraries. Eeports were received from flfty-one counties ; twelve made no report. MISSOURI. An act passed February, 1853, empowered the voters of any school district to raise money by a tax for the purchase and support of a school library. Few districts appear to have exercised the power grafUted. The annual report of the State superintendent for 1868 con- tained library returns from 14 counties only. The aggregate number of volumes reported was 23,794, and 20,206 of these were iu St. Louis County. The last annual report does not contain returns from any school libraries except at St., Louis and St. Joseph, the latter acquired entirely by the donations of individuals and the voluntary efforts of the pupils. A full account of the former will be found in the article entitled Public Libraries of St. Louis, in another part of this Eeport. CALIFORNIA. « Between 1854 and 1866 several school libraries were formed in Cali- fornia, mainly by the efforts of individuals. In 1856 a little more than $200 of school money was expended for books and apparatus ; in 1863 all the school libraries w-ere valued at $3,600 — one at Marysville con- tained about 1,000 volumes ; in 1865 nearly $6,000 were expended for school libraries and apparatus. The friends of education had long felt the need of placing books in the school districts, and left no means untried to carry.out the plan. At length, in 1866, the recommendations of the superintendent of public instruction, in his bienniar report for 1864-'65, were embodied in the present excellent law for school libraries. The provisions of the law and the results so far achieved are fully described in the following state- ment from the State superintendent, made in 1875 : A public school library is established by law in every school district of this State. Except iu cities not divided into school districts, the library fund consists of 10 per cent, of the State school fund annjially apportioned to the district, unless 10 percent exceed $50, in v^hich event it consists of $50, annually taken from the fund so appor- tioned. In cities not divided into school districts, the library fund consists of the sum of $50 for every 500 children between the ages of 5 and 15 years, annually taken from the State school fund apportioned to the city. Previous to 1866, school libraries had been eistablished in connection with several districts; but the system of public school libraries, supported by the State, dates from March, 1866. The State grants rom 185/' to 1874 inoiusi^ve amounted to ,|169,009.75. The only other source of revenue for supporting these lilSraries, provided for by law, consists in fines, penalties, and fees of membership. " Fees of membership " are to be col- lected of residents of the district who are not pupils of the public school, and yet de- sire to become entitled to the privileges of the school library. But in point of fact no " fees of membership," or fines and penalties have ever been collected ; and the libraries have been established and supported exclusively by the State. 54 Public Libraries' in the United States. The libraries are under the direct control of the board of trustees or of educati( ■who generally delegate this power to the teacher, who acts as librarian. The State board of education prescribes a list of books from which all books for d trict libraries must be selected. The results of this system of public school libraries have been that reference hoc have been placed at the disposal of the teacher; the children have obtained access those best of teachers, good books ; and in hundreds, nay thousands, of districts, a stt of mental food has been placed at the disposal of the residents of such districts, whi other-wise would be beyond the means of all except the most opulent. Under this s; tern every district in the State established for any length of time has a good sch( library; and the legislature, at its last session, made it therefore optional with t trustees to expend the library fund for books, or for apparatus, or for both. Up 1874 the library fund could be expended only for books. Our system of public sch( libraries has worked so satisfactorily that not even a wish for a change has be expressed. An examination of the excellent list of books prepared by the boai of education iu 1873 for the use of school officers shows that it is coi posed with great care and a catholic regard for the tastes of all. F( lowing it, no school d irector, however unfamiliar with books, can fail make selections that will gratify as well as improve the tastes of pupi and parents alike. OEE&ON. While Oregon was yet a Territory, a law was enacted authorizii electors of school districts to levy a tax for ordinary school purpose and an additional tax for the purchase and increase of school librarit The school law of 1854 charged school directors with the duty of a pointing a suitable person for librarian when the district had procur( a library. The State constitution, adopted in 1857, provides for the " purcha of suitable libraries and apparatus" for the common schools. The general school law, published in 1870 provides that the board directors may, " when authorized by a majority vote of the distric . . . furnish their school houses with the necessary . . . librarie apparatus, &c." The sparseness of population and the diflBcuIties atten ing the settlement of a new State probably constitute the main reasoi why the reports of the State superintendent do not show that scho libraries have been formed. ILLINOIS. The first legislative action for the institution of school libraries a pears to have been taken in 1855. Section 43 of the general school la provides : " For the purpose of . . . procuring furniture, fuel, libraries, and api '■^*"^' ■ . ■ the directors of each district shall be authorized to levy a t annually." " The directors may also use for the purchase of libraries and apparai any surplus funds after all necessary school expenses are paid." It is thus discretionary with the school directors whether money f the purchase of libraries shall be raised by tax or not. In 1874, tl School and Asylum Libraries. 55 date of the last official returu, there were reported iu all the libraries 60,871 volumes. These, together with the unliuown number lost and worn out since 1857, the date of the first purchase, had cost $194,966. Under date of April, 1875, the State superintendent of public instruc- tion writes : The statute makes nopt-ovisioa as to the manner of seleotiag the bojks, nor as to the management and use of the libraries, each local board being left to the free exercise of its own judgment in these respects. The omission to prescribe any rules or regulations for the guidance of directors upon these important points must be regarded as a very serious defect in our present law. The State superintendent of public instruction has no legal authority or jurisdiction in the matter of school libraries. He may, however, in virtue of the general powers attaching to his office, give such information aud advice in relation thereto as he may deem expedient. Accordingly, Dr. Newton Bateman, my very able predecessor, near the close of his terra, prepared an extended list of books as an aid to local school boards and others, in making selections for school libraries. The list was compiled with great labor and care, aud although it is purely suggestive, and of no official obli- gation, it is believed that it will prove of great assistance to those for whose benefit it was prepared, as well as to the cause of good reading and culture. The list referred to will be found at the close of the tenth biennial report of this department. Our present law in relation to the raising of funds for school libraries is a very liberal one, and when supplemented by a few simple regulations touching the selection, care, custody, and use of the books, the best results may be anticipated. It is my purpose to recommend that the law be so changed that when a district levies a tax for school library, the State shall grant an equal amount for the purpose. Of academies, we have but few in the State, the public high schools having for the most part taken their place. PENNSYLVANIA. School libraries may be formed under the law of 1864, by subscrip- tion or otherwise, and it is the duty of tlie school directors to receive and care (or the same ; but they are prohibited from purchasing from the school fund any books except those of a strictly professional char- acter, for the use and instruction of teachers. No book, unless ap- proved by them, can be placed on the shelves of the school library. They are authorized ■ to receive bequests and endowments for the benefit of school libraries. As might reasonably be expected, very few public school libraries have been formed in Pennsylvania, and those existing are of minor im- portance. KANSAS. An act approved February 28, 1870, empowers the voters of any school district in the State to raise money by a tax, (in no case exceed- ing two mills on the dollar of taxable property,) for the purchase by the board of directors of a school district library ; and directs that the purchases shall be restricted to " works of history, biography, science, and travels." The annual reports of the State superintendent do not indicate that any action has been taken to institute such libraries. 56 Public Libraries in the United b'tates. VIEGINIA. Section 6, article 8, of the ccmstitution, as amended in 1870, is as fol- lows: The board of education shall provide for uQiformity of text books and the furnish- ing of school houses with such apparatus and library as may be necessary, under such regulations as mg,y be provided by law. Section 51 of the school law, approved July, 1870, directs that " such apparatus and library as may be necessary shall be provided for on some gradual system by the board of education." No school libraries are yet reported. NEW JERSEY. Tlie act passed by New Jersey in 1871, to "encourage the formation of libraries in the free public schools," provides that any school district which shall raise $20 by subscription for a library shall receive a like sum from the State for the same purpose, and that each year after shall be entitled to the sum of $10, on the same conditions. The selection of books and the administration of the library are placed in the control of the trustees of the district. In 1874 there were 1,369 school districts in the State. In the year 1872, 189 districts formed libraries under the act ; in 1873, 47 additional libraries were formed, and 49 districts (raising by subscription the $10 required) received further aid from the State ; in 1874, 31 new districts formed libraries, 28 made the first and 29 the second addition ; or, to summarize, 267 districts have formed libraries ; 77 have made two, and 29 three additions. The State superintendent of schools, writing in 1875, says 4 The reports I receive represent that the books are generally read by the pupils and by many of the parents. I am satisfied that the law has been productive of great good in the State. I do not think the law for us could be improved by any change in its provisions. KENTUCKY. The school law of 1873 provides that when, "by contribution, pur- chase, or otherwise," 40 volumes have been collected for the purpose in any school district, the trustee may organize a school library Provided, That none of the school revenues collected by general taxation for the purpose of common school education shall ever hereafter bo used to purchase books, maps, or charts for the same. It is made the duty of the State board of education to prepare a list of books suitable for school libraries. So far as known no such list has yet been prepared. No school libraries are reported. MINNESOTA. ' Minnesota, in March, 1873, passed a law authorizing voters in school districts to raise money by taxation for library purposes, but no such libraries are yet reported as having been established. School and Asylum Libraries. 57 COLORADO. The territorial legislature enacted a general school law February, 1876, by a unauimous vote of both branches. Section 58 empowers the elec- tors of school districts of the second class to levy a tax for several pur- poses specified, one 6f which is, " for procuring libraries for the schools.'' In districts of the first class, i, e., those in which the population exceeds 1,000 inhabitants, the board of education has the same power. SCHOOL LIBEAEIES IN THE PROVINCE OF ONTARIO, CANADA. It is thought proper to give here a brief account of the school libra- ries of Ontario. The system was inaugurated at a time when similar libraries in the State of New York were enjoying the season of their highest prosperity, and it was in a large degree due to the example of that State. The act Under which the libraries were organized was passed in 1850. Its several provisions are succinctly stated by the chief superintendent of education for Ontario, in his annual report for the year 1874 : In regard to the free public libraries, it may be proper to repeat the explanation that these libraries are managed by local municipal councils and school trustees, (chiefly by the latter,) under regulations prepared according to law by the council of public in- struction. The boolss are procured by the education department, from publishers both in Europe and America, at as low prices for cash as possible ; and a carefully prepared classified catalogue of about 4,000 works (which have been approved by the council of public Instruction) is printed and sent to the trustees of each school section, and the council of each manioipality. From this select and comprehensive catalogue the local municipal and school authorities desirous of establisliing and increasing a library, select such works as they tl^ink proper, or request the department to do so for them, and re- ceive from the department not only the books, at prices about from 25 to 35 per cent, cheaper than the ordinary retail prices, but an apportionment in books of 100 per cent, upon the amount which they provide for the purchase of such hooks. There is also kept in the department a record of every public library, and of the books which have been furnished for it, so that additions can be made to such libraries without liability to send second copies of the same books. The first purchases of books were made in 1854, when $61,376 were expended for that purpose. According to the report above quoted, collections valued at $152,419 had been furnished up to the end of that year. The libraries, exclusive of subdivisions, numbered 1,334, an increase of 51 for the year; they contained 266,046 volumes ; the increase for the year was 7,167 vol- umes ; the sum of $2,668 was Expended, of which the department paid one-half. The character of the libraries is sufficiently shown by the fol- lowing statement of the number of books belonging to the several classes placed in them since they were formed : History, 45,664 volumes ; zoology and physiology, 16,013 volumes ; botany, 2,931 volumes ; phenom- ena, 6,455 volumes; physical science, 6,048 volumes; geology, 2,328 vol- umes; natural philosophy and manufactures, 13,722 volumes; chemistry, 2,403 volames; practical agriculture, 10,187 volumes; literature, 25,231 58 Public Libraries in the United States. volumes; wj/a^es, 23,931 volumes ; Mography,m,\&\-; tales and sTcetches, practical ?i/e, 75,413 volumes; ^c^iow, 2,399 volumes; teachers' library, 4,134 volumes. l?ho report does not indicate the value of the libraries as expressed by the extent of their use except iu a few of the counties, but their growth from the year 1854 to the present time shows clearly that they are gradually increasing iu usefulness as well as extent, and proves that the law, excellent in itself, has been well administered. II.— LIBRARIES OF SCHOOLS FOR SECONDARY INSTRUC- TION. THEIR OEIGIN, GROWTH, AND CHARACTER OP THE AID THEY HAVE RECEIVED. Besides the libraries established in connection with common schools, . there are others belonging to schools for secondary instruction. In sev- eral of the States such libraries of academies began early in the cen- tury. In New York they have been aided by State grants, under the act of 1834 ; in New Hampshire aid was given at an early day to the libraries of the academies. These collections have been multiplied as different kinds of schools have been established, until now there is hardly a school of any kind, seminary, normal school, commercial school, or other higher school, public or private, without its library. Statistics reported to this Bureau show that there are, in 826 such schools, nearly 1,000,000 volumes. There are doubtless many such libraries not reported. Statistics of libraries of this class will be found in the general table in another part of this report. Some of the high schools have received municipal aid for libraries. In New York, as has been stated, many academies receive regular State aid from the literature fund. The number of such academies last reported was 234. Tliey contained libraries amounting in the aggi-egate to 163,669 volumes, the estimated value of which was $193,454, Most of the collections belonging to these schools in the different States are of a miscellaneous character, mainly consisting of gifts of in- dividuals. The schools are for the most part without special library funds ; although in many instances means have been afforded to make selections that would aid students in their course of study. IIL — LIBRARIES OF ASYLUMS AND HOSPITALS. Most of the institutions for the care and education of the deaf and dumb and the blind, for the insane, for orphans, and other unfortunates in the United States, possess libraries, many of which are important and School and Asylum Libraries. 69 valuable. Belonging to asylums of the class first named there are re ported 52 special libraries intended for the instruction of the inmates The best known is that built up by the exertions of the late Dr. S. G-, Howe, of Boston, in connection with the Perkins Institute for the Blind that of the Hartford Asylum, Hartford, Conn.; and that of the Deaf Mute College at Washington, D.C., under the charge of Professor Gal laudet. The last named institution is sustained by the General Govern ment. Others, begun later, have acquired a high rank in the class to which they belong. Asylums and hospitals for the insane are also to a considerable extent provided with libraries. The best known is that of the McLean Asylum, at Somerville, Mass. Asylums for orphans and others, maintained by State or city govern- ments, or by private benevolence, generally posssss libraries. Reference is made to the general table in another part of this report for statistics of libraries in the several classes above named. CHAPTER III. COLLEGE LIBRARIES. BY THE EDITOES. I.— GENERAL EEMAEKS. Introduction — College and puBLtc libraries — Selection of books — Col- lections SHOULD BE READILY ACCESSIBLE — LIBRARIES FOR SPECIAL SCHOOLS OR DEPARTMENTS. The principles on which college and university libraries are conducted should be quite different in some important particulars from those upon which "public" libraries are administered. The college collections of books should be regarded as instruments to be kept in use, rather than as precious treasures to be stored up. There will of course be in every State, and in most large towns, public libra- ries, in which the attempt is made to bring together, and hand down to those who come after us, all the publications of our day and of past times. But a college library will be embarrassed by attempting to take the place of the public library ; and the space at command, as well as the Corps of librarians it eihploys, may be given up to that which for colleges will be of very little use. The tendency among librarians is to increase the number of volumes which are placed upon the library shelves, and this is largely because libraries are usually rated by their numerical contents. Few college librarians would have the courage to say, with the late Dr. Cogswell, of the Astor Library in Kew York, " I would as soon tell you how many tons the library weighs as how many books it contains." It should be a question with every college librarian what gifts he will consent to receive, or, at least, what gifts he will consent to embody in the main library. Again, the books which are received in a college library should be arranged within easy reach of the persons who have access to it. The librarian should not be a miser, hoarding away his riches where nobody wbich are of much value for the period of American his- tory between 1155 and 1795j, , CMaloiguifes of tliei library were jpjfinted in 1743, 1755, 1791, 1808, and' 1823. The present, catalogue is on cards, and contains an index bothrof authors and of subjects. In ! the library is also deposited the collection of coins belong- ing i to the college,; owhich" has been mostly formed since 1858, and to a, great extent by-giftSi The principal donors have been Mr.' Henry Champion, Dr. Andrew T.i Pratt, Mr. 0. Wyllys Betts, Mrs. Augustus R.iSfreet, Hon. Charles William Bradley, Mrs. iBToali Porter, and Kev. Oliver Crane, D.D. .cThe collection now numbers 9,000 pieces^ of which 3,000 are Greek and Roman. The duplicates, not Included in this enumerationjo amount to twjo or three thousand. A- catalogue was printed in 1863, when the collection was less than one-thirdi its present size. Another lias been recently prepared by the curator. Dr. Jonathan Edwards, but' is not yet printed. - EourslabSjdoXiered with Assyrian sculpturesand inscriptions, obtained from Nimroud in 1855, through the kind services of Eev. W. F. Wil- liams, of Mosi:il, are set up in the main hall of the library, Onlthe removal of the college from Saybrook, in 1718, the library was placed in the newly erected college building named in. honor of Gov- ernor Yale. It was afterwards successively transferred to ■ the upper floors of the Athenaeum, the Lyceumj and the jchapel. The present library building, .was begumin^ 1843, and completed in 1S46, at a cost of $34,000,._, Subscriptions amounting to $18,000 wete received in aid of the ;buil^ing,.the largest being $6,000, from Professor Edward E. Salis- bury, and $3,000 from President Woolsey. i. Until 1805, the senior tutor ofQciated as librarian. The following per- sons have held the ofSce since that date: Profi James L. Kingsley, 1805-J824; Prof. Josiah,^.-Gibbs, 1824-1843: Mr, Edward 0. Herrick, 1843-1858; Prof. Daniel C, Gilman, 1856-1865 ; Mr. Addison Van Name since 18,65. Since 1869 Mr. Franklin B. Dexter has held the appoint- ment of assistant librarian. _ !, ,,; ',: .rf'i -'Ml vjj i .; .i4?»flwf«?%;^?i(^ i^roifeers Library. , Of the auxiliary libraries grouped about the college library, ,tlie oldest and most closely connected with it are the libraries of the two public fi8 Public Libraries in the United States. societies, the Linonian and the Brothers iu Unity. Starting very nea together, the former in 1769, and the latter shortly after, the rivalry tween them never suffered either to fall far behind the other, and statistics of one are sufficiently exact for both. The Linonian libri contained, in 1800, 475 volumes; in 1822, 1,200 volumes; in 1831, 3,J volumes; in 1846, 10,000 volumes; in 1860, 12,000 volumes; in 18 13,000 volumes. The last catalogue of the Linonian Library was p lishedip 1860; of the Brothers in Unity in 1851. In 1871, by vot,ef the two societies, the libraries were placed under the charge of : college library committee, and in 1872 they were united, re-9.rranged, a a new catalogue printed. A few hundred volumes, more appropri to the college library, were transferred thither ; several thousand du] cates wei;e set aside for sale and exchange, and the number of volun in the united libraries thereby reduced to 17,000. Subsequent additic have raised it to 19,000, an increase in the last three years of 2,000 \ umes. In place of the voluntary subscriptions and donations by wh the old libraries were sustained, a tax is now laid on the undergradua for the support of this library and of a reading room opened in one the college buildings in 1867. An annual income of about $2,000 available for the increase of the library. These libraries have always preserved a character distinct from tl of the college library. While they were independent organizations, college library, from necessity as well as of choice, respected the pr ince which they had chosen, that of general literature, and now tl they are placed under the same control, this mutual relation is ki still more carefully in view. A third society, the Oalliopean, organized in 1819, was discontinued 1854, and its library, amounting to about 6,000 volumes, sold. Library of the Law School. The Tale Law School, which grew out of a private law school opei in New Haven during the first decade of the present century, and wh celebrated in 1874 the fiftieth anniversary of its connection with th6 c lege, had no separate library before 1845. In that year, on the death Judge Samuel J. Hitchcock, one of the instructors, his library was p chased for the school and considerably enlarged, at a total cost of ab $5,000. One-halfthe expense was borne by the college, and the remaim contributed chiefly by members of the N ew Haven bar. The subsequ additions down to the year 1872 were hardly sufiflcient to make good losses which the library suffered from the want of proper supervisi During the past three years a sum exceeding $16,000, contributed friends and alumni of the school, mostly residents of New Haven and N York, has been expended on the library. A library fund of $10,000 w also given by Hon. James E. English in 1873. The number of volun which in 1872 was 1,800, is now 8,000. The series of American, E lish, and Irish reports is complete, and the library is well provided w works in jurisprudence, and international law. College Libraries.^ 69 Tu 1873 the library, which liad beeo previously kept la the old lecture ?oom, was removed, together with the school, to the third story of the new 30urt-hou86, where ibis provided' with elegant apartments,' free of charge, the services whicb it renders the courts being regarded as a full equiva- lent for the hospitality it receives. .-, ,^ ,TheGoi;tnecti(iut Academy of Arts and Soiences. The Coiihecticuc Academy of Arts and Scieuces, founded in 1799, re- sumed in-l866, after An interval of half a 6entu!ry, publication under its oiwh name, and has siacii' entered into relations of exchange Vith a goodly num'bfeV of American ^M foreign societies. Lists of the ex- changes received are printed in the Transactions of the Academy, the third volume of which is how in ptogi'ess. They amount thus far to about 700 V^olumes, the yearly av^ra^d for the past three years being 125 Volumes. The academy does not, however, maintain a separate library. Its bobks are incorporated in the library of Yale OoUege, the librarian of which has been, since 18G6, also the librarian of the acidemy. Library of the Sheffield Scientific School. In 1866 Mr. Joseph E. Sheffiekl, in enlarging the building which he had previously given to the school, provided an elegant library room, and gave a library fund of $10,000, afterward increased to $ 12,000. At the same time a few gentlemen of New Haven and 'New York contrib- uted |2,000 for immediate purchases of books. In 1869 Mr. Sheflaeld purchased, at a cost of $4,000,and presented to the school, the valuable mathematical libr^iry collected by Dr.- William Hillhouse, of New Haven. A catalogue of this library, which is devoted . principally to pure math- ematics, was printed in the fifth annual report of the school, (1869-'70.) Subsequently Dr. Hillhouse gave $500 for the binding of the unbound portion o;f the cplJectipp.. , , The lijb^ary contains at present about 5,000 volumes. A large. part of the annual income is expended for current scien,tific journals.. Libraries of the Yale Theologicai Seminary. The Theological Seminary has two libraries. ' - ■ I. The Trotvbridge Beferenoe Library. -^This was establiished mainly by the liberality of Mr. Heury Trowbridge, of New Haven, who, on thecom- pletion of Ea«t Divinity Hall in 1870, gave $1,000 for the fitting up of the library room, and $iJ,000 to provide the most needful books of ref- erence. 'He 'has si'nce made annual gifts of $200 and ^300 for the pur- chase of the more important of the- new theological publications. In 1870 a' legacy of $'500 was received from Mrs; Clarissa B. Butterfleld, of New Haven. Eev. E. Goodrich Smith, of Washington, D.C., who had previously made considerable gifts of boots, at his death, in 1873, left Gue thousand volumes to the seminary. The pieseut number of volumes 70 Public Libraries in the United States. is about two thousantl, and in jtddition several hundred volumes h been deposited in the college library: ' • II. Tk6 Lowell Mason Hibrary of Ghuroh'Mvsic— The libr3[f*)'' of late Dr. liowell Mason, given to the seminar^ by his family in 187i placed in the West Divinity Hall. It includes the library of the « nent coinposer, Dr. 0. H. Rinck, Of Darmstadt, which had been bou by Dr. Mkson, and which constitutes about one-third of the whole lection. The whole number of titles is not far from eight thousa making, if properly bound, perhaps half as mahy Volumes, divi< about equally between sacred and secular music. There are nnmer manuscripts,' solne of tbem unpublished. A 'careful catalogue 'of library has been prepared, in manuscript, by Mr. J. Sumner Smith. 3 ele^aiit bookcases which hold the library are the gift of Mr. Atwt Treat, of New Haven. Libr4ir}f of the Yaie Medical School. The Medical School, chartered in 1810 and organised in 1813, has b less fortunate in I'espect to its library than other and younger dep; ments of the college. The 2,000 volumes, which the librarj' at pres numbers, are largely gifts^ and include not mauy cecent books, no there any library fund. The library was formerly kept at the med; college, but for the past ten years has been deposited in the'cbli library. ' ' . -:,■' ' ' Yale School of the Fine Arts. -'•'- During. the past year, by private liberality, a room bas been fitted in the Art School tor library uses, at a cost of $1,000,. aud the bej Ding of an ant library has been made. Peahody Museum of Natural History. The Peabody Museum, now approaching completion, will eontaii working library for each of its departments, and a few huudrecVvoluu have already been collected for this object. It is also the intentior Professor Marsh to plaee in the museum, and make accessible to students, a portion, at least, of his private library^ A*-hich, inthe deps ments of palaeontology and comparative anatomy, is especially 'full j valuable. Library of the Amerie^n Oriental Society. The American Oriental Society, organized in 1842, has uniformly voted its income to the publication of its Journal, {now in the tenth \ ume,) trusting for the increase of its library to gifts and to exehauj received for the Journal. Under s«ch conditions, a symmetrieal gTO\ is hardly to be expected, although the library is bow considerable b in numbers and value. The publications of other societies, with wh the Oriental Society is in correspondence, constitute, perhaps, the ra valuable portion of the library. The manuscripts Dumber 131^ mas College Libraries. 71 them Arabic, au(ij.none,of them of special importance. By far the largest donor has been Hon. Charles William Bradley, of 'Sqw H.iven, forrseveral years Uaited States consul at Awoy and Ningpo,. His gifts, made at varioijs times preyipns.to hia death in 18(35, amount to 850 sepa^ rate titles, and include many rape and valuable ^ works. The present nujnbe:r of volumes in, th^ library is not far from 3,500. Np, catalogue has been published, bi*t Usts pf ,the accessions are printed from time to time in the proceedings of thp ^oci^ty. . , , The cabinet of the society contains, among pther objects of interest, a long Greek inscription of the second century before Christ, three San- skrit inscriptions of the eleventh or twelfth century of our era, and a Cuftc inscription. I Until 1850, the library was kept iii the house of the librarian, Mr. Francis Gardner, of Boston; from 1850 to 1835 i,n the Boston Athe- nfBum, Mr. Charles Folsom being librarian. In 1855 Prof. W. D. Whit- ney succeeded to the office, and the library was removed to New Haven and placed in one of the rooms pf the college library, where it still re- mains. Professor Whittiey was succeeded, in 1873, by Mr. Addison Van NameV the present librarian of the society. ' ' GEOR&ETOWN OOLL'BGE, aBOEG-ETQ-WN, B. C. The library occupi^^s rooms in one of, the college buildings. There is great need of increased space in order to bring all the collections together. The college proposes at an early day to erect a flreprouf building. The books are grouped accordiug to subjects, so far as the dispropor- tionate space Teqdired for the theological folios will permit. The library possesses a number of valuable manuscripts, among which are: one attributed to the thirteenth century; one to the four- teenth century ; one in the Irish character^ attributed to the historian Geoffrey Keating;, one in the Siamese character; another, tacen from the body of a Trlpblitam, sailor, written in Arabic,, and consisting of extracts from the Koran; also, many others of rarity,, t)f early printed i, books there are. 37 volumes printed in the fifteenth century and 268 voluQies of the sixteenth century. Thcidepartmeut of Bibles and commentaries contains copies of the Scriptures, or portions of them, in many languages; Walton's great work , and other polyglots; Latin vulgates of all styles; commentaries, concord- ances, and lexicons. Among the curious books of this department is gchet^chzer's Physica Sacra, 6 volumes, in Dutch, Amsterdam, 1735, pro- fusely illiistrate^d. . The department of ecclesiastical history contains the works of many ,au,thors, from Busebius do^vn. In theology there is an extensive collec- tion of the works of both Catholic and non-Catholic writers. The latter have a.compartment to thepaselves. In civil history the collection is large and valuable. The coI,fectipn of Oatholic sermons is very extensive, em- 72 Public Libraries in the United /States. bracing works iu English, French, Latin, Italian, and German. The other departments of religious works are: (1) religious biography, including the vast work of the Bollandists, beguil in 1643, and still in course of completion; (2) controversial works by Catholic authors; (3) workS^by Catholic authors against deism and infidelity; (4) catechetical works; (5) ascetical works, or books of piety, embracing collections of mediisi- tions by many authors, special devotions, and prayer books ; (6) Catholic Ijeriodicals; (7) a collection of works for the use of pastors; (8) works on canon law and councils; (9) liturgical works, explanatory works on ritual, Picart's seven curious volumes on the religious ceremonies of all nations, graduals, rituals, and antiphonals. The collection of works on antiquities and the fine arts embraces many rare find costly volumes. The series of publications of learned societies is very complete. The collection of scientific works is also interesting and valuable, and care is taken to keep up with the demands of the day. In English literature the main library is indifferently furnished, but a valuable and extensive collection, constantly added to, fills the shelves of the director of studies. The classical library contains the best editions, many of them uniform. French, Italian, and Spanish literature have each a separate department- One of the most curious and interesting collections in the library is that of books or tracts in the Cherokee language, in the Penobscot, Micmac, and Pottawatomie Indian dialects, and in Chinese, Ja])anese, Javanese, Hindostanee, modern Sanskrit, Tamil, Dyak, Syriac, Armen- ian, Turkish, Polish, Russian, Sclavouian, Basque, Breton, Irish, and Welsh. The library, which now numbers 28,000 volumes, is always accessible to visitors. Books are never loaned outside of the college. Students may visit the library to consult authorities, but they rarely have occa- sion to do so, as their own society libraries are well supplied with stand- ard works, to which access can be had by them at any moment. The society libraries of the college number 4,268 volumes. NORTHWESTEEN TJNIVEESITT, EVANSTON, ILL. The University Library was begun by a purchase, in 1866, of 3,000 carefully selected volumes. Since that time small yearly purchases have been made. In 1869, Luther L. Greenleaf, of Evanston, purchased the private library of Dr. Schulze, member of the Prussian ministry of public instruction, from his heirs, and presented it to the university. This collection of 20,000 volumes (including 7,000 valuable pamphlets) con- tains almost all the extant Greek and Latin authors up to the period of the decline of letters, many of them in rare and valuable editions, numerous translations of them into German, and many critical and College Lihrwries. 73 elucidatory works thereupou ; also, valuable works of art and art liter- ature of the German, Freuch, and Italian schools. , On the decease pf Prof. Heqry S, Noyes, in 1872, his valuable collec- tion of 1,500 miscellaneous books became the property of the university. The university is also indebted to the Hon. Qrrington Lunt for a special fund for the library, amounting to about $100,000. The income from this fund isi.being allowed to accumulate for a library building. The number of volumes now in the library is 30,000. The Collpge of Theology of the university has a special library of about 3,000 volumes. KENTUCKY UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, KY. Upon the consolidation of the Transylvania with the Kentucky Uni- versity, about ten years ago, the library of the former became the property of. the latter. The library now contains 10,845 volumes, of which 5,383 belong to the medical library, 2,201 to the law library, and 3,261 are miscellaneous. Four societies connected with the college have libraries, as follows: Cecropean,, 605 volumes; Periclean, 719 vol. umes; Philotheau, (theological,) 525 volumes; Union,. 240 volumes; making the whole number of books belonging to the university 12,934. BOWpOIN COLLEGE, BKUNSWICK, ME. The history of Bowdoin College Library begins -with the opening of the college in 1802. Never having had a fund set apart for its use, it has depended mainly for its means of purchase on a small assessment on the students in their term bills. In 1811 it received its most im- portant enlargement in a bequest by Hon. James Bowdoin, of Bos- ton, Mass., of 4,000 volumes from his private library^ collected princi- pally during his mission to Spain, under ajipointment from President Jefferson, in 1805. The collection was rich (for that time) in French and Spanish science and literature, embracing the best editions of the classical authors and scientific works of both languages.' Among the works which illustrate the period of the French Eevolution maybe mentioned the Collection complete des Tableaux Historiques, &c., 3 vol- umes, folio, and Le Moniteur, or Gazette Rationale, 1759-1807. It is also extremely valuable for its literature of the period preceding and during the American Eevolution. Madam Bowdoin manifested her interest in the college that bore the family name by gifts of valuable works. In 1820, a valuable accession of four or five hundred volumes was received from Thomas Wallcut, of Boston, through Ret; William Allen, who had just succeeded to the presidency of the college. This collection contains some rare and valuable works, as Eliot's Indian Bible, 1685 ;, Besides the public library of the college, numbering 18,760 volumes, are two society libraries: the Peucinian, 7,150 volumes, ^ncl the Athensean, 5,950 volunpes, IJlie first library of the lattfir society was burned, with the building in which it was placed. There i§ also in Adams Haifa valuably library of 4,000 volumes, belonging to the Medical- School of Maine. The nuuiber of volumt^s in all the libraries of the college, in- cluding students' libraries, is ,34,500, , COLBY ' TT]urchase of books; in 1831 $1,000 were voted for the same purpose, and' in 1833 a gTant of $500 was made to the library- In 1835-'36 Eev. John O. Ohoules, expended $700 in England in behalf of the library, and also solicited donations from prominent Baptists tiiere. Bj his efforts about 1,800 volumes were secured. In 1848 the trustees ^voted toi-aise $10,000 by subscription for the library and philosophical apparatus. Of this fund $2,000 now remain, theincomefromiwhi&h is devoted solely 'to the increase of the library. -J 1^0 further addition^of any considerable amount was made until 1870, when Gardnei* Colby, of Boston, ^ Supplemented his' gift of $50,000 to the general funds of the colli6g& by an agreement to pay $500 a year for ten years ifor the purehase of books for the library. In 1851 the library contained 4,960 volumes, and in 1854, 5,534 vol- umes. It now contains 11,100 volumes and 5,200 pamphlets. Two stu- dents' libraries contain about 1,500 volumes each. ■' '• The first catalogue was printed in 1835, and a second in 1845. The system of card eatakiigues has also been adopted. The library occupies the eastern wing of Memorial HalL The plan of the library room has been much admired. Double alcoves, arranged in the form of a Eoman cross, aftbrd shelf room for 30,000 volumes. AMHEEST COLLEGE, AMHEKST, MASS. , , ' Or«^»».— The library of Anihet^st College had its origin in the gift, ehiefly by ministers, of a few thejlogical and miscellarie5tis' works, which only occupied a single case on the opening of the college' in 1821. though some other books were added, from time txi'time, nd special effort was made to secure standard works in literature and' science till 1829. Then, encouraged by a donation of $500 by John Tajipart, of Bostoh, a '^en'^ra*! subscription was started among the friends of the college, which secured thti suioi of $4,000. With this sum about 2,000 volumes were purchased in Europe by Professor ITovey, arid these vVere added to the library, which then occupied a room in the'chapel building, inl832. ■'■■■•'-^^ ''''\ _■'"''- ry^^^"' y' Growth and^uilding.!-^ Add\t\ons \veregta,(iaa\]y made, thvongh the lib- "^rtility of Hon. David Se&r^ and John Tappan, of Boston, till in 1850 the ndmber reached 6,000 Volumes. As a' library building seemed then to be imperatively derbanded, a sub^criptioii was started to secure funds for the pdrpbse and for the purchase of additional books to meet the necessities of the college'.' With the leadingf 'donations of $3,000 by Hon. Samuel Williston, of J^ast Haippton; $1,500 by George Merriam, of Spriogfl'eld, and |T,000 by Dr. George C. Shepard, of Bos- ton, through the personal efforts of Profs. W. S. Tyler and George B. Jewett and the co-operation 'of many^bf the alUmni, the sum of $20,000 was secured^ One-half of this sum was expended upon the building, 76 Public Libraries in the United States. which was constructed of stone and finished in ISo'J. The remaining half was devoted to the purchase of books, and the number of volumes was increased to 12,000, in 1855. i . w ■ Catalogues. — In this year an alphabetical catalogue of authors was published, in which the fixed location recently assigned to each book was designated by the number of the shelf and the number of the book on the shelf. In 1864 an author card catalogue of books added to the library since 1855 was begun, and has been continued to the present time. This catalogue, embracing 14,300 volumes, was printed in 1871. No catalogue of subjects has been printed, but the books have been ar- ranged in numerical order under the general subject, as history, philos- ophy, science, theology. In 1874 a general catalogue of the whole library, both of authors and subjects, was begun ton a plan entirely new. It is a partial application of the card catalogue system to the placing of books, combined with a general classification of aubjecte,! not on any philosophical system but with the special aim of useful- ness. The absolute location is relinquished, and the books are placed relatively, according to the subject. The subjects are arranged in classesj each class in divisions, each division in sections, and all are numbered and indexed. These numbers (from to 999) are substituted for the shelf numbers, and thus books on the same subject will always be found together, however much the library may increase. Thus the number 511 upon a book indicates that it belongs to the fifth class, i. e., natural science; first division, i. e., pure mathematics; first seption, i. e., arith- metic; and all arithmetical works are marked with the same number, and stand side by side on the shelf. Another number, placed under-, neath the class number, indicates the relative position of the book in the section and also its size. Four catalogues besides tha.t of accessions are kept in manuscript, viz, a public book catalogue of authors, a pub- lic card catalogue of subjects, an official card catalogue of authors, and- au official book catalogue of subjects, each serving as a check upon the, others. The latter takes the place of the " shelf catalogue.?' Management and use. — Except during the, years 1852-1863, the library has always been under the personal charge of a member of the faculty responsible to a library committee appointed by the trustees of the col- lege. Up to 1852 comparatively little time or attention was devoted to its care. It was opened only once a week for drawing books, and no facilities were furnished for reference or reading in the room. From 1854 to 1871, the library was opened three hoars each week, and a read- ing room, supplied with the leading monthly and quarterly periodicals, was opened five hours each day. Since 1871, the library has also been open five hours daily. The reading room has been supplied with many additional periodicals, and a manuscript index to them has been made as a continuation of Poole's Index to Periodical Literature. During the past ten years the librarian has been aided by several students of the College Libraries. 77 college, who have been employed as assistants. In 1874, Melvil Dewey, of the graduating class, was appointed assistant librarian. His time is wholly devoted to the library, and he has especial charge of the preparation of the new catalogue. The use of the library is restricted almost excllisively to those who are connected with! the college, yet the number of volumes drawn during the past year am ounted to 15,395. Librarians. — During the first six years, the ofBce of librarian was held by Joseph Estabrook, Professor of Latin and Greek, tutor Zenas Clapp, and Rev. Samuel Worcester, proFessof of rhetoric and oratory and English literature. Ebenezer S. Saell, professor of mathematics and natural philosophy, theri filled the place a quarter of a century, 1827- 1852, with the additional salary of $40 a yeftr. His successor was Hon. Lucius M. Boltwood, who arranged the books in the new building, and prepared the first printed catalogue. Dpon his resignation, February, 1863," the library was placed in charge of Rev. Julius H. Seelye, profes- sor of mental and moral philosophy. The present incumbent, W. L. Montague, professor of French, Italian, and Spanish, was appointed in 1863. Edward L. Root, of the class of 1871, held the position of assist- ant librarian one year after graduation. Resources and income. — During the first twenty-five years the library was dependent on subscriptions, or grants from the general treasury of the college; but it now has permanent funds yielding ah income which is annually increasing. The principal source of this income is the Sears fund, the donation of Hon. David Sears, of Boston, who gave to the 'college in 1844-47 $5,000 in cash, and real estate valued by him at $17,000. The inobine of a portion of this fund is secured to the library until the year 1928. Tlie income of the re^t (except such part as is carried to the increase of' the principal as mentioned below) has been appropriated to the purchase of books for the past twenty years, yielding to the library the total amount of $16,311.52. By the conditions of the donation, a part of the income is to be annually added to the principalj making it a permanently accumulating fund to whose 'increase there is no limit. The amount of this part of the fund in 1874 was $27,758.20. Another permanent fund is the gift of Asahel Adams, of North Brookfield, which yields about $340 annually. Th6 income for the past year from both sources was : Sears fand...' '.1 V... :..... $1,311 46 Adams fand.. : :..Jj. .J...: ...LI, .... 242 05 , Total ..., 1... 1,553 51 Tn addition to the gifts previously mentioned, the most important are those of Hon. Jonathan Phillips and Hon. David Sears, of Boston, and Hon. George H. Gilbert, of Ware, each of $5,000. The first was a bequest in 1861. After a few years the income was annually used 78 Public Libraries in the United States. for the pnrchase of books, and recently the priucipal, amouDting to $10,365.66,' was also expended. The second was a gift ia 1864 fof a ' new library building, and, with accmnalated iutetest, it aiMounted to: $9,934.57 in August, 1874. By the conditions of- Mr. Gilbert's dona- tion in 1864, the interest is to be aunaallyladded. to-the principaivi until a new library building is erected, or the present ibailding is enlarged, and then the whole amount may be expended only in books*: In 1874 the amount was $8j563.46. ^ The alumni of the college have also contributed at differeat times about $9,000 to this object. Valuable theological and medical works were received in 1858-'63, from Rev. O. A, Taylor^ of. Manchester, N.H., and Luther Y. Bell, M.D., of Somerville, who bequeathed their private libraries to the college. Thus the total amount of igifts to the library previous to 1875 exceeds $80,000. ' ■ > Summary of gifts to Amlierst College Liirarg. John Tappau, of Boston, various dates $3, 000 00 By general snb^oijiption, 1829-';32..^.. i. ,^.)..^,^jj.^...i 4,0C)0 OQ Hon. Saniuel Williston, of East Hampton, 1851. ...^.,..u «---..-, -. 3,000 00. George Merriam, of Springfield, 1851 1,500 00 Eev. George C. Shepard, of Boston, 1858.... 1....V :..ii. .'..-.'.' .^..'f.. 'J.. 1,000 00 By general subscription, 1851-'o4.- .-....■..:.: 11,500-00 Aluuintsnbsoriptions, 1851-'61.. .' , 8, 925 44 Hon. Jonathan Phillips, of Boston, 1861 5,000 00 Accntiiulated interest of the same, 1874....... .,,,. , ,.'... 5,365 66 Hon. George H. Gilbert, of Ware, 1864. .'.\ .:'...'.'.*1'. ....... 5,00000 Accumulated interest of the same to 1874...'... ....;. '.:.... 3, 563 46 Hon. Elavid Sears, of Boston, 1864 .1........ 5,000 00 Accumulated interest of the same to 1874 4, 994. .W Income of Sears fund fo 1874 16,3U 58 Income of Adams fund to 1874 ,. 1,230 29 Library of Rev. 0. A. Taylor, of Manchester, N.H., 1858 .1.1.. ....J. :'.'.'.'.. 4^(rBo Library of Luther V. Bell, M.U., of Somerville, 1863 .....1 .;:l ...■.:.ii.'i.'i- 300 00 Total : 80,140 94 The average number of volumes ann,iially added to the library during thep'Vst fifteen years was 940 ; and the number belonging to the library June 12, 1875 jvas 30,406. , In 1867, on petition of the college societiesy Alexandria and Athente, perflaission was given to merge their libraries in the college library, as a gift from the societies, ou certain speeified couditions ; but the books cannot be, transferred from the halls of the societies until a new librajy building sh^,!! have been built. The number of books belonging to these societies in 1871 was 8,127. These, added to the college. library, make the whole number of books belonging to the college 38,533. . gARVABD COLLEGE LIBBARY DURING THE PEBSENT CENTURY. The library bf Harvard College; while nominally dating" back to the foundation of the institution, is really only a little more than a hundred College Libraries. 79 years idddjisince of the oolle'otion of feoOks x^^hioh had been slowly acou- raulatiag, only aihandfulremaiued after the fire in 1764., The story of tke reestablisbmentof the library, of its character and general progress till toward the end of tb© last century, has been told elsewhere.^ It itettiains to give some account- of ibsgrowth since that time, and of its pi'esent contents and resources.: ± kEhei^bsence of careful records during the early growth of (the library forbids iMiy exact statement of the rate of increase, nor is it possible now to give the yearly additions with precision, since the purchase or reception by *gift of miscellaneous collections will freqiiently be enunier- ijtefl partly in one acad6mic;year,'partlj^ in the next. It is only within the past quarter of a century, in fact, that 'there' has been any niethodr ical system of summaries, and for, the period previous to that; we are left to occasional statements. U nlike the great libraries of recent date, which have been equipped from the outset with all the appliances of modern library systems', it has gfbwii iiiider unfavorable conditions, iiieagerly supplied with funds and necessary apparatus and' quartets, sb that what -has been achieved in the way of inventory and record has been at the cost of great labor and zeal dri, the, part of the small corps of librarians engaged in the care of the .ebljl^c^ion. , In 1790 the number of volumes was estimated at 12,000.^ In 1840, when the library was moved to Gore Hall, there T»pere nearly 40,000, exclusive of- pamphlets and other unbound books. In 1856,''wheh the present librarian, Mr. Sibley, succeeded Mf. Harris, having himself been assif,!tant librarian for fifteen years previous, there were 70,000 books and 30,000 pamphlets. In 1.866, there were 114,000 books and 95,000 pampMets. The latest summary, that of July, 1875, gives 154,000 books, with as many pamphlets, while the united libraries of the uni- versity, including society libraries, number ^27,650 books. , , From this it will be noticed what a; great increment the libyary has received in the last two decades, having more than doubled itself in that tiirie,increasingatanaveragerateof 63 per cent, in each decade since 1856, and at an average rate of only 7 J per cent, in each of the eight previous decades. 'The inarease-in thenumber of pamphlets' has been' even more marked. The proportion of pamphlets to bookfe, in 1856, was as three to ses'-en; In 1866.'it was nearly ais six to* seven, and at thepreseirt time the two are equal. Or, to state ithb ratio of the increase of pamphlets in tliedecade from 1856 to 1866, there was an increase of 216 per cent., white in the iiine years- following the same rate of increase has been maintained. When, it- is considered how large a part of the material fo!' history is*in this fugitive form, and how vigilant the librarian must be who secures it, it iS evident'that the wealth of the library as the depos- itory of precious material for students has been greatly enhanced. The increase o# the liWrkryiiow' is from (JjW&Cli to'8i'06b Volunifes annually. In 1840 it yas, 251|V0lpf]aes,and Gore Hall, which was then built with < ^ Quincy's- History of Harvard Uni.versiity, h, 399. 80 Public Libraries in the United States. the expectation that it would answer for the accommodation of all boots that might accumulate in the course of a century, has already become insufflcient for the holding, to say nothing of the proper care and use, of the library. This increase has been partly through purchase, partly in the way of direct gifts. President Kirklaud, in a statement of the income of Harvard University and of the manner in which it is applied, dated February 26, 1824, sets down the funds devoted to the library-, namely, the Holiis and the Shapleigh funds, as yielding but $360 a year. The Shapleigh fund was a bequest, in 1800, from the librarian of the college, of his whole estate, something less than $4,000 in value, the income from which was to be " sacredly appropriated to the purchase of such modern publications as the corporation, professors, and tutors shall judge most proper to improve the students in polite literature; the books to be deposited in the library of the university, and to consist of poetry or prose, but neither in Greek nor Latin." There was no further special fund until 1843, when Horace Appleton Haven, of the class graduating that year, died, and left $3,000, a fund for mathomatical and astronomical works. In 1844 the same amount was given by Hon. William Prescott for the purchase of scarce old books on American history. Subsequent funds were the Boyden, the Ward; the Salisbury, appropriated to the purchase of books required in the Greek and Latin department ; the Bowditch, and last, and most important of all, the Sumner and Walker funds, which are only now coming into service, being the bequests of Hon. Charles Sumner, and of Eev. Dr. James Walker, a for- mer president of the college. Before these last two bequests, the entire fund appropriated to the library scarcely exceeded $20,000, yielding.an annual sum entirely inadequate to supply even the most important issues of the year, and hopelessly small when the needs of the library in its several departments were considered. In 1857 a special inquiry was made into the condition and needs of the library, and testimony was sought Irom the various members of the faculty, who would know both the resources of the library and the needs of their several depart- ments. Professor Bo wen reported : "Two or three years ago the cor- poration allowed me to expend a little over $100 on recent books in political economy, and this is the only considerable purchase which has been made since I have been connected with the department." Prof. J. E. Lowell summed up his n'eeds by saying: "To enumerate all that are wanting, would be to copy the booksellers' lists of the last twenty years." Professor Lane declared: "The Latin department is sixteen years behindhand." Mr. Ezra Abbott, the assistant librarian, wrote a long letter, containing the catalogue titles of more than two hundred and fifty works, in 700 volumes, as but a portion of the more important deficiency of the library in the bibliographical department alone.^ ' Rep'ort of Committee of Assoeiatioa of the Alumni to take into consideration the state of the Library. Boston, 1857. College Libraries. 81 The report containing these and other statements made a great im pression upon the friends of the college, and among the noticeable re suits was the gift of $5,000 annually for five years, from the Hon. Wi I iam Gray. But individual donations have been, from the beginning the great resource of the library. We have seen how the friends of the college at home and abroad hastened to repair the losses of the library caused by the fire of 1704. After the Revolution, and while the library was housed in Harvard Hall, graduates of the college, authors who had used the library, publishing societies, foreign governments, and friends of learning generally, continued to make it the depository of books, pamphlets, maps, and charts. Dr. Harris, the librarian who pre- ceded Mr. Sibley, drew up an "alphabetical list of the names of donors of books, prints, portraits, busts, coins, and medals from January, 1780, to July, 1840, inelusivej'" which is printed in the appendix to Quincy's History of Harvard University .^ The dates of the separate gifts are not entered, but the number of donors is nearly one tliousand, and of these many gave not once or twice, but again and again. Besides the familiar names of professors and men of culture living iu Boston and vicinity, one finds the names of President John Adams, who gave, among other works. Arts et Metiers, in 18 folio volumes ; of President John Quincy Adams, who gave 166 volumes, chiefly in the French language, iu 1797, and 13 volumes of Russian works iu 1811 ; of Joshua Bates, of London, the great founder of the Boston Public Library, who gave Val- py's edition of the Latin Classics, in 160 volumes, elegantly bound ; of the British government, that gave a set of the public records ; of (Jam- bridge University in England; and of Goethe, who gave 39 volumes. Included iu the list is also a number of Copley's paintings, given in some cases by the descendants of those for whom they were executed, as well as medals, coins, charts, maps, and a few manuscripts. This accumulation of books and pamphlets from so large a variety of sources indicates the special character of the collection, sinc,e in many cases the gifts were of ephemeral or unique works, which could scarcely be se- cured in any other way. But special mention can only be made of the prominent accessions which have come to the library through these volunteer supplies. In 1818 Mr. Israel Thorndike, a Boston merchant, presented to the college the library, maps, and charts of Prof. C. D. Ebeling, of Hamburgh, who had recently died. This collection embraced more than 3,000 volumes relating to America, and 10^000 maps and charts, by far the most com- plete American collection then existing. The person who prompted Mr. Thorndike to this generous act was the eminent librarian Joseph Green'Cogswell, who at that time was in Europe, a tutor to Mr. Thorn- dike's son, and in one of Dr. Cogswell's letters, .written the year pre- vious, he speaks of his visit with Augustus Thorndike to Bbeling and 1 Vol. ii, pp. 569-585. 6e 82 Piiblic Lihrariesin the' United States. his American library.^ It may easily be tliat Dr. Cogswell bad his miintl then on such matters, for after his return from Europe he held for a while the position of librarian at Harvard. Four years latery Samuel A. Eliot, another Boston merchant, who was afterwards treasurer of the college, made a similar gift of a collection of books on American history and geography, made by Mr. Warden, who had been American consul in Paris, consisting of nearly 1,200. volumes, besides maps, cliarts, and prints. More than $5,000 were paJd by Mr. Eliot for this library. Thomas Palmer, a son of Harvard, who chose London for a residence, and whose name is honorably distinguished among the early benefactors of the library ,2 bequeathed a valuable collection of 1,200 vr$ll choseu volumes, in 1820. A special library of great value was that collected an<3 given by Henry Ware WaliBS, who turned his attention to Sanskrit literature and en- dowed also a chair for instruction in Sanskrit. His valuable gift has been constantly and regularly supplemented in the same direction, sincebis death, by George Washington Wales, his brother. Clarke Gayton Pickman, also of the class of 1811, who died in 1860, bequeathed his choice collection of books in general literature, and James Brown, of the house of Little, Brown & Co., gave the sum of $5,000 to be expended in books of science and natural history. John Farrar was a professor in the college of natural philosophy and astronomy as the chair was tken entitled, and when he died, in 1853, leaving his property to his wife, he expressed a wish, which she carried out subsequently by will in bequeath- ing the sum of $5,000 as a fund for the purchase of books in the depart- ment over which he presided. Dr. George Hay ward, also of Boston, left a like sum, and one of the largest single gifts was that of Charles Minot, of the class of 1828, who left the sum of $60,(M)0 in 7 per cent, bonds, reserving a life interest for the benefit of an adopted son who has since died; These are some of the special gifts which have com© to the library, some being under restrictions as to the uses to which the money should be put, others being devoted to general increase of the library. In the case of Mr. Minot's gift, the only condition was that the income should be expended on the purchase of books and binding of the same. The great increase in the library, however, as we have shownjtook place after the removal to Gore Hall in 1841, and especially during the last twenty years, under Mr. Sibley's indefatigable exertions. The com- pletion of the new building, in which the college then took great pride, and the removal of the library to it, stimulated the friends of the college to an immediate efibrt, and a subscription of more than $20,000 was raised by merchants and scholars of Boston and vicinity for the purpose of meeting the almost disreputable arrearages in modern books into which the library had fallen, and in 1852 Professor Child raised a su,bscription of $1,100 to supply the deficiencies in the department of English poetry. Dr. Harris found about 33,000 volumes in the library when be took 1 Liie of Joseph Giifen Cogswell, as skcf cLeil iu bis' letters. Cambii(?ge, 1^74, p. 61. 'See aute, p. 24. College Libraries. 83 chafige of it in 1831^ and; (daring ;his administration about 38,000 were adided.f. Now began also that systematic and uutiriag effji'fc ou the part of MPii-Sibley to drawto theilibrary gifts from all sources. , His annual reports record, witharepietition which would ba monotonous were it aot S3 suggestive, th&aames of donors fro a among publishers and men and women of .culture who haTO given with open hand year after year. Perhaps as signidoant an sinstauce as ,aay of the way in which the library, invites gifts by its own generosity is afforded by the exampleiof the relation subsisting between it and -Hon, Charles Sumner. Mr. Sum- ner was graduated in 1830, anduot long after began the gift of pamphlets and ibooks which continued 'throughout his life. In 1864, Mr. Sibley reports him as having given about 20 volumes, 25 maps, and 1,0G1 pam- phlets during the year,i ahd)in 1868 he notes that Mr. Sumner has, with- in five years, given more than 7,000 pamphlets and 1,000 volumes. During his lifetime he gave more than 250 maps, 1,300 volumes, and from 15,000 to 20,000.. pamphlets. Thei bequest of his library further enriched the collection sby nearly: 4,000 volumes. When it is remem- bered that Mr. Sumner, from his exceptional position,, was in receipt of a'vast number of publications bearingimmediately upon current eventfs, but in a form rendering them very ephemeral, itmay easily be inferred how valuable the whole collection would be. The reason for bestowing these ou the Harvard Library wasstsited by Mr. Sumner to be that, by the classification anddndesing to which they were at once submitted, he could lay hts hands on any i one he wanted more easily there, than in his ovvu'house, and his will contains a grateful acknowledgment of the service which the library had afforded (him. Dr. James Walker, a for- mer president of the college, left his library of 2,400 volumes and. 300 pamp^lilets in addition to the bequest of money alreadyiraentioned. There has also been a class of gifts peculiarly valuable to the college, and very suggestive, like the Sumner gift, of the personal relations sus- tained by the givers to the college. In IStiO Hon. Charles Francis Adams presenited a collection in 48 volumes, made by liimself, of: works large iind; small, printed in Great Britain in relation to the rebellion.. Dr. J, E. Worcester, the lexicographer, gave all the dictionaries and glossaries of Che English language used by himself in preparing his own work, not already -possessed by the library. President Sparks left, in 168 volumes, the manusori[)ts, original and copies, used by him in preparing his pub- lished works, and earlier, W. H. Prescott.had given the entire collection of manuscripts and printedibooks which^had served him in the writing of Ferdiiiaud and Isabella. The manuscripts were contained in five thick volumes, and the books, 282 in number, were many of them oostlyifolios. Dr. J. G. Palfrey also gave a collection of 323 volumes and 5,147 pam- iplilets, made by himself during half a century,! while; employed upon his historical studies. ., , ' • ■ li Many of. the manuscripts contained in the library, like those of Pro- fessor Bbeling,,and Arthur Lee, contain yafuable m3,|;erials, tbi; history, 84 Public Libraries in the United States. while of early manuscripts the library possesses a few datinjj back to the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, and one, a fragment of an Evangelist- ary, containing twelve pages, written in uncial letters^ and referred there- fore' to the ninth century. ' 1 There have been sixty librarians since the founding of the college, of whom ten are named in the present century. Of these the present libra- rian has been longest connected with the library, having become assist, ant' in 1841 ; but his immediate predecessor, Dr. Tbaddeus William Har- ris, known best by his pioneer work in economic entomology, held the office of principal librarian for the longest term of years, having served from 1831 till his death in 18.56. Before him notable names were those of Professor Andrews Norton, Joseph Green Cogswell, and Charles Fol. som. Mention should also be made of the recent assistant librarian, Dr. Ezra Abbot, since it was under his superintendence that the present system of cataloguing, elsewhere described,^ was planned and carried out. As has before been stated the library, upon its new establishment in 1764, was deposited in Harvard Hall ; removed thence during the war, for safe keeping, in country towns, and restored when the war was over and college life could be resumed uninterruptedly. Here it remained until, in 1837, the collection of books had outgrown the quarters as- signed, and.it became absolutely necessary to provide a new place, both for the books already owned and for the future growth of the library. Tiie college had come into possession of a noble bequest from Christo- pher Gore, formerly governor of Massachusetts, and resolved to use the money for the erection of a library building, which was com- pleted in 1841. Here the library of the college is now kept. The, build- ing, modeled upon the plan of King's. College Chapel, Cambridge, Eoigland, i)iesents a dignified interior, and makes to the eye a pleasing and api)ix>priate home for the valuable collections. But the growth, of the library has already rendered it too small, and the experience of nearly forty years has disclosed the disadvantages it presents as a library building. It is overcrowded, and books coming in are con- stantly dera nging the existing dispositions. It, has become necessary to deposit books in other buildings, and to pile them on the floor in double tiers, and in general to lessen the value of the collection by mak- ing it less accessible. Moreover, the plan of the biailding is 111 adapted to the purposesof a library. There are no private rooms for the librarian, assistants, or special students. It is a great whispering gallery in which every footfall and spoken word can be heard. There is a dami)ness arising from the condensation of moisture on the inside of thC: single granite wall,, and great complaint has been made of the draughts of air, and general insalubrity of the interior. The steady pressure of new books, added to all the patent inconveniences of the building, has made it a necessity to devise some relief, and it is announced that the ' See Part II of this report, Eules for a Dictionary Catalogue. College Libraries. 85 corporation has now decided to begia soon an extension to Gore Hall. Tlae plan intends the carrying out of the east transept of the presentbuilding, aboutSO feet, and making that the main portion of the library proper, with an adjunct, containing rooms for the bibli- ographical collection, for the librarian and his assistants, as well as a large room for the catalogue department and the delivery of, books. This being done, the present delivery room will be divided into study rooms for special investigation, while the cases will be removed from the floor of the present main hall, and the space gained be used for a reading and consulting room ; the lower alcoves, relieved of the temporary sub- division by cases, being devoted to books of reference. When these changes and additions are made, the library will, be more completely adapted to the needs of the university, and by its greater accommoda- tion, offer new. inducementsto private collectors to place there for per- petuity the books which they have gathered. The college library proper is in Gore Hall, but other departments of the university have their own special collections, not deposited in Gore Hall, andthere are also libraries connected with college societies. Of these separate libraries, brief mention may now be made. Library of the Pane Law ScfioQl. The I/aw Library, as a separate collection of books, dates from the foundation of th^ school, though,"previous to that time, specifil attention had been giVfen to this department of learning in the general' library of the university. Mr. Sumner, who was at one time librarian of the Dane Library, calls Mr. Hollis, the distinguished benefactor of the college who has already been named, the father of the law library, because of the interest which that publiefepirited man took in forwarding book's 6f special value to the law student and which afterwards fotind their way into this special library. " The library," he says, " is indebted to him for many Choice works of Civil law, such as the Corpus Juris Civilis, the CodeJc Theodosianiis, Brissonius, Voet, Zoesius, Domat, and Meerman's The- saurus. When we consider the jealousy with which the civil law has ever been regarded in England, and the indifferent acquaintance with its merits possessed by the highest lawyers there, we cannot but feicog- nize, iu the presentation of the above books, an additional proof of the enlarged liberality and intelligence of the donor." ^ Shortly after the formal establishment of the school in 1817, Hon. Christopher Gore gave the greater part of his valuable law library for the us6 of the law students. "Many of these present (we quote again from Mr. Sumner's preface to the Catalogue Of 1834) the most interest- ing associatiotis, not only from having belonged to Mr. Gore, and from containing his autograph signature, but also from having passed through the hands of Robert Anch muty, Jeremy Gridley, James Otis, and Samuel 'A Catalogue of the Law Library jjf Harvard University iu Cambridge, Mass. Cam- bridge, 1S34, p. V. 86 Public Lihrafiks in the Ukited States. Sextnll. Iii somfe of these'books iriay' be found all tbesfe distiDguiSlied name^." The Law Library is also indebted to GoveriiOr Gore for two maniiscript volumes containing dpinions involving sortie interesting dis- cussions of prize law; filed by tb'e commissiondi^ of wlioiii be wka one, acting under the seventh article of the treaty of 1794' between the' United' States and Great Britain, cOinindnly called'Jaj's tt'k^aty, for the- settlement of the claims of American citizens bu'iiiccdrint of capitures by Biitish croisers."' ' - - • When Judge Story was made Dane Professor of La'w- id 1829, arid the school was Reorganized, the cori^bratiou bought ' his eit'eilsive library and add6d it to the growing coTle'ctiou, atid not long after,''in 1833, came a bequeStfrom Hod. Samuel Liverradrd, of New Orleans, of bis entire library of Works on the Romad, S^yadish, and Freneh la\v,' a collection of more than 300' rare and costly volumes, appraised at the time at a valuation of $6,000. The money for the purchase of books came partly from matriculation fees, partly from grants ; and for a while the custom prevailed of keepingf^ besides the 'reg'dlar library, a collection of text'bobks for the use of students, called the circulating library. In 18C3 the whole number of volUmeS in the libi-ary was 13,038, of which 3,123 belonged to the circulating library, and 406 were superseded text books. The increase of thie lii)rary at that time was 125 voludies in the previous year, and the number added each year did not vary far from this; but in 1870 the circulating library was aban- doned, and special attention given to the increase of the regular Law Library, so that there ha-^e been some 4,000 volumes added during the past five yeiars, and the sum last year at the disposal of the library was $3,500, the number of books added being not fur from 1,000. The increasd of tbe library has thus kept pace with the increased vigoi''of the school, which is now more than Self supporting. The number of voluides in the libriiry is now reckoned to be about 15,000, and the ap- parent discrepancy in the above figures is due to the fact of the aboli- tion of tbe circulating library, which swelled the total of bobks ou the shelves without adding to the actual number of books in the LaW Library prbt)e'r. The library is kept in the building devoted' to the school, and is free for consultation to all persons^ The students of the school do much of their reading in the library. ,^ Divinity School Library. The librairy at the Divinity School dates from the foundation of the school in 1825, wheu the directors granted the sum of $2,000 for the purchase of suitable books ; but the number of books in the library in 1840 was only about' 700, principally in modern theology, with some of the Fathers in the original. In 1S5G the number had iucreased to between 4,500 and 4,6U0, when the most'important accession was made of the library of Professor Liicke, of Gottiuged, presented by Hoi. 'ibid., p. vii. College ,LjI)rancs. 87- B^njaiflin L,or.ing, >of Boston, at the suggestion of Prpf. Edward Young, at that, time a, student in Geriuany., This added some 4,000 volumes to theiUbf^-ry., 1^,1882 the. number of y^plaraes iii^he library was Vd,ol'2, of whiqli. 9,394 were bound and4j|147 .unbound. During the next year 151 volumjes were added, making the vv;|iple number 13,093; and these additions represent the iu^'i*i'l yearly ad,(Iition at that, time, nearly all b^jiig piufjihased by money annually granted for, the purpose by the corporation. Dr. Convers Franois, a professor in the school, died in 1803, audriu his will directed that such volumes among his books as might be .suitable for the school shouhl be selected for it, and about 2,000 were tliius adcled. The only other large gift is one of about 800.. volumes, by bequest of the late James Walker, formerly president of the university. Thp, present yearly grant is about $300, but that sum was temporarily reduced after the^ostoa fire to $300, which was the auiount annually expended ;for a time before 1869. During the past year the additions to, the. library were 313 volumes,, of which 113 were by purchase and 2pO by gilt. The present number of volumes is about 17,000, depoi^ited in .the. library rooms in Divinity Hall; the libraries given by Oolonc^l Lpring and Dr. Francis being kept separately iu ronuis named,. respect! vely^, the Loring Library and the Francis Library. A strong desirp has been expressed to secure a separate building, better adapted toithe nee,ds.Qf4iJie library than the present apartments.. It is strictly a theological libr.ary, the collection of books at the university library making it unnecessary to Include works in general literature. Library of the Medical College. ,,The Mtsdical College of Harvard University is established in Boston, . and the building devoted to its uses contains in one of its rooms the library. No regular fund is x>rovided for the support and increase of the collection, and the lack of suitable accommodations has prevented the library from iiolding a prominent place in the college. It has been largely built up by gifts from the professors, and at one time the njoney resulting from matriculatiou fees was expended upon it, but for some years there has, been no .ipcrease. The collection now numbers about 450 paper-bound books and pamphlets, and 3,100 bpund books. Library of the Museum of Comparative Zo'Mogy, ' ''' The Library of the Museum of Comparative Zoology dates from very near the foundation of the institution in 1858, when the paliEontologi- cal cplleption of Professor , JSpninck, of Belgium, was bought. The vaIuable.-library,p,ccorapanying the collection was a part of the pui;- chase, and at. the time was one of the .most complete of its kind- Af terwards, as the museum began to publisli its bulletin and catalogues, these publiQa,tiQns brought by exchange f^pm a,bput one huujired and ten societies similar serial works, and .the library has gfown steadily by these accessions. In 1873 the entire collection of books amounted to 88 Fublic Libraries m the Umtea stares. about 7,000 volumes, when it was enriched by the gift of about 3,500 volumes from the library of Professor Agassiz, the head of the mnseum, who had just died, and desired the gift to be made, and shortly after by the deposit nominally, but to all intents and t)ufposes the gift, of 2,500 volumes by Professor Agassiz's son and successor, Mr. Alexander Agassiz. There is no fund for the increase of the library, but such books as are imperatively required are bought from the general funds. The additions amount to between 300 and 400 volumes a year, besides nearly twice as many pamphlets. The range of the library is the whole department of natural history, exclusive of botany, since that depart- ment is specially provided for by the library connected with the Botanic Garden, and, as far as possible, it is the aim to avoid duplicating books purchased by the generallibrary of the university. Libraries at the Scientific School. The Lawrence Scientific School at first contained the beginning of what is now the Museum of Comparative Zoology, but when the large endowment of tij/e, latter institution was ma^e in 1858 the two were sub- 8ta,ntially separated. The libraries of the Scientific School now consist of a small chemical library of about 500 volumes in Boylston Hall and a good working library for the engineering department placed in Law- rence Scientific School building. This latter contains about 2,000 vol- umes, includiug, among other works, a complete series of Annales des Pouts et Ohaussees. An annual appropriation of $250 supplies it with current publications in its department, but there is no regular fund for the maintenance of the library. Library at the Botanical Garden. The Library at the Botanical Garden is in strictness a component part of the herbarium, which was presented to the university by Prof. Asa Gray when the building, given by Nathaniel Thayer, was built in 1864 to receive these collections. The library was the private library of Professor Gray and had been accumulating for many years. Since that time it has grown, by the reception of gifts, including a val- uable one from John A. Lowell, and by purchase, there being a fund devoted to the common needs of tlie herbarium and library. The number of books at present is about 2,500, together ^ivith a large col- lection of unbound works, which, it is estimated, will make, when bound, 1,500 more. The library contains full sets of many valuable periodicals and costly works; like the Flora Danica, Mora Brasiliensis, Sibthorp's FlorsB Graicfe, and Bateraan's Orehidaceae of Mexico and Guatemala. It is not arranged in one large room, but distributed among the several study rooms in the building, so as to render it easily accessible to in- structors and special students. •> ■''•'> College Libraries ^ 89' Phillips Librarr^ at the Observatory.- . The library of the Observatory was begun by tlie late Professor Bond, but was .scarcely a formal one iiptij the department was moved to the present building, in 1847. The bequest of ,$100jQ00 by Edward Brom- field Phillips came into possession pf the college in 1849. The income from this fund was to be devpited to> payment of salaries and purchase of books and instruments. No portion. is regularly set apart for the increase of the library, but books are bought from time to time as they are needed and as funds permit. The library receives the publications of observa- tories in this country and Europe, as well as the. publications of many learned societies. It numbers at present about 3,000 volumes. Library of the Bussey Institution. The Bussey Institatiori of Harvard University being a school of agri- culture and horticulture, established in Jamaica Plain, near Boston, by the bequest of Benjamin Bussey, its library is a special ohfe, devoted to the j)urpbse of the school. There is no fund for the purpose of increas- ing the collection, but the bulletin published by the institution 'brings in by exchaihge many similar publications, and there have beeil mahjr donations by former students and by persons interested in agriculture. It is intended to make it a special collection of books relating to agri- culture and horticulthre, and it is alreiady especially rich in German and French chemicar and agricultural works. The whole number of books and pamphlets alt present is about 1,500, and the j'early increase from all sources is about 200 Volumes. Society libraries. In addition to the public libraries of the university, there are certain libraries of a more private character belonging to various societies maintained by the students. These libraries are controlled by the societies, and grow by accession through gifts and purchase; but no funds, so far aswe know, exist for the support or increase of the libraries. The oldest of these libraries, probably, is that of the Institute of 1770, now numbering about 3,500 volumes. The library of the Porcellian Club was started in 1803, the first books presented being Young's Trav- els, Gowper's Task, Blair's Lectures, Young's Night ThoughtSj and Pin- dar's works. The growth of this library has- been in the direction of choice literature, and special attention has been given to the selection of the best editions and to the dress of the books, which now form a well selected and beautiful collection of 7,000 volumes. The library of the Hasty Pudding Club, begun in 1807, and formed mainly from gifts of the members, now numbers about 4r,000 volumes. The Christian Brethren and the St. Paul's Society have libraries of religious books, numbering 100 and 500, respectively, and the Natural History Society has about 500 volumes. 90 Puhlic Libraries in the United States. MOUNT HOLYOKB SEMINARY, SOUTH HADLBT, MASS. » The seminary has no permanent library fund, and its library is the gradual accumulation of donations. Among the donors especially com- memorated are the late Dr. Kirk a.nd Deacon Safford, of Boston. Ini'1867, Mrs. H. P. Durant, the wife of oue. of the trustees, proposed to give $10,000 for the purchase of books, provided that a suitable fire- proof building should be built within three years. A grant from the State about that time having put it in the power of the trustees to build, the new editfce was ready for occupatioi#N6vember 1, 1870. >, The present number oi books is about 9,5.00, notincluding the valu- able library bequeathed to the seminak^y by the late Dr. Kirk. Great care has been bestowed upon the selection of tlie books by Mr. Duratit, assisted by eminent librarians, and few coBectipns of the same size are more valuable. Especial reference has been had in the selection to the courj^es of study pursued in the semiuaiiy, and teachers and pupils h^ve free access to the library at any hour of the day. . The system of cataloguing is similar to that of the Boston Public- Libraify, having, besides the accession catalogue, a cardcatalogue, alpha- betically at-ranged according to names of authors. A classified index is in progress. . The Iibrary'building,was designed by the late Hammett Billings, of Boston, and post about $18,000. The interior is finished in chestnut; the bookcases, and other furniture are of black walnut. The alcoves are arranged so ^s to form cozy nooks for the readers. The shelves will accommodate only about 12,000 or 14,000 volumes, but the iutrodudtiou'^ of galleries would greatly increase the capacity of the building. * z TUFTS COLLEGE, COLLEGE HILL, MASS. The library was begun at the time the college was opened, Septem- ber, 1854, by the president, Hosea Ballou, D.l)., who made an appeal in itis behalf to the Universalist denomination and to publishers, w^^h such success that at the end of a year the number of volumes was about 1,500, all of which were given. There is as yet only one permanent library fund, (of $1,200,) estab- lished in 1874 by J. D. W. Joy, the income of which is to be devoted principally to the department of philology. v ,,, , ?,[ The first gift recorded is that of 19 volumes from Eev. G. Coliinslof Philadelphia ; and among the donations of the first year is that of Mrs. Campbell, who gave 280 volumes from the library of her deceased brother, Eev. J. S. Popkin, formerly professor of Greek at Harvard University. To J. L. Sibley, librarian of Harvard University, the college is indebted for the largest number of volumes from any one source, his donations having been made nearly every year, and many of them being rare and valuable works. In 1873 there were received from him 629 volumes. College Libraries. 93 la 1865, the college purchg-sed the library of its first president, about 1,500 volumes. In 1870, Miss M. B. Bacou gave $200 for the purchase of books for the department of modern languages. In 1873, N. C. Mun- son gave $500 for books for the engineering department. The number of volumes in the library is 16,000 ; the number of pam- phlets upward of 5,000, not including those that are bound nor several thousand unbound periodicals. A system of car.l catalogues is in use, similar to that of the Harvard University Library. There are no society libraries connected with the college, except that of the Universalist Historical Society. WELLE SLEY COLLEGE, WELLESLEY, MASS. Wellesley College, Wellesley, Mass., is an institution for the collegiate education of young women, and received its first students in September, 1875. The library belonging to the colleges was open for use at Christ- mas of the same year, and consists almost entirely of the private col- lection given by the founders of the college, Mr. and Mrs. H. F. Durant, a few books having been added by personal friends. The library apart- inent is a flre-proof room, forming the ground story of one of the pro- jections of the college building, divided into alcoves, each well lighted, and having a gallery, which is carried along the two longer sides of the room. The cases for the books are all protected by glass doors, and the shelf room will accommodate about 120,000 volumes. The college being devoted to the higher education, it is the wish of the founder to mt^ke this library as thorough in all its appointments as a college library would aim to be, excluding only special professional works, like law treatises, which would not, except in extraordinary cases, be requisite in the education of girls. The number of books already on the shel ves is about 10,000, arranged in the alcoves according to the simple division of subjects — English poetry and dramatic works, French classics, Italian classics, German classics, Greek and Eoman authors, ancient history, modern history, works of reference. The first characteristic of the library which strikes the eye is the external dress of the books, which are, to a very large extent, bound in calf and morocco. The greatest care has been taken to select editions of books which are the best, and then to put them into durable and tasteful bindings. The second point to be noticed is the freshness of the library. The editions of the classics, ancient and modern, are the best, and the illus- trative literature, historical and critical, is the most permanent and recent. There is an agreeable absence of literary and critical lumber. The library being, in the first instance, a well selected private library, and being enlarged with special reference to the objects of tbe college, there is no accumulation of rubbish, such as necessarily belongs in a general library; but it is throughout a serviceable, working library. 94 Public Libraries in the United States. For instance, the student of Plato will find Stallbaum's edition, Victor Cousin's translation, Bekker's, edition, and the special editions of Deusohle and Oron ; she will also have Car.v's and Taylor's translations and the best critical and lexical helps. Tp illustrate fupther Greek Utera- ture, art, and history, she has access to Muller's Dorians, tbe volume already published of Oorssen's Sprache f> the private library of C%(rles, Anthon, formerly, professor in Columbia -College; partly of the private library of Franz Bopp, formerly professor in the University of Berlin, both, of which had been imrchased by the trustees of ithe uni- versity in the, summer of 1868.; partly of modern scientific books, selected and bought for the university in Europe, during; the same period, by President White;, partly of a collection of Gerinau literature presented to the library by President White; and partly of asniall col- lectipn of works,, on, agriculture, bought in iSTew York in 1868, by Ezra Cornell. The A"thon collection consisted of between 5,000 and 6,000 volumes, two-thirds of which related to the classical languages and, their literatures; the Bopp collection numbered nearly 2,000 volumes, and 106 Public Libraries in tM United States. wascbiefly made up of works treating of liDguistic subjectSjiacludiiig especially a noticeable series of Sanskrit texts. , In the following year (1889) Professor Goldwin Smith presented to the librarj' his valuable private collection of baoks, which comprised more than, 3,000 volumes, chiefly historical works and editions of the ancient and English classics. In 1870; President White gave to the library about 1,000 volumes of works on architecture, collected by himself, many of which are of the most expensive character. They include sets of all the principal periodicals relating to archite(5ture printed in Eiiropa^'f and the various works published by Britton, Viollet le-Duo, Gailhabaud, Gruner, Weale, Seroux d'Agincourt, Galley Knight, Fergussou, Wiebo- king, Oicognara, Pugin, Parker, and others. In 1871, the late William Kelley, of Rhinebeok, 'S.Y., then a trustee^ of the university, placed at the disposal, of the librarian the sum of $2,250 for the purchase of mathematical works. With this sum, during that year, 1,500 volumes aud 700 tracts and dissertations were bought, chiefly through European agents, including complete sets of the leading mathematical periodicals in English, French, German, Italian, and Danish, and the most important modern works in the domainof pure mathematics. In January, 1872, the private library of Jarenbes, together with those of the Geological Society, the'Zoological So- ciety, and the Linnsean Society of London ; a colored copy of Besler's Hortus Eystettensis, Nuremberg, 1613, which cost $800; Bateman's Orchidacese of Mexico and Guatemala ;> Curtis's Botanical Magazine, a complete set,' procured at an expense of $650 ; the Flora Btasiliensis of Martius as far as published; Humboldt's scientiQc works in fblio; the Mouiteur TJniversel, from 1789 to 1868, in 162 folio volumes; the London Times, a set beginning with 1848 ; Canina's Edifizj di Roma Antiea,' Architettura Antica, and Architettura dei tenipj Cristiaui, in 13 volumes; Gruner's Decorative Art ; the publications of the Dilet- tanti Society of London ; Hakluyt's Voyages, London, 1599; Gruveil- hier's Anatomie, Paris, 1851 ; the Bibliotheca Glassica Latina of Le Maire, in 142 volumes, and the Scriptores Latiniof Valpy, in 169 vol- 108 Public Libraries in tJie 'United States. umes; theBiblioteca de Xutpres, Esparijles, eaited by Riradeaeyra ; theClassici'ftaliani, in 256 volumes; ai^the publicatious of the Ray Society, the Sydenhain Society, the Palseoutographical Society, the Percy Society, the Camden Society, the Hakluyt Society, the, E«ly Etig- lish Text Society, the English Historical Society, and the Chaucer Soci- ety. The set of the patent specifications presented to the library by the British government, nnmbering over 2,6()J volninss, is-^ still deposited in London awaiting the funds to bind ft. ^he library &a^,a complete set of American Patent-Office publications. , , The library has no flx'ed fund for its mai'htenancei, but depends upon annual grants by the trustees of the university for the purchase of books, which have ranged from $l,0()0 to |3,0()0,' besides s])&^\a,}, grants at various times fpr particular purposes. The average an- nual increase of the library since its establishment has been nearly 3,(100 volumes^ The total number of volumes at present is 39,Q00, be? sidbs 1.5!,000 pamphlets. The collection is arranged very nearly in accord- ance with the system of classification adopted by Brunet in his Man- uel du Libraire, and possesses a simple alphabetical slip catalogue, to- gether with special catalogues of afe w of thedepartments. Of the Sparks and Boi)p collections there are printed catalogues, prepared before the purchase of those libraries ; of the Antlioii collection, there is a similar catalogue in manuscript, 'there are employed a principal librariaji ^nd two assistants; the principal librarian, who is also a professor, andjOne of the assistants devoting but a part of thejr time to the library, "rhe library is a circulating one, so far as the members of the faculty are cbncerned, and a library of reference so far as the stndents of the insti- tution are concerned. The average number of volumes coustantly with- drawn from the library is 650 ; the average number consulted daily in! the reading room of the library is 200. The library is open throughout the year (except Sundays) from 8 o'clock in the morning till 5 o'clock in the afternoon, or till sunset, when that is before 5. It occupies the lower main floor of the McGraw or central university building, a roota. 100 feet by 45, and is arranged in alcoves, which inclose a space used as a readinsr room. The room is adorned with several busts, in marble and plaster, and with a number of portraits in oil, the latter including orig- inal half length portraits of Professors Louis Agassiz, Goldwtn Smith, James Russell Lowell, and George William Curtis. HAMILTON COLTjEGB, CLINTON, N. Y. Hamilton College received its charter in May, 1812, and at the, saine time a small library belonging to Hamilton Oneida Acajemy was, with other property, passed over to the callijge. In IJToveiob&r, ISl?;, the trustees of the college granted $100 for the increase of the library, and appointed a committee authorized to make purchases, appoiot. a librarian, and provide regulations for the use of the library. In 1846 the number of volumes was about 1,600, and this was gradually increased College Libraries. . 109 by purchases and, donations Ijy individuals and the ^enefal and State governnjents;' bti't the addition of vahiable and useful books was very stow, the college, for want of fa nds, not being able to, make inauy pur- chases. In !N"ov'eaiber, 1800, the libraries of the IjJnjon and Phoenix Societies, each containing about 3,(>o'6 volumes, were placed in Charge oi^ the col- lege for safe keeping; and since that tiiiie they Have been kept and used as a part of the college library, though the rights of the societies are fully recognized 'and maintained. In 1865 the valuable library of Dr. Edward Eobipsou, containing about 1,400 volumes and about 100 valu- able Aiap^, Vas purchased and given to the college by a few friends in l^^ew York. In the sa'me year, the litirai-y received its n)ost important addition in the valuable law library of William Curtis iN'byeSj of S^^ew York, bequeathed by him to 'Hamilton ColIege,'iji order "that it may always be kept together for the use of law students in that institiition." This collection numbers nearly 7,000 volumes, of which afeput 5,000 are law books, and the residue miscellaneous. Tliey were collected during a practice of twentyttye yeairs, at an expense of from $j(),000 to $73,000. It contains aU the Ajmetican reports, with scarcely an excep- tion, down to 1865, including those of Mr. Jefferson from 1730 to 1-740, and from 17G8 to 1772, compliej".,e reports of every ^tate in the Union, British, English, Scotch, apd Irish reports, and of the'coloniesfrom l^ew- foundlaii'd! to Ijiliia. Among its rare volumes are all the ppmie^-Day l^oqks; a complete copy of the English Statutes at Large in 78 vol- umes; and everything in the B,nglish common law,both civiiaud crimi- nal, andin.eqaity, with the earlier treatises. It contains a cous^iderable collection of codes, among which are the Chinese ^'H' Geutoo; the Prede. rician code and Hindoo law; the Ordinances of Menu, translated from the Sanskrit, by Sir William -Jones; and Macuaghteu's Principles of Hindoo and ]]ilohammedan Law. Tiiere is "also a copy of Bengnqt's As- sises de Jerusalem,' 2 volumes, folio, Paris, 1841. This work, which is very learnedly annotated, contains an account of the works on juris, prudence written in the thirteeiith century, and the laws.of the king- dom of Jeriisalem and Cyprus in the time of the Crusades. Among tiie legal curiosities is, a perfect copy of Statham/s Abridgment, the first bpok (^English law ever printed, in black letter, i4'r0; ,and a copy of Le C^rand Couturaier du Pays, Duch6 de Ii^ormaudie, 1539. Both of these are in a fine state of preservation. There is also a copy of Dug- dale's Origines Judicjales, edition of 1671, the most accurate now extant, as most of the first edition, 1666, was destroyed in the great tire in Lou- don the same! year^ Spelman's Glossary, 1687; and Jardine's CJSe of Torture in the Criminal Law of England, 1637. There is also a copy of Calvin's Lexicon, Geneva editioti of 1584. The collection of French law is Considerable; and there! is a complete set, over 70 volumes, of the printed statutes of theColony and State of New YOrk, including the session laws froin the earliest period, commencing with a cb^ty of Brad- 110 Public Libraries in the umiea amies. ford's, printed ia London >ia 1719, which formerly belonged to Lord Delaware, and seems to have come from the plautation office in the col- ony. There is hardly any law book which a lawyer, in large practice may have occasion to consult that may not be found in this oollectloa. Feeling the obligation to provide for the safe keeping of so Impor- tant a gift, the trustees took immediate measures to realize a sum suflB- oient for building a library hall. The Hon. Perry H. Smith, of Chi- cago, in honor of whom the hall is named, oflfered to contribute oue^ half che sum supposed to be necessary for the building^ $25,00(V,.on condition that the other half should be made up by the alumni, and other friends of the college in the West. The corner stone was laid in July, 1866, but owing to various hindrances the hall was iiot completed and ready for occupanc^'^ until the summer of 1872. The whole cost of building and furniture was about $50,000. The building is 75 by 50 feet; the alcoves in the library are arranged in three tiers, one above another, and furnish space for 60,000 volumes. A room onJthe second floor is used as a memorial hall and art gallery. The number of volumes now in the library is about 22,000. LIBEASY OF MADISON UNfyEKSlTY, HAMILTON, N. Y. The beginnings of this library, likei those of the university itself, were small, and, for Want of resources, the growth was slow. A nucleus wai^ formed in 1820, by the gift of 238 volumes, and 145 pamphlets, from thirty^ne donor's. In 1824, the list Of books had increased to 675 volumes, with many valuable pamphlets and official documents. In 1828, Dr. Spencer H. Cone, of New York, made a valniable contri- bution, and Dr. Howard Malcom, of Boston, another iii 1832. In 1834-'35, one of the professors. Rev. Baruas Sears, visited' Ger- many. Advantage was taken of this visit to make ia number of large orders for books, though there were no funds, and these orders were met by contributions from private pockets. The purchases took a wide range, filling the then small library room with the best books extant in history, philosophy, geography, travels, biography, science', literature, and art ; in Hebrew, Grtfek, Latin, and German philolo^' ; in Scripture illustration and interpretation ; and in systematic and prac- tical theology. In 184l-'42, another professor. Rev. Thomas ,T. Cona;nt, visited England and Germany, through whom further orders were made for English, German, and French books, and for a rich collection of classic- al; patristic, and mediaeval works. In the meantime, the library had beconie rich in encycloptediology, lexicography, and philology, although as yet no fund existed for replenishing it. During all these years, the library was lodged in West College, the first college ediflce on " the hill ;" but in 1830, it was removed into Al- umni Hall for more commodious quarters, into a room fitted up by College Libraries. Ill James B. Oolgate^of New York. At this time, as at several times prev- ious, a silting of the books took place, and all such books of early date as were obsolete or of small value were thrown out, and a new classifica- tion of the residue was made. It may be observed that during thirty-six years there have been four librarians, who, in the absence of funds, have served gratuitously, and made their personal efforts in the collection of money and books a good substitute for an income fund, and mainly through their labors the library has been enlarged. These have been Prof. A'. 0. Kendrick, Prof. P. B. Spear, Prof. E.' Dodge, and the present librarian, Prof. N. L. An- drews. During the last ten years, there has been a fund of $5,000, and an income, from all sources, of about $350 a year. Just now additional funds are being raised by subscription, and already, with the former fund, the library has $20,000, on which it will hereafter draw interest'. The library has 10,000 volumes^ and is emphatically a working library, having been mainly made np for the benefit of the faculty and students. It props every course of study in the university, and is so arranged as to be used or consulted with great convenience. The classification of books, according to the departments of knowledge to which they belong, is conspicuously noted by headings at the top of the cases, and is as follows: Greek language and literature; Latin language, and literature; Philology and Oriental literature; Biblical literature and exegesis; Systematic, polemic, and practical theology; Ecclesiastical history ; Civil history ; Biography; Periodical literature - Natural sciences; Voyages and travels; Foreign literature; English lit- erature; Philosophy. A valuable aid in the use of the library has recently been introduced, by the preparation, at considerable expense, of a voluminous manu- script index to periodical literature. This comprises 17,000 references, alphabetically arranged, to important articles in the leading reviews. The library receives regularly the principal American and foreign re- views, and the index is carefully kept up by noting, alphabetically, all the a,rticles contained in the current numbers. It is believed that the cai;eful selection of books for working purposes, the absence of useless duplicatjes and mispellaneous donations, and the attention paid to periodical literature, render the library of the uni- versity unsurpassed, for its size, in real utility and value. ' Tljrpe students' society libraries contain, in the aggregate, about 3,000 volumes., ,,),,-, I ,,,. ■ IJNITEKSITY OF EOCHESTER, EOCHESTEB, N. Y. The University of Eochester was founded in 1850. The library had its origin about the same time. Ouly one library has ever been directly connected with the( university, though its relation to the Eochester Theolbgical Seminary is such that the officers and students of each In- stitution have access to the libraries of both. 112 Public Libraries in the United atates. About ten years ago Gen. John F. Rathbone, of Albany, gave to the university the sum of $25,000 for the endowment of the library. This is known as the Kathbone library fund, and the income from it, about $1,750 a year, is devoted to the purchase of books and certain current library expenses. The library has hitherto been kept in a room con- structed for the purpose in the university building. A new fire-proof building is now nearly completed on the university grounds, thegrouud floor of which is to be devoted to the library, the second sto^ry being fitted up for the university cabinet. It is a gift to the university by the Hon. Hiram Sibley, of Rochester. Its cost, when completed, will not bo less than $100,000. The library has never received any very large additions of books by gift. the annual additions to the library are between five hundred and six hundred volumes. ;rhe leading American and English periodicals are taken, and also some of the German and French, which are kept bound up to date. The present number of volumes is 12,000. VASSAR COLLEGE, POTJGHKEBPSIE, N. Y. This college, founded by Matthew Vassar, was opened in iSSS, and the library has been gradually collected since that date. Mr. Vassar bequeathed to the college a fund of $50,000, the income of which may be used only for the purchase of additions to the library and the cabinets. The library is composed, in large part, of books of reference. As each professor is responsible for the selection of books relating to his depart- ment of instruction, the library, as a whole, is made up of choice, special collections. For the size of the library it contains a large number of rare and costly works. The whole number of volumes in the collection is 9,881. Aboat'700 volumes are added yearly\ The rooms assigned to the library are spacious and elegant, and are planned to furnish shelf room for about 40,000 volumes. UNIVERSITY OP NORTH CAROLINA, CHAPEL HILL, N. G. The charter of the university speaks of the library as if it were to be an essential part of the institution ; and with the gathering of the first classes the library was begun. Gen. W. E. Davie, afterwards governor, gave to it 14 volumes in 1795, the year in which it was opened, and sub- sequently added 25 more. Among the early donors Richard Bennehan, of Orange County, gave 28 volumes, and Joseph Blount Hill an encyclopaedia in 18 volumes. In 1816 Rev. James Hall, of Iredell, gave 49 volumes, a third of them printed before 1700, and about 100 volumes were received from the library of Joseph Gautier, of Elizabeth- town. » College Libraries. ' 113 Measures were early taken to' provide an income fbr the library ; and up to 1824 this was derived fro to a Sessional fee plaid by the students. Since "that year *it has beteu dependent upon 'gi-anils made by the trustees. • ' ' In '1824 Dr. 'Caldwell purchased for the library, iii Europe, 979 books, and also brought over 60'VOlumcs as donations from persons in England. A'few years later the English lEeoord Oommission presented their pub- lications, 83 folio>^ and 24 octavos. ' In 18S9 the university purchased 1,897 volumes from the> library of Professor Mitchell'. This isbMleved to have been the only purchase of books by'the trustees since 1824. Within the past forty-five years a few gifts hav^'be^n'made'by individ- uals, less than 60 volumes before March,' 1869. and about 300-since. The Smithsonian Institution has given its publications, 25 volumes; the State has given 218 volumes of laws and legislative records ;■ and' the United States has given 1,500 vohimes of congressional and executive documents. The number of volumes now in the library is not far from 7,000. There are two students' libraries in the university, the Dialectic and the Philanthropic, numbering 3,813 volumes. In 1850 a handsome libra'ry building was built. It is in the form of a Greek temple. The hall is 84 by 32.f^et and 20 feet high. , , MAEIEl't'TA^ COLLEGE, MAEilETTA' bttlO. Soon after the college was established, in 1835, the sum of $1,000 was received from the estate of Mr. Samuel Stone, of Townsend, Mass., "to be expended for books." Something was added to this by friends of the college at Marietta, and the wliole amount expended in Europe for philological works. In 1850 an effort was made to increase the library, and $8,000 were subscribed, chiefly at Marietta. The largest subscribers were : Douglas Putnam, $2,500 ; Noah L. Wilson, $1,250 ; William Sturges, of Chicago, $1,250; Winthrop B. Smith, of Cincinnati, $500 ; Col. John Mills, $500. Most of this money was expended by President Smith in Europe. Some years ago, S. P. Hildretb; M.D., of Marietta, gave five or six hundred volumes, mostly scientific or historical works, to the li- brary ; and Dr. George O. Hildreth'has, since his fathei^'s death, added a number of volumes to this, collection. Hon. VVilliam A. Whittlesey and Hon. William P. Cutter,, fcloth of Marietta, have presented to the library many valuable works relating to the civil and political his- tory of the/country. Ji^hn Keudrick, LL.D., for tbirtythree years pro- fessor of Greek in the college, and now professor emeritus,. ]ias giyen $1,000, the iacoine of wtiich is to be expended in the purchase of books connected witii the classical department. T?he whole amount of funds held for library purposes is about $5,500. The number of volumes in the college library is 15,130 ; in the society libraries, 11,570. . 8e 114 Public Libraries in the United States. Most of the books pilrdhased for the college library have been se- lected with reference to the work of instruction, so tliat the library is very largely professional in its character. • ^^ i' i jj A catalogue was printed in 1857, and a ca*d catalogue has been, pre- pared of all the books added to the library since that time. OHIO WESLEYAN UNIVEESITT. The library, which contains something over 10,400 volumes and is vialued at about $15,000, has been etitirely donated. The largest gifts are as follows: In 1853 William Stnrges, of Ziiue^viWe, Ohio, gatle $7,500 as a foundation. In 1858 Rev. Joseph M. Trimble, D. D., of Columbus, Ohio, selected an alcove to be filled at his eigense, and' has since placed upon its shelves books valued at $2,500. In 186(5 William Ingham, of Cleveland, Ohio, selected an alcove, and has since placed in it books estimated at $2,500. Eev: Charles Elliott, D.D., leftas a be- quest a portion of hislibrary, estimated at .S1,000. The remainder of the library has come from smaller gifts which cannot be enumerated. The number of volumes in the students' libraries is 3^00. ST. XATIEB COLLEGE, CINCINNATI,, OHIO. The library of St. Xavier College comprises three divisions — the library proper, devoted to the use of the faculty of the college, and the Students' Library and Sodality Library for the use of the students. The whole number of volumes in the main library is about 14,000. This library may be consulted, with certain restrictions, by any person properly introduced. A large proportion of the library is theological in character, but thqre is also a good collection of. works in general literature, both English and foreign. Among the theological works are the writings of St. Thomas, 28 volumes, to)io; the Migne collection, 28 volumes, folio; fpi/d works of Suarez, Ferraris, Billuart, Franzelini, Concina, Mnratoriiis, Qotti, Dnrandus, printed in 1533, and many others equally valuable. Among the old and rare bopks are many published within half a century after the invention of the art of printing. The oldest, bpok in the col- lection is a Moral Theology, printed by Hilbrun, in Yeuice, 1477. Next in antiquity is the Instruction on the Institnte of the Solitaries and on the Eemedies against Vice, written by John the Hermit, called Cassian, and printed at Basle in 1485. There are also a Scjiolastic History, Basle, 1486; Sermons on the different Sundays pf,t,he Tear and Feasts of the Saints, Strasbourg, 1488; Lazarolus de Litio, Basle, 1490; the City of G-od, St. Augustine, 1494; Mirror of Patience, Udalric Pinder, Nurem- berg, 1509 ; Examples from Writings of the Hqly Fathers, 15,12 ; a Lat^ Bible printed atLyonsin 1523,; Commentari,e^ of St. Cyrillus of Alex- andria, 1520 ; works of Josephns in German, Strasburg, 1531 ; Durandus on the Writings of Peter Lombardus, Lyons, 1533; Latin Psalter, Paris > . Pollege Libraries. 1 1 5 U4:2; The Philosopby of Plato iand- Aristotle Compared, by James Oar- pentarius, Paris, 1573. Amoag interesting books of later date is a copy of the first edition of the Bible printed in America, published by Carey, Stewari & Oo., Philadelphia, 1790. There is no printed catalogue of the library, but one in manuscript arranged according to subjects. DICKINSON COLLEGE, CARLISLE, PA. "lOr ■; ■ - '■-,,,, ,fii-.. .J. ■,, The library was begun shortly after the organization of the college, in 1783. . It has been the slow growth of small purchases, as very lim- ited funds would from time to time; allow, and of individual donations of books; no single one being large. The college library now numbers 7,765 volumes. , There. are two societies connected jwith the college, the members of which t£).;x;, them- selves yearly for the increase of their respective libraries. The library of the BellesLettres Society contains 9,771 volumes ;.i that of .the Union Philosophical Society, 9,967 volumes, making the whole number of books belonging to the college, 27,503. ,;.)>,, hi j ,» ri . ,j In the college, library are some rare and valuable works; among them a complete collection of the Christian Fathers. 7' i ' i - There is no printpd catalogue. In the ones used th^ books are classi- fied under departments, al historical, law, fiction, aiid are then described alphabetically. ' '' " .;.'(. LAFAYETTE COLLEGE, EASTON, PA. The library wAs founded in 1832, by contributions of books from friends of the college, and it grew slowly by gifts and small purchases. In 1865, on the accession of the present president, Br. W. 0. Gattell, the whole 'huiriber of voliliiies was 2,645. A fee of $1 a term, for the increase of tfie library, W in later y6a*g of $2 a term, for the library and reading l'IA)inyhas since been paid by'6ach -student, atid' the matriculation and graduating fees have also been given 4n part to the- library. The inbome from tliese sources has been expeiided almost wholly on books immediately connected with the cOllbgei' studies, '^6 as to buy everything trfeeded for original iiivestigatibii in the special direction in which the prbfessor "wished to push his work. It does not, therefore, add rapidly to the number of volumes ou the catalogue. It now amouj^ts to some- what niore than $'2,OO0 a 'j-eal-.^ Grants for Ifie'fJur'chase Of l)6ok^ are also made front a fund estab- lished in 1872, 'by Mr. Benjamin Douglass, to promote the study of the LktihWd Greek of Christian authors. Other important gifts have been made. The largest benefactors are Eev. David Bishop, who gave his library to the college kt its founda tibii; Hon. T. G. Clemson, who in l850-'57 gave Many valuable scien. tiflc%6fks in French, among them series Of the Aunales des Mines, of the Bulletins of the Geological Society of France, the works of Berzelius, 116' Puhlic Libraries in the United States. Thenard, and others; Mr. Edward Miller, who in 1870 presented ,115 volumes on civil engineering; Dr. John Curwen, who from 1870^'74ihas presented many valuable works ; M. Ferdinand Lesseps, 1871, a cOnif plete set of the documents connected with his work on the Suez canalj the class of 1871, a fund for the purchaseof the issues of the Early English Text Society, the Gbaucer Society, and the like ; Mr. B. Douglassj,1872,i a fund for Christian Latin and Greek, from which about one thousand dollars have beeii expended for books ; Messrs. R. L. & A. Stuart, 187A, the Antenicene Library ; the heirs of Hon. 0. F. Ward, his well known general library and law library, with collections of autographs, engrav- ings, and rarities, numbering about. 11,000 volumes. , The departments in which the library is strongest are Anglo-Saxon, early and dialectic English, and early French ; (besides a pretty coni- plete collection of Anglo-Saxon works, it^ has rare serial publicatJQus, such as those of the English Historical Society, the ^Elfric > Society, the Philological Society, English, the Percy Society, Early English Text, Chaucer, and the like ; Haupt's Zeitschrift fiLr deutsches Alter- thum;) Christian Greek and Latin; American history; chemistry and mining, and b.otany. It has complete sets of German and French serials, such as Dingler's Polytechnisches Journal, 1820 onward ; Wagner's Jahresbericht der Chemischen Technologic, 1856 onward; Annales de Chimie et de Physique, 1789 onward ; Leonhard's Jahrbuch, and ^eues Jahrbuch der Mineralogie, 1833 onward. ,, The librarian reported last year the addition of 989 volumes, of which 797 were bought for $2,007. The whole number of volumes is now about 16,000i Of these about 0,000, the dictionaries, cyclopedias, historical and scientific serials, and other works of reference or of fre- quent demand, are displayed in cases in the reading room of the college which is a large hall with a gallery occupying a double story of the east wing of the South College. These books, with the best papers and periodicals of this country, England, France, and Germany, are opeia to all the members of college daily (Sundays excepted) for consultation during study hours, and for general reading out of study hours. Ade- quate provision has not yet been made for the proper display and lUse of the rest of the books, which temporarily occupy a room in Pardee Hall, waiting for a library to be built. There are two literary societies, the Washington and the: Franklin, the former with 2,100 volumes, the latter with 1,632. There are also the Brainerd Society, which has a small collection of religious works, and the Natural History Society, which has a small but valuable working library. The whole number of volumes in all the libraries of the co)lege is about 20,000. UNIVBRSITY OP PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The library of the university dates back to the origin of the institb- tion as an academy in 1749, and its incorfioratlon as a c6lleg6 in 1755. College Libro/rieSv 117 Its*' earlier collections were tlie gifts of its frieuds, .especially Eev. Ricliard "PeterSj iwhd presented many works in old English literature and divinity. Some others beat the autograph of the founder of the uhiversityi, BeQjauiiri Franklin. ,, i^he Bext additions seem to have been made during the visit of the first provost of the university, Dr. Smith, to Great Britain, to. secure fun'ds for an endowment, in 1751, and comprised a large number of works of English sch61aT,s-then living, and a copy of the Baskerville edition of Barclay's Apology, presented by the author's son. The next gift of books came after the Eevolution, and from France. Lafayette, while in America, was greatly interested in the univeisity, and on his return solicited a gift of books from the King, who sent over a very considerable nuiriber of workS' on. French history, ouinatural history and travels, and the Paris edition of the. Byzantine historians. During a long pferiod the library grew very slowly, and chiefly bji the gifts'of authors and frieuds. Since its removal to the new building, in West Philadelphia, it has received five munificent gifts: ,» i ' 1. The coinplete and unique icpllection> of works in social science and political economy^ made by the late Stephen Caldwell, author , of The Ways and Means of Payment, and editor of List's .National EcQii- omy. This collection Contains about 8,000 books, and pamphlets,, and ebvers every important work oii or related to the subject in the Eng- lisli, French, and Italian languages, ibesides many in Spanish and Ger- mail, which had appeared down to the time of his death. 2. The classical, bibliographical, and Sh akspere library of Professor Allen, especially full, select, and' valuable iu the department of Greek literature. This wag purchased by the alumni and the trustees. ,,,, 3. The law library of the late Judge Bouvier, , presented by his,fi^m- ily, especially rich in-works on Eoman and French law.,. 4. -The Rogers library of engineering,, presented by Prof. Fairuian Rogers, as a memorial of his father, the late Evan Rogers. Of this Collection, about 1,000 volumes, many of them very costly and mag- nifl<;ent works, have alreadj' been procured, and the donor is now com- pleting it by careful selections. 5. The Tobias Wagner fund, presented by a member of his family for the creation of a fund to be devoted to the purchase of;, work^pn history and lliterature. The income from this fund is $500 a year, and one of the purchases made is the; magnificent series of photographs of antiquities in the British Museum. The trustee* have granted $5,000 to purchase a fitting literary apparatus for the department of history and English literature, most of which has been expended under the direction of Dr. Stille, the present provost of the university. These gifts aiid 'piirohases have increased the number of volumes in the library to nearly 20,000. Therejare two, s^tudeuts' libraries, that of the Philomathean Society, 1 1 8 Public Libraries in the United States. and , that of the Zelosophlic Society; the former udrnberia^ 1,323 vol- uiues, and the latter about one thousand' tolames. I'he library of the medical department uumt)ers 3,000 volumes; that of the la^ dep'ai't- meut 250 volumes. ! BEOWN UNIVBESITY, PROVIDENCE, E. I. Rhode Island College, now Brown University, was incorporated in 1764, and was priginally established in, the town of Warren. In I'^TO it was removed to Providence, and, with- the exqeptioii of a few boiaks procured in England, through tlie agency of the Ke.v. Morgan Edwards, was at this time destitute of a librfiry. To supply, as^far as possible,, this deficiency, the Providence Library Company (b(?lie,ved tphave b^ej^ established in 1753, and now mepgpd in the Providence AtbeiUaeUjm) tendered to the officers. and students the free use of thtjir books, a privilege which was continued several years. Two years later, (^1772,) President Manning wrote concerning the library : "At j^resent we have but about 250 volumes, and these not well chosen, being such as our frieuds could best spare." In the latter part of this year the college received from the executors of the Eev. Dr. John Gill, of London, ^11 his published works, together with 52 folio volumes of the Fathers; and in the following year the Eev. Benjamin Wallin, of London, presented to the library his published works in 10 volumes; Bunyan's works, 6 volumes, and others. Donations were also received from Eev. Dr. Stennett, and others. , On the 6th of December, 1776, immediately after the occupation of Newport by the British troops, the college was disbanded, ant^'the 90I- lege building (now University Hall) was, from that time until June, 1782, occupied as a barrack and hospital. During this period the b,ooi:s were removed for safe keeping to West Wrentham, Mass. At the re-organization of the college, in theautumn of 1782, the library, according to President Manning, consisted of " about 500 volumes, mpst of which are both very ancient and very useless, as well as very ragged and unsightly." In 1783 the liberality of Mr. John Brown, treasurer of the corpora- tion, added 1,400 volumes to the library. The books were selected by President Manning and the chancellor, Gov. Stephen Hopkins, and were purchased in London. A list of these 1^400 volumes, with , the prices, is, on file among the college archives. I0 the bibliographer^ and the antiquarian it is a document of spepial interest. .The sum of £200 was at the same time subscribed by other members of the cor- poration, for apparatus. Mr. Moses Brown, a brother of John Brown, also at this time imported and presented to the library a number of book^ illustrative of the prin- cii)le8 of the Friends^ to which denomination he was attached. Some of these are now rare and of great value. During the same year (1784) John Tanner, of Newport, presented .,,, (^allege. Libraries, 119 to the library L35 yplgifles, oi:". nij^jspeUi^iieoas books, many of which are upw ifapo^t3,pt, illustrating the early ecclesiastical his^tory of S'ew Eng- la,u|l ; j^Q/^ .jiu, tup^ si^.cpeeding y^ar.Oranyille Sharp, presented sev- eral of his own publications, together with a set of the wbrfes of his grandfather, Dr. John Sharp, archbishop of York. He subsequently made other donataous to the library. These gifts so augmented its treasures that it contained, as appears from the correspondence of President; Mailning, " upward of 2,000 Volumes." ' ' Dciring the latter part of this year, also, a 'donation of 149 vol- umes, mostly folios and quarto^, comprising the works of several of the Fathers of the Church, arid standard works in science, history,, literature, and the classics, was' received from the Bristol Education Society in llngland, throu'gh'the agefiey' of the Eev. Dr. Caleb Evans. In the y6at' 1792 Hon. Nicholas Brown, frdm whom the university detiVeS' its name, began "his princely benefactions to the college by the gift of $500 for'th« purchase of a law library'. The Rev. I's^aac'Backus, of Middleborough, Mass., who died in 1806, bequeathed to the college a part of his library. The extent or Value of this bequest it is now impossible to deterttiiue, as no record was rriade of it at the' time. Airiong the' books thuS presented, howevef, is one which deserves particular mention, a copy of Roger Williams's Bloody Tenent yet more Bloody, being the copy originally presented by Will- iams to his friend and fellow laborer,' Dr. John Clarke. On a blank leaf are the following words in Roger Williams's handwriting: "For his honored and beloved Mr. John Clarke, an eminent Witnes of Christ Jesus ag'st y^ btoodie doctrine of persecution, etc." "la ISiS Mr. Nicholas Brown gave $500 for the purchase of books, and Mrs. Hope Ives presented a copy of Dobson's edition of the Encyclo- p fedia Britannica. The next and most important of all the donations to the library was the fegaey in 1818 of the Rev. William Richards, of Lynfl, England, who, because of the liberal character of Brown Universitj', hetjueathed to it his library; Consisting of aboiit 1,300 volumes. This collection is in many respects valuable. It contains a considerable number of Welsh books; a large collection of works, illustrating the history and an- tiqiiities of England and Wales; beside:^ two. or three hundred bound voUnne's of pamphlets, some of them 'very ancient, rare, and cUrio'uS. 'In 1819 the Rev. Thomas Carlile, of Salem, Mass., an alumnus, pre- sented to the library 1()3 volumes, mostly quartos, comprising the best editions of 'the works of the Celebrated mathematicians Euler, Lacroix, Ijagrang'ei Laplace, besides many theologiteal works. For the next important accession to the library, designated "the sub- scription of 1825," the 'college is indebted' to the efforts of Mr'. Horatio Gates Bo^ven, librarian from 1824 to 1841. At his request severa'l frieinds subscribed $8'40, which sum was expended in the purchase of books. 120 Public Libraries in the United tStates. iBetween the'^ears 1827 and 1843 'several donations of importauce were received from friends of the university iu this eonntry and in Europe. Within the same period the libraries of the Philophysian and Franklin Societies, containing together three or four hundred volUia^S, were incorporated with the college library.' Hrtn. Theron Metcalf, of Boston, has, since' 1842, presented to the library 68 volumes of ordination sfrmoris, (without doubt th^.'Iai'gest collection of the kind that has ever been made;) 117 volumes of ftineral sermons arranged in classes; 23 volumes of'bentfennial dlsOOufses, (fur- nishing rich material for historians and antiquarians;) 12 volumes of Fourth of July orations^ including all deliVfefM before the municipal authorities of Boston from 1800 to 1800; 5 volumes of discourses on Washington; and many others. The entire Metcalf collection num- bers 375 Volumes, containing about 10,000 separate pamphlets, WanJ' of them exceedingly rare and valuable. Judges' Metcalf has also made other donations, including his own publications. In 1843 the sum of $5,000 was raised for the purchase ttf English books. In the same year the foundations of a French, German, and Italian library were laid through the liberality of Mr. John' Carter Brown, and 2,921 bbUtid volumes ^^erej^urchased, including a complete set of the Moniteur Univei'se), II Vaticauo, II Oamptdoglio, Museo Bor- bonico, Mus6e Fran^ais, Mus^e Rbyah ' ' In 1844 Mr. Brown presented to the library a set of the Year Books, from Edward I to ritenry VIII, in 10 volumes, folio. The class of 1821, a quarter of a century after their graduation, raised a sum of money for the library^ with which about 500 volumes weffi purchased, mostly from the library of Hon. John Pickering. Among these is a folio of Plutarch's Lives, in Latin, published at Rome, 147L In 1847, through the agency of the Rev. Dr. Samuel Osgood and others, $2,000 were raised among several cliurches, and expended in the 'pur- chase of works relating to patristic literature and the history of the Reformation. The Hon. James Tallmadge, of the class of 1798, bequeathed, at his death in 1853, $1,000 for the improvement of the library. In 1831, efforts were made to raise, by subscription, a fund for the library. The whole number of subscribers was 99, the smallest sub- scription being $10. Nicholas Brown headed the list with $10,000, and the entire amount raised was $19,437.50. This sum was placed at inter- est until it amounted to $25,000, and was then invested in a permanent fund. The first dividend became due in July, 1839, and since that time the proceeds have been regularly used, according to the design of the donors, " to purchase books for the library, and apparatus for the philo- sophical and chemical departments." The number of volumes now in the library is about 45,000. It has also a large collection of pamphlets, bound and unbound. Colleige Libmries. 121 The meml^ers.of the corporation and the faculty, all resideut gradu- ates, all,, The nuiMber of volumes in the library, including a society library of about 2,500 'Volumes, is 16,021. ' The library -building cost' $6^000, raised by subscription, mainly in Biirtirigtbu. '•'<' " UNIYEESITY OF VIRGINIA, CpARItO^TESVlLLE, VA. This library contains 40,000 volumes, of which tliere is no printed catalogue.' ' ^' The original ieatiiloguc of the library was prepared by the founder of the nnivers(iy, Thomas Jefferson. His classification of boots waS based on Lord Bacon's division of knowledge, and the plan was con- tinued as long as he'lived. This catalogue is preserved in the library, and from it is copied the following explanation of Mr. Jefferson's views in preparing it : 1. Great standard works of established reputation, tocj volumiHyus. and too expen- sive for private libraries, should have a place in every public library for the free resort of individuals. '" -" ' ■ 'jufj ' ' ' Ji / , ', i . 2. Not merely the best book|,,in their respective branqhes of science should be se- lected, but such as weie deeih,ed good in their day, and which consequently furnish a history of the advance of "scieuco. ' . " ■ ■ . > 3. The opera omnia of writers on various subjects are sometimes placed in that chap- ter of the catalogue to which' .their principal work belmlgs, and sometimes referred to the polygraphfoal chapter, i/,. ,; i; • ' ' , ,:, 4. In some cases, besides the opera_ omuia,;a dptached tract has also bejan placed in its proper chapter, on account of editorial or other merit. 5. Books in very rare languages are considered here ks specimens of language only, aritt'at-i^ placed in the chaipter'of philology, without Mgard to their subject. ' 6. Of the classical authors several editions are often :sdt down, on aftcount- of some peculiar merit in each. )■ , i i,w ;,,_. ; i . 7. Translations are occasio pally noted, on account of peculiau merit, or of difficulties of their origipals. s! Indifferent books are sometimes inserted because none good are known oii the saiiie subject.' ''' ,..,., ■ . ' 9. Jfotbing of mere amusement should lumber a public -library. : •!''■■ 10. Tihe octavcform is generally preferred for the convenience with iVYbich it is ban- dledj and the couipaotness.aud symmetry of arrangement on the shelves of the library. 11. Some chapters are defective for want of a more familiar knowledgeof theirsubject In the compiler, qtiiers from schisms in the science they relate" to. In medicine,' «. j., thfe charigfes which have necessarily prevailed from the age of Hippocrates to the pres- et day, have produced distinct schools acting on dlfifereut hypotheses, and headed'by respectednames, such as Stahl, Boerhave, Sydenham, Hoffman, Cullen, and our own Vr,. Rush, ■vsfhpse depletive ^nd mercurial systems h^ve formed a school, pr perhapa r^vived that w^lch arose on Harvey's discovery of the circulation . of the blood. In religion, divided as it js into multifarious 6reeds, differing in their basis, and more or le^S in' tte'ii- stfjierstructure, stich moral workB have been chiefly selected ' Bis may be approved! by all, pmittiiig what is controversial -4nd merely sectarian. Metaphysics have been incorporated with ethics, and little extension given to them, for while some 124 Public Libraries in Me United States. attention may be usefully bestowed ou the operations of thought, prolonged investiga- tions'.^f a faculty uuEjnfienablo tp theitest of our sensesijs aij-.espeuss ,nf time ;toii ai»- profitable to be worthy of indulgence. Geology, too, has been merged in mineralogy, whiob may properly embrace whit is useful in this'scienoe; that is to say, a knowledge of the general stratification, collocation and sequence of difforeut species of roc^8.fjnd other mineral substances, while it takes no cognizance of theories for the seirgeiieratio]!, of the universe, or the particular revolutions of oui'btv'ii globe, by the ftgehoy of water, fire, or other agents, subordinate tp the fiats of thei Creator. Prom the opening of the university in 1825, to June, 1875, over 10,000 volumes were received by gift. The largest donors were President Mad- ison, who left a legacy of 2,300 volumes and -S 1,500 in money, and Ohris- tiau Bohn, of Richmond, Va., who in 1838 left a legacy of 4,000 volumes and 1,500 engravings. A. A. Low, of New York, gave, 1868-'70, S 1,000, and Thomas Gordon, of New York, 1870, $500. WASHINGTON AND LEE UNIVERSITY, LEXINGTON, VA. The library of the university was gradually increased, chiefly by jJUr- chases, from th^ time of its first organization as Washington College, until the beginning of the late war, and the number of volumes was then about 5,000. During 18G1, the books were, to a great extent, destroyed or carried off. Much has since been done to restore the library, chiefly in the form of donations, though occasional purchases have been made, -Bach student, on entering the university, pays a matriculation fee of $0, which entitles hitn to the constant use of the library. The fund thus derived is devoted to the purchase of books. The principal donations received are as follows: 1872, W. W. Cor- coran, of Washirlgton, D.C., 4,000 volumes, comprising the entire library of the late N. P. Howard, of Richmond, Va., and considered one of the best collections of classical works south of the Potomac; 1874, Dr. W. N. Mercer, of New Orleans, La., 1,000 volumes miscellaneous works; several publishing houses, of London, England, 300 volumes; Moncure Robeson, pf Philadelphia, Pa., 250 volumes, chiefly scientiflc works; Hon. J. Randolph Tucker, of Viigiuia, 130 volumes of law books ; Hon. Vincent L. Bradford, of Pennsylvania, 25 volumes of law books. Smaller gifts have from time to time been made by various friends of the uni- versity. , The Graham-Lee Society, established 1809, has a library of 2,500 vol- umes, and the Washington Literary Society, established 1812, has a library of 2,500 volumes. A manuscript catalogue is now in use, but this will shortly be printed. The growth of the library already demands enlarged accommodations, which will be provided in due time. The number of volumes now in the library is aboutf 11,000. College Libraries. 125 IIL^STATISTIGS OF SOME OF THE PEINOIPAL '' LIBRARIES. COLLEGE For statistics of all colle^^ libraries reported, reference is made to the gejieral table at tjije> end of jtijie yolvinie/ [The totals in the fourth column emlirafce the libraries of all depa,rtment^ ; the blanks in the fifth col- umn indicate that the question was not answered; the word "none," in the same column, that no society libraries exist.] ■' ' .'.'''1 i\i'i\,-'.-^ > --^ .-y "•'''' '- Place. A-. California Oakland . .. . Santa Clara. Connecticut Hartford . . j. . Midflleto\yii if ew Haven. Dist. of Columbia.. Georgetown Georgia... -.Athena ..--. Illmoi^ Chicago Chicago. - ' !Evalistbn Indiana Crawfordsville !f ,.-/! 'ujil Greencastle , , ..^ J ..-Notre Dame ... Iowa Iowa City Kentucky Lexington liouisianaf / '.'.. . .Batota Eouge Maine ..f--., Brunswick Lewiston ""' Waterviilfe'. Maryland Eniraittsburgh Maslsachusetta ■. Amherst , , , Cambridge Merlford Wellesley '. ■Williainstown' . . : . "Worcester Michigan Ann Arbor •-..;...• Minnesota Minneapolis Mississippi Oxford M^isSodril Columbia T ; St. X(0uis,..|._. St. Louis New Hampshire . . . Hanover New Jersey..'.'- New Brunswick .. . , n!-,i,. Princeton New York Clinton Geneva 'Hamilton Ithaca New Tork Name. University ^f California Santa Clara College Trinity College "Wealeyan University Yale College.-...'. Georgetown College University of the State of Georgia Chicago University St. Ignatius College Northwestern University Wabash College Indiana Asbuiy University , .University of Notre Dame du Lac Iowa State University Kentucky University ' Louisiana State Universiljy . ..--., Bowdoin College. - Bates. College Colby University '.'..,'... 1 .... Mt. St. Mary's Colle'ge'.'i. :'.^ Amherst Ccillege. .;....H-^^f-, Harvard College , Tufts College ^ '■W6iVe8l6y Itjbllege. '. . .■ Williams College I College of the Ho,ly Cross University of Michigan University of Minnesota University of Mississippi University of Missouri ..'..:...■.. College of .tlie Christian Brothers St. Louis University Dartmc^th College Eutgers College '..:'. College of New Jersey , Hamilton College ,. Hobart College , Madison University '. Cornell University College of St. Francis Xavier g 'St O O o n ■ =1: ^ a. a 1861) 13,600 1851 10, 000 1824, 15, OOO 1833 36, opq 1700 gij, 200 1791 28, 000 1831 21, 600 lesj ,18, 000 1870 9,000 1851) "3'3,'dao 1833 ■ ' 10, 482 1837, . 10, 000 1843 lo.opo 1860 8, 833 1858 10, 845 1860 15, 000 1803 23, 760 1859 .6, eoD 1813 11, lo'o' 1808 7, OOO' ' 1831 30, 406 163p, 312, 050, 1854, , 16,000 1875' 10, 000 ' 1793 17,5do 1843 11,000' .1841 27, 500, 1869 10, 000 1848 6,]i9 1840 - 11, 000 1860 22, 000 1839 17, 000 1770 25, 550 1770 6,814 1755 29, 500 1813 23, ,0(10, 1824 13, 000 1820 10, 000 1808 39, 0011 1847 21,000 E .2 None. 19,000 4,^68 6,000 "N"one. 4, 000 13, lOU 1,600 3,000 1, 635 " '8, 137 15, 600 10, 000 V lifloo , ,- 900 None. ' 2, 1 00 2,400 8, goo ' 27, 000 3,800 12, 000 3,000 None. 126 Public Libraries in the United jStates. Place. New York —Cont'd. New York New York New York Ponghkeepsie Eoch ester Schenectady '..''■ ' i '• North Carolina . ...ChapelHiU Trinity Ohio Pennsylvania... .-Carlisle ^ Easton 1 Gettysburgh ,. Haverford College- - Near Latrobe . : Philadelphia Khodelalana... ..Providence Middlebury Virginia ...-,: ...Ashland Charlottesville Salem Williamsburgh . . . ...Beloit Name. College of the Citj' of New Tork Colnmlria College .'.ilA ...■.; MaDhfi'ttan 'Cblliege . 1 : . . : ; Tassar College University of Rochester Union College SyraOase University J . .'. . University of North Carolina Trinity College St. Xavier College Ohio Wesleyan TTnlversit J Kenyon College Marietta College Dickinson College Lafayette College , Pennsylvania College Haverford College St. Vincent's College University of Pennsylvania Brown Uniifersity . . _ , College of Charleston University of Sonth Carolina University of "Vermont . ; Middlebury College ; Eandolph-Macon College University of Virginia "Washington and Lee University. Roanoke College , College of "William and Mary. - . . l^eloit College tjniversity of Wisconsin 1850 1757 1863 1865 1850 1795 1871 1795 1849 1840 1896 1865 1835 1783 1832 1832 18.33 1846 1755 1768 1825 1805 1800 1800 1834 1825 1796 1853 1700 1848 1849 -a n 20, 000 31,390 al3, 000 9,881 12, 000 19, 800 10, 000 8,394 2,400 14,0qfl 10, 400 10, 659 15, 130| 7,765 16, 400 7,900 '•7,000 13, 000" 23, 250 45, OOQ 8, 000 27, 000 13, 521 12, 000 610, 000 40, 000 11, boo 14, 000 5,000 8,300 6,670 "3.3 1 B c 3 600 2,200 "None. None. None. 6,000 None. - 13, 813 8,500 3, 000 3,500 10,046 , 11,570 19, 738 4, 700 12, 350 '4, VSO 2, 323 \ None. 1,250 2, 300 3,300 -^,Ot)b S,oSo .1,000 l,8ift a Includes Manhattan Academy Library. b Includes society libraries. c Society libraries destroyed during the wa*; at present small, bat increasing. CHAPTER IV. THEOLOGICAL LIBRARIES IN THE UNITED STATES. I.-BX A LIBBABIAN, , n.-BY PBOP. JULlN §• SUMNEE, ^. J. i.-r.PqBUC THEOLQGI0A.L LTBEAEIBS m THE UNITED STATES. Theological LIBRARIES usually connected with divinity schools — Of recent '*■ Origin — SouRcteS' of collections'^ Advantages — Growth within the cbn- ' Tt'RY — Similar COLLECTIONS in Europe— ^Need of encouraging and main- ' TAINING TitisOLOGIOAL LIBRARIES ^^'SlGNS OF AN AWAKENED INTBRF.ST. In treating of public theological libraries iu the United States, it is to be reipaarked that these" atfe' generalljf the libraries of theological seminaries. There are a few exceptions to this statement. Thus, the iGfeTieral Theological Library in Boston is an independent institution. It was eStstblished in the year 1860, with the design of forming a col- lection of i^-U wprks pertaining to theology and religious knowledge. It now, contains more than, 12,000 volumes, and is sustained with an encouraging degree of liberality by parties belonging to various chnrches and denominations. A library of a similar character which was begun in Cincinna,ti has been merged in the Public Library of that city. The Library of the American Congregational Association, iu Boston, might be' named as another exception; although, its scope being chiefly denom- inational aud historical, there ma;y' be a question whether its place is PLroperly found in the class of theological libraries. It is, however, a library of great importance in relation to the religious history of New England, aud embraces a very valuable collection of works written by the founders of the New England churches, or recording and illustrating the Puritan history. It now contains about 22,000 volumes and more than 80,000 pamphlets. Probably there are a few other denominational libraries of a similar type. But with these exceptions we know of no theological libraries iu this country which are not connected with some institution for the education of the ministry.' 'It may be said that we should include among thoological libraries certain small libraries belonging to some of our churches, intended especially for the use of the pastor of the church. But these have hardly as yet obtained a place among public libraries such as we are now considering. One of the older and most important of these is the Prince Library, so called from the Rev. Thomas Prince, by whom it was bequeathed in 1758 to the Old South Church in Boston, of which he was the pastor. It is now deposited in the Public Library of tliat city. It comprises nearly 2,000 vol- umes, partly theological, and largely relating to the civil and religions history of New 127 128 Fublic Libraries in the United States. -it is to be remembered that a portion, perhaps one-tliird or more, of our schools for theological training are not separate institutions, but simply the theological departments of colleges or universities^. This is true of the Yale Theological Seminary and of the Cambridge Divinity School. There will naturally be a difference of character be- tween the library of such a seminary and that of one which has an in- dependent foundation, especially if the latter is isolated, either by its location or by other causes, from public libraries of a general char- acter. Thus, in the institutions just mentioned, the libraries of Yale College and of Harvard College afford for the use of the theological studen^ts a sufficient supply of works in general literature, and even a large number of theological books. Hence the libraries of these schools will be likely to continue, for many years at least, much Smaller than others of equal age. And while the theological department of the col- lege will be likely to confine its collections chiefly to strictly theological literature, it will be necessary for the isolated theological seminary to provide a large supply of books in almost all departments of litera- ture—books which may aid in the education not merely of the minister but of the man. The majority therefore of theological libraries are by no means exclusively theological. They are general libraries with a great theological preponderance. This will account in a measure for the -4act that they are usually so much larger than law and medical libraries. These latter are confined more exclu sively to the specific literature of law and medicine. The broader relation s of theology, reaching out into every department of thought and life, make it requisite that a library of theology embrace a wider range of books than is needed in the study of the other professions. —Our theological libraries are of comparatively recent origin. Kot one of them is a hundred years old. Only two are known to have been begun before the end of the eighteenth century. One of these is the Library of St. Mary's Theological Seminary of St. Sulpice, in Balti- more, Md., which was founded in 1791 by the Catholic congregation of the Sulpitiaus. This, which now contains 15,000 volumes, appears to have beeU our first theological library. The second was the library of the seminary under the charge of the learned and pious John Ander- son, U.D. He was appointed professor of theology by the Associate Presbytery of Pennsylvania in 1794, and the seminary under his care was established at Service Creek, Beaver County, Pa. Here a small building of logs was erected for the accommodation of the students, and a library was collected, comprising about 800 volumes of rare and valuable works. This seminary, after passing through various changes and one or more periods of temporary suspension, has, since 1855, been at Xenia, Ohio, and since 1859 has been under the management of the Euglaud. Among chiiroh libraries of recent date, there is one of special value, con- taining 3,r)00 volumes, connected with the First Congregational Churcli in North Brook- tiekl, Mass. It was founded in lrf59 by the Hon. William Appleton, of Boston, whose ' father was the second pastor of the church. Theological Libraries. 129 United Presbyterian Cliurcb. Its library, ( wbicb has been known as " The Library of the Associate Synod,") although now one of the smaller ones on our listjiuclades the collection, for that period a large and valuable onfe, which was first brought together at Service Crieek.' Two other seminaries for the education of ministers are: known to have been estab- lisbed at a stiU, earlier period, that of the Key. John Smith, D.D., under tlie Associate Presbytery of Pennsylvania, in 1778, which was continued for. a few years. only ; andithe one. at first under the pharge of the Rev. John H. Livingston, D.D., which is now the Theologicp-l Seminary of the Keformed (Dutch) Church at New Brunswick, N. J. This school went into operation iu New York in 1784, by the appointment of Dr. Liv- ingston as professor of theology, and was removed to New Brunswick in 1810. But we find no evidence of any library connected with tlie former of these two seminaries, and, that of the latter was not begun until a much later period.^ To .the end of the eighteenth century there is no account of any. other .theological libraries in this country besides the two which have been named, — that of the seminary of St. Sulpice, iu Baltimore, founded in 1791, and that of Dr. Anderson's seminary, at Service Creek, Pa., in 1794. _^Within the first quarter of the present century, however, the work of collecting such libraries was fairly under way. Of those syhich. at the present time number, each, about 10,000 volumes or more, the fol- lowing nine libraries were established during this period : Tlie library at Andover, JMass., in 1808 ; at Bangor, Me., in 18^0; at Auburn, N. Y., iu 1821; in New York City, (General Theological Seminary,) in 1821; near Alexandria, Va., in 1823; and at Cambridge, , Mass., Hampdeu- Sidney, Va., Lancaster, Pa., and Newtou, Mass., in 1825. The oldest of these nine libraries is, however, about four years younger than the one collected through the efforts of the Eev. John M. Mason, D. D., of New York, for .the theological school founded by him in 1804, and of which ithp seminary in Newburgh, N.Y.,jaow under the direction of the United Presbyterian Church,, is the continuation. This library contains now somewhat over 3,500 volumes. It deserves to be mentioned, both as a monument pf.the zeal and wisdom of its distinguished founder, and because it is the first of the public theological libraries established in this country in the present century. 'The right to the posaessjou of this library is, however, at the present time under dispute, owiug to claims instituted by a reinnaQt of the Associate Church, after the union in 18.58 which resulted in the formation of the United Presbyterian Church out of the Associate and Associate Reformed Churches. Pending this legal process, the library has been withdJavrn from Xenia and now remains at Pittsburgh, lud. *The New Bi-unswick Seminary, although founded in 1784, and united tempo- rarily with Queen's (uow Eutgers) College in 1810, does not appear to have had any library of its owrv, distinct from the college library until after the year 1855, when the Peter-Hertzog Theologieal Hall was built. The theological portion of the college library was then reinoved into this new building, and the foundation was laid for the present seminary library, which now numbers more than 20,000 volumes, and is pro- vided' with funds for very large incii^ease. ' 130 Public Libraries in the United States. Besides the theological seminaries which have now been alluded to, eight other seminaries and theological departments of colleges were organized during the tirst quarter of this century, making in all twentj' one institutions for theological training in existence as early as the year J-SaS. Iti 1838 there were from forty to forty-five of these seminaries in the country. At the present time there are from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and hfty. The largest number of volumes in any one of the theological libraries existing iu 1838 was 13,000. Now tbrare are two, (one of then) not founded until 1837,) each of which num- bers more than 30,000 volumes; three others which exceed 20,000, and eight more of 15,000 or upwards. In 1838 the aggregate number of volumes in allour theological libraries was not more than about 100,000. Now it is between five and six hundred thousand. These figures will serve to show that our theological libraries, iu respect both to their number and size, have shared in the general growth of the nation, es- pecially during the latter half of the century just closed. At the same time it will be seen how very recent is the greater part of this progress, two-thirds of these libraries having been founded during the past thirty^ seven years, and four-flfths of the books they contain having been col- lected within the same period. The recent origin of our theological libraries does not of course imply that before their establishment we were destitute of any collec- tions of theological literature. We were not without an educated min- istry, even before the founding of our theological seminaries. The truth is that formerly a great part of theological as well as classical education was obtained in the college. A i)rominent design in the founding of our colleges was to provide the means for furnishing the land with an educated clergy. In some of our oldest colleges this was declared to be the leading end in view. Both Harvard and Yale were essentially, although not exclusively, theological seminaries. The same was true of Queen's College, iuNew Bruuswick, N. J., which was char- tered iu 1770 for the express purpose of preparing young men for the ministry. Hence it is not strange that the shelves of our college libraries were largely occupied by theological works. In fact it may be questioned whether, even from the first settlement of our country, we have been better supplied with books in any department than in the theological. And at the present day, notwithstanding the large number of distinctively theological libraries, the department of sacred litera ture is by no means excluded from the college library. Some of our other public libraries, also, which embrace all departments of literature, pay special attention to the acquisition of theological works. Among these should be mentioned pre eminently the Astor Library in New York and the Public Library of Boston. The superintendent of the latter was able a few years since to affirm that "one of its strongest departments is that of theology and the cognate subjects." Still, there can be no question of the immense gain to the cause of theology which has come Theological Libraries. 131 from the formation of libraries specially devoted to that science. And ^there is a peculiar advantage in their connection with seminaries. By this means our first theological scholars are engaged for the work. They are the persons best qnalifled to make wise selections. The daily neces- sities of their employment, that of scientific instructors in theology, give them -a living, personal interest in the acquisition of bfeoks, and insure tlie utmost care and combined endeavor for the systematic and proportionate building up of these libraries. The good result has been seen in the growth which we are able to record. The treasures of theological lore from Europe and the East have been flowing into our country more and more copiously daring the past fifty years; and we hear of the agents of American theological schools as among the most vigilant and^eager frequenters of the book marts of the Old World. But it was still possible for a distinguished professor to say, even less than ten years ago : \ The investigations of our theological sturtents are cheeked by the want of books. Among the difficult themes pertaining to the history of the church, or to the history of doctrines, or to the various methods of explaiuing difficult scriptures, there is prob- ably not one which can be investigated as it needs to b,e in this land. There has, however, been real progress, and although our deficiencies are still exceedingly great, yet the enterprising spirit in this direc- tion which prevails in our schools is rapidly removing the reproach whicl^has so long rested upon them, and is making their libraries more and more the fountains of original information in the various depart- ments of theqlogy, and so renderiug.it less essential for the earnest student to expend time and money in visits to the more thoroughly furnished libraries of Europe. INDIVIDUAL COLLECTIONS. The sources from which our theological collections havebeen derived, as well as the means by which they have grown up, are detailed with more or less minuteness in the subjoined accounts; and- the record will be found an interesting one. One source of large accessions has been through the douation or purchase of the libraries of deceased clergymen. This is a means of growth which is of especial advantage to a young institu- tion; and it is not to be undervalued also by older and larger libraries, provided the privilege be allowed the librarian of disposing of such por- tions of the collection as would bring upon the shelves useless duplicates or obsolete editions. Very many choice and rare books have been received from this source. The Oodman Library, bequeathed by its collector to Andover Seminary, was a valuable accession of this kind ; so at Princeton, the libraries of Dr. Joseph Addison Alexander and of Dr. John M. Krebs ; at Gettysburgh, the library of Dr. Krauth; at Lane Seminary, of Eev. Thornton A. Mills, D. D ; at Charleston, S. 0., of Eev. Tuouias Smyth, D. D. ; at Drew Seminary, of Eev. John McOlintock, D. D.; at Chicago, of Eev. Georgfe B, Ide, D. D. But accessions of a similar kind from 132 PuMic Libraries in. the United States. beyond the sea have been of yet greater importance m imparting strengtli and richness to our collections. Several of our seminaries have been so fortunate as to obtain possession of the large and valuable collections Of some of the most distinguished theologians of Germany who haveipassed away within the last thirty years. The library of the Gathblic theologian, Dr. Leauder Van Ess, professor at the Uni- versity of Marburg, was purchased for the Union Seminary, in iNeiiv York City. It "comprised about 20,000 volumes, and is especially rich in early editions of the Bible, of the Fathers, and of early the- ological writers." Among its treasures is a very rare collection of the pampblets and writings of the Keformation, which was formerly among the closely guarded possessious of the Jlonastery of St. Mary, in Westphalia. The library of Dr. Neander, of Berlin, consisting of about 4,000 volumes, was obtained by the Baptist Semiuaryi at Eochester, N.Y. That of Neander's successor, Dr. Niedner, also emi- nent in the department of ecclesiastical history, has addetl about the same number of volumes to the shelves of Andover. Dr. Friedrich Liicke, of Gottingeu, also left a library of more than 4,000 volumes, which, through the beneficence of friends of the institution, was se- cured for the Cambridge Divinity School. And, more recently, the libraries of Dr. Gieseler, of Gottiugen, and of Dr. Hengstenberg, of Berlin, have found their way to Chicago, the former being now at the Congregational Seminary of that city, and the latter, of about 10,000 volumes, constituting the larger portion of the library of the Baptist Theological Seminary. The fame of the original possessor of such collections gives them a value even apart from the intrinsic wortii of the books themselves. And often they contain single works, or groups of publications, so rare that it would be impossible to procure them from any other source, and whose money value it would be difficult to estimate. In general, suUh an acquisition, provided it is madeafter due examination, and not solely on the strength of the owner's great name, is a i)rize worth having. Yet it is a gratification to know that our libraries are not exclusively, or mainly, built up by the accession of whole private libraries, even of the great German scholars. For it is evidently desirable that the selection of the books whi(rh are to make up the substance of a library should rest mainly upon the judgment of the learned men especially intrusted with the work of theological instruction. In a very good degree this appears to have been the method in American libraries. So that what ;was said of one of them twenty-five years ago, may be truly said of others also: ^It is a selected library, and not a chance accumulation of "yoliinaes r^ected from tbe ^helves of a multitude of donors. Profound tlipological learning, thorough bibliographi- cal knowledge and skill, have for the most part presided over the formation and arrangement. It would of course be wrong to conclude from the small size of ceftain libraries, as given in tbe tables, that these are of less value for' the uses of theological study than some others which have a much larger Theological Libraries. 133 nnraberiOf volumes. Thus the Backnell Library, at Grozer Theological Ssmintiry, is one of rare value, selected with extraordinary judgment, although u^uinbering as yet not more than 8,000 volumes; aud the Divinity School of Yale College reports only about 2;000 volumes on its 0wn seiiarate "shelves, but the collection is one admirably chosen, and comprises the best and most recent books to meet the demands of theological students. One advantage of distinctively theological libraries, especially as cotinected with schools for ministerial education, is seen in their rela- tion to the denominational divisions of the Christian world. A general library, or even a general theological library, might be in danger of omitting to supply in sufficient fulness the works relating to any one branch of the Christian church. Butuoweachof, the leading denomina- tions supports its own schools for the education of its clergy, aud each of these schools has 'its library. These libraries, therefore, are under special obligation to collect and preserve all those documents which make up the literature and detail the history of their respective -.churches. By this means it may; be expected that the history of the diverse and opposing- phases of religiousi thought, arid of all sections of the church, will be preserved and transmitted to future times with the greatest possible fidelity and completeness. ' - There are reported twenty-four libraries which contain from 10,000 to 34,000 volumes; and these twenty-fonr libraries belong to ten dif- ferent denominations. Three are Baptist, two Catholic, two Congrega- gational, tliree Episcopal, one Lutheran, two Methodist, seven Presbyte- rian, one Keformed (Dutch), one Reformed (German), and two Unitarian. And if we include those libraries which contain less than 10,000 volumes, the list of difterent denominations to'which they belong is extended to fif- teen or sixteen. The buildinji up of libraries is certainly a work in which the various sects, may most' profitably vie with each other. The vigor with which they have entered upon it promises great results, and the liberal spirit which ai)pears to prevail in the composition of their Irbra- ries is worthy of all praise. . , EUROPEAN THEOLOGICAL LIBRARIES. *' 'The piiblic theological libraries in Europe have not, as a general thing, attaiiied a si'sie sitlTBci'eht to give them pi-ominence in published accounts. Li London, there are two instances of important libraries which, although not exclusively theological, may b^ considered as in some sense belong- ing to the same class with' our General Theological Library in Boston. One of these is the Sion College Library, founded in 1631 for the use of the Clergy of the Established Church, and containing perhaps 55,000 volumes. The other is the Dr. Williams Library, intended more par- ticuhirly fpFithe use of the dissenting clergy, which was opened in IVlSi and cou,t;ains now more than 20,000 volumes. On the Continent also t.here are libraries holding a somewhat similar position, which are known 134 Public Lihraries in the United States. under tbe name of preachers' libraries, or ministerial libraries,^ or as libraries of particular religious communions. These ate generally of moderate size. In Neuchatel, Switzerland, there is one of these, a "library for pastors and ministers," founded by the reformer Farel, in 1538, which contains about 8,000 volumes. And in Preetz, iii the province of Schleswig-Holstein, is a preachers' library of about 10,000 volumes. These are among the largest mentioned. - The arcbiepiscopal libraries may be named in this connection. Among the principal of those in England is that at Lambeth Palace, in London, founded in 1610 by George Bancroft, archbishop of Onnterbury, and con^ taining some 27,000 volumes of printed books besides a rich collection of manuscripts. On the Continent we find an arcbiepiscopal library at' Erlau, in Hungary, founded in the second half of the eighteenth cetf-' tury, which has about 35,000 volumes, including 250 manuscripts' and' nearly 300 incunabula. In the same rank niay be classed the various cathedral libraries, ranging in the number of volumes from 2,000 or less to 15,000. There are also "Parochial " or "Church Libraries," existing in Great Britain and on the Continent. In England we find them numbering 3,000 and 4,000 volumes. Their origin in that country dates from the year 1537, at which time the royal injunction was issued that " a book of the whole Bible of the largest volume in English " should be pro- vided and set up in some convenient place within the church, " where the parishioners may the most commodionsly resort to tUe same and read it." On the Continent a much larger church library is found at Halle, called the Marian Library, because connected with the Chnrchi of St. Mary. It was founded in 1562, and contains now nearly 20,000. volumes, among which theology holds the principal place. Specially worthy of mention, also, are the monastic libraries of the Old World, a large number of which still exist, although a great many have been scattered, in consequence of the suppression and destruction of convents, and their treasures absorbed in other libraries. A notable example of monastic libraries is that of the Benedictines at Monte Cas-^ sino, in Italy, which contains about 20,000 volumes, including some 800 volumes of manuscripts. There are similar Benedictine libraries at St. Gall, in Switzerland, of about 40j000 volumes ; at Fulda, in Prussia, of 50,000 volumes, founded by Charlemagne 5 and at Kremsmiinster, in Austria, of 50,000, besides 589 volumes of incunabula and 528 volumes ot manuscripts. In all these various classes of the more distinctively religious libraries, and not less in the larger general libraries of cities and universities, have been stored immense and most precious treasures of theological literature,— amongthera rarest printed books of the fifteenth century,and: piles of venerable manuscripts. In view of these accumulations, which have been growing for centuries, we need not be ashamed to acknowl- Theological Libraries. 135 edjge that the theological wealth of our libraries is atill comparatively small, especially iu the rarer curiosities of literature ; although Amer- ican shelves are not wholly without specimens even of these. But our comparison must be chiefty with the libraries of tiieological schools. In England we are not to look for separate libraries of this kind in connection with the Established Church, as the clergy of that church do not generally have their professional .training in separate schools, but as a part of their university course, or else in privatd The same may be said of -the Established Church of Scotland. Theology is of course one of the leading departments in the university libravies ; and at the Uni- versity of Edinburgh there is an instance of a special theological libi'ary, ift addition to the public library of the university. It was founded by Dr. George Campbell about the end, of the seventeenth century, and comprises now upwards: of 5,000 volumes. It is chiefly or entirely among the dissenting and the, Catholic churches in Great Britain that we And separate schools for theitraining of the clergy. These theologi- cal colleges all aim at the creation of good libraries. The course of study in some of them includes, it is true, academical as well as theo- logical instruction, yet the libraries even of these probably do not differ essentially in character from our own, and have a preponderance of theological books. And as in their origin these seminaries, at least the Protestant ones, are jgenerally not older than ours, so in the size of their libraries they do not go beyond, even if they equal our own. On the Continent there are similar theological schools, both under. Catholic and Protestant management, and some of them of ancient date. In Tiibingen, the Seminary of Evangelical Theology, founded in 1557, has a library containing from 20,000 to 25,000 volumes. There is also in the same place the Wilhelms Stift Library, of perhaps 20,000 vol- umes, 10,000 of which are theological. In Strasbourg, the library of the Catholic seminary has about 30,000 volumes. In Cologne, in connec- tion with the Archiepiscopal Priests' Seminary, there is a library of about 20,000 volumes, founded in the seventeenth century. In Amster- dam we find libraries belonging to the various religious bodies, said to be' chiefly composed of their respective denominational literature Among these is one, nearly two hundred years old, consistingof per- haps 10,000 volumeSj which is connected with the Seminary of the Ana- ba.ptist or Mennonite Congregation. Of more recently established theo- logical seminaries, there is one at Wittenberg, founded in 1817, which has a library of from 10,000 to 20,000 volumes and 100 manuscripts. As a result of our comparison, which is necessarily an imperfect one, it-would appear that in respect to numerical contents, — whatever may be true as'to the comparative value of those contents, — the libraries of theological schools abroad do not surpass our own. This, in the case of some of them,- is doubtless to be accounted tor by their proximity to the great university libraries which are equally accessible to the theo- logical students ; as, for example, in Tiibingen, where the university has a library of 280,000 volumes. 136 Public Libraries in. the ■ United States. NEED OF LIBRARIES IN SEMINARIES. It is hardly necessary to say anytbinsr to pfoVe the importance of a library to tlie theological seminary. It has beea rightly termedtlie " lienrt" of such an iastitutiou. And these libraries deserve to be sus- tained and enlarged with reference to other and broader demands than simply the immediate requirements of the schools to which they belong. They should be made centres of theological science for the whole cotii- munify. It is right that the student in this highest of all sciences, whb is carrying his researches far beyoml ordinary liniits of investigation, should resort to these libraries with the expectation of finding in theHi all tlie helps which the learning of the world can furnish, at least within the acknowiedg;ed bounds of theological thought. And indeed no theo- logical seminary is complete, for the uses even of its pupils and pro- fessors, if it does not include within its alcoves many works, especially rlie large and costly books of reference, which lie outside the circle of theology. To be ])re])ared for the various exigencies which from time to time arise in the history of the church and of religion; for the great tasks which force themselves on our theological scholars once it may lie in three centuries, (as, for example, in the work now going on fdr the revision of our English Biible;) for such demands, as well as for the more common requirements of the faithful student, there is need of a liberal policy in our outlay for theological libraries. And this will prove in the end the true economy. If the library, which is the store- house of the Christian scholar, is left unreplenishcd, the evil result will sooner or later be felt in the parish and in the church. ^ii LIBRARY FUNDS NEEDED. It may be allowable for us in passing to allude to the necessity of larger provision for the care and manageni'^nt of our theological libraries. Tifis includes of course the preparation of catalogues ; and it has befeu truly said, "In the economy of libraries there is nothing more impor- tant than the character of their catalogues. A poor library with a good catalogue will often be of more utility to the student than a rich library with a bad or carelessly compiled one." The libraries of our theological seminaries are so peculiarly dependent on the voluntary benefactions of the patrous of Christian learning, that there is special need of calling attention to this point. For there is reason tofear that these libraries have snttered from the want of adequate endowments in no particular more seriously than in this. It would seem to have been taken for granted that the books need only to be bought and placed upon the shelves, and that tiienceforward they will not only take (lare of themselves, but will also,like the flowers by the roadsida, yield their sweetness spontaneously to the passer by. Nothing is more noticeable in the reports from the various libraries than the statements of the very small annual ex- ))euditure for the librarian's salary or for the care of the books. Our theological libraries may be emphatically said iu this respect to be Theological Libraries. ' 137 ciieaply conducted. There is not one. of the larger ones which is provided with an adeq,iiate working force. Probably not more than one has a librarian who is expected to give liis whole time to its supervision- Too often the leisure hours or half-hours of the busy professor, aided it may be by the intermittent half paid assistance of some student, are all that is afforded for this purpose. It would not be far from the truth to say that any theological library of 20,060 volumes, which is growing fis such a library may be fairly supposed to grow, is defrauded of its q^iie care, and the institution to wliich it belongs is suffering from the injustice, unless it is allowed the undivided services of at least one edu- cated person. xThere have been of late years cheering signs of a new interest in our theological libraries on the part of men of wealth. The sulyoiued re- ports make mention of several munificent gifts. We trust that these examples will be imitated by the friends of libraries which have been less favored. The excitement of a generous impulse in this direction would be one of the best results of statistics such as are presented in this Eeport. And, while providing funds for the purchase of books and for fireproof buildings to contain them, it is to be hoped that these friends will extend their generosity to the equally urgent need to which we have now referred, the support of librarians and assistants, without whose labors the} books which are supplied cannot accomplish one-half of their appointed work. II.— CATHOLIC LIBRARIES. DlSTINCXrVE FBATUEES OV C.VTHOLIO LIBRVRIBS — VALUABLE COLLTSCTIONS IN THE- OLOGICAI, SCHOOLS — GROWING COLLECTIONS — CATHOLIC PUBLICATIONS. In treating of, Catholic libraries for a publication which can necessa- rily give but limited space to each contributor, it will not be possible to do more than give a general idea of their scope. A Catholic library dif- — fers from no other library except in the greater accumulation of matter illustrative of Catholic dogma and practice, or its larger collection of Catholic literature, especially in the departments of history and biogra- phy. All learning is welcome to the shelves of Catholic libraries, and nothing is excluded from them that should not equally be excluded from any reputable collection of books. 'Sjjr will even anti CathoHc works be found wanting to them, at least such as possess any force or origi- nality. The history of the church being so interwoven with that of the world since the days of Augustus Csesar, there is no period which is not redolent of her action, and consequently no history which does not have to treat of 4ier, either approvingly or the reverse. In regnrd to general literature, she preserved, during the long period of social and political disorder which followed the breaking up of the Roman Empire, all that ,has come down to us from classic sources, and therefore works of this character can be no strangers to shelves of Catholic libraries. Still less 138 Public Libraries in the United States. . can the Sacred Scriptures be, which Catholic hands collected, authenfci- catedj and handed down for the use ot the meu of our time. Noj will tiie sciences be overlooked by ecclesiastics in forming their libraries, for in past ages it was the care of their brethren, with such limited facilities as were at their command, and in days inauspicious for scientific inves- tigation, to cultivate them. __Still the character of Oatbolio libraries changes with the circum- stances under which the books are brought together. And here it is. necessary to go a little into detail, outside. of the libraries themselves, in order to illustrate these circumstances. We will first speak of theo- logical schools, and under this designation include not ouly the semina, ries uuder the control and patronage of one or more bishops, for, the, education of their subjects for the secular priesthood, but the houses of study, or scholasticates, under the direction of the several religious orders for the education of their own members. Of coarse in libraries of this class a larger proportion of works on theology will be found than in. other Catholic libraries. Indeed, the statistics in this volume will prob;, ably show that but few Catholic libraries of any extent exist in this country, except those attached to theological schools. Even that at Georgetown, where this paper is prepared, owes the great number of its works of this class to the fact that it was for many years a school of theology as well as of letters. In all theological collections, the Bible, both the Old and New Testa- ments, must, as the principal authoi'ity in theological teaching, whether of doctrine or morals, hold the prominent place. Commentaries and ex- positions in abundance wjU be found in juxtaposition with the Bibles themselves. For the use of the professors, who are generally graduates of the best theological schools of Europe, if not for the use of some of the students themselves, versions of the Scri[)tures in the various Oriental languages will be needed. Next in authoritative rank come the Fathers and Doctors of the Church, , from those who received instruction from the apostles themselves and . committed their doctriue to writing, down to almost our own day ; for St. Alphonsus liiguori, the latest on whom the Holy See has conferred the ; title of Doctor of the Universal Church, died only in the latter part of the last century, and his authority is that which is principally followed in the treatment of moral questions. Works also by later writers, principally on dogmatic subjects, are constantly appearing. The study of Dogma, embracing an investigation into all revealed truths, and therefore essential to those who are to instruct others authori- tatively, involves a reference to many learned books in which proofs, and illustrations are elaborated to the last degree of . exactness, side by side with every possible difficulty or objection that can be brought to bear against each doctrine treated of. Some works are occupied with the discussion of but a single point; others take in a wide range, and some voluminous authors have published an entire Theological Libraries. 139 course of dogma. Oandirlates for the scholastic (not the merely hon- orary) degree of Doctor of Divinity must defend successfully, in the presence of learned theologians, and against all objections proposed by them, a number of the most difficult theses in theology. None but those who have made long and thorough studies would dare undertake this ordeal 5 but at least the apparatus pf learning is provided to this end in the libraries of theological schools. But for those who, either from advanced years, imperfect preliminary studies, feeble health, or from the immediate need in which their bishop stands for their serv- ices, are unable to make a long course, a shorter one is provided, ac- quired from approved compendi ums which will be found in every theological library, and as reference, in every ecclesiastical library of any kind* The study of Moral, the other great branch of Catholic theology, embraces a scrutiny into every question of morals that needs to be investigated by those who have the direction of consciences, or whose duty it is, in the tribunal of penance, to adjudicate upon matters affecting the rights of others. As solutions in these cases are some- times attende^i with considerable difflculty, and a grave responsibility is attached to the delivery of an opinion, authorities for reference must be ample and exhaustive. Such authorities, more or less voluminous, will be found in the theological libraries, and are relied upon in propor- tion to their world-wide' repute, as representing the opinions of prudent, learned, and experienced men. So far, the domain of theology, strictly speaking, in Catholic libraries. But such libraries would; be incomplete, both for the purposes of theo- logical study and for general reference, without the published acts of the 'General Councils ot the Church, especially those of the Council of Trent and of councils held within the country, Uational or provincial, or the decrees of a synod of the diocese, in matters of discipline. To these are to be added the decisions and solutions of the various "con- gregations" in Rome, chiedy of that of "rites," and other documents emanating from the Holy See. The professor of ecclesiastical history, an indispensable member of the teaching faculty in every theological school, must also have his resources at hand in the library. Works on ritual supply the directions needed in all matters concern- ing' both public worship and the private administration of the sacra- ments. Other w6rks, technical or devotional, or combining both features, are prepared for the use of those who are studying for the priesthood, or who are already ordained ; they are frequently only monitory in their nature, and some are intended especially for the guidance of mem- bers of religious orders. Of the latter class the Christian Perfection of Fr. Rodriguez, for the Jesuits, is an example. As in theological schools a courseof rati onal philosophy of from one to three years pre- cedes: the study of theology, this department must also be well xjro- vided for' in the libraries attached to these institutions. Where the 140 Public Libraries in the United States. young men iu thfesfe schools are educated as teachers, as is the case with the Jesuits, works oin Inathfernatics, pliysics, astronomy, meteorology^ chemistry, and other sciences, must be added. The rtttentioii given in these schools tosaered eloqaence — for practice in which students are required to prepare and deliver sermons in pres- ence of the conimanity — calls, for the best models of sacred oratory, besides *«vorks on rhetoric and elocution. As models of cortipositioa, aPran^ement, and intrinsic solidity, the sermons of the ancient father^ share equal attention with those of the great French orators of thela^t century, and no library for the use of ecclesiastics will be without a copious supply of the works of those and others of the best pulpit orators in the church. In regard to the ceremonial of the Ohnrcli and plain chant, particular instruction is given rather in the preparatory seminaries than in the seminaries themselves, to which yonng men are transferred on reaching the 'requisite age or proficiency; and in these preparatory schools' for those who enter the secular priesthood, or in the colleges whence mem- bers of religious orders draw their candidates, the classics and modern laYiguages are also taught thoroughly. An ignorance of Latin would debar or delay the entrance of a candidate into any theological schobt^ Once in, these students are supposed to be sufficiently advanced to be able to understand lectures or ordinary class instructions given in Latin — sometimes necessary when the professor is of a foreign nationality — and in some institutions they are even obliged to converse in Latiii, except during hours of recreation. These circumstances are mentioned jn order that it may be understood why the classics and elementary books on Latinand Greek do uot necessarily constitute a marked feature of Catholic theological, though they do of Catholic, college libraries. Catholic litjraries in general — and not those alone which are at- tached to theological schools — will be found amply supplied with con- _troversial works written by C itholic authors. These are needed, how- ever, not so much for the use of the owners as for that of non-Catholic inquirers who wish to be enlightened in regard ,to some controverted point, or who desire to learn the evidences upon which the Catholic Church bases her claims to the credence of mankind. Catechetical works, of which there are a great number, answer this purpose still better when the polemic spirit has been allayed, and it is impossible to conceive of a Catholic library, large or small, without an abundance of both these classes of books. The controversial works discuss every Ob- jection wh'ich can be alleged against the chnrch or the practice of meni- berS of it, and are necessarily very numerous. , Bs'ery age has left behind it these testimonies to the controversies tliat agitHti'd it, and the present age is no less prolific than its prede- cessors, though the grounds of dispute are shifting now rather from dogma to historical questions and matters of science, indicating the lessening hold which doctrine has on the non-Catholic mind. ' , Theological Libraries. 141 , The, cat^QhetioEiil works range from the little, oatecbisin in which every Qtit^plic child aad every uoii-(^atholic aijult who seekij to enter the church must be instructed, to th^ volmiiinous works wlwh even the parish priest may consult for the purppse.of instructing his ipeople. A Catbolic librHiry will not fail to provide for till the requisites of d eyption , opt only in, the ordiuary pray£r bpoks, of which there is a great variety, pi^t in.bpoks of pit^ty adapted to ,d,vff«rent conditions of life, or diffe^renti spii;itual n^eds pr illustrative of some special devotion. Every private library in Oiatholic iamilies abpu,nds in these books. Prayer books, however, are rarely fonud on library shelves, any more than the Koman Breviary. The foruipr.are in the hands of the laity generally ; and the latter, th6 vade mecum of the clergy, must be recited daily by eypry pqclesiastic. ^ .A.mong ,bppks^ ot^.H^ety are to be included a large number of books of mecjitation, chiefly for theiise of ecclesiastics and members of religious orders, upon whom is enjoined the daily practice of mental prayer, food lor which is sought^ in these volumes. Libi;:aries wbich have to be cotisultpd by the clergy, at least by those who preach missions to the people or retreats in religious houses — an annua) observ- ance — must find jn them material adapted tp their purpose. 5'be famous book of the Spiritual Exercises of St. Ignatius, form? the basis of most of th^se compilations, but many others exist beside,s. Keligious biographies also abound in Catholic libraries, and as they embrace accouiits of the lives of holy persons in every age since the origin of Christianity, from the martyrs of the Boman arena or the hermitg of the Egyptian deserts, to our own day, and not only of those who have been decreed the honor of canonization, but of great numbers who h^ve never been proposed for it, it may h^e imagined how compre- hensive a collection these books form. These, lives also illustrate more or les^ the history of the times wherein the persons lived. The great work in folio of the Bollandists, the Acta Sanctorum, be- gun in 164.3 and still in process of publication, is in fact a repertory of most varied learning. Ecclesiastical history, of course, forms an important element in Cath- olic libraries; but this history not only includes the exhaustive tomes of writers who take Ja the whole history of the church, but of others who iiiustrate a particular age, country, event or transaction. Works concerning the history of the church in the United States, or in particular States, form a growing collection. The current of con- temporary Catholic history is well shown forth through the monthly and weekly publications whiph appear in many countries and languages. The Catholic quarterlies, however, and some of the monthly publica- tions, are dpvot^cl chiefly to literary or scientific criticism. The Catholic weeklies in this country are now so numerous that their preservation in librajries is seldom , attended to. If this apology is needed for the absence from such libraries of publications that will form an important referPnce hereafter for others besides Catholics, it ought to be coupled 142 Public Libraries in the United States. with the suggestion proper to be marie in a work which will be placed in the hands of persons of all religions, that a general Catholic library- ought to be established at some central point where every Catholic pub- lication, at least among those issued in this country, may hav6 a place. Materials for history would gather in such a collection that might n<)t readily be found coinbined in any other. Having thus touched upon the more important characteristics Of Cath- olic libraries, it would be well perhaps to observe that while frhe leading ones in this country are attached to seminaries, collegesyor religious houses, there are many private collections of considerable value, espe- cially- those in episcopal residences, or belonging to gentlemen of the clergy or laity who, together with literary tastes, possess the means to ■gratify them. ' • -i Catholic libraries are alsobeginnirtg to be formed in cities and towns, chiefly under the auspices of associations that seek to provide a safe and pleasant resort for young men in the evenings. In these libraries will be found the lighter Catholic literature, to which no reference has so far been made in this paper — travels, sketches, poems, tales, &c., a few of which are by American and some by Irish authors, but the ma- jority by English writers, chiefly converts, or translated from the French, German, Flemish, and other continental languages. Finally, it would be well to observe that Catholic libraries are acces- sible for reference, if not for study, to all inquirers. In most cases non- Catholic visitors would doubtless be welcomed to them with great cor- diality. Those who have these libraries In keeping rather invite than repel scrutiny into whatever is distinctively Catholic in their collections. III.— SKETCHES OF THEOLOGICAL LIBRARIES. SAN FRANCISCO THEOLOGIOAL SEMINARY, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. This Seminary was founded by the Synod of the Pacific of the Pres- byterian Church under the care of the General Assembly of the Presby- terian Church of the United States, and went into operation in the year 1871. The library contains 5,000 volumes of valuable standard books. Its increase is by donations, and has averaged, since 1872, about 100 volumes a year. It possesses also some 500 pnmphlets, but no manu- scripts worthy of mention. It is solely for the use and benefit of the students. The seminary, being yet iu its infancy, has no building of its own, but several comfortable rooms for students have been fitted up and furnished by the St. John's Presbyterian Church, and the trustees of University College have kindly placed at the disposal of the semi- nary sufficient room in the college building. By the liberality of the oificers of the Mercantile Library Association, of the Mechanics' Institute, and of the Odd Fellows' Library Associsj,- tion, the students have the use also of these three large and rich col- lections of books. In property, money, and subscriptions, the funds of the seminary amount to f 30,500. ' ' Theological Lihmries. 143 BAPTIST THEOLOaiCAL, SEMINARY, CHICAGO, ILL, The seminary bas had an active and organized existence only since October, 1^67^ andthe library, now nuinberiug 15,000 volumes, has been collected since that time. The first important step towards its forma- tion was the purcjl;iage, iu 18G9, of the.libpary of Prof. E. W. Hengsten-. berg, of Berlin, consisting of about. 10, (lOO bound volumes, and 2,000 or 3,000 Unbound books and pamphlets, chiefly in the departments of theol- ogy, church history, and biblical literature. The funds for this purchase were furnished by a few friepds of theological education in Chicago. In October, 1871, there was purchased, through the liberality of D. Henry Sheldon, Adam Smith, and other gentlemen of Chicago, a very choice collection of works, (209 volumes,) relating to the Anabap- tists of Germany in the time of the Reformation, comprising the works of BuUinger, Zwingli, Fabri, Osiander, Eck, and others opposing the tenets of the Anabaptists, and the responses of Hubmaier and other adherents of their doctrines. In March, 1873, the library (over 3,000 volumes) of the late Kev. George B. Ide, of Springfield, Mass., was pur- chased by the trustees, and added to the collection. There have also been valuable donations from private individuals. No classified and complete catalogue of the library has, as yet, been prepared; buteach separate collection has a catalogue of its, own. , CHICA,GO THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, CHICAGO, ILL. The first step toward the formation of a library was taken in 1855, the year in which the seminary received its charter, by the purchase of the library of the late Dr. J.' 0. L. Gieseler, professor in the University of Gottingen. During the following year, (1856,) 500 volumes were added by the liberality of Eev. Geo. W. Perkins, of Chicago. Rev. Wm. Pat- tbn presented several hundred volumes from his own collection, and rendered valuable aid by securing donations of books in England. Through the efforts of Prof. S. C. Bartlett, nearly $1,000 were collected in Chicago, and expended in the purchase of books. In 1875, Rev. E. M. Vi^illiams. an alumnus of the seminary, gave books to the value of f 1,.500. O^ther valuable contributions of money and books have been received from friends in various parts of the country, but the names are too numerous for insertion. Annual contributions for the purchase of books are made by the Alumni Society. There is, at present, no permanent library fund, except that known as the Patton binding funA, amounting to $1,000, the' gift of Rev. W. W. Patton, of Chicago. The amount received and expended during tiie year 1874-'75, was about $2,000. The library contains at present 5,500 volumes. The catalogue is in manuscript. 144 PMic Libraries in the Umtea mates. PRESBYTERIAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF THE NORTHWEST, CHI- CAGO, ILL. This library was begun in 1859, and now numbers about 8,000 volumes. Many donatious of books have been received, but no particulars are given. The sum of $2,500 towards a permanent fund was received from H. R. Corning, of New York.' There is no printed catalogue of the library. WOODSTOCK COLLEGE, WOODSTOCK, MD. The existence of this library, which was opened in 1869, is due in great measure to the efforts of Kev. Angelo M. Paresce, who, for several years prior to the opening of Woodstock College, had agents in the principal literary centres of Europe engaged in the collection of. books. In this manner more than half the works which constitute the present library were obtained. The library now contains about 18,000 bonnd volumes, chiefly the- ological, and nearly 2,000 pamphlets. Among the works of special value are Walton's Polyglot, Lpndon, 1057; Cardinal Mai's critical works on the Old and New Testaments, 5 volumes; the Hexapla of Origen; the Holy Fathers, Migne's edition, 153 volumes Latin, and 161 volumes Greek; Durandus, 1539; Duns Scotus, 1609; Baroniiis, 59 volumes; the works of the BoUandists, 60 volumes; and among the curiosities a manuscript of the tenth century, parchment, written in Hebrew, being a scroll of the book of Moses, 97 feet long and 2 feet 10 inches wide, formerly used in a synagogue at Yemen ; an illuminated breviary of tlie thirteenth century ; and Antouini Theologia, in black letter, 1506, There are also works in the Turkish, Persian, Chaldaic, Coptic, Egyp- tian, Arabic, Russian, Armenian, 'and Chinese languages. The annual additions to the library average about 200 volumes and 300 pamphlets. The library occupies a hall 75 by 41 feet, and 25 feet in height. The most noticeable feature of the room is the frescoed ceiling, on which is represented the solar system, forming not merely an artistic decoration but a reliable astronomical chart. ANDOTER THEOLOGICAL SEJtlNARY', ANDOVER, MASS. This seminary was founded in 1807, and was opened for instruction Sep- tember 28, 1808. The library was recognized as a constituent part of the institution from the beginning. Donations and bequests of money for the purchase of books have been received from time to time, a statement of which will be found below./" There have also been gifts of books, from time to time; the chief 6t these being the bequest, in 1847, of the valuable theological library of the Rev. John Codman, .of Dorchester, numbering 1,250 volumes. Theological Libraries. 145 Mention should also be made of a very valuable gift of books, worth perhaps from $500 to $1,000, by the late Lieutenant Governor Samuel T. Armstrong, of Boston; and of a gift of some 60 volumes received in 1843, from John Dunlop, of Edinburgh, Scotland. In 1867, Mrs. Susan Flint Shedd, of Boston, presented a copy- of Tischendorf's splendid fac-simile edition of the Codex Sinaiticus; at a cost of not far from $200. In 1809 and 1870 a most interesting collection of pamphlets, number- ing more than 8,000, was given to the library by the Rev. William B. Sprague, of Albany, N. T. Among these is a large number of the "election sermons" of early dates preached in Massachusetts and other States, besides many other sermons of the eighteenth century, and other publications of much value in reference to the religious history of this country. The libraries of two societies of students in the seminary — the Society of Inquiry on Missions, and the Porter Rhetorical Society — have, within the last twenty years, been transferred to the trustees, and many of the books, to the number of perhaps 2,500 volumes, haV'e been placed on the shelves of the Seminary Library. The number of volumes in the library is now more' than 34,000, (in- cluding duplicates,) besides 10,000 or 12,000 pamphlets. More than 10,000 volumes have been added during the past ten years. The largest accession at any one time in that period was by the purchase of the library of the late Dr. 0. W. Niedner, professor of theology at the D^niver^ity of Berlin. This collection consisted of some 4,000 vol- umes, chiefly in .the German and Latin languages, among which are many rarie and curious books, and works of great value to the theologi- cal student, es^pecrally in the department of history. The Andovfer iLibrary', cohsideriug the very moderate funds which have been at its disposal, is reasonably well furnished in the several departments of theology, and to some extent is able to meet the more common demands in other lines of study. A catalogue of 161 piageg, octavo, prepared by Mr. J. W. Gibbs, after- wards professor in Yale College,' was printed in 1819 ; and another of 531 pages, octavo, by the Rev. Oliver A. Taylor, in 1838. But one supple- mentary catalogue has been issued; it comprised 67 pages, and was printed in 1849. For nearly flfty. years the Tibi'ary occupied a hall, constructed for the purpose in the chapel, built in 1818, by William Bartlet, of Newbury- port, one of the principal benefactors of the seminary. In 1866 it was removed to its present quarters in Brechin Hall,i an elegant stone edifice, built for its accommodation, at a cost of $41,000, by the gift of Messrs. John Smith, Peter Smith, and John Dove, of Andover. To the three last n,amed gentlemen the library is also indebted for a 'So named by the donors in honor of their native place, Brechin, Scotland. IDE 146 Public Libraries in the United States. permanent fund of $35,000, the incoitie of which is to be devoted to the i^tesfervation of the'bdilding and to ttie purchase of books. • Besides the above, the income of other funds, amounting to about $18,500, is now available for the purchase of 'bdoks. TheSe funds were given' for this object by donors already nartied. The i)ei'sons entitled to bortow books from the library are the officers and studetits of the theological seminary, the instructors of PtitHi^^ Academy, settleh ministers of the gosM iii Andover,'and such oth^fr p'ersons as may obtain special" permission' from 'the faculty. The library is open every week day, except duridg the vacations of the seminary. The following is a list of the principal gifts of money for'the library, with the date of reception of each, chiefly for the purchase of books. It does not include a number of generous donations which ha.ve been made within the past ten years for thei current salary of the librarian, among which was one of $3,000 from the three donors of the new library building. Donations of money. Mo^es Brown, Newburyport, Miiss., 1808...- -^ $1,000 Hon. Johij Norrig, Salem, Mass., 1808 - .1,000 CapiJ. Stephen Holland, Newburyport, Mass., 1808 , 500 Hon. William Gfra'y, Boston, Mass., 1811 --. 333 Hon. Isaac Ticbenor, BsnniDgton, Vt., 1812 i..J..i. 20 Henry. Gray, Dorebester, Mass., 1816 - — ►....i ; 3,000 Jonathan Marsh, Newburyport, Mass., 1819 r- -- - ,500 Anonyroons donors, 1865-'66 — . - . h^^^ Ehenezer Aldeu, M. D., Randolph, 1871 ..., ■'....' " 100 Rev. Theodore D. Woolsey, D. D., N'ew Haven, Conn., 1873 ...:.: '■'' '40 Beqtiesta of money. ^ Samuel Abbot, Andover, Mass,, ,1812 .^ , 1,000 Hon. William Phillips, Boston, Mass., 1827 ' 5,000 Hon. William Reed, Marblehead, Jlass., 1837 ..;. "t^obo GfENERAX, THEOLOGICAL LIBRARY, BOSTON, MASS z This library was formed in 1860, and numbers about 12,000 volumes. Donations have been made to it as follows : In 1865 the Eev. Charles Burroughs, D,. D., gave the Acta Sa,netOFum, in 61 folio volumes, at an expense of about $1,500. He also gave,(1860-'65) $500; and be- queathed nearly all his private library, some ,3,000 volumes, aud $5,000. These bequests have not yet been received.! Miss Arabe^a Eice left a bequest of $3,000. Mr. Eben Dale g?ive $500,-; and also left a bequest of $500, The late Messrs. James Eead and Qeth - ' Mr. PhilliJis'B fand, having been Ibereased in accordance with th* terms of tb(j be- qu«st, amounts now to about $13,650, two-thirds of the incojnp ,pf which is availajlle annually for the purchase of books. The javaiilable fand may therefore be called about $9,000. ' ' " '" ^ turther details respecting this library, written by the librarian, will be found in the article entitled Public Libraries of Boston and Vicinity. ' Theological ■ Libraries. 147 A(,lauis left bequests of $500 each, , The trustees of the late Charles Saaders gave to. the library $500. Edward Brpoks, uo^ president of the iustitutioQ; Johu G. Casing, William Eiuersou Baker, and the Ja^te Joha.jjDaylor, have each given $500 or more. These gifts were received between 1864 and 1874. Messrs. Peter C- Brooks, JaiKies Parker,. (Jardner B. Perry, JRobert JVI. Cashing, F. Gordon Dexter,, B,L. Tobey, George C, Shattuck, M. D., the late ,Bev. Dr. Najthianiel L,, Prothiugham, and. thp, late Di;. John 0. Haydep,,have each given the association, $300 or more. Hon. Robert C. , ^iij.- throp,. H, Hollis Haqaewell, Rev. Luther Faruham, a;nd 62 others, have each given $100 or more. All these donations were received between 1862 and; 1875, and were chiefly from residents of Boston and vicinity; The number of volumes in the library is 13,000. There is no, printed catalogue, but two manuscript catalogues, .both, arranged alphabetically,, one by authors, the other by subjects. DIVINITY SCHOOL OF HARVARD TJNIVERSriT, CAMBRIDGE, MASS. ^ In the academic year 18-!5-*26 several' boxes of books for the Divinity School of Harvard University were imported from England. Divinity Hall was Iheu going up, and was ready for occupation by students, and for the reception of books in the summer of 1826, and these books were then sent there. About the same time circulars represent- ing the wants of the school and library were sent to clergymen and others, soliciting- donations. About 1829 'the Kev. Thaddeus Mason Harris, of Dorchester, gave several hundred volumes from his private (^library. There have been other gifts, but the amounts an I names of donors are not specified. The last donation received was a bequest of 800 volumes from the Rev. James Walker, D.D. ' The number of volumes now in the library is about 17,000, besides 1,200 numbers of quarterly reviews, unbound. NEWTON THBOLOGICAt INSTITUTION, NEWTON CENTRE, MASS. Thfe in'4fitutioh ^^*as opened in December, 1825, and the library was begun about the same time, by donations of books from a few friends. The'auiourlt of library funds 'may be given as $25,000, though the li- Ijrai'y has hot yet been able to draw the interest on more' than $10^000. The remaining $15,000 is Subscribed and paid, but the interest cannot be Used until the geiii-feMl endowment subscription is collected. Mean- while Mr. Gardner Colby, pi'esident of the board of trustees, gives to the library $500 a;nnually, and has engaged to do so for the next seven years. The library has, therefore, $lj200 ayear to use for the purchase and binding of 'bdbksi The salary of thelibrarian, $650 a year, ispaid from the general funds bf the institution. ■' ' > A farther aecovvnt of tliis library will be foaaji iu .the slietoheij of university aad college libraries, la Chapter III. 148 Public Libraries in the United States. The library has, during its whole history, received generous benefac- tions, but of the earlier ones no particulars are given. The largest re- cent benefactors are Hon. J. Warren Merrill, of Cambridge^ Mass. ; Gardner Colby, of Newton, Mass. ; Hon. Isaac Davis, of Worces- ter, Mass. ; and Matthew BoUes, of Boston, who have contributed altogether about $20,000; The present number of volumes in the library is 13,000. The yearly additions average about 400 volumes. The yearly expenditure for new books is $1,000. v For the last fifteen years the books have been selected, with few exceptions, by the professors, with a view to meeting their own wants and those of the students. There is no printed catalogue, but two card catalogues ; orife arranged by authors, the other by subjects. The library building, which is of stone, lighted from the top, was built about ten years ago. DREW THEOLO&ICAIi SEMINARY, MADISON, N. J. This semjqary, founded by Daniel Drew, of New York City, v^as opened November 6, 1867. Mr. Drew gave to the seminary ninety- nine acres of land with the buildings thereon, fitted up two of these for dormitories, and subsequently built four professors' houses at an expense of $20,000 each. In addition to this, he gave $25,000 for, a library. Doctor McClintock, afterw.nrdspresidentof the seminary, was intrusted with the selection of books for a library, and the seminary opened wi1;h, a collection ot some 5,000 volumes. In a year the number had increased to 10,000 volumes. Among the books purchased at this time was the collection on hymnology of David Creamer, of Baltimore. Nearly all the 665 volumes of this collection were hymn books, representing nearly all modern publications and many old and rare ones. After January, 1869, the purchases of books appear to have nearly ceased. After the death of Doctor McClintock in 1870, his private library, about 3,000 volumes, was purchased for the seminary for the sum of $2,500, of which $2,000 were subscribed by friends in New York City. Frotn 1870 to 1874 there were a few donations but no purchases ; eveh the periodicals were not kept up, and, owing to changes in the oflSce 6f librarian, little, if any, progress was made. Several students acted as assistant librarians gratuitOuslj'. The library was moved from one part of the buildiug to another, and, unless the number of books pUi*- chased was overestimated, not a few were scattered and lost. During the year l874-'75 the books have been well protected and classified. An assistant librarian with a salary has been appcyiutfed^ and the library is in very good condition. A gift of $350 has lately been re- ceived from J, B. CorneH,.for binding periodicals and making purchases. Theological Libraries. • 149 1*5 umerous donations of booUs have been received, most of them small, though in many cases valaable, and the list of donors is too long for insertion. The library contained, June, 1875, 10,875 bound volumes, 4,950 pam- phlets, and about 40 Volumes of newspapeirs. Of the books, 8,300 are in English, 1,300 in German, 500 in French, 600 in Greek and Latin, and 150 Italian and miscellaneous. 'i « A manuscript catalogue, alphabetically arranged by authors and sub jects, is approaching completion. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, NEW BRUNSWICK, N. J. The seminarypf the Refprmed, (Dutch) Church of America was estab- llslied in 1784 and was for many years connected with Queens, now Rut- gers GQllege.j The library, which was small, having perhaps 5,000 vol- umes, belonged to both institutions in common. In 1855 Mrs. AnnaHertzog, of Philadelphia, gave $30,000 for a build- ing to be called the Peter Hertzog Theological Hall. Into this build- ing when completed the theological books of the library were removed, and the foundtition was laid for the present seminary library, which now contains about 36,000 volumes. Most of the originarcollection con- sists of works of Swiss ^nd Holland theologians, which appear to have been given at different times by the ministers of the church. In 1874 a larg^e' fire-i^robf' structure was built for the' library on the seminary grounds by Gol. Gardner A. Sage, of New York. Into this builditlg the books have been removed. Additions of standard books are' consfciiutly being' made, and the seminary haS funds on hand to in- crease the number to 80,000 volumes. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, PRINCETON, N. J. Pi'iojc to 1831 the. seminary possessed no regular library. In that year a union took place between the Associate Reformed, Church and the Presbyterian Ciiurch in .the United States, one of the terms of which specified that the theological library then belonging to the former, mainly consisting of books left by Rey. John M. Mason, D^ D., " shall be trans- ferred and belong to the seminary at Princeton." In accordance with this more than 2,400 volumes, forming that collection, were received at Princeton in 1823. Subsequently, however, a small party of dissent- ers from that action of the Associate Reformed Church advanced a claim to the ownership of these books. Amicable litigation foll,owed ; and, at .last, in 18.38^the chancellor of the State of New Jersey having allowed the claim — they were removed to Newburgh, N. Y. The friends of the seminary at once came to its relief, and by liberal donations laid the foundation of the present library. Prominent among these bene- factors was James Lenox, of New York. City, who has not only en- riched the library by along succession of gifts in books, but, observing- 150 Ptiblic Libraries in the United States. the need of more secure protection for them, built the beautiful Gothic building known as Le,noxHalI, completed in i$4'4, and since occiipied by the theological library. Dr. Archibald Alexander acted as librarian till his death in 1851 ; Dr. William Henry Green assumed the trust when he became professbi- of Oriental literature in that year; and Dr. Charles Aiken, when he was elected professor of Christian ethics aiod apologetics in l^i2. From the report of the trustees in 1851, it appears that the library then contained only 9,000 volumes. In 1852 the trustees represented to the general assembly, of the chuich the need of regular grants for the increase of the library ; but the yearly reports still exhibited d' slow rate of growth. In 1853, the Eev. W. B. Sprague, of Albany, N. Y;, gave to the library a remarkable collection of pamphlets, mainly theo- logical. The 1,200 volumes of this collection probably include 20,1)00 titles, and consist of long series of sermons preached at the elections in several States, on fast, thanksgiving, ordination, funeral, and other occasions ; orations and adclresses before literary societies and at col- lege commencements; reports of benevolent associations in this country and in England; discussions of social questions; arguments elicited by theological controversies in both countries ; and literature of the civil war. In 1855 Mr. Samuel Agnew presented 730 volumes, mainly theologi- cal. Ill 1861 E. L. and A. Stjuart, of New York City, purchased and pre- sented to the library the rare collection, consisting of 3,400 volumes) left by Professor Josepii Addison Alexander; and in 1862, gav6$10,000 in United States bonds, yielding $600 a year. They have also' made valuable gifts of books in every subsequent year; in 1868, the family of the late Rev. John M. Krebs gave his library, consisting of 1,147 volumes ; in 1871, 824 volumes of miscellaneous books came to the li- brary from the collection of the late Stephen Collins, M. D., of Baltimore. Many other benefactors have at various times enriched the libraty with their gifts. The number of volumes reported in the library in 1875 was 26,779. Among them are the four great polyglots of the Holy Scriptures, the Complutensian, 5 volumes, folio, printed at Alcalain 1509-'17; the Ant- werp, 8 volumes, folio, i569-'72; the Paris, 10 volumes, folio, 1628-'45; and the London, 6 volumes, folio, 1657 ; the Annales Bcclesiastiei of Baronius and others, 42 volumes, folio; the works of Luther, Calvin, and Melancchon in many editions; the Benedictine and other editidhs of many of the F'athers, and the ancient impressions or modern reprints of worthies, confessors, and martyrs; the Codex Vaticanus Novi Testa- menti, folio, Eome, 1857-'71 ; the Codex Vaticanus Veteris Testameuti, published at Eome by Vercelloue and Cozza, in 4 volu mes, quarto, 1872; the Codex Alexandrinus Veteris TestaniQnti, by Woide and Baber, 4 vol- umes, folio, Loudon, 1786 and 1816-'28 ; ' the Codex BezEe Cantabrigien- Theological Libraries, 151 sis, by Kipliug, ,2 VjOlumes, folio, London, 1793 ; and the Codex Sinaiti- cas, by ^'i§cheudorf. 4 volumes, quarto, Sb. Petersburgh, 1862. In addi- tion to these is the splendid' succession of twelve fac simile^ of palimp- sests and other anciept inauusoripts q{ the Scriptures, published also by XiscUeudorf, in quarto, between 1845 and 1870. These are the gifts of the Messrs. Stuart, and, to tljese they have lately added the splendid fac simile of the Utrecht Psalter. ! ■;;;,' 'V:!^^.. Ten !■ R')>f: ■ , , AUB'UR'N THEOLOaiOAL seminary, AUBURN, N. Y. ,.|Tl)e library^ of the , seminary is nearly, if not quite, coeval with the seminary itst^lf, w'bich was iucorporated April, 1820, The founders of tl^ seminary, the clergy of the Presbyterian Church iu ceutral and west- ern iNew York, ,|)ei0^fue also the founders of the library, by giving their own. books, ^.Sj a nucleus. ,^^ ,, , JDuriug a period of, ^jhii^ty-five years from the foundation of thelibrary it depeuded fiQf'.iits increase almost exclusively upon contributions of books. The list of .dpflors ,i^uriag this period is too' long for insertion, but, .as the resijlt oj^ their ljj:|^rality, tt^e library in 1855 numbered 6,000 volumes. -.,,-' The Increase of the ,l(brafy diiring the last twenty years is due also in great measure to the gifts of its friends. One. of, the iflio^s^, val,uable gifts to jthe library was received from S. E. Brown, D. D., missionary of the Reformed Church, formerly in China, and now iu Japan, and consisted of 264 volumes of Chinese works; among them, besides the Chinese classics, the Imperial Chinese Diction- ary, the Imperial Statutes of China, and Dr. Morri jjon's translation of ,the BibJ,e into the Chinese language. A copy of the Codex Siuaitious was presented by Sylvester Willard, ,M.D.,.iiil870., , From 1821 tp 1827 only five gifts of money are recorded. Pour of .these amounted to $94; the auiQ,unt of the last, received from Arthur Tappan, is not mentioned, Ijut with it 28 volumes of costly works were purchased. During the next twenty-five years small donations of money. were undoubtedly received, but no record of them has been pre- served., After 1855, through the exertions of Eev. Frederick Starr, financial agent qf the seminary, a permanent library fund of $11,000 was securpd. Of this, amount $5,006 were given by Simeon Benjamin, of Elmira; f 1,500 by T. G. Maxwell and brother, of 'GenleVa; f 1,280 by ,G. E, Rich, of Bufialo; $li,000 by i'erdinaud Beebee, of East Bloom- , -fi.eidjv $900 by Mrs. Sarah Downs, of Downsville, and smaller amounts by a few others. .Epbert kelson, of Auburn, has recently added $500 to tjie fund. The interest only of the permanent fuiid is to be expended for .bojoks. ; , i .Albert H. Porter, of Jfiagara Falls, .hais recently giveii '$6,000 'to , be expended, in filling an alcove with the standard patristic and rab biuicul works. Several hundred vqlumes have already been piirchased. 152 Public Libraries in the United States. The library now contains about 10,000 volumes. The average yearly additions durihg the fifty years of its existence have.been somewhat less than 200 volumes. Biiti during the last eight years, the additions have averaged over 300 volumes a year. In the biblical, critical and exegetical department, including the patristic and rabbinical worlcs, there are about 2,500 volumes; in' the theological and homiletical department, about 2,000 volumes ; in the department of religions literature, over 2,000 volumes; in the depatt- ment of literature, about 2,000 volumes ; of Uaited States and State government documents, about 1,000 volumes; and of pamphlets, bound: and unbound, about 1,000 volumes. No catalogue of the library has yet been printed. Complete manu- script catalogues of authors and subjects are in separate volumes. The library is open daily except Sunday, the year round, and is free to the public for reference. The new library building, which cost $40,000, is the gift of Hon. Wm. B. Dodge, and Hon. Edwin D. Morgan, of New York, who shared the expense equally. The capacity of the building is from 80,000 to 10D,000 volumes. GENERAL THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OP THE PROTESTANT HPISCOPAL OHUROH IN THE UNITED STATES, NEW YORK, N. Y. The seminary was opened September 7, 1820, and the nucleus of a library was almost immediately formed by the liberality of a few indi- viduals. In 1821 the trustees reported 900 volumes, upwards of 300 of which were folios, and many of them extremely rare and valuable. This was exclusive of a valuable collection of theological books deposited for the use of the students by a gentleman of Counecticut. In 1821 the General Seminary of the Church, then in New. Haven, was incorporated with the Theological School of New York, and the union of the two libraries formed a collection of about 2,500 volumes, a large proportion of which were folios and quartos. Valuable donations were received from a number of gentlemen, particularly the Rev. Mr. Price, of Tulworth, England, and John Pintard, of New York. Since then the library has steadily increased, by gifts and purchases from the library fund. In 1836 the sum of $10,000 was presented to the seminary, of which $4,000 were a gift from Trinity Church, New York ; a portion was from a legacy, and the remainder was raised by subscription. The whole amount was to be devoted to the increase of the library, $4,000 to be immediately used in the purchase of books, and the remainder to be held in trust for the benefit of the library. The most liberal and constant donor to the library has been the Society for the Promotion of Keligion and Learning in the Diocese of New York. Every year additions are made to the library by this so- ciety, and in 1852 it gave 1,348 volumes purchased at the sale of the library of the late Samuel F. Jarvis, D. D., for the sum of $3,153. Theological Libraries. 153 Tho' special value of tliis gift lay in the fact that many of the books were purchased expressly to fill vacancies existing in the collection, and by these means it was not only' increased in numbers but its intrinsic value was greatly enhanced. A valuable collection of books, 552 volumes, from the library of the late Professor Walton, was placed in the library in 1873, in an alcove beairing his name. > The library is largely theological, but comprises also works on general and on special history, ongieography, biography, mythology, archseology, as well as much eucyclopfedic literature. It has also an extensive de- partment of ancient classical literature. Its collection of works in lexicography is especially rich. The pamphlet collection, which is very large, embraces miscellaneous pamphlets from the year 1641 to date, journals of church conventions, serial: pamphlets, reviews, and maga- zines. These are arranged and catalogued so that reference to them is easy. The number of volumes in the library is 15,208 ; the number of pam^ phlets, 7,481, of which 2,338 are serials and 5,143 miscellaneous, besides 1,719 " notices," equivalent to 9,200 in pamphlet department collected since 1862. The catalogues of the library, though only in manuscript, are full and complete. UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, NEW YORK, N. Y. The basis of this collection is the very valuable library of Leander Van Ess, the distinguished EomanjQatholic divine, editor of the Septuagint and Vulgate, purchased in 1839. That library consisted of 17,000 titles, containing an utiu^ual number of rare and valuable works; about 500 incunabula, (before 1510,) and manuscripts; some 1,800 works, orig- inaji editions, produced in the Reformation century; the chief large collections on councils, on church history, and especially on canon law ; early editions, Benedictine and othefs, of the fathers and doctors of the church ; some 200 editions of the Vulgate and of German Bibles, (the oldest, 1478 ;) in short, the most valuable collection of works of this character ever brought into this country. The Van Ess collection and about 8,000 volumes besides were given to the' library. The library now consists of about 34,000 volumes, almost entirely theological in character. There is no printed catalogue, but a full manuscript catalogue of authors, in 4 volumes, folio. There is no library fund. About $750 a year are expended upon the library from the general funds of the seminary. There is no separate library building. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, ROCHESTER, N. Y. The collection of the library began with the founding of the seminary in 1851. It aims to provide facilities for investigation in the various de- 154 Public Libraries in the United States. partmeuts of cbeology. Works oa- science^ arts, and literature are to some extent included, but only as they have relation to theological iur struction. Besides numerous small gifts of money and books, the library has received two important benefactions. Soon after its establishment the purchase, in Berlin, Germany, of the library of Dr. August Neande», tlie celebrated church historian, was effected through the liberality of Hon. Eoswell S. Burrows, of Albion, K Y. This library, specially rich in patristics and in material for historical investigation, was obtained for $3,000 in gold, a sum far beneath its real value. In the early part of 1872, the gift of $35,000 by John M. Bruce, of Yoiikers, N. Y., placed the library upon an independent basis. The yearly interest of this sum, amounting to $1,750, is devoted exclusively to the purchase of books. There are now about 10,000 volumes in the library. No catalogue has been printed. LANE THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, CINCINNATI, OHIO. The library dates from the opening of the seminary in 182&,and was for several years a miscellaneous collection, mainly classics and text books, given by friends as a nucleus. The first extensive purchase was mad6 in 1836, in Europe; by Professor Stowe, who made ah admirable selection in every department of theological literature. In 1865 a gift of $10,000 was received from Eev. W, Van Vleck, of Cincinnati, an alumnus of the seminary. About $6,000 of this amount were applied to the pur- chase of books, and ,the remainder added to the permanent libraT;f'funa. In 1868 the library of the late Rev. Thornton A. Mills, consisting of about 800 volumes, was given by his widow ; and in 1875 about 200 vol- umes belonging to the library of the late Dr. T. E. Thomas, professor in the seminary, were given by Mrs. Thomas. The present number of volumes is 12,000. The library has an invested fund of $9,600. The Smith Library Hall was built in 1863, through the liberality of Preserved Smith, of Dayton, Ohio. MT. ST. MAEY'S SEMINARY OP THE WEST, CINCINNATI, OHIO. "^ Mt. St. Mary's library was founded by the Most Eev. J. B. Pur- cell, archbisiiop of Oincinnati, who gave a collection of books from his own library as a nucleus. This collection was steadily increased by tbe gifts of friends in this country and in Europe, and the library was be- coming very valuable, when, in 1863, a fire in the seminary building occasioned the loss of a great nupiber of the books. In ,1365 the founder gave another collection of 5,000 volu.nes ; aud receiving about the same time a bequest of 4,800 volumes, valued at about $25,000 froni the i,9.te Very Rev. Father Collins, of Cincinnati, he transferred this also to the seminary. Theological Libraries. 155 The library now contains 15^100 voTnmes and 4,000 pamphlets. There is also a library of some 3,000 school books. About 2,500 volumes are in the ancient classical languages, and over 4,000 in modern Buro- peaii langbage^. Amongthe old and rare works are the following printed before or about 1500; Bibiia Gerraanica, Cologne, 1468-'70; the Decre- tuin Gratiani, Strassbu%,' 1472 ; and Nicholas de Lyra's Commentaries, 6 volumes, 1501. v > The plan of catalogue lathe same as that adopted for the Public Library of Ciucinuati. WESTERN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF THE PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH, ALLEGHENY, PA. Soon after the establishment of the seminary at; Allegheny in 1827, the Eev. Allan D. Campbell, of that city, was commissioned to visit Great Britain for the purpose of soliciting donations to the library. In response to his appeal, many valuable gifts of books were received. The library of the Rev. T. Charlton Henry, of Charleston, S. C, rich in biblical learning, was at his decease; given to the seminary. The Eev. Luther Halsey, D.D., professor in the seminary, has contri- buted about 3,000 volumes to the library. The Rev., Charles C. Beatty, D. D., one of the earliest friends of the seminary, and its most munificent patron, has from time to time given costly works. The library fund amounts to $5,000, the interest of which is available for ,pu,rnjhases. , , , ,,, The^total number of volumes is about 15,000, well arranged in a new Jjuikling which is considered to be fire-proof. ., ' CROZBR THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, CHESTER, PA. The Buckuell Library, belonging to this seminary, derives its name from William Buckuell, of Philadelphia, who, at the time of the organi- zation of the seminary in 186S, gave $25,000 to be expended in books, and afterwards built a handsome fire-proof building for their accom- modation. , The fund has been nearly all used, according to the design of the donor, leaving only enough to continue seria,l works and periodicals. 'In the iielectiou of this library the most scholarly care has been exer- cised, and it has the Very best works in each department represented, it abounds in 'books which pre-eminently belong to great libraries, books 'of the first importance, as the great Patristic Collections, the Thesauri, tiie Talmudio Collections, the Documentary Collections of Councils. It lias the leading theblogical reviews of the various churches ; among them' the very rare and valuable AlteS nnd Neues: die Unschuldige Nachrichten, complete in every respect, 1 701-'50 ; the Studien und Kriti ken ; the Journal of Sacred Literature; and the Theologische Jahrbticher. 156 Public Libraries in the United States. There are also the choice reviews of Oriental literature, the Jourual of the German Oriental Society, 1847-'72; of history, the Zeitschrift flir die historische Theologie, 1832-'73, 43 volumes, and many others. The library is very rich in the collected works of theologians, andis particu- larly strong in exegetio theology. The great fac-simile codices are nearly all here, (the Vatican, Vercellone, and Cozza.) Here are also the choicest editions of the Septuagint, (Eome, 15S6;) Origen's ilex- apla; the Syriac New Testament, (Widmanstadt, 1555;)' the Itala, in the invaluable edition of Sabatier, 3 volumes, folio, Paris, 1751; and the Gothic of Ulfllas. In sacred philology and the associated parts' of general philology, a good foundation has been laid. In works beariuff on the matter of the Bible, the library is well furnished. In system"! atic theology, symbolics, polemics, and apologetics, the works, though not numerous, are well selected; and there are a number of the best monographs on special doctrines. In no department is the library stronger than in historical theology, and few librariea can compare with it in the rich array of the works of the Fathers and of the mediaeval divines. There is also a great deal of choice general literature, the leading Greek and Roman classics, and many valuable books Of general reference. The bulk of the library consists of the works of standard authors, and it is a library for scholarly research rather than a refpos- itory of popular books. ' . It numbers about 7^500 volumes. THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY OF THE EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHUEOH, GETTYSBURG, PA. Soon after the establishment of the serainai'y, in 182G, the Rev. Beujii- min Kurtz w,as coinmissioned to visit Germany and solicit funds towai'ds its endowment, and gifts of books for its library. He procured several thousand volumes, German and English, comprising many of the stand- ard wo^ks in exegesis, dogmatics, ethics, honliletics, and ecclesiastical history. A considerable number of English theological works wete added through the efforts of Rev. Dr. Schmncker. About 1865 the widow of Professor Theophilus Hartraan presented 75 volumes. In 1869 the library of the late Rev. Dr. Krauth, 1,100 volumes, was added by purchase. Several of the adjacent Lutheran synods have from time t6' time contributed small sums for the purchase of books, but the library has at no time had any fixed revenue, and is still very deficient in Eng- lish theological literature. The library at present numbers 11,000 volumes. For the past ten years the additions have averaged 200 volumes annually. No catalogue has been published. A card catalogue is in use. THEOLOGICAL SBMINARlf OF THE REFORMED (GERMAN) CHURCH,' LANCASTER, PA. The seminary was opened in March, 1825, with a library of about 100 volumes. Shortly after. Rev. James R. Reily was sent to Europe to Theological Libraries. 157 solicit, gifts of money and books for the seminary. In many cities of Holland, Germany, and Switzerland, he met with great success; 329 volumes were procured in Heidelberg; 311 in Berlin ; 150 in Bremen ; 97 in Basle; 90 in Amsterdam; and the collection made in Leipzig was valued at 8700. Gifts of books were received in other places, and many valuable works were contributed by professors in the universities, not- ably Sack, Nitzch, Liicke, Creutzer, Sheudel, Gesenins. Mr. Reily also received nearly 87,000 in mouey, of which he expended nearly $1,700 for books. In 1863, when the Reformed Church celebrated the tercentenary of the adoption of the Heidelberg Gateahism, the seminary received lib- eral gifts. Rev. Dr. Schaff, then professor in the institution, preseated a number of select works, valued at 8500. The library now numbers 10,000 volumes. It represents every de- partment of theological science, though it is richest in exegetical and historical works. There is a fund amounting to nearly $2,000, the inter- est of which is expended for books, mainly by German authors. MEADVILLE THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL, SIEADVILLE, PA. The library was founded in 1845, at the same time with the school, by donations from the Church of All Souls and the Church of the Messiali, New York, and from individuals living chiefly in Xew York and Boston. The only fund for tlie increase of the library, the interest of which is $72, was given by A. Worthington, of Cincinnati. The library contains 12,308 volumes. Thfe annual accessions average about 200 volumes. A card catalogue of authors and subjects is being prepared. Between 1845 and 1850 Joshua Brookes, of Xew York, placed in the hands of the trustees $20,000, since increased by investment to $22,000, the aunnal income of which is expended for theological works and their distribution among western clergymen who make application for them. About 2,000 volumes are thus distributed annually among some 200 clergymen. In this way 35,000 volumes of the best theological literature have been given to western settled clergymen, irrespec.ive of denomi- nation. DIVINITY SCHOOL OF THE PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHCTECH, PHILA- DELPHIA, PA. The library of this school was established abont 1865 by a gift of $3,000 from Charles Baston, of N'e*^ York, furnishing a nucleus of 954 vol- umes. It has been increased by the addition of the libraries of Rev. Dr. JamesMay, 932 volumes; and the Rev. Dr. Turner, 874 volumes; by the gift of the Pair Library, 1,177 volumes; by the joint gift of J. D. Wolfe and Bishop Alonzo Potter, 1,306 volumes; by the gift of William Apple- ton, of Boston, 70S volumes; and by sundry other gifts and purchases. 158 Public Libraries in the United iStates. The Jibrary at present nuinber.-i about 6,578 volumes. There is a library fund yielding $180 a year, part of which is expended under the direc- tion of a committee and the remainder allowed to accumulate. SEMINARY OF ST. CHARLES BORROMEO, PHILADELPHIA, PA. The library of this Roman Catholic college comprises about 9,.5()0 vol- umes, mostly theologicalT The classification is as follows : Dogmatic and moral theology; Sacred Scripture: Canon law; The Fathers; Eccle- siastical history ; Profane history ; Liturgy; Greek and Latin classics; Scientific works; Ascetical writers; Biography; English literature; Catholic periodicals; Dictionaries and public documents. The theological works are selected to meet the needs of students pre- paring for holy orders. VILLANOVA COLLEGE, VILLANOVA, PA. There are two libraries in this college, one belonging to the monastery, and devoted exclusively to the use of the professors and members of the community, the other belonging to the college proper, and altogether for the students. The monastery library was founded in 1842, by the Very Eev. Dr. Moriarty, O. S. A., from donations of books, pamphlets, and manuscripts, by the fathers of St. Augustine's Church, Philadelphia, and by other members of the Augustiuian Order in the United States. This library contains 5,00& volumes, 1,000 pamphlets, and 300 manu- scripts. The value of the annual additions averages about $200. The collection is chiefly of a theological character. It occupies a large room in the monastery building, and is accessible at all times to pro- fessors aod members of the community. There is also a college or students' library, dating from 1816, of a more general character, con- taining about 3,000 volumes. PRESBYTERIAN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, COLUMBIA, S. C. The seminary was founded in 1829, and the first grant for the library ■was then made. In 1855 it numbered 5,487 volumes. In that year the library of the Eev. Dr. Thomas Smyth, of Charleston, containing over 12,000 volumes, collected principally in Europe, was bought for the seminary. Besides gifts of books, from $28,000 to $30,000 have been raised by subscription, and expended for the library. There was, at one time, a small invested fund, but this, with the greater part of the endowment, ■was lost during the late war. The library now contains 18,884 volumes. The average yearly in- crease is about 150 volumes. There is no printed catalogue, but one in manuscript, arranged alphabetically by authors. Theological Libraries. i5y THEOLO(>ICA,L SEMINARY OF THE PBOXESTAXX EPISCOPAL CHUBOH, NEAR ALEXANDRIA, VA. This library, begun in 1823, has now more than 10,000 volumes and 3,000 painplilets. It has received, by gift, the libraries of several clergy- men, and a bequest of $10,000 from one of its alumui. Its character is purely theological. Among its old and rare books are the second edition of Fox's Book of Martyrs, 1586 ; Baxter's Saint's Rest, edition of 1057 ; Antwerp Poly- glot, 8 volumes: Speculum Historiale of John Menklin, 1473, a large folio in fine preservation; Peter Martyr's Works, first edition, and King James's Bible, Barker's first edition, of 1611. It also has a goat- sTiin manuscript of great antiquitj', from Cairo, Egypt. IV.— TA.BLB OF THE PRINCIPAL THEOLOGICAL LIBRARIES. For further information respecting these and other theological libra- ries, see the general table of statistics elsewhere in this report. California Connecticat — Illinois ..San Francisco ..Hartford Middletown New Haven ..Chicago ^ Kentucky Maryland ..Baltimore Woodstock Minnesota New Jersey — Newton Centre ..I^aribault ...^ Nftw Brunswick . . . New York . . Anbnm New York New Xork Troy Theological Seminary, of San Francieso Theological Institute of Connecticut Berkeley Divinity School Theological Department of "5^ ale College .Baptist Union Theological Seminary Chicago Theological Seminary Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the Northwest. Danville Theological Seminary Bangor Theological Seminary St. Mary's Theological Seminary of St. Sulpice.. Mt. St. Clement's College Woodstock College Andover Theological Seminary General Theological Library Harvard University Diviaity School Newton Theological Institution :. Seabury Divinity College Drew Theological Seminary Theological Seminary of the Reformed Church. Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church Auburn Theological Seminary Theological Department St. Lawrence University General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Union Theqlogical Seminary ICbchester Tbeolbgical Seminary St. Joseph's ;^rovincial Seminary 1871 1834 1855 1670 1869 ,1855 18,59 1853 1820 1791 1868 1869 1807 1860 1825 1826 1860 1867 1784 1821 1821 1858 1820 1836 1851 1864 5,000 7,000 16, 000 2,000 15, 000 5,500 8,000 10, 000 15,000 15, OOO 9,0C0 18, 000 34, 000 12, 000 17, 000 13, 000 5,000 10, 875 26, 000 26, 779 10, 000 6,600 15. 400 34, 000 10,000 8,000 160 Public Libraries in the United /States. Place. Name. o ■g 1 i ft s Obio . . . Carthagena Theological Seminary of St. Charles Boiromeo .. Lane Theological Seminary 1864 1829 1849 1826 1794 1827 1826 1825 1840 1845 1865 1868 1842 1829 18G9 1823 1825 1842 5,000 12, 000 15, 100 Theological Seminary of the Diocese of Ohio United Presbyterian Theological Seminary Western Theological Seminary of the Presbyte- rian Church. Theological Seminary of the Evangelical Lu- theran Chnrch. Theological Seminary of the Heformed Church.. Philadelphia Theological Seminary of St Charles Borroraeo. Meadville Theological School 7,000 5,000 Peunsylvania . . . .Allegheny City Getty eburgh 15, 000 11, 000 10, 000 Lower Merion Meadville 9,500 12 308 Philadelphia Upland Philadelphia Bivinity School of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Buckuell Library of Crozer Theological Seminary Monastery Library of Villanova College Theological Seminary of the Presbyterian Church 6,578 7,500 5 000 "Villanova South Carolina ..Colunibia 18,884 5,000 10, 000 10,000 6 000 Virginip- . -Near Alexandria. . . Hampden-Sidney... ..Nashotah Mission.. Theological Seminary of the Protestant Epiflco- pal Church. "WiscoBSin Nashotah House CHAPTER V. LAW LIBRARIES. BT STEPHEN B. GEISWOLD, LL. B., Librarian of the Law I>epartment of the New York State Libra/ry. I.— LAW LIBRAEIBS. British and American reports — State and county libraries — Law associ- ations — Libraries op schools of law — Some notable collections. It is not probably well known, outside of the legal profession, that the entire body of municipal Ijiw which governs and regulates society is contained in printed books. To these books, the bench and the bar must constantly refer in the discharge of their respective duties ; a fact which goes far to corroborate the statement of Voltaire, that "books rule the whole civilized world." The muUiplication of law books has been so rapid of late years, that few lawyers, indeed, can procure by their own. private resources all that they need for their investigations. And this multiplication has corres- pondingly increased the number of volumes which it is necessary for every member of the profession who would be thorough and accurate in the discharge of his professional duties to consult. Hence public law libraries have become indispensable in the administration of justice. While a law librarj' has narrower aims and a more specific character than a library of general literature, and although its collection apper- tains to the subject of jurisprudence only, yet the publications upon this subject have become so numerous and expensive as to place it be- yond the means of any, except State libraries and those of associations in the larger cities, to approach completeness. This is shown, when we consider the least number of volumes which a law library must have in order to claim for itself any fait degree of fullness. Law books may be classified generally as follows: Eeports; Treatises; Statute Law. The practice of reporting the decisions of the judges began in the reign of Edward I, and from that time we have a series of judicial reports of those decisions. In the time of Lord Bacon, these reports extended to fifty or sixty volumes. During the two hundred and fifty years that have passed since then, nothing has been done by way of revision or expurgation; but these publications have been con- stantly increasing, so that, at the close of the year 1874, the published volumes of reports were as follows: English, 1,350 volumes; Irish, 176 volumes; Scotch, 225 volumes; Canadian, 135 volumes; American, 2,400 volumes.^ With respect to treatises (including law periodica's and 'This rapid multiplication of the reports has claimed the atteutiou of the British bar at various times in the past century, but no concerted action was taken for check- 11 £ 162 Public Llbnirks in the United States. digests,) and without includivig inoro than oiio edition of the same work, it is safe to siiy that a fail' collection would tMiibnuui at h^ast 2,000 vol- umes. The statute law of England, Ireland, and Scotland is contained in about 100 volumes. The statute law of the United States, if confined to the general or revised statutes and codes, nniy be broiijilit within 100 volumes. If, however, the sessional acts be included, the collection would amount to over 1,500 volumes. It is thus seen that a fairly complete law library would embrace more than 7,000 volumes, which could not be placed upon its shelves for less than $50,000. The foregoing list does not include books which relate to the Roman law, as received and adopted in continental Europe. It has long been a complaint in France that the reports 6f (U'cisions encumber the law libraries. In the catalogue of M. Camus, aiine.\eorted, and several volumes of collected cases with valuable notes. Tiiere were also published of new treatises and new editions of old ones, English and American, upwards of 80 volumes; together with many volumes of digests, hand books, and works relating to the literatuie of the law, amounting in all to over 200 volumes, which would Cost, at a low esti- mate, over $1,000. ing the evil until Deoombor, 18ti3, wbeu, at a raeetiuj; of tlie bar of En)j;'»'"it' * oom- mittee was appointed to consider plans of reform in the niotlioilN of law icpoiting. At that time there were in England, hosidos weekly serials, fmirtuen iiiilinnnMldut stuiwH of law reports. The profession was also embai'raasod by the oustoui prevailing among jndges of delivering oral opinions; so that the roportiis acted not only as editors anil digesters, bnt actually reported the words which full from the lips of the conrt. "The committee rcKaniiiiinndod that a set of reports sliould bo pniparml and pnbllBliod nndor the MiauaKi'mint of a conncil mpnisentiug the whole bar. The rocommendatiou wa8 favorably mccivrd, and since the year IHCiO the Knglish rcpmlH liav« Ik'hm published in a single serinH, under the supervision of the Conncil of liaw K'.(j..>. Springfield - , - - . Kansas Leavenwortli .. Kentucliy Lexington^ — Louisville^ ; Louisiana New Olleans. .. Maine -Alfred . . . ^. Maryland Baltimore Massachusetts . - Boston ■ ' ' Cambridge Middlesex ..Pittsfield Salem Worcester Michigan j J. Ann Arbor Detroit .,. Missouri Kansas, City . .. St. Joseph St. Louis St. Louis New York Albany Albany Belmont ... :: Brooklyn... Buffalo Clinton Monticello . New York . New York . New York . New York . Rochester'. . Law, Association , Snpfeme Court — Law Association ..i. I . . . . Law School of Tale College - - Law Department Illinois Wesleyau University. . Chicago Law Institute iilorgau County. - . ^ . .'. Supreme Court, southern grand division Supreme Court, northern grand division Supreme Court, central grand division Law Association Law College, Kentucky University Louisville Bar Law, Association r\ York County Bar Association Baltimore Bar Social Law Library Harvard University Law School Middlesex Cpunty., Berkshire Law Association , Essex County Woi^ceAter County Law Association University of Michigan, Law: Department ..... Detroit Bar ^ B^r Association Bar Association '. .....' Bar Association ■ St. Louis Law School Attorney General's Office Court of Appeals , Allegany County Bar Association .,. i Supreme Court, eighth judicial district Hamilton College Law School : Sullivan County Bar Association Columbia College Law School Law Institute Supreme Court, first department, first judicial district. Court of Appeals , 1869 1868 1845 1874 1857 1874 1849 1837 1866 1865 1350 1,855 1840 1804 1817 1815 1843 1856 1858, 1853 1871 1864 1838 1872 -1850 1849 1806 1850 1863 1864 1809 1870 1860 1838 1852 1849 3,900 5,600 12, 600 8,000 2,000 7,000 ' ^, .WO 3,500 4,500 5,500 •2, 200 2,201 4,000 4,500 4,000 ■ 7, 000 13, 000 15, 000 2,430 2,000 3,300 3,000 3,000 3,544 3,000 2,000 8,000 3,000 2, 600 2,000 2,500 5,325 5,250 5,000 2,156 9,077 4,500 20, 000 2,000 , 9, 000 170 FuUic Libraries in the Umtea amies. Principal law libraries in the United States, if o. — Continued. Place. Name of library. 1 a a 1 1866 2,500 1B49 8,500 1847 6,339 18!)6 3,000 1865 2,191 1854 4,700 1802 8,5U0 1861 2,000 1868 5,000 1853 3,000 New York SchcDectady Syracuse Ohio Cinciritiati . - Cleveland . . - Pennsj'lvania Harrisburgli Lancaster. -- Philadelphia Pottsville . . . !Rhode Island Providence . Texas Tyler Fourth j udicial district Court of Appeals Bar Association Ohio State and Union Law College Bauphin County Law Association Law Association Schuylkill County State Law Library Supreme Court CHAPTER VI. MEDICAL LIBRARIES IN THE UNITED STATES. BY J. S, BILLINGS, Assistant Surgeon Tlnited States Army. Extent op Medical Litrraturk — Several important colljections — Cata- loguing AND INDEXING — MbDIOAL PERIODICAL LITERATURE — THESES AND INAU- GURAL ADDRESSES — FORMING A MEDICAL LIBRARY — ARRANGEMENT OF PAMPHLETS — Necessary works of HEi?ERENCE. It is proposed in the following sketch to give some account of the resources available to the medical scholar and writer in the United States in the way of libraries which have been formed with reference to his special wants, and to make some remarks on the formation and care of such collections. Comparatively few persons have any idea of the amount of medical literatuue in existence, or of its proper use and true value, and the result is that the same ground is traversed over and over again. Cases are re- ported as unique and inexplicable which, when compared with accounts of others buried in obscure periodicals or collections of observations, fall into their proper place and both receive and give explanation. Old theories and hypotheses, evolved from the depths of the inner conscious- ness of men too zealous or too indolent to undergo the labor of examin- ing the works of their predecessors, re-appear, and are re-exploded with the regular periodicity of organic life ; and even when literary research is attempted, it is too often either for controversial purposes, to serve the ends of prejudiced criticism, or to support a charge of plagiarisms or else for the purpose of obtaining a goodly array of foot-notes, which shall imply that the subject is exhausted, and give a iiavor of erudition to the work. This state of tbi ngs is by no means peculiar to medicine, but its literature is certainly an excellent illustration of the maxim "The thing which has been is that which shall be, and there is no new thing under the sun." The record of the researches, experiences, and speculations relating to medical science during the last four hundred years is contained in be- tween two and three hundred thousand volumes and pamphlets ; and while the immense majority of these have little or nothing of what we call "practical value," yet there is no one of them which would not be called for by some inquirer if he knew of its existence. Hence, it is desirable, in this branch of literature, as in others, that in each counti'y there should be at least one collection embracing every- 172 Public Libraries in the United States. thing that is too costly, too ephemeral, or of too little interest to be ob- tained and preserved in private libraries. . • , M When the great work of Mr. Oaxton, the History of Human Jjrror, is written, the medical section will be among the most instructive and im- portant, and also that for which it will be most difficult to obtain the data. There are a number of valuable private medical libraries in this coun- try of from four to ten thousand volumes each. Having been collected for the most part with reference to some special subject or department, they are the more valuable on that account. The majority of the med- ical schools also have libraries of greater or less value to tjie student The collections relating to medicine and the cognate sciences, which are available to the public and are of sufiBcient iaterest to require no- tice in this connection, are those of Boston, Philadelphia, New York, Cincinnati, and Washington. No one of these indeed approaches com- pleteness, but each supplements the other to such an extent that it sel- dom happens that bibliographical inquiries cannot be answered by referring to them in succession. , MEDICAL LIBRARIES IN BOSTON. The principal medical collection in Boston is that of the Bost6n Pub- lic Library, which now comprisesabout 11,000 volumes, for tbemostpart standard works and periodicals, the latter containing flies of the princi- pal American and foreign publications. There is no separate printed catalogue of the medical section nor of any of the medical libraricis of Boston, which fact much impairs their practical usefulness. The Boston Athenaeum has about 5,000 volumes of medical works. The Boston Society for Medical Improvement has 1,000 volumes of bound periodicals. The Treadwell Medical Library at the Massachu- setts General Hospital contains about 3,.')1:2 volumes. Harvard Univer- sity Library, including the library of the medical school, has between 5,000 and 6,000 volumes of medicine, including some of mucli raiity and value. A collection which gives promise of much usefulness is that of the Boston Medical Library Association, which, although only about a year old, already contains about 3,(|00 volumes and receives the most impor- aut medical periodicals. , If the resources of Boston and vicinity in the way of medical litfera-' ture available to the student could be shown by a good catalogue'indi- cating where each of the several works may be found, the practical working valtte of the collections would be greatly enhanced. The difli- culties in the way of accomplishing such a desirable result, although. great, do not appear to be at all insuperable, and might be readily ^overcome by the conjoint action of the medical societies and of the libraries interested. The same remark will apply to the medical col- lections of New York and Philadelphia. 'For statistics of the principal libraries ot medical schools and societies, see table at the end of this article. — Editors. Medical Libra/ries. 173 . , : , ,; . MEDICAL IIBRAKIES IN NEW YORK. The library of the New York Hospital is the oldest and largest col- lection in the city, and now dontains about 10,000 volumes. It is well housed in a building Which although not fire proof is comparatively so. The books are conv'eniently arranged, and there iS room for twice the present number. It receives about 100 current periodicals, but with this exception does not contain much retent literature, ^n alphabet- ical catalogue of authors was published in 1845; three supplement- ary catalogues have since beeii printed, and a fourth is now in the press. The 6iJe published in 1865 is a list of the donation of Dr. John Walson, consisting of 481 volumes of fare and valuable booj-. Another class, of medical literature which is important to tlJfei libra- rian, and the value of which is usually underestimated, consists of med- ical theses' and inaugural dissertations. To obtain complete sei'itis'of these is even more diffioult than to 'get journals, for the reason that they are m tire ephemeral, and because it is scarcely possible to ascertain what ' ''EJinbui'gh MedlcalJourual, January, 1873, p. 585. " •6«iiR!s?* h Medical Libraries. \,jlisst8 have, been published of the theses presented by> thttir graduates, ■'ueh as Paris and jKd.inbijrgliv but? even for Edinbtirgh, j the oni.yi«i:\talogue of the tbeseSi iwhioli tJiewiriter, has been able to ob- tain, does not show when the regular printing of all theses ceased. Oal- liseii hasbeen led into error in this way in his otherwise very complete Bibliographical; Ijsxicon, in wliich he gives the titles of many theses which were never printed, notably of the Universities of Pennsylvania andTransylvaniaj Tlie value of tbese: theses. is fonrfold.j As material fQr.thei history of medicineithey mayibe taken to, represent the theories and. teaching of i the school;- they ottea contain reports of cases, or ac- counts oi investigations made by the student under the direction of a professor,, which -are of much value, and they, are necessary, to medical biography, the more so as in: most of the Germati universities-a sketch of the life of the candidate is .appended to the thesis, g'ln addition to this, piior to the era of medical journalism, it was the cnstonx for the president or one of the professorsi to adil an iuitroduction of ten or twelve pages to the dissertationi, -treating on some subject usually having no direct relation to the thesis, and forming the sort of paper which would now be sent, to a medical journal. -yThenuinber of these theses in exist- ence is very great,} there are in the Library of the.^nrg^ou:firQflej;allAj Oftice about 40^000. *)ni«I ya faaO nrutHmv o,1 ebfim .9ib alqmeitp irsdw A few words of advice to those who may be desirous, of forming a public medical library in ooBnection with a medical school, niay be of some use ; at allevents,! they are the result of practical.esperienoe. The fir/^tthing is to obtain, worksiof medical bibliography, andalist.of a few w,hich will,be,tpund; theimost useful is appended. In addition to these it will be necessary to make arrangements to obtain regularly as pub- lished the catalogues of medical books issued or furnished by the fol- lQwing,booksellers : oif ft- H d v.i.yb >j>-r olft ^ ' ■yiqraoo oJ sii'iiifiW ,lu ,Bi)sto,n,,[SchQenhof & Mceller, Ja,mes Oampbell; in New York City, Win. Wood & Co., L. W. Schmidt, B.,;Westermann & Oo.,: E. Steiger,. Stechert & \^olff, F. W. Christeru; in Philadelphia,. H. O.Lea, Lindsay & Blakistou;! ^ rfiiftqlsbBlid*^! 'iouioiKvll lo fl^oIloO ac ^o -a.-iOV The next thingistotakesteps to obtain the current medical periodicals as completely as possible, and also the current ephemeral pamphlets, such as reportsofi hflspitals.and, asylums, boards of health-and health: oflS- cers,, transactions of medical societies, addresses, .etc. These things, as a r,ii(.le, cannt^t-be purchased, and w-hde tJiey may usually be had for the asking at the time of their publication, it will be found very diflSeult, if ii&ti impossible, to .get them after a. few, years, ofait may be only a few mppths, b^ve elapsed. .iJesisbnu vjkrjftH ei iJoiriv/ 'io Qolm adJ bn^ ,nBb ! Wi,th.ire,gaild to, thetpnrchase of books,, so i;n,uGh dependsjon the aiUiount of fund^ javailable that no geuer,a.l advice can be given Tha majority of liirge.work^ of which, there is little danger that , the supply will be ex- hausted for scTeral years, should not as a rule be purchased at the time 130 Public Libraries in the TJnited States. of tlieir publication, upleas tliey are wa-ufed for immediate use. Ip a year or two tliey can bo obtaitied at a much le^lqced price. It will ofteii be {■ood econo|ny to buy a lot of books in bulk, even although a number of dui)licates be thus obtained, and tlii's is espe'cially the case at the commencement of the formation of a collection. On a small scale the sani^ rule applies to thd purchase of bound voh'imes of pamphlefrt:'^ 'All- duplicates should lie preserved for purpfises of exchange. It may sijara hardly worth the trouble to preserve Whafemost' ph.V^lCi&ns wofdd'6M3'\f at once intO' the waste-basket, but 'unless' thi's is done the librki'y will never be a success. There need be no spt^cial' haste about the UispoSal of duplicates, as they iucrtifVse in value with' agt^. •' -J- i^asija/ \nVi. DH . lajloitloq jXo'lI'»^i>'i Hxi) iiiiUnuff ,eii\iA iisbnodol .--r-Mi:8i ,(1*1;^.: -"tqor* o _,^4.¥P^LF.TS. „.,j.j,,,, ,■,.,■,. .,9,). jg.jo1r The pamphlets in the Library of -the Surgoon-General's QffiMeJimH been disposed of in three»ra(!6^I: First, there are 7tJ0 voluimes of bound paniphletsj m(J*tly i)urchased i'Ui tliat oonditioii, iwhichnarelffor -the most part>«laS6ifl.(Sd accord in}? to subjects; these volumes are jauiri- bered) HMi)if«E!cutively. Seednd, about ii.OOO pampliHets are bound) in sepanate volumes. These are numbered as single volumes, and include those which are considered rare or especially valuable. Thfr remainder of the pamphlets, including the uiaijority of' the inaugitpal dis^rtatioits of the GeriliarU univensities, jare ckept .iu. file-boxes. These boxes are made of walnut, and the: paiiiphl«t8,fetanfl in them vritb their title- pa^^s looking toward rthe back of the shelf, the boxes being of widths' suitable for octaVos, quartos, eto4< The box has uo top, and the reaireiad slides in and out, and can be fixed at any point. Each box will hold about 100 pamphlets. '»'K H .qo if.'l ))ii^i ■inyiwd The boies'at-ei' arranged bii shelves suited ;to their biightj thn8ip*e- venting the admission of dust. The front of the' box has a ring, by which it can be pulled out, anid presents an ample snrfacelHw Ubefl-iBg its contents. By loosening the rear end, which can be done by a'tonch, and withdra\*ing it, theuitle cW the workMs before the examiner^ and a' pamphlet can be added or withdrawn without disturbing 'the Otllt^rs. When a pamphlet is required for use it is bound temporarily iii -stout covers, the backs of which ate pressed together by a ifeti'on-f spririg. These covers have an enameled card on the sidlj^X:W9inMd«ii? . jetzt lebendea Arzte, Wundiirzte, Geburtshelfer, Apotheker, und Natur- forscher aller gebildetea Volker.' ' 33 v. 8". Oopentiagen, 1830-45. HAiLLBBy A. V, Efi:lilliobl!);(}ea'auatoiriica. 2'^. 4". J Tiguri, il7i74-'i7.rJT iiH^iiBibliotUeca chirurgica. 2 v. 4?.' Bern',?B, 1774-'75i oaeoqaib uaad y!i_ Bibliotheca medieiiiOB practiCc'Bi:t4 v. i?. Basilite et Berniie, 1'77C-'8S. Paculy, a. - iBiiWiograpbie des sciences laedicales. S°jltParis, 1872-'74. Plouoquet, Gr. Gri.' Literatura iniedtica'i digesta; sive, iiepertorium medicinae practi^flB, elBnuiTgiioelatq'uleiiifes obstetricoe. 4 v. 4°. Tnbin- gee, 1808-9JT '.e\(ii.H\v.i Y,IIi)ioof|?,a io aiai hvi^hmwn mR i ir/ f)HO!^ liOY^ GjH. d,. Catalogus biMiottbEOEe'Tnedicaj: 5 v. 8°. Amst., 1830. Watt, B. Bibliotheca Britannicaj Or a general index to British and tbreiga literaturej '114 vi 4°. iEJ.inbia(ngh,1824. bns ,JrjiiIjiiw "io abr.oi OATAiiO&ujs raiSoan^ of thei Medical Library oPtfi^Pennsyivktrra'fifeiBsi bpital, byjEmiil. Eiscker. xx«^ 750 pp. 8°. ,i Philadelphia, 1857. ufrng (SA'flAi(0iJttBc!o6d»lia. library of the New York Hospital, arranged alpha- betically and analytically. 194 pp. 8°. New York, 1845.; [With j^jipplemeuitSi to the same published in 1861, 1805, and 1S07-] x adT CA'i'ALQeuB of the library of the SurgeourGeueral's Office, United States Army, with an alphabetical index of subjects. 2 pi 1.,. 454 pp. li^y. i8,".ir)jWashingfcon, D, 0.) 1872. )iia '^ ji aili j^(iina800i y,a .ainalnoo 8,1f GatalOiGtUE, of the libracyi,©f,thj8)Sargeon'Gene'raliSjQfflp}i¥flited States Army. ;3 v. Eoy. 8°.j|l^/Wa6faington, 1873-!74.,.dibi3 ad imo .l-jIdquiRi QjiASSBD catalogue of the library of the Royal College of Surgeons of ...Loadon. Ixii, 1L71 ppi 8°. London, 1813. ,v, > evJaed adJ ,8ia70' CATAI.O&IJE of the EoyaliMedical audGhirurgical Society of London. , ivii, 763 pp.- 8°. aLondoa^ 1850. idjiw teldciruBq ai\1 to ylliJ arii lianaq Index to the above, vii, 293 pp. 8°. IJondon, 1830. j lol cuooi ai^rsai BreHQTHliQUE iinpSrialfej, d6paf tement des imprimes. Gatalogue des sciences medicales.: , , Yols^i 1 and 2. aiiijjWJipp., l-L; 778 pp, 1 1. rimp. 4a Paris, a857iftud 1873. lad ai Ji ,§nit)aid oJ bxegai dliW PoziHE)!V(ict(5iijiaBss:ai3d'duehbibliograt*bite'i*igt4a"sglla8?{ted«'^*f*^ ode la- ottlrurgievefc'de la pharuiaCie ariJitaifeseaj^^.gp, 8". Paris, ■il8fi2i 08 oaad ^bcaite 8^ri isdw datura oi 1qa;.za ,ba8« ad Joi' binoda ■IIb-* DiOTiOitWAM8Et'dep'isi3reBeeS'-to'(§'dteates ; biographic m^dicale. lisfPar A. J..L. Jourdau.] 3 7 v. 8". ; Ptirisj 0. L. FujPtiuiikaaoke, 182i)it'^5.ei->/jg .819700 adJ io eoaHiaiasB adJ 3nori.1iw «fioilJioiIdriq Ijdias adj « o oi afdiaaoq 182 Public Libraries in the United States. Eeuss, J. D. Repertorium commentationuin a societatibus litterariis editarum. Tomes X-XY. Scientia et ars inedica et chirurgica. 6 v. 4°. Gottiiiffse, lS13-'20. Englemann, Wm. Bibliofcheca medico chirurf?ica et anatomico-physio- logiea. Alphabetiscbes Yerz'eicbniss der meilicinischen .... Biicber welche vom Jahre 3750 bis 1847 in Deutscbland erschienen sind. 734 pp. 8^ 1 SapplementHeft 1848-'67> i j 350 |pp. 8", ] I^eipizig, d848-'68. Catalogue of scientific papers, (1800-1863.) Compiled and published b^^ the Koyal Society of London. 6-r. 4°. London, 1867-72. Table of (he ^nnciiml medical libraries in the United States, (For further information respecting the following and otber medical libraries in the United States see e^nefral tablo Of 'at&tiatiC9 elSfewhereinthfeveport.] ' ' i '- ' ■'■! ' iiii.ijo- * - ■■. i > ,,;, . . ■ Cd^t^e'cticiit .- .'^.. I^ist- ol' Colu-mbia. Georgiaj.j-..- Illinois .J26ntU(Bl^j-I'J..... ■ M.' 'J ;; !- ■ n J^ouisiqna,-, „. Maine .". MasSatHit^etUL New Torli . Obio Pennsjlvania,- i^IiodoXalaqd. . New HaVeu.. iWf^al^ipgton ,Augiifi|t(a. . ...- Savannali Chicago .Lexiogton . '.I Loniei-^^Ue^l-r. New Orleans .Brunewict.!. Boston ]Lj.. Boston k^ Boston Salem Worcester . . . Albany New Tork .[., New Tgrk ... New York . . . New York ... Syracuse-.- jJ IJticft ,.^,.j-:/ -Cincinnati . .. Cincinnati .. . Clpvoland .. .Philadelphia, IMuladelphia P^iiladelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia .Providonep ,. MedicaPIhatitution of Yale Colleg-e..i.L,. .: Smfg^onf^General's Office, United ^t^ljes Ar^uy w-- Medical College of Georgia bayannah Medical College Chicago College of Pharmacy -J .'. .' Transylvania Medical College of Kentucky University IJi^i.y^rsity (Of^.^oui^ville, Medicul Departwenl^ University of Xouisiapa, Medical Department , Medical Sctool of Maine.,. ... ..I... .*...! i. ..:. Harvard University' Medical School. ■. Me|(|i$}4l Mbraijy Asaoqiation of Bpatoa. u ■ . , . Treadwell Library, Massachasetta General Hospital. Essex Soiith, District Medical Society "WorcesUr District Medical Society ,',',_ Albany Modietil Oollege .J.:.... Acadeoj^y pf Medicine , h-i-- Medical Library apd Journal Association Mott Memorial, 1^'ree Medical and Surgical LiWary.^ N'^^ "tork' Hospital : lJ:'}}J^ 1 j. j.'j I'A II.' .-. .rJr.'.'.' GftHege of Physicians andsSui'geoDSii.L.../.ji-i j, Ni'w York State Lunatic A^yliun ,,._....,. Gincinnati Hospital J Medical College of Ohio . j'. ^.I'l !]}}!!{.: ... J ...!.. .'.' . Cleveland Meftkal College 'X: .-, College of Physicians i.^, 4 Hahnemann M0dic.1l College Pennsylvania Hospital Pliiladotphia College of Pharmacy University of Pennsylvania, l!^d]()al Department .. Rhode Ipl^ud H,ospital .«., ^ 18;'2 IC65 1831 1853 1859 m 1834 1782 1857 ik)5 ' 1708 I8:ji) 1846 lSfi4 hm ISTS ; 18l|4 i87p 1819' lfe4» 1189 1807 ' J763 ifeai [ ■dOSi 1 1868, ij a4q,qoi) 5,000 A, 000 ' 2,'odo -i S(65a .,,2,600 3, 542 ' 2;b!)o ' 4.'600 4,,80J 3,jOi)0 3, ,500 - 4,*0 1 1 ie,fcco a.oco 4,358 ';"2,J'i9 U'ooo 2, (ioo 18,.7p3 \' 12; 500 . "X'QDO 2,.()0(| a Th« libiai-y ooutiiiiis, iii aililitiuu to tliu boiuul to medicine and surgery. iiuiues, ix cu. llfcctiuu of 40,'ubO pbamiih'lctsttliUBJi! M ! \ t j;.-)l^ t' I I 111: Ml ■ I ,.' -I I t - .i.. 'CHAPTER VII. , .,.. ■HI' :- i-r iii ;l!i ■ . Ill ,' :. "' -'r-l il , • SGIfflTlFre LI®[RiRIESilN'THB-UxNITED^ STATES^, m, ■'■-' ''-'hllO'' -t- -' — ' rnrnTioJ 1(1 / I'ji'jfj^! J,);/,,;! _>'M|i "Hljc (in., .,.,,/, Il,t;j,v)j, , . ,,. .,,;,, Introduction — Facilities for scienitipiCi iN,vi5STieArwoN in tub Unis'iEP , States — Records op progress — Physics — General Mathematics — Chemistry — Zool- OSYl^^NATOMr — AnTHROPOLOGtY — BOTANY — GEOLpGY. = "' - . ' INTEODUCXION. •'"' Pa every geaeralJii)rary:, as a_ matter oi course, are works on science, and usually a. sectiou demoted to^ science or. its different subdivisions. Very fetr, however, have collections' that are of much importance; and i^yen in librarie.s of quite largo size {c. g.,'6'^^ 50,000 v'Oluraes) the- stu- dent maylapplvin vain fop mauy works tlif^t are t\\^ standard niatiuals in their deitartmeutSi ' The rich literature .involved in tiie publications 3S^''c'61lfected at the triilted States G\iiiht ^m- vey Office; it has about '6,00(}'vo1u1t1^s.' ^ '" '■•(■" «iJ'i. A collection, of works on meteorplogy ^and, cognate branches has been formed by the Signal-Service Bureau of the War iiapartmeut, and Coiita'ins about 2,900' biltJnd v6tumes'arid'41!> pamphlets, 'i ;!:>Ijj>'"'''' Tims', with all ttitee libraries combined, the student of -xrif bMnoh sf science may have tolerable facilities Ih this citj-'for elaboratftigiiJiilf given subject 'alid reyiewiug its 'history ,; but there firb many tetfientable deficiencies. These are probably most evideilt in the department of natural history. In ev^ery braiich of thiS science there are striking de- siderata ; for instancte,'the opus ihighkim Oil Inammals— Schreber and W'a^iier's, and man'^' illustrated works oil birds,'l-eptiles, an^ tishes;''in boncbolog,^; Kiister's edition and co'ntinuation of Martini and: Gteem- nitz's Systematisches CbfichylieilOabinet and Sowerby's ThesauhuiS Coucbylioi-um ; and some of the most, atid too often the most, indis- .^^to^^t h^li Scientific Libraries. \^ ,v'v'\i\»A. 185 pensable works on theolassesiof insectsj oriistaceans, wpnns, ecliiuoderms, ahd polyps, as tvell as anuinberof &la/ssic, works on plants, are nowhere tO' be^seeii in fcUe eity. la fact, many of those wpilvs svhich are true tes-t books for the scieuitilic naturalist 'caauqb„b,e V-f'^ found, and conse- qiiently the student must: either suspend. his investigations (as several have done) and ultimately, perhaps, giv,^;them .u,p jn despair altogether, or inflict on the scientific world \yorks. whpse-j\iO;l^ftrf^.C|tjiq|is redound to the discredit of himself as well as of the science of the country. A few years ago th6 ca'sfi wits far -wbvg'ei' afid'Ttl(f»' ^btaach of zoology, botany, or geolpgy,fiOiuJd,l^f( pc^j^pq^tj^di^iti^j.^^pwu^li.^ess i^ *'!'®(f'?i^y- Even the means foi: obt3.,ifliag|§ome/idt^i^i,|0f what hjad'been for the several branches of science in more favored lands, through the Kiedium of reports pn progr^s,, were miavai]ab^e; and sojne.of those re- ports, are still wanting in all^g^fjingtogjjUbjaries. Np^ work or paper n which respect there is a remarkable contrast between our^GoVern- meut and the British, as well as other enlightened nations. , , , .gtiildqaijiq 00<< ^'cientiftc librakies in Baltimore. '""" ^d* nioit 7i Baltimore, has no general first class Jibrary as yet, npr any special one of notable importauGe.,^7 litis, hpwever, the seat of a rapidly grow- ing and well administered library, (th^t of the Peabody Institute,) containing now, about 58,000 volumes, which in proportion to its size is well provided with works in different branches of science and especially on the natural sciences. Fpr this selection it is cliieflyjBileMetl to the scientific proclivities and talents of itSj first and present libr,ariai.ia,^f. J,.C. jMlorrjs ajid Mr. PhiJip;Uhler. Inat are to be fouudsoinifeimpomiut works which are in none of the libraries of Washington., ^- , , . ^.r. ' ' ' ' ' SCIENTiFlC'LIBEAlilES IN PHILAbELPHIA.'0'lyS»'IoO A Philadelphia basti^eyi^iial well,equippe(J scientific, libraries, chi^f of 'i^li^^hMS those of, the, Academy of ,i>^^^a|t!iral, .Sciences of Pliila^elphia and of th§ American Philogpiihical Society. , eldCT^itoJ siijThe I academy's library . ha$ ; abo^t 3O,OO0|^,Y©lum^f and 35,000 pq.^- phletSviOhiepyxelating to,the,seyej^al bi|anoB,es of, natural history. ItTs wnqiiesiionably, as a wbol©,, the, most ppinplete library in its special de- lJartmentin'the,UnitQe i^ tolerably wplj represented by the contents of itsrooijis, but in ng,^^- partmeut is there a full developmeuti,qii" the literature of the subject. Among other special libraries! ^.ij Philadelphia, those of the l^'raidclin Institute aud the Eiftomological Society are noteworthy. These, tp son^e extent, supplement those already m^ntioijed, but neitlj^F is by any mean.s comiilete. ■' BGIEJITIFIC libraries in new YORK. New "Torls is less rich in bibliographical facilities for the scientific stu- dent 't'likii either Washington 'or Philadelphia, at least so f^r as public ]il)rarieS are concerned. The Astor Library, those of the scleuti&c S(;hools, (Columbia College in' the city'aild the Stevens Institute of Hobokeo,) that of ihe' New York Acad^lhy of Sciences, (formerly the Lyceum of Natural Hi.^'tciiry', in Net^' York,) and that 'of the Ne^*- York MusfeUm of Natural Histbry, collectively frirnish considerable^ tibhographibal resoiii'ces for 'tlie literai-j'' scientist Tlie Museum oi' Natural Bti^tb'i'ir is gradually amassing a library which promises to be of c6lisiderablfe importance at a not distant future. It has acr(uir(3d, thro'ug'h'th'e lib- erality of frietlils, twb collections Vhicli are rich in the'ir 'fepHiialttek", the works oh lii'bllusks 'assdttibled by'Di!'. Jfo'h'ri -Jay during a'Hfe'bf'de- vbtiion to conchology,'a;nd'thdSe 'relating to fishe.s, obtiaine'd at great ex- pense and with rare knowledge by Mr. J. Carson Brevoort. Tlie first, purchased for the masMta by Miss Wolfe, is perhapsduly second (escfe[)t, possibly, as to the quite recent literature')' to the corrospoiidltlg seCtiOfi in the library of the Academy of NaturalScioyceS of Philadelphia; tile second, obtained for the library through the Tiberality of Mr. Kbbe'ft Stuart, is utleqiialed in ' the eo'uutry, and thgre ai^ exti-e'iiiely fe i ^, SOIENITIFIO LIBBA:RISS JNi BOSTON, CAMBRIDGE, AND .SAi;.]?^., , . Boston and- '©^^^^((Wdge are well 'iiroVided with jiUblic'oV semi-public repositories for sWeotitic bibliographical investigations. Iu' Boston are iibit'e^ n'oticeafclfe librkries. '''IW Boitoii Piiblio Libra'ry takes'^tj^bial' care In the' s'electioii of scientific Av6rk!s','dldd rainks nett' to the Librhi^J' of Cobgres^ iu 'the 6'u'rnber of volumfey," (h'aving ;297,=615 vdlames M^rch 1, 1876, and alb'out 181,000 pamphlets.> ' Tlie Arnerifeah Aeademy of Arts and Sciences, during tire almost '(century of its existence, (it Wks founded iu itSO,) hffi acdumiVlated a collection ot' about 16,000 volumes h^d 2,000 'liamphlets, and tlie Several* brancbey' of scifihce hare been cared for. The BoStou -S&ietJ^' of Natural History has'hkd for Some time considerable means,' (aboiit $1'3,000 a yeaiV) and its efficietiflibra- rians have brought its library up to a tolerable condition for '^nfe'ral investigation, although it does not yetifuriiish (the means for detailed bi]iilic5^.i;apliical work, ^at, leaf t in most ^Ipii'anches,, like ^he jAciiid,9,iny of ifatural Sciences of ^Pl^iladelphia, In Cambridge the me^iiis for,literary scientific researches ^r€!„si(pplied by t-he ,^ood co^ege libraries, supple- iiJeut^d by tjl^e priyajfiscollections of the prj:(fps39fs.. No exact data are ^^jl^aud respecting the extent of tl^e (;9,Pfic,tiqins o| works^on ^iheimathe- Uii-'j^j^^^scjipupes, The natjural sciences iire kppj^^^ to b^qjijijtei well repre- 1^61)1^(1 by works collected by the Ifte Professor Agas^iz a,nd hiS|fOH for their, own us^, an4 giyenj^^, or deposit;g|i||iu the library of.ti^je;m^useum of (ioinparatiye zioolpgy. . ,. ,i'i ' ;.< ■ -; ' i ^ijThe BeiigljLbo|rfng city of Saleru hasa society library (t,hat of the Essex In^t^ii^te) wbiqh,.alphO|U|g,h i3i;aal,l,|(corapri^i^gi30,655 volumes ^nd 105,408 panjphlets,) is, in prpportiou to m size,,qui^§,rich ia scie^tifi^ipublica- tiqiis, pbt^in'^d pajifi^y^ijijexch^-nge fpi;,itf^,pyv:u,pub)ica,tions ,ani:^ partly througlii^thecustomary ,in,eans of, acquisition. , , ,,^Thosei,t|hns des^criff^d are believetl^ to be ,|;tie pnly places or public spdi^ty libraries ip .thejCpuntry w^hich coijlid furnisli, t|lie means for auy- thjng, likei . ext^aiustiy^,, studies of jt|h«literatui;e ,9f any given scientific ^it^bj^ct. , There , are„,|i!Ow§yer^ in g, numli)er; o.f| pt.jh[,^r places, public _pr serai;pul)lip libraries,, which, ,^p a greater orjlei^? extent,, are enabled, to admiins^tpc, |9 tf^§ (B,ej^ds, of the stvideut, of a local fauna, or specific ^^Vlye^fjj^; i^u<5li are especially Albany,, \|Vith its ^tg|t,e Library lansl the Albany Ifii^titute; St.; Lp(ii^ ^iqil :Saii,FrauoiscOjiwit|i(th,cir Academies of •Sciences; Chicago, with its Public Library as well as the, Chicago Academj'- of Scienees; Buffalo, with the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences : Charleston, with the BllijOtt Society of Natural History ;. and ii_, ,,,, f I . 'A sfliall poitiou of tlf is pum is applicable for library purposes. l'^8 Public Lihrafih^'m the United States. Nfew Orleans, 'ti-Wh the New'Orleans Academy Of Science. ' The libran^^ in ttese'fefeveral'cltiei.liowevi^i^, so far as call' be inferred from published reports and hearsay, 'krfev^r'j^ iacoiUplete and partial hi their scieijitific d(^-partiiil?n't4."' til flute, the experience of the author in a number of c^sW hils'beeii'ihat in iio itrstanc'd could any bibliographical, stu^ly on aii exteiisir'^' scieutiflfc''subj(?ct b^' prosecuted to a satisfacfory'coiiclusiou" iri' any Bile city,' althbiigh the means for so doin^' ar^''fcesjt tWbvul&t in Philadelphia; 'atnd in .the present state '6f oiir /fioraries V vist;t '.to' that pik'ce' iS li'e'dessary btefere cbhclu'din^ariysuch investiojatioa^ Next to Pbiladeli)hia, therW is n'o Vfei^y decided choicej* in 'so'tne respects Washington offering the most /acilij;i|es, and in others Boston. Aa outlay of less than $5,01)0, to be expended under a competent scientific bibliographer, wotild, however, 'giv6' eithet' the decided' pred6miHan6e in'eySt'y department of scientiflc literature.' Olf'ihje^four'^^^^ fiitfe^) §0 far as tl^je exp^n]ef,i(?ft of the au^l^'pj- lj^s,,gqpe, tlie conv^p,ipi^t,resouriiA^ of ISew Ypj:k: for research are tbe least effective. niij .r/ iiM EECOEDS OP PROGRESS. " ■ )■ .1 .,i| I ih ' 'hj ,'. K! ■.'11 J 1]-" ' ■ I -■ ' .!■' "..' I oin /, -"I Among the most important and really indispensablfei works of refer- epce fof the gcieutjflc iijv^^tigator, and indeed for any student who. de- sires to become familiaE with the progress of soignee in its sdveral branches, are the annakl volumes in which are recorded the various contributtbn'^ to the litel-^ture of science during the successive years. Yet, stfaugely enough, they aTe"i'arely met -ivith in ouVlibr'ari^sV^nd the e^iistence of ^tieh ahaual bpitoinfes of sbleiitillc literatdtie is kati^H'- only 'iu 'piart,''and siJfatietimefe absolutely itil^aowtii to 'our '"libriiriaiiis'.' After Visits to kll'the'librarios iii the city of iVashingtoii, th^authdi'is able to 'lite'^eirit billy thfe^fcfstent 'quite ith^erfect list of thfe^fe vaUikbl^ pliblications. Several of th6 serie^' ate'^htfrely unreprese'^'tted i'l'V 'tliW' libraries, and others only by fragrtie'nlts'or ddflvolutii^s. In defatilt' bf these ttnnual reports, thte labors of the investigator are h6t bdlj''rhtifrh increa.sed'by the necessity of eiaminin^ iti detail all the periodjcaf^^'i|i which bj' any chance i)aper3 might be publ,i§|i,9f^; but the chances eyen then would be great that some article of importance might be over- loqkef}. It is true that in previous, a^tielps on the same subject refer- eu(?^sj,,may be giv.en to Jt^e previous,, ^iterat^re, but jtherie j^ ofteu ,Mi. means' of ^scertainipg|to what extent bibliographical resea^'chfiiS have been undertaken, and the previous investigator may have b^pu moffft Uiifpytpnaitely, situated witl?. regard to, means of investigation. than, thfic npw one.., A sine qua. non, therefore, nofc^nly of i^i.professetl iS(Cient.i|a) library, but of every library that professes to administer to the needs of other than the elementary student, should be a complete collection of the annual records of scientiflc literature for each departpient of.sqipnce. The cost is quite sijiall, and if tl^e series were present in at least, !|b^je more important libraries of the land, fewer volumes marked by, the almost absolute ignorance ori the pai;t of theif compilers of the l#6St developments of science would be issued than at present. It is to be :i,'^M^ I Scientific Libraries.^ ^^^^^k^ 189 honed tljat, tlie followiusf may be of use in giving gome idea of tbe character, scope, and extent of the series in question.,^, The most serious defect m .most of these is t'le lateness, or issue, some being in publication several yeiirs behind the periods fof whi^h they are issued. While this is, qf co^urse, to be, regrette^l, the length of time taken allows more for the elaborate and exhaustive collection of the, literature of the respective years, and the present ne^^l of the stL!dept^jWni|jl^e,_si}bs(j.^jye,^ t9,f F^^'^.e^fcent^ 'b^ij^e^ catalygue^ enuinerj^j)d„jUi(4|r'. |f\Pq'4!&5liiiepti^,jhisfa»ry, chemisWy and tnatbeina/ttes pnblislied in Gei-- niaiiy, England, F,r(iPC^„Netb^i;lan|d3 etc. etc. , 1B74., [2 pqits.] Onlei-» nniy be di- rected to B. Westermann ,& Co., fyiitjigu bopl^sejl ers,, 524 I!r9ndwi|y,,Jie\v I'v^ls, ^ ^^,,.. Tbis pifbli(^ati,(^p, which is ,d,istributed .gratiiitouj^ly, by thp.pybljshers, PHijPprts to gfV[^, in, £1 c^l^^^jfjjBd mamn^r,,,tl,ip wprks pu.blished IWJh year to year in, tlie diifereut c^iipilrt meats of, uatura.1 ,i^tJd matheiuatic^il sci- enct^S- 1 , Experience shQU's that it is quite ii, useful puldicatjou, which shpidt|,J}^ ijj^^jfjBr^ scientific, library, but it is of copaparatively little per- njjyje^l MJAS^'j^Ws^ titles are overlooked, and th^ titles given are of^ijjyg'{j^f^. ^^e periodical is i^suetl in two, lialf^.v early i)aits. jjj tnrforscner. I. Jabrgang. [Berlin. Perd, Dumiulers Verlagsbucphaudluna, 1875.1 tQiiartd/iSiukl iil^rboa'tbly iJalrtaiyptf^iegMtob, with two c(5liMs}%^iifleiSS", kbtu lierausgegeben von Carl Ohrtniann, Felix MUller, Allrert Waugeriu. Fiinfter B'aud'/'jkit^^&Dg. 1873.--Berlin,Drtiokund Verlag voii GeorgReimer. 1876. [8°.] ••'TMs ptiblfcatiorl" is dbvbted to thte synopsis of the contents of workfe, fld n,i ,1 .,-tr'iJ^ ,)•= i,fifi,-t ■ '^d low sfinsiuc .natii' It I'OO PMic Libraries in the Uiuted States. etc., ill pure mathematics. These are analyzed under the following heads: , .<, ■ ;.,- ■ Ersier Absclinitt. Gesoliiclite anrl Pliilosop'hie.— History and^ ptiilosopby.'' | ^ C'lipif.fl 1. (Jescliichte. — History. ,((,__ MUh-'u ' ',\ >'!■ ■ i.i/ ' Ciipitel 2. Pliilosophie.— Philosophy. ,. .,„:]— ,p' , Zioeitir Alischnitt. Algebra. — Alt;i'lira. ^ Ciapitell. Gleiohungen. — Equations. , ^ Capitel 2. Theorie tier Formen.— Theory of forms. " Capitel ;!. jKli.niination noil Siil)stitiitioa, Djteniiinantea, Invarianten, Covarian- tnri, syniinetrisohe Fimctiouen. . n^ , , , ^^rt hriUcr Ahxrhiiitt. Zahletitheorie. — Theory of numbers. CiipiteU. 'Allgemoines.— General. '"' . ul 'jilioo Capitel 2. Theorie der Formen. — Theory of forms. ir iji .,! toirjtr, ' Capitel 3. Kettenbriiche. — Continnert Fractions. T.ierlcr AbschnUt. WahrscheinlicbkeitsrechnntvjT unci CorBbinatlonslobre. — Doctrine of probabilities and theory of combinations. FiiiifUr Absdinltt. ,Reibcu.— Serif)s. ii". ■ ,,,i I. !' ' •■t'yr-.TnO'i Capitel 1. 411S™Bines.— General. ,!,,,. , ■ -.,;"' Capitel 2. Besondere Keihen. — Special series, i -i Seeli«ler Abuchnilt. Dififereptial- uud Iute{{ralrechnan&— Differential and integral cal- CIllll'J. Caiiitel 1. Allgemelnes (Lebrbiicher etc.)— General (text books, etc.) ' ■'ii''''5'^ Capitel 2. Differentialrecbniihi*' ('Differentiale, Fiinctionen vou DiffereiitiAnjo Maxima und Minima).— Ditferentiul calculus (differautials, functions of diffijr- eufials, maxima and minima). Capitel 3. Integralrecbnnng.— IntHgral calcnliis. Ca])itel 4. Bestiinmte Integrate. — U -linite integrals. Ca|>itel .5. Gewohnlicbe Diffrtreiitialgleichnn^en. — -Common differential feiji'iatioas, Ca]iitel 6. Partielle Differentialgleichnnguii. — Partial dififerential erinaticms. Capitid7. Variationsreclinung. — Calcnlns of Variatious. Siebenlcr Ahachnitl. Fanctionentheorie. — Theory of fatictions. Capitel 1. Allgemeines. — General. Ca))itel 2. Besondere Fiinotioiicn. — Special farictions. Aclihr Abuchnilt. Reine, elementare und syntbetisohe Geometrie.— Pare elementary and synthetic geometry. Capitel 1. Principien der Gesi'hiohte.— Principles of history. Caiiifel 2. Coutinnitatshetraiditnngen. — Analysis sitns. Ca|iirel 3. Elementare Geometrie. (Planimetrie, Trigonoratetrie, Stcreometrie;) — Kleiiientary geometry (planimetry, trigonometry, stereometry). Capitel 4. Darstellende Geometrie. — Descriptive geometry. Cai'iitc'l .'). Nenero syuthotisclie G-^ometrie.-^Nevv synthetic geometry. A. Ebene Gebllde. — Plane forms. B. Ranndiche Gebilde. — Spherical forms. C. Geometrie der Anzahl. — Geometry of numbers. Xeniilfi- Ah!pti95(. j.^, ,;, 16. Chemisohe Wirkangen das Lichts, Photographie.— Gliemioal, ^,citiaa lof, light, , photography.. , , ■ i '- • 17. Physiologi-^che Optik,.-T-Pj3ysi,ological opti(^s, , ri ;j 18. 0;)ti|g^ip, Appara,te. — ^O^jtical apparatus. , ,,, , ,, ., Vierler AbschniU. Warmelehre. — Thermips. , , ,,, ,,._, i 19., Theorie der ,^arme. — Theory of heat. , i 20. ThernijOna.qt^'ie, und, Ausdehnung.— Thermometry and expansion. 21. Quellen der Wiirme, — Sources of heat. ,,,,,•., 2i. Auderung des Aggregatznstandes. — Change of molecular structure. 192 Public Lihraries in the United atates. 23. Spocifische Warme.— Specigfii^f^akiyjf,! i 5,1 ,nrui-:>iJ ■ .' ^ 5J4. Verbroitung der Wiirme. — Distribution of heat. Fiin/ler AhKehnilt. Ek;ktriGi«at8lBhre.— E4ectricity. - .. 25. AUj^m'einBiSDheorle liBrEleotricitiic und dea Mastietiamus.TT'GBueralifcUeory of , eloctriciry aud of iiiagnetism. ■ > . ' 2f5. Electiicitiitsurregnnii. — luductioa of electricity. 27. Elektrostatik. — Electrostatics. ,' . > ,' _ ■. 2rt. Batterieentlailung. — Discharge of batteries. ii-iv ■ ■ -~/fio,jpi, ' 29. GalvauiacUe Ketten.— Galvanic chaius. .■':ii!'flr,'^. — .Uiieyidou 30. Galvanische Mes9apparate.—Gd,lv:inometrio apparatus. -■.usiUi-jii-jg—.uelaS 1 31. Tiuiorie der Ketto.— Theory of the chain. "liioliIO — .loIriO 32. Elektrocheiiiie. — Electro-chemistry. oibol — .boT, 3:5. Therinoolektricitiit. — Thermo-electrii'.ity. "^—.-toul'i 34. Elektrische Wiirraeerzeiigiing.^— Heat produced by electricity. 35. Elektrisohes Licht. — Electric light. 36. Magnetisiims. — Magnetism. 37. Elektromagiietisinus. — Electro-magnetism. .11 .'fij;'.*- ih -.,, ' ' 3B. Elektrodyaamik, luductiou. — Electro-dyuaniios, inductiona.ijjliy — .iitMu.iii:^, 39. Eloktrophvsioh)gie. — Electro-physiology. r 1:; ■•'.'■■i .iV — f;Biii'jf)iajillA ,Mf[);lMM 40. Aiiweiulungen dor Eleotricitiit. — .ipplied electricity. iduiganio'l—.iiui'.'h.'A Sech.il'-r Absohnilt. Physik der Erile.— Physics of the globe. .imiboS— .rani-itfi>I 41. Jleteorologische Optik.— Meteorological optics. uioid.liJ— .mijuljij 42. Mt'teorologie.— Meteorology. .miiiij;a~ 1110 (ijia 43. Erdmagnetismiis. — Terrestrial magnetism. cnuitficnTr! — oiriilrf. 44. Atiniis|ihiuisohe Elektricitilt. — Atmospheric electricity. 1'"" i'''— ■ 45. Physikalische Geographic. — Physical geography. ' ii'iiil .,1 -i CUEMISTRY. " ' ' JAHKESBEKICHT ilber die Fortschritteder reinon, pharmacentishett nnd techuischen. Cheuiie, Physik, Mineralogie nnd Geologie. BerichtiiberdieFortschntte der Clremie iiud verwandter Theile anderer Wlssenschaften. — Fiir l!i69'. — Giessen. J.liick- er'sche Buchhandlung. 1872. [«>.] u .r , j Tlie reports for 1857 to 18G9 have also a second title-page, xit: Jahresbericht iiber die Fortschritte der Chemie und verwandter Theitei amferer Wlssenschaften. 'I'!) I [FiirlH,j7-1860.] Von Hermann Kopp und Heinrich Will. 18,=i8-C2. ■"•i-'-^'UiA [Fiir 18ol-18i;-2.] Unter Mitwirknug von Th. Eugelbacb, W. HallWiWilid, A. Kiiop; heran.sgegeben von Hermann Kopp und Heinritoh WillSi' 'i863. "' '"''^ [Fiir lsi;:!-l8U7.] Unt-r Mitwirknng von C. BOhn [lSt);5-6S].''' Tb. Engerlbach [l«ii:!-i;7], A.Kiiop, [1-^63], Al. Naumaun [1S67] , K. Zr.ppritz [1887], befart'sge- geben von llcmrich Will. 1864-69. "• ' m , ,.-/ [Fiir IHiW.] Unter Mitwirknng von Th. Engelbacb, Al. Nanmarirt; W.Stadellier- ausgcgeben von Adolph StreckiT. 1870. J. Ricker'sche Buchhandlung. T .' I 1872. [Fiir iHtiO.] Unler Mitwirknng von A. Lanbenlieimer, Al. Nanmann, F.^Nies, F. Rose ; heransgegebeu von Adulph Strecke'r.— Fiir 1889— Giessen. "J'. Ricklit^s'dbe Buchhandlung. 1872. [Suppl., title, xxxvii, 1372 pp.] ' " ' '"> The literature of cheiiiistry iu the last completed 'ivalinme at 'toud (publislied 1872) is epitomized under the following heads : "" ' ' ■ 'J .- I , . ' Allqemeine iinil pTiiiiikaliache CftfimJB.— General and physical chemistry. Krystallkuude.— Crystallography. '8cihiMc Libraries. ''"' 193 Allgemeine tbeoretisoh-chemiBolie Untersn'oTiurigeti. — General theoretic CllBmioal iu- vestigations. ir-<:i \-: •\:>' ,',A< -■•'■ - • - .,, -,,, ■ i Thermisch-chemiscbe Untersuclmingen.^Theraio-ohemical investigations, i Eleefesoll-obemisellB tTntersUchungen.— iElfeottfO"6UemlcaliinvestigatiioiiSJ Magnetisoh-chemisclie Untersuchungen. — Magneto-oheiaical iavestigations. Optisoh-olieinisohe UutersucUaageu. — Optico-ciiemioal inrestigations. .(ti UnorganUche Ckemie. — Inorganio ohetuistry. - ' I ( .! -i Sauerstoff. — Oxygen. 'ii' , n' , i • ' Schwefel. — Sulpliur. '■ .■> . !-,: i, Selen. — Selenium. i '-:•!•■■ ■■ h i , i Chlor.— Chlorine. a " .Tod. — Iodine. ' m Fluor. — Fluorine. ^ , ; , i , Stiokstoff. — Nitrogen. , i u;. .. , - Phosphor. — Phosphorus. Bor. — Borax. Kohlenstoff.— Carbon. , h m Silioium. — Siliconjouojiiim ,i'jiiiijiiii / ■ • Metalle, Allgemeine?. — Metals, genejcal. Kalium. — Potassium, .yri i:ii)J.'ji('j Ii Natrium. — Sodium. •, ii,\« 'm\.\'" „) Lithium. — Lithium. ^lij ,,1 Baryum. — Barium. Strontium. — Strontium. Calcium. — Calcium. /aynj.Mli Beryllium. — Beryllium (cerjtiftijiptals).: , Mangan. — Manganese (Jargonium). Eisen, — Iron (ferrum). Y.;i'i, ijiv,' Chrom. — Chromium. , Kobalt,Jnn^,]^iGli;^J,— Cob^lt^.^nd nickel. ,^ , Zink.— Zii^c.^,.,_ ^ .,.;,, 1.;' , , Iridium,. — J^id^um.,_ , ^ .^ Cadmium. — Cadmium. Kupfer. — Copper (cuprum''. Blei. — Lead (pluinbujtp)., ,,f,^ , ,,^\ Zinn. — Tin (stannum). , ,.j (JEitan,./i-Til!aninm„jo ',■ ■ Bismuth. — Bismuth. Antimon.— §A.Qt'nionyl(sfcibium). /. yp^n.— rXJraniumj Molybdan.— Molybdenum: .. ., , ,; , Tautal und Niob.r— 'i;antali(im.|and niobium. ,_„Yanadi,um_.— yanadiuai. )i , ^jn-f , ,,. Quecksilber.— Mercury (hydrargyrum). : ; ,Silb,eri?-9Jlyer.(aj'gentum),, ,,;,(),,,,(,;; y. •.-f!#old.— GQldi(aurum). , . j ,;^! Plat'unaejtis^JJe).;— Platinum., ,.| ,.j„,,| , , ,iO^\ Aldehyde. — Aldehydes. ;i, .,,ii, .. , ,,. ;i|, ,,,! 13 E P',U:f .■■ 'U/noa '.'■)l;:'«i:. i- - -jiLldig ~.fl' iJElKll Hi ;■ ■j-hfliiif-. .es) R,i..j(,i-:' - -i:,iIO.Ijl!:> 194 PitfeZic Lih^anies \n tJie Mnited States. Aoetoue. — Acetones. Siinren. — Acirls. Amide unci Nitride. — Ami4e,san^i5i(i^ri4es. . ,,,i;,ff| Organisohe Basen. — Organic bases. Kohlenhydrate und Alinliciies.— Carbon hydrates and siniilap,f,(^papouuclp,^jj|r.j Eigentbumliche Pflauzenatoffe und Pflanzenanalysen.— P,(f9aliar _pi;ipj)>f(fl^j>;j,aud analyses of plants. .■-.iiioiir.'Si ' > . c' PflanzenoUemie und Pflaazenan%l(:y,^fj,ip^— Vegetable, ^h^fj^ja^r^j , and , aualy^e^ of plants. IHMlji.'i!! ,'(-, 'I I. ;]/:—.[;>) li/ir- u i 11 ■ ■• i <;'/ Eiweisskorper. — Albumines. ,,, , , .i,,,.,;. ];_. (imh in.) , i. , Thiercliemie. — Animal chemistry. ^ ;i.'I - msin , i';'J J»ai^Hso/ie CAeniie.— Analytical chemistry. ^ , ,i! ' - onoln-i^* >■ iniA'; Allgemeines. — General. i , ., _ j,;, .usui'i n . .!(/- Erkennung uud Bestimmung, iinorgapiscl^tjr, Su.l^stapzen,— ^p|if9g|)jijij(}^ja,B,d. ^ter- mination of inorganic substances. d-jlu'ijlil/! iialnojIaW Erkennung und Bestimmung organischer Substanzen. — Recognition and deter" ' '' uJv-tiatioB of or<,'!inie subatanefe^'' ■*'"■• t,,j,li nl -i ... I -jH. i^.l/i TJItJllI/UlftaylHA*, ■A{)i*arate.— Appilraths. ■' ' ''ini."- i lO „„ ■ T_.s,irr..-.vi ..... ,.,,ja Tfc;(«i«t7ie <:7i(*iii;e.-iiT«ichnlcal chetaistry. ' ' <' ■ .nil-.^m.,,! i..,ii,7/ ■ -irftitalle/Legir'UTigeii'.—Metalsi antics: "'' i I ^ rd!U .U .T I lorl Meta.iroMc!,'SiiureilVATli!aliea,SiJ.lze.— IKtallbidS, ateids, iiTkalW^/'to'ts.'''^"" 'i'^ Schiesspulver, Spreng- und Ziindmaterialien. — Ganpowder, material- fj?^'bl!lStliig and percussion, , -, ' , , i.r Mortel, Cement, Thon, Gl.as. — Jlortar, cement, cla^, glass. '■''Mgi^'UAi'chemie. — Agrictiltural chemisti-y.' '' ' " >'..')..). ■ •-■" iNiliiNngsmittRl.^Food. ' ' • '"'^ >-'''' i^Oi; Brennstfltt'tt.TnPuiSI m, ". I '!■>';! mO'l't Leuclijtsjt(pffB,— Illuminators., i , .. l.i . 'il'^I Ol '')08I Pflauzen- ui|^ Tbierfaser.-^jir^iraj^l ^ud vegetable fi ,^ ^-^^ 3ld!8893^M. Fiirberei. — Dyeing. ,. , , . . , .Jfinera/ojic— Mineralogy. ' AUgeiueiues, — General. .,. ,,: j 'inilf^liaHAt l^etallpide. — Metalloids. ...n ji-.ioloo MetiiUe.— Met^l?, njiO'n.aiK.i.-...,, ■ .^ ".■,■..!..•( ".j.'jK ■J'elluvkle.— telluvi'les. ,,,jf„,„if,y,,^„i;,._. ;. , - |r ..idyi^J jAirsenide.— Ar?»ijide8jf;[.,.,T 'i.-.; -, - .i....,.i- ni,/;j,iiij5l. Antimonide. — Antimonides. .;-r tj/] idohad Snlfnride. — Sulphides. Oxyde.— ,0.%ide». ',. . ... i.ii -..iiiiga siiiT Oxydbydrate.— Oxyhydra^e^. . , ,., iiMr; r|«i"ol'ir«-(llq ^^^y^^^^^-^'^oto^J^y^'^^tof.,^ 1. .1(1 .,d:l .^>.iwailil bn^ bilicato. — Silicates. ■ SififcWe niit Baseu R O.-Silic'^tjes witt Ukei R Or '' ^.B auooionov ^0 Silicate mit Basen R. Oa.—Silicattjy ■friftl'B^is Rs Oi. ' 'i&b" ' fwUt.yyn Silicate mit Basen R O nud Rj O3.— Silicates with basoB R O and. KyO^i Wasserhaltige Silicate. — Hydrosilicates. i. Silicate mit Titanaten, Boraton 11. s. w.— Silicates with titanites, borates, ifec. Titanate. — Titanites. .■^iintivlatp unjl Nipbate.— :rant;ajate3 and niflVialt?^,, i TH01fl3H83}lHAl , , ,?yi,C!]ybdate.-Mo.lybdate8. ^„,., ,,„,^,; ,,,,: , ^ ^^j^j^ f^^jaijl ^ Vanadinate.-Vanadiuates.-,,,(|,^,, ,,..,, . .jl-.i .isDiimofiiH Wolframiate. — Wolframiates. Phosphate.'-^Phoaphates. '!:i".>ili j . • , Ui Si-iO-itn OlIT .:is 4^8S»iate,7-Arseniatea. ...:.... ,1-1 > . ,i.) pjj Jlyw a.B J.=jiaoloO,v Nitrate. — Nitrates. , r • ti •* Borate.-Borates. .e8nolao/-^.8aoi3oA Siilfate.-Sulphates. . '''hiaA—.wywi-.y, Sulfate mit CarboQafcen.— Sulphates tTitt'6!trU'6'fra,teis;''<'^— •"^'''^'''^ ^"" oI>'«'A ' Carbonat6.-Carboiiates. •^''*"" • "^^ "fiSiO-.rroe^H sda«iD,B§iO FlooriflH — Mtfbtiffil^™'^ J)fij; eeaiiil)'{ri nocfi^O — wjiloilniJ/. bnij fiif.iBYdiraldaX !j0BiQ^ji]yj,[^^j_0H(^^i}f|ig^~.Da8nIj3UJj>"" oiaieilou.stiiiflq Versteineruagsraifctel. — Materials for petrifaotiou. .8T«j5 q P8eu(lomorphoseQ.-Pseudomorplis. .89mm,; l4-.oinl«"A-.si»„0 .to^il^SoMk Allgemeines.-Geueral. .ijnanaiJ-.ssoiumeallA ■^«J^£a&dHtWW(ilii/iigeti:-Eiaiil^a!tiAn 6f -^'atet-.s^'"""'""^^'''^^ ^'"" gnimaaiaa: . Meteoritefi.-Meteorites. .8e.aafii8(f..e ai^sioni lo aoiJacini _ "■i9J£i- J.DX. j.i!.i;iiyj-i'-l - .aasoBladuB 'lailaiiiu^ i'> -iMriiinii:-,;. i-uni '_.if,~iii-,Ji>; JAHRESBERICHT iiber die Fortscliritte auf dew,||C^|3sa!)in>tge_bi,ete des rAgriiCiiltur- Cbemie, Begruadet von Dr. Robert Holfinaan. FortgesetZttiWf'nI'ir- JEditt^r^^cP'eters. Welter fortgefiibrt von Dr. Th. Dietrich, I^iipf,,Rfl., ^I;>,H^lr;iegel,, J)/. J./EitSbsgen, Prof. Dr. E. Ulbricht, . . . Elfter uud zwiJl^tpvuJjabijgaiJg: die, Jahre 1868 up4 1^69. Mit einem .Ypllstji^dig^u SftcJ).- jiutl iJirfifH'6n-]J9si«t^r,,rrBerliu, , , Verlag ,yip,ij.,i5^ulins V Sgriogei-.j-j 187J..ij;u( ,-j6|jV70iiaj:0— (lyiljiiaaJcmbniiS /)uo -guaiqS ,'iavIiK|t-Hiiflu8 This is a record of the progress of amcultural cjj^mistr'y'^ tii'e Jrst volume of which (for 1858-1859) was^ j^jjj^^j^lied iv, ISpQ- It, was,oj;igig3,lly and for the first teu years of its issue published in auaualn¥olu«ies; from 1860 to 1865 under the editorship of Dr. Robert Hoffmanny and from 1866 to 1868 under that of Dr. Eduard Pet6M,''bitit; the "last H'ttlume accessible to the presetit ljibliograiihe)?'"c6utaiii^' a summary for the biennial period 1868 and 1869. * ,'^" -Tyr V -u; JAHRESBERICHT iiber die Fortsobritte der Pharmacogni^ieV'Pharilia'iiie' uh'd'Toxi- cologie. Herausgegeben von Med.-Ratb Dr. Wiggera uii'd tor. A. Ifilsera'ailn , . . . Neue Folge dee mit Ende 1863 abgeschloasenen Can8tatt'8cbWtS''ftBarmad: J^Eihres- beriohts, l[-7] Jahrgang, 1866[-1872]. 26[-zweinnddreislt^ift'^M"er g'anzefi'Reibe Jahrgang. — Gottingen. Vaudenhoeck & Rupreoht's Verla^."' 1867-[1873]. ' [J^hres- bericht fur 1872-1873, 660 pp.] .esbiiiomtJnA— ).(i.,A .eabidqlfiS — .abiiolliig This series interests hot only the pharmacist, but alsd the vegetable physiologist and anatomist, as well as to some eixtent the' ^yfeterti4tist and likewise the zoologist, the articles on the poisons aiid poison glands of venomous animals being epitomized. The Uteraturp. is systemi^tically recorded under three primary heads, viz : 8— .cO .a aeena dim eteoilra LoEJiacaaSCSgllOsiejiv/^ ealitoiliS — cO ^S bun a aaeitfl iim aicoitia II Pharmacie. .aateoiliBOT.i'jH — .ajBoHia asilIedi9ge«V/ III. Toxicologic. .■ t-T 4 4r„ JAHRESBERICHT fiber die Fo*«ifelifft'tei-der Thfeiefiemie. "iteSusP^fe'ben voti Dr. Ricbard Maly. . . . Dritter Band, fiir das Jahr 1871. 'Wien, IIW? Wilbelm Branmiiller, k.-k. Hof- und Universitiitsbuchhiindler. ■'^"'^'' •« -.oiaaibiia^Y The reports of progress in animal chemistry of -course concern the zoologist as well as. the chemist. The literature is di'seussed-uHdei? the fbUowing beads : .•.«•... w -.ota*iK 196 Public Lihmries in the United States. '" CMSi'tel l.''El'W'e!'^akrti^e''SiiT33f;anz6n.-AlbuiB(iBoas subsjanJesr ■''^ "'^^ "'^'^^^ 'f ■ ' il. '■A'ffiaraiiWi'a^ tdem "Eirtlf^SllMJtBtfflMf S%^;:f Albiiindlai '^ub- stances resembling albutoea). « _. r •• r^ r rv-r t^^t ,[8iio80iT •iv'^piift^'— 't^|Sf''8''8^"*™'' ' ' '''9''f'''f"] *"" gu/ibnidiaV ol .noBflond Vr. Blut.— Blood. .„, . „ . ^ r .. VT iTt T-j- ttt,,^-, .1 .W no^jl Mile-h^-killi'."'""'^® """'^ JebDingaO [,1J/-IIXX] nov n9cl3&«4'''i±' ' i^tti'"*! "' ^'SifoueJ .id /)oi1 *irn gaubiiicI-reY dI .noeiloh^ -.anofl ■ i^; 'g ''Ji"iief;^]a!&L'-'^^^^ w;-Sai^^'a, ga'=ftrii ^i in- , iiiju. I -^ Leber iincf GaBtei— Liver dnd gall. ,, . . , , , -, ^ .■ , -r, ifoj58 1 XII. Knochejr/f4%De«no'l -Bisdnnja ni beuesi ei IjsoiLoheq aiilT , i-i A^lV'. Ge8ammtstoffw«chsel.-:rNptritioB. , .^ , ,4. A.V. Ferpieiifce''fplihriing), Fauloiss u. s. w.— Ferments (fermentation), de- -J£SY. 8ri* &J.§0i^^ri6ft/ibn, etc." ' ■ ■' ' ^'-■' "I jr «XK ga^Bq-jhirr 89reiJjIox-^Jllipj,tijiie5iAfcheS (FieHyer; Bit«r ai«'l«g>tP^i*bbl«igi«%l (fover^ ,8UdT .ISJ^iB 8Tf!9'i Jj576798 lol babiiloflOD JOfl 83niM9m08 aiB ftioosi 9ili lo iii b9vioo9i nead g^d siisq am ii^QQ^^^y edi xlno 6T8I lol hioo3i9di% Jj9Cl9lqajoo 9dit ((guoddljs ,5T8I , i ^ u,. ' ui ^luo iJ3dl bas ,floi§nidgiBW To the general recoi-d o'P^ffigress in zo}>^gf'A9i'(\evot&diwo^^^)^M repdfts a^rid several' on litniteSa'aud specitffi^Biraliches, e. g. anithvOp6icrg^y, ahatoniy,' fete' The genei^l^'Mb^'i't!g'l;Mii**^er(nan and one Scf^ll^ should both be consulted, for although most of the mera6irs'a.r6'uw(M in both, quite'a largfe number' are referred to only in one on-*heaalbIi©fl Each,' too, has'its spedial poiut^'bf excellence'"' In some deiiarfcitta'^^'tte German periodical is fuller and more satii^fa^tory in its "notice^, 'an'd iu others the English. ,pDheEagJish worli[,J^j^giY;(pa\eS{Uibits f^gnelj^^nt of decided superiority to the German, and that iaithe^more .unifocal jejif o- duction of the i€fetaplfete'0*i^inal'ctiitl6s of *h«iartiielB8Te viewed. ^'iB*6tt«fe quite full in 'ttfett syiid^ildai' hb'titSfes, a&l'''6t-Tate ye'afti^tiWt'kJh'lV"ehe numerous monographic worl?,s, but al^o the zoological contents of between 200 and, 250 , periQ(iiPf^ls,,{j,iioli'M;>2.CM)J,qgical Eecord, fori l^J^v^miM' enumerated,) altogetheraggcegafciagtbebween 30,Q0Q aadj^i^IlP pa^es, have been catalogued' or epitomized. In both series; thei IftfeKiftBB^of the several branches is reviewed by experts in such braiQOhW/iaSd dis- cussed in a rigidly systettiatic order. '" ' i"'f''''i'>^ .&iiiidoaEi(Sillams>I AECHIVi fUr Naturgeschichte. i8.r io'» flmulov Olli 0* 'OJudilctllOO odT [I-VI.] In Verbindung mlt roehreren Gelebj;tenb|Bi;-|i,USgeig^l(>?i| ^f^ J)y. jyg^' Aug. Wiegmann, ausserord. Professor an der Friedricb-Wiihelms-Universitat zu 89iri' Berliili'i^BtsSei'ifiSechster] Jahrgangl Zweitftr Bandv. [IV-VI. Beftohi tibwaffie iJ'9f Leistungeu im GeMete der 'Naturgesohicbte wShreod' deit. J*.lMievl9SJiil839.9'*^Ber- lin, 1838 [-1840]. In der Nioolal'schen Buchbandlting. ■ dohbah'i noY [.6981 [VII-XIV."| Gegriiudet von, A. F. A. Wiegmann. In Verbindung, mjtj Prof. Dr. Grisebach in Giittiagen, Prof, von Siebold in Freiburg, Dr. Troaebal i.in', Berlin, Prof. A. Wagner in Miincbeu und Prof. End. Wagner in GottiftX.WbpMtibi%}iiti ipUblicd£&S^6n: the uda^gfia^StaqitegaiiifD^^it&kdUtfagitibe \o'SPmW!^i\ "S*TJ^osohel.jj,j,i(J fll .ftesimoJiqa io Ijaxi'soMjJO need 3V£d ■gib bfi«p]^dB9tod dena nj aJiaqze ^d beE5f9¥PPP''a,.. : . ,. \s.1^^^^ edJ Ceplialophora ^^^^^ '^mf^,, ^g ^[J,igh & ox Legs u 1 , Lamellibrancmata. >. .. o The contributors to the volume .for ISS^ifti^aiasfriiBafiHplgbe one at ^iih,M.mi'(^m^m6iS^^'i^'^'^i^M\tiVS: '^ SnubnidisYnl [,1Y-Ij :js JJilia'i67iaTJ-attiIailliYAdai'jjjHji''f lah s\& ■ ,;■■■'. .1 .bioieBeufi .niiBaisaiV/ .grrA (KeTOlbt jajgSfdie,lJeiS(;t|g6n,in def'lt#urgesohichte ^jjJftssitt^niTOlSen&fle^ff abres i8a86g^:|Be®@Ita9tfrfl>e£publieataoBs on ta©eBftlWfl.KliistPsya«l9i99SfttSi#S«iBgitb:e year 1869.] Von Friedriob Braaer in; Wieni nedoa'ifilosiK -tab nl .[OtSX-] 8C8J: ,nil td .lotgriifflpMafwiWTaV fli .nnfimgeiVA .A .'3 Lepidofitera'. r.YIZ-IlY] aJineaifBufeltgsa'J' .iCI ,s-indi9'i'5 ni blodaia - -AjihaBiptera. ■ ai liotala&hQ 0T:ejiiSie!Meop'tef*:ii'' ' oi TOn^jsW .IiriH .loi^ ! DirprtjaJiM ui aaiigBY/^ .A .lojl Hymenoptera. Hemiptera. 198 Public Libraries in the UiUted States. BeT.icht|,iiber die wisseiipphf^JjOi^h^gi, Ijeisfuugen in ^ Natuj^geschiphtpd^^pHie^eran .XWei'.f. w,iilirevcl,der jahi'e 186^ nnd 18p9. '^weite Hijlfte'? '^Report on' the, 8cirnt;ihc publication^ on the natural tistory of tbe lower anihials dnnil^ tbff7?ars^86yanii "te^lS^Wnfeliaf;] Von'Dk Rml. Leuckatt. "^ .li^^ieM .oif " ' ilcbnioaermata. ' FroitzM'l "^ ' ;, "'nl [jail^/iw ''CbiJleriterata. jl' ••'■u'' .ihtt '/r. > ■ ''.ilH t) u\-i', . Zo6LO'GicAL(Tiife)Re(io^i'<4,'-t'tzV' "' ' '"'"'' l') 7,'rS'.. ban {;fl;iw.,M.pQCp.L.iN^V. [*;,-Lj y, ,,ij'ji [v. 7-9.] Tbe Zoological Record for 1870 [1871, 1872,''aud 1873], b^mg voUirae seventh [eight, ninth, and tenth] of tbe Record of Zoological Literatiitlr. firfiteii „ ,„,,., ,by,Alfred Newton. JI. A., Ij", R. S. ' London : Johp Van YooTst. M.DCCC.LXXI. [v. 10.] Tbe Zoological Repprd for ,1873,; being volume^jtf nth of ^he Record of Zoological Literature. Edited by Edward (^Ulfvieli Rye, jt^,,^- S., lilir^^i^n to the Royal Geographical Society. Explorate solujpfi : ^iQ,fit Yiacfrtipr nltrd. London: John Van Voorst, Paternoster Row. Jl.DCtJp.LXXV, [8**. ,xxiv, 543 pp.] . ,, 1,,,,, , ,, In nil e last cited volume the literatare is discussed in th6 order and by tUe autbors,^ij,di^at;^,(^,,J?ployf,y,.,,|,, ,,,,,,,,, ,|-,, „.,y, ,■.-,.! j,, , ,. ji This record is published in annual volumes, bound in clgtU, alt jthe rate of a guinea a volume. K.ii„.ii i.H.pji,,.; .i , , , i ,,,,,,, lii Mammalia. By Edward Richard Alston, F. Z.S. , , > .iriaf^.By E.,J^. Bharpe,.F.L.S., j;,i^,S., &c. . , ,., / ,, ', ,- ,'. ' HeptUia. By A. W. E.,0'SbA.ugbuefisy, , . ,,, ,u ■-?.3-i^ fiscfs. By A.W.E.O'Sbaugbu^iiSy., ,,,,.,j,', l„ ,;_^ ,,- ,,,;.,,,. :,| ,; |,„„.i,u^-H MolUisca. By Prof. Eduard von Martens, M. P. „C. M. Z. S. , i , it , r. J/«S/«S[f8|(Za.,,By Prof.Eduard yo,a;>|ij,^te^s,,]^,JC>.,q.M.,?;.^^,,^,, ,,, ,^.^^^,^ T3\h«^ Cruslacea. By Prof. Eduard von Martens.M. D., C. M. Z. S. ^ . Arachmda. By the Rev. O. P. Cambridge, M. A., Pr.Mf.Z. §. , ■..,;i.„a,o}fjA Myriopocla. By the Rev. 0. P. Cambridge, M. A., C. M. Z. S. iK.>ipc/a. Thegsmeral Biibject, by E.iG. Rye, F. Z. S. i i .li. ,,.!■, : i ii>,l'ia>i3aiIAr. Coleoptera. iByE.C Rye.F. Z.S. it, hi . ,, . >-.\w'i ,1 ./) • Hymeiioptera.. BJriE. C. Ry6, F. Z. .>. • , - . , .li ,j'.jid')IyO Ldpidoptera. ByW.F. KirbV, M.E.S.,'&o. ,.. ' ,iiHti/;f, Diptai-a.'ByE. OrRyeiF. Z. y. ■ i i.'-r].idj,l, Neuroptera. By R. McLacblan, F. L. S. r jdnoni Oithoptera. By R. McLacblan, F. L. S. ^ Rhyiidiota. By E.G. Rye,F.;Z. S. '':->■ ^ TTprsiiaj.ByiG. F. Liitken.Ph.D,, F. R. D.»A,,&c._i., •, li Echiiiodcniuila. By C. F. Liltken, Pb.p., F. R, D.^,,, ic. CoeUnieraln. By C. F. Liitki^n, Pb. P., F. R. P. A., &c. , Protozoa. By C. F. Lutken, Ph. P., Y. R. P. A., Ac. ' ' ' ' "anatomy.,' '' I ■ , . . BERICHT ilber die FortschriHB'der Anatomi*inn'd Physiologic imJu,br6ilS57[-1871]. Herausgegebeu vou Pr. J. Keiile [18(iO-L-Pr. W. KefersteiW] und Pr. G. Meissner, M^olo.iHC|il(fe7_tp.(5g_i Als'besondere Abtbeilung der ZeitsBbi'ifbliir raiiufflelleMtiaicin.] '!'<.i«'l!,eii)J;'iW nud Heidelberg. C. F. Wi^teftJeheiVerlag^fflchhaudhing, 18,53[l1872]. ., iTbis series, which was-so long tbeiino.st complete revie^Y oJ[ anatou,iical literature for the successive years, was, unfortunatelj' for the convenience *-MftV?. . 'Seientific Libmried.A. ;jU5w'1 19$ or^tfe'^^gsMatfife,' BMlgUt to a formal close tvi'&h''th'ef"-'mrieiit f6f 1871 Henle. Meissner"). It gives not,.qi))ly,^[qjij]tp ]59l)„p^sum4p,f^t;,lie papers published from year to yea^r relative to human anatomy, |)|j|;filsO;thoso on comparative anatomy when involving the consideration even, second- arily of the human organization ; it furtli^, ji,i,(i(,lef , tlpp, hea,<,l pf^.^^jis to in'Hestigatioaii;4f>niiiti,K0 .^ .0 .vaJI ailJ \il .nbinAn.iK ,R..'' ' .M /jghiTcfmjBO ."5 .0 .7oK 9fl} ^H ,,', „!- m-,,\(, JAHEESBERICHT ilber die Leistungeu und Poif6sorh%'itte^fi"d^r,-gBsa;tmniiit'en 'Med'ioin (v. 1, Fortsetznug von Canstatt's Jahresberioht.) Unter Mitwirkung qahtaifeicher Gelehrten herausgegeben von Eud. Virchow. Und Aug. HirSchX Uu,tep Speoial-Ee- daktion von [Dr. E. Gurlt und] Aug.- Hirsch.T— [I.-XI.] lTa;lft-gang,;Ber|ioijt|fiir das Jahr [1866-]1874. Erster Band [-Zweiter Band].- Berlin, £1867-p»''>. ,■, Veii;lag vou August Hirsohwald. y .J. .% ^anlAoa,A.aM. . ,: \S. .uiaiqpiuf)'A .a.T '^ .t^EWrnloli ; va ■,;. ,,['iO In this series is incorporated a very full epitome of the reseWQl^es in human anatomy and physiology f^or-eaick year; in the last volijaSieiMSiof the large pages being exclttisivfe'ly'devMed to the rfecbriV of progress in those branches by the following gentlealen, viz': •^ ', r ^ , - I i ^1 ,rj .11, Descriptive Anatomic, Prof. Eiidiuger, Miinohen. Histologic, Prof. 'VValdeyer,Strassbnrg. .[lfertvjTCtefl#fle^e§ch,ichite.r?nof.i\Valdeyer, Strwabjjsatfogiiol oih -isJii THOiasa .•MSasy!»?loeisrtejqhew,ie,,P,rot,,Saltowsiki,iBer^iijjnoH .1, .iQ hoy ii,9(f')ys^^Buj3TaH [.nJ8te9*l«i%T7iJ,H,Allgetnein,e;Ph.ysiologie,;aUg-^qiieij5g^Bgi^lgli}pdl!i^^ . [6t6Ph|y,wk:def ,SriiiJiie,,Stimme und Sprache, thierisT!he)"V^^iif B[jg,^J^|n(wng,.f Jof. Rosenthal Erlangen. lBqjlj5I^4^jJgj^f J J Haemodynarnik und 'sp^cielle N^r^a#PB^riaM|%,t J96f; 'v. Wittich , ■SOUeKaiph&rgjtiind Prof. Goltz, StrasSbarg/ .gtea^ 97188900X18 odJ 10l.01IJjf,'I0j;i 200 Public Libraries in the United States. These, ire!p,o|iisQft,£inatomy andpliysiofj^y appe^J^ .JOr^tjg pablishcdio-.a limited (perhaps author's) edition, separate from the rest, undey^.the title Jahresbericht iiber die Leistungeu und Fortschritte in der Anato- mie und Physiologie. Unter Mitwirkuig zahlreicher Gelehrtea heraus- ge^eben ^q^ Eud. Virchowji^nd A,n^. Ki^sc,^. (See,,Bil^Uo^b|^p^^ji^tPfVj co-na,tUJfalis, physico-cJie^W et mathem3jfeic^,,Xs;i^,'ffIst%ii^iig;:5^09.) ' '^ tj ^^inclB'i'iiJo'i ; Ji ijiliijji-'l -I'J ,;i, ■'((■iljifiH III JAHRESBERICHT, iibes die I^ji^jtjiggm ^.ri(i,^givlt.ac,\ifiti^,f,^J^^e^^ (l^,QphiValmo- Jogie,i»(9i^jisgiBg.ebeii>jiBi jV^i-ein flji^,, mpy)fffiP^F&c]lgeaQ^s^^,Mp^l redjigitt^vonf r. Albrecht, Nagel, l .•;„ , .[Ilrst^rr,]..^; welter ^,Si.]ii%imSr < (Peripht far, 4fS Jf ]i?f [ 18?'(^ (i^] 1871. iTuliingeni [lS7-2:-]li873, (Merla^g.^sr H. Lauppjspliea BaphJifftUdlaog,,,, / ^^ In these reports is Worded' the' '6urreut literatury MatWetythe^ef^, m,orphplpgiC3,V ant| physiplogicalras, well.aj^ patholj^gieal, and cope- qaently they wiil I prove.'tQib6jj^iserde§,ia4q'e?^J^«gjtlie^zqpl^ ■well as physicist in his'iit'^sftigations. lOJ.tejmode'aff treatmeat as)^xeBi- plifled in the abstract of the table of contents of the second Jahres- .j' ". .■, :tt A., Eoker und L. Lindenscfljmit. ,, Erster.Band [-Dritter, Bapd]. }Ait .^j^hlup^ei)., iuijipif Text eingedruckten Holzstichen und lithograpbirten Tafelij. Br*'^')sphwejgi YDruck und Verlag von FriedrictU V}?weg .&S|Olin. 186f>[-l,8£i8]. SiyjaioM [IV-VII.] Organ der deutscheu Gesellscliaft fUr,Aiuthfopologie, EitlfflflJf^StB und Urgescbich^e. .Herauagegalien von C. E. v, Baer in .3,6. Petersburg, E., |j|}^or in Neuenbvrrg, A. Ecker in Freiburg, F„ v. H^Hwald in VVi^n, .W. ^js, , iftf ^Basel, L. Lindenschmit in Mainz, G. Laca&j iufFra-pkifuiitt am M., L. Riitinieyot|[\3Basel, H. Schaaflfhausen in Bonn, C. Semper in Wllrzburg, R. Ykgbo.^ iu^ Berlin, C. Vogt in Genf uud H. Welcker in Halle. Redaction: A. Ecker, £(, Xiudenachmit, und der Generalseoretaii'd^ dautsclien antbropologisclien GesellscUaft. [Ifierter Band] -Siebenter Band. Mit inJdBii Text eiligedruokf^, Holzstichen iind; litho- graphirten Tafeln. Braunschweig, Druck und Verlag von Friedrich Vieweg und Sphn, [1870-] 1874 .i,,.,..-,.-.,r .. ,.-.,,.,. •..,„„,.... in-,,. vraS'T^-i To this periodical, iti addition to 'iiWticfil notices in the body of each volume, is attached a full and well considered notice of the Ifteratire "of anthropology for the successive years (Verieichniss der anthrttt)ologi- schen Literatur), in which the contributions 'tb the various branches .■i^M^x ^'Stkntific Libraries.^ ^^V^y'^ 201 of the science ait-e^r^ahg^d under their autiiSw'^fiiSiiltfgSSin alphabetical order. ^'^'^ tieat edJ flioi't oJ^'iBcjae ,0oiUf)a (a'loriiiiB ^^&A^l&q) hoi'iiau •oJBnA 19b ni eMridaaJio'*! baji iioaurrfaisJ eib -ladii idolradseirifiL oMit -gtJBiad noJirialoO -jailoiaildBs ■ poTANy.i,: -xeiuU .9igoloi8'j|;d1 ban b'uu BOTOTI^CHE R Jalireabermtit. * Systsmatiach geomnepesKeperfonuin der Docanisolion Askenasy in Heidelberg, Dr. Batalin ia St. Petersburg, Dr. Engler in Miinchen, Prof. ''■'»k=5M4fii*^ ^A^ftfelQsSWi^g.Drr'IPttMqH !BfflKfete,'taf:*t'.'Kttftfe in GlaKsertbUrg, [¥if6t'liWEtijr^itftife?lfA,'^]i=H Kdhn I'li'Wk'Jn^'Elk'ESvte^libr'Ffolrenz-, Dri Loew ito Betlin, Dr. Lojl£S¥fl'l[>««t4fT5'MAVMiiyeiri'DJ.-H.«tfttaefTC^MiargBi'i ©Sf&tfejirer Dr.'H. Miiller ^j;^jLd)l^^t,:^j^^it3oh in Wiei^,(gr.p^,];)r, pfit^or in HBideji)|ij^, Dr. J. Soliriit^D-in ' Eastatt, Dr. Soraner,in Proskau, Erof. Dr. Straaburger in jenaj Dr^ H. de Vriea in ■^18i'^^?erSlM', tkWtL Wgl \k MX Dr. E. Wanning in Kopfeflfiajltt'/Mirip^^i' beti 4'bri''fiP.5t,e4^1cB&Wt, PrAf6ksa¥>iiii'Poyteobnikurn Itl OatlsHiWe.I^lfetTSfllWitiJ ;gang)(187fiC|fii:'B'e»U'li) 1875." GHbDiiil(5Br Bountitae^er (Ed. EggieEsJ. Jeioig^idq 8« 'Haw ISTo volume of this has beea seeu by the writer; but, accordiag to Dr. Farlow, the following authors have coutribated oa the respective sub- iecfeindiCat'^il'"'''''"'"'""'''''" '''^^ ae-rdjsT, aab eidiifiigoildia .ii -i. ..io;.",aLi) fqO Pliysikalisobe Physiologie. .'H&liatid&otie Liiteratuir. Dr. H^ds, ¥rie3i,fii,,i nA TeohnisobeBBjiaMilfi^!^ ProftDlr. AvVogli jaaguA gab aidoMoaagegnoIaiioiwJiia Ungariache Literatur. Prof. Dr^Kanitz.- i ,Ja6TO'i6i£ jeaguAgab aigoloiaifd'j Gefasakryptog^Biioi'Br. JCUhn. i j jdilnfiijIaeguA 'lab aiqjSTedT buir aiaoIodJcl Morphologie der Coniferen uud Gnetaoeen. Prof. Dr. Strasbnrgeii, ,,s aamaVl Hybridation. Entatehung neuer Arten. Dr. Fooke. .lateigaarnadoBa Mooae.. Dr. H. Miiller (Thurgau.). Pharmaoentiaobe Botanik. .'WiSSXD'S.rEmhm^v. Morphologie der Zelle. — BaclUariaceeu. Prof. Dr. Pfitzer. sab Bioi'plidto'gfe 'del? Gfe^^liSr '"Dr; Loe'Wl llhdoaJiaS .aiaoIoqoiriinA lift YIHOS/ Fleehten. Dr. Lojka. '.nadaanoM -D9" Ka'SaiStfhfe'Liiterttilr; ' 'Dr'. Bfitalilli'' ■ -^ -3 -0 J^ov nada§e§fcHBiaH [.III-I] ■O'.JflftiiAieil'ifecbellitetaltur.' Dr. Levlbrj eJH .W (siaiiia-^ ni lajloa .A .gmd .0 'W .H bno InaO ni JgoY JzaT gj-^tSmati^'cbe'M<)no*i^thife6a*iaid'%)aii*Biife^S&d»j|*i%reat Dr. Efeglet. ifomJ^lgyji; ■!),._ j^^5ien^^)fiT oaliidqusigodjil bnn nadoiJesIoH ue! «. ;_- .Morphologic der MoTS§§§iyiSi'^d-0ie^j%e&. Dr. E. Wataiiiflg.' Si^fiaVbun bow 8ipflsiii2;eniipaiil£bdilfW!^'']6rJ^oftSiMI'''eaO nadaadiiab Ia^ ,j - j .IIY-YI] ■"' ''' Pflanzengeograp'Kie uhd etirbpiiisctie$'l3tefi.' Pf6f.;Bf;A*ilersatti-"'-'-' ',y' ,Iagi PalaohtologischeBotani*'.'' Dlt.'Geylei? i§i" ■ '!'-' O' laioa .A .airjtlasiifjTI ,l9a£J ciiemiachePhyaialogie:' Prtffi Dr.' Jilst. 'J .0 ,sni£M ni iimdoanabarJ .J .0 .nipiJJe: Dr. J. S(ihr8e1i8('."''siiJV7 ni -xaqmaa .0 ,Daoa ni naguedBBBdog .H ,lirad BHdudgaabw'ei&litingen.f'otoKifp^ritSteP ^^ wiloihW .H bnu ^neO ni igoY aaJaai"g(lijadigil'ng'aerPflanz6n dnroll InBekten. 'Bi'. Ealender. ' JuusQ Mb bau -odljl fitnahrnng nlederer Organismen. Dr. A. May6r. .buiiE lajnadaig- [bajja , Jjnn g8-Wi.i'7 •;! •ibs.-i'? X vj s«iriaV bun jJoniCC ,ais7?do8nujBia ,uMjsT naiiidqing EEPEETOEIUM annuum literaturae botanioae periodioae cui^^f J. A. van BetaUielen, ,,o|i8toe,.bmiiothec^ae poci^t^fiaT^l^rj^u^e.-rTom^i^g^^^^^^ , lemi, Er^-en iooajes, WS^. [8°. Title, xvi, 223 pp.] - - -la ,thi«jrfipert0ry.are enumerjited the titles-pf the;botanical eoatribu- tionSito lOli periodicals of various kiads, as well as the iioraa and mono- 202 Public Libraries in the United /States. graphic works, so far as they had been noticed in the periodical works published in 1872. IS'o indications other thail th'oSfe'turnished by the titles themselves are given of the coateats of theiirticles, but referfeuces are given to bibliographical notices in vaJlf^(J|n^J,9l^■^j^Ts. Tbe woy^^ use- ful as it is, must be consulted with caution. Thus, under the, head "America Septentrionalis," the author, deceived by the ambiguous name adopted in the paper cited, has enumerated an article on the shells of the family Unioiiidae (Lea, J., jSfaiades of N&'rfeb."!A:merrca) aniong the botanical memoirs relating to this continent,,, Th^ippmpiler has^^g^pted for his enumeration the classiftcatioa employed by Dr. Ij, Ptei^jt^jvp his Synonymia botanica locupletissima generum, sectionum velj^ttitJ^ene- rum, CaSSelliS, 1870. .mniqooeo/>iM .ii/dijcii^oilclia Morpliologia TJnweraaHs. .ra;riirjrii.Ejoi( OBdiT Morphologia cellulae. .esoinjsJotf tiioJefH Morphologia telae (contextus celliilosi). ..KiEailqqts poiuBloa Morphologia partium exteruarntu. JOH-D Morpholofiia Specialis. n^] ]] 1 f • . .aigoto.'ji! 3b aiiysH Characeae. riur - ^r- r ^t ■ ,r ,., . -.. ., . .loWJt . ,i[i8JiI)3 ,fio([ija .enii'i—.laHI rxx omoi ,gaa]ia j1l60 ^ "SCOHleac. . ^ .M fo • . . ,ogeoha M iBq imi ^biuui'l ii;oT Tmnr, tryptogauiae vasculares. . r , » r V - ■■ , v , jConij ■ t <- 1,1, ,eflnim tab n'AeanA sal siiitb nldoq b)h /i suvai FLaiierogamae. (-i^-r r^ * Physu^logia. ■ . / .. . .SBfoIaa .M Mq C08[ iaSa>J *-,<,.:,fini!soI-ji)o1 >ir ut| *''!** "lo'ecuiares in plaiitis. t i , ■ i, v., s^- i< HDctiones cliemicae plantarum. _. , .van 'JQiv-ersaloa vitae couUitiones plantarum. ■,-.,.► ^ ,^o, I , „ :::,, JWeoQamca cresceaui. ' i,r s ■ 1 • 1 . . ,. ' '- oJd'j'>si >!fi fi r . .Juai Motus penodici et exteruis sfciuiiilis excitati orgauoriim planfcarum,. , -.,o, Sexualitas. ' "J '■'-'- ^ -ai MorphogeniaCEQtsteUimgiiei'PflftoEeiuforKlBi^^eilOg <^J(Ji 1o gaaiJjJov 8llT J/ottw?-«p'iia. fl .j9„ nj ggf, p..,[^„„A 9dJ moil j-iBq io aloriw m bajniiq riantae cryptogamae., . j,-,r*o5o'bO .111 ■''' 81 Bfelgidiii fooaeratUm.''*s ''"Pij'i/'i;i:.iliiiiB eriv ab Jjiioq ajj hiiu-i-j-iJ -.iib ahudS -■"'^'^'AtistVfa. «<; .iitijiviv inp zuj luixi,,: eei da zujidog&v aafi diiomaqqolavab Germania. .Buifiiial p.ao ab aoid Gallia. "^ ' Helvetia. """'* «*«'''B'18e ^ "' aifi (T.'i&I ol Ciiifej lo^) Bdiiiib BaljsanA arid lo iMiiiriJo-ir • Turci'a.' ''''"' ^'""^ ^' dta aiivsi sddso exijib aiviija i.Ui ,i: inp DoidfiofiiEPfila .bJ '"^ Graecia."''^ ^'^^ ,eadnabJ)oaiq eebniuj -.,A atiimoo ,ita „u0jia .O^t M ab aigoIoVj,, *)!> I'taj" da JT6I lijoq a(r';i,T ".csijijiq ?.?>^»y^ '-^^ .Scientific Libraries, \ ^'M^fi. 2i)>3 gyf': Asia. i[.i I'lsq odi m f)9oiioa nsod bud •i;>di hb iti\ o?, ,«5liow aiilq-in^ America septentrionaus. . . r- . / ■• ■ , ^'" A'lie'rica'ce'uralls^Vtny-iat^'Alil'iy. «' 8'''"''0" liSOldqiia^gOlWltf 0:f 0971^ Tlfi ^ f).p I iAuWi^aita Ddekuial ' ' ; 'i i-. rfjiv/ Jjajjjigfloa ed JKiim ,«! ji gjj lu'i 'Opera arg mti^entl mixH ikl generis mmmnsalis.MisSi ndi ",?!if^floiaJn'Jl((";iR Jioi'iymA" , 5o 8lgopsi-i*itliiaplwtWiimi^ , u ■<. iBmsiaasnd Jteilo -leqisq qjW rri Jjfjdqof-is Olli ^laeoL.tologif.,(p^ne,;a^a). , p,,,- •; ,, ^, ,, ,, ifroiflU iHrnBt ^rl,t Pla.ntae sacroriim bibhorum et de plautis veterum cntici. ^.®**^ikorfcaM,ta\i\feytlWiWeli'varilP«™"00 8i i,i o': 'o .ii^;.;. 8-„om90I IfiOurOiJod gid 'M6tho(lub'^kiilii'6itanici'.'97;oIqm9 noiifioflieg^Io ocfj noil Jiioni 009 lo'i -9 ■: GoUectio'-heBtoiMtnitoiSK* ,01111909^ j3raiaail9lqH30l J3or0j;)od .ririu7.noa Mioroscopium. _qY8I ,81(1988^0 .ffln'I Bibliographia. Vitae botaniconim. ' .gHns-taitiirj ui^oSoAciJiolE. Historiabotanicea. .e£liin83 [urtqioM GEOLOG-T.' oV. Pour l'aQa(5e 1860 par M. Delesse, ... et M. Laugel, . . . Estrait S&d Arifalales dos mines, tome xx, 1861. — Paris. Danod, 6cliteur, . . . 1861. Pour l'ann6e 1861 par M. Delesse, . . . et M. Laugel, . . . ■ Un extrarll'ae cette revue a 6t6 public daus les Annales des mines, tome'ii, 1862.'— Pai'ls.' 'Dunod, ^diteur, . . . 186-2. .enn,nn<,-X'mmi Pour les anuses 1862 et 1833 par M. Delesse, ... et M. Laugel, . . . Uil extriiit de cette revue a 6t6 public dans les Annales des niiues, tome vi, 186'4!— III. Paris Duuod, .Sditeur, . . . 1865. ■'"'"■ '""■' " "^"' ; '^"oiioau'^l Pour les aan6es 1864 et 1865[-1871 etl87a|]'piir tt. tielessaf'.'^. f^^lfSOy^Happa- rent, . . . Un extrait de cette revue a6t6 publie dans les AnualelSM tfi'^lifeSjTOme vlii, 1865 [etcJl'-i^lVtMlr?]' '"PaTls. '^Duiiod, kdiieur, ... ISmi-imfJ ""'°^'' .aj!l'fRUZ98 The volaraes of this. serie9jifa8Tiii!iidicaft0cl;)Hftted States. IVi cmti^'i^ogi^pH.iiue'/''ii^o dgC£D iii giioij^pififii has ^heinieaniaa 'leiis Examen des cartes et des descriptions gSo\ogiqvmilsi^hiSliSgiBill)gfllliiakii^li& 97il v. GMogie dynamique. fitude de? agents et des forces qui ont produit des oliangejaeats gSologiqaea, ainsi que de leiir mode d'actiou. aliloitToE ■ "' MJtl' • ' B3i I-rioeidqaigoia .(.0 X) 'i'aaoaMaOOOI. EtB®EKaCHOABy,ifnitie«,«li^, iia8«|[^l3B0htology published duritig the yeap:)>KEJi(;aa>lb)s>!iWrIli9lA Wl»i6bafti69}BBiLJ&.., J9llg(SJg.^flo*l«)hetjae6logioal Survey of En^iaddS liJomioiiiiWHsHor.Tand JSmnurilqaBBd 3[ia2i(S»;ie€Mrt,lBl:tfet;9bi<$©t. 1875. £8". iKiri,l397 ppsj i > ■' ^W lab simabii^rA lab This record, of whicli the first and only volume yet piiotistied &as Jut lately appeared, is desigaed to catalogae, aud to some extent, to iainmarize, the publications that; froiu year tQ year apnear relt^tive to geology and the auxiliary, branches ipf seieuce., fift© h;;,^4re4!;,^Sil iighty-six periodicals or reports are recorded as having been esamined br'articles ih addition to ttie ttidttl>^M^H4';i«"ti'ere ^rS SdrngmmfMSvo han 2,000 etfttiiefg:'' The titles '6fttf(i'iie*^^tlv«^'articlg39i#8ii^d9i?i^y n the languages of the ttrigiuaIi^.'^I^fi(!?'i^^M¥S''iSiait'ail^etl and dis" mussed jiqder t^e h^ads b^low nmmm^noHo,^.^ .(biv^a mor.C) mi^m ' Strdti^fdpiiiiicil'hm descnptive gekogg:-^ '"'^'^'^^'^'^^^^^ •noo i.'^fiti^ islea. 'W: Copley: - '•'' 'Joeeslo-icf .ledJil .loisiH is .aoiid^ BiBugnA ''''^ ^ 2. iJtiropfe (jl A. Leboni'.' ' ^'haiaiO. nmoiiDsH buqs ^eK^a'ui^ii)—l.e!im^ , 3. Arctic Regions. G. A. Lebour. C-iO 9^ 4. America. G. A. Lebour. . , „ 5. Asia. F. Drew. 6. Africa. Milmuiaa Bi*ir9Jo8 [.IV-I .moT] 7.^ AHstralasia. j. E. Etheridge.jiocs ie eif*-i9,ies .eilfiicien siioleiH .1 .moT Physical Geology. Prof. ^, H. Green. .£08 r , m V □ " raoT 1. Volcauic phenoraeua ; metamorphism ; uudergronud tepiperature ; cjianges of level; formation of mountains., t.^iij^3 ;;Oei .Eoievll .Tl .moT 2. Denudation ; glacial phenomeiia. {,■;,,] .jost .eimonoiJeA .Y .moT 3. Eook formation, ^.^.^y, ..qq ot* j^^] .t08X .eimonooeO .17 .moT ,,, 4, Cosmogony;, mi8CeUane,on8.)gorii,7.H ■ isoinjjdoeM ;eie6ill*M .IIY .moT fff<^nd economy geology. W-iTopley. , ,,,t ;^o\i^mmoSraikl)ej>ijioIogS eaoMqiimeh aaf) i& ged-j^a eeb xiomjiza ,e9BpisoIoSa Bitiieicesiifida eefi jJifflUSqui*o8QipMGj!isn.> gefi jo adnesfi eeb aBuaS jji.'ij'ii;' I, abiim . II : ■•!■ . .,1,, Mi,j,.i, POGGENDOEFF (J. C). Biographisch-literadsches Handworteibiicli zur Gesoliicbte , T:^JexaQtmi,W8teiigoh»f!fefi[ni)WiStih$JAeinji'JNacJlweJSHBgeniibeirI/eben ,. AgiatuM^M jttfB ato«b6*Ba(tB[k6K»)[astMj)©peii,1l gbj^sikern; GhemikerB, Miaeratogen, be^f^ngamH. 6a»r.-i6UjiflVr)lk»Sili»^ ZfetteSi^.^saniriiielt .vciauJ.(a^fJHiQ8,l'iS5j@lag von 8b5 fia'tfaMnq^^a^^emoIov'^Ino ba& ieaft ariJ ifoidw ^o ,&TOoai eidT oi dnaix8 eoiog oi fiirB jeu^oIjsJGawieiSsieD-gigab ei IjAteeqqB y^s^'^^ iJ^<^ Iienimjjzs nssd ^nivjjd e« ftsiJacosi s'ijj gdioqai lo 8lJ50fF)oi'i9q ji-. lI: e'i^M*i^l»|?ftte%'jea|^3^joata^agj|^^^5^p^^jji§%^f,,tl4e,flaQ5^^^ ca^SS»jtete^Aifi^gfiB^MVM%irasp^fl^|t^ ^J?tb(?r§.,., .,,.0^1 gj^ ^i REUSS (Jerom David). Eepertoritl^teffl/iiaiMlafVk(3lektiWis''l[ta?afi?^gfi? tarum.— Secundum disciplinarum ordiuein diges^iji J^. Pjj.^eu^j^o HJ?i^,SSiS?^*3ft''Tg'^ Augusta Philos. et Histor. litter, professor et sttb-l3i^blJg^|t?eij^riij|jJ|e^jj'j^Se|^B con- tents.]— Gottingae, apud Henricam Dieteriob. [ i'S^JoJl^-. A ?-^ '''il^DTiM- 2^^ '^'i* ^^ ^"^'^ .iuocfaJ .A .0 .gaoigaSI oMoiA .8 Contents, „ „ . . .watU .^ .B[aA .3 [Tom. I-VI.] Scieutia uaturalis. .ooMA .d Tom. I. Historia naturalis, generalis et zaolo*!* V%t ■^_i p.'4:/iv,' 374 pp.] Tom. ir. Botanioa et mineralogia. 1802. ■p«H,^(Mpp.i" ' .^ftoSoaS e9S''%ta.im*'«mffl8i^ltf'*^'"BJeffe!lHcd.'«fiSte'.«"['0Hiii221pp.] ' oiufioIoV .X Tom. IV. Pliysica. 180.5. [viii, 416¥^i^''"o™ ^o ' ■■ jfevano Tom. y. Astronomia. 1804. [viii, 548 p-p'.] i' IJsioBfg ; noitebrjaaa .S Tom. VI. Oeoonomia. 1803. [xvi, 476 pp.] [Varia.] .uoiteanol jfaoH .5 Tom. VII. Matbeais; Meobanioa; HydroataHWf'f'flpiifi&lifia'P^^SflyleAinlca; Aeroatatica; Pneumatioa; Teebnologiai%ct?!bS6otiM)%iH8iMaSS&Sm*S'iWfe! ; Scientia militaria. 1808. [xiv, 514 pp.] .lalbuS .W .1 .^\>o5o-(i3T. Tom. VIII. Historia. Subaldiabistorioa; (Gaograpbia; CbroaolojjfSi'flKjWMnsuta veteriim populorum ; luacriptiones ; Numi et res niimacia;"^A'fe dip'ltymatioa ; Heraldica;) Hiatoria universalis ; Hiatoria generis humaui^i3te?tJfi^lii^tbica ; Historia specialia ; Aaise ; Africse ; Americse ; E uropae ; HiatoriaV.68fetetaj^tiia ; Historia litterarla. 1810. [xii, 674 pp.] tfei'.O.J .!iie^dai^aY J Tom. IX. Pbilologia; Linguae; Scrip'fcbi'^S'Uatrni ;'Iiitt6r£e elb'gatf (jibftfa "; Poeais ; Ebetorica; Arsantiqua; Pictnra; Muaica. ISIW. ' Cxii, ;^30 jip.] 'DJJ' ' .S Tom. X-XVI. Scientia et Ars medica et cbirurgica, .eaoijose bnB sqJsM [X.] 1. Propsedentioa ; Auatomia et Pbyaiologia ; ' Hygi'Sjiie'j KffebffiftifgtBl'Meu Noaologiageneralia; Semeiotica. 1813. [xviii, 420 pp.] .sbnabbA [XL] 2. «-Materia medica; Pbarmaoia. 1816. [ix| 4a3'pp;] ■' .S ^a .zabnl [XII-XV.J 3. Tberapia generalis et specialia. [XII.] P^muttM'aM^'?^ 1^17. [xii, 364 pp.] , [XIIL] p. II. coptinens p. E. F, G, H. 1818. [xii, 584 pp.] af dfieneqgiJJIjkyif F!qP*.^oiJtiiieas T-Z. iOperationea cbirui^icsB ; Medioina forer- -nlaied ijlQilBHWilH^lpiet poiitioa.^;i820. [xivy 50f.;],xH 9dT .Juebnia adi oJ !06 Public Libraries in the UMted States. ■i' IXXaq Ars^obstetrica. 1821. >' '.r>il vi''-i,|; f.rfc .j- i i' . ' . ! I, Ars vetejiiuiki;i»., , . ' ' ";) '■ ; ■■ ' >iih .ii<.rj^/.. A mbsSfeilSefal iiidef to the contents ofthe trauSactfonS'stnd cftbtfi-'pe- ioelical publications 'of learned societies, at liefslsfiip td the ettft'of tW !ighteent,ljii ce,ntury. The primary ari;apbSL'j J -h/- n -ij..' - u- i -.1. --nii' .- ■ iitiiii .ii-' I ii, '■,.!)' .ONDON, (Royal Soc,i»il(J!i : , printed Jljy.aoorse EiUviird Eyro aqdiFil'''^'" S{>(>ittls\Tooae, pi-iptera to,thf?,Qn«eu's ,,Mwit;fcp.silP»t;iMaoesty. For.hwMaji^tyJft S,Datloia . 1 -i- li ■ ,' - III. 18611 [tti-e-t'W.t^v,, IQGfi pp.,].i : , .,, ,^.bL oiUU --a -1^ ,jii !.,.iIV-. ]8~0.[Lh6-Poz.^vi,),100(j) pp.]. / i)i[)iiS MiifiiuaiiA < V. OiSCl [Pra-Tiz.T^iv, WpO pp.]. / - irl -.(luil A VI. 1872 [Tka-Zyl.— xi, 763 pp.]. , !IhiS(ipi,)to.soine extent, compleflaenfc4.ry jlfti^h© JJepertorinm oomraftn- bationUiOi '/Of lieuss, and is a useful, auei;i;^ie iffesawOJtea'.Zvsteige der/MatUpmBtikial* ! Aritbiaetik, hijbeie Analysis, coaStroireude und analytiacJie.CtewnetBi*, Meclianik, AstroDomieuudGeodiisie, welckeiiiaPeiutSQli- landipnd deiii, Auslande vom Jjilire 1830 bia Mitte dBs'tTatores ,18-JS letscbieiiefl siBd. Herausgeireben voa L. A. Sohncke, weil. Prof. d-iMsttJilewWitik in, ,H»lle.T— Mil) etaeni vollstiindigen Materienregister. — Leipzig. Verlag vou Wilhelm Engelmann. 1854. [8°. xviii, 388 pp.] ■.,,.*«,:■ Quite a full catiriogue of separately pubft-stieil volumes %x^a theses, euuinerate|4: under authors', names in alphabetical pfider, iu.^ve^ej^ate sect^ioas, viz : A. Mathematikiui AUgemeine^uud Arithmetik am B«son- deren (mathematics in general and arithmetic especially)^ Bi Hohere Analysis (bighfer aualysfs), 0. Coustrnirende und aaalytische Geometric .?,?i?s»^'& - ^Scientific .Libvark'St \ oJSJM^. 207 (descriptive and analytical geometry), D. Meolianik (inochaiiics), uud E. Astroaoraie und Geodasie (astronomy and geodBsy).8^Aii alpliabeti- Ci^l|i(i(ipiS;of,,sabje,cf;s,;,VHMi*^r.syliic;h.-ap.thpFs' .^ftmes, g/rei mp,utianr^^iife&ii'M.' ]VH'r4*biif(ei"'fefe*llk®si'«h-W^Jii^'a9r Ltterlitur'd^r' Ghemie in 5hr6i' : IV'i'iteriduiig'ftuf Jlgrio\ittui','Phy^iBl«gi arranged under the' tianves of tfte'f^taehWB'iit'WlMlieti- cairord0r,bntaiaai'i'alyitical'iade.i'bf subjects is added, andefAvh'i'ffihtbe names 'ot'i^illjhort"ftcrtitribiititig theretb'afe' specified, with refeC^tice' to the' pagte of the'boily of the' trork. The wdrk'is useful, but vei-y iacom- pl'ete.'i ViodJufi eiJi aabim boiaiaoauaa nioi^d bib (asnisirgiira oflihtnaioa 7/oa ci ,I)ooifiiab(iij ei ji ,9iiiuIov Y,if;1n9aieJi i |ii8 A .isJwo l^oictadiidqli! iii .Varzeiohniias der auf dem Gebiete,der reipen, ptiarmaceutiachfjn,..physi,olc^gfSoh,enji^nd ^T^dfiiiilfeh^ft cSi§il9¥n'-^dSf Jalireii" 1858' bis lliiile If^ro'ia Drfntschland nndiiii'Aus- SftJAWSftfeTiien'elten Scbriften. Vou End: Rnprfeobt. Mit' eiriem finsfiibi-Kcheii 8';lc'k- fifl-i^istttt.-L'GOttiflgen, Yandenhoeck & fiuprecht's Verla'gj 1672. [S". Title',! Ife -pp.] Mill!!. ! "5i J ' yjj nB8i . ■ n iarj' rl . r uoraio't ^ A pontinuatioa of the precstliag, aud arranged j^ccordiu^ to the game P'^"- iJ01fie891 ZOOLOGY. — (GENERAL.) .831TAMaHTAM AGASSIZ (Louis John Eudolpb) and STRICKLAND (Hugh E.). Bibliographia Zoolo- 6i giaa- et GBOlo^.iaS.abA8gOTteto'eaYalog«M*«ffaall'*i*)olS'8,9rtfi»t^, xlnd tnfemoSts '6ri V.ooldgy, :< fand geology. By' Pi'of.'Lbtlis''A^assiz, corr. meralrr'B'rtti'Assboi-AdT. SoiJ&oj Goi-- ili-e6t«d; enlarged, andeidited'by H. E. Strickland, M. A.,F. G. S.&o. [vol. IV;]— (and 'Sir William Jardine, Barte,'P.-E. S.,E. &'C.)tVolvPrVas below].-: London:' printed i.fojttllecfiaySoeiefeJs. illBia fUl854]i 8». 'e'n ,85[sD.do8 .A .J oov liadojiagauB-iaH .tc8I .iinjimlagaa mlsdlJY/ nov . , . ^ i li^i i -.laJaigoiashe.tel^ rissibniiiallov Contents. [.qq &8G ,iiiyz .08] Vol. L Confaimng periodicaja, and the geOM 1)UJJ 88.aiaR»> )>'!:l':!t'.>'! t ;;.!:»- 11 p. 1., xxiii, 506 pp.] . (iifi'WvAi.'^G v(9,5:J?'M)Wg(,.^'^Sr^W?^^PM'5?'^. :'H,froM. NAp Jio ,ZWL— 1854... [3, p., 1., 604 pp.] .-,_,^ „,-., ^,, .. ., ib&tioal>listfrom A,to,BYW.-1843. ,898334 T)UJJ 88.aiaR'> 1r!:l':!t'.7'.! t ;',i:»-":if*;'c)8 10 am ■-::' ■-■ •''- 1 .KlU' 208 Public Libraries in the United States. This work ia its tiiHe was of considerable use to zoologists aad geol- ogists who simply wished to ascertain what a given writer hai published upon a subject and where it might be found. The articles are cata- logued in each case under authors' names alone, and the articles of any given author are not arranged according to any uniform method, chro- nological or otherwise ; the titles also are often taken at second hand "or in translated forms, the originals not having been accessible to the authors. This, therefore, at once indicates the absence of many works available for consultation. A critical examination amply con- firms this supposition. The work was originally prepared for Pro- fessor Agassiz's private use, but was subsequently accepted by thp Bay Society for publication, and Mr. Strickland, the editor, by his biblio- graphical ability and care has greatly increased the number of titles and otherwise improved the work, so' that he should be treated as a co-author. A catalogue of the publications of societies (Pars prima; acta societatum, diaria, et tractatuum syllogas continens) is prefixed to the alphabetical arrangement under authors, and is the model which the Smithsonian Institution has adopted for the catalogue of periodical works in its own library. The work has now been superseded by Carus and Engelmann's Bibliotheca Zoologica. ENiCrELMANN (Wilhelm). Bibliotheca liistorioo-naturalis. Verzeiohniss der Biioher iiber Naturgescliichte welohe ia Dautschlaad, SoaadiuavieQ, Holland, England, Frankreioh, Italian und Spanien in den Jaliren 1700-1846 erschienen siud. Von Wilhelm Eugelmann. — Erater Band. Biicherkunde. Hiilfsoiittel. Allgomeine Schriften. Vergleichende Anatomie und Physiologie. Zoologie. Palaeontologie. — Mit einem Namen- und Saohregister. — Leipzig. Verlag von Wilhelm Eugelmann. 1846. [8°. ix, 786 pp.] Also entitled on opposite (left hand) title-page : Index librornm hiatoriam naturalem spectantiura ab anno MDCC ad MDCCCXLVI in Germauia, Scandinavia, Anglia, Gallia, Belgio, Italia atqne Hispauia impressorum. Edidit Guilielmus Eugelmann. — Pars Prima, continens historiam naturalem in uuiver- sum, anatomiam et physiologiam comparatam, zoologiam, palaeontolQgiam. — Cum indice soriptorum etrerum. — Lipsiae, sumptibua Guilielmi Engelmaun. MDCCJCXLVI. [etc.]. ' : CAEUS (Julius Victor) nnd ENGELMANN (Wilhelm). Bibliotheca Zoolpgiea.— yer- zeichniss der Schriften ttber Zoologie, welche in den periodischen Werken enthalten und vom Jahre 1846-1860 selbstiindig erschienen sind. Mit Einsohluss der allgemein- naturgeschichtlichen, periodischen nnd palaeontologischea Schriften. Bearbeitet von J. Victor Carus, Professor der vergleichenden Anatomie in Leipzig und Wilhelm Eugelmann. Zweiter Band. — Leipzig. Verlag von Wilhelm Eugelmann. 1861. [8". 1 vol. in 2, viz : x, 1-950 pp. ; xxiv, 951-2144 pp.] Also entitled on opposite (left hand) title-page : Bibliotheca Historico-Naturalis. Herausgegeben von Wilhelm Eugelmann. .Silpple- meut-Band, enthaltend die in den periodischen Werken aufgenoramenen und die vom Jahre 1846-1860 erscUienenen Schriften. Leipzig." Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann. 1861. :?,'iM'^ ^- Scientific Libraries.^ aiVVul 209 As indicated by the titfe-pa'|fL*,' the last work is complementary and shpiilementary to that pilbHshed by Eff^elmtohih '1810 iuilder the' title Bibliotheca IIistoric«3%atfe¥ffll. '^^ It is, ^hdwe-vei^, iWr Superior in erery respect to the previous wbrk/^ gsifiim ^e.-iodius ishais asBO rioiia oi bsu-gol Thie series is one of the most Wife'lflete aind' Viseful of selentiflc bibliog- raphies, so far, at least, 0,8 the ^^J^temetitary' volume is concerned}^ It einbraees not ofily the special*9^bAs tttat have appeared' since' ■the year 1700,'b'fet rflSo'MT the mem'8ifeiiafid"artrcl^"4jat"ha1*«( 'appeared in the nUmer^^'iis peri'dditial'publi'f^ious of diiKl*ehVeic)UhtrieS'. "lb th.e supple- flffihtal-y volume th!e prfiSJft^^rl'tege'lh^ift i^^Sccordi'Ug'toisiibjeots^ under tM^cAlbwing caii't¥fi%Sf'*"^'3P3^'J"® ^^'"^ ^"^ t^^* alRvci; p.'siesB^jA loaaal -oildid ■"' , f-ioJibe erii ,basl:io'ni8t ,iM basi ,aoiJflotlduq lol \iaioo8i e Bfi f'Iv:;H4ilfsmittel.— AteiMasriesi ij 08 ,:rf'iow odi bsvoKfcai esiT/'iadlQ" ■ . }gjoijyiy^ Bd^dWl $153 0Reiisll^oH*Btoiti^8fti-«ata^aJMsliftrjoi«f einuO id diffier^jntcpwsniigsef and) Toyagess . ariT .^iBidii nwo 8J£ iii bjIiott ZooLOGiB.— Zoology. .fioigoIooS Bosdioifdia a'auBEafs-gna bus , .A. Vergleichende-Anatomie, und Physdologie,-— DouvparatLvB,aOAtQiay. and phy- C. Tlii4rg'e9P^ii'^^i^£fr^a.'^XmVaT^'g6%Tifif^^^^ ' .■t="^''^"^'''i I uber ejnzfllne Griippen,— Wntiags upon spBoiar groups, viz: „ . D._Seliriftea uber einzelne Griippen,— Writings upon spBoiar groups, viz: .aiusm I.. Wifibrftose TChwreipfeAll^eiBieiaBiL.-xgJs^lB^ general jim II. Protozoa. [.qq r,!,; ^^f .og] .ajgi III. Coelenterata. Polypi et meduste. IV. Echinodermata; 9gBq-9lJi} [basd i'tal) siisoqqo no baliiing ogf A V. Vermes. IVJ VI, Artbr«i>oda. obujscTb muiia^io&qs maimniaa iiiehois'id imnoidtl :zBlMil .aiu: Vlli Rotatoria A sapie biJbJI ,oi^j8a jjsilfjif) ,j!ifgttA jtiiv^nilinjiog ,jiimiortsO nt -T9yyiIIiiG>ra.«tao&aT mjiiioiejii euauiilDoo ji-Bii'i'} am?— .nn^mioj^tia giimlaifinO jihiba xnnO- IX, Myriapoda.l : ,meisoloos ,ai,ciin-iS.jAraolinidaoIegxia. imlailiiit) endfjqraiia .eeieqiil — .amiOT te umioJqi-ioa aoibui XI. Insecta. .[.aJa} XII. Mollusca. -M.3tii.i;TWiflieMIfld^8JM^ll^eia4¥{-^l!^J(5t*5^1s^"4n general. nnlUil) aUSAO nsJi^iV.' PJs'c'es. ' uadoeiBoiiaq xisb ui edolew ,8igorooS ladij nertiidaS lefj aaindiifiS -a 'J fix^^i^i.BEeptiita'et ariip^ifeiai''^-'^ "^"^''J^Bis ailinjijedlae 088I-8t'8X 9ii!jbX, uioy fiou So* rjtvii'fAmpfilliiii; netIogisoIoioo8B[£g borr Bsriogiboiiaq inadoitidbidseagwtea -'■ 'XVlI.''Rep'tllia. "' ainiotenA aebaadoisl^iey reh loesaioil ,aiwfi0 TodoiT.I.aoT I iXVIIP.f'AvteS" mladViW aoY ■o.eliaY .sisqiskl— .bitjsa laiiawS .arasinlagira XIX. Mammalia. [-qq *^I£-I2e ,vi2X ; .qq 038-1 ^z : sir ,S ui .Eot I ."H] XX. Homo sp. : 9aeq-9WtJ (baM JM) eiiaoqqo no balirdns oaf A Palaontologie.— Paleontology. ; . ;I.->AUgBmoiQ|E^randiiVri*iWsDhteas«[%igHiaiTaSB. mlieMBi&bm^oiiiiB Boediojidia aK'.IL'PetrefaotenieiazBlT^jIjaaiteWndu0irtS)«iSag3il8'>(rfisi)D^l^ .jjuJHi-3gafirefa6ten einz6lQ9!ffiSeiMoh.t®j»f»^5)Ssil9jaf'!#i^le-;stia*kla8![9 0'd8I-S^8.i o-xilnX,. 14 E ' -'^^^^ 210 Public Libraries in the Un-ited States. IV. Fossile Pflanzen. — Fossil plants. 1. Im Allgemeiaen. — In general. 2. Einzelue Familien, Gattungen unci Arteu. — Single families genera, and species. , V. Fossile Thiere. — Fossil animals 1. Im AUgeineinen.— In general. 2. Einzelne Gruppen. — Single groups. , / A. Wirbellose Thiere im Allgemeinen. — Invertebrate animals in general. B. Protozoa. C. Polypi. D. Echinodermata. E. Vermes. F. Crustacea. G. Ara^hnida et insecta H. MoUusca. I. Wirbelthiere im Allgemeinen. — Vertebrates in general. K. Pisces. L. Amphibia et reptilia. M. Aves. N. Mammalia. Nachtrage. Sachregister. Autorenregister. OKXITIIOLOGY. GIEBEL (Dr. Christoph Gottfried). Thesaurus Ornithologiae. — Repertoriiim der ge- sammten ornithologischen Literatur und Nomenclatur siiainitlicher Gattungen' nud Arten der ViJgel nebst Synonymen nnd geograpbisoher Verbreituug. Von Dr. G. G. Giebel, Professor der Zoologie und Director des zoologiscben Mnsetims der Univer- sitiit in Halle. — Erster Band. Leipzig. F. A. Brockhaus. 1872. ■ Of this work, two volumes, in four half- volumes, have been published, viz: Erster Band, xi, 8G8 pp., 1872; Swelter Band, vii, 788 pp., 1875. A third volume is proposed to complete the work. The numerous mis- takes and carelessness of e.^ecution render it a very unreliable work The bibliographical portion (Repertorium oruithologicum) occupies the first 252 pages of the first volume. The titles of papers are collected under twenty-three general heads, viz : I. Ornithologia generalis. Systema. Nomcuclatura. 11. Opera periodica. ■ i m III. Opera illustrata et oolleotiva. IV. Monographitc. Faniiliaj. Genera. Species. V. Pterylographip. VI. Anatomia. Physiologia. VII. Embryologia. VIII. Oologia. Nidologia. JX. Propagatio. X. Biologia. XI. Sligratio. XII. Distributio geographica. XIII. Europa. XIV. Europa Septeutrionalis. Terrie Arcticas. i XV. Britannia. XVI. Gern ania, Austria. (Holland'a.) XVir. Gallia (Belgium'). ''^•*'''- Scientific Libraries. ' . .211 XVIir. Eiiropa Merulionalis (Hispaiiia. Italia. Hsivotia. (Jncoia. Tiircia. InsuUe MecUterranero). ' XIX. Russia. •' XX. Asia. XXI. Arohipelagaa Malayanvia (lloUiocaj. PhilippiniB). XXII. Australia. Ooeania (Nova Guiuea. Nova Zelandia. Polyaesia). XXIII. Africa. XXIV-VI. America Saptentrioualis, CentraliSj Meriilionalis. XXVII. Aves monstrosiB, abuormes, hybridsc. XXVII r. Palieornithologia. XXIX. Aves domesticEe et captivje. XXX. Ornitbologia agraria et veriatoria. XXXI. Ornithologia vulgaris. XXXII. Collectiones. XXXIII. Taxidermia. , , The manner in wliioh articles are collected iVnder these several heads makes it very difficult to know exactly where to look for many, and there is no index of authors. The work has been very generally and severely criticised by orQithologists;-but as there is no other at present of the same scope,, it ' is a useful one. It must, however,' be consulted with extreme caution. ICHTHYpIjOGY. BOSGOED (D. Mulder). BibliotJieoa IchtUyplogioa et. Pisoatoria. — Catalogus van . boeken, eij geschriftefi over de. natflurlijke gesobiedeuis van de vi^i3he_a en walvia- sohen, de kunstmatige visobteelt, diS yisscberijea, de wetgeving op de vissoherijen, I enz. ' Bewerkt dpo.r D.. Mulder Basgoed, bibliotheoaris van het Eitterdamsoh' Lees- kabinet. — Haarlem, de erven Loosjes. 1874. Alsp, entitled : , Bibliotbeoa lohthyologica et Pisoatoria. — Catalogue de livrcs et d'dcrits snr I'histoire n^tjirelle' des poissona et des c^tac(5s, la pisciculture, les p4ohes,'la l(5gislatiou des pgches, etc R^dig6 par D. Mulder Biosgoed, biblioth(Scaire du Rotterdamscb Lees- kabiuet. — Haarlem, chez lea h^ritiers Loosjes.' 1874. [8°. 'xxvi, 474 pp.] A tolerably full bibliography of ichthyology, but of minor value, in- asmuch as the articles are only enumerated under the authors' names under a few very general heads, viz : I. NaTUORLUKB GBSCHIBDENIS van DB VISSCIIEN. — HiSTOIRE NATURBLLB DES POIS- SONS. , i ; , . a. Allgemeene werkeu. — G6n6ralit6s, dictionnaires, encyclopcSdies, etc. b. Visaohen von versobillende landeu en werelddeelen. Eiikele soorten. — Poissons de diff^rents pays. Espfeces s6par6es.' e. De baring en haringachtige visschen. — Le "hareng. d. De zalm en zalraacbtige visaohen. — Le aaumbn. e. De walvisch en walvischaohtige diereu. — Les C(5tac^s. /. Kunstmatige visobteelt. — Pisciculture. VlSSCHERUBN. — PfiCHES. , n i a. Allgemeene werken. — G6n(Sralit^s. 6. Haringvisscberij. — PSohe du bareng. ; i;. : . , ', c. Walviscbvangst en reizen ter walvischvaugst. — PSobe de la baleine et journaux de baleiniers. d. Kabeljauwvisscberij. — Peobe de la morue. 212 PubUc Libraries in the United States. e. Kustvisscberij. OastetrLssolierij en vesterteelt.— Pooha odbiSre: PSohe efc culture des hultres. /, Eiviervis3clierij. Heugelkanst. Zalmvissolierij.— Poohe fluviale. P6ohe i la ligne. P^ohe du saumon. , , i ,-,o g. Teatoonstellingen van vissoherij-voortbreugselea, gereedsciiappeh, euz.— Exposi-' tions de prodilits et engins de pSche. " ''-' h. Wetgeving op de visscherijen. — LdgUlatioa das peohes. i. Traotaten butrekkelijk do vissoherijeQ.— ^Trait^s et ooaventions oonoeraant les peches. k. Addenda. AlphabotiscU register. — Table alpbabiStlque. COXCHOLOGY. BINNEY (William G.). Bibliography of North American conchology previous tp the year 1830. Prepared for the .Smithsonian Institution by W. G. Biuney. Part I. American authors. — Washington : Smithsonian Institution. March, 1833. (Smithsonian Miscellaueons Collections, vol. V, article 1. 8°. vii, 650 pp.) Part II. Foreign authors.— Washington : Smithsonian Institution. June, 1864. (Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, 174, vol. IX, article 1. 8°. 3 p. 1., 306 VV-) A quite couiplete and elaborate bibliography of all data relative to American couchology and conchologists, but very indigested, no uniform arrangement having been adopted for the classiftcatioa of the titles, and no complete index having been yet published, although long promised. ENTOMOLOGY. PEECHERON (A.). Bibliographie entomologique, compreuant Vindication par ordre alphabiStique de noms d'auteurs (1°) des ouvrages entomologiques publiiSs en France et a l'6tranger, depuis les temps les plus recules jusques et y compris I'anufie 1834; (2") des monographes et miSmoires coatenus dans les recueils, journaux et collections acadiSmiques franfaises et . - - Iowa State Agricultural College .-. Kansas State Agricultural College !M!airie State College of Agriculture and Me- ' ' chanic Arts. ' ' United States Naval Academy Massachusetts A ffrioultnral College ... i. .... , Massachusetts Institute of Technology Perkins Institution and Massachusetts Asy- lum for the Blind. , i Botanical Gardens, (Harvard University) ... Lawrence Scientific School , Museum of Comparative Zoology Bussey Institution, (Harvard University) . . , Worcester Oqnnty Free Institute pf Indus- trial Science. Michigan State Agricultural College Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy. . . New Hampshire College of Agricultui'e and Mechanic Arts., , Thayer School pf Civil Engineeriug Steveihs Institute of Technology Botanical Library of Columbia College: School of Mines of Columbia College Engineering School of Union College Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute United' States Military Academy Ohio Agricultural and Mechanical College .. Wagner Free Institute of Science Pennsylvania State College ■8 = 1866 1868 1875 1869 1845 186T 1866 1833 1864 , 1847 1858 1857 1871 1868 1863 1871- 1845 1824 1812 1873 1835 1859 'A 5, 000 10, 600 800 3,540 3,000 8,200 17, 678 1,800 2,500 735 2, 500 2,500 13, 000 1,500 1,000 4,200 1, 478 1,300 •2,000 5,030 1,145 7,000 3,000 3,000 25,000 1,000 15, 000 3,200 216 Public Libraries in the United States. !£. TS H H £ S s s Q •c •^ Ol 2 as n * •{^ -i g n 1 ri •s "S" to • 1 1 ri o 1 a -§ ■^ <4 .9 JO .1 9 q ra n X JO jsqranji JO joqnin^ § i f2i S5 o o o o o o o (3 O O OQ^ m c4 93^00000010 ^OlOOCQOO. OlO-r I CI ^ ci" .« o" OOOOOOOOO ___ ^300000000 000 — 1 X) ca o^ o irsir-ooooooo eo" o ©■ 1-^ t-^ co" o ^ o o o O CC I- 00 r-l py in 'O •* fS O O QO •ej9qin9ni JO jeqnin^ d d =! d S ^ o o a a to b£ IS^ P= d a S -I ?^ P u u o a '^ o O a I 2 iJ s ■ s a o s* ■<= is an2©3._.s .2 s .S - * 3 Scientific Libraries. 217 o o o o o o r a iz; a 00 o o o o^ o 5i S ^ Jn O O O O O O g 3 o o o n o o ;zi!2i o o in o o O O t.? o o O r-t t- O O O O O O O iQ 13 O O. O O O O (O GO ira CO O of w" — r o' O O to lO o 0-, o o ta o ■ 3 o o Ci CD ^ to CT CI "q" OOOOOtOTPCs'^tO^HGl.Wt— CXJOOOrHCOOlIO — — — mifaocNioto-^mm — i—to^o-irtMi-i-^ oDQoaoasooascooo'XicococoixGosoaOQOocco g I 5 Hi f?^ a ■5 . & 5 3 O 'W PM ^ -< SI O as 1 trt O ^ -^ 5 = -^ is _P '3 g ja ■S 13 "^ I I "S = Is 43 a) ™ "5 H CB fl "^ M ■a ■s S g 03 08 B ■s !^ ■74 . s to -^ S S g I ■S t>^ sag ■«i *>i > O 3 O ■-.2 1 §§■2 ° d S J< 2 =5 ^1-2 e8 2 O £ 3m S o =3 Ir^V g £0 « g o O a o rf=g g ■ CHAPTER VIII. LIBRARIES IN PRISONS AND REFORMATORIES. BT THE EDITORS. I.— PEISDN LIBRARIES. History op prison libraries iisr the United States — Nqmber — How maintained — Regulations for use — Character — Extent of use-^ Influence. A majority of the convicts in the State prisons of the Northern and Western States can read ; a large proportion both read and write, and many, before their incarceration, received higher instruction than is im- parted in the common schools. According to an official report^ to the legislature of Xew York in 1867, the number of prisoners unable to read at the time of commitment varied from one-twentieth in Vermont to one- third each in Wisconsin and New York, (Sing Sing prison,) which two prisons contained the largest proportion of illiterate inmates. The report adds : Of couviots who give themselves in as able to read, from a fourth, to.a half cannot, as a general thing, do so without spelling out more or less of the words. The reports of the State Penitentiary for the Eastern District of Penn- sylvania, at Philadelphia, show that of the 7,092 convicts received in a period of forty-three years, beginning with 1829, 1,418, or 19.99 per cent., could neither read nor write ; 1,124, or 15.85 per cent., could read ; and 4,5.'50, or 64.16 per cent., could read and write. In the Southern States the proportion of illiterate convicts is consid- erably larger. Thus the warden of the North Carolina Penitentiary re- ported in February, 1875, that of the 455 prisoners but 75, or about 16.5 per cent., could read. In the Mississippi Penitentiary one-fourth of the convicts are reported as making use of the library ; Mobile that in the Virginia Penitentiary is used by one-third of the convicts. According to a report^ made in 1874, the number of convicts in all the State prisons and penitentiaries proper, in 1873, was 18,520. From thirty-four prisons ' Report on the Prisons and Reformatories of the United States and Canada, made to the legislature of New York, January, 1867, by E. C. Wines, D. D., LL. J)., and Theo- dore W. Dwight, LL. D., commissioners of th& Prison Association of New York. As- sembly document 35, p. 231. 'Transactions of the Third National Prison Reform Congress, being the third annual report of the National Prison Association of the United States. 8". New York, Office of the Association, 1874, pp. 376, 382. 218 Libraries in Prisons and Reformatories. 219 statistics of the education of the prisoners were received and reported as follows, the percentages given being averages for the whole number: Percentage of prisoners who were unable to read, and of tliose who read with diffi- culty on their admission — ^prisoners, therefare, who were virtually illiterate, forty- eight ; percentage of prisoners having a fair common school education, fifty-one ; per- centage of pris^pners having a superior education, one. Deducting from the total number of convicts all unable to read, and making allowance for those who read butimperfectly, there still remains a large proportion of the American prison population that can and will read if an opportunity is afforded. Impressed by this fact, and actuated by the belief that the difficulties of prison discipline would be lessened, greater efficiency of administration secured, the moral sense of the pris- oners quickened and improved, and thus an important end of imprison- ment, the reforma|;ioii of the criminal, rendered of easier attainment, many philanthropic men and women, distinguished by their efforts in behalf of prison reform, began at an early day a movement to furnish libraries to prisons. The collections thus made were designed to form a necessary adj unct to the Sunday and secular schools which; by the energy and perseverance of these philanthropists, were about the same time organized for the instruction of convicts, as well as to supply the intel- lectual and moral wants of those who did not need primary instruction. Th^fltst notice we find looking toward the formation of a prison library in 6ur country is in a code of rules and regulations enacted by the inspectors of the Kentucky penitentiary as early as the year 1802. The following is the provision of the code on this subject : The convicts shall be ehcoiiraged to employ any leisure time in reading, and dona- tions of books will be thankfully received ; and the keeper shall take care of them, and procure a list with the names of the donors. It is not stated that any considerable collection of books resulted from this invitation. Prison libraries owe their origin to the benevolence of individuals and societies, stimulated by the appeals of statesmen and philanthropists > like Livingston, Seward, Sumner, Mann, Dwight, Bacon, Howe, Miss Dix, and a hostiOf others who, forty years ago, devoted themselves to in- culcating correct views as to the purposes of imprisonment, eradicating the evils which beset prison administration, and ameliorating the con- dition of prisoners! Their efforts laid the ;foundations of many prison libraries, the beneficial influences of which ■vyere sooner or later recog- nized by legislators, so that now, in many of the States, the prison libra- ries receive a regular annual grant from the public treasury for their increase and maintenance. In 1845, after " four years' personal study and observation of the penitentiaries, jails, arid almshouses in the Northern and Middle States, with occasional visits to others adjacent," Mi'ss D. L. Dix made a reportMn which will be found a thorough dis- ' Eerdarks on Prisons and Prison Discipline in the United States. By D. L. Dix. 8". Boston, Munroe & Francis, 1845. 220 Piihlic Libraries in the- United States. cussiou of the several questions of prisoa management, and much in- formation regarding the reformatory agencies emploj^ed. Eespecting libraries, the report affords the following information : Thomastowii, Me. — The prison is deficient in a supply of books. ' ' Concord, N. H. — ^Tliere is a small library, and each prisoner 1b supplied with a weekly temperance paper and a religious paper. CJiarJestotvn, Mass.— Some hundred volumes of books are in circulation, pTeseAted' by several individuals from time to time, bnt chiefly pnrchased, ^rst by the sum of .$50 sent by the mother of a life prisoner to her son to furnish him with propetr read- ing. Books were purchased with this snm, and these he used for a time, and then pnt' them into general circulation, that his fellow-prisoners might be benefited thereby. A donation of §50 was opportunely sent from New York by persons friendly to this important means of promoting good in prisons ; the sum was expended as designed by the donors. At the la§t session of the ,legi8lature$100 were appropriated to add to the number and variety of works already iu use. Tiie additions to tl^« library have for these several years past been made by the prisoners, who, on being dischargec( have often left the books which they brought with them, or which have been furnishetf by their friends. ' . ' ' Auburn, X. jr. — The supply. of books at this, as at other prisons, is quite inadequate to the wants of the prisoners. I think there were less than 350 volumes jn a condition for use. SiiigSing,X. P.— Books have been, thronghthe efforts of intelligent person^ interested in the reform of the prisons, contributed, andthese, with the efforts of the officers, have aided in the improvement of the convicts. ,, Trenton, y. J. — Some have received books, bnt there are too few lieloiiging to the prison library to afford much advantage. Baltimore, Md. — The Maryland Tract Society has liberally proposed to estahlist a library of appropriate books for the use of the convicts, and much good is expected to result therefrom. < , . Allegheny, Fa.— 'Ihe prison library is receiving additions from time to time. JPhiJadelplua, Pa. — A well chosen library, established by the beneivoleince of Mr. J. • Bacon, which is gradually increasing flirough the good offices of tliose who appreciate this mode of instructingthe prisoners, is in continual cirtulation. ■ ' ' Danphin County Jail, Harrisburg, Pa. — Has a well chosen library. Philadelphia, Pa,, County Jail. — The prisoners are supplied with suitable work, and with books. The library of the State Penitentiary at Philadelphia was, as we have seen,. begun by the gift of Mr. Bacon, in 1829 ; that at Sing Siiig; N. ¥., owes its origin to the benevolence of Governor Seward, who, in 1810, directed the ofiScers of the prison to select books for the prison library to the amount of S300, which he paid ; the library of the prison at Al- ton, 111.,, was given in ISiG, by the convicts in the Gharlestown,MaSs., prison. The following account of the donation is from Prison Disci- pline in America:' About a year ago, a clergyman from Alton, 111., visited the prison and was requested by the chaplaiu to perform the evening service ; after which he made a short addtess to the prisoners — a mark of attention from a stranger which always gives them pleas, nre. He expressed his high gratification with the neatness, order, and contentment which prevailed there, and his particular delight in seeing the library, observing that they were much better off in this respect than the inmates of the State prison at Al- 1 Prison Discipline iu America. By Francis C. Gray. London, John Murray, Albe- marle street. 8". 1848. pp. 53, 54. Libraries in Prisons and Beformatories. 221 oa, wlio had no books at all. T lie nest day, as the chaplain was walkifl^ through me of the workshops, a prisoner having asked leave to quit his work and speak to lim, told' him that he had some books which lie could spare and should like to send to ;he prisoners at Alton, if permitted, and so had soma of his shopmates. Tlie chaplain, laving conferred with the wardeij, stated in the chapel, after ^evening prayers, that iuoh au appli. B/i. 226 Public Libraries in the United States. Eev. Levi Smitb, chaplain of the Cliutou (N. Y.) Prison, says in his report for the year 1869 : Aboub iiine-tenths of the men read more or less. Nearly all are eager for books. Some ate very studions and seek works, of scieuoe and otbOT substantial readiug. The library is therefore a great blessing. It relieves the loneliness of the cell, controls and informs the mind, and induces quietude and contentment. The warden, Qf the Iowa State Penitentiary, in his biennial report dated 1874, remarks : ^ .jpi , Among other im^entives to good order is the priaoa library. The conyicts-al}le,,fj9 read are urgently recommended from time to time to employ their otherwise Idle p^gie in reading the books found in the library. The report of the chaplain of the Kansas State Penitentiary, for ttie year 1873, Says: ' "' ' The prisoners who can read are eager for reading matter; many use a portion of the small amount allowed them from thttir earnings to provide themselves with books and papers, and no less than seventy are Tegular subscribers for some magaziae or journal. The report of the chaplain of the same prison for the year 1874 con- tains the following : A book is the prisoner's companion ; if it is good, it serves a,3 a sedative in disci pliue and as a stimulant to the moral, mental, and physical well being of the prisoner. No instrun^eiitality is more important in, securing the ends for which prisons are estab- lished than a well selected and regulated library. The chaplain of the Western Penitentiary, at Allegheny, Pa., reports in 1873 : The library is one of our most eflficient agencies for instruction and entertainmeut. Its privileges are highly appreciated by the mass of the inmates. The books are well taken care of in the cells. In no instance during tlie year has there been any depriva- tion of privileges of the library on account of abuse of its volumes. All books isfeued to the cells are carefully examined on their return to the library. In many instances extracts are copied and carefully studied for future service. Similar extrafcts might be multiplied did space permit. The testi- mony of prison officials as to the value and usefulness of the libraries is uniform. II.— LIBRARIES OF REFORMATORIES. The first reform school in the United States was opened in New York in the year 1825, with nine inmates. It originated in the philan- thropic efforts of Edward Livingston, John Griscom, and others, who sought to arrest vicious youth on the road to prison and train them to become worthy members of society. The follbwing year a similar school was opened in Boston, and in 1828 the House of Refuge was established at Philadelphia. In the first quarter of a century from the foundation of the school in New York there were but five others for a similar par- pose in operation in the United States. In May, 1857, a convention of superintendents of houses of refuge and Libraries in Prisons and Reformatories. 227 chools of reform was held in New York, when plans for the improve - aent of those institntions were discussed. Seventeen reformatories rere repr^ented,' and the statistics presented showed, since 1825, !0,658 inmates, 3,530 of whom remained under care. The average age ot nmates on admission was 12f years and the number of pupils reformed vas estimated at 75 per cent. In 1872 Mr. F. B. Sanborn,' seeretary Of the Massachusetts board of Jtate charities, estimated^ the number of pupils in the reform schools of he United States the preceding year at 12,000, not including an equal uiinber (estimated) in "4'trictly educational and preventive establish- nents." He says : iu ' i 'i . -,; , 1 ."' r_' I -' ; *;:■ Jjj ■■ .' i i',:i ,;, . : ' ; ; Perhaps the percentage of worthy citizens trained up among the whole 24,000 ia preyentive and reformatory schools would be as hi^h as 75. Prom the very first, moral and intellectual instruction was relied^on is among the most powerful means of reformation. Of librariesas an adjunct of education in the reform schools in the United States, no statistics appear to have been published before; the year 1870, when the ta&k was undertaken by the Bureau of Education; returns for the year 1868 were obtained from 26 reformatories, 18 of which reported libraries ranging from 160 to 2,500 volumes each, con- taining in the aggregate 20,545 volumes. The whole number of inmates hp to that timS' had 'been 66,519, and the average for the year 1868 was 7,463. Fttr the 'yea,!r 1874, liibre Or lesS perfect returns were received from 56 reformatories. The aggregate number of inmates in 43 since their foun- ia,tion was reported at 110,622; the aggregate, number of inmates at late of report was 11^185*, distributed among 49 schools; 40 reported ibraries containing altogether 35,012 volumes; and 15 reported an ag- iregate increase of books during the year amounting to 1,945 volumes. Later "retarns from 49 - houses of correction, houses of refuge, and jther reformatory institutions under State, municipal, and corporate or private control, place the aggregate number of volumes in the libraries it 51,466, an average of 1,050 volumes to each. The largest library of :his class is tliat of the INew' York Ho'use of Eefuge, which numbers 3ver 4,000 volumeSf During the first forty-seven years of its existence :his house received 14,275 inmates. The reports of officers of reforma- :ories bear unvarying testimony to the benefits derived from librairies md readinig rooms in the schools under their care, and where neither sxists the deficiency is lamented. ' ''''' ' See paper on juyenile, reformatories in the Uuitecf, States of America, in Transao- ;ions_of th|i rnteruatiouaI,Penitentiary Congress, held ^t London, July 3-13, 1872. 8". Liohclon, LoD^mSus, Green & Co., 1872. See alsD abstract of saniejpaper,in^R3port]oa he litferriationai Penitientiary Congress of ' London; by E. 0; Wines.fD. D., LL.'D., Initpd States Commissioner. 8°. ■ Washington, Goviernilient Priuting-Officd, 1873,"pp .15,116. 228 Puhtic Libraries in the United ' States. t§ at ^ ■uosijd JO oaBjaaoiaj: ; 3S ; s 12 g • O • Tt" O XP LO 1 C) O TO 0( ■ o ; S • t- I. i to i^ o s g s i 03 P D •!janoniy I. 1 1 i i -O o O • i 1 « '• o 11 o > i a c > 3 J c G ?! 1 a - a S ■ d " i|i S S .2 t>< o t^ i S 1 M ; a M 2 J « S t» *^ a m >■- ^ .2 >> H U G rH •BaointoA JO jaq^ranx * -aiSuo JO 9}V(i 2 GO 00 00 TD 00 'jO 10 ^D Oj OD 00 00 GO 00 00 ^ Ti lO O S g S 3 i _C O > .■s 1 c R rt c i o s c CO H g 1 a ►3 o a: i ■e s a: * t i 1 1 c o c C c c 1 3? '5 ■) "-a {> 1 a a: > f i 1 1 1 0! o v > 4.9 fl O U P ,c 'c 1 i' •1 & I i i 5 1^ 1 c C 1 a: u 1 1 c f (7 <; 3 .5 1 a z M o i I J 1 1 I 1 c 1 1 1 1 1 E c E" 1"^ fi g S S .S S Uo N a' t> ;>! o o o J- J t> !i X a- O- O -O- lO o , ■3 coo O-Olflia'^JC^, p- o o o. I- Q_ r- «-- o a o- ;^.r ci co H- m CO O- t~-_- 03; cs J Or S '^^ "^ t- r- t- jO QO GC _& 1^ b O CI ■^ CI lO ■^ ot 1" lo f- CO CO CO. CO GO iH 'g ■" .9 H 5 ■S -S -a S a Ph ■>» 3 -^^ fl -s «)HoaKi-l3coOFHO'/3(i > n ^ c a n M tu r-' ^ £! >: fTr^M -. o id iS o o j; 2 .2 s "g M o " -^ O o o CHAPTEE IX. rROFESSORSHlPS OF BOOIvS AND READING. I.-BT r. B. PEEKIXS. II.— BY AVILLIAM MATHEWS, A. M. I.— pir rE0FESS0EsniJ>s of books and reading, ';''''' Professojis should teach a Method, not a subject — A proper additioxal COLt-fiOE PROl'ESSOESHIP — KEADIKG AS SOW MANAGED — METHODS AND MEN. METHODS, NOT SUBJECTS,, TO BE TAUGHT. The first idea suggested by a demand for " profe^gorships of boofcs!' and rea'ding" is not unlikely to be this: that the departnient indicated is too large, or, rather, too indistinct, for the work of one professor; too much like Mr. Carlyle's " professbrship of things in general." Bat upon considering the subject matter of various perfectly regnlar and satis- factory professorships commonly existing, the reasonableness of this one -will quickly appear. Indeed, some of these, when cited, will be' seen to call for some explanation of an apparent pre-emption of the very? ground claimed by the new settler. Thus, we have in abundance in collegiate institutions, professorships of "belles-lettres," of "English language and literatnre," of "rhetoric and oratory," of "modern lan- guages dnd literature," all these separately or together. Dj they not, or do not some of them, cover the very ground proposed ? i To answer this inquiry will leave it unnecessary to do more than'J merely refer to other ptirallel cases of large subjects for professorships.' Such are mental and moral philosophy, natural philosophy; theology, modern history, law. It Is quite superfluous to describe the immeusity of each of those fields of labor, and indeed the over-whelming nature of the thetaes of some of them. As to the Buffloteilt importance of the liroposed new subject, that will be referred to presently; but that it is not too large for a professorshifl, as professorships go, there can hardly be a doubt on a comparison with theSe cases; ' To recur to the suggested question of definitions. The partly synony- mous literary chairs above named may perhaps be described as follows : 1. "Modern languages and literature" usually im;)lies the study of German, French, Italian, or Spanish — not so often of other modertf lan- guages — and this often in an elementary manner, with grammar, diction- ary, and the memorizing of conjugations, declensions, and phrases—' mere primary school work, in fact. Even if the instruction goes farther it is pretty sure to mean (very properly, of course,) only other modern languages than English. 230 Professorships of Books and Reading. 231 2. "Rhetoric and oratory." This line of teaching looks mostly to )ols;en rhetoric, and is commonly not greatly, if at all, concerned with le reading of books or with writing them. 3. "Baglish language and litecatare '^ of cpurse excludes the study of :her literatures,' liiian our own, except in translations, ihe occupant F a chair with this title will, however, commDnly instruct either in Inglish composition, in the history of the Euglish, language, or in the istory of Eaglish life6rature. All these afel 'HfeoSSsaity, of course, and erhaps a sufficiently vigorous and accomplished man, in a sufficiently nail io^titfltion, might undertake the proposed new department along ith tiiese, for they ate not far distant from each other; but they are y no means the same thing,, any more than the law and the gospel are, ■ 4. "Belles-lettres'" is about the same as what is still called in some istitutions, " the humanities," as what used to be called more than ow, " polite literature ; " and the professor of these would seek to ac- uaint his pupjls with poetry,, fiction, and the drama, rhetoric and ora- 3ry, liteirary, criticism, perhaps also; with more or less pf history, and, erhaps of philology- And the same, observation may be m^de as to . ijuesing Tthe propQsed new department to this one as under the pre- edipg head, it The new field, then, is not actually occupied, in- any complete way, , lipugh doubtless sonje hints pertaining to it, are more or less subjoined, some of the above enumerated courses of iustructioa. "What will the ew chair, teiich? ,. i • •■ < Not; the history of literature, nor anyone literature, nor any one de- lartment of literature, nor the grammar of any language, nqr any one inguage, nor language itself, nor any form of its, use,, nor even any larticular form of tjiought. It is somethiug higher than any of he^e; it., is not any one subject, any one field of (investigation, but fc iS(a, methodifor' investigatiug any subject ^in the prin,t^d records of luman thought. It might be compared with, f;he calculus in applied lathematics; it is a means of following up swiftly and thoroughly the lest researches in lany, direction and of then pushing ]bhem fur.ther,; it eeks to give a last and highest training for enlarging any desired, de- lartulent of recorded human knowledge. It is the science and art of eading for a, purpose,; it. is a calculus of applied literature. Before leaving this definition of the proposed new department of tudy, something should be said of the various printed courses of read- Hg and similar manuals that are extant. , Tli^se may be supposed, by ome to ; contaiUiall thatas necessary to enable any student to do well nough without any teacher. This, however, is not at all the case. Foreign treatises of thje, kind are practically worthless for American lurposes ; and need not be examined;; .and those which we have are horoughly. incompetent for the work required. Watts on the Im- irovementof the Mind, for instance, is, quite obsolete. Pycroft's look, of which an edition has been issued ,;wjth additions by an i!imerican editor, contains ?ome sensible snpgcstious, but it -is thirty 232 Public Libraries in the United States. years old. Chancellor Kent's, prepared still earlier, (in 18J:0,) fortlie use of the members of the New York Mdrcintile Library Association, is simply a list of books on a classified schedule of subjects, begianing with Herodotus, Thiicydides, and Xenophou, and ending with Knox's Essays, Drake's Literary Hours, Verplanck's Essays, Ir^ing's Essays, under the title of G-eoffrey Orayou, Dr. Ohartning's Discourses and Reviews, Fisher Ames's Works, Webster's Speeches, and Everett's Speephes., J'o most of the titles is appended a brief valuation of the books, and, whilp the whole was a good and kind thing for the chancellor to do, and is far fi'om foolish, it is heavy and conventional, and thirty -five years, old. Knapp's Advice in the Pursuit of Literature, like Chancellor Kent's, was made out with a view to the advantage of the New York Mercan- tile Library Association, to which it is dedicated. It consists, of brief sketches of eminent authors and important literary eras, ancient and modern, with a good many, poetical extracts. It is executed, wiljh a fair share of taste and discrimination, but it is fortyrthree years old. A number of lists of books recom mended, with more or less suggestion as to order of reading, have been issued by publishers ; but these are only trade lists, with a variation. President Porter's work, Books and Head- ing, issued only a few years ago, is a collection of solid didactic essays, but consisting largely, as every such treatise must of necessity consist, of generalizations, which are like army coats; they fit no one exactly, because they must fit almost anybody somehow. But no book can serve the purpose of a live man. THIS IS A PROPEK ADDITIONAL COLLEGE PROFESSORSHIP. No better exponent of the accepted theory of college education will be found than the experienced, conservative, and thoughtful president of Yale College, to whose book on the subject under consideration refer- ence has just been made. In his inaugural, delivered October 11, 1871, he stated this theory in substance as follows : Our higher education (meaning our college, or, as President Porter wishes it could be first made and then rightly named, our university education) should be First. Conversant with the past, including — a. The doings of the past ; 6. The record of those doings. Second. A learned education ; that is, based to a liberal extent on learning, properly so called, and given at seats of learning, , Third. Nevertheless, in appreciative and friendly relations with the thought and progress of the present. Fourth. Provident for the future, by sending out graduates having the best- possible training, both intellectual and moral. To this end two rules (or parts of one rule) as to the method pursued are. indis- pensable for observance, viz : a. It is culture, training, that is to be given rather than such and such quantities of knowledge. That is — Professorships of Boohs anil Beading. 233 " 6. ' Th'e re^Wts to b3 sought for are not so mucli immediate ones as remote ones. Now, thes6 heads of doctrine are as harmonious with the exposition herein made as if they had been worked oat for the same purpose,. in- stedd of having been prepared without the remotest reference to or even knowledge of each by the author of the other, and four years apart. Bead over once more the above four heads of President Porter's dis- c6urse, and ask after each, "Will the course on books and reading, as 'ab6've proposed, serve this purpose "?" And the answer will be, " Yes, " eVerjr time; and it will serve it, too, with a striking directness and effectiveness. But it may possibly be objected that there are enough kinds of profes- sorships already. The general question involved is important, being that of the progressive subdivision of departments of education ; and a brief exposition of it is in place here, since it involves the particular ques- tion of the proposed additional department. As the whole field for mental activify and the accumulated stores gath- ered in it increase, the liumber of different sorts of this activity increases. The 'extent of their separate departments in one sense diminishes ; but no earnest specialist has ever found his field too narrow ; witness the story of the German philologist. This scholar, it is related, famous for profound tesearches on the third declension in Latin, approaching his end, and advising his son, also a promising philologist, warned him against attempting too much by alleging his own example. "Too late," said the dying professor, "I have realized that I ought to have devoted my life exclusively to the dative case." There has been a steady and interesting progress in what Mr. Her- bert Spencer calls " differentiation " in all the history of human learn- ing. I^our centuries ago, in the early days of printing, a popular encyclopEedia, or the book that then stood for such, instead of being twenty-one quarto volumes, like the Buoyclopsedia Britannica, or even ten large octavos like Chambers's Oycloptedia, was one ^mall quarto volume,' with not so great an extent of reading matter in it as the Old Testament. And there was then really nothing so very absurd in a man's professing all that was known. There is a ATell-khown Latin phrase of that period which describes such a man: " Qui trla, qui sep- tern, qui omm scibile, novit," — i. e., "Who knows the three, the seven, in short, all that there is to know." Kow, ,this three and seteil were the"trivium" and " quadrivium," or courses, of three studies and of four siudies, first three alone and then both together. The three were grammar, logic, and rhetoric, and the additional four were arith- metic, miisic, geometry, and astronomy. And in the small extent to which they w^ere known at all, a quick-witted, talkative person (such as way the Adniirable Crichton, for instance) might lecture ably enough for the period on the whole of them. Even these seven may, of course, be ranged as only three — language, music, and mathematics, showing 234 Public Libraries in the United States. a still earlier stage of learning. But now we have, for instance, compo- sition, sacred rhetoric, homiletics, besides the three old departments of language, music, sacred and secular, instrumental and vocal, and dif- ferent departments of each, and so on. All the natural sciences have be6n added ; the whole of mechanics, pure and applied ^ a number of industrial pursuits, even, and so on, until the number of separate de- partments of knowledge is such, and the extent of research in each has become such, that a pretender to know all the learning of' to-day wotild' either be hustled off to a lunatic asylum, or would be ticketed with some keen des6riptive jest, like those which paid off Lord Brougham ' for undertaking to know more than was practicable. " l)istlnguished by Vast and varied misinformatioh," one of these said of him ; and the' other (imported from France, by the way) was to the effect that "if the lord' chancellor (Brougham n^^as then such) Only knew a little law, he would know a little of everything." The extent of recorded knowledge, then, is now such that it is per-^' fectly tbpeless to attempt to master it all. Of works already printed there are, literally, millions. To this number are added, iuclud-'^ ing the printing world, i. e., Christendom, not less than twenty-flye thousand new vFbrks each year. Also, probably five thousand volumes each year of magazinles and reviews ; also, a quantity of newspapers, of which numerals can oiily give a notion even less accurate and adequate than theforegoing roughly estimated, but not extravagant totals. There" are said to be about five thousand in the tlhited' States, the hive of newspapers. Suppose w6 have afe many as all the rest of the Wrld ; that gives a total often thousandl If only one in twenty of these' is a daily, that gives a total of six hundred and ihirty-four thousand dif- ferent newspapers issued a year. To read through a first class daily,""' would take a swift reader two hours. Suppose, however, it only took' five minutes to read a book and one minute to read a newspaper ; then he who should read all the current issues of the book and periodical press, (pamphlets are omitted, it will be observed, from this estimate, . and no allowance made for rfeading up on past books,) would have to provide for the pvirpose five hundred and forty-four days of twenty-foui' ' hours each, every year; or more than thirteen hundred working 'days a year, of ten hours each. But if, instead of this bne-ininute and five-min- ute scale, we allow what it would really take to read eacli book aiicl ' paper; if we allow also for reading up ttie volumes issued since ibe first book with a date was printed, 1457 — restricting, ourselves to the" English language, omitting all but local periodicals, and tnaking any other fair allowances that can be imagined — while the fanciful nature of the estimate is admitted, the mass of reading matter it covers is' simply enormous; immeasurably beyond the acquiring powers of any ' one mind ; a field superabundantly ample in size, as it is in significance of contents, to justify a technical professional guidance in examining it and selecting from it. Professorsliips of Boohs and 'Beading. 235' ' HEADING AS' NOW MANAGED. So far 9,s ordiaary readers are concerned, tl;^e printed records qf past n,(i|ije§eiit huinan knowledge and pieubal, activity are tjUus a trackless, , fnotahp'^ling wilderness, in which a guide, philosopher, aud friend will ind ample occasion foi^ his servicea. The matter of reading is. at present a a wholly unorganized, unscientific, empirical condition, liiie navigation tefQr^_t^e use of t;he qompass and the application of scientific astronomy, irjike mining before the .introduction of scientific geological and miner- ilogical , investigations and of scientific engineering. ,J3very one digs rherever he fancies ; he may possibly find a deposit of gold, but he may ind onlymere .barren ropk or slag or dirt. Oe perhaps it may be still Qore aptly compared with the physician's profession, in which famous md successful practitioners begin their, lectures by saying, "Medicine, gentlemen, is something that physicianS; know nothing about," and in vhich au aclvjertisiug qiiack, whatever his effieot on the graveyard, -will iella great maUiy more doses to fools, and make a great deal more money 3ut of jtiem^i^jaan^.a consci^entious ancjl- scientific gentlemen in treating peo pie. -pf good, ^Ciusc,. ., -i-y, ,.[■ > 3jhe low comparative m^rit^pf .An],ejri,can literary and scholastic work IS a yhole, compared, wjthj jthat^ of England, France, and Germany, is inpther very impprj^ant reason for scienfiific dealing with literature. I^p lpi|t)t bur literature is impi'ovjng; ami n,o doubt we have_ many good vriters andwor^ers in varipus fields of thouglit. But every one who lias lad occasion to pxaiiaine ,a|; the sarn^ time, as one does who is pupphas- n^ foc,^ large lilirary, fhe average issue? pf the American press andthB Saglish press, jfor instance, will be prompt tp admit the great superiority )f the average foreign article. In the lifetime of Mr. Hawthonie, there nayTiave been but few English novel writers his eqtual, and but onepr two, f any, his superior. Bat the best hundred Baglish novels of any given rear were then greatly better than the best hundred ,4™ierican novels )f that year. There may not; be a better historian now at work in Eag- and 'than Mr. Motley ; but the English historical books issued this year ice^coUectivelya great deal more useful and valuable than the A'uerican mes. And sp on through most subjects on which bpoks are written, ciiis is npt an agreeable statement to make, but it is a state of things s'hich requires to be fully understood and appreciated, if we are ever to jsoape it. It is npt disgraceful, it is not discouraging ; it is the perfectly latural and necessary and invariable experience of a new people with im,atl money capital, handling vast unimproved lauds, forced to do rather hau to read. .So that in, fact it is only just now that we are coming to ihe social st^ite where we are ready to produce a traine 1 literary class. Chus far we have npt done it, whatever may have been the case with a 'ew individuals, and we have had no business to do it. Ax, plow, steam engine, not pen and palette, have been thus for our proper implements; md we have done a noble " spot of work " with them. Exactly now, at 236 Public Libraries in the United States. the end of oar first na-tional century, it is goad to sum and value just this total of attainments. And exactly such a scientifle instruction in books and reading as is here discussed is one of the influences which will do most to correct our views, to raise our ambition, to bring us up to the present limits of attainment in knowledge and in thought, and to prepare us for extending those liaiits. Comparing our past- with that of Europe, we have had at most two centuries and a half of literary ex- istence — the same length, by the way, as that of our political exi.itence ; which is not true of any European nation. Now, roughly speaking, our higher education system may be dated back to 1G38, the origin of Harvard College. Compare this iperiod with the duration of the corre- sponding insticutions in Europe, where the diite of foundation of the universities of Bologna, Paris, Oxford, and Cambridge is a matter of doubt; but where that of Bologna was existing in 1158; of Paris al- ready in 1250, when the Sorbonne was founded; where that of Prague was founded in 13^8, a,ad four more, at Vienna, Heidelberg, Cologne, ^nd Erfurt, before the year 1400. Here we have the European nations, some of them rooted in a civilization alreadj^ ancient, and having higher educational systems, now sis and seven centuries old and more. Is it a discredit to us that, in our brief existence, and with our other work to do, we are not now as far forward as they in special scholarship ? Not at all. We are in advance of those nations in things enough. We have done more than might reasonably have been expected in the very direction under discussion. Certainly, the iutiuence of trained thinkers and students in directing the choice and valuation of books, and times and modes of reading, will dp much to cause a demand for better and better books, and thus to cause the appearance of better and better writers ; for if crude, silly, cheap, and easy writing is the only kind that people will buy, it is the only kind that can be produced except by rich persons — and the great works in literature have not, as an invariable rule, been produceil by the rich. Another argumen-t in favor of scientific guidance for reading is tbat we have, as a people, so little time for it. We are styi deeply mortgaged to our lands ; and, until we have developed from the earth a larger amount per man of permanent capital than yet exists, we shail), as a nation, continue to have but little time for reading. It follows, of course, that we need to use the more skilfully what time we have. These considerations have been meant to show the desirableness of the proposed instruction, in view of the condition of reading as actually pursued among us at present, and in view of our present educ^-tional attainments. But such instruction is furthermore indicated witb equal directness and clearness by the general present tone and tendency of the best public opinion in regard to educational systems of the higjaer class. That opinion has, at present, a distinct set towards the employ- jnentof a thorough, systematic, and scientific training in lines of attain- ment other than scholastic. It is not meant at all by this to suggest Professor'ships of Boohs and Pleading. 237 mythiiig al)out the question of relative values of subjects of educatioa. Wiiatever these may be, the fact referred to is shown plainly enough in the recent growth' of scientiflc and technological schools of various kinds ; some separate, others in connection with some university organ- ization. We have professorships of agriculture, of physical culture, of po- litical economy, of sesthetics, of mechanics, and so on, every one of them useful and desirable. And in lilie manner it is in accordance with the spirit of the^educational movement of to-day, that we should have professor- sM'ps^f books ahd reading ; for the knowledge of what to read and how to read at is the indispensable completion and finish to any one of the previoustor other courses of 'study in any university or higli grade insti- tution of learning. No other 'department, in fact, could be contrived, so adapted to be the last symmetrizing and polishing process to a com- plete education. ;_, , METHODS AND MEN. , An instructor, if he is fit for his business, milst adjust his' methods to a ^^teat extent to suit his 6"wn gifts 6i? deficiencies and those of his pupils. All that can be done here, therefore, is to make a few 'Suggestions to sliow that there are mftny practical questions as. to range and'Choice of subject matter, and aS to modes of procedure. As far as possible, the instructor should adapt his teaching to the tjeculiaritiefejif any, Of his individualjiupils. A g^fod many of them will have no very marked peculiarities. For these, and in the beginning for all, the general course must be begun and followed. As one develops a'stfoHglovefoi' metaphysics, another for historical sociology, another for' military history, another for biography, and so on, each of these should be sho^n the relative value and capabilities of his chosen topic; should be taught how to pursue that spebialty without too much neglect- iti^ others, and how to take up along with it the related branches. As deficiencies in attainment appear, they should be put in course of cure. The tendency to heading for mere amusement should be carefully watched and limited. If inferior books are preferred, the pupil should not be too suddenly forced away from them, but should be gradually trained to like better one's. Especial care should be taken to habituate the student to the investigation and mastering of subjects, rather than to the mere reading of books^ to teach him not to pile up lumber and bricks, but to pla,h and build an edifice. The various mechanical modes of retaining ai'hold on one's reading should be recommended, and, if 'pbssible, put ifl practice, always permitting the student whichever, on trial, he finds best for his own mental habits. With one the vowel system, "Index Eerum," will do ; with another, a regular slip catalogue; while a third may prefer a System of commonplacing, without so much indexing, and a pi'odigy may Mj day rise up whose memory, " w4x to'f^Mve and' marble to retain," will enable him' to cite, and perhaps to' recite,' volume and page without making a single note. Perhaps som-e' may 'like to try a mnemonic system, and if they do, they should. 238 Public Libraries in the United States. The habit of making oral and written analyses and 'summaries of books and parts of them should be cultivated as far as ' possible. It Is a great and wonderful secret to learn, that in many cases this practice of search- ing out the anatomy of works already created^ transmutes itself, in time, into the power of creating other works, just -as the profoundest knowledge of anatomy has belonged to the greatest -Sculptors. Beading can usually bo for one or more of only thre& purposes, viz: 1. Entertainment ; = 2. Acquisition of knowledge; 3. Literary production. The first is hardly worfch teaching; the object here being merely to train to good taste in selection and good sense in indulgence. The second is, or should be, pretty sufficiently practiced in the undergradu- ate and university course, though a skillful teacher in the proposed de- partment would greatly re-enforce the methodology of every class in the college. In fact, his course would coincide better with a professcid course in methodology, by name,' than with either of the' partly synonymous courses referred to in the beginning of tbis paper; it would necessarily be based, if it was a correct course, upon a complete and detailed methodology. It is, however, the third sort of reading alone — that for literary pro- duction—which is the ideal of the scientific use of books, and the one ^r which the course should primarily be modeled. It will be found easy to relax from its- thorough work quite as often as desirable. All these suggestions, it will be seen, point towards making the student in- dependent of his teacher as soon as possible, for they tend to set him to doing his own thinking, and, indeed, his own acting, at the earfiest practicable period. •'■'■ A hygiene for the eyes, for the stomach, in fact for the whole econoray of students, should be thoroughly taught ; showing, for instance, how'to manage artificial light ; how to get the most work out of the eyes with- out ruining them ; how to live so as to keep the brain in the best work- ing order, and so on. A capacity for understanding how, and how much, a book is useful for the student, himself, and a habit of ascer- taining this with distinctness, should be taught; but this done, it is a question whether the maximum of literary power and accompiishmeut requires much more. It is better to try to bring something good to pass for one's self than to be watching to see whether other people have done well or ill. The question of pursuing one's reading into other languages, ancient or modern, will require various decisions ; so will that of using or of making translations. The use of reference books will often need to be taught ; and some enthusiastic student may be encouraged to begin to prepare some kind of reference book for himself, as a first essay in pro- ducing somethij]g from his reading. The work may be of intrinsic value ; and if it is not, it will be valuable to have made it. The relative and positive importance and value of our own and other literatures Professorsliq)S of Books and Beading. 239 rill require to be considered, aud the bird of our country must not be et soar'auy higher than a due uuiou of literary patriotism and of cos. Qopolitanism may permit. The proper mode of reading periodicals and if newspapers should be carefully iuculcated, for there is a proper as veil as an improper mode of reading even newspapers. Here, the )ractice of making scrap books will properly come up for consideration. Without attempting to elaborate these and similar detail* into a com- )leted system, which would suit nobody except the maker, and probably lot even him very long, this euumeratioii is sufficient to show that mder this title of "books and reading" a good many practical questions Tould naturally arise, and that there is abundant material for establish- pg by -this or aui equivalent name a new department of our higher edu- ji^tion, which shall take cognizance of important matters at present very little attended to. As everywhere else, it would make all the difference in the world ibout the success of the new course of study what manner of man should teach, it.v It would be easy enough to enumerate the qualifications of a literary archangel and then say, all these he should have. Practically, the best man. must' be got that can be had; that is all. But he should be not merely as good a scholar as possible, but he needs in a peculiar degreeithe gift of teaching and a union of conservative and progressive qualities. Some college professors are logs that have drifted into an eddy; incapables, whose friends have hoisted them into their chairs to get rid of the burden of themi at the expense of a school; and others, of distinguished ability in their specialties, have either no aptitude for instructing or no desire to instruct. But the professor of books and reading will be worse than useless unless he is a man who takes the full pleasure of instructing. For such a man, the nature of the subject, and its peculiar adaptation to the minds of young men of college age, will render his work a keen delight. He may range over the whole field of human history, knowledge, and activity; his teaching may be a system- atizing of all these, and at the same time a course of applied mental phitosophy, as he stimulates and guides the various minds before him, and of morals, as he develops the ethical significances of all his themes. Such, a discursive activity would not sliit everybody ; but for minds of a certain class — and that a very valuable class — it would be simply happiness. 240 PuMic Lihrarles irt^ the Unite d States. ' ir.— PROFESSORSHIPS OF BOOKS' AND EEADING. VALnEOp'^BOOKS AS'a' MEAXS OF 'cDLTURE — A 'PROWrf ' b6UKSTi; OP READI^I^d'-^J' Difficulty' 6'f ' selecti.ntg — MaxualS "n'ot'' suFFlcifeNT-^COLLEG*^ SHOUtl) PROVIDE A PROFESSOR TO ASSIST TUB STrDKXT — OBJECTIONS lO 1 TH-B ' PRO- POSED PROFESSORSIUPiCOKSIDERED. ',,. i ,, Tb^ value of l)bQk§ as q, nieajis 9f culture is at this day recognizerf'by all luen. /^bq cbie^ allie? aQcl, instruinents of teacli'ei's^ tbey 'tire tli'e best substitute^! ,fpr teacbers, and, pext t(j) a good college, a good libkry mai^' well be choseu as a means 6^ education. Indeed, a book is d Voicefes"!^" teaobei:,tap(|,a great library is a jrirtual university. A literary taste is at oiice tbe most efficient insfrumpnt of self-education 'arid ^tb^'prit&l'^ so.urce of enjoyment. tbe world aiprds. It brings its p'dsses^br'iHto ever- renewing CQinini>nion witli all that is noblest aucl best in the thougbti'of' the past. Tbe garnered and winhowed wisdom of the a'g'^^ is bis daily foo^.i/Wl^^tevpr is lofty, profourid, or acute in speculatibn, delicate ^of refinei^ ia,, feeling, wise, witty, or quaint in suggestion, is k^Cesitble to the loy^r^oJE' bp.olis. They enlarge space for him ap3 prolong;' time. More" WQp,d|erfjil than the wishinjg-cap of the Arabian tales, they transport him back to former days. ,,Tlie orators iieclaim for bihi arid' the po6ts sing. He becomes an iphaibita.nt of every country, a contemporary of all ages, and converses, ;«fij;,h the wisest, the noblest, the tenderest, and thV' purest spirits tb.?it Jiave adorne^ humanity. ^U tfae sages have thought and have apited fpJC,,!*!'^ ! ,°^;,^^'''^®'^v^® has livecl with them; he has hearken^^l to fheir ins^trt;i;Ctions ; he has been tbe witness of their great' examples; and, befp^e, setting his foot abroad in the world, has ac- quired the experience of more countries thari tbe patriarchs saw. The. ^nPfSt original thinkprs have been most ready to ackno^t'ledge their obligations to other minds, whose wisdpm has beeri hived in books. Doctor Fr^^nklin, traced his entire career tp Cotton Mather's Essays to do Good, which fell intp his hands whein ,he was a, boy. Tliectlrrent of Jeremy Beutham's thoughts yr&s, directed itor life by a single phrase/' "Tbe greatest good of the greatest number," canght at the'eu'ddf a, pamphlet. Cobbett, at eleven, bought Swift's Tale of a' Tub, and 'it' produced what be considered a sort of "birtii of int;ellec't.'^ Tbe'^piiius of Fapaday wa^ fired by i;he ypluraes \vhich he perused while'setvinW'^'s an apprentice to an English bookseller. 5neof the most distingaisiied personages in Europe, showing his library to a visitor, observed that not pply tliiiS cpUpction, but fill his, social, successes 'm life, he traced' back to "thp first franc he saved frpm tbe cake sliop to spend dt a book §tall." T^e,Fre»cJi historian Michej^et attributed 'liis merital inkpira-'' tion to,,a single book, a Virgil, be lived witlii^pr some years ; 'arid \A^ ^ tells us that an odd volume of Racine, picked up at a stall on, the c(uay,'* made the poet of Toulon. Books riot only enrich and enlarge the mlml, Professorships of Books and Reading. 241 it they stimulate, inflame, and concentrate its activity; and though ithout this reception of foreign inflijience a man, may be odd, he cau- )t be original. The greatest genius is he who consumes the most jowledge and converts it into mind. What, indeed, is college ednca- m but the .reading of certain books which the common sense of all holars agrees will represent the science already accumulated ? A well known American writer says that books are only for one's idle )urs. Thi^ may be true of an Emerson; but how many Emersons are ;ere in, the reading public? If the nian who gets almost all his informa- 3n from the printed 'page, " needs a strong head to' liea'r'that diet," what Ust be .the con^iitijOn of his head who abstains fi'om this alimentf A ascal, when his books are taken from him to save his health, injured fexcessiv-e, study, may supply their place by the depth and force of s personal reflection : but tliere is hardly one Pascal in a century, "olk^ton, majie ,m,auy discoveries with a hatful of lenses and sOme ts of glass and crystal ; but common i)eople nfeed a laboratory aS rieh I Tyndall's. To assume that the mental habits which will do for a man ■ genius will dp for all men who would make the most of their faculties, to exaggerate an idiosyncrasy into a' universal law. The method of iture, it has,.j6een jvell said, is not ecstacy, but patient attention. There are two things to be considered in_ the mitt6V of inspiration ; le is, the inflnite God from whom it comes, the other the fiiiite capacity hich is to. receive it. Jf Newton had never studi ed, it ^vbuld hkve been i easy for God to have revealed the calculus to his do^ Diamond as Newton. We once heard of a htian Who thought' everything was in e soul, and so gave up all reading, all continuous thought. Said ipth,er, ' If all is in the soul, it takes a rafln to find it.' " It is true that, Bcctesiasticus fells us, "a man's mind is sometimes wont to tell him ore than seven watchmen that sit above in a high tower;" butitis so true that the man wilt hear most of all who hearkens to his own ind and to the seven watchmen besides. ' No doubt books, like every other "blessing, may be abused. " heading," Bacon says, " makes a full nian ; " and so does eating ; but fulness, ithbut digestion, is dyspepsia, and induces sleepiness and fla;bbiness, ith fatal to activity. The best books are useless, if the book worm is it a living creaturiB. The mulberry leaf taust pass through the silk jrm's stomach before it can become silk, and the leaves which are to Dthe our mental nakedness must be chewed and digested by a living tellect. There are readers whose wit is so smothered under the weight theiraccumlations as to be absolutely pow'erless. It was said of Kobert mthey that he gave so much time to the minds of other men that he ver found time to loiok into his ow^n, Kobert Hall said of Dr. Kippis at he piled so many books upon his head that his brains could not )ve. It was to such helluones Ubrorum, or literary anacondas, who are ssessed by, their knowledge, not possessed of it, that Hcbbes of almesbury'alluded, when he said that had he read as many books as 1f5 T? 242 Puhlic Libraries. m_. the United States.^ other vam, he would, have knovra as little., Tbfjre is jg..i»^ay! minAsj,^; Aberiiethy coijiplainwl of his, a.poiatotsatur.atiQa,, wliieh iif ©n^pia^eeii by , putting iu more thau his iniiul can hold, he ouly. driy^s,out ]§ppju(i^ tliiug alrti ady .in. j-It \y»& one gf thei advantages of tll^ ift;|ellftft^l j^jwfe of old, that , the very scaiitinessiof tVeir librar,ies, by corapellipg tlierci tQ, think for themselves, saved, th(?m from that.habit of/inteHc>qessaiSy.|/ '^^ merely passive reader, \yUo never wrestle? with this authorjjjH^y^^pftu^lj^^ be. injured by the works he peruses ; bujt in impst , cases. tlie_injjijiy^^^ done beforp liQ began t,rieiad. , A really acitiyeimipd AV,ill>npt,b^Riiei^§^ down by, its knowledge, anyiPjjpre tliaiuan oak'by4tsleaves,,Qr.tliiiar^,y]^g Samson by his Ipekjs. „ Gireat^pilos of fuel, wJii(i;h,pii$,out ithcljftjgjljr^ only make thei.greafc fires itiurn. If, a man is jijjured by. mnUilftfiiesq knowledge, it is not because his mind,<,lioesjnot crave and, need tJi^ffPfts^ various food, bufi because it, ^' goes wto a bad;slsin.:'? .,Ha,8i learoiugiiisi juechanically, uotichemically, united to the. mind; incorporated ibjyiiQgi);! tact, and uot( lay solution. , I , .,i,i. 'no . r bn-e ^oonaii Such being the value ^of books, , how can the college student, h|^ si>end his leisure time, beyond what, jg, required (for sleep, njeals, exercise, and society, than in readiflg ? But ^yhat books sh^ll ihe rg aud how shall he read them? yimll he let liis iustiucts. guide. hjim4fl[tbft choice, or shall he read only the works wlijch have been stampedi^ffiith Xh e a.pproval of the ages i How may he acquire, if he laciks-it^a ta§6ft forthe highest types, the masterpieces, of literature? Are, 'establishfed its 'ita saieieej history, aua'^llterature to soar into regions whdte their liity islfl(l*ee^ba by novelaud daring gl3eculations.'''ioaa-J9iIj lo. ilnulj A;g'aiu,' hdw Many-stndetits read books throiighby rote, without inter- ^'Ol'i^^joytayn'tS'^ 'WiUho'Ltt oortrp'rehendiog, or femeinbtetiilg' their cou- Ms^'JsaMi^]'^ -b'SC'aiise ChSy havfe be'en' tdttl td f ead them; 'Or bbeause- som'jJ ifetfb^, press of .Crerajiany alonj^,, Tli^ I^jjp^|:( catalogue: contains the. -names of fifty thqtfsaiV^-, l^^lB^^^y^^^FAi^^^^ it is estimlattid thatjthe time will speedily come yyien,,, the jpumberpf German writers Avi'll exceed that, of German rf ^flers. , „ MC^^f.^e^der is not appalled by mch statistics, ? Whp c^n cope wifcfi_ ^vea . the jgasr terpieces-of i}ftiwature,,t(? say nq^hing of ttke ^i^utiflp; a^i}^. the.(;>\<^^i^^ worliSji whose, numbers are increasing4J? geometTiqp,l,ra^iq^| _ , I)e ,Q^j,BCfiv calculates that if a student werp to spauidhis entii;ei li;fe frpf^ij^^^f^gaof twenty to eighty iin, re;iding puly, hefnight compass the ,fp^igjXe{^}jgjU| Some twenty thousand vojajiime^; but, as mr^ny books shogJf|,t(e ^^H^ied as well<;as= read, and, some read many,tLn^S,ovei^, ,^ej(jp|^cludes that ^ve to eight thousand lis.the largest number .wh,ip|h,^ §t,udent in,,^ha^Jong life could, hope to master. What realms^. of books, ^hen, muS|t e,^eu the Alexanders-of l(etters.leav;e unp9snqu(3r^d,h Th^ luosit.r^ibiist and flilft- fatignble reader who essays to.gQrthrowgh an iuiperif^l library paiinot extract the honey ft'om one-twentieth pf tbisihive; ^hoiugh he reac^ifjem dawn to dark, he must die in the first alcoves. -, , ' It IS truje that, in another -view, the facts are not quite so disc.p^rai^ijs, Newton lisaid, that if iflie earth .qouid be oofliprei?^f^(^ jntq-^ ^pjid ff^a^a.ifc could be put into a nutshell ; and so, if we ,could de/inct j^(^pa the .ffflrtd of booksall the worthless ones and all tho?e thilt fire.merely r§peti^^on^, commentaries, of dilutions, of the thougU<;s of other^j we ^l^ould i^.i^d.lt shrubki into a, comparatively small compass. The learned, Huet, wk) i-ead incessantly, till he was ninety-one, , and, k.new mpjr^,p^,,hp|9)v^j^j)|f- haps than any other man down to his time;, tli ought that if nothing jijgcl been said twice everything that had eveif b,i?Pin,, written since t|^fi;9^- tion of the world; the details of history excepted, might bi? pjjt jj^tp nine or ten folio volumes. Still, after all cjeijuctions have beffliJi^^^, the residunmiof printed mat,ter ,w;hich,one wou^d.Uke to ce^ iS;^o,gyeat as to be.absolutely terrifying. Jhft use of books is tpj^^^iiiiu^te aP,d Re- plenish the mind^ to giye.it staff to wqrlc wi(;h,— idea^, focts, sentjinents; but to be delnged with these is as bad ^s, to lack them. . .-^^njll wi^flQt go if there is too little water, but it will, be.as fi^ctually stopped fj^lJ^pje is too much. The day of encyclopaedic scholarship has gop^ by., /,JJvj«n thatill-deflued creature, ,'^ a well-inforn^ed man,", is J:>ecomiug evpjy y^ar more and more rare ;i but the Huets and the) Scaljlger;^,j^the,|]g45WS, whLDi" take all knowl(?dge to be their province," and th,^/Lei^bt;iitzies,^v)fp presume, "to, drive all, the sciences abreiast?^ — m|:^st soon^^com^jas extinct, as the megatherium oi| the ichthyosaurus, ^^h^ most f;|,mbit|!oijs reader who now indulges in \^liat, Sidney Suiithciyi^^tlie foppery, of Prtifessor ships of Boohs and Heading. 245 rfiilVfirsMity, speedily Teams tlifi't no iUdividaul ca.ii grasp in tlie limits (i¥'i'^ltfeftilii^-fev6rt-kri' eleinieHtaryktiowled^e of the many provinces of olil lettrairi^, enlarged rts fch¥| aire by' the vast anilesations of raoilerli' dis- ^tfyfei^'i^'Mtf,' like Voltaire's little man of Satnrn, who lived only dur- in^'tf'C'S'fifrtid'red revolutions, or ifteeu thousand of our >years, he ooin- ^Mifs','>Ls he 6T6ses his' career/'thiit' scarcely has he begun to pick up a liittll^'kno'wl'edgg^b'^forehejs called oih' to dfeparb; ^ - ■- i« '"*fi'oi^'Ml'lMsM''rfeS^&ris'Wg^caiiUot'Hiub"thiuk that our' coMeges, while fee?j"ltf(V\-id6 'the 'itidde'ht -with librftrife/ shoiliftl also pfijvide him -iWith a 'fil:^uc8 hiiu toj |fifl'iSfe%(liari'tes ot' khctWWdge; hfe should 'Also be taught where i to sink! il'i'g' shii'M' ahd how to Vfbrk'tfi'eul; Mr; Eltferson, speakihg- of such a p?3¥^^:^(i^liip ihonfe Of his i'ater essays, says, "I thiak uo chair -isnso iHubh Vatit^d.*' lilveii thfe ripest schohir is puizled to decide what books heshhllTfed'atiioti^'th^'fej^riadythatolanibt-foriHis'atteatio'ii: Wliat,then) Ht^iki'be theiSt'^'lexity 'Of otifewho'hals jasfcieuWfea ttoe a*M's of-literatmre-! If y^' l^ac6k*i'^lflilB''iOThW'bo0ky^w'etfe'« to' be tasted, others to^bfe' swal- foWed, a,fid -s^me'feiw to 'bfe'fchewed' and dSgested," how much greater iiiii^ seem 'We necessity of discrtmiffatioh 4t this day, when the amount SHftetiify 'f)abuluM 'hks' quadrayftfar''&hd'feVeti quintupled 1 Is 'there 'iicitj'ttiefif 'ali'absblute necessity 'tfclat thestudent ^ifho wouMieebhounke 'iW^'traeand'malte the bfe^t uSe iaf M^ opportunities,' should be guided in his reading by a competent a'd'vise*'?*'Will it besaid thait,'aocarding ^'ijMW^Sf^ftt^^'Btflhigiate e'ducation, the studies of th4 curriculum wilf ilMimnd all his time';' that he Will* have no spare hours for general culture f' We feply thA't; as 'a' trtatter of fact,' whatever theitheory,>in liH'^'^WIS^i does' the student, as a rule, give hi's-whole time to the k'egalar 'iiikWii^', 'however longer difBctiltJ TJnlfess' very dull or poorly prepared, rfie siudftitdoes fltid tiine to read — often several boutSa day^^andihets ■^'fe'AeMft'/'enjJohraged to do so by th'e professors. The question, there- f8r'e,n's-ilirt'wiie'ther he fehall (yoncentrate all his time aind attention -uipon tifi^.^l^b'ob'ks, but wheliher he'sh'AlT rfead instructive boofc^, for a -defi- riftfe ^Ubp6se alhd "under cbmpetent' directittU; or' shall aofuire, Without d'i¥ettf61fi, the inereit Odds ilhd ends of kiiowled'ge. ' I 'I '^t^e'R^fe ih a day when it is' the practice 'ih every icalliogij to utilize tliil\*§ \^fiJfeW'#6i'6'once'deenled' valueless;^ 'W someof thegreat eSties <(5^'fitii?cin^-ev^rl th'B' s<*eepitffs^'of the streets a^eturued to'aiceount, -•Mii^tf^M'td cortttkfeo'rS who'Use theita as Aressirlg^'for farms. In the trtit'0%E^^^^Milit'dt Philaidelphii thevisitot t(5*W¥ gbld room hi*tha?s a''i'ack'i*;^1^i3^ ov'er the floor for ' him' tb' walk Onp'ln inquiirtng its 'ija?p^fefe,1ie is told tfikt'it ii3 to prevent the 'visitor from carrying! a w&y ^Wthifest of his'-f^efi^fcLie tftinUtfe partibles of precious metal which, i'A'^&ffl?t^6¥^t'htf lithio'st'carfe, will fall upon thfttflobr ^hen^ the rougher *'ftl|ffi°8Khe-*6lr -arte 'filed; and that' the' Swee'pings of the building save ^feai'l'i'tliotisafiielsof dollat-s.- HoW'muchnioi'e precious are the minute fr^ghiBfils 6l tiihe which ar4 Wasted by the ybuhgy especially by those 246 Puhlic Libraries iii the United States. who are toiling iu the mints of knowledge! Who 'canestimatBitbe value to a coUiegti student of this goldeu dust, these rasi'yingsla'fildrparihgs of life, these Ifeavings of days and remnants of hours, so vklttfel^tecfelfl'^y/ st)1uestilnf^blein the aggregate, could they begleaned up and. Wmisll- to meutWl'iinproveinent ! Let us suppose that a young man, on eutefitt^ college, economizes the odds and ends of' his time" so far as toJ'beaa thoughtfully twelve pages of history a day. This would amouflitj Dfiaftt; ting'Sutidays, to about three thousand seven hundred 'pages, teia losophy, of history ;8with the great, paramount worlis of'ErigJigfi liieeri ature;^-with the masterpieces (in translations) of French, (iermail^ Spanish, and Italian literature, and with not>a' little of theiChiteeW periodical literature of the day; What a fund of knowledge, of wiSdiSfffl', and of inspiration would these forty -eight volumes, well choseUj'^vell understood, and well digested, be to him I What a quickening, brabing; and informing study would even one great book prove! The histotSei of Hallam, Grote, Merivale,^ Mommsen, MHman7 MaSaulay, Motley^ Olareudou's gallery 6f portraits, Gibbon's great historic painting; i^dy one of these might date an epoch in the student's intellectual life d'Wsti thorough, conscientious study of any masterpiece of -literature, •Dii'. Johnson thought, would make a mau a dangerous intellectual (iiWUgoniiit. Over and above all this, the student would 'have fotfraed' habits ofi'gdlif- improvement and bf economy in the use of his time whieh^ would' 'lifef more toone thing, and another portion to another, and who think iitfa sinto'lose^a minute. On the contrary, we believe there is profound truth iu the say- ing of Tilliet that "le temps le mieux employ^ est eel ni que I'on'perdi'' Much of our education, even of our best'teducatioU, is acquired, not tfOl^' out of school, but out of the study, in the hours which morbid or mechanical worker^ consider lost. Deduct from our acquisitions airthat is learned in seemingly idle hours, in times of recreation and sociaM*il- tercourse, and the residuum' would be a heap of bones without fleSSifcb cover them. Making, however, all deduction for necessary, rest >anQ relaxation, we still believe there are few students who cauniot fiud«5»i%'ti3 read twelve pages a day. i Are there not manj'- who, through igiioraWfte of what to read, and how to read, and even of the chief advautSftJSJStf reading, waste double this time'? JfJ' J noo iiyitiw wyjijadUj . ilovignb Will it be said that it is enough for the student to read a tew clwiCre authors,— to absbrb thoroughly a half dozen or more representative books,— and that these h6 can select for himself? No doubt there ttfe PxofesSorsJiips of Boohs and Beading. 2i47 adyaDtagesin thus lituitiug oae's reading. .^ So far ^.^ readijig j^ngfja, pa!*tiinj^,J.biit.,a,piart o£.^|^9 systematic c»i],||vftti)QP. ftXl the ftmuljliiesjjt i§- w§b|ttl;Oi*Jyi'SO!fiW( as it implies .(jlose aatl iatimate k,ao,w,tedge. T^j^iiud, gjiowld iSemottia vesse]i;oiily,YbLit ativiat. ;A; mftni may say tli^iifc'.lKJ has ■p^clhMil)fcQaVi'"^'i'ari PO'Stti'') if hejhjai^iskimffted oiverthej^ilightly ^s he tirowJtlo^kicij) (as^erolh^fBolam-nSiOf a.nawspapeiij.or if hQs»iisp'4.tches.them aiSiacp^S0«iitoiiateW:tetlhe ^0> goaaMthaomgh'ia. geompJ^R^ im Oftf^i after- mP^i' OQly, skijaj^i tig Hmt A'syjfVBid Bis;,.- m) t-ll (W!(ii>fee4i (Uia,e§,jthfi t ; seemed, ,to k*^fttee«thriiw-u iiuifco4ajj|rcBpt hi.s, prqgrAs$,;f ii]|pt),^ftih AS, Bot read .theirj to 8l^i(@(jia(i-,P'iji(rpose mitiH^^jy} h^i^'^ fasKinjibed his ixiiagi,uatio,ii ,a,n(l S|i}«Jj9iit8t9oh[fiS(m<3iWW.,HdiSftarU|yjigre;at.nmst;'fe@[ c;J»o^T§(^,au(j.,) ,d,igested-;M'li'' tlj-oy, . are tJlfiB0i\g)ilydaasiiHihvfc6d,.till their ideas, p-),e*ilike, -th:fl iroij aitomsjofijlilf^ • W^oidiiiiifeftiltha) m&ateli;Cftnsti!tiji(tioa5(,(^pjiJjjthfrJ'nJhapdlyi!b§gip_,l;jC|, gj.v^ ,^R«ftgbfc/flli(d,fJtteliateUeot,[t(Ul w,e ^have them-ftPjbyihgwW that v*?iS9a56©l^ nieed J^.laoto into rtihem.t Jfe js QOib - ia tj^mumber of facts £yieihMr§3!i'hardly passibl;©, to Awsui^e top i^barpljjiijwbaffiiSil'aiiWJUiiigi fcg:*miltoa..ca.y^, *'the- ,p(Fe!yailji(i,g(,,pesti- kjaiee pili$lM^y,desi34l|$iryy.,,f>|fspR|itiftta., reading.? A great. deiiijpf the tOTe^/tiJiis spwtic^S'btit, itjjer iiodulgeace of intQllectual df^),yi dripkiug, f}iftj:(|j0igialteiwpraryi exhila^j^tioj)*. b.wtr.iiljtimately ema.scu.latiMS.iVlPi'lli ]lU!,sd)#rjigli($MrMteSot SPJWiiTjjrite (#a${i, opii«m,, ;^h(^, Hindoo c,U(?w?^,(tobacco an^ibBtebnutvitlie 'C!iy;Uiz«d (Christian r^a^j^j and opium, tob^LPtiiiO) and bootoS) giU, alike it^Hdj to produce that dizzy,, dreamy, .tJrQwi^yif^^at^s of iftiijd wJjifihiUnfits a HianfeE-^ilJ the actvye.duties of yte. But true as all this isy^SfcJj® roan ofi opjCubook,,'? or of a.fie\^ibo0ks,ris, yefparij, a Utopiaji (i^mmisathim than a reality, in ^ttochfu^teenth iC^n^Hjry, ,,^ie , young 'flasiliwhftihaa-a keen, vigorous appetite rfo£, knowledge, and vyJijOy^pji^lvl A)^.HbEeas,t with his age,iwiH never, be content , to jftfj^dfpjx, a few clipipe .jpfehflrSjueven thoughiea<ml&ppjngs ei'jscienee that, to, know; one vsubject weH^^,^S1Be^i?^s- salJ'^'to,kaow.soI^J)g;hing,of :a thousand others, ,]^6,reooguJzes, SQpuer or Ji8it«Kj jl economy itis 3, d;§?jS^TOHS^Policy,to eat ex- clusively the nitrates which contribut&jtQjittifijBiuscles, the jthQs^phatjis whi«4i7f^^ ithe braia (and nerveSj or the fiarbouates ,37h,ich deyelop #<*&u§e'.W9,8,;tarve a part of pur menjal-^fi^gultiestiftwe limit our uiental 4j.et,t0iia f§wo#isfees- ! i^jheiintellectual epicure who. wq^}(i fe^^fi.Qii, a fpw 248 PtihUc Libraries in tlie United States. choice atitliors is usually the laudator temporig «d(itlli^ read any thing five hours a day and you "Will soon be learned." 'Oain- sel, advice in the choice of books, they condemn a's-interfering with' the freedom of individual' taste and the spontaneity wBiOlpJs the coiulitiorti of intellectual pfogfess. "'Read," they say to the young m^n, "what you can read with' a keen and lively relish ; whait charms, thrills, or fasci- nates ybh; what stimulates aud' inspires your mind, or satisfies yout intellectual "hunger; 'in brief,' sir, study what you most attect."' No doubt there is a vein; of wisdom (in this advice. It is quite possible'tiy order one's reading by too strict and formal a rule.' A yontlt wiill- con- tinue to study only that in. which he feels a real interest' and'pMfeterf/ constantly provoking him to activity. It is'not the books Wll}cfr'oltlli8p!i> like, or which they deem best fitted for him, that he will re^ttanflWad with profit, but the books that hit his tastes most exactly fflMUhift^sat- isfy his intellectual crtfviiigs." = Xo sensible edUcatoi* will preascribe 'fcbe same courses of reading for two persons !cir lay down aUy formftl,' cast iron rules for the direction of the mental ptocesses.' Tbat which' ii^'eH^' most nutritious aliment of one raiud' may prove deleterious au^d evett' poisonous 'to another. ' ''i -'■'i To some extent, too, the choice of books imay be left' tO indil-^d*!*!' taste and judgment. There are some minds that havean eclectic ^'ilal' ity which inclines them to the reading they need, and in a libi^afy tH^f not only instinctively pounce upon the books they 'heed, 'biit dtiif^'lVfc' once from them the most'valuable ideas as the magnet drawsthe'ii'i^H filings scattered through a heap of sand. But these slite rai^OasleS^ alid- can furnish no rule for general guidance. To assert that a learned a^rtd'' judicious adviser cannot 'help the ordinary student in the ehoice Of books, is to assert' that all teaching is valueless. If 'inspiration,' ^ifefe, taste, elective affinities are sufticient in the selection and readiu^'of books, why not' also in the choice of college studies? Why adopt 'rfJ curriculum'? The truth is, the literary appetite of the youflg 'iis oftou- Professorships of JBiooT^s. and Beading. 249 feeWe, a,nd ofteaer capricious or perverted. While tlieir stomachs gen- erally, rt^j^ectiiUBiwhiolespme food, their mirp()fl ofteu fetid; Qii garbage and evpn poisofl. , iThe majiority of youngipersoft^iare fond, of'.lat>or saving processes -apAslwrt, cuts to knowledge,, auAha^e little„ta;ste' for books which pufctnaoUstRjiilfton tbe^ mind. The knowledge tpo easily acquired may impart a. temporary (^stimulus and » kind of intellectual keenness andueleverness, ,but,,ifc .brings no soljit advantage. It is; lu facfc, " the merest epicurism of intelligence,^^seysiijWi>s*il?utiiQertaiy]yinot iutellec- tui^iiij" , MS/gnifji) asiiwe may the oecesslt* of regarding individual; pecu- liaritjegifl.eciftsaitiftiiif* it is CBrtaiin. that genius, inspiration, or ajji affinity for any kind of knowledge, does not necess»ily exclude self knowledge, SetfrCffftticisni, oir self control. f>4-s g/niitliBr has saidji'SIf, the genius, of a mm lies .in thei development s of rthe Individual person, tliat ,he is, his, ^mh&oA Ijesii-ni finding, out by study Wihftbiheasi,: and wliat he may be; come, aflfldiu; wisel^yju-sing the meansi tUaitt are fittedto form and perfeoliT VisinKiividuality.", ,.> - ,],-•„ • l[).u,- ■■ Will it be said 1 that .there (ape manuals iOrfi"'COurses of readings," such as PiVcroft's, or Presid^iJitiiPiOrter's ^s^^Ueut. work, by .the, f^id.of wLich {)n undergraduatetjUiay select his book? without thfiiaidof a professor? We au8\yer that such manuals, whil^'they are ofteu serviceable, cap never (^91^6 work of a liying gaidQ;afld'fldviser,„,BftoHsicau never ^a^li tbg use of books. , ^JsTo course 06 reading, however ideally good, can be exactly?. adapted to ^11' minds, i Every studeutihasfhiisidiosynr Qrsisies, his fflibles, l^ts ";stond ,-or' impediment in the iwit,", as BacoO; tesms'iit, whieh musfebe considered in choosing his reading matter, so tU^ti;not |Oj)ly his.tastes may ^pjin some degree consulted, but '^ every de('ecfrof|tl|e/i|ii:nd may have a special reoeipt.'lii , A professor of books and reading shfouWi be .a>.man of broad and; varied culture, with catlMslic tastes, a thorougliikuowledge of bibliog- raiphy,,. especially of critjtfal literature, and.- ipucht knowledge. of men ; one who pan readily .detect the .peculiarities of Lis pupils, and who, in diflecfcing. their reading, will have constant ireference to; these as well, as tj(?^he fji?dPi;-of nature iirtdi injielleC'taal development. While he may pre- pare, from time to time, courses of reading on special topies?,; and q^ecially,on thoge-irelated to. the college- studies, he vill be still more ugjjgul..in,^.d;^'ifiing. the, student how to ,read most advantageously ; i^' what ways to improve the memory ; liow to; keep and. use commonplace hooks;.;. when to make abstajaets j, and in. giving many jfttheri] hints ■^Slfiifilui books. fon I reading never .co^mmunicate, land; which suggest t^flgi^lyjes only to one who has learned after many years, of experience aiJidf by iB.any painful mistakes the secret of ^^.^igeesful rStudy- He will S"^ $hfttrthP youngimen who look to him as iltheiri. guide read broadly agdljiii^rgllj^, yet care ^^miilhim legere potiiosiguam wJiJto.^g! H;e:will;see that. .thiey cultivate " thepleasure grounds, asiwell as the corn fields, of tfeeiiuind ;" it^hat they read not onlystheimost famous- books, but thebesb repaitedrcurrent works on each subject; that they. read by subjects and 250 Public Lihtwries-in tie United States. not by' authors; perusing a book aot because *fc, is ithB-newlesr.OFjfihl oldest,'but because itis tbp very One they need toheliJthem.pQ.itoItiKe nexb stage Of their irK^uiries; ariid that theys praotioe- subsoil plowing byre-readiiig the masterpieces of geaias again /aad)a;gain.i EiicouragiiQi^ them boread the books they '^'dc^ honestly feel a- wish aM cu'itiaiLtyitw read," he' will teach them to- disorimiuate, nevertrbeleSs^jbetweeiutpmef desire, the* mouition of nature^ audith*t7/superacial, .fiaJseoddsireiaftef spiceries- and eonfeetidheriesf which, as Garlylesays, is ' ^ so befell" laiiuf:; taken for itbe-rBal appetitfe, lyitig faP'deeper^ [fai^'qaidtet; af'tesjqsdjtol nutritive ifdod ;" and,' disoo«lBa|iii4g!-8hofc't(«Ut^riai geQie!if£il,<>ll0i:lwilJ Ajiets often save the ■ student days 'lof 'labor by poiatingibutisbme/Biiasifeiitsfj' review article in 'whlch 'iic condensed into a few pag«3ith,e qalntefesbate of many volumes. Perhaps one ofXhe^ igreatestji services whiolii'sacfa a; teacher. might perform ifor the undergraduiite woiild bie;itoaliavnugihik how (to eeonomiae'his res^iding-^how to trausfepor iospir^ibtobisJbriiliiDl the contents of a good boofe'iu the' briefelst time. At Dshis/dasr^f thdJaot) of rcadiogj' or at least one of tbei artsi/is toskip jadiim)Qsl.y^-^t:o omrifeialb that does ud>t eoucern us, i while missing nothing -bhab we* reiadilj^msto Some of^thfe best thinkers' rarely begin a book at th^ijegrqsniiigjrbiitf dive righ* 'iiito thb middle, read Enough to seiae the ^ l«adinglideap«li^ out the heart of it^! arid' then throw it by. In this way a> volume-'wbiefe cost thfei author five years of toil, they willi devour abta nigh t's^SifebiHg^ withi as much erise as ik spider would siick the jaiiceJsiOfJa fly,tleaviBigfche wing-sand legs in the sh^e of a prefiice, appenilis, notfesy amd celirdiisi^Oj for a boiled joint the next day. It is said'that^ Pa>triek Heni'Jfiireaat With such rapidity that he seem'ed only to' rnmtiisieye doWn! the pafged of a book) often to leap over -the leaves, seldom ta ^o regularlS* through any passage; nildyot^ when -he'had' dashted'ithirougfc a (v61b ume in this raoe-ihorse waj", he knew its contents better thutjian^ body else. Stories similar to this of " the«forest-born"D*inosthen^s" are told of some of his contemporaries. Wonderfi'are reuoitntedafff their powers of perusal; how Johnson would swoop down nponlhis prey like thii eagle, and tear out the heart of a book at ohoefc;: hlAov Burke, reading a book as if he were never tO'See it'again, deyoacedCrte octavo volumes in a stagecoach; and how package after package of these sweet medicines of the mind were thrown in to Napoleon on the Island of St. Helena, like food to a lion, and with hoe presto dispatched. It is said that Coleridge rarely read a bDok through, but would plunge into the marrow of a new volume, and feed on all the nutritious matter with surprising rapidity, grasping the thought of the author, and fol- lowing out his reasonings to consequences of which he had never dreamed. Chief- Justice Parsons of Massachusetts, who, according to Chief-Justice Parker, " knew more law than anybody else, and knew more of other things than he did of law," read books with a similar rapidity, taking in the meaning not by single words but by whole sen- tences, which enabled him to finish several books in a single evening. Professorships of Boohs and Reading. 251 Thierry, the. historian, tells us of himself that from the habit of devoiir- im^Ioligitpa®esiiii|foliOj m order td extriict a phrase and' sometimes one ^ardffafmo^g jtifchousand, he abquiBed a faculty which astonished him, — that of reading. (ini;;soitifijway by intuition, and of encountering almost imiij>iii:atieily f the ifpassagleothat would be useiful to him, — all the vital pawfeniseertriug to'*elildvt'S>ftV3;rd a single vital point. ji Carlyle devours bo^fcs in the same tehxiles^lei w'ay, pliujokiiirgj out from an ordinary \o\- ume^ "(tiil&dieatt; of its mystery " in tftwiilxou-rs. Itis absurd, of course, ttfflteppfflSeB that every man,^-above all^ ihat young men,-*wiU be able ■frat^ l[lir0fibto^aaslii through booksias did these great men ; but all stur djlnteeam be taught iowjiby practice,:to come nearer and nearer to such a) liabitj i It 4s ai miserable bondage to- be compelled to read all the words ifi dbook to learn what is in it. ^ A vigorous, live mind will fly ahead (iidi'ithg words of an autlior and; anticipate his thought. Instead of paiu- fiallydtEM'ensing itlie. vales of Qommou'place, it will leap from peak to peak ctiiustBdJsppJiaiiof h/is ideas, i Great quickness, acateness, and power of (}fen / o Jedt ^o eo(!'»3m'ze srit iljiw iN'TRODUCTto.v — LiijR.vRY o'F^'^s'gress — Hdu'^E ' 'ow Ukpreskn't.vtives-I OTrrii States Senate— ExEC'uTiviij'iSftiirsloN—DRfARrMpjVT of STArni— DEi'ARTMEteoreilW iTHE Treasury AND im BaRRlus— Deparx-mjcnt oit-T^ar, its Bureau*, Miifi^gftr ACADEMV, ANl> ARTILLERY SGHOOL— Dlil'AlfXMpfra-^.pPfj^'J'IIE , NaV Y, I XS Bp^gjljg^ Naval On^E|ij^Y-vroRY, and Naval Academy— PpsTj-QpFicE D^PARTMENr— Dk-. I'VRT.MENT OF THE INTERIOR, ITS BUREAUS, GOVBRNMEN'^ HoSI'IfAL FOR THE I.n'sane, National Deaf-Mute College— DePart.men't of Justice— iVBrafeMMi^ OP AOnfCULTURE^SUMMARY — LmRVRIES PARTIALLY MAINTAINED I BV frtBBSGftlH -(ernment: Soi.DiKiis' Home, Military Posts, National iHO;ME :fqp, j iD(&4)Hysp yiVoLUNTEBe Soldiers, N/jVal and JIerciiant Vessjcls.^^j^jjjJj^,H^ij ,^1^ j^ ,ii-j,j eviJodi oliiii auv aioifl ,f INTIlODnCTION'''"""^^''^"^ ^o I'^'J''^ oiKiaiila .Y.iirii uai mil K jboelloo 9if} i(ot(u T)1a9 0^ The libraritiS of the General GrJveraiuemfcrhqireigriojpiiK^'t of itlie exi- gencies, of its administration. Before the''€!-o'rerrtifl&n«"vvas removied from Ptjiladelpliia to Washington, members of Congress and theoji^cdt tive ofiicers of the several departments were obliged to avail thsmr selves of the conrtesy of a proprietary library. The new diititol oflered no snch facilities. The Library of Cangre.ss was therefore begun, aiad has grown, as needs required, until it nowuun^bers oj.erjSOQji^OJJxoUuUBS and 6ft,fov(oyoI) ^h'u gjlood As the business efxadmin'rStf'atton increased, andi its; eares \T«re divided by the creation of new departments, a reference library forepi'ih was found necessary for the proper conduct of business:- In like mfuiij ner, it became essential from time to time to form libraries in a number of the bureaus of the departments. With three or four exceptions, these libraries have been formed with reference to the .spepifil,, duties devolving on the respective bureaus. g^jj 9,jj (,£ .amit The establishment of the Naval School at AnaapaUs,ftud tUe MUitfirj Academy at West Point necessitated libraries in each., i.ntj ^g^ edilo The subjoined notices, several of which have been preparefl^i^iyj^ librarians in charge of the collections named, will shONYf, tljfi ^F^'j^ and importance of the libraries referred to, as well as pf,ppi,ipe|^i%t(j^p directly connected with the Government, such as tliQse,fitMU>,iliti\pyijg(>i;- risons anil arsenals, at the several navy yards and, marine hpspita)^,) %JJ^ on board ships of war. je'eidi Jfi bsHuoqqs b.w y-ji? u .n^-j-' ' , ki^a c Small collections of reference bq^l^jj^^^^lso found in . the pj:i,?ifiifl3^ cnstoin honses and miuts,^,a!i^J„giLUtft^J?iac^.pf holding the Ujaited j^^t^ district courts. ^gu ^GinigiiYlo ^dq^xhiu^a. mfoi, ^o 98uoH »-i'} oi abfiia 253 Libraries of the General Government. 253 THE LIBRAEY OP CONGRESS, OR S"ATI0:5fAL LIBRARY, BX A. R. SPOrFORD, The Library of Congress had its origin ia the wants of our National Legislature for books and in forTnutroTi^ — Its establish m en t, lilce that of some of the governiueat librsifles 6f other countries, was almost co-eval with the existence of the GoverntnentTiT a permanent form, tlie origin qf, itbCj Library of .Cpngrpss jd^lijlgyfrpgjj^tihe year ISOp.aJDout t,he,tiine pf thjeiesha'hlishiui&uib of the seat of GoKeru,inenj/at Washington, ag bw ' The' Continental OongresSj assemibled at Phihidelphiani daring the pei;l3d 'of the Rfe\-olutlon^ rej^ir^^ented b, gbVeirn ment eonsisting of a mere league of coloniesV'withoui'ceu'trar power o"r authority ; and 'it wasde- p#jiflpkj[i,t, fpr liibrfify ai,d upon ttie.chajifip, re^ea?"9be^, ofi its uaerabers, and theOgnaitaitousMHSjej of books tendered, them by the Library (Jo;n,pany of PhilaxMlpliia. Thus it formed no library of its own, and after the adop- tion of the Constitntion in 1789, whiid>' the controverted question of the ultimate seat of government reipaM^ljuijsettled, there was little motive to enter upon the collection of a jiermanent library. I The first approprintion made by Oongress for the purchase of books Tffas'on-the24th of April, 1800, in the fifth section of "An atit to make i!UWh0r9]diilolvlsion for the removal an^'aiecommodailion of the Govern- ment of the United States." Tliis act appropriated, the sumof $5,000 ''for'thepurchaseofjsdch books as may be mecessary for the useof Gon- §*8Ssatth^ saidoity of Washington, an4' for fitting up a Suitable apart- ineat for febu*tS;iniiiig3thenl,anil\ placing' them therein.'' e- The selection of books was devolved upon a joint committee of both Houses of Congress, to be appoinfee'd for thats'jpurpose. - And' the statute pEOHidsd : • ; sA "'■fl&lj said'boO&B sbaff-b^i^laoed in 'one suitable !i[*artmBnt»in'the Capitol in the Said :' for, the HSe of both(HQflses_ of Congress, and the ui6ruber3tliweof.., . .fjo'l g.J37/ •Jsdmnn Ji nr !?-" ji . I - 3' bj i ,■■ ■ 1 ■ i - ;8!» >'■; : iad 3i .im' „„„-4 FOUNDATION AND HISTORY OP THE LIBRARY. , ' ^^^^gress' inetin Octobfer' ISOO, at the city of Washington',' for tbefirst time. In the unfinished condition Of the • original Oaipitol,:!f life two "Hfrl^iy^ with'theStipfetoeCOurt, Were all crowded' intO'fehb'n^rth Wing of the new buildi-n"^,''and liUgMi^as done forthfe acoommodfetionOf the fi^tolit MbTatyioPCbigresS." kt the next sessiori^' which coi^vened un- ^tetTi^gf^sfHetigy^bf Thomas Jtjfifersofr,' itfl^ecember, 1801, that officer '^^MrSWhkyetailen ah earuesit interest in the library, and; at bis sug- ■2§8tJStf'^'*^t%m%ft¥'wrt§ tfiade,"*Oli' the first' day of the session, respect- mi ii^^Hmi >Ammk^§ pWohased-by'thfe'j'oint-comniittefe of congress. A special committee was appointed at this session on the part of both -0' take ifaty''ri^fi§feef*Moh' the ciit-fe-'df^ the books, and to' make a f-r^spe'btlfiig-the fultire arrangement of the same. >8This report, made to the House by John Randolph, of Virginia, December 21, 1801, 254 Public Libraries m^ the United States. fofmecl the basis of "An act concerning the library fdt tbfi nse of botb Houses of Congress," which was the first systematic 'statate'i/i'pW4i'a|f the Library of Congress, and which still contiiiues sultetantiallyiii forcfel This act of organization, approved January 26,'18t»2, Ifyetiteil 'tli6 fi!'-f brary of Congress in the room which had been occupied by the HouSb ef Representatives. It empowered the President ^W^'th!© Senate; ftnd 'the Speaker of the House to establtsh're'gnlatiOtlS foe tbe library .'loRiyiil^ttirf the ofHce of Librarian, and vested his appointntenfin thef Pi^siflfeflfbip the United States, requiring' him to give bSnd- fot ' tlhe'Hafe''fie^P'WiI| df the library and the faithful disehiirge of his trust. «Ie further i^mMm the taking of books from the Libt'ary of Cotigres^to'tWe^flifatJfer^oft^itf Senate and the f House of KeprSsentatives, together with-the'&i-fe^liiifeffp and Tice- President of the Ubited'States.i'JThis regnlfftibtti W^ stlb'sdf quently extended so as to invest with the privilege of at%^fiti^*^94blS^ from the Library of Congress the beads of DepaT*ttoedtsi 'thffe "^fte^lfes, reporter, and clerk of the Sa()reme Conrt and of theiOduft'oF 'CMiti^^,- the Solicitor of the Treasury; the disbiirsing agetlt of thfe' libi*ai^';'!fh*' Solicitor-General and Assistant Attorneys General ; the Seereta^fy 'b£ the Senate, and the Clerk of the House of Representatives'/ the '01ia[llL' lainsfJof both Houses of Congress, the members of the Dipfldtndtitti Corps, and the Secretary and Regents of the Smithsonian lustittiSiotf resident in Washington. »iu V' '^ f*^ cj-iev/aidt noiJfsriqoiqqB iummn The disbursement of funds for the purchase of books is nnder the direction of a joint Committee of both Houses of Congress on the Li'-" brary, consisting of three Senators and three representatives, who also have' power to make all regulations not inconsistent with law 'in rela- lion to the Library of Congress, or either of its departments, uavofiisi In the early years of the library there was little occasion for offlCfAl work with a view to its wider usefulness; and the care of 'tftd" few books accumulated (which amounted only to 3,000 volumes lip to'ifhe year 1814) involved but little time or trouble. Hence, the earliesU'litoai- riau placed in charge of the books was, in the case' Of each COiigt*«ki,o the Clerk of the House of Representatives for the time being,'"# to furnish the boobs (numbering About 6,700 volauies, of'^wWukiMJiatiSi- script catalogue was submitted) at cost, and to' rec6ive'i»»if)3^fiiaa§1fl!fef bonds of the United States, or such payment as might-bB " made'Wii^' Lihmries of the\ General Government. 255 ■v]^j^fnfcti9fe,the, public." This; propositiou was favorably reporteJ froit) til,©, CQmmitt^es i;i) both Houses of .Oongreas, but excited earnest debate aijdt9Pii>p^i|trtq9p:!;;)iXlae final vote in the House upon the passage of the bjjjl authpriziug the purchase, ftb the price of $33,950, was 81 jeasaiul 'i}' filMM flfii v(l 'lifrriooo • >9(J fiBrl rfoi-fv/ ihoot atli iii 889'iyiK'O "io v;i^" Q,PiI,,thei,81st of March, 18(15, Mr. ,GeQrge,/Wa,tterston was appointed l^iMWIof.GflBgress by President Ma4isp%iauda jo,om inthe building ■^^PltffnKiljnocBitipied by, Congress was appropriated: for the, reception <5S|l(W(fJi*i-t'erWJ> li''j>i'ai'y- -A. .catalogue of, fthe, collection, was printed the ^peiyear (l^li^); in a thin, quarto of 2,10; pages, whjch,islittle more than %iJOT\gUi fiiidiag-liiSt of an jnipeijfectioharaeter.uoTlt is, noteworthy that. qiji,rt)ljj^.titJe,pag^iOf this vo,lume. the collection lis styled '> The Library Qg^y}^, ,TJnitedi#tf^tes," instead, pf the, Library of Cojogress, which lat- t^^'.fJiepiguatiQn 113,3 since been generally eni ployed, og bgbiioJxb ^linsac ,4.ttt^e nextr^^isssion of, Congress, the libwry. was renioved,frona this t^efflpoj-airyibtiVildijPS (which was the PostrOiffiee Department of that day) tp(^-he/bi;i»k;edjjficie ou ,Capitol HiiU which had been .erected as, a tem- Mr^nyrliiQiOie-fwitJpflgr.css, until (the Capitol should ,be rebuilt upon the Q}^ft5efj£[The ^^jjual, appropriation, for the purchase of books was, raised fOiHSiftflQiai ye^r in lS,13i n{rTliis,icontinued. until 1824, when the; sum of l5j(J^Pl was appropriated; and the same amount continued the average annual appropriation for twenty or thirty years thereafter.^ Thes annual jy)l!psp^ifij^$; of bAOhs ufidexthis modest appropriation were not great, al- ti^ugjfjtfe^ ggJ)§e|i@i3ssy.ere generaUy-iudicious,, and resulted in bringing teSSstfeW/a-tj^WftTJi forropd with a view to, the highest utility, and with SQ[ne gf-u^jfllunity of plan.,, In the,yeaj:. 1824, the library was finally removed to the, qen.tral. Capitol building, which had been completed, ■vfjlugifg^^ni atpartweut 92, feet in length by 32 feet iju width (still occupied a#^%flfq^a(i-Jjii^ra,fy hall) was,, fitted up »ta receive the books, w ihoir e^l^SF^i^bgrJit^jRiry ©ontinned to grow, slowly but surely^ until it had afi^Hij^g,jtR^j3b^j:fhe,year 1851, 55,,000iyiOlumes of books. /On the 24th ^laS^^MWl^a^jj of , that year the .calatnity of a second fixe overtook the J^iP^fir^'^iS'lfef Wgi^esfMi ^defective flue, which had beenineglected, and Wfl^ §]jgroiyjf}#d} with wooden material, communicated the flajmes to the fy^Hy-^i-^g shelving, ,aud the entire library, thenj: as, ;n.o,w* .ocqupying' the western front of the Capitol, was soon wrapped in flames, s The fire Q$g§FfjIig,in the , night, itS;exti,nction was attended with giieat deilay, so t^PttnWly SiQiOPQiyoluiines weresayed from the flames. These, however, e§}il^rii,^d,:fih,fa 0^,0^,6. .yaluaWe ipoiiitiorj, ipf the ji brary;. arti that ftiiujei .includ- ij'igafttWi.iW'fcftteoftf the, department of jurisprudeace^iAniericau. history a5^1bM9M%l?lpj^a»4, 'political <^§fite®ji?i^ But, the important^li visions of Sft9gS§n&y,iT/?yR§eS' aiuP travelsjjBnglish, and CEuropean, .history, fine ^i% ■i(^8r*Vihis,tpriyj,jP0etry„ the,, were;, euitir^lyjdestroyed., -jjStefltB'gdlB^wiigMfiHo'i^itb the little niUclens jof 20^000 volumes, the ]^yftfarigja^,g0i}gD^fe<^pit)arQse from it8!Sishes,!,aE:d bas since contintied tOfgro.vv ill a greatly accelerated ratio. The Congress of that day took 256 Public Libraries in the 'United States. a wise and liberal view of the situation, and appropriated at the same se^s.ion the sum of $73,500 for the reconstruction of the library rooms, and $75,000 ^Iditional for. the imti^ediate purchase 'of books. The libi:;ary hall,i,undpr the superintendence of Thomas tj. Walter, escj.j. Architect of the Capitol, was, rebuilt in fire proof material, the walls, ceiling, and shej^yes being cpn§tructed of solid iron finished in a highly decorated style. ! < ' l The Library of Congress t^us furnishjed the, first example of an inte- ripi- constructed wholly.of, iron ifl any public building in America', , The liberal appropriation majde by Congress for books Mipn'be^ari to show its fruifs in .the, a,9(]|uisition of npulti'tudes of volumes pf the best', literature in all departments ; and ipany expensive art publications, sets' of periodicals, ^nd valuable and costly works in natnral history, ^r^lii-' tecture, fif^d other sciences^ere added to, its stores. By the year JSU*^' the library had grown to abon,t 75,000 volumes, " , Soon after the putljreak of the civil war in ISiil the regular approj^rfa-' tion;for thepurchase of books was increased from St'.OOO to $10,000 per" annum, the greatcoat of imported oooks reuderingit verydifflcuit tblj^ej^" up with the cui-reut literature of value and to continue to supplemeiifc' the deflcienqies of the collection withiii the limits of tlie foriuer meagre appropriation. , i . , -, THK SMiTilgONI AN LIBRARY. f- In the year 186G, the Library of Congress received a mcvst important! accession in the transfer to its shelves of the whole collection of books gathered by the Smithsonian Institution, and representing twenty years' accumulation since its establishment. This collection wf^g.a^ifn^fit valu- able complement to the library already gathered at thpCapitpl,, being well supplied with books in the natural and, exact sciences, and qaltes unique in the multitude of publicatione of learned societies ii^, sail, pijrtS) of the world and in nearly all of the modern languages. With; this, large addition (numbering nearly 40,000 volumes) the Ijibra,ry of.,(^9i)fy gress became at once the most extensive and valuable repository pf uia, terial for the' wants of scholars which was to be, found in thejt[.iiiJi%y States. By the terms of transfer of the Smithspuian Librij,ry, (3ongre^?o became its custodian during such tiiui^as the, Regents of.^the, Sipitja^xj sonian Institution shouldi continue the deposit, it being stipulated that,, the expense of binding and cataloguing of all. books should be, ^lpt{'aj;je(l by Congress in return for this, valuable and annually inqrea^iftSf,^d|di-^ tionito its stores. This arrangement, while it relieves the funds of tlje, Smithsonian Iiistitution froman annual charge inimaint^i,ngiajibriiry,;, secures to the National Library an invaluable scientific departmen,t wi^fifY out material Cost ; and the deposit, supplying ag it does a^^invyj'!' i''"'8®?i library of use and reference to thcschohirs of the countryithanis to,|bfi, found in any one body elsewhere, is likely to be.a perinanent one. ^^ Librm'ies of the 'Geneml Government. 257 ■!'• >•■'■• - N.^HE BOEOE LTBRART.l,;. - , ,;,); la tlie following year '(ISG7)' Oon^'res^ becflin^ the pui^ch'aser off a- very exteiisivejliistorical library, fbrriied by tiib' Ufe Peter Force, of Wash- ington. [jMk coliet^tipn re{)resente(l nearly fifty years of assidnons abpuinulatioii' by a specialist' devoted to tbfe' collectioii oM:?6bks, pa ucpumyiauou uy a specuuisc uevotea to tue couectioii or- trpoRs, pani- pnlefe, periodicals, tuaps, uiaa'u^cripts,''&c., ielatiiig to th'e'colonijjktio'tl of tbe"po(junieut'ary flistoryof the (Jhit'ed States, a work to which Mr. Force had;' dedicated his tile, and niii'4. folio volnraes 'of ' whiclj, embrac- iij'g a portion only oftti'e'hisfcbTy of the revolutionary period, liad been published. T^hiSj^'ise and timely ^jii'rptiase saved from dispersion one of tlie most valiiable private tibraries, ever gathered by 'a 'single hand, and has treasured np in a,natioiial''fi're proof ret)0Sit6ry inukitudes of oriff- inal political anfliiulitary. papers, and historical documents, which are unique,. and throw much tigb?*upou' our revolhtioiiiii'^^nstory, as #ell Us upoii that oT subsenueni 'periods. ' o l-.c By the accBSsiou^s of succeeding years, the department'of' American history has been still farther" enriched by assiduous care iii selfefcting from catalogues at home and abroad, and purchasing at every important auction sale whatever w;oFks,,\y,ere;,uot ^Iready iuthe Library of Congress illustrative of the discovery, settlement, history, topography, natural history,' a'nd'P'olitic8 v.k./ci'j' ,,]'} .h^]y\ ,u ,;i, ■ ■ yiou.' nti i'1.1 ■ :, -■ ,-'i>"- '■■ , r ■■■ The law department of the Library of (Jongriesslwas constituted by aetof Julyl4;'lS32. Prior to that tiinetbewhole cfflillection hadibeenkepfc: tdgether ; but the waUts and convenience of the justices of the Supreme Court'of'the United States would, it was found, be greatly promoted by renioving''' the department of jurisprudeuce into a separate room mbre'conveiiiently accessible to tbe court and conference rooius of tbat tribunal. By the same act the Librarian of Congress was required to. ta^e' charge df the law librarj j which was made a part of the Library of GSfifitfeSs, subject to the same'regulations as the general liljrary, except that'fhe ju§tio6s of the Suprenie Court were empowered to make gtliichirules for the use 6f tbe -same by themselves and theattorneys and counsellors of said court during its sessions as they should deem proper. The an- nual appropriation f6v theipfasfthase of faw books was fixed at 1 1,000, and a speeifel'suai of fj.OlXJ ^as twice appropriated to enrich tbe law departfiitefet, which, at the time it was set apart, consisted of only 3,011 vblftineM' ' Prom 1850 to the present time the annual sum approitriated fOi- •Ikw'bOb'ks' hiis been ^2,000. The law library rwas first placed liiii a rScJih 'adjae6'Ht'< to the main collection, on the same floor. Hemoved in, 1848 to the flbor underneath, 'ntear what was then the Supreme Court 17 E 258 PuUic Lihraries in, the United States. room, it was finally lodj^ed liii tho Snprenie Court room iitselt'in De- cember, 1S60, tiie Court liaviug beeu traiisterred to tlm JorimT Senate clianiher on the upper floor. ' ylov ■■ The Law Libtviry of Ooa;,'i'ess is rich in the English an,d American re- ports, of which it i)ossesses full sets, many of them being in dnplioate,., te civil law it contains all the leading works, and many of the more (/bsciu-e collateral treatis(«s. lu the statute law of the several States, and;otl'the chief foreign nations of the globe, it^is well equipped; its- collection ^f treatises in every department of the common law and miscellaneoiwlntef literature, both it! -English and French^ is large, though far from coim idete; while its collection of setsiof all, iin[)ortairt lawipeiibdioals, whether English, French, lOr American, surpasses tluitiofauy otber libr.iry iuithe Unitedi States. It now Bilinljers upwards of 3.5,01)0 vol- umes, exclusive of wopks on the law of nations »ud nature, and the journals land docaments of legislative bodies, which lorin a. part of tbe general Library of Congress. , ^ 'rtu;. r, yjii, ,, j,ij EXTKNT 'iiS-D CIIAkACTKlJ 'oF THE OOLLECTtONS. '' ■'■'l^ll'>fl '■ 111- f-> n()rsal ,libra^'y,, in which no dei)artment: shall be ueglect^^.d., AYljile, theref()re, the iili- portance of rendering it apitroximately complete in bool^j^ relating to law and, government, has been kei)t steadily in view, it has also bt|^,i^ assiduously enriched in other .directions. Its acH'-uinulation, o^.autho,r,i- ties in English and European history and biography is especi;r|l^f,erTt!^H-, sive. Its collection of periodicals is, very rich, and. there pire fe>y Eng-, lish or American reviews or magazines of any,, note of.M'hicb, (^QI)i,- jjlete sets are not:to l)e found upon its shelves. An admirabji} seiec(:^|i,i, o^i the more important literary antl scientilic periodicals publisl'*'A,iW France, Cermany, Italy, Switzerland, and other, countrie,^ of Europe,"is also to be found here. - , .,„,„, , „, ,,,,-,„ ^^nifi^< 'ynuai As the library of the American people, supported anil CQUstan.tly eiip largod by taxation, it is emineutly titting, th^it,this library ,ti](Qi)hJ,,p,qt only be freely accessible to the whole peo|)lL',, butithut itshquhl.farMisb the fullest possible stores of information in every department, (i)fjUni>iii% knowledge. VVIiile, therefore, more particular attention ]ii\)^ b(;«i|,4^-i voted to rendering the .library complete in jurisprudence, historjf, aulete in litany direotioiis which, were it merely the Library of Consress and for the sole use of a legislative body, would not receive special attention. As one' example, iti may be stated that this library contains much the largest Ctfllieetion of the county and town histories of Great Britain and oPigfenijalogical works, to be found in America.if.) il,M8oiBl)ju-j ?■ 'iml Uwv- iTlieitreseiituumferioalextenbof the Library of Congress may beisuinmed upin)6ti.ynlfrg>tl]J*tib con'tains30y,()()OTolrem'es, besides about 60^000 pam- phlets!' >BnJt'tb-i8ieStiimate by ennmeratitin, although, commonly the first item asked for, is very far from couvStitutiuga practical test of the value of an^ library.iil JVott muUayserl ?ftMZ^(«».iap^i)lieswith'8trict' pertinence to thei'lritellectualiwealth stored within 'the alcoves of a' great library. A Jr-.li, !i:.:f Si ■■■^ <• !-, (Ltlo ,1(i;)ai09jll'ail(IS 'kIj aonom . . ioam)-iiiqyb on ™^ catalogue, ^j^, ^^,j^ ^^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^^ ^^_^^^^^, "'Thfe'catiild^ue system of the liibMry of Congress is substantially that (ifejrte'd ih most great ahd'hlpidly growing public libraries. The card drtt^To'ghe is kept constantly Complete to date by incorporating daily the tines of ivbrks'ildded to' the collection. The printed catalogues,' how- e^'6r,"c6ihprifie two divisions — ah alphabetical catalogue" by authorrs' n'i'i'tneS', and a' classed catalogue by- subjects/ The ¥tirt«al catalogues of a'&'eysibh.^ to the library, which were published ih a series of bulky Vo^hiiie'd'frohi 1867 to 1872,' have been discontinued', oh account of the gi'6y,tc6st of' producing them in comparisoft to their htility, ahd will be r^ljfitcfed'by a' more frequent issue of the general 'catMogue,' em bi'acing tM"Whcile"6orit6iits of the library, pamphlets included,'' which latter Wai'e dfeittCd from the^'hnual catalogues for ec'dnothical i'easons. The rieit gtemVl tek'tkib'gtte, complete to the year 1876, will fill fout'or more rby'al'octiivoi volutoeS, ^ud'fn'it w'lll'be embraced thb feattireof reeord- ihg ftill"t>l3lta'tldhfe bf evei'y bbdk ahd jiahi'phletj 'including 'jtublishei's* names, first introduced in the catalogues of this library in 1867. '>• A cata- r6^'^'6'6¥ the mbreimpbrtartt accesSibus of the last threfe years' 1873-1875, £t86billjjiitiiifed' tyy ati index td subjects ahd titles, ■wa's I'ecbntly issued ^'l^'l^bcit'i^fe^'ently'nndett'akeu in counectidh with the CatalciguC system 6¥'WyUibrftry,' ahd' by authbfity of Cougte^S, is the p'reparatibii of a cti^ibpiet'^ iililfei' bf to'pics t6 ' th'e ' documents' 'an'd ' debatfeS of Congress. Tliis-ife"a.'W6rk of vast extent, embr-'aCing thte Cohlients' of about 1,600 voiuthekfiiicitiding the Annals of Congress, the Register of Debates, the la 2tiO I'uhlic Libraries in the United States. Cougressiaual Globe and Record, the journals of the Contiuent,'ji] Cqn- gress, the CQinplete set of congressional documents, (in(;|i|4ingitlie pa,r-, tial reprints in the American State, Papers,) the StatutCjS ^.f Large, &c, Cousifleriug thegreat extent and, rich material of the documentary his-, tory of the llepublic, the niost of w^hich has.heen completely ^ijried froi^j view by ^he w^ut of any iu|lex pr other key to ujploc^jit?,^- stores, ,^bi|i| tapk, wh^.ij completed, may ,hp, expected tq yield v^l^uabi^ frm^', in brings ing to ligiil;; the sources of.purpoli;t.|cal history,, as well a? ,thrnisbing;_^i,i|, important ai^ to the legislative, executive, and judicial ofii,cers of jthe United §,tat]BS., ,.,, ,, i,. , ,,,,., :,)^, , THE COPTEIGHT DEPART3VI5>KT. .,j,„|i , „, It remains to consider, briefly, lOnBdistinotiye. field' of the operations of the Library of Congress, namely, its copyright aeoesdionsu! By aia^. act of Congress' la pproved July 8,-]870,, the entire registry of copyrigliMo within the United States, which was previously scA'ttered all overt-befj country in the offices of the clerks of the United States .district courtsj! has been transferred to the office of the Librarian of Congcess/i Thea reasons for this step were threefold.: 1. Toisecure the advantage of ione; central office at the seat of Government for keeping all'the rBCordfiire-: lating to copyrights, so that an^ fact regarding literary property cam be learned I by a single inquiry! at. Washington. 2. This rtr»Bslbti of copyright business to the office of i the Librarian of Congress ladds to -thfid registration of all original publications the requicemfcnt of a deposit of each publication entered, in order to perfect the copyright. This secutres^i to the library of the Govetnment.ian aipproximately complete represeuta'Jo tion of the product of the American mind in every department of printed matter. Tlieresultib'g' advantage to Authors and students of being cer- tain of finding all, the ^b,oOks which the country has produced, ^n ^any given department IS iucalculable. 3. The pecuniary fees for the record of copy rights, are now paid directly intp the Treasury, instead of hei|ii^^j alVsorbed, as formerly, by the clerical expenses in the offices of the dis- trict clerk^. , ;,,,,,,, . ,,, , , . , ,,11 -.J) The average number of copyright entries is not far from 12,000 per f annum, As two; copies of each publication are required to be deposited in the library as a condition of perfecting copyright, the annual, receipts ^^ under this head amount to nearly 25,000 articles. Of this lafge number, however, one-half are duplicates, while a very large share s^re not books, but musical compositions, engravings, chromos, photographs, prints, mapS) dramatic compositions, and periodicals. Yet'there is, even'ih tifle accumulation of what some critics mights protioutice trash, an elellsfSiib'^ of value which will receive increasing illustration in the future. By'''' the constant deposit of coi)yright engravings, photographs, wood-toiit??/^^ chrbtno6-,and other objects of art, the library must iu time aticuuiulate all large and attractive gallery of the liue arts,irichly worthy of atlentiofaaS '' representing the fcondi tion and ^ogress of the arts of design at different l^eriods in the United States. -' '! '.' .' mIT Lib}*arih's of the General Government. 261 Ky t|M'?^(iJiuired depo§ll',H)ls6, as a condition of tlie copyriglit, of every boot Wd^^ji&'ibdiicAl oh which an exclusive privilege is claimed, there win'Bl^'^Hiered in ^permanent fn'e proof repository the means of tracing the' history and progress of eaCli'dfeBlrtineut of science or literature in \;iM country.^ As a single exaiiipie'afthis,coBs?ali«^io\Tgteatk. benefit .i^'!i|itit'be for thossS Who are intef'e'sted in tlifeJ-^Mi^asioh of 'ieducation t#li'e's.eMire of flli'ftuVg'in a national library aii^iftiplt^t^'beWes of school #6i|'^pMd£c^^^^^^^ Unified St^tlS fei'the p*Mlo'd'of half ft; cratu¥K' ' w tiit'^SetiiU tVA'sb tons to-day hi-fi^'come'to mori-ow* to have' a wholly unsuspected value ; while that which is worthless to One I'eader may contribute a verj'''s61'i(! fe^Mftictforl'tb another!'!' -.There should b'ein every nation one great library, ^laid that the prop- eoty'ijiJ the whole people, which shall be inclusive, not exclusive, in its clmraoter; which shall include not a seleCt;ion merely, bivt^alltlie pro- dafetiftJiaioflthie intellect of the country, year by year, astliey appear ffBhorjilieiyiMtesk - ThuBJonly 'wiili our National Library bdlflfcly repre- seiitative of the country; thu& only V;»ill ft discharge its function as-the custodian and transmitter to future generations of- tbfe whole prmWct of tte i ' American press/ No oneMvho is familiar with the tendency to disappear, or the, rapid consumption, so to speakv which otertalsesisb laiige a portion of the books that areissued; tio 'MiBiwho hadJsonghtiu vainifor a coveted volume, which has become lalmost lostj^ tditheiwO'Pldfr'omdjire small number xiiftjeo^B^ printed, and the swifUide- stoiffltioa^WflBu^iJ the accidents' of time, can fail to appreciate the value ;» ofraticaai'Jjeqtioatthpslruly^complGte and national. 170O adi'io y-ifiioi odt oj b'>Jiiiiq t>.}, )iB(i3 vTjYf) II r [mill) • jj.'jiTjni A ')dHo ioubo'ia odJ !o uoit ', .-wasiM :.;HDCrSB OF HEPEESE^NTATIYES LIBIjiAIiZ. r .Tji;,jui ■TKis library is attached to the Clerk's office of the House. There was a collection of public documents as earl v as 1780, which formed the ntfcleus, of the iiresent library. The books are almost exclusivelv of a legislative and executive character, and are particularly for the use of the members of the House. They are subject to the order of the fuein-' bersi but are not to be taken from the dity. ^ The library is in charge'ot alibrari&,n appointed oy the House. Including, diiplicates, the library uuitfners 100,000 voldm*?^. ,'. *„„,,.„ , ^^ ■ , , . ,i9d£nu(i9§i > .gelurJxK 000,c-2 itlic'ju oi iiiuc iM,.jri biiIJ (.yt'.j.-j ,edood *ou 9 UNlTEDaSiA¥ES SENATE ElBRARY. ^"^"^ ,'i9V97/oiI jejninj (gdq; >_ .^ouioiilo (gguivBi'gny ,aiioijiaoq(:aoo bviiSHin Jud dBbedilHSiTgr of the United States Senate wasbegun as a regular library n iiW]iS58ptiioisf l^dfcwas established as a repository t>f public documents and Stjfflepa.'pamAu 178Qi It- was at first attached to the Office ofthe Secre- ta^i5[jj(!)di'-Ua)©'gijaiite. ;^,TALe:qoUi^tion consists entirely of publicdocuments.iit lti»9MunsjaoeDmpletffiiSie;t of State papers, beginning with the, first pub- liidfiedoiJyieSidefexSciSeaton, and the manuscript jonruals of, the SenaAe,sI froHB-ittef-firiSt. j^ession, held at New York,.beginniug March 4, 1789. ^ The library uumbers 15,000 volumes. .e9lBJ8 baJiulj adi ni gboliaq '2C2 PitlUc L/hraries in the United States. EXECUTIVE JMANSIOX LIBEAEY. , The library of the Executive Mansion dates back, to thfe administrfi- tion of,P*resideiitTUrtdisoii, and is sim[)ly a luiscellaiieoiiy faiiiilyTi'lirA'iy^ coutaiiiing', however, in additio'ii' to'iiiiscelhibyi a nuraberof feecufive docmneiits for special reference for the use of em i)lov6s. Sinsbll' addi- tions are made from time to tune irom the cpnfiDffent fund. ■1 "''i ' ,'!:•'. I . '"Ill - . I. >'■■' 1 ,■ ' I , '',. t~ I -- M .| ,.,,. . Tlie nnmjier of yoliimes in the library is 1,453. The first appropm- tion for its iucreose was made in ISoO, and almbh'iited to ^2 'oOO. ni.iii ' i: an [I' ■_ "I .--,. . ., , ,,., ; : .-i.,-i.i ,1 .,_ .11 , , -- ,r||i, ' ' T]&!Ei LlBKAliY OF' ^HE DEPARTMENT OF STATE. '" ' ■'• ■< ' . .i ■ ' ■■' I.; Ilil^' BYi T. r. DWIGHT, _ .; , , ,,, I .,,•■• \- Tlj'is library has bfen growing from' the tfihe of the or^ftnizatiofi'l^ the Government; its fonndaticfh tnay be dated frc^^m the resolufltftfW Con'gi-es^ (if September 23, 1781), which fnade it the "Idbty of the'S^re- tary of Sfa^e t6 procnie, from time to tiin'e, svichofthe sta'tates W tlie seveial States a's inay not be inlifs office."^ Although it Itihiinot be s-riM that the idea of lbniiih<,' a miscellai^eous library was'contern]')lilte(1,''.'(-'tt the faj^'t possesses ennsid^rable interest tliat this resoluti'oil'was the'fi'rk authorization of a collection of b6oks by the CdiiyrfiSSW the UnitWl State;s,; "'';";\„" ;' .^, /" ^ . '' '"''^ ' ' ;''■ ihe real cb^racter of the library was deteriii'ined by the n^cieSsitiie's'of the, service. After th^ org'aiiization of the Departih'ent of Stiit(?j''ft (Yemanct was' created for Wofk'^'oii' thfe''Ta^\'^ of nkttbns, diplomatic his- tory, and cognate topics, which led td the gradual i'6b\iifihl}i'ti6B'''6f Arnerieari and foreign historieSj'vbya'gfeS, trfe^tises on' political .s'dfe'ftil^, ])olitical economy, and' wbrksattbrding; liberal itiTo'i'tliatiou"<)ii"fbe'i^liB- ject's of investigation of the Depai^ment;'' "'"' ' -n n 'iidi.iim Few data have be^n pi'eserved'res^pectin^ tlie'i^Wwth of th'e collicftdfi. Twosubjc(;t catalogues, issued in 1825 and 1830, furuish the'oiili^i'e^tt'i'tl's of its early history, i'he' first, ii small' o'itaTO, covers sisH,'-eigit pages, and accounts for eight hundred ah'd'seventy-fi've titlfefi^'iti tlrfeK thousand volumes. ' The second, of on^ hundred Jiiid'filty pages,' sfeifll octavo, shows an increase within fiv4";^-ears to about' thirteen Mltl- dred titles' in four' thousand six luWidred tOluiiies. '^inee the date-tlf the latter,'ah accurate statement of the increase can'rtot now be fu'riilbUt'd. It is estimated that there are at present about sis 'thfAisdud titltB'ii twenty-three thousand volumes. Of these, there are;ihEnglislititleS,'fift thousand; in French, Italian, and Spanish, one'thousand.' ' ' " ' This estimate, 6f course, does not include the' large aiul valuablt'col- lection' of newsjiapers nor the publications of CdDgreSs. Of *lhfr'f«M^r • there are folir thousand seven hundred and. fifty botttid'voldiiiegj'lioin- prising files of the principal journals of the United Stated and Eiit'e'l*, preserved from an early date by tlie Department. There fire of Biig'liyii Libraries of ^ the General, Qo^ernment. 2G3 papers alone seven bundred volumes; the files of South American and West Indian journals could hardly be duplicated. ' The library possesse:^ also, cotn|:)lete sets of t^en^ost important reviews aqd magazLups. , Of '^.^Mi'fff'^/Rii'^V^mwfri^.'''*^"'''-'^* "tiias a quite fuil, though )hot'cpmi)lete, col^^ption. ,^Ia^ji[oc^i^me'nts^relatiu^'to foreign ^tVffairsi it is naturally rich. jj|jij,t|iepecunar province of ^ librai?y/may be noted, briefly,' works on the law |9,l^^^.|;iat|ions, donimentaries apd dissertations, diplomatic ij^,^.^es ^^,r]i,d.forinuJjj,ries, .(joUection's jof treaties and' negotiations, foreign statutes a,;).d di^^sts, reports^ of cases of ci^m'mon, civil, and municipal la^ at home aiid aoroad, state paper's, and treatises on the principles of Iawr,,,[.J^^e,3|.'§ ^yn^(|^;'s^JP,oedera,pl}|po^rJt'^ -Corps, mi[vereel, diplo- matique and Xegociatious touchant lapaix de ivtunsterj etc. The resolution of CongreB&of 1'789,' before referred to, is still in force, and the library duly obtattiS the published a6ts of the legislatures of ft-lieu^tet(?,§, afl,a,inly remlatjed, by necessity, t,li^ lU)rary has aC)CU|^:^^|a);ed through Igpg years of j^i<|w Ijut steady growtli iT^iiany, nvprl^;^,of miscell.weous lite,vaturf^, iCpbri^p^iug the'^jslaudar^ Knglisk ,ai),d |^^5if;^u,^ntij|Vwriter^,j(i|,the |)j^,|sp,,eflitio4^!jiP^d in appropriat,e bi^i|ding:s. ff] elatr !t;p„t(^e.earl,y Ijj^ory o,^',,li||e,^^pierieap, C0|ij|}i,^^en|; isi^._copy of the^ first (figl-^t-par^ of,,Pej.,Bryi'| tlrrea,^^ Ypj;ages,;.1:|ie Latin jej-sions, mostly of .f|i,^p ^{•^tiifppr^ssioij.s, ill excellent pouditiop. ,Herp ar^ also copies of (iar- ,cia„,BiirGia, Jlerrera, !i..n4 Torqueiflada. .Of collect^iqns of voyages, 'the lj.l:!y^,ry ppf^!$fl?^pi,.|l^)ilijiyt, Navarr9tt.6,,Ql^urchill, Burp^^,^ and Piuk^r- tPnj.^jgnd.ot'i^pecial ,tr^\fgls,by sea aud 1^™*!-!, th^,rfor some time past ill contemplation ; but tor various reasons the work lias been delayed. Since the removal of the l)ooks to the new buildinw'()lc^ii. pied by tbfe Department 'of State, a ctti'd' catnl'd^tCe' 'has been undeF- takeu, on a veiy coimpreheusive plan, to sifi^ply tlie need of a thorough analytical index to the \yorking material o|, the Jibrary ; and good progress has been made. The work is of considerable importance, as the beginning of a systematic bibliography' of international la^'iud diplomacy. ' ' - ' "'' ' '^• DEPAIITMENT OF THE TREASURY. - m A small reference libr'ary wfts begun in tliis Department as.earl^'as 1803, but not till 1.S07 was any considerable collection of generai litera- ture acquired and made accessibleto tlie employes of the Dejiartnieiit, The library how numbers 8,450 volumes, a large part of which is com- ])o'sed' of works on biography, history, and fiction. Books ca.n be drawn daily, exceiit Sundays, by emiiloycs. BUREAU' OF STATISTICS. " ■ ti ' This library yas begun in 18G6, when. th^.Bur.^au, was established. A few works, chiefly auuujil publications of a sl^itistical character, have, fipni time to time,, been purchase^ , for the Bureau ; but the additions to its library consist chiefly of the statistical publications. (|t^ foreign government.^ official documents of the United States and of various State and municipal governments ^hereo.f, and reports of, i^lif^m- bers of commpr^e and other associations. .The library now cont^iiiis about 6,000 volumes, of which upwards of 1,1 00 are in foreign langUfige?, including French, Spanish, Portuguese, Italja^i, Qernian, Dutch, Scan- dinavian, Bohemian, Hungarian, find Eussian.' There are also about 2,500 unbound paniphlets. The library is used chiefly by the bffieSrs and clerks of the Bureau in compiling- statistics.' ' "''■'I FIRST auditor's 01i-FI.CE. \ , j .^ jj. The iRulens of this library was formed in 1789. It is idomp(i^(l almost e.vclusively of legal works and pftblie documents. It is oiily for the use Of employes, for, reference, and contains 3,000 volumes. ' ' '• i(, .'• .j;)ill0 1.; '.. LIGHT-HOUSE BOARD,,, , - , , ,. j,.i The library of the Liglit- House Board was begun in 1852, and consists mainly of scientific treatises needed for reference by the employes of the office. For a small library it possesfes an unusually large iititrtbfer of valuable books, among which are Annales de Chimie and Atltotede Ghimie et.de^ I'hysique, 261 volumes, from 1789 to 1873, early' copies'' of which are not known to be in any other library in the' cbuntry-^ Pee.let's Triaite de la Chaleur; Belidor's Science' des Ingenieursvpriflittlil 1720; Stephenson's Bell Eock Lightllouse; and Scneatou's EddystO# Light-House, 1793. The library numbers 1,500 volumes. ' '' Libraries of the'- General Government. 265 '!■ OFFICE' OF THE STTPERVISING- ARCHITECT. ,T^is,sli?*mibrar,y was, began ia ;]85S, ami consists almost entirely of ;eqljnplog,ic»l.\yQrk,^,reqniretl[for purposijs of. reference in the duties of tfh^ o^fl^ to wiii(;l|),|it belongs. It numbers 250 volumes.. , , trNjXEl) STATES, COAST, iJUKVEY. ■.. . i;f r jKll - !.!r'!',i'ii:-'i(,...' ., y) •' .- •, -.,1 i ■.'■,'i ;j,iTUe,^il|T^KM of, ,t)4e|iUj.iite(l,k^|ates Coast-Snrvey Office oointains about 3,000 volumes. Ttie collection is the growth of years, receivingiits. ac- cretions from douatloQsj exchiiages, and purclia'sfeUf'It is restricted niaiply to sijch scienti^c wc^rks, journals, and nerjqdi(p al^^Sjare nepes- sary aiid useful' iii the prosecution of the work committed to the officers and other employes of the Coast.Survev. I , . ,/ 1 •■ ^ ;., -'I .•■ '■.•', . - ■"' "i -ijiil i!! The library contains works on mathematics, astronomy, and geodesy, topography'and hydrograpliy, tiavigatmu and eugii|eering, chemistry, physics and mechanics, geology, meteor|0.1ogy, electricity and i^agnet- ism; also scientific journals, and the proceedings of societies, astro- nomical and philosophical, both at home. and abroad^ Among the foreign periodicals may be found Poggendorff's Ann^leq der Phygili, Diugler's Polytechnic Journal, CohipcesEeudus, Pet^rs's Astron- ottfsche'N'achrichten, Bulletin de la Society de Geographic, Petermann's Mftthellungen, Philosophical Transactions of the Eoyal Society, Memoirs of tW^'E^yalAkronomical Society. ''Aflibng the American periodicals are the American Journal of Scfence and AVtk,' Proceedings of the American' Associatiop for the Advancement of'Sci^tice, Keports of the Smithsonian Institiftion, and Journal of the Franklin Institute. DEPAfe'TMET^TT OP WAR, This libraryi was began when Lewis Cass was'Secretary of Wiir, in 1832. It consists largely of works on military science,'thongh it likewise possesses valuable collections on law, history, and biography, together with public documents. It also contains all the Government medals, ajid is well supplied with valuable maps and charts showing the seiges and plansiOf battles, of many European wars, and also of our own wars. Books may be drawn;-oniy by officers and employes of the Department a.:id officers of the Army when iii Washington. It is open once a week for delivery of books. The library contains 13,000 volumes. ■''I''''"'-' ''"'"'■'"'■ " ARlflLLEEY SCHOOL. '' ^ ,., The library of the artillery ischool at Port Monroe, Va., for the instruc- tion of officjers of that arm of the military service, was begun'iu 1834. 'It had its origin in a gift of 300 volumes Of professional wOrks by Colonel B.;S. Archer, inspector-general, Uuitedi States Army. iJ^iiie libra),'y has been 'increased; from; time to time by presentation of duplicates from th^e library of the United States Military Academy at We^t Point, and by purchase. It. contains upwards of 2,500 volumes. 26G Public Libraries in the United States. BUEEAU OF OEDNANCE. , i ■ J This libi'ary wasi begun iu 1838, and consists ;ofivaluable works ion military tactics, eilgineeriMg, pyrotecliiiy, military aiid civil hiw./.li contains 2,200 volumes. ,<■ im , ■ ! . ' . :/A':i l:i OFFICE OF THE ADJUTANT -GENEEAL. The Jiiiyavy of this Ofliaeiis faule up almost, enfcirelyi.pfi pli'ilic^OiifHi nients. It has, however, a full and comiplete coUectlmii Oit',ma!ijis(ii;i,i|C, reports of the luilitary hii^tory of, tfjje, Ute q^yii.war, fron 18 Jl) to 18iij, including those of the late confederate government, and atl offiura,! cop- respondenc^ relative to the ^ar, which is now in progress of pulilica- tiou. It iiuiuliiers 1,700 bound vblunie^^.'" ' i" ' i -i^ '■'I,' f .|')'i I,il , il'H I' . ; 1 i ^ . >.,i,l (■)!; ■ ill - ' ' ' 111 OFFICE OF THE SURaEON-GENERAL. I! HIP. \ A fdll description of this library, wliicTinow numbers tO,0;jO volujiss and 40,000 pamphlets, will be Ibiind'iu Chapter VI of this report. ,SlG:>fAL OFFICE. The libraryof. the United States Signal Office was begun iii-187h niDhe books are entirelyiof i a scientitiQi (character, consisting .of wofks oh meteorology, telagra^ihy, cipher and military gigualinig,! and examples of messages in different ciphers. B^cclusive of maps, charts, and [dvan phlets, th«l library comtaius 3,9l)i) volumes. It, exchanges wjjtii tweiHty- ouei different institutioiis. More than .3:»;) tri-il*>ily inaps and bnUptiw Lave been sent out ito; foreign .societies qiooei 1871.,, i ; ,■ i..x^,i,ri ■- ■' ■ ■■' / : i ■lil' •' J ((17/ ill! .|i, ; - ,. I,, ■ r ' :■ UNITED STATES MILITAEY ACADEMY., '■ ■ ■ ' ' ■ ' ;,'■;'■ lii; '' ■ '.ir-.CM 111 ,11 ' I • (ii! ' , 'm I J . i' The library of the UuitedStatesMilitary lAciaderay was beurnti inil^l2. ItS' growth from i,tfe establishment cannot be rtsciirtainedj the reoorda and many books having been destroyed by the&ie of February lD,18ijSi The additions by decades have been : i i i . i^coii* 1^18-1^47'..:!:.,: 'V-,-"------*^'---"- :';^'r^:v.'^li!.':i---:-'-'lS4 l^.J,S-(Hr>7 'J'. '' ''■'il''.'^ f^idiiji; nlifrMI lili.f'.;.jiJK II iri'ji i^'ij^j iH.",H-i8B7 •J.:'...':h .:-."....'ii'.L''.'J.;'..L-iou.i..''.ii ..Ji;m^ ieCW-l,«75 .'..-..li ,,Ji ,.„_ ...J.I.I.J.., 4|G45 Present niimber of volumes, 25,001); ''of pamphlets, 'about 800'; aikrifel scripts, 28. There is a printed catUlogti'e.' '' i' ':i"-!ii<> ■• 'lii .-I .'!// r .1;;1M ,■ ■ DEPARTMENT OF TnEiNAVY. i- , ,;| .9,il vi Tile 'library of tliis Department comprises historical, legii1i,'anil kS^'- tific wWrks, especiaily those which relatis ,tb naval alf'iirs'. 'rt"ii'us'eaVi¥ referoinle, fliid'is acces'^ible 'to employ^s'aud officers of the Navy]' Boo^l are purchased from the coiitingoiit fund. Vhis library reiiciV^s ^^(ifts p6casioually, on nautical affairs, from' 'o'tticers at ■ foreign sta'tiiills:'''!ti mimbel-'s4,066' volumes." ,--iiMi'i ,,,,,, , ,iir-".l!ot Libraries of the Gene red Government. 267 ■ BUREAU OF MEDICINE AND SU'RCtEUY. f Tlii's library consists chiefly of medical amd S(;ieiitilic works ;.is Used 6hly for reference iu performing the duties of thePfiicp.; and numbers 1,000 volumes. .?!0(iifjfoy OO'J^i; KUJBirioo BUREAU OP NAVIGATION. ,aAii'm,>i >-T7iATrn,aA tuiT uo siDri'io The library of the Bureaa of Navigation is made up chiefly of scien- tific works on iiavii«ation and nautical astronomy ; is used only for refer- eh6e; and numbers 1,250 volumes. A'"*' "■ /nu; ,8>(;ii ,,, _ ,<.<.oi iWal , .i ,-,j; n^nuoGRAPiiic office. <'.ii=iJiim tnU o alTOcro-r This library, numbering 7,000 volumes, was begun in 1867. It con- sists largely of hydrographic, ujeteorologic, and nautical works, together with numerous maps aqd plates. The collection is chiefly for reference. It suppliespubliclibraries at home with its publications, and exchanges with hydrographic offices, geographical and other scientific societies. .J'joq9-i feiill 'lul NAVAL ai?S^BiY.A'rOR\T.w ,gioklqm,iiq 000,0t Diit BV PEOlf. J. H. NCUIiSE, U. S. N., Librarian tlnited i^^afes'K'a-tidi ttbservaionj. ei^On the founding of the Observatory, 1843, Lieut. James M. Gilliss,U. S. Nv, visited the -chief observatories in Europe in reference to the con- StiHiction of theA-bu'vldings and the purchase of the instruments to be iisediirt making astronomical and meteorological observations. Haa^m lo -'To- the proper success i of the' iustitutionfi Lieutenant Grlliss judged the i formation of a scientific library also to be essential; lie there- fore submitted for the' approval of' the Kavy Department the selection and purchase of such standard works directly related to astronomical operations as should form the basis of an adequate collection. He t&iishlted the wnvnent astronomers, Airy, Schumacher, Etiek^, and La- Hioj'iit, in reference to this objacb; being guided also by the catalogue of ther library of the High School. Obsecvatory of Philadelphia, at,_that date almost the only observatory exis.tingi in the. United States. notJif ')b aiJT ^,^j^eutenantGilliss'sselectionsembraced 700 volumesof English, French, ^iljd German standard publications which he purchased a.t London, Paris, and Leipzig. He reported to the Secretary of the Kavy "that much ili'terest-had been evinced in the success of the Naval Observatory by ^hj^jd^stinguiSiliQd. savants whom he had the honor to meet; that in token of their gratification attiieestablishment of an institution by the United States where science would be prosecuted, contributions had been made by the Eoyal Society ,l<5Royal Astronomical Society, the Astronomers I]l|9^.al at Grfi^nwich, Berlin, Brussels, and Munich, and the Astronomers 5i^|Cambridge7Dorpat, l^rague, and Oxford ; L>y the English Admiralty, |1}(?. Honoml^g East Iud,ia .Company, the Hydrographp of the Eoyal KiijP^ andby varipus autliqrs of i^epate, and that the Observatory had |jpeu^ulacpd op tyeMst, of ^correspondents to receive from_^ tl^ijit date the following publicaitions': The Philosophical Trunsaotioui^,,tJ^^^i^;jj^^|g|s, of 268 Piiblic^ Libraries in the United States. the Royal Astronomical Society /'an d'tlie Astronomical Observations^ bf Greeiiwicli, Oambriilge, Oxford, Eilinbiirgh', Dorpat, Munich, JPraguei)^ Brussels, Hamburg, Madras, and Berlin." '> (1f 1 i> The basis oCa library adapted to the legitimate purpo^a of' an astqo- iiomiual jttiiWtuti'oa having been thus secured, accessions have beeu receivA'd f&ffi'ttie date of its founding, to a very limited extent, by'p'ur.- chase, but rarsrelv by exchanges with the most noted institutions at home and abroad. These exclianges are effected through the othees, phieffv." of tlie Smitiisoniau Institution. The resident legations respond , very cordially, also, in forwarding volumes to foreign pu.'bric injvUt'uti'ons. . It is worthy of note that the expenses or preparing and DUDlishmg the an- , ■ fa '„\-' i-VV'-'I.Wl I!' >'l ' ' 11 r -l-.i tfuKHIU! TTl'Ji.. -.'.IT iiual volumes of the Observatory are largely returae(lpv.Alieex,chaug£s received, whicli are here building up a scientihc treasury ot an astrfl- ■ 1 ^1 .• 1 ■ 1 1 \-- , 't ;HiT!iriiif! .orH nr iionucal, mathematical, and geodetic cliaracter tor public use.. The collection, wliich is approacliing 7,000 volumes, wriile^ dfreot& promoting the daily |Work,qf ,thei jufititntion, has always beeu,'au(i re- mains, available for use by the superintendent of the Nautioal Almanac and by officers of the different branches of the Government, when dili- ]iloyed on astronomical or geodetic duty, such as surveys of our botiiiJ" dary lines or of our lake or sea coasts which involve afetsronomiealll observations, the determination of differences of longitude by tetegpapilniu lines, etc. It is, perhaps, unnecessary to add that the library has always been available for the work of iiidividual astronomers and scientists, also, from whom frequent calls continue to be made for inroiination froiu its archives. A copy of its annual puljlication is forwarded to'tlie lilira- ries of the separate bureaus of the Government, as well as to our ovyir observatories and scientific institutions," including eacli State library, and the libraries of our chief colleges) 'A copy is also sent to sucii, individuaTs as furnish evidence of their ability to apprec'iatB, or of tiieic , being themselves engaged in, practical astrouoraicaLwhrk. , .„' ,, ; IQTIiO tlOiX.- r'ti B vii:-i1nl?, ,GT8J (X-KinUGl. SOflld . : inqn gilll HI 9 UNITED STATES NAVjiiL^40AJ&Sa«S'E..i; (jgdr. IIB [)I[J3 (iqOJt BJT PROF. THOMAS KAHMEY, Librarian of the Uniled States Xaeal Academy/. A short time after the establishment of the NiavalSehoolat'Awfeatp'S- lis, Md., in 1845, the JSTavy Department transferred toit a uuuibiii^Wo volumpa which had been in nse in United Statesshipsof -fvAr for purpostis"^ of instruction and in uavy yards ; which collection, wibhsioadl'MiittRJffl^™ made to it from time to time between 18i5 and 185L, constitutes the'W cleus of the present library. xvr/ q'ir ^aeitaabiipB 'h>b glootl-jn Inisokssi A Jlaoaicd of iollicea-s was detailbd by th»i'I>5j»vjfcSl8{)ritttn^MluO(!t!al^oi 1849, to frame a code of regulatif tiie .mp.sjfi. ?),p- )roved treatises on' jitFnayal .subjects published here, in Great Britain, ir'iu Continental Europe. Every new publication of this sort, when of uorit, J? speeddy added to the collection.^ i i- i ■,,, ..( ^ The total ambiifi,t' of money applieil to tlie incveiise of tne library is ■stimated at $35,180. ., ^ ,,! I , ■ , „, />, r, In the! , sumiiiei; of ISo'O a catalogue was printed , and puMis^ed, in- licatiug'the. possession, on the 30th of June of that year, of SioiS -•l' 1 , ;', ri' 7 ,,•,' ■ I '" ,' ■'jv.n ', liUi f -I'll/,' ,i ' y^"0'' , rolumes. , !K.ii) ^ pOSt-OFl^iCE DEPARtMENT. ■ ' "'' If: l7'. ',i:yj1f ,,.. >1 i!i, ■ri.i,,|ii,' Hit v< ;m! The libraryiof this'Department wasibegun in 1863, and consists chiefly if ipuMicid'Ooumentsy but ai small portion of itbeing general literature. Cisnibsed oUly for reference by the employes of the Department.' The' lufnber of volumes! is '6,000. 'in , , , ■ •' . . , ,'r . i. ■<( .-, .,,,iiH, DEPARTMENT OF THE, iINTBPJOE./i lU ^ , ; The .library of the Interior Department was, begun in.l850. It has , -j/lin' ' ' iiT , J, !■(('-/;: ■• 'li, 1 ' i;m(i"1' •< ■' ■ , • -i -' !;:,-,!' )een increased from year to year by meaps of the contingent fund. lit , .8f74, 1,027 yolumes were, added. It is a library of miscellaneous litera-; are, and open to the employes 6f the Department. iThe collection, em- iraces many works of value and interest. I'he number of volumes is i,o89. There is a pri'ntesd catalogue of the library. , , , : ,^ . i , „. Since January, 1875, statistics of the circulation have been carefully :ept, and an abstract' of the result will be found elsewh'ere in this report /-l/;l,i ,1 f'/ ,', Jii'l '11 '■' BUEEAy,OP EDUCATION, T,he formation of this library was begiin inil870. It eontains about ,000, bOnndjvolum.es, consisting mainly of works relating to education, nd, -pearly 15,000 educational journals and. pamphlets. 1 The depart- nej^ts of American, State, and city reports on public [education, and of atftlognes and reports of American colleges, schools of science, and pro- essional schools and academies, are very complete. The library also osfi^S#?< a large collection of reports of reformatory and charitable QgfiVti'jt.iQBSiin which schools are maintained. SJifffftiftreiifuJl s^ts of reports on education, from Great Britain and r^nd, Germany,^ :^r;aHce, Austria, Belgium, Holland, Switzerland, taly,.jSi^PiCleftian)d, Norway, the British Colonies, Brazil, and, the -^r- entiBfi Republic j and pretty fall, though, not complete, sets from Den- 270 Public Libraries in- the United- States. mark, Spain, Portuo-;il, 'Greece, ' Turkey, Russia,- Egypt,, Chili, Miixienj' Eciuidor, and tlie! United States of Colotnbiii. Rocetitly a Inrge acquisi- tion hiis been madeof tte catalogues andi-eports of 'Aineriean^ipiibW libraries, comprising some 500 of tlie former and 700 of the lattan^ii Tlvfe library also contains i)robaliIy the largest and best collectioinof cnrn-iiit American iperioilical ■literature relatiugito education bo ba fmiad -imishf© United States, and'rcgnlarly reoeis-es the' more-iimpdrtant tfior.eign e(ki>i cational periodicals. ' i 'd '[>■'•'' '' ' ':! ■'■I!, . ' -'! >! liASYLUMiFOR THE IJJfeANlii. '■ j'..jln , ,u) ■,] ,i 111,1 1 liH' -ifii i;. •,iii..,i),ji, • t ilhy '•X'-.-iU \hi\ R Tlie hospital possesses two libraries: the first, a siniU msdical library of 200 volumes for the usi^,aj' the m^i|lical oflicij.r^^ the second, a general library of 1,200 volumes for the use of the i)atients. B )th were begun at the opening of the hospital'm' 1853. Xboat one-fourth of the patients use tlie general library. The lt1)rary is sustaiued partly by the Greueral Qoverunient and partly by contributions. ,| , , .'i .i.iil ;,,il f •..! ' ,," 'H^ii [ -^ . ',■ i.' . ■ ',•.;;/ GENERAL LANfi-OJTlCB. ■'■ ■ ' : I 'I., 1! 'Ill ! imI ,,j , Thei library contains 500 volumes, composed entirely of la'.r boolra and documenbsrelating to public lauds. Charts and maps ttf all -fclie surveysdu the ooiiutry may also^be found in this librarty. '■"■■ ' ' > KATioNAL, ,:p?i^ :)ryTE coli.ege, , , ,i. BY PROF. K. >r. GALLAt'DE*; Fli. r>., LI,.D., • " ''• ' ) 'i; t'h'.ldeiit'^/ the yaHonal Bec/Mutl^ Collcije. ' '■ 'I'l ■- ,i;ilg ; ,, 1 1; !ii" '■ ' >i . • , -■ . '!- [! 'u; ; ' ' t "to The nearness of the|grei^t" libraries of,^,tjh,e Government mfi^os it unneeessarv f'or this library to eranlate those of other colleges. Aboiitr h >,,„ , •'(■'■' , ■' ' ,, " ,:i v ■' 'I ■ . ''''d'^ , I, .'iff- - itMiji'l 1,-!00 volumes have been collected, on miscellaneous subjects, maiuly such as would be often consulted as books- oi' reference by professors and students. , , Tiie college has, However'' recently secured a very importanti'c'o'l'l'ectioii. ■vj! 'I',' .'I ■'.\ ■ '• ,, ■.■■',■-•■' : L, ■■ ii I 'a'" ijiTiii '1.111; ;;iii 01 works relating to the instruction and treatment of the deaf aud dumb, ' ' 'I , ,, L. . . ■ :, 1'° : ..,':' ..,.,,., ^., . , iK.. >>. m "Tlll'/i surpassed m extent and value, it is believed, only by the library^ of tliB; brothers Guyot, ^iniuent teachers of the deaf' and ciuiiib iu^Hoilat\(ii' This^co'l'leCtibn'w;as gatherec^ by the la'te Charles Baker 'p'h'. D.^^Iio was for the period' of fbrtj^-flve years head master o,f the' ^6r(csbii'e, Institution ibr the Deaf and iS'umt), afc Doncaster, England." I)r."]^a)cer has for raany'years b'^eu'recognized' as oiip 'of. the ablest teachij'rs bt' deaf-inutesiu the world. He has published many ' educatiohal'w^^^^^^^^ 01' value, and was ennneutly 'successful 111 his mauageineut'of one'of t'lie^ ihoat flourishing of the British institutions for d'eaf-inuf:,es. f n tile coiiiree, 9f a life full of engrossing oHicial labors, Dr. Baker foun'A;time|to|jjt-^ lect'moie than 000 volni'nes' concerning the de^f^ and duinb.",'^"Amo!i^' these are found works in't'atin, Spanish, 'ttjilianj Freuch,''GfJrmai)!'aml! Dntchy 'besides very many in 'English. Prom the,sLKteeuth'eeutar£oii| through the seyenteenth, eigtiteenth, and aiaeteenth,.' these volauie's Libraries of the<' General Government. 271 rere pKbli.shed ;,ia|moilg; tihe earlier beitig found works, of Jerome Car- hm, Juan iPaWo BoDet, John Bulwer, WiUiam Hol(ler,iJoljii WaDis, [vei>eI|mi(iDigby/.Qeorge ^iibscota, George Dalgarno^/aiid John Conrad ^krliniiirni.' ■>■.' ■ ■ '■> \n, .,,•■ . , • ; :, ; ;•', f,,,i, Tliose wl)o,ma.vlbe deslirous of consnltingltb'e Baker Library, will be uteiested to know thab in the annual report of the Columbia Institutioil oi! the Deaf laud Dumb, for ithe year ending June 30, 1870, a eornplete ist of titles may be found. ,, i, ,.!mi.. t iic.i.i It is the purpose of the oiBcsrs of the. institution to publish hereafter I full descriptive catalogue of the collection. i I '-■■"■ ■""" " ■ PA'rtNT-OFFIOK' LIBRARY. '■" ''''■'>"■■""'' ■ - . 1,11, ■) KX ^V. P- TAyLOU, , .'1ir)i1j,ll Ml' I U) ill lllot '1(11, li,, !_'■ .1 ' : r, ' '.rlllll -I |(,-r;;i<,i) 'jiH ,'.l /Ij-j I, l|-^f^/■W'^S^iJ,''t/'•^'"''^9f^';'' *'('':'''■!'■. -yt ,■'■■. This library may be said to hav'Cbeen foftnded by the act of Cong'ress of March 3, 1839, approjiriatino', $1,000 from |;he patent fund for the pur- chase of " necessary books " ^or tile u,'^e of the IPatentOflflce. Designed as |iai(OiDl!ectioii far; reference iu; the examination of applications for pat- eutij, in order, to detertuine the.questiou; of novejty of invention, as re- quired by law, itjJiasi grown jmainly in, the direction of teehnohigical publications, including full sets of manj' of the periodicals devoted to special industrial arl*g,' rtiW all thi^hiolre important treatises on machines, arts, processes, and< piroduct^iui the English^ Freneb, and German lan- gnnges. Prominent among ,si,\q1i, /works, tl)e lib.rary contains a series of the, English patents .from their beginning,^ continuing to date, n'um'Bferiug 'u[) wards' of 'i, COO volumes, text and platej.s ; a series of the Ei:'ench pa'tent^j as published, numbenng spmelS'O, volumes of text, and as many bf plates; and other^'less voluiuinbus, as the' patents of Bel- gium, Austria, italy, efc.' Tlie library contains also a large n'yml)ej- of encyclppedias of every description, ^hile the transaetjons of , engineer- ing aiid other societies, a few of tfie best ireviews, scientific 'periodicals, rfii(l worlis oa science of a sqraewliat general, character, have c^onsidera- biy extendeii 'the'scope as^TelUjIs ^^^ , .'ifc^now cojilaiiis '^liout &',OOjt)',vol|imes,,a'nd |^tili' adhering' ,(;o "its orig- inaflriiirpose is believed to preserve Ih'e character of the best tecliupl,og- icMVlfbrary in tbe cojiritVy. It ^s a aseful, resort fpr the,^ stiuly^ o|'^ the appiicatjibns^ of' s^ignce to artJii every depair'tnieii'tjand' in ^ail,kin(ls of practical p'r'.ui:iritarian investigation. It bibor|' .under the great disad- vantage of'want oi'room, which re,stticts convenient display, andvvhicb must verv soon arrest either its growth or its availability unless relieved bv some extension. , ;i I , , . , .i , (•» . ' . (• tflie'bwli' are 'freely open to consultation in the library hall by^all personr ' " - - >--- -.-- -~..i.. k„ 1„.,.,„ ■ULii; , tueir V torn^5'S, and all iiiterestecl in p; 212 . Puhlic Libraries in ihe United States. science in'pursnit of Mjikial informatiou. The number of persons using it annually cauuot be aiceurately stated, but must ambdilt to sevferal th'da-' sand. No special appropriations for the increase of the library have beeii'; made for iJlany years, but it has been sustained ftj*- the ptefearious sup-; ply derived froiii the general coutingeiit fund bf the Oiflee. ' In regard to the distribution of the published patents : By joint reso- lutibil bf Jatiuarjf 11, 1871,' 1.30 copies of the speciflcatioui^'aacf drawings ' are authorized fb be gratuitously sup^ilied to the capitol 'of^eV^fyJSfetid'' and Territory freely open to the public, and to the clerk's bfnfc'e'of tfi'e'' district' court of each judicial district of the United States. The Cum- mrssioner is further authorized to supply at cost a copy of the' srf-iiib to any public library which will i^ay the expenses of transportation and' binding and preservb'the volumes under prop^t custody for cbnV6uiett"-' access to' pn'blic inspection. ' ' '' '' "'' i' ' ii '' '•tli The Official Gazette is published and sold at the price of 86 iiiit ahniiitl"" each member of Congress being entitled to one copy for himself and to eight copies for distribution to public libraries only. '" ' DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. ' Although a small|Collection-of law booJvS had been madie in the QflB® of the Attpiney General as early as 1831,, it, may saidrthttti thB/liJMrary of the OlSce owes its origin to the efforts otJMr.Galp^J! Cushii)g,i\sili^d while Attorney-General, in 1853, made extensive , additions of ;Staudaf^o treatises on American and foreign law. It has since steadily i^ncreased, and now forms an excellent collection of American, English, ^nd Span- ish-American law books, inclnidiug valuable works on Roman law. Con- gress ap|)ropriates $3,000 yearly for the purchase ofbooks. Thel^brary numbers 12,000 vplumes. ' ', ' OFFICE OF SOLICITOR OF THE TEEASITBY.' This library was begun in 1843 by the appropriation therefor of $350, by Congress. It consists almost wholly of law books'^nd official docn- ments for reference, and numbers 6,000 volumes. , ^^ ; DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. ■ i"ii« '*■•■ , , BY J. B. JJUS3ELI., I Libr(fria.n 0/ thf Department of 4.(/riculture. , ,i. The library of the Department of. Agriculture contains about ^7,000 volumes, and is annually increased by an approi)riiition of $1,500 by Congress, and by the exchange of its annual and monthly reports with' various agricultural arid philosophic.il societies in Eiiroiie. In the sttb>''- jects of agriculture and natural history, and their kindred bmnebeisi ofiT botany, geology, entomology, and chemistry^ this library is undoubtedly " the most complete on the continent. Libraries, of the Generai .^Government. 273 o .3:^e,ljl)rary coi?tajj^s nearly coinplete^^tit^ of the ^nma\ reports ou gricuitufe ^nd_ geology of the.^iit^rent St^jtejl^oarcl^iP^. agriculture iu 11 the principal States for the last twenty years; also the trausac- ij^]!j.^,[0,£ tlie,jI4flzj8eHn| ^p4 Roya^ Si^cjeties ,pf,,Lofld,pn,; (Curtis, and loflkejj^'i^iJoaijftal of B,(j)t^nyj|f):,o}J^ ,178,7 tq thp present time; Sowerby's Iriglish Botany.,|4ij 9 voluifift^,; thj^ spleu,rl,i,d ^qrlf .qf ^^tfcingshausen apd|,, 'c^^ny, pi^c^ilatc^r^^lbstdruok, ijji,.7', voluif^es. folio, a pjrpfsefltj froin, the liupj^rpf j9f,,4u?JiVf?i,; i1^f*A.?;?i;oF'^'i^ ^'f tl^e- ,c!^-ipf agi:ic|i^tiji;'^l, ,j^ad,,hQrti^ i i}||;j*f^l^^,9.^jje^i^9S|/^f;,:ffl.i^rope a^^ A^j^tralia,, aud ,the' principal scieatitic O^P#-Wtt«>P«^- 'ulr .. i,M .,.'ii. »ii ,'.',;;. ,1^ nr.u > >.n, (f{^it^^e,»5iQiia-ljep.oqt^|Of-^hj,g P;5par;t|tn^i:\tj23l),,0pp ppp.i,es,,W)eiVfi,priated,s ,i^nu^J|^ ,,for, teip. yea,rp for 4'Stril3iition through, ipe'^hetis ,9|f Oqagress .i^^iptjii.cjf.wise to ^gi'icultural, ?pcieti,es; fpr 1872 §i[i;^^il873, jL33,0iy|- By a wise provision of tlli' Ar'my''!fe!e'|fi!£itiohs, iib'raries' have been in- stituted and are rg^jalijijifed at eaph mjlita;ry; poft. .Some of these are )f very considerable value. B'eing purchased from savings accruing 'rem rations, and each company of a ¥egitheift'owning a pro rata share, ;he library of a post is dliitiergfed as the 'tfOitajji^nies p to different stations. A« .th^K Army was suddenly in^i&aSeddiQilSSLj the tjalBtanti,on; Pf phi- aifthifepic: men was newly jawakeaddf to the intellectaalt needs of the ioliiler,; and Ahe -UaUisd -StoHesi (Military Post :iErife»aii^ Associajtion, of :Jl'eL*j?Yorli,Lwas orgauiaeijoinithat year to stipply reading for him Che itinls of ithls' aasbeiatiOB have met with ajgreat degree of sncl3ess. Dheispldier.on our most -relnote frontier is uowj through this agency, 'egularly supplied with the best reading. 18 E 274 PuUic Libraries ^in) ths^_ UnUecl \MoSes. The repoFt of the association iQmthei^^MS.Wi^&{mepiM^^M&Q'Wig facts: ■"' - ' .0 fiifj'iriT) "Jo bnR orriod arW ^o 'ijioisriJ e .rioJiBa ^"^ Niiliibiir of boolts of Mstrtry, travel, fiotfoTTfet^l.TdrWaii^fledtDriwMjitimslaf^ffiSSclnKy- ter of religions papers to Army 'posts, 80,000,; eecujar p,apfei;s.,to l,i;m5(! ippsts, (^^IJ,^9P magaziues, 9,875 ;, 18tno publteations of the,3spO|Ciation, 7,000,; ,pampUlet8,,forward«1j 2,625; number of literary commissions transacted for Army posts, officers,' chaplams, and soldiers, 2,750 ; value of transportation fnrtiishecl by United States GrbVirtfiirent, $2,500; value of books purpfiasM^'ftc United Sfates milit^fjii'tf^tt', ^,'9trof MJW'W books donated to Unite^l''g't£ii^g''irtffi^iiry M^%%(ifi(S^<'^RW(Jt^^miikVi'^^m^i ' lor United States militar/Psfe-'pi|oOO ; ^'^iB'^'if pltoft4(fSmito«"PfflMbflk.«,'lit'*'*eatJlitti»tyite68j4p. iiiett the -watitfe df such men Ai were disposed to mrtlt'e liBei of flteai. -> ' i:il edood aasdi ' " Tbe books ai'e of a Very readablij character, comprisilife SfMuieof Bi§i.fig \\^^W-i HWSif bI}?. tr^^'plfl. i>>ii' 'n<\ay vali^a^Je works on art ; also a'feiecQl'Mo- fifeH^fKj»9ftkfli9i^<-ftiif#i9i'i'i^';«' "Wfi^ept and iiio(lern,_cgmi> letQ works o'Alie'iJest nafll- and valuable anywhere to be found, and is entirely tlie gift W Mrs. ^a'yy Lowell Wat- ^«»I»^9ft^to,S•^i?.M^?^'^,^Tr(i?.X^^lu«'lat$^ Mrs. Putnam has also presented about 200 naiutiiigs, cnromSs, lithogMpRs, and Other pictures, which adorn the walls of the library halfli" ""'' ^T" '^ :"" " '' -lufflllwi/BfeQBi^ieTrlfJbr^rjy^^^^iSilj, ,occupi68,,ths,«ipme>,hiU, was ^^^^l^t^^^^n^^ffatpher, -oIBaSsialXt e*>Bt.»itis^5„l()Q,vi()J>ira9^, priwolpally m;\,A,« in>,,i|)f ,l!iist;,or,y„['j^fl^jrejggj?i,ogra.pby, ojajsddihf itwtlgr daas-of . ligbfe (Jii|t({!;*t>ire J .it.isi valued- *t, Ji^ippO, Witfli .^fgg |g>f ,e?^cep!,ions these books have ,be(su ©issB ;.to;ifrh,eiaRldi.ijtaiWli,o sseryed nuitf?;.;, il !<,),, Qep.,(^(^Qrue'H. liiBhrWBilajiin wJ«)^JiQ{)iMifekt^4i})rM^,ia naimpft., Abyiit f.wp, Ijmidref). of ,tliB Iji'jjt'.pews- aiptiprS'^fi-tJij HaiBi^eggfiifto gftdij-HlJaVons, ooirie,i;egiil,arly fbo. thB'j-gftj}Jpg,Tpon4,;,|aJsjp, the -eldaainj^magsainescaS/^ pktwJP.te)»Sfti;egplarly,refieiv.?il., jq o-mTziinbr; iaarofflrie ji ar . The annual report of -ttis' secretary 6f the board-'of manatgenfs .of the I ffi^^Wmy-Mlhin^ ^^esiihtk' t'h^ foll5*iilg inforrntttion :-'-^>^ -^K The libraries of the several Homes have steadily increased, both in size_ and value. Ndnring,the yeaj. The central branch reports the largest increase, owing mainly to ffieVcmViimeSmug^^^ ^^tflAe*ffla(iy o|8m'i6'-EIit)tolb8*f#'AV}dMed'by*he'fafct tbati'.'i.0,*-i6 ivolnmes were i)MSfeaialfi^i»»efiai&tiino,lU(li«g thehniiRlredSiOf Valuableiw,^^^^^ i'Kf>i:^9mii<^'r^'^i^opmiP!^t!)iat, .whicji, ,by ,the, rwlgs,; caaijot be t|i),)^ij!p|fro,ijj,;tUe fii\ The roomakifi^bSiailSftowtlSd:,, both, day and, eveni,ns];,aad t^A p?ipers:r«ad ijp^^ they -e?tfcifo{ft.gf^iiyg}ji^tpfagyi,5f-oj}(i,^ju^t,jp, the handling,,,, TJnj, folio wj^ng tabje wijl sjhow the -B98?{''§fe§ftj°iW'^* ^i^NllVt^^^^^^ ' ^^^: increase duijinw the year ; the number of . papers and magazines received; add the huinber of books taken but and read at each branch during the year :-^'J*^9«^^""*'0^ «J2S,S '■■"■.■ u.Oi' -■ ;.M:iiO '.'i , IS, which £ ooa,s -iv, «5 el Qi^iii ,.0 .a jfioigniifgijW In TjnnA l/i nni^fld SBw doidr/ ^o nortennoi odJ •mf dairfw o) bnn ,xanA 9dl ^o laiilO-o 'MiBiiwo il .aaimeiia fj^ianof) v^r yf sin oi aoiias U ,. Itjlaijj^ djiv/ baiij-ih. Number of volumes in library.: Increase during year fliSltlJift^liSir^eMl p&p^ feClaivedat i:.i.'. . .j.j.. aatanihfB? ie9#9,?ilid3i®€[i F§?i9fli5;als^6ci^ived,.,,l JllWftgfe^^gtetetefiOttt ^y|^§^fl«ri'?S*e year -itijaill e) i JJU r ; ULII.ii' ' . 'ilAuyv adJ 'lo -i • -J3i'.ia o 486 34,, 130, -2 I Ol: 3,,0^g 67 . .,78. bl:,24. 6,379 ,' *^. < J CS- - 3,865 93 vi 1.20 : ' ■1'', 9, .917' 1 a IJ tC-' tilov 87 - 27 !74, ;13i' idil 16, 869 733 95 J 468 80 50, 426 9iJ^/;ffiP}|Jfff;j:l?t,'PIi,a.i^es „l^p^vei|i(iber 30, 1S75, >vas 4,0iP, of whom 3,69i were able to read and write. 276 Fiiblic Libraries in tlie\United States. iJfiOl gji e LIBEAEIES ON MAVAL tMmf'&sm'mmAVT VESSELS, adi a^jilv [1 gill , (01 fi Dfi^herxiA ii(i< . jfiBsa lot aamridij The wants of our sailors as w^ll as of our saldiers ip<:f^g^c|-,|^^i-))i"£t ries, are also provided for, partly by (ioverument, but, maij^;!!-"!? v(^li^V tary effort, Each of tlie navy yards and several of j;n_e marine hos- pitals have a library, the largest, that at the Br'ookl^-n navy,, yard, containing about 4,500 volnmes. Seven libni^ries of this cl^ss reported contain an aggregate of 11,500 volumes, the number ranging .from 400| to 4,500 in each. Afloat, the sailor is also furnished witjh, suitahle reiadiug. The subjoined statement by,CoiMmodore Ammen, tl. S.N., will indicate what is done i^u this way by the General Government; • the interesting sketch of, the operations of the American Seamen's Friend Society of Kew Yoik,.byBev. II. H. McFarland, andilie notice of the work of the Pennsylvania; Seamen's Friefid^ Society of. Phnaael- phia, will indicate what is done by those socjeties. ^he ProtestantJEnm- coijal Church Mission Society for Seamen, of if ew York, expends |SdI annually for books which are donated to sailors and syiips.., ,. , „ sa i iTsnioijndninoO m ifrrmirimlT .^ilan, ^,^^^^,^^ ^N SHIPS OF Wab. '&"* ^"« '^^'''''''rf^ .■''.uoinnimo ii9'.<( »« j r,,3,_ ,.,o>, lymJi/jq-jb aidt in* "J Three thousand dollars are' anntially appropriated to pnrchasei anifl nuiintaiu ships' libraries, nii 1<> aJneaiqiib't/l .f.;;C,c. io ,5781 ,1 yuK boAll vessels of war in commission, about forty at thistime^iaswellids the different shore stations, eight in number, are furnished with librariies. The number df' volumes contained in ships' libraries varies with'ldifc rate of the vessel, flagships having additional books. In general, bWsy number as follows: For flag-ships, 124 yolumes; second rate^ 85 ; (thqul rate, 48; fourth rate, 36. r-.'j/ ljiv*xi folBlB liyJiriU oj liddftaiiii •se6iuiiii no The books are all either professional or n^ces^aryraT^ustilrtts to eHahlfe the commanding and other oflBcers to perform their dJutifes-intieUigdiliWfj). 'Z Sailing directions, nautical and astronomical woirks^ichabtsjlaffHidBher information necessary to the practical work, of iJayj^Mion^aaiftiHKgt included in the library. 1^597; ■^lavtt bun ,j(i^nisbn[, dtiv/ ?.iii9maiiv[m ' Vessels of war of all sizes usually make an:^feis68SBabnt-t)n'6ffi«eBS and men;' scaled on relative pay, and purchase the current literature- ofilbe day, embracing, in large vessels, several hundred volumes,, whichnaffc issued and turned in, and, upon tibeuexpitatiftQjjegotlie.Cff^ise^diiRidBfl among the subscribers. i>8 eu3 .< yAwy^n yiM yd noitJitiaiv Jiid ,93.bii§ ..jan-i'/i ^iVAU'xn'ti .i[xiiij;q8 ^'nmiai) "f -r-rAoQi' oiom "^^ 9110 1o ,d9X39 iii -hU'Vi LIBRARIES- OP THE AMERICAN SEAMEN'S FRIEND i SClC!I?T,^,Jli:jI Sno,n. ImA .wa-.o ri«v'.^ ^^^^^_ ^^ ^ mc.ak.and. l*^^'' ^^' ^^ i'^MBo, «„m -nil naad f.jnl old ■ olujg ql gioi „ ». ujoa 'io fioneiilo niaJrjO' It is impossible to determine the beginnings or trace the early iresHlls of furnishing books, for use by their crews, to sea- going vesseteiilftte ports of the United States. Probably a few ship owners, fromi$>^D- thropic or other motives, had long done this to some extent, bufcinffliSilt*- tematic work had been attempted in this country until the yeaHolBSSi LiMdries of'tM General Government. 277 when the American SeaffleHfs Friend Society beo;an to place its loan libraries for seamen upon American and provincial vessels sailing from lfeVxir|f'anS'''jBoko^!' *tFis'a distinctive feature of tiais system that iH4''t>ooks are'foaneil, not given, to the crews, and that pains are taken "' ^ ... „ .... either upon the a record of its „ ^.„ .„ .„ ^,„ 'e measure snc- ce^sfuh'" '"'^'^ ladmnn siH ^gyriinfov - , ij- " nu hibihoo ^'.^'li^se libraries are pnt up' i;/ p§'ri;i1)le wooden oas4^, 36 by 13 inches i'q'size, cdii'secutively numperW^ expense of $20 each —the fancts't)eing provided by voluMary coiftribii'tfiowro fhe society's treasury ^,.-. A.:., ...:„■;«„ „ '' .frffoJiaioQo Q£.ri,}o rio39i)-. . ■^,j-^^^-n, ?.; for^ tills speciflc purpose,— '^^^.ptilt|S^, 8n^^^ ^^i^4?^'ge, thirty-fl've voi- umesb always including the Sacred'^CTiMrfreK? unYe^^it is ascertained bv nous books and a ■ selection ot misceiiac Oontribntidhs for ihese libraries ai'o received from Sabbath Schools, churches, and individuals from a wide area of country. The growth in this department of the society's operations has been continuous. In liSSaiMOi; 10 libraries were sent out; in 1874.-'75,m 451; a total to May 1, 1875, of 5,233. Eeshipments of these libraries to the same tdate^famoioiit to 3,773, ,. the books in all cases being inspected and .Ee&tit®di bifore such reshipment. Tlie number of volumes issued has djfeteril2^^2o6, and the number of seamen to whom they have been avail- Tgibldj'so far jis known, is 212,726. They are placed upon vessels (mainly iupciJi sailing vessels) voyaging to all parts of the globe. The whole number furnished to United States naval vessels and hospitals to May •Ijil!»7)5',-1s8'46vcontainivg80,l-5S volumes ; and the tbtal number of men oii'ithesft vessels; to whom they have been accessible, is 96,102. mo> adJ ' 'Thi^se books are now widely and earnestly sought for by seamen. Es- clpserimce, enables the society to adapt its selectious to their tastes and requirements with judgment, and every year adds testimony that they are eareftilly read and thoroughly appreciated. Ub 1o 'xbw lo alasaaT -;iiItir-wo.uld be difflonlt9i(!() overstate the results of this .enterprise 'ftenilawlvedaoational, a reformatory, or a religious point of view. The ftHtuajfe^^areieomposed, for the most part, of books iu the English lan- guage, but visitation by the agents of the society; and the inclusion, in each, of one or more books in German, Spanish, Swedish, French , Italian, Danish, or other European tongues, secures some fitness in read- ing matter to the resi^)eotive nationality of every crew. And among certain classes of seamen, the" whole tone of sailor life has been im- ptoved, as shown by the lessening of profanity and intemperance ; the alwaketiing and culture of a sense of manhood; as well as by the toegin- niigi and growth of Christian faith. It will not be doubted, moreover, that among these classes there has been a general elevation, of the stand - ted. of discipline, with benelit to all interested, ised biiJ iho7T f>f.fj3ai9j 278 Puhlic Libraries in the United States. Such results, though as yet partial, can only be comprehended by a knowledge of the condition and surroundings of the common sailor in the past. In the United States, as in other countries, these have been such that the sailor, in maritime cities, has been dreaded by all other classes like a pestilence. Habitually dissipated and often riotous when on shore, abusing his physique to such a degree that a generation of common seamen has ordi^aJfilyj{iasBed 'out of fekistence in each twelve to fifteen years, it was the exception and not the rule, two generations since, wibn bile k tlieiii'ci)iiJdiread or w'ri'tei. ' Lffia&Jw^ftf Mfli/a@@tal and moral powers unexercised, his position among his fellow men was, practically, that of an outcast. Satisfying evidence affords ground for belief that a change is taking place among these men, under the force of enlightened Christian effort, aruTln it these loan libraries are peFfoMHiiygaiauostisalujtar^.andiJiUfi-pcfEtatnt parUoo ovuirx-wan y,on.sj8ioaj The iutererS* felt'irt'the society's work in other cQiiMitKieS/.ia)Sho5(5nf% the gift to it in 1874 of £300 iu^'gold, ($1,626,) bytbwCfetjhtesS'Oftib^- erdeen, in Scotland,, TIjis sum,wa,s forwarded to send out and to keep afloat, through the society, one hundred libraries lu'^memory of her sou, Georga)4i*tfhTEarl of Aberdeen, for morei than'tJbre^ijieaM ^^iQJUp American vessels, and lost at sea, six-days outi fromi I^os^Oflt, Mji^w Jt»>uujjry-27^-1870, while tij!st m,at6 of the schooner Hera of that porti/; ui -oiq ixr/isJil rail gniii-- W < 'to jftai bim 1 ii - , r.nf ..;•. ad,) eioiIJufi aJoiJ^ Oj by PENJSISXLYANIA seamen's FRIEND ^OqiBTT. ^ . ^ /fTn|'society began its operations in the'^yeiir 1861. ' -It^' V6Vtf is-aii# tolhat of the sister society of New York, but with iiore'ref«TteiifefW'th«''&'>yr*' tlian 50,000 volumes of suitable books. Many entire librarie'sf'*ifc'' vjsM lo. .Vm adT Ilaa 10 loi'iq o* jd§ii aloa add jiKdo to ,((),. 'u .>lood xh^ Io (eaJBjg b9j;flll floiJKiiqza ailj JA ,81^9^ aaaiindt lo niij) adi -tot jJiow Jdsinqoawil 'Tuot UbriT(_qir:> Bdi bnaJza id§im ^a-nyd aid -lo ,iodJnB nU ,9vniiUdi lo -^qoa gariiioaa lot baiinpai aiaw anoilibnoa niBJiaO .laytiol aiua^ a9«t •iU'iiiiogun]nl liadj oJ badobJJfi aajjlijuacj bat; .aidaii | c 7.d babnoffa-iqmoo ad ^lao nra Jisriij^q iot hb rJguoilJ ,8jlrj89i douS iJi loliiig nomnioo aifj ^o g^amnjioTTHa basi noiirbaoo 9ilt ^o a^f'^f woui iwaJ eyjsri aeadJ ^aaiiinnoo ladjo ni bb ^seteja balJaTJ ad* rrl .unq adi aedio IIb ^d b^bsie-ib uead gfid ,88iJio amiimm ni ,ioIij3a ad* i^idi doug nadw gjjoloh naJio bn^: bateqiggib ^jIIjiuJidjiH .ooualijgaq b a^m aaggBlo loiioiJmenas jf iijdJ oai^ab oi doug ol .■ 'q gid ^oig,-. <, ,9iod8 no avlav/i data xii ev C H A P T;E R 'X I.bio gfid naaiBag uonirnoo giioiiBiaaas ow* ,arfjT adJ Jou Jjtii! ; m j^ • ,,i - . ' ' , -ft ot f«j69OTRIffil]\wDJSimiBUTI0N, EXCHANGES, /AND DUTIES. 3„jg ,8BW riaiir wollai gid ^uoaiB a oijigoq gid bagiyiazanw giawoq Ie'iooi ban b.mois gbio-ftB aouabi , ,Tgrr^t^^^.„o ns "lo iiidJ .v.lteoiJamq adJ TObiiH ,nam aaadJ gp ■ . , ,,>^.. .„; :;^ 1 gj ,e§„i5rfo « ijjrfj lailad -lo't 61J5 gaiwidil iiBoI aaod* Ji iii buB ,j-jofia neictgi'idy banajrisffoa^o aoioTt Legislation ekspecting copy iittiiT>9^ ©^aV^ifcWioJf' oiB' ' iyoBMC : DOcoMENirfl ■ Sat ' ; ■ii;fSfe#9«g«s^dj3Si§®Wi'J^}?(Pf^'^WS','¥Sil, •^f'^Esi.E'c¥l«Gf"dOPiTltaHtf «'*o«a ni ,/i9ab'.a ,uog lad lo 'jiofii > M I . ' ' . , nbnud eao ,'iJ9ioo8 ad* dguo-idi .-tfiofiij iJIlW'fes^ fOfmul adltnowled^ment (Sf,iei®ifj'ffjg;kt by law innimericaj waS^'fM i#S<^ of- thtj' State of Gonnecticut in January, 1783, fijB'fi^MA in MiTOtij^afl^Sp bj-i) a kiwpassed' by Massaiebiisetts fpr. cf '..s^waugug ti>. authors the exclusive right and benefit of publishing their literary pro- ductions for tweiity-bu'fe'y^ai-'s'." 'flie^e were Ideal acts,' (ioh'fined to State lifflfe ■' l^^^SPiS'i'e^iSitJf tfbie Coi^fedcjratipp, May 2J, 1783, recoinmen^d tOj$hef^j^,V|^i^l,iStfites to secure to authors or publishers of ,new boolfs aBflWrtMJSl^fil- l^fi^jJpe'L.slJii., ^ _^.,_ ^ _ , 8!teiJ6%%tfS ajiatia^vfian^e to be fi9I■^J4^9^j:s.|rp^ers,,lI^e0rpp,r^^^ a clause which. fqr^M.S t)^^ fpuj>,(il|^t|8ipf (^|^iii}nj,tjJ^.^,fgifliifj()fi.pr,:ff9PML^^^ on the subject and of all exclusive rights to literary property. This provision of the (Joustitutiou (art. I, sec. 8) confers upon Congress the power "to promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their inventions and discoveries." The first legislation under this power was the act approved May 31, 1790, "An act for the encouragement of learn- ing, by securing the copies of maps, charts, and books to the authors and proprietors of snch copies, during the time therein mentioned." The act of May 31, 1790, gave to the author (being a citizen of- the United States) of any book, map, or chart the sole right to print or sell his copjTight work lor the term of fourteen years. At the expiration of that time, the author, or his heirs, might extend the copyright four- teen years longer. Certain conditions were required for securing copy- rights, and penalties attached to their infringement. 279 ^80 Puhlic Libraries in, the United States. An act supplertiebtary to this act to seciirtt^copyrighSSjiapproved Aipiil 29, 1802, extended the privilege of copyright to pefffeohs who febealid.fn- veiit, design, etch, etc., any historical print or prints*: The peiialtiieHiflor infringing^'ori cop3Tights#ere increased, and persons professing to ha.ifB seciifed k legMl copyright but failing to comity with tlie7rec(iiit'ed-t*rihs were subject to a flne of $100. >'^i, all book s,,™a-ps, ql?a,vts, apd othpxpn^)icaf tions entered for cop yright and required to be depo,sited iiii the ^JS^irj^ of Gongr*ss; and Smithsoniarn; Institution were allovved to be stjuf through the mails free. ■. ,i ] , j, The act of August 18, 185G, gave to (the proprietor of any dra,inatip composition (cojiyrighted) the exclusive riglifiito print or perfornjiit; upon the stage during the^Nhole period for.^hich. the copyright w^s.qj^ tained ;',the penalty for violation to be, for the ifiist peiformaiUce^ $10(lj, andi for every subsequent performance, $50. [ . ,..,110 By act of February 18, I8G1I, appeals or writs, of error .areii^Jlp^yed from decisions of circuit touits in c(ii)yright cases to thiC Sypjit^ Court of the Unitid Slates, without Kgiiid tothe amountiin^cMiiifl?- versy. , , , ..,., ^ ,,.. ^,^,,,, By act of March 3j 18G5, photographs maybe copyrighted;Upo«iitbp same conditions aud to the sa:ne extent as prints and engravings. ,, i,, By act of July 8, 1870, all records and other things relating to, (jqpy- rights, and required to be preserved by law, were placed under tV^cftq- trolof the Librarian of Congress, to be kei»t aiid, i>reserved in, tb^.Giqe- gressional Library, and the libraniau is-charged with thoimime|(,V%(ifij;!W a-ud supervision of copyright matter, and is- required to perf9|iiiHi,ii}l acts a;nd, duties touching copyrights which had previoijisly, beeft;j(i charge of the clerks of the. district courts of, tbe United States.;, Ajjif further, no. person is entitled to a copyright, unless he shall, ;]^(if9fl9 publication, deposit in the mail or deliver to the Librarian of Copgiirfiss a printe;iile., Ijii,jl^fanl4;,flf syipb 9elrepfa8ilt;4nithe Library of OoHgresSiigaid prppdetoi;, is ,Ua,ble to a pCTa,l,ty aQiiit26,' tojaeicollected by jthe Libr^siaiii;of Cougres^ria ljlie,nauie;Qf .tjie United States. v • ,- ,,. Iq ,jf,ij ,r ij j.,u(,j tj^ w itJiNoWgJit of action for infringein.6iit of cQpyj:igbti,can,i]^grj3ftjiiin,|§|lied, jitiles? tHeantkor aball bavegiy&npDtiiGe,; j|i, the(^%y.ftyjiljC^[!i§g,.,9f e,vei?y edlEion of bis copyrigJit, bytinsertingi.the wo;5^s-)^'^cyllf^^iljapi?ordii:5.g to act ! of f Ooaigress," etc.i,:!Oi',!rat; his ,optiDB,; t^e,jis;flryd,,'^ Qopyrjgljjt^i'Jitfl- feifclMa-i-with tbe year tb« feOMtJSbfi ,Vifte.eutered,„ 13,9/1,, |l^enftafiie,P;f,,5lip J)aiity,byiw,bQin it w.as -taken, ;0.ut;io ■■•.,,,>• ,1 ,, . gi^iqjiqgv/si; :i. a 10 1,..^^,+,,',! DISTJIIBUTION OP PUJ3LIC DOCUMENTS. , '^ ' , jj'nauia ■ ■■^'. :-.,s ■. .. .,.-,,(.■,,■ ■■■■>. ,__-^^\, . ,,, ,,. fisiio uiiiti -foo*' lu December, 1813, Congress orderttt that arcopy^of^ the public jour- nslfe -Jind' do'elimetits'ot' that'afad #Wfyisudoeedi'rf^!Gotl^^s should be ^t^tO'^i^uh'>e8H^e^'iiai^epsity;"aad 'historical society lio; ^WCfilited States ;'iilr'1814, th6' Ainei'icttfii Antiqttariah Sodietyj'at wyraedJeiP, Mass., %ys'added t(i4h((S>list > iti 181'?,one'S6t Of '8t4t6;Papdi%wasM3iriBeted:to be sent to each college and univers ity ; in 1819, a copy of Seybert's Sta- fiSt^al Aiiiials*was to lie senlti to each uiiiversity and'eeJfeiejJin 1820, a'^t^f^y of the jo'arnal of proceediti'gsof the Convention -^hicb formed the PedeM Cotisfeltutlon was 'directed W' be sent "to J each college and university; in 1822, the returns of the fourth ceiiSiiSUvere distributed to 'frhefea'S^ institutions ; in' 1828, a copy of the secret jburnalsiof the bId'C on'grdss, of (Pitkin's; Statistics, and Seybert's Statistical! Aunitls, to each Stat^iibrary, and to one incorporated'atbenseum in each State; in 1830, a copy of the Diplomatic Correspondence of theiEevolution to each institution and library before mentioned ; in 1882; the returns of the flfch 'L%usu'S'aud compilation of Congressional doeiioiferibs, as before metltiofied'; iU' 1833, Vari Zaudt's Statistical Tables, and Documentary •Hife«d*yiJof the Eevolution, were ordered distributed ; in 1834, similar distribution of the diplomatic correspondence from 1783 to 1789 was -ulfede; in iSl't, a Catalogue of the Library of Oongress^'ahd the returns of the^^ixth census were distributed ,' in 1844, maps' and ehiirts of the SilrH^ey dStlie !0oast?'of the tJnited Statses,' as before meWSidheea>mnd to foreigbi gdvei'u'inents,-^in"1815, the History of Oregon; iCalfforniai a,nd -etJ|ftr> Patiiflb Territories, as befbre mentioned ; in 1846, Li t'tle &'Bl:^own;'s edition of^'the'Laws and Treaties of the Uikited States, as before meu- 'iioned, and to ea:eh navy yard ; in 1849,' the Official Register for each ^Wfitoeaeh' State and Territory; in 1845 and 1850, a copy of the Ke- leAof^etelWilkas Esploring-Bipedition to-each State aM Territory ©liefe'6rWh^fei»rte**tO be organized ; in 1850^ 300 copies of the Aanals of f^eapgsfe to Hterary institutions and pablio libraries; in 1851, the works e^Afeiaadet SamtltoQ and of John Adams; a coj)y to dach Department laitoi'f,* 'library of each State and Territory, =and one copy each to 120 282 .Z'iiVpidiUc Libraries in the ^^IMted^^tixte^- (\^ colleges and literary iiistitatioiis designajb6tl/b.y the Otlnlrtflltteetl(W^|■I|i/^l bniry; in 1854, a similar distribatioa of ftbleiJto(irlsa;M 33lH»oaa[JefelSo«7[ was onleredi 300 copies toscaHifeg'esiJaud liteiaifcyjiufifitutions.ilijguI njiiuog la iMiarchy 1857y 'the Clerk of the House of iSSajHi^sewltailtises wa^j, directed to furiiish such pa Ulio library )ili£(thSl distBtfiliiof- eftiahcMftJobwq and Delegate as he may desiguHte, with'the .foll(ogiFli>igoM«rl63,i.to,i»|it(50 Gales & Seatoti'u'Register lof 'Del>atBSvOoQgfe)isieB>df;&lilOBT8ioifi4lMiMl- dix, Piibiio Land 'Iaa\rs,'ifflitsftrMj«lidite and ■iO^inioia.stl Elli0*|j'^tIM)^^1 Diplomatic eori-espoMdeiioeVOpiaioDsMoflthb Attw4ey*i(®9ii*J5*l9ii!i'A6&(r ' volumes,' Finance Reports, Gales & ;*eld.boii!ls AuuiilSi of iOo9ga!©*p^«fehBl Adams's Works, Jeiiersou's Works, .Mckey'sjCoustit.UiJftQ^^BcicMfiSifljSEix Moulton's Pension and BiTOiblyiLaud Laws.- giarlT .loiiejiil adl ^o insoi In June, 1858, the cOmpiilataomof cou.gre8sional<*J if'«*u^j§»Jtfeftfu the American State Papers were directed to beidistBibufcftibtO.theiiili^d- tutions described by law, On desigiiutiou of the j Members of 4C9Ugg§§&|& ' it was als<) ordered that, of the Ameri(^ni State iPrtpefH,(i . . .iqneift^llgn be deposited and kept in the State and teraiitocig)! library) of fiaKhg^aten iaud Territory. > ad* ' Ualisvij ioa -ib ^nl edi ^o gno/givo-rq edj tiiift In )!P(lb»i)l^Fisa,f 1866, the Joiot, Committee on Library .was,|direobefjljtj»I distriteiltactjpefeof the WEi6ingafl*9l!>3SeoOb'iiaifiteiia03 s-lirejfelj&se'og'jtollegfesoaind aeaderaies, aiU!d)v O^tlsgsd^tfjll jgfc(SiriM}stmetlee^,7,asl®li6wiii il»^ tLk6 n»oofai. (fS-Athif/H^mhA nent of the Interior. Tliere should lte^itherefore, lASaddMiioiiifol depdsir QfifeSatoi§^fafflt^j9rOuie)Statie'a-.Hdit^uftg-JtbaiiJtil],e laggregate^ niiimheuiQi SeuatoMspl^epjftHo ieSfttrei4tfel,'atia> IMegtit^iQ ISfekviHtimpshire tfnnmeutj it may be regarded fas imfortanate. hut the provisions of the law are not availed of to the fullest exteufoc ?}ft^^9^eft»fefh«nce it^shoald not be as difiacralt: for the. student; to find all hlP|lii%$igl(iwJthe'record«i8f k half ceiitury ago. •! o^t gg.vi . ,.r)i,. ,: 9lSJM<6ilh)^i)a% are theiirbvisioiisof law a't present regulatingth&jdis-f ribution of public documents: tsn^rgob iai ■■ -"' '■ no *rllfrSfec'retary oflh'eTdwriiSWs cUargfed with rScelving, arranging, and safe keeping 3l^«}'*'*'i^ti'oii,'anfliof disifftbiitiiaig to tlie persons entitled by law to, receive the same, , liiPE!#J#l(jroaijpial^Jof ith,ei,twyj;Hy;Use3 of Coijtgress, and all other, boolis a,u^ d.PCU- jents of every nature whateverj.a)rea(}y pr hereafoer directed by law to be printed or^ 'iirchased for the use of the 'j overspent, except such as are directed to be printed or lirdnaaeu tor the particnlar Use o'fCoii'gr&'s 'or of either House thereof, or for the par- ietfftWifle wJh^EsecUti'^e 6r of kriydf the Departments, and any persftu whose duty t-iliaildB*ll)j8la»8tO deliver any of tie same, shall deliver, them at the roooxs assigned' Stt9(^?qrffp,^y!of,t)3e JnfRrvor, therefor. , ,j+ ^j-jj, j .?/:)a .>) i' ' h The puhlieat ipqs, ppoei ve^ by the Secretary of^ the Interior for, distribiitipn shall be elijjered out only oci the written requisition of the heads of Pepartraents, Secretary of lie Senate, Crerlt m' the House of Representatives', Li'b'rariau of Cbngre's's, ' ahd other McSre Sfidf^ifi'i^rsSns^-whiijare'by laW authorized to" receive^-th6 'sitae, ie^cet^t "where by iw the .SeWMtaiilylolfi; til*! Interior is required, without such requisition, 4;o eanse the ygfflt@l)|^lS^j? Jn^e^js^ejjf 4 ;; a'l'l iii[^h^ of,8uoh;c;ji,ses,it sh^ll ,lie ; the jdt^g spf the gijjgtate^o^ tlieilnteripr to cause the same to be sent and delivei;ed,_ the'expenses foreof, except jvhen otherwise directed, to be charged on the contingent fund of tie The copies of journals, books, and public docuiUetitb wtech ar^ eft-may Tje authorised lObeaKsttobvuftld to incorporated bodies, iufetitUtibns, and'associations within theiStatJs if4 3i'^rr}^ries,:9)]alLbediatriibuted,t(), such, bodies as shall be designated, to til? Seore-g ^Jjofftbe luterior bK each of J^heSeuatprs.from the several States respeotively, a^,i3l, , y the Representatives in Congress from eaoli congressional district, and by the Dele- 284 ' Puhlic Libraries 'in the United Stdtes. gate from eaeh-Territory. The Iclistributicm BJjanib6jm9d;el'$B<8ij,Qlijwuae,r|;]ij^^i-tt^ quaotify distribntecl |p each oongressioual di3triot;^ijjdiTerritory,^l^a,JJjbe eqnal ■ expent that wlieuever the_number of copies of any publipatioi^ i^rjnsijScieiit to supply thertt with one institutioQ, uyon the desisnatioii of 4*'oh member of 'tlie' Senate andHodse of Representatives, the copies at the disposal 'rf the S'ecretat^ nbiay be distri%lit^^'to Sii'eh iticorporateil colleges, pnblie librarifesj atheli-ieurtis, literary and soientific'iasti- tdtions, boards of trade, or pnblio assooiabipas, as h^lmaylBelBct. , 'j,i ^ .idfj. y f- Tha sSleo^ion ^f, an inst^tntiflp to regelv^e ,;l5^e docuWPl''^/9'''^^''^'!'i*P ^fiP"Wfit's4 or procured at^ the first session[Qf any Congress ^haU cotatrol thei^ocutneats of the entire" Congress, unless another designation be made before any distribution has takfeS^plUcS' nhder the selection first made. Where the same kotli is printed bj^'oi'dfer \SiMk if 'the' Senate and Honae of Representatives, the dn^Jlicates may be sent to differentiiasjtibif tioBS, if so desir^di, by tlio raeniiier whose! rifjji-t it isj to ,di*eet, tb?i rtiWiiP^V^iflftif Aod the, public, dpcu,ir(6nts ,to be distributed jby the Secretary of .the I^aitjeriar. shaU^bB sent %C) ^e ;i^i|stjltl(jjon§ already de,s,ign3,fed,,unlesf he shall be satisfied i^h^t any Sfion insti- tution is no longer a suitable depository of the same. Congressional journals and pufij? lie documetits, authorized to bedlAfci'ibuted to institutions on thfe dfcsi^feiatiott'A'f JAiftUJ hers of Congress, shUll' be sent to sach libraries aiidtinslAtetlbns onl^ as ishall i^i^ffl%(ij willingness to pay the cost of their transportation. j '• 'ii'f S(^ raapy copies of f^ajpiiblio JoU;rijal^,of|the Sen;ate ^ifd of Ijl^e H>^^e.|pf ,]Japre§ept- atives shall be transmitted by the Secretary of the Interior to the execOitives of the several States and Territories as shall be sufficient to furnish oneao^f^o eaeii iAM- tive, one'copy to 'each branch of eVdrJ^State and territorial legislature, oltf^aiji^to each university and college in each State, and one dopy to'the historical sacfefyindiitf poratcd, or which shall be incorporated, in eiaoh State*. , Fifty copies of , thjs j^oc^ijins^s ordered by Congress to be printed shall be used for the purpose of exchange iu foreigQ. countries ;, the r,e^i(iue o^. t]i6 copies slp^l. be deposited in the , Library of. the tJnlM States, subject to the future disposition of Congress.'' '*' " ' "" '''*''" Whenever there' 4re id' the Castddy of the Department of ' the IrttAHo* ^AW^-'safa of'the docnnietitB of iny session of Congress, or othei! dociimeats or odd volnaies/oeS necessary to snpplyi deficiencies or losses that- may happoDiQitlje,- Library -of Congri^a, or in that of either of the Executive Departments, or in State or territorial lihrarjaik '''?®, ^^'','?^'"y °f ft,'' It^^enor sha^l distribute the same as equally as practi6aljlet\)'i;lie several Senators,- Representatives, a!n'd Delegates in Con'^i^e^s f.ir'di,tribiition to^'pilllio libraries and other literary institutions in their respdcti'W districts. 'J - -J fl?'Of{ All snoh books and documents, when received at the proper offices, libraries, and other depositories, as provided by law, shaU be kept thereiand aotiremoved from snoh places.' EXCHANGE AVITH FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS. By an act of July 20, 1840, the Librarian of Congress v^fas' authoriTM to exchange dupliuates in the library for other boolcs^'OP works; to(iait the same manner to exchange documaats. It was also orderedi tflalfe thereafter 59 additional copies of docinments printed 'by order* of eittei house of Congress be printed and bound for the purpose of esicfaa1ig« with foreign countries. ' . , .. ;;.,!,(/, id An act of March 4, 1846, directed the Librarian of Congress toT pro- cure a complete series of reports of the United States courts and of'the laws of the Uaited States-,' and transmit them to the minister of justice of France, in exchange for works' Of French law presented to the United States Supreme Court. ; ■ , vt June 20, 1818, the Joint Com mittee on the Library was authorizeflto ' Revised' Statutes of th6 United' States, iHtd-'li, p'p. 82, 83. CopyrigU, Distribution, vExchanges, and Duties. 285 ajVpoint agents for exchange of ibooks and public documents. All books ti'^listoitted thrbtigb these agents of exchange, for use of the United fll^sj,' W'Jany s at WestToiilt, or the l!4i|;i)jpal|Institate, tjQ.bpadaiittedfree., 1 . „ , , ,, nA resolutioniof, Juae 30,1848; ordered thafc.the.JoipfiGomniittee on the Library be furnished with 25 copies' of the Revolutionary Archw.es:; 25,%6^i'e's''^=of', Littlfe' ■&' Brown's editioa'of the liaws- of "the' United ^IMfh;j'^.%P^_*''^ 9"^,?^^ publi'sh^'dy aliid ah equ?4 fflMfni^^sv of sm'^stjqLuei;).!:, pu,b)ip'4JVp& W tlie'^^pae subject, for t^^ piirpo60ioftoterua)ti&aal exchange,; r ;; . ,,.;i,, ,,„j , ,'., '"A jdih'tf^s'dliltioh Of March 2, 181i9, directed' that'two copies of certain ^ohmeti of this' Ksplbr be^^erit to the goverumentof Eas- ?lft«/w,,'%'M.i;9ot ^H?,**? ,^^i'^^ '^7'^re lost at'sea 'on '^their ' pdSia'ge to that c(}afttry.:,,T,lie Secretary pt Sti*te,was al^p!fiirecte(i to pre sent ^'cppy of tthe' 'Exploring Bspedibioa, assooanas! completed, to th^ , goveTOment of Ecuador. ■■ ' , •- .-^.. "Ifiy'the^aia'bf liii'^afet 31, 1852, the act Of ISiSreghlatiag exchanges i^epeaiea. ;,;',';"':';;; "' \ '^^^^^ ■ "■;■;' ■■;;'■'■■' ' '-"\ - ,,t4jigiis.t, 18, |18$6, the, Secretary of Sj^tib, was .authorized to purchase IfiflnCopies each of Audubou'sr* Birds of Americaj aindDiQnadrupeds of 3fit«?fh^'Aui'(irica, for exchange "with foreign governments for valuable ^March 2, i§67,'it'was ordered that 50 copies of all dbijuiiietits printed byejtbei',, bQUse,j(9f5 Congf^ss, or by any Ufepar^ment or j|u|r>^'aii of the G-ovejmmenti.be placed with thci Joint Committee on the Libraryj, to be esXibaiv^Sd for foreign' 'works, which shall be deposited in the Library of .j,,l[j,ieach fl^cceedifig year an appropriation has been made for the pilr- poseof internatipiJM'Jtexchapge, ,,i u, ,, , ■ iluna inirn "- ' THE '■SMITHSONIAN' SYSTEJI'-OP ESCH4lNGBS.' v.. - BY PHOF.- THKODOBE GILL, M. D., PH. D. JwThe.wantof some system of in telecommunication between. tbfiiSocie- UhiiM |;hi6i andjcpther, eounfcpiesjti^dclong been feltjPtii account of the diifficilMiy, fas, well; as expense, attending the transmission, of articles bfetsween^ them, and the scientific; literature of neither was well repre- staiiieAjin, any iOne place. The consequence was that discoveries were heralded as new, and species of animals, plants, and mineral^ described as preiviously unknown,, when in fact they had been treated of years biifojre.!,;. , ,j , .' , „, ,_ f; Atifecmptsihad been made froim.time to time tosupply tha wa'titjtand fiotable was that of M. Alexandre Yattemare, a Frenchman, who, about twenty-five years ago, advocated a system of interchange) of publications ahfl' Wiorks generally between the governments and public institutions of 'Europe and America. Being adopted, ;thq system was for^a time and to ."28C 'i-'^'''^'" PMic Lihmties^in 'the Xlnite'd States.' '^ some extent successful, but it did notmeefciall tbe'HifiBeiil tresis vl^, liaur. 'erer,''V)i'v^d the feasibility of the task!,- iaiid> kept awake the dgsiixsio have in atitiv6 opeiiationsiltJh an dntercLangei. Atihis jtinotuppjitoisap. J)ly the want thus experienced, the Smithsonian Instttutfiton offefFedJiits services as a medium of Exchange 'betiWeen- the sodi^itodfisAfflfeBiaa kiid Europe, looa 9?.9rlJ ^d anaa. B9§r>j(of;q "to i&Jmnn erit triB ,suihfi9a ^0 Of couf-se, the expense attending such an exchaage nrosiffneeiJssMy l3e coHsidefable, and the Institution - voluntarily dtfeiiBiMiedrt&iffi eicjiense, 'iVlasti)nch''as'it''tttft:ebj*'became instrumental in'theilu(i*ei«eria,BduMi(nsi|eii of knowledge. This expense was chargeable (1) to hire fot«etemMiiB(l laborers' work to be employed' in the tiandling of eheiix*ll!iteiiig6*^i(3). for the remuneration of a^ebts ttithe centres of the OMi^BVicjrijJsfroia wtejh 'paekagtefe shbuM 'fefe distributJ^d to proviuciiU parts; arlidi (87/^lJotoiirfgisi^j charges.'' ' The carriers' cb'afpges have been, how« ver,igi'eiifcl5nd*inijiM«JiJd by the liberality 'of the Several iemtrpa;Kiefe;':^ndi lespeoiailyi th® ,gEe4t •'^steam lines. In tiriie, almost all of tiie oceanic stealuiersvi$8ha8e,be6wiEen America aM Europe, and those between the eastern, fee* wstetgrriipBifts Sof the coutiiierir,)' extended facilities for transport!»tioQ^J/eitb4an MEa ' definite number of Cubic feet of space or fcVr an uffllimjited>iSiftsentUiKl nr 8''. The system adopted by the Smithsonian InstitdtioaiwAslbeghiBfflarfly in its historyiiand was in' full aotiVity as early ast/he' jfeao J^Hjidt very i^oon became the chief means of comruu-nfeati6ii!»"hetiweeHn44e learned societies of America and Earoi>e,-audi other parts ol t4ieiff%ld. It has gone through ■practicallv two phases lof executions -ottfetiraWg regard to completeness of iuvoi.ceaud tke other t0'S|f65Sl&#s9'Bf Mer- course. "iciS"'- ii d'Ji:e9no,si7 ,1(1',^ gosBiloBqddt ajucJiiJaibo^tafloiiia ^" In ISSt'and succeeding years, circnlats' were issued toithB'id^d'reai societies and active scientific investigators in theUnited 8itatfesi0flferf% ^its services to them for the transmission of packages to'IJuiS^BjIateii*: advantage was taken of the offer by a large number. .rWriUuK ai '.'''The rules then adopted and since adhered toTequi!i'ed'i(l-)ittteii<)- all parcels should be delivered free of cost to the Institution' i& rWwteg- ton; (2) tliat each one should be legibly addressed, and'ttte^iiaWeiif the donor be also indicated thereon-, and (.3) tliat'a sepamtie'lU'Tbiee shonld be sent apart from the package. "' ■"' ' ' ' .-oolBnigiTOiJoirfTf -'-» The Smithsonian system, as finally perfected about 1860,' wa^irgaHftzKd upon the following plan: The packages from Amtiriea/ tbr^O^tiWiJel^^e made up once or twice a yeai^. **' -lodw lovioonoo vjmih q6 \i\m gnoit A room about 75 feet long and more than 30 feet in width, itS%toy as 1850, was devoted to the business connected with the eieM^^s. This room was fitted up with bins, shelves, and boxes, a' separ'dle'is^ace being allotted to each country and institutibhJ aei 9ti! sanb molfino uf) A special invoice blank was printed for*eacIi trausmiM6tf.3 OtfOJiHe side of this were printed the titles of the SiVithsonian publicattdhte'S^t. f<'Blanks was left for the titles of the other works to' be senttb"tie'We society, as well as for the address of ^^^the society, and on the'6th^i^'to ■ Cop'^r^igM^ Mstnbutk)%.Ex,Qlang,es, and Duties. i2;&7 swsvS (gjv'eaa&jnjsffiitlf .all i tJie iRStifciatioasi audf p!TO?itj&;.infliy'iidual§ ,wbo hadiagtyetiJnQticei dfrtbeir .intortioB to, sjeflftdwarfcs . to tJjew, foreign jOEiffiSpfflniJeHt^ afUiiesfe blaiiks were, duly iillpd- up ,b;y the; ;inser4Qn of th*aitoSitii(Mwl(arli«bi:s tosb«)ge!9fei®® one 3i#siafld pn,l^ftI9tJvfjgy)3igiP|tiGfiks iriadMAgainS'feftbfexiaargjiiissofitli'^raaiiieSiOf the sooiebies apdindividufjiis sending, and the nnmber of packages sent by these socieii^iaiidindi- ffttoafekstn'Hsese i^isolljesa were .all jj'ambajjftdjjjyiith'a* Ofiireqt.'Serjes of janBsJiersjodffrBspM'dih g- Ih JAnSK.n u raieiiiiCRjli j list ©fjtfee (Sqifiietie?, ; m < ©or jie- ;®pcaiflMnf)€M;aTrfif)tibfito,Eet(iiiJ^Ii irequested tagifj^fiftfipt^ -oy, tvoLichers |pr the lariiifete^nfo't eiiri oi (I) sMfiagiBda grjv/ aanaqxa eiriT .j; r> jfy/oajf lo ot ^)r^®s^iJi3MexAi0J6 IjegirabaKShigpaifc • waSj^Oj M .mad% .,tbe jAnner- iirialn/ ffurrfettSixtfflfeiMD'wdBetorKJjbjftftl gfljtliietj^fe-jinj.ojrder, J^ajsi t^ey jiraiightefo«\f8):'d)*Q ■^aslup&teBisiMl^ itnti^l)§ibef(»irfe,4ti®oa5!C)idi lopgyatttl 5ia!tep^MMh«r^'i%BB9j»r more ip*v,e;:'y pdncipal country in Europe, and in Australia. .aadmiin a^iBl js ; : itt'fio ad' !■ isd/ji gxsw ; ia&^ihR \r ^Ith^ijrtfftjittj^g.jtb,* Mssteimr of international ye-xcliange^tJlus t)riefly ptWift^, M nftff^nfiipJllbe, stated- that both, or rather yall, the, continents AaBft!beej8(rjb5nft|i(,e,d?^'jM)ftx.|§,n,t which qaw be appreciate(J.pnly through »9i(Mfl^sMgq'ftf the :if«)r^t5tf(MS of.ggi^fflific {ictivity and the degree to ■which original contributions to scien^eiiaremade to scieiTtiflc societies, as jSSSHi^dfefi'*dieeSl;lto(RfrPM?iiniftg thei;publiqj},tiqns of .t^ipsg societies ex- »fi^Pl«^i»Mlgllc»>toHbaRg%i-T!h.e:,n diversity ojfi^neh institu- tions may be dimly conceiv-ed when it is known thjit jthere s^pe ,3,000 out- ;fii<§i?^,4ffl^iqft Wjljif^hiarein coipmuni.eation witl^ the , S.n,iithsQnian In- eSytfttiSfis si\i Aim bsJoaanoo ggaiiigrid eAi oi haiovab g^w ,0581 ^■^i o^(py8$fefe|ayQr^gSx^eigfl3 (j0R,Tiiiii#SeMJ WV, !■ i - ." JTf J'" -'•■- ' '. ifi'D JOff Tear. II £-3 5« '3 ■' i-g'liol all' r'i' 1850 ],■>, .•: Oit. A ite. - ..U.-m\) 1851 201 362 382 375 418 511 505 525 825 525 605 846 783 843 783 827 1,001 1,129 1, 569 ■ 1, 425 1,432 1,544 1,856 500 572 625 526 825 1,251 865 913 2,735 1, 692 1,099 1,203 1,426 1,011 1,170 1,170 1,190 1,557 1, 734 1,805 1,778 2,561 2,735 .1(40 46 .48 38 33 70 40 56 82 61 73 114 61 63 77 83 . 113 104 ll2 121 103 179 196 131 240 SOS 392 358 586 384 1,054 767 62o :1, 006 447 546 557 571- 975 1,057 1,033 ' 1,189 773 954 1,476 933 7, 920' ■9, 885 12, 200i 9,791 10,481 18, 271 14, 248 22,674 29,480 26; 02*) 16,938 28, 886 10,286 20,' 500 18,630 18, 050 22, .523 51, 171 23,376 31, 383 S8, 950 2B,850 44, 236 27, 990 18.52 , 'ig,146; : 3,854, 2,712 si 510 8,397 4,425 5,337 'i,m 3,627; 1,944 3,316 -3, 462 "2',''5e3 4,137 6,016i :«. P,¥ , 5,220 ■e,'481 7,730 .-IV ■■ 1853 ' t \t ' 'tr 1854 1, 10.) S3 i,wioloi'^ 2,60DiiO , ^,500,|10„ 1,500 00 i,55o-,a2j 1,357 76. 1, 453 (iJ; 2,009i8Sl 3,5>7f7.! 4,8f!0 9< 4;2Ol'50.. 5.870 », 6,2.1174', 1855 .. . ^.. 1856 1857 , 18.58 1859 1860 : :... ... 1861 1862 1863 1864....^ 1805..... , 1866 ;- 1867 1868 1869 1870... (.;.. .! 1871 1872...,. 1873 1874 State and Territorial Libraries. 3()5 ses by the 'superior autborities: It sbettis like aa unjustifiable disre- ird of the iaterests of a library that a b6ok, either uiiique orpFgreat iiaeiiierhaps the gift of a citizen, should bfe delivered into the hiinds a total Strailger. Any '8641 tie in art, informed' by the librarian of the rcumstances, would feel the propriety of niakiiig himself known to ill through an intt*oduction from another persou. Of tebWse'thei^ublic'hasa'fcfall tiriies the freest access lb' the alpart- ents of a State libTarj^j' and one evid6iice Which it can give to those ht) might be disposed to be dotiorS to it of the security of tiie books jposi'ted there, is that the (tfk'seg are protected With wire or glass doors id locked. In Ohio the' bks'es have glass doors j I'll IsTeW York they ive Wire doot-8 ; in 'Massachusetts the front of tiie; alcciv%s is closed ith glass. The 'advantage of extending the protection to each case istead of to the alcove's is, that it givek' to the visitor the priviK^^ of JCeSs to the! alcoves and of reading the titles of the books'. ' rf' is as d'pbrtant'tb keep bboks safely as to purchase good ones. The person 1 '(!har'ge''of the library of the British Museiiiu has the significant tie of " keeper " of the book's. - . State libraries exist for the benefit of the whole State, and't:heex- enditure for them is froRi th^ treasury of .t-Iie State. As they are ot designed for _the_ specLaL advantage oL the cities where they are ituated, it is not a part of their object to provide the current literature ir the convenience of the citizens. It;wpuld be an undesirable result ', bj^igreat faoilitiesi of this kind, the inhabitants of the capital should e-bdKjk\]Fard in establishing free public libraries for themsel-ves, or if liey should be drawn away frpm sustaining by their contributions ex- stiiig social and subsoriptiori .libraries. Works of fiction and light terature will naturally hav^ the smallest place in a State library, nlesstlie means at the disposal of the trustees should be abundant iibugh to make a collection of all works by American authors, as part i, the, history of the country. , .. i iThe function of selecting the books to be purchased is an important life. The relative value for reference purposes of a book proposed, p)aether|aricieh,t ,op modern, is the prominent point to be considered.. tis comiiaratively easy to; select the most obviously indispensable refer- iuce'^bo^ks, and those relating" to State | history. 'With the present tate of things, in a majority of' thes^ libraries, modern works, whether u, history, science, or general literature, will be inquired for a hundred imes where a w^Drk of more ancient date will be inquired for once. It s true that the need'for works of ail" classes, periods, and languages s^Sfire to be felt after the usual changes ih the character of the popu- aiij)fland,itlje i increase of wealth in the State, — already the capitals of it least twenty of the States are the seats of universities, colleges, or tfofessional schools. But when the prtrchases first enumerated have i^ejQ.^ made, there may be a very limited fund remaining from the State ippropriation ; 'hence the services of persous capable of making that 20 E 3,06 Public Libraries in the United States. sslectiou ,of boQl^s which on the whole, iji view of the moderate means lat cpinmand, will, be the most useful, are of great imBortaqce,! ."WTe mijgt recognise that the selection, is. to, be made fro,m a,lis!t,of w.orks wh|elj, ,be8i4es including the millions of books printed in pa^t years, is incre^§. ing in all languages at the rate of more than thirty thousand annually. It is a task of great responsibility, involving many perplexing questjOjiji^; and ^s, the productions of the press are likely to increase, in the same, jf not greater, ratio in coming years, and certainly in greater proportipn in the United States, the necessi);y of discriminating judgmeutdn making purchases presses with stronger force. A man of education and calt)irp a,ct(in.g as Jibrariau, with an, experience of several years, ought to be com- peteut to suggest to his trustees t,he books w;hich it would hp, most desii;- f^ble to place on the shelves of the library. Eeceiying from thejiji general principles to gu,i4e him in h,is selections, he should make to them regi;J^r reports of his proceedings, and thereupon may receive special ,instr,?f- tions., .With this mode of co-operative support, hecQuld notf9,il tomakp satisfactory purchases, from the various sources of supply. This rem^rj^ do,es not apply to a purchase involving a, lai:ge, sum. The trust^fts aud librarians are in a, very favorable position for obtaining the aid, of t)\p best minds in the State to furnish lists of books desirable , to, be pur,- chased in special departments. ,, | Experience in, bis profession, a, protracted connection with the^ibr^i;jY and a genuine love of books, enhance the value of a librarian's, sery[|c9^f and make it essential for the l?est interests of the library, thait his rela,- tions to it should not be interrupted for mere political consideratiQn& Practically the long continuance of a. librarian in his ofldce iuthe seyy]- ice of the State is more likely to be cut short by his withd,rawal on account of an insufficient salary. ,„ In all tUat we have hitherfo saitj of the aims of State ,libraries, thepyi;? pose has been to specify such as relate to them peculiarly, ascomparert with otheK libraries, and in their comparatively incipient anfliUnd^Yp]^- oped state. We have not and could not overlook their higher ap^ n^oi;« g^neral object, which can be no less than to collect and,, preserve for t}if present and future use of their communities whateyer can, be o^^t^aed of the printed or manuscript record of what ma,n has thought and doi)^ in past ages, and of what he is npw doing. Books are the chief, m,pn!}r ments of the operations of the human intplJect. , In the language of Milton, "Books are not absolutely dead things, but do contain, ,a.potenfi^ of life in them, to be as active as that soul was whose progeny the}-: are. ... A good book is the precious life-blood of a master sp(i|?lti embalmed and treasured up on purpose to a life beyond life." . Ifl.ftlie spirit of this thought, we affirm that the general aim of a, State ]ih,mS> should be regarded as being as comprehensive as, the whole rangpof human knowledge, and should therefore include collections as coiriiJlete as may be in all history, philosophy, science, and art. <„ It is not going beyond what we have a right to hope for, that Stfil* ' 'State and Territorial Libraries. 307 ibraries shoiilLl also have, in a Separate departmeut; museilms of history, latnral history, and ar6hfieology, embracing medals, coins, scnli)ture, irinor, models of inventions, and portraits. That which has been an aceptional incident in the history of some of these libraries might well )ecome the rtllfe' for all of them. The cost of the library and of its nusenms, gradaally enlarged during a long succession of y'eai^s, is as lothing compared t'o'their utility; The impressions received in studying- Such collections may frequently determine a Citizen Upoii' a Course of it'udy and investigation that shall benefit the World and redound to ihe honor of the State. It is too true that the great majority among us are at i)r'e^'eut chiefly ingrossed by the necessities or the temptations 6f material industry. But it will Viot always be so. With the pl'Ogresfe in mechanical inventions liid-ih scientific appliances, the aficiimulations of wealth will be rapid. There will S6on be ai population of millions in most of the States. Fam- ilies will enter ilpon life in the enjoyrVien't of the rewards of industry, ia^iri"g'4h abundance of leisure. There will be aii feter increasing frnm'ber, eager to compare the wisdoiti of the past with that of their own times, eagefto trade the steps by which their State has risen to its eminence, 'and to seek truth and knowledge for their oWn sakes. It should not be regarded as a mere dream of the future to expect :Uat the hutidreds ,of millions who will be liviiig one day under the |)r6tection of our'institutions m4y surpaSs in intellectual character and iiUliute the highest forms of Athenian life, and that this culture' will be participated in, not merbly'by an ariStoCracy, but by the whole mass. I'>6h within' a few score years a people will inhabit our plains who will judge of us and of the degree of oui? civilization by the provision we had made for them in laying broad and deep the foundations of both libraries and museums. If in monarchies these- institutions have been the most useful and the richest boon from kings to their subjects, why should rCpublicaii governments, acting for the people, be less for- \Vard to endow their capitals with such valuable monutnents of civili- sation ? We may reasonably hope that the representatives of the peo- iile'^iir be so sensible of the grandeur of their mission that thely will be ready to support such institutions. They would not be on a basis itiijre broad than is the existing British Muselim. Each would easily be ihabaged by the same trustees, in the same manner as is the' Library and Museum of Natural History of the State of New York. States are most competent to effect in such schemes what individuals and societies Ciinnot afford to do, except in a limited degree ; and even when the latter atlfetbpt it, they do not always assure exemption from loss or destruction dfthe treasures under their charge. ' 'Iti' carrying out'these general aims, particularly as regards the library, its ifeh-aracter will be naturally shaped by its trustees, in view of the situation of its capital, the peculiar manufactures, products, and com- merce of the State, and the funds at their disposal. These trustees,' in 308 Public Libraries in the Uniied States. theiF zeal, and as intelligent friends of the libraries, may, at times, con- template with feelings of disappointment the fact tliat the collections are liot used in proportion to their value; that the multitude are so en- grossed with industrial and commercial occupations or pleasiires that the library, however well supplied with books, and however choice its treasures, is not frequented for scientific or historical research as they think it should bg. In these circumstances they must console them- selves with the thought that, besides the present good which ^hey are accomplishing, they are accumulating a wealth of information, for which coming generations will be grateful when the demands of material industry shall be less pressing. The value of these libraries i^both imme- diate and prospective. They are not to be tried by the preseat amount of use which is made bfithem, or the absolute need which is felt for them, but by the good which they augur for the fatni^, when eacli capital is the seat -of government of a State containing millions of inhabitants, many of whom will be interested in the completeness of the history^ of their State, its lands, its towns, its distinguished citizens,; and whendts most cultivated men are resorting to them to enjoy intercourse with^the best minds of all ages. They are now but the centers aroniid which are t.o be collected the records of the past and the future, whose value is 8) be enhanced in proportion to their completeness. i In the days of the Roman republic its first public Hbrary was estah-- lished in the temple of liberty. Our State capitols are our temples^of liberty, in which it well becomes the representatives of the people & sustain such an institutioti as tlie State library, not merely in behalf of material ends and legislative uece^^sities, but for^the cultivation and de- velopment of the most Serious studies ami the highest thought oa themes of science and of social and political life. State and Territorial' Libraries. 309 -',(1(1 ■as «cli ; 'If ]o.t/. ret -^ nil f:jSj ,'■■(;*■ S Sa« p 3 :::■ ^ j^ ^ ■- n « 'u H ^ H 13 ^ (y 1 73 rt ^ 1 ® .£1 rO ^ -< J? ? t= is ff Es t= m 03 bi: bfl t/j bfl tr a c B n ffl ca ^g ■a r^ ,a 1^ 1^ i^ X W W W- W y W W B Q ■E .2i H 1 =6 aj r. lU H H H r* '3 -=! S n fl o a a f ; tx n : -2 p ■-g 1i 3i 1 CD ■ rt Pi o 'r CO ■A 3 ' 3 O a a 3 n « rt u K 5 ^ M w M ;=) t- M (M in ., VH ^H V( Vl ^ !4H V( iw ' o o o % a c cl -, « tn tc ert ' M en (15 nrt (M rt Tl &4 CQ C/rJ yj O) r- g 1" "S ■IS 'eS r~ <» p: S ^ 03 o o -. o o o o f ■, O 00 ^ o oc i 13 GOf ^ 1 i a. £ a v; 3 ;■ ■ c .^ s c > '3 c ffl fi .•-" 03 tr^.- i4 £• S I ? § I - <1 a5 S S -^ M * ■ 8) g H .3 a .5 .S 1^ .-. H t3 !> CHAPTER XIII. : V^^ HISTORICAL SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES. ' "'^'^^ I.— HENRY A. HOMES, XiL.Tl., Libranan Xeio York ^tat^ Jbi^ary. II.— ^V. I. FLETCHEB, i , Assistant LlJ^mri^n yf^tfUii^qn Libra^ij, Sartfor.l, Con III THE EDITORS. I.— HISTORY AND CONDlTlO^lr. J ;/ Early Htstory— Number and impoutance — Ohjects — Character axd EXTEfynoy COLLECTIONS — ImPBTUS CUVES TO HISTORICAL RESEAliCH AND PeSPJCA,^IOij.'g^ State, sociETp;^^SrECiAL Asp. local societies — Membership — Meetihgs:^ Ft;xpS, INCOME, AND EXPENDITURES — HISTORICAL PUBLI,CArlONS— GENEALOdlOAL, FAMILY, AXD TOWN HISTORIES^ PLANS FOR THE FUtrRE — XXtION-AL HIsWeICAL CONVENTION. ' '■' -' '■ ■' In the, attempt to collject the most receiirt statistics which sbpu^d,ex• hibit the intellectual condition of the United States, it was impossible to overlook so important an ilhistr^tion of the subject as would be of- fered by a view of its historical societies! Fro|m the facts shown iii tie statistical tables, and from those which w^e 'have gathered' from cjtfer sources, it is evident that diligent workers in preserying the history bf the nation have been numerous, and that whatever neglect the^'e, lias been in the pursuit of science or literature, we cannot be said to have equally neglected our own history. ' , During the past one hundred years of our national life, the historical spirit could not fail to be awakened; the degree of its developnie'ar,"as compared with the colonial period, has depended in. no sm^ll measure upon the freedom of the people under our republican iiisi^itntipns. Where_ there are no political or social restraints upon the oppoftiinities for co-operation, the historical spirit will effectively develop itself'^^'ui- early stage in the life of the commonwealth. ,' J, In proof of this, we find that since the organization of the go'yCTi- ment in 1789 under the Constitution, there have been formecj more Man one hundred and sixty historical societies, the greater nunibier of wteh have perpetuated their organizations. The object of these societies|as been essentially the same, to collect and diffuse the mate'riats of Ameri- can history. It was declared by the first one of the historical' societies, organized in 1791, and afterwards called the Massachusetts" Histofical 312 ' ' Historical Societies in the United States. 313 Society, that its object was " to collect, preserve, and communicate ma- :erial8 for a complete history of the country." No limitation of aims (vas made in behalf of tl;e State, or .pf New, England. Later, in 1804, ;he New York HistoHcal, and, In 18^3, the New Hampshire Historical 3ocietieS;, were organized, each f' for the purpose of di^cpy^rjpg, procur- ing, and preserving whatever may relate to the natural, civil, literary, and ecclesiastical history of the. Uuited. States, and of this State in par- ticular." Societies formed at a later period, in deflning their object, sither give the State! precedence of the* United States, or omit the United States entirely. Thus the Historical Society of Pennsylvania declares its single object to be " the elucidation of the civil and literary history of the State.'' We thltik, therefore, nbtwithstanding the more comprehensive schemes set forth by the earlier societies, that it has come to be their object generally, to collect the materials for the history of the State, county, or town wTiefe the society is situated, and then, as circumstances msi^fij,v,m,, of the Upited ^ta^^s and the individual States. The principal means employed for accomplishing the object aimed at have been the establishment of libraries, the collection of manuscripts, the forming of museums of historical memorials and of theuatural his- tWy of the region, and the printing' of historickl documents; Their pur- pQS,e has b,eeii, to collect and to render aiccessible to the public the ma- terials for history, but not to write history under the sanctiop of the societie^. . j'^Tteii'bVaries'formetf.by these societies, Toi- the use of their members ^aritl' all othei?"accredited persons, are alone ai fair evidence of their earnest- ness, when we consider that" the works colliectecl in them relate chiefly to American history. The number of volumes known to be contained inliiem amounts, as far as'canbe gatlierqd from the reports received, to 'mipre than'482,000, and more ih'an 508,000 pamphlets. The books are 'solely for reference. Additipiis are coutinually.made, but with no -pur- pose of building upi a lar^e'iibrary, unless it should consist of histbtical works. In some towns and cities, however, the library, for pui^ioses of Ton'veuience, is'al'so made cqliscellaneous in its character for more general .uses. \ , ,. . , ■ , -,.-.- - ; , '■;''The zeal of the members'in 'securing and preServ'iii^ historical manu- scripts i^ sufficiently illustrated by the fact that the Massachusetts His- torical Society has collected a thotisand volumes of such manuscripts ; "and the Neiv York historical Society count05,OOO single maiiusWripts; while the, number possessed by all the societies is repoi'ted at 88,771, be- 'sideS'^l,36JL 'bound voiumes. These manuscripts relite to evei-y period 'since|lie founding of the colonies. During many years the apartments of these two societies, of the American Antiquarian Society at Worcester, Mass., and of one or two othersocieties, were the only places that offered for the especial and safe deposit of manuscripts, the State libraries not having been generally organized. Tlie States of Maryland and Georgia have made tlie libraries for their State societies places of deposit of vain- 314 Public LihrarieSx in the. United States. able State historical records. Tbe younger- State societies manifest; au ardor in this. direction, which indicates that they are managed by thesoas of worthy sires. The character and subjects of th.e manuscripts coUectedji may be inferred from the contents of the publications of the societies, ; of which we shall soon speak. The whole: number of manuscripts ju their libraries exceeds that of those which are to be foundiu the State i libraries, if we exclude the official State records in the latter. In addition to .books and manuscripts,, the, societies; have formed museums, and have sedulou.sly collected in their halls memorials of the,, aborigines, of their arts and customs, relics of the prehistoric races^ii; and of the founders and early settlers, with portraits of distinguished,'; citizens, and, cabinets of coins. Some of them have extensive collee->i. tions in natural history. In these respects they resemble, as farasioiipa circumstances will permit, the archteological societies which exist in so i many of the counties of Grreat Britain. Thei large number of volumes thus, far published bj' our historical;, societies is a most substantial proof of the efficiient indus.try of] thein;? members. The number of printed pages issued by them, chiefly dm-- ing the last seventy-five years, is equal to more than thcee hund-jLedi} volumes of three hundred and fi.,fty pages each. A detaileddeserfp- tion of thieiCi contents here would be impossible., Tbey include toWni,, and cburoh histories, town and parish records, journals.and correspaodiil ence of the Eevolution, private diaries, biographies, genealogies, deeds, wills, and family j)apers of citizens, illustrations of aboriginal life ando? history, annotated reprints of rare and early books relating to Aineriea/,i!i and other similar materials. • i, The incidental operations of the societies are to meet during, the yearn with more or less frequency for. the discussion of subjects of historical interest, to provide for the delivery of an annual public historical, diS',' course, and to secure popular courses of lectures on historical and sci^ii entific subjects, rather thau ou themes of society and literaturein Soiue-, of the discourses delivered on their anniversary occasions — three at least of which have been given by men who have been Presidents of the United States— will long remain monuments of patriotic eloquence'^ and witnesses to important truths in our history. , ,, ,> The societies have, moreover, at dift'drent times in several StafMt " been active in calling the attention of State legislatures to measures, foiiV| the preservation and publication of the early public records of their States. These efforts have resulted in securing not only, the printing oti the colonial records in the State archives, but have led some States, to procure copies of such documents as were to be found in the record-i offices of the states, of Europe. In a few years we may expect thatrall') such papers, existing either at home or abroad, will have been printed ' for public use. In the meantime "other States,, or their State sooJetjM^ have obtained and printed calendars of the contents of sUch documeuts as could be found in England. ^Historical Societies ' in the United SMes. 315 Membership i^ the societies is generally secured by the vote of a vaA- raty; 'Sometimes by the payflieatof an aniuial tax ; ia other societies isrestricted by the negative vote of a small minority. The resident' embers, residing ia the town, coiiuty, or State, have alone the. right to »ibe.- ' Some societies are managed entirely by an executive committee, lie number of members does not appear to beflxed and limited in more lan three societies. The Massachusetts society was at first organized I this^'priuciple, and limited to thirty membersf latterly increased to le hundred. The American Auticjuarian Society, organized within the i,me State a score of years after, adopted the- same principle. The !aiile'Soeiety,'al daughter of Massachusetts, organized in 18!il2, did not jpart from tlie mother's example. But whatever may bi the advan- kges supfjosed to inhere in a limited membership, the' fact that the racbice has not been adopted by other societies, is evidence of a decided reference for an enlarged membership, not fixed by law. The number 3 members of the several societies ranges from fifty to over one'thda- md^ the largest membership being usually in the largest cities. The ^gregate membership of all the societies, according to the latest re- ' irM received, is 27,214:. ' ' The income of most oi' the societies is derived from an initiation fee P $3,'$3, or $10, and au annual tax' of from $1 to $5 on each member. Q'many'Cases the annual dues constitute the sole regular income of a Dciety. Life memberships are encouraged. The expenditures of the JOietieS are defrayedifrom these sburces, or by extraordinary subscrip- ionsi-^ special permanent funds created by the gifts of the members nd their friends, and in a few cases by annual or special' grants from de State legislature; ■ The Iowa,' Minnesota, and Wisconsin State socie- 168 receive, the flrstj .S2,500, the second, $500, and the last^ $7,000 a year rom theState treasuries, which sum is used for the purchase of books, )r salaries, and other expenses. The Tennessee and some other societies re provided' with apartments in the State capitol. The value of the mds, edifices, and. permanent funds of all the societies approaches 3fOQO,000; the amount reported, not including all the societies, is li674ja73.8S. It would not be reasonable to name a lower sum than aother million of dollars to represent the value of their libraries, man- scripts,- and museums ; although it is next to impossible to make a eciiniary estimate of the amount. The nleetihgs of the societies are either annual, semi-annual, quarterly, ibnt'hly, or twice a mouthduring six to nine months of'the year. Most' of the societies whose names are given in our list may be classed sietth&r State or local societies. State societies have been formed in v^bnty-two of the thirty-seven. States, although one or two of them can irdHy be said to exist at present. From the prominence whichl the Itate societies 'give to the- hisboryOf the State in their plans, they are TO'p'Brly entitled to bear the name of the State which they represent. 316 Public Librari(fs in tk^. United. . States. They generally have tliiei seat, of their operations at the.^^ital of \}ie St^j/ or in, the largest city. , ; . , /; . ' ' -vg '' ^.u. The .lipcajl. societies, named .afte?-, a town, county, or . distTffi|^J|ni themselves to the history of thS: region indiqafed by.thejr name,ran( do not generally attempt to embrace the larger purposes of |;h|,Stat< societies. Very few of them have combined with their plans for collect ing their own civil history, the study of other branches of history, oi science. They are uot afliliated in any way with State societies, excep: in Michigan,'where ihcorporated local societies are'required io %'i)l)ri aiinualiy to the State society, and to send t'o it copied 'of pilperSTi'Iiiii hiive been read before them. They frequently have libraries ati&'m ^eums for the preservation of historical j-ellcs. Both Classes of sodietil^ occasionally embrace in their plans other aims than American history' The Xew York and Maryland societies have galleries of paintings,' a8'^ the former a collection of Egyptian antiquities.' The Longf'lslatfd'p <5ietv has a collection of paintings. The Georgia Society has a g<*ilm' library and reading room. Tliere are at least nine historical associations engaged in'thW'iftIt of preserving the history of as many of tlie eeclesiasticaJ ''dentj'niffia' tions of the couutrv, and most of thein have formed librari?yfoi''tW purpose.^ , ^, During the last twenty-flve years, and more especially d'nriiigJllJ last ten years, there has arisen a spontaneous and widely s'p'ret^d "en thusiasm to form associations of pioneers and old residents for tiie purpose' of cherishing the memory of the first settlers and preset'vim ihciclents connected with the early settlement of different countiei'afl(i towns. 'These continue for a series of years to have annual add'res^^^ or to publish occasional historical papers of great interest for tSe locality. The earliest association of this nature was the Old ColAl^ Club, founded at Plymouth, Mass., in 1769, by which was iOaugtiriliM the custom of celebrating Forefathers' Day by an annual discouVii As adjuncts to the societies peculiarly historical should be cokinted'tli'e ethnological, numismatic, philological, geographical, and' statistifel societies. They are all contributors, in a greater or less degree, to tnc civil and political history of the country, or to the history of the riativ^ races. The several printing clubs, engaged iu pirinting Small edli!}|tes of rare historical books, freshly annotated, or of unpiublished mam scripts, have performed an important service. Theii:''enterprises ba^ ■ 'An eifort was made to collect tbe statistics of the diocesan libraries, of thf Protestant Episcopal Churcb, and from a few registrars returns were reeeiy^tljfJ'Wffi tliat lu nine sucb collections there are 730 volumes, 14,934 pamphlets, .and 259 maM scripts, the books and pauiphleta mainly consisting of diocesan journals, proceedingi of conventions, and other periodical and fugitive literature relating to the' chrtrWl; m description of the manuscripts was given. These collections will, in titiie,becoiribIvaili|' able to the student of ecclesiastical history. .ji^ > Rev. William Stoveus Perry, D. D,, of Geneva, N. Y., is, custodian of thfijiiln":';' Archives, which " cousist of 000 volumes of most valuable manuscripts," — Editors.,, Histdrical Societies in the United States. 3 17 it been 'cbiKliletecl' with a' view tb pecuniary advantage. The nuiher- IS New England societies at the West and Southy awaken ah interest I liist^ifeal studies, by the frequent annual discourses which ate deliv- •gd hn'der their auspices, in which the virtues and errors of the fore- ithers 'are discussed for the benefit of the present generation. 'flvi^'.iid ■ .1^ VALUABLE iBESULTS.- .,0; [00Z9 ,B9J; . . '^ -■ ' • ;, ' - !■ > ■ V? Jt'^fyit the statements we havi? made regarding the charac|^r and con- ition of the historical societies, tio^ouewoiild' hesitate ,to conclude that ley h,ave^lready ficcomplished a great work or to infer, from the rec; |(ls of theii: operations during three-score years and more, that results f still greater importance will follow. The value of their labors is iat likely to be overestimated ; and a perusal of the details of the his- Dry, of Wfiny, of the societies can alone give an, idea of the patient devo- jdness {^ii.(f affection for their object of' many uaembers during a long eries' of years. They Save steadily ^ursued^ their patriotic impulses S though they wefi^ yielding (^bej|ieiioeto,thp behesVbf the most exalted irtue, It has been by the.exhibition of this disinterested attachment Qth^jr, cause, which it i^ a pleasjire to contemplate, that they have btained so many valuable contributions from their own members, from 1)^ public, an4.:the,Sfc%tp;, , ^ ^.^ ,Tli)j,librari€sa;n(j' museums of the societies, besides iucreasiug in size, i'ill,witji^t;he lapse of years, have an increasing value for the public. It lak^gnly been by gradual, slow additions to their funds, that any of iiJese^^^ij^^tieV have been able to secure convenient apartments" and -a ijirator, so th"iit,|^^eiF„ collections, the gifts of members an"d" friends, could m accessible tfi more than a yerylimiteanuniber. In the fufnre, With bqppssjegsibn of suitable edifices, open unto [^|^iohsg?^||]| "fee' useful; to the community in a degree hitherto unkhowp, CHe'ff]^^Ae,?rWiirbye,more 9^ their special subjects ; their rare |q]i^u^cripts, increased in'number, wfU be found in the places where ,h9^^aj:'e,mp^t, needed. The guar'fintee which their halls will offer for ;^e " safety ,apd^ of manu§6rip|s and bistorical, relics wi^l' beijipreci- fi^efi^l^an/^. c(ti^'^n§_will be glad to deposit in their archives the treasures Ij^ioh they possess and thus save them' from .destruction. Hpw many ^^ble,(Jocii!fleiits have filready He^e^p lost from the absence of such ^oci- 5^^|.j,Hpwi^^aiiy.have already been saved' bjs^ their existence!^ ^.^W^~ Jals^JfouJ]Ldfirs,_pilgrLms,'aiid settlers, as' well'as ofancientcustoms;, are itetlined to be regarded with a growing interest ; and when the pe-riod sKa-friUve come that not ^n uncivilized Indian remains, every material |e||ige" of the 'ra,ce will' be gazed at with' admiration.' ' Ali-eady the Shumed aisro^f'-heads, hatchets, and sculptured stones, which had been lrWetlj5(iB0ticed fori I scores of years rasi memorials of existing, races of Indians, have acquired a fresh value since wo have been led to attempt Jb^'discriminate which of them may have been wrought thousands of (■ears since by races not yet identified. 318 Public Libraries in the United States. \VIh;(> the f' discovery andjpreservatioa'' of mauuscripts ami' mehior]- als is H i)rime motis'-e for the existence of these societies, their effortsiin tliat direotioa do not present themselves so proraihehtly to the appreei ation of tiie public as do those historical volumes by which they "cHin- mtinicate and diffuse" a knowledge of the documents which they havb collected. In the three hundred volumes published by them, to which we have already referred, there are to be found copies of many nnique manuscripts, which were, of course, difficult' of access; By the raullii- plication, through the press, of hundreds of these copies, even ifl'the manuscript itself were lost, an easy acqaaintansi ;wlch its contents is secured to investigators. 3[any a rare volume also, the purchaseof which might cost half a year's income to a poor student, when reprinted by'a. society, is put within his^reach in every library. Both the manuscript and thj3 rare book have thus the opportunity to carry down the stream of time the record first made hundreds of years ago." • " A special illustration of the value of these publications is offered in the thirty-flve volumes published by the Kew England Historio-iGenfei^ logical Society. Before its [formation in 1S4.5, the whole number of American genealogical histories was not more than^ thirty. Thffjf now number more tjian four hundred, and the later histories are incom^ parably more thorough and complete. There is every reason to snppo^ that the work will be prosecuted till the genealogical story of a giJeBt portion of the early settlers of New England shall have been wriltea and published. In succeeding years it may be found that these fafj^ wjll have a value beyond anything designed in their compilatioti, by enabling the man of science to trace the influences of varied climate and education, of the laws of hereditary influence, and the comparait#e ability of different nations, from a larger number of similaf facts than was ever before collected. Family history in the past has had for its object to trace the pedigree of successful families in a single line'of de- scent. Few genealogies have attempted to give the affiliations rttHl ramifications of all the descendants of a common ancestor farmanif generations. In this respect the pursuit is not a minister to pride, b«t has a tendency to promote a sense of republican,, equality. Itisnot necessary to have in one's veins "the blood of all the Howards" tQse- cure an interest in our genealogical relations. ^ The influence of the historical societies in securing the preparation and publication of town histories has been remarkable. More!l;Htin t,wo hundred have been published in the last thirty years. The thirty town histories of Xew Hampshire have all been prepared since the formation' of its society in 1823. All these histories have an exactness aid thoroughness not to be found in those of early date. The larger pqi';, tion of them are written by those who are members of histo.rical soc\e: ties, and who are indebted to the collections in their libraries foe, their most important facts, for materials without which it would have been impossible to perfect their works. The fact that four of the Ne* Historical Societies in the United States. 319 Inglaad States ' have authorized towns to tax themselres to procure he publication of> town histories is an evidence of the stimulus whifch as been imparted to'the'undertakiDg by these societies'. > The compilation of aitown history is not an undertaking thatcan be- egun atid finished in a few months. Consequently, since the enact- lent ofi Stateilawsjauthorisiing towns to' Incur' the expense, ialthougli heinumber^of hisitqries published by themds already considerable, yet he results expected, to follow from the power of taxation must neces- aiily be developed gradually. . Authors of -histories need time and ap- lortunity to colleet,idigest,i and develop their materials. The course pursued by the towns that authorize the publication .of heir town histories , is, to take a vote upon the subject at the annual ownmeeting,|theicall_for the meeting having'specifled that the subject liiill tbe intBoduced. A committee of publication is nominated and ihosen, and this committee selects a gentleman to prepare the history (nder its general direction.. An appropriation at that or a-.subse- pjeut meetin.g is made, to cover the expense.- I A few details of some specific cases are subjoined as illustrations of ihe'smethodi.pursued. The town of Pittsfleld, Mass., for example, in 'mJI toiwn m-eeting, on the proposition by a citizen; appointed a Committee )fi)flve to write a history of the town, with authority to select an editor. Che lijommittee chose Mr. J. E.,A. Smith to compose the history and to irrange the. materials, itself giving general directions and aiding in ;h©work. The town made at the same meeting the necessary apipro- jriation of .money for the expense to be incurred. The first volume, con- ;aiui,n.g518 octavo pages, was stereotyped and printed in 1869, and the ;owa retains the copyright. Theliistory reaching only to the year 1800, 1 second volume is to follow speedily. The town of Warwick, Mass., chose i]Co.m.mittee of seven to adopt such measures as they might deem expe- lieutifor.the paWication of the manuscript of J. Blake's history. The Jail; for the annual meeting contained a notification that the question jf an appropriation for this purpose would be introduced, and at the meeting it was voted to publish it, and the same committee was em- ' 'The loUowin^ litb' the' legar provisions for the publicatioa of towri' histories in MaiaejiN&wHaijipshire, Verundnt, and Jlassaiclinsetts: ifaine.— "Cities and towns may raise money for the purpose .of procuring, the, writing lud pulpliqation of, their hi?ton6Ji."—Ipi': Stat., I8?i,,;,jf. /, sec.i38<^ , .,.; , ^e«i flaWsSii-e.— "Any 'town, at a legal meeting called, for the purpose, may author- ize their' 'selectmen to contract' with some person to prepare and publish the early tfistory of Such tovtn, at the expense of tlie town, under such restrictions and regula- tions as such toi*n. shall prescribe." — Laivs of 1868,' ' .■ ■ , Ffi-mp^i,— ",Auy town,,9,t, t'^eir annual March meeting, may authorize their select- men to coiitr^act.with some p^r^pn po prepare a^nd publish, the ea^^ly history of such tovvn', at the expen,se of the town, under such restrictions and regulatious as such tow.n shall prescribe."— Gere. «at., 'srfecZ.; 1^70, iif. iA', sec: 91. IfassacAiiseHs.— Towns ■" itiay, at legal meetings, grant and vote such sums as they nayv(j|a4ge necessary for the following purpiises: For . . . procuring the writing ijid publj,«(hia,g ofJtheiritown l^istories."— Goifra? Statutes, 1860, ckap. 18, sec. ,10,., 320 PmWc . Libraries in the United States. l)owered to borrow; the money necessary. ., The history of the town of Northfleld, Mass., was printed in 1875, by Mr. Munsell, of -irba^y, in a volume of (JSP pages, mnch of it in line type. The town paid $i a copy for 320 copies, out of ati edition of 500 copies. The authors received a^s their share 125 copies. The inhabitants had the privilege of purchasing copies from the town at $1 each. No .others can obtain the work,,either from the town or the publisher, except at an advanced price. The hisfory of the towns embraced in the original township of Reading, Mass., prepared by Hon. Lilley Eaton, was published in 1874 by the authority and;at the expense of the town of Wakefield, one of the townslncluded, through the agency of a committee appointed for the purpose after his death. The town of Bradford, Vt., employed the Eev. S. McKeeh to write and publisTi the history of the town. Tlm-A town owns the edition, aud sells copjesof it at a fl^edsum,. on applica- tion being made to any one of the selectmen. The Middlebary Histori- cal Society of Vermont embarked in the enterprise of securing historie|j, of all the towns of Addison County. As one result of its exertions^an the town of SUorebam made an appropriation for the eompletion-ancF^' publication of a history, and appointed the Eev. J. F. Goodhue, a former oitizen, to compile it, under the superintendence of a committee. 11%^! came and took up his residence there until he had completed a work - which he had formerly prepared, and the committee published it. It bears on the title-page, " Published by the town."' The history of,; Winchester, Conn., by J. Boyd, was published by him, but with pecnassi oiary aid in the undertaking from the town.. The town of Barnstead;' N. H., having declined to bear the expense of printing a historyprepareiC^ by E. E. Caverly, he was afterward enabled to publish it through ai4f»i received from individual citizens. . J"^; Theprefaces to C. Hudson's twohistoriesof Lexington and Marlborougli^ Mass., as well as the preface to the history of Pittsfteld, prepared by. the town committees, give ample details of the method of procedure of the authorities in these particular cases. As regards the regulati9ii(i' for the disposal and distribution, by sale or otherwise, of the copies of these histories, the practice varies in different town^. The histories * themselves, in the prefaces, give very little information oto the point; ' ' The members of historical societies individually have, beSid6fe, pu\i;,, lished many historical monographs, biographies, and genealogies, as fti& bibliographical recotds in their arcl^ives ;S]iow. Their labors, also, ast editors of historical magazines supported by subscription, deserve mea^'|" tiou. Thougb these periodicals have had but a few years of life, they'. ,^ have been convenient depositories for historical studies and the waifs.of . history, and have aided to sustainan interest in tlje subject. „i,^ , m'. , 'As Blipwing , tlio impulse givcu to historical research, it may be^iuentibilte'tfifiti since 1858, the year in which the law was enacted, histories of the following natf'"'' towns in Veiuiout, besides those above mentioned, have been published : BenningU-, , Cornwall, Danby, Fairhaven, Middlebury, Middletown, Moutpelier, Pawlet, Eea'ditfg; ^ Rutland, Salisbury, and Wells. — Hpit()I!.s. ' " " Copyright, Distribution, Exchanges, and Duties. 289' iv'ioi ?<■ Table B, — Padiagesreeewed from foreign cmmtries. Ppcka^ies for i\ nmest ic (distribution 7/ '10 ijnO'.s '.'<-i" ' ji ■ T" ^-^ ■ ■ v.To'ih .p ill- -'io ■ vr ■ fiw?- ■sK-n- k:..:. b-r- ) I i 5'..... 6 T..... 8 1.... 6.1... I ,Hl ■i"I>'if''' 335 ,274 '273 273 345 329 347 436' 501, 567 573' 587 689 750.; ForSmitli^ouian Librar ■ : J ■oi a '3d .'it 637 1,052 987 1, 445 1,245 iM 1,539 1, 933 ],9Q8; 1, 4DG 2,Vil 1, 622 2,482 2, 368 3, 703 971 2,-894 4, ;30 3,705 ''3,'9S2 4,635 4,7*2 .4, 336 • a -' , ,470 ' . .549- 1,481 1, 440' , 926- 1,037 l.,3?6 555 723 1,022 il.2Vl; 331 mW- 910 823 ,767 1,243,. 1,557 1,770 1,234 1,113 'B36. 1, 262 a 684 .61? 2,106 991 1,468 1,707 ,!•% 1, 067 1, 695 % 540 4,18fl 1, 945 3, 369 ''3,'479 . 2, 754 3, 256 4,509 3, 946 3,603 4,089 3, 890 3, 579 ■i, 5oV 4.354 4, 521 ■.,-!/,:• 1, 749 ^5' 4)14 ,26^ 138 ' 122' 40 220 120 ,55 200 109 183 328 • 13* ■232' 179 82 198 ■ 454.' ,,162 1,094' 1 1, 167 5,336, , "2, .556 ' '2,828' .iS, 77* , 3, 330 1,76<> , _ ' 2| 540' " 3, 603' ■ 6,671 A-f.S,'!'.. , , 5,ftl5. ' 4,'5S9' 3, 686- 4„296 , 5, S73 5,831 ' ^ 5, 509 1 5, 555. 5,183;, 4, 597 5; 963 .5, 697 5,546(il . The regulations for the preparatiou of exchaajyes are uow as follows : L. Evr^y'p'ackage, without exception, must be eavelopefl in strong paper and secured as to bear separate transportatioii by espl-ess or otherwise. !. The afldresa of the institution or indn-idual for w-Uom the package is intendedl istr be written legibly on the cover, and the name of the sender on' one corner of the 'ue.' .. ,- , 3. No single t)ackage mnst exceed the half of a cubic foot in bulk, t. A detailed list of addresses of all the parcels" sent, with their' contents, must ac- mpany them. : > ... 5. No letter, or, other communication can be allowed in the parcelj excepting sach as- ' ates exclusively to the contents of the package. ' B."AU packages niuat be delivered in '\Vashington free of freight and other expenses. I. Every parcel should contain a blank acknowledgment, to be signed and re- rnid,~either through the agent of the institution, or, what is still better, through the 111, to the sender. Should exchanges be desired for what is sent, the fact should be plicitly, stated on the list of the contents of the package. Sinch disappointment is squently expressed at the absenoe of any return in kind- for transmissions; but un- 18 these are specifically asked for they will fail in many instances to be raade. Itr 19 E 290 PuMic Lihrariak in tM*XItnUh States. Tvil! facilitate tlie:w6i'k;vei»y: greatly if 'tbe'tiuttiTjer jeotrefe^oBdiiBg! to tKe sfe^^a'Mat .jlj-(^^^|in.the^!iiitb8oniian pruatedi catalogue}! top! marked op _th6 fiM3«>i<«S«B«4i parijoel and for ,thi^ purp9^e,a copy ot.jihe catalogue ,^(11 b^,(i[jy,\5apje^i to a\\ y/'^o a0)g[fp it. Specimens of patural bislory will not ^e received for^transmi^pipa'^nl^^smft previous nnderstancliDg as to their character and bulk. '8^ Uiileiss all 4iUes'e condition^ ai-ei corafflied\vitb,t!he' parcels wilrn(it"fee ti)twsca& froffljithKlnstitution ;■ audj on the failure to comply witfi the first E^iid sfiCond Condition ■will be returned to. the sender for correction. ' . rii'i'j LEGlSLATIOP* RESPECTING DUTIES ON BOOKS IMI^dRXED FOB Pi/bl1 By act ,,of ^uly 4, 1789, a, dijty of 5 per cent, wasi imgoaecl) iipQjiiTal imported books, maps, qtiarts, styxd pbilosopliical)iastriimei}J?j,ji^ CQiiim^ji with ueaiiy all oth«r imported articles. i , j-m jyi ^yaii August;, ilO,, 1790, Jf09)i§, owned, by persoijs coining IjOj F§s|(1e 4ftith United States and, philosophical apparatus espci^jaliy .imported , for. j seminary of learning were exempted froin duty. ., , , , ,,., ,j j,, ■j( -April ^7, |l,^lj6, all,bopk9, maps, cburts, philosophical Ji(PDar,^us,si(iSi$H ary, paintings, drawings, etc., imported for literary purposes or, for fi^ seminary of learning, were declared free of duty. ,y jt yiui , The act of May 22, 1834, ,i,D;i,posed, a duty on all books* pipnfediprijTOui ■ to ;t775 ; .^a^l^^ipn ^IJ {ji^pks printed in^Qt,li,er languages tUnft EugUsh, fosi cents per volume, except those priutjeii irj Litin and G.feek, on whichth< duty.^as li2?:p^ at; 15 cent? per pound when bound, and 13 c^ntSMvyifei unbpnud. On a,l^, cith^eri books, when, bound, the duty w^Si^fijced afc,3! cept^ per pound; ^yhepJn, sheets pr b\)ar^ls, 26 cents per pound-; ,|.i The act of May 19, 1828, provided t'l it the daty oa imparted Greesls and Latin books, pi;-ln|ted previous to 17,75, should notijb^ more thaU;^a c§n]ts,pervoluaie, ,1 , ',.,.■. i ifjf( September II, 1,811-, all books, naaps, charts, philosophi,9a,l appapf^j^s statues, eagrt^viugs, paintings, drs^wiugs, ispecim^ns of,,p,a,t(^ya4 liisMg; etc., imported for the use of the United, S^tJtte§,or.by order, a^fi})l*>ri)^ of any institution of learning, were declared exempt from duty, ,;j;y .,yi The act of August 30, 1843, imposefl ,f^ .duty pn^aHiJjmporteii.Jjppk printed in|the Eiiglish language, v^htju ba^ud, 30 pen,ts, pec p^^jivlj;) V sheets or boards, 20 cents per pound : Provided, that if any supb^lf^oo had ,bepp pri,nted or publiph,ed,abi;c)a,d ui,or^,^liaR,one year aqd,pflp,r( pu-blished ia this country,, or hadbaeii prinj^pjj, ^ncj^.pabli.^^ij, abJjpf* ,more',thapj five years before saph,im,,,).:jrtUio;|,"thft',d^aty gl^0(i^JL|^jf„9|Ut half the a^)oye rates. Op bc>oks printed in pthi^r languages tlf3.n^gjis the tljUties were fixed a^ follows: Op- books printed in Latin an^Gwl wheii,,'^onnd, 15 cents per poupd ;, upjipjUnd, |^ ,9i^ut^ per pouwfl ;(,->)$ft|i printej^jp Hebrew, when bound, lOc^utsperpoLiud;!mibouud,eigbljR(Jflj per pound j books printed ipjall other forfigu langifjages, when bpuftd/^ in boards, five penfs pervpluiqe; jy^pp.ip sheejts or papiphlet^, Wm^[ ]^e;r pound. 'J'he editions of ,W()r^s in the Lfitin, Greek^ Bobrew,,QE.^i glish languagea wlijcsl^ wpre printed forty yearg prior to tlie #t,e,)i ' Miscellaneous Collections, No. '243. .«' uKti Copyfighit, I)ieiri^uti(m,\i^xchanges, and Duties. 291 isffljiasfcaitioa, to pay a duty of fiiv.e.oeuts per volauie; .all reports of legis- Jfebwe Ooraoiitteesi&ippo'inted iiuder foreigQigoverntiieuts/frve ceuts per v6ltffil6 f pol.y'itot§,'>'lfeSiei5irs', aud dictlouaWes-' five iftelits jjer ' pdliWd ;• bo(ii£sW'engr^^M§l,' batta(J c^r, au'bq'u^ aQdiiiaps aad chart^, liO per ^§ij[,ti,^(^-^Y,^lqi?gtflj^ Ij^ejert^eless. book's, , apparatus,, JiiHftblags, etc., iin- Pflir^^jip igi(J94 tiaitfe for literary parposes and fjr iHB.of lusbitatioas of learning, should be admitted free. " =- >' •« xii • '• " ; li/r ported books, magamnes, pamphlej^^^ewspaper^, etc., bound or unbound, and upon maps and charts. HiOMriict'of "crharts', 'maithetoiaticarand riabtical instrutiietits, and philo- 9ophical%jJkloblirM''|)'ipers, 'aiid'hiaps arid charts, \vaS flsenl'-it 2'> per c6tf#M 'c'iilb'i'elfn"; and the duty oi philosophical apparatus ami iiistru- Mto'tS^typbrtfed for the uije of ali';^' institution of learhiti^ at 15 jidr ceWfi advalorMl'' " •"''■'•' ■--<<-' " ''>0 additional, for her temtc^^ial' libr'i'r!'''; whicri'in 1853 numbered about 2,000 vplximes, comprisiilgthie "standard textbooks 6in tbe various branches of* cbmm'oii and civil law and MJiftty, the reports of the Uaited States arid the State (iourts dnd'tbtfo'trd^of-'itt^ seveM States ^udTerfitories, besides a number of corig'rfessioriat d66a- ments. The library th^tl contained the mariusctipt records of the Tmi- tory, dating .b^ck mor^ than three hundred years. This coUectiolfiol rpcords is, probably the oldest in tbe united States.' Imteed' it caine'to be thie i:ule to appropriate in' the act or^ariizing ^' tenitoftf^f^gbVerriraen'^ funds for the purchase of a library. It 'was a recognitibii by the triOst euli'gbtened body'iri th^ nation of the value and necessity of a librat-y for the welfare Of new communities, that they mig-ht be developed and sustained under wise laws. witb the accumijlatioa of books at the capitols and('state-hdds6.^,'*as the result of their intereliattges of statutes aild the'jolirnals of the leg- islatures, the necessity of, a library organization for tbeir bbntrOl wits still furtlifer^impressed upon the minds of the 'legislators by "tfife resolii- tions of SoutU Oarolina in 1844, 5y:hio}i were commuhioatedto the States', proposing an additional exchange, that of the reports of the judicial decisions of each State. The proposition ha»'be©n aocepteifelgriaUtihe States. "-■■ -•■ ' :■ !■•-■ .jud lj..ijuaj Among the causes operating to sti4onlate= the developmentnoif SHte libraries, the disinterested and zealous exertions of Alexandre^ 5Jaititi! mare, of France, should not be overlooked. His addrassfes andpppeals, made personally to the legislatures of' many of the States, in^ fei\BaBi ■ -v ,,/ .i ■;.":' ft tli.nl i-i,..'ia!li -' ' ■::<,\§^^%W^ Territorial. Libraries. , 295 TJ>^ J^ftft Mi>m% co^tJTOP AR,1 ^P sustained, d,u;jlng, t]ig,.^1^5}lpi„^qf tliis WiP%'?-y^''taf!tfe?PiStfj(tffs t||at^Rnffaged,,in it, ^9iIng,,pf,t^i^m,;S0Qu de- ''.!WSd^f)fi9.fM'Jtei ^Httfl^l'y tO::the necessary, ,9j:^pgfisp§„,;.;^^^is abaii- '^WmWnmk'^^^''^' becf^^ise, tbe pl^^^,(j!,s flf,.l?si)^, r^ic^eijedi, were 4E% ^''■l?!!"^^?fii'i3'°ip,l?P'S^S'^'^ beea^i^^, tliat, irrespective of; the£;i?-alue, ^*-^,yalaQjes, Wf^*^.?^*! i^^iS^ Ue had ,8ecaredi^p|n;i^ (^tge,r states pf jEarope^ and '»?^4«fj9?^e|rFL^#;^^t,uru 80,001) vplupies,fi;p}U t!|is*99,ijiitry. The es^changes c^^.^p4|.9'^J'y .W^- T*S|p^frp^.operfited Ju i,n^n,uy ways to tjewf.iop and Wi^']ft*'^''*^'^'''?'!'L^i°^'l sym.pa^i^je)t,ic f§^}j^,tions between the people of ij'he 0|4ifi^.^. ^'^''^ ^P?l4to ,^iS'i?,!i'.|?f'^*^''^'^l'' t-Vi^ sysljei^ h*8 bean pursifedp^a '5fl^®l^%^ent,^i|(|,j;)i;aj5ijtffj^iba t^/oftgl^.its V|j5|qi^s. agen(j[^'^, ^ab^p^4) !§• ^'^ry ^u^c4ss|!9,l.l|,jacilLtating' ei^p^^t^ngg^, ,noj^,9;pJ|^',l^^ti^-ie^f| States, ,bu,j;.^jj(^|^\ye^n sooietit|s"^nd individ; .^(lp,,tf^es^pren^ji|'|l|S q'n, the origin ^^f mv State lib^raries, it has ncjt been a|i^;Objep4.-4ft,^iv^^,^^h)story ot';^^^ pne.pf.thew. .,d^he,'casuali i|g^^^c^ of paHjcplf ijjibraries hatg .^en. simply for the, purpose of illustra- l)i^|eyi^Js^.re_gcci^i:^^^^^^ag^u th.^, reports oi,th^^Hbr£^ries'f]pte^c.h S'tat&n which will require, ultimately, to be Embodied jt^,^,generai![ history, '^or has JJ}e|;^^,,^e,^g^9oeasigi[)jJp-j^pe^|^^^ t^e origi,n'p^f the Natiou^ljX^ijbrary, t|^,Library|^C!jf|^gi;!^,p,,i^',ithJ,t,s,3dp,0,00 volumes. Its ^.^^ms^and scop,e i^^e,^^sgme„^gi| qEj/a,^ger)iii;>,(^, more comprehensive scale, in propor- tj^^^its,m;e^ns,are large^.[.; Its rapid ^It^yelopiueut is most,^ gratifying , - . , CONDITION. j Hawing! spoken of .theiorigin ofi our State libraries, we, proceed itfe a general brief statement of their character and condition. -jg '• :53fe annuabqa-ereaseafj books iu the libraries is from purchases, /ex- fthi(ta^s^>«nd-giEt!s.'iT-iie funds for purchases are chieHy from the an- mlal)cpipproprJa*iflfflMj made by? the legislatures of tl*e ^several /States. fflieEe?is a!te,Bd6ni^ to a moderate increase in the! amount »f these ap- pteprkitifonsi)' In^four or five of, the larger States it may avef^ges from tij5£M)ctb?$4,000, ayieflBiWhileiu the greater number; tbe.average wouM noifcJBe'lovfiByioOft. ■ In Galifornia the annual receipts from' the State are abojititf^-OOOfjc'aifeeEof $5 is taxed upon each commissio)i issued by th« giw.emoT, anitl[($5;i's deducted from the compensation of each member ««6the')hj^islatare and paid into the library fund. In Nevada, the library fandfis:!deTivfidt'i&;pa(rt from fees paid in the- pubUcoflices and from liEEHSeStQp'Mtobiiieys to practice. In some of) the, Sfcates-a; portion of tiitfifunsi: cdmeS" from the Tsalteltafis volumes i of ithej statutes and law The increase from exchanges consists of the official publicatiionSiOf the 2 96 FuMic Libraries in the United -'States. Uniteifi iStfites a\)A, f>i the f'orfcy-si x Staifeeaiand aieruitDrifis wifcto each o(^ jSt'eproviucesof tlieDominioaofGanadaenterintiJthesystemof exctoi with sqinQ-of fchp States ia a.Ubflral spirit. These exohauged addisevei hundred volumes each year, althoughaU of the Btatidsi^are notequ&Hiy q form in, sustaiuiug the system. Massajsbu setts, New 15Pork, aiidl'jP-ei syl\'iania report th^tithey haveexchanges with allithflStateS'aivd Stir to lies., lb is the custouiiof. some Stages to place at! the disposal off* authorities of, thp^^ library an additionalnauaUerjof copies of i1is,pMUiW tions, for exchanges with societies and individualsi at home andflibscH I Thfij increase fjjoin gifts, irrespective of exchanges, hasmotas yetTfee large from any one 'person, ;l)ut the aggregate of the epilations antrasfl made by the citizens is iconsiderabie. It averaged Ipmthe laati fil> years for the State of Bew YocfctSSJ^i volumes a year, exclusive' of f[idi phlets and gifts from j^^j^ties. i /u/ii., ji . ..ja-. -no ' •■;. y The proportion of the library funds flevoteditofiHiioiilas^tfor thdla departments is in most of the States from oueKquarter tor one-half qW whole amoH,nt; of, coarse varying in successive y^rs according ttt c cumstauces. ''Sh& proportion ip(f) books in theilaw depaartinentsisifiiffl oue-sjsth ,to ^wo-thirds of the whole number. When State dodnmeii are included in the count with the lawbooks, it of course swellsJtl number iu th;it department,, aijd in the same measure reduces tfaeHui ber couutfidtin the, geueral library. Iu some ^tat«3 the' law library recoguiaed as a, branch of the State library, and^has its separat»!apaa ment. In Texas and Indiana the law libcary.is the. library.) ofithe s preme court. The proportiou of books of law to those of all oth classes is gradually changing, and the libraries arebecomiiig^mopecoi prehensive in their character with time and the increase of tbeiStat in wealth and population. It was naturally one of the 'first BbjfMtswt State library to provide , works of refereuce on law, as the courtroon of the highest courts in the State are at the capitols, and both thejudg and the advocates being separated from their own libraries deriveitl great^t, advantage from them. In Wisconsin and Iowa thei piiufaas of hooks are aljnost entirely for the law libraries, but the legislatures: the same time m^Jie: liberal annual appropriations to the State bistdi cal societies for the purchase of books of a general, character., lu th way the library of the Historical Society of Wisconsin has alreat reached 60,000 ,volumeS) including pamphlets. i < The general department of the State libraries iiiclud es for the spall libraries chiefly State papers, with the most, necessary euoydopedia and w,orks of refereuce on statistics, political economy, and history, f tlie use of the legislature, a minimum portion of podern light literaCimi and ind(lental additions of a miscellaneous character. The laJ^eff'^ braries employ their larger appropriations in the purchase of booi from a, wider range, aiming not to supply the direct needs ^ the legi lator only, but to respond, to the requirements and tastes of a cull vated people, looking forward to such measure of completeness in evei State aM Territorial Libraries. 297 ,, department as the means at their disposal may allow. An opinioil of i;Jib«;Johaifla)Cter of oile'library is expressed in' St' report'froih its librarian, luiu'whitih he4» riuiuber of works r*o t« found in the library adapteditothe wants Of the agriculturist, the ..BieBchant,:tbe banker, tod the statesman." Another report says, " The -i-hWkty is specially designed to contain booljs on legislation, governtnent, afpoMtics, history, statistics, ani'political economy." A third repOrt ob- jsetv-es, "At'glance over the 'purchases will show that the mechanic's and eugilnefer's call can now be ^ratifled." ..,i'i(Niitwithstanding the laws establishing State libraries declare "^tliat vHiheytarei' for books, manuscripts, and maps, the flibraries are most of (itMein t6o'j^d)ung to ' have collected largely of the two last named arti- ■;i(degJo The largest collections Of manuscripts are in the oldest libraries, as might be expected. Many libraries do not report any manuscripts. ; Whdre; they do exist in the libraries, there is abundant evidence that ithey iiiEeieomstantly contributing materials for personal and town history. i:0 Bt^ailibraries'are in some cases also the rh'nseuins of natural history mofiithfe; State, and contain the manufactures, dresses, and antiquities of '■Jthei aborigines. Others pofesess portraits and busts of distinguished '3(citi2ens, with coins and medals. ' • •" -moBach State library is emphatically a reference library, and not for the stc^xnilMion of the books. Exception is uniformly made iu favor of the oh©q,ds of departments, the judges of the highest courts, and bf the jmeiullers of the legislature durihg the sessions, who are alWwtid to'draw boo'kiS' under special regulations. 'In some States, other classes, as the •:sap&riKteadents of public institutions, the officers 6f' the legislature, aiad-the like, are allowed to draw books. Books Which are imijortaut on ' siccount of their being in frequent demand or of their rarity are not ipermitted to ibe takeh from the capitol by any person. The Use made of t the ilibraries is at present greatest during the sessions of the legisla- ^Hure and: the terms of the courts. But snch is the pressure of business durJngi the legislative sessions, that feW can find time for researches connieoted' with general principles, and members are obliged to limit thetnSeives too frequently to such facts as they can gather from statii- tios and State documents, information to be derived from State, county, aiaditowBinaps and charts is in demand at all times. State libraries are free: to all persons without exc^fftioh, who have the iprivilege of reading any book for which they may iriijuire. When situated in ilarge cities, theyare much frequented by thei residents and the stu-dents of educational institutions, ^Sspecially if there is no other publico Mbrary. The piiblic have not the right in the New York State tow library to occupy the tables appropriated to the members of the bar. The -libraries are open every day, except on holidays, during' the sessions of the legislature, from 9 in the mornihg till late in the after- Hbou. Most of 1 them are in the same'manner' open during the whol6 of th« year, at least during' a part of the day. The facilities for reading 298 Public Libraries in the United States. in the Bribisk Museum are geraorally coimnencled^ yet anyctiei'ss'n''* siriog toinead/ there must apply in writing to fltoe'.principal librarisl,! specifying, his "description" and iplaoe of abode, and acetim^Bfij'ftii letter with a written recomraendatioq from some other person.' Then up^on he receives a ticlietj giving him the privilege for six mouths'.J Unde siieh restrictions tlie room has its hundred thoasatrid-of.feaiolerswi Ay^iliii With us there are no restrictions to repulse any person decently fel* and of g«t)od betoavior from using a Stateilibrary.TjiBidil atfi aeuii oni At -their first organization, State libraries #e»eifr^quently left i*B(|€ the control «flan existing State officer, as the governor or the secfetorf t state, il The direction and control are now usually assigned to a numbt of persons, dest^riated as commissioners or trustees, w^o are ^^hecflSBi tain State offlceife,! with the librarian, as in Pennsylvania, or aTe chosft or appointed to the ofiHce^ and are to remain till their successoraaj appointed, onane'^gradually changed after a tenn of several yisars' BflFWica In' California the sup^rvisllig' board was composed of the jwddges »iBibli supreme court, with the governor, sin New York the regents ofith university are the trustees. The changes in the method of adiaini«itn tion, as the libraries grew in value and impontaaiC8jih*ve alirays'ttee for the purpose of securing a steady, watchful, and permanent coatrc of its interests. The librarians are either appointed by theguV^naliHtG the trustees, or are chosen by the legislaiujre for a tferm of years. I Massatehnsetts, while there is a board of trustees, the secn^tacSF, of tl» board of education is librarian. -iq iiojja 'ii nos'iaq isfl Annual reports are made to the legislature, either' iby the ■coriualiiii sioners, trustees, or librarians, Jregardlogi the' condition of ■ theditoal^ its income, expend iture,'aud progress, i The salaries: of librarians ao other expenses of the library are provided for by7appibp»i£EtiobS)iaiM tional to those niadeiifor the purchase of books. The libcairiairaBin a least five of the States are women — in Indiana, Iowa, Uauisidnar^ Mitilii gau, and Tennessee. The parch.isBS of books, as reported byibmalH libraries are , represented as being made in six of them by fehb libilairia and in the other six by the trustees. Yet ^tbei same sbabistics darfli define who m alias the selection of th^ books or the decision ittpbatt selection. m bol- D^oJaut 'oWno naati lOiiB hi The measure of care taken for the safe keeping of the books is a important element as r6gai}(ft8 all librariesi Oar SftaLteoU'biraraiefe are, lii we have observeil, reference libraries, and the privilege' of -drasWio' some classes of books is limited to a small number of persmiiSi^lB^ i 1858 Ohio was extending the privilege to clerks both of the legftillatlQ) and the departments, to ex-olfloers of State, tlie officers of its publi institutions at a distance from the capital, and to others. iMOolatfadi^cha a similar provision for books to betaken to reinote.oonnties aud^retoiiM for six weeks. Wisconsin once extended the privilege to attxM-nfiit Many of the libraries, after suffering greatly from the loss of bQiStkai the periods when the application of the rules or the rules theojSel^ ;,' 'State- Unci Territorial Libraries. 299 \p0fe!4ax^)l)a|^aea^'n\6d>!a.nBoessary(8tringeuoy, for the purpose of pro- tpejbin^jdbel property :of the :8itaitie amd securiag the greatest degree of mstfu'liiaies^iifeaa the Jiltoaty.j TheUbrarian o^f pianesota reported, i§, l^Q^ltlhatrOM^iof a large nuinber of volwmes which .had bBen regarded afisloiSJI, twohuadredi^fftheta had ibeeu roco^^ered in a smgle year.by, fiAbfiii jexertwns.o'Bhey had disappeared under the • authorized, IiifialB§7, '*lte cominissionerrDf the Yermont library ihaMngj reported aln':"jmmenselyi large; list^of missing; >rolu;n%es,?' dto'itegHflqtnrje imme^ dJafcelyipIacedLtheliferary under the control of trust ees, and in fourteen yEirs.abhfirlibrary had trebled in siae. . Ohio speoiiically declares in hdii liBwfS 'iiha^4TS"ko8iFei/;' -beiiag, a privileged person, gives an order to any other person not having such privilege,ishall forfeit all right! to take beoJssffamthe library. ?j! iBjaigaJi :'.■ oc) lat i ,^be()iIunii)SE) of volumes in all the State and territorial libraries, ifoftiiiHilaiftng^ipftmphletSyacc&t'diug to the latest returns, is 833,219. W&Mu:ctoKlBaitg0(i-4iitliat.ofc the Stateof New Ytfrkjc-jTen of the whole number SaW'dveB 30,©0(J' volumes each. The siiie of the library depends in part Bp<3artto^tei!»^th§9ifiti.ba!f it has been organized, in part upon the popular, tibadaind y^mitkof the State, and in part upon the vicinity of other IwgfoliibBaWetssIjj It is especially worthy of notice that only four of the 300 Public Libraries in the United States. St^atft Ulbrari^^ajrei iu cities haying a;,{>opulatiou o;f^ over fifty thousaj; accordiug ]tp,th^cen,sus,of,,:|.87P; Of t^e forty-six S^^te/^nd t&yi}}^^ l\\)VAp^s,, therefore, it follows that forty-two ,of them are jP^i^e lively sina-ll(,9ities. Y,§^ as 111,6 ;St^te, capitaj.8, ^re the inost.jC^iif] tpwnp^.o^,^ th,^, , !^ti\1;^ : f9r,,fpi]ity ,^1', apc^^s tp, the ^ citj^sgns,^ ,3, are th,e .t;0\Ti|8 .qaost ..frequently visited by tihe^ji,, fpj; purpj^f of ,hu^iaess, iflstitUjtions ftf the ph^^raoter which St^tje libraries, ^^,95 aspir^, to become, pan ;UO|^Jjefg else !:5|eii,rapr^ property j^^tifbUshedi f t^^X}; highest utility and security. ,, 4,t tli® oejitre^ P;ff,pppu.l^t^9ifl,iu,^ g^S^t, citiess, larg(3 ^.nd rapidly, ia^r^i.asing librarieSi,^re .^Iready jC^tj^ lishe4.. .,l^ostou,,^ew york, I^hi|af^lphLa,.aud"W'^shing.tOD, ajt,the,fpaii ri)^t|,l eaQ,h,j(|)|ther in.th^ipjlibr^pes of 'reference; whil^,ChJcago,_,Ci|fcl ntiti. 3,^,1 fLpuis, and San, FraiiciSQO.jat the _ West, giv^ prquiise ^^ ■^wtliy.cQmpetjpipPf Buljj theiif,enlarg(}p]e#t fr,Qm,,tjljp,i:,.p] AlJfS. " ' '" ', ,'j, After this brief view of the origin and condition of our State libraiss it remains. to consider in the remaining observations their i aims, 'ooi biaing sotne practical reflections on theit adhiiriistration and eularg State 0,11^ Territorial Librciries. 301 ment. There may be nothing in these remarks which has not been ex- ptefesed '^'li diffiferefat oecaSibiis by the officers 6f State libraries, yet there c^M'nr:i''^ill'bea,iiad't'Jintage in 'grouping these views together. ' "^'fe^Ar State libraries 'febrhe into vieW first in order of time prominently aslibi'aries of the statutes, journals of the legislsitures, and State dbcu- liitltttSi*'' As regards the aim of a 'State library in this 'branch or*it|'c61- ll'^ibils, it cannot ™i to 'be remembered that these libraries are tlie'only jilted' In (^aeh State xvhere it can b6 sui)poSed that an iintiring'a>'?'^idility \?ill be'exerbiifed to'se'curie conlplete sets of all the publication's of' the S'dWJ'and, as fUi* aS possible, of the several States. In th^'a';^'artments cailed the'ienate atid as^enibly libraties of ' ^'uch States a'g retain them;,, 0^1;^ thfe'^t^' tilted- of the State an'dthe later jorirnals fina'documents'of tUy 'l^gisl^ures ate ^^reserved. 'It 'is impossible to keep the sfts corid- l/lelB under a system where the librarian is chosen solely for the kctual s'e^iiji of the Ifegiyiature, and has hardly tiinfi to becotiie acquainted ^fili'hife li'yi^ry,"^bV' to" ifeiW that ii deficiency' exists, except frOni in^'iii- riy.^'fn'ad6 after an absent' volume. ' It requires the most watehftil exer- ti'dHs'td'Aiiili^ the sets of State publications tdlertibly com'^lete. It has bfefeB'iffiViufed that there is 'iibt a State in the Union, iihle^'s if 't/iay be a stefbliiM^ admitted, which is in possession of a complete set of its bwii jjyiicatioiis. In 1858 Ohio did not possess one, and Vermont did iiot in" fStl.' ''Massachusetts reports that soiiie of iHh p'apers known to havfe beeri^iirihted by the State are hopelessly lost. "''''" -"Ny^libtaries except State libraWes will collect with any perseverance tti'e'aB'dianientS of the othfer States. Iti vi'ew, therefore, of the frequency, e^enlv'ithin the Short Jiferiod of 6ii:r natioiial existence, of the'destructioii cffttrUWe^ by fire, and in view of the occasional calam ity of waif,' it is utic1^i''a]syyiem Of exchkngfea existing between States, Biote surely than id Su¥*othe¥'way, that each State has a c'hance' for the coiiiplete preser- vitliWbf i^s official history d uring a succession of 'centuries. Although fofi^-'gix 'States iihd Territories maybe co-operating simultahebusly in preserving the same documents of each State, the accidents 6f tiilie will c(fflt^iili^ll^8b%iredi!i^ftig the number of sets existing'; and how'fewcom- p*f§t^'sets,i:f 'any,''i^ould remaTH at the end of 'three hundred years! FtB|u'ently only unique copies are found to exist of works' which tbree^yhthries sincfe w'ete iWinted to tli,e extent of thousands of copies. Of biiletjf-six of the \^orks printed by Caxton four hun dred 'yekts since, tMrty!.rv&-df thg' extant copies sire unique. How mahy of these l^ws atiil' debates at the end bf a similar period would be extant to testify to the fa'6ts of the history '6f each State ? A State libAt-;^ will, of course, make it one of its special dims to col- lect works on American history in general just so far as the' flaesaus at its disposal will admit. But of all' ^the purposes for which it exists,. noiie responds ^so. directly to the wants of the largest number of' the cijiizensioifja State as to aim to collect all the materials accessible to |illiistrate the:history of theState, its counties, its to ns, and its citi- 302 Pnblic^ LibraHes in the United States. Bens. The auttiorities of the library will therefore ^be atteufcix'fe' to '&{ curealllocal histories and biographies, maaascript' collectioFiS of tti papers of its etBinent citizens, the official proceedings of all cotifiieft and towns, reports of all societies, charitable, commercial; mauilfactai ing, military, and secret, and as many of the newspapers printed' iiith State as can be obtained, with its almanacs, and business and town d rectories. To these will naturally be added works in science and ^fti arts wlilch relate more particularly to the prodflctiona'of ttle'Statel "^i£ honorable historic bonsciousness Will be promoted bi' securilig' ^tottl*) merit of all kinds written by citizens of the. State. ' " '' ' '"" Much might be said regarding the value of the different classes < books just raenWoned, at' value which grows with successive yeai's.* '*W will, however, single out from among them for pafticularnio^ice the clat of newspapers. For many towns and courtties they are tlie onff jittBle recond of the earliest facts of local history. Their value io-'librariegif already recoguiaed' in our Western States. The Indiana State. LibM rBceives twenty-eight newspapers as an' annual gift; Miimesota w5 receiving forty in 1862, and Ohio receives twenty-eight. TheiNew Je sey library: invites donation's of the' same kind. There can be'lied doubt that the publishers of a large proportion of the ne^spaf>et?to i any State wovtld preserve and «tve to the State the file of each year, d tke single cortditlon that it should be promptly bottndand made access ble to the public. It would be equitabfo' and useful to provide tiy stfi ute that each publisher sending a newspaper shoald receive aCbpyi tbe laws of the session. ' ' ' '- It would also be a beneficial measuretbat tbe librarians of tet^ti' i^ incorporated libraries should be reqrtired, by stftlute, to senid a cop^f ( their annual and other printed reports and printed catalogues to tlf library of the State. The documents wonld thus be p^i-tfatielil^ preserved, would'igive publicity to the existence and character 6T''t^ libraries, and facilitate tbe prep iratiou of tables of statistics of rill'tl libraries' of the State. - ""'^^ Town directories and guides, after the lapse of a year, can be '(yof4™ at almost no expense, and when a scries of a few decades of years -fe been collected, the experientje of libraries shows that they are V^ty^fr q.iently referred to as in.lisi)Bnsiime iu m^ny historical researches'""^ Unique collection-!, siicli as the min.iscript papers of gd^'eraoi's^r other State officers, memorials of e:ii-ly settlers and prouiinertt 'ifiTli^'b are to be sought for, both for their jntrlHsic value as records of t'h^'p'ai and also for the distinction the possession of thein givi-s to the IfbrS beyond tliat of its printed volumes. ' - ''' ""*- It might be provided bylaw with advantage to the public tltat t heads of tlepartin^ats coaUt transfer ti) the custody 6f the StafSlibrii manuscripts not wanted iu theiriLlep.irtineuts' as matters of tecdi^i li the preservation of which might be desirable-, for historical refereii' The legislature of I^ew York, in ISiT, passed a resolution directing' t .?iv uBtate smd Territorial Libraries, 303 sggr^jjiiry of state to deliver tp the State library all such dociiraeats of historic interest relaitiveitt)! and coiujected with theanuals of the State "«i§(fe%oMWli'fod*JliWldesicable aud propec to be so transferred." The S[M«fcWf?iMJan,.'inder proper regulations, might become keeper of the r.;tllsflrjjfe,jl!Pflr^:S,0|f, the State and of: all docaineuts of early dates that aJiORld be tvans furred to the library, from any department. ■ aiKJS 9. lit jyi^jjld be. a wise undertaking ior each library to aim to enrich itself t)y sele^;|;iiQ-g- Que or two .subjects, which should uot be of: too great scope, f^^jinfia.kiug a special collection of books on those subjects. The topics might be siich as the writings) and memorials of an eminent author,ta IjraJWih, of miaiflg, tDte telegraph, and the like. Persons interested iu gisgrh tjggj^vyould soon learn of the existence of one placeiWhere they gii>flJ.d:dBiP^nd upon, finding everything written upon these sabjeefts. i:' v iVjAiSt^te I library should be abundantly supplied with the means oi fnrnjsliiflg! teachers of schools, town library committees, and librariaas^ ^jthiMformatipn regarding the character of books desirable to be pur- glased. All formS:Qf guidea to reading, guides in the selection of books aofi W}fl4l>¥fllleng(j\fe catalogues of select books should be secured, and JllBiKbrarian should qualify himself , to aidjin that direction. The de- Jtftiftro^Rt4 of instruction of Illinois has this year published a veryivalu^ •flfel^iififjOf: books with explanatory, notes, as a guide in the selection of il^gftte^it'oj'iiS.chool districts and town libraries.^ < Itis a good exam pie of a 9M^ ^t thefWork to be done, and of the kiud!<*»£aid.which mg,y be given ipi^^jj^^ictioBqyithi.jeaoh State library. T>iiiiKi98 loriaifdufi tioReinddr The expense must be incurred afresh and continually of purchasing ^ji§;l§^| editions of encyclopedias, annual registers, and {statistical WffeSoS^WP^lyj as, rapidly as they are published, notwithstanding 8j||lii$)f ^itiiO'ij^S.are upon the shelves of the library. In matters coa- uppteil with legislation aadfor all researches, the freshest statistics aud gffiofis are alone satisfactory to the investigator. nThe earlier editions ^gjaf}^^^&m(^,iijS^,les:^;,.tJifty will always serve to mark the development of thought and the progress of science up to the date when they were » PSMMbed, ai>d they eoutain jn.formation excluded from new euoyclope- f ^i^gl)|'.^the, pressure of fresh materials. una; ,eei :ix9or> ■■y.cmi^is : j,lt,y,ill,b^ readily conceded that a State library should possess all worksgi^^r^^inyig; ii); any way to the history of the State; for it is I 8t'iKl|ttii5^'J'fi;f'^% Pyoductiofls of the: press of each State illustrate in I JBifSffjW^SiS -its , ihistorj, being- usually the work, either- intellectually ,'i§iilP%to'^'S''Pf its owo citizens, j Any reasonable method of secur- !'}&«??!% ifiO0J^ of each of such publications for the State library is f worth considering. At present two copies of every article/or which a §9py||i5|ht i3,,(,l,ejmanded, must, by law, be deposited in -the Library of ij^n,g|i,'psS.,,j,Mig^t. it, not ,as .well/ be provided that one of these two |g§i(^g^9.i,d^,he4.^po§itetl in the. State library of the State in which it .aOieiaiScLto NOi'SlV'Bttparfcmeiit of Public I'ustl-'uction, Springfield', 111., December lij, 304 Public Libraries Mn the UniM States. is published? It can hardly bs, a necessity that two copies of each publication should be retained in the same library, one for use in the library, and the other for the sole purpose of keeping the material record, of copyrights complete. It is probable that at the end of a long' period of years, a much larger number of these publications would be in ex;i8tence as a record of the past if they had been officially p^e8e^^md) in two places than if they had only been preserved in one, thus depend- ing for their -safety upon a single contingency. The convenience of access to the public, the reasonable claims of the State in which the work, originates, the benefit to authors and publishers, and its advan. tages for the completeness of State history, — all tliese motives recom- mend the plan as preferable to the existing arrangement. During the last year, 14,000 articles were copyrighted at the Library of Congress, making, at two copies each, 28,000 articles deposited in the Library. The deposit in tbo library of the State in which the woifk is published ,of one-half of this gross number, by the publishers, or by the Librariaaof Congress, would both relieve the National Library of what is now, iafmany respects, an incumbrance, and. work greatly to the advantage of, each State. The trustees of the New York State Library made' a similar sug- gestion in 1858, asking for the passage of a law requiring " authors who- obtain a copyright of their works, to deposit a copy in the State library of the State in which such copyright was entered." This suggestioq;i was made before the late change in the law of the United States. Just so far as it is evident to au observing public that the boobs and manuscripts in a State library are guarded with a scrupulous. care for their safety, it maybe expected that it will be preferred by generous citizens before other institutions as the one to which they will be glad to bequeath their libraries, or to give or intrust on deposit manuscripts and works of value. At the da te when the British Museum contained 514,000 volumes, 218,000 of them had either been bequeathed or pre- sented to it. These donors have thus acquired a more enduring and honorable fame for their names than they would have secured by the erection fpr, themselves of costly mausoleums. The disposition of our men of wealth to endow public institutions at their death or during life' is so prevalent among us as to be the source of just .pride. Trustees of libraries, sensible of the importance of such collections, can hardly avoid directing the atteutioti of citizens to this method of rendering their wealth useful to their country. But in speaking of the condition' of our State libraries, we have referred to the fact that in the early stages of organization scrupulous care for the safety of the books was not exei-cised, and the libraries suffered frequent and large losses. This evil has, however, been already remedied in most libraries by providing for, a more efiacient supervision, and for more stringency in the regulations regarding the loan of books. The relaxation r-of these regulations should not be left to depend upon the discretion or good will of the librarian, but should be controlled for special Historical Sdcieties in the United States. 321 Tbe historical fervor stimulated by the operations of the societies in the AtlanticiStates,ihas,beeui manifested in a remarkable degree in the Western States. Several'of them have commenced their life as States' wijihiihe organization of a historical society. ^ The Minnesota society WSDS: created by an nU of itis; first territorial legislature. Such organiza- tions are a testimony to the high grade of civilization with -which these new communities enter the family of States. They constitute the first em- bodiment sof their men of culture, eager to achieve eomethingfor the common weal outside of ithe direct necessities of domestic aild civil Uftfit: These pioneer founders from the Atlantic States saw that they liadiDot only to preserve the memory of the French and early settlers, but thabthay were in the presencie of the monuments of departed races, wljich, though already abraded' by tbe hand of tiuie, ^v ere certain to be more rapidly effaced by the hand of man. They felt the need of insur- ing protectioQifor them, by co-operative action, that their history migsht be the better investigated. It is' especially in those States that the legis- latures have encouraged the societies by annual grants of* money, free apartments, (idevolvingiupon the society the<5are of the State library,) or, as -in Michigan, have provided for the ear-e of the collections of the State society in the State library. " - WMle the history of any nation has a positive value to the woHd, that ol the United States has a special importance,' on account of the character of our institutions. It is probable that this history will be prfeEvedxsAdtli a completeness unparalleled in the annals of any people. It is one of the first attempts ever made to chronicle eVents contempo- raueous'ly with the beginnings of life of tbe municipality and the State. These ev;ents are recorded, not merely in relation to matters of govern- ment and war, but of education, morals, and religion. The knowledge will be perpetuated of thecharacter and acts of the- numerous races and families from all quarters of the globe who, under novel conditions, commenced social and political life in the counties and towns of which thftHtotality of the nation consists. These records continued through cenitoTies will furnish most trustworthy facts for statistical tables to ' illustrate the laws affecting these relations. It is to this important work thai} each active historical society is a substantial contributor. , , ,., PLANS BOB. THE .JPUTXJEE. With this abundant evidence before ns-of the character and value of the work of the historical societies, it is none the less accoi'dant with ouEprogressive natures to be inquiring whether by any means they can be retwSeredrmore effective and usefnk As tegards the State' societies, we think the answer to; the question may be safely left to their own in- telligent action, stimulated by the example of kindred societies among us. Tbeiobject which they have in view is-broad enough to occupy them permanently. We hopefully predict that before ten years shall have elapsed there will be a society of their especial scope in every State. 21 E S22 ruUic Lihraries in the United States. ' 111 regard to the local societies, howe^eri, which have beou ' formed i sb considerable numbers, and which will continue to be formed in a rait Surpassing that Of any former period, there are good grounds for ii quirinrf whether their specific object might not be attained equally wel and other important advantages gained at the same timCj by eulargiu their aims. Why should they not, instead of limiting their pursuit f theit'o'wn localities, embrace the history of all ages and peoples'? Wh should the incipient jmpulse to co-operate in some useful investigatio be restrained at the beginning to the scenes and events immediatel at hand ? Werfe these local societies organized for the pursuit oif histoi in all its branches, civil, political, educational, and religious, as wiidei the world, we might expect tliere would be such a vari«ty'of interestto themes to discuss, that frequent meetings could successfully be mail tained throughout the year. ■' Studies in general history, pursued in local societies, would insure ft thbse engaged in them the most healthy mental discipline, and educi tion of an ennobling nature. The history 'Of man iin all relatiotis i an inexhaustible Study, ever fresh, and expanding with civilization. ] should produce a continual enthusiasm in these societies to bestudyiri in conjunctionwith their local aims, the relations of the past with th relations of progress in different nations, to be observing the evidence of a divine moral order in the world, and the laws which afi'ect th development of humanity. Our future statesmen, aglow with aspirt ti6ns for a wise and beneficent government, need to be familiar with th history of other nations as well as of their own ; to be able to coinpar ancient and modern republics; and linked as we are withthe pastj^t judge what may be the limits to the maxim that history Lsphilo^ophi; teaching by example. From historical societies on such an exipandei basis,' we might hope there would be produced a generation of leggsli tors with a scientific faculty to predict consequences ; men who, iff .pressed with a sense of the difficulties of enacting wise laws,iwouli possess the wisdomto confront those difiicnlties. To these observations on the question of enlarged plans for local s< •cieties, we venture to subjoin the further inquiry whether most count, ;and town societies might not, with incalculable advantage,' combin •with historical research the study of science, art; and' natural history Every locality already has its military, fire, debating, literary, socia •or charitable society. It is incredible that there should be so fei Simply for the pursuit of knowledge to the acquisition of which all me are so naturally impelled and in which they manifest so deep. an iatei est. The same motives, which dispose some of the leading miads of place to associate for the sake of preserving its liistory; must beoperal ing in the minds of others, their neighbors, to desire to acquire an ■communicate knowledge in other forms. On the part of those intei ested in history it should be regarded as a strong reason for extendin the scope of their society, the consideration that when confined to Historical Societies in the United States. 323 siugle stibjeot it will depeud for its, pei;maueiiq(? ,pii fbe activity of two or three members. It does not affocd a basis suffteieut for tlie, , active co-operation of more than a, small portion of the cultivated min,ds of Ihe place; the topics .either soon become exhausted as mafters of con- tinual research, or, the information is meagre and accumulates slowly, and the popular interest diminishes- The meetings cease to beattenjied and the society either dies of inanition Qc.laugui^hpsiwhilq, standing liia the way of a new organization .qd, a mor^; coixipreheijsive pl^an.,! •' It may be urged as an objection ithgiit spme of our societies h^ve com- meaeed with the titletof«" historical apd philospMcal/' and have not been remarkably succes^fjil. Others, however, have tried, the plan of ;Oonjoi;ned aims, aud congratulate themselves pn the result. The Es^ex Institute, of Salem, Mass., wasiformed in 1848 from the union of a county historical and a county natural history society, and organized on a popu- lar bivsis of large membership, having at the present time four hundred and. eighty members. With, the aid, of historical, and scientific workers i-it is prosecuting both branches with an efflciency, as shOiWU.by its pub- ilications, whjchi must compel imitation. The Albany Institute, IJfew York, has been perpetuated with varying fortunes for fprty-six, years, ■•and ihas four. (departments of research, physical science and the arts, natural •history, histpry, and general literature. It has at np time been so promising an organization as at the present, when it h^^s been ex- tended to a membership of two hundred and four. A similar, successful society is the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, England, ;ifotinded in 1846, which haS[0ver two hundred members, and has pub- lished twenty-eight volumes of its transactions. The subjects treated of in thesvj conform,' in fair proportionof literature, history, and science, to the name of the society. One mptive assigned in its ccnstitutiou for organizing the society, " to modify the local tendency to the pursuit pf icommerce," is capable of receiving a wider application. W: 1 We have purposely alluded to the large membership in these three societies, because a late scientific writer, speaking of the frequent fail- ures of the learned societies of the United States, declares that, they have died from "a constant enlargement of the range, of membership, and consequent lowering of the tone of the society." ^ , ,AAd yet wCidraw from this same writer the two facts that ihe membership pf.thQ.le^^iQg English societies ranges from fpur hundred, to oue thpnsa,n.d^or ^e.7pral /thousand members, and that the annual tax on eapk membiE!i^ iS from two to four guineas. We should infer from these facts that, by a large mem- bership, an abundant ihcomoiis secured for, the; purposes of ^ society, and that the original papers of the men of scienpe who are joined with them can, be published, and the expense of their in>yestigatipns , provided for. A large membership secures friends, an audience, an .income, and ele- vates the purposes, and aims of all. , Some aid by active efforts, sonipby pecuniary help, and all by the sympathy of a cpmmon purppse. Mem- ' " '' 1 North American HevieWj'October, 1874. 324 PiiUic. Libraries in the- United, ^ta^p^\ bership is not a reward of merit, acquired foriachieyementp in literai;)}r^ or science, but an encouragement and a. stimulas both to. tb,^, Igs^ learned and to the most learned. It ought not to be .(Jjfi^cult, Ip^cotfl-, bine the man of research with the intelligent aspirant for, knowledge, who educates himself for similar researches by pieans of t^ije compa,];ijoi^., ship. To the man of science or invention it must be desirable tjfat he should have the eneoiiragpment of a listening audience, and ])e brought in contact) with men of varied pursuits, outside of his specialty,, St affords him an opportunity at least to utter his words of scientjj^c ,tputh before his fellow-citizens. To make, an addition to fUe-sum, pjf,,lj^um£Hj knowledge, or to, diffuse and inspire a love of it, may be of equal j^mpf)£ tance toi humanity. , , ,. ,.^- In suggesting this combination of varied. .objects o,f pursuit,, we lare not, of course, supposing that academies of scientists can be foulided everywhere ; but we cannot resist the belief that in most counties and towns thei'e will be found a suf&cient number of men of education, of dli professions, occupations, and opinions, disposed to unite for the mutual pursuit of history, spience, and the arts; and that they will engage in it, not in a spirit of exclusiveness, but of benevolence, aiming. to, dev^op a love for the most elevated and accurate forms of knowledge. It shoftld be easy, in a multitude of places, for associations formed with these bjendetj purposes, to sustain twice a month, or even weekly, during a large part of ,the year, meetings for the purpose of listening to papers, original or compiled, from members or invited speakers, or for the dis- cussion of any topic introduced. By some such method as ttiisJ'lo8iJ- societies would become schools of thought and learning for the active members of the community in hundreds of our towns and cities. iTkere might naturally follow a union of the societies of a State under a gen- eral society for the publication of such papers as might be deemed suitable. ' ' "^ The extensive formation of such societies throughout the laud, seeins so full of promise and so potent for good, as to justify the establisli&^n't of a national society for the organization of assodations for the p|irsnip of knowledge. Such a society might initiate efibrts which would have the cordial support of co-workers in every State of the Union. The original name of our oldest learned society, the American Philosophi- cal, of which Franklin was the first president, was "The American Society for Promoting and Propagating tfseful.i^nowiedge.'' The title is an indication of the expanded and benevolent designs of its founder^; This society had, also, its standing committee on history and c6|^[nmer(^ If the Smithsonian Institution, founded "for theincreaseand diffusion of knowledge among men," should be able to incorporate, with its'fres- ent beuefjictions to science, the support of an agency for'encouragiii& such societies as have been described, it might b.^, hoped it wouMjjoi^ be a departure from the spirit of its founder. ,It would be m agency? by whatever association it should be controlled, for introducing a-nd Historical Societies in the United States. 325 prbmotiiig a plan for ealistiug tens of thousands in the 'direct study of glcience, art, and histbry; Such Societies would be the means of educat- ing niaiiy coibmutrities to a loving appreciation of scientiflc in%'estiga- tibns,'aud of correct views of human history. They would contribute iilcalculably to the progress of Anierican society and to the happiness of millions. While we dwell with wonder and pleasure ou the historic picture of ohr national growth 'during a century, we need to remember that it does Dot become hs to rest satisfied solely with recording itsdetails. If we haVe'feceiveda goodly heritage from those who have preceded us, we must 'not only bequeath it unimpaired, but strive to add to its value for the advantage of those wlio come after us ; and so " hand oti the torch of light," that the future may excel'the past in brilliancy.^ IL^GENERAL CO]S^SIDE!eaTIONS EfeSPEGTIITG HIST:6klCAL KBSEAEgH. I'mPORTAI^CE of CO,LLECtI>fG AND PRESERVING MATEHIALS FOR 'lilSTORY — NeED Ol' "' CULTIVATING A SMRIT OP HISTORlCAi, RBSBAROH— PKIVATE COLLECTORS AND THEIR 'benefactions to the public^ — A HISTORICAL DEPART.MBNT IN GEN^RALI PUBLIC ^LIBRARIES. i ' ■ * . -• - • The functions of the historical library, and its importance aiid Use- fi|ll,aess, especially in this country and at this time, constitute the sub- ject |0f th^se few pages. The chief object and purpose of such a library is tlie" "' "'' "' '97'."Iv;. ;'- . , , ,. , , - , ..I ,, - GOLLECTION AND PRESERVATION OP HISTORICAL, JVUTERIALS, ' The. gre^t'Bst difficulty encountered by the student of history is' the want of conteuipbrary materials. These are' of so much greater value Jhau oijal traditions or histories written after the event that they are the great object of search on the part of one who wishes to get at the ifflth concerning the past. The history of the, ancient nations of the East has been almost entirely rewritten since the discovery of the key tOrthe mysterious languages in which their annals were ebibalmed. And whenever it has been possible to confront tradition with contem- porary documents, the result has been such as to justify the utmost cau^tion about believing anything as a matter of history which is un- supported by indubitable contemporary evidence. But the lack of such evidence for almost all history is lamentable. Within the narrow scope of our own national existence one would hardly 'The Missouri Historical Society, of St. ^Loujp^ at- its meeting on June 17, 187.5, adopted ^es^olutions recommending that a national historical convention should be held dnring the_ Centennial anniversary of 1876, and that all the historical societies of the country shoufd participate in it. If such a coUvention should be held, it vould certaifil'y be a favorable time to consider all plans which might be proposed to. ren- der town and county historical societies more permanent and enduring, and arnong them the plan suggested in this paper might find a place. 326 Puhllc Libraries in the United States. believe, who had never attempted to find it,' how scanty is the material' available for | anything like a detailed, or even a 'discriminating gen- eri^l history. Jast now the Centennial of bur independence is call- ing attention to the history of one hundred years ago; aid no fact connected with that history is more striking than the dearth of mate' rials from which it could be constructed/ And when we go back to colonial times, to the settlement of the country, oUt' most' intefestiinf historical period, the case is still worse; hundreds of matters are now' tiae subjects of the widest differences and the sharpest disputes which would be readily elucidated by the production of such coutemporaryi documents as once existed but have now disappeared. • ■ ■liT All writings pass through three stages, which may be called thenew> the old, and the antique. In the first stage they have a value growing out of thpir connectipn with present interests ; in the third stage tbey have a still greater value as curiosities and relics of the remote past ; in the second stage, betWeen these two, they ares at; their lowest point of interest and value. This year's almanac seirves a present use, and is valued accordingly ; " last year's almanac " is a synonym for what its utterly worthless; but an almanac a century old is often worth its weight in gold. It is in this second stage that most books and other doca- ments droj) out of sigiit and out of existence. There is not virtue ftrioagh in them to carry ttem through this purgatory, and they slip into per* dition. Nor is it only those that are without value which are thus destroyed; many of the most A^aluable come to an untimely eud'throfUgli' the ignorance and carelessness of those into whose hands they fall.''' '•'' And here is indicated One of the chief departments of the wotk of the historical librar^", namely, the protection of old' documents Until they become antique. It is a snapper-up of uuconsidered trifles^ and does not disdain to gathei'even the bubbles 'Which floatott tbe sttfetttti of current history, prizing them as the world will oiie daj* prize ibe gems into which they shall be transformed by the magic of time. There ar^ thousands of printed documents of one kihd and auother which few persons think of saving, but which, if preserved systematically and Sr'- ranged in sets, become valuable for purposes of reference in a Ve'^^'few years. And this is a Ikind of work requiring painstaking and patience rather than the expenditure of mUch money. The breaking up of pri- vate collections is the great opiDortunity for the historical library, which should always be on the alert for such chances. No scrap should be allowed to go into the remorseless jaws of the papfer mill which (ion- tains anything for which a judicious librarian would gite ttiOre thafftlife regular price per pound ; and it is to be lamented' if oil the division of an estate books and papers of no special value except to the cdiirioiSsettt' go into the hands of those who will not protect them from speedy de- struction. One hundred years ago there were doubtless many collies of 'the Historical Societies in the United States. 32T rarions wr^fjiigs of Oottoa ^Matl^er fiud Roger Williams in privat in, Xevv Erigland. They passed into tbe ownership of liiea tic ite hands igland. They passed into Ijhe o\voe|rship of liiea to whom ' tlieological pamphlets were of ^p interest, ar^d who, therefore, allowed them togoto destructioa, a, fewcopi-'S orjly having co.me down to us, in fragmentary condition, to be a-flon^ the greatest desiderata of ths bibliop- O'list and trhe historical library, The simple existence in a cpnimunitvof anijIj^Stcfflie^li library wiJLli^g^ miieh to preserve valuable material for future history from destruction. Many public spirited persons Will' sac- rifice what lit.tlp profit they might derive from the saleof old paper, and presentitheir pamphlets, ,Qtc., tpthe library ; while many others, receiv- ing their first intiniatiou of a value in such things, will be carefnl'of them i^.$bejr own interest, which is^the next best thing to turning them iu fGr,|,hepubliqgoodf, ,. ., -/J^ut b3yoad; this, each historic il library should have a certain geo- graphical field o,f operations, within which it siiould aim to make' thorough work of, the collection of historical matter, and it should leave out nothing which can ever become useful as material for, or illustration of, the history of .tbat locality,- In, this respect many pT bur historical Ubraries may be charged with laxity. They either niaflije nO pretense to collect materials fop, the history of to-day, or, if they do attempt it, it is- not done with .^uy thoroughness. They are occupied in collecting what ought to, have been preserved ii previous years, and while they thus laboriously correct the mistake of those \yho neglected to, preserve their own. anoals they are committing the same mistake with reference to the present- It is the old tendency to build raonutnenls to the inem- ory of the prophets whom our fathers stoned, while, with equal shortsight- edness, we stone th^ prophets of our o.wn day. To be definite, the follow- ing niight be prescribed as some of the, lines on which an historical libra,riy should wprk on its own speciaj field: -_, First, It should secure a copy of everj- book or pamphlet printed irt tl^at field, or written by a resident of it and printed elsewhere. Second. It should keep a file of every newspaper aad periodical publigbed within tho^e limits of which , flies are not kept in some other public library. ,, , Tljird. It. shpujd . firjd room for, and arrange systematically, sudli ephemeral productions as playbills, programmes, political posters, elec- tion notices^ and even printed ballots, all of whjeliwill some day be of value.as illustrating the public manners of the people. ,, Fourth. It,^hould secure as many as possible of the private, or at least ^emi-prjvate, diaries and letters of deceased persons of prom- linence within its field; it being, of course, well understood that such documents deposited in the library will not be open to common public use, but kept unc^pr discreet surveillance, and hiade public only under such rtestrictions as are imposed by good taste and strict propriety. ,,ij By persistent efforts at collecting on these general principles, and by conducting the library in such a way as to make its value and utility 328 Public Libraries in the United States. popularly understood, ia a few years a collection maybe made-wiiteh will be wortb/du money, much more than it has cost, audi which wjll have a far greater value of a kind that cannot be. estimated in 4)9lkrs and cents. Supposing a collection of this kindhad been, made in one of the States of the Union covering a period of: twenty-five years lafctjie <;lose of the lasticentury, what an immense assistance, it, would npwibe to the, historian of that period, and especially of that( State. And jiet is there lany reason to doubt that the history of the; times, in whicfejwe live will be of, equal interest to ; the historical stjideat of aceuitury hencel Whatever may be. the course of , eventa, -and the progres^.of the race in. the centuries tO; come, no one can doubt; thafi, the nije- teeuth century will be always looked back to as au.eraof rare.hiatcai^l importance, a formative period; and heoce we should eiideavor to see the things of to-day in the light of tUe ages to come. To do so fuli.yijs, of coarse, impossible, but we may at least approximate to. this coneep- tiqn of the: present, pur familiarity with which breeds contempt for it. The ancient nations, led either by a high senseof the ppospectiye value of the present, or by .a fine form of the instinct of self preserv«a- tion, lavished, time, labor, and money without stint on the magniftciSpt memorials they left of their lives, conquests, and heroes. Furuishedas we ai'e with so simple and easy a. mode of erecting memorials of our times through the means of litfiratiire, it becomes usi to emulate them. But the historical library venders other services besides the preservatiQU of materials; for historj. .Prominent among its functions; is tliat of , h CULTIVATING A SPIRIT OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH.'" , iSTeaily all the tendtencies of our national and social life are ojp^oi^Bd to ^uch a spirit. The eye of America is tixed on the future. Her aliti- tude is well described in the latiguagfe of Panl: " Forgetting' those things which are behind and reaching forth unto those things whtifli are before." To the first settler.s in the New World the past represented simply a state of things from which they had escaped, and for wftieb they had neither regrets nor respectful memories. Their golden a'^e was emphatically before them, and as they put their hand to thfe'plow in the virgin soil of a new continent, they were not tempted' to look back. Rejoicing in their freedom to devise their own ways, they turiifed the leaf in the book of history, and as tliey inscribed the record of their conquests on a new page, they scorned' to turn back the lesif in seareii of precedents. What more natural than that they ahonld have imbibed the spirit of iconoclasm, and that that spirit should have descended to their posterity in even exaggerated proportions. ' Probablyno people ever drank so deeply of that spirit as wie bsfve done; it has entered into our very being and 'been manifested in evi^y department of public and private life. The name " Yankee notions," as a commercial term, is a tribute to the restless inventiveness which can- not be satisfied with the old ways of doing things, and constantly prb- Historical Societies in the United States. 32f) duces new, if not always' hotter. Nor is Anaerican inventiveness equal to the task of supplying tbe American demand for novelties. We 'have furnished the best market for those of' other lands. No other nation has been so ready arid even eager in obedience to the dictates of fashion. Not less characteristic of this feature of the national character ■ 'are the demands in literaturei The newspaper and theiuovel have Men the staple of our reading, and it has required but a small community to ' sustain a daily paper and several news stands. The book store' inde- pendent of the news stand is much slower in finding' room for itself. And even into the sacred domain of religion, where, if anywhere, should be found conservatism and the historic spirit, has this craving for progress and change penetrated. These are Straws on the surface of the current which show its direc- tion and its StJeed. They are certainly suf3ficient to alarm those ^ho believe that there is safety only in old paths. They are- sufficient to make all' thoughtful persons desire 'to' see employed whatever measures are practicable to check 'this current' and prevent its ex- cessive flow. The occurrence of the Centennial of American indepen- dence is to be rejoiced in as an influence in this direction;' Especially is it gratifying to See with how much heartiness the people generally are entering into its observance. It will prevent our' bein^^ cited as a convincing evidence that republics are ungrateful. But it is to' be feared that, after' carrying out this celebration in the American way of doin'g with all Our might whatever we do, ^Ve shall drop' back into the old forgetfulness and disregard for the past. We need a more thorough imbuing with the historic si)irit than we shall get from such a brief glow i,«?f,,,jj)ia,triotic ardor. ..J'liis,, spirijts.is needed, in stbe, flrsti place, to give ,,i. While we are not likely to ask for the gift of seeingi ourselves as others see us to the extent of accepting these caricatures as true rep- ,resentation8 of the, American character, to give, us more .steadiness ■of purpose, to make us less eager in the pursuit of material good, and to inculcate in us that humility which is the secret and the foundation of trueigreatness, nothing is better fitted than the study of history and the Qultivation of historical. tastes. i. . 330 Puhlic Libraries' in the United. States. It is uowi time> to ^ eonsider tlie question, how does the historical, li- brary operate. ill the cultivatioa of sach. a spirit ? In, the first place, by faruishing material it makes the study of history easy and pleasant, and thus promotes the increase of historical literature, and of historical, allusions and historical accuracy in all kinds of literature. Again, it attracts \isitors by its exhibit of curio^itiesi,, whether in the way of books, or of other objects of interest, and by its whole ,atiu3sp'.iere, 3,3,, well as, by the special interest aroused by, the sight of particular objects, temj,^-, to i create and develop historical tastesi in those visitors. And just here a few words may properly be said as to th6:proj)riety and ut|y,fy of a collection of relics in connection with an historical library. Thetfi, cm hardly be a doubt,, on the one hand, that such a coUeation will do, much to quicken the interest, espieciallyofi j'oung parsons, in historical 1 siitg'ects, nor, on. the other hand,, that relics are often the means of ip- , culcatiug mistaken notions and doing more harm than goad, Historical curiosities naturally divide themselves into two classes: first,,those whiph, illustrate the manners and customs of ancient times and extinct rapes, and, second, those which have no value beyond; that, imparted to them by their ad ven.titious connection with some historical event. 1 In Jthe firs^ classwould be included Indian weapons and, implements, and whatever, articles were used by the people in any walk; of life in previous times,, that differ from those now used. In the second clas^ would fallsuohirelics as a piece oftbe stone on which John Smith's head waslaid whenhe wsvs, saved by Pocahontas, or a chip from a spar of Paul Jones's flag-ship. Sometimes objects belonging in the first class are made of additional interest by placing them also in the sacand ; thus, an. In lian war ,9)ul> gains greatly ' by being labeled Powhatan's war club,- and a, quaint, looking, piano of the last century by having belonged .jn the Wi,isbr, ington family. The two classes are, however, quite distinct, andin view of the contempt into which relics of the second class, have fallen, in the, estimation of most ])ersons of , good judgment, a conjtempt into , which they have well nigh dragged the other class of: historic.d curiosities, ,||:g is not too much to advise that this second class b^ rejected, with veryi few exceptions, from every public , collection, and thatobjects.fjelonging to the first class be, not given the character, of relics of spsciajj, persons, or particular events without ,the moist absollite certainty, as to the truth of their claims. Purged of the relic, eleme.at, a collection of historical curiosities will commend itself to all as of great valu^ in the study, of history, and as a useful if not necessary adj auct to the historical l-ibrary., Nor will the influence of the historical library in cultivating the his; toric spirit be confined to those who visit it and examine its treasures ; but it will 1>6 extended in some degree to allwho see the place and ku,o,w;: of it,s uses, and to all who even hear ofits existence. ,,If the rooms Wfire never opened to the public, it would still exercise the same ja^aeuce for good that is ascribed to stat^es and monuments in. public places, Ifuk- ing the past to the present, and reminding a busy generation that there lilstoricaV Societies in the United States. 331 is sucli iai tlii-ag ashlstory ; kucl jusfras tar as this" infliieace goes, it will be in favor of intelligent conservatism in politics, society, andinorals. Nothing has'thns far been said of private historical libraries, but this is a part of the'subject which should hot pass unnoticed. The best, not the largest, bttt the most complete, historical libraries in the country are, bt have been, private collections. Indeed, it is doubtful whether thia ig not 'hec6ssA,i?ily so, for it i4 very rarely, if ever, that a man can be fouti'd whb xfi'U employ those rare faculties and accomplishments 'that' gfe to rti^ke up ai good book collector so assiduously aud untiringly ou behalf of a public institution as for his persona/1 gratification. In fact^ the iiuest scent for historical and literary treasures, and the true genius for accumiilation,'are sb' closely allied- to a desire- for the gratification to by'derived only from personal possession, that it would be contrary co n^t'ure to'flnd thfem' apart from an opportunity for the indulgence of this, dfesire. Kbr ri^ed We '^ish' it were otherwise. We may in thoughtless mbments cbndemn the conduct of the individual coUectbr who competes siibbessfully with the public library in the 'gathering of literary treas- ures, and gUfirds 'them so jealously when obtained that they seem to be- of no tife^ to himself br ainy one' else. But -when we consider that these treasures are thus at least preserved, that they are likely to be saclassi- fired and arranged- as to enhance their value, and that the probabilities- that thb"cbllectionwill'iflnally become a public one are so great as to- amount to k certainty in most cases, we shall be more likely to rejoice in the'eftbrts of the collector and count him a public benefactor. The Princb Library,' in Boston, which is the finest collection extant of Puritan anrials, tlie'Peter Force collection of historical publications, in the Library of Congress at Washington, the library of 'James Lenox, of New Ybrk,'so3n to be accessible', to thepab'lic by the manificeuae of its bwner, and that of the late J. Garter Brown, of Providence', are flue examples of whkt can be doae'by individual enterprise and'skill in library idaking. 'Thet'e are many instances throughout the country of similar stictfbs^ in collecting, followed by similar results for the public good. B'vBii when bue of these private collections is dispersed, it is generally the cafefe' that the books are better in sonie'respects. Such as binding and thb completeness of sets, than when they went into the collection, so that it'c^h at least be said that there is little dan^'br'of any loss to the world arising from the gratification of the tastes of the collector. Thus have been briefly indicated a few of the' Chief points in favor of historical libraties. Do we not find here sufficient reason why their for- mation should be encouraged and their Use by and influence over the public increased by wky of available means! Most, if not all, of our* pilblic historical libraries belong tb societies, arid aire the result of the voltiutary efibrts of individuals thus associated, hot for their own emol- uttieht or enjoyment, but fbr the good of the public and of posterity. With few, if any, fexceptlons, these societies admit t'hb public to the- use bf their libraries for legitimate purposes, without restrictions beyond ■o 32 Public Libraries in the United States. those employed ia othet' public libraries. Hence it would, seem,pr(|jei? for the cities and States interested in these libraries, and profltiog by their existence, to make generous appropriations of funds toj aid;t|Uepi ia the purchase of valuable historical matter and to ^assist in th^ir m^ain- tcuauce as'puil)'lic libraries? Such appropriations ha,ve sometimes beea made; they 'ought to be more common. ^ .i V '-■', ' A word sliould also be said in favor of tlie establishment of an histori- cal department in general public libraries where niJ special historical library exists; not merely a department of general history, but one which siiall (id for the locality the work described in theformer part of this paper as that of an historical library in its special geographical fi^}^. This department can be conducted in connecjiiou with the other depart- ments of a general library at a slight expense of money a,nd of time^ and no public library which is the only literary ceiitre of f comiuunity ought to neglect it. As has been intimated, the productions of tlieped are the best memorials. Stately halls and solid monuments of stone will survive the shocks of but a few centuries. Books comenearer to immortality than any other production of man's skill or labor.' ' III.— ski;top;es of ixdiyidijal societies ^^ In Alahama, California, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia,. Illinois,! Ismana,: Iowa, KKXxycKY, .Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Mlnnesot,a,i Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, OhiOj, Oregon,, Pjj:;^^^^^!.- VANiA, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, VirginiL West ViljGiNiA, Wisconsin. ' ' '" ■ ■ ^T..-,9f(| -11 ... ■ - , , -, iMii; J), i; The subjoined sketches, compiled from answers to inquiries ^eu^to the officers of the respective societies, and froni printed reports of the societies, contain specific information, most of which 90uld, n^t be p^re^ sented in tabular form. , ALABAMA HISTORICAL SO.GlETYj TUSCALOOSAj ALA, , | This society, organized in. 1851, was inactive during the late'WitiV|i'i has been revived only within the past yfear. The terms of membership iire election and payment of an entrance fee of 810. There'.' are' 50' members. Meetings, with discussions and addresses, are held yearl;^'.^ The society has published a few pamphlets on local hi^t6ry,but'n6iffe" of these are for sale or exchange. '^ The library contains 250 bound volumes and a sttiall collection of pamphlets, all of which have been obtained by gift and exchange. ' The society has neither building nor funds, and its collections are, for the present, deposited in the library of the University of Alabama,'at Tuscaloosa. '" Dr. James G-uild, president; W. S. Wyman, secretary. SOCIETY OF CALIFORNIA PIONEERS, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. This society was founded in August, 1850, by the pioneers who arriveil before January 1, 1850. The number of members is about 1,300. It has Historical .Soqetie^s in the United ^fatfis. 333 a permanent fund of $250,000 and an annual income of $15,000. Jame;s liict,'(!»f San Francisco, has giv.en about $1,000,000 to the society. Th^ greater portiop of this, however, is iii expectancy; the society bping residuary legatee. i" '> . , . , ,J i .,'-,) i .!; , .,1,1,..' I i:-\ ,■.■'■■ <■ The library, which is free to the public, contains 2,500 volumes per- il , ■ ■ I ' ■ ji ' J n r '■ • ■ ' ■ ■ "■ ' ,,,,■' ' , : I ; I ■ , ,,■■■•'■.■•■•'' '-■i' taining to the history of the Pacific coast, 1,500 pamphlets, ajid 1,000 manus9ripts. About, itb^''''y American and twenty foreign peripcjicals are taken ; also twenty-five daily, ten weekly, twenty monthly, and four qiiarteirly publications. The specialty of the library is to collect an^d preserve all bookg and inanuscripts pertaining to the settljempnt and history of the Pacific coast. The society has also a mineralogical cab- met. - '^-■^ The society owns the library building, which is fire proof and cost $^H'0b6; The yearly cost of administration is about $3,500. The fiscal year begins July 7^ the aj^hiversary of the raising of the iymerican flag on the Pacific coast in';l846. , " • - i. , ; Xewis E. Lull, librarian. TKERlTOKIALj PIONEEBgi OF CALIFORNIA, SAN yFEANGISCO, OAL. This society, organized JToyember 10j,_ 1874, limits its, membership to those citizens who resided in the Territory of California prior to Sep- tember 19, 1850, the date of its admission into the Union; The' terms of membership arfe 'the payment of ain entrance fee of J5 ^hd ah annual subscription of $6. The payment of $75 constitutes 'a life'member. The present number of members is 380. The meetings for discussions and addresses are held monthly; regular meetings quarterly. 'The first volumes of the society's' proceedings are in preparation, and will be exchanged as soon as published. Papers not in print are : Jlarly History of the Drama in California, and a paper read beifore the'a^socia- tion, by Hon. John C. Birch, on Theodore D. Judah, the man who proved the practicability of th« Pacific Eailroad, and the early history of that enterprise. ,, The , special objects of the society are: First, to compile the early history of the PacifiiC coa^t; second, to, form alibrary fortjiejiiffusiipn of useful knowledge; third, to form, a cabinet of minerals and geological Qp^fjp^ities ;,,j;^ourth, to study literary a,ud scientific subjects by means of lectures, etc. , k., it jQTl}§jlibra,ry.Qonta|ns, 530,volnmes, niostly of ^n historical character, about ^ne-^ighth of which have foeen purchase^, and the remainder given by members of the, association. Th^ library is free to the public. The society owns no property |OJ;her than, its collections. Its annual income is nearly $2,000, derived from membership dues. James M. McDpi^ald,,president ; Emory Jj. Willard, secretary. G,ONNEO,TiqUX .HISTORICAL SOCIETY, ,IIAK5CF,0IID, CO?}N. I, The society was incorporated in 1825. There has been no repent enumeration ofjmembers. Membership li^iuot limited- Eesident mem- 334 Public Libraries in the United States: bers pay $3 on admission, and -S2 annual assessment. No ipaymeuts arc called for from honorary or corresponding members. Tlie fiscal jear begins in Jnue. Meetings are held monthly, from September to May, inclusive, 'biat there is no established course for discussiohs -Ifld addresses. " ''' . Thfe piiblications of the society are Collections of the Connectiftnt Historical Society, Vols. I and II: price .$2 a volume. Vol. IH Is A press. The specialty of the library is American, State, and loc£il history. The number of bound volumes is about 16,000, obtained by' gift, pu'^ ■chase, exchange, and deposit. The number of unbotinil pamphlets is about 20,000. There are several thousand manuscripts, mainly of rev'tf- lutionary and ante-revolutionary times, tncliidldg the matlnscripts 'ot the first and second Governors Trumbull, the W'olcott papers, SilAs Deane's correspondence, and the Wadsworth correspondence. The Col- lection' of publications of kindred societies is tolerably lar^e. Th^i'i is DO printed catalogue, but a manuscript card catalogue, and a toatlii- script finding list of printed books. ' ' '"' The printed books in the library are accessible to all members, and, at the discretion of the executive committee, to visitors who are"iitft members. Access to the manuscript collection can be had onlj- by vote of the executive committee. The society has "the right of permanent bccupancy of d, wing of the Wadsworth Athenaeum, which is nearly tire proof. Besides its collec- tions it has no property, but has a permanent fund of $9,000,' the in- •come from which and from the annual dues of members amounts to about 81,500 annual!}-. The libi'ary is exempt from taxation. The bibliography of works pfoduoi.l by mumbers of the society has not beeri printed. It comprises several hundred titles. J. Hammond Trumbull, president; Charles J. Hoadley, secretary. AMEKICAN ORIENTAL SOCIETY, NEW HAVEN, CONN. ,,,1 The library of the American Oriental Society was founded in 1843, and is at present kept in the library of Yale College, at iffew Haven, but is liable to be removed to any other place that may in future become the headquarters of the society. Tha fiscal year begins in May. The increase in the library during the year ending May, 1874, was 75 books and 75 pamphlets,- all received by gift or exchange. The number of volumes is 3,175 • number of manuscripts, 130. The specialty of the library is Oriental, litef,aitu|:e. It is both a circulating and reference library, and is for the u^e of mem- bers of the society, but is also freely opened to scholars desiring to, use it. There is no printed catakigue, but a mauusciipt card catalogue, complete bnt unarranged. The librarian is chosen at the annual meeting of the society iij Bos- ton, and is respopsible to the board of directors of the society., . , Addison Van Name, librarian. '- Historical Societies in the United States. 335 NEW HAVEN COLONY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, NEW HAVEN, CONN. , . TJL)is,^0|Ciety was organizs(l iij Nove,mber, 1863. Tbe ini^mber of inem- IpiersJS, 42 ; 24 life ajU^l, Ig itifljiniail. Menjber^Uip is npt limite^l. ^Jie payment of $50 constitutes a life member, $5 an annual njeiiJber. Meetings are belil , bi-monthly ; and papers are read in tlje, months of December, January, February, and Haroh. > i, i ,; s The only publication of the society is Papers of the Xew Haven polony Historical Socieiy, Vol, I; price $3. For s^ale at the rooms of the society. , ,i : , , ,i ,,. , ■! The object of thei society js^ to collect and preserve -(vhatever objects of any kind "may be connected ^ith or may illustrate; the, local history of tli^ towns included within the ancient Ifew Havea Colony." Also, to sec ur,o traditions, tt, encourage historipfil , and ^/ntiquarj^ja research, and,t^isseminate historical information." , Tlje number qt' volumes in t^lie lil5i;ary is between 400 an(i 500. Noif!,,t,l^«jmpt ha,s, fcieea'.niad^.l^o.^estab- .li§ti,a library ip., the prope r sei;ise, and,the boplis and pan3pq|e^8i in pos- session of tke society have been receijy.ftcl by gift ajid, exchange. :,^fEhe society owns nf^,;]3.uildipg|and has no property bies^id^ei!? its colleC- it-igns., , Its ann,u,a]l ipcome is frona $100 to $200, de^'ivj^djfrom member- Ship fees aad,ja, small fund. Th^rp is qo permanent fund; the sum of $1,200 is invested, but may be expended at anj- time. The collections, which ai;e freeifpi; refef^i^ce, 3,fe kept in the City hall. ^ J^mon^ th^ :^vprk§, by ujembers of .the society are : History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in Connecticut, twp volumes, and Life of .:^^mnel John,spn,, first president of Columbia Opllege, by Eev. E. E. Beardsley ; (Jenesis, of the , If ew England Churches, by Eev. Leonard Ba- con ; sundry ypluines pf .Hij^tprical Collections, by Jno. W. Barbpr ; Life of Admiral Foote, and, o.ther books, by Prof. James M. Hoppin ; The Holy Laud, by S.D. Phelps. ,, Eev. E. E. Beardsley, president ; Eev. William G. Andrews, secre - tary. '■:..■•.•-!' . ■ . : / NEW LONDON COUNTY HISTOEICAL SOCIETY', NEW LONDON, CONN. this society, incorporated July, 1870, and organized in 1872, has about 250 members. The payment of $20 constitutes ai life member; of '$i'per anniiiD, an annual member. Yearly meetings are held, at which addresses are delivered. fiesides the library, the society has a museum of historicftl relics, Indian and other aboriginal curiosities. The number of bound volumes m the librar|y is 200: of unbound pamphlets, 500; of manuscripts, SO. All of the boots have been obtained by gift. There is np catalogll'e. The library is free to members and the public. The society owns no property other than its collections, and its only iti'coiiie is frbin membership dues, and contributions. Elon. L. F. S. Foster, president; W. H. Starr, secretary. 336 Piihlic Lihraries in the United States. '' DELAWARE HTSTORICAL SOCIETY, "WILMINGTON, DEL. ' The society was organized ia May, 18G4, and has about 75 acfc^re, beside^ life and honorary members. Membership is not limifc;^;, the;.j term? are election and payment of dues. Meetings for, discussions and addresses are )ield; mpn thly ; there are also special addresses at appointed times. The specialty of the library is State history. The numbeiiof bound volumes Js 450; cvf pamphlets, 500, and manuscripts about 100. The library has no fund,,and is mainly dependent upon gifts and exchanges for, its .increase. The yeajly income is about $250. The amount ,pa^d for books, periodicals, and binding is about $100 a year. Thi^jsocie^,; owns nq property other than its, Ubrajry. ,! u, i Joseph R. Walter, corresponding secretary. ;. GEOE&IA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, SAVANNAH, GA. This society was organized in December, 1S39. The number of mem- bers is 400. There is no limit to membership; The terms ave, paytdent of an initiation fee of $5, and of an annual subscription of $5. Meet- ings are held monthly. ijj'. The publications of the society are: Collections of the Georgia Historical Society, Yols. I, II, and III, price of Vols. II and HI, $3 each; Vol. I is out of print; Wilde's Summer Kose, price $1.50; and a number of fugitive publications in pamphlet form. There iSf also, in pamphlet form, Part 1 of a third volume of collections on tbe.t Indians of Georgia; but the volume was never completed, and ano*h©?il one, entitled Vol. Ill, was published in 1873, containing lettei's, of Oglethorpe and Wright. The price of the part «f a volume is $1. These publications are for sale at the library in; Savannah, and are for exchange on the usual terms. The number of bound volumes in the library is 9,320; of unbound pamphlets, 2,073; of manuscripts, 100. The department of Americain and State history is the most complete. The manuscript collection, though not large, contains some valuable records. Among these is the record of the proceedings of the trustees of the colony, and a large mass of material procured by the State of Georgia, through , an agent sent to England for the purpose, from the public uecords and statftii paper offices in London, and deposited in this library by order of th,ei,; legislature. There are also other manuscripts relating to ante- revolutionary history. -1^ A reading room is connected with the library, and besides a number of daily papers on file, the society subscribes to nine weeklies, tweutj' monthlies, and nine quarterlies, American and foreign. ■ ■ Exchanges of the society's publications are, made with; most. of. tb& kindred societies in the United States and a few foreign.,, > u>u There is no printed catalogue. About five-sevenths of the coUec- Historical Societies in, the United States. 337 Lions havei been purcljiased, and two-sevenths received by gift. The yearly accessions to the library average 600 voluines. The building occupied by the society vas pVeSented to it by Mrs. W. B. Hodgsbn and Miss Telfair, aud is vftlded at $50,000. The society alSoownsa building originally occujjied by the library, valuted at$12,000. Its annual income is -$5,000, derived 'ftofti rents, and dues of members The library has always beeu exempt from State tax, and in 1868 was exempted from city tax. " ' '' "'" ■■ -r^'~'<'U[ jii- i.- • il-'.n '.i^' The librarian receives a'salafy' of $r,000, and the treasurer receives commissions on collections. The iiiinual'cost of administration is $1,250. The averagfV annual expenditure for books is $800; for periodicals, $230 ; forbinding, $1O0;J ' ' - ' The following works ai"e by members of the society: Historical Sketch of the Chatham Artillery ; Historical Sketch of Tomo-chichi, Mico of the Tamacraws ; Antiquities of the Southern Indians, particu- larly the Georgia tribes, all by C. O. Jones, jr. ; Wilde's. Summer Rose; or,, the Lament of the Captive, by Anthony Barclay ; Life of > George M. Tronp, by l^dward J. Harden. Hon.. H. E. .Jackson, president; W. Grayson Mann, corresponding secretary. CHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, CHICAGO, ILL. The library of this society was begun in April, 1*856, and before its destruction in the great fire of 1871 contained 17,000 bound voliimes and 95,000 pamphlets, not including duplicates. It had a fund of $17,000, and owned real estate valued at $5i),0Q0. The building was considered fire proof throughout, but both building and library were entirely de- stroyed. The society has lately resumed active operations under very encour- aging circumstances. The number of members is about two hundred. There is a special fund of $27,000, and- a general fund of $17,000. The new collection numbers about' 300 bound volumes and as many pam- phlets. ' B. F. Culver, secretary. , INDIANA HISTORICAL SQCIETY, INDIAJjifAPOLIS, INJ). The society was incorporated in January, 1831. For a number of years previous to 1873 it remained in a state of inaction. In the month of Octo- ber of that year a public meeting wjis held at Indianapolis, for the pur- pose of re-organizing the society and placing it in a working cottdition on a,permauent basis. The regn.lar meetings are to be held at Indian- apolis In January of each year. " U vf . The object of the society is to eollect materials- relating to the natural, civil, and political history of Indiana. The collection of books is valua- ble but not large, numbering only about 2,500 volumes. John B. Dillon^ secretary. ' 22 E 338 PvMic Libraries m the Umted^ Sf(it'.es^\ .BlSqjjqBWelOWi^fllSTOKICAL; SOCIETY, IOWA OIT'T', IOWA. - |^f jg^jj^^ The society was organized January ^6, 1837, and is cbnneet^il'^ith the State University. The iiscal year begins Jan,i^ary''l._ The: ^uWe* of members is 350. Membership is not limited ; tbe'cohditfoas a'r4Hhe payment of an initiation fee of $.3 and an, annuaU ^ijb^^ption of $1. Meetings for discussions and addresses are held yearly. The publications of the society are the Annals of loWa^ a quaet^Iy, begun in ISS^i. ' Tile subscription is $L a year; back 'nmnbariS-oOi^eft^j each. > Theses ai'e exchanged with othet' historical ^fet^ties,-%«*;'e^f the numbers for 1864, which are out of print, aiaq^nq noiggaa laJniw arij' -'•'Tflfe s\}e6nkf''bMii6^^b(ii&ty is the colleCtiotf'6ff«et¥''i«IMfil^aB4l]lhe MI]j history 'of IoW^V and '6f the newspapers of the State; '«'ov -Jiio at (^^he number of bound volumes in the library is 3,773'5''of -uhboWflfi pamphlets, 4,531, and of manuscripts, 233. Tlie entire collectlati)b«6 been received by gift. The manuscript collection cMsistS 'iial[% of biographies of eminent persons, nowtbf formerly citizens of -iBwa, of historickl narratives relating to the early settlement of tbfe 'Siaite, and of military history relating to the late war. The newspajjef collection' embraces files of most of the principal weekly newfepaipeife of the Statej from- the foundation of the society to the presewt' ttiae. There is a considerable collection of the publications of kind red' fefiW^ ^igg, ' jjsnmdxi ,bi/saoii*I 8 .a .vsS The society owns no building nor property other than its collections. Its yearly income is about $520, including a grant of $oOli from the State, oi jimil oo saonfq ,!*?/ ,TS miiutL besinr , o , ; sriT .m William G. 5jid»B9ft^,aiHe,'iW%ftti.^f«derick Lloyd, copresi)9J5^g secretary. ,rij0omjJo«9 1o '^ubaoM buooea adJ no bled bib 8§iii:l99M HISTORICAL-, AND SCIENTmO SQOIETt''®i^i'^^fl^^"'^(^iit^( KtM- K J„ (Owoiia gB""^ j;" ' )B 9riJ lOBflodiioiK' . ' :'!T 9dT ■ c08I ,aiooilia T n^va licT ' ' oUM "io iaamslii98 eiii "io -^ This society was organized April 8, 1875. Mtghberatoflp is iWdipitlffl. Members pay a yearly subscription of $2.toMeetifi^9Ate'hel(*q«i8rtei'l|. The object of the society is the "elucidation of local bistoiijiSuAiflJe cultivation of physical science." e-gnioV a }o aYiimiBK , 1T81 ,9doi* 91 There is as yet no library. In May, 1875, was d«i€toiatQd[.tlfe,6tii«Pfi" '^nial of the settlement of Mason County, and the add]tesees;11etle8i>,'ia«Id reminiscences which that occasion called forfeli'i4i'aPte9*eftai i0rgSefi«te(l and form really the basis of the historical department.. "fCtolleoMdosM Indian antiquities and geological S{>ieathi€>ii^':KsWig-'li0©fl 'Jjegtlii,a*IHH so far consist entirely of gifts. i Banialov 006 juodA :']qi'io8(JDiJin MB Jbhn G. Hickman, president; Dr. Thomas iLi®iefeeiWg JE secretary, oo t9VTI oJ TEOI luoil g-iaqeq aJeja bne iiaionqol'l bael eld} oi 'go^Snc bangor historical soi«BEaBy<,"B*N6to«oM!Sijii fgoiloWioq ■ai ' J ;iri( . si oi . .^ • ,; ri ■ luiiisa The society was incorporated March 4, 1864. The library, ^ruicnAs ^ free and used entirely for reference, contains about 50 '^Wlif^,'lOO lo " .„ J-ii--ji. ' ^ritl'O fli ttoointiii f I., stinewi'i Historical ''S&cieties in the Uhited States. 339 pamphlets, !()(!) tb 150'inaiia^6ript^,'aW 30 or 40 volumes of newspapers, is eiitvrdy froijx gifts. Tbe coutributioiis of money average Vear. '"'"" '"" ' ' "' ' ' ' " '"'^ ' "''"'" , Johii E, Godfrey, president; Blnathan F. Dureri, secretary. .l$^'io ilO." iiyj^I^ EtrsTOfelCAL SOCIETY, BRUNSWICK) ME.)' insiUYr.q .XhaoY. blaii &ia HasbQibbn bi' enoiggjjoeib lo^l S'suitg'jM ,y,SS«etj8[9pi®!tyjF!W8l qii^mmid%)^^!^t Its mem|jeri5liip,is,ilil«W^d,to 100, tJ^aBre^fi-fogarabe^.., r; The :^_dm,issi®n feie,,i^|$;L,0. > Twq meetings |are hold fB^^y«SJhlets, (©MeiBlj'AW) 'toa!U^s*gt3ltis,s;a^(.i 150, l}«)uud yfthiiiies of ne.wspapejrs. ,o:W^or!^ 'Bftjatj»gt to Aifflferi(i*flYhi%6 ; ,. , , ailT ^ ,. ., MARyLAND HTSTOKICAL SOOIEXy, BALTIMORE, MD.^ ^, v The society, organized January 27, 1844, places no limit to its mem- ^Jfershfp, which ik now 200. The tertas arfethe payment of $5 per annum . Meetings are held on the second Monday of each month, except during July;,, August, and September. ^^^ ^^ ' the pubhcations of the society, sq far as known, are : A Brief Account of the Settlement of EUicott's Mdls, by Evan T. Ellicott, 1865 ; The !Mj«ylfeij)KdnHii^cft«sd Society in Memory of George Peabody, 1870; A .•P(!)i8tiGl»p]^jeeiB(iQ the History of th^ej Steauiboati John H. B. Latrobe, 187 1 ; 9ilh*ffirstoffi©kiijimat'l¥Qpa|Kfoi3!Ji(l!(shJe Western , Waters, John H; B. La- trobe, 1871; I>farrative of a Voyage to Maryland, by Father Andrew -iM!iii!t9,r8!.-jJv vwth ;an Account of the Colony from 1635 to 1677 ; The iJborAsaii^lt}m&mi^Ji^n.!o[/.MiornSil).D,,lSl4^ Such of these a§ are JjStilbSBigriBi^et&ffdsaAe by chji.jEuiliU^shieSJSjnd are exchanged with kin- l.tfi m SSm^Utj^t^ ©^Qt&iQS,:lS,OOa bound vol umes^ about 800, pamphlets, and 544 manuscripts. About 900 volumes rehite to American ,3,n4olfifeal §hi§tai^e9illj«^iaaM®i;tita(ffill«cfflo.n embrace®. manusGj'ipts of t^mM^ry land Proprietary and State papers from 1637 to 1776, contaiaed^in 11 portfolios, and othei? man.us*}Fipts not arraii'ged and belonging to this £erioid; " Gilmor " JVIaryland papers, covering portions of colonial his- 001' iMy^^fi W^'"^'i"^^BP^EWf?^S i*!^,'^ ^''S'JS'WkPP ^^ found ia,|§k(^tch,es of the ^^}io Liblaries ofijaUituorejln Chapter JtXxVm,'Part I, of this xeport. 340 Fublic Libraries in the United States. tory and cc^utaibing' hiany valuable docnmeOts Cbncetning tbe' WM^Ii war and Mason and Dixon's Hue ; the Stevens Index to the '&^arfiffli(3 documents in the state paper office, London, from 1626 to ITM'f ?he "Gist Papers" and the "Purviance Papers," which are replete with original' letters of historical vilue coucertim^'^the revohitTouary period, Aroongthe pamphlets are,sorae, of very early dates-iftAmericanhi^flfB-y, which are extrem.?.ly ,;;are. Jiight American, and four; foreignip^if^(jjiJi, oals are tal^efl regularly. The epUectiop of pu^Jijqatjpji^jOf othe^.l^^ torical,3Pf?ieti(^s in thi,8, countr-y is nearly complete. .T.he liby^j^is.ifr^e to the public. Tfiie number of persons using it fuist^ie course of theiygftj; is pst|nj(?,1ipji^ at 500, . , ;, ; ; i i ,:iT The society owns its buildjng and has a permapent fund of ;|i2(liOM Its yearly, iipcopje lis $2,500, the sum of $1,500 lieing^wiMe^-fromiiiiMgst- mepts, and $1,OOQ .from membership dues. The.cost of,adin.iuiatr*6ipfi averages $1,500 e^; year. The librarian receives a salary of JSOQ. , guni! John H, B.Latrobe, pre^jiiftp);; Kev. E.A. Dalrymple, corresixmdtog secretary. ■ , ,, .i-'.i\ • -jicpm.. -^^ywA ■ BOSa'ON KXJ311SMATIC SOCIETY, B^^T^Qjr, Ifl^SSj;,.. ,,,,(, ,y, This society was founded in 1S6(», and has thirty active, besidfes'gg^eW honofary and thirteen corresponding members. M^etwigs are K^d monthly. The specialty of the society is its cabinet of coins, of wliicrti there are 1,000. The library contains about 50 bound volumes aPd'lW pamphlets. The society publishes the American Journal of NuiWi*lifKi'fcs. It has a permanent fund of $500, and an annual income of $30:' n^iifim President, Jei-emiah Oolburn ; secretary, William S. Appletouv i '"^ CONGREGATIONAL LIBKAEY, BOSl ON, MASS.* , ; ;, . ,; This library was begun in 1853, by the American Congregational 'As- sociation, whose object is to maintain in the city of Boston a (j^ii|r(^i« tional house for the meetings of the body and tor the furtherance ofUs general purposed; to found and perpetuate a library of books, pam- pblets, and,ipapHScripts,,?iBd,a collection of, portraits a^nd relip^ ftf,i^e past; and to do whatever else, within th^i .limits of its chaise?)] serve to illpstrate Congregational hiptory and prom o|;^ the iutereetSj the Congregational churches. Tbe association is composed qf>IP^p ot orthodox CongregatioD^aJ churches, paying each ,$1 or mori^, j|£(^Ojii,^f tieasury. Meetings aie held annually iu May. ,, viU bo fqiuiel ^in Sketches, otPd^" Libraries of IJoslon, Chaptei XXXVIII, Part II, of , this repoit ■'''' Histof^c^lws^ocieties in the United/,^ States. Ml jVj(^owps,iff building, wh.i.(?}^,li^s a capacity for 80,000 volumes,, and witli j^^j^iji^is valued at $500,000. ,(}^ev»; Isaac E. Lang worthy, secretary and librarian. \\\-<; ay - ,.•.-,- .,: ■ .-'■ , , -..jg MA-SSA^JHUSjaTTS, J^ISTOEICAL SOCIETY, BOSTON, MASS.' ,,, v.lEhe' 'society, "Organized iu 1791, and incorporated' in 1794,'^ is^ by IfS jliafteti limited to 100 members. Tlie present number is 99. Memb'er- ilifp is by election, and regular of resident members mtfst be citizefis iffti^'StMe'. The flsc^ year begins Apriri. Meetings, for discussions WaM#^SsftS/'are=h61d monthly. *- - The publications of the society are Collections, in 41 volumes, and Wiib^ediiJgfs, ih 10 volumes; sold at the robins of tlie society. diThe K , .fi, < BijIj'l^ftiSflciety QWn^ its. building, which is valued at $160)000, has aper- m'anent fund of $150,000, and a yearly income of $15,000, derived from membesship'dues, interest on funds, and rent of the building. ■. , , The librarian is chosen by the society. JSTone of the officers receives a salary. '.:-''^A>'s /■-•- ■">■_';' ._' --.ki ■ ;,■ .•>.-■ .RJHon. Robert G. Winthrop, LL.D., president; Eev, Chandler Bob- bj;BS,-U.D., corresponding secretary. ■ , i" sit l-n ht'y. .^.>.iii.- ' ' .'•;.,■:•■' V. ' ■ ■>•'. ■ . . NEWBNaLAND HISTORIC-GENEALOGICAL, SOCIETY, BOSTON, MASS.' ''"!Phl& society, organized in' January, 1845, and incorporated in March (iNlffeisame year, has 388 life members and 452 resident members, mak- i1% * 840 active 'mefabers, besides which there are 12 honorary and 305 c'6W4^j)budib^ members. Membership is by election arid is not limited. Tliief rfeqiiifleSmeilts are the payment of an admission fee of $5 and of a yearly subscription of $3. The payment of $30 Constitutes a life mem'- lft?i? '■Mtt^|^/%'ith' discussions a;nd addresses, are held oii'the fitst WednWdayof each inonth, July and August excepted. ' OPhe piiblications of the society are: The ISfew England Historical arid GJiJ^Meil^at' Eegiktef, 28 volumes, completed, and two quarterly riuW- bersof the twenty-ninth volume, issued, at $3 a year; annual addresses ot ptoceedirigs since 1862, in pamphlet form, and occasional addresses aiid' papers before and since; and a discourse on the twenty-fifth anni- ''Fd'rt.fier ibfbrmatioa Vfe^peoting this society will be found in Slietches of Publie LibrariesofBj3toa,Cliaptet XXXVIII, Part II, of this report. ''' ' Si^ Puhlic Libraries in the United SMes. vCrsary of incorprtration, by E^r. B.F. Slafter. a Hffone of the'^uWifea tions, except the Register, have beeu sold. The society ckasupplyllii Register since 1860, with Odd liuinbers ^bce 1865, but has none of thi rest for'Sale. All of thfe annual proceedings and ether publieatioasaaK out' of print, except" those from 1863 to IS'To, inclusive. , , ■,_ mt-xjui A specialty of the society is the collection of historical ;reUps» ^ The speeiaMiescof CbeUbrarjriaro lociil history, biography, and genealogy, which, together, cflnjpbiigf about two-thirds of the library. The boaks have, with Tfi!ByJffi7'ieK6fep. tions, been received by gift. The collection of the publiciations of kin- dred societies in the United' States is quite complete. iThere is no printed catalogue. The library is almost exclusively for reference, and is free to all who desire tO' use it. It is daily consulted by auj aweflge number of 40' persons. ;,,;,,. , ^-iui ..iu.Ms'jta The yearly accessions duringthe last three years haveaweafaged 4?98§ workii. ' The average increase for th« last thirty years,ihas beepI41ili¥ol- uuies, 1,347 pamphlets, and l,3(tO mantisiripesi each year. , t iJqmfxj The' librarian and assistitnti librarisin receive f 1,000 and $312 aej-ft^ respectively. ■ ■ ..,. . cmi The society owns the building it occupies, whichjwas purchaseA'by members for $40,000. It has, also, several funds, as foll&w^ji TJie Bond fund, $475.87, for the purchase of books ; the BarstoHTiifiQud, 81j^l00, for binding; the Towne fund, $3,505.23, Con ipriu ting biographiesfwf de- ceased members; the life fund, $8,347.74, being the money ^ceived for life membership, which is required to be invested ; and the libraftiaofe fund, $11,000, contributed by members for the sappott of alibraliaii. The permanent fuml of the society is $76,000, of which the saw^f .■$50,000 is invested in the building. The annual income is $2,887.42, of which tbe sum of $1,323.75 is derived from admissioti fees aMTissess- ment of membeirs, $616.67 from the life membership fund, and $947,froiii the librarian's fund. Such manuscripts and books as cannot be duplicated are, kept iii a tire proof vault. , i Members of the society have during each year in its history jmodfiwil valuable works, but they are too numerous for a list to Tje given here. Hon. Marshall P. Wilder, president; Eev. Edmujid F.^Slafter, corre- ,. ^ '^ ' ... 'T >03f ^roT'iH spouding secretary. ,„, ' ' ' "■-',.■■ ■ ' -.^ 9j11 uWlVERSALlST HlSTOElGlli SOCtETY, COLLEGE HILL, MASSiJlD'^ '■ ■"' ' • '■ ' "-'■..,' ' .' ,. •' Alrnod This society was organized in 1834. Membership is dependeplfPlS'^y upon signing the constitution, and the number of members is unjitiioffu- The object of the society is " to collect and preserve facts belon^ug, t" the history and, condition of the doctrine of, lJuiversa]^ism,itog^thei'3,^jr books and papers having reference to the same subject." Yearly meet- in irs are held. Eisimeal Societies in the ^mi^d. States. 343 sillbesjlibratyioeQiiitetains about 1,500 volumes, ojf ,iiy)ii.q|i,,pumber .f\l>,qif^ TJie'*veiJt«geg(^tiai%(JiUBi?ease,,is abovit 50 volumes. T,hg .i^fjUection eipr braoesTibtoiDly works iu favorof tbe Uaiversalist faitb, bu,^j tbe more important ones agaMsbi*;iesp)ecial(ly sucb as ar&iu auy; way djstiagiiisl^^d »mflfekiffl;gi'aipoiufrin the history ot' Universali^m or elicitiiig, ^j con- troversy. , ;i,i i:u.!i;<.na % : Ki o?J4ThleiM)b.ra*jf js^f^fi to alb It occupies a part of ,T,uift8,Q^|^^j§, library room-fi/BKejiiicomeis iudeflnite, being derived wholly fropi §§llep|;ioiis aaidfgifta. .;-ii>ii ' - • i.. ,,. . ■ ,; ., ■„, ,1 ■;ol-'.ii( (k.'x,: -q.'BR}f.'>*toO(itta,s J: lawyer, secretary. .. i,! ,. ,, .;,.,-,-//+ tr;o(i.i •obi '1'U .'■.(ICJJ/vj..<)si.! ^"., _,.. , ; ■ .':,■ ■" ,;, , , ,, ^ ;,^.,- 00 Ri f'L'tdTDBBfi^MiHISKiiRICAI, SOCIETY, -nEDHA;^, JIAgS- 1,,. , j,,;^ a§3^1iisi society, b»giknized in 1B5S, has .48 members. Membgphip Wt^J election, and is not limited. Quarterly meetings are hield|,at,W^ij^|i IB^rfe k«B(disBnsBions and occasional reading of papers, ,,; - yy jti" SoThie'bl^eoti ofitihesoci^tyf is ^f the coltectioa and, preservation of bbots, pamphlets, and-mememtosirelating to the earlier {history of the New Eaglama-'Galoniesi'aadr-espeeiailly the town of Dedham.and the prepara- tion of historical papers relating to the early history of the.,town.'?|, ,, IJl?be'iibraryxrolltd^imS,-'500volumes, about! 300 pamphlets, an^diSO ma-nu- *Sipt»,Tall.'of wihi^sttiiliave been given. The average yearly increase, is aiyOlDeasodipifcysbag no building;, the! library is kept in the cpjinty court ¥6ii8e'in;.i]ftedham;. The;iucomeis about $50 a year, derived from a^sess- iffleutsidn metobems.; f ■^''■.. '••<,:,-'■> -,i ■ ' ,i , .iiiB. OsHildretb, president^ Rev. Carlos Slafter, corresponding s^pre- iteJfv ■'•! ■':.-. •' ,,'■■;!!:■ . . ^ ,,i- : ..^'1 lo ,!^i.i>;r,.; 'f -"'_. iJ. ,_. dlM.lJ ."il''' ,■. ii> :"m:i)' ' , ,.-. (>i|(i iir,- .gaggj,^f,fl,,E.ESIDENTS',HrSTr,\yhiol^|ie gradually nijidj? jireparatioa ,iir an iuterleaved copy. Thus .rpanjf correctipus jind'additions^, and also some curtailm-euts at'd some'ijiiangeB of position, We're' provided for. ' It wais a favorite purpose 'wilJh him to >dtttitlh'to th6 new edition 'as' complete a liijt as practicaiile of publicationsprior to 177^;in'mJia(t is. now the United Sta'ttes? and he bestowed a good deal of labor on' the collection of ,titl*)a,vpbicli Jje^Mt^e^ to armnge under f^ie napies of their printers or pnbliebersr As Mr. Thomas never found time to complete his revised copy for the press, he left his materials to the American Antiquarian Society to be used at its discretion. And ildvr the work of republication has beeri'carried but, preserving, 'so far a^'i't could ^Vell he^done iMider a change' of times land circumstances, the identity of thfe aluthor's plan find method of execution. f,., Two imj[)prtai;it changes, however, l<^ve been made : First, in omitting his preliminary aeoount of the beginning; and progress pf thp^rt of printing, in the OI4 World ; second, in &riiiigili^_ the titles of Amei^can publications prior to, the Keyolution chronologi- cM'Jj'^ instead of under the names of printtirS Or J)ublishers. ' Theaoooiunt of printing in thie Old World was regiirded as requiring too much modi- ftc^tipp aqd enlargement, in order tpiadapt it tOjth« present state of iuformation on tlW'fcAVijijiect,j-and.;as not esseutialrto the special purpose p^ presen^ug, a history of the art in this country. It ,was al^o decided tt(at a chronological arrangement of the lisp, of publica'tipns would render that portion of the work more odnvenient and useful for general reference, and also cause it to serve as an exposition of the character and coiiiilitiou of -American literature ,a,teaoh particular period,' at til© same time denoting 0}ig|irly!its;.phaiiges and progress. These points are desiderata which ordinary oata- IflKUiiJ^f^^Jp not provide for; and the h-|sto,i;ic^l inquirer :W|h,o fishes to know what,wa^ written and printed at a particular time, aud what were then the subjects pf public iiftefe^t and' 'discussion, has heretofore had no such ready source of inforraatipu as a list 6f-c(/iitemporary piibli<3a,tions will Supply. The reduction of titles: gathered from miscellaneous sources, and but partially S)i^p^{jti!>le of being verified by collation,, to a, consistent and trustworthy eata- '"gW,,ttoJ^shcjuld not swell the size ,pf the ,,gpco,nd, volume beyond reasonable propor- tidns ,as compared with the first, has been the cause of much delay, The revision and eixtettSidn pf the list had beeii undertaken by S. F. Haven, jr., M.D., and was carried fof'Ward'by him assiduously till the breaking out of the late -war,'Wh*sn he entered 'the Aruciy as surgeon, and lost his life at the battle of Fredericksburgh. Since the purpose of publication was resumed, the, task has fallen upon the . chairman ^ of the committee having ^^i>ge of tl^e printing.^ -,, , ,, ,, ,,, Wlffi suct'a uiass of material, much of which had never before been catalogued in any regular wii(,y, if at all, errors and omissions must be expected to occur ; but it may be claimed thfet the foundatieu has been laid of a work which it will be comparatively easy to matalre and cpinplete. .,; ^ ,.•'-:.„!, If all persons who are cognizant of publications that have- been; omitted will send 346 \B<)Mic Libraries in tkes United ^t%U:^,\ 1830, $3.50 ; Vol. II, 1836, $9,; Vol. Ill, 1857,,|^;-.;y:oLIV^]^§P,J Vol. iVj 1874, $4:; Vol, VI, 1875, f 4^ ; and Proce.^jiJ^ffigs of tUe,^pc;JeJjj|'j:^ Eoveuibep,. 1813, toidaite; te sale at the,rQOtp*of the societj, .yyith J^j^ esception of the Proeeedings for October, 1814, August,, 1§^9!j, a^A August, <183'l,i»ibicti are out of print. ,,,,11..,); ;. ^li-r^'ii j^iib li;: ,^oxji , The isooiety thas, ,bg^|des i^ library, coll^qtJLpq^ of Jnc^ji^ J^jpjgmej^|i^ revolutionary apd aute-revolutiiOaary relics, ;QO|i,ns, paper, ii;9y^^Y,,^^ji„i,[ The n^fiuibev ofifeouftd volufije^ in ,thp, lilbrfiry is 60,497. ,j|(;,|^je^peci- ajly rich in Amerioa^ history, inqluding loqal ,and pers9flai,]t}j^tpEiy', ^p(][, eai^ly newsR*pf>r?,,„ , TJjp, ^apviscript cplleictjcjtpjj^.largt} |a.qf^ yjif^^^^^jjjfh^ Mather and Bentley manuscripts are the most notable. The c^)jfjq|^n of pevipdieftls ew]?y itii 1 tl S.'P. Hkvdn,'librarian. ' ' ,i^ ,!-,,,„; uoiiJt? -''''"'■' '^"■' . ■- - '■<:..!■:- .1 ■-.: - ;; ' li " i- '-Jqi VJiilllSfitU HOU&HTO]^i COUNTY. HISTOIl^CAi, SOCIETY AND ipNJ]^G|-,,f]|STJ'^Y!?t|l This society, organized in Maa-ch,. 186.6, has for its Object " tS»y|>roem?e and preseri'e whatever may relate to general histarjci, bufciiore espeoi&il^ a memorandum of them to the society, such deficiency may be supplied by tbe aa of supplementary pages. ' '' "-'"I'-i l :'•'"■ ;>':i ii.ii^.,i -<0 ) J JSVlIC The unexpected size of the catalogue, even after compression and the a.d()ji5iQ^ 9$^ smaller type, has caused the two volumes to be unequal in size, though not more unequal than is ofteh the case with other publications. ' ' ' ' ' '-'^"^- The tost of Vol. I is preceded, bj a mempir of the antjjprj prepared by h'^s gjandeon, IJon.BenjanikiFranljlin Thomas; andljrief notices of printing in Spanish, Frenptiputch, and Portuguese America come before tte principal subject o!f tlife work— tyeTlisfmy of priniiiig in English America, now the United Stiites; A brief WffeVebdi'tb th6'in't»)- ductton of the art in Nova Sfidtia and CailiSda is placed at tho end. Tbe!ApVeii«libC>*os- taius a paipel- on, printing in Mexico and Peru by Hon. ^iiha K,,:j^^l|l#)t,t, q|;;K^H|l<) Island, and some collateral matters of interest that could not suitably be.iusertediii t,he bpfly ,of tl»,book. The number of pages in this yolnme is 510, , ' ".^ In Vol. II the first portion (pp. 1-264) is' (ievoted 'lo l'-^i&ti9y of 'iJMi^'}a0S-and other periodicals,' and is followed by a biographical llfet of booksellers^ tlifticolstjfe^i from the first settlement of the country to the oommenoement of the revoliiiti^ssiff war. The appendix includes a variety pf notes, aud )a.,}(pt-p(;irwgazii^fc^p,|-:!-■.' ' -';^'<. on. ,.^:ir.,' ' We'l^citlety'bwbs'noprdperty,' other than its collections. Noive' Of the &ffl6i^'r!3i'61(ifei\^^^'a\salai*j^'^' ' • '- .--i -^'^.'SheTdeS/pi'e'sident; James B. Sturgis, corresponding secretart*.'":; tSdEhis socielV organized in April, 1874; has 236 tneiu^eis* iTfhere mmo Jlfflat to miemb.ership, and the only- requisite is the payin«nt(9>f $Lfjj|„jear. afeifeds onte'.*UttuartBepting, on the tirst Wednesday [jn February, i ( o:t Ibespecialty of the ^ocietipis State and local history,, aind;t}jograp^iy- It is entirely dependent on contoibutions for the increaseiof itg library, which consists at present of 2 bound volumes^/ 20 pamphlets^ aud-;91 manuscripts. By grant of the State legislature the society has an in- '^We'or Woa a ySt for the"/®-S 1875 'aiid I'S^Q^I beyond this its income is derived solely from dues of lifembers. The collections are now by law iJteposited rn the State liitrary, in care of the State librarian, but are to WitEaBisferred toir^oms' in the; State oapitol, when that' building is 4ii- Oliver O. Comstock, president ; Ephraim Longyear, corresponding *SWffe~t&ry.'- 'f-li'flllJl .-•cax' iq.'QfJ? Tc-ftn .•.■•!■, ,-- .-n-fijC,!!. -•),•-. Jii.'f !.,.■- . , , , MINNESOTA Hrs;('PEI.C,ji.L SOCIETY, ST. _ PAUL, Mll^N. '""T^!?j"§di3r^ty, organized ISToA^ember 15, 1849, admits any respectable '^^itiei^t of j,|liai,nn'^,sota to mlembership on payiti'ent of '^23', There ar^ at -Mei^ot (joliftlofi258. JSegnlar meetings are held monthly, aT^d occasionally ^■p^SIr meetings' are call&d for the delivery of addresses or the reading "6tfm'r^i^: 'W ■ ■'"■^ ,^^ , ■ ' ' - '-^ ■■ '■ ■- [jnB^lj^i pnJjlicatiQns of the sppij^ty %e,two volurkies of Collections, and i^«ffi!l)9.rts Oif a third -volume, relat;ing to the history of.jyiinne^ot^, which may Jb^iobtained by exchange. ^ ' Thfe'^Mfeffe?^ of the society are to collect and preserve material relat- yyif-jjfO[ine history, "antiquities, and statistics of Minnesota, the NorCh- -FS^tj ^nd, generally, of Atnerica; to rescue from oblivion the memory 6f """CdQiity pionfier societies have been organized in manj' couaties in tiioiState, tfiir- liee'ifBif'tlie ffiost iiflptetan* of which' have become tributary to the State societyjT- Editors. lo 348 Public Libraries in the. ■ United^ States-. its earlyipioneers, and to abtain and preserve narraitiivesjof their exploits, perils, and hardy adventures ; to preserve memorials of its Indian tribes, their customs, 'ryilgi'oa, and history, and to pablistf, frdm tinie to^iAe. the result of its efforts in collecting historical information ccji'tertfiu'|( Ml-bnesota..- " ' ■" hsgai ' I" V ^ r The Hbrary contains 6,411 bound volumes, 9,372 pamphlets, and sey'l eral hundred nianascripts; nMrly all of ■which hkVe been obtained by gift. Pbr the past ten years there has been an average yearly increase' of 233 bound volumes. The specialty of the library is Minnesota history. The collection ''ill this department is claimed to be "ab^olptely Com? plete," containing " ev^ry work bearing directly or indirectly on Whatl'i* now Minnesota." The manuscript collection relates wholly to Miiiuesotii' and the Northwest. Tlie most valuable portion consisjts of the jouri»$tJs, diaries, and letter books of traders and Army officers, bsloug'iiigf'to a period many years' before the territory was organized. The coUeetioii' ofpublications of kindred AmeHcan societies is'cjuite full. JFliore is nc^ printed cafeilogufi. ' The library is only for reference, and is free to 'all. The Society has no bnllding, but oWhs two lots worth $15,000, on which it is proposed, at some fatiire day, to build. It has a perina'ii^iit; fund of $1,200 and an annual income of $2,500, derived from a' Staie grant. The only salary paid is $l-,500 to the libraririii. The library ancl collection of pictures, Indian curiosities, etc., are kept in rooms furnished by the State in che capitol. Tne building is considered fire proof, apd the society has also* a large fire proof vault for the protection of w'or^s of especial rarity and value. ' ;.i: Eobert 0. Sweeny, president; J. P. Williams,' secretary and librariaiiy MISSOURI HISTORICAL SOCIETY, ST. LOUIS, MO. This society, organized in 18615, has 200 members. The terms of mem^-" bership are the payment $5 initiationfee and $5 yearly dues. Meetiings for discussions and addresses are held monthly. The objects of the society are: the establishment of a library and a cabinet of antiquities, relies, etc. ; the 'collection of mannscnl)ts' afid^ papers possessing historical value; to provide for the Co^nplete aiid scientific exploration and survey of snch aboriginal monuments als ^'ikt within' the limits of the State and tl).e MiiSsiSiippi Valley ; atid;"f/i4)ar'-' ticular, to collect and preserve such historical materials k^ shal'l'^drVe^ to illu-strate the settlement and grbwthof the city of St. Louis, State of Missouri, and Mississippi Valley. ' • The number of bound volumes in the library i^ 150; of ^amphl^ts, 200; of manuscripts, about 50. The collection is free to thfe pUblicfoti reference. ■ ' f'' ' ' The-societyhas no building; but owns a lot valued at $10,000:' TfK^' annual income is about $1,000, derived from initiation fees aild merflb^^i'' ship dues. ' i -i John 3. Johason, M. D., president; W. H. H. Russell, eoi'tisS^oidfflg'^ secretary. Historical Societies in the United States. 349 iNEW HsAiMPSHalBE 1HIST0.UICAL SQCIBTY,v CONCOED; N; 'H, ^hi^.so(jief:y ^£^s.orga»i?jpjii i° 1322, and hag,144: jfigident active inem- 5j, IVleraber^bip is not |l^mited.,,Th^;, terms are, electigii and pay- ment of an initiation fee of $5, and of such annual tax as may he levied^ Dijtjfixj^^^diiig,!;?,,, Tli6^sc^|J,,year b^gil^a the thipd Wednesday ip June. Thefr,Pj^jiji,l^jr„^mpetings of the society are hel,d quarterly,, at wiiietj bistori- ^l^^fVpfjr^r^Kg, usually read ; ^nd je^u ad,9ip>f}iHi^e|eptj&jnd. 'Its.jigHrly income is $346, besides gifts. None of the officers receives a salary^uj Darx*in C^Wh'chaffl, p/r'^sident ; Kev. Silas Ketch umyBiBeCAiaary ; H. l^ji^^JJHWSuCttrator and librarian. ^^81 ni besiniisio 8bw yjotoob eidT ,a9iu uol o'j'^NAsnuA his%'oeioal society, TfASHTjA, N. Hi noilibiioa This society, organized in 1870, has Gl members. Tiie terms.ofraem- Jjership are election and payment of $3. Business meetings kreiaeid once m three mouths; meetings for addresses ami reading of papers, ^, -1 1VT J r "'i, .1 aviitrnoiov/ 10 Ur, ,?jqncfennJ8flr on the second Monday of each moiitlu ^ ^ , , ., . Besides its library, the society has a caj)init of minerals and aw lection of historical relics of local interest. The library con^^ns between 100 and 200 bound volumes, 25 i)ainphlets, and 25 mauuscrrpts. Nearly all of the books have been given, also the collections with tne exception of three cabinets of minerals, which were purchased' Th^ library is free to the public for reference. '' , t i , Ihe society owns no property.. Its annual income is about ,SlW(|i "derived from assessments of members. There are also, (occasional mf'ts. No salaries are paid. ,^ ^j^^,^ ,P ^^^^^ ' ' ■' b'>,d!>I,'^ O. G. Moore, president; Henry B. Atherton, corresponding secretary. NEW JERSEY HtSTORICAL SOCIETY, NEWARK, N. J. This society, organized in February, 18^5, lias '519 'raember'sC.^I^ conditions of membership are election and, for resident meiiil)ers'^tBe w The pul)licatioiis of ilie society are'^f fcollectioh's, Vol. i) $i'{foft wl; Vol.in,$1.50; VdpV; 12; Vapj2.50; Vol. Vl, |l3,'ahdiijp- meut thereto, $1.50 ;'a;:^ the Proceedings of the Societ;^ in iJi voVaijies, $1.50 each. These are for sale in lfewafe"and are exchanged witt'offier societies and with individuals. Welliflw'lls'^Warvf the sotileii I#8 a ». ■loaggiiiTjiuoqeOTioa"' ■ 77 Tir'iu nistorical 'SdSiet^s in the UnUed States. 361 c!jiM%et of sirticMs more Or less rare and cnrious, relating to^ histodcal eVSttt'!^'ttll(l»^ei^8ffWges."' • ■ ■ ' ' . ,,.„ ,, TTtieTlifc'rlry Cdntairt^'ejOO btfand vkjltaaius, 5,200 pampMe*s, and' 2,500 manuscripts. Its specialty is New Jersey history; and about ?600'%*ol- liMS, ueiHy all tWe ' rttaausci'ipts, and 200 bound voluthes of newspapers fijferclilAtttlyffcd' tJiitig!' ' It^ list Of "publications of other- historical societies iti^ttiB'Ulufe^dJ'Stit'e'^te qrtite complete. Tlie books and Other collecfeiaas I'k'itlre, wtW&feWO^eptfibds, been received by gift. Theyearly aeejBsSions fltr*'Wgfe'*%6>itt'20'l)liyo\s andi230 pamphlets. The library is feedito thf pfSlitf for refe'i%nce. ' ' •• ■ '' ' =i • -;... '-'^ - -eipyjy s(Vfe'i^fey has n'oibdildfng;' but S\v'tis"a' lot selectedjfor building ^6ifl)li'$ l<)J0l)l>,allir- in vosted funds, ra iking altogether a perraanentifartrd of fl'iiOOOll Theiyearly income is $li900', derived from uiemberJhip dues and sales 'Of publications. - ' ' • ^.a .. ^ ■ ^,1 , ,.^ Y'lKeiii^^WJ^frienij -president; W. A. Whitehead,warrespond*iiigf?s!ebre- tary'.^'J^'-' '^' "-^'''^i ' '-'"- ''■'' '■ '■'• "i- ■■'fa.^.t ;i!- -ryii^^rri .H ; ((fflASSiA^igtfOOBNa!* HESa^OHICALfBJJCJETY, PATEESON, N.|,J i: ' u')')m to collect oiies oE members. ^ , i If he worts' pVoauce(J' by members of;the society areVUistofical and otatisticd'MBiHoraada,'^felatfng' to Passaic Oourity,' N. Jl, and' ttoads and Bridges in Passaic. County,',^." J., both by William Nelson, libra- 'riajrQ?'ifie's(H';iei;v?''Of t 20 (jopies werO pftbiished : of the John J. Bfown, president; Henry Waters, secretary. ■''' ^' .VlfiI.9iyi98'SrU]jnOI}85nCJ , a;.. 'rj->: 'f ■ ■■ : ' .:■:•:<' >yi .J AJ' VINELAND HISTORICAL AND ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, YINELAND, N. J. .Jprganized in 1864 : has. 5Q members. , The only requirement for niem- oership.is the payment 6f $L initiation fee. Meetings tor discussions ^^SjUd addresses ^rehel^ monthly. ,,,7.1, i,' (file 'li^raw contains' 2^^ bound volumes, 40 pamphlets, and ;2o mah- uscripts. all donations. The manuscript collection consists of ei^says, Mating to the early history and geological formations of bouth tfersey -Besides it&'librarv the society has collections of local curiosities and geo- Jpiic|ljS^ectmeus, all pf v^hich haye beep givei^. . ,, , ,,, K9wiT ' ^'?'^*'y ,°.^'?^^p^ ^™^^^ buijding, tiie first'^ one, liuilt :^t;' Vineland, rj,4«eS^'atj^i'667and two yiilage lots wbrtli'lobiO.' 'The ' ' ■ ble, .being derived entirely from gifjts. ., Dana W. Allen," corresponding secretary. income is varia- rifJ: 352 Public Libraries in the UnUed' 8tate8^\\ ALBANY INSfl'ITUTE, ALBANYjiN. Y. "The library of the Albany Institute was founded iti 1793 by the So- ciety for the Promotion of Agriculture, Arts, and Maniifactures. Thie' institute itself was brganized iu 18:ii, and ih-iioi^^orated in 1829; Tlie' conditions of meuibership arie election and fbrreSideiie inenibei''g'lffie payment <>f $o perauuum. The namber of members is 204. ]tfeefahg^ are held semi-monthly during tnue months of the year. Addire^^S'ds siW made and papers read at each regular meeting. ''' "'I The publications of the so-ciety are: Transactions, 7 volutnes, $2.'^' a volume, and one voltime of Proceedings, ^^ut few coiiiplete'set^'^' i"emaia in the hands of the institute j some of the volumes may,' how-' ever, be'ha* by exchange. '"' '■' «0 ,,..-, I, :•! <.iiIri;jrJ/dvio t.. In addition to its library, the society ha^ collection^ itf iiattiral hi's- tory, which! were formerly of Considerable value, but ai?e^nbw over- shadowed by the neighboring State Museum of I*fatural Historyj' also a collection of specimens of wbolen cloths manufacturefl"edi'l5: iil^ffl^' present century. ' ■ '' u-wi The library contains 6,^)00 bound' volumes, 600 volumes of paraplfte^J-' and a few manuscripts. The specialty of the library is local AmericaH history. The collection in tMs department includes the De' Witt Clinton newspaper flies, 48 volumes. The collection of publicatltos of kindred societies embraces not only thosei of Amerifcan bat' o^' some of the principal societies Of Europe. The books and otbter'coUed'-'' tions have been obtained principally by gift. The accessions to'tllb libr{iry>avera;ge about 50 volumes a year; A printetl' catalogue ^^s issued in 1855 ; alphabetical, author* and subjects in the Saitie alphabet, with a brief classed catalogue as suppWment. There is a tai^nustiriiyt'' catalogue of the pamphlets, niaps, etc. The collections are bpfeii td'' members of the institute^' who may draw books at pleasure: '^' ' "'■ The society owns neither building ndr property. Its yearly iriftoofre is about- $1,000, derived from membership dues. The only Sdlarijr^'f^d is to the librarian,'$200.' No Special precautions iar^ tkkefl'to Wjjfe&fW the collections from fire. )> t I koot ■ .-. Numerous works have been produced by taemWerS' of the^ sbeiifef|t^ Among them are Joel Munsell's Annals of Albau:^f 10 volumes, 12°,^W'^ Historical Collections, 3 volumes, large 8", Beck'sS Medical Jurlfepl'tt-^ dence, and other works. Want of space forbids an extended listi "''' J. V. L. Pruyn, LL. D., president; Leonard Kip, tofrfef^onditi'g'sfeV-'' retary. '" "JOi ■'noi'i-i. ;.;;;■")- CAYUGA COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, A^^IBUKN,! K. Yk'-i ,n :"■ , This society,, organized IMEarcb, 1876, has a vice-presi4en|(i,in eafife town in the county. Perilous may become members ^f, the i§pj?iety^yo paying $l.,admj9^0.n fee. . jV. \r\y. r-im Cbarles Hf^wley, president; B. B, Snow, secretary. .^v ;!" Historical Societies in the United States. 353 LONa ISLAA^Di HISTORICAL SOCIETY, BROOKLYN, N. Y. This I socjety, vincorpprated April, 1803, has, for its objects: il.Tlie oilectiQti of ii general .library of reference, especially complete in evei'y- liipg wlii;cU rel'^fe^s, t;o. American.- history ; composed in part, also, of xt^ensive fjb,i^(j, ^pely iUusbrat,^ works of arCl^iss no-t embraced ifi eircu- ating ,liijraries, op usually found in private cqlje^itions. 2. The Gollec- 1% -^nd pul^lioatyipu, oty manuscripts ^nd original m^ittjer -notSibefore )riuted upon the history of. ifj^^ij country. 3. T^be coll6ctiqii|Of histor- pal paijjitings and eugravit^gs, rel^qs a,ncl memorials. 4. The formation xf,a mfliSeum of natural |,histo.i;y, illustrating the fauna and flpraiof Long The membership is about 1,100; one-third being life members and ;h,e remainder members by annual .subscription. The conditions :of mejnber^hip are payment of $5 initiation fee and $5 annual dues-; and For a life,|:^iem^§rsil;iip $50, including fee and annualidues. The general meetingSfQf.the, society are liald, on the second and fourth Tuesday evenings of the mouth, from November to May, when papers of a his- torical, literary, or seieiititic character are presented. Two committees have recently been appointed — one to be called t.h^< archaeological and numismatic .jiomjnittee, the other the historical and geographical com- njit^tecjT^flftPfi 't is proposed to hold regular, meetings of each, for the dj^cttsgi'on.pf appropriate topics. ,;Theire is alsoa§ommittee on So© arts and one op natural, history. Th« latter .hplds. mouthly meetings, at whicl|, appropriate papers are read. . , , ' ^hesociety possesses a, number qf paintings, mostly portraits of his- torical personages, iflany interesting i;elics aUid memQrJa,ls, and a col- lection, of ,coins, several hundred in number, some of them: rare and of much value. The museum of natural history contains classified speci- mens representing the^ natural, history of Long Island; and it is in- ten;de^ to make this complete as a local collection. The library contaici'S 26,000 bound volumes, 25,000) pamphlets, and a large, collection of manuscripts, not enumerated, among, which are the Laurens Papers, 5 folio volumes, containing the correspondence of Henry Laurens, president of the, Continental Congress, and other eminent men o|;,};he period ; 123 original letters of ,WashiHgton, never yet printed ; a cpj^fection of Dutch manuscripts of the time of Stuyvesanjj; and papers relating to Long Island, New York City, and vicinity, from the period o^tJje,JDutch government to the present .time* The library is especially strong'in American local history and family genealogy. The other his- torical departments, especially of French and English history and biog- raphy, are well furnished, and constant additions' are being made by purchase and gift. A department of works relating to Egypt, the Holy Land, a,Hd Greece, has been founded by two ladies; and a department of American biography by another. There is also a medical depart: ment, established by members of the King's County Medical Society, to which was added iu 1869 the entire library of an eminent Brooklyn physician, lately deceased. 23 E 354 PtiUic Librari&s in the United States. One hniidred and fifty quarterly, monthly, and weekly period'fealVatK the priuiipal daily newsprtpers are regularly received. ' A separate room is provided for ladies, but all'the rooms are oi)eii t( them. It IS a plau of the society to publish valuable origitial manuscripts as they come iuto its hands, aud as it becomes possessed of the uecessari funds. It has published two volumes, as follows : Journal of a Voyagt to l^ew York, and a Tour in Several of the American Colonies, in 1679- '80, by Jasper Dankers and Peter Sluyter, translated from a DaUib aiauuscript in the society's collection, octavo, pp. xlvii, 440 ^ andiTIie Battle of Long Island, \yith Connected Preceding Events, aud thesubse- queut American Retreat; narrative by Thomas W. Field, with authentic documents; octavo, pp. is, 550. The society now occupies rented rooms, but owns a valuable. lot, on which it purposes to build a large and handsome building as soon as the necessary funds can be secured, and, ior this purpose a Jjommittee has recently been appointed. The society has a permanent library fituil of $54,000, and a yearly income of $10,000, derived from interest on in- vestments aud dues of members. President, Richard S. Storrs, D. D.; eorrespondiug secretaries^ (home) T. Stafford Drowue; (foreign) J. Carson Brevoort; BUFFALO HISTORICAL SOCIETY, BUFFALO, N. T. The special object of this society, which was organized in 1862; is to " procure and preserve historical material relating to Western New York aud its inhabitants, whites and Indians, from the'earliest period." The number of members is 746. The terms of membership are, for resident members the i)ayraent Of $5 annually ; for life members, payment of $50. Regular meetings are held monthly, and additional historical club meet- ings every two weeks during the winter. At all the meetings addressed are delivered or papers read. The fiscal year begins January 1. There are committees on statistics, local history, and Indian reminiscences. The society has published nothing as a society; but papers contrlb- tited by its members have been iu some instances published in pam- phlet form. These may be obtained iu exchange from the society. The library contains 4,658 volumes, 4,430 pamphlets, and 130 maiiu. scripts. Its specialty is local and Indian history. The' maniisCi'iiJt collection embraces the records, journals, aud correspondence of the Holland Company, biographical sketches, letters and jouruais of early settlers, city records, etc. There is no printed catalogue, but manu- script catalogues, full and complete, of the books, pamphlets, marlh- scripts, relics, aud curiosities. The accessions to the library a.veT'agWi'iO volumes a year. Nine-tenths of all the collections have been given. Tlift library is free to the public for reference, daily, Sundays excef»te(l. The society owns no building, but has a permanent fund of $5,784, ud an annual income of $1,500, derived from membership dues andiii- Historical Societies in the United States. 356 ti?res.ti on fund. It is exempt rrotn tax^.ti'o^ by the law of the S.tate. The only salary paid is to the librarian, $600., The biiildiug pccupi^d by tbe.spciety is QOippletely Ijre proof. , James Sheldon, president; George S. Armstrong, corresponding sea- rotary .fi^d-lvbj;ariafl. , , "'i^feRIciN'ETHNOLOdtOAt SOCIETY, NEW YORK, l!r. Y. The society was organized November 19, 1842, by Hon. Albert GaU latin and *few other gentlemen. The present number of members is 100. Resident members pay on election an initiation fee of $5 and the same amount as annual dues. Meetings are not hehl at stated periods, but are called as papers are prepared. There are ten special committees of five members each, viz : On ISTorth America ; on Central and South America ; on ISToTthern and Middle Europe; on Southern Europe; on Asia and -the East; on Africa; on philology; on the American Indians: on stone, earthen, and metallic relics, etc.; on booi^s^ pamphlets, etc. ■LThe society has published Transactions of the American Ethnolog- ical Society, 2 volumes, 1845 and 1848, $4 per volume, which can be had oa application to the treasurer of the society. ' Part 1 of Volume III of the Transactions was printed, but nearly all 'the copies were destroyed by fire, and it has not been reprinted. The society has printed bulletins at intervals. Arrangements had been made for the pub- licatiou of the Squier aind Davis materials, but these were relinquished ;to the-, Smithsonian Institution, and became No. 1 of its quarto series. Since then, most of the ethnological publications have been printed by the Smithsonian Institution, by Congress, or by book publishers for the respective writers. . < The library consists of 1,0[)0 boundvolumes aud pamphlets and a few manuscripts. Most of the books are in the library of the New Yorlc Historical Sp.ciety, where an alcove is to be set apart for them. The manuscripts consist of papers relating to ethnology, vocabularies, etc, including :'Vocabula,rio en lengua Oacchiquel, de Villacaua," in 1692, which has a preface entitled "Arte de lengua Cacchiquel," etc. , The collection, of publications of kindred societies includes some of the pub- lications of thie Smithsonian Institution, the Autiquanan Society, the Philosophical Society, the Eoyal Geographical , Spqiety, the Asiatic So- ciety, and the Geographical Society of Brazil. Most of the books have been obtained by gift and exchange. In Volume II of the Transactions, published in 1848, is a short list of books then belonging to the society, but no regular priuted catalogue has been issued. The library is solely for reference, and is accessible only to members and, students of ethnology. There is also a cabinet of Indian relics. ,-, >rhe society' has no funds except $50,, known as " the Alofsen fund." Its aunual income covprs current expenses only. The list of works produced by members of the society is too long for insertion, including the writings of Humboldt, Agassiz, Lepsius, Pres- 356 PiiUic Libraries in the United States. cott, Ticknor, Baiicroft,*Dr. FraiiWs I;ieber, Dn Chaiirn, Cardinal Wis^i mai4i Schoolcraft,' Sir Gardiner WilkiDSOii, and many otIiW 'eo^mCTti authors. - " ' ■■-p^'iJ-; iod Alexander J. Cotlieal, president and' treasurer ; Pidf. CLtJrft'sP'fSu, corresponding secretary. * ' J119 n ikc] -!i[..:- jii'i/rrifi ,-.;■ fiffr f • '.-■ /. "/ yi ,'3 -J!'>:.--, ')lh 't' J 'Hi Vhfi jjT AMERICAN GEOGEAPHICAL SOCIETY,' NE:W XQ^S».^hF- ' flioit The/library of this society contains over J 0,(3i)0jl:|om)a.lvclu)»es relat- ing to its special'fleld, about 4,000 pamphlets, 3,000 maps and charts of all cOnntries, &nd' about 1,000 manuscripts, 'feolisist^ng mytlySPad- df,^?se||, i);i|vf, reports. The librai:y has b^e,^, collec,t^f|4^i|jl, purchg|e^j|ifgm tiifie to time siuce the qrganis^tionl|Ofj j;,l^e s,Q9ie,t!y by ijtg'.yti'rioui^jpjgjcg^jpf, ^Lie accessionig,£iV(^rage 1,000 a year. -^h^ve isj^s,yt5tj,ivoQj;ajt.^Qj^pef| The library is used^only by iii(;mbe,rs, of;:Y:,hoFg^t|jg|;^"are,|jj8^^ q-,^ Thcj^ir^comp of the society, derive d^ solely ,|^j;^^u dji^^.,^^ ,}jjp mpiij^^-g ships, varies frofa ^ ip,000 upwards, and is ^11 expended^p^ the p^E^^i^jJ working^of, the society. ;. ,^,,. , ,^1 m o'. ^slT AlvauS. Southg'orth, secretary. ; ,, . ! r i.K-:^ AMERICAN NUMISMAIIC USTD ARGBiEOiiOGJOAL SOCIETY, NlSWi^QBiS^f N. Y. ^, '--<-rr A few g^ntlemeniof New Y'ork'City, interested^itl th«'stu:.i ■;) . , , . ,1 ' tofijqrnfitl AMERICAN PHILOLOGICAL SOCIETY, NEW YORK, N. Y,. „,( (,j This society, does not limit its membership, and hjis, at present 40 active members. The fees are $2 a. year. Meetings,; at all of which thereaare; 1 Further ialbrmation respecting this society will 'be foUnd iu Sketches of P'ubjio Libraries ia New Vork City, in Chapter XXXVIII, Part Vll, of this report. ' ' ' Hi§^qf^ct^ly Societies in tJie Unjifidy States. 357 digpjPjS^i^WiM'd aidftessesi^are held montbly, a.nd frequently ^(^ffli-uiontb- ly. .,jA#pep}g], cOjiijimittee.^iaSiia charge the fprojation pf a phouetic alpha- bet adequate to the needs of all living languages. ,ri3J!P'%liit>ra'-'y, tlie^pxt^Pt^Of whichjCaopjOt be _asB^y,tainedj has beea ob- tained entirely by donation. ' ' , -ins ,,,., a simi».io • , : , : There is a small invested fund, derived from, life meiiibershiiPS. Its ^Wi¥> yiwmfris about $ol|0, from dues and interest, besidescMl>scrip- %||Sj)i^raud<;8al^l0f the Eecord. The latter are applied, as fasti as ^fi%i.ylMsiS6biity has-in its library 60,000 bound volamles". "^bout^one-half its newspapers, extending from 1704 to 1875, are bound, and when the binding{,is completed the' collection will number 4,50dtfvolumffl. - The pamphlets have not been enumerated, but are said to weigh from two to three tX)iis. ' These are to be arranged gradually in chronological "*''fiim# liiformMioii' r^bptMlrijer this society \ii'iirbij' founcV in ' Sketches of Public liiliSaJiies in >fe w iY6r8 C i% , in Cliapter XXXVIII, Part VII, of tljis reporf. .r?jAn,exte^^^.^Ket«|^f,_6b society -vfill /be fountT in Slcetcliea of Public Xibiaries nNe^w"!?orfic,fty,''in Chapter kxXVIII, Part "yiI,iQt/t>;t(is, report. 358 Piiblic Libraries in the United States. or|(Jer, by subjects. The manuscript coUectioa embraces the Grates, St,9!J.b?)a,,0.olden, Piier, Lc^rd Sterling, and Gen. Lamb papers, besides'a large miscellaneouscoUection, which cannot be enunieraftgd iu its present condition. The librarian is preparing a calendar catalogue of the whole. Th^ society has 2,000 members. It has no permanent fund, and |he amount and sources of its yearly income are not stated. HISTORICAL ANi) PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY,' CINCINN^ATI, OHIO. ' ' This society was established in 1831, and, after a period of inactioD, was revived and reorganized in 1868. Only residents of therState of Ohio may become corporate members. The terms of membership a^e election and payment of an initiation fee and an annual subscription of $10 each. The payment of $100 constitutes a life meraber?i The present number of members is 83. The flscal year begins the first Monday in December, when the annual meeting is held. Other f^^filar meetings are held each year as the executive board may determine. Tiie object of the society is the ''collection and preservation of every- thing rela.ting to the histpry and antiquities of America, more especiall.v of the State of Q^iO) ^"'l the diffusion of knowledge concerning them." The library is composed exclusively of works on American history, ana contains 5,413 bound volumes, 17,393 pamphlets, and 35 volumes of manuscripts. Nearly the entire collection has been presented. Both books and pamphlets are fully catalogued. The library is, used by members of the society both as a reference and circulating library. There is also a cabinet of Indian curiosities and mound builders' relics. The society has no building, but occupies rooms in the Ciuciunati College. It has a permanent fund of §8,735, and a yearly incotne of $1,265. All amounts received for life memberships are funded, and pply the interest thereof can be expended. ' ! Gen. M. F. Force, president ; Robert Clarke, corresponding secretary. WESTERN RESERVE AND NORTHERN OHIO HISTORICAL SOGIETt, CLETELAND, OHIO. The object of this society, orgauized in May, 1887, is to "discover, procure, and preserve whatever relates to the history, biography, .gene- alogy, antiquities, and statistics of the Western Reserve, the State of Ohio, and the Northwest." The membership is 145. The payment of $100 constitutes a life member; of $5 a year an annual member. The fiscal year begins the second Tuesday in May: Meetings' are held only when called. The society has issued a number of publications relating to the early history of Ohio and Michigan, none of which is for sale, biit they ate exchanged with kindred societies. * _ , ,.,.(j,, u -^ 'An exteaded uketoU of this society, will be found iu Sketches of the Publig.Dbtar"'^ of Ciuciunati, iu Chapter XXXVIII, Part VI, of this report. Historical Societies in the United States. 359 ^,^he library coQt,ains 2,275 bound volunjes, 3,500 pamphlets, and 150 man,uscripis. A general isatalogae of the books and an index of inaiin- scripts ar^ being prepared. The library is open to members and persons who have special permission. A specialty of the society is its mnseum of antiquities, principally relating to the West, and including a fine collection of cariosities taken from the mounds on' the Mississippi River near Mempihis. The mnseuib has recently been enriched by a collection of Babylonian and other Oriental antiquities. The society has a permanent fund of $10,000, and a yearly income of $1,000 to $1,200, derived'from interest on fund, dues, and gifts. The librarian is the only salaried officer. Ool. Charles Whittlesey; president; 0.0. Bahl win, corresponding sec- retary)''^ I j^JiGKING- COUNTY PIONEEE HISTORICAL AWP ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY, ..:_.,_.,/ LICKING, OHIO. , This society, organized May 1, 1867, has 350 members, Of whom 156 are active, 74 corresponding, 81 honorary, and 39 antiquarian. There are no conditions of membership, except for active members a residence p( thirty years. TPhere are no fees or assessments on members ; meet- ings are held annually, at which papers are read. The society has published nine numbers of the Licking Oounty Pioneer JPamphlets, for sale by E. Olarke & Co., Oincinnati. A speciality of the society is its cabinet, containing a collection of mound builders^ relics, Indian relics and implements, petrifactions, minerals, old coins, and other curiosities. , Tlje library contains 200 bound volumes, the same number of pam- phlets, and 250 manuscripts, the last relating entirely to pioneer and Itidian history and works of the mound builders. The specialty of the library Ys local, especially pioneer history and biography. Tlie larger proportion of tbe books and collections has been presented. The yearly accessions to the library average 25 b.)oks and 30 pamphlets ; to the cabinet, 100 relics and specimens. The library is free to the public. '■■..'- ■ ' , ; The society owns no property, and its income is entirely from gifts. None of the officers receives a salary. - P. ■5f.'0'Banon, president; 0. B. Giflfiii, corresponding secretary. FIRELANDS HISTORICAL SOCIETY, NORWAL?;, OHIO. yiiis society, organized July 4, 1857, limits its membership tO residents of the'Firelands. The terms of membership are the payihenf of 25 cents yearly. There are nearly 700 members. The nleetiugs are annual and quarterly. iSieven' Volumes of the Firelands Pioneer have been published, the 360 PupUq Libraries in the United ■BiMes. first in 1858, the la§t, in, l§6i4. ;The hast five vrolumm can, be ^adift 50 cents e?ic]ti,, np^Jbfjnnd, Ojr,j$3.50 for the five, bound in.offejvdbupekxoii The object ^^,tt^f society is to CQll^et and publish .historical factfe] de- pecially.such a« relate to pioneer life ip the State.; The libraBjiicon- tai,ns about jSp'i bpund voipmes, 100 pamphlets, and 50 mantiscriptig. Therl> IS also a small cabinet of Indian anG\ other relics,; ^TIjfeceiUeclaonB have beep obtained entirely by gift and ,exchan_^e. "SM^i librai'yds'JJ'or the use fjf ,n^^mbers. ,,,,j ,,, ,, ,,() ,,,„!, ,, „: .jitl-jau ::\ .^^i-i-yi-j}U The society has no property; aiul its income, dejayiedi fromiitiemlber- ship ,fee,§j and saj^e pf thB.Pioueer, is, smal} and irregular, /.Dnuii 'jJT Philip y. ,Sj;l}^uyler, ,presideut ; ^aipuel:E. CafrringtiMiV'Seclietaa^^onii - ,.jr T '.ii1 10 . igiil 9ilJ 'J OLEDO HISTORICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, TOLEDO,, QHIO,,+ This society, organized'-lu/lSTl; has<35 members. ■ 'Fh« , . ...' The society has neither building nor permanent fund. Its income is.ilerived solely from ii^itiatioui fees and members' dues, i" i"" i -JT E. H. Fitch,' president; Kev. H. M. McOracken, secretfBry. a <-:y'iiJJ PIONEER ANP HISTORICAL SOCIE^TY, . ASTORLi, OREG. ; „( The objects; of this society, which was organized in 1871,'aTe'*''tfe'c(!)l'- lect, collate, and have published, sketches of the early disco\'ei';^, s6\K\^- ment, and settlers of the country, to collect and preserve alt'tecords of the past and present history of Oregon and its several subdivisions, . . . and to establish a public library and readingroom." JVIembershi-tjJis limited to persons " who arrived upon this coast or were born in the country prior to January 1, 1851;" Members' dues are at the rate of ISjIiyits a mouth. There are 171 subscribing and^ 67 corresponding and hoUora'ify members, making a total of 237. Two meetings are hfeW duriiig' the year, at both of which papers are read. '■ iim' The library is for the use of members only, and contaiilsl'abotit 6l)U volumes and 100 manuscripts, all of which have beeu obtained by-^it. The income of the society is derived from members' dueS 'aila"cOTki- butious. None of the officers receives a salat^y. '' v'"*'™ " Two members of the society, Hon. J. Gwin Thornton and "VV. H. GtrAyi' have written, jointly, a History of' Oregon. "* ' ! T. P. Powers, president'; W. H.' G-ray, corresponding seetfetarj'.'i '" ,,;, --,,1, ■■ .1" " ilii OREGON PI0NI;ER ASSQCIATi;Q];f, BUTTEVILLE, OEEG.ii ;< IJ The objects of this association are " to collect, from Jiving witnjgsfs, facts relating to the pioneers and history of the Territory of Oregon. ' IliMdricUi Societies in the Ifnited' States. 361 ULwafe organized Otstlober 18, 1873, with 45 meoilSersj-it has now a'mer^- ber&bipiof 485, limitert to petsous who settled in the original Territory 9§ ©tei^fo prior to' January 1, 1853. The terriis" of ui'embership are payinTpnt of $>ll Ad mission fefe', ahd the same amount dn ySaii'l'y subscrip- fen.. ' Wom'eti'a;yiriehtof fees." Kegalar meetings "are held onCfe a year. iic i. 1. . The /a.8sociati6n pttblkhes its proceedings yearly, /with historical sketches, in pamphlet form, about 100 pages, for sale' atitf for exchf|pge witikietbersocietfesi''^"' -''"!■-'-■'"' ''■' ''"f= ;■ v;-W/"!<>'"" ;i.(! ■. ; ■■-o;; '>'i-. The library rooihs are not yet opened, a-nd there is nW report pf*the number- of ToIuinesV A small itianuscript collectibn ri^la'tes entirely to the history of the Territory, from the discovery of the Columbia Eiver to tne a'dmission of Oregon into the Union. ^./JJh^j^s^fil^tjon is to .occupy rooms in: the State Iffiuse at Salera. Its y^^Jjfjii]pome is 1 1,000, derived from, fees, dues, (and gifts.- There are no salaried ofiQcers. .i,ji,^,... -[,(J.^ng)flf. Grim, presidentt^iVyi H. Beefs, corresponding secretary. isiiifHsT V?:.: ■ . - ' '-' "" ."Mi« «;: JfiAiMtLTl'toN'! LIBRARY' ANB HISTORK^kL" 'soCIlsi'Y ' OP " C^JMBBRLAND COUNTY, CARLISLE, PA. '' ' " emooni sii a ' -^.^un-,'^ ■,;..._ ^iMind ra'''' -'n :■:■*■> ■ -' This society was chartered lih April; 1874; The payteienf'of $20'se- cures a li%jmfembership; of $50 a perpetilalJ membership.' Meetings are held monthly. , , , . . ^ ,- The library contains '500 bound volumes and 100 pamphlets. The society ha^.iio building,- but owns a lot valued at $2,000, and has besides at,i:5ermanent f^u4 of $2,00t). None of the officers receives a salary, (.(■yy, H.pooke, M.D., president; Capt. J. T.-Zng, secretary. .r-u Ml . LUTHERAN HISTORICAL i SOCIETY, GETTYSBURG, PA'. j^^jTJl^jchief object glij^lif §0i3iety, organized in' 1816, is the collection of tJi|(j,pjit)licrttionso€ Lutheran ministers in this country; and of aiil such dgauiriijuts as, may illustrate the yljistory of the American Lutheran Church. Ko account is"^kept of the membership. Any contribution to f)?f) treasury constitutes the giver a member. Meetings are held' bi- epnially, and addresses are delivered on these Qocasionsi" • " .;/riie,liJ^r,^ry contains 359 bound volumes,! about 1,000 pamphlets, iMind a manuscript collection, consisting of the original archives of the Gen- ^i^jgy^pd.awd of several district synods. Nearly all the- books have been presented. The yearly accessions average about 20 volumes and 50 pain.pj;jl^ts. Tiie catalogue is in manusoriptib The library is free to all who desire to use it. The income of the society is derived solely from collections at its reg- ular meetings. . ,,; > :'l3aarM A. Hay,'curatOr. , ,7-.;, 362 Public Libraries in the United States.' DAUPHIN COUNTY HISTORICAL SOCIETY, HAEBISBUEGr, PA. This society, orgaUized in May^ 18G9, has 66 members. The only cou- ditiou of tnembersbip is the payment of $3 a year. The library contains 100 bound volumes,, over 20!0 pamphlets, some of them of great value, 510 manuscripts, and 100 bound volumes of, nejvs- papers, among them the Carlisle Gazette, the first paper published west of the Susquehanna, dating from 1786. The books have not jet bppp cataloga«d. The use of the library is restricted to subscribers. ,|The yearly income of the society is:$200, derived from subscriptions.. A. Boyd Hamilton, president; George W. Buchler, corresponding secretary. LINNJSAN SCIENTIFIC AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, LANCASTER, ?^ This society was organized in 1863. Its membership embraces 20 active, 10 contributing, 25 corresponding, and 2 honorary members, making a total of 57. The library contains 500 bound volumes, 800 pamphlets, a,nd 417 man- uscripts. Besides its library the society has other large collections, which are insured for $2,000, but cost three or foor times that amount. The yearly income is $100. J. Stauffer, secretary- MORAVIAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY, NAZARETH, PA. The special objects of this society, which was organized ip' 18,77, arp thecollection of works relating to the Moravian Chnrch and the preser^^^- tion of relics illustrative of ancient Moravian history. Members^ij:),js secured by the payment of $1 a year, or for a life member,ship a f^e o^ $20. The number of members is 215. Meetings are held quarterly, ^j. The society has published Transactions of the Moravian Hisitorjq^l Society, in nine parts, price $1 each. , The library comprises 1,039 bound volumes, 2,050 pamphlet$,ian4 94 manuscripts, all of the last relating to Moravian history. Thp yearly accessions to the library average 23 volumes; to other departments,,!? volumes. All the collections have been presented, ,, ; >. , The society owns no building, but ,has a fund of $837, £i,nd a yearly income of $275, derived from contributions. U The following works are by members of the societjs: Memorials,*^ the Moravian Church ; Bethlehem Seminary Souvenir ; Nazi^retli, Hall and its Eeunions, by William C. Reichel; Life and Times of Davi^ Zeisberger, and Moravian Manual, by Edmund de Scliweiui^aj.lIo^S' vians in North Carolina, Levin T. Keichel; Sketches of, Moravian Life and Character, James Henry; History of Bethlehem, John,, pH! Martin ; Register of Moravians, 1727-'o4, A. Eeinke. B. T. Gruuewald, librarian. Historical Societies in the United States. 363 AMEltlOAN feAPTl^T HISTOEICAL SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA, PA. This society was organized in ISGl. Its object is to establish and maintain in the city of Philadelphia a library of books and manu- scripts relating to the history and doptrines of Christians in every pe- riod and of every iiame, especially those maintaining Baptist principles. The only condition of membership is the payment, at one time, of $10. The riumber of members is 119. Meetings are held monthly. ^^"The library comprises 9,315 bound volurafs, 13,000 pamphlets, and 1,2G3 mahuscripts, obtained by purchase in Europe and by gift. The accessions to the library average 500 a year. There are two printed catalogues, of 1872 and 1874. The library is free to the public for ref- erence. Members may borrow books, except such as are very rare and valuable, bat manuscripts cannot be removed from the rooms. , ., TL(e society owns no building. It has a permanent fund of. $500, and its yearly income, derived from donations, averages $300. The library is fully insured. . Hpwiird Malcom, D. D., presideijt; James M. Pendleton, D. D., corre- sponding secjj'etary. AMEEIOAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA,' PA.' This, the mother society in America, and once the center lOf science of the United States, was organized May 25, 1743, and celebrated its centennial in 1843. Its- membership is. limited to men who have distin- guished themselves in some department of science or the arts. All are triisinbers alike ; there is lio di!;!tinction of honorary or corresponding. Members residing within ten miles of the hall pay $5 annual fee. Only paying members Can vote, and none can vote who has not paid his dues dnd been present at one meeting during the year. The present number of members is 482. Meetings are held on the first and. third Fri- day of each month, except May, June, July, and August, when they are held on the third Friday only. The publications of the society are: Proceedings, octavo, published in Jauukry and July, sent free to all members and corresponding societies, (not for sale ;) and Tra.nsactions, quarto, subscription price $5 a volume, published occasionally and sent free to a portion of the corresponding societies ; Sold also to applicants, at $5 each. Some early numbers of the Proceedings are out of print, also the last half of volume six. Trans- actions, old' series. The society has a cabinet of curiosities, chiefly antiquarian, and Poin- sett's IVfexican collection. Its minerals are deposited in the Academy of Natural Sciences at Philadelphia. !' "The library contains 20,000 volumes, 15,000 pamphlets, and over 100 volumes of mahuscripts, most of them dating from the last century, and 'Additional information respecting i;his society will be fbnnd in Sltetohes of Public Libraries in Philadelphia, Chapter XXXVIII, Part VIII, of this report.— Editors. 364 Public Libraries in the JJnited States,. including Prnnldin's.manuscript letters,j,records of expenses .4fJrif^g,]5fjiej revolntiouary war ' Z^'isberger's Indian vc^(|fi]>nlaries. and othei;s ejjjji^lj^ valuable^ I'^iiisfocicaliollection is large, but there is littl§ r|;)|i^j;in^ to 'local history. ^U clepartinents, of kop'wledge ar^,j?^r^ij^tpd,jlpUj^ there is W lack of nfo^ern books. There is a compl|^t|Sj,^p^g^ tW'^' SopWca\!i'raiisactioiis of tli^^jj^yal Society and Fref^^^i^^mj^^^^j]^^ nAify^oPfimie complete series*of the publications c|f],allo1jl^^r leaj^^ SOcieTOs" previous to 1840 and^any since.' ' ,. ia[oo. 'lo y.tlfiiyeqa fi gadum ^jJeiooa 9iJT The society owj^^? a building the vq^j^if^jg^.is^arigufjyy^jjtg^^ at from .$8(),0()0 to $12b,0U0,. Its j^arlyjjo^^e, aaipnntgBi9Jbj^a^§§l{„i§ derived from rents, interest on in-^'estm^p^^aa^j ffp'9ft?1§Bd'Mfo .?(!)?)% only salaried ofHcer is the librarian, wl?ftnjEieceivesj$700',q,. y^r. . JIJ^ treasurer receives a conjmi^sion on the funds in his, hands. .susoIkIbo oa Memoir^ published by members of t^e society iijay,be,,^i;^^''|i^^ 6 volumes, old series, and ]j^^\;olumes, i^ew serieSjjijjf the SlMS^^^Wn and the 14 volumes of tl^J*roceedings,. In lajBjj-^jjC^^jlih^lfjfjjgtjJ^s published la'fge and costly memoirs. ^^ » „jfjg ^^i-, j^i^.^ ■^q ,000,1$ ^l J. PJ Lesley, fourth secretary and librarian. f,yjj gahfilfis idt OOCS ban friends' histoeical society, Philadelphia',' pa.''*'° ' The' chief object of this society, which was organized in December, 1873, is to collect and preserve books, papers, manuscripts. lettiSfsiiASd relics illustrative of the history of the Society of Friend^i- Mttn^feWf of whom there are 41 active, besides several honorary; are rt!(^6fWiPW pay aJi entrance fee of $\ and the same amount as ' yearly Jufe(#iF Members paying $oO at one time are released from further dues.t'-^j ings are held on the first' Wednesday in each montte.n ^'^^ v;33ra08 sdT The society has published A Sketch of the Mf^«flitiJeiMftBBier"ef* John Fenwick, by John Clement, 'lo aeiialaa lo esMinitnoO toaslnalK The library contains about 500 bound volumes, a collectldirt of ^'" ^^ The society makes a specialty of collecting books and pami)hlets' ^Ftf^tii-UfiH^tof' CfWihSfa'linifalgTati'oh/also GtJrhiiiu bobks p'riutecl ifi the Sindte'-^^'tes. 'The library con tains l1(^,00^'1jc>itn'd volumes, ofwhidi 3!>Wiit otie-half ilre' irV tide Gerinaii' language. "Most of the books 'lia>'e. %^ I iVs^iited. ' The accessions average 30O yulutnesa year. There is 30 catalogue.- iAipirtitil'Mst' of the" historical Works tp' contained in' the society's 'report for '1-873. The library is free to members of the society i%td'iic#ssible to others on payment of $5 annual subscriptioii. '^''T^h^i^'sbciety- owns 4i' building valued at $05,01)0. It's yearly incoi^e is $1,000, of which the sum of $700 fs'iexpeiuied fo^ books and binding, and $300 for salaries and incidental expenses. A. Loos, librarian. -j^i.y^^ ,.,,,::.,:5 ..j. :-;vf-:' e./' rj^'-.j' THE HISTOKICAL SOCIETY OF, PENNSYLVANIA, PHILADELPHIA, PA-^n bJj^i*8oeiety,iqrga.njized in 1824, does inot limit its membership; for whjefcithe only requirement is a. yearly contribution of $5, orifbr life nftg'm)^?g|Li[j payment of $50. The number of members is 600. Four sfr serve historical facts concerning the Presbyterian Church in the United States. Any person may become a member by the payment of $1 a year. The payment of $10 constitutes a life member. The yearly meeting of the society is held in Philadelphia the first Tuesday in May. The library contains 7,000 bound volumes, about 20,000 pamplilets, over 100 manuscripts, 300 volumes of newspapers, and 200 volumes of magazines and reviews. Its specially is Presbyterian history and litera- Historical Societies in t^e United States. 367 ure. The collection of family history is especially noteworthy, and iontains many worUs of rarity and great value. The additions average 'rom 500 to 600 volumes a year. A partial- catalogae was printed a flew ?ears ago, but there is no catalogue of the present library. The Society has neither permanent fund nor stated income, and is supported entirely by donations. No salaries are paid. Eev. John B. Dales, secretary.' ff-TOWNG PISTOUICAL AND GEQIjOftlGAL SOCIETY, WILKESBA,ERE, PA. Organized P'ebruary 11, 185S. Members can be elected oiily by i^ij^^uilnous vote. The present' number, is from 75 to lOD. Meetings, With addresses, aire held montbly. ^^e, library contains 3,000, yoluines, mainly historical and scientific wqrkp,, 0^1:^1^6(1 by purchase and, gift. Its, specialty is the history of Wyoming Valley. The only catalogue is in manuscript. The library is only JQr rsfej^'epce, and is free to tbe public. The society has, a good geological collection, a cabinet of Indian curi- osities, over 7,00d coins, a nutnberpf autographs, and many relics and objects of interest relating, to the liistory of Wyoming V,alley from its earliest settlement by the whites. The society has no building, but owns a lot in the city of Wilkes- barre .worth at least $10,000. It also owns the Wyoming Monument and grounds. Its annual income is derived from subscriptions. None of its' officers receives a*salary. ' , ' ■ 'Harrison Wright, secretary. ' NEWPURT HISTOEIOAL SOCIETY, NEWPORT, R. I. This society, organized February 14^ 1853, and incorporated Novem- ber 21, 1854, has about 100 resident, besides many corresponding and honorary members. The terms of membership are payment af $3 entrance fee and a yearly subscription of $L. The yearly meeting of the society is held March 18, the anniversary of the incorporation of the first settlers of Ehode Island into a body politic. Eegular meetings are also held on the third Tuesday of February, May, August, and November. There are several! addresses in each year, and discussions at every, meeting. The object of the society is "to collect and preserve the ancient man- uscripts, monuments, and records, which illustrate the history of the southern part of the State, and also whatever else relates to the topog- raphy, antiquities, and the natural, civil, and ecclesiastical history of the State of lihode Island." The library contains 200 boand volumes, 4(10 pamphlets, and 22 manuscripts, all of a historical description, and obtained chiefly by gift. The manuscript collection includes letters and papers relating to the trade of Newport, a record of the Newport post offlgei from 1753 to 1775, a record of the admiralty court of Ehode 368 Ptihlic Libraries in the United States. Island from 1753 to 1760. and other papers of interest and value. The library is accessible to any one interested in historical subjects. The society has also a collection of Indian and local curiosities and antiquities. It has neither building nor endowment, and its yearly in. come is derived from members' dues and occasional contributions. Dr. David King, president; George 0. Mason, corresponding secre- tary. RHODE ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY, PROVIDENCE, K. L Organized in 1822; membership 150. No person is eligible as a resi- dent member who does not, at the time of his election, reside in the State of Rhode Island. The terms of membership are payment of $5 admission fee, and $3 annual subscription. Meetings are held quarterly. The publications of the society are: Roger Williams's Key Into tbe Language of America, -$1 ; Gorton's Simplicitie's Defence against Seven-Headed Policy, $2.50 ; Potter's Early History of Narragan- sett, $2.50; Callender's Early flistoiy of Rhode Island, $2.50; Staples's Annals of Providence, $10, (rare;) Stone's Arnold's Canada Expe- dition, Revolutionary Correspondence, and Edwards's History of Bap- tists in Rhode Island, $3 ; Occasional Addresses by Gammell, Durfee, Greene, Potter, Parsons, Arnold, Hall, and Sarmiento, 50 cents each- Annual Proceedings, 1872, 1873, 1874, $1 each ; for sale and exchange by the society. Besides its library the society makes a specialty of aboriginal and other antiquities, paintings, and engravings. The library contains 6,000 bound volumes, 35,000 pamphlets, and 7,500 manuscripts, the latter consisting largely of historical and ge- nealogical papers. The collection of i)ublications of kindred societies comprises several hundred volumes and pamphlets. The library is free for reference. It has been obtai-ned mainly by gifts. The accessions average from 1,200 to 2,500 volumes a year. The society owns its building and grounds, worth 830,000. These are subject to municipal taxation. There is a permaneut fund of $524.84, and the average yearly income is $300, derived from entrance fees and members' dues. There are no salaried officers. Edwin M. Stone, librarian. SOUTH CAROLINA HISTORICAL SOCIETY, CHARLESTON, S. C. This society, organized in 1854, had, owing to want of funds, made scarcely the beginning of a library when its operations were suspended on account of the late war, and it has been only recently revived. It has now 50 members. The terms of membership are payment of 83 ii year. Meetings are held quarterly. The society has published Historical Collections, Vols. I, II, HI- Vol. Ill is now out of print. No report is made of the number of volumes in the library. Tbe Historical Societies in the United States. 369 anuscript collection is quite valuable, relating cliiefly to colonial and volutionary history. The larger part of it consists of the papers of enry Laurens. F. A. Porcher, president. HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF TENNESSEE, NASHVILLE, TENN. Organized in 1855 ; re-organized in May, 1874. The terms of metnber- lip are payment of an admission fee of $3, and a yearly subscription of 2. There are 100 active, besides honora.ry members. Eegular meetings :e held bi-mouthly. Discussions and addresses are only occasional. The object of the society is to collect and preserve historical facts )ncerning the discovery, exploration, and settlement of Tennessee and Ijoining States, and facts illustrating the history ahd characteristics I the Indian tribes. It has a valuable collection of Indian antiquities, cabinet of coins and minerals, and quite an extensive museum of arti- ;es of historical interest, including a large number of portraits of the istorical characters of the Btate. The library comprises about 1,000 bound volumes, from 400 to 500 amphlets, and about 1,500 manuscripts, none of which are yet system- tically arranged, so that no description can be given. The larger part f the collection, however, relates to local history. The widow of Pres- lentPolk has appointed the society custodian of Mr. Polk's correspond- Qce and manuscripts after her death. Ifearly all the books have been btained by gift, and with the other collections are accessible at all mes to members, and to others on application to the president or sec- etary. The society has no building, but, by act of legislature, occupies per- lanently rooms in the State capitol. It has no permanent fund, and ;§ yearly income is from $200 to $300, derived from admission fees and egular dues. None of the officers receives a salary. Colonel liamsey, president of the society, has published a large and aluable work entitled Annals of Tennessee; and Col. A. W. Putnam, ite vice-president, a History of Middle Tennessee. Col. J. 0. M. Ramsey, president; Gen. G. P. Thraston, corresponding ecretary. / HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF GALVESTON, TEX. This society, established in August, .1871, requires, as a condition of iiembership, the possession of " more than ordinary literary attain- uents." The number of members is 30. Meetings are held monthly. The library consists of 20 bound volumes, G pamphlets, and 100 man- iscripts; nearly all relating to local history, and all acquired by gift. t is free for reference. The society owns no building. Its yearly income is about $150, de- lved from assessments upon members. Hon. A. M. Hably, president ; secretary, D. G. Herbert. 24 E 370 Public Lilraries in the United States. MIDDLEBUKY HISTORIOat SOCIETY, MIBDLEBUEY, VT. Organized November, 1843. The namber of members Ms 25. Mem bersbip is by election, and only residents of Addison County are eligibli as active members. An_ address is delivered on the anniversary of thi landing of the Pilgrims. ' The specialty of the society is New England ami local history.^s pecially of the towns of Addison County. The collections consist of i few books and manuscripts, and aboriginal and militaryrelics ; >al obtained by gift or exchange. "^^ " The following works have been published by members of the society History of the Town of Middlebury, to which is prefixed a statistics and historical account of the county, by Samuel Swift, 1859 ; History o Salisbury, John M. Weeks, 1860; History of the Town of ShorehafflyEev Josiah P. Croodhue, 1861 ; History of the Town of Cornwall^ Rev; Lymai Matthews, 1862 ; History of the Town of Fairhaven, Andrew N. Adams Hon. John W. Stewart, president; Philip Battell, secretary .Ij, ' VERMONT HISTORICAL, SOCIETY, MONTPEHEE, TT. , This society was incorporated in 1838, and has been continued T\itl varied siiccess. It has expcSrieuced several misfortunes, which calmi nated in the burning of nearly its entire collections at the time tli( State house was destroyed, in January, 1857. From that time to thi present it has prospered, and during the past year unusually large ad ditions have been made to its collections. The terms of membership are payment of $2 admission fee and $1 ai yearly sabscriptibn. The number of members is about 100. Kegalai meetings are held yearly. The society has published two octavo volumes of Collections, bverSfil pages each, $3.50 per volume ; and is also interested in the publicatioti iJ the Records of the Governor and Council of Yermont, 1775 to'17&r, o ■which three volumes have been published, uniform with the Collections and at the same price. These are for sale by the librarian, or for exch'&n^l with kindred societies. The specialty of the society is American, and more jiarticularly Stati history. The library comprises about 5,000 bound volumes, 3,000 parn pblets, about 500 manuscripts, and a very valuable newspaper collection including a complete file of the Richrpond Whig during the;jlate war and other records of that period. The manuscripts, r.elateprinqipallyj" State history. There is also a small museum of curiosities. ; Thesociftt; relies almost entirely upon contributions lor the increase of itslibrsJiS A catalogue is in course of preparation. , i: The society has no building, but occupies rooms in the Statpliovise granted by the legislature for that purpose. It has no permanent fund Itsincojfle, derived from State aid and members' dues, averages '■ year., . , , . ,„ , .^ _,,, , ., ,,,;,^^ W. H. Lord, D. D., president ; Hiram A. Huse, secretary. Historical Societies in the United States. 371 (Organized May 1,1869; re-organized August 14, 1873. Tlie> number f( iuielnt>er8 is 700. The only condition of membership is the payment ft a yearly subscription! of fa. The payment of $50 constitutes a life lember. The society meets once a year, when an address is delivered. ^eTJW society iias as yet published nothing save aseries of papers in ithe iouthern Magazine, monthly, from January, 1874, to July, 1875, inclu- ive. The society began, in January, 1876, the publication of Southern listorical Society Papers, which will be continued monthly. The main object of, the society is to " gather material for a true his- ory of the late war between the States ;" and its efforts have thus far leen chiefly directed to securing authentic official reports published on lOth sides. The library contains 125 bound volumes^ 200 pamphlets, ;nd 1,300 manuscripts, of which 200 are official reports of battles, 100 re essays on war matters, and IjOOO papers of Confederate departments. Nearly all of these have btien presented. There is no printed catalogue, )ut one partially completed in manuscript. The library is accessible to ill persons^in search of historical information. (T^^.society.owns no builfljng, but occupies rpotps in the State capitol. t.l^^s np permanent, fund, but r.epeives from W. W. Oorcoran, of Wash- flgton, j$50p a year. , Tla,e yea^rly incqme from members', dues is about i'ifiO^Qk. ^Ihe only salaried officer is, t,he secreitary, who receives $1,200 ii-year,,,s ^.j, ,,^,,,,,,„ . „ . ..-_ , ,;;, - , ,, ■_.,,■ Works have been published by menabers of the society as folio wg: JJarrative of his Campaigns, by Greneral J. K. John^tpa ; Life of Stone- L]?^,,Jackson, by Eev..E,.,Ij.,J)abney; Personal Eemmiscences, Anec- iotes, and Letters of General 11. E. Lee, by Bev, J. W. Jones; Life of [jee,,j(ife of Stonewajl Jackson, Wea,ring the, Qray, and a number of rpmances, by John Esten Cooke; The Campaign of 1864, by General J-. A Early; The Chancellorsville Campaign, by Col. W'illiam Allan and V|,^j.^ Jed. Hotchkiss ; Pickett'f Men, by Col. Walter Harrison ; Siege af^jajyannah, by Col. C.,C, Jones, jr. Gen. J. A. Early, president ; Kev. J. W. Jones, secretary. -) ).!•_. '■'^|'^i^'(4^j|^j';^''^'jg5^pjjjf,^L spciety,'kichmond, ta. The history of this society is briefly summed up as follows : Organ- ized as the Virginia Historical and Philosophical Society, December, l'§3^t^ (Bhartered March, 1834 ; dormant from 1837 to 1847 ; re-orga,T]ized January,' 1848; suspended during the late war; resuscitated in 1867. Ilie number 'Of members is 264. Any one may become a member by the payment of $5 a year, and a life member by the payment of $50. The sfttjiety holds a yearly meeting, at which an address is delivered. 'ThepuMlcationsof the socie^ty are: ColliBctions of the Virginia His- toriiial and Philosophical Society, pp. 87, 1833 ; The Virginia Historical Register, a journal issued quijrterly during the years 1848-'53 ; An Ac- 372 PMlc Libraries in the United States. couut of Discoveries in the West until 1519, and of Voyages to and along the Atlantic Coast of North America from 1520 to 1573 ; An Address on the Life of Hon. B. W. Leigh ; The Virginia; Constitution of 1776 ; The Virginia Historical Keporter, volume I, part 1, 1854; • ■pbft 2, 1855; part 3, 1856: volume II, parti, 1860 ; Washington's Private Diaries; Letters of Thomas Nelson, jr., gov'ernor of Virginia. Of all these, excepting the first two and the first part of volume I of the Vir- ginia Historical Reporter, the society has copies for exchange. The specialty of the society is Virginia history. The library contains 8,000 bound volumes, over 1,000 pamphlets, and 33 manuscripts; also, a collection of autograph letters. The books have been obtained chiefly by gift. The yearly accessions average from 100 to 200 volumes and pamphlets. Any one may obtain access to the collections bj' applying to the librarian. ' " In addition to the library there is a collection of historical portraits, a cabinet of geological specimens, medals, and a nuniber of colonial and revolutionary relics. The society owns nb building, an d its endowment fund of $5,000 was lost during the late war. Its j^early income is only $500 to $l,000,"ow- ing to irregularity in collecting members' dues. None of the bfflcers receives a salary. , , , ,, The following works have been published by the late Thomas H. Wynne, member, and formerly corresponding secretary, of the society : Williamsburg Orderly Book; The Westover Manuscripts; Memoirs of the Boiling Family of England and Virginia ; The Vestry Book of Henrico Parish, with account of St. John's Church ; Narrative of Ool. David Fanning of the Revolution. Works have been produced by ot|ier members of the society, but no lisb of them has been prepared. Hon. Hugh Blair Grigsby, president ; R. A. Brock, corresponding secretary. HISTORICAL SOCIETY OF EOANOKE COLLEGE, SALEM, VA. This society was organized in 1875, and has for its object the collec- tion of facts relating, to the political, religious, and social history ofVir- ginia, and of the adjacent and Southern States. The number of actite members is limited to 25, and there are at present 16. Membership is by election, and payment of an entrance fee of $1. Meetings for discns- ^ons apd addresses are held monthly. The library contains 500 bound volumes, 250 pamphlets, and about 50 manuscripts, the latter bearing especially upon the later history of Vir- ginia, The larger part of the collection has been presented. The society has neither building nor funds. Its yearly income is llOO. None of the officers receives a Salary. ' ' Dr. J. J. Moorman, president;' Wm. McCauley, corresponding s'eCr^^ tary.: ■ ■'■ ' "'■" Historical Societies in the United States. 373 ''flirWEST VIKGINIA HISTORIGAL SOCIKTr, MOKaANTOWN,; W. YA., ;, ,„f^e object gf, ^tlii^ society, which was established in September, 1869, i^jftjo procure and preserve whatever relates t^ history of West Vir- gi,uip,. Th^ terms of membership are paymient of an initiation fee of |2, a,nd a. yearly subscription of $1., The present membersliip is 270. iVfeetings, at which. there, are discussions and addresses, are held twice a year. , . f^ special comwUee has been appointed to investigate the truth of fclie reflectipn by Bancroft upon the conduct of General Andrew Lewis at(tl^fh^.t]tle Qf Point Pleasant. ^.^JhefiQll^Gtio^ composes about 20 bound volumes, a collection of man- u,?prip|ts reUting chiefly to the early history of West Virginia, and a collection of newspapers dating from 1753 to 1885; all of which were presented. , , The society has neither building nor endowment. Its yearly income is $.200, derived from members' dues. The only salary paid is to the recording secretary, $25 a year. ,Hon. Charles J. Fau^liner, president; G-sorgeC. Sturgiss, correspond- ing secretary. ■WISCONSIN SrATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY, MADISON, WIS. ■ Organized January, 1849; re-organized January, 185 1. It has about 50 active, several hundred correspcjnding, and a few life and ihonorary members. The terftis of membership are, for life, members, payment of $20 ; for active members, $2 a year. ; Meetings, at all of which historical papers are presented, are held quarterly^ The society has published six volumes of reports and collections, and several annual addresses in pamphlet form. Xone of these are for sale, but are exchanged with kindred societies, libraries, and individuals. , The specialty of the society is the history of Wisconsin and the North- west, including Indian history; The library contains 33,347 bound vol- umes, 31,653 pamphlets, and over 300 manuscripts. Thoug^h m,a|inly devoted to American history, it possesses a very respactable collec- tion of European, history, and of general and scieutiflc literature. The raanUjScript collection consists chiefly of papers of local interest, de- signed for future publication. The society receives regularly 185 peri- odicals, and has quite complete sets of the leading periodical publica- tions of this country and Great Britain. The library is especially ricd in Ameripan local history. Its department of New England local history is probably larger than can be found elsewhere outside of New England. There is also a large collection on American genealogy. The sets of pub- lications of kindred societies are very complete. Nearly, all the books, newspapers, and magazines are bound, also a considerable portion of the pamphlets. A printed catalogue was issued in 1873, in two volumes, octavo — Vol. I, pp. 639; Vol. H, pp. 719 — and a supplement in 1875. A 374 Public Libraries in th'& United States. supplemeut is to be issued every two years hereafter. About^balf ;tlie books have beeu purchased, and the remainder obtained! by gift and ex- change. The yearly accessions to the library areragaabout- 3^000 vol- umes and pamphlets. The library is for reference only. There is algo a gallery of paintings and a cabinet of curiosities, lantiq- uities, and revolutionary relics. The coltections are free to the pub- lic. The society owns no building, but occupies rooms in the State capitol. It has a binding fund of about $4,(f00, which will probably not be drawn upon until the principal reaches $10,000. Its yearly in- come is $.3,5t)0, a grant from the State, for the benefit of the library, which does not include salaries, stationery, and other incidental ex- penses, which are also paid by the State. The yearly dues of ii^embers &nd donations all go to the binding fund. The corresponding secretary receives $1,L*C0 a year; the librarian, $1,600 ; the assistant librarian, $720 ; the cabinet keeper, $400, and the janitor, $1.75 per day, all paid bytheState ; and an assistant, $500, psiid out of the yearly State gTant. Hon. Alexander Mitchell, president; Lyman 0. Draper, corresponding secretary. : ^ HISTORICAL SOCIETIES IN THE UNITED STATES. The American Ethnological, Geographical, Oriental, and Philosophi- cal Societies, the Albany (N. Y.) Institute, the Essex Institute, Saleif, Mass., and the Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, Wilkes- barre. Pa., which appeared in the list of scientific societies accompany- ing Chapter VII, have been included in this table also, because theysns^- tain a peculiar and iiitimate relation to historical research in special di- rections, and their libraries comprise valuable historical collection?. Historical Societies in the United States. 875 [07,ilii ^- JO 1 9 q oi nji o o o o o o o o o r- o ,o m o c^ 0,000 000 000000 000000 ;i-i o 00 <-> 00 00000 if) O Q' O-l O O O O 00 o in C3 o •'Tfi I ) '53 •^ ^ jo J 9 c[ ni n jq; o o'o CIS o o 00. ■ oocooomoo o* in ifs o o ■* (N ^^ 00 ?o o>o ooiotn'o lOOOiftOlOMCSO 00 00 o M 10 10 000 o" '»2 Jr; o- •siaqraata j6 joqcuujij^i ■■ ■ , ■ , . U COf, ■pazt, ,000 w o m o o ■V 10 f O ' o o o o o o »- o o m CO o) m M o o o o , — I o •* uT) ro rr* 1 « nc 30 oj — ~ ~ XI OD 00 >T0 ao ' 00 GO O): ^v m tr, ooT ■^'— ' s -t- no '-00 00 00 CO OU' TO fO ii8 ,!>.' "S5 .2 O If I tn .2 -S! ~ £ 5 M W *=* a o n :■('■ CO CO M -S O " ® 6 i' ■ ^ li M aj rt *a j-j ,3 m .a Q 2 '-' e i - -2 j3 ,2 'C * 3 6- <1 m H O ->1 S ^' O -3 a ° a cc § I ID .^ !2i W .3 rt 03 e M W W « "3 1^ "^ g 5 ti i -I a .2 -s ■§ I ^J B 5 1^ K ^ s 1 w 1 .3 S S .s 1 w K p !^ « g •m w ■a s » 5 e g § H 1 CD .a w Main Mary Bostc Ef S fc a !2i 2 « S -g -g a I o -I "^ f^ "d 02 * ^ i 1 S H I I "^ '&, « ss g P O Ph w«<< s H IK g g a i n \ f. 3 1fr .s W W Hi -3 S d CI d n _5 e. o o o 3 ■= s P=^ -4 u fe if ■ a & p. s s. ■5 fc US » 1^ 376 FiMic Libraries in the United States. 5 a CD o o in o o '« o o ffl o J LO o o o 'sjduosuQ'Gni JO J 9 q ui n ^ (M m o n lo 'e5,9[q(IaiB(I JO aoqoin j«i; O CO (M o o o o o o o m o o o O "V O O 09 o CT o o o o -ra '"' ™ o o o o ri in o n n ct rH (O'OT'-tooaoooo 'sscanxoA JO joqraax o o o ^ ^ o o m o ra o o CO m o o •eJ8qnj9in JO J o q ni n ^ « CI w th in o 'O o o o o -^ ^ o o CV ^ r-t 01 {« o O •pazi » -a^gjo noqiv CO o in t- CO 00 QD 00 OD QU CO n oi oi CI CO B3 -W LT CO OS OO CO ntscDoencsraiot^t-ro 00330000000000 00' XODCO "t> W 3S S S .S c .3 s Eh H ft( G 2 CU 1^ 2 t- p o o 5 a ^ ii ja Ji ii ^ *i '- tH fcl fc. fr* P o o o o o - a >-. .» o P .® o o H S t^ h^ CG ^ 5 <( « g i 6: Historical Societies in the United States.' 377 O O O kO o CI o o r- o (N rK « W O O O O O O O O O O O O O O ^ o o o o o o o o »-r cf cf -: «r o' ^'" r» co" o o r- i- in ei 5» 00 TT O O O -^ O iC 1-1 in o o o o ire o o ■* to o Qooioocncfoora ■w CO c» (TJ r- ira A o ooQooocoxoor-oor-xooaooyajaoQOooQOooaDooaoooQooo _co o e3 C O •a g " c3 T* P h s a -ii -5 H 3 t-. .2 b S d o 1 .2 ° S 2 3 ® '3 '^ ^ u t» .2 M O t3 .23 1^ 2 -i- cj o « n 03 "^ m 'Si M a « 1=1 « ^ =^ "^ ft C M ta _o 'z: ^ W M c^ a ^ fi ^ a a "bll _o o IS ■3 i 1^ 1 « 1 1 ^ H ffl :2 § ^ -8 ■a I S K £ W to -3 H a g W S 23 £-3 P 2 "a i^ X ri II S S g S S 3 I S S t; :§ 51" 'S '3 (§ i ^ S 2 "3 I I •s « = H -a : K a ^ -a 2 -3 g -g -r; t> M H -B ■--< O ■** rfi _oo 3 fj p _(- _« W t* « O O W H^ l^i S A d n A .a a ft rt "s -3 ^ i:iH M Ph pit ^ S S 9'i ■S « a S .2 -■> O O ■ a a a M S H |S S H X M a - i CHAPTEJl XIV. YOUiNG BIEN'S MERCANTILE LIBRARIES. '-'■II 1(1 BX r. B. PERKINS, Boston Fuhlie Library. Ojiigin and marly history — Apprentices', libraries — Atiien^qms— Yousg me^-?s associations and institutes — educational adjuncts -r- popular lkctfurfs — Character of collections — Business management — Future prospects— Sta- The first libraries ia this country whicU were in any sense public were those of the colleges; with a college there was always a libriiiy,,aii(J.|it could be used more or less by a certain portion at, least of the not very great number of men scholarly enough to require such aid. Dr. Franklin's establishment of the PhHadelphia Library, in 1731, may in like manner be reckoned the Jjeginning of the period of proprietary libraries, owned by shareholders, and if used by others, only so us^diby favor. Even as thus limited, these libraries were calculated fqr much ■wider usefulness than college libraries. : ; The young men's libraries mark a furthtjrstep in cheapening andpop- ularizing knowledge. They were neither t© be exclusively for thelearned like those of colleges, nor practically conflnpd to the few who could invest a significant sum of money in becoming owners of a collectioDfj^hut were ac^jnsted to the requirements of that much more numerous class of persons who were not permanently established citizens and who coulil not afford more than a small annual fee. f , _ Last comes the full development of the (American administrative priQ- ciple in libraries, that of supplying all ^t the common expense of all, yet gratuitously to each. A free town library, according to thisdefiai- tion, seems to have existed in New York as early as. ther year 1700, when the Eev. John Sharp, chaplain to the Earl of B8llamont,igOFern(r)r of New York, bequeathed his books to the city for a public library. After many years of neglect and misuse, this collection^ howeyesii be- came fused with the proprietary Society Library; the time was too early for the liberality of the project. Again, Governor Clinton, of ITew York, in his message in 1827, suggested the establishment of free school district libraries in that State, which were subsequently imi- tated elsewhere; but this movement did not bring out adequatiefly the best capabilities of a public free library system, bpiog, indeed, mainly 378 Young Melt's Mercantile Libraries. 379 for childreu. Thus it remains to date tbe practical establishment of the real publi(; free library system from the origin of the Boston Public Library. While these four successive classes of libraries exhibit each a constant and decided advance in JiberaUty of plan and in capacity of usefulness, none has become obsolete, but all four remain alive together, suiting and benefiting different classes, each iii,it§ own way. Some such preliminary statement as this seemed necessary, in order to show clearly what is the appropriate place and the distinctive char- acter of the so-called "mercantile libraries."',:. These are enumerated by Mr. Jewett^ in a more general class, which he calls "social libraries." This class of "social libraries" includes, he says, "athenseums, lyceums, young men's associations, mechanics' institutions, and mercantile libra- ries." And he says in the next paragraph, "In some States, almost every town has, under some name, a social library." As distinct from the other " social libraries," the mercantile libraries may be described as primarily for the use of merchants' clerks ; second- arily, also, for all general readers. They are established in large towns ; are iiot free nor owned iu shares, but are open to all on payment of a peri- Gdioal feej and they are managed by the business part of the community, most commonly by the clerks; Probably the "apprentices' libraries" might with sufficient propriety be considered under the same head, at Ifeast so far as professional matters relating to libraries are concerned, bitt^^they 'aT^/hot ftt this time Specifically discussed. Libraries, however, dalled by Such names as " young men's institute," " young men's asso- ciation," "lyceum," etc., so far as their character, purposes, and man- agement are like those having the word " mercantile " in their title, are naturally reckoned with them. Those of the Young Men's Christian Associations are not so included. "Mercantile libraries asla claSs grew up as part of the great educational movemene of the second quarter of this century ; a movement pretty distinctly visible in the history of the period, and to which also belongs the establishment in England of the "mechanics' institutions," of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge, etc.; and in this country tlie important series of educational movements which first received tlmeir main impulse about tbe year 1837. Our two oldest mercantile libraries -'are, that of Boston, established March 11, 1820| and that of New Yorki whose foundation was determined on November 9 of the sameyear. .In the next year the Philadelphia Mercantile Library (now, however, become a stock concern) was started. The Albany Young Men's: Association and the Detroit Young Men's Society were founded in 1833 ;■ the Troy Young ;Men'i^i Association in 1834; the Cincinnati Soiiiig Men's Mercantile Library and the Buffalo YOung Men's Asso- ciation in >183o; the Hartford Young Men's Institute (the- successor of the old' proprietary Hartford Library Company, which was in existence '•''"''''"' ^' Nijtices of Public Libraries in the United States, jiage 189. '380 Public Libraries in the United States. before 1795) ia 1833; ttie Baltimore Mercantile Library in 1839'; and so ou, to a total number which cannot be stated with accuracy, but which is not less than thirty, and might be made much larger by relaxing the definition a little. The youngest of them all to be baptized with the good old name of " mercantile library," it is believed, is that at Gal- veston, Tex., which was founded in the fall of 1870, and which in 1873 became a free public librarj'. Another of the youngest of them, th* Brooklyn Mercantile Library, founded in October 1857, is one of the most energetic and flourishing. This list'is not, of course, offered^ as complete, but only to show the dates of establishing some of the prin- cipal mercantile libraries. It is probable that any public library founded now is decidedly more likely to be organized as a free town library, open to all without any payment, than as a subscription or yearly fee library. It does not now seem likely that many additional libraries will be joined to the existSng class of mercantile libraries. There are even a few cases that indicate a decrease in their number as not improbable. Such are those of mer- cantile libraries whose revenues and strength of position generally have been materially impaired by the establishment of a free public library in the same community. It would not be difilcult to prove that such itni; pairment may probably be avoided, on the obvious principle of using business like, ways of dealing with the emergency — a doctrine peculiarly appropriate to institutions managed by business men. Without elabo- rating in this place any details of a scheme for this purpose, it will do to suggest that the great free public libraries do not exterminate but rather tend to multiply the small business "circulating libraries," of a few hundred volumes each, which newsdealers, booksellers, fancy goods dealers, and the like, so often manage. lAnd if this be the case, it is quite certain that the mercantile libraries, if managed on the: same principle, need not fail anymore than their smaller neighbors. That principle is, to meet the business demand for reading. This requites two things: first, to use the main efforts of the library in supplying books that people want to read; and second, to permit such modes of paying (cash payments only are meant) tior the use of the' books as tbe customers of the library may like best.: Such management makes a pork business successful ; so it does a bpokselling business ; so it does the small trading circulating libraries; and if this be true, 'much more would it make the mercantile libraries successful, co-operating as it would with the comparatively powerful position and influence which they already possess. In the meanwhile, however, the majority of our mercantile libraries are, like the largest and most valuable and useful of them, the New York Mercantile Library, the only important public circulating librarios^iB their respective towns, and while nominally, in some sense, pertaining to the mercantile class, or to the young men, generally, they arein faot-opei! to anybody who pays the moderate annual fee ; and they do a great and indispensable service to the interests of literature. , Young Metis Mercantile Libraries. 381 (The intimate original connectioa of -the mercantile or j'oung men'iS! 3rarie8 with the general educational movement of the uecoud quarter of uiiS century was most evident in the feature, common to all. the earliest ' them, and still retained to a considerable extent, of a school, or at least 11 educational, department. This consisted most frequently of classes in ich studies as book-keeping, arithmetic, writing, and ipodern languages. Qmetimes gymnasiaras, or classes in athletic exercise, were added, he usual reading room has, in some cases, a chess room attached. n:Some instances, cabinets of minerals, coins, or other objectsof inter- st have been begun, according to the tendency to the study of natural Eience at the period when the young men's libraries began. Classes r societies for debate, and for exercises in declamation and composition, ave sometimes been formed. Thus these institutions, instead of being, ,ke the earlier proprietary libraries or the later free public libraries, onfiued to the single function of furnishing books to readers, were ilanmedi rather like a sort of business college, as if to furnish a general (igher education to those who had not been able to go as far as deslra- •le at school. The courses of lectures in connection with the mercantile ibraries, whicli have been a nearly constant feature, and are even Qore prominent thanany of those just enumerated, arose from this same (rigiual school or collegiate character ; for when these libraries began Oibe established, the public lectures, or " lyceum lectures,'" as they ised to be and still are sometimes called, were supposed to be not mere )atertainments,>as most of them now are, bat actual courses of instruc- ion, relatively as nruoh so as ithe " Lowell lectures " at Boston. As the Htblic demand changed, bowever, and as the lectures in the market be- jame gradually mere amusements, the libraries came to make use of them no longer as; parts of their school system, but as means of re- itrforcing their finances. For a certain period, the annual course of lectures was relied on as a source of income just as regularly and just m safely as the payment of the regular subscriptions ; and other amuse- ments, such as concerts, for instan'ce, were sometimes interspersed with them. Of ilate years, the annual reports, however, show a very notice- able diminution of profit, and itl a good many cases a loss from this bus- iness, insomuch that a considerable number of these libraries no longer organize courses of lectures regularly every winter, but confine them- selves to seizing any occasional good opportunity to provide a single lecture or a special series. The rest of these school departments, as the classes for special instruction, the gymnasiums, chess rooms, and debat- ing societies, in some instances still continue, and are of considerable, though it cannot be said very ejstensive, service. The nature of the collections of books in these libraries varies greatly. Some of: them, founded on old andjsolid libraries, or commanding consid- erable means, are of much positive value, at least for general culture, though there is probably not one which has a complete apparatus for investigating any single branch of knowledge. To a predominating 582 Public Libraries in the United States. extent tbej' are primarily, as they must necessarily be, colleotionsoi poilular literature. i j^ The conditions on which their books are used, the modes of regidteD ing the names of borrowers, and the' delivery and return of books, tkt details of service and business, present no special points for discassioa being like the corresponding parts of the administraftion of other ciu culating libraries, and modified in individual cases rather by the cban acter of the management 'than by the designation of theiimstitutioD itself. ' • " "J": The chief difficulty felt by these libraries — itmay pretty safely be said by alllibraries — is wantof money and of efficientaid from thepublic/i For this want there is, however, one clearly manifestreason peculiar toyoqng men's libraries. They are conducted by rapidly changing boards whose members are often mere youths. Their affairs are taken in hand ooeb a year, and reported to and dealtwlthby a meetingof the members, whose vbtes, east during an exciting canvass for oflBcers of the library, may, and frequently do, decide the general policy and detavled-measuresiof the library for the coming year. Such methods do passably w^lbiB associated enterprises, conducted by experienced business men, and, indeed, no one who knows the history of the young men's libraries can fail tO' admire the remarkable degree of good sense and good business management with which they have been conducted. Yet thereissoma* times a good deal of troublesome and not very handsome intrigning at the annual elections to oast one party or person, or to introduce another. Sometimes the executive force is changedtin a similar manner. Soim-i times; on the other hand, there is too mucth apathy, and Che inachinff moves only in a slow and rusty way in tftie hands of managers disin- clined or unable to give it the requisite care and energy. Andat iS natural and unavoidable that the older citizens, when applied to,^ tbej* are from time to time, for money with which to enlarge such a library, should hesitate to intrust an important ijroperty in personal or real estate, or both, wholly to such a collection of young people. Accord- ingly, where such measures have been accomplished, it has in some cases at least, been by means of associating a body of older men with the younger ones, with a special control Over the merely property interests of the library. Such a double organizatiorys that of the New Yorfc Mer^ cautile Library Association, where the library itself and its condacfciiare in the hands of the merchants' clerks,'while its real estate business and the income of the same are controlled by the Clinton Hall A^sgcja- tion, which consists of old and conservative men of business. This sort of May and December conjunction causes more or less friction, butfron the whole, the institution gets along remarkably well ; and while nobod:^ dreams that the young men want tp clp anything wrong or foolish, tE?^ presence and authority of the old ones make it reasonably certain that they could not if they did, at least to a fatal extent. " Forincreasingtheprosperity and usefulness of the mercantile ItbratiSt none but general methods can be suggested, namely, to push them as Young Men's Meroantih< Libraries, 383 lergetically aad' wisely as possible. The frieuds of iasfcitufcious estab- shed with forms aad habits of their own, do not often relish the idea f chaiigiuK them. It is, accordingly, not worth while to seek any hanges in Snch mercantile libraries as are meeting with reasonable access. Where, however, the prospects of a mercantile library are not 0. encouraging as might be desired, the present state of public senti- lent warrants the belief that a revival would not improbably result Bom changing it' into a free public library. This can always be done in uch a way as to respect and preserve the traditions of the older insti- mtion. And while, on the one hand, there might be some detriment rom the change, >there doubtless would be, on the other, an advantage pgreat as to be decisive wherever it coUld be fullysecured. This advan- itage is the identityingthe ownership of, responsibility for, and interest in ;h.ei library, not with any one cla'ss, no matter how intelligent and re- spectable, but with the whole community. This, of course, points to putting the library on exactly the same basis as other municipal con- Jerns ; indeed, it makes the library a part of the government; a part surely more creditable and worthy of encouragement than the jail or ;he poorhonse. li [Following will be found tables of Mercantile, Young Men's Associa- aon^ and Young Men's Institutfe Libraries, showing the date of organi- sation of each and the number of volumes in each, according to the lat^t returns.. Most of the athenaeums, meclianics' institutes, and apprentices' libra- ries are similar in character.and purpose, in many respects, to the classes ibove mentioned, and it has been thought proper, therefore, to add the statistics of the more important of these. Further details respecting all of them will be found, imthe general table of statistics in Chapter XX'XIX of this report. — EDiTOits.J ;! I MerCanlile Libraries. .. : ,,,-- Place. .6 1 ( _ , ..,„„. J, Xame. si a -3 >5 . '■: } ■; .'" ' ' ' • isei 1853 1835 1807 1851 1839 1820 1871 184^ 1852 18S7 1820- 1835 1831 1847 3,024 41,563 Illinoia . J - ■ . Peoria ' -j.'.' .. 9,155 650 5 031 !Mercantile Library 31, 033 21, 500 2,219 ^ >n'H:.y:r-^^^^-^°"^^--r ■•■• , .Mercap,tile^ Library^ 42,013 2 boo 2^evrYofe^^-''''' "Brooklyn 50^ 257 160,813 36, 193 Pennsj-lyEiuia . .,. . . .Philadelphia. PittsDurgh.-I Mercantile Library 125, 668 13 012 384 Public Libraries in the United States. Young Men's Assooiaiiona, , Place. Name. u 1 =5 . Il i ? |2i Young Men's Institute j..^> 1838 18-26 1867 1848 1866 1833 1833 1841 1835 1834 1866 1847 24 000 Young Men's Library 4 510 4,400 8,000 12, 790 13 000 Buffalo German Yonug Men's Association 4 6d0 Buffalo Young Men's Association ^ 27,597 81, 424 4,300 15,000 Ohio Norwalk Xoung Men's Association - dlheneeums. Place. Name. o g M iD 1850 1844 1856 1807 1857 1848 1834 1850 1871 1810 1864 1859 1817 1829 1828 1860 1814 1836 1852 1870 1847 4,000 2,261 3,000 105,000 3,657 8 700 Saco Athenaeum Athensenm and Library Association Boston AthensEura 4,903 3,782 18, 000 Salem 20 000 "West field 7 306 ...Minneapolis 4,670 Kew Hampshire If ew Yorlc . 11,60T . Rochester AthensDum and Mechanics' Association 21,000 Ohio. 6,000 Pennsylvania ... Athenajum and Historical and Mechanical Society. 4,000 Philadelphia 20, 000 Rhode Island ... 34, 49^ Tennessee 12, 000 "Vermont ...St. Johusbury "Windsor 9,200 3,030 Young Meris Mercantile Libraries. Mechanics' and, Jpprenlices' Zihrarks. 385 i , . ! Place. 1 iNarae. s « 5 o . 1 a 1855 1861 1820 1820 1825 1820 1842 1820 1826 1865 1820 1828 1820 1852 1791 1821 '24,108 Manufacturers' and Mechanics' Library — 5, 300 4, 200 4,500 13,782 - 4, 000 Worcester County Mechanics' Associittion.. 4,450 3,500 2,600 Bw York Bufifklo ' 4,504 53, 000 4,000 Philadelphia...., T... Philadelphia 21, 000 3,550 Mechanics' and Manufacturers' Library As- sociation. Association of Mechanics and Manufacturers / 3,000 6,750 25 E CHAPTER XV; THE LIBRARIES OF YOUSG MEN'S CHRISTIAN , ASSOCIATIONS. BY CEPHAS BRAISERD. Young men's ghristian associations — Theie number and membership— Number and extent op mbbauiks and reading rooms— puhpgsbs— character of read- ING— GERMAN ASSOCIATIONS — CATHOLIC YOUNG MEN's ASSOCIATIONS — STATISTICS. LIBRAEIES OF YOtING MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION§.'^^ " The first Young Men's Christian Asisoijiatian iu the United Statfes was organized at Boston, Mass., iu 1851. There are now, according to the latest returns received, 478 associations, with an aggregate membership of 62,180. One hundred and eighty associations,: with an aggregate membership of 43,612, report libraries containing altogether 164,188 volumes ; 139 report libraries valued in the aggregate at $227,268 ; 201 report reading rooms, with an aggregate average attendance of 9,145 readers daily. The largest library reported is that of the Association at Washington, D. C, which, together with that of the Washington Library, deposited in the same rooms, contains about 15,000 volumes. The active membership of these associations is almost wholly composed of young men, a majority of whom are clerks and artisans. The maii' agement is in the hands of a small bodyiof Christian men, who seek,' through the agencies of the associations,' the moral, mentsll, and social elevation of those who come within their reach. These societies 'have been steadily growing in numbers and influence for the last quarter of a century, and notably since 1865. Two and one-half millions of doUai'S have, within the last ten years, been permanently invested ih fifty one association buildings and some fifty building funds. Seventj^-flve trained men are now constantly employed in their executive w6rk and administration. They are not isolated societies, but are connected in State organizations, and finally in a single co-operative agency, which ■embraces the English speaking part of the continent. Through these general combinations, by means of committees and paid agents, thSy are united in efforts to increase the power of existing associations and to form new ones. While the moral welfare and advancement of the mem- bership are sought most earnestly, and as a paramount object, the agencies for eduSation are not neglected. There is scarcely an associa- tion which does not have its annual course of lecturesji while those in the larger towns and cities sustain classes in those braachesof practical knowledge which are especially available in business pursuits. The greater proportion of the libraries are circulating libraries, but two of the 386 Libraries of Young Men's Christian Associations. 387 largest are used simply for referedce and reading in the library room. Tiie small collections of 100 volumes and less are composed almost wholly of books of biblica,¥ reference for the use of the members of the association and the Sunday school teachers of the community. lu the liurchase of books the nrst aim of an association is to supply the means for Bible study, and this portion of their collections is always in advance of the other. They then seek- to obtain books most useful to the young men who frequent their rooms, in the line of their business employmepts. , They then add histories, biographies, travels, poetry, and those works of fiction aud general literature which are not considered objectionable. . a. . w _ The use made of these books may be illustrated by the statistics of a reading and reference library of about 10,000 volunies for the year 1874, (excluding therefrom the use of dictionaries and encj-clopedias:)' His-. tory, llj per cent. ; biography, 4 per cent. ; travels and geography, 3J per cent. ; Bibles and biblical works, 6 per cent. ; theology, 3^ per cent. ; general literature, 18 per cent. ; poetry and the drama, 7 per cent. ; fie. tion-and tales, 29J per cent.; arts and sciences, 17 per cent. These figures indicate unmista,kably a decided preference for the better class of reading. They offer a fair example of the reading in all the libraries. It is believed that the library of the New York Association, which embraces 10,552 volumes, is the most valuable of its class in the coun- try. ;j The books have been selected with the utmost care, are of the best English editions, when .those have been obtainable, and are, for the most part, excellently bound. : This collection is quite complete in stand- ard history and theology. Much attention has been given to the depart- ment of art, particularly in the matter of engraving, and the progress of thajt art is illustrated by a series of 8,000 engraved portraits begin- ning at a very early 'period. and brought down to the time when the art reached its most perfect development. The library room of this associa-; tion has shelves for 25,000 volumes. r,,5;he reading, rooms of the associations, are always free to the general gu|lic, Some are particularly complete in the various departments of periodical literature,. , , . . - It^vis considered of the, first? importance that both the libraries and reading rooms should be kept open at hours when they will be con- yegiengy accessible to theyoujig men of the community. Some of them are open during a large portiouiof each Sunday, though this is far from ^eiflg ao invariable practice among these societies. In: no case are these collections of books mere libraries ; they do not stand;,alone, butare.partof a complex machinery, all of which has a Ufnjtyof design in seeking, largely by the personal effort of individu- als, the elevation and best welfare of the young men of the community. The library of the young' men's christian 'association is, in many t(nvns,(the only one open to the public, and hence it has been the aim of those who are active in the association movement to encourage and foster every exhibition of the book gathering spirit. , 388 Public Libraries in the United States. [Of the 478 associations before mentioned 23 are known as German Young Men's Christian Associations, their membership being composed of persons of that nationality. Besides these, there are in the United States a number of Catholic Young Men's Associations which possess libraries and reading rooms for the use of their members. The statistics of these are but imperfectly reported, there being as yet no central organization like that of the Young Men's Christian Associations. The oldest of these associations reported is that known as the Catholic Philopatrian Literary Institute of Philadelphia, which was organized in 1850. Among the largest are those of the Catholic Institute, Cincinnati, Ohio, organized in 1860, and the Catholic Library Association of Fort Wayne, Ind., organized in 1871, which contain 3,000 volumes each. ■ ]. Eeports from nine Catholic associations show that they possess libra- ries containing, in the aggregate, about 18,000 volumes. Following will be found a table showing the date of organization and number of volumes in library of the more important associations of both classes before mentioned. The statistics of others will be found in the general table in Chapter XXXIX of this report. — Editoks.] taile of principal liiraries of Young Men's Christian Associations and Catholic Young Men's Associations. - California San Francisco .^.. DlBt. of Columbia. -Washington Illinois Chicago Indiana i Fort Wayne Massachusetts Boston Boston New Jersey ;N ew Brunswick . Trenton New York Albany Albany Brooklyn Elmira New York Ohio Cincinnati Pennsylvania Bethlehem Erie Hairisburgh. . Lancaster Philadelphia . . Philadelphia - . Williamaport . Bhode Island Bristol Providence ... Tennessee ...-' Nashville Virginia Eiohmond ^ : Young Men's Christian Association Washington City Library J. ....1 Young Men's Christian Association Catholic Library Association Young Men's Christian Association .... — Young Men's Christian Union Young Men's Christian Association Young Men's Christian A ssociation Young Men's Catholic Lyceum Young Men's Christian Association , Young Men's christian Association Young Men's Christian Association - Young Men's Christian Association Catholic Institute - Young Men's Christian Association City Library, Young Men's Christian Asso- ciation. Young Men's Christian Association .; , Young Men's Christian Association Catholic Philopatrian Literary Institute... Young ilea's Christian Association ....... Young Men's Christian Association Young Men's Christian Association Young Men's Christian Association Young Men's Christian Association Young Men's Christian Association — -.. 1853 1865 1867 1871 1851 1852 1868 1856 1871 1857 1854 1858 1832 1860 1867 1867 1855. 1872 1850 1854 1866 1863 1853 1870 18f5 5,000 15, 000 2,670 3,000 4,7S5 • 3,6:15 3,000 3, 404 2, 000 2,000 6,01)0 5,200 10,552 3,000 2,000 5,650 , . 2, lOO _ 3,000 '2i000 5,310 S,00O 4,000 4,500 3,600 CHAPTER XVI. FREE LIBRARIES. BY J. p: QXriXCT. Relation of the citizen and the state to fkhe libbaries— Incentives to thor- ,QUGH. BEADING T71 Selection op books— Use and abuse of fict^'ion — Valu,e of special and complicte catalogues — educational influences and advantages — Individual endowments and contributions. The free library, regarded from the alcoves by those responsible for their supply and arrangement, necessarily suggests studies in the details of administration. The citizen for whose convenience this wonderful institution has Come into being, as he presents his card at the desk and siimmons the authlor whose instruction lie needs, as naturally considers the central principle which it illustrates and the subtile influences it is already diffusing in the worlfl. I There are certain eminent philosophers who have emphatically an- nounced that the sole duty of the state is to administer justice. Legis- lation should not attempt to improve and uplift thecttizen, but be satis- fled in providing hiin with a policeman and a penitentiary. They assure us that private enterprise will best furnish the community with what- ever civilizing and ennobling influences it may lack.' Even the public school, we are told, is a blunder of which the logical outcome is a state church, with an, annual item of "faggots for heretics" to be assessed upon aH tax-payers. It would not be wise for any moderate dialectician to question the construction of the syllogisms which have brought really great men to thesei dismal conclusions; but I liave sometimes thought that it would be pleasant to take an evening walk with one of them (Mr. Herbert Spencer, for instance) through the main street of a iSew England town, and see if he would recognize any tendency to the evils that he had.predicted. He would be shown tlie ancient barroom (happily closed) which an unfettered private enterprise once provided fe the sole place of evening resort. Some of the older inhabitants mighj; be sunimoned to.giVe their recollections of this central rallying place. It was the social exchange of the community, every night ablaze with light, inviting all male passers-by to try the animal comforts of S(pmis and tobacco. Even persons of local respectability, having no- wliere„else to go, were wont to stray in and stupefy themselves into endurance of the vulgar jests of the barkeeper and the chorus of brutal - - ^ . ■ 369 390 Public Libraries in the United States. talk that must prevail when whisky is abundant and women are left out. Our distinguished thinker would learn that this tippling house had been closed by the flat of a, government which no longer permits the open bar to flaunt its temptations in the face of men ; and not only was the liberty of the liquor dealing citizen thus outraged, and his private enterprise remorselessly put down, but this same government (going on from bad to worse) audaciously exceeded its proper functions by opening a spacious library, heated and lighted at the general cost. Instead of the barkeeper and his satellites, we find modest and pleasing young women dispensing books over the counter. Here are working- men, with their wives aud daughters, reading in comfortable seats or selecting volumes to make home attractive. If we should estimate in dollars the saving to the community of that government action which theorists have condemned, the result would be most gratifying. To the moral advance which in this case had been initiated by substituting a public institution for a private enterprise, there would be no want of fervent testimony. Of course one could not ask an inexorable logician to abandon those compact formulas about the limits of stateiaction, which are the best of labor saving inventions to all who can accept them. We could only set against the philosopher's reasoning what a poet has called "the unreasoning progress of the world;" and we may rejoice that no American citizen who has studied, the actual workings and perceived the yet undeveloped capaoilities of his town library is likely to be disturbed by the deductions of a merely verbal logic. He is familiar with at least one form of this dreaded government interfer- ence, which not only expresses the collective will of the people, but constantly tends to inform and purify its sources. The diminution of human effort necessary to produce a given result is nowhere more strikingly exhibited than in one of our free libTaries. One is tempted to parody the Celtic paradox,'that one man is as good as another and a great deal better too, by saying that a public library is just as good as a private one, and for the effective study of books has decided advantages over it. A student is much more apt to flx and record the results of reading if the book is not owned. The volumes which stand on his private shelves may be mastered at any time, which turns out to be no time, or rather they need not be mastered at all, for there they are, ready for reference at a moment's notice, but the books bor- rowed for a few weeks from the public library he is compelled to read carefully, and with pen in hand. The one secular institution which encourages self-development as an aim should be especially favored in the times upon which we have fallen. Who has not had moments of skepticism touching the solid advantages to humanity of the mechanical triumphs our generation has seen ? They have created a host of new desires to be gratified, of unimagined luxuries to stimulate the fierce competitions which thrust the weakest to the wall. But we cannot help entertaining Mr. Mill's painful doubt whether all the splendid achieve- PPPOP^PTSf^ Free Libraries. ' 393 lents of physics and chemistry have yet lightened the toil of a single umau being. We read that the railroads are rapidly extending the ittle plague and the cholera, and that Mr. Adams told the Oomte de 'aris that, had the ocean telegraph been laid a few years earlier, the rightful calamity of a war between England and America could not ave been avoided. If we would bind these Titans in wholesome service 3 the higher interests of our race, it must be done by a commensurate xpansion of the means of popular education. It will not do to ignore be fact that their advent has greatly increased the difficulties of main- aining a healthy political system. It is only by constantly extending ;nowledge that we may take good heart, and accept the situation. The test use to which we can put the stage coach of our ancestors is to carry IS to the railroad, and we can best employ their precious legacy of the ree school as a conveyance to the free library. There is one question concerning the functions of free libraries upon rhich different opinions are held by estimable persons. Should an in- titution, supported by tax-payers to promote the general interests of he community, hasten to supply any books which people can be induced o ask for by unscrupulous puflfs with which publishers fill the papers ? :t must, of course, be admitted that there may be good reasons why he libraries of wealthy cities should preserve single copies of every- ihing that comes to hand. Silly, and even immoral, publications may )ffer illustrations to the student of history, and give him valuable aid n reproducing the life of the past. But the smaller libraries, which sannot aim at completeness, have not this excuse for neglecting to exer- lise a reasonable censorship upon books, and for seeking only to adapt ;heir supplies to a temporary and indiscriminating demand. 'Surely a state which lays heavy taxes upon the citizen in order that children nay be taught to read is bound to take some interest in what they read ; ind its representatives may well take cognizance of the fact, that an ncreased facility for obtaining works of sensational fiction is not the special need of our country at the close of the first century of its inde- pendence. Physicians versed in the treatment of those nerve centres, whose iisorder has so alarmingly increased of late years, have testified to the enervating influence of the prevalent romantic literature, and declared it to be a fruitful cause of evil to youth of both sexes. The interesting study of the effects of novel reading in America, to be found in Dr. [saac Ray's treatise upon Mental Hygiene, should be familiar to all (vho are responsible for the education of our people. Senator Yeaman, in his recent work upon government, exclaims : The volumes of trash poured forth daily, weekly, and monthly, are appalling. Many minds, which, if oonflued to a few volumes, W9uld become valuable thmkers, are lost in the wilderness of brilliant and fragrant weeds. It has been very hastily assumed that if our young people cannot )btain the sensational novels which they crave, they will make no use 394 Public Libraries in the United States. of the town library. But tbis is not so. Boys and girls will read, what is put in tbeir way, provided their attention is judiciously directed^ and the author is not above their capacity. I am, fortunately, able to ad- duce direct testimony to a truth which will appear self evident to many who are thoroughly in sympathy with the ma^sesj of our peoptje and have studied their requirements. There is a free library in Germantown, Pa., sustained by the liberality of a religious body, and frequented by artisans and workirtg people of both sexes.- It has been in existence for six years, contains at present more than 7,000 volumes, and takes the extreme position of excluding all novels from its shelves. A passage from the report for IST-t, of its librarian, Mr. William Kite, is commended to the attention of those who afiBrm that libraries have no interest for the masses of our people unless they administer sensational fiction in heroic doses : In watching the use of our library as it is'tnore aufl more resorted to by thj younger readers of our community, I have been much interested in ils inflaeuce in weaning theni from a desire for works of fiction. On first joining the library, the new, comers often ask for such books, but failing to procure them, and having their atteatloKturned to' works of interest and instrnction.in almost every instance they settle do wn i;o gbdtl reading and cease asking for novels. I am persuaded that much of this vitiated taste is cultivated by the purveyors to the reading classes, and that they are responsible for an appetite they often profess to deplore, but continue to cater to, under (he plausibly, excuse that the public will have such works. A letter from Mr. Kite (dated Xovember 11, 1875) gives most gratify- ing statements concerning the growth and success of the Friends' Free Library. I take the liberty of quoting the following extracts, as bearing upon the matter in hand : As to the question of inducing readers to substitute wholesome reading for fiction, there is no great difficulty about it. It requires a williogness on the part of the care- takers to assume the labor of leading their tastes for a time. A very oousideraUe number of the frequenters of our library are factory girls, the class most disposed to seek amusement in novels and peculiarly liable to be injured by their false pictures of life. These young people have, under our State laws, an education equal to reading average literature. , . . According to our gauge of their mental calibre, we ofifer to select an interesting book for them. They seem often like children learning to walk; they must be led awhile, but they soon cater for themselves; we have thought but few leave because they cannot procure works of fiction. , :''." We receive great help, in rightly leading our young readers, from our juvenile department. Perhaps the name hardly conveys the nature of the books^ for it contains many works intended to give rudimentary instruction in natural history and, science, and does not contain children's novels, Sunday-school or others. It is safe to say that relaxation in the sense spoken of as belonging to novel reading is obtained by our readers in the use of books of travel, of which we have a rich collection. In further illustration of what seems to me to be the better Americaa opinion upon the matter under consideration, I quote from the last report (1875) of the examining committee of the Boston Public Library. That committee was composed of well known and responsible men," who may be presumed to have .given due consideration to the language tfiey sanction. The italics in the following extract are mine : ! ' Free'^' Libraries 395 There is a vast rauge of epbemeral literature, exciting and fascinating, apalogstio of ice or confusing distinctions between plain right and wrong; fostering discontent ith the-peaoefiil, hoijq^ly duties which oonstitjute a large portion of fiverage men and onaeu's lives; responsible for an immense amount of the, mental disease and moral regularities which are so tronblesome an element in modern society — and this is the ind of reading to which multitudes naturally take, which it is not the business of a town irary to supply, although for a time it may be expedient to yield to its claims while waiting 'the development of a more elevated taste. Notwithstanding many popular Btions to the contrary, it is no part of the duty of a municipality; to raise taxes for le aimiisement of the people, unless the amusement is tolerably sure to be conducive 3 the higher ends of good citizenship. . . . The sole relation of a town lilrary to le general interest is as a 'supplement to the school system; as an instrumentality of higher istruclion to all classes of people. No one has ever doubted that the great majority of boofis in a free ibrary should be emphatically'popular in their character. They should aruish reading interesting and intelligible to the average graduate of he schools. And there is no lack' of such works. The outlines of the ciences have been given by men of genius after methods the most sim- ile and attractive. History andbiography in the hands of competent ilijtUors fascinate th,e| imagination and givea healthy stinjulus to thought. The narratives of travelers, beautifully illustrated as they so pften are it the present day, are thrilling enough to gratify that love of wild dventure which is at times a wholesome recoil from the monotonies of ivilization. Some of the great masters of romance interest, and at the amefime elevate and teach. 'What theologian has shown the power if secret sin to inthrall the human heart as Hawthorne has shown tin the Scarlet Letter? Can Milton's noble Ode on the Morning of Christ's Nativity reach the average ear like the lovely Christmas 3arGl of Chai-les Dickens? Few persons could think it desirable to sxclude all fiction from their town library. But it is one thing to admit !er|ain worjis of imagination of pure moral tendency, which have proved heir vitality by living at least a year or two ; it is quite another thing io assume that the town library is to be made a rival agency to the )dok club, the weekly paper, the news stand, and the railroad depot, for li^Seminatin,g what iie properly enough called " the iioVels of the day." granted tHat fiction IS a,n important ingredient in education,. it is not ;hiB ingredient which is especially lacking in American education at the present time, and which the public funds must hasten to supply. It ma.V^ be thought that I ana taking needless pains to emphasize ^^iews which all leaders of opinion willingly accept. Unhappily this is lot the case. A gentlemai), whpse honorable, militairy services always iecure him the public ear, declared, in a recent address, that free.libra- ;ies should distribute^ the litera,ture known as "dime novels," seeing ;hatiliese productions, aithpugh " highly sensational," are " morally barmlesS." The fallacy, as it seems to me, is almost too transparent for Jxppsure. ' Morally harmless, to whom., j^nd under what .circurflstances"? ilariyphyiioToglsts believe that, to certain ^ejjsonsat certain periods of ife, the moderate use of alcoholic stimulants is not only morally harm- 396 Public Libraries in the United States. less but pbjsically beneficial. Would it be well, then, for our towns, at the collations some of them give to parents and pupils at the end of the school year, to place plentiful supplies of wine and spirits upon the tables? Nobody will deny that an occasional dime novel may be mor. ally harmless to the middle aged mechanic at the close of his day of honesty work. He is amused at the lurid pictures of the everyday world he knows so well, takes care to put the book gat of the way of his children, and finds himself none the worse for his laugh over the bloody business of the villain and the impossible amours of the heroine. But now let us look at the testimony of Jesse Pomeroy, the boy mur- derer, at present under sentence of death. Mr. J. T. Fields, in a lecture of which I flud a notice in the Boston Journal, (December 14, 1875,) reports a conversation held with this miserable youth : ' Pomeroy, in the course of the interview, said that he had always beeii a great reader of blood and thunder stories, having read probably sixty " dime novels," all treating of scalping and deeds of violence. The boy said that he had no donht that theteliding of those books had a great deal to do with his course, and be would advise all boys to leave them alone. If it is held to be the duty of the State to supply boj-s and girls with dime novels, and the business of the schools to tax the people that they may b6 taught to read them, public education is not quite as de- fensible as many persons have supposed. ^ It would be foolish to draw any definite line respecting the selection of books for free libraries, and to declare it worthy of universal adop- tion. The gentlemen of the Boston comrpittee, while proclaiming the principle which these institutions should embody, imply that it is pro- visionally expedient to furnish the literature whose tendencies they so unequivocally condemn. I am not concerned to dispute their conclu- sion. ' The question deserves very grave consideration, and its decision may wisely differ in different communities. Libraries already organized may for a time be fettered by precedents that were hastily established. It may be best that their managers should flot directly tippose existing prejudices, but should gradually gain such spots of vantage ground as may be held against unreasonable attacks. Some of our librarians have already entered upon an important line of duty, and 6fifer wise gnWince to their communities in the art of effective reading. The efforts of Mr. Winsor and other pioneers in this direction should be met in a spirit of thorough and cordial appreciation. They have recognized the fact that they are not servants to supply a demand, but that (within limits) they are responsible for the direction of a new and mighty force. It is to be hoped that the directors of our smaller libraries will gradually attain conceptions of public duty which- will prevent them from court- ing a temporary popularity by hastening to supply immature and unreg- ulated minds with the feverish excitements they have learned to crave. There is a silent opinion .ready to sustain those who will associate with the town library an atmosphere of pure ideas and generous traditions. EOXBUBT BKAUC H, BOSTON PUBLIC LIBKAET. Free Libraries. 399 Te cannot evade a responsibility which has been placed upon us of lis passing generation. One of the most promising institutions yet orn into the world must be bequeathed to our successors as an instru- lent always working in the direction of moral and social development. As not without connection with the subject just dismissed, I desire ) protest against the very common assumption that the number of ooks a library circulates serves to measure its usefulness to the com- lunity sustaining it. Even if we reach this conclusion by reckoning nly the works of real value which are called for, it may be wholly fal- icious. If such a test is to be recognized, the noble work that has been one in cataloguing will often appear to be superfluous. I am sure that aany persons consulting the Boston Public Library will agree with lie that its peculiar advantage lies less in the great number of its books, ban in the fact that exhaustive catalogues guide the student to just the took he wants; he is not compelled to swell statistics of circulation by aking out ten books that were not wanted in order to find the volume if which he stands in need. A little reflection will make it evident that he circulation credited to a free library may throw very faint light upon he one important question of the manner and spirit in which its privi- eges have been used. To set everybody to reading in all leisure hours s not necessarily the best thing that the institution can do for us. Much )f its highest usefulness must reach the tax-payer indirectly, and :hrough vicarious channels. Our people are an exceptionally good nedium for the transmission of intellectual force. The free library will aenefit many of its supporters through the minister's sermon and the physician's practice ; the editor's leader will lead toward sounder con- clusions ; the teacher will learn, not only something worth commuui- jating, but the best methods of imparting knowledge orally to opening minds. An educational centre may confer no slight blessing upon out- lying dependencies by leading to the recovery of the lost art of conver- sation, as quickening as vulgar personal gossip is enfeebling to the human mind. It is plain that no attainable statistics will measure the work of the town library. There are no figures that will tell us, even approximately, what portion of the intelligence of the community wonid have lain dormant without it. How many individuals of exceptional capacity have been encouraged in thinking and acting more wisely than the mass of their fellow-citizens, we can never know. We must take for granted what is incapable of direct demonstration. But it is important to remember that as intellectual eflbrt is kindled fewer books may be wanted. Excessive indulgence in miscellaneous reading is soon found to be incompatible with any real assimilation of knowledge. Statistics are desirable so long as we do not credit them with information which they cannot give. It is certainly possible that the usefulness of a free library may increase in inverse ratio to the circulation of its books. It is yet too soon to estimate the wonderful results to which this gift of literature to the masses of the people. is destined to lead. It will 400 Public Libraries in the , United States. aptiand react upon oar successors ia ways thatwe cau scarcely antici- pate. Mr. Froucje has contended that the transition from? the olt|. indus- trial education to the modern tiook ©diication is not fori the present a sign of wh9^t can be called progress. Bat this, is onlyvsayiug that all fmitfal principles bring temporary disorder in their train., Somethingt may be urged in behalf of the discipline that i went with apprenticeshipy when contrasted with the smattering of unvitalized knowledge wbieh* ■was all that some of the earlier experiments in public education seemed able to supply. But the moment the public school is supplemented jby a public library, its capacity is increased an hundredfold. And, Has should be recognized by some modification of the ends at wfeichour earlier; schools, the schools of the masses of the people, direct their energies^: When good books codldi be obtained only by the wealthy, there was some excuse for crowding a child's memory with disconnected scraps^ol knowledge. But now that the free library is opened, sounder methods are demanded. The miscellaneous examining must give place to a traiaJ: ing that: tends to develop the reflective and logical faculties of the miud. Our classical schools, the schools of a small clasSj defend their narrow course of study with the plea that it is their special work tofit for the wider opportunities of college. It is fast becoming the work: of the schools of our governing majority to fit for the people's college, the town library. Many years ago, Macaulay declared the literature then extant ia the English language of far greater value than the literature extant in all the languages of. the world three centuries before. The noble contri- butions that this literature has received during the last J core of years throw a new emphasis upon the statement. When our p^bliie instruc- tion gives the power of reading English with ease, and of writing it with some knowledge of the delicacies 6f its vocabulary, when ibda. perceived thatits true end is to facilitate and systematize the use of pufeu lie books, the cost of popular education will be repaid in a social advance, ment which now seems in the dimmest future. The free library will tend to establish some better proportion between the work which must be done in America and the means provided ito do iti* It will give the man of originality an opportunity of finding the; sympathy and support which are somewhere waitingi i»r him. Under its hospitable roof the pamphlet may again assume a ministry ofiinstruo-j tion not held of late years. Much valuable investigation is done by men who have neither the time to write books nor the money to publish them. Let them remember that a few hundred copies of ia pamphlefc.^ are cheaply produced, and, distributed among the free Jiteajries, will reach those who are prepared to take an interest in the matter di^cussedit It is no slight privilege to secure that small cicple of sympathetioirertd^ ers who can be picked from the crowd in no other way. AndthesBii publications, when good work is putinto them, are no longer ephemeral. Bound into volumes, and catalogued. under the subjects of which they treat, they remain to shed whatever light may be in them upon diffieuh'^ Free Libraries. 401 ?s with which the world is toritieiited. Tlie politician, trammeled, it a(y be, with the fetters of his party, the joanialist, not always emaaci- ited from allegiance to temporary expediencies, easily reach the gen- al ear. A new means of communication with the i)eople' is opening r the independent thinker who may in the end direct them both. It ill not be the least service rendered by the free library if men of moral roe, who may hold UTipopular opinions, are able to touch the pores rongli which the public is receptive. It is to be hoped that each free library will gradually become the ntre of the higher life of its community, and will successfully appeal private liberality for an increasing attractiveness. A few wealthy len have already seen that there is no surer way of benefiting their jighborhoods than by providing permanent library buildings, capable ' giving the pleasure and education w^ich fair forms and beautiful col- 'ing afford. It were well to set apart st)me room in such an edifice for le display of pictures and other works of art, and to establish the cus- im of lending objects of interest fol? free exhibition. The usage of giv- g the flfst'and best of every thusig to the sovereign is too good to aban- jh to the "effete despotisms of Europe." It will bear transplanting. Thy should not every one* of us acknowledge gracefully the claims of le general public? When the prosperous citizen treats himself to a ork of art, let it tarry a month at the town library on the way to its rivate destination. It will give its possessor a healthier enjoyment for ibjectiou to this popular quarantine. And not the wealthy alone, but i classes of the Community shouhl be encouraged to give sonae service » their library. When the state bestows a privilege, it creates an obli- ation which it is courteous to acknowledge. Any one who takes a few 9od newspapers, or can borrow them of his neighbors before they are sed for kindlings, may make a valuable gift to his town library. By iving a few moments every evening any one can prepare and index a ;rap book which will always be associated with its donor as a volume hsolatelly unique, and of permanent interest. Mixed with masses of )6lish and frivolous matter, much of the best thought of the day finds s way into the newspapers. Finance, free trade, the relations of capi- il and labor, and other important subjects of research, are illustrated ot only by the essays of able journalists, but by the crisp correspond- ace of active men whose business brings them face to face with the lort-comings of legislation.. The millionaire who, by spemiiug thou- mds, should present the four Shakspere folios to his town library, ould be thought to have honorably connected his name with the insti- ition ; bat the man or woman who gives four folio scrap books filled ■ith the best contemporary discussions of a few great topics of human iterest, is a far more useful benefactor. To the statesman, to the student of history, as well as to the general ;ader, thC' work will gain in value as the yfcars go by. It seems doubt- il whether the multitudinous records of the times that are thrown 26 E 402 Public Libraries in the United States. daily from the press can be accommodated within the walls of any institution. But to preserve judicious selections, capable of easy refer- ence, will always be a high form of literary usefulness. When Thomas Hobbes declared that democracy was only another: name for an aristocracy of orators, he never conceived of a democracy which should be molded by the daily journal and the free library. To thif> latter agency we may hopefully look for the gradual deliverance of .the people from the wilesof the rhetorician and stump orator, with their distorted fancies and one-sided collection of facts. As the varied intelligence M'hich books can supply shall be more and more wisely assimilated, the essential elements of every political and social question may be confidently submitted to that instructed common sense upon which the founders of our Government relied. Let us study to perfect the workings of this crowning departmeat in our apparatusi&npojralkr education. Unlike all other public charities, the free library is equally generous to those who have and to those who lack. It cares as tenderly for the many as for the few, and removes some of those painful con- trasts in human opportunity which all good men are anxipusto rectify .■■■.!.'■■ _y'\'S .Jiiom iiuibrm .:'' inoijiiUi?. M tri'iili olid'" ;j.: ,.'O0ii! ■■^siiiUoa ik^as odw pL> Uh 111 8>Iood i89(i SfiJ giiLteiuo-iio fi ^o ii:I)99n eiW !kl am Hint JBaig eirfJ ^o HAPTE R XVII. PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN MANUFACTURING COMMUNITIES. , B3r WILLIAM I. I-LETCHEK, ,, Assistant lAbrarian 'Waildjison.IAbrary of Reference, < kllLL XIBEARIKS — SOCIAL LIBRARIES — ENDOWED FREE LIBRARIES— jPUBLIC EBEE LIBRARIES — Build iKGS — General management' — Catalogues— ^Dbtailsofman- AGj^'fMENT — Choice of books. . Nowhere does the public libi^ary system flrld a better field tliaii in ihose comtuaaities which are largely engaged in inauufactures. The iensity of the population, the scarcity of books in private ownership, ;he dreariness and the dangers of boarding house life, the generally un- jmployed evenings of most of the people, offer conditions eminently mited to give a public library success and usefulness. These facts tiave been recognized early in the history of most of our manufacturing towns, and attempts have been made to establish libraries on some public ar semi-public basis. Four classes of libraries have resulted from these attempts. ' I. MILL LIBRARIES. Some of the larger manufacturing corporations have established extensive libraries for the use of their employes. That of the Pacific Mills, in Lawrence, Mass., is a good example of this class. To its establishment the corporation contributed generously, but it is now maintained by a contribution of one cent a week from each employ^. This assessment is deducted from the wages by the paymaster, in accordance with an agreement entered into by each employ^ on entering the service of the corporation, and as the average number of hands employed is from four thousand to four thousand five hundred, the sum thus realized is sufficient to support the library. It is open every evening for the drawing of books, and for the use of its well furnished reading room. The library now ^contains some 6,000 volumes, and while there is sufficient light reading to furnish entertainment for those whp seek nothing more, there is also a large and growing accumulation of the best books in all departments of literature which are adapted to the needs of a circulating library. No one familiar with the workings of this great mill can fail to see the benefit of the library in cultivating among the operatives literary tastes and ambitions, and an esprit du 403 404 t^, P,%ii)],i(i, Libraries f,^, the United Swedes. .^^ corps pf great ,v;^jlue tp, all the, ii;iterests,pf, the cprypfatipn,., ,,^^^i^a,t^|^ tjT^eiiPf thC; many other in^tancesof libraries of this clj^.^^.^ ^j,qj ,"j ^^^^^j '' ' II. SOCIAL 'LlBRlKlES. ' Ofl^ DI «3fo 111 <'•■>. II J f. Jgnicgs Libraries of\; uot. since beeu l,ar{^ei wp, have kept the library iu good condition, aud liave' managed ti; i.btaiu from tiine to tii^t) such new' works as the character of our readers seemed to den. and. tiiiolr. (-.ill ' The' patrons of the library, are uiaiuly operaSives, who, after a'day of till, reqttre reading largely of a light character, as, a means. of relaxatiou ; hence, a large part atroiiri hooks are of the hest class of fiction. The average factory gill takes f^pj^ifgfH^ Mary J., I^olmes, Marion Harlaud, and the like, while many of the meu repij jlrijijg, Scott, Dickens, and Thackeray. Books of travel are fa\orites, especially ^with thp^ young folks, while the works of Miss Alcott and Sophi4'May dtfe'lii ^'feat'iIemaiVd? In order to raarke a library in a given locality cf rehl service' to tlie people, 'mutUdiM'SM'-^ iuationia needfui iu selecting books .that will be itead.!. AthwiSEtogcvolumeii dtiQieefc' ^Pfl- i^P^'^'l classics, or scientific works, ,wpuld ,^ of yerylitt^ use iDj,a,sma|l A*^''»' village. Sjill, tl^e aim with us is to get, the ^l:(est;of every class, aucj. graduaJ^yilffjPrJi ill books of a higher class, as the deman'tlfor thein. is created." — Editobs. ii\nainn ni aoii' ' iH' " Publi& Libraries m 'Manufacturing Cdmrnunities. 4Cl6 sM^inlilfiigerice'fiiii'olif^- thrive' who have contribated to its '^cc'a'inula- 9n by honest toiM ''Srtch things as these ^1^6 the most seridiii obsta- es in the way of thoseLj,\y|l|Q, livonlcl ,a,i;ray Jabor against capital as. gainst a natural enemy. f.I,aiai'few caseaa bequest hasfurnishedallthe means for the establish lefltr^lJ^i'snipportrof .a library, making it a free gift to the people. liThat ijneficenee is doubtless better direuted' which is so applied' as to make SiUSefalnessand avaihibility depend on more, or less- effort on the part 5 thedbfeueflciaries. Thus, the gift of at building will stimulate effort in je: matter of furnishAng its shelves with books ; or the supply of books ijfvne iiRportant department will excite ambition to keep the (other de^ ^RlimeKte up with \U' ^^i town which makes/ the liberalityof individ- §lSi a, rea^SQn for not doiing anything in its public capacity in lany depart- fflftt p|,;edncatiou or progress, .is sure to fall behind those which act on ie( principle that effort to procure a good thing greatly enhances its :i^]Sie. _;■ l- >■',!' . ju-1 '". :. '■: . ■; IT. PUBLIC PREE LIBRARIES. ;i . ilj This expression is used for want of a better td characterize those ibraries ^v^l^ich are maintained ^Si a part qf. the regular educ^|^ional sys- em, free to all, and supported by taxation. , This is,.]^ithout j;^oU|b|}, the haracter of the public library ,pf< the future, the, outcome |0.f ,aU,the r : ' J ■ i lii ' ''' 'f '' '' - ''' 'Jl I'll'' ''''),- r l__ .1' L ^ . I XBerimen|;s pf the past.,, Only twenty -fivje, yeajj^, have .^l^psed ^^OjCje Q^ bill permitting the laying of ;r£tt)es fprth.e maiutenanp,e|jO|| public ibrari,es passed the Bri,tish|.I'fi|:'^in,p]ent, and a s,itpij(^r qi^f^ n-,{j^;Ji(lopt.ed iu he MajSsaijjhusetts legislat.ure.j. ])fany of th,e, Slja^^^,ihave.en,^cted law;s ipcpuraging the establii^hmeafipf public, libraries, ai|d,every year adds oJie nuiubej, - - ThRt the large manufacturing towns, both in England and; in this iPllnti^y^ havfe'beert' aihPhg^ the first to avail tliemselv^y of tbte privilege •f supporting, a public library at the public expense, s|iows the special bdaptedness of the, system to^^pobcpaim unities. Probably no Amerv, •Ml town/Or,city can sjiow so good a record of unanimity in this: matter IS' did thte city of Manchester, England, which voted to lay a rate for ibrary support by a majority of almost ekaCtly onte hundred to bri'^'." It il/buld be stated th^t the library at,Ma'nchester was not establi^t^^ by "aHes alone, but enjoyed a generous endown^eut. The public lii^raries of Ktaiicbester, a^; thPiinstitution with its branches is called, are in the very ronfcrank of suocess and usefulness, their yearly circulation now being lot far frPm half ia 'million of volumes. ' ' ' '^ ' !. Let ii'be admitted, then, that this is the form, which public libraries in|bulq,take to achie'^e ,the Jiighest success, e,sp,ecjally j,n; ^ manufac- uring.comB^iiuity, andletHll efforts to promote, their establishment be nade in theid-irection of inciting, encoufaging, and helping the people help thetn'stilves in this matter! 'LeaVinf this branch of tbte subject, Fhich is of too geheifal applicatioti\ to be clwelt on at lei^gtli in this taper, it will next be in order to consider some of the details of library idministration in manufacturing towns. 406 Public Libraries in the United States. ■ ' ' BU1LDIN<}S. " i(i In a^ industrial community thCilibrary should be placed wbere it Wy be the mos|)i likely to attract the attention and induce the yisjii^ o^f;"thfi large class whq, would not go far in, search of-,, it- The c6rne,r of iinpo^ taut streets, iu thelieaptof the town is the proper place % iti^;!I'hp natural desire tO; renjqye it from thp bustle of business, and place i,t,m some quiet, secliided spot should be sacrificed to ,more, pac,tic^I cp^iisjij. erations when there is a, conflict. .F^r the same reason it is (i(^^i,btfnl whether it is wise to maintain so high a , Standard 9Jf,e;s;ceJleijcej in tbe construction of a building as has generally been done. While sestlietic considerations should not be lost sight of, and the building should by no means be unsightly, it is more important that it should be practi- cally adapted to its uses, and its capacity not be reduced to small liMits on account of the expensive style of the work. Iii inany places ihe desire to secure an elegant building according' to the Conventional staiitf. ards has caused the long postponement of the erection of any' building at all, while in others the expense of the work when done has seriiiifsW impaired the resources available for books and the support of the libfaFy- The library is more than the building, and must not be sa crificed to if. The attempts at adherence to the Gothic or any other ancierit' style 6t' architecture in buildings for modern public libriaries have not beeii' suc- cessful, and cannot be in the nature of the case. At the same time, the expense attending such attempts is unduly large. Another point in- volving large expense has been the desire to put up absolutely flreprtjtif structures. This matter is of importance wliere the preservation of rare and costly books is concerned, but in regard' to such libraries A we are consideripg there is little occasion for solicitude, as the boots can generally be readily replaced, and insurance, which can be had at low. rates, will furnish all needed security. In one of the cities of i«r# England, there is a library built at a cost of nearly $ 100,000,' wbicli fs a model of substantial elegance and architectural beauty, but whicli is admitted to be practically uusuitcd to the requirements of the das'^. Had one-half of the money been expended in a plaiii structure Coii&ii- ing rooms arranged throughout primarily with reference to use and ciin- veuience, probablj' it would have furnished better and ampler accom- modations than the present building ; while the rest of the moil^lr) invested as a book fund, would at once pla!ce the library on an inde- pendent footing. Especially, in such co:nmunities as we are now considering, is it'a mistake to have the library on the second floor, surrendering the grdM floor to other uses. The same arguments which favoi' placing the build- ing in a central situation, easy of access, apply equally to this pointr At least the reading room and the circulating department should be'dfl'tlte street level. The main library may be placeil oti the'^ecorid floor, laDd reached (for use in the room) by a separate eti trance, while a few tlidi- sand volumes of the books most called for are kept in the delivery ro6'ni Publie Libraries, in Manufacturing^ Communities. 407 below, which should commuuica-teiWifcli the librn-ry by easy stairs or a (J,ijtnb-waiter. la small libraries, two attendants could do all the work by this' arrangement as well as though the delivery of books were done in th4 library proper, as is the base in too mapy of Our public libraries; where ii'klmost, if not quite, pi-eventS the use of the library rooui for purposes of study; The great desideratum is, that in making the plans fora library buildin'g, the internal atrangements should be devised bj a person practically acqu'ainited with the workings of such alibrai'y as the building is intended to'acCommodate, and not by architects or building committees Witliout such experimental knowledge. ' . ■ ■ i 1 ; ) . ■ ■ GENBEiiL MANAG-BMBNT. ^,,In,a nianufacturingCQmm unity it is a matter of great importapce and pf no_ less difficulty to so cont^uct the public library that it shaiU be a f^iYpriti^ resort of ^jU classes, ,I^t must neither repel the masses by high standards and an atmosphere of dignified respectability which will give \\Jtjhei p[^Qr p{ aristocracy, nor lose its hold on people of culture and re- fi,ueiHept by dp^^ending to low standards and becoming the meeting plg-fjO; pf ;a, disorderly rabble., Where the artisan and laboring classes ^,r,efi,p,t^^, majority, thei^, interests should be looked after more jealously ,tjb3,n,,t]^os^(Of.any pthe^ , class, but it may, with proper care, be done in ,^i^ch,g;,way.that>both of the extremes nientioned will be avoided. Good c^rde^CijJpcflrum, and cleanliness maybe enforced without the employ - inent of sey,ei;e and obnoxious restrictions. People disinclined to these ^yirfiUj^s may Jjp dealt ^ith firmly but kindly, and the library become the raegjUjS of introducing a wholesonie reform into their lives in all depart- m)en,tis. The simple keeping of library books in clean paper-covers is worth pior^- tbaii a jittle for its educational influence. Few persons will ^etect the;mselve8 soiling a cle.an book without experiencing a sense of ,^h^tpe salutary in its tendency ; while the receiving a book froip the library in a soiled and dilapidated condition will do little to instil that i;espect for the very optside of a book wbjch ought always to be felt. The expense of 're-covering the books as often as they are soiled and worn is j^ptlit,tje; onthe average they will need covering once for every ten t^imes they are (Jrawn, and the whole cost of covering will not exceed one cent e^oh. .j^TJie, character of the attendants and their bearing towards the patrons of the library deserve close attention in a library having a large con- stituency of, comparatively uncultivated people. To the good breeding and ku() pledge of, bpoks w;hich will make them acceptable to the literary portion of the community, they should add that affability, kindness, arid sympathy with even .the poorest attempts at culture which will make them, useful an,d agreeable to 3,11. \f hen the library is thronged with applicants fpr, hooks, so that special attentiop to one will wrong others, the work past pf course be dprie in a m,echanica!t manner, with a view to rapidity ,j9f^, execution rather than anything else. But even then •408 PtihKc Librm'ies in the .United States.' ,? courtfsy and politeness shoulcl> not «Jie forgotten, and when there iis leisure for it, applicants for bookS; should receive, tbeibest fassistancB the attendants can render in the form of information not furnishedlby the catalogues, or general aid in making selections. Even the su'bor- dinat e attendants, so far as they stand between the boots audithepeoplS; should have at least a taste for books: and an appFeciatiori* of fcbeir own position. Cheapness is not the most desirable quality in. Irbcaiy 5Vork, ' ' . ' J fiQT^ The only thing tO'be said on this point that has special reference to industrial communities is to insist on the catalogues bein'g made with an eye not to bibliographical and scholarly excellence alone, but aiteo and especially to the wants of the. oommi on people. Nothing further is necessary than to refer to the recent class lists of the Boston Publio Library as models of catalogues which meet this require ment. Under the name of each, author is given a brief account iof the person, and under each subject title of impartance we have not only a list of the works on the subject, but also a note giving hints as to their compara- tive value and special excellencies, and referring to. review articles and other sources of further information.: With the shifting population of a manufacturing town it is necessary that some efficient means be employed to protect the public liMra'ry against the loss of books by loans to irresponsible persons. Tji^'means employed. for this purpose are various. Sometimes a deposit of ni'6il^j^ equivalent to the value of the books borrowed is required from all^er- sons not possessing busin ess reponsibility and credit. A more cdniraon system is ihatin use in Manchester, England, and Iri' mfitiy'plaees in this country, by which every borrower is required to deposit a c^rtifieaftH signed by some well known and responsible person gt(ai^V»'teeiir^''tHW library against loss. The advantages of this systeih ai-e found in its entire impartiality, the lightness of the burden imposed by it'on !ip\S\i- cants, and the almost perfect security it affords when well carried oilt/ In all plact^s where it has been tried it seems to have given great ^A:U-' isfaction. Another system Well adapted to mm iifaeturingcommuiiiti't^^ is that in which the guarantee certificates are signed not by re^lfecfabt^ citizens at large, but by the members' Of a regularly cOustitutecfbbfird of reference, consisting of the Cletgytaen, school boards, and city offi- cials. In this eaise the certificates are nOt genuine guarantees' against loss, but simply evidenees of the acquaintance of the'persbn signifi^ with the applicant and the facts cited in the form of upfplicatioii. This system has worked well and given good satisfaction 'in' placiS^' where it has been tried, though it'would seem to be inferior' to' tM other in some respects. The ditfloulties ariiiiug' fro'ifl fro(]fAeliti'cliaug'<^S' Publk' Libraries in^Manufacturing Communities. 409 of ajesiQemeei wiJhout notice cbeiug givdri at the -library, require that a new J?egistrarti library- discipline, if ithe- expression may.be used, than those whose bttsmresSiartKi daily liyes are less a matter of routine. The employes in our large mills and other establishments learn' habits of regularity and punctufility, and also' of obedience to rules, which are wanting in, many classes of: our population. But lin^miannfacturing towns more need exists of precautions tO' guard against losses through removals, as such temovals are very frequent. To show how unstable is this population, bhe fiictmaybecited that one of our large corporations, employing four thousand hands, reports that it employs and discharges every year a onmber. 'equal >ito or even' greater thaw the whole number employed. Such a state of things as this demands of the public library two things : first, the best possible system of keeping account of the books loaned; and, second, constant vigilance and promptness in the carrying out of the system. iT(ie,syste,£a of recordiag loans by means of separ,£i,te slips, qne for e^teh ifintry made, ^ept in numerical order in a, drav^er having cpsmpartmpnt^for the separate days, which system was first introduced in the^ Boston Publja Library, and has now been .g,dopted either with or Wjiji^iqut some modiflcaitions.jijQ,, nearly all the leading libraries, has proyed, to be.far superior tp, any other yet employed. Its great escel- ]j^pce,.ig in the .fact that the; retention of books over time is. shown by tl^t) record, without the least expenditure of time or labor in searching for such /aiCts, making it pogi^ible to serve a notice by. mail on persons re- tainingjbioo.ks overrtime within twenty-four hours after they become due.. IfiJ^^e mail notice, in any case, should fail tp,reach the party addressed, the fact would, soon be known to the librarian, and a messenger, put on ti^^jVkjof the book,vsrithiiis,a very few days, by which; means, boolcs! bor- rowed by persons who have even moved out of toven can generally be reeovej;^d,, , ; , ,; ; , Anotlierji-pie^qippiendationof such a. system as this, is fpopd in the,fact that it will ipspire in the patrons of the library a respect fpr its rules anc! management, which wiU be most salutary aiud useful. , But. even such a sygtqm is of Utfle yalue if its;a,dministr^t;ion is notf^s faitliful.andener- ^'ipi^pyas the,systemisthQr^ugh. :,fJJeft. to, young and incompejieiifc, assist- ant^jit will break do|wn under the weightof errors in the record, and coBsequeujt dj^fl^pulfi^ with borrowers. . .Except wj^^re a tjior.oughly com- peteii]t,,a|S^i)§|^,iit,|Eigin, be, employed, to take charge of thi^ department, the 410 PybUc Libraries in the United,^ States. chief officer of the library shonld giveiit his constant personal snper- vision. In the case of such librariesi as we are now consideringj the circulating department should be recognized as altogether their mosib important, and the best talent employed in the library shbuldi be dev'otfed to its care and improvement. A great deal wilt be gained \a the direction of interesting the public in the library and in its intelligent use, if it is made apparent that the management' of the library is ac- tively in sympathy with the popular department, and makes that' the object of its chief solicitude. If, on the other hand, the librarian with- draws himself to the seclu«ion of a privatfe oflQce, and devotes his- efforts to the collection and building up of a library which shall conform to his personal ideas of excellence rather than to the wamts of" the comina- nity; gratifying his own tastes as he would in regard to his own private library, the institution will certainly fail of doing the work it ought, above all else, to do. And this brings us naturally to the consideration of the CHOICE OF BOOKS. No question connected with public libraries has been so much dis- cussed, or is of such generally recognized importance, as that of the kinds of reading to be furnished. On the one hand, all kinds of Sfgiii ments — from the political one, that it is not in the province of gov- ernment to furnish the people with mere recreation, to the religious one, that it is wicked to read novels — have been urged against the admission of any but the very highest order of fictitious works; while, on the other hand, the sweeping assertion is made by some that the public library cannbt refuse to supply whatever the public sentiment calls for. The mean betWeeii these two extremes is doubt- less the true view of the case. The managers of the public library are n6 less bound to cointrol and shape the institution in their charge so as to produce the best result than are the managers of the Schoffl system, "ro say that calls for books should be accepted &s' the indi- cations of what should be furnished, is to make their Office al merely mechanical and perfunctory one. In such comhiunities as we are eSJJe'- cially considering, adherence to such a, principle as this would maike the library a mere slop shop of sensational fiction. But in avoidiii^the Scylla of unlimited trash, the Oharybdi's of too high a standard must be equally steered clear of. Those who deprecate the frfiie sniiply of stich fictitious works as the public demands, are generally in favor of the eiitire exclusion of fiction of a sensational cast, a courSe which will' unavoid- ably result in alienating from the library the vefy class most needing its beneficial influence. The old recipe for cooking a hare, which begins with "first catch your hare," may well be applied to the 'proCesS' of el(!i'- ■ rating the tastes of the uncultivated masses. Let the library, then, contain just enough of the mere cohfecfcibnery of literature to s6Cui*e' the interest in it of readers of the lowest — riot depraved — talstes; but let this be so dealt out as may best make it 'serve its main pnfpose of a Public Libraries in Manufacturing .Communities. 411 stepping stone to something better. To be more deflnite, we would recommend that the library contain one or two sets of the works of that galaxy of feihade authors whose names always appear in the focus of such a discussion as this, and of their compeers of the other sex,; while such authors as Mrs. Graik, Mrs. Stowe, Mrs. Whitney, Miss Alcott (we purposely mention these rather than the masters of fiction, as better adapted torepJaee the others) are duplicated to a much greater extent. Then by care in; the, matter of advising readers whose most desired books are "all out," very much may be done to give them an introduc- tion to these writers, who will, in many cases, win them to a higher level of reading, , This result will also' be furthered by such an arrangement of the catalogue that books of an inferior order cannot be looked for with- out encountering the titles of those of greater value. This is one of the strongest!, arguments against furnishing a separate catalogue cjf list of works of fiction ; that it makes it possible for a reader to forget that the library contains anything'elsei ,It will naturally be made alisading object of the; public library in an industrial community to fjirnish scientific and mechanical books ac^ajpted tp assif,ti artisans in their special, callings, particularly in fitting theim - s^fves- for ficivaiicenient an4 promotion, and improving the quality of their, nfork,, Just a1? this time, when special efforts are being made tip ^^ve to ;the country the large^ums annually sent abroad to remunerate foreign workers in the,art,s of design, by thorough and wide spread in- 8,truction in those arts an]i,(^ng, ourselves, all worfis, ^i^'hich can be had bearing on these and kindred subjects will be sought. Facilities should be furpish^d for the maiking of copies from books of engravings, etc., and the freest use of all works on the fine arts allowed that is consistent with, , their proper preservation. , ^at there is little need of dwelling on points SO obvio^s ; and we will turij, to another not so genera-lly recognized— the importance of providing, even in, naanufacti^ring communities, tor.lib- eral ],i,terary ^culture,. We ought to have said especially in man afacturing communities, for there j^, greater need here than in those places in whicli privateflibraries abound, and, the EagUsh classics at least are to be fojjad .in nearly every house. After all that, can be', said, the real miss^i^n'of the public ,Ub,rary is to furnish, not recreation, not the mean^s of earning a better ijjfiug, but, culture ; and wha,tever we have said as to its niission being Ijmilied by the 'wants of the, people mast be understood to mean bytbeir real wants, not their fancied ones. " Oalture," says Matt^evv ^rnold, 'f j^jipdispensably necessary, ., . . . tfie poor require if as much , as.tihe rJLch, '. . . ,, and culture is read.ing ; 'bat reading with a .purpose ',ta'-ga^,d^4,t, wd with, system. He does,a good work who does anything to iicflp, this ; indeed, it is the one essential servicehow to be rendered to eduqaifion," , Tti^s is the service rendered by the public library if it not only supplies books, but educa,tes, the peOjple in their^ use. And no- where i§, th,ere ijiore occasion to give prominence to tliis latter function of the library than in manufacturing communities. chapt;er xvin; PUBLIC LIBRARIES AND THE YOUNG.' ' BY "WILLIAM I. FLEXOHEBj < ; ,. 4,sgU(»•- '■''* What shall the public library; da for the young, ari to the thousands of young peopleji io whose homes there is none of the atmosphere of culture or of the appli- ances for it, the public library ought to furnish the means of keeian^ pace intellectually with the more favored children; of koniesi where gsotl Piiblic Librariea and the Young. 415 books abound and their subtle influence extends even to .those who are too ly^ung to readi and* understand them. If it fails to do this it is hardly a ;fit adjunct to our school syBtem, whose aim it4s to give every man a chance to be the equal of every other man, if he can. It is not claimed that the arguments used in support of an age limi- tatiou are of no force ; but it is believed that they are founded on ob- jections to the admission of the young to library privileges which are good only as against an indiscriminate and not properly regulated ad- jaission, and which are not applicable to the extension of the use of the library to the young,.under such conditions and; restrictions as are re- quired by their peculiar circumstances. ,1 For eixample, the public library ought not to furnish young persons with a means of avoiding parental supervision of their reading. A reg- ulation making the written consent of the.'parent a prerequisite, to the registration of the name of a minor,, and the continuance of such con- sent a condition of the continuance of the privilege, will take fiom parents all cause for complaint;in this regard. : Neither should the library be allowed to stand between pupils in school and thpir studies, as it is often complained that it does. To remove this difficulty,; the relations of the library to the school systemi should be such that teachers should be able- to regulate the use of the library by those pttpils whose studies are evidently interfered with by their mis- cellaneous reading. The use of the library would thus be a stimulus to endeavor on the part of pupils who would regard its loss as the probable resnlt of Jack of diligence in- their studies. -iAgain, it must be understood that to the young, as tb all others, the library is open only during good behavior. The comm on idea that chil- dren and youth are more likely than older persons to commitoffenses against library discipline isiiotborae out by experience ; but were it teue, a strict enforcement of rules as to fines and penalties would pro- tect the library against loss and injury, the fear of suspension from the use of the library as the result of carelessness in its'use,j0perating more strongly than any other motive to prevent such carelessness. If there are other objections to the indiscriminate admission /of the young to the library, they can also be met by anchfregulations as read- ' ily suggest themselves, and should not be allowed to count as argu- ments against a judicious and proper extension of the benefits of the library to the young: -<■ ' CHOICE OF BOOKS. But when the doors of the public library are thrown open to the ypung, and they are- recognized as an important class of its patrons, the question comes up. What shall the'library furnish to this class in order to meetiits:wants f If the object of the library isunderstood to be simply tbeisupplyingof the waiits of the reading public, and the young are consid- ered as a portion of that public, the question is very easily answered, by 416 Public Libraries, m the United States. saying, Give them whjit they ca,ll for that is not positively injurious in its tendency. Bat if we regard the public library as an educational means rather than a mere clubbing arrangement for the economical supply of reading, just as the gas company is for the supply of artificial light, it becomes of impprtauce, especially with reference to thp yonng, who are the. most susceptibly to educating influences, that, they should receive from the library that which will do them good ; and the managers of the. library appear not as caterers to a master whose will is the rule as to what shall be furnished, bpt ratheras the, trainers of gymnasts who seek to provide that, which will , be of the greatest service to their men, No doubt both these elements enter, into a true conception of the duty of, library managers; but when we are regarding especially the young, the latter view comes nearer tlie truth than the Qther. In the flri^t place, among the special requirements of the young is this, that the. library shall interest and be attractive to them. The attitude of som^ public,libraries- toward the young and the uncultivated seems to say to them, " We cannot encourage you in your low state of culture; you must come up to the level of appreciating what is really high toned in literature, or we cannot help. you." The public library being, however, largely if not mainly for the benefit of the uncultivated, must, to a large extent, comS down to the lev^el of this class a.nd meet them on common ground. Every.library. ought to have a large, list of good juvenile booEts, a statement which at once raises the question, What, are good juvenile books ? This is one of the vexed questions of th,* litgifa^jf . world, closely allied to the one which has so often been mooted in the press and the pulpit, as to the utility and propriety of novel reading. But while this question is one on which there j(,re great diffcEenceSfOf opin- ion, there are a few things which may be .said on it without diffldence.or the fear of successful contradiction. Of this kind is the remark^.thajji't good juvenile books must have something; positively good about them. They should be not merely amusiug or entertaining and harmless, but instructive and stimulating to the better nature. Fortunately such : books are not so rare as they have been. Some of the best minds are , now belli J' turned to the work of providing them. Within a few months such honored names in the world of letters as, those oftHamerton and Higginson have been added to the list which contains thoSQiof " Peter Parley," Jacob Abbott, " Walter AimweU,fi Elijfih Kellogg^- i Thomas Hughes, and others who have devoted their talents, not to the ■, amusement, but to the instruc^^o^, and ci;}ture of youth. The names of some of the most popular writers for young people in our dayare not; i ranked with those mentioned above, not because their productions. are , positively injurious, but because they lack, the positively good qualities demanded by our definition, ,,, ,, •;■ There is a danger to youth in reading some books which are not open to the charge of directly injurious tendencies. Many of the most popu- lar juveniles, while running over with excellent "morals," are unwhole- * 'Public' Libraries and the Ifoung. 417 me mehtel'food for the yonng, for the reason that they are essentially itpae. That is, they give false views of life, making it consist, if it be' Srth, living, of a series of rtd ventures, hairbreadth escapes; encounters ith tyraiinical schoolmasters and unnatural parents; sea voyages ia Mbh the green hand oomniaiids a ship and defeats a mutiny out of leer smartness; rides on runaway locomotives, stirokes of good luck, id a persistent turning up of things just when they are wanted,— all ot hioh'is'calculated in the long'run to lead away the young imagination id impairt discontent with tlie coniihon lot'of an uneventful liif'e. ' B^oks of adventure seenv'tomeet a real' want' in, the minds of the DUng, and' should not be entirely ruled out',' but they dannot'be included inong the books the reading of which should be encouraged or greatly xtended. In the public library it will be found perhaps n'ecessarV not > 'exclude this class of Juvenile books entirely. Such an exclusion is 06 here advocated, but it is rathir urged that they shouhl not form the" taple of juvenile reading 'furnished by the library.' The better books liould be duplicated So as to be on hand when called for; these should e provided 'in such numbers merely that they can occasionally be h^'d s the '' seasoning" to a course of good reading. But the young patrohs of the library ought riot to bfe encouraged in onttning their reading to juveniles, of ho tbatter how good quality. It 5 the one great evil of this era of juvenile book's, gdod and b"ad, that y supplying mental food in the forhi fit for mere children, they post- loiie the attainment of a taste for the strong meat of real literature; ud the public library ought to be inflaential iii exalting this real litera- ure ahd kee'ping it before the people, stemming with it the current ot ra^h which is S6' eagerly welcomed because it. is new or because it is nteresting. When children were driven' to read the same books as their Iders or not to read at all, there wer6 doubtless thousands, probably he majority of all, who chose tlie latter alternative, and read but very ittle in their younger years: This class is better off noW than then by h^'greater inducements oftered'thein to mental bulture in the increased act'lities provided for it. Bnfc there seems to be danger that the ease ;nd smoothness of the royal road to knowledge now provided in, the treat array of easy books in all departments will not conduce to, the ormation'of such mental growths as resulted from the pursuit of :no:Wledge under difficulties. There is doubtless more knowledge; but s there as much power and muscle of mind! . However this malj^ be, none can fail to recognise the imporf;ance of etting young people in the way of reading the best books earlj- in life, ind as the piiblic librairy is likely to be the one i)la:ce where the master-* »f jliterature can be found, it is essential that here they should be put )v everv available means in communication with and under the influence )f these masters. ' o (•■!>,:: It only remains now to say that, as we hafe before intimated, the mblic library should be viewed as an adjunct of the pdblic school sys- 27 E 418 Puhlic Libraries in the United States. • tem, and to suggest that in one or two ways the school may work together with the library in directing the reading of the yOung. There is the matter of themes for the writing of compositions; by selecting subjects on which information can be had at the library, the teacher can send the pupil to the Jibtaryas a student, and readily put him in communication with, and excite his interest in, classes of books to which he has been a stranger and iudifierent. Again, in the study of the his- tory' of English literature, a study which, to the credit of our teachers be it said, is being rapidly extended, the pupils may be induced to take new interest, and gain greatly in point of real culture by being referred for illustrative matter to the public library. CHAPTER! XIX. HOW TO 'MAKE TOWN LIBRARIES. SUCCESSFUL. BY r, B. PERKINS, Boston Public Library. Business capacity and hanagembnt essential — Matehial — Choice and pur- chase OF BOOKS —Periodicals — Details op managkment — Catalogues — Reg- istration — Library manners — Maintenance —Women as librarians — Execu- tive DUTIES. To begin with, busiaesslike management is the whole story. A public library for popular use should be managed not only as a lite- rary institution, but also as a business concern. The business depart- ment of educational and literary institutions is too often overlooked or undervalued. Yet it is vain to expect the solid and permanent success Bf such institutions without good business management. Perhaps this truth may not be so fully recognized lu the case of libraries as in that ai other institutions for mental improvement; but those who are familiar with the inside history of great charities and missionary and educa- tional enterprises — Bible and tract societies, for instance— know very well that neither faith nor works (in the. religious sense of the words) would keep them going very long without accurate bookkeeping, reg- ular hours, and eflioient business supervision. The success of the Methodists has been confirmed in extent and deter- mined in character as much by the extraordinary abilities of John Wesley, the business man, as by his energy and zeal as a preacher of Grod's word. The commercial success of the Methodist Book Concern, which is a kind of linancial heart iu the organization of this powerful Eind peculiarly practical religious denomination in the United States, is a. direct legacy from the practices of Mr. Wesley, and a living proof this lay of the importance of the considerations here urged. In like manner the prosperity of a college — more particularly of a young one — depends as much on its business management as on the iterary attainments of its faculty. A really able business man might make a new college successful where learning and studious research ilone might even sink it. There are a few cases where our colleges liave become so large and rich that they have taken on what may be Jailed a proper organic life. Harvard or Yale, for instance, lives on so large a scale that, like a strong nation, either could long withstand bad management, for the reason that no one man can quickly wreck so large 419 420 P^bU'' Libraries in tj^f^-.p'ni^e^. Si,aU^,Y, and strops a ^fe; and the vitality of the, whole, outlasti;ig^ the ^pe weak'member,' makes up, afte^ is dead or <:^isiiiia^sj^l, for t^h^,ha'ri^^ he does w'hijeiji office.; '_' ', ," . , .,„,,, ,|j; .,,;,',! k-I, ,, , A great library may for a time withstand very i>oor husirje^^niaTjage- inent ; because its great accuiniilatjon of permAueat, literary f^easiires may Tje growing mope valufibie ^coin, year to year, even, \vi^|i9ut^(lcli,;i' tions, and this , value will outlive any one man. Biit^^, srpfiU .^ijbrary. which is not 'a treasure house for scholars, but ra tilery a drj,nkin^^l)as|,ri^ for wayfarers, depends, if hot eve^n from^mphthtp pionth, certaiijly frpiii; year to y^ar, upon the continuat watclifalness, tact, and, aleijtnesjj lyitli . which not the, wishes of Jearned, men, .l;ji|it the public der^jand fop enter-,, taining reading, is understood and met f),n'd grafifle,(|l ,au.d nianaged. , ,A great lake has its natural sources ot supply ; the pitchier o(i the table must be flljeil everyday. The largejibrary is Valuable fqr.what it^lia^ in it ; and to a considerable extent its collections remain valuable even,' though its revenues be scanty, its stfifi" weak or inco,mpetent, its man- agement illiberal, discourteous. But the small cfrculatitngpublUc library, li'keai retail sljiop, depends upon prompt grf^tifieation of the demands pf the day. It is not valuable for what it has, but it must keep itself' interesting by getting what it has ijot. It cannpt wait for the, resort of scholars and students ; it must attract readers for pleasurer rest, and' amusement. It is not old learning, bat new entertainment, that it must furpish; as well as learning, it must have popularity ; ,a3 well a^.instnic- tion, it must, primarilv, furnish entertaimnent; while waiting for the .scholarly few, it must attract the many, and even the ignorant, frivoloiis, and thoughtless. ' .' Under this general doctrine, it is not difQcult tp state some of toe chief points which must be regarded in so organizing apd conducting a; town library as to make it successful. I'hese belong uudep, three heads, viz : material, management, and maintenance. , I. material; oe, choice op books.' '' ' ' """ : , ,, ; ,,_, ■ ', .III .:;ii! to The first mistake'Ukely to be m?idein establiahipg a public ilibraiPj' is choosing books of too thoughtful or solid a character. Itiis vaUitO; go on the principle of collecting bqok^ that people ought to read, aiui'/ afterwards trying to coax them to read them. The only praptjoalcDaethoid is to begin by,sui)plying books that people already want to read, and afterwards to do whatever shall be found possible to elevate their read- ing tastes and habits. Most of those who read are young people who want entertainment and excitement, or tired people who want fetoation and amusement. For those who do not read, it is desirable) that thei habit of reading should, be formed. A babit^of readingisimoreneee*! sary than any particular line pf> reading, because it is the oUerintot] pensable previpus requisite ; and, to form ,thej babit, easy, readitig -^ that is, reading such as people want,. suehias they enjoy — must beffurni&lied!: first, and afterwards that which irequires more effort. ! > u lu !■ H6w to liicike Town Libraries 'Successful. 421 ''fliera is '^ 'good deal df fear and dislike 'among ce'rtaiii classes ot' inous people, of no^'els and '' trasli." This fei^ling is to a certain ex- snt well founded. Tliere is no doubt that the scoundrelly books of hicli Jack Shfe'ppard is the bei^t known, bave done a good deal of ririri. JTor will any itiuul well' grounded iii the old fashioned modest}' of iijjlisll Christi'aiis^ ever give'ih to the folly of the modern French otion that literatai?'ej'aiid art too, have nothing- to do with niorals ; anil i'it anything that'cau be represented is a proper sttbjectfo'r representa: on Yodll, either i'n picture or in print, and a proper subject for con- Mnpla'tlod by'all. Itcaunot lie too iiiuch regretted that sbme American i6n atid woulei)'. Otherwise apparently of decent enough character, and ifblistlers who would express the uLiiidst ia'dignatiou at any imputa- ohs' on their respectibility, are of late years yielding to the tempfcation 5 introduce this e'leiileut into oiir cleaner literature. jSTo cont'^inpt (jaii ' le'tob indignant, uo anger too bitter, for tlie folly, if not the crime, df ncli systein^tic befoiiling of niihds for the sake of gain. AU'stioh baneful literature should be as inexorably excluded from the liblic library iis arsenic and laudapuin and rum should be refused to hildreii. This criterion is upt'difficult to apply, and it is depaauded by 11' cbnsideratidus of Christian, civilization. It should exclude such looks as Rabelais, the pecamerpn, the Heptauierou, the Ooiites drola- iques of Balzac, and such rascally French novels, as Ji'auuy and , the V^omau of Fire, all which books are sold, in English translations for, loney by othei'wise respectable American publishers. It should al^o xclude the thief books and other Actions provocative of crime, so many if yvhich are also sold by respectable publishers. ;; •Few, iiideed,, are those who will object to this exclusion, of ribald arid ihi,iloral bodks from public circulating libraries. Indeed, eveia this )rief statement of the case is made not so much because it is needed as a irecaution, as in order to clearly define ttie line beyond which readers aust not be indulged,, and up to which they should be. The line is that if immorality, and it permits silliness. " Silly reading," " trash," at least what is such to many persons, must O' a considerable extent be supplied by the public library. And those v'ho intend to organize a library for the public, for popiilar reading"- ito' who intend to exclude such " trash," might as well stop before they )egin,: But^whatis trash to some, is, if notnutriment, at least stimulus, -0 others. Readers improve;, if it were not so, reading would not be a MWcJilffrly useful practice. The habit of reading' 'fs' the first and in- VispSiii-sable stepi- That habit once established, it is a recognized fact ;hat traders go from poorer to better sorts of reading. I*fo eaSe has ev^r' been-0ited where a reader, beginning with lofty'iihilosophy, pure religion, }*trto«ind science, and useful information, has'gradually run dO\\*iiin his :'eading :, until his declining years were disreputably wasted oh dime Tovels and story weeklies. The idea is ridiculous, even on the bare statement of it. But the experience of librarians is substahtially unan- 422 Public Lihraries in the 'United States. imous to the contrary: that those' who begin with dime novels aiid story weeklies may be expected to gr.ow into a liking for a better ^ort of stories; then for the truer narrative of travels and'adreu'thre, of biog- raphy and history, then of essays and popular science, 'and so'on'uf). ward. , , , ' .; , • '"' '" ' '"'' If those who caiinpt make use of any tjetter readihg'than novtils and stories and jokes are not furnished with these, they, wijl not read at all) and this J8| a worse .alternative. , Anql to exclude siich reading from a public lil^r^xry will, in general, redifce the extent of itsjuseto one-quar- ter of what it, would Qthervyise be. The records of our libraries show that about three: fourths of the reading in "them is light readiiig.'dnil but little 3,lteratiou in this proportion results from the greater 'it less proportion of novjels and other light books to the whole collectionX ,, In thus arguing for a policy of indulgence and help to the iiii mature, it is not, however, intended to recommend any neglect or injustice towards the Strong, wbp are capable of enjoying better things'. Equally indispensable with milk for babes and thin brpth for the feeble, is sr.roug meat for men. By the side of the stories should be as good a supply of reference books and of solid standard literature as the means of the library will allow. A good English dictionary, a good general encyclopis lia, a biographical dictionary, a chronological work or two, a good atlas, a gazetteer, and such further and mote special books oP that sort as can he afforded, should be amoiig the very first to be obtained. Along with the books, there should always be suppTied'aS large a number of periodicals as possible, and these, like the books, 'should range "from grave to gay, from lively to severe," and should be so assorted as to suit every class of the community. Scientific, nie- ehanical, professional, agricultural, or other specialist periodicals can nsutilly be afibrded by a public librfiry in gtt^ater numbers than by a private citizen, and in a population so intelligent as ours, it is pfetty certain that there will be in every community some in one or another line ot life who will be gratified and also benefited by such a supply. Among the lighter class of these pefiodicJals should be as liberal a proportion as practicable of the literary, and particularly of what may be called the picture book magazines and newspapers, both for adults and for the young. For reading these periodicals, ia reading foblW should be connected with the library where possible; where it is not^ they may be circulated as books, but for shorter peiiods and under mok-'e" stringent guaids, because they are so much more liable to loss ahd injury.- These two halves of the right doctrine being laid down, nauiely, about light reading and reference books, the list of books to be bought most of course be left to the wisdom of the managers' of the enterprise. Great assistance can, however, almost always be obtained by couSttlt- iug some professional librarian, if such iS accessible, arid particularly ' For statixties showing ihe comiiarative circnliitipn of dillerept classes of books iii some public libraries, see Chapter XXXVll, Library Eeports'aud 'Statistics.— EfeWoKS How p iftiaike- Town Libraries successful. 423 if one be selected yeho has managed, or helped manage, a successful, library., ,. .,"''' ' ' ' "' ' ''"■■■"•■'■ ■■ i'-,.i- ,jlu [jnrq^asing ithe books, careshould be taken to' make use of a fair and l|ea4,^ljy_COnipetitioa among the booksellers. The natural temptations of a private bargain or a monopoly, might sadly decrease the number pf volumes supplied per dollar, or might seriously injure the average value of works selected. By obtaining bids from several substantial houses it can readily be seen who will deal on the best terms. An in- telligent agent cap often make advantageous purchases in person, but a small libriiry cannot a,fford to pay forsuch services. If there be time, second hand, stocks can frec(uently be searched to advantage, and ,aiiptJoij| sales attended ; but in this case the risk of getting defective'or vec worn, Yjolumes must be gjaai-ded against. It will probably be well to.dealdjreptly with firms who^e lists are so exteusivie as to afford a considerable number of the books required, as such direct dealing should be made to save one or more profits. A judicious economy, by these arid other means, will be feund a very popular feature in starting a library, as ^ts constituents are certain to be gratified if a large number of vol- umes are furnished for the money. ' Ti. management; or, organization and service. First, aSitOithe mechanical, part, Here, as before, the business doc- trine should be applied. That is, all the mechanical details of the in- ViHitory or record system, tlie shelving, and the receipt and delivery ot goods, viz, books, should be, first, thorough ; and second, simple, Even the smallest public library will require, however, something like the f(|»Uowing set of records : , 1. Daybook and ledger. 2. Pile of book invoices, to be kept separate from othpr vouchers. I 3. Accession list. This may also serve as a shelf list, uutil the library becomes tqo large. ■ i. Catalogue. . , , 5. Eecord of de^iv^ery and return of books, Other Ij^ts land entries of various kinds will be found necessary from time to^time, such as letter books and lists of books sent to binder. !A [fe^ sperification^ will be, useful under the above five heads : ;T.h,ei day, book and ledger iShpuld be kept by whoever is responsible for the receipt and disbursement of the funds of the library ; and should show the, i^yhple of .its business in exact detail to a cent by balancing accurately from quarter to quarter and year to year like the books of finy ,pt)ier properly managed business; and they should contain the -mater^s not only for drawing off the usual accounts for a trial balance and balanee.^Sj^ej^t, but for special library accounts such as flues. Eeceipts for flne^, and, other petty cash business should be noted in full by the iijjrarian invariably at the moment of transaction, and this daily record duly posted and preserved itself besides. ' ' 424 Fiihlic LUi^rmas Afk.i^ United States. •This sprt of refc^U- busiiiessi accuracy iwill be foiiiid fr©m fvear to ^ear a very great helpitothe popixlarity of the library, at least among;, people who are habitually careful, who owu property, who. can greatly assistthe institptign.if they choose, aiitl who ^'ill,be much more incliued to do so if they caa see; not only thata good deal .is done with the mouey spent, but exactly how every cent is spent, i. :, v; ■, i^ The file of invoices or receipts for bool^s bought should be 'numbered in the order of . the purchases, and this fl-jrei will thus, show whetiidaod where each purchased volume in the library was procured. • The accession catalogue is, in ifaot,iara inventory of good&iin the order of purchase. In it should be entered, tir.st,-tiie first book ordot of books bought or presented^ second, th« sebond iboi^Klf^^ op lot, and so on, wifcli references to corresponding invoices and other reqaiwte facts, thds-con- stitutiug a history of the origin of eabU accession to thei lillEaryj The items required in thiS' accession catalogue are': '' .aii^ i 1. An accession number, beginning with 1, and ending 'withia niim- ber for the last volume added, which last nui»ber will of course stow, not how many volumes are in the library n©w, but how many hja^«e feen put in ; deduct those lost or unaccounted for ;ab. the 'jwrioebcal exami- nation,' agdj.theremaindttr is the actual numbefr ot volumes in clie library. In the case of a set or series, one line in theacces-iioii cata- logue will accomrao.date the whole; as, " 201 to 332. EdiubniEgh Eevisw." 2. Invoice number, referring to the invoice in wbich the book is charged. . S. Date of receipt of book. 4. Title, (very short.) 5. Remarks. Names of donors may be entered here. Other items are often added, but these will serve the purpose, as thB additional ones are such as must besuflijioutly eutered elsesrhere. oila The book used may be ruled and headed by hand or made to order. The latter will be necessary where thennmber of books i^iconsiderable; foe a few hundred, or even a thousand or two, the former may serve. The following form is a specimen : a i i^ o < ,ti ■ 1 1 2 to, 11 Gift. 1-2 ,2 Date of re- ceipt. Title of hook. Keniarka. !,j 1875, Jan. 1 1875, Jan. 2 1875, Jap. i Webster's Dictionary Cliarabers's Cyolopsedia . Bible From Hon. J. Smifli. ■--■,-t; Catalogue. — Hardly any details can here be given on this subject,' whijch runs easily into an astonishing nuuibftr, of petty rules, and admits . ^f a great variety of opinions and practieeSi " . A small library can be competently catalogued in a shorter' and sim- pler way than a large one. •-■;!! i.i ,^ ■' i i ^ How to maJce Town Libraries successful. 425 In proportiou as the library becomes large, valuable, and frequeuted, theUbrarian will flud a card catalogue for his own otflcial use more and more indispensable." ■ ' '' "The catalogue can be sufficiently well orinted at the nearest printing offioe usually, even' (with a little ingenuity and good will 6n the part of the foreman.) if it is a country nftwsi)aper ofiQce without the usual reqni- Sisitoii 'for book work;' and it is on every accouiit best that this, like^'fill the Iiotlier business of the library, should be done at home a^ far as possible. It is indispensable, practically, that riie alphabetical methoid of cata- loguifflg', andi not the classilication method, should be followed, for the ^iJlain reason that the English alphabet is akey whose Use is familiar to a great many more people than the use of any classification by subjects orjscheme of universal knowledge. 1, It i^ extf-emely desirable that books should appear in the catalogue three times — that is, in three different places in the alphabet — viz : at 1. The author's name, 2. The title of the book. 3. The'sulTject of the book. ■ The reason of this is that thecustomer of a library, tinless one of those helpless nnisanceswho come in with 'a feeble-grin, and say, "I waut a nice book^'? will want either — : i /, •>., ; 1. Such a one's book. (For instance^ " I want to get Mr. Darwin's last work;, I don't remember the name exactly.") 2. A book called so and so. (For instance, " 1 waut to get Eccd Homo.") 3. Something about such and such a subject. <(*'(Jan't you give me something about women's rights?") «■■ For novels, histories, biographies, and some other sorts of books, the third item is not necessary. If one of the three must be omit'ted, it should be the third. Twg entries for each book should be retained, unless in extremity of necessity ; ami, if but one can be had, it should be the author's name,' and, of course, the title of an anonymous book. . The titles, on the principle of the smaller the simpler, need not be more than about twice as long as those in the accession catalogue. They ueejd gi_ye only author's name, a very short title, number an(Lsize_of ■ volumes, place and date of publication, and shelf mark; for instance: ■MuLeniian, J. F. i Primitive marriage. 12mo. Ediu.,1865 -^^ 3. 25 The second or title entrj' for this book would be thus, being__s3;ill shorter than the main entry : Priiuitive marriage. J. F. McJjennan I............. .' ;..'.... .';U..3. 25 And the third or subject entry Would be under the lieaJ of Marriagej ■with other books on the subject, thus : MarMge.^-^''- '''' '"-' ' ' ' '■ ' '" " '"' '' ' "- ^■'|'=*>«^>" ' — CaTiiy, M. Drtmestio happiness.!" ...; , ' '. 16. 32 — McLennan, .T. F. Primitive marriage;: 1 ...I. 3. 25 r:- WoplsejjjT, D. Divorce ., 1. 50 The "3. 25" at the right-hand margin means that the book is to be 426 Public Libraries in the 'United States. found in place No. 25, on sbelf No. 3. " E Jin." means Edinburgh. Four letters are almost alwaj's enough to show where the book walspnbltshiBd. One style of type in a catalogue is twicer as good as two. Il'th«re is no cafd catalogU"?, the librarian should enter the accession number of each book in a copy of the printed catalogue kept' for the purpose. This preserves an easily traced history of the book by reference from the book itself or the catalogue, to the accession catalogue, and ivom. th^t to the files of invoices and letters. , Each book, before being circulated, should be permanently identified by marks on it as the property of the library, as having enteredftlie service at a particular time, and as belonging in a particuilar place. This is eomirtonly to be accomplished by the book plate, securely gum- med or pasted inside the cover, and containing the library seal or other device, the accession number, the shelf mark, and the date of accession. These items may be written in, if desirable ; and when a book is ret(ouud they should be so recorded as to be sure to get into it again when it gets its new coat' on'. ,.i; An embossing stamp, to strike the name of the library, into the tex- ture of title pages, plates, and any other requisite parts of the volume, is very useful. • i , Brown paper covers are probably desirable in small librarieSjtbflt.it ■woulel be better if people would use the books so politely , as, not to require them. There seems to be an increasing notion with librarians that to circulate the books without these dingy overcoats of itself, makes people use them more carefully. The experiment is very easily tried, a small label being put on the back of the volume to show its shelf mark. So much for what might be called the inventory department, which inclildes the' means of identifying the property, of the library, of tracing its history, and determining its place on the shelf. Tlie next point is very naturally that for which the book has a pliiCe on the shelf, namely, how to get it off, keep track of it while away, and get 'ft safe hack. This includes the registratioii and delivery service. ' Neither of these would be required if everybody would do right. As it is, however, there are a certain nuinber of thieves, book mutilators, and careless persons (besides accidents) who woilld seriously diminish the extent and value of the library if precautions were not taken againfet them. A list must therefore be kept, either in an alphabeted book'or (a better plan) on slips or cards, like a cafd catalogue of books, of all those who are entitled to use the library^ and each such person should receive a card cJettifyiog to such tight, to be shown and stamped if necessary (and it will be necessary where' nauch' business' ib done) whenever a book is taken away or brought back. ' ' Books maybe delivered in numbers and for periods as may) be^i'e- scribed, to t>^rsoris thus registered only. What is called the ''ledger system" may do forsmall constituencies, to record deliveries and retmrus Hoiv to make Town Libraries successful. 427 of books; that is, one- page or part of a page may b^cle voted t^ eacli taker, in = a ledger for the purpose, and, wheu sueh taker receives a book, the sbelf mark and date.Kraaybe entered on that page, i A still more compendioas fasWoii is, however, found to serve every purpose of both regiStFatioh and' delivery in circulating libraries (which are wholly busi- uess speculations) in our large cities, to wit : as each successive cub- trttner cbines up, his name -ami adilress are written on a dated page, daybook fashion, and the accession number of the book, and, the num- ber in that day's issues, opposite it. The numbers of the month and day and this'same issue number, are noted inside the cover of thebp.o)c, and that is all. This, with the additional requirement of a deposit wben- ever necessary, would verydikely serve the turn perfectly well, and if -it should' be found insufficient or be outgrown, a more elaborate plan could be substituted. All it requires is a large blank book with a date colii'tnn at each side of the page, and if Mr. John Smith takes, out Mc- Lennan's Primitive Marriage, the entry in the blankbook would be by the accession number thus: "1875, Feb. 28, 130;. J. Smith, .53 Con- gress st.j 2,346,"' and inside the cover of the book, "2 | 28 \ 130." If the book 'is reported lost, the: accession catalogue, No. 2,346, shows at once what the book was, and the invoice column will show where to look for its cost, and therefore what Mr. Smith should pay. And if it is returned, the 't2j| 28 | 130" in it shows where to look in the, ledger in order to check the book as returned, viz: it was the 130th book delivered on the* 28th day of the second month; and, also, if kept too long, how many days' fine is due. And if nothing is heard from Mr. Smith, the ledger also shows where to look for him, viz : 53 Congress street. Whenever the extent of the business done makes it necessary, a sys- tem as elaborate as that employed for the, 80,000 persons who use the Boston Public Library may be applied; but the smaller the simpler. Supposing the machinery of the library thus set up a^d ready for operation, we have next to consider how it should be operated. TUe principles which make any ordinary business si^ocessful, are, if possible, still n)ore closely applicable here thfin in la.\ing in the. stock to be fur- nished, or in preparing the mechanism for furnishing it. A sour face, grufi' and, disobliging manners, sharp or, contemptuous answers, con- tentiousness, slowness to give information or to w,^|t on customers, will promptly and deeply wound}; the usefulness of tf^e. library. Many ludi- crously tbolish questions are put, to librarians, and it soinetimes almost seems asif (the unreasou9,bl9and the scolds resorted by preconcerted agreement to |the librarian's desk to plague him with their complaints, their fault flnding, their impertinence, and their sneers. But it will not do for a salesman to giye way to, the Old, Adam any mprethan for a Christian ; nor will it do for a librarian. , Perfection is hardly to be ex- pected, but it should be followed, after ; ;and, a perfect j^ibrarian is, bound to ibet courteous and kind, attentive and, accommodating, not, only to jhe polite and considerate, but also to the evil and the unthankful. 42;§ Public Libraries in the United'^ States. '■ At thQ same time, all rules and regulfiMons mnsbbe stead ily,'ttibigh civilly, euforced, not as an exertion of the librarian's authority, 'bw as a lawj which both librarian and borrower must equally obey. ■ Pines mast sonrietimes be collected, and the delivery of books i refused in cohse- queuce of non-payment or other delinqaency. lAU manner of atfeettl^s to obtain ille£;al privileges, to avoid complying with regalartiions; to de^ fraud the Ubrafiy of books or of moneyj-mnstbesmet, thoagh fortUffa.tely not soi'requently ina small community as in alargeone; and thisenfdrce^' meut of law and resistance to impositioiijiasiwell asthe regular libra*y service for good citizens, it is the librarian's duty to perform not lueiM'ys with justice and accuracy, but with conciliating kindness. The Ubraryi' ought not only to give out and take back books^ butib ought to keep all its friends and to make new ones. It is very true that Moses him- self, with all his meekness, would find today, if he were running a public circulating library, more Korahs, pat,l^ns, an<}.Abira,m^ to im- pute bad sentiments and maiuners to him, than of old troubled tljeitjainp! of Israel. But such is society ; and those who cannot meet, detraetioa with courtesy, and, thfi detractors themselves.with civility and attention, are not fit to be politicians, missionaries, or librarians./ It will be found a great Convenience ito have in tlie sight ot borrowers., a shelf of t^ie last tvve^tyor ,4fty new accessions to the library, and,,, where it is safe, to permit the ;l^oi;rower^ to examine these. In some communities, theliberty could not be safely granted, but where it is, tiie^ scrutiny will save a great many questions .and, a good deal, of trontile. ,, Tliere should be a public book or other open record for enteringthp// narhe^ of books wanted. which are not in the Ubrqiry, and these should al- : ways be got if possible; duplicates of books eagerly sought, for^hoftljl bfii) obtained to the utmost extent that the means of the library willipecmit ; and the same of popular perioditialg. These two instances come un^'er the general rule, that, so far, as circumstances permit, the, library shoald do whatever is asked, of it. The duties of the public in dealing with the library must not be, en- tirely passed over. If the friends of the library clearly nndpr^t^^nd these duties, and habitually use their influence to promote the QbfSef|yjj-( arice of^them, a public sentiment will gradually be created. an^,,„m|-in-j tained which will be a great enconrageinent anci; assistance ,to tlie institution on allhands, and an important conflirmatiou of Jts pppula;rity and sucpess. ' , u , ,ins^tf in dealing with a library. I am unreasonably. 4f, I complain and,|i^id,i fault upon finding that some one else has .tbei boo)t J wa,}it ; or npp|i being required to specify what book I want in the regula,|' way ^^ or ppojf being confined to just such privileges as everybody ejse gnjoysj, or,u,pon being ret^^ired to pay a tine for keeping a book too long, or for return- lug it in an injured cqnditiou; or upon being required tp,pay,for it jf,,)^,, Hoio to fhake^ Toivn Libraries successful. 429 spoilit or lose it -So I.aoi if I plfvgae the librarian by trying" to make hitTi(!(g)r:liei-) pitsli out books for me instead 06 doing it myself; as. Bel- s^^i(?gtir^fl!5J required iDauiel to tell him what his dream was; and after- wards whB-tiit meanfe. l")i - TJiesftiSpeeimens will .Sufficiently show what ought not to be done by thepublici amd these, as wellias all other wrong doings, will be prevented byfoibserving the one plain rule of considerate courtevsy in dealing with the .library. This rule, wliile it will prevent injustice and undeserved annoyance, will, at the same time, permit that free criticism and sug- gestion,that all may justly practi.se, which is not merely the right of the public, but a favor tojtbeilibrary, and which every judicious friend ofj the institiitiou will welcome; ' ' ,I,i;.,,|r4,ir^TBN4NCB. The circumstances of the case must determine how each library is (financially) created and maintained. But there is one excellent prjic- tical rnle, already proved healthy and efficient in its application to common schools, which ought to be applied to public libraries as far as possible. It is this: That the community as such (that is, by public money, not through fees paid to th6 library) should- pay something for its lirivileges. Unrestricted gifts to the pultlic, like unrestricted charity to paupers and beggars, are "Mnibst certain to be undei'valuedif not abused. In our best s6hool systems, th6 receipt of tlik State money by a town for school purposes ' dependsiniore br le^^ bn the e'W^rgy with which the town raises ^ohejr'of its o\^n. God helps th6^e'"wbo help themselves. The state finds it 'safe to imitate the divine "example in thi.^ 't^^rtieular ; ahd so rn the case of libraries. A State grsirit for' the purpa^e!,' to depend on the raising of a t>roper yearly aihonnt' by the to'wn, 'i^''tihe most Americari, that is, the most direct and effective^ method- of promoting the library department of our Systems of public education. On precisely the same principle, private gifts for the Samie purpose should be upon the same condition. This plan, secures not only be'^ini^ing- '6\iiJ''continuance; not only birth tint healthy life., it is cc^m- parfitiVely easy to produce a revival, either in religion pr literature, and thuS to f6und h,' chiirch or A? library ; the real' task is to maintain it iri.HtS'pro|b'er growth and health afterwards. At aiiy ratej It i's'desirable that a fair sum should be raised yearly, for the"s'ii'[y^ort of a public circulating library by the community which uses it; for this recurring exertion will keep the public attentive, will incite the ta.Y-j[)a.j^ei'S to'get'sonW reading for their moiiey^, and will in jb very way^ailitam the inestimable American practice of making the individuat cittiJ^ii mind his own (public) business, by watching, managing, and using what 'he bwns'aiid pays for. ! Inthfe'not unusual case, however, where ^ certain sum of money caii be haii'tb sfet the library '^oing,' without any certainty about the future, an obvioiife policy should 'ije pursued iii hopes of establishing a permanent 430 Public Libraries in the United States public support. It is tliis : to reserve as much as is safe from the first expenditure, and to apportiou this reserve, for a year or two years, so as to furnish during that time a good supply of fresh books as they come out. When this reserve is exhausted, if the community has not by that time learned to value its fountain of reading enough to maintain it by the necessary yearly tax, it is a community where probably a library ismispliieed, or at least impracticable. As large a proportion as practicable of the yearly income of the librv ry should be invested in bobks. The least satisfactory feature of our present library systems is the excessive proportion which the annual cost of administration bears to the whole annual expenditure for the library. ^ This state of things should be remedied as soon as possible by means of mechanical ap|)liaij(jes, in library service, of better arraugeinents of book rooms, and by other suf- ficient contrivtipces of that American ingenuity which has thus far done pretty well in devising means of escape from much greater difficulties. Women should be employed as librarians and assistants as far as^bs^i- ble, as the nature of the duties is, to a great extent, and in many cases, suited to them. Where the work is too heavy, men mCist' be employed iustead. Precautions will sometimes be needed against curious troubles arising from the fact that women in such places ofteti do not get along with other women as well as men do. A good board of trustees, or other supervisory authority, can, however, remedy this sort of friction by ad- monition, or, if necessary, by a change in the service. Itis worth while to try several different librarians or assistaiits, if the additional trouble results in discovering exactly the right bne'at last ; and it will be fouud ail exceUei^t motive in the librarian's own breast to be clearly aware that actdiil success, as well as formal good behavior, is required in order to continuance in oflSce. Wherever the librarian, or some other competent person in of 'out of the library board, is able and willing, a yearly or occasiquai lecture, course of lectures, or other public performance, and perhaps' special courses of lessons, may result in benefit, to the library^ Bu,t it has nd,t been found that it is worth while to have such operations obligatory all the year, or every season. Good opportunities should be seized, aud, in their absence, efforts should not be wasted. , i The natural division of associate enterprises into executive and" ad- visory departments is as necessary in a successful library'as iii an i.isurance company, a bank, or a government. If the librarian is com- petent, he should be the trusted executive of the library, and behind him should stand a board of trustees or directors, or other consulting •and legislative body. If he is not competent, the president, of ttie boilrd, or some other member of it, formally or informally ai)pointe'(V, should act. Such executive should be allowed, under full responsibil'it|r^J^de- qiiate powers. Unless there is some reason to the contrary, tiie libra- • rian should act as secretary to the board, as in tiat place he ckh inform, suggest, and advise, as cases may require. CHAPTER XXr READING IN POPULAR LIBRARIES. BY JtrSTI?r WINSOK, Superintendent of the Boa^on fpiblie. Library. nAUACTEU Oli' KBADINO CONSIDERED — PASTIME READERS — NATURAL TENDENCIES OP 'llliiDiNG TrtWARDS KtEVATION OF TASTE — OPPORTUNITIES OP LIHKARIANS — YOUTH- ■^j^ill,' READERS. '■ ' ' ' ' ' -'Iw'l I' '- "^' ' < \ ■ ' . . ■ , ■ s People, who lopk wise, aud sbake their heads, and talk about public libraiie,^.l>j^in^,U,t'tej;^U not aa,.impixed,good, ar^ the greatest encomiasts Tithjch ,^l^e, syatem has, jbecaA^p they imply that .tl^ey d.itfe.r from inosl^ people, ijnd tha,^ the^praqtioe,pf imputing unqualified good to hjjraries prevails, wheu nobpdy thii^ksof assiguiug such a conditiori \q the pul- pit, the bar, or, trade. ,,^ j . ,,'Jlj^se ceDajQripus dattere|'^8^refer to the charaeterof the reading that is put into such, Jibrafies and is drawn from them by the mass of readers, ancl,' they ,e^tiipate the; value of that reading whplly from their own wants and predilpptic^ns, and wil^hout any regard to fl^e iininense variety of minds and; chaf acter which fortunately makes up communities. - ,^f the good, influences largely predominate, most advoqates of libraries will, be «pntent, and, they are not altogether strpnuous that the, good should be positive in all cases, being quite happy if a negative benefit is brought, about. , ,,, It is a very easy Watt'ef to form a library to suit the, wants of specific qouditious ptj people; biit it is not so easy to gather such books as will atfprd the greatest and most varied interest to all sorts of readers, what will l^arm some will work no harm to, others, though it may do therai no more good than to grant them a pastime, and it is with this object that three quarters of the reading of people not professedly bookish is carried on; and whether it be desirable or not, the pastime rp^ders.are tnp most of the people to whose wants i)ublic liDpries of the popular sort minister, , , , ^ , Books,can neither instr,uct nor amuse if they ^.re not within the com- prehension, or, it is perhaps better to say, within the literary sense of thieir readers. One niay understand a. book, but it does not j^llure him from other things, untess it responds to his . intellectual wants, or runs ujjon the plajUe'gf his mental training. _^hen we consider the vast multitudes of people who are destitute of literary culture— ^aud they may, be none'.tl^e wofse, citizens, and many even may be bright, think- 432 Public Libraries in the United Stf two centuries ago; structures which, if they escape the fire, wiM be looked upon hereafter as painful deformities, though, perhaps, too costly tobf pulled down. They abound in incongruous members, false coiiaWriia' Art MuseUiiW'and tJieir cdmectidn%itJi TiSlic Libraries. 437 ;ibAfeJ'i\iapposite decoratious, multiplied and jmnbted togettiet'fdr the jake of vicious display and foolish expense. Millions have been thrown iwa.V^'ii('tbis vulgar parade of costly building; mostly, however," in the direction of domestic architecture, for excessive outlny oh public buildings is not in general the tendency of our times. We havie not ^et reached the period when the patriotism of citizens will lead theifl tib be more ambitious for the Sumptiiousness of civic buildings than of their private dwellings. Now the correction of such errors of judgment is to be found in a more general cultivation of art. Men of genius should find in the uni- rersities and polytechnic schools of the country every needful help to a Jompletfe' education in the principles of architecture and of the other irts which are inseparable from it. Then the taste of the public mast be sultivated in the same direction, though not necessarily to the same degree, by the employment of kindred means. Otherwise, well educated architects will find little employment^ will have but little influence, and will 'b% set aside for those of superficial attainments, whose ideas will be more in harmony with those of the community. Jfr was the cultivatinginflueuce of such men of true art as Adam Craft, Petfer Fisher, and AlbrechtDlirer, which led the citizens of old Nurem- HS^g^'tO adopt that simple, elegant, and substantial domestic architecture, which has been lately reproduced in the residences of the new and beautifnl Marien strieet' of the modern part of that interesting city, rhi^jold architecture, so truthful, so free from sham, and from flashy lisplay, has been adopted for the new city because none has been found 30 appropriate to the place, and nothing in itself superior, if equal. If we are to have types of architecture truly original and American, tod worthy of Our country, and destined to endure, they are to grow Qpin various localities, under'the influence of the peculiar circumstances of '■fche place, its climate, its native materials, and particular wants; all jonttblied by the tastes both of architects and communities thoroughly imbued' with the principles of genuine art. ' ' Bui: while economical considerations would of themselves justify the fouhdfh'g' of art museums for the benefit of the public at the public ex- pehsb,' the;Se are by no means the only arguments in favor of their esfcab- (ishment. - --- - INNOCENT AND ISIPEOTINGEBCEBATION. - iv. "kit ■■ - ..;■'..>- . - - ' Most of ji>ur principa,! cities, are laying out large sums on parks and pleasure grounds, for the purpose of affording better opportunities to their croj^ded popultitigns.for healthful recreation and enjoyment. A^\d iece,_tj)o, a, large j share of- attention, is most properly bestowed on j,rt Lu the direction of landscape gardening. The .gratification of the eye ludiofrtheiSBsthetic sense, here (also is not, neglected. But. all this ex- fjenditare is lost to miost of/the people for qjjerhalf of the year on account >f OUT, lojig; winters. ; Yet if the principle of providing at the public ex- 438 PuUic Libraries in the UriiUd States. ''•' "■ pense for the inuocent recreation of the citizens is' recognized as correct, some elevating means of enjoyment should be afforded for the winter as well as for the summer mouths. What an unfailing resource is the LpuVre or the London gallery in the hours wheti' recretition is neecfW, and when an inclement sky forbids all out-door enjo^yraentr Such a' resource, no matter though it be on a smaller scale, is withiii the reach of every considerable city in our land. / EDUCATIONAL AKD ^REFINING INFLUENCE. U; But above all, there is the educational advantage. We are willing to Jje taxed, for the support of common schools ; spme States, tax thj?m- selves for universities ; almost every city is taxed for one or more high schools, and many for the support of public libraries. But the same mind that finds its aliment in schools, and books, needs also for one of its best faculties the nutriment afforded by the creations of the artist. Without this aid that faculty remains dormant. Its power to enhance the value of individual and social life is losti Now, can any just reason be given why the aesthetic faculty should be left out of our plans for public and popular education ? why money should be expended for in- structive books, and not also for instructive and elevating worksijjf art?! . , -o ' The following extract from a letter by the late John Stuart Mill, in lti(j9, to a com- mittee of the Ainerican Social Science Association, (Journal of Social Science, No. 5, 1873, pp. 137, 138,) is .given because of its pertinence to the subject under diacuesioD, though it waswritten especially to encourage art education in public schools : '• ''■- " The rnultipliBation of casts of the finest works of ancient sculpture, is very nsefnl as one among many means of educating the public eye., Both in art and in nature, a certain degree of familiarity jg necessary, not merely to the intellectual apprepisitipu, but to the enjoyment of the higher kinds of beauty. Every one who takes pleasure in a simple tune, has the capacity of fully enjoying Weber and Beethoven, but yeVj' oftea he derives little oi" no pleasure from a first hearing of them. It is a great mistake to think that children are not benefited by living and growingup among models of beauty. They are, on the contrary, more benefited than any one else, though not, at the tvtpe, conscious of the benefit. I can. trace a great influence in my own deyelppmeut to tj^e accident of having passed several years of my boyhood in one of the few old abbeys ■which are still inhabited, instead of a mean and graceless modern house, ana havingat the same ti'ue and place been familiar with the tapestries from Raphael's battiJAie, which peopled my imagination with graceful and dignified forms of human beings. "There is a great want of this training of the perceptions and taste in Our modern societies, but itla not by any one help or stimulus that the want can be supplied. Tlie great desideratum in America, and, though not quite in an et[nal degree, I may'sa^ in England too, is the improvement of the highe* education. America snrpusses all countries in the amount of mental cultivation which she has been , a;blej to make uui- versal ; but a high average level is not everything. Tliere are wanted, I do ijo^ssyia class, but a great number of persons of the highest degree of cultivation which tb^e accumulated acquisitions of the human race make it possible to give them I ' ' "From such persons, in a community which knows no distinctions of rarikS, citifea- tlon would rain down its influences upon the rein aindor of society, and the higheT:6lTE,jR XXII. FREKir BY THE EDITORS. fKE TOWS LIBRATIIES DEFINED— ThP OUTGROWTH Qlf, SQCIAI. AXU SGIIOOL UB^i^SIKS, — Ei^Ly^;TOCIAL LIBRARIES — EaRJ-Y, ]?REB TOWN LIBRARIBS^SXAJE LAWS AND rem;arksthbbeon— In New Hampsi^ire .MassachusiStts— Maine — Vermont — OHrb — WiscoNsiN — Connecticut — IoWa— Indiana — Illinois — Texas — Vote CN libKary tax in thirty-seven TdwNS in Illinois, Iowa, and Massachusetts — PATEONYMIC LIBKARIEB. i{ , < f I'TUU •'■I'll".- •> .;,•- ',- -. ■ \'i'- ---,:' . .-'. , , 'i JFree^towa. libraries, as here considered, comprise those_ partly or holly supported by a direct or indirect tax, or by .municipal gran|^ [jder authority of a general State law; and do not include that class ipresehted by the Astor Library in New York, the Peabody Institute I Baltimore, the Peabody Library, Peabody, Mass., which, though free, erive their entire support from the endowment^ of individuals. Several such libraries have existed for nearly fifty years, but, as a ass, they have beeu formed within the last half of that period, and are, anerally speaking, the outgrowth of social libraries — some of which still listing are nearly a century old — and of the public school libraries that ourished in many of the States a quarter of a century ago, and which I some of the States still form an important and influential factor in Jucation. They are designed to furnish to all without cost the means )r instruction and recreation which the social libraries provided for leir members only, aud to perform the functions of public school braries in the education of the people ; and are so planned as to avoid irtain difficulties which the latter met and could not overcbme. During the first half-century after the Eevolution, sociallibra'ries held Q important place among the resources for culture of the American eople. Books were in all respects relatively infinitely more difficult to et then than now, and the collections of the book clubs and social braries, insignificant as they may seem to us, were in those times held 1 no mean estimation. It is impossible now to ascertain accurately ow many books were contained in the public libraries of all classes in le United States in the year 1800, for all traces of many of the smaller )llections are lost, but the most thorough investigation enables us to say, ith reasonable certainty, that there were, in that year, hot more than ),000 volumes altogether in the public libraries, or about one volume ) seventy persons. Such glimpses as we can catch of the early social 445 44■.*;; iji: The neighbors in our and the surrounding settlements met and agreed, to piircbase books and to make a common library. They were all poor, and subsCriptions'siDall, but they raised in all about one hundred dollars. All my accumulated wealth, tea coon-skins, went into the fund, and Squire Sam. Brown, of Sunday Oieek, who was go- ing to Boston, was charged with the purchase. After an absence of ipi^ny, ,w,epjts, he brought the books to Capt. Ben. Browu's, in a sack, on a pack horse. I was pr»)seu'|at the untying of the sack and jionring-out of the treasure. There were about sixty volumes, I think, and well selected ; the library of the Vatican was nothing to it, aufl tbtere never was a library better read. This, with oooasianal additions, fiu-nishei me with reading while I remained at hpme. , ,, The preamble to the articles of association adopted February 2, 1804, sets forth that — .. ; -, considering the many beneficial effects which social libraries are calculated to pro-' duce in societies where they are established, a.s a source both of rational entertainment ' History of Athens County, Ohio. By Charles M. Walker. Cinoi,niiaJi, Ohio, %hert Clarke it Co., 1869, p. 399. ^ --■■> i ! Free Town' Libraries. 447 i4unstrnpbiOD, ve, the suTisexibersi, wisbing to pfirticipate in those blessings, agree to rm ourselves into a society for this purpose, under tlxe title of the Wpsfern: Library ssQoiatioain the town of Ames. ,, This, library, ^omptimes distinguished in later years by the title " Goon ikin Library," prospered during a long period and exercised a marked nfliteliCe oh the intellectual habits of the community. Among its pa- rons Vere Judgfe Ephriiiui Cutler, to whom the friepds of education in )hio,w,ere largely indebted for; the common school law enacted in 1825, (ndnnany otli*r men distinguishfidiu thehistory of the State. An aged itizen of Athens County, Ohio, who in early years enjoyed its privileges, rrote ill September, 1875, as follows: .^Ithough this time honored library has now gone down, and really has np, claiin ^1o r^ent.^^xistenqe, it^ djd ill its day perform a iioble mission in the ^isse^iina^tioiiof A social library, the first in the north western territory, wag formed at 'inoinnati in March, 1802. A notice of it will be found in the sketch ntitled Public Librarie)? of Cincinnati, iq Chapter XXXVIII, Part VI, if this repprt. , - The public, school libraries described in {;haper II of this report are iractictjlly free to all (the inhabitants, and derive their support from axaition and State grants,; they were, therefore, really the pioneers and irog^nitors of the important and rapidly growing class of free town ibrftries. In, Massachusetts the school libraries did not, as we have een, meet the wants of- the people,^ but they served to help prepare he/Way for the town libraries which have multiplied and increased so aspidly in that State during the last twenty five years. > F?ee town libraries appear to have been formed in some places by he towns assuming the power to levy taxes and grant money before he enactment of any general State law authorizing the levy of a tax bri that specific purpose. Thus the town of Orange, Mass., in 1846, Lve years before the enactment of the general, law empowering towns levy a tax for libraries, voted $100 to establish a town library, ind has since that time always paid the librarian and the incidental ixpenses of the library, besides granting occasional sums to buy new )ooks. The shares of the Social Library of Castine, Me., became the )ropertyof the town about the year 1827, while the State law author- zing towns to levy a tax for library purposes wats not enacted until .854. The town of Salisbury, Conn., also voted money to a l\brary at in, (early period,^ though the State law authorizing grants by towns to ibraries was nat euacte<.l until 1869. In some, instances special laws lave been enacted, giving certain cities and to#ns power to establish a reeilibrary by taxation. All these facts pointed to the desirability of general legislation empowering towns and cities to raise money for Ibrary purposes. a , • = :, r ,, , . .^ . NEW HAMPSHIRE. 'FriW Hampshire'gained theionor of leadership by enacting a law in ' Ante, p. ,42. * See ante, p. 45, note. 448 Public Libraries in the United States. 1849, authorizing towns to grant money to establish and maintain pub- lic libraries, the amount of such grants being fixed by the voters of the respective towns. Libraries so formed and maintained are exempt from taxation. Before the passage of this law the town of Peterborough had, by a vote of April 9, 1833, established a town library, and in that year set apart from its share of the bank tax, the proceeds of which are distrib- uted among the towns of the State to be used for literary purposes, $66.84 to buy books. The grants for books have been continued from year to year since that time, except for the year 1862, in varying sums, the largest in any one year being $150, and the whole araountingj up to the year 1876, to $1,762.25. Besides this sum, the town has regularly paid for the care of the library from fifty to one hundred dollars a year- The library numbers nearly 4,000, and circulates about 9,000 volumes a year. Thirteen town libraries in New Hampshire received grants to the whole amount of $7,510 in the year, 1874-'75. They contained alto- gether 51,842 volumes, and the aggregate circulation reported was 191,601 volumes, or nearly i370 per cent. MASSACHUSETTS. As we have already seen, at least one town in Massachusetts assumed the power to grant money in aid of a town library as early as 1846, though no statute authorizing such grant then existed. Tn 1847. the late President Wayland, of Brown University, desired to help the town of Wayland, Mass., to a town library, and gave $300 on condition that an equal sum be raised in the town by subscription for the same pur- pose, which was done, and the gift accepted at the town meeting March 6, 1848.. At this point, the question arose whether the town conl'd, iu its municipal capacity, grant money to buy books and support a town library. The right of the town to compel tax-payfers to pay mouey for this object was doubted by the friends of the project, and they recom- mended " that it be optional with the individual tax-payers either to pay or not to pay their respective assessments for said item." By common consent, measures were taken to prepare a building and purchase books, and early in August, 1850, the library was opened to the public. A citizen of Wayland had suggested to a member of the legislature during the session of 1850 to procure the enactment of a State law authorizing any town to grant aid to a town library, but no such action was taken. The next year Rev. John B. Wight, a member of the legislature from Wayland, familiar with the doubts that existed as to the powers pos- sessed by towns in respect to libraries, introduced a bill which became a law May 24, 1851, authorizing any city or town to grant a sum not to exceed one dollar for each of its ratable polls the first year, and not exceeding twenty-five cents for each of its ratable polls yearly there- i*H. VUBLIV LIBEABT WOECBSTBB. MASS. Free Town Libraries. 451 after, for tlie establishmeafe and maiateuance of a public library. By an amenilment enacted in 1859 the limit of tvventy-flve cents for each poll yearly for the increase and maintenance of the library was changed to fifty cents. An act of May 9, 18G6, authorizes any town at a legal meeting to grant any necessary sum for the establishment, maintenance, or increase of a public library therein and for necessary buildings. Branch libraries may be established and hiaintained in the same man- ner. Any town may receive, hold, and manage any devise, bequest, or donation for the establishment, increase, or maintenance of a public library within the same. An act of June 10, 1870, provides that — Any town, at a lawful meeting, having an article in the warrant for the purpose, may authorize a village or district in such towu, containing not less than one thousand inhabitants, the limits of which shall J)e accurately defined, to organize under such name as may be authorized by such town, for the purpose of . . . establishing and maintaining public libraries. An act of Maj' 23, 1873, empowers any city or town to make grants to a free reference library within its limits. A State law provides that the net proceeds of licenses for keeping . dogs shall be jjaid yearly towards the support of public schools^ or town libraries, and in many towns the money is used for the latter object. Thus, of twenty-seven free libraries in Worcester County, including the Public Library of the city of Worcester, ten received aid from this source in the year 1874-'75, amounting altogether to $5,386.18 ; twenty four received in all $23,793.50 from municipal grants and taxation, making the income from these two sources $29,179.68, or a little more than ten per cent, of the amount, $284,754.10, raised by taxation that year in the same towns for the support of public schools. According to returns published in the report of the secretary of the Massachusetts board of education for the year 1872, there were in 1861) forty-five free public libraries in the State, containing 201,706 volumes, with yearly additions of about 22,000 volumes, and a circulation of more than 500,000 volumes a year; six years later, fifty libraries, with 345,588 volumes, were returned, the yearly additions being reported at about 20,000 volumes, and the number lent to readers at 886,172 vol- umes; in 1872, there were reported eighty-two libraries, containing 564,479 volumes; the number of volumes added in 1871 was 50,130, and 1,345,179 volumes had been lent to readers. Of the free town libraries in Massachusetts, (not including any that are wholly supported by private endowments,) one hundred and twenty-seven reported for the year 1874-'75 a total income of $273,861 from municipal grant^s and taxation. These libraries numbered alto- gether about 920,000 volumes, had added more than 132,000 volumes within the year, and 3,026,000 volumes had in the same time been taken out by readers. It appears by comparison of the above returns that in fifteen years the num'ber of free town libraries has been nearly trebled ; 452 Puhlic Lihra/ries in the United States. the number of volumes much more than Cfcuadrupled ; ithab the yearly additions have increased more than sixfold; and that more than sis times as many boobs were taken out by readers than nine years before MAJNB. Any " city, town, or plantation '? in Maine may, under an act dated April 20, 1854, grant a sum not exceeding $1 on eaahof its ratable polls to establish a public library ; and a sum not exceeding 25cents on each poll yearly thereafter for its increase and maintenance. . Eight public libraries under this, act received altogether aid to th« amount of $2,985 last year, when, they contained in all 33,534 volumes, and reported an aggregate yearly circulation of 97,700 voluines; ,,, YEEMO-NT. Eetween 1854 and 1865 no original .legislation looking to the forma- tion 0% free town libraries was enacted, but in the Jatt^ year th^ Ver- mont legislature empowered tpwns to grant money for tjie,esta(blish- meut and maintenance of such libraries. The law was repealeiiliiu November, 1867, and a new enactment , made authoci?iing. any city, town, or incorporated village to grant a ;sum not exceeding one doUaii on eac)] ratable ,poll for the foundation, and fifty/ cents on each ratable poll yearly thereafter, for the increase and maintenance of a; library iree to all the inhabitants. . Four libraries of this class reported an aggregate income for the year 1874-'75 of §2,500, from taxation. Tliey numbered 16,300 volumes^, aud circulated in, that year 56,700 volumes. i,<;i, OHIO. ^ ^'^' ' ,'|'^/^' ,'^^ Under an act dated February 24, 1868, any city of the second class is empowered to levy a tax not exceeding one-half a mill on the dollar yearly for a public library and reading ro ^ Four libr-aries, to which town aid Was granted in the year 1874-75, seived a total of $1,110.' They contained altogether' about 15,000 lumes, and reported an 'aggregate circulation during the year of )0ut 37,000 volumes. ■- ""< '' • ■' It is probable that the social libraries in the smaller villages, the con- lerable number Of 'libraries iit the larger towns which derive their pport from individual endowments, afld the attention paid to school iraries within the last few years,'" have to some extent diverted atten- m and effort from the plan of free town libraries, which has enjoyed ch wonderful success in the neighboring State of Massachusetts. - .i,(;. I;>|.! -■■ . ' . ■'!- ■ ' :■' ■ 'I' 1''^ IOWA. An' act dated March 30, 1870, made it lawful for any city of the first Se'cOhd class to raise morie^ for a free public library, by a tax not ceeding' one' half a niill on the dollai', provided that ai suitable build- ^'beflrfe't presented to the city foi: library purposes. A more' liberal actmeut of March 20, 1872, provides that any city or ' incoi'|)orated Via may levy a tax not exceeding one mill on theddllai? in aiiy one ar fot'thepurjibse of prociirih^ 'books for a free pu'blic library, and ly I'ec'eivfe donations for a library^ One public library established under this law in January, ,1873^ 3eived $1,000 from taxation in the year 1874-'75. It numbered 914 lumes, and nearly 12,000 volumes were taken out by readers during e year. There are a number of prospesoas subscription or social libraries in B State, bnt the plan of free libraries supported by tax does not seqm 'f&i to'^lliaVe''attracted public attention and interest. 454 Public Libraries in the United States. INDIANA." ■;,,,,,, The first public library in Indiana appears to have been the Tincenne! Library, established in the town of the same name in the year 1807 among the incorporators of which was General W. H. Harrison, g,ftt;r wards President of the United States, It still exists and numbers about 2,000 volumes. In 1852 a la w was enacted for the establishment and' maintenanre o1 a free library in each cdunty. It pl'ovided that 10 per cent, of the proceeds of all laud sold by the coiunty as its property, in the town where the county seat is situated, and 10 per cent, of all donations made by any town to secure the establishment of the county seat therein, should form a fund from which' yearly g.rants might be made by the county commissioners to buy books and pay the necessary ex- penses of maintaining at the county seat a public library free to all inhabitants of the county. A number of libraries was established under the law, and some of them still remain; but the reports are not encouraging as respects their usefulness. Of the eleven returned in 1874-75, only three report funds, which amouuu in the aggregate to $7,361,' yielding a total income of $1,217.90 a year. The eleven contain 12,916 volumes; only seven fur- nish rieports of circulation, from which it appears that 'but 3,710 vol- umes, or a little mbre than twenty-eight per cent., weire taken from the shelves- during the year, a striking and painful contrast to the use made of the free public libraries of the same State, the circulation of which for the same year was more than 625 per cent. ". In a number of towns in Indiana, and a few in other States, free libra- ries for workingmen have been establisbed through the liberality of the late William Maclure, of Philadelphia, whose gifts and bequests for this purpose amounted to about 8150,000, in sums of from $400 to $500 for each library. With two or three exceptions, these libraries have been un- fortunate, and many of them have become extinct. Seventeen of them in Indiana reported in all 11,495 volumes in lS74-'75, with a total cjrcu- latiou of 13,380 volumes. Only two reported a yearly income, which^ for both, amounted to but $110. The administrator of the estate writes,: As all the funds of the estate liave been expended, and as there is no mode of forcing the societies to carry out the intention of the testator, tJU^lihracies will probably be lost. By an act approved March 3, 1871, the board of school commissi9n- ers of any city is authorized to levy a tax not exceeding) one-fifth, of a mill on each dollar of the taxable property, in any, one year for t(ip establishment and support of free public libraries, to expend the funds so realized, and to make all proper regulations respecting the library. An act dated 1873 provides that any city incorporated under thelaw,of the State may, by a two-thirds vote of the Common council, raise by a tax of not more than two mills on the dollar, in any one year, money to be used in helping to maintain a free publiclibrary. Free • Toion Libraries. 455 Three free public libraries in ludiaua, organized under the above )visions, contained, in lS74-'75, 25,585 volumes, and 159,558 volumes re lent to readers from two of the libraries; the third, opened in Jufle, r'5, did Hotfeport statistics of circulation. Altogether they received S;T00from taxation'. ' ■ " ' Illinois. A, law enacted March 7, 1872, provides for the establishment, and tintenance of free public libraries and reading roams iu incorporated ies, villages, and, townships. Cities containi(\g, more than 100,000 in- ibitauits may raise money for this purpose by a tax not exceeding one- thof a mill yearly oi) the jbaxable projperfcy ; cities of less than ;LOO,000 habitants may levy a tax pot exqepdiig one mill ou the dollar yearly ; d villages and towriships ayearly tax not exceeding two mills oij the illar. In cities the libraries are to be managed by a board of nine rectors, appointed by the mayor with theapprovalof the, city council, le-third ,tQ hold office one year, one-third twp years, and one-third three lars; the directors are to ^)e ffchosenfrom, the citizens at large with ference to their fitness for such office;" and not more than one meiji- )r of the city council shall be at any one time a member of the board. , I villages and townip.the directors are elected by the legal vote,rs. Thirteen free libraries, organized under the aibove law, received in 1, in the year 1874-'75, the sum of $74,742.92 from taxation; thpy imbered altogether 76,595 volumes, and 301,538 volumes were lent to aders within the year. : One other library, at Jpliet, wa,s<}inoxvn to be process of formation in February, 1876, and there are probiibly others om which no information has been received. The Jictiv.ity manifested in the short period since the enactment of the w, indicates that. Illinois will^ soon take a high position among the atesthat maintain free public libraries for the benefit of all the peo- .e. ,,. , , ^^. TEXAS. The frontier State of Texas is the pioneer in th& free library* move- ent in' the Southern States, her legislature having passed a law, ap- ?ove& February 26, 1874, 'authorizing any incorporated city in the State I establish a free library, and grant such part of its "revenues for the anagement and increase thereof as such city may determine by the Jtion of the municipal government of the city." The free Public Libfary of Galveston, organized under the above law, sceives $3,000 a year from the city. In 1875 it numbered 10,000 3lumes, and 12,500 volumes were taken out by readers. TOWN LIBRARIES AND TAXATION. It is plain that the permanence and usefulness of a public library sup- arted by a geueral tax depend on the willingness with which the bur- en of taxation is taken up and borne by voters and tax-payers. It i s 456 Public Libraries in the United States. therefore, desirable to know their sentiments on this subject in com- munities wliere libraries so sustained exist. With this view, inquiries were sent to a number of towns where such libraries have been formed, asking, first, the number of legal voters in the town; second, the number voting for the library tax; and, third, the number voting against it. Eeplies were received from thirty-seven towns in three dif- ferent States — Illinois, Iowa, and Massachusetts. In thirty-two towns the vote for was unanimous, or nearly so, no neg- 'ative votes being recorded. Of these towns, twenty-seven reported in the aggregate 2G,304 legal voters; five of the towns did not report the number of voters. In five towns, containing altogether 3,702 legal voters, there was opposition shown by 515 votes against to 1,730 for the tax, being a majority of 1,215 in favor of the libraries. The fact that so little opposition was shown in the representative towns to which the inquiries were sent, is sufficient proof that free libraries, according to present indications, are not destined to fail from lack of public support and sympathy. PATEONTMIC LIBRARIES. The Astor rud the Peabody Libraries have been already mentioned as representatives of a certain class of free libraries. The princely munifi- cence of such gifts as those of Peabody and ifewberry, the former ap- proaching two millions of dollars and the latter exceeding that sum ; of Lenox, the value of which cannot yet be estimated ; of the endowments of the Astors and of Dr. Eush, each of which approaches a million dollars, rightly attract the widest public attetftioD. That four' of the largest of these magnificent endowments have been made or have become available within tbi' last twenty years, and three of them within the last five years, proves that the liberality of Ainericaus is increasing in as remarkable a ratio in this direction as in any other. But even these gifts within the last quarter of a century are not all which may excite the just pride and emulation of Americans and stim- ulate the hopes of the friends of culture. In the single State of Massa- chusetts within the period last named, not less than sixteen patronymic libraries have been established that owe their origin to the benefactions of those whose names they bear. The aggregate sura thus given is more than $320,000 ; they contain altogether about 100,000 volumes ; last year more than a quarter of a million volumes went out to their read- ers, and nearly 4,000 new volumes were placed on their shelves. It is to be remembered, too, that not all these benefactors are dead; a nu mber still live to bless their fellow-citizens by their deeds of benevolence. , Neither is it to be forgotten that such beneficence is not bounded by any lines of geography. An example only can be given of one State, because of the number. The new States have such benefactors; they are found on the slope of the Pacific, and in the farthest South, as well as in the Middle and Eastern States. 'CORNELL LIBKART, ITHACA, N . Y. Free Town Libraries. 459 In many instances the buildings for these libraries have been finished under the personal superintendence of their donors; the books have been selected and placed on the shelves under their inspection, and then the keys have been given to the public. More than this, the foun- der has often paid for the service of caring for the books, and lending them to all citizens who choose to read, and also for placing new books in the library as needed. For the following interesting sketch of the Bryant Library we are indebted to Mr. O. 0. Gardiner, of New York : Mr. William CuUen Bryant has established a free library for the benefit of the people of his native town, (Cumniington, Mass.,) at a cost of some $25,000. It includes a site of thirteen acres ofland, witha stone building for the library, 30 feet by nearly 50, of the granulated hard mica slate found in abundance near it. It is a chaste, neat structure ; the library 30 feet in height, with three sides filled with shelves for the books, whidh form the active loan part of the library, with a gallery across the whole width of the building, over the entrance, for books of refereuce. The gift includes also a two story and attic cottage, built of concrete, for the use of the librarian, a barn, outbuildiugsj and a commodious shed for the horses and carriages of those who visit the library. It was opened to the public about three years ago, and received a charter from the State in the present year. The library contains nearly six thousand volumes, and is probably one of the choicest collections for a email popular library to be found in the country. It was selected by the donor and the late George P. Putnam, with a supplementary selection by Mr. Bryant during the last two years. The library is shelved in thirteen sections or divisions — theology, religion, and philosophy ; education and text books ; history and biography ; voyages, travels, and geography ; political and social science ; rural and domestic economy; science; flue arts ; poetry and belles lettres ; fiction; juvenile books; books of reference, and miscellaneous. The distance from Mr. Bryant's summer home to the library, one mile and a half, has been made easy by opening a new carriage road, to avoid the sharpest declivity of the hill, for the common benefit of himself and neighbors. In this and another carriage road along the ridge, to promote easier access to the library and to the two villages, he has expended about $3,500. Thus, the library and the improvements around it at Mr. Bryant's hand will aggre- gate between |25,000 and $30,000. The library is free to the. people of Cummington, while its benefits are extended to the surrounding towns within certain limits, at a small yearly charge for the improvement of the library. CHAPTEIi XXIII. FREE REi(DING ROOMS. 1; BY M^ILLIAM C. TODD. Influence of periodical literatoke — Its special value — REApi|fG rcjoms JN CITIES— In towns — Coopek Union, Npw York — Newbukyport, Mass., ^ Free reading rooms, contaiuing the leading newspa'pers and magakines of the day, have begun to be recognized as important means of public' education, and without a doubt will receive far more attention in future than they have in thfe past. They should go hand in hand with free schools and free libraries. Of all the wonderful changes in the last century none is more marked than those of the newspaper and periodical. The little sheets, of sonie of which fae similes have recently been published, that told the people in 1775 of Lexington and Concord, were local in influence and circula- tion ; the same man was generally the editor and printer. Perhapsit is a mistake to say they told of the first British attack, as the exciting i news of that day went from mouth to mouth long'before it appeared iu print. Of these journals. Dr.- Franklin, in bis autobiography, says, " There are, at this time (1771) not less than twenty^flve." He also erroneously states, strange as it may seem, that the paper established by his brotlier at Boston, in 1720 or 1721, was the second that .appeared ' iu America. If up to the time of the Araericau Revolution thS news- paper had exerted any influence on our history, it was comparart;ively unimportant. The promiuence of the newspaper is one of the most cliaracteristie features of the present age. The most remarkable discoveries and in- ventions of the past century have combined to render it a more coin-, ^ plete agent for diffusing information and molding publiq opinion.- It is,) the daily mirror of the world's events. Indispensable as are newspapers to the business of the'world, they, with the numerous magazines that have been started, nearly all during the present century, are equally necessary to educiition. A nation with many papers and magazines must be well informed ; their circulation can almost be taken as an esponent of its intelligence. Not only does a first class journal contain a record of events, but the best thought of the day. What a noted man to-night may say' to a small audience, to- morrow will be read by millions all ove'r the land. The substance of 460 Free Beading Booms. 461 whole volumes is published frequently long before its appe^&rance in book form. Recently such books as Schl iemann's Troy and its Eemains; with copious illustrations, Proctor's Lectures on Astronomy, Tyudall's on science and religion, Huxley's on the origin of life, and Agassiz's at the Anderson School, have appearedin a daily journal, costing a trifling sum, and have furnished instructjon.aud delight to hundreds of thou- sands who would otherwise have remained ignorant of these vTorks. The commander' of our forces in a battle during the Mexican war stated to me that he could not have won his victory, and would have been led into an ambush, but for the clear idea of the locality gained from a map published in a newspaper. So* great has become the deinand for periodical literature, and so well understood its infliuence, that the best intellect is employed to produce it. Many ^brilliant writers, of jmodern times have flrst , become known through .newspapers and magazsines, and have continued to use this means of addressing the public. The essays of Macaulay first appeared in the Edinburgh Eeview, Bryant's Thanatopsis was first published in the North American Eeview, and Dickens became famous by his Sketch es by Boz in the London Morning Ohronicle 5 and nearly all his subsequent writings were for periodicals, his Household Words gaining a circulation in 1853 of 90,000 in London alone. Bryant has for years edited a paper, and Longfellow, Lowell, Whittier, Holmes, and others, the bestibuown of our poets and prose writers, constantly contribute to periodicals. Much of the best poetry^ romance, biography, criticism, discussion of every subject, and information ou every topic appears in our newspapers and magazines, and scholars 'and men of science, as well as, general readers, must read them or be left behind. Beautiful, acpurate, striking illustrations, essentially a modern fea- ture of our periodical literature, attract attention and make clear what might otherwise be less perfectly understood. The influence of one of our best illustrated, magazines over children and adults, in instruct- 'Brig. Gen. B. Alvord, now Paymaster-Geaeral, U. S. A., and at the ' time men- tioned a captain in the. Fourth Infantry. In an interesting letter to the Commisaioner of JEdijif^^tion,, describing theiaff^ir, he says: , ,,-., , , "Yonr reason fo|^^ wishing rae to write it out was the emphasis,! gave to, tli,^, value of riiy possession of a good map of the ground, published in the New York Herald, on the occasion of the m'oreimpoi'tant battle of Cerrb Gordo, fonght previously on the 18th April, 1847, under General Scott. I must premise that if there were advantages in this particular case from newspaper accounts and maps of that war, it i must be rememherefl that the enemy in that >var cojild not benfifijt by them /from- their remote" ness and the diiference of language. As a general, rule, there can he no .douVt that much inconvenience is felt by military commanders from publications in newspapers in the midst of active operations." After ai detailed description of the fight, and showiiig the use of the map, General Alvord adds : , , , ., ",Qn j:e^c,hing the city of .Mexico I told General Scott that we had reversed his operations at ^erro Gordo. But none of the official reports ever alluded to the pos- session by us of that map of tlie field which, at a critical moment, proved quite inval- uable."— Editors. 462 Public Libraries in the United States. ing and amusing thienij it would be hard to measure. So necessary are newspapers and magazines that it is diffichlt now to see how the people could keep abreast the times without them.' < As a means of influencing the' popular mind there can be ho doilbt newspapers are now more powerful than books, and have for some years been, to an extent, superseding thfem. Everybody reads the newspaper; the book readers are comparatively few. Let any one make inquiries on this point, and he will be surprised' to learn hdvv many of great intelligence (especially business men) do not read one volume a year. Some of our journals have from 50,000 to 100,000 sub- scribers, and each copy probably has, on an average, five readers — one of the oldest editors of New England estiipated ten — so that.ievery issue speaks to a quarter or a half million readers. Rarely does a volume attain a sale of 5,000 copies, and it has but few, if any, more readers than a copy of a newspaper. On a living question, lik^ the cur- rency or tariff', a book can discuss the facts and arguments up to its publication, but there it must leave the subject. A newspaper returns to it day after day, meets difficulties, presents new arguments and new facts as they are developed, and influences the minds of its readers by persistencj' if not by reason. Hence every party in politics and in re- ligion, every branch of science, every ide;* seeking root in the minds of men, may do without its books, but never without its-periodical. Granting the necessity of the newspaper and magazine, the practical question arises, How shall the popular want be met? There is but one way, and that is by reading rooms. The masses have not the means, if they had the incliuatiou. to buy many papers and maga- zines. One paper and one magazine do not suffice. Many papers and magazines from, different sections, representing different phases of thought, are demanded, some for instruction, some for amaseineat, and the expense is serious, even for parsons of means. . In all but, tlie larger centres of population, too, it is generally impracticable to obtain any but local journals unless for regular subscribers. Our public school system has made our people generally intelligent, and created a taste for reading. To gratify that taste, public libraries have been established within a few years in many of our large cities aud towns, and the increase in such institutions i.s one of the most enoour^ aging signs of the times. To many of these admission is by membership, fee, or introduction, but there are reasons for believing that in a few years public libraries, free,to all, will be found in every city and hamlet in the land. ' ,^ . Not a few of the arguments for free libraries apply also to free reading rooms. Young Men's Christian Associations, in iiiaiiy of our cities, have aimed to supply the demand, iind have' done useful service. The institution needed is a room supplied with the leading daily and weekly papers, and with magazines, open t6 all classes of both sbxes, day and evening, so that those who have but a few moments of leisure Free Beading Booms. 463 as they go to and fcom their daily toil, as well as persoas with hours at their commahd, can use it. Just such institutions as are needed in all our towns are found in seve- ral of them, and the result has exceeded the most sanguine expectations of their friends. The best known of the kind, though of course larger and more complete than can be expected in niQst other places, has been establishecl in New York Gity, by the muniflci^ioeof PeteriOooper. . One who visits that , reading room , will find it filled with readers, for the most part of the laboring classes, eagerly perusing the papers and maga- zines.. The librarian of the Cooper Union writes : We havei 318 papers 'and periodicals on file, and about 100 magazines in different languages, besides ths books (about l"2,OO0 Volumes) ou the shelves, which are given to readers on written application. The rooms are open from 8 a. m. to 10 p. m., and were visiteij last year, by 5S1,7,98 persons. This will giye au idea of the iuflueaca, exerted on the community. The class of rea|der| is t|hat of persons in the humbler walljs of life. The Cooper Union is the largest reading room in the United States, if not iu the world. In 1855 a free library was opened in Newburyport, Mass., by private benevolence, and amioug the subsequent donations was one of $15,000 by George Peabody, a former 'resident. In 1870 a gentleman offered to give a fund to supply a reading room with papers and magazines, if the directors would provide suitable accomm6dations. This was done, and for five years the readingroom has been a complete success. The room is frequented by ladies and gentlemen equally, by the richest and poorest, and is felt to be one of the best intellectual and moral influences of the city. The superintendent thus speaks of it : > ; ,^ver^ pjjice ite estalplishment, July 1, 1870, the number of visitors has constantly in- crease^, side by side the merchant, the minister, physician, factory boy, and factory girl' have 'read th^ iiews. In the depressed condition of business of the last three y'ekrs the befaefit to th6 community of the reading room has been most clearly shown. Tw irs ago, but is not up to the stand.ird of the present day. It is not, wever, obsolete; aud these volumes, especially those relating to his- ?y and biography, arie still read with interest and profit. Is it desirable to purchase duplicates of popular books ? That depends circumstances. In a small library, with limited means, it may be tter policy to have a larger selection of good books than to duplicate ose which are most in demand. In the larger libraries the practice of plicating popular books is universal. They do not attempt to supply e first and' tehlporary demand for a new book ; but the permanent 'maud for a book of real merit they do endeavor to supply. Such a imber of copies is purchased at flirst as will be likely to be in constant se aftej the temporary interest in the book has subsided. If attention id good judgment be giA'en to this matter, a library need have but few ieless duplicates. A well selected and judiciously purchased circulating library, with ich works of reference as are needed, will cost, on an average, $1.25 volume. A library of 10,000 volumes will cost $12,500. A large jttion of these will' be imported in substantial morocco binding, and le American books will be chiefly in muslin binding. A committee, lerefore, knowing the amount of money it has to expend, may know le number of volumes it will buy. Such a collection will contain books hich cost ten times as much a volume as the general average price. E¥KCHASS OP BOOKS. The lists of books to be purchased having been made, the next ques- on is, how shall they be bought? As a rule, it is best to make all archasesof English bpoks in London, and of French and German books I those cpuntries, because better editions can there be procured, and at leaper rates,, than in this country. The binding, also, can be done in better aindn)ore durable style abroad than in this country, and at half le cost. By the revenue laws of the United States, books for public brarieis can be imported dutyfjee. The method is to employ skilled nd reliable agents in London— and there are several such agents who lake this business a specialty— who will buy books in that market, they aving no stock of their own, at the lowest cash price, ^;ill cause them ) be bound, and will ship them directly to the library, invoicing them t the original cost price, and charging a reasonable commission for their ervices. In France ap4 Germany, though the customs of the trade are omewhat diSerent, the methoJ is much the same. All the large li- 31 B 482 Public Libraries in the United States. ■ ' braries in tbis coautry buy their books iu this way,' and find it greatly to their advantage. The smaller libraries, when they make their orig- inal purchases, or make considerable additions, can do the same. Ap- plication to any of the principal libraries will furnish the information that is needed for securing all the advantages of making purchases. in a foreign market. Separate lists must be prepared of the American and foreign orders ; and each, for convenience of consultation, should be arranged in alphabetical order under the names of authors. The foreign invoices will come arranged in the same order. As to the purchase of American books, arrangements can be made with a bookseller to furnish the current American books at a certain rate per cent, from the trade discount. By current American books is meant such works as are on tlie latest lists of American publishers, and not subscription nor special books. Special books are those on which the usual discounts are not given ; they are often published on account of the author, and are indicated as "special" in the lists. It is well to offer a written proposal in this form tq different booksellers to fill up the blank left for the rate of discount. Till recently it has been customary for enterprising booksellers to fill up the blank with discounts ranging from 25 to 35 percent. Some contracts have been made as low as 40 per cent, discount. In the summer of 1874, the book- sellers of the country, at a convention at Put-in Bay, entered into a combination by which the discount to libraries was cut down to 20 per cent. That combination still exists, and nearly all the leading houses have gone into it. Tliere was no exigency, except their own pecuniary interests, which required such a combination, and it is one which DO library is bound to respect, provided anybody outside of it can be found who will furnish books at the old rates. Publishers have not reduced their discounts to the trade, and except for this combination, books could be bought by libraries as cheaply as formerly. Some of the rules adopted by the Put-in Bay convention were needed and were judicious ; but the one relating to libraries was a blunder, because it was suicidal. Ko other influence is doing so much in cultivating a taste for reading and a desire to own books as public libraries, and they are the most eflQcient mode of advertising good books without expense to the publisher or the trade. More books are sold, and private circulat- ing libraries do a better business, where there is a public library than where there is none. The largest discounts should, therefore, be made to libraries. Arrangements can also be made with the bookseller who supplies the current publications to supply special and subscription books at rates considerably below the trade prices. Rare books and books outr of print — and this class includes a large portion of American history aud biography — must in each instance be matters of special agreement as to price. Let the person who supplies the general list furnish these books, when he will do it at fair prices : but the committee must be free Organization and Management of PuUic Libraries. 483 to reject atiiy of the books offered the price of which seems to them too high. This part of the purchase calls for considerable knowledge and tact on the part of the committee. If the books are ordered of second-hand dealers, (and none others keep them in stock,) they will cost twice as much as if collected in a more judicious way. These books are constantly appearing in the auction sales in New York and other cities. The auctioneers will send their sale catalogues to any library which makes the request for them in season to send orders. There are responsible men who make it a business in the large cities to attend these sales and buy books, charging a commission of &.vq per cent, on the amount of the purchases, and giving the library the benefit of their experi- ence as to prices, editions, condition of copies, etc.- The books bought will be billed and shipped by the auctioneer direct to the library.- As auction sales are for cash, it is necessary that prompt remittance should be made. There are a few auctioneers of such established reputation for integrity that it is safe to send ordei\s direct to them, and they will bid honestly and charge no commissions; but as a rule, it is better to employ an agent, limiting the bids in some instances, and in others authorizing him to use his discretion. ' An application to any experi- enced librarian will give the needful information as toxesponsible agents in Jfes: York and elsewhere. The writer is well aware that the foregoing recommendations as to the purchase of books will not meet with the approval of some persons en- gaged in the book trade, especially those who import books for libraries. These suggestions will appear to them i)enurious and niggardly. The writer has often had this inquiry addressed to him by gentlemen engaged ijU theiforeign trade: " If libraries import their own books, how is our biusiuess to live ?" 'lie replies to this inquiry that he is not now writing for the information of amporters, but in the interest of libraries who are purchasers. The suggestions here given are based on an experience of more than tweuty-flve years in purchasing books in our own and the foreign markets. BOOMS. The plan of a building or the selection of temporary rooms for the library is one of the first questions which engages the attention of a board of directors. If the board has ample or special funds- for this pflrpose, it will, of course, consider where and what sort of build- ing shall be erected. Its location should be as central as possible, and a lot should be secured much larger than the present wants of the library demand. The plans should be made with reference to the ftiture enlargement of the building. Libraries, by a constant accretion of books, increase more rapidly than is generally supposed. A library startswith 10,000 volumes, and has an annual accession of 5,000 vol- umes; in twenty years it will have 110,000 volumes, and long before that period has elapsed the original building will be wholly unsuited to its use. 3>fearly all the large libraries of our country have passed, or 484 Public Libraries in the United States. are passing, through this experience. A library of 100,000 TOlumes needs not only a larger building than one of 20,0()0 volumes, but a differ- ent kind of building. It is, therefore, a risky undertalring for a bbaM of directors, in the first stage of their eitterprise, to erect a building, even if they have special funds for the purpidse. It is prudent f<)i" the directors to make haste slowly in this matter, to invest their money and allow it to accumulate until the library has developed its wants in tem- porary quarters, and they have had more experience in these' mattfei-s. The construction of library buildings is a larger theme than can be dis- cussed in the limits of this paper. No library board should atteinpt such an enterprise without taking counsel of some one who has made the subject a special study and has had experience, in library,, manage- ment. , , There have been few public libraries ip this country wh|ch had the means for erecting a library building in the early stage of their exish ence. They are usually cramped for means to buy the books which are needed at the outset. Eooms of peculiar architectural design are not required for the original occupation and organization of a library. Tbe.- esseutial requirements are a central location, easy access, ample space, and sufficient light. The space for the library and reading room should be, if possible, on the same floor. The lower floor, if all the other conr ditions are secured, is the most desirable. But the second floor in build- ings designed for mercantile purposes can be obtained at a cheaper rent, and for that reason may be preferred. The light there is often.; better than on the lower floor. A reading room, in which the current periodicals- are kept, is, a neces- sary adjunct of a public library. Whether newspapers should be kept on file is a question which each board must settle for it'self.; The literary and illustrated weeklies may be included with periodicals. The local and the leading newspapers of American and foreign cities are usually supplied in reading rooms, but the custom is not universal, it Ijeiflg thought in some libraries that the expense of these newspapers co^^l be better applied to other purposes. In reading rooms where ,iiot a large number of periodicals is taken and experience shows that they are not stolen, they are usually placed on tables, where readers can con- sult them without application to the attendant. Where there are many readers and a large number of serials is taken, experience has sl(9|Wn that it is better to place them in pigeon-holes behind a counter, tO; be delivered by an attendant. The applicant writes the title, or the. num- ber from a printed list, on a slip and signs his, name and residence. The slip is placed in the pigeon-hole as a voucher, and removed when, the periodical is returned. At first sight this seems a slow and oumbwis process, but practically it saves the time of the applicant and the,atteaclj- ant. When several hundred serials are laid upon tables and haudletji by every comer, it is not easy to find the one that is needed, or to ascer- tain whether it is iu the hands of a reader. A superficial are^a of, 1,399 square feet will be sufficient space for fifty readers at one.time. Organization and .Management, of PuMic, Libraries. 485 4*. rpom vweU, lighted an^ with a superficial area of 2,000 feet will accommoda)^ a library of 20,000 volumes, with sufficient space for counters and the. delivery of books. A library of 40,000 volumes will require double the space. In selecting rooms it is well to provide at least ^liree times.tbe space apd shelving required for the close stowing of biQpks ^pt,iially po^s^ssed. The rule is that every hundred square feet will contain 1,000 vglfimes. The reading rpooi should be a separate a,partment from the library room.. Jgpth .should be well lighted on two sides, the north light being the most desirably. , SHELVING., The common mode of biiiUling the bookcases against the walls iS not au economical arrangement of space, and scatters the books too much. The problem is to economize space and bring' the books as near as possi- ble to the touut^r from which they are to be delivered. The time and steps'of the attendants are saved by shortening as miich as possible the distailce they are required to go for books. This is done by construct- ing cases open on both sides and placing them at right iangles to the wall, and yet so far distant from the wall at which the light enters that there is a, free passage around them. The length of the cases will depend on the spade aV^ailable. Tiiey may be from 10 to 13 feet long. Five feet between these cases is sufficient, and they should be placed to the best advaiitage with reference to the light. By leaving a space of 2^ or 3 feet between the ends of the cases and the Wall, there will be, sufficient cross light for cases which stand between windows and do not receive the light direct. ' 'The case's should not be sO high but that a person' of full stature can reach the books on the top shelf without steps. Their general dimen- sions Way be as follows: Base, 4 inches; space for books, 7 feet 6 inches ; poriiice and finish, 8 inches ; total height, 8 feet 6 inches. The depth of the cases need not be more than 16 inches. A thin paneled partition passes throu'g-h the middle of each case separSLting' the books on the two sides. The shelves will be 7 J inches in width, and their length must not be more than 3 feet 6 inches. The shelves must be all of the same length, so that they will fit in any locality. They must also be movable, in order that they may be adjusted at any dis- tance from each other. This is best attained by supporting' them on pins, the Square heads of which, cut into the under side of the shelf, are out of tlie way and hot seeh. The holes for the pins, three-eighths tff an inch in diameter, one inch from the outer and inner edge, and one inch apart frOiH centre' to centre, are bored in the standards by machinery When the stock is prepared. The pins, of hard wood, are also made by machinery. A skilful mechanic who has machinery will take a contract to make such cases as' cheaply as if the shelves Were fixed. Some wood hiarder than pine should^be used for the bases, though the partition panels ifl9iy be made of pine. ' Ash is an excellent wood' for this purpose, and 486 Public Libraries in the United States. ia some parts of the country is as cheap as piue, thoUgh the working is somewhat more expensive. Whatever wood is selected, use no paint but varnish with thuee or four coats, and rub down and finish the ends and cornices. Plate I. , , p a ^ i ' 3 ^^ A lateral view of the case described is shown in Plate T, a; an inside view of the end standard, showing the partition, shelves; and pin holeSj is seen in b. In c a section of the standard and pin supporting the shelf is shown ; in d, the end of the shelf, with the notches cut out to receive the head uf the pin ; in e, the under side of the shelf, showing the same. In / the pin is shown edgewise and flat, and in g the shelf and the pins in place. The ends of the cases should be paneled. The partition need not Organization and Management of Public Libraries. 487 be thicker than half-inch stuff. The front edges of the shelves should be rounded, as sharp edges will cut the binding of the books. JSTo glass or wire doors are needed in front of the cases, as the public does not have access to theui. The cases which have been described will hold only octavos and smaller volumes, and these comprise nineteen- twentieths of the volumes of a circulating library. Other provision must be made for quartos and folios.|- If cases were made deep enough to accommodate all sizes, they would' be expensive and cumbersome. Itisbetter, therefore, that books larger than royal octavos should be kept by themselves in cases pre- pared especially for them , even if it separates some books from others of the same class; One or mtore wall cases with a ledge may be provided for these books. „Below the ledge the depth may be 16 inches, which will take in folios, and above the ledge 10 J inches, which will ac- commodate quartos. These wall cases will be of the same height, general construction, and fiuisli as the other cases. If bound newspa- pers are'kept, cases of even greater depth than these must be made One advantage in constructing cases in the manner described is, that if the library has occasion to change its quarters, its entire furniture and equipments may be removed and set up without reconstructing. DESK AKD COTJNTEE. In the further arrangement of the library room there should be a desk at which books are returned, and a counter over which the books are applied for and delivered. The extension of the desk and counter, with such side railing as is necessary, will shut out the public from contact with the bookcases. There should be a space of 6 feet between the counter and the ends of the bookcases, and 8 feet between the desk and the bookcases, in order that there mnj be room for a table on which to place the books received. The desk should be 6 feet long, 3 feet wide, with a flat top, and 3 feet 8 inches high. It should have drawers on the inside, and an iron railing on the outer edge, with an opening 18 inches wide at one side of the front, through which books are received. The register, hereafter to be described, stands on the top of the desk, and the iron railing is to protect it. The opening is at one side in order to give space to work the register. The front line of the desk will, there- fore, be thrown 3 feet in front of the line of the counter. The counter will be 2 feet wide on the top, 3 feet 6 inches high, and may have shelves on the inside. Its length will depend on the amount of business to be done. It should be at least 16 feet Ipng^ and twice that length may be needed. The Chicago Library has 80 feet of counter, and that space is often filled. If there be a large circulation, the business of the library will be greatly facilitated by haying, instead of a single desk for the return of books, two desks, or, rather a double desk, V^ feet long, each half of which will have its own register. At one of these desks men will return 488 Public Libraries in the United States. their books, and at the other women. The delivery room, for this pur- pose, will be divided into two parts by a rail extending fromithe middle of the double desk to the opposite wall, and the different sexes will enter this room by different doors. There will with this arrangement be : two counters extending right and left from the double desk, tbe women being supplied with books at one and the men at tbe other. This arrangement also better accommodates the women, as tbey are not incommoded by mingling with the mass of applicants of the other sex. Twice as much work can be done with two registers as with one. This subject will be further explained under the head of "Arrangements." Plate II. COUNT Efj. E B CnUNTEFj.. In Plate 11 is shown the general double arrangement which haS been described. The number of bookcases, the length of counters, and the size of the delivery apartments will depend on the size of the library, and may be enlarged as the library increases. Shelves for catalogues may be placed on each side of^ the central rail, or wherever the light is . most favorable. LIBRAEIAN. Even before the lists of books to be purchased kre nliade and a place is provided for their reception, the board will have received a score of applications for the position of librarian. Every one of these applicants is abundantly qualified (in his or her own opinion) for th^ duties, ^ija will furnish many testimonials to sustain this claim ; and yet probably Organisation and Management of Public Libraries. 489 lot one of them has had any experienoe ia the work. The directors, if ;h6yuse the same good judgmentwhich they apply to their own private jusiness, will appoint a person who has had experience ; and such a per- son can. be obtained, at a moderate salary if inquiries be made at some )f the large libraries where young persons of both sexes have been regu- arly trained. The local prejudice that the librarian must be a resident s absurd, and one which the individual members of the board do not jbservein conducting their own affairs. The business of a librarian is J. profession, and practical knowledge of the subject is never so much needed as in starting a new enterprise.* If a person of experienoe can- not be found, the best material that offers, resident or otherwise, must be taken,. Persons who have failed in everything else are usually the local applicants for the position. Broken down ministers, briefless law- j^ers, unsuccessful school teachers, and physicians without patients, sspecialjy, are desirous to distiuguish'themselves as librarians. The same eiiergy, industry, and tact, to say nothing of experience, which insure success in other avocations are quite as requisite in a librarian fis booki knowledge. A mere bookworm in charge of a public library, who hs^s not the qualities just named, is an incubus and a nuisance. ; RECEIVING AND ENTEEING BOOKS. The librarian, whoever or whatever lie or she may be, is appointed, and th^ books begin to arrive. The first duty of the librarian is to com- pare the books with the invoices and the original order, (of which a copy should beTecorded,) and certify to the acauraey of the invoices, if they he found correct. The books must then be collated to ascertain if they be complete copies and that no signatures be missing or transposed. Incomplete copies must be returned. The books must then be entered in the "accession catalogue," which is usually a folio volume: with printed headings and ruled especially for the purpose. This record ;furnishes a perpetual; history of every book that comes into the library, and gives the date,; accession number, author, title, place where published, date when published, number of volumes, size, number of pages, binding, of whom procured, and cost. If.the book be presented, the word "gift" is written in the cost column. Specimen forms of this accession book can b^ Jiad by applying to any experienced librarian. Every work entered has its ,9.ccession number. These follow each other in numerical order. The afjpe^sion number is written in some fixed place in every volume — usually , on rthe back of the title page — so that immediate re%rence can be had at any time to its history, as recorded in the accession catalogue. It is a serious mistake for a library to put its books into circulation without having first entered them in the accession catalogue. The mis- take, if made, .wall be discovered when it is too late to rectify it. CATALOGUING. The iiex;t process is to catalogue the books on cards. The cards w;ill be ruled! to order and may be of any size or shape desire'd, but the size 490 Public Libraries in the United States. most used, and the one recommended, is oj by 2J inchies, of fine cal- endered paper, folio post, twenty-six pounds to the ream. Some libraries use a much thicker paper, which is more expensive, takes more space, and has no advantages over the quality named. The British Museum and some other libraries use a thinner paper. Every work must be catalogued under its author or under the first word of the title not an article, iu case the author be not known. It must also be catalogued under its subject, or, if it be a work of fiction, under its title. Two cards must, therefore, be written for each work, and more if they be required ; the purpose of the cataloguing being to show what the book is, who is its author (or authors), what it ooutains,.and its imprint.! If the title be long, it is abridged. The place and date of publication, the size, the number of volumes, and the accession number must be given in every instance ; and cross-references, when necessary, must be made. There are many technical lules for cataloguing which should be thoroughly mastered before one undertakes to catalogue a library, and yet are too extended to be set forth in this paper. The modern rules are based on the system used at the British Museum. The rules prepared from that system by the late Prof. 0. C. Jewett, for the Smithsonian Institution, and since printed with some improvements by the Boston Public Library, haVe beeu till recently the best code that was procura- ble in this country. The " Eules for a Dictionary Catalogue," lately pre- pared by Mr. Charles A. Cutter of the Boston Athentenm, and forming Part II of this report, is no w the most completfe and authoritative treatise on the subject extant. The inexperienced librarian will find the cataloguing of his books the most difflcult part of his undertaking, even after he has made a diligeiit theoretical study of the subject. He will find after he has made consid- erable progress that much of his work is useless, arid scarcely any Of it correct. It is gOod economy to employ, temporarily, skilled and profes- sional cataloguers to do the work and to train an inexperienced libra- rian in this and other duties of his profession. There are ladies in the eastern cities who have had much experience in cataloguing, and who devote themselves to this specialty. Their services can be temporarily secured for this purpose ; and they are also skilled in library manage- ment. The writer will be happy to furnish to any committee the names and addresses of several ladles who are not Surpassed in their qualifica- tions for such work, affd whom he has employed in cataloguing. The cards being prepared may be left for the present in the work, next to the title page, of iu the first volume when there are several volumes. The leaves of every volume must be carefully cut, if this has not already been done by the binder. COVERING BOOKS. The question will arise whether the books should be covered with papei\ This has been a general practice, and, though still kept up'ia Organisation and Management of PuUic. Libraries. 491 some of the older libraries, is becoming the exception rather than the rule. The practice of the writer is not to cover the books, because the covering is expensi\e, troublesome, and quite as much an injury as a protection to a book. A book covered with paper is likely to need rebinding sooner than if it be not covered. It is the sewing and the bands which attach the book to the covers that first give way. Paper will protect the covers, but these, even if they be only of muslin, will outlive the sewing and the bands. If a book be covered with paper ou a damp day, the paper shrinks on a dry day and strains the binding at the bands. . Books are covered that they may be cleaner and more pre- sentable ; but paper takes dirt more readily than muslin, and when a vol- ume has been out once or twice its condition is anything but presentable. Books covered with paper may be bound with less finishing and with- out lettering. The expense thus saved is more than offset by the cost of continual re-covering. Books lose their individuality by being cov- ered ; and cases of books, with simply shelf marks and no titles, are unserviceable for the purpose of reference, as well as unsightly. BINDING-. , For binding, morocco is the best^ material and calf is one of the poorest. The genuine morocco (which is a goat-skin) has a long and tough fibre, which makes it; durable ; the calf has a fine and close fibre, which cracks when it has stood on the shelves a few years. Sheep, bark tanned and unsplit, is also a durable majterial, and the less coloring matter and finish applied to it, the better its enduring qualities. .Skivers, or split sheep-skins, and basp imitations of morocco should be avoideid. Rus- sia leather should be used only on very large volumes, and the article supplied to book-binders in this country is usually a fraudulent iniitation. Libraries cannot afford to indulge in luxurious binding. Good material, strong sewing, and a moderate degree of skill and taste in finishing, are a;U they can pay for. No part of a librarian's duties is more annoying than superintending the binding. He sees so much of what is unwork manlike and, lacking intelligence in the conamon work of book-binders that his patience is severely taxed, and he has a chronic feeling that he is, imposed upon, as he usually is. Hence the principal libraries main- tain}, binderies of their own, and ernploy persons who are skilled in library work. The difficulty and expense of having good binding done in this country is the reason why as much binding as is possible should b© done abroad. The binding of London, Paris, Copenhagen, and some parts of Germany, (but not Leipzig,) is excellent, and is dene at one- half, andeven less, than the prices charged here. STAMPING AND LABELING. Before the books are placed on the shelves, they must be stamped with the name of th,e library on their title pages, and elsewhere in the volumes, if it be thought desirable. This may be done with a hand- 492 Public. Libraries in. the United States. , stamp, in black or fancy colored ink ; or it may be done witti an emboss- ing-stamp. There are vulcanized rubber stamps now made whicU,, give. an excellent impression and are cheaper and more easily worljed than the metal stamps. An official label m,ust, also , be prepared .and ipast^id on the inside of the cover. If ttie town or city has a seal^ it.jg well to place this on the label, with the name of the library. . Theremay be a blank line in the upper left-hand corner for the shelf mark of the volijme, and a blank line at the bottom, in which to write tlie date the .volume is received. This work being done, the books are ready for the shelves, and the next question to consider is their CLASSIFICATIOX. A system of classification must first be fixed upon. This will be simple or elaborate, as the occasion may require. A large librarjmeeds a more minute classification than a small library, and a library of refer- ence than one of circulation. A classification like the following may be sufficient for the class of circulating libraries we are considering: His- tory, biography, voyages and travels, poetry and drama, English mis- cellanies, English prose fiction, juveniles, polygraphy, collected, works of English and American authors, German literature, French literature, Spanish literature, Italian literature, etc., language and rhetoric, flue and practical arts, natural history, physics and natural science, poiitiegil and social science, education, religion, law, medicine, and serials. Tliis does not profess to be an exhaustive or scientific classification, but it will meet the practical wants of the class of libraries in question, i AERANGEMENT. In arranging the books under these general classes, each class must be further subdivided. History, for instance, must b3 separated into ancient, English, American, French, German, etc. Ancient history must be divided into general, Greek, Roman, Jewish, etc. English history must be classified under general and special. And this' arrangement will bring together the works on th a different parioJs, as the Norman Conquest, the Esvolution of IGiO, the Edvolation of 16SS, etc. The •works on Scotland, Ireland, and British India will be brought together; French history will be treated in the same manner.- The works in the English language on the other countries of Europe are not so numerous as to require so minute a classification. In American history, the works relating to the discovery and early explorations of the coatinent, and accounts of the aboriginjil inhabitants will form the first subdivisioni The general histories of the United States will fo'.low< thea the war of the Revolution, the war of 1812, the Mexican war, and the war of the Rebellion. On each of these topics there are many pnblicafeioas.ij The general and local histories of each of the States must be arranged to- gether, and it is convenient to place them in the order of the Eastferu, Middle, Southern, and Western States. The histories of Canada, Mex- Organization and Management of Public Libraries. 493 ico, Central America, and South America will complete the arrangement r&lating to America. ' ' It is wfeU to separate Biography into general and individual. Indi- vidual biography may be subdivided into ancient, American, English, French, German, etc. • These subdivisions may be arranged alphabet- ically under the namfes of the' persons whose lives are treated. This will bring the seviexal lives of Washington, Franklin, Napoleon I, Frederick II, etc., together; and sln'y life desired can be readily found without referring to the catalogue for the shelf mark. Poetry, drama, English prose fiction, and English miscellanies may also be arranged alphabet- ically by authors. By these arrangements attendants learn very readily the location of books, and associate the titles of books with their authors. Sculpture, painting, drawing, and architecture will be sepa- rated in -the arrangement of the Fine Arts ; and so with the practical arts, natural history, physics and natural science, political and social science, religion, etc. In short, this subdivision must extend through all the classes named. Gollectiohs like Bohu's libraries, the Tauchnitz collection, etc., although they contain works on different subjects, had better be kept together,- and arranged in alphabetical order by authors, in the class of Polygraphy. From the detailed illustrations which have been given, a librarian of intelligence, even if he has had little or no ex- perience, ought to be able to arrange his books in a manner that shall be practically satisfactory. Ample space should be left for additional works in every department, and no bookcase should have more than half the books it will contain. In history, biography, voyages and travels, and science more than half the space should be left empty. Evien then the librarian will soon have occasion to regret that he did not leave more space for accessions. The cases for fiction and juveniles will be the last to becrowded, for the rea- son that so many of them are constantly out. The classes of books which are most called for should be placed in the cases which are nearest to the -point of delivery, and those most unfrequently called for in the most remote cases. About three-fourths' of the circulation will be prose fiction and juveniles. Place these books in the most accessible position. SHELF MARKS. Every book must have a shelf mark which will indicate its place on the shelf, and distinguish it from every othei> book in' the library. There are several methods of applying shelf marks in use, each one of which has its own advocates. We have oiily space to describe a few of these plans. iDae is to designate the cases by the letters of the alpha- bet, numbering the shelves in each case, and nuaibering the works coasecutively as they stand on the shelves. By this plan, the shelf mark "A, 24, 10-2" would mean "Case A, 24th shelf, 10th work, 2d volume." Another plan, which is called the decimal system, desig- nates the cases by letters, as before, and numbers the upper shelf of 494 Public Libraries in the' United States. tlie left-haud tier 11, and those below it 12, 13, 14, etc. Tlie upper shelf of tlie "Second tier is numbered 21, and coming down wit|i 22, 2§, 24, etc. The top shelf of the third tier is 31, the fourth tier 41, etc, The number, whatever it is, indicates by the first figure tjie tier, and by, the second the shelf. For instance, "A,_56" indicates_"^ase A, fifth tier, sixth shelif from the top." As there are not lisually more than eight shelves in a tier; the numbers 1 to 10, 19, 20, 29, 3tf, 39, 40, etc., are discarded. The advantage of this plau is thatj the shelf mark; directs the attendant readily to tbe shelf. There is £till another application of the decimal sj'stem. The designation of cases by letter.^ is Omitted. The upper shelf (or the lovrer shelf may be selected, if it be preferred) of the first tier is numbered 111, the next 112, etc. ; the upper shelf-Qf the second tier, 121 ; of the third tier, 131, etc. The first figure iudioat^B the case, the second the tier, and the third the shelf. If any plan of numbering the shelves be adopted, this is probably the best.. , ,. The writer of this paper, however, for reasons which will be presently stated, has not adopted the plan of numbering shelves in a circulating library, while he has used it as the best device in a reference libraiy. He prefers for a circulating library the plan of designating the cases by the letters of the alphabet; giving the hooks in each case a numerical order, and reserving sufficient numbers for the insertion of future accessions in their proper . classified' arrange- ment. The books, therefore, do not stand permanently on a.ny particu- lar shelf, but in a fixed numerical order. As accessions come iu to fill more space, the books are moved forward. This arrangement gives the librarian greater freedom in the management of his books than if he numbered the shelves and gavfe each volume a fixed place. Du- plicates can be added or withdrawn and new books inserted- without disturbing the arrangement, and the space can be more economically utilized. It is impossible in a rapidly growing library to allot the vacant spaces for future accessions on the rigid plan of numbering shelves without soon finding that too little space has been left in some instances and too much in others. It is not claimed that the writer's or any other plan will provide for indefinite expansion. The time will arrive when there must bo an entire and radical re-arrangemeut. For instance, a library starts with ten thousand volumes, and in a few years it has grown to fifty thousand. Before it attains this size it will have outgrown its original quarters; and a change of rooms is a favorable occasiouifor making a general re-arraugementaud.amore minute classification. Care must be taken that sufficient numbers arp left for future accessions. The mistake usually made is that too few numbers are reserved. In general, it is well to use, at first, not more than one-third of the numbers. In local history, and some other, de- partments which grow rapidly, even a larger proportion of the numbers should be left vacant. At the end of each subdivision leave twenty, thirty, or fifty numbers, as the case may seem to require. Considerable judgment must be used in making the proper allotment. Organizution and Management of PiMic Libraries. 495 ,,.- .> TAGS. Biefore llic actual numbering is begun tags must be attached to each Tolurae. Many more tags should be printed for the cases which con- tain tha popular books than for other cases. Tag^ of this form and size Jl. .A_ j^. may be prepared by the printer, and all the different sorts worked on a single sheet, to be afterwards cut up. Three sizes, with the case letter inserted, may be printed, which will fit volumes of different thickness. Place the tag about the middle of the back. If placed near the bottom it will be defaced by readers in boldiug the book. The paper for the tags inust not be thick or heavily sized, in which case it will not stick. If the tags curl up when the paste is applied the paper is too thick or not porous enough. The paper should have a little sizing, for it is necessary to write upon it. It is exceedingly annoying to the libi'ariau to find his tags peeling off. The best material known to the writer for sticking on tags is fresh binders' paste, and yet this does not fully answer the purpose. Shellac dissolved in alcohol will make the tags adhere more securely, but there is too much trouble iu working it. The person who will suggest or invent, a better material than binders' paste will confer a favor on the profession. In a library of large circulation the time of one person is mostly occui)ied in putting on tags. The glaze on the backs of books, which prevents tags from sticking, can some- times be removed by alcohol or muriatic acid. ' The number of the work is placed in the middle space of the tag.; and if it be in more than one volume, the number of the volume is placed in the lower space. If there be more than one copy of the work, the first copy is marked a, the second 6, etc.. The same shelf mark is placed on the library label of the inside cover, on the back of the title page, and on the upper right- hand corner of each catalogue card. The catalogue cards, when they have received their shelf marks, will be removed from the volumes. SHELF LISTS. The shelf lists are an inventory of the contents of- eacb case, and hence of the entire library. They give the shelf number of each work, the author, a brief title, the number of volumes, and number of copies, if more than one. If the library be large it is well to keep the shelf list of each case in a separate book, or, if on loose sheets, in portfolios or " binders." If the library be small, they may, when completed, be bound in one or more volumes. The paper will be ruled with a head-line, above which will be written the case letter, and perpendicular lines for the several particulars which have been named. The numbers 1, 2, 3, 496 Public Libraries in the United States. 4, 5, 6, etc., will first be written down the page, one number on each line; and such numbers as have, for the time, uo books to represent them will be left blank for future additions. Only very brief titles need be inserted in the shelf lists, with the surnames and initials of the authors. CARD CATALOGUE. The catalogue cards, having received the shelf marks and been re- moved from the volumes, will be arranged alphabetically, and placed on their edges in drawers or boxes. When this is done the librarian has a complete card catalogue of his books. If it be thought necessary to print a catalogue immediately, these cards will serve as "copy" for the printer. It is not necessary to transcribe them. Libraries, however, are usually opened to the public before many of the books ordered have been received, and with their shelves much less fully supplied than they will be a few months later. It is not well to print a catalogue, which is expensive, until the library has attained a desirable degree of complete- ness. In the meantime some substitute for a printed catalogue mast be supplied. In a small library an alpliabetical list by anchors can be written up from the card catalogue, with the shelf marks, and posted in the rooms. If the collection be large and the book borrowers many, this plan will not be sufficient. FINDING LISTS. Another substitute for a printed catalogue is finding lists, which may be printed at a small expense, with brief tides and double columns on an octavo page. These finding lists are readily purchased by the public at the cost price, and practically are no expense, except for the copies used for consultation in the library. Such finding lists have been Used for two years in the Chicago Public Library, and more than ten thou- sand copies have been sold at the cost price. The lists include the titles of 49,000 volumes. The circulation based on this compilation has been during the last twelve months more than 400,000 volumes, and an aver- age of 1,366 volumes has been given out a day. These finding lists are sold to the public for ten cents a copy, the price at which they' are furnished by the printer. The actual cost is about twenty-five cents a copy ; but the printer, in consideration of the privilege of inserting un- exceptionable business advertisements at the beginning and end of the volume, can afifoM to furnish them at the price named. Three editions have been issued, each of which contained the titles of all the books received at the date of publication. When the collection of books is more complete it is the intention to print a catalogue of the library. The plan of these finding lists may be of interest to some librarians. They are made, with very little trouble, from the shelf lists; and hence the arrangement follows the general classification of the library : as history, biography, voyages and travels, etc. History is subdivided into ancier.t history, Greece, Rome, Jews, England, France, etc. Biography, poetry, Organization and Management of Puhlic Lilraries. 497 u(l flc5t,ipa ?ire^rrajj,ged ajpli^betically. The several sciences aud prac- cal arts,.ha..ve eaph a separate arrano;eiiieut, and there is a geueral index - 1. the sievpral ^subdivisions. The, size of tlje type is brevier, and the ^per used is a qalendered and well made Manila paper, which costs uly one-half as much as a good bools; paper of the same weight and lickness ; and for use on the library tables will stand six times as much 'ear. The paper has a pleasant tint, and makes a very neat volume, 'he printer Will hardly iieed to be told that ithe p-ipsr must hd worked ry. ''' ■ " ' CATALOGUE. ' ' ,The librarian should have ia vi,ew the printing of a regular catalogue, nd at as e^vly a day as is practicably, if the booli;a intended for imme- .iate pu,rcjtiase have been received, it is well to print the catalogue lefore the, library is opened to the public.. The public, at large and ommittees often do not appreciate the amount of work there is to be .one; in gettin,g a library ready for use. They do not see why bpolcs epeived, at a .library ii^ay not be giveii out as soon, aniiw'tli as ittle ^ornjali.ty, as in a. l^ookstpre ; and hence they are impatient, and le,man,d that the library should be opeppd before it is ready. It; is often lecessary to, yield tq this pressure arid adopt a .substitute for theregu- ar catalogue. When the time for printing arrives, the first question ?ill be: "What style of catalogue shall we print"?" An inspection of he latest catalogues which have been issued by the best public libraries Fill ^^aynigh a great variety of styles, and the citmpilers of each wUl il^imtU^t theirs is the bes,tl Some are in single ,cplumns,an(|^,S,pme irp in doiible:qolum,ns,, Some are in readable, type, and some are in ype which many perspns ^cannot read wityout painful exertion or l^^-iise of a magnifying ,^lass, , None have full titles, but some have itjjB^iSp, extended that they fill one, two, or three lines as the case may )eVaii(^ 'pthers have titles so. abridged that they come ii^tp one line, Che |)olut;s,on which these caitalogues differ are too numerous ,tp bei iveu/meutioned, much less,disoussed. A few general .principles may be, luggested w.hi(;h will aid in deter.piping the style pf catalogue to be lelecteci. A patalogue of a ,libra,ry is expensive in, any fp^fp. or. style, ind |f,the CQllpptipp, Ue f apidly grpwing must be susperseded iii, a few :ears by a new an^, more complete. edition. J^at iew. copies will be sold iothe. publi^^if^^ojf|ijcp'^i,at the cost price. A large .edy;j[pn .ijv jU ,. ivpt be iee'(ied; for a. library of 10,000 volumes, 500 pppies \<»ill be enough, and W. copies fpr, a. library of 20,000 voluuies, Its chief rise jwil,l .,be by •eaders .and |jppij:, borrowers in the library, iind for exchange with )ther Ij^.r^ri'es,, If a subscription for copies be circulated before the cata- ogue is printed, a considerable number of copies may be sold. As the idition issjmall, tjiei maia cost will ,be,fpr "comppsition" pr type-setting, , lud.not for paper; hence, there will be no economy in using small type. Thp writer prefers brevier type, and a single column, on a common )ctavo page. Very few titles require more than a single line. There is. 32 E 498 Public Libraries in the United States.. ,., no economy in, using donble columns^ on a royal octavo page, syitbi smaller type, and the matter is less clear and legible. , ^Nothing is saved in expense by omitting from the subject-reference the place and time of publication, the size and number of volumes, an omission which is made- in many catalogues. In subjects like geology, dhemistry, and. natural history, which are rapidly advancing, the edition and date of the pub- licatiou is of much importance. The eye more readily takes the name*, of authors and subjects in lower-case letters than in small capitals, unless the lines turn. The turning of lines is to be avoided, as a matter of economy; but if the lines frequently turn, it is better to use a full-faced, lower-ease letter than small capitals- The plan of catalogue withirefer- ences under the authors and subjects, in one alphabetical arrangement,, is the one which is now almost universally used, and is preferable to the classified plan. The principles of this plan have already.been treated ( briefly under the head of " Cataloguing." ; : If a library has plenty of money to spend on a catalogue, and the librarian is ambitious to make a contribution to the art of bibliography, he needs different instructions from those which have beeu given. There are many technical points connected with the subject, which,-€or want of space, cannot be discussed here. The librarian who has not expe- rience will take counsel of some one who has, when questions of diffi- culty arise. METHODS OF DEHTERY. Our attention thus far has been directed to the collection, preparation, arrangement, and Cataloguing of the books, with reference to their future use by the public. We are now to consider the methods by which the public may have access to the books. A code of regulations or by-laws, defining the qualifications of book borrowers, and the conditions oa which books shall circulate, must he adopted by the managing board. Application should be made to existing libraries for their by-laws, blanks, and other forms for doing business. In a library supported by public taxation every resident must haVe an equal opportunity to use the books. There must also be som& security or guarantee that the books loaned will be well treated and returned promptly. If books be given out without some such regulations] the library will soon disappear. The custom in the English libraries is Ilia the book borrower shall make a money deposit, or file a written guar- antee signed by a responsible taxpayer, stating that he will be respond' sible for the return of the books taken or fines incurred by this'persoii, and will make good any injury or loss the library may sustain in conse- quence of this certificate. This is a wise and judicious provision, and is now generally adopted in this country. There is in every large commn- nity an unsettled and roving population, who cannot safely, on their- . own responsibility, be intrusted with books; and yet, they are persons who desire and ought to read. With the guarantee of their employers, landlords, or other known persons with whom they have business, they Organization and Management of PMic Libraries. 499 become* trustworthy and diligent readers. Tlie fact that some person whose good opinion they desire, and who will be informed of their delin- quency if it occurs, is responsible for them, will induce them to return boots and' pay fines ; which they would not do from a sense of duty and. pbrsonal self respect. In some of the Eastern libraries, in lieu of a written guarantee, the names of one or two iinown citizens are required to whom application can be made as to character and responsibility, if it be required. The city police make these inquiries. One library re- ported that the police made three thousand of these inquisitorial visits in a single year. Few public libraries are so fortunate as the one alluded to, in having the city police at its beck and call. Without such a policb visitation, a simple reference amounts to little; whereas the written guaraatee is sufficient, and spares book borrowers the annoyance and mortification of being inquired after by patrolmen. Blank forms of guarantee are issued by the library, and when returned filled with a responsible name as guarantor, the ai)plicant signs his or her name and residence on the register, with the name and residence of the guarantor. A register number is given, and a library card is issued, on which are the registfer number, name, and residence of the person. This card en- titles the holder to draw books from the library. The names of all registered book borrowers will be indexed with reg- ister number, residence, and name of guarantor. The most convenient form of indexing is on separate cards, to be arranged alphabetically in drawers or bo;s:es, Kite the catalogue cards. The names of guarantors will also be indexed in the same manner, with the names of persons guaran- teedi In case a guarantor .fails to respond to his obligation, all the cards guaranteed by him are to be Canceled, and the persons so guaranteed, notified. The register in which book borrowers record their names is a book especially prepared and ruled for this purpose, with printed head- lines, and a> promise that the undersigned will observe the rules of the lihrarj\ One row of figures, 1, 3, 3, 4, "5, etc., may be printed against eaeh line on the page, which will aid in obviating errors in numbering. The left-iand figures may be filled in with a pen. If two such registers, are kept, one for. men and the other for women, the former will use only the odd numbers and the latter the even numbers. The register number of.iJny card will then show whether it be a man's or a wonian's card, and where the ticket of a book charged may be found; as will appear more clearly after the method of charging books, which we are now to con- sider, has been explained. REGISTER OP BOOKS BORROWED. The account with book borrowers may be kept in ledgers, several accounts being on a page, and in as nearly alphabetical order as possible. In a small library, where few books are taken, and where the borrowers are nearly the same from year to year, and are known to the librarian, there is, perhaps, no better plan than the ledger system. Delinquent 500 Piihllc Libraries in the United States. books, liowever, can be; assertaiueil only byexamiaiug every accouafc. In libraries of, larger circalation tbis plan has been found to be cuinber- sojne and dilatory, and has gone out of use. Several plans have beeu devised to take the place of ledgers, in all of which the book is charged on slips of paper of uniform size. It is not practicable in the litEits of this paper to describe all these plans. A few of their peculiarities will be-touched upon and a fall description given of the plan which the writer uses and recommends. t i Wo will suppose that a library has ten thousand book borrowers. The same number of stiff cards (say 4 by G inches) are provided and arranged in ten boxes, which are designated A, B, C, D, E, etc. Five of< these boxes, each containing one thousand cards, are placed on a tableiat the right, and five at the left of the person who attends to the register. Each card is marked in numerical order in its box, and is inscribed with the name and residence of a borrower, and smch other particulars as the rules require. The order of names at first may be alphabetical, but as old names drop out and new names are added, this order is soon dis- turbed. Each borrower knows his box and number. Behind each qf these cards the account of the borrower is kept, but on a different slip. The library furnishes blank slips, on one of which the borrower writes his register number, the title or shelf mark (as the rules may require) of the book returned, and of the book or books desired, and hands it, with the book returned, to the person in charge of the register, who checks off the book returned, and passes the slip to an attendant to get the book wanted. Both slip and book are handed to the person at the register, who remov^es the old slip from behind the register card, examines it, puts the new slip in its place, and delivers the book to the borrower. This is the plan of the New York Mercantile Library. The most im- pDrtant objection to it is that it does not readily show the delinquents. These can only be ascertained by examining every slip in the boxes. Another and better plan is that of the Boston Public Library. Printed slips are provided, on which the applicant writes his ^name and resi- dence and the shelf marks of such books as he desires. The slip, with the person's card, is taken by an attendant, andthe first book on the Hst which is in is delivered, the other shelf marks are erased, and the slip is retained as a voucher for the book. The date! of the delivery is also stamped upon the persoU's card. All the slips of the da:y are arranged alphabetically, and are placed by themselves in one of the compartments of a dra^Ver, which compartments are numbered with the several days of the month. The book is returned with the person's card, which, bearing a dite, shows the compartment in which the cOrrespondilig slip'canbe found. The slip is removed, and the date on the card is stamped out. Slips remaining in compartments morie than fourteen days are delinquent, and the parties can readily be notified. The facility 'with which 'delin- quents can be ascertained is one Of the merits of the system. The plan which is in use at the Chicago Public Library is in its main Organisation and Management of Puhlic Libraries. 501 ■atures the system just explained, bat with some modiftcations, which ere>flrsfc applied by Mr. Willia.m I. Fletcher, now of the Watkinson library, of Hartford, Conn., and formerly one of the writer's assistants 1 the Boston Atheufeum. Without modification, so rigid a method 'ould not be practicable' in a Western library. Applicants are not squired to fill printed blanks, and are not limited to' any specific method f applying for books. Tliey may do- it verbally, qr they may give a ist of shelf marks of such books as they desire; and often they need ,nd receive assistance from the attendants in selecting theirbpoks. They isually apply with a list of shelf marks. The first one found is crossed off nd the list returned. AH the writing for the registry is done by the at- eiidant, which saves the applicant this trouble and secures a more legi- )le record. For the register, plain slips of uniform size (2 by 2J inches) Lud "blocked," that is, attached by glue at one end, are provided. The ittendant writes on the slip the register number ot the applicant's card, he shelf mark of the book taken, the date, and the attendant's initial, ihat each one may be held responsible for his ovn work. The slip when arepared will read as follows: The date is also stamped on the back of the applicant's card, Tne slip is separated from the " block", and dropped into a box. Before the day's work is closed, all the slips of the day fire arranged in the numer- ical order of the register numbers, and placed, together in the proper compartment of the registry box, which stands upon the desk. This box is 20 inches long, 10 inches ,\vide outside, and 1\ inch deep inside. The box aud its partitions are made, of one-half inch black,^alnut. Lengthwise, on the right-hand side, are two partitions with a space 2i inches in the,cle.ar between them, into .which the slips of each day are placed on edge, with blocks wliich are free to slide through the space between them. These blocks, which are not as Jiigh as the slips, have each a projection of half an inch over the side of the, box, on which are placed the days of the month. There are tliirty-one, blocks, andicach has its own date. The end block is secured by a wedge. If the 602 Public Libraries in the ' United States, ■■ average circulation be not over 600 volumes a day, the rigM-hand space will contain all the slips, with their proper blocks. If the cir- culation exceed this number a portion of the second space can be used. As each new day's slips are added, those remaining in the com- partment with the oldest date are one-day delinquent, and are removed to the second space, where the delinquent slips are kept. It is cus- tomary to let the delinquent slips stand for six days in the registry box, and such as then remain are removed, copied into a book, and delinquent notices are sent. If the books are not returned in a week, notices are sent to the guarantors ; printed postal cards are used for tbis purpose. The mode of returning books.is the same as already described. ISo book will be delivered on a card until the date is stamped out. Two hundred books have been received at one register, the slips found, re- moved, and the cards stamped in one hour. If no time were lost in ad- justing flues and answering questions, a larger number could be received. With two registers 400 books can be received in an hour. The limit of business that can be done at a circulating library is determined by its capacity of receiving books, and not of delivering them. Any number of books can be delivered if there be sufBcient counter space, sufiflcient attendants, and sufiflcient books. With one register only about 2,000 books can be taken in during the hours of one working day._ That circu- lation has seldom been reached in this country, except in the Chicago Library, where 2,631 volumes have been taken in on one day and with- out difficulty, asit has three registers. The third register, for youth, has been provided with a separate desk and counter, where only cards stamped "Juvenile" are received, and such books are delivered as are in- quired for by the young people. The actual record of volumes delivered at the library (and the same numbers were received) in one day, was as follows: Men's register, 1,123; women's register, 781; juvenile register, 722 ; total, 2,631. In Plate III, the drawing a shows a top view of the register of circula- tion, with its compartments, blocks, and slips in i)lace. In the right- hand compartment only the work of eight days is shown instead of twelve, the working days of two weeks. The dates 19 and 26 were Sun- days and show no slips. The delinquent slips are kept in the middle compartment, and the drawing should have shown the work of six instead of three days. In the drawing b is shown a section through the right-hand compartment on xx. A side-view of one of the blocks is seen at c, and a slip with register number extending aboveJt. ■ ' KECORD OF CIECULATION. The librarian will of course keep a daily record of the circulation. It is desirable also that he should ascertain and record the quality' of that circulation, and the classes of books which are being read. This record may be obtained by inspecting and classifying the slips of each day's work and making up the statistics from them. This method is incouven- Organization and Management of PuUtc Libraries. 603 lent, as the work must be done late at night, or early ia tbe morning before tbe work of tbe next day begins, Plate III. a S38E3 1 0, J '\^ i \ i w//////////M/////y>ym\ ■10 men^s-, >( The plan adopted by the writer is to have a tin bos made 16 inches long, 3 inches; wide, and 3 inches high, divided iiitoeight compartments, seven of which ihave a funnel-shaped cover; and the eighth, which is larger than the others, is an open receptacle for peas. The seven have these inscriptions on the front:' Fiction and Juveniles; History and Biography ; Voyages and Travels ; Science and Art ; Poetry and Drama ; German and, French Literature ; MisqellafleQus, . As each bppk is debv- Jred, the attendant ,(irops a pea into such compartment as the book properly belongs to in its classification. There is a slide in each com- partment on the back side of the bQX, by which the peas are let )ut. At night they are counted, and a record of each classification is 604 Puhlic Libraries in the United States. kept, from which the naraber of books issued can be ascertained, and also the percentage of each class. The total number of the daily issues is also ascertained by counting the slips. This count, which is likely to be the more accurate, should correspond to the count of the peas, and serves as a check to the neglect of attendants in noting the. classification of every book as it goes out. Weekly, monthly, and yearly averages are made of percentage of the circulation, which show the taste and improvement, if any, of the public in its reading. EXAMINATION OP THE LIBRARY. Once a year, at least, the library should be thoroughly examined by comparing the books on the shelves with the shelf lists, noting every missing book, and later accounting for the absent volumes, so far as can be done. It was formerly the custom to call in the books, and to close the library for two or three weeks while the examination was going on- The closing of the library is a serious inconvenience to the public, and is not necessary for the purpose of the examination. By going over the shelves while the books are in circulation, noting by shelf marks such volumes as are out,, and repeating the examination several times at in- tervals of a week, tlie list of books not found will be greatly reduced. The binder's schedule and delinquent list in the mean time will be ex- amined, and, finally, the slips on which books not returned are charged. The same results will thus be secured as if the books had been called in and the library closed. Before the examination is begun the books should be dusted, the shelves cleaned with a wet sponge, and the books arranged in their proper order. The dusting of books may be done by slapping two vol- umes together smartly two or three times. Xever dust the tops of books by using a brush or cloth, which drives the dust into the book, whereas the smart concussion described disengages the dust from the leaves, and the book retains its clean and fresh appearance. Thei tops of books which are cle\iued by brushing and rubbing, as is commonly done by servants, have a grimed and soiled look, and the gilding is soon de- stroyed. CONpLUSION. We have now considered briefly the more important practical questions connected with the organization and management of a public library. There are other topics relating to the subject which it would have been desirable to touch upon in a more elaborate discussion. If the sugges- tions contained in this paper shall serve to clear up any difficulties, or to lighten the labors of committees and librarians upon whom the duties of organiziug a new library are thrown, its purpose will have been attained. It does not necessarily follow that a' method or system which is adapted to one library is the best for all. There are no qufili- ties which will supplement even a little technical knowledge soi effi- cieitly as gopd judgment and practical common sense. CHAPTER XXVI. COLLEGE LIBRARY ADMINISTRATION. BY PROF. OTIS H. ROBIXSOX, Librarian nf t'te TJnkersUy of Rochester. iJ^NERAL COXSIDPRATIOXS — PBINClrLBS OF GROWTH — CLASSIFICATION — AHHAXGR- MENT — Cataloguing — Indexing — Old books and pajipiilets — Pkivilkgbs to BE" GRAJJTUD to OFiaCEIiS; TO STUDENTS — TAKING OUT BOOKS — ACCESS TO THE SHELVES — Instruction to students in the use op the library by the librabian; by professors. INTRODUCTION. After what Las been said by subli men as Bacon, Whately, Charles Jamb, Garlyle, Emerson, and President Porter on the choice of books md how to read them, I shall not presume to give advice to the general reader. In the presence of so many rules and suggestions, however, it s natural for a librarian to inquire how many of the readers in his library )arsue the best methods, and how many drift here and there without 'egard to rules, and with very little profit. This question is especially pertinent iu a college library. Here the reader is at the same time a itudent. The librarian is, with the faculty, in some degree responsible br his healthy intellectual growth. He is not at liberty to permit a s-aste of energy for want of method by those who are inclined to read ; ipr may he be indifferent to the neglect of opportunities by those who ire not. A library for the use of students requires such an administra- ;ion as to inspire the dullest with interest and give a healthful direction ;o the reading of all. The object of a society or club library may be the cultivation of jcience, the general diffusion of knowledge, or the mere pastime and imusement of its stockholders. Their tastes and aims must determine ts administration. Librarians in such libraries work for their employers, md, right or wrong, are accustomed to boast their ability, after a few rears, to know the reading habits of their patrons so as to select for them 'ust what will suit their fancy. The tastes and aims of stockholders will ilso determine the influence' of such institutions. Towards the close of lis life, Dr. Franklin claimed that this class of libraries, the first of which le himself founded; had " improved the general conversation of the Americans, made the common tradesmen and farmers as intelligent as nost gentlemen in other countries, and perhaps contributed in some legree to the stand so generally made throughout the colonies in defense 505 506 Public Libraries in the United States. of their privileges." In the absence of newspapers and other periodicals the libraries were the great sources of information. This indeed! was probably Franklin's principal object in foaading them. Discipline aud general culture followed naturally. Public or town libraries are, except as to their support, very much like those of the early societies. t Their object is general information and proflt&,ble pastime. A i)rofi6ssional library is little more than a treasury of strictly professional knowledge. It is more or less limited by the practical wants of a single business or pursuit. Before renehiag such a librarj' a reader is supposed to be quite independent of the supervision of a librarian. ^ow, a college library is none of these ; it is something more than all of them. It is the door to all science, all literature, all art. It is the means of intelligent and profitable recreation, of profound technical re- search, and at the same time of a complete general education. Well supplied in all its departments, it is a magriificent educational apparatus. How shall the student of today become the scholar of to-morrowf It will depend little upon teachers, much upon books. He mustjearn to stand face to face with nature, with society, and with books* He will get access to nature and to society best through books. Without them he will ever be wasting his time on the problems of the past; with them alone can he get abreast with his age^ Carlyle has pointed out the true relation of the teacher to the book. "All that the university orflnal highest school can do for us is still but what the first school began doing, teach us to read." And yet how few of the multitude who annually carry their parchments from our colleges can be said to be intelligent readeriS. The importance of properly teaching to read is vastly increased -in this country during the last half century by the rapid increase of libra- ries and other reading opportunities all over the land. Whoever,' will take the pains to compare the statistics of libraries and of publishing houses and importations of books which have been published since 1825, will see that the young man who enters the lists for scholarship to- day has a very difi'erent field before him from what one had then. It is not too much to say that, even so short a time ago, books, to the great majority of our population, were exceedingly .rare; and that there were not more than two or three places in the whole country, possibly not one, where a scholar could properly investigate a difficult sulyeGt.j The rapid, growth of population at hundreds of centres has given rise to thousands of libraries, many of them of considerable size. It is no ob- jection that the number of readers has increased with the uiuaber of books. The advantages of each reader are proportional to the sizerof his library, suffering little or no loss from the presence of other readers. Besides our public libraries, the country is full of private coUeobions, large enough to be centres of influence. And then we must add iiitiu- merable periodicals, which fill every avenue of public and of private life, crowding upon us unbidden in businessand retirement alike, with every College Library Administration. 507 ►osSible variety of subject aud style, aud demanding tliat we take a laily survey of every nation and kingdom under lieaven, Ciiristian and leatben^ savage andcivilizedi' Fifty years ago most of the graduates Tom our colleges had to settle down to their life work where they had iccess to very few books, and among men'who had never seen a library. Dhey had to. content themselves with the purchase of a few standard lutihors, an occasional ajclditioui of a new volume, and a few leading )eriodieals. Now the majority, of those] at least who give premise of )ecoming scholars, soon find themselves in communities whore. books lud magazines are as necessary for the mind as bread for the body. A jonstant/istream of printed matter sweeps along with it public opinion, ill read and think more or less. Our joung graduate to be a scholar, miintellectualleader, must rise among men who have such advantages md such habits. The standard of scholarship is pushed upward by the ntelligenee of the masses. In view of these facts, one can hardly over- istimate the importance, to those whose aim is above mediocrity, of earning to read during student life. The question as to how the colleges are using their libraries to pro- note this kind of learning is one which may well receive the attention )f those liberal patrons of higher education who create library funds ind build library buildings. Rapid as is the increase of libraries, still ill are clamoring for more books. It is as if excellence were in numbers iloue. How many volumes 1 This is always the question ; never, How much aud how wejl do you use what you^have"? Now and then an old man, more practical than scholarly, and a hundred years behind the times, stares around at your alcoves, seriously doubting whether y-ou ise all the books you have, and asks how you can possibly expect any jne to give you more. The question is not an impertinent one, if snly intelligently asked. That the measure of our having should be Jetermined by the mode of our using is asjold as the New Testament. Five thousand well selected volumes judiciously au#s name and once under the title. ' There is yet another — the author-, subject-, title-, and formcatalOgue — which answers all the seven questions. In this the full entries are made both under author and subject and form, and perhaps under title. They will differ a little, it may be, because under author should be given all the bibliographical description of the book, and special pains taken to identify the author, whereas under the subject these details can be omitted or abtidged, and their place taken by greater fullness of title, or notes designed to show how thfe book handles its topic. And the author-entry would give in full the contents of coUectiohS of essays^ whereas in the subject-entry only those parts of the contents would be mentioned which concern that particular subject. The entry under the the names of the authors, (a dictionary of authors.) 2. Tille-catalogue. One in which the entries are arranged alphabetically according to some word of the title, espicially the iirst, (a dictionary of titles.) 3. Subject-catalogue. One in which the entries-are arranged according to the subjects of the books, either alphabetically by the words selected to denote those subjects (dictionary arrangement) or philosophically according tq J:Jip scientific relations of the subjects, (logical, classed, or classified arrangenjent, the sub- jects being formed into classes.) 4. Form-catalogue. One in which the entries are arranged according to the forms of literature and tli6 languages in which the books are written, whether alphabetically or according to the relations of the forms to one another. 5. (f) catalogue. One in which the entries are made according to the Ivind of people for whom the books are designed. To this belong the classes "Juve- nile literature" and " Sunday-school books," which include works on various Subjects and in various forms, and often have a subolassifloation by subjects. Either of tie first two, or of the second two when not classed, or a combination of two or more of them, is a dictionary catalogue. The third, or the last three together, when logically arranged, forms a classified catalogue. The fourth is often published in a single or with two or three classes, or in combination with the fifth, (the unnamed catalogue,) as a, class-list of " Novels," or of " Drama and Poetry," or of " Fiction and Juveniles." Library Catalogues. 529 tie would be very brief, and might for economy of room be reduced to mere refereuce. Bat setting tliese minor variations aside, the dis- nguisbing characteristic of this catalogue, which makes it superior ) the others, is that the inquirer finds under subject as' well as under iithor a sufficiently full title, and the details which show him whether le book is old or new, in what language it is printed, and where and hen, whether it is compendious or voluminous, portable or not.^ For lese facts, often of great importance to him in choosing his book, he oes not have to turn to another part of the catalogue. Now, such turn- >g, although it is a slight matter for a single book, becomes intolerably wearisome after a few repetitions, and most people would rather go way without the information which they want than take the trouble 3 search it out at such an expense of time and perseverance. Indeed, : is impossible to compare titles so widely separated. While one is joking for and at a tenth he forgets the first five or six. And the loss f time, which can be borne when one is using a single printed volume, rould be utterly unendurable with the complete catalogue of a large ibrary, especially if in manuscript. The method upon which the author and title parts of the catalogue hall be made is tolerably well settled except in regard to some details. Jut in regard to the subject part there is no such agreement. Two great >rinciples of arrangement dispute precedence, the logical and the alpha- tetical, and the adherents of the latter are divided as they prefer class •r specific entry. Among the logically arranged (classed or classified) catalogues there s a difference, according as they are more or less minutely subdivided. Che larger the collection of titles the greater need of division. For it is )laiuthatif a hundred thousand titles are divided into only sixty or leventy classes, some of the larger divisions will contain several thou- land, all of which the impatient reader must look through to find what le wants. Generally an attempt is made to bring all books under a strictly philosophical system of classes, with divisions and subdivisions? irranged according to their scientific relations. It is a very attractive ilan. The maker enjoys forming his system, and the student fancies he shall learn the philosophy of the universe while engaged in the simple )ccupation of hunting for a book. And there are more real advantages. Dne who is pursuing any general course of study finds brought together in one part of the catalogue most of the books that he needs. He sees lot merely books on the particular topic in which he is interested, but n immediate neighborhood works on related topics, suggesting to him jourses of investigation which he might otherwise overlook. He finds 'These things of course are of no importance in a tifle-entry, the object of which is iimply to enable a man to find a book which be already knows of, not to select one imong many. Imprints under the author are indispensable in the interior working of rtibrary, to avoid duplicates, identify copies, etc. But if I were obliged to choose iolely for the public between giving imprints with authors only and with subjects )nly, I should choose the latter. 34 E 530 Public Libraries in the United States. it au assistance to have all these works spread out before him, so that he can take a general survey of the ground before he chooses bis route ; and as he comes back day after day to his particular part of the cata- logue he becomes familiar with it, turns to it at once, and uses it with ease. The same is true of the numerous class who are not making any investigation or pursuing any definite course of study, but are merely desultory readers. Their choice of books is usually made'irom cer- tain kinds of literature or classes of subjects. Some like poetry or essays or plays; others like religious works or philosophical ' works or scientific works, not caring about the particular subject of the book so much as whether it be well written and interestijig. To these persons it is fi convenience that their favorite kind of reading should all be contained in one or two parts of the catalogue, aud freed from the confusing admixture of titles of a diiferent sort. Au alphabetical list of specific subjects is to them little more suggestive than an alphabetical list of authors. It is true that by following up all the references of a dictionary catalogue under Theology, for example, a man may construct for himself a list of the theological literature in the library ; but to do this requires time and a mental effort, and it is tlie characteristic of the desultory reader that he is averse to mental effort. "What is wanted by him and by the busy man when now and then he has the same object, is to find the titles from which he would select brought together within the compass of a few pages; few, that is, io comparison with the whole catalogue. It may be 500 pages, but 500 pages are better than 10,000.' The classed catalogue is better suited also than any other to exhibit the richness of the library in particular departments. It is true that no system of classification can bring together all related works. The arrangement that suits one man's investigations is a bin- derance to another's; and in the act of bringing into juxtaposition sub- jects that have many points of resemblance, the classifier separates them from those with which they have fewer characteristics in common. But this very statement shows that the majority of general inquirers: will be assisted by good classification, aud only a minority disappointed-: For the more points of likeness any two subjects have, the more chance is there that many men will be interested in both at once; and the more they difi'er, the greater is the improbability that any one will wish to study them together.^ On the other hand, there are some disadvantages. A large part of 1 The probable extent of the catalogues of the next generation. When the special catalogues become so large, the actual advantage for the purpose we have been consid- ering is lessened. The very size becomes as bewildering as the confusion of an alpha- betic catalogue, and the lists of the latter under specific headings, Veiilg very full, will answer somewhat the same purpose. 2 For example, all classifiers would put the history of Painting not under History but under Art ; yet most would put the history of culture, which includes the history of painting and the other fine arts, under History, and not under Art. ■ Library Catalogues. 531 fcbe public are not pursuing genercil investigations. They want to find a particular book or a particular subject quickly ; and the necessity of rftastering a complex system before using the catalogue is an unwelcome delay or an absolute bar to its use. Its advocates think that this diffi- clilty may be iu great measure removed by prefixing to the catalogue, a full and clearly 't>rin ted scheme of classification. " Any one at all familia;t with 'systeths," they Say, "can, in nine 'cases out of ten, see at a glance where hi^ subject 'occurs in the scheme. An ignorant man will be puzzled by aiiy arrangement. His untrained eye cannot And words in a'dictionary or names in a directory, so that this plan is no worse for him than another." But experience shows that even to the scholar this difftculty, which comes at the very outset of each man's search in the catalogue, and recurs every time he consults it until he becomes familiar with its plan, this necessity of generally looking twice to find one thing, and often not finding it readily, is undeniably irksome, and produces a feeling of distaste out of all proportion to the rear trouble occasioned. And it unfortunately happens that in most schemes of classification yet constructed these difliculties attach to some very common subjects. There are certain questions which a man expects to find difQcult of in- vestigation. He does not think ill of a catalogue which delays or even disappoints him in regard to these; but when, for some very simple thing, with which he is familiar, he has to hunt, to hesitate, and to lose time, he is provoked. '"Besides, the difficulty is not merely in mastering the system, but in applying it, which, in many departments of science, demands consider- ably more knowledge than most men have. Suppose one wants to find something about the badger; in a nainutely subdivided catalogue it might be found under Science, division Natural History, subdivision Zoblbgy, group Vertebrates, class Mammals, subclass Monodelphia, sec- tion Garnivora, and so on, or under some other hierarchy of classes. A man may want a book on the badger without being much of a naturalist, but he could hardly find it iu such a catalogue unless a naturalist should help him.i It is this which has made these catalogues so unpopular, and the unpop- ularity is increased by the want of agreement among classifiers, which prevents any system becoming common enough to be known to every- body and to seem the only natural one. And the occasional vagaries ^Note that this is a difficulty in the nature of things, and applies also to an alpha- betical catalogue, if it has no special look on the badger. Then a man must look in general works for an account of his animal, and in order to use either catalogue for that purpose, he must know or find out to what genei?al class the badger belongs, other- wise he Would not know whether to ask for a work on reptiles or mammals, articu- lates or vertebrates. But this, like many other theoretical objections, does not much impair the usefiiluess of a catalogue. A man generally does know some of the includ- ing classes of his subject. In the present case he would tnow that the badger is an animal, and would look for it in some zoological encyclopeedia. By the description there he would find to what subclasses it belongs, and how he could pursue his inquir- ies farther, if he chose. 532 Public Libraries in the United States. of otherwise excellent catalogues have had their influeuce in bringing classification into disrepute. It ^vould take the average man some time to get accustomed to look for the Eollo books under Art, and Mother Gooseys Melodies under Prose Fiction, where they belong in a system now before me. Nor, is likely that many men would at first think of looking for railroad reports under Commercial Arts, or cook-books under Productive Arts, or qavigation under Bnjgineering, however proper" such subordination may be. The fact is that the action of the mind iu outlining a system and fliting books into it is very different from that of inquiring where, iu a system already formed by another, a giv6'ii topic will be treated. It is hard, apparently, for the system-maker's to put themselves in the place of the public; otherwise they would liave adopted more frequently than they have done the simple reiii- •edy which will almost remove all these difiBculties — ^^an alphabetical .index of the subjects treated in the classed catalogue. By that an in- quirer is referred in an instant to the exact part of the catalogue whei^e Jie will find the topic he wants. The catalogue of the Mercaii tile Library Company of Philadelphia (1850) has such an index, also the Newark Library Association, (1867,) and the California State Law Library, (1870.) Beyond these I cannot recall one. It should be noted, however, that an index is one of the prominent features of the excellent plan for niilii- bering books described by Mr. Melvil Dewey, in Chapter XX^|III of this report. , , The alphabetical index not occurring to or not pleasing tjiq^e who were dissatisfied with classification, they adopted the alphabetical cata- logue, and, naturally enough, in its extreme form, the d,ictionary'pla^_Eyol,utton, or Qrigiu of species, or Speciek, when he is thinking of p^3,^wiuism,)"uiue- tenths of the dictionary catalogues will again fail him.; i^iJ.mji^ljjrack his brain to recall all the synonymous names of his topic. i^ijue,! ^veu in, those which relieve him of this trouble by giving cross- ,r,eJCerences, he must look twice, lirst 'for his owu word, and then for the wprid, to which h^ IS referred from that. . « The, plan is undeniably convenient, but its advocates have in genefii'l so entirely overlooked these defects that they have made no attempt to j^emedy them.. , A minority have had recourse to cross-references, which ,^aiost remoye evil No. 2; but evil I^^o. 1 generally remains untouched There is considerable variety among dictionary catalogues, which may or may not have imprints under the subject-entries and contents under the authors; which may havC cross-references or not ; which may limit each title to a single line, or abandon such procrustean attempt and allow whatever space circumstances demand; which may include classes .of literature or not; which may make subject entries merely under words taken from the title of the book, as proposed by Panizzi and Crestadoro and practiced by nearly all; or may take the subject of the book as. a heading, whether expressed in the title or not. This latter differenxje, is of inore iinportauce than may appear at first sight. The catalogues which' limit themselves rigidly to the title abandon all attempt at com- pleteness, since many titles do not even pretend to express the subject of the book, and many signally fail in the attempt. The history of dictionary catalogues in regard to this matter is worthy of note. The early catalogues were all either of authors or classed. Those Which, like Georgi's Europaischer Bucher- Lexicon, (1742,) were by aiithors, (with title-entry, of course, for anonymous books,) were said to be "Nach Ordhung Dictionarii."' The next step was to make the title-entries not merely for anonymous books but fpr all which had aijy good word in the title from which to refer, the object being to provide a means by which any one who had heard of a book could easily find it. If it was thought of at all, it was apparently considered as a subsidiary merit that one Could find by aid of these entries what the library con- AThiB is the earliest use of the compariaon I have met with^ Lexicon is a viry com- mon name for an alphabetical list of authors, (Moser, 1740, Jceoher, 1750, Felder, 1820, Kayser, 1834.) Danz's Worterbuch (1843) is a subject catalogue. 534 Public Libraries in the United States. tained on certain subjects. Nineteen such catalogues were made in this country between 1815 and 1854, the comparative number o^ entries under subject-words gradually increasing. In 1854 tlie Boston Mercan- tile Library published a catalogue made by Mr. W. F. Poole, upon a plan proposed by him in April of that year : Short titles liave been adopted ; each work has been catalogued uridSr its miihorani Tinder its subject, and works of fiction have been placed under their titles as well as authors. The whole being arranged in one alphabetical seriea^ia workcan be easily found if either its author, subject, or title is known. Whatever adyantages other sys- tems of cataloguing may have in particular instances, no other system appears to com- bine so many advantages for a circulating library like ours. — Preface. Each entry was limited to one line. The imprints were given under each entry whether author, title, or subject-word, but there leei-e no cross-references. This is the first complete triple asyndetic dictionary catalogue. From its economy of space, its facility of use, the ease with which any one who can copy accurately can make it, and its apparent completeness, it has been a favorite type with town and mercantile libra- ries. In these catalogues some word of the title is taken to make the entry under, as an indexer makes his reference from some word that he find^iu the text of the work he is engaged upon. If there is no suitable word the cataloguer generally omits the work altogether ;' sometimes chooses a word under which he thinks theTsook may be looked for, the i^ea alwaj s being that the inquirer is searching for some book that he already knows of, and this being merely another way of finding it in case the author's name has been forgotten. , The entries are really, therefore, only title- entries. The idea of subject-entries, though probably always vaguely co-existent with this, is, as a distinct and dominant idea, of late growth. CoHsequently we cannot reproach these cataloguers with their want of system, their abundance of synonymous headings, their continually suffering works of precisely the same character to be separated by jthe, mere chance of the use of a different word in the tiltle, th eir not seldom jumbling together works of very different character which have tb^ same word (used in different senses) in the title, with their frequent failure to enter books treating of several subjects under more than one,, or with the total absence of cross references. They are not generally intending to make subject-catalogues, by which they would probably understand classed catalogues. As they deal almost entirely with books in the English language there is nothing to prevent their confining themselves to the title. Foreign books lend themselves less readilj to,, this kind of entry and suggest emancipation. In England the immediate predecessor of the dictionary catalogue was ' As late as 1889 a librarian explains the plan of his catalogue, made in imitation of that of the Boston Public Library, thus : " Books are entered under the author's narne,„the^ title, and the subject where the title admits of it." And in 1875 a librarian writes, "I think the plan of a dictionary catalogue is to give specitie information concerning the author, title, and subject of a book, so far as they appear on the'title-paige." Library Catalogues. 535 le series of London book lists, ending in the "Olassifled index to the ondon catalogiie of books published in 181G-'51." In this last, xmder lirty^four classes, references are arranged in the alphabetic order of le words of the title which expressed, or were intended to express, the )eciflc subject of the book. The object of the publisher was stated to 8 "faiCility of, reference and simplicity of detail." The next step iu kcilitating reference was naturally to throw the classes into one alpha- Bt. This was partly done the next year by Sampson Low in his " Index ) the titles," contained in the "British catalogue of books published in 354:," with this explanation : Undpr; the old system of classification the (Jifficulty has always been to find a given tie, alt]bough enabled to find a group of books published within a scientific definition, he present plan, it is hoped, will, by fpUowing out the autlwr'a own definition of his joks, and presenting a concordance of titles combine both of these advantages. Not a word about subject information, which indeed was not to be xpected, the British catalogue being merely intended as a ready guide OT booksellers and others to the publisher's name and the price of each ook. The phrase "concordance of titles" is noteworthy. Whether the Ian was due to Mr. Low or his assistant, Mr. Grestadoro, does not ppear. Eight years before this Mr. Panizzi had told the British luseum Commission : Those who want to consult a book of which they know only the subject, or to find rhat books on a particular subject are in the library, can obtain this information (as ir as it can be obtainfed from a title-page, which is all that can be expected in a cata- jgue) more easily from an index of matters to an alphabetical catalogue than by any ther means. (Answer 9869.) In 1856, Mr. Grestadoro, in a pamphlet on " The art of making cata- ogues of libraries," recommended (1) an inventorial catalogue of un- ibridged titles arranged in no order, but numbered ; and (2) referring to he inventory by these numbers, an alphabetical index of names and lubjects. For this index the headings were to be words from the inyen- ori'al title; and he would have the cataloguer supply in that title the iiithor's name, the subject, and the " nature " of the book, (sermon, hesis, oratorio,) if the author had failed to do so himself in his title; norebver he would make as many references as there are words in the amended) title worth referring from, whether those words be the author's )r editor's or translator's or publisher's names, or indicate the subject or he "nature" of the book ; and lastly, he would make cross-references from synonymous headings (as Death penalty and Gapital punishment) to )ne another, so that whichever one looked under, be would be guided ;o all that was under both ; also from class-headings to all the subordi- late (or, as he calls them, partially synonymous) headings contained in :he catalogue, (as from Agriculture to Aviary, Bees, CattlCj Cows, Dairy, Drainage, and many more.) The result of it all is that one has, under !very word under which one is likely to look for a work, a reference it, and under eAch subject a list of works -about it, with references to 536 Public Libraries in the United States. those places in the index where other works treating of any bf its parts, or of similar subjects, could be found. The cross-refereueee bind to- gether the different parts of the catalogue, bring them into one system- atic whole, and make the catalogue constructively an alphabetico- classed catalogue; not actually, take notice, for it is one thing to be told that somewhere else in the index is a title which you might like to See, and quite a different thing to have it displayed on the page before you. An admirable plan, which by the addition of imprints and fuller titles beicomes the plan of the quadruple syndetic^ dictionary catalogue. ' It is worthy of note, however, that such additions to the title as he proposed were not made or referred from, and the "nature" lists were not inserted, nor were full cross-references made, in any catalogue published by him or similar to his in England. I called the plan admirable ; it had, bow- ever, one defect — its close adherence to the title. Grestadoro allowed additions to be made for purposes of reference when there were lacunm in the title, as all cataloguers direct the author's name or the date of publication to be supplied, but if the title named the subjedt, its choice of a name was final ; the cataloguer was obliged to follow it. The result is that works on precisely the same subject are separated, merely be- cause the phraseology of the title is different. Crestadoro.was consist- ent and adhered to the title throughout. If, he says, works liave been published under thros different names, as Goicer, Eger- ton, and Jillesmere, all belonging to the same author, it would be wroiigto enter auy of them otherwise than as tjiey. appear. Let each name, as it becomes a heading in the index, commence by a short entry of [i. e., a reference to] all the other names be- longing to the same writer, and then let a full entr^ of the works that bear tha.t n^nje follow after. In this he is not followed by any of the dictionary cataloguers, but in applying the same ideas to subject-headings, he is. If works, they ap- pear to think, have been published under two or three different natiies, as Insects and Entomology, or Free trade, Protection, and Tariff, it would be wi"ong to enter any of them otherwise than as they appeiii'. I'liey are not consistent. Every one sees that to separate an author's wdrks and oblige the reader always to look in two or thriee places foi? them is to cause a greater inconvenience than to refer him, two times od^' of three, from the name he looks for to the name chosen by the cataloguer. Why is it not likewise a greater inconvenience tO be compelled iilWajs to look in two places for the works on a given subject than half the time to be referred from one heading to the other? Wecannot'ahvnys take the " author's own definition of his book." He knows what tlie subject is, but he may not know how to express it for cataloguili'g purposes ; hfe may even choose a title that misleads or is unintelligible, especially if his publisher insists on a striking title, as is the manner of publishers; ^ I call that dictionary-catalogue connective or syndetic iu which the different head- ings are thus bound together by cross-references. Library Catalogues. 537 lud different writers, or even the same writers at difiereat times, may jhoose different words to express tlie same tbing.^ ...Tbere is "A defence of the Constitution of Great Britain," of which he auithor saj-8, in, his preface, " The object of my attack is a proposed neasure called parliamentary reform." Here, if one is to be confined :o tlje title, one -would be obliged to violate the first principle of the Jjct^qnary catalogue, and give the book class-eutry, as if it treated of ;he whole of the British constitution, instead of treating of one ilearly deflnedpart. Gallaudet's "Plan of a seminary for the education >f .iinstrucfcors of youth" would be lost if put under Seminary or In- structors, and it; does not belong in, the mass of general titles under Education, Us proper place is under JS^ormal schools. It is urged ,hat the author may have reasons for calling bis book " Travels n .the Holy Lf^nd" rather than "Travels in Palestine," and that iherefqre we, ought to have a heading: Holy Land as well a head- ng Palestine, — a wow «egwih(r. That is a reason for copying his title md not, altering, it to suit our fancy, but it is no reason whatever for irranging it in one part of our catalogue rather than in another. ?or the title-entry we of course take the author's word ; for the subject- sntry,— made that our readers may not miss the book when they are studying the topic or topics of which it treats — it is much better to :ake the cataloguer's estimate of the subject. For each unit of inquiry et him select one heading, (referring of course from £j.ll synonyms,) and iutering under it all the books which in his judgment belong there. 3ut^ it may be said, imposing your own names on subjects is as objec- iionable as classification. How is one to know what heading to look for ? ;t is even worse than classification, for with that one does not have ;he whole catalogue to range through : the reader is limited by the irst great divisions, and does not expect to find Painting in the section Sistory, but in Art, and is sure that Zoology will be somewhere in that burth of the catalogue which is devoted to Science ; wjiereas in a dic- ionary catalogue with arbitrary headings, there is no such preliminary larrowing of the field ; what one wants may be under Animals in the first etter of the alphabet, or under Zoology in the last. A seemingly strong )bjection, but of little practical account. In the first place, almost all in- iiyjdual subjects, and the majority of general subjects, have single well- tnown names; and in the case of pseudonyms or synonyms, he who s, looking up any subject, not having a particular book in mind, is it least .as likely to look under the name which the cataloguer has chosen IS under any other. The heading is selected for the very reason that it s.the. most usual name of that topic or class of topics, the one under vhich. most people would be likely to look.; a vague and unscientific ■>• Take ;aja. example, one of thousauds. Fromeut has written " Sur I'histoire de I'^lo- uenoe judiciaire en France avant le 17e sifecle,'' and also " L' Eloquence et le barrean ans la premifere iiloiti^ du 16e sifecle." Oa the subject-word principle, the first of these ?ill be entered under Prance, the second under Bar, yet they treat of almost pre- isely the same topic. 538 Public Libraries in the United States. rule, perhaps, but a thoroughly useful on^; for the result is that, iu uinetyeight cases in a hundred there is no room for doubt where to, look, and for the ninety-ninth the inquirer will hit the right heading at first, and therefore will be referred only once in a hundred inquiries. < The inconsistency originated from not distinguishing between the wants of the man who seeks a certain pook ^nd remeiTibers not merely in a vague way its subject, but the very word which the author has used to designate that subject, (who of course is best served by an entry under that word,) and the wants of the man who is studying a cert3,in topic, (who is best served by the entry of all relatifSg to that in, one, place.) Both can be completely served only by double entry ; the eco- nomical dictionary-catalogue could not afford double eptry, and in choos- ing between the two it inclined towards the particular-book-seeker, ajid, at first did not afford the other even the help of a cross-reference. The Boston rublio Library, under the guidance of Mr. Jew^tt,,wbo had already made an excellent subject-index to the author-catalogue ftf,^ the Brown University Library, took the fir^t steps, soraewliat wavering steps, it is true, in a different direction. In its Lower 5all index (1858) it still retained title-entries; it did not discard synonymous headings,— Gardening and Horticulture, Birds and Ornithology, both fii^d a place in its columns, — but it did make an attempt to enter polytopicaP books under more than one head, and, greatest improvement of all, it made many cross-references from various subjects to others of a sinjilar char- acter. In its style of printing, too, it implied a greater respect for sub- jects by putting the author's name first under subject-headings. As the library proceeded from its Lower Hall index, designed for popular use, to the Bates Hall index, and, six years later, to its supplement, the subject-idea gradually assumed more prominence. To return to England. In 1858, the year in which the Lower Hall catalogue was issued, Sampson Low, in the British Catalogue, comr bined — in one single alphabetical series both subjects and names (whether of anthers or otherwise) so far as they are to be gathered from the titles . . . ; the alphabet of anthors and titles, and the alphabet of subjects being thrown into one. ' >■' ' Here, then, we have not indeed a dictionary-catalogue but a diction- ary-index, (the reference being by means of numbers to the titles givei chronologically in the " Publishers' Circular " for 1857.) Catalbguesof the same sort followed in the course of time, that of Manchester in 1864," by Crestadoro ; that of Birmingham, by Mullins, in 1869. The catalogue' of the Liverpool Free Public Library, by S. Huggins, (1872,) is profess-' edly on the plan of the Boston Public Library, with considerable varia- ' Will the convenience of this word excuse the twist given to the meaning of r6i]0( in its formation 1 Polygraphic might serve, as the French use polygraph? for a niis; ', cellaneous writer; but it will be well to have both words, polygraphic denoting.as now, collections of several works by one or many authors ; polytopical denoting works on many subjects. Library'^ Catalogues. , 539 tions, tbe most noteworthy beirtg the different method in which the prac- tice of specific entry is carried out. "The subjects generally are more concentrated, brought into fewer and larger groups," and yet "a book on a science or art, with a geographical limitation, will be found, not under the scientific subject of which it treats, but under the name-of the country or place to 'which the scientific research is confined." Such is tbe English history. A comparison of dates majies it probable that it is independent of the American. Librarians, having similar wants, hit upon similar means to supply them. It is true, Mr. Orestadoro's pamphlet ap- peared two years before Mr. Jewett's first dictionary-catalogue, and the two points in which that differed frotti. Mr. Poole's were both recom- mended by Orestadoro. They are, the omission of imprints under sub- jects,' (an economy of very doubtful expediency,) and the insertion of cross-references. But it doesnot follow that Mr. Jewett took these from Crestadbro. He was already familiat with both of these features in his subject and title index of Brown University Library, (1843.), And he diffei'S from Crestadc)ro in a rather imi)ortant point. The latter, as his whole system demanded, arranged his entries like Mr. Poole's, in the alphabetical order of the words of the title that followed, and put the author's name last, as if referring to it : Rome, ^nciflnt and, modern. Card. Wisejnau. — and environs. -^ — other climates. A. Taylor. — — -^ places. 'Mrs. Westropp. — — the war, — contest with. • W. Gresley. — history. O. Goldsmith. Mr. Jewett, however, arranged his by the alphabet of his authors, who were put before the titles, thus : Rome. Adam, A. Roman antiquities. — Alserman, J. Y. Catalogue of unedited Roman coins. — Dezobry, L. C. Rome au sifeole tl'Anguste. — LeClerc, J. V. Des journaux chez les Romains. The effect of this trifling difference is obviously to give greater prom- in^OQ^ to the, subject idea; it impresses the reader as a list, of the au- thors who have written about a topic rather than of books which have a certain word' in the title. It was a slight change, but it meant that Mr, Jewett was thinking more about those who are seeking information than t,hose who are searching for a book. And to the cataloguer it showed a way by which subject-entries and mere title-entries could be at once distinguished. The idea was not thoroughly carried out, but it had been conceived. A few months after the publication of the first Bates Hall catalogue, Mr. (now Professor) Abbot planned and began to carry into, execution a 'By this omission his Index is not, strictly speaking, a triple dictiotiary-catalogne, bat an author-catalogne, mixed alphabetically with a subject-index and a title-index. 640 Public Libraries in the tfnited States. system of which one fuadamental idea was that every book wh|(jh',iiad a subject should have a subject-eutry, which entry was to be,determiued by the couteuts of the book, and to be entirely independent of the title, so that works which the ordinary catalogues would scatter widely & the accident of their names, would be brought together accoriling to their natural affinity, and works of the same name might go to different places. The introduction of classes of literature, which none of itlie early dictionaries had, gave to Harvard College Library tlte first plan ever made for a complete alphabetical catalogue. It is^ somefiih'es termed the "mixed" or "half-way" system j a better, beqajisepi'pre definitely descriptive name, is "alphabetico classed," inasmuch' as ',it8 differeuti;e are class entry and alphabetic order, the differeiiti'se of dictionary catalogues being specific entry and alphabetic 9^^der. " The amiDgenieut of classes or sxibjects," he says, " is alphabetioal, not sci^r),tipj(;;. hut the plan differs from the dictiouary scheme in this, that a large, part of these classes or subjects have nupierous suhdioisions, which, inistead of being dispersed thiough the great alphabetical series, and thus widely separate'l from each ottier, afe'arraugeWu a, secondary aJjyhaheticaV series under flie gentral head." . Hnr It will be unnecessary to discuss here the comparative merits of tlie two systems, as it has already been done at length in the Report of the Library Committee of Harvard College for 18G3 and in the'Nortli American Eeview for January, 1869 ; but 1 will add to what was sSiid in the latter place that, after fifteen years' constant use of the two catalogues, I am convinced that there is very little di'fference in their convenience for a person who understands both. The AbboJ; system is best adapted for the thorough investigation of compreheiisive sub- jects; the dictionary system for finding quickly what relates to a pdi- son, a place, or other special topic' There are, of course, riiauy things that can be found with little trouble in the Harvard catalogue, and on the other hand the dictionary plan, with proper re/erereo^is, 'insures find- ing everything on a given matter, (so far as any catalogue "can do that,) although it must be granted that the catalogiier may very easily fail to make all the proper references, and the inquirer may lose his patience in following them up. Under either system, he who wishes to find all that the library contains on a given topic must usually consult several parts of the catalogue, and spend some time and thought in' the search. To a man accustomed to one plan alone, the other will appear inconvenient;, incomplete, ill-constructed, the easy use of a catalogue being very much a matter of habit. With one who knows neither sys- ' This may be illustrated by a comparison with the use of scientific worlis. ^ QfS,'"'" study chemistry, for instance, best in a systematically-arranged treatise; one could also study it well in an encyclopaidia, in which the great divisions of chemistry should'be arranged in alphabetical order, and the minor topics treatkl together iinder tliose heads ; but it Would be very hard to study in Watts's Dictionary of Chemistry. Yet to the practical chemist, desirous of instant information about oaryophyllin or arsenides of methyll or sulphotriphosphamidc. Watts is indispensable, and, his. arrangement de- cidedly the best. ^ Li]}rary Catalogues. 541 en), the dictionary has this advantage, that its plan is more easily xplaioed, and there is no appearance of complexity to disconrage him tj'first sight. When he attempts any thorough investigation, he will eel the need of an acquaintance with the relations of the different tranches of human knowledge just as much as he would in using Mr. Abbot's catalogue, which by its very plan would help him better to hat acquaintance. But this difflculty will not come to liim at the lutset — he will learn it gradually; whereas in the Harvard plan the lasses and branches and sections make a great show of difficulty, nquirers may be roughly divided into (1) those who want something luickly; (2) those who want to make a thorough study of some specific ubject; and (3) those who want to study fully some geiieral class of ubjects. The first class depend most on a catalogue. The other two lave generally more time. They can supplement the deficiencies of a latalogue by their own research and thought, but the first must be an- iwered at once or not at all. ]t is this class, the largest and loudest of lur readers, who have caused the popularity of the ordinary dictionary latalogne. For that gives an answer, or seems to give one, at once. It nay not be a complete answer, for a number of works on the subject ought for may be hidden away under synonymous headings, and others nayi)eq9nceal^d under more general rubrics. It may hot be a true answer, br.th? inquirer may find nothing under the heading he first thinks of, md it, may not occur to him to try any qther. But some sort of an- iwer is given at once, either "We have such and such books on this rabject," or " We have nothing on it." He does not have to puzzle over \ system of classification, and he does not see that if he wants to ex- laust the catalogue he must stop and think of synonyms and related ijibjects arid general works. On the other hand, the second and third j^a^seg of inquirers are helped very much by a classed system, which wrings together books of a kind and enables them to see at a glance the lifferent relations of their subject ; and they get nearly all the practical advantage of, classification in the alphabetico-classed catalogues, be- iause it is not so much the relation of class to class as the relation of iujjjjyision to subdivision that most men will want to follow out. Inas- nuch, however, as it is absolutely impossible to devise a system of clas- iification which shall exhibit each subject in all its relations toother iubjects, and always bring together all the books which a course of in- vestigation may oblige one to use, any clashed system, arid still more the ilphabetico-classed, will sometimes seem as inconvenient and as dis- unctive as the dictionary. No catalogue can exhibit all possible c'on- lections of thought.' Enough if it exhibit the most common, and give ioijie clew for tracing the rarer ones. Those that claim perfection for any system show that they have no idea of the difficulties to be overcome. I had written a detailed account and estjm£\te of "the. combined ilan," devised by Mr. J, Schwartz, jr., of the New York Apprentices' Li- brary, and exemplified in a catalogue printed in 1874, but inasmuch as 542 Puhlic Libraries iff, the United States. he has been led by certain criticisms to change the plan: somewhatj | shall here only give a sketch of his modified system, referring for de- tails and explanations to the pamphlet about it which be is preparing. He intends, in brief, to get the good of both systems of arrangement the dictionary and the classed — by combining them in the same. book ; to have first a classed catalogue without imprints, (24 classes, capable of 216 divisions and 1,944 subdivisions;) and secondly, a dictionary catalogue (author- and anonymous title entries with imprints, subject- entries, and other title-entries without imprints, subject-references io the classed part.) The plan is in toany respects much superior to the dictionary, (see what was said on pages 529-30 of classed catalogues,) in some respects inferior, and in some equal. The author claims that it combines all the advantages of the dictionary and the classed catalogues. Substituting "many" for "all" the claim maybe allowed. We can- not say "all," because the first part is merely a classed index, not a classed catalogue, and the second part is an imperfect dictionary ; that is, a catalogue of authors mixed with an index of titles and subjects; and an index cannot have all the advantages of a catalogue.^ I will just glance at three other points of comparison. It is a great con- venience that all the works, both general and special, on any branch of knowledge, should bebrought together; to have, for instance, «H the works on architecture spread out on one or a dozen pages, instead of having only the general works together and being sent off to other parts of the al- phabet for Assyrian or French or Italian architecture, or for works on the construction of railway stationsj of school houses, of temples. It is also a convenience, if you have forgotten the author's name, that many of these special books are entered again under that word of theiiMtitle (if there be such a word) which indicates their subject — Temple or School house, or Kailway-station. But it must be remembered that this double entry consumes much room. The catalogue of the Boston Athenaeum fills 5 columns with 176 titles of general works on Architec- ture, and then refers to 92 other headings under which special works may be found. All these, if repeated under Architecture, would: have filled 10 or 15 more pages ; and carrying out such a system would ha^e very considerably increased the bulk and cost of the catalogue. It is true that part of the room needed for these additional titles might have been found under Architecture by very much abridging the titles and leaving out imprints, but that would simply amount to sending the in- quirer to other parts of the catalogue for necessary information in re- gard both to general and special works, instead of so sending him off, as it does now, for the special works only. Lists under various literatures and classes of literature are convenient ; indeed, in a popular library, they are indispensable ; and in Mr. Schwartz's 'These remarks apply to a catalogue made for scholars. When all impriuts are omitted (as may well be done for small popular libraries) the objection above staled loses its force. Library CatdU^ues. 543 an tbey will more 'appropriately be put in the classed than ia the al- labetical part; but why they should not be included in any dictionary atalogue, and why it is more inconvenient for a man to look out his Dvels under " Novels " (or " Fiction " or " English Fiction ") than under Literature " or " Prose," it is not easy to see. There is also an objectiftn — that the necessity of having orily twenty- ve classes and only nine divisions under each can hardly be consistent ith any scientific and satisfactory division of human knowledge. The f'stem is not elastic enough to suit the expaiisiveness of science, .gain, the classed part of the catalogue of 1874 works well now because lere are few titles in it, about 9,600 for 250 classes; but in a larger brary making any attempt at analysis, either each class would contain 3 maiiy titles that it would be hard to find any particular subject in it r else the introduction of divisions and subdivisions would bring on iat appearance of complexity which is so discouraging to the inex- erienced inquirer. There is the same difficulty both in the Abbot and lie dictionary systems, as applied to large libraries, but it is not so fre- uent in the latter, occurring chiefly under the names of a few great onntries, and in the former it is not so troublesome, because the sub- livisions are arranged alphabetically, and every one knows the alpha- tet; whereas in the combined system they are arranged according to he ideas of the cataloguer, which no one knows beforehand. The difli- lulty will be almost entirely removed, however, bj' the index of subjects, vhicb^ in any future issue, 'will be added in the dictionary part. With hat the system becomes as complete as the alphabetico-classed, as well itted for common use as the dictionary, and as easy to explain (no ilight merit) as any.' As the Boston Public Library heliotypes its cards, so that the expense )f an extra copy of each is trifling, there is nothing but want of room to jrevent it from adding to its present dictionary system a classed cata- ogue, as Mr. Schwartz does, or it could insert in its present alphabetical irrangement the classes of the Abbot system. It would probably be found that the addition in either case would not perceptibly increase the practical value of the catalogue. , ,Four other .plans may be mentioned, three of them varieties of the alphabetico-classed, one a variety of the dictionary. The first is em- ployed by Mr. Stephen Noyes, in a catalogue now printing of the Brook- lyn Mercantile Library. ;t' I propose to throw,everything,"he says, " into one alphabet of authors, titles, and sub- jects, giving, as a rule, the contents of the wor ks of an author under the name of the ' Yet there is one thing that the general, reader may not easily understand— namely, on what principle the distinction is made between general subjects, (classes,) which we put in Part 1, and special subjects, which are to be looked for in Part 2. It may be noted, in regard to Mr. Schwartz's plan, that, even if the distinction between Parts 1 and 2 should be abandoned, and the two thrown into one alphabet, it would differ from the alphabetico-classed catalogues in enjoining specific entry, as the dictionary- catalogue does. 544 Public Libraries in the United States. author. Titles are inaerfced where they are proper names, so to speak, like names of novels, peculiar to the individual work. "In the matter of classification I carefully avoid all theorizing, assuming that it is not the office of a catalogue to instruct the public as to the proper philosophical relations of all the products of intellectual activity, but simply to present the resources of any one library, so as best to enable any reader, whether scholar or school-boy, to get at what he wants with the utmost directness. The encyclopaedias of the time are arranged on this practical principle. The Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, arranged on theoretical principles, is, I think, very rarely consulted. In looking for information upon special subjects inquirers cannot afford the time necessary for mastering elaborate logical arrangements. On the other hand ray experience has been that readers like to find the subdivision of a comprehensive department of knowledge entered under the more general heading. They ask for the catalogue of biography, of history, of voy- ages and travels, of fine arts, &c. It becomes, therefore, a purely practical question, how to secure the benefits coming from a comprehensive survey of an entire branch of knowledge with the undoubted utility of a special index. I shall try to refer in all cases from the special to the general, which is made up of the specials, arranged in alphabetical order. Of course I shall not enter in the general alphabet the name of every subject of a biography. We cannot afford the space, and I do not think it is necessary. The simple question is, how mosteflectively, consistently with due economy, to meet the wants of the average reader. "I have great faith in classed lists as stimulants to tolerably healthy reading or as aids to courses of reading, and I think that the special lists of Biography, Voyages and Travels, Fine Arts, Poetry, Useful Arts, etc., will penetrate into families and circles where the catalogue as a whole will seldom be found. " I shall take great care in the typographical display of the subdivisions of a class to avoid a complex arrangement or wheels within wheels ; that can always be avoided by making the wheel within a wheel an independent heading. I think I shall throw Ecclesiastical history, Bible, and Theology into one general alphabet, as in a theological dictionary. Fiction will be a class. Biography another, the names of the svibjects of the lives forming an alphabetical arrangement." Mr. Noyes's plan, it will be seen, is eclectic. He has the single alpha- bet of the dictionary. Within that he makes the class-entry of the alplia- beti co-classed. But in many classes we return to the dictionary plan by specific entry. For example, under Theology, Mr. Abbot makes the divisions Catechetical, Creeds, Dogmatic, Pastoral, Practical, Ritual, etc., and under the division Dogmatic, the sections Christ, T3onversion, Elec- tion, Grace, Justification, Sin, Trinity, etc. Mr. Noyes will have bat oiife alphabet under Theology, iu which Catechetical Theology, Christ, Oou- version. Dogmatic Theology, Election, Future Life, Grace, Justific,a|tipD, Pastoral Theology, Practical Theology, Trinity, will stand side by side, together with every topic in the extensive classes Bible (considered a a subject') and Ecclesiastical history, such as Amos, Bible, Councils, Deuteronomy, Evangelical party. Fathers, Geneva, Etosea, Inquisition, Jesuits, and a hundred others. So that we have ^ dictionary of the theological sciences. Why should wfe not also have one of History, Geography, and Travels, another of Fine Arts, another of Technology and Science, and so on, as in the class-list system begun in the Boston Public Library Lower Hall ? 'The title-entry of Bible is probably to be included in this, which is s jmewbat anom- alous. Library Catalogues. 545 If that were done, it woald be a catalogue easily explained to the blic. As it is, this mixture of partial dictionary and incomplete issiftcation is its weakest point. There is no brief formula to give the public for its guidance. The dictionary says " Look for what ., m want under its own name ;" the classed says " Everything will be and in its own 'logical place." Mr. Schwartz gives both directions, it this alphabetico-classed catalogue cau only say vaguely, "You will icl cqmprehehsive subjects under their own name, and t,lio5e that are 58 comprehensive jinder some class." But it. cannot easily say what sufficiently compreheasive for independence, and the criteria by which le maker determines this point appear to vary extremely in different iSe^.' Nevertheless, it may prove a inost successful catalogue. The le'Ction of classes, thojigh irregularly made, may b« so cputrived, (it intended so !to be,;) as to correspond to the. public's unsystematic iS'oeiation of ideas; if so, readers will generally look ia the right ace at first, and the number of cases in which they will' have to use le cross-references will be reduced to a ininiinuiil. Tlie avoidance of implexity j|^, aj great, point in favor of this, as it is in, fav<)r of Air.' Ab- Dt's plan, ,,.; The second plan, that of the Library of Congress, is similar to this at more complicated. : The general subjects are arranged alphabetically, nt under them the arrangement of divisions is not alphabetical; and 3casionally a Complex class is subordinated %o another class instead of eing made an independent heading ; thus the subject Bible, with all s divisions and subdivisions, is included in theology, a very proper :assifiqatipn bjit extremely perple,xing. Those who are. accustomed ) it perhaps find the catalogue easy to use; to a stranger the plan Jems to ha,ve neither philosophical system nor practical convenience, 'here is a class Biography with a? long list of individual biographies; ut by a, wise exception, names of places are not subordinated either },a class G-eography or to the more comprehensive geographical names, lurope, England, London, are each independent headings. I shall mention one other alphabetico-classed plan, (as yet untried,) not ecanseitis to be recommended, but to exhibit more fully the possibilities f cataloguing, and also to show how a plan may lose on one side what it ains on another. Thte one proposed wOuld be half way between Mr. ibbot'^ land tbe dictionary. It would unite in one alphabet the author nd subject catalogue, wOuld retain classification for general subjects, utting the specific under the comprehensive as at present, but it wOuld isperse individuals through the alphabet. Thus there would be classes ■iography, Geography, History, but the name of a person or place -ould be found in the main alphabet ; there would be a class Zoology, nder which Horses would appear in their proper place, but an account f any particular horse, as " Lady Suffolk " or " Bucentaur," would not ie there but under its name ; there would be classes Ship-building, Ship- 35 E 546 P.ublic Libraries in the United States. •wrecks, but the launch of the Great Eastern or the wreck of the Glide would appear under Glide and Great Eastern. It will be seen that this is merely an extension to all individual subjects of the practice of the Con- gress Library in regard to places. In its favor it may be urged that there is Tery little advantage in putting together in one or several neighbor- ing drawers all the lives, and in another drawer or series of drawets all the bibliographical treatises on individuals. , It is not once in a hundred years that anyone would wish to survey all biography. In a small library this question is often asked with a view of selecting somethiilg to read ; but of what assistance to such selection is a list like that now in Harvard College Library of over 15,000 names ? A bewildering inal: tiplicity of entries is as great a hinderance to choice as the widest dis- persion. But it is practical use to have all that relates to a mai', Whether biographically or bibliographically or in any other way, brought 'together find given, as it is in dictionary catalogues, in immediate connection with the list of his writings. The same thing is true in regard to Geog- raphy. Probably in the fifteen years sinCe the' Harvard College Library catalogue was begun the list of individual geographical titles has not oncfe been consulted with a view to the general study of geography, nor hafe it been of the slightest service to one looking up England, let us say, thai the names of the various places in England are in the same series of drawers. If there is to be subordination it would be much more useful to take the country afe the unit and arrange all cities, etc., under it; inas- much as the country would often be the unit of inquiry, and the class Geography, never.^ True, the dispersive method is somewhat less convenient to show the richness or poverty of the library in any department. If, for exadple, an auction-catalogue, rich in biography, should be sent to the library, it would be much earsier for the librarian to examine it, and ascertain what he had and what he wanted if the biographies were collected in a dozen drawers or two hundred pages, than if they were dispersed through two hundred drawers or three thousand pages. Yet, after all; the saving of time and trouble in this way by collecting individual titles is slight, and the occasions when it would be tnade rare. Again, putting the Greek authors and the Latin authors under those heads in the classed catalogue, with divisions into prose and poetryiin stead of under their respective names in the alphabet of authors^ thoagb , 1 -I ; - 'Oq the other baud, it must not be overlooked that by this dispersioQ of individuals ■we should forfeit the advantage which one who is looking up a man's life; for exanlpW, gets by having the collective biographies or geographies or historifcS in immediate connection with the individual. If, in the present catalogue, he does not find any life of Thomas Home, he is reminded, by the very fact that he is looking under a class bi- ography, that there are biographical dictionaries in ■which he may find some notice of Home. This, of course, might not occur to him if he wore looking for Home in the general alphabet. Most people, however, one would think, might be relied upon to S!ek in general biographical works for informition about a man on fiadia^ no special life of him in the library. Library Catalogues. 547 ibis in aecordancB with the general system, sacrifices, it seams to me, a great and daUy convenience for a slight and infrequent advantage. References would of course be made from the classes to the names of all those individuals which illustrate them; as from Music to the names of musicians, from Geology to the names of places geologically surveyed . This plan retains most of the advantages of Mr. Abbot's; and yet, by an easily explained exception to his genjral practice,- it relieves the inquirer of the necessity of looking under at least twi^ headings to find whatever concerns a person, and under many more for whatever con- cerns 'a place, and also relieyes him from all doubt where to hole. Now persons and places are the most common objects of inquiry. Th^t any ojf these systems, well carried out, will attain the end of a catalpgue, can easily be shown. First, the dictionary catalogue, not as it .exists in any example, hut as one might be it there were plenty of time to, make it and no need of economy in printing. PA man asks fpr a book by the author's name.. He finds it in the alphabetical place of that name. That he may not fail to get it by a disagreement as'to wb-P is its aiuthor, references have been made from pseudonyms, editors' names, when prominent, translators' names, especially for poetical translations, and from any other names under which it is likely that ^ny one will remember it. 2° He wants to know what works we have by a particular author. He finds them all enumerated under the author's name, with a note of the more important parts of books writ- ten by that author in other men's works or in collections of memoirs, in the publications of societies, and perhaps even in periodical literature. 3° He asks for a book by its title; he finds a reference under the first word not an article, or under the word which indicates the subject, or f^rpm some prominent and memorable word; if it is a novel, he fluds a full entry. 4° He asks for a book on a certain subject; he finds it under that name of the subject with which he is familiar, or he finds tj:fpre a reference to the synonymous^ word, which, for reasons, the cata- loguer has preferred as a heading. And if it is a general subject, he finds references to all the subordinate subjects treated of. If, for ins.t^ce,, the, subject is Middlesex County, he finds a reference to the na,me of every town in that county which occurs in the catalogue. He '. 'The dictionary catalogue is sometimes reproached -vvith the trouble arising from synonyms, as-if it alone was affected by those difficulties. But the alphabetico-classed catalogue is in the same plight; it has a subject which must be called either Natural Philosophy or Physics. Which will it choose ? Ethics and Moral Philosophy, Religion andi Theology, (Practical.) Military art and War, Art and Fine arts, Sanitary science and Hygiene are synonyms as troublesome to it as to the dictionary. These are in its main alphabet; but its difficulties do not stop here. Every one of the syuonyms which plague the idietionary cataloguer must appear somewhere in the alphabetico-classed; if not in 4he main alphabet of classes, then among the branches and sections, and the same doubt will arise as to the selection. It must be confessed, however, that though the occasions for doubt are as frequent the doubt will not be so troublesome, at lecst among the subdivisions, because the separation of subjects in a secondary alphabet cannot be great. 548 Public Lih'aries in the United States. will also find references to subjects which, illustrate the one .|},e:is lookf ing up; and in certain cases he will find references , to tie subjects which include his. These last references will, however, in general, be left to his knowledge and intelligence. Thejr are necessary to the com- pleteness of the system, but they are not, in a majority of cases, of such practical use as to pay for their uniform insertion;.! As. he may, bow- ever, want to study the relations of his subject to others, and to fpllow it up through all possible ramifications, he will find at the end of the catalogue a scheme of classification, in which every heading in- the- cata- logue is included and set down in its proper place. 5° and lastly, he asks for a book in some form of literature, (as an encyclopedia, a book •of enigmas, or one ib the Hungarian language,) and he finds, rioder those names, lists of all in the libraiy. It is objected to the dictionary catalogue, and with mucb' truth, that it gives no help to the man who wishes to glance quickly'over all the literature on a comprehensive subject, including the books on its vari- ous branches, and that it treats the desultory reader as badly. ' It seems to me, however, that the objection is sometimes a little overstated, or too much is made of it. The inquirer above [mentioned will find the general works under the general head, and with them a number of cross- references, perhaps five, perhaps fifty. If his needs oblige him to look them all up, his case is indeed pitiable. But how often would that hap- .pen'? Generally, he will run his eye Over the references, find two' or three in which he is interested, look them up, and get reading eiiough for one day at least; and this Will be the easier if the references dre classified, a,s they ought to be when they are numerous. But it is use- less to deny that here is the weak point of the dictionary catalogtie. Here is an evil which it tries, not unsuccessfully^ to reduce f6 4 mini- mum, but can never awaj" with altogether. Mr. Schwartz gets'overthe lain th.a^, 7,000 volumes read as these will now be are worth twice 9,000.used in, the unintelligent, aimless way in which, many town libraries are necessarily used. It might be wellifor those which have little money to spend in printing to procure a few copies of. this catalogue, for use in their reading-room, to mark those books which they have, (Hindi! to, publish a list, anootated if possible, of all their books nflt.iifi the Quincy Library as a supplement.' A similar use might,be mad?i of the Boston Catalogue of History, etc., of its List of. historical fiction, ,and,,Qf its lately published Catalogue Notes on English History. It is to be hoped that these are iiotthe only annotated catalogues which we are to l>ave from this source; that a Science list, a Fine Arts list, a Political and Social Science list may in time appear; if not, sotpe other large library should; take up the work. ;, ,,; : But, without going so deeply into the matter as the.Quincy and ]3oston ca,talogues have done, every librarian must do something of what is called analysis, that is, catalogue under author or subject, or botb,treatises which , ashe!has,themi,are not separate books, such as the pamphlets in Force's or,Somers's tracts, the lives in Sparks's American biography, the works in various ■' libraries," so called,, articles in periodicals, etc. The character of the works seleeted for analysis will differ much, according to the needs of those who use the library. Articles in Harper's Monthly, Appleton's Journal, etc., should be brought out where school-boys are the chief readers, for whom the analysis of Euudsehau, .Archivio Storico, Archiv fiir Ohimie, would be utterly useless, supposing the library by any chance to have those periodicals. Something similar is true of city libraries, but for colleges and learned societies just the reverse. Analysis is less needful for those works which there are other mean^, of getting at, whether by general indexes,Jas Poolers Index to Periodicals and its expected continuation, the Eoyal Society's Index to Scientific i*apers,) or special indexes of any periodical for a series of years, (as those of the :Eevue des Deux Moudes, Historisches Jahrb'uch, His- torische^eitschrift, Harper's Monthly, Bibliotheca Sacra/etc.,) or other catalogues, (as the Congress, the San Francisco, ttie Bostou Athe- njeum.) Yet any one may for special reasons bring out some particular article or a whole class of artic les already referred to in these, indexes, ;Xt would beecoDomical for several neighboriug libraries to publish a joint catalogue in ^ single alphabut, tbc boolfs belonging to each being denoted by its init.ial, as is done in the bulletins of the Boston Public Library for its branches. The expense should be divided in propbrtibn to the number of volumes in each library. ' Each would have to pay for soniewhat more paper -than if its catalogue were issued separately, but so many books are common to our town libraries, that there would be a great saving in type-setting; especially if imprints were omitted, so that different ,e(litious, would need only a single entry. 552 Public Libraries in tjie United States. or iu a note make a refpreflpe^ tp the indexes; for,,aft^r all,ithereare many subjects for vyhich one might not think, of consulti^ig them, and it is not every reader who knows of their existence.^ ^, ^ The author- and subject-catalogue may be kept separate, or mixed), in one alphabet. When the subject-part is systematically classed, coujuuc- tion is impossible; when it is made on Mr. Abbot!s plan,, conjunction is possible, but inexpedient. For the dictionary system one alphabety is decidedly to be preferred, if for no other reason, because it admits of bringing a man's own works into juxtaposition with works about him — lives, eulogies, criticisms, replies, etc., — instead of separating them, as is done iu Watt's Dictionary, etc., and in all classed oata,logues. Yet there is the slight disadvantage that th« mind is divepfced.from its object by the presence of headings of other kinds than the.one wanted ; title; and subject-headings especially interfering with oneianother., i II.— FEINTED OR MANUSCRIPT'? Whether or not the catalogue should be printed depends in large measure upon circumstances. Tlie advantages of a printed catalogue are briefly ; 1. Thal3 it is in less danger of partial or total destruction than a manu- scriiit volume or drawers of cards. To be sure the destruction of any part of a catalogue is very unlikely except by Are, and if the library should be burned, the catalogue generally might as well be. It would indeed be of use in replacing the library, and if it had been' carefully made, it would help the making of a new catalogue, even if the library should be only partially replaced. The research and thought that go to the making of a catalogue are consider able, andiit would be a pity if all were lost. This reason, however, is not of much weight, as the circum- stances under which it wonld apply are not likely to arise. 2. That it can be consulted out of the library.' This reason has always some force. How much it has in any given ease depends on the character of the library and of those who use it. In the caseiof college libraries, for instance, it is very weak. Both ■ professors and students usually live near the libraryi or go near it several times a day in their attendance on lectures and recitations. Besides, they must go or send to the library to get the book after they have discovered by the catalogue that it is there. For town and city libraries, especially in large cities, where the hurry of modern life makes it importailt to save every moment, the printed catalogue has a greater chance of use- fulness at home; and yet it is doubtful if its use there very often saves trouble. What the general feeling is on this point may be gathered in some degree from the very limited sale of catalogues. In nine libraries which have published them witliin the past few years the sale has averaged 205 copies each.^ ' Analysis is a useful exercise for the cataloguer. It lifts his mind out of a state of abject dependeuce on the title. To analyze, one must look inside the book. 2 See the table on page 5viije,, and 2i in,Qhps, deep,, inside measure, and being divided by a thin partition runniog4'ength\yise through the middle, contains two rbws of cards. ^ It is prevented from being pulled out accidentally by a wooden button screwed on the inside of the back of each half draWer, and, when turned up,' projecting a little above it. The drawer, on being pulled out, is therefore stopped by the buttons when they reach the Ijorizonti^l partition in front on which the drawer above It rests. If the buttons are turned flown, the, drawer may be taken out. . The cases' of which these drawers form the upper part are each about 4 feet 3 inches long and 19J inches wide, and stand on casters. Their height is such that the bottom of the lowest drawer is about 32 inches from the floor, and' the top of the highest 54 inches. They are closed at the back, and thospaee in front below tbe drawers isleft open to.b^ioocupied, with books, so that no room is lost Suppose a drawer half full of oardp; bow shall these be retained in their proper position, so that they shall not fall down, and so that they may be easily manipulated, always pre.ienting their titles fairly to the eye ? This object is effected by'two wooden blocks. The &rst of these is If No. 1. '' ' ■ ■Ifo. 2. liin. Uiil. Ifo. 1.— Kxed block in the ii;ont of the drawer. Uo. 2.— MovaMo block behind the cards, inches high, |- inches wide at the base, -J- inch wide at the top, and in length just equal to the width of tbe half-drawer, in the front af which it- is fixed, with its sloping side facing the ,_cardSi_ The second block IJ inches wide, at the bottom, i inch, wide at the top, 1 iiich high, and iu length about i inch Igss than the width of the half-drawer, is placed dii-eotly bebind the cards, in contact with them, apd is prevented from slid- ing back by a thumb-wedge, easily movable, interposed between the right end of the block and the .side of the drawer,* so that, although the drawer may contain only a / very few cards, they are kept in their proper place between the two blocks. This block, presenting its oblique side to the cards, gives them a tendency to incline back- * Or by pins projecting from the bottom of tbe*block and fitting into holes in the bottom of tlie drawer , or by needles driven aslant through the blocks. 06 is the needle, c the back of the drawer.— C. A. C. 558 Public Libraries in the United States. I will only add thflt, although the 2 by 5 inch card is Ibng'enotlgb for all titles, a useful addition can be made 'to the plan by having cards 6 inches long by 10^ inches wide for long notes or "contents," these cfirds to be kept in a separate drawer, filling the space of two of the ordinaif;^ drawers, and properly labeled ; also, that the lettering of the drapers should be large and distinct, and that the guide-blocks ought to be put at very short intervals, never over I'inch. It is well,' also, to insert special guide-blocks for all noted authors who are likely to be raiiCh looked for, adding to the family name some epithet besides the (Jhristian name, which to most people gives Very little help ; thus, " MACAtJLAY, T. B., the historian;" "Smith, Wm., (Dictionaries);" not merely "Ma- CAULAY, T. B.," " SMITH, Wm." Attention to such' details will make a catalogue easy or even pleasant to consult, when otherwise it will we^fy and repel. The Taylor patent drawers are by far the best, but they cost $2 each more than ordinary drawers; nearly the same i-esult can be had by prolonging the sides of the drawers beyond the part filled by cards, so as to furnish a good supporting leverage. In 1874 M. Bonnauge published a Projet d'un catalogue universe! des productions intellectuelles, which is simply a plan for a card-cata- logue whose parts cannot be disarranged.' His cards are iu two parte; ■ward in that position whicli is found to be most oouvenient when one wishes to eKam- iue thetti in search of a name. Those which have been passed by in the manipulation lean forward, resting on the block in the front of the drawer so that a wide opening is left at the place of examination, and one can read the title with facility without raisipg the ^caril fi'onl the drawer. , . , ,, , ,.,,n. The cards are supposed to stand on their edges between the two blocks, ipi^^jiheir normal position leaning against No. 2. Bnt there is another difficulty to be overcome. We have.a drawer containing per- haps five hundred cards, forming a mass about seven inches in length, and embracing the titles and references under the names of authors from 4barbcmel to Apuleiim. Sup- pose that I wish to find Aikiii, or Ames, into what part of that mass shrill pluqge,? This difficulty is relieved by the use of wooden blocks about one-eighth of an inch thick of the same length as the cards, but a little higher, with the top beveled at such an angle that when placed among the cards as they stand in their normal position, leaning against the block behind them, it shall present to the eye a level sui?face. The' upper part of each of these blocks is covered with buflf-colored envelope paper, sinoptlily pasted on. On their beveled edges, thus covered, we write or print ■A''', ■^'^i 4i^«'^'^' Ag, Ai, Ak, Al, Ale, Aim, etc.i The blocks so labeled being inserted in their proper places among the cards, perform the same office as the head-lines in a dictionary; en- abling a person to find a title in one quarter of the time which would be required with- out them, and facilitating in an equal degree the distribution of new cards io their proper places among the old. The advantage of the beveled edge is this, that ju what- ever position the cards in the drawer may stand, inclining forward or backward, the labels are easily read. A tolerable substitute for these blocks, if the room which ,they occupy is grudged, may be found in cards about one-fifth of an inch higher than the title- cards in the drawers. On the projecting margin of these the labels are written, whicli are very conspicuous when the cards lean backward; when they do not, it is easy to give them that inclination. These projecting cards and blocks also facilitate the ma- nipulation of the title-cards, and partially save them from wear. I .\ 'U- ■ 1 M. Bonnange falls into the mistake of asserting that cardrcatalogues were abandoned in the United States because the only method of preventing the displacement of cards — Library Catalogues. 550 the upper (coiitainiag, the l^itle) is connected with the base (on which is t}ie ficcessions-niimber) by a. cloth joint. The base is in the form of an arfih, of which, th,e sides are broad in proportion to the archway. Through the tun,n,el ,for;inecl by many cards, standing side, by side, passes i^i l(3ug,scf^w,|rpsting iq a fixed block at one end of the line of carid^; aj; the .othejr, end is a nut as large as the base of the cards. As the ^crew is, mf^de to revolve, this nut moves forward or backward OjH^,, presses thei cards together or lets thein fall apart. "Vyhen, they ai?e, pressed, together they resemble a book, the screw being the bind- ing, ,the upper part of the ; ca.rds corresponding to the leaves. New cards can be, inserted by merely loosening the screw. If the upper part of t'^e card is accidentally or maliciously torn away, the base will re- main, bearing the accessions-number, by, the aid of which tlj,e , upper part can, easily be rewritten. The cards may be shut, up in drawers or be arranged on an inclined plane of the height of a standing desk, and iiiitliis p^sijtion, besides being more likely to h^ve a sufSciency of light, which is sometimes not the case with cards in drawers, they may, by reason of their joint, be turned from right to left or the reverse, like the pages .of a book, and so, very economically, be written on both sides. By a;4ififerent disppsition, they might be made to, move np and down. The joint arrangement is the distinctive point of M. Bonnange'srsystem. Whether the cards are kept in drawers or on a stand, they will occupy more room than those now in use in American libraries, by all the space which the base occupies; if kept on a stand they will need very much more space.^ M. Bonnange gives a lithograph of a stand containing 16,000 cards. One of similar size in Harvard College' Lib I'ary will contain 225,000 of the cards used in Professor Abbot's system. The library now has three suchi cases, and will need three more to hold its complete cat- alogue, covering 168 square feet. With M. Bonnange's cards it would reqhire eighty-four such cases, covering 2,352 square feet, which is more space than most libraries can command. The cost, too, as given by the author, is nearly five times that of the Abbot cards : $11 instead of $2.25 atiiousand. Thesystfeme Bonnange has one advantage — it is easier to read the pages of a book than cards placed in a drawer; but, if the al-' phabetical arrangement is to be observed, only one title can be put on each of his cards, so that he does not get the chief advantage of a printed catalogue. There remains, then, only his method of fastening the cards ^ so that the careless public cannot take them from the drawers and ruin the order. It is perfectly effectual, but so is the simpler method used when cards were first introduced, thirty years ago, then abandoned, and lately fevived at the University of Eochester — passing a wire through running a rodthroagb them — was found to be too clumsy. On the contrary, their use is'becoHiing more general; even those libraries which print their cataloguesmaketbem on anil print them from cards. ' Mr. Winsor has constructed a case somewhat on the Bonnange plan, but less sloping, for cards without the Bonnange bases. This is designed to be used in a narrow place, where it would be impossible to pull out drawers. 560 Public Libraries in the United States. a comparatively large hole in the lower part of the cards. It appears that a Paris librarian, M. Pinjou, has tried this, but that his plan interferes with putting iu additions and prevents the cards turning readily, so that they cannot comfortably be consulted. Evidently M. Pingon's rod was too largeor his hole too small. The rod employed by Professor Eobinson, of Eoehester, is removed and replaced without any difficulty,' and does not affect the mobility of the cards at all. A drawer 21 inches long and 10| inches wide will hold comfortably 3,600 of the 2x5 inch cards, with all the necessary guide-blocks. (If cards are used for guides instead of wooden blocks, the drawer will hold 400 more cards.)- According to an account kept at Harvard College Library, (alphabetico classed catalogue,) 33,727 volumes (or 15,108 works) required 2.136 cards per volume. In an account kept at the Boston Athenreum, (dictionary catalogue,) 7,500 volumes required 2.75 cards per volume. In the latter case there were hardly ally long sets. At this rate the drawer mentioned above would hold the catalogue of 1,300 volumes. III.— TABLES. EtymologiCally, the name "dictionary," applied to catalogue would be synonymous with alphabetical, and would include the Harvard College type; but inasmuch as it came into use when the alphabetic cata- logues, with specific entry, were the only ones in use, and was first employed by men who had catalogues of that kind in mind, and as a name is still needed for these, it seems best to restrict the term to that branch of the family alphabetical which includes its entries and cross- references in one undivided alphabet, and prefers specific to class entry ; that is, to such catalogues as those of the Boston Mercantile Li- brary (1854) and the Boston Public Library (1861). The early dictionary catalogues had little form entry, chiefly because they considered it unnecessary, but partly, perhaps, because form entry is (in one sense) class entry, and anything of that sort, even in alpha- betic order, shared the disfavor of systematic classed catalogues. But form entry having been found vei-y convenient in certain cases, more or less has been introduced in various catalogues, which are therefore de- clared by some to be no longer of the pure dictionary stock, but hybrid, part of a classed catalogue being grafted, and badly grafted, on a dic- tionary. To me it seems that this new variety, as it retains, throughout, both of the characteristics of the dictionary species, alphabetical arrange- ment and specific entry, should retain the old name. I would callthe ordinary variety the triple dictionary, (author, title, and subject,) the liew one the quadruple dictionary, (author, title, subject, and form.) ' Hole {\r of au iitch iu diameter, rod i iaob, slightly poiuted. When inserting the rod the cards are to be brought together against one side of the drawer by a tin ruler applied on the other; whole process monaentary. Library Catalogues. i; TABLE I.— CX,A.SSIFIOiXION OF CATALOGUES. a. Possihle. _. , I • , , • . ■ > EXAMPLES. SPECIES. Single ; 561 var;etv. ■ Author. Common. Title, Used in some flotion-lists. Subject. Chiefly used in Indexes to author-catalogues. Form. , Gljiiofly used for single forms or > Double : Triple : A, & T. A. &,S. A. &F. T. &S. T. &r. S. & V. Common., Chiefly Used in indexes of author-catalogues. Al, T., S. A., T., F. A., S., F. T., S., F. \ "Dictionary" par excellence. ( Divided as they have J S. or S. W. j cr. rel's. or not. I Cpntents or not. I Quadruple: A., T.,S., F. ■ Quadruple: (A., T., S.,F.) Triple: A., T., S. : With uniform class subentry. [ "With class or dictionary subentry. Quadruple: A., T.,S.,F. I 'With uniform class subentry. (Ablot.) I With class or dictionary subentry. (Koyes.) 56 b 562 Public Libraries in the United States. TABLE ir.— CLASSIFICATION OF CATALOGUES. 1). Kinds in actual use, with typical examples. fA. Single: -^ T. Is. >, ^ a s S rA. &T. 9 o 1 Double : i A. &S. to 5 [t.&s. ( A., T., S. W. Asyndetic. Boet. Merc, Boat. Pub. in part, npe: .. ., iA., T., S. Syndetic. Bost. Pub. in part. 1 Quadruple; A., T., S., F. Syndetic. Bost. Ath. 1 6 < •as „ , , „ _ c One alphabet, Brooklyn Merc. Quadruple: A,, T.,S., F.J ;, , . „ „„ ( Two alphabeto. Harv Coll. ~ £■ - g 1 a 41 B CO 33 „ 1 o a I ai a ■s 1 CO EJD o ►J / * Boston Atbenieam is an imperfect quadruple ; its title-catalo^e miglit be faller ; its form-oatalogne consists of entries for collections only, and references for individual authors. Boston Public and Botg- ton Mercantile have entries for collections, and so far might be classed as quadruple, but these are rather title-entries tban form- en tries. Library Catalogues. 563 = a ■^ . "g o 1 -Si -1 ■ t t t o §1 < £"2, ^ M i o o '-' s o o O o >* hSl3'=^ *« '« to J3 « *3 ;_M,o ij.: .'■ .' ' - - ■ - W '1 _. ;,■..- o ■^ ■^ ; oo (U S o § 1 ; it 1 o n b £■ 1 t a W H W fe w" : S Ei3 >A i pa V- u •^ ! <" > s > ca F4 e3 • a A ■< B 1^ £" i 1 a i (N B ? =3 a ? 5 ^ H pj W H H 1 & 0) ■3-j . i if a E b b hS ^ il t^— ""!^ t»J i ^H a 0.2 He i:S<2 P a o ^s 9 g :t. W M W w^";§ w"" fr & 1 > « o > til fl '^ 1 -^"S- S^ ilgS ■ScS&gS a M o « S 5 a H ^^ a 63 pq-'^H "^ £ a -i^ e£ P3 « "^f^ — g 6 c ;>: ^ a? a;.M .2 b 1 111 ■5 a t> a ID & . -'!-l° .2 Q 6- ro m »: 9 « a =3 .a N a "Si tM >« ei:: Ol 0) V 2 •« o ^ 5 (ur: H cd W « 03 ^ « « " CS-- 2 ? 1% \ M_ i2 "^-S^ a> m ^ S !S O O E- t |- ^ o® S - H W W m w 00 *' J § 1 o ■a ^ 05 '-3 'ca t*» ^ " o fc? S Id 1 1 &4 .T: c3 , s c ^a 0^ ■o. H " a 1.^ OS Si Ml *^ a P J3 O CO ^ -a H a 564 Public Libraries in the United States. TABLE IV . The different catalogues economize — No. 1. Boston by limiting titles to one line; Mercantile, omitting cross-references ; (1854.) omitting form lists, (as a rale ;) combining title and subject references. ', No. 2. Boston by omitting imprints under subjects ; Public, omitting imprints under titles ; (1860.) omitting form lists, (as a rule ; inserts more than the first.) No. 3. Boston by omitting imprints under titles, except for anonyma and fiction; Athen^eu.m. omitting form lists, (as a rule ; inserts more than the others.) ' ALt, THREE. by entering titles only under the subject-heading, and not under any including class, and by making few references to annotators, edi- tors, translators. Hahvabd by entering subjects in one class only, with references from others to CoLLEGK. which they belong. N. Y. by omitting imprints in the classed part ; Apprentices'. omitting imprints uuder subjects in the dictionary part ; omitting imprints under titles in the dictionary part. The three tables following present the same facts in three different forms ; and the sum and substance of the whole is that the alphabetical catalogue is best for ready reference, and the classed catalogue for thor- ough studj'. TABLE V. The Dictionary Catalogue gives information about — individuals (persons, places, bodies of men, nations, ships, etc. ;) with only one form of name at once ; individuaU with more thaugone name or a pseudonym, by the law of average, part of the time at once, part of the time after looking at a reference. (This is comparatively rare.) general sulijects with only one name, at once ; , general subjects with two synonymous names, part of the time at once, part the time after looking at a reference; but if the headings are well chosen the in- quirer is right at first more than half the time. general aiibjects with several names, as above mutatis mutandis. (Very few such cases.) all about a subject, if it is very specific, so that there are no subordinate subjects, at once, except that for what is in more goperal works one must look in many differ- ent places, and the more specific the subject is tlie more including classes there are likely to be ; and the dictionary catalogue expects the reader to discover them by his knowledge of the subject, seldom giving him the assistance of any cross- references. all the works in a language ; No. 1 gives no information; No. 2 gives the lists of very unusual languages, so that it is then found at once ; No. 3 gives more such lists. all the works in a literature, (French, Germap, etc. ;) No. 1 gives no information ; No. 2 gives lists of collections; No. 3 gives lists of collections and refers to individual authors. Library Catalogues. 565 all the works in a form of literature, (Drama, Poetry ;) No. 1 gives no information ; No. 2 gives lists of collections ; No. 3 distributes them by nations, and then gives lists of collections and refers to individual authors. * „* In these four cases, if comiplete information is wanted, the dictionary catalogue furnishes it very slowly and with much trouble ; but the cases where absolutely complete information is wanted being comparatively rare, and the dictionary cata- logue being capable of giving such information as most people want without much trouble to them, the plan works better in practice than it looks in theory. In cer- tain cases where people do want QompletB information quickly, (as in regard to novels, plays, French literature,) it is not unusual for dictidiiary Catalogues to give full lists, which they can do quite as conveniently to the reader as the other kinds of catalogues. The Alphabetioo-ClaSsed Catalogue gives information about — individuals, after one has found out where they are entered, either by a reference or by knowledge of the system, general subordinate subjects the same. classes the same as subjects in the dictionary catalogue. all about an individual to oive who looks in several classes. all about a general subordinate subject, after one has found under what it is entered. aZt about a class the same as subjects in the dictionary catalogue. all the works in a rare language, in a literature, or in a form of literature, the same as a clasSi The Classed Catalogue gives information about ^ — individuals when one has found out in what class they are entered, and where the class is, by studying the scheme of classification. general subordinate subjects the same. ■elapses the same. all about individuals, general subordinate subjects, and classes the same. The Combined Catalogue gives information about — ■individuals like a dictionary. general subordinate subjects the same. all about individuals the same. all about general subordinate subjects and classes of subjects like the classed cata- logue, with the advantage of having an alphabetical index of subjects to assist in finding the places where they are entered. TABLE VI. The Dictionary Catalogue— ■brings together 1. All the works specially on any subject. separates 1. Related subjects. 2. Parts of classes. conceals 1. The information about subjects (individual or not) which is to be found in works more general than the subjects.. Whether it be an individual or a class, or belongs to one or to several classes. Hardly distinguishable from the next number. As Bones, Muscles, Nerves, which a classed catalogue would bring together under Anatomy. E. g. The information about Apes to be found in a general work on Zoology. This happens with almost every subject. 566 Public Libraries in the United States. The Alphab£tico-Classed Catalogue — irings together 1. Manyrelatedsubjects, (chiefly the less extensive.) 2. All the works on subjects that belong only to one class. separates 1. Some related subjects, or, in other .words, parts of classes, (chiefly the more extensive subjects.) 2. Works on general subjects which belong to more than one cla s. 3. Works on ibdividual subjects which belong to more than one class. conceals 1. Occasionally, the information about subjects which is to be found in works more general • than the class to which the sub- ject belongs. These form the " branches " and "sections" under the cUsses. Being dispersed by the alphabet,' they may be dispersed widely. A frequent and serious evil, partly overcome by making such sub- jects independent headings. A serious evil not overcome in the present plans. Infrequent, and not very impor- tant when it does occur. The C03IBINED Catalogue — 1 irhigs together (in the dictionary part) (in the systematic part) separates (iu the systematic part) conceals (in the systematic part) All the works specially on any subject. 2. Related subjects. 3. All the works on sub- jects included in one class only. 1. Some related subjects. 1. Occasionally, the infor- mation about subjects which is. to be found in works more general than the class to which the subject belongs. 2. Especially such informa- tion about subjects on which there is no mon- ograph. Whether it be an individual or a class, or belongs to one or to several classes. No system of classification caa bring everything related to- gether, but the dispersion in a classed catalogue is not usually so wide as in an alphabetical, If there is no special work in the library on the robin, the in- quirer has nothing but his knowledge of natural history to tell him where to look fof general works containing ac- counts of that bird. Library Catalogues. 567 TABLE VII. To sum lip, the answer to— is given by the — Dictionary Catalogue, Alphabbtioo-Classep, Systematic, Combined, Specific questions, General questions, quickly, less quickly, with difficulty, quickly, ■with difficulty, easily and fully, easily and fully, easily and fully. There are numberless exceptions, drawbacks, and limitations to these statements, but on the whole they are correct and exhibit the leading characters of the different catalogues. So much for facility of use ; as to facility of making there is not much difference between the different plans, if thoroughly carried out. The subject-word dictionary is very easy to make when applied to small English, unscientific libraries. The syndetic subject dictionary is no easier than the classed ; indeed, it has difficulties of its own which the classed escapes altogether, and some which the dictionary part of the Schwartz catalogue escapes by having no need of cross-references and no trouble from synonyms. TABLE VIII. In June, 1875, a circular was sent to seventy-five libraries which had lately printed catalogues. The answers received are given in Tables VIII-XI. What did your last catalogue cost to print ? How many volumes did it catalogue ? How long was it printing 1 How many copies were printed ? How long is it since it was ready for sale ? How much do you sell it for ? How many have you sold? How many have you given away ? 568 Public Libraries' in the United State's. Table Vlll.-Cosi A., Author i An., Analyais ; C, Having contents ; Cld., Classed ; Name of library. Amherst College. Andover Memorial Hall. Astor 25 Baltimore Mercantile, (fiction list.) Bigelow Library Company Boston Athenaeum Boston Public Lower Hall Hist. Boston Social Law Bowdoin College Bronson, Waterbury. Brooliline Public Chicopee. Concord . Congress, (author) . Congress, (subject) Detroit East Walpole Hartford Young Men's . Hatboro' Union .' Hollis Social Helton, Brighton . Holyoke Public Library Indianapolis Lancaster. Lawrence. 1871 1874 1857-'66 1874 1874 1872-80? 1873 1863 1863 1875 1875 1364 1869 1868 1875 1873 1875 1872 1873 1875 ■1873 1873 I a 180 2,715 211 3, 5D0: 304 231 832 o 3 i^i u Number (per paee)— 4,253 Betw'n 80, 000 and 100, 000 6,000 5,000 97, 000 :.2, 318 ; 3, 744 .156 160 470 1,236 1,744 149 7 68 184-336 365 8,269 16, 000 4,100 10, 713 85, 000 96, 000 16, 000 306 24, 000 7,271 1,574 9,000 5,350 12, 790 3,700 ( 3, 713 I 6, 060 : 5, 130 10,080 [ 2, 442 '. 3, 901 ; 2, 584 ! 4, 128 ;2,268 ; 3, 680 : 3, 268 5, 335 : 3, 525 5,225 2, 960 5, 170 2, 613 4,250 2,280 3,648 I- I .062 \ .125 \ .076 I .031 ]■ 041 ]■ 117 23.62 Ab. 33. 11 51.71 41 20.74 27.71! Kind of cata- logue. D 3a. J. ...11 A. & siibj .index A. & T. ncfn 29.42 19.23 25.68 25.62 22.79 68.77 53.04 107. 38 43.71 50.84 23.14 23.48 35.04 34.25 26.39 D4 C.Ad See Table IX.. A.,wi. subj. in- dex. A., wi. diet, subj. indes. Dab... ...C D ....11 A r; Al.-cld....An A D3a C D3a D3a....C.ll D 3a.. Al.-ol . D 3a.. * As a printer reckons, Inoluaive of the headings. The numbers are the ems for a fall page of the at the average proportion of the two kinds of type in the whole catalogue, giving the percentage of the Library Catalogues. 569 of printing. D 3a, Like Boston Meroftiitile ; D 3b, Like Boston Pn^lio i T., Title. a 5m. lS57-'66 . 4 m . ly.- .s $450 00 460 00 (?) ay- Leas than 6 montlis. 4 m 3 m. 14m 2y 4 m . Iw. 6m . 4 m . 3w .. 18 m. 2 m . 3 m . Im.. 14 w. 408 15 611 521 Bindinji;, > 146 88 J 22, 000 00! 4, 000; pa- per covers. 456 94 1, 500 00 2, 050 05 500 00 .069 .121 .121 6, 000 00 6, 150 00 467 00 16 00 1, 875 45 200 00 59 41 1, 650 00, incl. clotli bind'g of 300 copies. 660 00 1, 753 26, Incl. bind"- ing. 135 00 1, 076 14 .07 .064 .029 .052 .037 ,183 S .2 •g & |l 300 500 3,000 1,000 1,000 600 3,0J0 5:0 800 i5t.50,r6d.to75 c, now 50 c. $0 50 20 00 40 c. paper ; 50 c. cloth. 7C0 800 500 750 750 1,200 150 800 200 200 1,500 1,500 750 300 1,500 W 25 75 c, after- ward 50 c. I 100 220 (!) 200 Sells stead- iiy-. None «2-2 50 post of bind- ing. Nomina^ 50 c. paper ; $1 cloth. $6, sheets., -j S8, ^ raoroc. I $a.20,8h66ts I Sl4,4morocJ $0 50 05 2 00 Not sold 75cts , red. ti 45 cts. $0 45 2 00 Yarious pri's, finally siven, $1 00 43 months 8m (!) Few 12 years.. Less than 100. 50 70 350 of all ; i. e., of these 2 andDann'i catalogues. 600 60 126 120 450 130 60 Number given away. 10 weeks. 7y-- 6 m . 34 m . ,3y... 4m.. 13 m . aiany to libraries. 450. More than have been sold. To libraries only. More than 100. 20. 41. 050 of all and 20O ex- changed; i. fl., of authors,1864; sub- jects,1869; annual, . 5 vol., 1867-71. 400. None. 52. 144 ; one to each of our members. 12. 200. 25. 200. larger (title) type, and a full page of the smaller (note) type ; the next column contains a rough guess smaller. 570 Public Libraries in the, 'United States. Table VIII.— Cost Name of library. Leicester . Linouian Society, Talle College. Lowell MasBachasetts State Meadville Medford . MUton ... Milwaukee ... New Bedford . New York Apprentices' Newburyport Newton Pealjody Library, George- town. Peabody Institute, Pea- body. Pennsylvania State Peoria Philadelphia Mercantile . Quincy Public St. Louis Mercantile St. Louis Public School.. St. Louis Public School.. San Francisco . Somerville Springfield Surgeon-General's OflBce Tennessee State University of Vermont . Waltham , Williams College . . Wilton, N. n Winchester, Mass . Worcester 1673 1873 1858 1870 1871 1871 1868 1869 18.57 1873 1860 1873 1872 1870 1874 1870 1873 1874 1373 1871 344 338 134 204 216 391 314 518 207 139 483 932 109 707 762 384 1871 1854 1875 1875 1874 1874 1874 84 668 432 164 260 233 98 108 3,000 17, 000 16, 000 12, 000 10, 000 4,560 3,800 40, 000 5, 658 2,563 14, 000 30, 000 7,457 40, 440 24, 000 4,300 36, 000 30, 000 30, 000 18, 500 8,108 7,560 20, 000 2,004 3,350 3,989 Number {per page)- a O 2,203 3,311 1, 350 1,767 \ .014 \ .040 : 2, 412 3, 864 : 3, 773 ; 8, 064 40.00 33.50 74. 62 22.35 17.59 27.33 32. 13 63.40 53.07 62.50 44.91 11: .126 45 42.82 49.43 29.07 Kind of cata- logue. D3a. D 3a A.,wi. cl. index A D3a - Combined . D, (A. T) . D 3a. .11 A., eld. index.. D3 Old., A. index. Cld. index D3b....C. An. A. &T....-C D 3a .C A., cld. index. A., subj. index ' As a printer reckons, inclasive of the headings. The numbers are the eras for a fall pag* Of *"* , the average proportion of the two kinds of type in the whole catUogue, giving the peroentago of tie Library Catalogues.^ 571 of printing. — Continued. 5 m . lin'. 4 m . 2m . ly- ly- 6m . 7m. 6m . iy+- 3m .. 2y... ?m . 4 m . 2 m . 7m. 5w. 2 m . ly-- 2m . 4 m . 4 w . 16 w. J116 77 875 00 1,470 00+ (?) 300 00 800 00 610 00 1,000 00 2, 663 34 875 00 400 00 Notbiog... P- S. 038 051 .03 .175 1,510 00, 5, 000 00 4, 200 00 1, 647 50 368 00 8, 087 31 250 00 3, 116 00 Pr. 393 00 1 B'g 333 00 3 1, 500 00, incl. cleri- cal labor. 600 00 250 00 190 00 502 33 .154 .156 9' = 600 500 1,500 550 200 1, 250 600 500 1,000 (reh.cat. 3, 000 fict. cat. 1, 000 300 .9 20 ct8.,reci. to IS ctfl. to 75 50 1 00 Jl, aft. 50 cts red. to 50 c. .107 .103 .068 .085 0484 .198 .03 . 124 .056 500 3 000 500 2,500 1,000 2, 000 1,000 1,650 J 500 1,000 300 SOO 1,000 1,000 B'd.SOO 1,200 500 500 $1 00 50 $2.50, then $1 15, then S3... $1, red. to 50 0, 25 Subs'r8,S3 50 Others, ?5 00 50 2 00 2 00 1 00 25 1 00 50 10 25 125 Very few 450 Very few Very few .. 500 32 50 75 900 200 700 230 320 400 600 150 320 175 I 2 years + . 2y........ 20 months 4y- 5y 4 m 18 y.. 20 m . 2y. 5y- 14 m . 14 m . 10 m . 2y... 52 m . 4y... 21 y.. 3 m.. 2m .. 2y... 14 m . 7m. Number given away. 150. 50. Whole edition. A few to libraries. 6-25. 500 to 600; one to every family in town. 250. J-30. 200. 18. 2. 700. 80. 40. 50. 500. 500. 10. 75. 39;i. isn. 7.5. 25. 100. larger (title) type, and a full paje of the swialler (note) type ; the next column contains a rough gness smaller. 572 Public Libraries in the United States. TABLE IS. Do you think it worth while (for your library) to print? 1, Amherst ; 2, Andover. — Yes. 3. Astor. — It is absolutely necessary to print "the catalogue of a large library. The expense, however, is so heavy that it cannot be often repeated. 4. Baltimore.— Yes ; provided the income of the library is sufficiently large to warrant the expenditure. 5. Bigelow Library Company. — As we are situated, yes; absolutely necessary. 6. Boston Athenajiira. — Yes; and for the part of the library which might be called "reference,'' even more than for the "circulating" department. (With ns both classes of books circulate.) The increase in usefalness of the library will be greater than if the cost of printing had been expended in books. 7. Boston Public Library, (History, Biography, and Travel.)— Yes, of this kind, as it has had a marked effect in elevating the character of the circulation. We do not think it worth while to print any more general catalogues of our higher departments. 8. Boston Social Law Library. — Yes. 9. Bowdoin College. — We think onr catalogue has been an advertisement of the col- lege. Whether the college has been paid for its labor and expense is a question . 10. Bronson. — It may be best to always have a printed catalogue for the circulating department ; for the reference library, I think not. We print annual supple- ments for the circulating library. 11. Brookline. — Pecuniarily, No! Inevery other way, most emphatically, Yes! Itmeets an urgent demand from the public, as well as a need within the library, and facil- itates all the routine work of the circulating department beyond measure. 12. Chicopee. — Yes. V.i. Concord. — No, if you take money as the basis of " worth while ;" but if the library can afford it, yes, taking couveuience to borrowers and librarians as the basis; although a card-catalogue will answer for librarian. 14, 15. Congress. — Yes, emphatically. The collection would be incalculably crippled in usefulness without a printed catalogue. 16. Detroit. — We must have a key to the library of some sort. 17. East Walpole ; 18, Hartford ; 19, Hatboro' ; 20, HoUis.— Yes. 21. Holton, Brighton. — Merged in the Boston Public Library. 22. Holyoke.— Yes. 23. Indianapolis. — I should certainly never attempt another in the same manner. The finding lists of the Public Library of Boston (especially "History, Biography, and Travel") are to my mind the best standard of what catalogues in a large circulating library ought to be. 24. Lancaster.— Yes. 25. Lawrence. — Yes ! With such a circulation as we have we could not do Without one. Nearly fifty copies are kept in the delivery-room for reference. • 26. Leicester. — We could not carry on the library at all without it. 27. Linoniau. — We regard a printed catalogue of this library as indispeusable. The catalogue of the college library we do not propose to print. as. Lowell. — For the good of subscribers, yes. 29. Massachusetts State. — There is one in preparation. 30. Meadville. — No, with the small amount of funds at our disposal. 31. Medford.— Yes. 32. Milton.— We certainly do. We have also printed three bulletins, at a cost of $150 each. 33. Milwaukee.— We feel the need of a new catalogue. 34. New Badford.— Yes. Library Catalogues. 573 35. New York Apprentices'. — We do not see how we could carry on a circulating library- like ours, averaging 500 volumes a day, without one. A manuscript qatalogua would be ali)iost as bad as none at all. , 36, Newburyport ; 37, Newton ; 38, Peabody, Geprgetown. — Yes. 39. Peabody Institute, Peahody. — We have ten copies in use in the reading-room. 40. Pennsylvania State. — Could not do without it, 41. Peoria. — We are in doubt. 42. Philadelphia Mercantile. — Probably .we shall print a supplement in a year or two. 43. Quincy Public. — Yes. 44. St. Louis Mercantile. — Yes. 45,46. St. Louis Public School. — Yes; although no printed catalogue can contain the latest additions. Many consider it of great value to consult the catalogue at home. It further gives a good idea of the character of the library. 47. San Francisco. — I consider it invaluable in the library, and a handy book for any student or reader. 48. Somerville. — Yes. 4iJ.J Springfield. — It was necessary for us to have a printed copy for use in onr library. 50, Surgeon-General's ; 51, Tennessee ; 52, Uaiversity of Vermont ; hi, Waltham ; 54, Williams; 55, Wilton. — Yes. 56. Winchester. — It is necessary. 57. Worcester. — ^Quite worth while for the circulating department. Not, however, for the reference library, all things considered. With us the catalogue of the latter library is principally useful to the officers. A printed catalogue would be very useful if it gave the information contained in Mr. Winsor's list of " Biography, History, etc." TABLE X. Do you Still like that kind of catalogue ? What other plan do you prefer ? Could you suggest any improvements in your present plan ? 1. Amherst, (A.)— Yes ; because we cannot afford to print any fuller catalogue, and this for a single catalogue is the most useful. It answers for those whose wants are usually covered by an author-catalogue; for others we have a full manuscript catalogue on cards. 2. Andover, (D.) — Yes. 3. Astor, (A., with subject-index.)— Yes ; would like a few more cross-references, so as to enable the student to find the subjects more readily. 4. Baltimore, (Fiction.)— Yes, amplified ; would add a section of biographical and historical fiction. 6. Boston Athenseum, CD.) — Yes. 8. Boston Social Law, (A., with subject-index.)— Yes; would have greater fullness of detail. 9. Bowdoin College, (A., wi; diet, index.)— Yes; as a proper style of such work. For college purposes a simpler form would answer. 10. Bronson, Waterbury. — No answer. 11. Brookline, (D.)— Most certainly, yes ; prefer no plan that I ever saw or heard of. Would like fuller analyses of the contents of books with the consequent ref- erences. 12. Chicopee, (D.)— Yes. 13. Concord, (D.)— Yes ; do not know any betterplan ; might find many improvements in the details. 16. Detroit, (A.)— We consider it only half a catalogue ; we want also' an index of sub- jects. 18. Hartford, (D.)— Yes. 19. Hatboro'.— No; it wants simplifying for comtry use ; no plan matured. 574 Public Libraries in the tfnited States. 22. Holyoke.— Yes. , 23. Indianapolis, (D.)— Yes ; but prefer the class lists of the Pablic Library of Boston. The repetition of the imprint under subject and title I now believe to be ua- neoessary. In the event of publishing a supplement to our present„patalogae, I shall follow the plan of the last class list of History; Biography, and Travel of the Boston Public Library. 24. Lancaster, (Alphabetico-classed.) — No. 25. Lawrence, (D.) — Yes ; but would prefer a fuller reference to subjects. 26. Leicester, (D.) — Yes; with all its imperfections. ,,, 28. Lowell. — Yes; with the addition of subjects in the same alphabet. 23. Massachusetts State, (A. with classed index.) — One is now in preparation on the plan of the Boston Athenjeum. 30. Meadville, (A.) — Only for certain purposes. Prefer a card catalogue ; if printed, one after the plan of Professor Jewett, of the Boston Public Library. 31. Medford.— Yes. 33. Milwaukee. — Yes; we know of no better plan. Improvements? — Omit thel' index to subjects. 34. New Bedford.— Yes. 35. New York Apprentices', (Systematic and D.) — Yes ; prefer no other plan. IthproVe- ments ? — The consolidation of Parts 2 and 3, and a revision of the classification. Part 1 will then exhibit the subjective elements of books, and part 2 the ol^ective elements ; Part 1 being logical and classified, and Part 2 mechanical and alpha- betical. The special catalogue of Fiction I should now arrange in one alphabe);, in accordance with the new basis, as its purpose is merely to exhibit the mechan- ical or objective elements of books, viz, the author and title. 36. Nowburyport, (A. T.)— Very well. The catalogue lately printed by the Brookline Public Library appears to be the most satisfactory. 37. Newton, N. J. — Yes ; would make it more full by giving, in small type, a brief note of the chief subjects in each volume, when there are more than one subject. 33. Peabody, Georgetown. — No; prefer a classed catalogue. 39. Peabody Institute, Peabody, Mass., (D.) — Yes ; would combine the catalogue by authors and that of titles or subjects in one. 41. Peoria, (A., with classed index.) — Yes. 42. Philadelphia Mercantile, (D.)— Yes. 46. St. Louis Public School, (eld.)— Yes. 47. San Francisco, (D.) — I think it the most praotioal plan in use. There is a wide field for subordinate classification, etc. I could improve somewhat by making use of a greater variety of distinctive type for references, etc. 48. Somerville, (A. and T.)— Yes-. 49. Springfield, (D.)— Yes. 50. Surgeon-General's Office, (A.) — Yes; if accompanied, as it will be, by a subject-cata- logue, I like it for this library, which is devoted to one subject, and used only by educated men. It is not the best plan for a public library. 51. Tennessee, (A., with classed index.)— Yes. 52. University of Vermont, (A., with subject-index.) — It serves our purpose, but is cap- able of much improvement. I think the dictionary plan a good one. 53. Waltham.— Yes. 54. Williams College, (eld.) — Yes, but would combine the topical and alphabetical arrangement in one catalogue. .55. Wilton, (D.)— Yes. 56. Winchester, (D.)— No, never liked it ; prefer one by titles, topics, and authors. We are slowly making a " card catalogue." 57. Worcester, (D.)— Not very well ; prefer your plan. ~' Library Catalogues. 575 TABLE XI. Bulletina or periodical aupplenlenta. How often. How naany coptiea. Cost per nitmber. Selling price. Remarks. 1 About 3D a year 9! 3 (! 300 ,1.1 30 cents a year... Monthly, of additions ; intermediate lists of hooks in some class (History, Philosophy, etc.,) received during the previous year. R 11 jA^DU^l Keport of Trustees. IS 1,t Semi-annually Annually 200 750 14 $2,062 to $3.187... $2.75 to $4.25 n 0, Annually 1R in 94 500 500 $78 ' $30 9'i do . 96 Biennially i...do do W 1,500 $3.50 per page 01) 30 750 1, 000 $50 to $80 . . . Given to each fami- ly. Sold for 10 Ota. 34 Qaarfcarly £40 to $50 36 37 When there is matter to fill 4 pages. 300 $16 3R 31 Monthlv* 40 ' 41 50 $1 ' Not sold 4" 43 44 46 300 41 S' %•> •13 f>4 1,000 5li do ■ ■SO Semi-annually 500 $43.33 average to The bulletina are printed in the Peabody Press, gratia, use in cataloguing, for $1. "We then have ten copiea printed on slipa, 576 Public Libraries in the United States. TABLE XII. List of printed catalogues of puhlic libraries in the United States, arranged by the date of publication. It mast be understood that the following descriptions are only approximate. Of two catalogues called dictionary, (A., T., S. W.,) the first may enter almost every title, the second may have very few title- entries; the one may never go beyond the title for its subject-word the other may often do so, and may occasionally slip into class-entry. The varieties of catalogue shade off into each other by such imper- ceptible degrees, and vary so much in the union of their different characteristics that an exact account which shall be at the same time brief cannot be made. Giving the number of pages would have been much more useful if the average number of titles on a page and the number of ems on a page had been also given, but time was wanting for such a work. The list is incomplete; it contains full descriptions of those cata- logues only which are to be found in the libraries of the Boston Athenaeum, the Boston Public Library, and Harvard College Library; briefer notices of others of which 1 found mention in prefaces, in Ludewig's Bibliotheken in den Ver.-Staaten, (published in Naumann's Serapeum,) and in Jewett's Notices of public libraries, and also the date and niimber of pages of a very large number now in the posses- sion of the Bureau of Education. These latter were mostly published during the last ten years. ABBREVIATIOXS. A.^ Author, Author-catalogue. (The author-catalogue usually includes title or sub- ject-word entry for anonymous books.) T. — Title, Title-catalogue. (A subject-word entry is a variety of title-entry; when T. and S. W. are used together, T. means entries under the firat word of the title, or some leading word which is not the subject-word.) S. — Subject-entry, Subject-catalogue. S. W.— Subject-word. (In general, the S. W. catalogues do not go behind the title for a subject-word ; but some occasionally, and some often, supply a subject- word for books that have none in the title, and become so far S. catalogues.) Imp. — Imprints given. No imp. — Imprints not given. 11. p. — Place of publication not' given. li. d. — Date of publication not given. Size. — Typographical form given. 1 1. — Titles confined to one line. 2 col. — Having two columns on a page. Cont. — Contents given. Anal. — Analytical references made. Alph. — Alphabetically. Arr., sub-arr. — Arranged, sub-iirranged. CI., eld. — Classes, classed. Div. — Divisions. Cr. ref. — Cross-references. L. — Librarian and apparently the compiler. Ed. — Edited, editors. Suppl.— Supplement. Trans.— Translated, translators. Library Catalogues. 577 S B 1 s g ". > ft .S *i( ^ "H O 2 fl ■S. i 2 .- « ■panSox'B^'Bo ■B[OA JO 'O^ ;3 O O X M O " O O 9) ^< o bO o o »o t- t- p 'saSedjo "o^ O. M O Cl ■«J« IQ Tp M , 1-1 >. bO r 2 « ^ eg ft e3 3 O .3 S vu r% fl ■•a - a ji .3 M aS I ft ft W W M ft S OS S .s 3 o p ^ to q O ^ S « o 3 3 S » ^ J3 ^ >; fl Ti W ^ U ■q< m o r- « CO ■* »n CO 7* Cl C* 37 E 578 Public Libraries in the United States. o fc> a. i 1 i a o 9 • Description. . < e •e ? ■1 8 1 4 c I > '5 > .a 1 Cld. by size it°, 4», 8», 12"), wi. an index of A. (names only.) 1 Similar catal. and index of foreign books. Both catals. wi. imp. - 1 1 1 1 1 1 a, & •1 o .a • a, : rt ; g ; 5 ; s ; 5 i li ° 5 .5 • &" 3^5 1 1 ffl Hi ■ponSoiB^BD •S[OA. JO -OK o o ^^ 3,300 1 1,000 •eaSed jo -o^ g S TO n s CD o CM m £ s c S S CO c o 03 -S I *no|jBDr[ a< I -qndjoa^Ba ^ — - s » s s s 01 ^ g a: S t^ ,00 «. '^ *s <« '"' <« «» '"' «^ 9 O S 9 'S S S^O O oo-O «»ao' fe a n _rt -^ Pi M ^ e4 M in S o* « Library Catalogues. 579 I ^: >H ./ o P4 !2i "s 'a a rt >i rt -73 fl S .a a a d .bn g a <1 'Si g .2 la 3 W =3 a > 1 Hi H N M ^ CI — rH A. 1 Anon, books in a cld. appendix, " each under its proper size." 1 Pamphlets in another appendix. | Gld. index, oa the Baconian system, (giving only names of auth.) c 1 c '1 e C a c 3 t: ■ s ft 3 o S © . €'^' •3. 1 GO a '^ OS t: 3 C ^ 1 c •< 1 < e 1 1/ e c < 1 ■ E <: ' a -^ 1^ 1 c IS 1 1 ' -a CO c H ~ 'Z - a ' 1 c 4 a < Cld. by size, sub arr. alph. " Hdchst oherflacliUcher Kat- alog, durch Aufliihren der so f ruchtbaren Autoren Opera und aSuvres nicht uninteresaant." Cld. (Bacon-Jefferson system, 44 " chapters.") | A.-iudex. No imp., but no. of vols, and size. Auth. Imp 00- 2 g O r-" 13, 000 2,388 6,700 7,000 ?: ^ 'tr 1 t ?! ? ^ ^ «: c I rr c r- .£ -« g,g a.g g;^ .© (» oo O oo o) H on Tl rt 50 rH r-. /3 tn ^ ^ Tj " " '^ K H 1815 1816 ^in all d ri il riK 3 Q a a a a a CD t>l 1^ S?; 'p3"M" .» a •-a n 2 ^ M o -^ a o O EH W -M o rt ID w in o m .2-S g W aig; ■!H in tS t- CO O CO to <9 » 580 Public Libraries in the United States. a a 1 D J" "fe. a a ►4 i. I i5 1 g »-< •i ' 1 1 1 1 1 a M 3 c < c t: S 1 i J 1 -^ '1 > . - < 1 c -a -t c 1 < 14 - c 1 c < - c t c e < 1< - 5 1 5 p e J I a 1 n ■a .2 f^ rj< ifj «: IT f- ac J ; S a ^ a s s ' 5 Library Catalogues^ 581 EC .2 at o .a 9 a ■3 - S 5 -S -3 I -s J! I ft ^ £ B •? 1^ ■-. J s ail p^. J '"'1 Alph. (A. or T.) No imp. except size, J Separate list of Ftencli' books. a) a ^■" is; 1 Cm O <0 a M P, B M K 5. p c < Cld. (.'iS cl.) , wi. imp. | Index of anth., commentators, trans- lators, etc. C 1 , 1 O O 1 ;l i ^ c 1- - ^ ■ T "" p I ' o - fl '- < Cld. (6 cl., 26 div., numerous sub-div.) Imp. [Index of A. Snwl- Like catal. of 1815 J < :g ;. 2,200 16, OOOt 5,818 1,012 12, 000 ■ ; a s; IP 'Si £ 3 I3.--S: ■ cc IT 12 CO -g T-l s « 2 00 1 1-1' oc 1-* <-• i-i ^ 1827 1827 1828 i o Wk a -a-:S p5 ;2 ,- p c ^ ft 5 ; o a •■ : -S .M S. a - o- t^ R .a W CO t- OO g s a "s 4A - .»a a t> ^ _® 13 K^ '3 .3 o -2 b. P- 3 O a £ - ^■►^ b- >. 1 = .2 m a ■a ^ 11 ^ ^ ■^, ^-1 ^ !zi H 153 -* 1ft o r- 00 O O . O . o o - M,.a S M .5 ■g a § g g ■o H J -g "■ i -c 2 - — : 1 3 ^c c « » g n ^. ir -d n p m 1 < ft c S y V. 4^ 1 ^ 09 ro <^ U g c ^ tj 35 'Ei o p rt c " ■a f 1 c C 1— i I 1.': 1 I r c c - 8 if — CI il g =* IS £ a. 3 ■s .2 3 CD 3 M -^ a i ■3 a c* ft ]ft a ■» != CD OB os' a 1 : di : m ■■ a ^ A- - 0: O) <: X " h- 1 & 1 ^ a •7 a i £ H r < "o 2 1 (P ^ M . a •3 2 I s 2 < 6 -^ 1 ) 5 g 1 ;2i -^ 1 1 1 Q R J 5 'c ? o i i 1 ■5 1 9 > 4 > P a 3 ■5 1 g 5 |2; -^ i-q cq K J- ;S t3 t^ t) « M CO r- a o> o TJ m ~ ~T^ (O "~; OD 01 :; ?! ^ ;il (M ^ 6. c . ci 1 c OJ 2 M rt r; Library \Catalogues. 583 .a hj i & t-5 » C^ Pi a [1 -=) o. J3 o .3 -g » ■S .S .J •'' t>i £ -J - ^ 2 -^ .r <4 - O 5 <1 Sj 03 rT3 B 5 ■§ !» H O «S a -a !N R o ; a s -g a 0^ c bO 03 o " So § ■3 5 ■§ O 8 !« >! 1^ d - S E^ J ^ " P< a 03 a p 8 M S s P 5 584 Public Libraries in the United States. •2 =1 J- 1 ' o a i a o O 1 ^5 . 1 -a "S 2 a ~ a K -a! 1^ a -MS « o Is a O a, 1 ! „ o '§■ in -c a A a bD ii; ( a. a > g 00 « 1 1 s s „• g. s -DO r ^ -^ .- a|£ S )9 2 o c iS Cld. (39 ol.) Sabarr. by auth. | Index of A. (names only) . . Old. (Baconian system) ; with notes charaotferizing the books, generally quoted. Cld. (20 01.) Imp Titles alph. arranged, generally with ref. to the sabjects. . .' Cld. (37 " chapters, " wi. some sections). Imp .'...', A ID CO- oa Cm ■5, g ■panSoiB^-BO ■e[OA JO *oj^ 00 o to- ; S i ■eeS^d JO "o^ i522 '^S'Q ooOfliQO -"to" O M O Ot -f o I -C ^ o -^ cj n , i I- t- ■aoT^Boii -qndj0 9:j'Ba: S 88 M S3 SSS SS S S3 S3 « S3 S S3 S m S3 53 S •Q^THS (-1 ffl !-• Si i I > t J? a ; ^ >. ^ 1 S S B O s, >■ •s g - 31 III III 1 f & 1 1 1 e h- 1 "3 £ 'a P HI 111 1 1^1 a 1:1 % III 1 ill 5 i ■3 s 1 i ; S i , i ri: t - Si O g ■ s : S 1 -2 ■S ^"1 1 > > 'i 1 ; ^ : ^ ■§ ; ■ CQ ; ■ c : : 1 ; -; P ! ■§ '-3 : S PI » m <| ; -d cJ ■ iii lis I ? rc u s £ ^ to r- QC S 5 i S f £S Library Catalogues. 585 1^ B O ■4 fL c ■ EH - «5 f^ 5 p. rH : Classed (4 cl., 151 "chapters"), with notes characterizing the books under each head, and mentioning others not in the Ubrary. | Title catalogue of flotion. | Index of •authors. 1 < ■fe c 1- C E h- _^ 1 iS 4 11 s « 1 o n d. S '? ■3" c ■g 1) i Bi .2"^ '^ p .§ « - .0 s i a •5 s c "^ <: '.= c B .1 < ' i < 1 , ■ ; a ■ a I ® §■=■ if § ga !2;^!2ipHoai^^SSSa a i3 (2 a £•■3.8 fcJl © :r3 ^ rj .S ^ .5 =3 "^1 ■3 o 1^ 1 <= a -t^ .^ •a. 9 M a ij (ii ft< s <1 10 o t- >i t>, t5 a ' ft -g a a w « ■rt •-= s a ^ ■& > 3 M S rh 1 i Is "5 =2 i 1 1 1 3 « g a .^ >■ ^ ^ {25 fa- FW W .ii a ft 1^ ?^ 'ft H ■a pq -2 'S +3 S ^ !25 PM 03 [» c: o CJ C3 c: •5( to ^ ^ ■§ -2 PM ■ ^ Ph fi .2 ^ 000s OWN p p O 586 Public Libraries in the United States. s a* > 'M g tD ,3 •^ ■ » cS cs s. -^ .2 o s p o: t:: _a - T3 i B ^ 1 d 1 J ■§ 1 -^ o d o " (0 — — t/ J H — — - ~ — iX — — — - — — — ri ^; — — — a - — — — 1 - — - — — — >1 &£ 'i _C - 1 "o d > c ^ ;g 5 p. ^ ClH 3 ' T o c D g ■r .= 3 -1 i zs L' ■V a c t. X ^ n - 1 P ^p J o o :? en e :^ ;i S e ■J or c 1 > a S o n hi 1 "^ r "1 •4j C 3 '^ "« < ^ ; S 1 i-i % -^ ;: 5 e 3 eg 9 ^ — & I c ; t* ^ : c r p: ! d H t^ .2 > .2 > i- T > _3 .5 o 1? ^ ^ 1 £•1 ^ 3 '-fi K & ; a .a Library. o ■-- S. T 1 < C a , a- ■ ^ 1 ^ ^ : c r C 1 = 1 J2 - 1 1 a = 1 ^^ 1 1 fc 1 _4. C a ■1 1 < c 1 s C R E c > \ c g a 1 B 1 1 * !2 ll p d c 1 1 i = b O ■=! O « c* CT trj (Tt CT W "=■• = 11 Qi a nt at Library Catalogues. 587 .2 ^ o (1) u CQ m a i ■ a 5: ' "a < "2 ■ Q ; ri; ■ 1 ■ ,_ j ^ ■ -^ . C 4 I § -d : : ^ 3 C : ^ '. cc : '^ ; c^ ; * ! -»i : "^ *^ <] Q <1 1 ■ ■ Gl ■1 (Si n 0" ■^ ■= ,s ;-■■■■■■■' i (D t- r r^ a ■3 ■* 1 r^ ^ dN -r cj "2 S 5 .0, ^ CD ; ^ : § in ca to C 5 Ct (D - ci M £5 OjCOQOCOQDOOTjaO a a' :s fe! vi t>, s w o I SH N >< .2 : M o a ss S I ^ - i g ^ £ >= W ^ n g 2 £ O |z Ph M -S 5 .t « ,« ^2 .B p fei a t3 a o s 3 3 a a M .2 g C3 s Hi OJ -^ l>H M -id ,£ "p- K^ N H > 3 Si ^ s <; Iz; ■/^ S] 0-1 CO GO CO X a a ^ is s -s- ;:= PS W M M 12 >» ►J vH 5 >5 a - .^ += o * fH b r» -s I 1=3 I O h] Py ^ in CD t^ CI fM rM tW « W fji ci c* CT 01 C( I--CCO>OtHTJCO^ r*^ c>^ CO ^ ^^ "^ ^f ^J* c; o -H .S <1 ^ H — s g bi > ^ to s oi p ,3 -1 1=! M-l EQ H WJ ^ •0 ^ ^ ^ s n 53 g o ^ 5 ^ "•S ^'il & ^ ^:"« W 3 r o "2 - <( » 3 -.13^ § < P B *B[OA JO -0^ aoSBd JO -0^ P5 ^ Q, r» •aoj^jBOK -qnd JO ojB(i ^ ifs m irt ira if3 ^ CO OD TO 00 00 CC ^ '-' ^ '-' ^ 2 ^ ■ ^ CD O CD CCt (S 9 CS Tf ^^ ^1. T I" ^ 13 00 CO. OS 00 CO •s. . 'atEJS i^ .2 g W H - N N O g -a ?q ;zi Iz; IZi aj'o-o Hi-a a-a-a a CO r^ ■3, a o Ah ■a . S '3 ■ ^ I C J3 » ►J .S M F a ^ ^ 3 I 5- = 2 ^ g S i a sS N g g s g & s ^ H O O 'o o a § QJ O -g C O H ■s w- i ■£ •§ :j t 5 M 1 1 i 1 1 = S «• 3 S a 'E R ■ to t- TO O) o ira irj n o o C* (M (7t (M 5* P5 Tf" O (O t- 00 O O ;- W " to CO r- i~- r* 1^ § S M i T (i* ^ C-( Oj ^ O ^£ OT O _ -»j a; M 00 O CO CO 03 00 to. jt^ t- r- t^ t~* GO ■» 00 CO C». JO 00 — I -^ r-C rH r-t r-1 ^-^- ^^ ^? r- r- h- r* (- -If ■*-*<-# Tf TI- Tf" -n 00 TO 00 QC CO TO 00 go OD CO oo oo d m >^ .2 tH N [X : : h-i H Izi^fzi ^ (2 (3 p^ p4 P W W a .9 P 5 ►^ ^ o S ,3 6 t^ " "S - .■ <1 ■g a .3' -g 5 3 S = .9 'J IH a- o S ^ ■g o 5 CO _ 5^ 03- .3 -^ . bl) -r: 3 ~ ^ -^ CO a PI !i 1-1 Ho 00 CI O — t d P? - t- i- oa CD CO, a> 00 c^ « CI 5S" — *" "' .0- CO t- _ _„ 00- GO 00 CM' 01- C* (?* « C4 CO Ci O ^ (SI M ■^ a> OD i cn o 01 o 03 Ci (W (M b: i a. c c a -i 09 1 i ^ : F : so i >^ — a ^ 3 i 1 c ■s s ^ 1 "s 1 1' o 5 i •panSoiuiBO •S[OA JO -o^ o s •gaSBdjo'Oji ifj O) ^ M QO 00 TT -7" OU GCj r ■Zi o 2 » ^o -OJ ^ S ID X 03 _ CO X CO i >J I I a-S-:25 li^ 1?! pa a i-a r-< .2 !zi !^ O .2 ^ S ^ -3 o a s g 1 ^ S "^ s a W <) Hi .2* bJD a s- a .H S ■! =>i 6 - a h o -r .a EC > ;:i _ M e. 3 1=1 in i i ^ 1 S 2 a 8. " 5 ■^ "- 1 ? Cld. Avi. imp. (38cl.) Diet. Avithout imp. | (A.,T., andS.W.) Miscel. looks. Cld. (9 ol.) | Law. | Legisl. doe. \ French exchanges. [ Engr., maps, die. Date and no. of vols. only. Diet. (A., T., or S. "W.) tri. imp. Alpb. eld. index (16 cl. and " Works in foreign languages "). No or. ref. Tjie en- tries under classes are either by author or title, wi. no apparent rale. Contof " libraries, etc." T. "NTn imn _ >+- C if ■■Si D d 1 g- II if ns e if li 1^ i s o CO .H BS3-§g gSSgl 2§| i|"p ^ .:!< Ol CO § « n =» c^ en Ol Cl -Ol CO 00 m , CO 00 o; ■ Oi O) ^ 00 00 Crj CO li?! rH rH rt rH (J3 0000 . in ifs in ira 00 00 ou CO Ph-M M " O a a S 02 m i> p- a 1^ |25 ;2 a a a &- a ->1 VI. M ■ o .2 g J4 i- o 1. J J3 a K P ::: r: ^ t= ' o - ja jq - o a i<5 fM |1<,'S Ph O -. (N f^ E* CI ITJ {?i n n n '.■-. a aj ra .p a Hq in CO t- 00 Cl (?J W ffj ct f?( CO M eo CO ;o ^ a a ■a 5 IS ft £= 1 1 P 1 i 1 (3 S t^ ;z} ;^ p:; ph o rH e» M ■*!£■. S M CO CO £3 £2 -S2 S2 CO CO CO P3 CO CO CO CD Cl ■ CO CO CO eo II *a a ^ 1 a Sa 73 CO CO CO 592 Public Libraries in the United States. ^ ^ CB H a ^ < pa I e ^ ■« 5< n ^ ■< ■§ -2 -3 1? a p. Ts ». bf .§ 3 = ^ o-g «!-^ Il H -? •■: o .- u -E ^ •«i a . . f & ^ ~t S .s" « - - -° O O ol p, o a <3 O •^ a 2 "s l3.l ' 2* — fe -I ^~ i 1 ^ f i -<' 4 O U O 5 (3 3 a — o a ■a a = •aj o -i a i S — £ " ^ 1 s ■a ° . g < ^■5 5 o •pauSoiB'^BO •S[0 jl jo 'O^ in txi n (H ■aoSed JO "0^ 53* Ci -f O CO W --« iH •aoi^'BDii -qndjoo^Ba .~ UJ UJ UJ " CO 00 00 !/; rt ,1 rn " S S lAj QO K3 r^ tH QC M M f^ n M : 6 3 3 1^ t^ ? S a a a ,2 Q oo ,n tt. « OT (O 05 to a a g a as CM rt a a a -a I i ■ t; § Si 3 S 3 5 2-=^ S| 3 S - T3 _ p ~ ,Qj '« "^ d '^ n ■« 38 B ^ :=! g *5 'd -ca ^ bD 3 J J to r- 00 -31 CO CO CO CO cs ?i eo M .1 3 r- t— nn a S o 594 Public Libraries in the United States. g p. M 3 3 « o EH a "2 -a a "^ p, o tc B " r o • "* o ^ ^^ <1 o >4 K ■g'-g H SS r-' E|4 S OD r o <1 <) ^ ■i § i a t^ ^ 3 N fe •^ aJ .S a . in , to S '^ .3 >i - "^ "E S -S » £ ♦= t. & £ So" M J I t*" cd > i a Q .S •tJ.tH s^ S a S &, <) H fr £ « ■ ; bo (0 ; p o b .2 ■a "g S i§ "5 ea '3 « 5 ^ o o CO § "" » 1 - -2 k. -S -S "2 S -»3 f-H J tj m Q w ^ - s - ^ 3 -S S ^ - J3 O OJ ft Ol ■ -5 O J3 o ^ fc. j2 « OJ a pq w 3 fc [zi g ^ CM fM H !i5 ■g -s -I'lraeof-QooiOr-i WM '^ »w ^2! a PM a hi a ^ i .- « fc " ,=1 o ^ .2 s a s o a S 3 -s "S g g ;2 g m pq p^ t- X CJ O P3 (2; 596 Public Libraries in the United States. o I =2 a, 1 "o 'a B o o The compiler, H. J. Cross, re- grets that he could not add a classed list. S. B. Noyes, L. H. A. Homes. Suppl., 1863, 18 pp. B. E. Thurston and B. H. Bhoades. J ^ a a f^i s^ i^i »- ^ - s E < i 1 c 1 c 1 1 i 1 •1 1 5= 1 •i 1 'o « 1 .2 'Z I Si ■i C c « e - c (- 1 £ ID 1 1 % 1 ll .1 .11 ,a> a 1 CO a "S 1 ' 1 1 1 '2 e § ^ o I- 1 1 ^ «* e* ^ c ; != ■* 5 SI i 5 5S , 2 Library Catalogues. 597 u ■^ 3 (fl w 3 ■in t> u w o fri " 1 u l-i !2i u^ 6 6 ^ g -9 J a ^ >^ : g o ii e4 o .« — I i !x N S :^ !2i ii? o~ o P5 o P a a a a -t^ '^ -» 5 "3 !? t2 « p- M a ^1 <1 bu , S M a P s a ■*=. "^ ■3 p^ ! rrt kI -tH 1^ I (3 - O ^ Ch 'o £ ^ b ^ w *; ' .2 I s " ' p. * » ^' •3 o ^ ^ 3 k n « IgB .Sf-2 g n ft) w h '- a Tji rf rtt ifi in in 598 Public Lihraries in the tfnited States. a o ^ % § s ►^ a ■< d a a .2 p go ^H £1 Ph - 1^ CI .a 1 a 03 »j (^ s S g ft ■ w S s ■ o o " : ^ M a a izi ;? K .3 " « o a a a a a 3 a a |2i O S H ^ § fe 3 02 s tM N ^ ^; fc ^ 1-1 ^ ^ ^ g E GO 01 CO -S 9 tJ o m :^ "-S I M Ph -g, u u ^ 2 fl £ £ -^ § I J 5 '^ o a ->) § s s 13 O 1 ^ ■S m -da" « £ -2 S " o 1 u o a 3 B J o ■ s EH < B i H c p L4 < ■i C S < t If ■:« ■3 -S sf ll a > . H a - * t ft S o s (0 « oo 3 o O a ft i c >< a c s o > s ' ■ b s .s s p. i I H O CLi -- rt o 3 '5 m o « O P S S O g M m in w in o o ^ o o a '* in t3 ira in lo S W o 602 Public Libraries in the United States. a >= ? 05 t§ ^•§ a ■ '. E-i ■< ^00 e; 5 n ~ 3 .§ »5 5 "^ poo 00 r r _r H H "w .- r M *1] •<] H O O Q <1 O <1 3 f^ o •ponSoyB^BO ■S[OA JO '0^ ■egSsd JO 'Ojit 00 s) 04 n •noiiBopf -qnd JO 9!jB(i s- » i *N M a w P -O •9ms g W B .2 S 1^ !2i o o ■s a .2 .2" t Ah fk n 3 -- 3 P-l ?l^'l 00™ www 9 a VZ CO as •3 1 ® ■=■30 t; " •- ^-^^ *§ J;^ «2 H. "o i •a £• .2 3 <( o 1 a. -^ s <) 3 S C30- CO "W Oi 01 CS 00 CO i-H -"a* CO -Oi CO CT -ODCoooooQoao.DOfiaoo -■ to (o CO >o ^ CO -to ys to ■QOOOCOQOGOaoaOQOCD ■ CO . CO 00 CD :s. iio CO CO 'TO- TO 00 00 00 TO TO 00 TO TO 00 CO CD TO QO OS 09 CC aa-aaasaaa cs fl <:4 ^ a a a :^ 00 a >^ IX fe5 bo O o a* , o H'3 . r S H I* r ° -^ 3 -a - .2 ■§ s; a •:' o « 3 o to £ a) . 09 ^3 ■5 (5 EH 35 fT» 00 •BaS^d JO '021 •noii«oii ■qndjoo^Ba: CO ts tC CS 'O 00 00 tl OLJ OU ci o 03 en CO cs CO c£ 00 00 OO OJ 'o;«1S " U ■ n3 ■ ■ • ?: 5 2 a I a « ea p o I '£? I = ■? o cs >5 « 3 5 3 3 ja g a a ^ S 5 2 o a -=' -1 "^ '? -2 . «: s ■? I -a 3 H .2 M t> o ■3 ^ S h: □ m 39 CD 03 OJ .g .2 '3 2 J & at I -. S 1-1 ■3 J K « ^ — I P^ h! f^ S o : ■<( s s d ^ K - o tS re ia :2 P lo (a t- TO o> o CO CO V CO ^ CO ' O . a ^ o ^ .a s =■ to -^ CO f^ . -2 \S' " >> a eS « es 5 s CD t- 1) la a M § 5 i a §.-o -S S 5- «a -a > m d S ' A £ O pa h5 ffl pq FQ o» rt •* ira «s r- co pa CS C5 C5 M to CO CO CD CO CO ,1= g o fi 606 Public Libraries' in the United States. 5 ■o ° .a (N «,_, (o o a fe > 9 -0 <) '-' >>_;"& »- iS ^ 2 ^ -• ■3 *^ I 3 S a ^ ^ ^ ^ u,- £ t^ S CO r/^ o e4 la a a .3 = % . §■ I « O =1 ^-1 i ^ c < cl. ;:: « ;^ X s ■8 10 A JO '0^ ■eaSBd JO 'o^ •aoi^Boi[ -qnd JO 9:j«a: o o o I- f- r- 00 re f» o o o o o i^ t' r- I- I- 00 OD 00 XI X ■a^'E!}g "^"^^ ^"^ A q! cS ctf ^ a a s s s a a a a o 0< <) Sa a •" « .s "is ;2i t, X « -J O -^ CS CO p: '"' « a .a ? s •^ -fr a '2 '5 fcfi 'S i :^ S ^ <1) ■!■; p a. to cu _, _f. Library Catalogues. 607 o ot S a "^ 2 .9 9 o- "1 ^ « ca ^ a — ra f' O in ^- |il - 1 J 1 1 S. 1 S3 t: C < 8 1 d o CO CO a ■? § - a , if •« : § ; ^ ;■ 2 ; £ ;. o ■ ^ i h" : d : ^ ! p : 1 o~ ; ^tfi (O to o o o t- I- t- o o o o r- i> 1- t- 00 00 00 oo o o r- I- - 00 CO - !5 N h N !a 1^ !2; ft Ph ft ft Ph ft « K ^ "^ *? 1 > ID 1 (0 9 American Bi New York M New York S 2? Oi O — 1 !2 !€ != ■§ l-J -t- ^ (>■. .3 o 5 .a e8 .a -^ ^ t»i fi O ~, fd ^ 1 1 o o ft l-l c m ■5^ .s < 1 1 M .s s A J £ n o J H Si '> -a i bc ^ ou '3 ^Sa -»1 ■3 is '9 S « S " . 3 & .3 5* S ! II f O ' bO 0* P to I- I- r- CO CO CO CO 608 Public Libraries in the United States. o i-s a. Pi a .2 a Q. on , "^ "■ g >.g s a T) u fi H ^ •i -!l ^ S -s =2 2 (-1 13 O § ^ s fri a o H "3 to s < § br s M w -x « =i^« a " :.S ~ •S[Oi JO -oji 'S33ndjo "0^ •00X1 BOTI •qtidj0 9»Ba •9}B)S O R - - -■§.>> iH>SM jaar-aas IB DO n a ^ IS bJ) fl 09 a IS a "«3 •'3 -^ 5 .2 o a -S " j2 "^ 5 a 'S S S S ' 1 i-» S S H --S £ , ; 2 •-! "c bc o oj B : s I s ^ ,q '^ A o ;:i a 13 ■? ^ >-. H t- 3 1 A H 7i OJ ^ P. +3 rri s 00 1-1 00 IS 00 CO ■v « « CD t- 00 w 1(5 CO en iXnOOOOOOUCOOOCO 00 00 00 OO GO 00 00 ao OO , 00 00 GO CO CO 00 00 00 -- ^V (iW *'V- 1-V b^ <*4 Vg ta W*J kV ^Irf WJ tj, VV "-W bxj a a a a-a ^ I W H l>H -a- si !?i i^i iz5 C o . cd g w P4 g fcc pel g H ■§ wES^aaaa o o o 33 E ID a" <( pq ■si Ml £ ® tS 'S ^ "o 111 I If O Ph 02 a: .EO-CQ m CO t- OO at o O O O O O i-" t- t- t- (f r- r- .2 ^ ,3 .2 3 ° 3 a 9 M P. =^ » ° S >? bo f3 . oj ^ ^>^ :g ^ «^ ^ o o ^ 2 t- td ^ « CO O J« 03 "^ .ira CO t- 00 m o t- t^ t- ? t- t- 610 Piihlic Libraries in> the United States. ^ f^ a> 00 s a M s^^- hA % P^ «^A o Hi » . ^^l- ^ I I" "S p- 2 E - p> - — S 6 5 ® Mow 1 rg ■ 3 "J ■g, s W ^ I H I 6'« 9 C ' .S3 .- ' M o M III S o fl 3: 'SlOA JO Oil BaSod JO •o_(t O C* eo CD n no •J- *t] "ot I £ ^ a o; •-' « 'S = -S =; d s ^ i w rt w ■S S 2 - -■o ^ fd := d ' Id P , Oh S3 M - '-'0»?:i-virt-. » r-ooo»^ c> pj (^* o* w -« C( oi w M -4 £2 " « 3* f- CO r. -g 2 t- I- -> r- *- liihrary Gatahgnes, CI I ,t-9 ft B 5 I is ft 03 ft .. I-i S 3 a 1- f=i ft o ft ^ ff 1 GO H « <1 ft O) ft 2 CO 3 1 ^ Gen. 1 1 11 - ; * ■r ,1 ; 1 1- e ■1 ;g (■ a E- t i £ U - \ J \ E- P - 1 a . : ■ g • C O . 03 ^ ■ ^ 4 " 5 c 0- < ~ -fa 6 ft 3 ^ ; R e4' ■« ,- ti i '•= 7 < s o o - O -Q" o c tr CD o «D m 00 00 d to » wi CO W %. C* OJ ua (n o» -ot oi o* tw CJ cj ao'oo30oaooi»QoaOcono *» CO ^ ^ _E- J^ O - r3 »3- ta ^ 1^ : 3 S ^ S S 9 :^ ^ B ti i I ?=i s o a '.O ^ ,•"■ . ^ « o O :;;3 .";a ~© ff iS f^ M ^ ;zi pq M S .3 M r- 00 C5 o -r -^ -I" o t* t- t* (- s «( ph a ■ -Ph ■ iJ M . O t4 rt Hi ft -© f^ -a i5 rs^ T. a '5 -■3 1 "a t) (? d "3 TJl _^ ■f^ f_ t- 4- t" t- t- C- 612 Public Libraries in the United States. B o H a _a a o 1:? ^3 o '^ bo v3 a o O O Cm ^ bi: tx U oj o O i .- a . O (S •g S 3 ~ " -I S- -S S 1? S- I o I-? '.I o I •e^OA JO "oji 8o3«d JO •o_[j CO -v Ol « ■not^Boix -qud JO o^'Bd 11 1 1 CO 00 00 nil:; 11 I- H ►, i-j ►^ >< >i N N N (M H H H >i o o .1 fc t^ ^ t*5 ;2i !2i !zi !2! !zi P5 ^ !2i IZi !^ ^ 3 «2 5 R S-2 In .§ 5 tc ® -^ w ,M a .3 N &1 « ,S ^ p M 00 « S s- »jj ID « ' <) a £0 -i^ ■a -S |3; = bfl >^ m M 'i^ ij )2^ >=; IZi m T1h = "- ■!:i g S ■^ !^ p< » s « B- O 00 GO o» w w* Jc* M cj ra 113 CO — ;'— ,■" L L S a i_ 1 -B 13 ^ =2 M G ■S ■" '"' ■"^ If) H i-t " a .a a n -fl V -^ ^ ^- C O Q O-P o ^>^ :fi 3-^ to ^ 3 a n--= ;S q o j:3 M W M =3 R S W ■3 ? " - - •^ 'a o O 3 a :^ --fc-t^ p ■S , o M o O a P « M -'> C- t- i> 00 00 00 614 Public Libraries in the 'United States. a ■a ,3" S S •! ft ft ft ft U ^7} ta aa T/i Fr r H B 1 ft , m I S g "^ ail «; 01 jd 3 ri o P- o o ft- S -=1 ^. i - . a M- S ft, .a = " ^1 - ■S -^ ■" •I i- a.; a &: " S Ife a rs tt o i2 ^ s s CO, rt P^^ CO CO QO 00 QO '* OO' O) PI CO CO CO C^ CO t-^ r- f- r- r- r- 00 1 QO 03 OJ QO CO a =:S a a a a, a 3 § 9 a a ;^ !2; bo ■ B ^^ H ■ a " d n S ~ B o B ^ Oh ^ 3 - -a — o i>5 ■s •a -g to " a Pi « IK i 'S. -■ ft a w a ►^ .a _ & a 1^ «3 ^ fM !^ CO iXJ X GO Xl — t CT M Tjt lo eO irt lo if^ ira m in OU 00 CX} 00 X QO 616 Public Libraries in the United States. . a •eioA JO 'OX soSiid fo -0^ TO o (O CM M P3 -V »H J» =i1 qnd JO Q^va C5 CO M CS PS CO M r- r- r- I-™ t— 1- r- Cd XI OD OO TO OO 00 :g •9)B)S ►^ >< tx 1^ 125 a M W tH !^ |25 a O fl< P< 5 5 d 1^ h 8 b -4 J H t4 - 5 1-1 5 3 a .3 S ^ 3 -3 H S „ ■ a 6IJ s !> -9 'S ' -^ 3 S, o ;3 bO t-i 3 e3 worn CI M -V t'i ■^ - te ;§ 5 1 - a hfi •a- O 'o^' (0 P S^ s -o s 7) £?■ 1 ■g 02 ^ ril "rt 1-1 J= ^ - , +J 3 OJ B o > [£ .q (S Oh &4 00 Ol 1/3 in _ _ _ _ _ CO CO JQ CD Oj 00 CO Library Catalogues. 617 >d h a ° .2 :§ a ~ " i § . £ -a K a . Ph o o» "^ i '; J Diet. (A., wi. imp., S. W. refs., some T.) Separate lists of . .' "religious books and pamphlets," and of books in tbe "'Holland" language. ^^ ..,..■; i, -...r, ,,.,,. . Diet, (A., wi. imp., except biog. works; S., without imp. excfor biog. works; T. without imp. Cr.refs.) Cont. Pull anal. P S •T- ; I : c ; !^ - (c ', 1 '\9 z \ ^ : » I • o • -d . 1 "o : •1=1 . u :d ■ w , 1 g R a : S . H 00 a o Bng, prose flctipn., A.andT. if o imp ; j:.'.. Uiscel. looks and state papers. \ Law library. \ Sul^. index to tTie law treatises and index to American reports. Diet. (A., T., S. W., with elass-lists of biography, drama, poetry, etc.) ifo imp. .56,224-1- 36, 000 g o 4,253 5,000 CQ f-t r-l O r-. t- t- r- QO'- OO OO CO O' O M M M M OS O a- a a a ar^ .2'-tc .5 -''' 03 -f - "^ -.-2 - tH .2 .S ^ =•-1-3 = J3 .S d J 6 5 1 h H-i Kl 3- P— 1 CD •e ■S- a § fi o- ■a .2 £ M ^ 5 S a <1 M S M ^ ? S. '3 » 1-1 3 < ° .2 a t^ -a 1 1 1 1 i "t - S : 0. g o o 3 •p9n3o|B;B0 ■BlOA JO -OS. g > 1- - •saSsd JO -Oil 1 ss "sssgs gsssssasssjsig ■nor)TJOfi -qnd JO B%TS(X 1 ODOO iXOOXIQoiS OOQOOjSo'^SaSQoSSoOTOS" 00 - OO " - •9»B»S 33 a>-« CO. eooDmaJoi roaioD-HjnJooronimiTJ'mfloTO'S a ai3 i^aaaas asaaaaaaasasss 1 3 E c c p i c pq 1 1 f c E E ? c 1 i •^ ' Is U HoptintoD Young Men's Christian Association. TTvdfi Part Public •...."' J . 5 rt = 1 o cc 4. ^1 ,3 1 1 i o 3 d 1 c 1 a ,2 p Ph a ■a c p< •ia 1 a o '3 i ^ s 11 1 1 i i a 1- 1 oc IT s CI o ? 2 « s in a Library Catalogues. 619 o s Q 4 C/3 ai ti i=i <§ P. T CO -r 5 >■ a „ 13 '^ t: 3 Z i4 3 ■3 £ © g s m B ft a 1 o b i ■ ' R ■ O H n d i p. M t 1 >? g- ll\ ^-S'iS d, " _ lit 4 ^: -g ill o s <) p- " .1 III « '3 .~ a" s 1 o ■ i : : 20, 000 3,350 3,989 40, 440 4550 (3455 works.) CT § zS « s « «o — C?t 03 cd:ci to CD_(ol(M ^' (N Ci irf'^r^i^f-r- .!-• t^t^i^t^r- r»f- t- t--t-->r— r-i-^r— r-t^r^. COCD'XOOaOGO 00 • ODObOOlBOO 0000 QO OCOOQOGOCOGC'OOiQOaO ^g S S S S S :■ S a H s s i^ K a I H H (M H H; t^ ^t! f^, >* f^ ;? ;zj ji^ :i !a' a^ig ^\i,^,)^ 1^ O *J n K S i '" . M, -S ; I S gg^! ■211 t s S " ^ i § i 2 -2 a 31 OJ O) o ^ 09 9^ o^ cn o oj o o c: C3 ~ C9 1 en c) c> c> 620 Public Libraries in the I/mted States. a, - B o o 4 -"1 S -A •2 ".a fi ■> > H a Pa §■8-03 vf'g K| '^ ti ill w „■ = © ■ « Py > « .a ^ ; ""a g 5 f^ ■« ■ .e- g s ■?" S .2 a fJi f « 3 S 3 ^ s 9 © s « g ■2 -g a ■S ,S = 9 a S ^.£ ■3 5 ' •S a) 1^ .2 U B S I B 3 ;2i <( c» fc m 3 to e 5 •B[OA JO 'O^I . -(f . O CO o o CO r- oo 'SaSud JO 'ojij; •UOl^J'BOIl ' -(^Ud JO 9!^B(I 00 OO- 00 CO 00 . \/\i in , in . in ■ in tn >n' .-if.- t- -r-. r- {- *- -t — .t* CD CO 00 00 CO DO QQ ^ rt rt ^ ^ ^ lO ■ in ' "t~ - r- ■ O) CO •o^B^g. H .2^ o o a o « P ^ ^-!^ 3!N CO g |2i 3 :" >-■ 0.-.S ; g - . Pi >• GO a n O) s d ■i ?= a g, I " ft a t, ■^ 'i^ « ca c3 t- "A "e -5 O. C, i-I r^ S ^ ^ o -a C £3 O ■■^ n <0 •2" -.a -.-1 o m » H31-W lO .to f* _ o^ 33 o; O) C) ^^■Sn^^ 5-) ^^'^^'<^^y Catalogues, s^ .,;^\^5„,c,^ 621 ® r C ^ d « fH |Zi IT t- - fil ; 1 r- (Til '4 __ ^ « n a m rr , 3i50* 01 bffSRa- j g m ^ M oo-OD m ic m in in m t~- (^ J- t- t^ m no CO 00 00 in lO ITS in m m in in in cf J .W cS fj"i ci cj sj S I c3 c3 ri— eC c3 rt 03 cS rt c8 1^ a ■ a-s-a a a a- a a^a^a a a a a a a- a a a a a -g ■3 w *' a a !^ .a S o 5p ^ » ^ i S ;? s. « ft, h^ ;3 j2 g B s {> W >< -fM ^£-ft (D "-T3 OJ - 5 O fl -a - etf- £ " - - 0:0 Wfe cD- '_a oi o ti ft g o 5 Mrij a 3 -a a i2i z; t5 c? »- r- r- ■* W C9 t" 00 ■ O! 3- a eg O a s af -§:^ l-g- "O i-l « CO GO 00 00 en n ci ro o . g CD O S-S's? := ^ fc ft M 5 S a 'tf in o (- CO 00 ou CC 00 TO Oi Oi C) O) o 622 Ptthlic Libraries in the United States. i CO b ■SIOA JO -Q^ J 9 1-1 ki !0 " ■« H ^ ■y - ■3^8 O o O •H9Sk(Jjo,'p>i c* o e*3 (B ■V (M CI 'aoiiEoi[ ■qadjoa^Tio; 1873 1873 1S70 1875 1875 1875 1875 1875 CO 00 w in io lo u^ :© o o ^ ^ >,ii " TO ni;.. t^ ^^ H i>i >< , |25 1^ !^ |25 !^ N .2 : ^ (2 >-, 2 » 2.0 ;'^'^ !><• •~< -^a n .3 s ~ § a tM 6 3 ^ X i^ rt u 'A ^ P 3^2 ^ s lis ■-. ^ fi 2 £■ o Oi Qi m ^ S -^ !§ ^ -^ ;^ ;= rt S "t;; p P fm a. p; in (O I— iTD o cs ^ ~ Oi ca ;r^ c> £ <) b, » H' 3 e ^ =; tn ^ ^ a ® t> -id Ti « a; ^ ea M TO ;n p g'lr i!3^' '-2 A li, m S ra o o o M o , 3 3 |5 Ph hi o o o o o o o o l,s- 3 (1 (ij ' CHAPTER XXVIII. CATALOGUES AND CATALOGUING. I — BT MEIiVir, DEWET, Amlierst College lAbrary. II.-BT S. B. SrOXES, Mercantile Library, j$roqklyn, JT. Y. Ill — BX JACOB SCHWARTZ, Librarian Apprentices' Library, New York, IV.-BX JOHN J. BAILEY, Librarian Public School Library, St. Louis, Mo. I.— A DE0IMAL CLASSIFIOATIOX AND SUBJECT IITDEX. Devised for cataloguing and indexing — Found applioadle to arranging and NUMBERING KOQKS ON THE SHELVES — DESCRIPTION — MaY BE USED IN ANY LI- BRARY — Examples — Notes. - It was thought that a description of the plan as in actual use in the Amherst College Library would be its best explanation. It will be seen, however, that its most va^luable feature, the classiflcatiou and subject index, may be adopted, if desired, in connection with very different cat- alogues and methods. Though the system was devised for cataloguing and indexing purposes, it was found on trial to be very valuable for numbering and arranging books and pamphlets on the shelves. The plan of this classiflcation and index was developed early in 1873. It was the result of several months' study of library economy asset forth iu some hundreds of books and pamphlets, and of over fifty personal visits to various Atnerican libraries. In this study, the author became conyinced that the; usefulness of these libraries might be greatly in- creased without additional expenditure. Three years' practical use of the|system here explained leads him to believe that it will accomplish this resuB ; for with its aid the catalogues, shelf lists, indexes, and cross- references essential to this increased usefulness, can be made more eco- nomically than by any other method which he has been able to find. For the better understanding of the scheme there are; appended pages 5 toiS of the Library Hand-book, giving a brief descrip^fcion of the cata- logues ; a specimen page of the classiflcation, also of the subject index ; 624 Public Libraries in the United States. the directions for using tbe subject catalogue ; and the condensed rules for the headings and titles of the cards. The library is first divided into nine special libraries, which are called classes. These classes are (1) Philosophy, (2) Theology, (3) Sociology, (4) Philology, (5) N'atural Science, (6) Useful Arts, (7) Fine Arts, (8) Literature, and (9) History, and are numbered with the nine digits : thus Class 9 is the Library of History, etc. These special libraries or classes are then considered independently, and each one is separated again into nine special divisions of the main subject.. These divisions are numbered from 1 to 9, as were the classes. Thus 59 is the ninth division (Zoology) of the fifth class, (Natural Science.) A final division is then made by separating each of these divisions into nine sections, which are numbered in the same way with the nine digits. Thus 513 is the third section (Geometry) of the first division (Mathematics) of the fifth class, (Natural Science.) This number, giving class, division, and section, is called the classification or class number, and is applied to every book or pamphlet belonging to the library. All the geometries are thus num- bered 513 ; all the mineralogies 549; and so throughout the library, all the books on any given subject bear the number of that subject in the scheme. Where a occurs in a class number it has its normal zero power. Thus, a book numbered 510 is Class 5, Division 1, but no sec- tion. This signifies that the book treats of the Division 51 (Mathemat. icis) in general, and is not limited to any one section, as is the geometry, marked 513. If marked 500, it would indicate a treatise on science iu general, limited to no division. A zero occurring in the first place would in the same way sliow that the book is limited to no class. The classification is mainly made by subjects or content regardless of form; but it is found practically useful to make an additional distinction iu these general treatises, according to the form of treatment adopted. Thus, in Science we have a largo number of books treating of science in general, and so having a for the division number. These books are then divided into sections, as are those of the other classes, according to tbe form they have taken on. "We have (1) the philosophy and history of science, (2) scientific compends, (3) dictionaries, (4) essays, (5) periodi- cals, (6) societies, (7) education, and (8) travels — all having the common subject. Natural Science, but treating it in these varied forms. These form distinctions are introduced here because the number of general works is large, and the numerals allow of this division without extra labor, for the numbers from 501 to 509 would otherwise be unused. They apply only to the general treatises, which, without them, would have a class number ending with two zeros. A dictionary of mathe- matics is 510, not 503, for every book is assigned to the most speciflc head that will contain it, so that 503 is limited to dictionaries or cyclo- pedias of science in general. In the same w.iy a general cyclopaedia or periodical treats of no one class,* and so is assigned to the Glass 0, divided into cycloptedias, periodicals, etc. No difiiculty is found in fol- 'Catalogues a/nd Cataloguing. 6.25 lowing the arithmetical law and omitting the initial zero, so these num- bers are printed 31, 32, etc., instead of 031, 032, etc. The selection and arrangement of the thousand headings of the cla.ssi- flcation cannot be expliained in detail for want of space. In all the work, philosophical thbory and accuracy have been made to yield to practical uSefalness. The impossibility of making a satisfactory classi- fication of all knowledge as preserved in books, has been 'appreciated from the first, and nothing of the kind attempted. Theoretical harmony aiid exactness have been repeatedly sacrificed to the practical require- ments of the library or tb the convenience of the department in the college. As in every scheme, many minor subjects have been piit under general heads tb which they do riot stHctly belong. In some cases these headings have been printed in a distinctive type, e. g:, 429 Saxon, under English Philology. The rhle has been to assign these subjects to the most nearly allied head4, or where it was thought they would be most sought. The only alternative was to omit them altogether. If any such omission occurs it is unintentional, and will be supplied as soon as discovered. Wherevei' practicable the heads have been so arranged that each subject is preceded and followed by the moSt nearly allied subjects, and thus the greatest convenience is Secured both in the cata- logues and 6n the shelves. Theoretically, the division of eVery subject into just nine heads is absurd. Practically, it is desirable that the clas- sification be & minute as possible witbout the use of additional flgtires; and the decimal principle dn which oiir scheme hiti^^^j allows nine divis- ions as readily as a less ntimber. This principle has proved wholly sat- isfactory in practice, though it appears to destroy propef co-ordination in some places. It has seemed best in our library to use iiniformly three figui'es in the class number. This enables us to classify certain subjects veryminutely, givirig, for example, an entire sectioti to GheSs. But the Histoi'yof England has only one section, as bur^cbeme is developed, and thus the two might be said to be co-ordinated. The apparent diffi- culty in such cases is entirely obviated by the use of a fourth figure,' giving nine subsections to any subject of sufficient iiripiortance to war- raiit' closer classification. In History, where the claissification is made wholly by countries, a fourth figure is added to give a division into periods. As the addition of each figure giVes a, tenfold division, any desired degree of minuteness may be secured in the classing Of special subjects. The apparent lack of co-ordination arises from the fact that oiily the first three figures of these more important heads are as yet printed, thfe fourth' figure and the subsectibris bein^ supplied on the catalogues in maiiuscript. Should the growth of any of these subsec- tions Warrant it, a fifth figure will be added, for the scheme admits of expabsion without limit. ■ The liiimber of figures u^ed in the class ribmber can" be decided ac- cordirig to dircumstaiices in each library. With us three figures seemed brist. lb" tealler libraries two figures wWd do v^ry well until the 40 E 626 Public Libraries in the United States. growth required further divisions. But it would seem better economy, to save handling the books a second time, to use at least three figures at the first, and in larger libraries four or even more may be desirable. The arrangement of headings has been sometimes modified to secure a mnemonic aid in numbering and finding books without the index. For instance, the scheme is so arranged that China has always the number 1. In Ancient History, it has the first section, 931 : in Modern History, under Asia, it has 951: in Philology, the Chinese < language appears as 491. After the same manner the Indian number is 4; Egyp- tian, 2; English, 2; German, 3; French, 4; Italian, 5; Spanish, 6; European, 4; Asian, 5; African, 6; North American, 7; South Ameri- can, 8 ; and so for all the divisions by languages or countries. The Italian, 5, for instance, will be noticed in 35, 55, 450, 755, 850, and 945. This mnemonic principle is specially prominent in Philology and Liter- ature and their divisions,, and in the form distinctions used in the first 9 sections of each class. Materials, Methods, or Theory occurring any- where .as a head, bears always the number 1. Dictionaries and GyeiaT psedias, 3; Essays, 4; Periodicals, 5; Associations, Institutions^ and Societies, 6; Education, 7; Collections, 9. In the numerous cases where several minor heads have been grouped together under the head Other, it always bears the number 9. Wherever practicable, this prin- ciple is carried out in subdividing the sections. For instance, the Geol- ogy of North America, which bears the number 667, is subdivided by adding the sections of 970, (History of North America.) The Geology of Mexico then bears the number 5578 : mnemonically, the first 5 is the Science number ; the second 5, Geology ; the 7, North America ; and the 8, Mexico. Any library attendant or reader, after using|the scheme a short time, will recognize, at a glance, any catalogue or ledger entry, book or pamphlet, marked 5578 as something on the geology of Mexico. Users of the scheme will notice this mnemonic principle in several hun^ dred places in the classification, and will find it of great practical utility xp. numbering and finding books without the aid of catalogue^ or index, and in determining the character of any book simply from itSjcall num- ber as recorded on the book, on all its catalogue and cross-reference cards, on the ledger, and in the check- box. In naming the headings, brevity has been secured in many cases at the sacrifice of exactness. It was thought more important to have short, familiar titles for the headings than that the names given should express with fulness and exactness the. character of all books catalogued under them. Many subjects, apparently omitted, will be foikod in the index, assigned, with allied subjects, to a heading whichi bears the name of the most important only. Eeference to this subject index will decide at once any doubtful points. Jc ' In arranging books in the classification, as in filling out tlie scheme, practical usefulness has been esteemed the most important thing. The effort has been to put each book under the subject where it would be Catalogues and Cataloguing. 627 most useful to special students. The content or the real subject of which a book treats, and not the form or the accidental wording of the title, determines its place. Following this rule, a philosophy of art is put with Art, not with Philosophy ; a history of mathematics, with Mathe- matics, not with History; for the philosophy and history are simply the form which these books have taken. The true content or subject is art, and mathematics, and to the student of these subjects they are most useful. The predominant tendency or obvious purpose of the book, usually decides its class number at once; still a book often treats of two or more different subjects, and in such cases it is assigned to the place where it will be most useful, and underneath the class number are written the numbers of any other subjects on which it also treats. These cross-references are given both on the book plate and the subject card as well as on the cross-reference card. As the cross-reference is itself the call number, a reader having any one of the three (book, title, or cross-reference) can instantly find either of the others without the intervention of catalogue or index. The call number is given also-on the accessions catalogue and on the back of the book. The "Van Everen printed numbers are used until the book is rebound, when the call number is stamped permanently on the back, for in this system the call number remains the same through all changes of buildings, arrange- ment, or catalogues. The necessity of changes in the ordinary system, together with the very great difiSculty of tracing all the cross-references, renders it quite im- practicable to give the call-numbers in all places where they are needed. Even where given they must be written temporarily in pencil, in readi- ness for the changes that are sure to come ; for, if printed, a new cata- logue, with its attendant expense and confusion, becomes necessary as soon as the opening of new rooms, or removal to new quarters, or the growth of the library disarranges the books. There is a single alternative : to arrange the books regardless of sub- jects, and even then the numbers must be altered in nearly all changes of buildings or rooms. In our system the book is numbered once for all, and can change that number only by changing its subject-matter. Of course mistakes occur as in any system, but when found they are as easily corrected as in any other plan. Certainly there is greater hope that the work will be done well when it is felt that it is not to be done over again in a few years at the longest. If a book treats of a majority of the sections of any division, it is given the division number instead of the most important section num- ber, with cross-references. Thus, a volume on light, heat, or sound would be classed under the head most fully discussed and referred to from the others ; but if the volume treated also of mechanics, hydro- statics, and pneumatics, it would be classed as 530, or general physics, although no mention be made of electricity, magnetism, or molecular physics. 628 Public Libraries in the United States. It is one of tbe marked advantages of the plan that tbese cross-ref- erences, notes, etc., may be added from time to time, as found conven- ient. It is necessary at first to find only the predominanti tendency of the book, in order to catalogue it. If extreme care were taken to avoid mistakes, it might be well to keep books very difficult to class arranged by themselves for a time till read or carefully examined by some one competent to decide their true place. Cross-references are added when they are found necessary. After reading, a volume of sermons may be found to be aimed at the doctrine of evolution, though this fact was not noticed in classing. When it is found, however, the evolution number, 575, is written under the religion-and-science-serinou number, 255, and ever after a reader knows at once by this number the tendency of the volume. It is designed to add these numbers indi- cating more closely the character of the book as rapidly- as possible,;aDd specialists are invited to call the attention of the librarian to every de- sirable cro^s-reference they notice in their reading. These numbers take but little room, are easily added, and in most cases are valuable. Collected works, libraries, etc., are either kept together and assigned like individual books to the most specific head that will, contain them, or assigned to the Inost prominent of the various subjects on which tbey treat, with cross-references from the others ; or are separated, and the parts classed as independent works. Translations are classed with their originals. The alphabetical subject index is designed to guide, both in number- ing anil in finding the books. In numbering, the most specific head that will contain the book having been determined, reference to that head in the index will give the class number to which it should be as- signed. In finding books on any given subject, reference to the. index will give the number under which they are to be sought on the shelves, in the shelf catalogue, or in the subject catalogue. The index gives after each subject the number of the class to which it is assigned. Most names of countries, towns, animals, plants, mineralSj diseases, etc,,. have been omitted, the aim being to furnish an index of subjects on which books are written, and not a gazetteer or a dictionary of all the nouns in the language. Such subjects will be found as special chapters or sections of books on the subjects given in the index. Thej names of individuals will be found in the Class List of Biography. Omissions, of any of the more general subjects will be supplied when noticed. In arranging the books on the shelves, the absolute location by: shelf and book number is wholly abandoned, the relative location by class and. book number being one of the most valuable features of the plan. The class number serves also as the location number, and the shelf num- ber in common use is entirely dispensed with. Accompanying the class number is the booh number, which prevents confusion of different books on the same subject. Thus the first geometry catalogued is marked 5131, the second 513-2, and so on to any extent, the last number show- ■ Catalogues and Cataloguing. 62& iug how many books the library has on that subject. The books of each section are all together, and arranged by book numbers, and these sec- tions are also arranged in simple numerical order throughout the library. The call number, 513-11, signifies not the eleventh book on shelf 513, or alcove 5, range 1, shelf 3, as in most libraries, but signifies the eleventh book in subject 513, or the eleventh geometry belonging to the librarj'. In finding the book, the printed numbers on the backs are followed, the upper being the class and the lower the book number. The class is found in its numerical order among the classes as the shelf is found in the ordinary system ; the book in its numerical order in the class. The shelves are not numbered, as the increase of different departments, the opening of new rooms, and any arrangement of classes to bring the books most circulated nearest to the delivery desk, will bring different class numbers on a given shelf. Few books as received are numbered aiid put into place, in the same way that new titles are added to the card catalogue. The single digit occasionally prefixed to the book num- ber, e.g.i, the 3 in 421-3-7, is the nearest height in decimeters of books toolarge to be put on the regular library shelves, which are only 2J decimeters apart. The great mass of the library consists of 2-decimeter books, the size numbers of which are omitted. Books from 2 j to 3i decimeters in height have 3 prefixed to the book number, and are,found on the bottom shelf of each range. The larger sizes are prefixed with 4, 5, etc., and are found on the special shelves provided, in order to avoid the great waste of space otherwise occasioned by the relaitive location. By this use of the siz:e numbers a close economy of space is secured. 'Thus all the books on any given subject are found standing together, and no additions or changes ever separate them. Not only are all the books on the subject sought found together, but the most nearly allied subjects precede and follow, they in tnrn being preceded and followed by other allied subjects as far as practicable. Eeaders not having access to the shelves find the short titles arranged in the same order on the shelf catalogue, and the full titles, imprints, cross-references, notes, etc., in the subject catalogue. The uncatalogued pamphlets treating of any subject bear the same class number and are arranged on the shelves immediately after the books of each section. In a library arranged on this plan every specialist has his own spe- cial library. If he be a student of science in general, he is sent to class 5; if his department be zoology, his library is 59; if his specialty is shells, he finds all the works and references on that subject in library 594. Whether there be a specialist to watch it or not, every subject thus being in a library by itself, shows at once its resources and its wants as no catalogue can show them. A catalogue cannot be made that will so quickly and, thoroughly decide a student's wants as the books' themselves. Of course this advantage weighs most in a college or society library, where many persons have access to the shelves, but even In a collection where only the librarians are admitted, the close €30 Public Libraries in the United States. classification on the shelves will be found of exceeding value. The de- sirability of such classing is never questioned, only the practicability. With our plan we believe it to be comparatively easy. In both the authors' catalogue 'and the subject index, brevity has t)een studied because of the economy, but more because of the much greater ease of reference to a short title catalogue. The custom of giv- ing full titles, etc., under authors, and only references or very brief titles under subjects, has been reversed. A reader seeking a book of a known author, in the vast majority of cases, wants simply the number by which to call for it, and can find it much quicker in a brief-title catalogue. ■ In the rare cases where more is needed the class number refers^dnstantly to all these facts on the cards. On the other hand, a reader seeking books on a known subject, needs the full title, imprint, cross-references, and notes to enable him to choose the book best suited to his wants. The subject catalogue is a full-title shelf list on cards and is for the use of the public. The shelf list is a short-title subject catalogue in book form, made of separate sheets laced into an Emerson binder, and is for official use. We thus have without extra labor both fall and short title subject catalogues and shelf lists. The public authors' cata- logue is a printed volume ; the official authors' catalogue or index is qn cards. As a result, each of the public catalogues is checked by an offi- cial catalogue; each of the card catalogues by a book catalogue; each of the brief-title catalogues by a full-title catalogue — an advajnta^e that will be appreciated by all librarians desiring accuracy in administration and in catalogues. At the same time the most useful class lists of any subject may be made by simply printing the titles under its class number in the subject or shelf catalogue, according as full or brief titles are desired. The Arabic numerals can be written and found quicker and with less danger of confusion or mistake than any other symbols whatever. The Eoman numerals, capitals and small letters, and similar symbols usually found in systems of classification, are entirely discarded, and by the exclusive use of Arabic numerals in their regular order throughout the shelves, classifications, indexes, catalogues, and records, there is secured the greatest accuracy, economy, and convenience. This advan- tage is specially prominent in comparison with systems -where' the name of the author or the title must be written in calling for or charging books and in making references. '' Some prominent librarians, while admitting the great superiority of the relative location for college and society libraries, have urged with force that in the public library, where so many thousand volumes must be called for, found, and charged, the additional labor and danger of confusion involved in giving the author's name instead of a book number make the system undesirable. But by substituting the book number for the author's name in the relative location we use even fewerflgutesthan in the absolute location by shelves ; for every numeral is used from 1 Catalogues and Cataloguing. G31 upward without limit, while in the absolute location, where the shelves holdonlj' 25 to 40 volumes, all the numbers remaining, which might be written with only two digits, are not used. As a result, more figures are necessary in the shelf number. When it is considered that the library records are simply a mass of call numbers, and that these numbers are constantly written and printed in catalogues, shelf lists, indexes, etc., it will be seen that a saving of a single figure in the book number is a matter of importance. As the numbers from 1 to 9 are not used in the regular scheme, it is practicable to eifect a further saving by using only the last figure instead of the full class number of the sections where most books are circulated; e. g., in English Literature the number 3 may be used, in- stead of writing 823 for each novel charged ; and as there is no other class number 3 in the scheme, no confusion results. Throughout the catalogues the number of a book shows not only where it is, but what it is. In the library accounts tbe character of each per- son's reading is clearly indicated by the numbers charged, and the minutest statistics of circulation in any subject are made by simply counting the call slips in the check-box, and recording the number against the class number in the record. Our books are called for on blank slips, five centimetres square. On one of these each reader pencils the call number of the book wanted, and his name. After the book is charged, this slip is stamped' with the date, and then placed in strict numerical order in the check-box. This is a small tray, six decimetres long and four wide, divided into ten col- umns, with ten compartments in each, numbered from to 9, just large enough to hold the call slips upright. Each of these columns represents a class, and each of the compartments a division of that class. Thus, the fifth' column is Natural Science. The first, or 0, compartment is General Works on Science; thenext, Mathematics; the next, Astronpmy; and so on throughout the scheme. Ko book is removed from the shelves for any purpose whatever, without putting in the check-box a slip giv- ing its number and the purpose for which it was removed, with the date. Books loaned have the borrower's signature, which holds him responsi- ble for the book. - Books lost, condemned, sold, at bindery, in the cata- loguers room, in the reading room, etc., have their slips in their proper box, so marked. ^ As will be seen, .it is possible for the attendant within five seconds to tell whether any book belonging to the library is on the shelves or not, and that without leaving his chair. If the book be off the shelves, he can instantly tell where it is and when it will probably be back. I], g., A. B. asks for book 32917. The attendant consults the shelves and finds the book out. When there is no check-box this endsthe matter, and A. B. perhaps tries a score of times to get this boofe, always finding it out,and unable to know whether it was drawn fifteen minutes before by some friend, or lost six months before he first aske4 forjt. With the check-box in use, A. B. may ask where it is, and 632 Public Libraries in the United States. with a glance at the slip, the attendant is able to tell him. The slip may be marked " C. D., June 5th," which shows that 0. D. borrowed the book at that time. Or it may be marked B(ind) ; or K(eading) E(oom) ; or L(oist), or C(ataloguer's) R(oom), etc. In many cases a book is wanted very much, to simply verify a reference or look up a single point, and from the check-box the reader can learn where he can go to see it, if he cares to do so ; or if he wants it for some time, he may ask to ' have it reserved. In that case the attendant marks the slip, under G. D.'s sig- nature, R(eserve), A. B. This means, Eeserve this book when it comes in for A. B., and send him postal notice of the fact. As the slips are re- moved on the return of the books, such an R is seen at once, and the book laid aside for the applicant. Great use of this R is made both by readers and library offlcials and attendants, who often have occasion to" consult a book which at the time is out of the building. In such eases they pencil their initials under the name signed, and when the book comes into the building it is at once brought to them. Without ampli- fying this matter, it must be seen that our check-box is simply invalna- ble for a great many purposes which will suggest themselves to a practical librarian. Its peculiar advantage in our system of classifica- tion is that it always stands on the desk, a complete table of the books off the shelves in each subject. The slips in box 53 show just how many and what books are out in Physics ; the slips under 823 show all the English novels that are in circulation, and of course show as well who have them. Such a table of circulation always at hand and without an item of expense or labor, (for the check-box is necessary for otherpur- poses,) will certainly be highly prized by all who interest themselves in the character of books read, and there has never been a time when so much wise attention was given to' educating the taste of readers in oar public libraries as at the present. To convert this table into permanent statistics is but little labor. An attendant counts the slips on each subject as often as may be desired and records the number against ftie class number in the record. We find the most convenient record a sheet ruled to correspond with the divisions of the check-box into ten columns of ten squares each. This sheet is useful for a variety of pur- poses where the decimal system is in use. For statistics one column serves to show the circulation of each of the ten classes ; an entire sheet just holds the record of circulation for each of the one hundred divisions, or for each of the one hundred sections of any class. On the sheet, as in the check box, each compartment represents a specific sub- ject and the footing of the column a more general subject. If the compartment be used for sections, the footing of the column will give the circulation of the division ; if used for divisions, the footing will give the circulation of the class ; and if used for the classes, the footing will give the total circulation of the library. By the use of size numbers the greatest possible economy of space may be secured, for the size distinction may be made for every inch or Catalogues and Cataloguing. 633 even less if desired, and this without additional labor, as it will be seen that the size figure, when introduced, requires one less figure in the book number, and so does not increase the number of digits as would at first appear. E. g., the last history of England may be 942-118, (118th book of regular size.) The next when received is found too large for the ordinary shelves, and instead of being numbered 942-119, it takes the size number 3 arid is 942-3-1 (1st book size 3). Thus the book number starts anew with each size number, and in some cases even less figures are required be- cause of the size distinction. As the books can be put in only one place, the closer the classification is made by sizes or colors of bindings in order to make a fine appearance on the shelves, the less closely can it be made by subject matter. It has seemed much more important that books be grouped by their intellect- ual rather than by their physical distinctions 5 therefore we have made a size distinction only once in each decimeter of height. After three years' trial we are unable to suggest any improvement in this respect, as this avoids the great waste of space usually incurred in the relative location and still separates books on the same subject very little indeed. It is believed that the desire fo make handsome shelves is giving way to the desire to make useful shelves, as surely as the architect's library with its fine vistas of books is giving way to the librarian's library, where the books can be produced at the desk on an average of one-fifth the time i'equired in the more beautiful building. In a popular library where there are very few books above the ordi- nary sizes it may be found a good plan to disregard the size number entirely. When a book is found too large for the shelves, a wooden dummy costing two or three cents can be put in its place, with the location of the volume itself penciled on the side. The few large books will be found in a very few classes; newspapers, cycloptedias, and atlases will con- tain most of them, and a single dummy in each class will be sufScient to point out the location of all the books. The size number, however, causes no confusion and serves an excellent purpose in a library like our own, where there are a great many large books. The size number should be written before the class number rather than after it in libraries where the volume number is written on the same line with the book number. In our library, the volume number is written as a subflgure to the book number. Parts of sets, and books on the same or allied subjects, are never sep- arated, as they are sure to be, sooner or later, in every library arranged on the common plan, unless it be frequently re-arranged and recata- logued. The great expense of this recataloguing makes it impractica- ble except for a few very wealthy libraries. In this system the cata- logue and book numbers remain unchanged through all changes of shelving, buildings, or arrangement. Duplicates have the same class and book number as the original book, but are marked copy 1, copy 2, etc. Of necessity, they must stand side 634 Public Libraries in the United States. by side, and so the reader gets the book called for, without a second reference, if the book or any of its duplicates be in the library. If, after the first demand for a book is over, it is desired to withdraw a part of the duplicates, when taken from the shelves, there is- no space left vacant any more than when atitleis withdrawn from the card cataJogue. It Seems unnecessary in this place to point out the very great advan- tages of the card system, in a growing library. Certainly every librarian must be familiar with them. In addition to its own peculiar merits, this plan has all the advantages of the card catalogue principle; and of the relative location, which has been used and very strongly approved by prominent libraries. As in the card catalogue system, there is room for indefinite expansion without devices or provisions. Space is the only requisite, and if the shelf room is exhausted, the floor space is equally good, except for the inconvenience of stooping. In our library as much space is left at the end of each subject as it is expected to fill. At the annual cleaning, as the books are put back on, the shelves, these allowances are corrected, so that we seldom have to move subjects along to accommodate new books, unless there be an un- expected increase in some department. Some libraries will prefer to fill the most convenient shelves full and move along as new books are received. The labor of moving is purely mechanical and will be found very trifling indeed, compared with the advantages gained. Bat even this labor is almost entirely avoided by leaving space with each subject, as is customary in most libraries, and correcting the allowances each year as the books are replaced after cleaning. The second method has a special value to a library lacking shelf room, for every inch of shelving may be used regardless of the uneven growth of dififerent subjects. In the absolute location there may be fifty vacant shelves in theology while there are a thousand volumes more than the history shelves will contain. These shelves and books can be brought together only by a hopeless mingling of subjects or a change of catalogue numbers through- out. In our system the books are simply moved along till the new ac- cession has room, as the cards are occasionally moved along in the card catalogue drawers. It is as impossible to overflow the limits of any subject on the shelves as it is in the card catalogue. In fact this (fea- ture of the system could be explained in no better way than to say that the card catalogue principle, which has proved so valuable in arrangiiig titles on cards, is applied to the books on the shelves, and has all the advantages over the old methods that the card system has over titles pasted into volumes, where they must be frequently re-arranged in order to make them of any value for reference.- The librarian has never to consult his shelves and shelf lists before he may know that there is a place for the book he is locating, for every book printed has its place on the shelves, relatively to its fellows, as much as every title has its place in the card catalogue. The class number assigns it to this place and all the rest of the labor is mechanical. Any attendant takes the book Catalogues and Cataloguing. 635 and puts it into its place in simple numerical order. iTo describe these two widely diifereut systems of locating books, -we use the terms relative and absolute. We do not claim this relative location to be at all a new idea, for it has been often used in other libraries. We do claim to have found a method of securing its great advantages and at the same time avoiding its great defects as heretofore used. The failure of the dictionary plan to meet the re^uirpments of the scholar has been often pointed out. While it is most admirable for an index, there still exists much of the same need of a good subject cata- logue as at the first. No one questions the immense superiority of a satisfactory classed catalogue. But the difflculties that stood in the way both in making and using such a catalogue have been so great that there has been a growing feeling among practical librarians that not- withstanding the very great advantages of a good classed catalogue the idea must be abandoned as impracticable. Still, many eminent authori- ties have ably argued that the poorest classed catalogue is better than none at all, and that any use of such a catalogue is in itself a lesson in bibliography. Th^ greatest objection to a classed catalogue has ever been the im- possibility of knowing just where to put a book in cataloguing, and just where to Ibok for it when it is again wanted. Different librarians, or the same librarian at diiferent times, classed the same or similar books in widely different places. Where one man did all the work and held bis place for a long series of years there was a certain degree of uni- formity ; but even then there was the danger of looking at the same book from different standpoints, thus causing confusion. This danger will be understood by anyone who has ever attempted classification, and is not at all surprising when one considers how differently compe- tent authorities often class the same subject. But, fortunately, practical usefulness does not require that this one's or that one's ideas be followed, but only requires that books of the same character be always put in the same place, and that there be some means of readily knowing where that place is. The index was designed, and is found in use, to meet both these requirements. In making the index, each subject difBcult of classification is referred to a specialist, and the number of the class to which it is decided to assign it is given after this subject in the index. Whenever a book is catalogued, reference to this index decides at once what number to give it. If the first number iswisely assigned, all suc- ceeding ones are sure to be, for the class number was given once for all, and it lis only necessary to refer to the index to Ind what that class number is, so it will be seen that a perfect uniformity in classing is se- cured, for though any one familiar with the scheme will class most of the books without the aid of the index, it will be consulted in all doubt- ful eases. A new librarian is thus able to class in the same way that his predecessors classed. A clerk, if he only knows the subject of his bookj by the use of the index, can class just as the chief of the cataloguede- / 636 Public Libraries in the United States. parrinent would class, and usually the difficulty is not in deciding what a book is about, but where to put it in the scheme. The index aims to give similar words, and the same words in different connections, so that any person of intelligence will hardly fail to get the right number. ' For instance, " telegraph " in the index is followed by two numbers, 384 and 654. A book on the telegraph may be a treatise on the desirability of Government pontfol, etc., and then is clearly a question of social sci- ence, or it may be a practical hand-book for an operator, explaining the alphabet and the care of the instruments, when it is as clearly one o'f the useful arts. The cataloguer knows to which of these heads his book be- longs, and the reader knows in which of its phases he wishes to esatri- ine the suViject. The 3 and G beginning the numbers indicate clearly the character of each sectioti. If the signiflcanbe of these figures was entirely disregarded no confusion would result, for on consulting either of the numbers in the catalogue, the scheme, or on the -shelves, the dif- ference will be clearly pointed out. ' The writer is aware that a subject index to accompany the classifica- tion has been suggested, but he has seen none that at all answers the purpose. In a book catalogue such an index could be made referring to the page on which a subject is classed, but it would be useless for a card catalogue and unsatisfactory even for the printed volume. A sub- ject index, referring all minor topics to their exact place in the scheme, as does ours, would be found expensive in printing and inoonvehient in use, were it not for our numerical principle, which secures at once econ- omy and ease of reference. Where we have only to print "Geometry, 513," such an index would have to print, " Geometry, natural science, pure mathematics, geometry." This increases the bulk and expeilse'of the index and so is objectionable, but the great objection is on the score of convenience; reference to a simple numerical arrangement'beihg so much quicker and easier of comprehension by the public who use a library than involved alphabets and subalphabets with their ramifica- tions. No individual is sufficiently learned to wisely classify books on all subjects and sciences ; but the botanist can assign all botanical subjects to the right number, the mathematician all the mathematical topics, and thus, by the aid of specialists, the index can in time be made reasonably accurate. When thus made, the labor of classifrtng the books of a library will be reduced to much narrower limits than ever before. Corrections of any errors that may remain in the index will be gratefully received by the author. It is plain that this index serves equally well for the reader who wishes to know where to seek for books on any subject. Some prominent opponents of classed catalogues have admitted that the subject index, in deciding where to class a book at first and where to look for it ever afterward, has removed their strongest objections. Certainly it would be impossible to make an index more cheaply or more easy of reference, it being a single alphabet of single words, followed Catalogues and Cataloguing. 637 by single numbers. The iadex is really a skeleton of a dictionary cata- logue. Instead of giving the book titles under each head, the number refers to all tho^e, titles iu a way so simple and direct that it, will hardly be criticised, The index may be made on any of the various dictionary plans,,, with all the advantages it may possess. To us the simplest seemecj tbe best. We have given only very short headings in this index, but it is probable that one will be prepared, giving a brief indi- cation in all doubtful cases of the standpoint taken in assigning the class number. "We therefore claim to unite the advantages of the dictionary and classed catalogues, not by mingling them together, and so losing much of the simplicity of one and as much of the excellence of the other, but by really using both, each with its own merits. Only one set of titles is needed, for the class numbers make them available for both catalogues. The advantages that the system possesses for making topical indexes of collected works, periodicals, transactions, etc., will be evident to every librarian. These consolidated indexes may be arranged together with the card catalogue of the books, or by themselves, as may seem b^st in each case. These class numbers applied to pamphlets have proved specially satis- factory. The, number is written on the upper left corner, and the pamphlets are then arranged, either in pamphlet cases with the books on the same subject or on special shelves, divided every decimetre by per- pendicular sections. As each pamphlet is examined when received by the library, it is the work of a single moment to pencil on it its class num- ber. _ There is no expense whatever incurred, and yet the entire pamphlet resources of the library on any subject can be produced almost instantly. The immense advantages of this plan over those in common use, both in economy and usefulness, will be appreciated by every librarian, caring for a pamphlet collection. A catalogue of authors may be made on slips, if desired. The pamphlets themselves are the best subject catalogue. The same arrangement is admirable for sale duplicates. They are so constantly changing that a catalogue can hardly be aftbrded, and a sub- ject arrangement on any other plan than this is difficult to maintain. ^till it is very essential that there be some means of knowing what dupli- cates there are on any given subject. By simply penciling the class number on the books and arranging them numerically, it is possible to give this information more quickly and more satisfactorily than by any Other method, and at the same time the least expense is incurred. It is thought that the plan would be a great convenience to both dealers and customers, if applied to the miscellaneous stock of a large bookstore. Very often a much wanted book, especially if not recently published, is reported "not in stock" when such an arrangement by subjects would have revealed its place at once. Specialists often find on the shelves books that they would never have ordered, but are glad to buy after an examination. Experience proves it a profitable thing for a dealer to 638 Public Libraries in the United States. have his books so arranged that each person may find those ia which he is interested without examining the entire stock. Though designed wholly for library use, the plan has proved of great service in preserving newspaper clippings in large envelopes arranged by class numbers ; and more especially in taking the place of the common note book, and index rerum. Slips of uniform size are used with the class number of the subject written on the corner. Minute alphabetical head- ings areused under each class number and the slips are arranged in numerical order like the subject card catalogue. Clippings and notes arranged in this way are at all times their own complete index, and have the same advantages over the common scrap and note books that the subject catalogue has over the accessions book in looking up the resources of the library on any given subject. Those who have tried this method are so enthusiastic in its praise that it seemed worthy of mention in this place. It would exceed the limits of this brief description to notice all the varied applications of the system. It is hoped that enough have been mentioned to show its wide adaptability to the wants of the librarian and the student. The system is so flexible that it adapts itself to almost any circum- stances. It may be used in any one of its applications without the others, and with a proportionate result. It may be applied to the pamphlets alone, bringing order out of chaos, and solving this vexed and vexing problem, or it may be used for the catalogues, leaving the arrangement on the shelves as before ; or it may be applied to the shelves, while the cata- logue is on the dictionary or any other plaii. This application to the shelves may bo either with or without the book numbers. If without, the books are arranged on the shelves alphabetically by authors under each class njimber. For a private collection, or a library where the books are not loaned from the building, this last plan has some marked advantages. The books on any subject, by the same author, always stand side by* side whatever the time of their reception ; and what is more important, the author and subject being known, the exact place of the book can be found without catalogue or index. On the other hand the invaluable shelf list must either be wholly abandoned or kept on cards inl order to retain the titles in place, thus sacrificing much of its accuracy and con- venience for examining and verifying ; and (a much more serious objec- tion) in order to identify the book the authors name and frequently a part of the title must accompany the class number on all the recordsi catalogues, and references. These objections', with the' almost'ceitaia confusion of different authors of the same name, or very similar namesj make the alphabetical arrangement almost impracticable for a circu- lating library. The same objections apply with almost the same force to a numerical arrangement based on the alphabet, for the indeflnite- ness thus introduced becomes a source of confusion in any library where much of the routine work must be done by attendants of little expe- rience. Catalogues and Cataloguing. 639 If the system. be used only in the catalogues, the shelf number should be penciled on the card to avoid a second reference to find where the book is; the subject catalogue will be arranged by the class num- bers, and the authors' catalogue should also give the class number to indicate the character of the book. If the system be used only for arranging on the shelves, the shelf list will, of necessity, be a brief sub- ject catalogue ; the call numbers, whether in an author's or dictionary catalogue, will indicate the exact nature of the book, and books on the same subject will stand together on the shelves. The system is most valuable, of course, when used in all its applications. if our class numbers were omitted in the scheme and on the cards, there, would be left the ordinary classed catalogue. Of course, if these numbers are applied to the cards of a subject or authors' catalogue, arranged on any other plan, the catalogue becomes identical with ours by simply rearranging the cards numerically. A catalogue is a collec- tion of titles as a library is a collection of books, and the question at issue is merely one as to the best arrangement of these titles; the scheme, therefore,. can be applied to almost *iny kind of card catalogue, without any waste of labor, for the titles wanted are the same, and it is'only necessary to have space enough somewhere on the card to write the class and reference numbers. We found on trial that cards 15 by 7 J_ centimetres are the most de- siraljle for the subject catalogue, and 10 by f» for the authors' index. We use a green card, projecting 5 millimetres above the white, as a guide-board, preferring, it to the wooden guide-boards commonly used because of economy in first cost and in space occupied. In the author's, catalogue, these green cards take the place of the head-lines in a dic- tionary. In the subject catalogue, each subject is preceded by a green card, giving, the heading as in the scheme, and in many cases with greater fulness. This heading is always prefixed with the class number. The catalogue may thus be used as if there were no class numbers, for its headings are as clearly pointed out as in any classed catalogue. In practical use, however, even those least familiar with the scheme will work by numbers rather than headings, as it is so much more convenient and rapid. The plan was adopted in the Amherst College Library in 1873, and the work of transferring the entire library to the new catalogue at once commenced. It was found entirely practicable to make the cliange gradually, as means allowed, without interfering in any appreciable degree with the circulation of the books. As no shelf in the library contained more than fifty books,- the only distinction necessary, to pre- vent confusion between the two systems in use at the, same time was to omit the first fifty .book numbers of each class, numbering, e.,W n 401 . I'ljilosophy. 451 Orthography. ,1,, i, , , ,^ 402 Compends. 452 Etymology. 403 Dictionaries. 453 Dictionaries. 404 Essays. 454 Synonyms. 405 Periodicals. 455 Grammar. 406 Societies. 456 Prosody. 407 Education. 457 Dialects. 408 Travels. 458 Texts. 409 Historj'. 459 Romanschand WaUachiaiii 410 C«Mnparative, 460 Spanish. -., Vi O! 411 Ortliograpby, 461 Orthography. ■ 412 Etymology, , 462 Etymology. 413 DictionarieB.i 463 Dictionaries. ,1 414 Phonology, 464 Synonyms. , , , , , 415 Grammar. 465 Grammar. 416 Prosody. 466 Prosody. , 417 InscriptioDSv 467 Dialects. 418 Tests., 468 Text^ 419 Hieroglypliiea^ M 469 Portuguese. ^0 English. 470 Latin. 4:;il Orthograpliy. 471 Orthography, "'ii 1 <-■'- 42i Etymology. 472 Etymology. ' '; -•.■' 423 Dictiouaries. 473 Dictionaries. ■ ' i' • ' ' 424 Synonyms-. 474 Synonyms. '' 425 Grammar. 475 Grammar. 426 Prosody. 476 Prosody. 457 Dialects. 477 Dialects. 428 Texts. ' ' 478 Texts. 429 Saxou. 479 Medieval Latin. 490 Gerimaii. 480 Greek. 4;ii Orthograpby, 481 Orthography. 432 Etymology. 482 Etymology. 433 Dictionaries. 483 Dictionaries. 434 Synonyms. 484 Synonyms. 435 ©rammar. 485 Grammar. ' 436 Prosody. 485 Prosody. 437 Dialects. 487 Dialects. 438 Texts. 488 Texts. 439 Dutch and Low Gernian. 489 Modern Greek. ' ' 440 French. 4»0 Other I>anguages. ' • ' 441 Orthography. 491 Chinese. 442 Etymology. 492 Egyptian. 443 Dictionaries, 493 Semitic. 444 Synonyms. 494 Indian. 445 Grammar. 495 Iranian. 446 Prosody. 496 Keltic. 447 Dialects. 497 Slavic. 448 Texts. 498 Scandinavrao. 449 Old French, Provencal. 499 Other. Catalogues and Cataloguing. G43 I. — SPECIMEN PAGES OP CLASSIFICATION. NATURAL SCIENCE. 500 Natural Science. 550 Geology. 501 Philosophy. ' i I '- ■ ' 551 Physical geograjyhy, nietieorolo^y 502 Compends. 552 Lithology. 503 Dictionaries. ' " 553 Dyiiainical geology. 504 Essays. " ' '" 554 Europe. 505 Periodicals. 555 Asia. ' ' - 506 Societies. 556 Africa. 507 Education; 557 North America. 508 Travels. 558 South America. 509 Hi'stoi-y. ' ' 559 Opeauica. 510 Mathematics. 560 Paleontology. 511 Arithmetic. 561 Plants. 512 Algebra. .562 Invertebrates. 513 Geometry. -■■•■< 563 Protozoa and Radiates. 514 Trigonometry. 564 Mollusca. 515 Conic sections. 565 Articulates. 516 Analytical geometry. 566 Vertebrates. 517 Calculus. 567 Fishes. 518 Quaternions. 563 Reptiles and Birds. 519 Probabilities. 569 Mammals. - ■ 520 Astronomy. 570 Biology. 521 Theoretical. 571 Prehistoric Archseology. 522 Practical. 572 Ethnology. 523 524 Descriptive. , Maps. Observations. 573 Natural History of Man. 525 574 Morphologies. 526 Figure of the. earth. 575 Evolution. 527 Navigation 576 Embryology. 528 Almanacs. 577 Spontaneous generation.. 529 Chronology. 578 579 Microscopy, Collectors' manuals. 530 531 532 Physics. Mechanics. ,< , Hydrostatics. , ,. '. ■ 580 581 582 Botany. Physiological, Systematic. 533 534 Pneumatics. - Heat. 583 584 Geographical. Europe. 535 Acoustics. 585 Asia. 536 Optics. 586 Africa. 537 Electricity. 587 North America. 538 Magnetism. 588 Sout,h America. 539 Molecular physics. 589 Oceanica, 540 Chemistry. 590 Zoology, 541 542 Theoretical. Experimental. 591 592 Comparative anatomy. Invertebrates. ' 543 Analysis. 593 Protozoa and Radiates. 544 Qualitative. 594 Mollusca. 545 Quantitative. ' 595 Articulates. 546 Inorganic. 596 Vertebrates. 547 Organic. 597 Fislies. 548 Crystallogcapby. 593 Reptiles and Birds. 549 Mineralogy. '< 599 ' ■ Mammals. 644 Public Libraries in the United States. II. — SPECIMEN PAGE OF THE SUBJECT INDEX. Find tlie snliject in this alphabetical index. The Miimbier following it is its cla^i number. The entire resonroes of the library on this. subject will be found undecijUiji number in the Subject catalogais, the shelf oabalogne, and ou'the shslvea. 'Where a class ■number ends in a cipher, the' subject will be; found on refereoceto th( prefixed classification, to be subdivided. ' ' <' ' Ilitualisra - 244 IJivor transportation. .' 387 Kivcrs ..-.uLuJjf .'j.. 551 Roads C25 Roclty MouutiiiuB 557,917 Kociontia 599 Jtoman antiquities 937 arcllitectuTU 7-23 Catholics .^ 282 history, ancient 937 ■' Diodor-n .. 945 . >. laWr.--.H....-i 3« Hteirature 876! mytliulo^y . 4 ... 292 I, sculptut'c 7:i3 Romance 813 ,, Enali.sh 823 French 843 GiTinaii ^3! italian.. 853 ^'pani-sll -'.'- Sl^3 Romance languages 440-469 Rojnanseh langniige ....':'.' 459 Rome, ancient 937 moilern 9i.'> Romish cbiirch 2-?2 Rope making fi77 Sanitary commissions 364 |M< H'TJ.S. 361 ■I'l' measures V .;.i 614 Sanskrit language 494 Sardinia .'u.i ...'.:..:., — i I 945 Satan 235 Satire ' i'. JlL'j... 817 English ...:l'.'....:uiiB27( ' FrenoltJ 847 German , , , f37 iLalinu 857 .Latin.,, 877 332 o-.-, .1 Say^pgs baiiki^ Saxon language ,429 943 s'li 498 943 I I. RuI)bor mantui'actures ♦t75 Ruminants 599 Rural areliitecture 728 Rural .spoit.s ^ 7',IIJ l^lissia ,••?;--• 947 Russian America r ■ -, - ■ "^^ language 497 Sahbataiian.s 289 Sahbalh 2Q3 reform 263 schools i. 268 ^lacrauimit of'ba'ptiani 2C4 Lord's supper 265' Sacred biography 922 rhetoric 251 iiacrificps . . . : 221 Saddlery , , 686 ■Sailors 387 St. Domingo . ,.. 979 Sail? catalogues of books . ..17, 18 fialt manufacture 664 Ilalvatiou ...,,,.. ,. 234 Sandwich Islands.. 9J7 Saxons Scandinavia Scaiif'.iuavian iangiiage literature Sceptici.sm '.. SchlpSWig.H:.)lRtciii Scholastic philosophy 198 School architecture 727 bouses 727 I Schools 378 Sunday 268 Schools of .art.. ->■.... 7p7 painting 753-7.56 I Science, y atural , . . , , 590, ,biogr;iph.y of..... 925 Scientific societies .... 5flC travels ,^ 508 Scotch langua,go 496 philosophy 192 Scotland 941 Scriptures 220 Scrofulou.s disea.ses ...llJ. 616 Scul])tors' lives 1 927 Sculptnre.' 730 Seamanship . •. J.' . .' 656, 527 Secession ^. . L '- 342' Second advent Lj: 236 sidht , .H.133' Secret societies ., 366 > Soots, Christian 280 Secular eilucatiou 377 Self culture ,.., 374 cduca,tion 374 Semitic languages ^93. Sensation ... Sensational psychology Sen.-ie 15: I* Sepulchres 71s Sepnlture 61' .Sermons 252-23S ill Serpents... J.'. ......i 591 iSerrafflts . J j. . i.unaij.',§4; Servia ^J Sewerage.-. 3U Sewing ,..,| 6^1 Sewing machine ■ - - t(,fviifctl ^*' Spanish 867 ^ ^Sexin cduoatipn ., .? ,376 Sexes.., 'm Sexual ethics ., 176 Sexual science filr; Shades and shadows .^..'... 741 Shakcr.s .:.';''289 Shaksperiaha '. .'. . .1 .':' ' S32 Sheep -.:... J ;'..-.....';C3fl Shells . : J ! i . . . .'.1. .i.'.y; L'.i.l . .> ' S94 :• ibssil' .'.L>;Jl'-.. 564 Sbemitic languages'.;..:... 493 Ship.buiiiling! ,69!) canals .1 ...I..1 626,387 I Shipping 1aw8 :i\H^ .Slmemaking ,. 686, 6,75 Shooting, r , ;.-.r-,;.|7?il Shorthand, .....i fi53 SlM'ubbely . ... Siara Silwria ffi7 ....-„ 716 959 literature . . 893 ,;iIl;f'Wi(', ■n.'.'ii'i Sicily........ Sick room Sieges .'.'JJl.'. Sight ;:'; hygiene ...i. ..:!.'. Signal^'' ;.'J.'i'.'....".'- Sign painting ■. v.' Silk culture... Jiullf. 'J... ■'I "roaini>faoture .'.-...;. I J M -worm . .i. -.1.., , Silver. metal "^ . m^nes.^.-f r — ,i money.......... — , |Sin --rrr- :M-,rh--ili , Ringing. ,^.....,.. p.. ;...,;^.i Sister? of, Msj-c,^. ...... ■,■,-,^■1 945 ii'i l5M 536 «i3 mi m 633 1«7 ,8§5 549 e-a S!33 Skating — Skepticism Ki'.-v\?r>';i.i, ■■,:!■■ 796 Catalogues flnd Catalpgidng. 645 Sjiecimen page of tlie suhject index — Contiuued. Skin diseaaea 616 Steyfe .ci:.-.. J.... .1.. ..:'..[ 9*i< Slander 177,.343i' Slang, 4ai, 4;!7, (itc ) SlsiJing .1.... ...... J... ..i-j ma Slavery 326 Slavic lunguage 497 -'■ ' literature 8St7 Sleep .....V-'iv:'..'..'!.' 135 Small-pox 616,614 f Soapmiiking-:i'j^i.'..l;jjJ:i.' 661 (.Social otbios . .. ' 177 [h s(}ieucai J J i 300, Ifi '■ I -worsbip, ,.. 247 Socialisms 383 Societies, fine arts 706 ■ ' general -60 ' -'history 906 'Walking . . . i:)5 li-tenrtur&t:.' Societies, natural science.. . 506 ^mI) :i' philology ..U-1.. 406 i> n ^philo.sophy ,106 !!■ t sociology.., ; ,,306 ,., , Uieology ,.,. 20B „| ,,f ,1, u-sefiil act.3.,..j,,j..,i 6pO Society 177 Sociology jiiK . . 300 biogtaphy.. 933 806 Sooratic philosophy , 186 in. -CATALOGUES. -•'■iAceessions.^This gives, for each yolurae belonging to tlie library: date, of reception, eiecessloiis number, class, book, and volnme number, autbor, short title, plai-e.^nd date of publieation, size, binding, cost, fund, or, ifipresented, the-doaor; in tlie column of remarks is noted anj' change; 'such as rebinding, adding snppleraentayioc 'tratiSferring to an-other number ; or the disposition in casS'the volnme be lost, soldj condemned, or exchanged. The accessions number also appeal's on the Shelf catalogue, and on the reverse of the title piige and in the center of the bookplate of each volume. This catalogue contains facts not elsewhere recorded, and is Tised to identify books, and check other catalofju'ep, and.tQsbow by its last uniiiber the total volnmeg, and by its last pages the li^test additions ,1jp the library. [ .,Index. — This is the official authors' catalogue, being the copy from which the public authors' catalogii(^ j.p printed. ,lt diff^ers from that in no respect, except that being on pards its .arrangement js in a single alphabet, while the pul)lio catalogue iplpook form •is continued in written, supplements. This index; is for the use of the, librarians in '.checking the, public (Catalogue. ,i,„ , , , ''^STieJf. — Thi.s is the official subject catalogue, and, gives the class, book, and volume D'Umber of eachi-'WOluime, together with its accessions number, author, and, short title. It is on loose sheets, laced into an Emerson binder,'and is arraugedlike thepnblic S'iibjeot catalogue by class numbers. It differs from that in being in book form iust^adof ot 'cards — arranged Undefeach class in the order of the books on the sheivasr instead of 'alphabetically \>j authors — and in giving merely an abbreviated title in place of the fnll title, impTint, notes, and cross "references of the subject catalogne. It is used in the abnual examination of the library, and also serves as the librariau's-subject catalogue, giving a compact list of all the books which the' library' has on any givetlsubject. ,„The accessions, index, and shelf catalogues are kept at 'the desk for the use of the Jijbrarians, and are not accessible to the public, lu cases of need, consultation is al- vlpwed on special applicifition. ■ ; Subject catalogue.— T\\\9 catalogue is on large cards arranged by subjects, and alpha- betioaliy by anthors, .under eaoli class number. Each card gives at thetop the class ;aud book number and the name of the author ; the body of.the card contains the full title of the hooka,, ©opied.-exactly from the title page, oinittiug only mottoes, repeti- tions, or other matter not essential, to a full and ctea,r titulju- descriptiou ,of the book. After the titlej lis giv«n the place and date of publication, :with_ the year, of the copy- right, if different j'Jthe edition, unless it be the first ; the.nnmber of volumes or of pages if the book 'be' ih' only one volume; the illustrations, maps, plates, and por- =trai'te,-if there be any ; and the size taken from 'actual measurement, and not from-the fold;- Afterthese imprint enfries are given any necessary notes ; and at the leftof the "(Tard thecross-reference'iS'umbers if the book ti'eats 'of mofe' than one subject. ■' '■ ' This- catalogCie can 'be' used to advantage oiily with thS' aid of the classification or index. Tti orcfer to loarh what the library'has on any given subject, find from this jji^idex the class humi)er of that siibjecf. ' Under this number in the subject catalogue willbefonnd the full' titles of the books with imprints, cross references, and notes. The class number by which the cards are arranged is given in the upper left corner, 646 * Public Libraries ifi the United States. and immediatelj; uuder it the book number. Any other class number given in the left-hand margin retjers to another subject of which the book ali^o treats. 'SVlien the class number at the top is followed by an additional figure in brackets, the subject as given in the printed scheme has been subdivided in arranging thff cards. This'srib- division will be found on the first card of the Catalogue which bears this class rin'mber. These figures in brackets deterrpiue the arrangeraeni; o^ the titles in the catalogue, hut on the shelves, in the shelf catalogue, and in calling for and charging books, they are entirely disregarded. Thus a book numbered 942[7]-i4 would be in the catalotriie among the 942 cards arranged by the figure in brackets as though it were a decimal but it would be called for as 942'14, the brackets indicating that the final classiiio- was limited to the catalogue and was not extended to the shelves,, , If a fourth figure is added without brackets, the final classing is extended, to the .^helves as w;^ll|a3 to the catalogue, and all the figures must be. used in qalling for the book, , In such ea,ae3 the added figure ia treated as a decimal in the arrangement, though the deoiuial g^in't; is not written. i i . ■ ., The last card whioh, bears any class number gives under that number, followed by the word See, the call numbers of other books which treat of ttie same subject, b|it. are classed elsewhere. General cross references are also made iu many cases, withputspeoi- fying individual books, as from commerce as a question of social, science (3:i0) to fiom- merce as a useful art, book-keeping, business manuals, etc., (650.) ,In such cases there is a card under 380 See 650 and under 650 See 380. I'rqm whatever standpoint a subject is approached the cross references guide at once to tlie same, subject treated in its other relations. These cross refereuces, both general and specific, are often accom- panied by brief notes, characterizing the books to .which reference is made. Ttiere .will be found at the begiuning of many class numbers, a card noting the most, valu^b|le books on that subject, and the best of the articles, in periodicals,, transactions, and col- lected works, with the volume and page where they may be found. It is hoped to give special promLience to these notes for the guidance of readers, and they wiU be .added as rapidly as other duties allow. ,i , ! Many subjects will have no subsection cards at the beginning; some, wil| , have no reference cards at the end ; and some may have no titles given undet' tlie number. The scheme provides a place for books on all subjects, whether the library has ,tlieq»,or not ; so where no titles are given under a class number it shows that ^hel^b|rary ha^ius yet no books on that subject. ,,, .imi-i Articles in periodicals and transactions, separate volumes of sets an!d,po!leptions which are located together, if catalogued, are put under their proper subject niiii)|jer, but no book number is given withit. The call number of the book, whe^e tl^ey pi^'Jil^^ found, is always given in the margin preceded by the word Xre. ,,, ., This is the fullest of the library catalogues, and should always.ba, consulted in Ipoji- ing uij the resources of tlie library ou any given subject. This cata'Oj^ue is Isept ia the case of drawers at the left of the deslc. Under no pretence can the cards be,ta|i,en from beneath the wires. "' , ^ . Claasificatiott and suibject index. — This gives in detail the scheme of classificatiqn ac- cording to which the boolis are an\iiii;oil on the shelves, and.iu the subject, caJj^lognes- Following this scheme is the alphabetioal index of subjects, which refeps any suljject to its proper heading in the classification. This subject index is thekey to.tlje shelsfes, and to the subject' catalogue, near whioh copies are kept for the use pfitheiPUibh". Explanations and directions for use accompany it. i i Authors' catalogue. — This gives, under the names of authors, societies, etc,, alphabet- ically arranged, brief titles of all their works which the library contains. i.Boolia edited, translated, etc., are also included among an author's works, but ace printed in a distinctive type. This catalogue is of authors only, and should not be consulted for either subjeotpior titles. The titles of books published without the, authors' names are arranged iu an alphabet by themselves at the end of the catalogue, aud if the names can in any way be found they are also entered in their regular places. Catalogues and Cataloguing. 647 Books added to the library after the printing of tliis catalogue must of necessity be souglitfprin the written supj)leraen,t. In using tbiis supplement it must be remem- bered |i^lip-t exaQ|; alphabetical arrangement of the names under each letter is not 'always praotiCjablo, though books are'enteredas nearly as possible in their true ordef. When the author of the book wanted is known, this catalogue should always be consulted to find the class and book, number by which to call for it. Explanations alire given in the prefaop to, the oataJogije, .and five copies with the written supplenieiit are kept on the counter for the iise of the pufilic. > . . •■,:,. IV.— EXPLAN^TiOIirS. The iitles of the subject catalogue are exact transeriytions of the title page, neither amended, translated, 'nor' in any' way altered, except that mottoes, titles of authors, repetitionsi'or'ihatt'er of any kind not essential to a clear titular description,' are omitted. Omission's of tuotto'es'af-e indicated by three stars (■* * *); of other mat- ter by three dots (. . .). The phraseology, spelling, and punctuation of' the' title skte exactly copied;' bat' capitals are giveh' only to proper- names and adjectiVesj and initial words of sentences: Any'additions needed to make the tftle clear are supplied and inclosed by brackets. ' \- . .■ "After the titles, are given in order: the place of publication ; the year; the year gf copyright, if different, in brackets ; the edition ; the number of voluilieSj or of pages if in buly onfe volume J'the illustrations, maps, plates, or portraits; audi the size neilrest in the 'arbitrary scale, regardless of the fold of the sheet. Thisacale gives:the netirest 'heights in decimeters, outside measurement': Square and oblong bookS' have the 'size prefixed by sq. or oh. Books 1 deciinetor high are called 32° ; > 1.5 deci., 16° ; 2 deci., 12°; 2.5 deci., 8°;' 3 deci., 4°; and all others' are marked simply by the nearest height, i e., a book iViarked 4 is 'between 3.5 and 4.5 decimeters high. In books having lii'dre than ohe' pagination the nuniber of jiages iSiindioated' by giving the last number of each pagination connected by a-f ;' an added -j- indicates additional matter unpaged. These imprint entries give the facts regardless of the tiWe page, and are left blank only when they 'can be ascertained neither from the book itself nor from other sources. The contents of vClnmes ate given when on title pages, or when necessary to prop- erly identify the volume, but no analysis is attempted. Necessary notes are given at the bottom of the subject' card after the imprint^ entries.' Duplicates are simply marked copy 2, copy 3, etc., and bear the same class and book number, but editions of the same book distinct in character are catalogued separately. In all the catalogues, books are entered under the surnames of authors when known ; un'der the initials of authors' names, when these 'only appear, the last initial being put first; under the pseudonynfis of the writers, when the real names are not ascertained; iiti'det the hames of editors of collections ; under the names of countries, cities, societies, 'or other bodies which' are responsible for their publicatioU; under the first' word not an article 'of the titles of periodicals, and of anonymous ' books the names of whose authors are not ascertained. Commentaries with the text,*and translations are entered under the heading of the origiUal work, but commentaries' without the test are entered under the liame of the commentator. The Bible or any part of it in auy language is Sntei/ed under the word Bible. Books having more than one author are entered under the first named on the title. In' the headings of titles, the names of authors are given in their vernacular form. In English and French surnames beginning with a prefix, (except the Frenchdeiand tf,) thi name is recorded Under the prefix. In other languages and in French names beginning' w'ithde and d', the name is' recorded under the word following the prefix. Compoilnd surnames are ertt«red under the first part of the name. Noblemen and ecclesiastical dignitaries are entered under their family names, but sovereigns, princes, Oriental writers, friars, persons canonized, and all other persons known only by their 'first name, are entered under tllis-flrst name. ' i. G48 Public Libraries in the United "States. 'The catalogue. is not a biographicaliflictionaryi;} life therefore only,gives-'th«,DaTne^ of authors witl; aufBcieut fuDrieSi^ to distingfiisllfbpni from eacli o,ther,i;ii practical ,um., Raines in full face type are the ruling headings under which the.jbbo^s^are eo- tered in tbo various catalogues. Entries not beginning with this type are in a'diiitibn to the first or niaih eiitry, and are made under the names of translators, ^flitits, coW- luentators, oontinuators, etc., as participators in thie aiitllt)i'ship;;.'-ialsa,' !£ti tlifei caseati? bookabaving more than one author, or liavliio- hath>generic and specjfte.liitlos, 0V pnb- lisbed by spcietius Qr other bpflies, apd ltavi;ig also the name pf|the.in4'>;i'l!^al.a'itjjpr. These additional entries are .made in order to carry out the plan pf the ajUthors|_ cata- logue, which aims to give uuder each author's nhme all his works which the' library contains. - '' - . > The works of an author known by more than one name are given all 'together tJniJer the form of name chosen. Any other ;naiue or'titla by wkiph, he may l)e known, if it differs in the first three letters, is entered i^n, its alp^ahsticjl place, foUtpw^diby the word See and the name under which tbe,J)Ooks are entered. Such cross References have 110 titles given under them, but are simply guides to the name chosen. '' "' "''"''' A single dash indicates the oilifssion of the preoeding heading*; 'aJsubsetfOent dash iudicati's the omis.sion'of a subotdiuate heading or of a title. A dasli b9nnectii)g uam-; bers signities,tO:anii)idiidiiiy.; following a iiuinbi^r, itiiiiKnifios eontinaation. -, A ''■ fol- lowing a word or entry, signifies prohabli). ^^apkeljs uiolose, wof^S; added to.title? or changed in form. The German diphthongs ;i, ii, ii are written' ae, oe, nei iJates are all given in'J-ears of the common ealeudar, aud Arabic numerals aTenni- fornily used for all numbers. ' ■', '"'i!' II.— PLAN OF ^;ew oatalogue of the beooelyx mek- CANTILE LIBKAllY. ' "; A WIC7IOXAr!Y CATAI.OGUiK. DirFERU.NT ,t-'POM SOME OTHERS — EXAMPLE.S, OF TtWVKK. I'.KCKS — SlBJlfCT CI.A.s.S LI.ST.S — CppSS KEFEpSNCES — AXAI.VSIS <^y IJOLYpipPHIO wonKS — Indexes, OF periodicai-s^Fac STMiLE EXAMPLES. , ., Tlie work belonjjs to whab' is- called tHedictioiiaryi type, with, how- ever, some material variatiooiH from the arrangeiueiibof subject matters a(loi)te(l by the Boston Public Library and by the BostoQ, AthensBum. As in the Boston plan, there is one general index, includiiitr, 1, Authorspji 2, Titles; 3, Subjt els ; but 4, using, certain general class headings^ such as Biography, (individual subjects,) Ccuntriesi (alphabetical , arrange- ment,) Fiction, (alphabetical arrangement of authors aud titlps,) aiid Plays, (alphabetical, arrangenjent of authors and titles fotlod in col- lections,) which are composed of material which ia the Boston catalogues is scattered throiigliout the general alphabet, but, whicji in thiS(X3tta'- logue is abstracted from the general alphabet, forming separate class lists. Besides this departure from the Boston methods, tliere are other points of difference.' ,1 -m .! ' L The Boston catalogues place, under tlie nani^. of the country, all subject matters having auy association, ininiediatie or remote, witU Countries! such as, lj,J>eic)(};f/o« and Xrarel, Eintory, imd Foliticalln^ stif'Ufions^ as. also Arts and Sciences, Costume, Fine Arts, Hejialdry, iXjan- guage, Law, Literature, Music, Poetry, etc.; leaving for the range Qf Sub- jects last mentioned only such works as are general iu their sttopfl* Catalogues '^and Cataloguing. ' 619 I bareaimed to draw some' line between whatrelates to the plij'sical, niattinal, politiciil, and social condition of a'countrj'j e. fj., what U-e might expect to fiud in a, geographical and historical gazetteer, and to make tlie national feature of such suhj:evtS'3.s Arts, anil, Sciences,. Costume, Fine Arts, etc., ^subordinate to the generic subject. . 2. The Boston catalogues enter a book at once under its most sliecific heading, while as a rule my liiethod enters it under the most giineral_ s^iabject class heading plu.s it;s mpst specific s^ublieadiug. Thus I make Locks and Keys a subhead of Arts (Useful), making a crpss reference from liook^ and Keys in. the general aliihabet to Arts (Useful: Loclis and keys). My scheme is desigtied — 1. To afford readers comprehensive (ilass lists, or subject class lists, containing all the \vprlcs the library offers in certain grej^t departments, such as Biblical, religious, and ecclesiastical literature; Biography ; History, Geography and Travelsy and National institutions (represented by ComiH tries ;)- Fiction ; Government and politics ; Language; Literature; Political ec'oiiOmy ; Social science ; Maii (including anthropology, ethnology, and Prehistoric man); Philosophy; Physics, etc. ;2..,Txj, arrange the specific subheads of larger subject headings in the most perspicuous and economical way, consolidating cognate subheads ■fl hen possible, and making cross references when needed. 3. To /place in the general alphabet any such topic as, in pny judg- ment, is on the one band top fragmentary or insulated, or on the other hand too complex and many sided to be made a subheading under any one comprehensive heading; as, 1, Argouautic expedition; 3, Botany. 4. Under any large 6lass, such as Biblical, relig'iouS, and theological literatnre, to make cross references from one subhead ta other cognate subheads, and in the general alphabet to make cross references from subheads to the general class plus the subhead. ' 'i 5. Thearrangement under class headings ought at least to be as obvious as'the general arrangement of the catalogue, or as the arrangement of titles under an author. The question as to whether a work is most cou- cerned'with subject or with tbrm need not trouble any one, if, as an object of inquiry, it is placed under the proper heading, along with like -iVorkis^ and if it is made easy for the inquirer to find it. The catalogue is designed to secure, as far as possible, in one alphabet, an index to authors, ititles, class headings, subject class headings, specific subjects and subheads, so that the inquirer may at once be directed to wbat he is in search of. Considerable attention has been given to the analysis of polygraphic wiorksj this extending to the class of miscellaneous essays, and to some pbrrion of the periodical literature issued since 1852, the date of Mr. Poole's Index. The class of Biography already printed includes much of sucb material. Out of about 11,000 entries, 2,900are to iedependent works, 5,400 tovolumes'of essays^ and 2,900 to articles in periodicals. Sotoe specimens of the catalogue as printed aire given below, to show 650 Public Libraries in the United States. the typographical arraagement, and as a context to accompany the foregoing remarks. Pages 39, 40, 77, and 109 scarcely require any ex- planation. On pp. 252-253' there are examples of cross references from title to author, several from subheads to their respective classes, and specimens of author entries. Contents are sometimes arranged in the natural order, and sometimes indexed iii alphabetical order. The prece- dent set by Mr. Cutter, in his Catalogue of the Boston Athenseutb, in using a larger or brevier type for whole books, and a smaller or nonpareil type for parts of books and pamplilets, has been for the thcst part follovred. As a rule, author entries take not more than two lines, frequently not more thali one. In classes, the place of publication and size are omitted, and titles frequently come within one line when printed in brevier, and do so in the great majority of cases when printed in nonpareil. Ciross references and title entries are always printed in nonpareil and rarely occupy more than one line. It should be observed that the specimens of the catalogue appended are not strictly speaking fac-siraile reproductions. The columns of the Brooklyn catalogue being wider, many titles come within cue line which in the specimens take two lines. . As actually printed there are two columns to a page, the brevier type allowing 81 and the nonpareil type 102 lines for titles. The number of types to each line, including spaces, would be about 57 brevier and 65 nonpareil; not including spaces, would be about 41 brevier and 53 nonpareil. Th^ dimensions of the whole page are 9^ x 5^\ inches. k I. EXAilPLES. [Commcnoement of subject class list of Art3(D'sBfQl) and manufactures.] [Top of page 39.] ARTS (USEFUL) AND MANUFACTURES. 39 inih JVorlvS Introductory to the Study and Philosophy of Science. NOTU.—Tho following snbjoots are assign etl mdopendent places in the general alphabet, tiz- Agri- culture ;— Animal magnetism ;— Anthropology;— Archaeology ;—Aroliiteeture;—Astrqnqj!iy;— Biblical, Eeolesiastical, and Kelig. literatute; Birds and ornithology;— Botany ;-^CliemiBtry|-j- Domestio eoonomyi— Ethnology ;— Fine arts;— Geography;— ffeologys—CrOvernment Blai poli- tics i— History ;— Insects and entomology;— Language;— Law;— logic;— Mathematics ;-rB[64i- cine ; — Microscope ; — Military science ; — Meteorology ; — Mineralogy ; — Moral science ;r Music ;— Natural history; -Naval science;— Occult sciences ;— Philosophy ;— Physics ;— Phre- nology ;— Political economy;— Shells and shell-flab ;— Social sciences, '•■'■'"i • • Spencer (H.) Classification, eJcl [in Ais Essays, v. 3, 1874) . .■ . ". ■ 2347.25 — Genesis of soienoB. [JnAis Essays.! . 2543.1 J; So47.a.J Symonds (J. A.) [In his jriaci-Uanies, 1871.] 2547.19 WhewelHWm.) [In his i-hilosophjvWf indiw<;e sciences. 2d part.] '"l*'-™ 1. Introdnctorij IVorTcs. Method, ^utiml Rel(itlons, and, Hialorjf p/ the. ' Natural and Physical Sciences. ' ' Bacon (F.) Advancement of learning, and Novum Of tlie catalogue ; see pages G54-655 of this volume. Catalogues and Cataloguing. 661 ■I. EXAMPLES — Continued. ' [iFoot of page 39.] VhmoeU ( W:) Histdry of tlie • imllictive ' sciences. 3 V. 18i7 4023.01 ^Pliiloaoyiby of inductive aOiencCs. First pai't. History of acientiflq ittoa^., ,2 V. 1838. 4033.04 Sknio! Sccoiid'^art. NnViim organttto renova- tutn. [ApliorismsconoerqiiiK ideas: Ofknowl- eil^e : incluCLioQ and clafisitic.atiou ; Of hietiiod : Of tli,elaugan,ge of acic'U|OQ.] . . .... 402i.06 1;^ See alfto in tlie general alphabet, Cos- molftgy;— Biblical and telifiious lit., (ReliHion , , itof ; I [Ooutpmp. rev., v. Ifi, " 18711 ; Kingsley (0 ) 'ScienCei ali ctnre, [Fra- ■ber'a.iT. 74. ISCO)?, IJIontagu (B.) Ea.says, 1839 [2537.041; SBenCBrj(H.) What knowledKo is mustsv-ortli ['Westmirev., V.72, 1839] ; Sterling (JO Ou the worth of knowledge. [In his " ' Essays, V. 1. 2547.09.]"' ' ' " ■ Aneidnt seienie. ' ' Childhood of experimental philosophy, [hi diam- bers' Papers, V.I 0.] . . .i •. '. . . 2510.05 Goguet iA.'T,) Origin of art and sciences. 3 v. i.. -1761 . . . .,;.;:' . . y,s,,.... ',!),. ■ *3o.3o N'a^ier (J.) Manufacturing arts in ancient times, 'iti^^vitU I special ; reference to 'Bible, history. 1874 3941.11 ' ' ' ^^'Sae ffi&iii Aristotle. {).'35;— and Inven- tionj, b.elqw. Also Nat. qu. rev,, v.. 3, 1861. (Ancient and modern science); 0-xford prize essays, v. 1,.1836 (In "what ,arts have Moderns excelled Ancients) ;— Philosopny {Aneienf). Bibliograjphy, ''' -''''■■■Mm i ' Ci ' ' ' 'I,*,' \. .' ' 1 ' ■ Royal society of Loiulon. Catalogue of scientific papers. 1800-1863. 5v 27.36.01 Classijication of Knowledge. Edwards (E.) [In his Memoirs on libraries, v. 2] 2744.02 Sarris (W.T) [In St. Louis- Pub. school hbr. Catal. 1870^] - I ■ Zeslie {J.P.) [In his Man's origin, etc. 1868.] 58 1 3. 16 MilliJ.S.) [7«MsAugu.stoComte^ete. 1866.] 5412,08 Part (ie.) [7>i 7iii Pantology. 184.i.] . . 2715.1(j • ' 2. Sjiecial Subjects. Aeronautics. [Air-travelling, BalloonSj etc.[ Arago (D.F.) Aeronautic voyages. [Sm. rep 1863:] .■'.,; . . . . . ,'. .. ', . . 3930.18 Blaisher (J.) Balloon ascensions. [Sm. rep., '■ 1'963,1 . .! , . . ..■.■'.'.■' I . '. 3936.18 —Travels in the air. 1871 3927.20 Holland (B.), Mason (M.), and Green (O.) Aero- nautical exped. from London to Weilburg. 1837 . . .''. .1'. .'• . .'I ,'. /n 572i:06 Marcif (ill.) PbeT)ompna of flight in the anima ' 'Idngdom. [Sm. rep., 1861).] . '. . . 3936.'24 Marion iF.) Wonderful .balloon ascents ' 1870 . . .' . . . .;'..". . . 3993.04 Pettigrew {.I. B.) , Modesi of flight in relation 'to aeronautics. [Sm- rep., 1867.] . . ^936.22 TduTnachon -{F^)i ■ A terre;etjnn I'air. t'M6iaoirea du (ieant [Ballon]. 1809. Par Nadar. [pseud.], . I .'.,i',. r'. ^i.,, .-;. .■ 3922.05 Turnor {B..) Astra castra; experiments and ad- ,^' t. ■Venture's in the 'atmosphere. 1865., '. 3927.21 Yerne {J.) Five -weeks in a balloon. [Fio- •'■"tiom^i;. . ".' "■.<;.,''i.- . ;:■.' . . .!■•.■ 191.29 Wise {J.) System of aeronautics. 1850 . 3921.00 ^Tlirough the air: fortv years' ' experience. 1873 ........'. , 3927.33 Note. — See Royal engineers. Papers. ' N. S., , , . V, 12 (3917. 12], for, papers op Balloon 'recpnoois- sanbes. ' ■■ ' ' Annual Records. ' ■ I 1. ' , ' ,' , , . • 'I ■ America/n Institute. Transactions, v. 6-32, 1847-8 ■— 71-2.' .iJ. '. . .' .■'■'. . Iji'j . . 6117.06 i\^ote, —E^ch yearly volume contain^ a report in relation to tlie aniiiiarexhfibition, ■witli ad- dresses, seientiiic lectures, discussions of the Farmers' club, transactions of the Polytechnic association, and proceedings of the Photo- graphic section. Annee scientifique et industriclle. Par L. Fi- guier 3922.09 Same. Tables d6cennales. 1836-1865. 3922,10 Anmiol of scientific discovery. Ed. by D. A. Wells [andothers]. 1849-71 .''. .' 3912.01; 3912.18 40 [Top of page 40.] 1 S 1 c.- ARTS, USEFUL: Aqueducts to Cotton. i-gatMl record ot science. Ed. by S. F. Baird. " 1871-74 3900.01 Armiiii ot Sci'once and art; Ed. by J. Timbs. 11 v. 1828-38. 16°. ' NQt£. — For continuation see Year-boot of ■facts. rear-book of facts. Ed. by J. Timbs. 1839-74. 3911.01 Tear-book of nature and popular science. Ed. by 3". C. Draper. 1872. . ,.. . . ,. . 3906.12 See also Periodicals, in this.ola^s. , J Aqueducts. TiirnbyXl {W.) Heports on the construction of the ' ' piers of the aqueduct of Alexandria canal across the Potomac river at Georgetown, T). C. • ■ 1835-40 . ■ . 3927.32 See aiso Waterworks. • Arches. Baker (B.) On the strength of A. 1870 . 3926.26 See also Engineering, below ,- and Arcbi- teoture, p- 33. Carj-iage-Paintdng. Arlot{—). Camplete guide. 1871 .... .- ri3932.36 Gardner (F. B.) Carriage painter's , Epauual. 1871 '. 3932.41 Kub (The) and New York coachmaker's mag. V. 13-14, March, 1871— April, 1873. . ' Carriages. Adanis (W. B.) English pleasure carriages, etc. 1637 3932.43 , , , Casting. Amateur (The) mechanics' ■workshop. 1870. 3923.06 Cements, Jjirnes, Mortars, and Concrete. r^ee also Masonry, page 44 ] Anderson (J.) Essay on quicklime, as a cenbfent. 1799 '. . 6121.04 Beclcwith (L. F.) Ueport on B6ton-Ooignet. [In United States Commissioners to Paris Exhib. Keports, v. 4.J . 3915.12 652 Public' Libraries in the United States. I. EXAMPLES — Continued. ' [Foot of page '40.> ' Canals. Armrnyd (G.) Internal niivii^ation of the U. S- 1830 .*.'-., ". '. 3'J-J7.a(> Frisi if.) Essays on canals. 1S61 . . . 4n-2ri.9-2 FuWm {B.) Iniprovenitjut iif C/a-uM^ 1790. 39-27. Sii Gt. Britain. Report of coiumissioners [on tlm Cal- edonian cauaL]. 1804 3927.24 Stevenson (D.) Canal and rii'er eugineei-injr. 1S72 3!)2li.39 Tanni'r {B. S.) Canals of tho United States. Id40 3927.25 Carpentry and Joinery. [See Architecture, p. 33.J Cotton, and Cotton manufactures. Jj-naW;JIi- -^■'1 Historv «f„ the^ cotton, famine. ' 18C4^ -. . . . ': '. .^ « ? r . ' . -; 5926.06 Bainen (B.) History of tlie cotton manufacture in Great Biitain. i'i83?r, . ■ 3932.03 Baird {R, H) American cottoa spinner. 1831 . . , , • • • 3931.01 Dudley (J. G.) Growth, trade, arid inanuiacture of cotton. 1853 59J6.08 l^lej/ {E. D.) Cobijoii J manufacturers' assistant. 1870 3931.07 Geldard {J.) . Handibbok on cotton manuiactures. ]8b'7 .'.'.;".'■':■-'.''-'. ."IJ .•'^■.•im% Ristory of cotton ( including'sifrfnwing, dyeing:, anil weaving. 1 4853; . .,;•- ■.. .u.in'.J . . 3931.06 .j.^- i' 111' , ■ , "I'l t '^_ ■^ i '• 11. EXAMiPLES. vr. :,( \ , \,iv,\^- IBeginuing of siilqpct class Itstof roli;;ions and theological worlcs, placed under Siblical, as the in- itial word, to secure dil'ect reference to page from the subheads.) [Top of page. 77.] " " ' BIBLICAL, RELIGIOUS, AND ECCLESIASTICAL LITERATURE* 77 Alphabetical Arrang^mint of S&t/ecta..' . .^ , . , m^.'' NoTK.— Eeaders are reminded that as a rule Biblical and Tbeological Encyclopfedias ■will afford the readiest means of arriving at information upbu special topics, arcbseo- logical, doctrinal, historical, personal, or otherwi^ei. , , ' c- , , Absolution. Lloyd (H.) Tho power of ilie keys. l'87^.. 3567. 21 Apta,of the Apostles, , , , ^. Alexander (J. A.) The. Acts; expounded. 2v. 1861. 3755.08 Amt)t(W) Church in .the house; lessons, ■ etc., 1874. ".....'.'' . . 3312; 12 Trial and condemnation of Pilate. Death of Pilate. Story of Joseph of Ariniathca. Re- venging of the Saviour. Sy^ifxc, .^ospelyof the boyltbiKl of Jesds. ^""f i,'^;) , . Apocryphal New Testf,m9g1jjl||, ^^ , ,, CpntentS': Gospel of the hirfch of .^ary. (,P,ri>- tevangelion by Janit'S tjijj; Ip^aer. G^Q^PS^ o^ the iufancj of Jesus Christ. ^' ', Apocryphal Gospels, Acts, etc. Coivper (B. W.) Apocryphal gospels, etc., tr. with notes, 1867. Content'^; Gospel of .Tames. Psondo-IIatthew, or of the infancy of Mary and of Jesus. Gospel of the nativity' of !\l:ir*y. History of Josi'idi the carpenter. (ros[)rl of Tliomas. Araljiu gospel of tlie inf;nicv. Letter of Abjar ^to Jesus. ' Let,tc>r of Jesus to Abgar. Letter of Lentuius. Praver of -Jesus, Son of Mary. Story of Veronica. Gospel of Nieodenius, or Acts of Pilate; 2d part, or Descent of Clirist to the undcrwoild. Letter of Pilate to Tiberius. Let- (ters of Herod .and PilatJi. Kpistle of Pilate to Cicsar. Pi-exiurt of Pilate, the vgovernor. Church histories, from the 16fch century; and tlie article ' Arminianism ' in H^Clintock and Strong's Cyolopicdia, v. I. Arianism. Newman {J. H.) Arians of the 5th century. 1871. 3413.22 See dUo Churcli history, from the 4th to ,f Vie.7fh csntury ; ijjjo Creeds ;— Doctrines ;- Trtnitarianiim.' * < ' ' Astronomy and Rsligion. Bi(rr (E. P.) Ecee ooelum. 1869 4016.05 Chilirwrs (f.) Uiscourees ou the elirtstian revela- tions.-iviflweii in connection with tho modern «stVonomyJ ltl7. . ■ . : .'.'., 8532.11 [Foot of page 77.1 , . , ' /' 78 [Topofpage7S,j," ,,^ „ BIBLICAL AND RELIGIOUS "WORKS : Astronomy to Biblet3 DiCft (7") Works. V. 2, 1853 5033.02 Conteiifx .' Oelestial scenery. Siderial hea 2517.13 Fonter{J.) Critical etways. v. 2. 1856 2625.04 Eel^ia (A.) JTriends ia council. 2il ser., v. 1 2531.211 Hood {B. P.) Uses of B. Ir-ryi . 3082.16 "'■'" -'■-'''■• ''Seff :mo:fj}'dpliii. '/-^^^^ Disrae.H (1.) Miscellaniea. 1793. pp. 59- 77 2522.28"' 'P(later{tf,) Oil aman.'s writinj; nionioirBof himself, [/h 7/i.'i Essays. 1835.] 5412.0(1 Sope(A.J.B.) Essays. 1844. pp. 20y- 229 2532.18 -a:\U-, B'Mlocjrapliij. * Oettinqe.r (B. M.) Bibliographic blosra- phique uaiversellc. 2 v. 1854 . 2736.09 Ocneral Biographical Diolionaries, l^e^ also Encyclopaedias, in'tlie gen'e'ral alphaliet.i Ailcen (J., and others). ' General bionjraphy. 10 V. 1799-1815, : ';;, ,. '. . 3228.01 Apple-ton's cvcloiUBdia of biography. Edited by F. L. Hawks. 1856 . . . 3236.01 Spoolal, collections. Note.— The cnntmts nt m'ast of tliflse cnllpo- tions, when not kIvbu uudc.r tlie fiilloiviili; Iiead- ings, will be foniif) under the author^' names, iu the general alp haljBttf. r i J El's q ' r-, ' ' AdvettfUrfel-s. Davenport (E. A.) Narratives of peril and /'• airfiforinjr 3261.01 Oonteiiti .•— Charles Bilwaril ; .T. J. Caaamiva ; W. Maxwell; etirl ofi jSIith.sliale; Htauialauj 1 ,iLepjsin»ki, ikine; of Pulnnil ;. H. Uurtez. JVruxall (L.) Keinarkable adventurers. 2 t" V 3284.23 i "■ . --'I -> A "J' \frX.-^ American Biography : 1. Dictionaries. Allen {TV.) American biographical diction- arj'. .3il td. 18.")7. . , ,. .[..-3247.01 Drake {F. S.) •Dictionary of j^m^rie^yi biography, iucliidiug'iueii of the time. ■1872. . .".' ....■: :■ 3217.18 Rogers {T. .1.) 4tnew, American biographi- ,,. - pal dictionary. 4ch ed. 1829, . 3242.08 American Biography : 2. Miscellaneous Collections. American adventures by land and sea. [aiiore.] 1071.03 American Nepos. 2d ed. 1811. . . 3242.07 UM.uyi (Top of Jast page of Biography.] BIOGRAPHY (IWDIVIDtTAL): Wycliffe to Zwingli. 215 Wl-CLIFiiE (.John), cojiHnued. m: 1 •ii&edioo North Biit. rev., T. 20, 1853-4 i Quar. ' Tev.,v. 104, 1858, or Littell, 1B54,. v.. 4.; Westm. rev., V.63, ld54. See also article in Allibone, v. 3, with author- ities- refereuees in Poole's Index; work.s on the chureh history of England, p. 84; hi.sforiert of the Reformation, p 9tl ; and general htatorica of Engilana (nmbprtOtjjwitrieflj. ff : i ■ . Wyman (Jeffries, Amer. comp, anatomist, b. 1814, d. 1874). iSee Atlantic raontlily, Nov., 1874 {hv O. W. Holmes); Old and New, v. 101, 1874; 'Popular science montlily, Jan., 1875 (by B. G. Wilder). -iatt ■a^- — ; s'-^', :;(i&- 1874 .'3251.14 See also Bentley's miscel., v. 40. 165B'(by T. P. Griuated) ; Tomplii bar, June, 1871. Young (Edward, Jingl. dirine and poet, b. 1681, d. 1765). - — Bell (R.) Lives of Engli.sh poets, V. 2, . 3211.17 — Johnson (S.) Lives of the English poets, v. s ,.,„.pr. 3-je.i.ai -MitfoTrt (J.) Life of [hi Y's Poet, -ffbris, vrl. 1854] 1696,1S See also N. A. rev., v. 70, 1834 ; Weal, rev., v. 67, 1837. 1--' ■ ";m ,v ;T. S-/r. YOUNG (Thomas, 3J. D., Engl, pjiysieist, h. 1773, d. 1829); ■ -' — Peacock (G.) Life of. 1855. . . SlsySS i'« 1)11 i'n« ,9ai, leaxTjiian -iili '1o ^uoi.i.I 654 Public Libraries in the United States. Iir. EXAMPLES — Continued. . [Foot of last page of Biography.] Yatks (Joseph, C, pov. of StateofNmu Tori::, h. 1768, d. 18:W). — Jenkins (J. S.) Governors of New York, p 319- 343. 1851 . . 3247.0a Ybauslby (Ann, English jmetess, V. 1756 ? d. ] flXi). — Sonthej' (K.) Unecluratcilpoeta 1836. . 3364.02 Yoniv {Cardinal of). Hee Stuart {lioijal house of), p. aO-2. YoRKB (Charles, Engl, lord chancellor, b. n-2-i, d. 1770). — Campbell (J., lord). Lord cbanodllors of England, V. 5 3234.07 YoRKE (Philip, earl of Hardwiake, lord chan- cdtor,b.imO, d. 17f)4). — Harris (G.) Life of. a v. 1847 . 3075.16 — Campbell (J., lord). Lord cbancellors of England, V. 5 •■ . 3254.07 Young (Brighain, Mormon high-priest, b. If'Ol). — Waite (j1/)s. C. V.) Mormon prophet and his harem. 1866 3187.16 — McCarthy (J.) Modern leaders. 1372. . 3057.16 See aiao works on DiloriUOIlisin, p. 94 ; and (in Countries) Utah and the Mormons. Young (Uhiis. Mayiie, JSngl. tragedian, b. 1771, i . . . . V . . . . . 634. 05 Carey (Matthew). Essays on political ' economy. Phil., 1822.' 8». . 5932. 13 Contents; 1. -Addresses of the Plnladelpliia society for the p]?otaotioji of uational) indjistP.v. 2. New, olive bvaDcli j identity of ioterestj be- tween aoTiculture, manufactures, alid com- merce.; 5. Address toCongresa; ruinou.'j con- seqnences of a dependence on foreign markets. 4. Address to tlie farmers of tbe United States on; til© rninous consequence^ of the existing [tariff]. Farmer's* and planter's friend. Stric- ture on Capibreleng'a Examination of thp new tariff. , - , — ^^ Letters, to Adam Seyhert,i on the re- newal of the charter of the bank of the U.S. 2d ed. Philadelphia, 1811. 8» ': . 5915. 08 — Olive branch, or faults on both sides, ,,Ader?il, and democratic. 3d ed. , Bos- . .ton, 1815. 16°. , 5714.07, page 253.] Carlist revolts. See Spain (Wars of mmession, 1S26-40) i Carlismiu Spain, by J. W. Preston, Soribner, Dec., 187a j— Carlo.s (Don), in Biog- raphy, p. 128. Carlovingians. See Sismondi (J. C. L. .S. de). French under the C. [515.0d] ; and general his- tories of France, 7.5-.i-987. Carlyle (Joseph D.) Specimens of Ara- bian poetry. [With Arabic text.] Cam., 17,96. ,sm. 4°. , ... 1631.04 Carlyle (Thomas), Collected works. 30 v. London, 1870-71., 8°. . . . 5027.01 Contents : 1. Sartor Rf^sartn.s. 2-4. French revolution. 5. Life, of SobUler. 6-1 1. Essays.' 12. Heroes and hero worship. 13. Past and Present. 14-18. Cromwell's Let- ters and speeches.' 19. Latter-day pamph- phlets. 20. Lilo of John Ster- ling. <' 21-30. Frederick the Great. i , , . London, 1871. . , ., ,. .5023.21 Same. Index. — Critical and miscellapeous essays. Phila., 1852. 8°;. ... , . 2517. 12 Contents : Jean Paul Friedrich Kichter. German literatUTO. Life and .writings of ■yVerner. Goethe's Helena. Goethe. Burns. LifeofHeyne. German playwright. Voltaire. !Novalis. Signs of the times." Jean Paul Fried- rich Kichter. History. Luther's psalm. Schiller. Nihelungon lied. German literature of the xiv. and xv. centuries. German poetry. ' Characteristics. Goelhe's, portrait. 'Bioffra- ■' pby. Boswell's Johnson. Death of Goethe. T. EXAMPLES. [Top of page SOB.) COUNTRIES: Egypt. Egypt. 1. AnGient Siatory Mdigion, Science, Antiquities, etc. ■■:'"'. Antiquities ofE. lanon.l L., 1841. 8". 1075.11 Beke {0, T.) ;,iCpniplexipp. pf, tbe ancient Egyp- tians, [in Royal soc. of lit. Trans., v. 3, I839.J '"; .'.'.' . . 5068.03 Birc)i (iS.) Ancient hist, from the monu- ments. Egypt to B. c. 300. . 1091.27 BryaWt ' (J.) Observ. relative to ancient history 428.01 Book of the dead. [In Bunsen. Egypt's , place, e((!.T. 5] 1075,07 Bunsen (C. C.J.) Egypt's place in uriiver- - sal history. 5 v. 1848-67. . 1075.03 ■ ; ' Note. — For Contents see p. 241 of this cata- >logne. I. . , 'I CkampoJUon-Figeac (J. J.) Egypte anoienne [histoireet description]. ,1839. [Uni- vers.] 901.23 Clark {E. L.) Daleth; or E. illustrated. ,,,,1864.,,; ,, . .„,..,,.; .... ,1075.09 — fijsrael in Egypt. E.'s place a,mong the ancient monarchies." 1874. . 1077.04 Cory (Z. P.) Chronological inquiry into the ancient history of E. 1837. . 5421.18 — Egyptian fragments from Manetho, Ammi- anns Marcellinus, etc. !In the Phenix. 1835.] 5002.14 Same. [In his Ancient fragments. 1832.] 3530 27 Woodward {Dr.} Of the wisdom of the an- ' cieht .Egyptians. lArohSBOlogla, v. 4. 1786.] 5128.— '-: ■ 2. Modern History of Egypt. Egypte sons la domination de M6h7 Jt'aiiclci-iiii/n iu the land of Ham. [aiion.^ 1858. . ., •. 1033.09 XTarhnrton (E.) Crescent and the cross. 18.')0 ; 1082.17 IVard (A.) Around the Pyramids, 1859- 60. ..." 10S2.15 IVhatelij (Hr. L.) More about ragged life in Egypt 1081.21 — Ragged life ill Egypt. 18(;3 . 1081.24 Willdiiiion{Sir .1. &.) Handbook for E. cou- ilcnscil from Jlodern E. and Thebes. 18r,8. [Murray's Handbook.] . ln,^2.()9 — Jlodern Egy[it and Thebes. 2 v. 1843 1076.14 — Xotea on a part iif thn pnstprn deaort of upper E.. with a imp. {lit Royal geogr. .sul. .Tnur- nal, V. 2, 18.12.] 903.05 &M ala^, iu thiaclass, Afrioi;— East (Tliel ; — Nile ;— Pyramids ;-Suez canal— Thelies. Also, in tlie general alphabet, History (Fni. »«i;»a!;—4ncferei!);— Hieroglyphics;— Mum- mies. iVb(g. — The beat raonng^raph.s on the ancient Ej.vptians for the aeneral i-eaili-r are the, worlis of Wi kiiuon, anil Jxendrick Ee-Trifg aud Rux- gdl'g ai'e briefer cnnipencis). Mwns&rt'ji work givea original materiala for lii.st.irv, baltlhanie's is the mciat pupnUr general historical nat-rative. Among tlip many enti'rt.ainiug booka (If.scrip- tive of modem Eg.ypt WilHnson'i' Ave the beat and most conipreheu.sive. fov the raigim of Egypt, me Mythology (Ancient) ; — Varitjus religions, and #a- glhlsm (p. 100)', besides tiie wurl. 3i4). Xlt. Parliamentary Law and Boroughs (p. 314). XIII. Parliamentary Reform (p. 314). XIV. Parliamentary Registers, and Personal History (p. 3U). xv. Parties 'p- 3i4). XVI. Social Manners, and Condition of , the People (p. 314). XVII. Travels and Description (p. 314). XVIII. Treaties and Diplomatic Documents (p. 310). I. Census. Leivis (J.) Digest of the E. ceusns of 1871. «° 5928.17 II. Constitution and Government. Allen (J.) Inqiiiry into the rise and growth ot the royal prerogative in England. New ed. Added,. Chiiractcr of kiu"- ■ Eadwig. 1849. . . . ■ . 571c! o2 Bagehof (TT.) The English constitntion, 18H7. . . . . : . . . 5717.13 Freeman {E.A.) The growth of tlr^Englisli constitntion 1872. . . . 5712.1H Genuine and complete collection of the prt- tests made in th0J7I0n.se of Ini'ds- 11641 to 1747.] 2 V. Ed'in., 1748. 12". 472.02 Hallam. {H.) Coustitutional history of E., [1485-1760.], 1851. . . . 5044,25 Lcekie (O. *'.) Essay ou the jiractice of the Brit- iali . government): di-stingnished from [ifSi abstract theory. 1817. ' [Pampleteer. ^'• 10] . . . '. . . ... 'MJi.il Catalogues and Cataloguing. \\. 667 IIL— "ISTEW YORK APPRBJfTIOBS' LIBRARY CATALOGUE. It is now generally admitted by librarians that a complete catalogue sliouUV give information as. to' the author, title, and subject of every buoli^p ■ It is.^lso^igreed that aithars and titles caia be exhibited in the most intelligible and satisfactory manner only by means of an alpha- betical loatalogue ; but on the third point, that of the subject of the bopk, there Is considerable diversity of opiuiou and practice. There are, how- ever, two proaiinent schemes or methods to which all the plaus proposed may be reduced, and these are, first, the systematic catalogue ; and, sec- ojjj(,lJyjJ;he!di(^tionary or alphabetical f5atal»gue. , , /; , it is generally assumed by the partisans of each of these plans that each catalogue is complete, in itself and ' adequate to supply all the information of the other. It is wdrth while, therefore, before examining the methoit of each catalogue, to ascertain 'whether there, are not funda- mentally different kinds of subjects,; because-, if this is so, it may turn out that each kind nlay need a differehtimode Qf treatment. This, as we shajl see, is actually the case. Tlie pbjects upon which human knowledge is based, whether apper- taining to the external world of the senses, pr to the internal world of thoughts, can be viewed from two standpoints. In the flrst place, each object may beyiewed as complete in itself, as standing alone, or as a totality -^as a concrete unit; Secondly, objects may be viewed in, their relation to other objects, or alj) parts of an abstract unit. . ^ Now, it is evident that classification is nothing but the formation of abstract unitis, by abstracting, from concrete objects characteristics they have in common and uniting thein in groups or classes. Classification is, therefore, necessarily, ^^bstract, and demands for its exhibition an abstractmetboid. If we the.n unite the different abstractions or classes in higher abstractions, and arrange the whole in the order of its various genera and species^ we §et a systematic scheme of all bur abstractions or Classes, and also a skeleton p;f the systematic catalogue, the plan of whiqlj. we will now, examine. The 'Systematic catalogue, as its name implies, divides the whole; field, of .knowledge into a system of,'cIasse^ or departments, with subdivisions itt each, the place of e^oli division being fixed according to its greater oV'l^SS dlegfise of dependence or relation to other classes.. All tjie books relating to a class are here brought together, and if the special student of,'atiy' science or art wishes to know what there is"m the library on his study, he has only to ascertain tlje' whereabouts of his specialty in the getieral soljeme to find all he needs brought together within the compass of a few^ pages, the -whole arran'ged in the natural order of its various pactsi and in close prflsimity to other related, c^spes, which often throw gfeA;t' -light 9n the subje'i^t'iu hand, As ' most classed catalogues ^have prietixed'a'synopsis of index of the scheme of classification, it is npt-so G58 Public Libraries in the United States. difficult a matter as has been represented to ascertain where to find a given class; and, assuredly, the great convenience of finding, at oiie glance, all one needs, counterbalances the small labor necessary in read- ing a brief synopsis, especially as any person of ordinary intelligence, after once mastering the scheme, can readilyturn to any class he wants. It is then qnite clear that the sole function of the systematic cata- logue is to indicate what books there are on certain classes,- and to arrange these classes in systematic order. In a w ord, the infi'irnwtion it gives is whoUy^general. Its method and principles being abstract, it cannot transcend its limits and exhibit individual topics which are Cori- crete. These demand an altogether diflferent and diametrically opposed mode of treatment. If we wish to know, for instance, all there is in the library about such concrete objects as horsfes, plants, tobacco, iron, England, etc., we should be obliged, in a systematic catalogue, to look in' numerous classes. And even if we knew exactly in which particular classes books on these topics were to be found, we should often need to read through all the titles of a class, because the classificatiGn being based on abstract principles, the subdivisions are necessarily Abstract also, and seldom cbincide, in name even, with individual objects. Tfaerei is, then, but one course to pursue. There being rto boiid of uhioii betwaeh individual topics when they are viewed as' wholes standing alone, or'as concrete units, it is necessary to arrange them in some arbiti-ary (vay in order to find them readily, and this can be best done by selecting the names of the individuals and placing them in alphabetical brdefcartd when We have done this we have produced the second form of catalogue, namely, the dictionary or alphabetical catalogue of subjects.- In the dictionary' catalogue the idea of classification is abandoned altogether, every subject being arranged under its most specific fieM according to thd alphabetic order of its name. Glass heading^' also ap- pear, but they contain riot a complete list of books thereon, but^inerely treatises on the class as a whole, or general works. In short, every hmll- ing is treated exhaustively, so far as it may be regarded as a wlidlfe, although classification itself is admitted to be foreign to the genius bf this form of catalogue. Numerous ofoss refereoces are introduced from one topic to a related one, or to subordinate topics, and this is silpp&sied to be a sufficient substitute for classification. This, however, is a'jliii* take. Classification, as has been showii, concerns itself only with &^(' stract parts of objects, and for this reason, an object necessarily falls .in numerous classes;, the dictionary catalogue, on the contrary, views every subject as a concrete whole. It is not enough, therefore, to refer from the name of a class to the concrete objects comprised/ within it, because these belong in the class only nnd6ra certain aspect, andifehergk fore a list of references under a class, say Botany, if followed out aiidfto various headings were all arranged under one head, would not constitute a class list of botany, but would be a heterogeneous mixture of books from totally different cltisses.- Again, supposing an inquirer' coirld, ■, Catalogues and Cataloguing. « 659 under each reference, select exactly what related to his particular class, what an interminable labor that would be, compared to the one reference in. the systematic catalogue ! It as, therefore, evident that each form of catalogue is. incomplete, or, rather, that each is complete as far as its limits allow it to go. Each i«i admirable, in its way: — the one for general information concerning classes, and the other for specific iijformation concerning individuals. The method of the one is abstract and, tbatof the; other is concrete, and as both methods cannot be united without doing violence, to the prin- ciples upon which each is based, and yet the information given by qach is equally .nee^ssary, we must accept both s^s coordinatp parts of one whcije. A perfect catalogue should, then, have two parts, the one systematic or.cla.ssed, andtlie othei alphabetical. The first part shpuld contain a complete list of all the books, arranged in the order of classification, with subdivisions, which need not, however, be unnecessarily minute, as the purpose of this part is simply to give i general informa^ijon, and^for the iittainment of thig end a few subdivisions are sufficient. There should be prefixed a synopsis of the scheme of classification, so that th.e place of each class caa.be readily found. ^ Thct, second part, or alphabetical catalogue, should contain, first, a complete list of all the individual autjiors with their wqrks in subalpha- betical order; secondly, the titles of all such . books as do not clearly iadicate the subject treated of; thirdly, it should contain (1) inthere might appear in the alphabetical catalogue, under the l^eadiug England, such references as this : England : For History^ See Class R. 1. LangiiMge^-8eeD\ass,^.2. --.-■ \ JElcclesiastical History — See Class Yc. 3. , If, however, there were no subclasses such as the foregoing in Part 1', a -mere reference to the classes in which these subjects wfere included wouldinot be sufficient ; it would then be necessary to give a complete list of all the books on England. ..c . The system thus briefly explained is carried out in detail, a,Itihoagii in asomewbat crude form, in the Catalogue of the Apprentices' Library, 660 Public Libraries in the United States. (September, 1874.) It is claimed for it that it answers ^11 the possijble and legitimate inquiries that can be directed to a catalogue, whejbher general or specific, in the shortest and most direct manner. If Professor Abbot's criterion for a good catalogue be admitted, namely, that "That is unquestionably the best catalogue which enables a person niost readily and completely to ascertain what the library contains relating to the subject of his inquiry," the catalogue system here proposed may be 'safdy tried by such a standard. For it certainly enables the inquirer to find what he wants "readily" — a single reference being sufficient, whether the information sought is general or specific — and "completely," since in all cases the subjects, whether concrete or abstract, contain all the books thereon in the library. IV.— CATALOGUE OP ST. LOUIS PUBLIC SCHOOL LIBEAEf. The system of classification adopted in the Catalogue of the Public School Library* of St. Louis is a modification of the Baconian plan for which the library is indebted to William T. Harris, LL. D., superin- tendent of public schools, and, eai officio, one of the managers of the library.' The main divisions and the method in which the minor classes are subordinated to the general heads, are shown in the following schedule : STSTKM OF CLASSIFICATION. ^ Science.. « Social and political sciences [ Main Divisions. _ Philosophy. Theology. ^ Jurisprudence. , Politics., , Social science, Philology* ; f Mathematics. I PhysicSi Natural sciences and useful arts . i Natural history. I Medicine. Useful arts, i Fine arts. ' Poetry. Prose fiction. (^ Literary miscellany. C Geography and travels. History \ Civil history'. [ Biography. • . ^ Polygraphs. Appendix ,J Cyclopaedias. [ Periodicals. ., ' An extended explauation and defense of Dr. Harris's system of classiljoajiioii will be found in the Jonrnal of Speculative Philosophy for 1870, vol. iv, p. 114 et seq. Art Catalogues and Catalogmng. 661 TBe foregoing classes are again divided into subclasses, numbered one to one hundred, -which, in some instances, and, indeed, wherever desira- able, are still more minutely subdivided. Thus, under IS'atural history. Class 50 is Zoology; 50 a, Vertebrates; 50 a\, Mammals; etc. '.,]fQ]^lowing is an example of subdivision in. the above scheme, under History : HISTORY. Geogeaphy and Travels. d. Southern Africa. Geography, Travels in Several Qtia/rters of the a. Ancient. Globe. 6. jyiodern. a. Eastern Hemisphere.. Voyages. b. Both Hemispheres. a. Circumnavigations. c. Oceanica. ■"■'- b. Collections of Voyages. Travels in America. Civil. History. a. North Ajmerica. Gompends and General Ristoryt, b. United States. a. Chronology. ' c. British America. b. Philosophy of History. d. Mexico and Central America. Ancient History. e. West Indies. History of the United States. /. South America. a. General. Europe. b. Settlements and Colonial a. British Islands. History. b. France and Netherlands. c, Eevolutionary Period. c. Switzerland (and Alps) and ' d. Civil War. Italy. e. Particular States, Territo- d. Germany. ries, and Cities. e. Denmark, Sweden, Norway, America at Large. and Iceland. a. Aborigines. /. Kjissia and Poland. b. Canadas. g. Turkey and Greece. c. Spanish North America. h. Spain and Portugal. d. South America. Asia. British History. a. Turkey and Armenia. a. England. 6. Syria and Arabia. b. Scotland. c. Central and Northern Asia. c. Ireland. ^.d.Cbinese Empire and Japan. Uurope. e. India. a. France and Switzerland. Africa. 6. Germany, Netherlands, and a. Egypt, Nubia, and. Abys- Scandinavia. sinia. c. Sclavonic Nations. b. Barbary States and Great d. Southern Europe, (Italy, _ Desert. \ Spain, etc.) c. Central Africa. 1 e. Turkey and Greece. 662 Public Libraries in the United States. HISTORY— Continued. Asia at Large. a. British India. h. China and Japan. Historical Miscellany, ■a. Costumes and Iconology. b. Crusades. ,c. Wars and Campaigns. d. Secret Societies. Biography. a. Collections and Dictiona- ries of. b. Individual Biography. c. Correspondence. ' i d. Genealogy and Heraldry. vGreat diversity of opinion has long existed among librarians as to the (Practicability of a philosophical scheme of classification for the arrange- ment of books. After five years of trial, the system adopted in the iPublic School Library continues to commend itself for the readiness with which it imparts to the users of the library the information they raky -desire by bringing together, under one or two heads, all the bopks likely to throw light upon the subject of their investigation. In this particular is claimed its superiority over the so-called subalphabetical or dictionary system, as a glance at the synopsis of classification wilt at once indicate to the reader where to look for the class in which he may be sure to find all the works or references to works relating to the mat- ter of which he is in quest. ' CHAPTER XXIX. ON INDEXING PERIODICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS LITERATURE. BY PROF. OTIS H. ROBINSON, Librarian qfthe University of Rochester. ni;ckssity and vai.ub of indexes — no complete printed index to periodicals — Gard index ^Description oh'the plan in use by the author — Care required IN preparing indexes — " Fancy" titles — Suggestions for co-operation among libraries. ' It ,. is clearly t)je duty qf a llbijarian so to conduct his library that everything it coutatiiifs shall be , accessible to Qvery reader, and that with as little iusconvenieuce as possible. It is often asked, How many books have you ? or, Have you a fund for the purchase of books t Would it not be equally pertinent to ask. What means have you adopted to malse your books most useful ? Until this question is answered the working power of no library can be correctly estimated. In a college library especially it is important that as little effort as possiye be required of the reader. This is true chiefly because hero a majority of the readers are likely to be persons of so little experience, and such slight knowledge of the value of books', that they are willing to make but very little effort to find what their highest interest requires them to read. And besides, in a college library the readers are not only learning what and how to read, but they are also learning, some of theui at least, how to consult a library — how to find in it all it contains of value on a given subject. This is by no means an insiguiticant part of a student's educatiou, and every facility should be afforded to make it attractive and easy. With special reference to this work we may divide the books of a library into two general classes, as follows : I. Books which are continuous throughout on the same subject, or on kindred subjects; as biographies, histories, etc. II. Books which are made up of parts not closely related to each other; as cyclopaedias, dictionaries, periodicals, essays, etc. Of the first class, the titles form, or ought to form, a sufficient-general index to the contents, so that a well prepared catalogue is all that is required. The second class may be subdivided into : a. Books whose parts are arranged on a well understood plan ; as cyclopaedias, chronological tables, etc. 663 664 Public Libraries in the United States. b. Books which are composed of parts on widely different subgects, and arranged on no definite plan; such as magazines, collections of es- says or lectures, etc. The former of these subclasses consists strictly of works of referenefe, and must be within the reach of readers for consultation at all times. No special device is necessary to make their contents accessible. ■ Of the second class we may say that their titles give noielew to what they contain, so that a catalogue avails little or nothing; nor can one easily hunt up a given subject in them, for lack of order among their! jiarts. The value of the last class of books mentioned, especially to a stu- dent, can hardly be overstated. In these days men of learning are push- ing their investigations in every direction. The results of these inves- tigations knock imperatively at every college door. College faculties are often at their wits' end to decide how far the old, time honored' curricn- lum shall give place to modern researches. The tendency, I think, is lo make the regular course cover all that is new by lectures supplementary to the old. This makes an extraordinary demand upon the time and strength of student as well as teacher. It is desirable that a student be as good a linguist and mathematician to-day as was the college stu- dent one hundred years ago, and at the same time that he acquire a Mr- knowledge of chemistry, and geplogy, and zoology, etc., of which such student never dreamed. And, besides, he must be up to date in the ever increasing practical applications of what is learned iu theory.- In short, the field of study is rapidly widening, while the period allotted to student life remains nearly the ^ame. What is demanded, therefore, is knowledge in nut shells. There is no time to waste. The classical student needs the mature essays of Arnold and Hadley to settle forever' the questions which arise iu his reading and help him in forming a cor- rect classical taste; the student of science cannot do.without the lec- tures and fragments of Helmholtz, and Herschel, and Tyndall; and both must have the reviews, and rhagaziues, and reports of learned societies without stint. I would say nothing to disparage extended courses of general reading, but this work of supplementing a coHege course dnriug the period of student life mnst be largely done by the use of mono- graphs. Besides the circumstances of the student, the character of this class of books also commends them. Everybody knows that the best pro^ . ductions of many of the ablest scholars of to-day appear; in the form, of essays and magazine articles. The tendency toward this style of writing is increasing. It is known that a two or three hour article will be reiid ^ while a volume would not be touched. The monthly and qnaf tetly iilrfe , also coming to be almost the sole place for the first scientific statemeut,,, of discovjry. They are therefore the most convenient means of study- ing the history of discovery and opinion — and, I might also add, general Indexing Periodical and Miscellaneous Literature. .665 history -^duringithat most dif&ctilt period which lies between the epheme. ral newspaper and the well written volurae.' But the practical value of books depends largely upon the facility with which they may be used; I have said that when the titles of books do not clearly suggest their contents, a general catalogue is of little use in finding what they contain on a given subject. Suppose that in a library of 20,000 volumes there are 2,000 of this class, and that they comtain, on an average, five valuable essays to a volume, you have then lOjOOO essays, or half as many as there are volumes in the library, whose value is far above the average of the library. Every reader knows that these 2,0.00 volumes, or 10,000 essays, contain something on nearly every subject he wishes to investigate, but how shall he make them give down what they contain on any particular subject ? I remember, when a col- lege student, spending many a leisure hour looking through the tables of contents of thesa books, volume by volume, and noting the volume and page of such as came within the range of my study. Tedious though it was to spend my reading hours in this way, I was recompensed. It is especially unpleasant to one making such a search to feel that, however fai he has gone, the very next volume may contain what is to him more valuable than all he has found ; or to look through whole sets of books for some half- forgotten essay and fail to find it at all. Until, therefore, these books are properly indexed, readers are subjected to a vast waste of time or to the loss of their use altogether. The great majority will chdose to suffer the loss. Where thtre is such a demand, one naturally looks for a supply of printed indexes, with supplements kept carefully up to dati». But he looks in' vain. The only comprehensive general index to periodical literature is that prepared by Mr. Poole, at the Boston Athenaeum Library. That was published more than twenty years ago, and is now out of print. I know of no general index to tbe vast number of liter- ary and scientific papers which have been bound iuto volumes with such titles as Miscellaneous Essays, Reports of Learned Societies, etc. Mr. Poole has been urged to complete the supplement to his index, which he began some years ago, and which he is so well qualified to make, but other duties 80 press upon his time that he gives no encouragement that be will be able to do anything further in, this- direction. And, besides, ' Siiice writingthB above I have accidentally met with the followiug, from , the rej>ort for 1871 of the librariau of the Mercantile Library Association of Sail Francisco. It is So clear and pointed that I cannot resist making a note of it. "A) thorough collection of the periodical literature of^the day constitutes a part of every library of note, ,aoljno,wledged to be the most important and inseful.. Its value in ^public library cannot be overestimated. It offers the stud.ent an epitome of all history/ soiencel and art in the past and a continuation of the same in every depart- ment; dven to the present day. It contains the latest improvement or advanoe in sci- ence, the freshest liirn' of tlidught. With a completion of Poole's Index to Periodical Literature to date, the sea:rcher after knowledge would have, in a complete magazine collection, a stort of information inexhaustible and in worth beyond all computation." 666 Public Libraries in the United States. the great barrier to a complete printed iadex, coutiuaed from year to year, is that it would not pay. Every library needs, and needs very much, an index to its own books of the class described, but the libraries are too few, and the wants of nearly all too far below the maxiraum to warrant publishers in keeping a generalindex up to date. Moreover, should this be done, the annuals would soou become so numerous as tp make their consultation inconvenient, to say the least. Next to a continuous catalogue, every library needs a continuous index. Where printing immediately is not contemplated, the card system is rapidly coming into use for the catalogue. After quite an extensive correspondeace-on the subject, I think no single plan has been generally adopted for the index. The general expectation amonj; libra- rians seems to be that somebody will publish a general index. Various plans have been tried by private individuals and by librarians, but none, so far as I know, is free from serious faults. Two requirements must be met — ease of continuation, not by supplements, but the new always in alphabetical order with the old, and convenience of reference. For the simple purpose of alphabetical continuation, the card system is doubtless the best lor either catalogue or index ; but for convenieuce of reference it is far behind the best. Every one who has used a card catalogue knows that the inconvenience of turning the cards one by oue with his finger-ends upou their edges, especially when pressed for trtne, is a serious obstacle to their use. What is wanted is the form of a book, that the leaves may be slipped easily a,ud rapidly between the thumb and fingers, and the titles or references always stand out plain to the eye. The plan I have adopted is designed to meet both the requisitions mentioned above, provision being made, however, for the insertioa of new references, not from day to day, but only once or twice a year. My plan was matured and my old index copied and put into working order in the new form in the summer vacation of 1873. It then con- tained not far from ten thousand references. It proved so cottveuient and useful the following year, both to students and other readei;s, that, when the vacation of 1874 came, I inserted in it the titles of the articles of every valuable book of the class mentioned in the library. It now contains little less than fifteen thoHsand references, or more tliau the number of volumes in the entire library. The facility with whic^li it can now be kept up to date will appear below. , , , The universal favor with which it has been received, together with numerous suggestions that it ought to be more widely known, lias induced me to prepare the following description of it;. Its general appearance is that of a number of volumes in manuscript lying about three-fourths open in a case so constructed ^s to have^a place set apart for each volume. The volumes are arranged iu alpba- betical order and fastened iu the case. The case is screwed to its i)|]a6e so as to be a fixture in the library, where it is easily acces'sible^ to all- Indexing Periodical and Miscellaneous^ Literature. 667 The volumes, which appear to be well boaad as they lie in the case, are really only tied together firmly with binder's thread. With this arrange- ment it is easy to cut them apart, insert the new references in proper order, and tie them up again, once or twice a year. The following diagrams will serve for a more detailed description of the several parts and their uses. •0 Dryden,&ENIUS OF. E.R. iOZ:i. o AND HIS times/ W.R.63:i96. o Fig. 1. liet ifig. 1 represent the form of the leaves on which it is written. Their size is 8 inches by 5J. They are ruled dn one side with nine lines to the page, with a cross rule one inch from the right edge. This margin is required for the tying, and is punched, as represented by the dots, the liples in each pair being about half an inch apart. Only those subjects are put upon a pageVhich have the same first or leading word. A large part of most of the pages is, therefore, left blank for future entries. I have fouud the most convenient mode of iudexi ng to be, first to draw off the titles or subjects on small slips of paper, one title on a slip, then arrange these in alphabetical order preparatory to copying. When the index has once been begUn very many of the new slips which are pre- pared from year to year can be copied on the pages already started. New pages are always to be started for those subjects which have new leading words. As the volumes are cut apart into loose leaves at the time the copying is done, the new pages so started can be arranged in alphabetical order with the old before tying up again, reference being liad dijjy to the first word. Eevisions and corrections can also be at- tended to a,t the same time. The covers of the volumes are prepared with special reference to their adjustment to the case, from which they are never removed except for the periodical addition of new matter. Suppose Fig. 1 to be enlarged a little each way, and it will fairly represent one side of a cover. The sides are ^made separate and connected by a strap, as shown hereafter. This half- cov^r terminates in a flexible morooeo margin which is punched to cor- respond with the leaves so as to be tied together with them. The mar- gin is made wide enough to leave a flexible section or joint above the tie. , Fig. 2 represents a strong morocco strap, nearly as wide in the middle, as the covers, and punched to correspond with them. The distance, a 668 Public Libraries in the United States. h, between the sets of holes near the middle is two or three inches, according to the thickness of the book to be bound. The ends are about two-thirds as fl h long, from h to c, as the cov- ers, and punched so as to be suspended on fixed pins in the case, as shown at r s, Fig. 6. The two sides of the cover are now sewed to this strap along the lines of the corresponding holes and the cover is complete. Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Pig. 3 gives an outline view of the back of the cover when fluish^^ the strap being laid upon the two sides and sewed along the dotted lines. Pig. 4 gives a sectional view of the cover when the book is closed and placed upon its back. Covers can be prepared in this form by any binder at a small expense, and will last a lifetime. From two to four hundred leaves can be clamped within a cover with an ordinary clamp, and the whole sewed or tied firmly in a few minutes. To stiffen the volume when so bound, and to protect the leaves from being injured by the thread, narrow brass plates, represented in Fig. 5, are ( \ \ La[ UJl5 i;1 ^.-YiOQ"^^' Fig. 4. Fig. 5. placed outside the cover. The thread being drawn several times through at each end, and tied while the book is clamped, will hold these plates firmly against the sides of the volume, and form altogether a pretty strong binding. The principal objection to this whole plan would seem to be the necessity of rebindtng or retying once or twice a year. My experience, however, is that, with no special facilities, one caii tie them up at the rate of three volumes in an hour, which makes the work .too trifling to be considered. Your compensation is that you haWydiii' Indexing Periodical and Miscellaneous Literature. 669 index ill the conveuieut form of a book, and all in alphabetical order up to date, without separate supplements. Fig. 6. ; , I Fig. 7 represeiits a book as bound ; belowit, (Fig. 6,) is a vacant sbction of the ease. The opening, c d, is somewhat larger than the thickness, a b, (see Fig. 2,) of the book. The ends of the morocco strap, m n, are now slipped through narrow slits, o p, Fig. 6, in the inclined boards of the case, and fastened underneath on the pins, r s. The book then lies partly resting on the boards and partly suspended by the strap, as rep- FiG. 8. resented jift Fig. 8. The iuclination of the boards and the space, c d, Fig, 6, between them are such as to allow the book to lie op^u far enough for convenient use, or to be closed at, pleasure on either side, while the- strap still holds it loosely in its place. The ease is constructed as follows : For a single row of the volumes tw6 boajds are cut of the form a b, Fig. 8. Between these the in- clined boards which support the books are fitted by inserting them into grooves or furrows, m n, o p, cut for the purpose. These long boards form the front and back of the case, the books lying loosely between them, just low enough to secure their protection. When the index is large enougji to require eight volumes or more, the case should be made fpF two or three rows; otherwise the length may be inconvenient. No lid is req^uired, as,the books may be closed for protection against dust wjien necessary. ;F%'.,; 9 represents one of the cases I am now using, containing twelve ypljUi^es arranged in two rows. Each volume contains about two hundred leaves, the spaces in the case being large enough, however, 670 Public Libraries in the JJn-iied States,' Indexinff, Periodical and Miscellaneous Literature. 671 * to contain them easily when they shall have grown to twice that size. The brass plates and threads, and all the binding are entirely out of sight beneath the pase, so that the whole present§ a neat appearance. The references are written on the left side only, as represented in Fig. 1 ; the leading or catch word is thus always first in view as the leaves iire turned. To make this d(;scription complete, it should be added that the refer- ences to periodical literature are made in the usual way, by an ab- breviation of the title, the number of the volume, and the page. But the references to the volumes of miscellaneous literature require either a special device or the copying of somewhat long titles a great many times. To save this copying and to condense the size of the index the following plan has been adopted: The titles of the volumes are num- bered and written in full with their numbers once for all, in a bold hand, on a large card which is suspended over the case. The references are then made by writing two numbers after the subject of the article, one the number pf the volume on the card, the other the page of the article. I have now three hundred volumes numbered on my card. This device simplifies the work, condenses the index, and prevents mistakes to such an extent that were I to begin the whole work de novo I should be in- clined to adopt it for all the books indexed. When thei covers of the books are once prepared and the index has been begun, the work of keeping it up in any ordinary library is neither long nor difficult. It may properly be divided, however, into two parts ; the prei)aration of the slips from an inspection of the articles or essays to be indexed, and the copying of them and arranging and recying of the volumes. The latter requires no special preparation or skill, but may be done by any careful assistant. The preparation of the slips, on the other hand, requires the most careful attention of one who has had experience with books. He niiust decide upon the leading or principal word of the title, and theibest condensed form of it, without, hesitation ; he must determine what titles should be repeated under different catch-words, and what articles should be rejected as worthless ; he must be able to run his eye over the book notices in the leading reviews, and select here and there one which amounts to a brief review, omitting the rest ; and, what is most difiBcult of all, he must be able to make titles and substi- tute them for a vast number of fancy titles which would be meaningless in an index. Think of a valuable historical article on steam navigation, written for one of the British quarterlies at the time the Great Eastern was launched, as indexed under its fancy title, Triton (T^he) and the Minnows; or, of a long article in the North American Eeview at the close of the war,; reviewing the Eebelliou Eecord, as indexed Scotch the Snake or Kill It, or Snake, Scotch or Kill it. Some writers have a fancy for such taking titles, and the indexer must be able to reject them promptly, and substitute whatever his own judgment dictates. Mr. Poole says in the preface to his index, " My practice has been to 672 Public Libraries in the United States. ignore entirely all previous indexes and tables of contents; and, after an inspection of the article, and, if necessary, its perusal, to refer to it by that title under which I supposed the reader would be most likely to look for it." ■ ■ In concluding this paper, I may be allowed a suggestion as to the co-operation which is possiljle among librarians in this work of index- ing. We may suppose that the most important of the periodical and miscellaneous literature is added about as soon as published to nearly all of the libraries of the country, and the less important to many. Now, as the principal expense of keeping a running index to this regular accession is in the skilled labor of preparing the slips before copying, this work should be done once for all. Let some librarian who receives about all of this kind- of literature that is worth indexing, carefully prepare all the titles tit for an index, and keep them on hand. Copies could then be made, at a trifling expense, of such portions as any other librarian might order. One general indexer might thus be paid for great thoroughness, with but little expense to the several libraries receiving the titles from him. In whatever form any librarian might choose to keep his index, this would greatly facilitate the prepa- ration of the materials for the final alphabetical copy. Some might have copfes made upon thin slips, suitable for pasting into blank books pre- pared for the purpose. Others might prefer to have the titles copied upon cards of uniform size, and fit to be arranged in a case, in the form of a card catalogue, or to be mixed with the cards of their catalogue. These would be much cheaper modes than the one I have adopted, as described above, but in other respects much less satisfactory. Still other modes of converting the indexer's titles into an index will readily occur to any librarian who considers it a little ; and I think every one would realize that the great dififlculty of keeping a running inde? was overcome as soon as he could purchase, at reasonable rates, copies of such well prepared titles. CHAPTER XXX. BINDING AND PRESERVATION OF BOOKS, BY A. R. SPOrPOED, t^raTian of Congress. Importance of the subject — Coli-atiox ov books — Materials for binding — Workmanship — Styles of binding — Haste to bb avoided — Maps, charts, and platbjs tq be mounted —restoration of old books— preservation of annotations fND AUTOGRAPHS — Treatment of pamphlets., Next to the selection and utilization of books, there is no subject more important in the administration of a public library thail the bind- ing and preservation of 'the volumes. Carelessness or neglect of the work in these points will subject any collection of books to danger and deterioration which may end in the loss of many volumes. However large or small a library may be, it should be a part of the duty of its cus- todian to go carefully through the collection at frequent intervals, take oat the books iieeding repairs or rebinding, and to see to it that none is damaged beyond recovery before the proper remedy is applied. Coincident with this duty should be the careful examination of each 'book returned from the hands of readers before it is replaced upon the shelves. Many libraries are filled with imperfect books, from which plates or leaves are missing, having fallen out by the wear and tear of the volumes, and carelessness or some worse abusaon the part of read- ers. This mischief should, of course, be watched and arrested at the threshold, and no library should be made the victim of ttie joint care- lessness of its ofBlcers and the public. No rules for the collection of fines or the replacement Of damaged books are of any value unless reg- ularly and systematically enforced ; and this can be done only by a cur- sory examination, at least, of each volume as it is returned from the hands of the reader. Equally essential is it to good library management that every book acquired by purchase or otherwise be carefully collated before being catalogued or placed upon the shelves. Missing signatures, misplaced leaves, or abstracted plates and maps are of extremely common occur- rence in any lot of books purchased or newly received from whatever quarter. Such imperfections can be detected only by a thorough colla- tion, page by page. In the case of recent publications wanting in leaves or illustrations, the publishers are bound. to supply the imperfection free of charge. In the case of books which are out' of print, it is usually 43 E 674 Public Libraries in the United States. impractioable to repair imperfections; and, in such cases, the book should be returned to the seller, and another copy procurejl) unless in special cases the work is a rare one, and the imperfectioa ofismall con- sequence in comparison with the cost and the impoBfetnce of the book to the library. A successful and economical repairiof safeh deficiencies, of course, depends upoa the promptitude, with which reclamations are made; and without prompt and thorough attention to itlifS'tnatter, mak- ing it a rule. to collate, every volume on receipt, a library runs #ie risk of becoming fLlled with imperfect books, which may become quite as annoying to readers as the total absence of the volumes themselves. , While ihis is no place for a treatise on the history or the art of book- fbinding, a few practical suggestions on the best methods of utilizing tbis art for the preservation of library collections seem to be appropriate. And, first, as to the material to be employed in covering books. The combined experience of librarians establishes the fa(Jt that leather bind- ing only can be depended on for any use but: the most ephemetal. AH books bound in boards or cloth inevitably come to pieces after a few readings. While reasons of economy may dictate the propriety of leav- ing some books of reference, and the mass of volnities ia any depart- ment which are but little read, in their original cloth binding, it isneces- «ary to provide all the books which are really much used^with a more isolid and permanent covering. In doing this,jthe problem is how to combine durability and elegance with economy in expenditure. It is a false economy to employ cheap binders, who will always slight: their work in order to underbid competition. To < save a few cents on a vol- ume, librarians will sometimes hazard the much greater cost of hav- ing books rebound a second time; and each rebinding seriously dete- riorates every, volume which is subjected to the process; The cheapest binding is that which is done to last, and the most expensive' that which the soonest comes to. pieces in the hands of the reader. An inexpert librarian who accepts the lowest bid for rebindinga lot of books is served with inferior leather, the thinnest spongy boards instra^d ofcfioUd tar, cheap sewing-thread,, inferior glue, imitation gold-leaf, and other devices resorted to by every mechanic who has to make a cheap job pay. Nowhere are the effects of the reign of shoddy,! which infests every art and manufacture, more lamentable than in the-book-binders' art. The sacrifice of all comeliness, solidity, and taste in binding istess injurious than the increased expense entailed by imperfect work. A book which comes from the binder in a half-pressed, spongy, an^ispeed- ily- warping condition, with rough corners, irregular trimmings, wrinkles, imperfectly-secured plates, half-sewn or starting leaves, and similar im- perfeotions,ds on the high road to destruction, if not effectually raiaed by the process it has undergone. On the other hand, a book .w^iohhas been correctly treated will have a solid and. evea shape, and .feeling) with the leather of the corners'Smoothly pared, the baebifirm and well rounded, the head evenly trimmed, the leaves opening] freely and uni- Binding and Preservation'- of Books. 675 formly in all parts, and the lettering on the back clear and straight. To payj2p'per cent, additional, or even more, for such binding, and be assuredof thorough and conscientious work, from the cardinal point of the sewing of the volumes to the last touch of the finisher,- is wise economy -in the end. ' ' / ; .i i ' While nearly all books published on the continent of Europe are issued to the public in paper orprinted covers, iu England and America they are almost universally published in muslin bindings, the English ^fityle being uncut as to margins,' while in this country the book is usually trimmed all hround before the cloth binding is put on. The muslin cov- ers being made in part by machinery, and all' in one piece, are attached to the book only by a narrowguard of paper or cloth, liable to tear^away at the 'first severe handling. Books bound in leather, on the other hand, being first carefully sewed and: backed' to secure the tenacity of the leaves, are firmly laced to the boards which form the cover by the twine ' or cords to which the leaves are sewn. The leather' being then placed over all, if of the proper texture and durable quality, will insure the preiservation of each properly-bound book for centuries, even with fre^ quent, if reasonably careful, use or reference. Theiquality of the lea;ther used in binding is of cardinal importance. What passes under the name of morocco leather !is: commonly only colored- sheepskin, soft, and easily worn out, with a tendency to become rough andloseit^ artificial coloring 01! being handled; Genuine Levant morocco is expensive, but it is the only leather likely to give permanent satisfaction on books which are to be continually handled. Calfskin, whidh is very largely used in -book binding, although it has the merit of a smooth and elegant appearance, is open to fatal objections. The leatheD is brittle and always breaks atthe joints, the question of its de- teriorationrbeing only one of time. la most libraries the^ books bound in calf or' half-calf are continually being sent to the binder for repairs. The heavier volumes bound in this material frequently break by their own weight in standing onthe shelves, while those subject to frequent ■opening break all the sooner. Moreover, calf bindings, especially light calf, are much more easily stained or soiled than any others, while the smoothness of the leather renders them peculiarly liable to scratches, thus quickly ruining the primitive elegance of their appearance. For these reasons it is bad economy to bind any book in calf for a public ■' library, however it may be with private ones. Eussia leather, although stronger than calf, has the same liability tb break at the joints, while the idea that its peculiar odor affords any protection against worms, is a de- lusion. Perhaps nothing need be said of "leatherette," or other shoddy substitutes for leather and cloth, which have recently come in vogue among the votaries of cheap binding. They are, one and all, made of pap'6r,and are stiff, brittle, and sure of breaking at the joints eveumore quickly .than calf, so that the use of them for a public library would be a most costly economy. " 676 Public Libraries in the United States. As to the color chosen for bindings, it has been found that all morocco leathers, green, blue, maroon, etc., turn a dingy black after a few decades. The only permanently fast color for leather is said !to beared, the dye being made from the cochineal insect. The objection that the binding in red is too gaudy or showy for the shelves of a public library may be answered by the statement that the mass of every large collection, be- ing composed of the older literature, will always be of calf or other dark-colored bindiu'gs. The majority of the more recent, boobs, also, or the literature of the current century, which are kept in their orig- inal bindings, are in dark-colored muslin. If the books which come to be rebound) and the new acquisitions requiring it, are all bound ia red morocco, therefore, and distributed, as they will naturally be, with the related books in each department of the library, they will serve to light up and relieve agreeably the otherwisei too sombre appearance of the collection. Of course the exceptions may be numerous to binding uni- formly in this color ; and works in theology, science, etc., may very properly be dressed in black morocco, which will not furnany dingier than its native color in the progress of time. No arbitrary rule should^ be laid down, ttiough it may be noted that the authorities of theJBritish. Museum Library have adopted a classification of colors, by whieh.his- torical books are bound in red, theological in blue, poetical ia yellow^ books of .natural history in green, etc. As nearly all libraries are lighted by gas, the chemical eft'ects of which are very injurious to books, it may be added that caJf and Eussia-leather suffer most from the pro> ducts of gas combustion, and morocco least of all. , Comparatively iew books need be bound in fall leather, even iuja library largely used, though all books of incessant reference,, like the more popular encyclopaedias and dictionaries, should be fully bound.in the strongest and most durable leather. The mass of books, if bound in genuine half-morocco, with cloth sides, will stand well a prolonged'Qse. Those less frequently used may safely have marbled paper sides, but leather corners should be insisted upon for all but the thinnest volumes. The binder should not be permitted to cut any book closely. A sim- ple shaving taken off' the head to render the leaves smooth for^iandling, leaving the other margins uncut, is the best treatment. The prime re- quisites of good binding are durability and neatness, and to these botli ornament and false economy should be sacrificed. Gildiug iSiQuite un^ necessary in the books of a public library, except for the mereiletteiiiug, or titles. Morocco looks well with what is termed, bliod-tooliug, or blank finish, and the money spent in extra stamps, fillets, o? embossing would be better applied in securing thorough sewing and " forwarding,!' or fastening in the leather covers. This branch of the bookbinder's art iurnishes the true test of durable work. Too much hurry in bind- ing books is a waste, as no book can be well bound unless it is given ample time to dry and press thoroughly after each process. Freshl^'- bound books should be reserved from use for at least three weeks, and Binding and Preservation of Books. 677 firmly pressed on shelves till they are so dry as not to warp upon expos- ure. All maps and plans in books should be mounted on cambric, or other thin cloth. The plates in large volumes should be secured by being mounted on guards, and such volumes should be kept in drawers or on sliding shelves, as if placed' upright they suffer inevitable injury. The mounting of maps on paper, and patching with cloth at the folds, are ruinous expedients. Folding maps and plates are invariably torn and ruined if not thoroughly protected. In binding periodicals, the covers should be carefully preserved and bound at the end of each volume; thus preserving what is frequently valuable historical material, and supplying the means of fixing' the date, price, etc., of each number. All half-titles, known as " bastard titles," should be preserved and bound \n\ while prospectuses of other publications or miscellaneous advertis- ing sheets may be rejected, in binding any book, as extraneous matter. Old books in original binding should be restored rather than reboutid, preserving as far as possible the characteristic features of the primi- tive binding. I'br the same reason, annotations and autographs should generally be preserved, as they frequently elucidate the history or contents of the volume, or identify it with a former possessor. Ev^ry librarian Should give special personal attention to the lettering of books, liinders are rarely qualified to discriminate the proper titles to be placed on a book, especially those in foreign languages, and the time and money expended on full, accurate, and well arranged let- tering will save much time and trouble in after use to readers and libra- rians alike. The date and place of publication should in all cases be the last lettering on the back, and collective works shduld have some indication of the contents of each volume of the set supplied in its lettering. The binding of pamphlets is a mooted point in all libraries. While the British Museum and the Library of Congress treat the pamphlet as al book, binding all separate, this is deemed in some quarters too vexa- tious and troublesome, as well as needlessly expensive. It must becon- sidered, however, that the crowding of a heterogeneous collection of pamphlets into a single cover is just as objectionable as binding together b'oioks on untelated subjects. .Much time is consumed in finding the pamphlet wanted among a dozen or more that precede or follow it, and, if valuable or much sought for pamphlets are thus bound, many read- ers may be kept waiting for some of them, while one reader engrosses the volume containing all. The loss of one, moreover, entails the loss of aU bouiid'with it; whereas if kept separate the loss would have been reduefed to a minimum. Pamphlets may be lightly bound in paste- board, stitched, with cloth backs, at a cost varying from 8 to 12 cents eich ; ^ and the compensating advantage of being able to classify them like books upon the shelves should weigh in the decision of the ques- tion. If many are bound together, they should invariably be assorted ^This'cost, however, will hardly liiolutle letteriug.' ' 678 Public Libraries in the United States. into classes, and those only onl the same general topic should be embraced in the same cover. The reports of societies and institutions, annual catalogues, etc., should be bound in chronological series, with five to ten years in a volume, according to thicfeness. Libraries which accumulate many bound volumes of pamphlets should divide them into series, and number them throughout with strict r(efere,nce tp the cata- logue. There will thus be accumulated a constantly increasing ' series of theological, political, agricultural, medical, scientific, etc., pamphlets, while the mass, which cannot be thus classified, may be designated in a consecutive series of volumes as Miscellaneous Pamphlets. When catalogued, the title page or beginning of each pamphlet in the volume should be marked by a thin strip of unsized paper projected above the top of the book, to facilitate future reference. In all cases the contents of each volume of pamphlets should be briefed in numerical order upon the first fly-leaf of the volume, and its corresponding numb§i;, written on the title page of each pamphlet. Eeaders should never be permitted the vulgar and deleterious praci tice of folding down the corners of leaves — i. e., making "dog's-ears"— or of wetting the fingers in turning over the pages of a book. All writing upon margins should be visited with, the penalty of. exclusion from library privileges. Under no circumstances should.a book be left open, face downward. Never crowd books too closely upon tlie shelves. There should always be room for every volume to slip easily past its neighbors. Turning books downward upon the fore-edge is another injurious practice, which deteriorates the solidity of the binding. , When uncut books must be brought into use in a library, they should always be prepared for the readers by the paper-knife, as otherwise the leaves will be subject to the hazard of being torn and gouged by impati^i^fc fingers past all remedy, except, the barbarous expedient of cutting off all the margins when the book is bound. ' CHAPTER XXXI. PEliI0!6l?UL "LITERATURE AND SOCIETY PUBLICATIONS. BY A. E. SPOETORD, Librarian of Congress. SpgiETY ijublications^Pkeiodigals and pamphlets — Complete fil^s sjiould be KBPT^A.pKANGEMENT — NEWSPAPERS — THEIE NUMBER — TENDENCY TO DBSTRUC- TjbN —Present and future value — Collection op M. de la Bbdoy)!:re — Local LIBRARIES SlioiitD PRESERVE FILES OF LOCAL PAPEkS AND PAMPHLETS — SCRAP- BOOKS — Reviews and magazines — Ebports, ^proceedings, and transactions of gPOIETIES -t^iInDBXES to SCIENTIFIC JOUBNAL9 — THE EXCHANGES BY THE SmITH- goisiAN IN^TI?:UTI0N — A valuable collection of pamphlets KELATJNG .TOENG- jfLISH HIpTOKY. Within tbe world of books which every public library contains, and fofhiing freqttently a larg6 and important department, come periodicals and pamphlets. These' include, not only newspapers and political and literary jbiirnals of all kinds, but the transactions, proceedings, reports, and other publications, whether regular or occasional, of societies, libra- ries, goverhinents, and their numerous subdivisions, together with the whole vast farrago of publications that swarnl from the prfess of all nations, and do not form systematic works or books deV^oted to a special topic. This "nia^ of publications, "which it would be a misuse of terms to call minor literature, is Sometimes described under the general head of ephemera. The correctness of such a classification may be doubted, since these publications, and especially those of governments and scien- tific institutions and societies, frequently contain monographs of great value and completeness, to which the application of the term " ephem- eral" would be a misnomer. At the same time the fact that most of these publications appear serially, or else, as in the case of pamphlets, contain t»ut a few leaves of print, removes them for certain purposes from the category of distinctly printed works, and requires a special treatment at the handp of librarians. , Whether a public library be large or small, its value to students will depend greatly upon the care and completeness with which its selec- tions of periodical works are made and kept up from year to year. Nothing is more common in all libraries, public or private, than imper- fect and partially unbound sets of serials, whether newspapers, reviews, magazines, or the proceedings and reports of scientific societies, libra- ries, charities, government and municipal publications, etc. Nothing ' ' ^ 679 680 Public Libraries in the United States. can be more annoying thau to find the sets of sucl^ publications broken at the very point where the references or the wants of those consulting them require satisfaction. In these matters perpetual vigilauce is the price of completeness ; and the librarian who is not willing or able to devote the time and means requisite to complete the flies of periodical publications under his charge is to be censured or commiserated accord- ing to the causes of the failure. The first essential in kesping up the completeness of files of ephemeral publications, next to vigilance on the part of their custodian, is room for the arrangement of the various parts, and means for binding with promptitude. Some libraries, and among them a few of the largest, are so hampered for want of room that their serials are piled in heaps, without order or arrangement, and are- thus comparatively useless until bound. In the more fortunate institutions, which possess adequate space for the orderly arrangement of all their stores, there can be no, excuse for failing to supply any periodical, whether bound or unbound, at the moment it is called for. It is simply necessary to devote sufficient time each day to the systematic arrange- ment of all receipts; to keep each file together in chronological order; to supply them, for the perusal of readers, with a proper check or receipt, and to make sure of binding each new volume as fast asthe pubUcation of titles and index enables it to be done properly. While some litH-aries receive several thousands of serials, the periodical publieadiions taken by others amount to a very small number; but in either case thfe im- portance of prompt collation and immediate supply of missing parts or numbers is equally imperative. While deficiencies in daily newspa- pers can rarely be made up after the week, and sometimes the day, of their appearance, the missing parts of official and other publications, as well as of reviews and magazines appearing at less frequent intervals, can usually be supplied within the year, although a more prompt seour' ing of them is often necessary. In these publications, as in the acqui- sitions of books for any library, the collation of each part.or number is imperative, in order to avoid imperfections which may be irreparable. First in the ranks of these ephemeral publications,ia order of number if not of importance, come the journals of all classes, daily and weekly^ political, literary, scientific, illustrated, professional, mechanical, agri- cultural, financial, etc. From the obscure and fugitive beginnings of journalism in the sixteenth century to the establishment of the first con- tinuous newspapers -r- the London Weekly News, in 1622, and Eenau- dot's Gazette, (afterwards the Gazette de Francd,) in 1631, followed by the issue of the first daily newspaper, the Loudon Daily Goorant, iii 1702, and the Boston Weekly News Letter, in 1704, (the first American journal,) — to the wonderful fecundity of the modern periodical press, which scatters the leaves of more than fifteen thousand different journals broadcast over the globe, is a long and interesting history of the trials and triumphs of a free press. In whatever respect American libraries may fall behind those of older lauds, (and their deficiencies are vast, and, Periodical Literature and Society Publications. 681 in many directions, permanent,) it may be said witli ooafidence that in the United States the newspaper has received its widest and most com- plete development. Numerioally, the fullest approximate return of the newspaper and periodical press gives a total number of 7,870 periodical publications regularly appearing within the limits of the United States.^ The largest number of periodicals printed in any country of Europe is in Great Britain^ where a total of 2,252, including newspapers, reviews, magazines, etc., were issued in 1875.^ In the same year France had 1,559 newspapers and periodicals, Germany 1,985, and Italy 935. While) no one library, however large and comprehensive, has either the space or the- means to accumulate a tithe of the periodicals that swarm from a productive press, there are valid reasons why more at- tention should be paid by librarians to the careful preservation of a wise selection of all this current literature. The modern newspa- per and other periodical. publications afford the truest, the fullest, and, on the whole, the most impartial image of the age we live in that can be derived from any i single source. Taken together, they afford the richest material for the historian, or the student of politics, of society, flf| literature,-and of eiivilization in its various aspects. What precious memorials of the day even the. advertisements and brief paragraphs of the newspapers of a century ago afford us ! While in a field so vast it is impossible for any one library to be more than a gleaner, no such institution can aftbrd to neglect the collection and preservation of at least some of the more important newspapers from year to year. A public library is not for one generation only, but it is for all time. Oppor- tunities once neglected of securing the current periodicals of any age in continuons and complete form seldom or never recur. The principle of selection will, of course, vary in different libraries and localities. While the safest general rule is to secure the best and most representative of all the journals, reviews, and magazines within the limits of the fund which can ibe devoted to that purpose, there is another principle which should largely guide the selection. In each locality it should be one leading object of the principal library to gather within its walls the full- est representation possible of the literature relating ■ to its own State and neighborliood. In every city and large town the local journals and other periodicals should form an indispensable part of a public library collection. Where the means are wanting to purchase these, the pro- prietors will frequently furnish them free of expense for a public use; but no occasion should be lost of securing, immediately on its issue from the press, every publication, large or small, which relates to the local history or interests of the place where the library is maintained. This collection should embrace not only newspapers^ magazines, etc., but a complete collection of all casual pamphlets, reports of municipal govern- ments, with their subdivisions,, reports^ of charitable or benevolent socie- iRowell's American Newspaper Directory; 1S75. ■2 Newspaper Press Directory, London, 1875. 682 Public Lihfaries in the United States^- ties, schools, etc., and even the prospectases, bulletins, catalogues, fete. of real-estate agents and tradesmen. Every library should have its scrap-book (or series of them) for preserving the political broadsides and fugitive pieces of the day which in any way reflect or illustifate the spirit of the times or the condition of the people. These unconsidered trifles>^ commonly swept out and thrown away as worthless, if carefully pre' served and handed down to the future, will be found to form preeioas memorials of a by-gone age. How many pages of our modern philosophic historians are illuminated by traits of character and manners derived from these ei)hemeral handbills, broadsides,, ballads, and other forgotten "rubbish" of the centuries- that are gone. ' , /• While the flies of the journals of any period furnish unquestionably the best instruments for the history of that epoch, it is lamentable to reflect that so little care has ever been taken to preserve a fairrepre- sentation of those of any age. The destiny of nearly allnewspapesrs is swift destruction; and even those which are preserved commonly sur. vive in a provokingly fragmentary state. The obvious causes of the rapid disappearance of periodical literature are its great volame, neces- sarily increasing with every year, the difficulty of lodging 'the' files of ' any long period in our narrow apartments, and the continual demand for paper for the uses of trade. To these inust be added the great cost of bintting files of journals, increasing in the direct ratio, of the size of the volumes. As so formidable an expense can be incurred by very few private subscribers to periodicals, so much the more important is it that the public libraries should not neglect a duty whieh .they owe to their generation as well as to those that are to follow. These poor j of the times should be preserved and handed down to posterity with sfedulous care. No historian or other writer on any subject who would write conscientiously or with full information can afford to neglect this fruitful mine of the journals, where has richest materials are frequently to be found. f As a single instance of the value to the historical stores ofi a pabho library of this ephemeral literature, it may be noted that the greafe col- lection of printed matter, mostly of a fugitive character, relating'to the French Eevolution, gathered by the late M. dela Bedoy^re,! amounted to 15,500 volumes. Fifty years of the life of the wealthy and enthusir astic collector, besides a very larg« sum of mon^y, were> spentrin amassing this collection. With an avidity almost incrtjdiblle'vh^, ran- sacked every book-shop, quay, and private shelf that might contribute afresh morsel to his stores; and when Paris was exhaustedj had his agents and purveyors busy in executing his orders all over Europe. Periodical Literature and Society Publications. 683 Eival collectors, and i particularly M; Descbiens, who had ^eea a con- temporary in the revolution, and Jiad laid aside everything that ap- peared fin hiS' day, only contributed at their decease to swell; the pre- cious stores of M. de la.Bedoyere. This vast collection,, so precious for theihistory of Prance at iits most memorable peiiod, contained, several thousand volumes of newspapers and ephemeral journals, au'di was acquired in the year 1863 for' the jS'ational Library of Prance, where it will forever remain a monument to the ; enlightened and .far-sighted spirit of its. projector. ; - « ,, . , The life-long devotion of a late American collector, Peter Porce, of Washington, to the same historical spirit, resulted in amassing a large and rich library of manuscripts, newspapers, books, pamphlets, maps, broadsides, etc., mainly illustrative of American history. This invalu- able collection, which no amount of money could have re-assembled, was, fortunately not; permitted to be scattered, but was secured, during the lifetime! of the possessor, for the Library of the United States. In 'the absence of a great library of journals, or of that universal library which every nation should possess,, it becomes the more impor- tant toiassemble in the various local libraries all those ephemeral publi- sations, which, if not thus preserved contemporaneously with their issue, will disappear utterly, and elude the search of future historical iinquirers. And that library which shall the most sedulously gather and preserve such fugitive memorials of the life of the people among which it is sit- uated will be found to ihave best subserved' its purpose to the succeed- ing; generations of men. Not less important than the . preservation of newspapers is that of reviews and magazines. In fact, the latter are almost universally reck- oned as far more important than the more fugitive literature of the daily anid weekly press. Though inferior to the journals as historical and statistiical materials, reviews and magazines supply the largest fund of discussion upon such topics of scientific, social, literary, and religious interest as occupy the public mind during 'the 'time in which they appear. , More and more the _b6st thought of the times gets reflected in the, pages of this portion of the periodical press. No investigator: in anyidepartment can afford to overlook the rich stores contributed to thought in reviews and magazines. These articles are commonly more corideinsed and full of matter than the average books of; the period. While every library, therefore, should possess for the current use and ultimate ireference of its readers a selection of the best, as large as its means will permit, a great and comprehensive library, in order to be representative of the national literature, should possess them all. The reports, proceedings, and transactions of institutions and societies, whether scieiitaflc, historical, commercial, literary, or philanthropic, also preserit materials of the first importance to the student. B'mbodying as thfeyi'do the last result of the thought or investigation of scientific men, each of whom has made a special field of inquiry his own, these publi- 684 PubUc Libraries in the United States. cations supply what Mil be vainly sought for in the older literature upon the same topics. Two invaluable, indexes to the vast range of papers printed in scientific journals and transactions have been given to the world. Eeuss's Eepeftorium commentationum a societatibus li-t- erariia editarum, published at Gottingen, A. D. I80L-21, covers, in sixteen quarto volumes, this occasional literature of learned societies from the beginning to the present century. This is a topical index. The Eoyar Society of London has completed in six large quarto volumes a Catalogue of Scientific Papens, published from A. D. 1800 (where Eeass'S . Eepertorium stops) to 1863, in the transactions of societies^ as Well as in journals and other periodical works. This gives the contents of nearly* 1,400 serial' publications devoted to science, in a single alphabet by au- thors' names, with the reference, date, and number of pages iu the memoir, and is to be followed by a classed catalogue, covering the same ground, in an alphabet of subjects. The Smithsonian Institution has ren- dered an incalculable service to the scientific development of this country through its broad and liberal system of exchanges with learned societies throughout the world. The fruits Of these exchanges, so far as repre- sented in printed books and serials, are now deposited in the Library of Congress, or of the United States, at Washington. They are there acces- sible to all readers, and, consisting as they do of the publications of more than two thousand societies and institutions without the limits of the United States, besides nearly all American societies which print their transactions or proceedings, they afford a rich repository of scieniiiflc results, continually increasing, for the reference and use of American scholars. Of the multitudinous literature of pamphlets it is not nccessaryto speak at length. Suffice it to say that the library which neglects the acquisition and proper preservation and binding of these publications^ is far behind its duty both to its own generation and to those' which are to follow. The pamphlet literature of every period furnishes often the most precious material to illustrate the history and development of that period. The new ideas, the critical sagacity, the political controversies, the mechanical and industrial development, the religious thought of many epochs find their best expression in the pamphlets which swarm from the press. The fact that multitudes of these productions are anony- mous does not detract from their value as materials for the student. As one illustration of this value, take the Thomason collection of pam- phlets of the period of the civil war in Great Britain. An indefatigable bookseller named Thomason sedulously collected and laid aside every scrap or book which appeared from the press from A. D. 1649 to 1660, the period of the interregnum iu the English monarchy represented by Crom- well andthe Commonwealth. This vast collection, numbering over20,000 pamphlets, bound in 2,000 volumes, after escaping the perils of fire and of both hostile armies, was finally purchased by the King and afterward presented to the British Museum Library. Its completeness is one Periodical Literature and Society Publications. 685 great source of its value, furaishing, as it does, to the historical student of that mo^t interesting revolution the most precious memorials of the spirit of the times, many of which have been utterly lost except the sin- gle copy preserved in this collection. ^Several great European libraries number as many pamphlets as books in their collections. The Royal Library of Bavaria, at Munich, has 400,000, largely, consisting pf theses or discussions of special topics by ]the candidates for degrees in the uni- versities. Pamphlets, from their peculiar style, of publication and the difficulty of preserving them, tend to disappear more quickly than any class of publications except newspapers and broadsides or hand-bills. They are far less likely to be preserved in the hands of private holders than reviews and magazines. Multitudes of pamphlets are annually lost ta the world froni the want of any preserving hand to gather them and deposit them permanently in some library ; so much the more import- ant is it that the custodians of all our libraries should form as complete collections as possible of all pamphlets, at least, that appear in their own city or neighborhood. How to dp .this is a problem not nnattended with diffioalty. Pamphlets are rarely furnished for sale in the same manner as books, and when they are, booksellers treat them with such indig- nity that they are commonly thrust asid§_as waste paper almost as soon as they have appeared; from the press. If all the writers of pamphlets would take pains to present them to the public libraries of the country, and, especially iri their own neighborhood, they would at once enrich thes'e collections and provide fop the perpetuity of their own thought. -4 vigilant ltbrari.an: should invite and. collect from private libraries all the pamphlets which their owners will part with. It would also be a wise practice to engage the printing-ofSees where these fugitive leaves of literature are put in type to, lay aside one copy of each for the library making the collection. The preservation and binding of pamphlets, a question not without practical difficulty, is elsewhere treated in the pres- ent volume. CHAPTER XXXII. WORKS OF REFERENCE FOR LIBRARIES. BY A. E. SPOFFORD, Librarian of OoTigreas. CatalocjUES insufficient — Reference books needful — Their relative value — Principle of selection — Books most useful should be reaj>ily accessible to readers — the examples of the british museum and libjsary oy co^'orrss^r- CaTALOGUE Of, REFERENCE BOOKg. . Public libraries are useful to readers in propdrtion' to tbfe' extent and ready supply of tbe helps they furnish to facilitate researchefs of ev^ery kind. Among these helps a wisely selected collection of bdokf &f Reference stands foremost. Considering the vast extent and opulenee of the world of letters^ and the want of experience of the majority of readers in exploring this wide and almost boundless field, the im^oB- ance of every key which can unlock any portion of its hidden stores becomes apparent. The printed catalogue of no single library is at dll adequate to supply fiiU references even to its own stores of khowled^, while these catalogues are, of course, necessarily useless as to other sources of information elsewhere existing. Even the coitijfletesfc^aiid most extensive catalogue in the world, the manuscript catalogue of th^ British Museum Library, although now extended to more thaa 1,600 folio volumes, is not completed so as to embrace the entire contents of that rich repository of knowledge in a .single alphabet. For lack of information of the aid furnished by adequate books of reference in a special field, many a reader goes groping in pursuit of references or information which might be readily found in some one of the many vol- umes which may be designated as works of reference. The difSdenbe of many students in libraries, and a mistaken fear of giving troubletb librarians, frequently deprives them of eveii those aids which a few words of inquiry might bring forth from the ready knowledge of the Cus- todians in charge. ' That is tbe best library, and he is the most useful librarian, by whbse aid every reader is enabled to put his finger on the fact he want^ jiist when it is wanted. In attaining this end it is esseutial' that 'the moi^e important, recent, and valuable aids to research in general literatiSe and science, as well as in special departments of each, should form aprt of the library. In order to make a fit selection of books — andalHibra- ries are practically reduced to a selection, from want of means to pbSsess 686 Works of Reference for Libraries. 687 the whole — it is iadispeasable to know the relative value of the books coaceraed. Many works of reference of great fame, and once of great value, have become almost obsolete through the issue of more eKtensive and more carefully edited works in the same field. While a great and comprehensive library should possess every work of reference, old or new, which has aided or may aid the researches of scholars, not forget- ting even the earlier editions of works often reprinted', the smaller libraries on the other hand are compelled to exercise a close economy of selection. The most valuable works of reference, among which the more copious and extensive bibliographies stand foremost, are fre- quently expensive treasures, and it is important to the librarian fur- nishing a limited and select library to know what books he can best aflford tpido without. If he cannot buy both the Manuel du libraire, of Bruaefr, and the Tr^sor: des livres rares ct precieux, of Graesse^ both of which are dictionaries of the choicer portions of literature, it is import- ant to know that Brunet is the more indispensable of the two. From the 20,QOp reference books lying open to the consultation of all readers in -the great rotunda. of the Britisk Museum readiug room, to the small and ^^ot. case of dicfcioparies and other works of reference in a town ,qr subscription library, the interval is indeed wide. But where we can- Bo|;ihave al|, it becomes the more important to have the best; and the rfgjder who h^s at hand ,for ready reference, the la test and most copious ;.jdictionary of each of the leading languages of the world, two or three jfjft^e, best .general bibliographies, the most copious catalogue raisoune of the lU(6rature in each great department of science,, the best biographi- cal ,diQtiona'™s, and. the latest and most copious encyclopaedia issued ,from the press, is tolerably well equipped for the prosecution of his re- searches. Collateral helps of all kinds will be perpetually unfolded as ,h0 projtjeeds. No, book that treiats upon the subject that engages him but will supply hints or references to other sources of information ; and ,the whole world, of knowledge is so, related that all roads may be said to cross 3,nd converge, like, the paths which carry the explorer over the surface ipf the globe on which we live. ,. Next in importance to the possession in any, library of a good select- ,ipn of the most useful books of , reference, is the convenient accessibility pf, these works to the reading public. Just, in proportion to the indis- p^nsability and frequency pf use of any ,wor|ki should be the, facility to $li§ reader of a. vailing Jiimself of its aid. . The leading encyclopaedias, biographies, and dictionaries of reference should nevbr be looked up ifl, cases, nor placed on high, remote, or .inaccessible shelves. There jlhou^^l, be in eyjery library, what maybe termed a central bureau of .fj^^erenpe. Here should be, assembled, whether on a circular case made to re,voive,fOu a pivot, or, on a rectangular case, with, volumes covering both, sides, or in a central alcove forming aportion of the shelves of the ,inain; library ,_ all those books of reference and volumes incessantly ne,ed,ed by studentsin pui^suit of their various inquiries. Oat of 1,100,000 688 Public Libraries in the United States. volumes belonging to tbe British Mnseum Library, every reader has in- stant access, without tickets or tbrmality, to 20,000 books 6f refereilbe, arranged in convenient classes by subject matters oti the shelves of the reading rooni, where all pursiie their studies. For any of the remaining million and more of volumes the reader must present his tickets to the library attendants, who produce the books from whatever portion of the vast and widely distributed domain of letters theSy ofecupy. This superior'^ accessibility of so large a library of reference books is of all others the most popular and appreciated feature of that liberally managed insti- tution, the British Museum. In the Library of Congress, or of the ITuited States, at Washington, a good selection of reference boqts,, comprising all the leading.encyclopsedias, biographical dictionaries, classical, genea. logical, and scientific glossaries, dictionaries of dates, of languages, etc., is placed on shelves in an accessible portion of the main library, while the rest of the 300,000 volumes it dontains are stored in alcoves, which are under lock and key, and must be applied for, as in most extensive libra- ries, by the ticket system. This supply of reference boots would "be greatly extended if room were attainable. It is important that the cus- todians of all libraries should remember that this ready and conveniept supply of the reference books most constantly wanted serves the doable . object of economizing the time of the librarian and assistants for other labor, and of accommodating in the highest degree the reader, whose tiiiie is also economized. The misplacement of volumes which will thus occur is easily rectified, while the possibility of loss through abstraction is so extremely small that it should not be permitted to weigh for a moment' in comparison with the great advantages resulting from the rule of liber- ality in aiding the wants of readers. These leading works of reference should not be permitted to be taken out, even in a library of circulation, but should be at once available at all hours to public use and reference. LIST OP THE PRINCIPAL BOOKS OF REFERENCE IMPORTANT TO BE USED IN LIBRARIES. [Note. — The specially useful manuals, among many of more or less value, are marked by an asterisk in the list. The abbreviation v. stands for volarae.] Architecture. * Fergusson (J.) History of architecture in all countries from the earliest times to the present day. 2d ed. 4 v. 8'^. London, 1874-75. (ticilt (J.) Encyclopiedia of architec- ture. New ed. Revised by W. Pap- worth. 8°. London, 1867. ilHohell {T.) Rudimentary manual of architecture. History and explana- tion of the principal styles, ancient, mediasval, and rouaissanoe, with glos- sary. 12°. Loudon, 1870. Architecture. Nicholson (P.) Ardhiteotui^'al dictionary. 2 V. 4°. London, 1854. ' ' ',, , Parher (./. H.) Glossary of terms use| ■ iu architectttre. 5th ed. 3 v. 6^,Qf- ford, 1850. , , ( I. T Stuart (B.) Dictionary of archit^ctpre,,; historical, .descriptive, topijgragliical, etc. 3 v. '8°, Loud'onj 1846,: .,,,,' , Viollet-Le-DuoiE. B.)< Dictionna'iie lai- sonn<5 de I'architectnre franfaise dti Ils-IG" sifecle. 10 V. 8°. Paris, 1858-68.. Works of Reference for Libraries. 689 Architecture. 4 Weale (•/.) Rudimeutary ilictionary of terms used iaaroUtecture. 12^. Lou- don, 1870. _ Art. See Pine Arts. Biljle. 5|!^e Theology. „ Bibliography and Literature. JSolta {A. C^.-I^,). Handbook of universal ,. .liferaturij. -12". New York, 1860. * Britnet [J. C.) Manuel du librair&,et de -'I'aniatehr des Uvres. 5" 6d. augmen- t«)b d'uu tiers par I'anteur. 5 v. H". Paris, 1860-6 J. Bm-e (Gf: F. de). Bibliographie instruc- tive ; oU, traits de la oonnoissance des , ^vreg, rares_ et singuUej?. , ,7 v, 8°. , Paris,' 1763-ip8.' \_ .,/ Cailleau {A. ic.) and Dados (— ). Dlc- ' tionuaire bibliographiqtie, historiqno et critique. '4 v; 8°. 'Paris, 1790- 1802.' Darling (./.) Cyclopfedia bibliograph- ^ 4pai • a manual of .libeolpgical aud gen- eral literature. 2 v. 8°." London, " i854.'"'-^ ;■' '•■--; ;' ^ Denis {]?.) 'Pihf on (/'.)' H Mdrtonne (G. F. de). Nouveaii manuel de bililio-' graphie universblle. ' 8°. Paris, 1857. Ebert{F. A.) General bibliographical dictionary, from thp german. 4 v. "8°. Oxford, 1837. _ _ , Graesse(.f. G.T.) Trfeordeslivresrares et pr^oienx ; on, nouveau dictionnaire bibliographiqae. 6 v. 4". Dresde, 1861-67""' .-■ y ■:"'•'- ^-''^ • ^'^'^' — Supplement. 4°. Dresde, 1868469. Main (L.) Eepertorium bibliograpbi- ciim; libri onmes ab arte typograph- ica inventa usqae ad annum 1500. 2 V. in4. 8°. Stnttgartiae,,1826r38. , HaJlam^LT.) Introduction to the liter- ature of Europe, i5,tli-17tU centuries. Newed. 4 v. 8°. London, 1871. *Sorne'(f.'' H.) 'introduction f;o the stndy of bibliography. 2 v. in 1. 8°. London, 1814. Joclier (C' G.) Allgemeines gelehrten- lexicon; darinne die gelebrten aller stiinde welche voni anfange der welt bis anf jetzige 5;eit gelebt, beschriv- bbn werden. 4 v. 4°. Leipzig, 1750- 51. 44 E Bibliography and Literature. Jocher {C. G.) The same. FortSetzung vmd ergiinznngen ; von J. C. Adelung uud H. W. Eotormnnd. [A-Rin.] 6 y. 4°. Leipzig, [etc] 1784-1§1.9. Leypoldt (F.) \Vork8 of reference for the use of the librarian , edi lor, liter- ary ^indent, book collector and book- seller. [Ill 'WEBlvt.Y trade circular, Oct. 24,!l8ra, new sor. V. 30, no. 17]. 'I ' ' *: ',''■* Maitlaire ( If. ) Annales typographic! ab artis iuVentaj brigine ad annum 1664. 9 v. iu 5. 4"'. Hagae Comitnm, [etc.] 1722-89. Panzer {G. TV.) Annales typogra^jbici; [1457-1536]. 11 v. 4°. Norimbergae, 1793-1803. Petzhoidt (J.) Bibliotheca bibliograph- ica. Kritisches vcrzeiphniss der, das gesammtgebiet der bibliographie be- trefi'enden literatur des in- und aus- landes. 8°. Leipzig, 1866. Porter (N.) Books and reading. 12P. New York, 1871. , , Potter {A.) Handbook for readers. and students. 16°. New York, 1363. Sismondi {J. C. L. Simonde, de). Histor- ical view of the literature of the south of Europe. Translated, with notes, by T. Rdscoe. '2 v. 1!;'°. London, 1846. Africa. 'Gay (j.) Bibliographie des ouvrages rfSlatifs d, I'Afrique et Jli'Arabie. 8°. San Eerao, 1875. Bartletl {J. B.) Bibliography of Ehode Island. 8°. Providence, 1864. — The literature of' the rebellion. A catalogae of books and pamphlets relating to the civil war in the United States, together with works on Amer- ican slavery. 8f. Boston, ,1866. , Brasseur de Bourtourg , {C. M.) Biblio- th&que mexico-guat^malienne. 8°. Paris, 1871. British museum. Catalogue of american books iu the library. [By H. Stevens]. 8°, . London, 1856. Conurn (J.) Bibliography of the local history of Massachusetts. 8°. Bos- ton, 1871. 690 Public Libraries in the. United. States. Bibliography and Literature. , , i ^ Cleveland (CO.) Coiiipeadiiini of aiiier- ican literature. 12°. Philadelphia, Davidson (■/. /I'.). The living writers of the south. 12°. New Yorlc, 1869. Viiyclcbick (E. J.) and (G. i.) Cyclnpaj- flia of anii'rican litenatiire, eiiibracin<; critical notices of authors. New ed. 2 V. 4°. Philadelphia, 1875. Field (T. IV.) Essay toifards ah indian ■ bibliofrraiihy. 8°. New Yorl<, 187:i. FinoUi (J. M.) Bibliograpliia oatholica anierica'ai 8^. New York, 1872. Harrixni.'{H.) Bibliotheca americana ve- tnstissiiiia ; a description of wprlis re- latiii}; to \uierica, published bet^veen ' 1492 and 1.551. 8°1 ' ' New York,'i866. Hart (./. .S.) A niannal of anierican lit- pratnre. 12°. Philadelphia, 1873. * Kelly (J.) The amerioan catiilrtg'ue of books, orif^inal and reprints, pnblished iri the United States, Jan. 1861 to Jan. 1866. 8°. New York, 1866. ' — The same. V. 2. Jan. 1866 to Jan. 1871. 8°. New York, 1871. * Leypoldt (F.) American cattClogue of books pnblished in 1869, 1H70 and in 1871. 3 V. 8°. New York, 1870-72. -^ Trade circular annual for 1871, in- clnding the American catalogue of liooks published in 1870. 8'^; New York, 1871. — Alphabetical reference list of boolis, ' [1872], supplementary to the anmial catalogue for 1871. 8°. New York, 1873. ' — The uniform trade list annual, 1873. 8°. New York, 1873. ' — The publishers' trade list annual, 1^74, with list of books published Jan. 1873, to June, 1874. 8°. New York, 1874. *— The same. [For 1875]. Embracing the full trade lists of amerioan publish- ers, with alphab^ical indexes to the principal books of each publisher rep- resented. Also the anierican educa- tional catalogue, for 1875. 8°. New York, 1875. . Lvdemi-t n n' British and American literature. '-,,,■ , v < ■"'■i-va.V. , *AUibone {S. A.) Dictionary of british and american authors.. 3 v. 8°. rhiia- delphiii,lfe8-71. '■•''■ ^^ ' *' ;' Arnold (T.)', Mapual of euglish fcra- ' ture, historical anc^ critical., 8°. Lon- don, 1862. * Bookstllei-iTW). A handbook of britisb and foreign literature. ^tMoutU.v]- 1858-1875. 18v. 8°. LondLou, M^75. Works of Bejbrentefor Libraries. 691 Bibliography' and' Literature. ' BrUhh catalttgiie 'of! books puUlislied, 1837-1853. By Bampsoa Low. 2 v. 8°. London, 1853-55; ■-^ The' same. Index to books, 1837-57. ■->n;8°'.' London, 1858. * CKanibers ( B.) Cyclopsedia of englisli " literature. 2 v. 8°. Edinburgb, 1844. ■'Cteiit-laii'd (CD.) English literatnr§ of ' tli'e I9tb cotttury. 12°. Philadelphia, 1853. Collier (J. P.) Bibliographical and crit- ical account of the rarest bdoks in the englisb language, alphabetically ar- ' ranged. 4 v. 12°., New York, ,!l.6t)6. Craik _{G. L.) ^ Compendions history of english literature and of ,tl^e englisb language, ^rpn} the norrnan, conquest. "2 ^^"'8°.• "New York, 1863! " '' ' ' *''*^ Endtish catalogije of books, published from January, 1835, to January, 1863 ; with dates of pilblicatioa,aize, prices, edition, and publisher's name. Com- piled by S. Low. 8°. London, 1884. *— The same. v. 2. Jan u airy, 1863, to ■'' January, 1872. ;:S^1" Londoii, 1^73. * — The same. English catalogue of ^'-'books' for 1872, 18731 1874, and- 1675. 4 v: 8°^' London, 1873-76. ''*^ Index to the' english catalogue. 1856-1875. 8°. London, 1876. lTazlitt(iV.'C.) ' Efandbook to the pop- ular, poetical, and dramatic literature ofGr'eatBritain, [to 1660]. 8°. Lon- "' don, 1867. " £on(io« catalogue of books,;, containing the books published , iii London from ■■'" i;81'4 to 1834. "8°. ' Loiidon, 1835. * Loii/nHes ( W. T.) Bibliographer'fJ man- ual of english literature ;,an account , of .^a,r/?j fjuripus aijid useful books pub- ,^j^]isJied,in,or relating to Qreat Britain. 2d ed. enlarged, by H, &. Bohn. , 11 v. in 6. 12°. London, '1857-64., iloore (C. H.) What to read and how ' ; to read.' 16°. "'New York, 1871. Morleij (H.) English -^jters.: thp writ- ers ,b.^fore jphaucer ; with sketch of -the four periods of english literature. "">. 1. 8°. London, 1864. — The same. v. 2. The writers after ''"'*■ Chancer. '8°. 'London, 1867-." '' ""-^A first sketch of english literature. 12°. 'London, [1873]. Bibliography 'and Literature. -•'''■-■•'--■ ■* Moiiei/ (if.) Tables of englisb litera- ture, [containing a synchronology of authors, a. d. 600-1870]. 2d ed. fol. ''/'.. London, 1870. f^itMiahera' cirpular and general rpciord ' oi" Lbritisli^ and foreign literature. \'^' 'l8ii8-1875." ' 38 v. ,8°, I^ondon, 1,838-75. * Putnqiijn^G.. P.) mHiMhei'sv. The best reading. 16°. New York, 1875. Fycrofl {J.)' Course of english reading. Edited, with additions, by J. A. Spen- cer. 12°. New York, 1857. Shaio [T. S.) New history of english literature. 12°. New York, 1874. .', * Taine (H.) HLstory of english litera- ture. Translated by H. Vanjliapn. 4,y.in2. ,8°. New York, IST'l."' ' TlmpiirUy (C. P^.) Encyclopajdia o,f lit- erary and typographical anecdote ; , , lljluijtrati ve of the history.of litprjiture and printing, ,from the earliest, peiriod. Compiled, .from Nichols', ,litera,ry anec- dotes. 2d ed, 8°. London, 1^843. i. Fan.Rhyn (G. A. F.) What and how to 1 read. Guide to recent, english litera- ture. 12°. New York, 1875. * WaU{R.)\' Bibliotbeca britaunica ; a i, general index to british and foreign literature. In two parts ;, authors and subjects. 4'v. 4°. Edinburgh, 18-24. .Whllaker (/.) , Eeference catalogue of current literature, containing the full titles of books now in print and on sale, with the prices. 8°. Loudon, 1874., -=. - :< ■- -■•■ * — The same. 8°. London, 1875. •; BarUer {A. A.) Dictioniiaire des ou- vrages auonymes et pseudonymes en fraufais et en latin, avec les noms des autenrs, etc. '-2°"4d. 4'Vi ' 8°l'. Paris, 1822-27.- ■■ '■' ■■ ■ ''"■'"" '* — The'same. 3= M. angment(Se parmm. ' O. Barbier, Een6, et Billard. v. 1-2. •■[A-L]. Paris, 1872-74. Bihliographie de la France; on, journal giSn^ral de I'imprimerie' et de la librai- rie,'etc.. 54 v: 8°. Paris, 1835-75. Bossange (G.) Literary annual ; Cata- logue of works of note published in France in 1870-1871. 8°. Paris,H87.2. Bossange (if.) Ma bibliotheque frau- caise. 16°. Paris, 1855. 692 Public Libraries in the Umted^ States. Bibliography and Literatiire. Cliaele8(E.) Histoire de la litt^ratnre frangp.ise. 8*^. Paris, 1870. Desessarts {N. T. Lemoyne, (lit). Les sifecles litt6raires de la iTrahce; ou, dictiou- naire historiqne, critique, et biblio- graphique, de tous les (Scrivains'fran- fais, jusqu'il la fin dU 18e sifecle. 7 V. 8°. Paris, 1800-ia03. De Tdricour {L. B.) Modern freneh lit- erature. 12°. Boston, 1848. D'Seiity (G.) Dictionnaire des psen- donymes. 18°. Paris, 18G3. France. Bibliothfeqne imp^riale. Cata- logue de I'histoire de PrauCe. 10 v^ 4". 1855-05. Gdruzez {N. E.) Histoire de la litt^ra- tiire fraftgaise depnia ses origines jus- qn'iY la involution. 2 v. 8°. Paris,^ 1861. — Histoire de la littdrature franfaise pendant la revolution. 8'-^. Paris, 1859.' Grtswell ( W. P.) Annals of Parisian ty- imgrapby. 8°. London, 1818. *Hatin {L. E.) Bibllographie historique et critique deliipresse p6riodiquefran- Qaise. 8°. Paris, 186G. JoUel {C.) Lbs pseudonymes do jour, l-e". Paris, 1867. Le Long (./.) Bibliothfeque historique de la France, contenant le catalogue des ouvrages, imprimis ou manuscrit, qui traitent de I'histoire de ce royaume. 2' 6d. par M. Fevret Fontette. 5 v. fol. Piiris, 1768-78. * Lorenz (0.) Catalogue g6n(5ral de la librairie frangaiae pendant 25 ans, 1840-1865. 4 V. H°. Paris, 1867-71. Manne(E. de). Nouveau recueil d!ouvra- ges anonymes et pseudonymes. Nonv. dd. 8°. Lyons, 1862. * QuA-ard {J. U.) La France litt6raire ; OH, dictionnaire bibliographique des savants, historiena, et gena de lettres d« la France, ainsi que des littdrateura iStrangers qui out 6crit eu franfaia, plus particuUferement pendant les 18" et IQ'' sifecles. 10 v. 8". Paris, 1827- ' 39. ' ' ' , ,*-;-Littnraturefran9ai8e contemporainei 1827-49. Continuation de la France litteraire, par I'auteur, et par C. Lou- andre, F. Bpurqnelot, et A. Maury. 6 V. 8°. Paris, 1842-57, Bibliography and Literature. ' ' Qu^i-'ard (J. M.) Les snpeTcheries lit- idraires ddvoildes. Galeries 'des au- teurs apocryphes, anpposds, ddgnisds, plaglaires, etc. de la littdralinro fran- paise pendant les quatre derniers sifecles. 2' ed. angraeutde par G. Bru- net et P. Jannet. 3 t. ,fi°. Paris, 1869-70. .' . <■■■■■.' ". ,., Beinwald (C.) Catalogue annuel' do la librairie franpaise, pour leS; auiiiSes 1858-1869. ■ 12 v. 8°. Paris, 1859-70. Vinet (A.) History of freneh' literature in the 18th century. 8°. Londou, 1860. Germany. > ''v^i^^'Mi^ Eraoh (J. S.) Handbuohderdeflf^hen literatnr, seit der mitfcedes ^phljZBhn- ten jahrhundertsbis mf die neneste zeit, systematisch ^be^rb^itet. j , 4 v. ' [8 parts] in 6. 8°. Leipzig, "l82>40. * Gosiwick (T.y and HariiaovsiE.). Out- lines of German literature. , 12P;. [Lon- don, 1373. , . f * Bedge (K ff.) Prose writers ofGer- many. 2d ed. 8°." Pliilad«lphia,1849. Heinsius (J. W.) Allgemeiues biioher- lexicon; oder verzeicbnissaller, 1700- [1867], erscbieneuen biicher welohe in Deutsnhland, u. s. w.gedrnckt worden sind. 20 V. iu' 15. 4°, ^ Leipzig, 1812-71; . Hinnchs(J. C.) andothera. Verzeichniss der biicher welche in' Deutaohland erschleuen sind, 1797 bis 1876;: 74 v. 16°. Leipzig, 1798-1876. i — Biicher - catalog ; -verzeichniss der in der zweiten hiilfte dea 19'"' jahAund- erta im delitsehen buchhandel erscliie- nenen biicher. 1851-1865. 2 v. 4°. Leipzig, 1874.' * Kayser (C. G.) Index locupletissi mus bibliorura qui inde ab anno 1750 usqne ad annum! [1870], in Gertnahiaifet in terris confinibus prodierunt. Voll- atandiges biioher-lcxicon.etc. 18 v. m 9. 4°. Leipzig, 1834-liJ7^, * Kurz (H.) Gesofiichte der deiitsclien literatnr. 3 'v. ' 8°. Leipzig, '1857. * MenzelX Wolfgang). Gefmkil'literatnre. Translated, with ilo^es,;' by' THtimas Gordon. -14]. .14 V. ; 8°. Pans, 1811-35. iaflMWi ( F. ) Paeudftnimia; ovveco, ta- vole alf'abetiche de' uomi finti o sup- postl degli scrittori, con la coutrap- ., posizione de' veri. , 8^.-. Milano, ,1836. . Mehl (tf.) Dizioaari.o di opereianooimi e pseudonimi di scrittori italiani, o, 1 aveuti relazioni all' Italia. 3 v. 8". , Milano, 1848-59. Tipaldo ('E. de). Biografla degli Italiani y illustri nelle scienze, lettere, ed arti del aeoolo xviii, e de conteniporanei. 8 Y. 8P.- Venezia, 1834-41. ;■ ■ •"f-Xitaboschi (Girolamo). Storia della let- teratura italiana. li^edi Veneta, dopo -■■•. .la2=idiModena,aeeresoiutadaU'autore. J I '9V.inl6. . 8°. 1 Venezia, 179ri-96. Latin and Greek literature. ... J I',' - , , - ,. Browne^ {B. W. ) History of roraau class- , i|,(5g^literatnre. ,8". Lpndon, 1852. jQikJiiii,.'(,f.„ F.) Introductioti to the knowledge of rare an^ valuable edi- .(^fj tipn^ of tlje, greek and latin o-lassics, etCf|.4thed.,.^.v. 8°. London, 1827. Bibliography and Literature. , , ; - Eiifjelmanu (W.) Bihlliotbeoa philolo- gioa ; Oder alphabetiaohes. verzeioh- niss der grammatiken, worterbiioher, (..^iPtP-, deir grieohisoheu und lateinisohea sprache,, lYplolie ip P,?]C!t8,ohla,i)d er- sohieuep sind, 1750-1852. 3paufl. 8°. Leipzig, 181^3. — Bibliotheoar ; soriptorum cluasicornm et^ gP8Boqi;um,p,t lat(norqm,, A.^pbabe- tisohes, verz;eiEjj.ni8s ,der ^ip^gaiben, „,_ iibersetzungeo, n. 8. w. 1700-1856., ,7e aufl. 89. .Leipzig, 18^8. , ,,,, _ ^ * JEwkenbarg {J. J.) Mannal, of classical literaturi^.j Translateid by ,K.,, Vf. Fiske. 4th ed. 8°, Piiiladelphia, 1851. Fahriciii8{J. A.) ,pi,bliotheo,agra3ca.. Ed. 4" cnraute Harles. Accedunt S^'.bri- cii et Heumanni supplementa, ,12 v. , , , 4". Hamburgi, ,1790-1809. , — - Bibljotbepa la|tina, aucta diligentia J. A.Ernes'ti! 3 v. 8°. Lipsise, 17:73-74. . Hoffniann {S..F. W.) Bibliographisches lexicon der, .gesaramten lijieratur der Griechen. ,3 v. 8°. Leipzig, 1838-45. Moss {J. W.) Manualof classical bibli- ography ; a detail'of the editions, oora- mentariesj work8 critical and. illus- trative, and translations of the greek and latin classics. ■ 2 v. , 89, , London, 1825. ' , . ' Mure ( W.) Critical history of the lan- guage and literature of anciientGreeoe. .;2d ed. 5 V. . 8°. London, 1854-57. Suhweiger (F. L. A. ) Hanidbudh der clas- sischen bibliographie. 2 v..in 3. 8°. . Leipzig, 1830-34. ■".Smith. {W.) Dictionary of- greek and roman biography and mythology. 3 V. 8°. Loudon, 1870. Thompson (H.)' History of roman liter- ' • atnre. 2d ed. 12°. London, 1852. T^etK^rlands and Belgium. AbTcoiide , (/." van) and Arrenherg (B.) Naamregister , van nederduitsche bpeken, 16p,0-;-1787;', 2" druk. 2 v. ^ ,.' 4°.,"Eotterdam, i7S8. , ' ' Jong {J. de). The same. 1790-1832. 4°. , /s Gravenbage, 1835. Bri^kman (C, L.) The. same._" 1833- ' ' 'i849,' 4°. Amsterdam, 1858. ', i)elepierre (0.) .Sketch of the history of flemish litera,ture. 12°. London, 1860. 694 Public > Libraries in the United SMes. Bibliography and Literature. Vcmdermaelen (P.) Dictionuaire dcs hoDimea de lettres (etc.) do Belgique. 8°. BriiXellesi 1837.' Oriental and hebrew literature,' British mnseum. Catalogue of hebrew books in the library. 8'^. Londou, " ' 1867. '* Fiirst(J.) Bibliotheca judaica I biblio- graphisoheS handlifich der jildischeii literatnr. 2^ ansgabe. 3 pts. in 2 v. 8°: Leipzig, 1863. Garcin de Tassy (J. H.) Littdrature hin- doui et hindoustani. Bibliographie. * 2V. 8°. Paris, 1839-47. ITciji Ekalfa (Musiafd Ben AbdaUah.) I^ex^cpii bibliographieum et enoyclo- ptedicum. Edidit, latiuO; vertit, et coinmentario indicibusqne instruxit G. FlHgel. 7 V. 4°. Leipzig, 1835-3a J Hei'belot (B.d'). Bibliothfequeorientale. ' 6 V. 8°. Paris, 1781-83. .Jqlpwicz {H.) Bibljotheca segyptiaca. 'S'^. Leipzig, 1858. Boest (M.) Catalog der iebraica vmd jndaica aus der L. Eosenthal'soheu bibljotihek. 2, v. 8°. Amsterdam, ,, 1875. ,_'/.[ _' ' , / Steinschneider (M.)_ Catalogus libroruni hebraeornm in bibliotheca bodleiaua. -_4°. , Berolini, 1860, — Jewjsh literature, 8th-18th cent. 8°. London, 1857. ' ^Zunher (J. T.) Bibliotheca oriental is. Manuel de bibliographie orientale. 2 V. 8°. Leipzig, 1846-61. Portugal. - < ■ Fariiiha (B. J, de Sousa). Bibliotheca luzitana. Summario. 3 v. IS'^. Lis- " • boa, 1786. "Hitra (/. F. da). . Diccionario biblio- grapbico portiiguez. 7 v.- 8°. Lis- boa, 1858-62. Ruma. Sdpiliof. Essai de bibliographie russe. [In Russian]. 1765-1820. 5 v. 8°. St. PiStcrsbourg, 1813-21. • Scandinavia. *Erslew(T. n.) Almindeligt forfatter- lexioon for Danmark, 1814-53. 6 v. '8°. Kjobenhavn, 1843-68. *Linnstroem (fT.) Sohwedisches biioher- lexikon. 1830-1865. 8°. Stockholm, 1870. Bibliography and Literature:!' ;,.i2,-)( Holier {J.), Bibliotheca septentripnis eruditi; quo A. Burtholini liber de scriptis Dauornm, Norwagorum et Islandornm, J. Sohefferi^iiecialiter- ata, et J. MoUeri, introdiictio [etc.] 4 V. 16°. Lipsiae, 1698-99i _,.,>- , *Xyeriip{R.) an^ Kraft (J. Q,.) ,;^a;^fk- uorsk litteralnijfjexicon, 2 v. 4°. Kjobenhavn, 181§t-J9. Spain... I ' Antonio (N.) Bibliotheca hispaua nova, ab anno 1500 .^d 1684, . Recognita, emendata, aucta ab ipso aiio,t9jre,. 2 v. fol.. Matriti, ,1783-88. — Bibliotheca hispana vetus, !^^, annum 1.500. Curante F. P. Bayerio. -^ v. I , fol. ,Matriti,,1788. , ,, " Gallardo (B. J.) and others. ,,^^ssiyo de unabiblioteca espanpla de,l|bjfqi^fjijro8 y curiosos. v. 1-2. [A-F]. i8°, Ma- drid, 1863-66. , . . :„, , ; 'i,,i\Y Los Bios (J. A. de). Historic cr^tjea de laliteraturaespaijiola. 7 v. ,8°.,' Ma- drid, 1861-65. , ,,,',' ,,, * Ticknor(G.) History of Spanish liter- ature. 4th ed. 3v. 8°. Bostotvl872. B graphy. , Allen ( W.) America,u biograpliical dic- -. tionary., 3ded. ,8°, Bosljpp, 16(57. .Bayte {P.), Dictionuaire historique et critique. 3° 6A. 4 v. tol. Anister- dam, 1720, , — The same. Dictionary, historical and critical. Nesv translation, etc.^i By J. P. Bernard, T. Birch, aud others. ID v. fol. Lpudon, L734-41. , Biographie uonyelle des ccmtepiporains, par Arnault, Jay, etc. SO v. ^^v, ^^' ris, 1830-25, ; , , ..,,, , , ,\j *JBiographie uuiy,erselle,a)fcjenne et nio- derne, rfidigiSe par nne soci(St(S deigens de lettres et de savants. Publi&par Michaud. NoUv.' [S'j'^cl. ''43 v. 8°. Paris, i854-65. ' ''"' ' ;'^'' Blake (J. L.) General biographical dic- tionary. 13th ed. 8°. PJiiladelphia, 1856. Gates {IV. L. B.) Dictioillry' of general biography. 8°.' 'London, 18G7. Chalmers (A.) General biographicill dic- tionary. New ed. ' 32 v. 8°. Lon- don, 1812-17. Chambers {B.) Biographical diotiotiary ofomiuentSootsmeuj' 4v. 8-^. Glas- gow, 1840. '' Works of Reference for Libraries. 695 Biography. & Chaudon (L. M.) and Delaiidine (F. A.) Dioiionnaire univerael, histoiiqiie, cri- tique et lyibliographique. 9^ 6d. aug- 'rnertt^e de' 16,01)0 articles, pkr une so- c']6t6 de savaus'. 20 v.' 8°. Paris, 1810-1'a. ' '^jUictionlu-y of coriterapbrary biography. ' 8°. "liondon, Iseil"'' * Drake {F. S.)' Dic'tioujii'jl-'of aiinericaii biograpliy. 8°. Bostou, 1872. Finer '(P^'X. de). Bio^raphin universelle ; on,"'clittioiiiiaire ' des lionimes qni so son'tfaituii'n'om. Coatinufiejlisqu'en 18C0. Par I'abbg'Sithonin. «v.' 8°. Lyotf, I860. "'<'"' ' *Hate(S. t/'.)'Woman's record ; or sketch- es of all distiuguiahed women, with " selections. ''8". New York, 1853. Utijjdn (J.) Index of biography. 8^. Loudon, taiO. *Hole{C.) Brief biographical dictionary. With additions and oorreotious by W. '■'■'- A. Waeeler. 16°. New'YOrU, 1866. Imi>erial dictionary of universal Iriogra- ''"i'pliy/'f Condnotfed by JohhEidi'e, J. P. ■ " NichOl,''and others. 3' v. 8°. Glas- gow, [1864-66]. -- '^ *^/a//(it'tC.)^"'English cyclopisedia. 'Bl- '■(igraphy. 6v. "fol/ Ijondoii;'1856-58. — The same. Siipplemeut. fol.' Lon- don, 1812. * LamnaH{C.) Biographical annals of the ' civil 'gbVlernmeht of the United States. '''-'tTo 1875]. '8°.' New York, 1876. ' MaHin {F.) "Handbook of contehipo- rary biography. 8°. London, 1870. Maunder \S:) Biographical treasury. 13th ed.' 12": London, 186S. "Hen of the time; a dictionary of con- ''''' 'teni'^driries. Revised by Tl Cooper. ""-=9th ed. li'^. Londouj 1875. * \buKelle bjographle gi5n^rale, depuis les iemps les plus reoul^s jusqn'fl uos joura. Pabli6e par mm. Didot, sous la d]reotioi^-de:F. Hoefer. ,46 v, 8°. ' Pa- li's,' 1857-66. , *Qefiiiiger (,^,,M.\ Bibliographie biogra- ptiqjip universellei dictjoiinaire des ouvrages,ipl^tifSr|a.;la vie publique et priv^e des personnages ciSlfebres. 2 v. 8°. iruxelles, 1854. *PHl}ipsi;L. B.}, Dictionary of biograph- ' leal ■ reference, containing 100,000 names. 8°. Loudon, 1871. Biography. ..j > Rich (/?.) . Cyclopaedia of biography. Memoirs of the moat di^tinguiijhed persons of all times.! - 8^. -Glasgow, 1854. , ,, 2Jo8?(ff. J.) New general biographical :, > >.■•■ — The same. SuppliSnient h la quatrie- nieSii. par L. Gamier,, ,8°. Paris,, 1873. * iVheeler {fV. d.) Dictipnary of the notedi nairies of ftotipii. 12^.' 'Boston, 1865. * Woodward! (B.B.) a'rid Catex ClV^L. iJ.)i Encyclopajdia of chronology, liistorioal- and biograjphical. 8°. Loudon,A87iJ. Botany. 'G-raii (A.) Field, forest, and garden bot- any. 1-2°. New York, 18HS. — Manual'of the botany of the northern United States. 5th ed. '8°. New ■'-" Yotk, 1867. ' "'■ ' " - ''■'•-■■■ lIatier'{A. von). Bibliotheca botanioa ; qua scripta ad rem herbariain facientia a rerum initiis,receusentur. 2 v. 4°. Londini, 1771-72. Le Maout (E.) and Decaisne (J.) General system of botany. 4*^. ' London, 1876. Lindien (J-)' The vegetable kingdom; the structure, olassification,'aud' uses of plants, illustrated on the natural system. Newed. 8°. London, 1868.. * Loudon (J. C.) Encyclopaedia of plants.. 8°. London, 1855. , f'Panclon {Sir, J.) Botauical. dictionary ; comprising the names, history, and culiure of all plants known in Britain. Newed. 8°. _London, 1868. : ,Pritzpl(G.A.) Thesauirus literaturae bo- tanicie omnium gentium inde a reruin botauicarum iniiiis. 4°. LipsiiE, 1851. '— The same.: Ed. bov. 4°. Leipzig, 1871. "•' '- I ,, * S'lohs (J.) Text-bpolf pf botany, mor- phological and physiqlogical. 8°. Ox- ,^ ford, 1875,, -_^ ' ""' '.- - Chemistry. f ' Cooke {J. P. jr.) The new chemistry. ,,, 12". New York, 1874. >,\ Gmelim (L.) Handbook of chemistry. 15 V. 8°. London, 1848-60. 696 Puhtic Libraries in the United States. Chemistry. Knapp (^.) Chemical technology : or, chemistry applied to the arts and mau- ufactures. Translated by E. Ronalds and T. Richardson. 3 v., 8°. Lon- don, 1848-51. Muspratt {S.) Chemistry, theoretical, practical, and analytical, as applied and, relating to the a.rts and mannfac- tnres. .[Alphabetically arranged]. 2 V. S^. QIasgow, 1860. * RujprecM (B. ) Bibliotheca chemica. 18.i8-70. 8°. Gottingen, 1872. * Watts (ff.) Dibtionai'y of chemistry. 5v. 8". London, 1863-68. ' — Supplement. 8°. London, 1872. * — 2d supplement. H°. London, 1875. * Ziichold (E. A.) BibliotLeca chemica. 1840-58. 8°. GUttingeu, 1859. ^Chronology. See History. .Commerce. *Ensliri (T. C. F.) and Engelmann (W.) Bibliothekderhandlungswisserischaft. 1750-1845. 2eaua. 8°. Leipzig, 1»46. * Levi{L.) Historyof British commerce. 1763-1870, 8°. London, 1872. * LincUaij {W. S.) History of merchant shipping and ancient cottimerce. 4 V. 8°. London, 1874-76. * McCulIoch {J. B.) Dictionary of com- merce anil commercial navigation. New ed. by H. G. Reid. 8°. London, 1871. ; * Yeats (J.) Growth and vicissitudes of commerce to 178i). 12°. London, 1872. * — Manual of recent and existing commerce. 1789-1872. 12°. Loudon, 1872. Cookery. See Domestic Economy. Dictionaries. See Language. Domestic and Rural Economy. Jcton (E.) Modern cookery for private families. 10th ed. London, 1850. Cooley {A. J.) Cyclopaidia of practical receipts. 2d ed. .12°. London, 1815. * Dick ( W. B.) Encyclopedia of practi- cal receipts and processes. 2d ed. 8->. New Yorlt, 1874. i^icNoiiai-// of daily wants, [^anon-l 3 v. 12^. London, [1858-60]. 'Engelmann {W.) Bibliotheca oecimo- niica; oder, verzeichuiss der biicher iiber die bans- nnd laudwirthschaft etc. 8°. Leipzig, 1841. *— Literatnr der land- nnd forstwirth- scbaft. 8°. Wien, 1866. Domestic and Rural Economy. ' Kiman;(A. V.) Host and glieat; abook about dinners, wines, and desserts. 12°! London, 1864. Machemie {G.) Ten thousand receipts, in all the useful and dpmeitic' arts. New ed. By a'corps of experts. 8°. Philadelphia, 1866'.' ' Walsh (J. H.) Economical housekeeper: practical advice for fiurohaslng the supplies of the house, and for brewing, baking, preserving, and pickling. 16°. Loudon, 1857: '■- ' 'i ,- i,<. Wel)sler ( T. ) and Parkes (Mrs.) Enojxlo- psedia of domestic economy. New ed. 8°. London, 1861. , ,„,,,, * Foiimans {.E. L.) Hand-book; of l^ojjse- hold science. A i popular acoounj of hpat, light, air, aliment, and cleansing in tbeirscientilic principles an4 domes- tic applioationsi 12°. New York, 1864, Drama. ' Baker (D. E.) Biographia dramatica: euglish and Irish dramatic writers. Continued by I. Reed and S. Jones. [Two part-s, authors aud plays]. 3 v. in 4. 8°. London, 1812. "^*-<5oIovo : *Brown{T. A.) Historyof tbeamerican stage. Biographical skate-hes of near- ly every member o£>the''pr-)fe3sioii from 1733 to 1870. 12°: New York, 1870. Danlap (W.) History of the americau , tbeatre. 8°. New Ypr.k,,1832. Fernbaoh{L.) Der theaterfreund. [Ijist of plays published in . Germany 1700- 1859]. 2y. 16°. Berlin, 1860, Genest (./.) Some account of the eng- lish stage, from 1660 to 1830. , [aiipit.] 10 V. 8°. Batb, 1832.' ''" ' ' ' '\ Golzel et Burdal. Diotionnaire lini- versel dn tb&*itre en ' France^ 8°. Paris, 1866-69. ' ' HalUwell{J.O.) Dictionary of old 6ng- lisU plays, to the close of the 17th ceii- tnry. 8°. Ldndob, 1860. Weniyas^F. C.) Chronology of theraitier- ican stage, 1752-1852. 12°. New York, 1852. Education. ■ ;! Jiiierjoare educational catalogne for 11875. [GlassiSed price list of sc^iool books in use in the United States], , [/■ftPuuusnEKS' weekly, Aug. 14, 1875. v., 8, p. 237. Also.'preaxea toPriblishets' tfaile.nst 1 aanual for 1^75). ., ,' -,,,, ,; *ErschXJ. S.) Literatnr der piidagQgi''- 8°. Amsterdam, 1812. Works of Beference for Libraries. 697 Education. ^reat Bnlaiii. Miuntes of the oomiiiit- _ i.^tee of coiiiloil on education. With re- ports \>y lier miijesty's inspectors of , scUooIb. i;i839-1874]. 45 v. 8°. Lou- don, 1840-75. ' ' Lowe (W.) Classified catalogue of edu- cational works in 1186 in Great Britain. 8°. . Londoii, 1871. *Jiaiimer (E.von). Gesehicbte derpiida- gogilc. 3" aufl. . 3. V. in 4. 8°. Stutt- ,,gart,,1857, - ,, Schmidt {H. I.) Education. Paitl. His- tory of education. 18°. New York, 1H42. * Sahoit (G. E.) Handbuoh der piidago- jjik. Literatur der gegeuwart. 3 v. ' ' 8°. Leipzig, 1869. SiljesiroM (P. A.) History and progress , of education,. By Philobiblius, Qlssn- don.] Iiitroducfibu by H. Baruard. ,12°. New York, 1860. JJiiUed States. Keports of the commis- ^,,^«joner of education. [1868-1874]. ,^"7 'v. ,.,80|1 Washinjrton, \ii66~76'. . E .-icyclopaedias;. *Amt.r.i(ian cyclopasdia : a popular dic- tionary of general knowledge. Ed. by ' Gi Ripley and C.A., Dana. 16 v. H°. 'New York, 1873-76. *Brande (W. T.) Dictionary of science, literature, and art. New ed.by G. W. Cox. 3 V. 8°. London, 1875. Chambers{E.)\ Cyclopsedia; an universal clictio[iary;of arts aiid sciences. 4tih ed. With a siippleiueut. 4 v. fol. tondoi), 1741-53. * Chanibm-^^f^Ii. cfifid W.) Encyclopaedia : . a dictionary of universal knowledge for the people. Illustrated. 10 v. 8°. Philadelphia, 187.5.; VonversationsrlfxikQn., AUgemeine Deut- sche real-encyclopiidijs. 12'= auliage. J , 15;y, 8°. Leipzig, 1875. -ft ,",tfrhis-rei93U6 is not completed] . Deittsch - amerikanisches conversations- lesikon. Bearbeitet von A. ,T. SchetU' U V. 8°. New York, 1869-74. Dictionary of useful knowledge, [anon.] 4 V. 12°.' London, 1862. Bictionnaire de la,conv^f,8ation et .ie la lecture. [R(Sdig(5 piirW. Duckett]. '^a^iSJ. i6'v; 8°1" Paris, 1851-58. Encyclopaedias. Diderot (Z). ) Alenibert {J. le B. d') etc. En- ' cyclopiSdie : ou, dictionnaire raisonhd ' des sciences, des art8,.et des metiers, par nne S0ci6t6 de j>ens de lettrcs. Nouv.(5d. 39 V. 4°. Geneve, 1777- 79. Eiwi/clopwdia aiTaBiioiina,. A popular dic- tionary, on the basis of the German convcrsatious-lexicon. Edited by V. Liober and E. Wigglesworth. With supplement, by H. Vetbake. 14 v. 8°. Philadelphia, 1848. '- ^^ Encjjclopwdia britapuicja ; or, dictiui^ary of arts, sciences, and general literature. 8th ed, [by T. S. Traill J. 22 v. " 4°. ^ '^Edinburgh, 1853-60. *— ,Ti?e same. ,9bh ed. 'Eft byT. S. Baynes. v. 1-4. 4°. Loudon, 1875-76. Encyclopaidia nietropolitana ; or, uni- versal dictionary of knowledge. Eel. by E. Smedley, H. J.Eose, and H, J. ,Kose.' 26 V. 4°. Londc^n, 1845, ,, Enci/clop^dle du dix-neuvierae si&cle- Rdpertoiro unjversel des sci^nces„des lettres, et des arts ; avec labiographie de tons les homines c^lebres ; avec supplement. [Dirig6 par A. de Samt- PriestJ. '38 V. in 5^>. 8°. Paris, 1864. ^ncjjoJop^die na^t-hodique; i^pertoire iinivei;s,el div isd par ordre de matiferes, par une 80ci6t(5 de gens de lettres, de savans et d'artistes. 202 v. 4°. ,, Paris, 1782-19;50,i_. ■Ei-mh {J. S.) and Gruher {J. G.) AUge- meine eueyclopedie der wissenschaften uud kiinste. 151 v. 4°. Leipzig, 181'^-75. [ PubUcatioii'-unfinishetl ]. *Jolinson's new universal encyclopoedia. Edited by ,r. A. P. Barnard, A. Guyqt, etc, V. 1-2. [A-L]. 8°. New York, 1875. * Kniglit (C.) English cycld^ajdia. 22 V. 4°. London, 18.54-61. — The same. Synoptical index. 4°. London, 1862. , * Larousse (P.) Grand dictionnaire uni- versel du xiX" sffecle frangais, hi^to- I'ique, gi5ogl?aphique, luythologique, bibliographiqiie, litt^raire, artistique, Bcientifique, etc. "v. 1-13. [A-R]. Paris, 1886-75. Maunder (S.)' Treasury of knowlijdge.. ''12°; London, 1870. 698 Piiblic Libraries in , tlie. United:^ States. Encyclopaedias. * Uleyer {B. J.) NBuosconversationa-lex- ijsou: ein wfirterbuob des allj^emeinen ■wissens.,, 2«,anfl. 17 v. 8°., Hild- burghausen, 1861-6^. [A 3cl ed, comnienu^d ia 187 4J. national (The) cyoloportia. i A^ compeii- ;diiiin of nntversal information, by L. Colange. 8°. Pliiladelpbla, 1873. iVafionoZcyclopmdiaofnseful knowledge 7 V. 8°. -Loudon, 1859. ' ' Partington {C'.F.) Britisb oyolopiodia. 10 V. 8°. London, 1H3.3-38. Fenni) cyclopsedia of the aooieiy for the " diffusion of useful knowledge. With two supfpleriieiits' [Edited by . 6. Long]. 30 V. in' 17. 8°. London ^ ■ 1833-58. ■ " never (ff. A,)' Nenesuuiversal-cohver sations-lexikon ; oder, encyclopiidi- sehes worterbuchjbearbeitet von niehr als 380 gelebrten. 6"' auflage. 17 v. 8°. OberUansen, 18?4-r5. [Pablicatiou atill in progress J. J?e68; (,il.) Cyclopsedia; or, univer.sal dictionary of arts, sciences, and litera- ture. ,39 y. , 4°. Plates, 6 V. 4°. Lon- don, 1819-80,, Zedler{J. H.) Grosses vollstUndigesnni- versal-lexikon dllor wissensobaften uiid kunHte. 64 v. mit supplement, 4 V. fol. Leipzig, 17.'}2-54. ZelV8 popular encyclopedia. A univer- sal dictionary of Euglisli language literatnro, and art. By L. Colange. 2 V. 4°: Philadelphia, 1871-72. Fine Arts. tlilanc CC.) Grammar of painting and engraving. 8-. New York, 1874. "Bryan (J/.) Biograpbioal and critical dictionary of painters and engravers. New ed. enlarged by G. Stauley. 8°. London, 1849. Barclchardt (J.) The cicerone ; or art iguide to painting. 12^. Loudon, 1873. "CUmmUC. E.) Handbook of legendary and mythological art. 12°. New York, 1871. * — Painters, sculptors, arohitectB,. en- gravers, and th,eir works. A hand- book. 12^. New York, 1?:'74. ■Demmin {A. F.) Euoyolnp^rtiB des beaux arts plastiqnes. 3 v. 8°. Paris, 1873-74. Pine Arts. „j, -,,,i-i Dunlap ( rr.) Rise and progress of the arts of design ip tshe United States. , [.BiographieB of painters]. , 2 v. 8°. New York, 1834. I)\ipLesais{G. G.) Bil\liographieg(Sn4rale , . des beaux-arts. 8°. Paris, 186^, Elmes, (land. 2 v." 8°. Lon- don, I866.1 ■ ■ »_ ,■■'':.■ Buskin (J.) Lectures ou paintitlg.' 12°. London, 1854. r. V 'i> '-^i *— Modenr painters. .5th edu 5 v.- 8°. London, 1851-60. 1 ;. *Segiuer (F. P.) Critical and commercial dictionary of the woKkS of paSutars— 12.-)0-lS50,, 8°. j LpodoHv 187P., .,a\ (SJcef {A.) Diotionnaire historiqiie des pointresi' 8°. Paris, 1655. ' Works of Reference for' Librwries. 699 Pine Arts. > ' ''^S'pottnvr {S.) Biographical and cfitical dibtioiiary of 'painters, engravers, sculjptots,' and architects. '8''.- New York, 1865. "'*'Tu(iTcermM{E. T.) * Bob'k of the artists : biopfi'aphieal and critical sketches of amerioau artets.' 8°. New York, 1868. tlmmraal catalogue of books pn art. [Published by the sqience and art de- nt >i(T->-\' ■:. -/!■ xn^J-,M r ' ^' ''^ '. "■ partnient of the oomaiittee ot council .i.>n education. South ijeiipiugton ; ed. " 'by J- Pollen]. 9 v! , 'i";" Loudon, 1870. Vasari (G.) Lives of the most excellent painters,, sculptors, and architects. ,,./|,,v. ,J,§o,.; ^.London, 1850-52. '' Winckelmann (./. J.) History of ancient art. Ifpin ,„tlie geruiafi, by,,(^_.-;H. , , , Lodge. 4 V. ' 8"! Boston , 1,856-73. Genealogy and. Heraldry. ''^Sridger (C.) Index to printed jpedi- greea and county and local histories, herald's visitations, etc. 8°. London, 1867..,, Up Burke {Sir J.-Ji.) Genealogical and.her- aldic dictionary of the peerage' and baronetage of the , Bi-iti^hi empire. 38th ed. 8°. London, 1876. ** — Genealogical and heraldic history of the landed gejitry of Great Britain and Ireland. 6th ed. ^ v. 8°. London, jCpJIjns (A.) Peerage of England, ,con- D ijinued by ,sjr E. Brydges. ,9, v. 8°. London, 1812. iiGourcelUs (./. B. F. J. de)r Histoire, giS- ■! n6alogiqA6 et hdraldique des pairs de , , Franoe/desprincipales families nobles dn royaume, [etc.] 12 v. 4". P'aris, \,J)^briilt {■!,) Illustrated baron etage^ with the ik-iiightage, of , Great Britain and . Ireland. "1876. 8°. London, 1876. — Illustrated peerage and titles of cour- S.; tesy. , 187^f,, 8°. London, 1876. , . Hoi (C. R.) Manual of dignities, jirivi- ' lege, and precedeueej 1688-1843. 16". London,J.843. !U ' ^-^! Peerage.' baronetage', and knightage, --ifdril876. 'W^^ London, 1876. DougW (Sir B,) Peerage of Scotland. "lb M ed.'> Withiajcontinuation by J. P.- Wood. .-2v. fol. Edinburgh, 1813. Genealogy and Heraldry. *Dnrrie{U. S.) Index to ara'erican gene- alogies and pedigrees contained in state, connty, and town histories, etc. 8"^. Albany, 1868.' ' * Fairbairn\J.) Cfests of the families of Great Britain and Ireland. Edited by J. Maclaren. 2 v. 8°. Ediabttrgh, 1860. ' " '■■ : , Farmer, {J. ) Genealogical register of the first aettlejis of New England. 8°. ,, Lancaster, (Mass.) 1829. *3aiidnXJ.) Bookof diguilies. 8?., Lon- don, 1851.^ ,,,!,, ^, Kneachke, {E, ,i?.) , ]!feues,^i^Ilgejneines , dti'itsphies adels-le^ioou. ,|9 y. , 8°. , Lei{)zigii85'J-7ft. ' ,j,. Lodge (E.) Peerage of the British em- pire, as at present. exist! rig. [With] the baronetage. 8°. London, 1875. Lodf/n (.J.) Pe&rage of Ireland; or, a genealogical history of the present nobility. Continued by M. Archdall. 7 V. 8°. Dublin, 1789. '' Lower {^. A.) E.nglish surnames; an ' essay on family hoAienclature, histori- cal, et;yniological, iind knmororis. 3d ' "'ed. '2v; 1-2°. London, 1851. - * — Plitronymica britaii'nica ; 'a diiti-on- ary oftliefomily names of the united I i kingdom. S°. ijLondon, 1860. Itkstap yr. B.) Armorial, I jg(5n;6pal de I'Europe. 8°. Gouda, 1861. , * Savage (J.) ,, Geuealogic||J|diptioiaary of the fir^t settlers of New England, showing three generations of those Tvfib came befe^re May, 16t!^. On the basis of iFarmer'a genealogical register. 4v. 8°. Boston, 1860-62.'^"^'^'^ "•'"- Walford (E.)'^ County families of ■ the united kingdom; or, manual of the titled , and untitled aristocracy. 8". Londonr 1875. ^ Wkitmere ( If. H.) The amerioan gene- alogist. Catalogue of family histories and publications, containing genealog- ical ip|(oi;mation.,.^g'^|,j,,|AJ,bany, 1868. *Tonge (C. M.) History of christian "'''names. ' 2 V. 12°. London,' 1863. d-Sography. Blackie{iV.G.) Imperial gazetteer. 3 v. " 8°. Glasgow, 1868; ' ' ' * Boucher de la Rieliarderie (G.) Biblio- thfeqiie universelle dfis vbyages. Classes par ordre de pays. 6 v. 8°. Paris, 1808.M, 700 Public Libraries in the United States. Geography. ._ Cliarnock ^li. S.) Local etymplogy; de- rivative dictionary of geographical names. 8". London, 1859. CollonXG.W.) Atlas'ot the world. De- scriptions by R. S. Fisher. 2 v. fol- New York, 185fi. — The same. fol. New York, 1872. ' Cooleii{}V. D.) History of mairitimeand inland discovery. 3 v. 16°. London, 1846-48. '■■' Edinburgh gazetteer; or, geographical dictionary. 6 v. 8°. Edinbargb, 1822. * JSiig'elmann (W.) Bibliothoca geogra- pbica. 1750-1856. 8°. Leipzig, 1858. English (^The) cyclopiBdia; geography. 4 V. 8° ; supplement, 8°. London, 1854-09. ■ Gazetteer of the world ; or, dictionary of geographical knowledge. 7 v. 8^ Edinburgh, 1850-56, *Gray{0. TF.;iJ-8,o«. The national atlas, fol. Pliiladelpliia, 1875. Harpers' haud-book for travelers in Eu- rope and the east. Edited by W. P. Fetridge. 12°. New York, 1876. Sarpers' statistical gazetteer of the world. By Calvin Smith. 8°. New- York, 1855. Johnson {A. J.) New illustrated family atlas, fol. New York, 1873. * Johnston (J. K.) Dictionary of geogra- phy, forming a complete gazetteer of the world. New od. 8°. Loudon, lriii7. * — Roj'al atlas, with a special index to each map. fol. Edinburgh, 1873. *Lippincott {J. B.) Complete pronouncing gazetteer; or, geographical dictionary of the world. Edited by J. Thomas and T. Baldwin. Revised ed. with an appendix. 8°. Philadelphia, 1874. *McCulloeh{J. B.) Dictionary, geograph- ical, statistical, and historical, of the countries, places, and natural objects in the world. New ed. Revised by F. Martin, 4 v. 8°. Loudon, 1866. Malts-Bru,n{C.) G^ographie universelle. Eutierement refondue, par T. Laval- 16e. 6 v. 8°. Paris, 1855-57. — The same. System of universal geog- raphy. Newed. S^. Edinburgh, 1849. Mannder (S.) Treasury of geography. 12-. London, 1870. Mitchell (S. A.) New general atlas; con- taining maps of the various countries of the world, etc. fol. 1875. Geography. _„,,. ,.^^,^ „,_ ,, , ,^^, PiJte (W.) Survey qf tha geography and history of the middle ages, a. d. 476-1492, , Translated by prof. Stigell. , 12°. London, 1,8,^4,.,, * Smith (fF.) Dictionary o^ greeli and roman gepgraphy. 2 v. 8p. ,Lou- ^:-Student's manual of ancjeti|t geogra- phy, based on the dictionary of greek ai^d roman, gepgraphy. 16°. London, 1861./, ; ;,, " , , , , '[ ,.,,, .J ' — an^ Grove (G.), A)^las,pf .^pqient geography, bfUlical apd cJ^s^ioaLj^ fo). London, 1874. , „,, j , ,. *Steinwehr(A.von). Centenflia,! gazetteer ojf the United States ; a geosraphioal and statistical, eucyclopasdia. 8°. Philadelphia, 1874. , ,,,,;•;, Slieler (J.) Hand-atl^/S iiber.alle t^eile dec erde. fol. Gotba, 1874, Wappaus (J. E.) HandbucUder geo- graphie uud statistik.- .4 v. iuQ. 8°. Leipzig, 1855-71, ■ , Geology aud Mineralogy. Daddow {S. M.) and Bannan (B.) Coal, iron, and oil; or, the practical ABierl- can miner. 8°. Pottsville,{Pa.) 1866. "Dana (J. D.) Manual of geology^ with special reference to America. 2d ed. 8°. New York, 1874. * — System of mineralogy, including the most recent discoveries. 5th ed. 8°. New York, 1874. ' Bumble (W.) Dictionary of.geojogy; comprising such terms in natural his- tory as are connected, wit)), geology. 8°. London, 1860. ',. *LyeU (Sir C.) Principles, of geology, nth ed. 2 V. 8°. London, 1872. *— Student's elements of geology. 2d ed. 12°. London, 1874.'. Page ( D.) Handbook of geological terms and geologyi 12°. Ediiiburgh, 1859. Government and Political Science. Block (J/.) Dictionnaire g^ndral de la politique. Nouv. 63. 2 v. 8°'.' Paris, 1873^74. • -;-- BlunfsciiU (/.' C'.j'and Brater (C); t»eut- sches staatsworterbnch. J.0 v. S'-'. Stuttgart, 1857-67.' " ' "\'' "Ciishing (L, S.) Les- p^vjiameutaxia amerioaua, :, law and. practice of legis- lative, asseipGlJes.in the ;Uaitfld,St(''"3. 8°. Bostou, 1856. i, ;■ Works of Reference for Libraries. 701 Government and Political Science. *Elliot (J.) 'Debates, resolutioijs, etc. in ' convention', on "the adoption of^the federal ooiistitutiou, in Mas'Saclitisetts, New York, Virginia, North Carolina. ''"arid Pennsylvania, with the journal and debates of the federal convention at Philadolphiaj 14th May to l7th September, -iTStr' "2a od. 4 v. 8°. ' 'Washington, 183B. *^"Tlie same^ v. 5. Supplement to the debates, containing Madison's de- bates in the federal convention, etc. ' 8°. Washington, 1845. *Federallst (The) ; a collection of essays, written in favor of the new constitu- tion. [By A." Hamilton, J. Madison, and John .Tay]. S^^. New York, 1870. Gillet (E. B.) The federal government ; ' , its officer's and their duties.* 12". New York, 1871. ' ■t^Hallam {H.) Constitutional history of ■; England, from the accession of Henry VII to the death of George li. [1485- 1760]. -2 v. ,12,?,. .London, 1875. ,,, \JMier, {F.) On civil liberty and self- -government. 8°. Philadelphia, 1859. .,JjOplce,{J.) Two treatises on govern- ment. 8°. London, 1821. , *MayXT. E.) Constitutional history of Great Britain sipce the accession of George in. 1760-1860. 3d ed. 2 v. ' 8°. London, 1871. , *—I'ractical treatise on, the law, privil- eges, and nsage of parliament. 7th ed. ' 8°. London, 1873. *Mohl (B. von). Geseihichte uudliteratur der staatswisseus'ohafteh. 3 v. 8^^. Erlangen, 1855-58. *Nordkoff{ C.) Politics for young Ameri- cans. 2d ed. 16°. ■ New York, 1376. '■'*PMcl\al{G. fF.) The constitution of the United States de'fihed and carefully ^"1 lahnctateid. 8°. Washington, 1876. Baussean {.T.-J.) Du contrat social ; ou, principes du droit politique. 8'^. ,;i .Paris,, ,1824. , , , — The same. Treatise on thfj; social compact. 16°. London, 1767. • ^Sidifexj {A.) Discourses concerning gov- j- ernmant, etc. ~ 4°. . Lo,ndou, 1763. * Story (J.) Commentaries on the consti- tution of the United States ; with a, preliminary view of the constitutional history of the colonies and stiltes be- fore the adoption of the constitution. 4th ed. 2 v. 8°. Boston, 1875. GoverniQent and Political Science. ' Tooqiiedlht {A. C. S. CUrel cle). De la diSniocratie en Am&ique. 7" 60:, 3 v. 8'=. Paris,,18'60. ' ' ' '' , * — The same. Democracy in America. 2 V. 8°. fioston, 18,6S. , ' '' Guide Books. See G&Ograpby. History, Chronology, knd Statistics. 'Almanach de Gotha. 1766-1876,, 111 v. 32°. Gotha, 1766-1875. ^ Amei-icau almanac, and repository of use- ful knowledge. 1830-1861. 32 v. a2°. Boston,, 1830-61... > - m,, *AmeriBan annual cyclopedia, and reg- ister of important eveut^, for 1801-75. 15 V. 8°. New York, 1862-76. - *Anuual register, from 1758 to 1875. 113 V. 8°. London, 1758-1876. Art (V) de verifier les dates des faits historiques, etc. Continu(5 pat' ni.de Saint AUais, et le marquis Portia. 41 V. 8°. Paris, 1818-44. B}air {J.) Chronological tables from the .creation of the world. Enlarged to * 1856, by J. W. Ros3e. '16°. London, 18.56. Bond (^J. J.) Handy-book for verifying dates. 12°. London, 1874. * Buoh\e (H. T.) History of civilisation in England. . 3 V. 8°. London, ,1867. Ballam (H.) Europe, during the middle ages, lathed. 3 v. 8°. London, 1869. •* Haydn. {J.) Dictionary of dates and uni- versal reference. 14th ed. By B.Viu- ceut. 8°. London, 1873. Eittell {J.I S.) A brief history of cul- ture. 12°. New York, 1875. Irving (J y The annals of our times: a diurnal of events from June 20, 1837, to February 28, 1871. 8°. London, 1875. — The same. Supplement, from Febru- ary 23, 1871, to March 19, 1874.. 8°. London, 1875. Las Cases {if. I. E. B: de). Atlas histo- rique, gSn^alogique, ehronolbgique, etc. de A. Le Sage. iEdition de Del- loye. fol. Paris, 1835. ' — The same. Historical, genealogical, chrouological, arid geographical atlas. From the frenoh. 2ded. fol. Lon- don, 1818. ' Maunder (5.) Treasury of universal his- tory. New ed. 12°. London, 1870. 702 Public Libraries in the, United, States. History, Chronology, and Statiatics« Eoase (J. W.) Index of dates, alphabeti- cally arranged ; being an index to the enlarged' edition of Blair's cbronolo};- ical tables. 12°. Loudon, 1859. *Scliem (A. J.) Statistics of the world. •• Folded 4°. New York, 1875. 'S/ifeaS«n (J. TF.) Universal historical at- las. M. Chicaso, 1873. *'Smith ( P.) History of the world, from the earliest to the present timel An- cient History. 3 v. 8°. London, '"'■ 1864-65. ' 'tSitafesmaif's year book for 1864-1876. A statistical, genealogical, and historical acconnt of the states and sovereigns of the civilized world. By Frederick Martin. 13 v. 12°. London, 1884-76. Tow«sen(i (6f. -H.) Mammal of dates. 4th ed. 8'^'. Loudon, 1873. Ti/tler (A. F.) Universal history, from the creation to the 18th century. 3d ed. 6 V. 18°. London, l-i39. Walker (F. A.) Statistical atlas of the United States. Based on the results of -the 9th census, 1870. fol. [New ■ York], 1874,- Webei' (6.) Outlines of universal history, from the creation of the world to the present time, With a history of the United States, by F.Bowen. 8°. Bos- tog, 1853., Woodward {B. B.) and Gates ( W. L. R.) Encyclopailia of chronology. 8°. London, 1872. Language Fiigelmann (W.) Bibliothelf der neueren sprachen ; verzeichniss^er in Dentsch- lai^d besonders voni jahre 1800 ersphie- ueuen gramraatiken, worterliiicher, etc. der lebenden europiiischen sprachen. ii°.. ' Leipzig, 1842. •''''' ^- Tlie same. Supplement. 1841-1849. 8=. Leipzig, 18.'i0. — The same. 2'™ supplement. 1849- lees. 8°. Leipzig, 1869., , Vatei' (J. S;) jLittcratUT der grammati- ken, lexika nnd wiirtersammlungeu alter spraclien der erde. 2" ausgabe von B. .Julg. 8°. Berlin, 1847. Arapic. - Catfifafio (<7.) Euiglish and arable dic- tionary. 12°. Loudon, 1858. *L(Uie (,/?. W.) :Arabic-euglish lexicon. 8°. London, 1875. Language. ,,, j likliardson (J.) ,.J)ietl^9iiary^, persian, arable, anfl. englishir Improved; by C. VVjlkins. New ed. by F. Jolansoih 4'-. London ,1829. i : . BerlgAUe. MendlesiJ.) Abridgement of Johnson's dictioiiary, english and bengal!, ben- gali and english. 2d'ed. 2 v.' 8^. Calcutta,' 1851. Earn liomal Sen. Dictionary, english and bengalee. . T^ransla'ted from Todd's Johnson. 4°. Seraruporc, 18.?!^. , Okitiese. • Wmiams ('. •^ yew po.oket dij^^onary of, the english and danish languages.- 16°. Leipzig, Dutch.. * Picard (R.) New pocket diction.iryoi the english and dutch languages. 3d ed. 10°. Gouda, [1862]. ' - "' ■'' Sewel (W.) Dictionary, english and dutch; woordenboek der flngelsche ,i' en nederdnytsche vtaaJpne. De.vyfile drnli:. 2 v. in 1. 4?. Amsterdaip, 1754. English. Bartlelt (J. R.) Dictionary of aii?,^ican- isms. 2d ed. 8°. Boston, 1859. Bosworth (J ) Anglo-Saxon dictionary. 8°. London, 1849. Crahb (G.) English synonyraes, ,\fiiUi il- lustrations from ithe best authors. 8°. London, 1869. ,iiii Qraig {J.) The universal english dlifi^'on- ary. 2 v. 6°. London, [1,S6M. Craik (^(t. L.) Compehdions hJstoty of the english language, from the vnor- man conquest, t 2 v. 8°. New tYorl^i _lSfi3. , , - .._,,,, ,,^-. , ,t>erere(M:. Scheie). ^inevJiQSnjsqiSi! *^^ Engli.sh of (Jie newrworld. 12°. ,JSew , York, 1872. - .. , ,_.,,; : 2 , EalUmcU {J. 0.) , Diq^j^^n^ry of fti^ehaio and provincial words, from, the 14th , century, ,, 6tli ed, „ 2 v. 8°. London, 1868. ' i-oV Works of Reference for Libraries. 703 Language. ■; .i'*La1}ianr:{B.G.) Dictionary of the eng- lisli language; Founded on tliat of ) Samuel Jobnaou as '(id i ted by H. J. Todd. 4 V, 4°. London, 1871. *Marsh(G. P.) Lectures on the engbsb language. 8°. New York, 1S60. * — Origin and history of the englisb language, and of the early liter£^ture it embodies. 8'°. New i^ork,']L,86i', , *pichardsoii (C.) ^-jNew dictionary of t,hb englisb language. [_With illustra- tibpa, cbronologicijlly arranged, of the history and signification of words]. 2 V. 4". London, 1839. liffifet (P. A/.)^T.he8anrns, of englisb > words and pbrases, classified and ar- ranged so as to facilitate expression. 8°. Boston, lg73,_ *Sn-ule (B.) Dictionary of english syno- ''" tyiriy'.'- 12o.-'Bosto'n,' 1871. '"'"■' Sirdtmann (F. C.) Dictionary of the "°" old english language. 2d ed. ^ 4°. .S" Crefeki; 1873. * WehHti-r (N.) An americau dictionary of the english language. Thoroughly , reyistid, enlarged, and improved by C. A. Goodrich and N. Porter. 4°. Springfield, (Mass.) 1,875. iMW^iOiPffod (H.) Dictionary of englisb vi i-etyraology. 3 v. 8°. London, 1867. ■•l?l IVorcesfer (J. JE.) Dictionary of the english language. 4'^. Boston, 1S75. Wright (T.) Dictionary of obsolete and provincial english. 2 v. 12". Lon- don,' 1857. '"=-J-" >■ ' . ,,,,,,-> K , French. * Bescherelle (i. N.) Dictionnaire na- ' tional, ou dictionnaire universe! de ' la' langue franfaise. 2 v. 4°. Paris, 1865. '■ -^ '"Gasc{T.E.A.) Diction.ary of the engVfeh and french languages. "2 v. :. es,; .London, 1875. ' ^ v ■.«'-'' "'^•Lim-^ (H:.) Dictionnaire de la langue ^'''''fratiija'ise. 4 v. 4°. Paris, 1863-73. Meadows (F. C.) New french and eng- ""^ lish 'jirbiiouncing dictionary, on the basis'of Nugent's. Corrected by F. J. B. Koestlcr. 16°. New York, 1855. "" 'Spiers {A ) mid Siirenne. French and nit igDglish "pronouncing dictionary. • Eii- '"'ited by^'G. P. Quackenbos. 8°. New York, 1875. Language. '^ . Gaelio,. . , Maeleod (N.) and Dewar (D.) Diction- aryof the gaelic language. 8°. Lon- don, 1845. ■ . , ^ , German. ^Adler{Q.J.) Dictionary of thpgermau language. 4tb ed. 8°. New Yuik, 18.53. ,*Grieb{C. F.) Dictionary of the german and englisb, and english and german languages. 2 v. S°,, London, 1847. Toftl {J. F. L. and L. E.) New and complete english-german and ger- I rnan-english pocket dictionary. 16°. ' Philadelphia, 1^7C(,' * jnUiams (F.) New, pocket dictionary of the englisb andi german languages. 18°. London, J1872. ,'',, ^,^^^^ Greek. Giles (J, A.) Lexicon of the greek lau- <- gua.se. 2d ed. 8°. London, 1840. Groves (J.) Greek and english diction- ' t ary. 8°. Philadelphia, 1855. , ; ;, , , i *LiddcU (K G.).and ScoH(iJ,), Greek, english lexicon, based on the german work of Passow, wltbiartditjons. 6th , ed. 8°. Oxford, 1869. Hebrew. Fiirst (J.) Hnbi^eW and''cbaldee lexicon to the old testameBt. iTranslated by S. Davidson. 4°. Leipzig, 1865-67. Gesenius (F.H. JF.) Hebrew grammar, enlarged by E. Ecidiger. Trarislati d by B. Davies. Ee-editedby B. David- son, with a bebrew reading book. 4°. Liindon, 1852. " ' ' Greek ( W. H. )' Grammar oif the bebrew langnage. 12°. New York, 18S1. . I . , I . ^ , . 1 Hf,v,dyistm\i. Forhes (D.) Dictionary, hindnstanl and ■, english, and. english ai^d, hindnstani. 8°. London, 1859. ;, ,,; -(,'!-; .i..\-[.-'' Hungarian. ,,,.'.- Wehey {S.) Grammar of the bnngarian 'ic language, with appropriate exercises, a copious vocabulary, and specimens of bnngarian poetry. 12°. London, 1852. Irish. O'Beiily {E.) Irish-english dictionary ; " ' ' contaiuiug upwards of -20,000 woids not in any former Irish lexicon ; with ''•-'&, compendious irisb granJmar.' N w ed. 8°. Dublin, 18ai. 704 Public Libraries in the United States. Language. Italian. * Bavetti (G.) Dictionary of the eng- lish aud itallan languages, with a grammar. 9th ed. by C. Thomson. 2 V. 8<^. Loudon, 1639. Davenport (J.) Now dictionary of the Italian laufiuage, based on that of Ba- retti. 2 v. 8°. London, 1854. MeadoioaXF- C.) New italian and eng- lieh dictionary. 16°. London, 183.5. * Roberts {J. P.) Dizionario italiano- inglese e inglese-italiauo. 8°. Lon- dra, 1873. Japanese, Bepburn {J. C.) Japanese-english and english-japanfise dictionary, abridged by the author, sq. 16°. New York, 1873. Shihata (M.) and Koijaa (T.) English and Japanese dictionary. 4°. Yoko- hama, [1873]. Latin. Andrews (E. A.) Latin-english lexicon, founded on- the latin-germaii lexicon of W. Frennd. 8°. New York, 1862. Anthon(^C.) Latin-engliah and english- latin dictionary for schools. [Trans- lated from the german of W. Fronnd, by J. E. Riddle, and abridged], 12°. New York, 1852. Faooiolati (J.) and Forcellini (E.) Totins latinitatis lexicon, cura et consilin J. Facoiolati. Anglicam interprotatio- nem italicae substituit J. Bailey. 2 v. 4°. Londiui, 1828. * Smith ( W.) Latin-onglish dictionary, based on the works of Forcellini and Frennd. 8°. London, 1862. * — and Ball (T. D.) Copious and crit- ical english-latin dictionary. 8°. New York, 1871. * White (J. T.) and Riddle {J. E.) Latin- english dictionary. [Translated and augmented from the german-Iatin of W. Freund]. 3d ed. 2 v. 8°. Lon- don, 1869. Polish. Complete dictionary, english and polish, and polish and english. [anon.'] Com- piled from the polish dictionaries of LindeandMrongovius, 2 v. 8°. Ber- lin, 1849-51. Eitssian. New pocket dictionary of the english and rn8siaQ,aud rnssian and english languages, [onoii.] 24°. Leipzig, [1850] ? Language. Parenoga ( M.) and &rammatin (X.) New dictionary, eng'ish and rnssian. 4 v. in 2. 4°. Moskwa, 1608-17. Sanskrit. Benfeij ( T.) Sanskrifr-english dictionary, 8° London, 1866. "MUller (M.) Sanskrit grammar. 2d ed. 8°. London, 1870. " Williams {M.) Sanskrifcenglish diction- ary. 4°. Loudon, 1872. Wilson (H. H.) Introduction to the grammar of the Sanscrit language. 2d ed. S-. London, 1847. /Spanish. Elwes (A.) Dictionary of the Spanish and eqglish and english and spanisb languages, 12°. London, 1854. Meadows (F. C.) Spanish and english dictionary. New ed. 18°. London, 1873. Nenman (B.) and Baretti (G.) Diction- ary of the Spanish and englishilan- gnages. New ed, by M. Seoane. '' 2 v. 8°. London, 1874. *— The same. Pronouncing dictionary of the Spanish and english laaguajjes, on the basis of Seoane's edition of Nenman aud Baretti. By Mari.tno Velazquez de la Cadena. 8°. New- York, 1852. Swedish. New pocket-dictionary of T.he english and Swedish languages. [ano».] 24°, Leipzig, [18 — ]. Turkish. Redhouse (./. W.) Turkish and english dictionary. 8°. London, 1861. Sauerwein (ff.) Pocket dictionary of the english and turkish languages. 24°i London, 1655. Welsh. Richards (T.) AntiqujB lingnse briian- niciB thesaurus; or, a welsh-english dictionary. With a welsh nramraar, 4th ed. 8°. Merthyr Tydvil, 1838. Spurrell ( W.) English- welsh and welsh- english dictionary, 12°. Loudon, 1872, Law. Austin (J.) Province of jnrisprndence determined; or, the philosophy of positive law; and Lectures on jnris- prudence ; being the sequel. 3 v. H°, London, 1861-63. Works of Reference for Libraries. 705 Law. *^'Blaoh8tOrii {Sir fT.) Commeutariea on ' 'the latvs of England. With notes selected from the editions of Archbold, Christian, Colericlge, Chitty, and 'oth- ers, ^nd notes, and a life of tlje author, by G. Sharswood, S v. 6°. Philadel- phia, 18GC). , , Botnier (J.) Law dirotionary, adapted to the constitution and laws of the United States of America, and the ' several states of the American union ; with references to the civil and other systems of foreign law. 12th ed. 2 V. 8='. Philadelphia, 1868. Camus {A. G.) Catalogue raisoun^ des jili-vrea de droit. Revu et aiUgnient(5 par M. pupin. [In his Profession d'avocat, 8°. Paris, 1832, Engelmann {W.) Bibliotheca juridioa; ,f,-H?fer?eiehniss der in Deutschland ersohienenen \?eiike iiher alle theile • der , rechtswiesenschaft, 1750^1848. 2» aufl. 2 V. 8°. Leipzig, ■: 1840-49. Heren ( D. C ) In troduction to the history of jurisprudence. 8°. London, 1860. Kent (J.) Commentaries on amerioan law. 12th ed. Edited by O. W. ■ Holmes,, jrj 4 v. 8-^i Boston, 1873. Maine (H.S.) Ancient law ; its connec- tion with the early history of society and its relation to niiodem ideas. 8'. ■ Lohdofl,1861. Marvin (J. G.) Legal bibliography ; or a thesaurus of american, english, Irish, ' ^aud scotch law books. 8°. Philadel- phia, 1847. Montesquieu (C.de Secondaide). L'esprit des lois. 3 v. 8°. Paris, 1836. * — The same. The Spirit of laws. Translated by T. Nugent. 2 v. 8^- Cincinnati, 1874;. . ' ^^Eeeres (J.) History of the english law, ti 'from the Eomans to the end' of the reign of Elizabeth. 3d ed. 3 v. 8°. Loudon, 186 9. SkithXP. ^.y History of education for the english bar ; with subjects and ,, methods of study. 8^. London, 1860. Iuhr (T.i) ' Law glossary of the latin, ■ greek, norman, french,'and other lan- guages. 4th «d. enlarged; S°. New York, 1855. 45 E Law. Thorin^E.) Repertoire bibllographique des ouvrages de droit, de legislation, et de jurisprudence, publics spficiale- meut en France depuis 1789 jdaqu'jk 1865. 8°.' ' Paris, 1866. *JValther (0. A.) Hand-lexicon der juristlsohen literatardes 19'°" jahrhun- derts. '8°. ' Weimar, 1854. Warren (S.),. Popular and practical in- troduction to law studies. Edited by ' W. M. Scott. 8°. Albany, 1872. Wharton (.J, J. S.) Law lexicon, or dic- tionary of jurisprudence; explaining all technical words and i phrases in english law, etc. , 5th ed. Edited by J. S. Will. 8°. London, 1872. Wuttig {G. W.) Handbuch der gesamm- ten neueren jurist, und staatsw'issen- ■ schaftlicheuliteratur. 1849-1867. 8°. Leipzig, 1867. ; J^aw of Naiion^, ,i Halleck (B-.W.}i International law ; or rules regulating the intercourse of states in peace and war. 8°. 'New York, 1861. PhUH'more (B.) Commentaries upon in- ternational law. 2d ed. 4v. 8°. Lon- don, 1870-74. Wheaton {H.) History of the law of nations in Europe and America. 8°. New York, 1845. * — Elements of international law. 8th ed. Edited, with notes, by E. H. Dana, jr. 8°. Boston, 1866. Literature. See Bibliography and Lit- erature. Mathematics. * Davies (C.) Logic and utility of math- ematics, with the best methods of in- struction explained and illustrated. 8°.' New York, 1850.i ■ — Mathematical dictionary and cyclo- pajdia of mathematical sciepce. 8°. New York, 1855., * Ev^eoke {A.) Bibliotheca mathematica. 8°. Halle, 1872., Forbes {J. D.) General view of the prog- ress of mathematical science, 1775- 1850. 8". London, 1860. [Encyclopedia britannioa, 8th ed. v. 1]. Leslie (Sit J.) Progress of mathematical and physical science, chiefly during the 18th century. ' 8°. Edinburgh, 1835. 706 Piiblic Libraries in the United States. Mathematics. Murhard (F. W. A.) Bibliotlieca mathe- matica ; oder, " Litteratar der mathe- matisohen wissensohaften." 2 v. 8°. Leipzig, 1797. Flayfair (J.) General view of the pro- gress of mathematical science, since the revival of letters in Europe. Lon- don, 1860. [ENcrcL0PJ3DiA britannica, etii ed; v. 1]. Eogg (J.) Bibliotheca mathematica, ad annum 1830. 8°. Tiibingen, 1830. Sohncke {L. A.) Bibliotheca mUthema- tica. 1830-1854. 8°. Leipzig, 1854. Medicine. ' Aifkin (JF.) Science and practice of medicine. From the 6th London ed. with additions, by M. Clymer. 2 v. 8°. Philadelphia, 1872. Calli8en(A. C. P.) Medicinischesschrift- steller-lexicon. 33 v. 12°. Copen- hagen & Altona, 1830-45. Copland (J.) Dictionary of practical medicine. 4 v. 8°. London, 1858. Ci/clopcBdia of practical medicine. Edit- ed by J. Forbes, A. Tweedie, and J. Conolly. 4 y. b<^. London, 1833-35. Diotionnaire de mfidecine. 2' 6d. 30 v. 8°. Paris, 1832-45. , Dunglison (B.) History of medicine to the 19th century. 8°. Philadelphia, 1872. * — Medical lexicon. Enlarged by E. J. Diinglison. 8°. Philadelphia, 1874. Engelmann (Tf.) Bibliotheca medico- chirargica et anatomico-physiologica. 1750-1847. 6=aufl. 8°. Leipzig, 1848. — The same. Supplement. 1848-1867. 8°. Leipzig, 1868. * Fauly {A.) Bibliographic des sciences m^dicales. 8°. Paris, 1874. Floucquet {W. G.) Literatura medica digesta. 4 v. 4°; & supplement, 4°. Tubingae, 1808-14. *Menouard (P. r.) History of medicine from its origin, to the 19th century. From the french, by C. G. Comegys. 8°. Cincinnati, 1856. * United States. Catalogue of the library of the surgeon-general's oflSce. Au- thors. 2v. 8°. Washington, 1873-74. — The same. v. '■>. Supplement. 8°. Washington, 1874. Military Science. Burn (B.) Naval and military diction- ary of the freneii language, with ex- planations of the various terms, ,5th ed. 12°. London, 1870. "Cullum (G. W.) Bioj;raphical register of officers and graduates of the mili- tary academy at West Point. 2 v. 8°. New York, 1868. , Gardner (C. K.) Dictionary of' all offi- cers in the United States army, 1789- 1853. 12<^. New York, 1853.' Eamleij (E. B.) Operations of war ex- plained and illustrated. 4°. Edin- burgh, 1866. James {€'.) Universal military diction- ary, english and french. 4th ed. '8°. London, 1816, Jomini {H. de). Precis del'art de la guer- re. Nouv. M. 2v. 8°. Paris, Ite. * — The same. The art of war. Prom the french, by G. H. Mendell, and W. P.Craighill. 12°, Philadelphia, ite. — Traits des grandes operations mili- taires. 4= 6A. 3 v. 8° ; 'planches, fol. Paris, 1851. — The same. Treatise on grand mili- tary operations. 2 v. 8°. New York, 1865. ^ ' ■ "■ La Barre-Puparcq ( iV. ^. de). Ele- ments of military art , and science. Translated by G. W". Oulium. , 8°. New York, 1863. - "Bendy {A. F.) Principles of the art, of war ; an elementary treatise on higher tactics and strategy. 2ded. 8°. Lon- don, 1862. Lippitt (F. /.) Treatise on the tactical use of the three arms— infantry, artil- lery, and cavalry. 12°. Nevi^ Y6rt, 1865. ' ■ ■ ' ' Macdougall (P. L.) Theory of the art of war, illustrated by numerous exatn- ples. 3ded! 12°. London, 1862. Marmont {A. L. F. Viesse de, due de Eaguse). ' De I'esprit des instittttions militaires. 8°. Paris, 1845: — The same. Spirit of military mstitn- tions ; or essential principles of the art of war. With notes by H. Coppfe. 12°. Philadelphia, 1862. Fetzltoldt.{.T.) Ube;rsiclit,;der gesamm- teu militairbibliographie. , 8°, , IJfes- den, 1857. Works of Beference for Libraries.^ 707 MUitary Science. > EobinsonyF.) Organization of the army of' the United States. With hiogra- '■'phies of officers. 2 v. 12°. Phila- delphia, 1848. *Scott {H. L.) Military dictionary. 8°. New York, 1861. *fVramll {Sir F. C. L.) Armies of the great powers. 12°. London, 18.59. Music. Mumey (C.) General history of music. 4v. 49. London, 1789. *^ptis (F.J.) Biographie universelle des niasicujns. 2= 6d,. 8 v. 8°. Paris, 1880-65. , SawUns (Sij-. J.) , General history of the science and practice of music. 5 v. 4°. London, 1776. Sogarih (G.) Musical history, hiogra- phy, and criticism. 16°. Loudon, '1835. Hullah{J.), History of modem music. .,16°, Lpndon,,lp62. , Kksemfter (B. G.) History of the mod- ern rjusio, of westerii Europe. 8°. Loudon, 1848. '■j^pore (J. W.) Complete enoyclopEedia , of music. 8°. Boston, 1854. Mwikalisches conversations-lexikou; en- cyclopadie der gesammten musikal. ■vrisaeuschaften, vou H. Mendel, v. 1-5. 8=. Berlin, 1870-75. SchlUter (J.) General history of music. 8°. London, 1865. Mythology. ' ' Anthon (C.) Classical dictionary. 8°. New York, 1862. *JBrewer(E. C.) Dictionary of phrase and ■ fahle. 2dcd. '12°. 'London, 1871. Buljinch (T.'j The age of chivalry. 12°. Boston, 1859. -Theageoffah^e. 12°. Boston, 1855. < Dwight {Mf'^.) ' Grecian and roman mythology. 12°. New York, 1855. Murray {A. S.) Manual of mythology. , 3(1 (?d 12°. .London, 1874. * Smith (IF.) Dictionary of greek and , jTomau hiography and mythology. 3 ,,',^y.''8°, ''London, 1870. -- Classical dictionary. 8°. London, 1866. ' , " ' Thorpe (B.) Northern mythology; pop- iilar triiditions and superstitions of Scandinavia, North ' Gfermany, and Netherlands. 3 v. 12°. London, 1865. Mythology. * Wheeler (W.A.) -Dictionary of the noted names of fiction. 12°. Boston, 1885. * White (C. A.). The student's mythology. 12°. New York, 1870. Natural History and Zoology. Agaasiz (£. J. JR.) Bibliotheca zoologias, etc. A general catalogue of all books, tracts, and memoirs on zoology, geol- ogy, etc. Enlarged by Strickland and Jardine. 4 v. 8°. London, 1848-54. Saird ( W.) Cyclopaedia of natural his- tory. . 8°. Glasgow, 1858. Baaks (Sir J.) _ Catalogus bibliothecse historico- natural is Joseph) Banks, equitis, auotore Jona Dryauder. 5 v. 8°. ' Londiui, 1798-1800. JBosgbed(D. M.) Bibliotheea ichthyolo- gica et piscatbria. 8°. Haarlem, 1874. Dicijorenaire des sciences naturelles. [Ed. byF. Cuvier]. 71 v. 8". Strasbourg, 1816-45. "Engelmann (W.) Bibliotheea historico- naturalis ; verzeichniss der biicher liber uaturgeschichte, 1700-1846. v. 1. Anatomie uud physiologie, zoologie, pajfeontologie. 8°. Leipzig, 1846. *, — and Cams (J. v.) The same. Supple- mentbaud. Bibliotheea zoologica; ver- zeichniss der schriften fiber zoologie, welche in den periodisohen werken enthalten vom jahre 1846-1860, selb- stiindig etschieuen sind. Iv. iu2. 8°. Leipzig, 1861. "MrtgUsk cyclopseclia. Conducted by C. Knight. Natural history. 4 v. .8°. London, 18,54-56. — The same. Sapplemeut. 8°. London, 1870. : Hagen (R. A.) Bibliotheea entomolo- gioa, bis 1852. 2 v., 8°. Leipzig, 1862. * Mfiunder (S.) Treasury of natural his- tory. 6 th ed. 12°. London, 1869. *Wood (J. G.) Illustrated natural his- tory. 3 v. 8°. London, 1870. — See, alio, Science. Naval Science. Bowditoh {N.) American practical navi- gator. Continued by J. I. Bowditch. 28th ed. 8°. New York, 1859. *Buslc (H.) Navies : their present state, and future capabilities.. 12°. Lon- don, 1859. • * Cooper {J. E.) History of the navy of the United States.' Continued to 1860. 3 V. in 1. 8°. New York, 1866. 708 Public Libraries in the United States. Naval Science. *Dana {R. E. jr.) Seaman's frieud; a treatise on practical seamanship. 8th ed. 123. Boston,. ISJS. Enmoiis {G. /''.) Navy of the United States, 1775-1833; with a history of each vessel's service and fate. 4°. Washington, 1853. Falconer ( If.) Dictionary of the marine. Modernized aul improved, by W. Barney. 4^. London, 1815. Jal (A.) Glossaire nautique. Reper- toire polyglotto des termes do marine. 4°. Paris, 1848. "Luce (S. B.) Seamanship ; compiled from various authorities, for the use of the United States naval academy. 3ded. 8^. New York, 1863. Paget {J. C.) Naval powers and their policy ; with tabular statements of british and foreign iron-clad navies! 8°. London, 1876. Periodical Literature. -Andreti'8 (A.) History of british journal- ism, to 1855. 2 V. 12°. London, 1859. Cupheval-Clarigny {X.) Histoire de la presse en Angleterre et aux Etats- Uuis. 12°. Paris, 1857. Grant {J.) The newspaper press; its or- igin, progress, and present position. 2 V. 8=. London, 1871. *Ratin (E.) Bibliographie historique et critique de la presse p^riodique fran- Caise. 8°. Paris, 1866. *Sudson (F.) Journalism in the United States from 1690 to 1872. 8°. New York, 1873. Hunt {F. K.) The fourth estate : contri- butions towards a history of news- papers. 2 V, 12°. London, 1850. Mitchell cj- Co. (C.) Newspaper press di- rectory for the united kingdom. 8°. London, 1875. * Poole ( William F.) Index to periodical literature. [2ded. tol851]. 8=. New York, 1853. "'Bowell {G. P.) American newspaper directory, containing lists of all the newspapers and periodicals published in the United States and Canada. 8°_ New York, 1875. Sinilhaonian institution, (Washington, D. C.) Catalogue of publications of socie- ties in the library of the Smithsonian institution, 8'^. Washington, 1866. Periodical Literature. • ; Stelger (E.) Periodical literature of the United States. 8°. , New York, 187.3. Poetry. * Allingham (W.), The ballad bpok: a selection of the choicest british bal- lads. 16°. Cambridge, 1865. 'Chalmers (A.) Works of the english poets from Chaucer to Cowper. 21 v. 8°. London, 1810. Child (F. J.) English and Scottish bal- lads, selected and edited. 8 v. 10°. Boston, 1857. Coggeshall ( W. T.) Poets and poetry of the west. 8°. Columbus, (0.) 1880. "Dana^C.A.) Household book of poe- try, nth ed. 8°. New York, 1875. Emerson (B.W.) Parnassus. 12°. Bos- ton, 1875. Griswold (R. W.) Female poets of America. With additions by E. H. Stoddard. 8°. New York, 1874. — Poets and poetry of America, to the middle of the 19th century. With ad- ditions by E. H. Stoddard. 8°. New- York, 1873. — Poets and poetry of England in the 19th century. With additiops by E. H. Stoddard. 8°. New York, 1875. Hale (S. J.) Complete dictionary of poetical quotations. 8°. Philadel- phia, 1876. * Librarji of poetry and song. With in- troduction by W. C. Bryant. 8^. New York, 1871. 'Palgrave(F. T.) Golden treasury of the best poems in the english language. 16^ Boston, 1863. Warton (T.) History of english poetry, 1100-1700. New ed. improved, by Eichard Taylor. 3 v. 8°. Loudon, 1840. * Whittier (J. G.) Songs of three centu- ries. 12°, Boston, 1876. ' Political Economy and Finance. Annuaire de I'^conomie politique et de la statistique, 1846-1875. Pablif par M. Block. 19 V. 18°. Paris, 1846-76. *Blanqu.i (A. J.) Hiptoire de I'^oonomie politique en Europe; suivie d'une bibliographie. 4° 6d. 2 v. 12°. Paris, 1860. "Carey {B.C.) Principles of social sci- ence. [Political economy]. 8°. Phil- adelphia, 1858-60. Works of Reference for Libraries. 709 Political Economy and Finance. *CoqiieliW{C.) and Gidllaumin (U. G.) Diotionnaire de I'^conomie politique. 3=^d. 2v. 8'>. Paris, 1864. *Jevons ( W. S:) Motey and the mecban- iam of excbange. 12°. Loadon and New York, 1875. • ' McCuXlocli {J. B.) Litoratiireof political economy ; a classified catalogue, witb historical notices, etc. 8°. London, 1845. " ' , ; ' MacLeod {H. D.) Dictionary of politi- ca.1 economy ; biographical, biblio- graphical, historical, aud practical. V. 1. [A-C]. 8°. London, 1863. - [No more published]. *^ill{j. S.) Prinoiplesof political econ- omy, with some of their application.s to social philosophy. 7th ed. 2 v. 8°. London, i87r. — The same. People's ed. 12°.' Londoa, ,1865. 'Perry (A. L.) Elements of political economy. 5th ed. 12°. New York, 1874. . ' '" Sniilh {Adam). Inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations. Ed. by J. E. t. Rogers. 2 vi 8°. London, 1870. Sumner (W. G.) History of american currency. 12°. New York, 1874. * Walker (A.) The science of wealth : a manual of political economy, Embrac- ing the laws of trade, currency, aud finance. 6th ed. 8°. Boston, 1871. Politics. See Government. Quotations and Proverbs. Allibone {S. A.) Poetical quotations. • 8°. Philadelphia, 1873. -^ Prose quotations. 8°. Philadelphia, 1876. 'BartUtt ( J. B.) Familiar quotations. rthed;'l2o. Boston, 1875. ''Bolm{H. G.) Handbook of proverbs. 12°. 'London, lB55. ■ — Polyglot of foreign proverbs. 12°. London, 1857. *£oott (J.) Epigrams, ancient and mod- ern. 'New ed. 16°. London, 1873. Vodd (ff. P.) Tbe epigrammatists: a selection from epigrammatic litera- ture of ancient, mediEeval and modern times. ■ 12°. ' London, 1870. Duplesm{P.A.G.) Bibliographie par^- miologique. 8°. Paris, 1847. Quotations and Proverbs. Friswell (J. S.) Familiar words; or quotation handb ook. 3d ed. 16° London, 1874. GrocoU{T. C.) Index to familiar quota- tions. New ed. 16°. Liverpool, 1871. HazUtt ( W. C.) English proverbs and proverbial phrases. 8°. London, 1869. Henderson (A.) Latin proverbs and quotations. 8°. London, 1869. "EellijiW. K.) ' Proverbs of all nations compares, examined, and illustrated. . 3d.ed. 16°. London, 1870. * Laconics : or the host words of the best authors. 3 v. 18°. London, 1829. *RUeiJ (H.T.) Dictionary of latin quo- tations. 12°. London, 1870. Wander {K. F. W.) Djutschss sprich- worter-lexikou. 4 v. 4°. Leipzig, 1867-75. Science. ■"-innifa^of scientific discovery ; or, year- book of facts in science and art, for 1849-1871. By D. A. Wells, and oth- ers. 21 v. 12°. Boston, 1850-71. * Annual record of science and industry for 1871 to 1875. Edited by S. P. Baird, [etc.] 5 V. 12°. New York, 1872-76. Candolle (A. L. P. P. De). Histoire des sciences et des savants depuis deux si&oles. 8°. Genfeve, 1873. Crabb (G.) Technical dictionary; ex- planation of words used in arts and sciences. 12°. London, 1851. Engelmann ( W.) Bibliotheca mechanico- technologioa, bis 1843, in Dautschland. 2'=aufl. 8°. Leipzig, 1844. Humboldt (F. H. A. von). Aspects of na- ture in different lands. Translated by mrs. Sabine. 2 v. in 1. 16°. Lon- don, 1850. * — Cosmos. Translated under the super- intendence of E. Sabine. 8th ed. 5 v. 12°. London, 1850-58. Nichol (./. P.) CyolopBedia of the physi- 'cal sciences. 8°. London^ 1888. 'Cattail (P. A.) Dictionary of scientific terms. 12°. London, 1869. "Poggendorff (J. C.) Biographisch-Ute- rarisches handworterbuch zur ge- schichte der exacten wisseuschaften. 8°, Leipzig, 1858-60. Beuss (I. D.) Repertorium commenta- tibuum a societatibus litterariis edi- tarum. ' [To 1800]. 16 v. 4°. Got- tingae, 1801-20. 710 Public Libraries in the United States. Science. "Bodivell (G.F.) Dictionary of science ; embracing aatronomy, chemiBtry, dy- namics, electricity, heat, liydrodynam- ios, iiydrostatics, light, magnetism, mechanics, meteorology, pneumatics, sound, and statics. 8°. Philadelphia, 1873. *Bojial society of London. Catalogue of scientific papers. [Index to the au- thors, titles, and dates of scientific papers in the transactions of societies and in periodicals, from 1800 to 1863]. 6 V. 4=. London, 1867-72. Sclioedler (F.) and Medlock (E.) Treas- ury of science, natural and physical. 123. London, 1874. Tolhaiisen {M. A.) Technological dic- tionary in french, euglish and german. 8". London, 1873. Ure {A.) Dictionary of arts, manufac- tures and mines. 7th ed. by E. Hunt and F. W. Eudler. 3 v. 8"=. Lou- don, 1875. Year-book of facts in science and art. 1839-1875. 37 v. 16°. London, 1839-76. See, also, Natural History. Theology. Abbot (£.) Literature of the doctrine of a future life. ti^. Philadelphia, 1864. [Appendix to Alger (W. E.) Critical history of the (lootrine of a future life]. "Abbott (L.) and Conant(T. J.) Diction- ary of religious knowledge. 8°. New York, 1875. Bible (The) of every land. A history of the sacred scriptures in every lan- guage and dialect into which transla- tions have been made, illustrated \>y specimen portions in native charac- ters. 4^\ London, [I860]. Cotton (ff.) Editions of the bible, and parts thereof, in Euglish, 1505-1850. 2d ed. 8°. Oxford, 1852. "Ci-uden (A.) Complete concordance to the holy scriptures. 8^. Xew York, 1849. Theology. "Darling (J.) Cyclopaedia bibliograph ica: a manual of theological litera- ture, etc. 3 V. 8°. London, 1854. — The same. Holy scriptures. 8°. Lon- don, 1859. Some (2'. H.) Manual of biblical bibli- ography ; a catalogue of editions and versions of the holy scriptures. 8°. London, 1839. — Introduction to the critical study and knowledge of the holy scriptures. 11th ed. 4v. 8°. London, 1863. Kitto (J.) Cyclopsediaof biblical litera- ture. 3d ed. 3 v. 8°. London, 1869. "M'Clintoeh (./.) and Strong (J.) Cyclo- piedia of biblical, theological, and ec- clesiastical literature. V. Iriti. .|[A-N]. 8°. New York, 1867-75. ' " "Malcom^U.) Theological index. Eef- erences to the principal works ia every department of religions litera- ture. Embracing nearly 70,000 cita- tions alphabetically arranged under two thousand heads, 2ded. 8". Phil- adelphia, 1870. O'Callaghan {E. B.) List of editions of the holy scriptures, and of parts thereof, printed in America previous to 1860. 4°. Albany, 1860. Pei-ermh{F.) and Bruuet (G.) ■ Diction- nalre de bibliographie oatholiqne. Suivi d'un dictlonnaire de bibliologie. 5 V. 8°. Paris, 185S-60. Smith (rr.) Dictionary of the bible 3 V. 8°. London, 1860-63, * — The same. Revised and edited by H. B. Hackett and Ezra Abbot. 4 v. 8'^. New York, 1868-70. Zuchold (E. A.) Bibliotheca theologica. Verzeichniss der aiiif dem gebiete der evangelisohen theologie wiihrend der jahre 1830-1862in Deutschland ersohie- neuen schrif ten. 2y. 8^. Gottiug^n, 1864. Voyages and Travels. .See Geography. Zoology. See Natural History. CHAPTER XXXIII. LIBRARY MEMORANDA. BY JUSTIN >VII>rSOR, Sitpermtendent Bonton Public Library. '- Ephemera — Bendixg— Repekbnce books — Library statistics. , ^, , EPHEMERA. The librarialn of a great library largely escapes that choosing between books necessarily imposed on those in charge of smaller collections. The larger the available income for the purchase of books, the less distracted he is in making choice of them. Everything will come in use sooner or later in a large collection, as everybody expects to find everything on the shelves. No selection can, therefore, be wholly amiss. Bat the per- plexity most commonly arising with the lesser libraries is that of the pres- ervation and storing of what are usually denominated ephemera. For a given bulk the labor which must be bestowed on pamphlets, broadsides, scraps, etc., to render them of any use in a library — assorting, catalog- uing, binding, etc. — is vastly greater than for books; and, as labor is money, and as money should be made to go as far possible in a library^ there is no reason why ordinary libraries should give any of their re- soiirces to this end, except so far as the matters to be preserved are pf local interest. These they should care for by all means, as the com- munity which they serve, presently and prospectively, has a right to expect of them, A few great libraries in the country, the chief one in each principal geographical section, should do this work, and they should open an exchange account with each other, say, in oar country, the Boston Public Library for New England ; the State Library at Albany perhaps for the Middle States, or the Library Company at Philadelphia ; the Library of Congress for the whole country, and particularly for those remoter sections where there is no large library to look out for their preservation ; the public libraries of Cincinnati or Chicago for the West ; and tte San Francisco Mercantile for the Pacific Coast. The lesser collections will do the best thing for the future historical investigator, if they will make regular contributions into the larger repository of all such grist as may come to their mill, so that it can there be cared ■ for and rendered available for use by indexing of one kind or another. The cost of this work is large, and the chief libraries should by all means provide for it. A great mistake would be made if the present 711 712 Public Libraries in the United States. outlay is compared with tlie present advantage. The experience of the Old World libraries shows how material of this sort, which would have cost little to accumulate at the time, is now beyond recovery, or is ob- tained at prices that are appalling ; and these prices are given because of the real value of this material for history. Ephemera are the best reflex of the times which saw their first issue, and we cannot read Macaulay, for instance, without seeing the legitimate use which an historian can make of them. It should be remembered that unless the chief libraries make it a part of their business to preserve these things, the work is not done at all. Societies notoriously neglect the preservation of their annual reports. The Uuited States Government and its departments are with- out complete files of their important documents. Perhaps not a State in the Union can show a full collection of its own printed records. Cities and towns are almost always deficient in this wa.y, and what col- lections they have are often at the hazard of a fire in the town clerk's sitting room. The States should compel by law the sending of every town document to the State libraries and to one other large library in , their section of the country. Librarians cannot do better than make occasional collections illustrating imijortant anniversaries in their neighborhood, preserving for such purpose everything that has passed through thepress — books, pamphlets, newspapers, broadsides, prints, and also manuscripts, the originals of addresses, poems, etc., photograpba, music — in fact everything which at the next recurring anniversary will have interest; and there is little that a hundred years will not enhance in value. BINDING. In the matter of binding, it cannot be too strongly impressed upon a librarian's notice that he should acquire something of an expert's knowledge of the binder's art. There are a great many tricks in all trades, and a binder's has its full share of them. There are mud-board, and sham leather, and false gold, gluing instead of sewing, and twenty other devices that can be practiced upon a librarian ignorant of such mattefS, so that his books will not last and future cost will be incurred. Cbeap binding is often dear binding. Strong sewing, real leather, and solid board are worth paying for. By all means let large libraries bind in with their periodicals, as well as with pamphlets, their original covers. Matter of real importance is preserved in this way, and the color of the covers forms convenient marks on the book's edge for clearly indicating the successive numbers. Books issued in parts should have the covers for the parts bonnd at the end, preserving all of them if they vary. Many an important question has been settled by such covers. It increases the expense somewhat, • but the large libraries should incur it. It is not worth while for the smaller libraries to do it. In binding pamphlets, bind important ones singly ; but the general Library Memoranda. 713 mass can be bound in groups, either subjects or authors. Never bind them in miscellaneous collections. Foul air and an air heated and vitiated by gas light are very detri- mental to binding, but genuine morocco stands the best. Oalf is hand- some for a private collection, but unsuited for a public library ; it dries and cracks very easily. There is no propriety in a public library of putting on fall binding, except in rare instances nor much tooling on the backs. If books are found by shelf numbers, the lettering on the back should be as brief as possible; put the author's name at the top and the title below it, with a dash between. The cost of labor and material makes binding in this country at the present time very costly, and orders should be given to European agents to bind all books before shipment. If the time might be spared, books could, indeed, basent to Europe for binding at less cost by one-half than they can be bound for here, and yet pay freight and insurance both ways. If binders can be found'who understand the working of it, half parch- ment binding gives variety to the shelves, costs less than morocco, is very durable, and answers every purpose for books not much in use. At all events, see that the binder protects and strengthens the corners of all the books with a bit of parchment wrapped about the angle be- neath the paper. For this purpose parchment scraps can be bciught by the pound from the principal stationers. Remember, also, that money is saved by rebinding before the book gets so far gone that the inner edge of the leaves has become torn or woru and cannot be properly sewed over. It is always best for a public library that books which are issued in loose sheets in covers or portfolios should be bound. Much risk of loss of parts is thereby avoided. KEPEEENCE BOOKS. In the matter of reference books, all libraries should be well supplied, and no hesitancy should be felt in repeating the book in newer editions, as issued. Ask librarians who have had experience what the selection is that they have found best.' An important library should have all the great encyclopedias; a library with restricted means is compelled to choose. Every library should afford Chambers's, and if it can get another, let it be Appleton's. The latter, without Chambers's, strength- ens the references to American subjects ; Jbut Chambers's is by no means a superfluity alongside of Appleton's (new edition) large work. Webster's Unabridged is the best dictionary, even for Worcesterians, in orthography— since it offers the user his choice in this respect, and is much superior in all others. Guides to courses of reading are inadequate, since the wants of no two people arc alike ; but of helps of this kind an intelligent reader will avail himself in his own way ; consequently pro- vide them, and also a sufiQciency of maps and tables of statistics. 'For a list of works of reference for libraries, see Ciiapter XXXII, pp. 68B et seq. 714 Public Libraries in the United States. , LIBRARY STATISTICS. There is no branch of library economy more important, or so little understood by a librarian as helps to himself, as the daily statistics which he can preserve of the growth, loss, and use (both in extent and character) of the collection under his care. The librarian who watches these things closely, and records them, always understands what he is about, and what he accomplishes or fails to accomplish. The patrons to whom he presents these statistics will comprehend better the machin- ery of the library, and be more indulgent toward its defects. The meth- ods employed in the library, of course, determine in large measure what kinds of statistics are desirable and what are possible. Some systems, like a slip system for recording loans, for instance, will yield results, and important ones, which it is impossible to get under a ledger system, or if gotten are attainable only by labor which costs too much. It is all im-_ portant that the nature and future of a library should be well understood at the beginning, and that its system should be devised to yield the desirable statistical results. If it is not so devised, it is very difficult to engraft a change upon its radical methods at a siibsequent period. For this reason, however desirable it would be to procure uniformity in library statistics throughout the country, there is little chance of its ever being accomplished. OHAP'TEII XXXIV'. TITLES OF BOOKS. BY PROF. OTIS H. EOBIXSON, Librarian University of Rochester. Naming books — Enigmatical and misleading titles — Miscellanies — Explana- toitt, oisscuhe, incomplete, and unsuitable titles — hints to headers — im- provement in tables ok contents and in indexes — a library manual. The subject of this paper might well be entitled Enigmas ; a friend has suggested Spliinxiana, which is perhaps better. And yet the com- parison is not perfect; for the poor librarian has no oracle to assure him that, should he guess the meaning of the titles now published, the mon- ster who propounded them willdasli her head against a rock and expire. No sooner has he studied out one batch than another is issued, with which in turn he has to^struggle without hope of coming to an end. No act of a man's life requires more practical common sense than the naming of his book. If he would make a grocer's sign, or an invoice of a cellar of goods, or a city directory, he uses no metaphors ; his pen does not hesitate foi^the plainest word. He must make himself under- stood by common men. But if he makes a book the case is different. It must have the charm of a pleasing title. If there is nothing new within, the back at least must be novel and taking. He tortures his imagi- nation for something which will predispose the reader in its favor. Mr. Parker writes a series of biographical sketches, and calls it Morning Stars of the New World. Somebody prepares seven religious essays, binds them up in a book, and calls it Seven Stormy Sundays. Mr. H. T. Tuckerman makes a book of essays on various subjects, and calls it The Optimist, and then devotes several pages of preface to an argument, lexicon in hand, proving that the applicability of the term optimist is " obvious."' An editor, at intervals of leisure, indulges his true poetic taste, for the pleasure of his friends, or the entertainment of an occasional audience. Then his book appears, entitled not Miscellaneous Poems, but Asleep in the Sanctum, by A. A. Hopkins. Sometimes not satis- fled with one enigma, another is added. Here we have The Great Iron Wheel; or, Eepublicanism Backwards and Christianity Eeversed, by J. E. Graves. These titles are neither new nor scarce, nor limited to any particular class of books. Every case, almost every shelf, in every library con - 715 716 Public Libraries in the United States. tains such. They are as old as the art of book making. Da^'id's lamentation over Saul and Jonathan was called The Bow. A single word jn the poem probably suggested the name. Three of the orations of JSschines were styled TheGraces, and his letters The Muses. " Were it inquired of an ingenious writer," says Disraeli, " what page of his work had occasioned him most perplexity, he would often point to the title page." No one will question this. The remote reference of title page to contents must often have been discovered only by the severest effort. Were the perplexity to stop with the "ingenious writer," the latter might indulge his fancy in that direction unmolested. Bat what say the reader, the librarian, the cataloguer ? The books whose titles give special trouble to the reader, and gea- orally to the librarian also, may be classified under several heads. 1. First of all are the miscellanies. These are miscellaneous essays, reports of societies, and all periodicals, whether scientific or literary ; also biographical sketches, with remains of essays, speeches, correspond- ence, scientific papers, and the like. Of this class of books good titles can only be general, from the nature of the case. All that can be asked is that where it is practicable such qualifying words be used as will sug- gest the general department of learning to which the contents belong. How much better is Familiar Lectures on Scientific Subjects, by Sir John P. W. Herschel, than Conferences faites ^ la gare Saint-Jean JL Bordeaux, the two books being on almost the same class of subjects. 2. Secondly are those books which are strictly miscellaneous, but. whose authors or publishers were not content to have theui so called. Of these are many to which- the name of one essay is given^ the others falling under a general " and other essays." • De Quincey's The Avenger is bound up by the publishers with, sev- eral other essays, including the one on China. The Avenger occu- pies seventy-four pages, China one hundred and twenty-two, and yet China is hidden under the title The Avenger, etc. Eoger's Eeason and Faith and Other Miscellanies is a volume of four hundred and fifty:eight pages, one hundred and twenty on reason and faith, the rest being on Thomas Fuller, Pascal, Luther, sacred eloquence, etc. Hawthorne's Snow-Image, and other twice-told Tales has twenty-two pages on the Snow-Image and two hundred and thirty-eight devoted to fourteen other essays. In this class are also to be included the books which are put forth' under some distinguished name connected with the subject or subjects written upon. A new book by Dr. William Forsyth, though not strictly miscellane- ous, will serve as an illustration. The back of the book says, Horten- sius, the Advocate. Within, a preliminary title page contains "Hor- tensius, or the Advocate." Go further, aud yon find on the title page proper, Hortensins, an historical essay on the office and duties of an advocate. Now, if you read the book you find a series of essays on the Titles of Books. 717 Athenian courts, advocacy in ancient Eoine, the bar in the Middle Ages, advocacy in England, etc., and that Hortensius serves not even as the central flgute of the book, but only as a title. To these may be added a great many fancy general titles, from which it is difficult to draw any inference as to the contents. Eecess Studies, edited by Alexander Grant, and published in 1870, is found to be a collection of essays or papers by different authors on the existing con- dition of Great Britain and Ireland, political, social, and religious. A Free Lance in the Field of Life and Letters, by' \V. 0. Wilkinson, con- sists of critical examinations or reviews of the writings of George Eliot, James Eussell Lowell, William CuUen Bryant, and others. Paradoxes and Puzzles, historical, judicial, and literary, by John Paget, Con- sists of reviews of passages in Macaulay's History, vindications of Nel- son, Byron, and others ; an examination of the cases of Elizabeth Can- ning, Spencer Gowper, and others ; also some essays on art, with reviews of Eubens, Euskin, and Cruikshank. The back of the book gives simply Paradoxes and Puzzles, by John Paget. One would naturally, there- fore, classify it with De Morgan's Budget of Paradoxes, which is a collection of scientific scraps, mostly mathematical, thrown together without order, like scraps in a rag bag. After Paradoxes and Puzzles, it is natural to mention Guesses at Truth, by two brothers. This is put up in the same manner. Let no one suppose, however, that the guesses of one have any reference to the puzzles of the other. Chips from a German Workshop, by Max Milller; Tablets, by A. B. Alcott; Dreamthorp, essays written in the country, by Alexander Smith; and My Study Windows, by James Eussell Lowell, may be added with- out remark. Let it be understood, parenthetically, however, that Pro- fessor Lowell " would have preferred a simpler title, but publishers nowadays are inexorable on this point." Of the two classes of books already mentioned, no reader should ex- pect to find the contents except by means of a general index, alphabeti- cally arranged. The fault of a fancy title is, not that it conceals mate- rial which would otherwise be easily found, but that it often suggests a particular treatise, while the contents are miscellaneous. That it is practicable for a librarian to keep a general alphabetical index of con- tents of such books may be seen by reference to the article in this vol ume on that subject. ^ 3. We mention, as a third class, books on particular subjects, whose titles are wholly and inexcusably enigmatical. The Past, the Present, and the Future, by H. C. Carey, a treatise on social science, has no word suggesting its nature till you come to the table of contents. Social Pressure, by Arthur Helps, is still worse, for it has no preface nor table of contents. Berkeley's Alciphron ; or, the Minute Philosopher, is a double enigma. You find little comfort even in chasing down the first 'See Chapter XXIX, Ou Indexing Periodical and Miscellaneous Literature, pp. 663 et seq. 718 Public Libraries in the United States. word in a dictionary of biography. The Oceana of James Harrington and The Leviathan of Hobbes, are said, by those who have read them, to be on nearly the same subject. An explanatory clause in the title of the latter relieves one a little after he has taken the pains to hunt it up. Tooke's Diversions of Purley is a marvel of obscurity. It would puzzle us more to divine its nature from its title than it did the review- ers of its day to determine its rank among works on the English laur guage. The Blazing Star, by Greene, just published, , sheds no lightr on the contents of the book. The Voices of the Xight and Yoices of the Day, by the Eev. John Gumming, were .evidently selected be- cause they sounded well together. A careful study of their prefaces shows that they are a collection of sermons relative tp the present and the future state of the people of God. Walter Goltou's Deck and Port, Land and Lee, and Ship and Shore, belong to the same, class. Leaves of Grass would be well enough for Walt Whitman's . book were it not . that the title Leaves of Grass has a definite meaning. 4. Another class of books differs from those last mentioned in the addition of an explanation or suggestion to the principal title. Berke-,, ley's Siris is explained as on The Virtues of Tar Water. A recent book is announced as The Else' and the Fall; or. The Origin of. Moral Evil. Another, still more recent, is Seed Truths; or, Bible views of mind, morals, and religion, by Pharcellus Church. Would it . not have been well Tor Dr. Church to have given his " views" simply, and let.the public judge whether they contained " seed truths?'^ Vol-, taire's Essai sur les Mceurs was abandoned by the English publish- ers, who gave to Mr. Nugenfs translation the true title, An Essay on Universal History, etc. The Sons of the. Sires, is a spirited title . surely, though one is at a loss to know what sons or what sires, till he reads on and finds that the book professes to give A; History of tbe|^ rise, progress, and destiny of the American Party. The Mysteries Opened is a work on the nature of baptism, and of the Lord's Slipper- The Cradle of Eebellions is on secret societies. The Day Star of Amer- ican Freedom is on toleration in the province of Maryland., Here we have The Poetry of Science by Hunt, the Poetry of the Vegetable World by Schleiden, and The Magic of Science by Wylde, which , contain neither poetry nor magic, but simply some eleraejntary les- sons in the physical sciences. Euskin's works are destined to liye in our language and to be sought after in our libraries for many a year, but we cannot forgive him the trouble he has given to the thousands,, who will have to ge,t below their titles to find oiit what they are all, about. The Crown of Wild Olive, on work, traffic, and war; Unto this Last, on the first principles of political economy; Sesam^ej and Lilies, on Kings' treasuries and Queens' gardens ; The Queen of the Air, on the Greek myths of cloud and storm ; Ariadne Florentina,, on engrav- ing, are a few of the many enigmas set afloat in the literary, world, by, this one author. Becker's Gallus, Becker's Charicles, Donatlt^spu's Var- ronianus, and The New Cratylus are of the same sort. Titles of Boohs. 719 This tendency to the adoption or coinage of high sounding titles, to be followed by an explanation, prevails extensively. Jeremy Bentham's Science of Morality woald be too commoaplace. Ibis Daontology; or, the Science of Morality. Again, -we have Bunomus ; or Dialogues con- cerning the Law and Constitution of England, by Edward Wynne. Most of this fourth Class would be well enough if the leading or fancy part of the title could be stricken ont. It generally expresses a some- what happy conceit which the author flatters himself is not alto- gether foreign to his book. But the reader is not prepared for it till he has read through to the end. Were he to find there such ex- pressions as Seed Truths, The Cradle of Eebellions, and The Crown of Wild Olive, it would do no harm. The difficulty is that this fancy title is pat first, and it is generally all that appears on the back of the book. One must know it to find the book in a shop or library. The consequence is tHat the book must go by that title only which is least significant and most confusing to the inexperienced. To know the true titles of books, those by which they ought always to be called, is pos- sible only for scholars. Were it any part of the purpose of this paper to entertain the reader, sufiScrentiy amusing examples of the several ' classes mentioned would not be wanting. Think of the linguistic genius which devised Aglos- soStomography, for a description of a mouth without a tongue; or Ocean Macromicrocosmic for a treatise on the motion of the blood. A treatise on patience, fortitude, and pain, was called The Three Daughters of Job ; another, containing a collection of passages from the fathers, The Shop of the Spiritual Apothecary. The last two are given by -Disraeli in his Curiosities of Literature. He adds also Matches lighted at the Divine Eire; The Sixpennyworth of Divine Spirit; Some fine Biscuits baked in the Oven of Charity, carefully conserved for the Chickens of the Church, the Sparrows of the Spirit, and the Sweet Swallows of Salvation. The Grumbling Hive was misunderstood at first. It afterward appeared, with additions, as The Fable of the Bees. A treatise on algebra by Eobert Eecorde, pub- lished in 1557, was entitled The Whetstone of Witte. An introduction to the Talmud was called The Bones of Joseph. Euskin's Notes on the Construction of Sheepfolds, a work on church doctrine and disci- pline, is said to have had " a considerable run among the Muirland farmers, whose reception of it was not flattering." A similar reception, •we fancy, was 'given to The Secret of Hegel, by the young lady who supposed she had ordered the last new noVel. My Summer in a Gar- den be'guiled a hasty reviewier into a homily on horticulture. 5. Th'e'sfeond class above mentioned was found to consist mostly of books whose contents were more general or miscellaneous than their titles indicated. The converse of this also frequently occurs, where the title applies well enough to the subject treated, but is general enough to apply equallly well to several others. Such general titles as Cosmos, 720 Public Libraries in the United States. The Earth, The Universe, may be proper in some cases, since a more particular one might involve an error in the opposite direction. There is no good reason, however, for calling physical speculations on a future state, The Unseen Universe. With what disappointment do iline out of ten readers lay down the book whose back presents them with Knowl- edge is Power, Knight, when they find that it simply contains the Ee- sults of Labor, Capital, and Skill, Maine's Early History of Institu- tions, recently published, promises the survey of a very wide field, but is found to contain a comparatively narrow one. First Principles by Herbert Spencer, Lamartine's Confidential Disclosures, and Among My Books by James Eussell Lowell, are given without explanation on the title pages. They are significant only when one has become somewhat acquainted with their several authors. A Book about the Clergy, by J. C. Jeaflfreson, stands also unexplained. How many subjects, theo- logical, homiletical, devotional, biographical, political, and historical, might be covered by such a title. It is a work of two handsome octavo volumes, giving illustrations of English history in the usages and characteristics of its clergy. What a hotchpotch of "titles we have of which nature is the leading word ! Nature Displayed, by Dufief, is on teaching language. The Light of Nature Pursued, by Tucker, is on religion and morality. The System of Nature, by D'Holbach, is an atheistical treatise on the moral and the physical world. Macmillan's Footnotes from the page of Nature, is on the first forms of vegetation. Here are Voices of Nature by Oheever, and Voices of Nature by Dyer, one a series of analogies between the natural and the spiritual world, the other a collection of poems on all sorts of subjects. We have also The Book of Nature by John Mason G^ood, and The Book of Nature by Schoedler and Medlock. The former is a series of lectures on the physical sciences, language, literature, philosophy, history, criticism, etc.; the latter, as the title indicates, is devoted to physics, astronomy, chemistry, and the other physical sciences. It is not to be forgotten that the inappropriateness of miiny titles arises from the changes which time has wrought in the use of scientific terms. Observations on Man may have been a good title to the philosophy of David Hartley in his day; but today we should hardly «xpect to find anything under it but a work on ethnology or anthro- pology. 6. Another source of great perplexity to the reader and the librarian is the lack of completeness in the title page. , It might be impertinent to complain here of the suppression by the author of his own name, but there is no good reason for so frequent an appearance of the sine loco et anno of our catalogues. A book is often wanted on account of its place and date, and more often it is not wanted for the same reason. The title may declare the book a "new treatise" on some science of recent growth, as chemistry or geology; you find after much patient study that it was "new" half a century ago, but is very old now, and good only for Titles of Books. 721 historical i)arposes. A cjclopsedia without a date, and there are such, deceives nobody. It is rather suspected of never having been up to date. The cataloguers of the Library of the British Museum took great pains to make the descriptions of their books as complete in this respect as possible. When the place and date were not given, they endeavored to fix them by reading the book, and other books if neces- sary, by comparing the type with that of other books, and thus exhaust- ing every resource before leaving a point unsettled. Here were untold hours of exhaustive labor, all because of the whims or negligence of authors and publishers. 7. To complete our survey of books under whose titles much valuable matter is likely to lie completely hidden from the inexperienced-until dis- covered by accident or the assistance of others, one other class should be mentioned. To this belong those books which are, on the whole, properly named, but which naturally contain separate monographs or connected chapters on subjects not plainly suggested by the title. Sale's excellent Preliminary Discourse of one hundred and thirty-two heavy octavo pages on the Arabs and their religion both before and after the time of Mohammed, together with the life of their x)rophet, may be well enough, bound up with his translation of the Koran, aud an ex- perienced reader would not be surprised to find it there; but to the majority it must be pointed out or lost. Eobertson's View of the Prog- ress of Society in Europe in the Eeign of Charles V, is a case of the same kind. The Mori£B Encomium of Erasmus and the Opus Majus of Eoger Bacon illustrate this class, as also some of those previously mentioned. Peter Bayne's Christian Life, social and individual, is a good title, and yet one would not be likely to take it down to i-ead up on Howard, Wilberforce, Foster, Arnold, and Chalmers. Farrar's Seekers after God hides instead of suggesting the names Seneca, Epic- tetns, and Marcus Aurelius, to whom it is wholly devoted. Young's Tour in France appears on the back of a stout quarto. It is found to be a most valuable work, written with reference to agriculture and other sources of national prosperity in France near the close of the last century, and giving the prices of produce, labor, etc. Its abbreviated title might apply to a pleasure excursion just as well as to an indis- pensable work in the department of political economy. The celebrated forty-fourth chapter of Gibbon's Decline and Fall of the Eoman Empire, on the Eoman law and the great reformation under Justinian, is hardly covered by the general title of that work. Fifty-eight octavo pages of Donee's Illustrations of Shakspeare are devoted to a dis- sertation on the Gesta Eomanorum. A multitude of examples of this class will occur to every one whose reading has been extensive; exam, pies, too, where the chapter, or separate dissertation or monograph, thus hidden from the mass of readers, is large enough to make a good sized volume by itself. It would be difacult, perhaps impossible, to determine the percentage 46 b 722 Public Libraries in the United States. of a large library which is practically concealed under the several classes of titles mentioned. Few persons would probably estimate it at one- fourth of its real amount until they had begun to take the books down and examine them one by one. While this paper has been growing, examples have accumulated beyond all that was anticipated, until sev- eral tables are loaded with them. An examination of the few that are given will show also that the quality of this hidden material is not inferior to the average of library books, Nothing has been said of works of fiction ; while their titles are often less significant than one might desire, their very nature would seem to take them out of the range of legitimate criticism in this respect. The conclusion from such a sur- vey of a library can only be that the backs of books which stare down from the shelves at the reader, or even their fuller title pages, are by no means to be trusted as to the nature of their contents. They are like finger marks along the highway which have been painted and set up with reference to the taste of the artisan rather than to the geography of the country. The inquiry now naturally arises : What guides can be furnished, to conduct one by the shortest possible route, among so many insignificant and false signals, to the small segmentof a library which he wishes to read on a given subject? The inquiry is not, How shall the experienced reader be assisted 1 though it may be doubted whether even he will not, in his search, often pass by what, if found, would serve him best. The question in most libraries has reference to the learner, not to the learned; to the general reader, not to the specialist. It must be understood, also, that it is the subject and not the book's title which the reader has in mind. He is investigating a subject, preparing a sermon, or an essay, or an article for the next quarterly, or reading up for a speech or a de- bate — he does not know what books contain the information he wants; he does not care what their titles are ; he wants the matter, and at once. The difliculty has two phases :' First, he may wish to exhaust his avail- able resources. This he soon learns, where so much is hidden, is next to Impossible. Secondly, and more commonly, he may wish to select for his special purposes a small portion of the whole amount at his command. To do this, he must not only be able to find every treatise or part of a trea- tise bearing on his subject, but he mast also have the means of acquiring some information regarding everything within his reach, so as to make his selection intelligently. So far as we know, no general method has been, adopted to meet his wants in either case, though it is probable that some libraries have particular devices not generally known. The common practice is for the reader, having become tired and dissatisfied with his own search, to get his references from some one who has some knowl- edge of the subject, or to expect the librarian to be a general encyclo- paedia of book contents. Every librarian, especially of a college library, will understand this. He has been worn out day after day in trying to meet this demand. He has found that the demand is too great. Be he ' Titles of Books. 723 ever so learned, the differentiation of the sciences will have produced some important points which have escaped him. Be he ever so faithful, his nerves will tire, his memory will flag. Even an ordinary library is greater than all the men likely to be in charge of it. What guide, then, can be furnished 1 The current of thought respect- ing libraries has not taken the direction of supplying one. The great object has been to accumulate books. Every effort has been put forth to multiply volumes, but comparatively little has been done to multi- ply the facilities for making them useful. To the credit of authors and publishers be it said, there is a tendency toward fuller indexes and more complete tables of contents ; by so much are books made more conve- nient instruments of learning. We could wish that the same spirit might be extended also to the title pages. But this we can scarcely hope. Fancy and fashion will always" prevail over strictly practical ideas. This question must be solved in the libraries. It should be con- sidered in view of the iiast and the probable future. One or two hun- dred years ago books were comparatively few. Scholars might then know something of nearly the whole range of reading, each in his own department of study; with a few rare exceptions librarians might get a sort of mastery over their books, so as to become the personal guides of their readers. Libraries for the use of students in colleges and professional schools were seldom of sufficient magnitude to raise the question about facilities for reference. When books were few, it mattered little whether the titles were well or ill chosen. A good index of authors or catalogue of titles, with an aphabetical or classified arrangement, might then have seemed adequate tcf the wants of all. The case is different now. The old books are still on our shelves and new ones are coming from every quarter. Most of the old libraries have been doubled several times during the last century, and new ones have been formed almost without number. The spirit of bookmaking was never more prevalent than now. Let it con- tinue another century or two, and it will be next to impossible to make a judicious selection of what one has money to buy or time to read. Cat- alogues have grown with- the growth of libraries, but no one has yet given us a science of cataloguing. Hardly can we find two alike, and none can be said to accomplish all that is desired. Cataloguers have generally attempted two things : first, to make a list, alphabetical or otnerwise, of all their books ; and, secondly, to furnish a guide to the reader in selecting what he wishes to read. Now, has not the failure to devise any plan of cataloguing on which there should be a general agree- ment arisen largely from the impossibility of accomplishing both these results with the same instrument ? In the great multiplicity of books, and in the minute divisions and subdivisions of nearly every field of inquiry, has there not come to be room for two separate works for these two sepa- rate objects'? Let the complete list of books be in'any convenient form — this is not the place to propose a plan for that — is it not of the utmost im - 724 Public Libraries in the United States. portaace tUiit there bi alsa, ia adJitiou, a guide to the average reader? He s8ldo:n wishes to be pointed to all the books in a library, even in the department in which he is reading; lie is not likely to care for a tenth part of them. What he does care for is the means of making an intel- ligent selection of what he wants from the great mass that he does not want. As nearly all catalogues are constructed, it is as we have seen impossible to find all a library contains which he might want, and if found, a selection of what he actually does want is possible only at the expense of much time and strength. A biographical dictionary is designed to give a few briefly stated facts about the life, character, work, and influence of ev«ry man in any way eminent in the field which it covers. A dictionary of antiquities brings before the reader, in a few well chosen sentences, the prominent customs, social, religious, etc., of the ancients. Now, would it not be practicable to make a reference dictionary or library manual on a some- what similar plan, which should contain the most important subjects of inquiry in the principal departments of human knowledge, under terms general or particular, alphabetically arranged, without definition or dis- cussion, but simply with references to the best material to be found upon them, by whatever author and under whatever title 1 The selection of terms would not differ much from those of a first class cyclopaedia. On many subjects, references would be necessary to different views and opinions and different modes of treatment. After the reference, a few words of description would sufllce to show definitely the department of inquiry to whidh the treatise or monograph belongs, and the place it occupies in that department. Such facts as the number of pages in the reference, the time when it was written, the author's facilities for acquiring the necessary information, his political, religions, social, or scientific views, bis object in writing, his mode of treatment, and the general effect produced, would not only determine the reader as to its desirability for him, but put him into such relation to it as often to enhance its value for him many fold. In short, much might be done to introduce to a general reader a choice selection of the best material on a given subject, with its leading peculiarities, so that he might approach it at once with the attitude of a scholar. Everybody knows how great the advantage is in reading a new book when one knows something of the author, and has read a brief and judicious review of the book. The class of facts mentioned above lies mostly outside the range of even the most complete catalogue. They are usually given to students by teach- ers or librarians in their personal intercourse, the same descriptions and explanations being repeated over and over again every year. What is desired, therefore, is a digest of this personal instruction, prepared with the utmost care, extended to every department of a somewhat complete library, and reduced to the exact form of a dictionary. Such a work could not be produced by an ordinary cataloguer, or even by the most experienced librarian. It might grow up under the hands of many Titles of Books. , 725 specialists, with the direction of an editor. It would be the constant companion and guide of every reader, young and old. It would do much to lift from librarians and teachers a burden which, already too great, is rapidly becoming greater. Could such a work be thoroughly organized and carried through to the end by a man like Dr. William Smith, the question of cataloguing would become a comparatively sim- ple one. In another respect, not before mentioned, such a work would be of iucalQjilable value. A purchaser has little trouble in buying new books. He has before him the reputation or position of the author, and the fresh and tersely stated opinions of the reviewers. He makes his pur- chases easily, also, within a certain rSnge of knowledge with which he is specially familiar. Outside these two classes, every purchase made by a librarian or library committee must either be made at considerable risk or after laborious investigation. The work proposed, if properly made, would i^ut the purchaser into such relation to works in evei^y field of inquiry as to render his selection intelligent and comparatively easy. Were an illustration of this subject needed, we might introduce into a library a sophomore somewhat above the average of his class in capacity and attainment, and suppose him to have resolved upon a course of reading in English history. An easier case could not well be put. Give him a catalogue, or take him to the department of the history of Great Britain. There are the books: Hume, Macaulay, Lingard, Goldsmith, Hallam, Knight, Froude, May, Smollett, Crreen, Brodie, Buckle, Godwin, Henry, and a host of others, of every shade of politi- cal, social, and religious opinion — in fact, who agree in little else than that they have written on English history. Now, your sophomore will be very likely to turn upon you in confusion and say, " Sir, I have a few hours a day of leisure time which I want to devote to the reading of English history ; what books shall I read V And then you begin your oft-repeated task of learning from him his particular needs, and selecting for him the books he can use to best advantage. It is not suf- ficient to say that it is the function of teachers to mark out courses of reading. True, the case we have put might come, perhaps it ought to come, within the range of a professor, still a guide is wanted. Teach- ers cannot be fresh upon every subject, they cannot anticipate every demand; and, besides, the great mass of readers are without teachers. Of course, no such work is here suggested as Malcolm's Theological Index, or Hardy's Descriptive Catalogue of materials relating to the History of Great Britain and Ireland, or a digest of legal decisions. These are works for specialists. They have little or no relation to the general reader whose needs we have pointed out. In many cyclopaedias we find at the close of here and there an article a collection of refer- ences for the further investigation of the reader. These references we bave liad constantly in mind while preparing the latter part of this 726 Public Libraries in the United States. paper. Tliey are usually thrown together without any well defined plan or order running through the book, but according to the tastes of the individual writers. Prepare these references properly and mike a sepa- rate work of them, and you will supply as real a demand as that for which the cyclopaedia was written. Such a work would be liable to failures and excesses, but uo more so than any dictionary or cyclopaedia. How much more of solid information about books should we have if as great effort had been put forth in the direction to which we have called attention as has been made in tracing the histories of old editions, or old books, determining where a certain leaf was torn, what title pages lack a certain word, or whetJier a certain autograph is genuine. CHAPTER XXXV, BOOK INDEXES. BY F. B. PEEKIXS, Boston Public Library. Gen'bral remarks — Importaxcb of indexes — Directions for makixg and dsing INDEXES. "ludexea are tbe souls of books." Perhaps the most widely kaown, or possibly it would be more appro- priate to say the least unknown, instance of indexing is the case of the great mind of Mr. Justice Best, an English judge. In the index to a certain law book, it is said, appeared the following entry: Best, Mr. Justice, his great mind, page 459. And when the investigator interested in mental philosophy, or in the biography of eminent men, turned to the page indicated he found that a certain witness having been contumacious, " Mr. Justice Best observed that he had a great mind to commit the witness." » Thisisaprettygood illustration of what an index ought not to do. An almost equally instructive case is one which is recorded of that most excellent man and eminent professional indexer, (at least of " rerums," as some one phrased it,) the Rev. John Todd, D.D. — a case which re- minds one of the alleged fact that lawyers always draw ill worded wills for themselves. The doctor, it seems, laid it down that the topic The Importance of Christianity to the World should be indexed under the word "importance." Nothing could be of less "importance" as a ref- erence unless it be one of the particles used. Dr. Todd might almost as well have directed to index the phrase under " of" or " the." The case of Dr. Todd does not indicate that his labor on indexes had profited him much; yet Dr. Johnson is repor.ed to have said that "an index commonly profits most him that made it." Our well known advo- cate of indexes. Dr. S. A. AUibone, seems to have meant to get all the good out of iudexing that was possible on this principle, by annexing to his Dictionary of Authors twenty indexes. For an alphabetical list of authors this is jn'oviding pretty well. But Dr. Todd, Dr. Johnson, and Dr. AUibone are by no means all the great authorities that have held and. expressed decided views about indexes. Lord Campbell, the English literary judge, whose biographies, according to Lord Lyndhurst, " added anew terror to death," has recom 727 728 Public Libraries in the United States. mended for non-indexiug bookmakers a fate almost stern enough to justi- fy such a reputation as that. He says, in the preface to one of his books, that he meant " to bring a bill into Parliament to deprive any author who publishes a book -without an index, of the privilege of copyright, and, moreover, to subject him for bis offense to a pecuniary penalty." Mr. Carlyle, in his Frederick the Great, without auy such threats as Lord Campbell's, twice refers, in his scolding way, to " indexlessness" as a reprehensible quality. "Books born mostly of chaos," he says, "which want all things, even an index, are a painful object." A book " wanting all things " would seem somewhat like that fabled gun which was " with- out lock, stock, or barrel." And in another place, in calling names at someb ody he dislikes, Mr. Carlyle observes, " He writes big books, want- ing in almost every quality, and does not give even an index to them." Certain sorts of books require indexes, and others do not ; so that these express and implied denunciations do not apply except for cause ; a dictionary, for instance, being itself an index, in virtue of its alphabetical arrangement, does not need another index, nor does the ordinary novel. A contributor to Notes and Queries, it is true, lays it down that " every book worth reading requires an index." This, how- ever, cannot easily be maintained, except by the " vicious circle " pro- cess of saying first that no book not requiring an index is worth read- ing. And probably this stern zealot is one whose practice would bear out his hard doctrine. But the rule would work a fearful devastation in circulating libraries ; and I cannot believe that any reader of Pick- wick ever wanted an index to it. Yet Dr. Allibone (in a short note jn the American Bibliopolist of January, 1872) quotes a request from Dr. Johnson to Kichardson, to add to one of his novels " an index rerum, that when the reader recollects any incident he may easily find it, which at i^resent he cannot do, unless he knows in which volume it is told." One almost suspects the old doctor of being sly and ironical in this sug- gestion, though the size and tediousness of Richardson's novels make the suggestion so perfectly proper as to be even awfully serious. The novels of to-day, however, certainly do not need indexes, nor do books of poetry, (unless it be Mr. Browniug's,) nor collections of popular essays, such, for instance, as the thin compositions of Mr. Boyd, the English Country Parson. Let not this rule be applied to the Poet at the Breakfast Table, of Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, to which sparkling book is affixed an entertaining and witty index of ideas, which is one of the most diverting parts of the work. But Dr. Holmes would put valuable truths and witty tiionghts into the inventory of a'country store. The proper general rule for indexes is obvious enough. Books of facts and for reference should be iudexed. This is about as piolbund a rule as to say that tools which are to be used with the hand should have handles. Plain as the rule seems, however, it is violated by authors them- selves, and by translators and their like who live by the labors of others. Book Indexes. 729 Such a case is that of M. Thiers's History of the Freuch Kevolution and his Consulate and Empire, the latter of which, in twenty volumes, has been translated into English and printed in London without an index. If you wish to fix the date of any occurrence between 1795 and 1815, for instance, hunt through the twenty volumes until you find it. Accord- ing to the sentence from an old writer which stands at the head of this paper, the English "traitor" has deprived that great body of its souL (I traduttori, traditori, is the Italian proverb, and " traduce" and " trans- late" are only lead over and carry over.) According to a certain Span- iard, he has left in the French the only part of the book which is neces- sarily the author's ; for this energetic Spaniard, who would have been a joy to the very hearts of Lord Campbell and Dr. AUibone, thus stated the case : " The index of a book should be made by the author. Any- body can do the rest of it." How much better than this barbarous omission is the practice of the German booksellers referred to in one of M. Bayle's notes: "The Ger- man booksellers have a laudable custom of adding good indexes to the books they reprint." Worthy men ! What wonder, when the German avenues to knowledge are so diligently lighted and opened out, that a century or two later a distinguished English scholar, Professor Seeley, should find cause to observe that " Good books are usually found to be written in German." No wonder at all ; they have handles to their tools. And yet it will not be found, I believe, that as much as $61,500 was ever paid in Germany for one job of indexing ; it was in England, though, and for part of a job. It was for indexing the journals of the House of Commons; for a piece of which was paid, in March, 1778^ £12,900. This, except £500, was for thirty one years' work, done by three men, one of whom got £0,400, or about $32,000, for thirteen years' indexing. Having said so much about indexin-g, I will try to make a few sug- gestions oa it; for there is an art both of making and of searching indexes. Considerations of space, time, and cost must usually be taken into account ; so that for making an index the first step must commonly be to calculate how many pages are to be given to it and how many entries will go to a page. This last will depend upon considerations which in many cases need a printer's suggestions, unless the other persons con- cerned know something of the printer's business. If, for instance, a double columned page can be used, there will be a saving in expense - so there will by using small type and setting it solid. This point being determined, divide the whole number of entries to be allowed by the number of pages to be indexed, and thus find the average number to be allowed per page of the book. This average will often vary much on different pages; but by making a fixed number of entries to each page of the manuscript you can always easily see how you are getting on^ 730 Public Libraries in the United States. and adjust the work to the average. A careful and thorough indexer will usually feel a constant impulse to make too many entries. The quickest way is, not to try to do the alphabeting while you are writing the entries, but to write them one after another, as the words for the entries are found in the pages of the book, doing the alphabeting afterward. It is convenient to select a paper whose width will match the average length proposed for the index entries; a wide paper (two lines of narrow paper will do instead) for long entries. This, with a little care, will avoid many cases of running over on to the second line in the print, which tends, of course, to double the space occupied per printed entry, and thus to halve the number of entries available. Other things being equal, of course the more entries the better. Between each two entries, as written, leave blank paper enough to allow of clipping the entries apart with ease; a blank line is enough. Work as thoughtfully as time and pay permit. Choose for your index entries words actually used in the book, and if there is room put in synouymes, if desirable, with a reference to the word actually used. Chapter heads, tables of contents, running titles, paragraph sideheads, and marginal notes often give a good deal of the author's own nomen- clature, which the indexer ought always to use. Having gone through the book in this way, have a pair of shears long enough, to cut across the pages of your manuscript at one clip, and cut the whole of your manuscript index into single entries. Next, alphabet them by initial letters. This process is usually best done by using a diagram or imaginary frame of five rows of five letters each, on which to put the titles at this first handling. The following arrangement of 'printers' dashes will show what I mean. (The letters placed at the loft band of the first row and right hand of the last indicate well enough where the rest belong.) A U B V C W D X E Y, Z. It is true that I and J might be run together; that K and Q are very short letters ; that U and V might go together; and that X, Y, and Z might all be put in the same place. But these five ranks in five flies < are so symmetrical a plan — with the three fives of A, F, K, P,U across the head, C, H, M, 11, W across the middle, and E, J, O, T, Y, Z across the foot — and hence so easily remembered on mnemonic principles, that they will be found for most people the best general index diagram by which to alphabet items. After a little practice, one can distribute items on this diagram without having to look at it; that is, a habit of hand can be formed to it, which is indispensable to easy and quick sortinj; of anv kind. Book Indexes. 731 This primary alphabeting liaviug been completed, it is best to begin at tlie end and sort backward for the second arrangement, if it is the ultimate one. If there is a very large number of items, it may be nec- essary to handle them a third time; but there are not many cases where two handlings will not do. This second handling is intended to leave the items piled in their proper index order, the first uppermost, for which the backward progress is best. To do this, take the Y, Z handful and spread it out on the sorting table singly ; pick out the last slip and lay it down, the last but one and lay it crosswise at some angle over the last, and so on. When the Y, Z's have been thus laid, go on to the X's, then to the Ws, and so on until you have finished the A's. You will probably top off with some member of the Abbott family if you are making a catalogue of English authors; with some Mr. van der Aa or other if a general collection of encycloptedia items. The first five items of the writer's index rerum of about 100,000 items (on catalogue slips — not in the absurd book of worthy but unindexical Dr. Todd) are, Abarbanel, Abarca, Abarim, Abaris, Abas. In this secondary alphabeting, do no " three-letter " or any other number of letter work, but subalphabet to the very end of your words, so as to put Constantinople before Oonstantinopolitanus on principle. No other rule is worthy a workman,, and as often happens the thorough" method will in practice require only very little more time than the un- thorough. It will sometimes be a help to lay out secondary piles of A's, B's, etc., by the second letters, and then to do the ultimate subalphabet- ingfrom these piles. Some letters permit a great many more secondary piles than others. Thus, A can be followed by all the 25 other letters ; B, however, only by the vowels and two liquids, (unless, of course, you come across bdellium in making a concordance'to the Bible, or Bhagavad in a list of Hindoo literature,) eight in all. When the heap of ultimately alphabeted items is ready, make the copy for the printer. This is done by taking a pile of sheets of cheap or waste paper, drawing two streaks of mucilage or paste down the sides, (or three, two at the sides and one in the middle,) and then swiftly laying on the single item strips across these gummed sheets, close to- gether. Use no more paste or mucilage than necessary. Lay each successive sheet of gummed strips upon the previous one, under a light board or similar weight, to let them dry flat. When all are finished take them carefully apart, detaching any that stick with a paper-knife. Eevise the whole once, with final corrections. Send to printer. These directions seem prolix, but they do, in fact, constitute a well proved practical working method, which only requires writing the items once. Any experienced iudexer will see the force of this consideration, while he may prefer many variations in detail. Such variations, if found convenient for any one's own tendencies of mind or hand, should always be adopted. In searching an index, the only rule that is of much importance is 732 Public Libraries in the United States. this : If you do not find what you require under the proper word, search, first, for its synonymes ; and, secondly, for words that contain it ; and, thirdly, for words that it contains. Thus, suppose that one is look- ing up the subject of coinage in America. Look first for Coinage ; then for Numismatics, Mint, and Money, (partial synonymes;) then for Anti- quities (often contains Numismatics;) then for Higley copper, Rosa Americana, Cent, Dollar, Pine-tree shilling, etc., (subordinate parts con- tained in the subject of coinage.) If nothing is found under such an assortment of entries as that, the hunt may be given up, unless one is in position to search the book itself. CHAPTER XXXVI. LIBRARY BIBLIOGRAPHY. BY A. E. SPOITFORD, Librarian of Congrcsn. Literature of libraries — Edwards — Petzhoi-dt— Monographs ox libraries — Manuals for readers — Parliamentary reports on the British Museum li- HRARY — Library catalogues, foreign, American — List of books, and arti- cles in periodicals, ox libraries. While the literature of libraries, if we include the catalogues and annual reports of individual collections, extends to many thousands of volumes, there have been comparatively few books devoted to the gen- eral subject of library economy and the history and statistics of libra- ries. Mr. Edward Edwards's Memoirs of Libraries, including a Hand- Book of Library Economy, printed in London in 1859, forms the only systematic treatise on the subject in the English language. This work, while crude and hasty in many parts, and embodying many errors of statement, has yet an extremely valuable assemblage of information respecting libraries, ancient, mediseval, and modern. It goes at consid- erable length into the history and statistics of the greatest public libra- ries of Europe, devoting 118 pages to the library of the British Museum, 60 pages to the National Library of France, 120 pages to the various libraries of Germany and Austria, 3S5 pages to British libraries, (exclu- sive of the British Museum Library,) and 75 pages to the libraries of the United States. Its chapters on library economy and management, al- though useful, are very far from being thorough or comprehensive ; and it is a subject of regret, both to English and American readers, that a great book of nearly two thousand pages, devoted wholly to this sub- ject, could not have been made still more valuable by the omission of extraneous matter and tedious catalogues of no general interest, and by the insertion- of more full and systematic information regarding the internal economy of public libraries. On this branch of the subject, while there are several valuable mono- graphs in the German and other languages, Dr. Julius Petzholdt's Kat- echismus der Bibliothekenlehre, the second edition of which was pub- lished at Leipzig in 1871, is undoubtedly the most valuable. This little manual is fairly crammed with information in detail as to every depart- ment of a librarian's labors. ' A list of the principal monographs on the general subject of libraries, orUbraryTiistory,manageraent,classifLcation,and catalogues, is appended 733 734 Public Libraries in the United States. to this brief article. It also includes references to articles in many of the reviews and magazines on this subject which possess the most general interest. It is to be regretted that the most copious bibliography of catalogues and works relating to libraries, Vogel's Literatur friiherer und noch bestehender europaischer ciffentlicher und Corporations-BibUo- theken, published at Leipzig in 1840, is now nearly forty years, in arrear. Were a similar work, giving the titles of all publications relaClng to libraries in all countries, to be now executed, the 548 pages of Vogel's industrious compilation might be more than quadrupled in extent, without devoting more than a line or two to each publication. Of the various encyclopaedia articles upon libraries, that contained in Knight's English Cyclopaedia, 1860, volume 5, division of arts "and sciences, is the best. This was written by the late Thomas Watts,' of the British Museum Library, and it contains fifty closely printed columns. Of the various handbooks for the guidance of readers in libraries, it may be said that no one of them possesses sufiScient excellence to justify unqualified commendation. The Course of English Beading, by J. Pycroft, while the most extensive and pretentious of these manuals, is more than a quarter of a century behind the time in its list of books illustrating the various departments of knowledge. It presents, more- over, a model to be avoided in its principal contents, as well as in its style of composition. Of the more recent attempts to furnish a guide to students, accompanied by lists of works recommended in special fields, some swarm with errors of type as well as of judgment; while several can be consulted to great advantage, none can be relied upon as a satisfactory guide to a course of reading. Much valuable information regarding the management of large libra- ries, and the most expedient and practically useful catalogue system, is i to be found in the evidence before select committees of the British Parliament, in 1835 and in 1850, to inquire into the condition and man- agement of the British Museum Library. The testimony of many of the first scholars and literary men of England, including Henry Hallam, , Thomas Carlyle, Augustus de Morgan, J. Payne Collier, George. L. Craik, John "Wilson Croker, and others, was taken as to the supply of books, the conveniences to students and to the public, the inconvenience of the absence of printed catalogues, etc. It remains to consider perhaps the most important contributions to library bibliography, namely, catalogues. Without assuming to add anything to the elaborate discussion of the various plans for cataloguing libraries, or to speak of the rationale of each system, all of which have their zealous advocates, it will only be attempted here to give a very brief indication respecting some of the more extensive and more useful printed catalogues of public libraries at home and abroad. At the, out- set it must be observed that these are intended solely for the inexpert reader. Library Bibliography. 735 The schemes for the classification of linowledge have now become so numerous that a classification of the systems themselves has fairly be- come a desideratum. Attempts have been made to apply the systems for the distribution of human knowledge which have been invented by distinguished scholars to the classification of libraries and library cata- logues. These attempts, however, have not been signally successful. Bacon's well known survey of human learning, distributed primarily under the three divisions of memory, of imagination, and of reas«)n, according to the faculties of the mind assumed to be employed in the production of books, admirable as it may be for the classification of ideas, makes a sorry figure when applied to the divisions of a library. In the practical work of classifying books so as really to bring together all those on related topics, it turns out a worse than Procrustean bed. The first thing to be done is to get rid of the system-mongers, each of whom has a plan admirably adapted to the operations of his own mind, hut quite unmanageable bythose of other men. The literature of catalogues is very copious, and may be said to begin, within half a century after the invention of printing, with the catalogue issued by the elder Aldus of Greek books printed by that famous typog- rapher. What has been called the first bibliographical system was published by Oonrad Gesner in 1548, and it has had numerous succes- sors. Edwards, in his Memoirs of Libraries, gives comparative tables of thirty-two of the principal schemes for the classification of books, to which the reader is 'referred. The largest libraries in the world are wholly without complete printed catalogues, although some of them have contributed to public informa- tion catalogues of portions of their stores, some of which are of consid- erable service. Thus the National Library of France, now the largest col - lection in the world, numbering nearly 2,000,000 volumes, has printed in ten volumes quarto a catalogue of French history and biography, copious and full of value, besides a similar catalogue of medicine, partially com- pleted. The Library of the British Museum, while its manuscript cata- logue reaches about 1,600 volumes in folio, is only very partially repre- sented in the various printed catalogues of parts of the collection which have been issued. These include, besides sundry catalogues of manuscripts, maps, etc., a catalogue of printed books, prepared by Dr. Maty and others, in two folio volumes, of the date of 1787 ; a catalogue, in eight volumes octavo, prepared by Sir Henry Ellis and H. H. Baber, and issued 1813-19 ; a catalogue of the Eoyal Library, in five folio vol- umes, 1820-29 ; a Bibliotheca Grenvilliana, comprising a catalogue of the library presented to the museum by Thomas Grenville, in four volumes octavo, 1842-72 ; a valuable list of books of reference in the reading room, numbering about 20,000 volumes, the second edition of which was printed in 1871 ; and a first and only volume, in folio, of a catalogue of printed books, containing the letter A, by the late librarian Panizzl, which was printed in 1841. The last named volume is prefaced by the 736 Public Libraries in the United States. ninety-three rules for the compilation of the catalogue, which have beeu largely availed of, though not adopted as a whole, in many other library catalogues, and the^latest edition of which, with amendments, may be seen in Thomas] Nichols's Handbook for Eeaders at the British Mu- seum, 1866, pp. 38-54. The printed catalogue of the .Bodleian Library at Oxford, in three massive folio volumes, printed in 1843, with a supplement in another volume containing the books added from 1835 to 1847, although not «dited with critical accuracy, is invaluable as containing a larger assem- blage of titles in English literature than is found in the printed cata- logue of any one library. The catalogue of the Library of the Faculty of Advocates at Edin- burgh, in three volumes folio, 1742-1807, is also important, but wiil be supplanted by the new catalogue of that library now in press, which, has reached its third volume, in quarto. This elegantly printed work is distinguished by the copious biographical information supplied as to most of the writers whose books are catalogued, and it gives the title pages of all works with'approximate fulness and accuracy. It is, however, desti- tute of collations, or indications of the number of pages, publishers' names, etc., of the works. It is arranged on the plan of a dictionary of authors; anonymous works, however, being entered (as in the Bodleian catalogues) under the leading term in the title page, and not under the first word of the title. The catalogue of the Manchester Free Library, prepared by A. Cresta- doro, issued in 1864, is an admirably edited work, arranged in an alpha- bet of authors, followed by " subject-matter entries, or classification." In the latter alphabet the titles are abridged into a single line, still pre- serving the date and place of publication, as well as the leading topic of the work and the name of the author. This catalogue gives the num- ber of pages of every work in a single volume, but is without publish- ers' names. Anonymous books appear under the leading word of the title. The catalogue of the Liverpool Free Public Library, established in 1850, is greatly abbreviated as to titles, and is arranged on the combination plan ; authors, titles, and subjects being thrown into a single alphabet. Among American library catalogues which will be found most useful may be briefly named the following, nearly in the order of the relative imi>ortauce of the collections : The catalogues of the Library of Congress comprise ten volumes, con- sistiug, iirst, of a catalogue arranged by authors' names, in a single alphabet, published in 1864, to which have been added supplementary catalogues up to and including the year 1875. These annual catalogues, embracing each the accessions of a single year, report the titles of all works with approximate fulness, and give, in the case of all works not exceeding two volumes, the number of pages, of maps and plates, if any, and the name of the publisher. The reader is thus furnished with Library Bibliograpliy. 131 some idea of the extent of eacli work, while the additioa of publishers' names supplies a valuable aid to the identiflcatiou of editions. These catalogues of authors are supplemented by a Catalogue of Sub- jects, in two royal octavo volumes, l,7i4 pages, issued in 1860. This is arranged on the plan of a strict classification of subjects, but on the synthetic rather than the analytic method, bringing topics which bear a close relation to each other together in subordinate alphabets under a general head, instead of scattering them through the catalogue, each under its own distinct head. Numerous cross references guide the reader to -other portions of the catalogue in which aids may be found upon the subjectin hand. To these must be added the Catalogue of Publications of Scientific Societies in the Library of the Smithsonian Institution, now deposited in the Library of Congress. There has also been published during the present year (1876) a select catalogue of the principal addi- tions to the library during the three years, 1873, 1871, and 1875. This is an alphabetical catalogue of authors, followed by au index of subjects, in which a double reference is found for most works, first under the title, and secondly, under the subject matter of the work. In either case this subject index catalogue is complete in itself, giving author, date, and place of publication, thus rendering any reference back to the catalogue of authors superfluous. The Boston Public Library has issued an abbreviated Index to the Catalogue of Books in the Upper Hall, in a very closely printed vol- ume, published in 186 L, with a supplement in 1866. These catalogues are arranged on the plan of entering the title in the alphabet under the author's name, while in an index of subjects in the same alphabet the title re-appears, greatly abbreviated, without date or place of publi- cation. A similar Index to Books in the Lower Hall embraces the lighter literature which is kept for popular reading and circulation. Besides these larger catalogues, which contain perhaps less than half the titles embraced in the present collection of books, the Boston Public Library has issued several invaluable classed catalogues, on a more extended plan of description for the titles of works. These carefully prepared volumes embrace respectively, 1st, history, biography, and travels ; 2d, arts, sci- ences, and professions ; 3d, poetry, drama, collections, and miscellanies } 4th, French, German, and Italian books ; 5th, fiction and juveniles; and, 6th, a chronological index to historical fiction. The catalogue devoted to history, biography, and travels is admirably edited, supplying not only full titles of the works in the library on these subjects, but a great amount of collateral information in literary history and biography, with copious references to articles in periodical literature, illustrating each topic that is treated. The catalogue of the Astor Library, New York, issued in four volumes octavo'in 1857-61, with a supplement in 1866, is a dictionary of authors, with a condensed index of subjects in the final volume, referring simply to the names of writers under each topic, without description. A dou- 47 B 738 Public Libraries in the United States. ble reference has thus to be made by readers who pursue the topical method of inquiry. The new catalogue of the Library of the Boston Athenaeum, now in progress of publication, attempts a threefold guide to the wants of readers. It throws into one alphabet a dictionary of authors, under which every title appears with approximate fulness, but without colla- tion or publishers' names; an index of titles, in which most works re- appear under the first important word of the title, with cross reference to the author simply ; and a catalogue of subjects, in which all the titles on a given topic are again arranged in au alphabet of authors, with titles but little abbreviated, and date and place of publication inserted in all cases. This is, in some respects, the best finding catalogue of any considerable public library yet issued, reducing to a minimum the num- ber of double searches or cross references to be made by the reader. The catalogue of the Library Company of Philadelphia extends to 1856, in three octavo volumes, and is arranged under general subject headings, with an alphabet of authors under each, followed by a copious index in one alphabet of authors' names, of subjects, and of leading catchwords in titles, referring the reader in each case to the page upon which the work is found fully described. The catalogues of the iJJ'ew York State Library at Albany comprise the alphabetical Catalogue of the General Library, 1855, and its sup- plement, in 1861, each of which is followed by au index to subjects, repeating under each topic the names of the writers, and closely abbre- viated titles of the works, without date or place of publication. This library has also issued a catalogue of the law department, 1850, and a catalogue of maps, manuscripts, engravings, coins, medals, etc., 1856, all of which possess considerable value for reference. Its latest publi- x;ation was a Subject Index of the General Library, a useful, but greatly abbreviated reference list, issued in 1872. The New York Mercantile Library, now reaching 160,000 volumesj very largely composed of duplicates, issued its latest general catalogue in 1866, which is arranged in an alphabet of authors, with an abbreviated index of subjects iu a separate alphabet. Supplements on the same plan were published in 1869 and 1872. The catalogue of the Mercantile Library of Philadelphia, 1870, is oo the most succinct plan, embracing authors, titles, and subjects, by a threefold arrangement, in a single alphabet. The catalogue of the Public Library of Cincinnati, issued iu 1871, treats authors and subjects in a single alphabet, without, however, giving any complete alphabet of titles. Eepreser^ting one of the largest and most popular libraries of the country, it will be found a highly use- ful manual for reference. The Mercantile Library Association of San Francisco made its con- tribution to catalogue literature in 1874, iu a handsome volume of 958 pages. This is a catalogue of authors, subjects, and titles, in one alpha- bet; the description of each work being full under the author's name only, while imprints are omitted both under the titles and the subjects. Library Bibliography. 739 LIST OF BOOKS AND AKTIGLES IN PERIODICALS ON THE SUBJECT OF LIBRAUIES. Adresses des bibliothec^ueB publiques en France. 47 pp. 16°. Paris, cercle de la Ubrairie, [1875], Albert (J. F. M.) Eecherches sur les prin- cipes fondamentaux de la olassifioatioa bibliograpbique. vii, 63 pp. 8°. Paris, Vauteur, 1847. American social science association. Free public libraries. Suggestions on their foundation and administration. With a selected list of boolis. 74 pp. 16°. Neto York, Hard 4' Houghton, 1871. Appun (F. 6.) Dissertatio de transposi- tione bibliothecarum. 4°. Helmstadii, 1724. Art of making catalogues of libraries. 8°. London, 1856. BaiUy (J. L. A.) Notices Jiistoriques sur les bibliothfeques anciennes et modernes. 210 pp. 12°. Paris, Bousselon, 1838. Balbi (Adrien). Essai statistique sur les bibliotheques de Vienne. 206 pp. 12°. Vienne, P. VolTce, 1835. Blume(F.) Iter italicnm. Archive, bibli- otheken u. s. w. in Italien. 4 v. 12°- Berlin, Nicolai, 1824-30. Bohn (J.) Observations on the plan and progress of the catalogue of the library of the British museum, [areore.] 2ci pp. . 8°. London, 1855. Bonnange(F.) Nouveau systfenie de cata- logue an moyen de cartes. Paris, La- croix, 1866. Boston public library. Handbook for readers, with regulations. 3d ed. 117 pp. 32°. Boston, Eoiikwell 4" Churchill, 1875. — Points to be considered in cataloguing, revising and proof-reading. 8°. Boston, 1870. Botfield (B.) Notes on the cathedral libra- ries of England. xvj,527pp.' 8°. Lon- don, 1849. Bougy (A. de). Histoire de la biblio- theque Sainte-Genevi&ve. 8°. Parist Comon, 1847. British (The) museum, historical and de- scriptive. 432 pp. 12°. Edinburgh, TV. # B. Chamlers, 1850. British museum. A guide to the autograph letters, manuscripts, original charters, and royal, baronial and ecclesiastical seals exhibited to the public in the de- partment of manuscripts. 48 pp. 16°. \_London'], trustees, 1870. — A guide to the printed books exhibited to the public in the Grenville library and king's library. 41 pp. 16°. \_London'\, trustees, 1858. — A guide to the printed books exhibited to the public. 32 pp. 16°. \_London'], trustees, 1869. — A list of the books of reference in the reading room. 2d ed. revised, xxviii, 349 pp. 2 pi. 8°. London, hy order of the trustees, 1871. Buchon (J. A. C.) Rapports sur la situa- tion des bibliothfeques publiques en France. 8°. Paris, [18—]. Budik (P. A.) Vorbereitungstudien flir den angehenden bibliothekar. 8°. Wien, Gerald, 1834. — Vorscbule filr bibliothekarisches ge- schaftsleben. vi, 140 pp. 8°. MUnchen, O. Franz, 1848. Celsius (M. 0.) Bibliothecae regiae stock- holmensis historia brevis. 12^. Holmiae, 1751. Clarke (W.) Repertorium bibliographi- cum; some account of the most cele- brated british libraries, xlvii, 673 pp. 8 1. London, W. Clarice, 1819. Clemens (P. C.) Musei sive bibliothecae tam privatae quam publicae exstructio, cura, usus. 4°. Lugduni, 1635. Cotton des Houssayes (J. B.) Des de- voirs et des qualit^s du biblioth^caire. 8°. Paris, Aubrij, 1857. Covytan (Robert). Memories of the Brit- ish museum. 428 pp. 8°. London, B. Bentley ^ son, \%T2. Critical and historical account of all the celebrated libraries in foreign countries, as well ancient as modern, [onoij.] 5p. 1.206 pp. 12°. London, J. Jolliffe, 1739. Danjou (F.) Expose succinct d'un nou- veau systfeme d'organisation des biblio- thfeques publiques. 29 pp. 8°. Mont- 2}eUier, 1845. 740 Public Libraries in the United States. Delepierre (Octave). Examea de ce qne reuferme la bibliothfeque du mu8^e bri- tannique ; extrait do documents authen- tiques soumis au parlemeat en 1840. 109 pp. 16°. BruxelleB,A.ramlale,\'di&. Delessert (B.) M^moire sur la biblio- thfequo royale. 1-2 pp. 1 pi. 4°. Paris, 1838. Durey de Noinville (J. B.) Dissertation sur les bibliothfeques. 156 pp. 2 1. 16°. Paris, H. Chaubert, 1758. Ebert (F. A.) Die bildung des biblio. thekars. 2e ausg. 68 pp. 8°. Leipzig, Sleinakei' cf- Wagner, 1880. — GeschicUte und beschreibung der ko- nigllchen offentlichen bibliothek za Dresden, xviii, 358 pp. 8°. Leipzig, ■ Srockhaus, 1822. — Uber offentliche bibllotbeken, beson- ders dentsohe unlversitata-bibliotlie- ken. 16°. Freijherg, 1811. Edivards (Edward). Comparative table . of the principal schemes proposed for the classification of libraries, vi, 22 pp. 2 pi. fol. Manchester, 1855. — Free town libraries, their formation management, and history in Britain, France, Germany, and America. With brief notices of book-collectors, and the respective places of deposit of their sur- viving collections. xvi,371,262 pp. 8°. London, Trdbner if- co. 1869. — Libraries and founders of libraries. 8°. London, Triibner 4' bo. 1864. — Memoirs of libraries : including a band- book of library economy. 2 v. 841 pp ; 1104 pp. London, Triibner 4' co. 1859. — Remarks on the " Minutes of evidence" taken before the select committee on the British museum ; with an appendix re- specting the improvement of the mu- seum. 2d ed. 76 pp. 12°. XoMdore, 1836. — A statistical view of the principal pub- lic libraries in Europe and America. 3d ed. vi, 48 pp. 12 pi. fol. London, 1849. Falkenstein (K.) Beschreibung der k. offentlichen bibliothek zu Dresden. 8°. Dresden, Walther, 1839. Farnham (L.) Glance at private libraries, [in and near Boston]. 8°. Boston, 1855. Poisy (F. M.) Essai thgorique et pratique sur la conservation des bibliothtques publiques. 8°. Paris, [1833]. Follini (V.) Osservazioni sopra I'opera intitolata Delia costruzione e del regola- mento di una pubblica universale biblio- teca, di L. della Santa. 60 pp. 8=. Fi- renze, 1817. Franklin (A.) Histoire de la bibliothtque mazarine. 8°. Paris, Aubry, 1860. Frledrich (J. C.) Kritische erorterungen zum iibereiustimmenden ordneu nnd verzeichuen offeutlicher bibliotheken. 110 pp. 8°. Leipzig, Dyk, 1835. Gallois ( — le sieur). Traits des plus belles bibliotheques de I'Europe. 6 p. 1. 240 pp. 18°. Paris, E. Michalles, 1685. G-arner (J.) Systema bibliothecae collegii parisiensis societatis Jesu. 4°. Pariaiis, 1678. Great Britain. Parliament. Report from the select committee on the condition, management and affairs of the. British museum ; with minutes of evidence. 2 p. 1. 6. 1859. Richter (B.) Kurze anleitung eine bibli- othek zu ordnen, und in der ordnung zq erhalten. 8°. Augsburg, Kollman, 1836. Ritscbl (F.) Die Alexandrinisohen bibli- otheken unter den ersten Ptolemaern [etc.] 8°. Breslau,G.P.Aderholz,m-i. Sainte-Beuve (C. A.) A propos des bibliotheques populaires. 24 pp. 12^. Paris, AI. Lilly fr^res, 1867. Salvioni (A.) Del modo di ordiuare una pubblica biblioteoa. 32 pp. 8°. Ber- gamo, 1843. Santa (L. della). Delia costrnzione e del regolamento di una pubblica universale biblioteca con la pianta dimostcativa. 8". Firenze, 1816. Schleiermaoher (A. A. E.) Bibliographi- sches system der gesamniten wissen- schaftskuude, mit einer einleitung zum ordneti von bibliotheken, [etc.] 2 v. xlviii, 1661 pp. 8°. Br^unsolmeig, Vieweg, 185"2. Schmidt (J. A. F.) Handbuch der bibli- othekswissensehaft, der literatnr und biioherkunde. vi, 472 pp. 8^. Weimar, B. F. Voight, 1810. Sohrettinger (J.) Handbuch der bibli- othek-wissenschaft, besonders zum ge- braaohe der nicht-bibliothekare. x, 187 pp. 8^. fFieii, F. Becfc, 18S4. Library Bibliografpliy. 743 Sohrettinger (J.) — coutiunecl. — Versuoh. eines lebrbuohs der bibli- othekwisseaschaft. 4 parts in 2 v. 16°. Mfinohen, J. Lindauer, 1829. Seitzinger (J. G.) Bibliothekstechnik Mit einem beitrage zum archivswesen. 2= aasgabe. Ivi, 102 pp. 44 tab. 8°. Leipzig, H. Costenoble, IStiO. Shurtleff (N. B.) A decimal system for the arrangement and administratiou of libraries. 80 pp. 4°. Boston, privaiely printed, 1856. Simeon (J.) Books and libraries ; a lec- ture. 12°. London, 1800. Sims (Richard). Handbook to the library of the British museum ; with some account of the principal libraries in London. 414 pp. 16°. London, J. B. Smith, 1854. Soboltstchikoff (B.) Principes pour I'prganisation et la conservation des grandes bibliothfeques. 76 pp. 12°. Paris, Renouard, 1859. SpofiFord (A. E.) The public libraries of the United States. A paper read before the American social science association at New York, oct. 26, 1839. 23 pp. 8°. Xew York, Nation press, 1869. [Also in the Journal of social science : transac- tions of the American association, no. 2; p. 92] . Struve (B. G.) Introductio in uotitiam rei litterariae et usum bibliothecarum. , 8°. Francofurti, 1754. Ternaux-Compans (H.) Surl'^tat actuel des bibliothfeques publiques de Paris. 8°- Paris, Delaunay, 1837. United States. Report of commissioner of education for 1872. S tatistics of libra- ries for 1872, p. 820. List of libraries containing more than 1000 volumes, p. TJnited States — continued. 872. Summary of libraries (by states), p. liv. 8=^. 'tVasliington, government print- ing office, 1873. — The same for 1873. Statistics, p. 729 Summary, p. Ixxxviii. 8°. Washington, government printing office, 1874. — The same for 1874. Statistics, p. 753. Sammary, p. Ixxxvii. 8°. Washington government printing office, 1875. ' — Ninth census. Statistics of libraries in the United States at the censuses of 1870, 1860, and 1850. [In v. i. Popu- lation, etc. p. 471]. 4°. Washington, government printing office, 1872. Valentinelli (G.) Dello biblioteche della Spagna. 178 pp. 8°. Wien, I860. Vidal (L. J.) Conseils pour la formation des bibliothfeques spiSoiales administra- tives, communales, professiouelles, mili- taires, industrielles, et autres. 8°. Paris, Ledoyen, 1864. — Essai sur les bibliothfeques administra- tives. 8°. Paris, Levavasseur, 1843. Vogel (Ernst Gustav). Literatur friihe- rer und noch bestehender europiiischer offentlicher und corporations-bibli- otheken. 548 pp. 12°. Leipzig, T. 0. Weigel, 1840. Voisln (A.) Documeus pour servir h I'histoire des bibliothfeques en Belgique. 8°. Gand, 1840. Werlauflf (E. C.) Historiske efterretniu- ger om det store k. bibliothek i Kioben- havn. 2en udg. x, 432 pp. 8°. Kioben- havn, 1844. "Wilken (F.) Geschichte d. k. bibliothek zu Berlin. 8°. Berlin, 1828. Wynne (J.) Private libraries of New York, viii, 472 pp. 1 pi. 8°. Neic York, M. French, 1850. ARTICLES IN PERIODICALS. [KoTE.— The references to pages in the english reviews in this Mat are to the original editions, not to the americau reprints]. American almanac for 1837. p. 78, Public libraries. American biblical repository, v. 11. p. 174, Pablio libraries. — 3d series, v. 4, p. 166, A plea for libraries. Athenasum. 1874, part 2, p. 412, Pablic libraries of London. Sion college, pp. 513, 577, Lambeth palace, p. 879, Dr. Williams's library. — — p. 238, Bibliotbfeque imp^riale pub- lique de St. PiStersbonrg, catalogue. Athenaeum — continued. — 1874, pt. 1, p. 389, Roman libraries. — 1872, pt. 1, p. 274, Advocates' library. p. 719, Guildhall library. p. 461, Strasbourg library. Atlantic monthly, v. 21, p. 209, The old Philadelphia library. Bibliotheca sacra, v. 7, p. 173, Libraries in Boston and vicinity. — V. 7, p. 402, Public libraries in New Eng- land. 744 Public Libraries in the United States Bibliotheca sacra — coiitinned. — V. 18, p. 201). Free public libraries. Blackwood's Edinburgh magazine, v. 85, p. 168, School and parochial libra- ries. — V. 90; p. 65, Public libraries, their forma- tion, etc. — V. 101, p. 606, How to make a cata- logue of books. British and foreign review, v. 4, p. 213, Report from select committee on the 'British mnseura. British quarterly review, v. 6, p. 72, Pub- lic libraries iu London and Paris. Chambers's Edinburgh journal. 1643, v. 9, n. s. p. 9, Foreign public libraries. Eclectic review, 4th series, v. 28, p. 1 British and continental libraries. Edinburgh review, v. 38, p. 379, British museum. — V. 92, p. 371, British museum commis- sion : catalogue of printed books. — V. 109, p. 201, Library of the British museum. Praser's magazine, v. 3, p. 465, Histor- ical researches on the j)retended burning of the library of Alexandria by the Sar- acens, under the caliph Omar. Galaxy (The), v. 7, 1869, p. 527, The Astor library. — V. 8, p. 528, Ten years in a public library- Harpers' magazine, v. 29, p. 482, Libra- ries. — v. 46, p. 41, The library of congress. Hours at home. v. 4, p. 222, Libraries, old and new. — V. 7, pp. 278, 297, Books and libraries in ancient Rome. Lippincott's magazine, v. 3, p. 280, Cir- culating libraries. ^ National almanac for 18/4. p. 58, The public libraries of the United States. New Englander. v. 1, p. 307, Public libra- ries. North americau review, v. 5, p. 430, Li- braries. — V. H, p. 191, University libraries. — V. 23, p. 206, Public libraries in the Vni- ted States. — V. 45, p. 116, Libraries. — V. 71, p. 185, Public libraries. — V. 107, p. 56S, Harvard college library. — V. 103, p. 93, The new catalogue of Har- vard college library. Norih british review, v. 15, p. 160, Public libraries. — V. 31, p. 447, Memoirs of libraries. — V. 51, p. 305, Babylonian and assyriau libraries. Norton's literary almanac for 1852, p. 21, Public libraries in the United States. — The same, for 1853, p. 32, Americau libra- ries. Second series. — The same for 1854, p. 3, Libraries. p. 49, Proceedings of the libra- rians' convention iu Xew York, sept. 15, 16, and 17, 1853. Quarterly review, v. 72, p. 1, Libraries and catalogues. — v. 88, p. 136, The British museum. — V. 92, p. 157, The British museum. — V. 104, p. 201, The British museum. Revue des deux mondes. 15 mars, 1846, La bibliothfeque royale et les biblio- thfeques publiques. — 1 diSc. 1875, Le mus6e britannique. — 15 d6c. 1875, Le musiSe britannique. Scribner's monthly, v. 1, p. 353, The Nevr York mercantile library. — V. 3, p. 150, The Boston public library. Statistical journal, v. 23, 1870, pp. 327, 365, Statistical notes on the free town libraries of Great Britain and the con- tinent. Westminster review, v. 8, p. 105, Conti- nental libraries. — V. 9, p. 429, The imperial library of Paris. CHAPTER XXXVII. LIBRARY REPORTS AND STATISTICS. BY THE EDITORS. InTUODUCTIOX — COMPARATIVK STATISTICS 13Y M. BaLBI — COMPAKISON OF ItECENT STATISTICS OF NINE IMPORTANT EUROPEAN LIBRARIES — COMPARATIVE STATISTICS OF American public libraries — American public libraries in 1776, 1800, and 1876 — Growth of public libraries by periods — Public libraries graded according TO NUMBER OF VOLUMES — CLASSIFICATION OF LIBRARIES — LIBRARY FUNDS — Statistics of sixty-two libraries — Benefactions — Loss' and wear of LIBRARY BOOKS — CLASSIFICATION OF CIRCULATION — ANALYSIS OF LIBRARY STA- TISTICS — Summary of expenditures by the General Government on account ' OF libraries. DIFFICULTIES OF COMPAKING LIBRAEY STATISTICS. Iq introducing this subject it is thought well to first present some of the difficulties in the way of instituting a just comparison between dif- ferent libraries, because they illustrate perfectly many of the obstacles that lie in the path of one who undertakes to present trustworthy sta- tistics of libraries at all. A fair study of these difliculties, and of others which are to be stated, may show the way to overcome them. The views and tables respecting European libraries by the eminent statistician M. Balbi are first presented. While it is not to be inferred that difliculties and divergencies of equal extent prevail in the United States, every student of the subject will at once admit that they exercise an appreciable influence. The reader will observe that three authori- ties of recent date — the two new American cyclopaedias, Johnson's and Appleton's, and Petzholdt's Adressbuch— have been added to the com- parative table by the writers of this chapter. Otherwise M. Balbi has been allowed to tell his own story. We deem it necessary ta iatroduoe the comparative table we liave drawn up by a few observations relating not only to the difficulties which even an approximate deter- mination of the number of volumes of the principal libraries presents, but relating as well to the propriety of basing such a comparison on a knowledge of the number of" their volumes. We do not seek to hide from ourselves the fact that even if the com- parative table we present should give the exact number of volumes in each library, it would still be of quite minor usefulness and utterly inadequate to enable a person to form an idea of the relative importance of these establishments. This in fact is to be iuferred neither from the size of the books nor from their number. Two or three thousand volumes preserved in the War DdpOt at Paris, or among the military ar- chives at Vienna ; a few hundreds of the precious manuscripts of the Vatican Library 745 746 Public Libraries in the United States. at Eome, the Laureutian at .Florence, the Ambrosian at Milan, tbe Eoyal at Paris, the Bodleiaa at Oxford, or merely a thousand of the incunabula these libraries and those of the other capitals of Europe possess ; a thousand even of those which form the principal part of Lord Spencer's magnificent collection, (justly regarded as the first of all the libraries at present owned by private individuals,) considered either with reference to scientific value and the special subjects of which they treat, or with reference to their high price, are undoubtedly equivalent to this or that library of Italy, Spain, or Portugal which contains twenty or thirty thousand volumes relating only to ascetic subjects, scholastic theology, and the old Aristotelian philosophy. How many thousand volumes of the latter class vrould it not be necessary to accu- mulate to represent the value of even a few of those portfolios which form the mag- nificent collections of engravings of His Majesty the Emperor of Austria, of His Impe- rial Highness the Archduke Charles, or of the cabinets connected with the royal libra- ries of Paris, Munich, Dresden, London, Amsterdam, Copenhagen, or the Imperial Library of Vienna! How many of these also would it not be necessary to amass to represent the value of some small special libraries ; for example, the libraries of the celebrated Oriental scholars Morrison, Klaproth, Neumann, and Hammer, or that which the noted Baron Schilling collected during his voyage to Kiachta, which scholars wish to see united to the library of some public establishment at St. Petersburg, where it-is at the present time ; or the valuable botanical library of M. De CandoUe at Geneva, joined to the magnificent herbarium of this first of living botanists ; or even the collection of Japanese books that the celebrated traveller Siebold has just brought to Europe — a collection which, in spite of its meagreuess, (it consisting of only 1,.500 volumes,) is the largest that this portion of the world possesses, independently of the importance of the works it contains! But, while admitting the inadequacy of this isolated element to measure the relative importance of libraries, we none the less consider it the foundation of any comparison of which these establishments admit. We even add that it is as yet the only element which can be reduced to figures. As this inquiry concerns only the principal libraries the general or special character of which is indicated by their titles, or by the names nf the institutions to which they belong, the careful reader will avoid confounding libraries composed in great part or almost wholly of modern works, or those, at least, of considerable importance in regard to science, letters, or the fine arts, with similar collections long since made in the quiet retreats of certain religious corporations; collections which in our day have lost nearly all the value they once had. Put on his guard by these considerations, the intelligent reader will not seek to draw a comparison between elements which in their nature are not comparable. With this reservation in mind, the respective number of volumes will, up to a certain point, indicate relative importance. This, moreover, is the only element which travelers, historians, and statisticians liave up to this time taken the trouble to work up. It is also the only one which afl'ords us the means of making useful and interesting approximate comparisons between the present time, so rich in productions of the human mind, and the periods which have preceded it. To be frank, one may say without fear of error that, with the exception of a few of the principal libraries of Europe, in each of these useful establishments, at present so numerous in this part of the world, and still so rare in America, the United States alone excepted, the exact number of volumes is unknown. The long and varied re- searches to which we gave ourselves up in compiling the comparative table of the principal public libraries of Europe, published in 1822, in the Statistical Essay on the Kingdom of Portugal, and the Statistical Efeum6, relative to the principal public libraries of Europe and America that we published in 1828, put us in possession of a quantity of facts as interesting as they are important, which confirm our assertion. The imposing and scrupulously minute details so frequently published by statisticians, geographers, and travelers, ofier only a delusive exactitude; since authors who are contemporaneous, sometimes writing even in the same year, assign to the same library numbers of volumes which differ from each other by a fourth, a third, a half, and even by more than four times and ten times as many. Library Reports and Statistics. 747 The table following is only a fragment of the one we drew up for our manuscript dissertation. It exhibits the most surprising disparity of estimates made as to the number of volumes contained in a given library by the most celebrated geographers the most learned statisticians, and the most judicious travelers, as well as some of the opinions advanced by those skilful writers who manage to approiiriate the labors of their predecessors without being polite enough to mention them. We greatly regret oar inability to add to the table of the libraries of Paris the estimates taken from the excellent Statistics of France from 1818 to 1828, a work that the painstaking scholar M. Bottin yearly reproduces, with important changes, under the modest title of the Commercial Almanac. These estimates would certainly render more piquant the col- location of figures relative to the richness of the libraries in the French capital. We do not cite his estimates subsequent to the year 1828, because, having worked with that scholar, to insert his estimates concerning these libraries would be to offer our own calculations. Comparaiive table of the principal estimates made of lite nicmier of rolumes in several notecl libraries. PARIS. KOYAL LIBEABY, NOW BIBLIOTIlfiQlJE NATIONALE. Autbors.'* Number of toI- umes. Number of MSS. Number of dia- sertation.s, fugi- t i V e publica- tions, etc. Ebert , PetitEadel Boismaraas British Eeview, (1827) Bailly Villenave Malchus Schnabel Bisiager Andr6 Johnson's C yolopiedia, (1875) . . Appleton's Cyolopiedia, (1874) 350, 000 350, 000 350, 000 450, 000 450, 000 450, 000 500, 000 .500, 000 to 900, 000 BOO, oon 800, 000 2, 000, 000 2. 000, 000 70, 000 50, 000 50, 000 80, OOO 80, 000 100, 000 50, COO 80, 000 50, 000 50, 000 350, 000 350, OOO' 430, OOO 450, OOO 400, OOO MAZAUra LIBRAEY. Petit-Radel Malchus , Bailly. Villenave Boiamarsas Johnson's Cyolopiedia, (1875) . . , Appleton's Cyclopasdia, (1874) 90, 000 90, 000 100, 000 100, 000 150, 000 160, 000 160, 000 3,437 3,437 4,000 4,000 4,000 •'Except as otherwise indicated the authorities cited in these tables wrote in the following years re- spectively: Eustace, 1817 ! Petit-Eadel, 1819 ; Stein. 1819-1827 ; Hassel, 1819-1824; Laborde, 1820 ; Dib- din.Boismarsas, 1821; Ebert, 1822-1823 ; Andr6, Bisinger, 1833; Blume, 1824-1830 ; WurlafF, 1825; Mal- chus, 1826 ; Conversations-Lexilson, 1827 ; 'Willien, Bailly, Amati, Meidinger, 1828 ; Zedlitz, 1828-1831 ; Schnitzler, Galanti, 1829 ; Hiendel, 1830 ; Streit, Stark, 1831 ; Schnabel, Valery, 1831-1833 ; Caiinabicli, Garinei, Eampoldi, 1832 ; Wachler, Chamber, Hohn, 1833 ; A Week at Munich, Duchesne, I'lieuinger, Villenave, 1834 ; d'Hausaez, 1835. 748 Public Libraries in the United States. Comparative table of the principal estimates made of the numher of volumes, etc. — Continued. MADEID. ROYAL LIBEARY. Authors. If umber of vol- umes. Number of MSS. Number of dis- sertations, fiigi. 1 1 T e publica- tions, etc. 100, 000 100, 000 125, 000 130, 000 130, 000 180, 000 200, 000 200, 000 200, 000+ 200, 000+ 220, 000 200, 000 A large number. 2,000 Ebort Haendel 2,000 Moreau de tlonnfea Malchus 2, 000 A large number. ....do Britisli Keviow, (1827) Baillj, (1833) JoliDson's Cyclopifidia, { 1 875) Appletou's Cyclopsedia, (1874) ES coxvr :OEIAL. ST LIBRARY. 60, OOO 4,350 Ebert 17, 600 30, 000 60, 000 90, 000 90, 000 130, 000 130, 000 130, 000 130, 000 Stein ... , . A large number. 4,300 4,300 5,000 15, 000 J ROME. . 4N LIBRARY. 30, 000 30, 000 30, 000 30, 000 40, 000 80, 000 90, 000 160, 000 160, 000 400, 000 400, 000 800, 000 < 200, 000 I to 1, 000, 000 4,000 35, 000 40, OOO 40, 000 40, 000 24, 000 45, 000 British Eeview (18"7) 50, 000 SO, 000 38, 000 i 50, 000 ^JaarterlvEeviow (1826) 105, 000 105, 000 Appletou's Cyclopfeilia (1874) Library Reports and Statistics. 749 Camj^arathe iaMe of the principal estimates made of tlie nttmher of volumes, etc. — Coutinui d. FLORENCE. MAGLIABECCniANA LIBKAHY. Authors. Nomber of vol- umes. Number of MSS. Number of dis- sertations, fugl- tive publica- tions, etc. Malchus. Blume... Ebert Amati riorence Guide Yalery Johnson's CyolopEedia, (1875) . , AppletonlB Cyclopsedia, (1874) 90, 000 100, GOO 120, 000 120, 000 150', 000 + ISO, 000 150, GOO 200, 000 200, 000 8, OGO to 9, GOO 10, 000 12, 000 LAUREN'TIAN LIBKAET. Andr6 Blume Ebert Yalery Hassel yillenave British Review, (18-27) . Bailly, (1833) Malchus.. - 20, OGO 90, 000 90, 000 90, 000 120, 000 5, 000-)- 6,000 8,000 9,000 3,000 About 3, 000 3,000 NAPLES. LIBRAllY OF THE MUSEO BOEBOKJCO. Bisinger Hassel •Malchus Ebert Yillenave Yalery Galanti Andr6 tJmili Johnson's Cyclopsedia, (1875) . Appleton's Cyolopsedia, (1874) SO, 000 80, GOO 80, 000 80, 000 80, GOO 150, GOO 150,000-H 160, 000 180, OOG 200, GOO 200, OGO 4,000 4,000 3,000 3,000 750 Public Libraries in the United States. Comparative tahle of t1ie principal estimates madeof the number of volumes, etc.— Continuei. BOLOGNA. UKIVEIISITY LlilKAKY. Auihors. Number of vol- umes. Number of HSS. Number of dis- sertations, fugi- t i V e publica- tions, etc. Yalory SO, 000 100, 000+ 100, 000+ 110, 000 115, 000 120, 000 150, 000 150, 000 160, 000 200, 000 200, 000 2C0, 000 200, 000 4,000 A large number. Abbfi Andres (1780) ^Ijert MILAN. linEIlA LiniiAllY. Valery Ebert. Malcbus Mr. Gironi, tbe librarian Kampoldi Johnson's C3'clopa3tlia, (1875) . . Applcton's Cyclopaedia, (1874) . 100, 000 120, 000 140, 000 169, 000- Nearly 200, 000 185. 000 183, 000 Many. 1,000 AMBROSIAS LIBBAKY. Gironi Bailly, (1833) Blume Villenave Yalery Ebert !.....'...- Malcbus Hassol Bisinger Amati Millin Johnson's Cyclopajdia, (1875) . . Appleton'a Cyclopffidia, (1874) . 40, 000 46, 000+ 50, 000 50, 000 60, 000 00, 000 76, 000 90, 000 90, 000 *100, 000+ 140, 000 100, 000 100, 000 14, 000 12, 000 10, 000 12, 000 10, 000 13, 000 15, 000 15, 000 15. 000 • Mr. Amati remarks that this number includes 4,633 volumes containing IS.OCO mannsoriptB. Library Reports and Statistics. 751 Comparative table of the principal estimates made of the number of volumes, ck.^Coutiaued. TUEIV. UNIVEKSITY LIUBARY. \ Authors. Xumber of vol- umes. D'Haussez Hassel Kampoldi - Amati Talery MalcbiiB •Tohnson's Cyclopa3dia, (1875) . Appleton's Cyolopjedia, (1874) 35, 000 to 40,000 60, 000 60, 000 110,000 112, 000 120, 000 150, 000 125, COO Number of MSS. 1,980 Number of dis- sertations, fugi- tive pubjica- tioDS, etc. BERLIN. KOYAL LIBRARY. Schnabel » , 140, 000 160, 000 160, 000 160, 000 160, 000 leo, 000 160, 000 180, 000 190, 000 200, 000 200, 000 220, 000 250, 000 250, 000 300,000 to 400, 000 700, 000 700, 000 700, 000 7,000 Haasel British Review, (1827) Bailly, (1833) Aiidr6 -. 7,000 Ebert . '... . 2,000 2,000 Tillenave 4,611 4,611 7,000 + Wilcken , Zedlitz . Petzlioldt ^1874) DRESDEN. ROYAL LIBRARY. 200, 000- 220, 000 220, 000 220, 000 240, 000 250, 000 250, 000 250, OOO 250, 000 250, 000 250, 000 260, 000 500, 000 500, 000 500, 000 5,000 2,700 2,700 2,700 Ebert , 150, 000 Stein.... 150, 000 Villenave . Hassel Streit. 4, 000 to 5, 000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 5,000 Andre 40, 000 Malclius 100, 000 Eritiali Review, (1827) 100, 000 Biainger 100, 000 Johnson's Cyclopaedia (1875) 400, 000 Appleton's CvcloTiJBdia (\H'74) Petzholdt, (1874) 752 Ptiblic Libraries in the United States. Pomparalicc table of theprinolpal eslimates made of the number of volumes, etc. — Continued. BKESLAU. UXIVEKSITY LIBUAKT. Authors. Number of vol- umes. Number of ilSS. Number of dis- sertations, fiigi- tire publica- .tions, eto^ Stein 100, 000 100, 000 100, 000 100, 000 100, 000 100, 000 115, 000 130,000 to 140, 000 100, 000 200, 000 340, OOO 350, 000 340,000 (titles) Anclr6 - ^-- , Biitish Review, (1S27) MalclinB Bailly, (183.3) Zedlitz 2,300 Pet zlioldt, ( 1874 ) ; GOTTIN(JEN. UNIVERSITY LIBRAUy. About 200, 000 200, 000 200, 000 200, 000 200, OOO 240, 000 210,000 280, 000 280, 000 ■280,000 295, 000 300, 000 300, 000 300, 000 300, 000 300, 000 300, 000 400, 000 400, 000 400, 000 j 1 1 Villenave ,.^. ..^... Streit . 5, OOO 110, 000 5, OOO 5, 000 5,000 110,000 lib, 000 110, 000 British Review (1827) Bailly, (1833) Hassel 5,000 5,000 5,000 Petzholdt, (1874) Library Beports and Statistics. lb?, Comparative table of tlie principal estimates made of the numlier of volumes, etc. — Continued. WOLFENBtJTTEL. DUCAL LIBRAKl'. Autliors. Number of vol- umos. Number of MSS. Number of dis- ^ sertations, fagi- t i V e publica- tions, etc. Scliubert, (1824) 100, 000 109, 000 109, 000 130, 000 190, 000 190, 000 190, 000 190, 000 190, 000 200, 000 200,000+ 200, 000 210, 000 280, 000 250, 000 200, 000 250,000 to 300,000 4,000 4,000 40, 000 40, 000 Bailly, (1833) Stein, (1627, Keiaen, etc.) Stein .■ * — Ebert 4,500 4,500 40, 000 Streit 4,000 10, 000 100, 000 Amati Neue geographisclie Ephemeriden, Weimar Petzholdt, (1874) FflBIBUKG. UNIVEESITY LIBKAUY. 19, 000 30, 000 70, 000 100, 000 100, 000 100, 000 250, 000 170, 000 250, 000 Malolius Ebert Stein.. . Johnson's Cyolopificlia (1875) STUTTGAET. Uf^YAL LTBRAUV. 30, 000+ 130, 000 144, 000 150, 000 150,000 to 200,000 100, 000 170, 000 170, 000 170, 000 180, 000 200, 000 200, 000 200, 000 200, 000 180, 000 450, 000 180, 000 3, 000 to 4, 000 1,800 137, 000 Anclr6 Britiah Review nfl27i Hassel 3i8inger Stein. Streit . . . Petzholdt, (1874) 48 b 754 Public Libraries in the United States. Compwraiive table of the principal estimates made of the numher o/TOZM7»ies,c 330, 000 310, 000 20, 000 17, 000(?) Quarterly Review, '(l82fi) '. ... .1.... Ebert . 25, 000 25,000 Tilleiiave . . '' MnJn'hnR Baillv. (1833) -. 1... 25, 000 25 000 to 30 000' ■ Britisli Eeview, (1837) i ...... : Stein i.l... ..... Andrd .['!'. 1 .' '. . . . •30, 000 30, 000 30, 000 30, 000 Oxford Guide ■ i.' ..'!'.'... Appleton's Cyclopfedia, (1874) , . . . . EDINBtJEGH. advocates' library. Hassel Ebert Malcbus - British Eeview, (1837) Bailly, (1833) Meidinger Haendel, (1827) Cliamber Stark Mr. de Nagy w -., • Johnson's Gyclopjedia, (1875) . Appleton's Cyclopaedia, (1874) 30, 000 50, 000 70, 000 About 80, 000 80, 000 100, 000 120, 000 120, 000 150, 000 150, 000 300, 000 300, 000 1,600 1,600 * The author of the New Pocket Companion for Oxford, publisbed in that city by Cook, in 1802, thus eipresaes himself concerning this library ■ " It contains more books than any other library In Europe except-the Vatican." We quote this statement because it is probably the original source of the error of more than one oelejbrated statistician and geographer, -whose opinion has been slavishly followed by ' the compilers of abridgments and statistical tables. 766 Public Libraries in the United States. Coniparative UMe of ihe principal estimates made of the nmiiber ofvolmws, ele^^ Concluded. EDINBUEGH. UKIVERSITY LIBKAEY. , ■•; . , AuLhora. Eailly, (1833J Hassel . Malclius TUlep^ye ConTersationa-Lexikon British Eoview, (1827) Ebert .'. Haeud^l. .'..'.. Huot...'...^ Meidinger .' Stark ....; Chamber Mr. de Nagy Johnson's Cyclopaedia, (1875) . Appleton'a CyclopaBdia, (1874) Xumbe^ of vol- umes. Number of MSS. 'NuinbBii of, i dib- sertati(fl8, f ugi- tive publica- tions, etc. ' About 50, 000 .to, 000 50, COO 50, 000 50, 000 50, 000 Some 60, 000 + 50, 000 + 50, 000 + ( !"' ,,T 60, 000 ' 70, OOO '■.";,"iri''"'L;;v;; 70, 000 •'i, . II -!'•■ -! Iilf; I,. 70, 000 . ■ -. ■ -;,. i ,>,.-!■ M ,, 130, 000 ■ ■:.■ ''Uf. 130, 000 ST. PETEESBI7EG. IMPEIIIAI. LIBRASY. Bisinger '. Stein Malobus .'. ..'.'. '. .'. Hassel Cantiabich ..- Andr6 Schnabel Bulletin, (1838) Stein, (1885) Schuit^ler „ Johnson's Oyolopa'dia, , (1875) . Appleton'a Cyclopa-dia, (1674) 80, 000 to 300, 000 240, 000 300, 000 300,000 300, 000 300, 001) 300, 000 300, 000 . 300, 000 300, BOO 1, 100, 000 1, lOO, 000 11,006 11, 000 12, 000 12, 000 13, OOO Disheartened by this surprising disparity of opiuidn, ■we have more than once' been upon the point of abandoning so difficult a subject ; but regretting the considerable amount of time spent in these investigations, -we exerted'ourselves io complete them, We even tried to go back to the source of these different estimates ; and we hope we have found it in the causes indicated in the paper already mentioned. What ■was true of the population of states in the second half of the last century, is still true of this portion of comparative statistics. Only approximate data exist concerning even the best known libraries ; the most contradictory estimates are made as to the richness of all the others. National writers sometimes repeat; T^ithout any criticism whatever, the extravagant verbal or written estimates of aii unscrupulous librarian, ■who thinks he adds to the fame of the collection intrustbd io his charge by exaggerating the number of volumes it contains; sometittieS they repeat traditional estimates whi6U have descended from father to soil, nearly alWaiys the most erroneous; sometimes, actuated by excessive conceit, and relying upon approximate calculations Library Bejwrts and Statistics. 757 which they have themselves made upon erroneous bases, they boldly tax With ignorance or incorrectness the careful writer who, after haying examined all concerning the same library which has been written by his other learned compatriots, or by enlightened strangers who have visited the collection, ventures to express an opinion diiferent from their own. There are only too many scholars who, unacquainted with the varied information which the preparation of statistics demands, accustomed to accept as cor" reot the erroneous estimates which fill all the geographies, dictionaries, encyclopedias, statistical tables, aud many and many a work which passes for a classic, do not hesi- tate to reject as erroneous differing valuations which are official estimates, obtained by means of special request, or in many other ways, the results of long and wearisome investigations obtained by some statisticians or travelers as capable as they are con- scientious. One of the principal causes of this astonishing disparity of opinion is undoubtedly the different manner of calculating the literary wealth of the same library. One author will count only the printed boo lis ; another adds to these the number of manu- scripts,' a third reduces to a certain number of volumes the dissertations, pamphlets, and fugitive pieces which are preserved separately in pasteboards or bound into volumes , which the first entirely excluded from his estimate ; a fourth adds in the same way a certain number of volumes for engravings, maps, and plans, which, not forming part of any work, could not be included among the printed books ; a fifth, looking upon all the dissertations, pamphlets, and fugitive pieces as so many volumes, thinks he should add their number to that of the printed books contained in the library; by which means he greatly increases the aggregate of volumes; finally, there will be still another, who subtracts from the total number of volumes all duplicates, i. e., which belong to works already counted in the mass of printeij books. These diiferent methods of calculation, and some others that it would be too tedious to mention here, should not be confounded with thpse previously considered, which are the princi- pal source of the errors propagated by worthy travelers and scholars, but which the negligence or even ignorance of some geographers does not hesitate to reproduce in their works. Almost the same thing has happened concerning the wealth of libraries which has taken place in the case of the population of certain large cities of Asia aud Africa, where the census returns made nOF or the criticisms of competent judges, have re- duced the millions of inhabitants to a few hundred thousand. The catalogues of some libraries, also, which have recently been prepared, or examinations of the collections made by travelers familiar with statistics or by the librarians themselves, have treated, as they deserved, these gross estimates and absurd exaggerations (which, however, stUl disfigure justly celebrated works) in reducing by one-third, one-half, or even nine-tenths the number of volumes it was generally agreed to assign them. Before the revolution nearly everybody in France estimated at 300;000 Or even 500,000 volumes the Bibliothfeqae du Roi. A judicious bibliographer, the late M. Bar- bier, had reduced it to 200,000 volumes, (in the Annuaire administratif et statistique du d^par|}ement de la Seine for the year Xtll, 1805.) But already the learned librarian ,at that very time, M. Van Praet, having in 1791 counted one by one the volumes then embraced ;in the collection, had found only 152,868, of which 23,343 were of folio, 41,373 of quarto, and 88,252 of octavo and smaller, sizes, The author of an able article on the library of the city, of Lyons not long since re- duced, to 90,000 volumes the 106,000, 110,000, and 120,000 that for several years some people have been pleased ^nd still choose to accord it, ,#e had always heard, that the St. Mark Library at Yenice had 150,000 volumes. We thought we approached the truth in placing the figure at 90,000 in 1822 in the _^tatistiqne du Portugal ; buton returning to Venice in the same year, we were assured by tlie learned librarian, the Abb6 Bettio, that it did not then count more than 65,000 volumes and 5,000 manuscripts. It is not without a feeling of, surprise that we see 758 Public Libraries in the United States. statisticians still assigning it in 1S32 a number of volumes more than double that which it possesses. » The ordinary estimates agreed in placing the number of volumes in the private ^ library of George III, given by George IV to the British Milsenm, at 150,000 and even 200,000 ; an examination has just reduced this number to 65,000 volumes. Mr. Schubert, professor at the Uuiversity of Konigsberg, who has made long investi- gations of this subject, and who has visited the principal libraries of Europe in the capacity both of a learned man and a distinguished statistician, assured us iu 1824, at the time of his visit to Paris, (citing as authority Mr. Eenss, the principal librarian at Gottingen,) that this magnificent establishment, generally agreed to contain 300,000 volumes, really counted few beyond 200,000. What shall we say of the ridiculous, not to say absurd, exaggerations found in de^ servcdly noted works about the number of volumes of the Vatican Library at Rome and the Bodleian Library at Oxford ? What should one think of the geographical and statistical knowledge of a learned- naturalist who, in the eighth volume of the Pr6ciS de Malte-Brun, published in 18a9, says, page 611, that " the Bodleian Library, with the exception of that at the Vatican,' contains more books than any other in Europe ;" and who, in 1832, piage 78 of the fourth, volume of the second edition of the same work, repeats that " the Bodleian Library,- with the exception of that at the Vatican, and the Bibliothfeque du Koi, at Paris, con- tains more books than any other in Europe." As early as the year 1822, in our Statistical essay on the kingdom of Portugal, guided ' by the assistance of a learned bibliographer, we corrected these exaggerations in esti- mating the first library at only 60,000 printed books and 60,00U (?) roannscript? ;; and in assigning to the three united libraries (Bodleian, Eadclif, and Christ College) be- longing to the University of Oxford only 400,000 volumes and 30,000 manuscripts. We were gratified to see this last estimate adopted by M. de Malchus, although the learned statistician, always so scrupulous about his quotations, forgot to mention the source whence he obtained his estimate, widely different as it was from all -Which had pre- viously been made of the number of volumes in the celebrated Bodleian Library.' The researches we have since undertaken, and the facts we have been able to gather, have proved to us that we were not far from the truth. Notwithstanding the imposing name of Ebert, who in 1823 allowed it 300,000 printed volumes and 25,000 manuscri^pts ; notwithstanding the 400,000 printed volumes and the 25,000 to 30,000 manuscripts that wore assigned it in 1827, by the anonymous writer of the able article, on the principal libraries of Europe, reproduced in the British Review of the same year, we contiuneto accord to the Bodleian Library only about 200,000 volumes and 25,000 manuscripts. ' It support of our view we cite the authority of the learned Hiendel, whb, in 1827, gave it only 180,000 printed volumes and 17,000 manuscripts, and the Quarterly Review, which, iu 1826, placed the number at 200,000. We will add, that M. de Nagy — a distingBisl)e(J; mathematician, a member of the Philosophical Society of Philadelphia, and librarian of Count Caroly — who, as a savant, visited all the principal libraries of Southern Ger- many, of France, of the United Kingdom; and of the United States, accords it only about this number, in a note on this subject with which he has been pleased to favorus. Within the past two years the statistics of a hundred or more of tlie principal European libraries have been pabli.shed in this country in two different works, each generally regarded and consulted as a standard authority. A comparison of these statistics proves that the startling differences shown by M. Balbi forty years ago have not entirely disap- peared. The following are examples, the names of the libraries and tlie number of volumes in each as given by both being shown : Library Reports and Statistics. 759 Aus'aburg, City Library 100,000 150,000 Cambridge, University Library 250,000 400,000 Frankfort, City Library 100,000 150,000 Freiburg, University Library 170,000 250,000 ,-Gotha, Ducal Library 150,000 240,000 Hamburg, CitJiLibrary 200,000 300,.000 Leipzig, City Library " 100,000 170,000 Leipzig, University Library 200,000 350,000 Munich, Royal Library. 400,000 900,000 That is to say, ia reporting the statistics of nine libraries, these two authorities do not agree within 1,240,000 volumes. Taking as the basis a list of public libraries in the United States re- ported as numbering 10,000 volumes or more in 1875, the following table has been prepared showing the number of volumes each contained at the several periods named, gathered from the best available sources. It is not to be supposed that the statistics of any period are complete, though it may be reasonably claimed that those for the year 1875 are nearly so. So little was known respecting public libraries in tlie United States a quarter of a century ago, that the Secretary of State was com- pelled to answer an inquiry by a committee of the British Parliament for information respecting them, as follows : Dbpaktmbnt of Statb, Washington, July 18, 1850. I regret to be obliged to inform you that soon after the receipt of Mr. Cramptou's notp (soliciting "certain authentic information with regard to public libraries in the United States") an attempt was made to obtain the i^articular information desired bat withonl success ; and that, with every disposition to do, so, the Department finds that it has no means of gratifying the wishes of Her Majesty's government iu this re- spect. J. M. CLAYTON. It is probable that one' of the reasons of the attempt to gather the statistics of public libraries in the United States census of 1850 was the discovery of our inability to answer the inquiry referred to above. In the census of 1860, and again iu that of 1870, the statistics of public libraries were included and published in the returns. Eespecting the value of these statistics, G-eneral F. A. Walker, Superintendent of the Ninth Census, remarks c^ The statistics of libraries have never been very creditable to the census of the Uujted States, Such improvement as, was practicable with the machinery provided for the collection of these statistics has been effected at the ninth census, and the re- sults will "be found in the table following in comparison with the putilislied results of 1860 ; but no great amount of complacency will be experienced upon a critical exam- ination of the figures. The fact is, the machinery of the census under existing pro- ■visions of law,; defective as it is, in many particulars, is loss adapted to workout correct results in, this matter of the statistics of libraries than in any other use to which it is applied. . In 1860, there were returned, of all kinds, 27,730 libraries, containing 13,316,379 vol- ' Ninth Census of the United States : Population and Social Statistics, p. 472. 760 Public Libraries in the United States. umes. Of these, 8,140 were returned aa private libraries, oontaiulng in the aggregate 4,766,235 volumes, but for some reason, inexplicaible at this date, 8,14O%0f,these libraries, containing 4,711,635 volumes, were incorporated in the published table with public libra- ries, while the nine remaining private libraries, containing 54,600 volumes, were incor- porated in the libraries of schools and colleges ; as appears by notes to the table follow- ing, verified by reference to pages 502 and 505 of the volume on Mortality and Miscel- laneous Statistics for the Eighth Census. Except in 1849-50 by Jewett, in 1857-58 by Eliees, and in 1868-09 by Winsor, no systematic attempt to localize, classify, and combine the- statistics of all our public libraries was made until 1870, in which year the Bureau of Education adopted a plan which has been steadily pur- sued to the present time. Not all the libraries reported at any period named are included, because some, though still existing, do not yet number 10,000 volumes, and others have ceased to exist as distioct libraries. The statistics for 1836 have been adopted from the American Almanac for the year 1837, article Public Libraries. For the statistics of the year 1846, recourse was had to a paper read before the Statistical Society of London in 1846 by Edward Edwards, of the British Museum, and published in volume XI of the Statistical Journal. For the year 1849, the statistics gathered by the late Prof. 0. C. Jewett, of the Smithsonian Institution, and published in 1851, have been used.^ For the year 1856, statistics are presented from two sources, Triib- ner's Bibliographical Guide to American Literature, published at Lon- don in 1859, and the American Almanac ; for 1857-58, Ehees's Manual of American Libraries, published by J. B. Lippincott & Go., Phila- delphia, 1859. An article by A. R. Spoftbrd, Librarian of Congress, in the National Almanac for 1864, furnished statistics for the year 1863. The data for these returns were procured by Mr. Spofiford, as far as practicable, by correspondence with the oflicers of libraries, though of coarse at that time it was impracticable to obtain reports from many of the Southern States. It should also be remarked that the statistics of college libraries pub- lished in the National Almanac did not include students' libraries, which are contained in the reports for 1875, and therefore the com- parison between the two dates must be made with some allowance as to that class of libraries. In 1868-69, Justin Winsor, superintendent of the Boston Pablic Li- brary, collected valuable statistics respecting the public libraries of this country and Europe, which were published in the seventeenth annual report of the Boston Public Library, and of which use has been made. The statistics for the year 1874 are taken from a table in the new 'Notices of Public Libraries, etc., Smithsonian Reports, Washington, 1851. Library Beports and Statistics. 761 edition of Appleton's Cyclopsedia, which professes to include all public libraries numbering 25,000 volumes or more, and no others. This ac- counts for the high average shown for each library under that year. The figures in the next to the last column, 1875, are copied from the statistics published in the Cbronique du journal g6n6ral de I'imprimerie et de la librairie, Paris, February 5, 1876, and are said to include " the principal public libraries of the United States," and purport to have been gathered by a " statistician of 'New York." These statistics are amusing from their insufficiency and inaccuracy, but it is painful to reflect that ttey have been put forth where their sufficiency and accu- racy will probably not be often questioned. 762 Public Libraries in the United States. Table showing the size, at different timeSj of American public libraries / Place. Name of librarv. American Almauac. 1836. Edwards 1846. Alal^ama . . California . Connecticat . Delaware Dist. of Columbia. Florida . Georgia Illinois . ludiaiia . Iowa . Montgomery . Oakland Sacramento San Francisco . . . San Francisco . . . San Francisco ... San Francisco . . . San Francisco ... San Francisco ... Santa Clara Vallejo Hartford Hartford Hartford Hartford Hartford... MiddletowQ Middletown New Haven New Haren "Waterbury ,l)over "Wilmington Georgetown Washington "Washington ■Washington "Washington "Washington "Washington "Washington ..... Washington "Washington Washington Washington .Tallahassee .Athens Atlanta Macon ,. .Chicago Chicago Chicago Evanston Springfield Urbana . Crawfordsville. . . Greencastle Indianapolis Indianapolis Notre Dame A'"incennes .Des Moines State University of California State *. Law Mechanics' Institute Mercantile .'. Odd Fellows Pacific St. Ignatius College Santa Clara College, Vallejo Historical Society . - State Trinity College Watkinaon Reference Young Men's Institute Berkeley Divinity School Wesleyan "University Tale College Young Men's Institute Silas Bronson State Institute Georgetown College Attorney-General's Office City, (Y.M.C. A.) Congress Department of State Department of War Gonzaga College House of Kepresentativea Howard University ■. Patent Office Surgeon-General's Office United States Senate State University of Georgia State Mercer University Baptist Union Theological Seminary Public University Northwestern University State Industrial University Wabash College i Indiana Asbury University Public State University Diocesan State 1828 1869 1850 1855 1853 1854 1859 1855 1851 1856 1825 1854 1894 1858 1838 1855 1833 1700 1826 1870 1832 1857 1791 1853 1811 1802 1769 1832 1858 1789 1869 1839 1865 1852 1845 1831 1835 1840 1869 1872 1855 1856 S;000 " 3,000 35, 500 11, 000 34, 500 12, 000 24, 500 28,000 7,500 13, OOO 1868 1833 1837 1S72 1825 1843 1838 Library JReports and Statistics. tc/iic/i, in 1874-75, numbered eaoli 10,000 vQlumes or more. 763 Jewett. Tfiitaer. American Almanac. Ehees. Spofford. Winsor. Appleton.' Clironiqne. This report. 1849. 1856. 1857-58. 1863. 1868-69. 1874. ■ 1875. 1876. 14, 000 13, 600 11, 500 34, 000 37, 000 12, 500 \ 2,000 10,200 5,000 94, 103 17, 000 25, OOP 38, 000 26, 000 41, 563 20, 000 26; 883 12, 000 11,000 8,000 10, 000 12, 000 7,000 3 000 8,000 6,000 6," 000 12, 00ft ■ 16, 000 12, 000 12, 000 9 OOU ; 13, 000 15, 000 44, 5(j0 26, OOO 24, 000 26, 788 10, 000 13, 500 11, 611 14, 373 19, 238 24, 000 16, 000 11 193 11, 800 60,000 8,000 13, 000 63, 500 12, 350 66, 000 7,769 17, 000 50, 000 25, 500 100, 000 26, 000 60, 481 3, 800. 66, 000 • 10, 000 114, 200 10, 000 13, 000 30, 000 20, 000 4,000 4,000 5,000 26, 000 11, 000 7,589 11, 000 36,; 100 : ,28,-000 ,36,000 26, 000 31, 000 32, 268 12, 000 5,000 50, 000 5,350 ' 60,000 20, 000 11.000 13, 000 63, 000 ffl26, 000 3,500 10, 000 82, 775 . 18,000 12, 000 230, 000 15, 000 . 175, 000 261, 000 300, 000 17,000 7,000 99, 000 13, 000 10, 000 12,000 14, 000 50, 000 25, 000 125, 000 10, 700 «,<)00 8, 856 13, 783 25,000 38, 000 91, 000 23, 000 40, 000 25, 000 2 000 6,500 18, 000 6,000 5,500 10, 000 10, 267 11, 200 18, 000 12, 000 27, 600 20, 000 3,000 5,300 12, 000 15, 000 40, 000 48, 100 1,000 2,030 4,000 18, 000 26, 000 33, 000 4,000 42, 000 10, 600 6,100 6,400 4, 000 7,411 9,959 10, 482 9, 700 10, 400 17, 000 7, 000 8,700 20, 000 2,500 14, 000 4,881 25, 000 25, COO 12, 500 10, 641 10, 000 ' 12, 000 12, 000 , 1,600 1,670 ; 11, 000 14, OCO ()( Including 12,000 volumes in Copyright Library. 764 Ftiblic Libraries in the United States, Table slioiving the size, at different iimeSj of American public libraries wUcli, Place. !N"ame of library. o 2 ffl bC A.niericaD Almanao. 1836. Edwards. Kansas Topeka Kentucky Danville Frankfort Lexington Lexipgton Loaisville Louisiana Baton Kouge New Orleans New Orleans New Orleans Maine Augusta Bangor Bangor Brunswick Portland ■WatervlUe ,- Maryland Annapolis Annapolis Massachusetts .. Baltimbre.... Baltimore Baltimore — Baltimore Baltimore Baltimot-e Baltimore — Baltirriorei,., Hagerstown - "Woodstock .. . . Amherst Andover Boston Boston Boston Boston Boston Boston Boston Boston , Bost-on , Boston , Boston Boston Boston Boston Brookline... Camhridgo.. Concord... 1, Fall River . . Fitch burg , . Haverhill... Lawrence. .. Lowell Lowell State Theological Seminary State Kentucky University Library Association Public State TTniversity Libraire de la Famille '. Louisiana State Public School and Lyceum , State /..... Mechanics* Association Theological Seminary 1 Bowdoin College Institute and Public Colby University Naval Academy Louisiana State Archiepistiopal Loyola College Maryland Historical Society Maryland Institute Mercantile Odd Fellows' Peabody Institute St. ^Mary's Theological Seminary College of St. James "Woodstock College Amherst College Theological Seminary! American Acad'y Arts and Sciences, Athenasum Congregational General Theological Handel and Haydn Society Library Soi-iety Loring's Private Circulating Massachusetts Historical Society.., Mercantile N. E. Historic-Genealogical Society Public Social Law Society of Natural History State Public Harvard University Pablic Public Public ■. - . Public Public City.' - Middlesex Mechanics' Association . 1857 1853 1821 1865 1835 1871 1860 1872 1813 1844 1833 1828 1820 1802 1867 1813 184.5 1826 4,000 12, 000 6,000 10, 000 1853 1844 1847 1839 1840 1857 1791 1842 1869 1821 1807 1780 1807 1853 1860 1815 1794 1859 1791 1820 1845 1852 1804 1831 1826 1857 1638 1851 1860 1859 1874 1872 1844 1825 10, 550 13, 000 29, 100 10, 000 47, 500 7,000 24, 860 15, 000 18, 000 6,000 35,000 11. 000 6,000 ' 5, 000 5,757 68. 500 Lihrary Reports and Statistics. 765 in 1874-75, numbered each 10,000 volumes or more — Continued. Jewett. Ti'ilbuer. American Almanac. Rhees. Spofford. "Winsor. Apploton. Chronique. ' rhis report. 1849. 1856. 1857-58. 1863. 1868-69. 1874. 1875. 1876. " 7,000 2,000 10, 000 22, 000 11, 000 10, 500 10,000 8, .MO 14, 000 30, 000 12, 934 14, 000 12,000 14, 000 16, 000 50, 000 30, 000 ::::::::::.; ::::::;;;:;i 1,000 15, 000 1 25, 000 7, 000 10, 000 9,000 9, 000 14, 020 10, 000 7, GOO 2,000 10,200 26, 520 8,550 16, 000 7,500 20, 000 14,000 12, 000 12, OOP 26, OOQ 21, 832 16, 000 12, 500 30, OOO 28, 000 31, 000* 11, 000 25, 000 13, 737 7, 500 10, 300 28, 460 7,000 29, 370 13, 000 15,700 15, 000 16, 662 35, OOP, 35, 860 6,170 15, 644 8,834 10, 000 14, 100 17, 678 15,000 19, 100 20, 000. 40,0P0 40, 000 10, POP 19, 600 17, 400 11, 000 14, 060 12, 584 T r. SI, 500 16, 770 17, 000 16, 000 19, 000 13,000 15, 000 16, 433 9,000 13, 500 22, 072 27, 300 26, 000 21,126 31, 032 19, 835 34, 588 56, 000 57, 458 12, 000 15, 000 10, 000 ..., 5,200 13, 000 8,970 10, 000, 13, 000 3,500 1 11,000 18, OPP 13, 700 111 ■ ; 14, 540 23, 749 9,050 20, 500 21,259 20, 000 26, 649 10, 000 70, 000 4,050 21,000 25, 000 10, 000 SO, 000 24, 286 29, 000 29, PPP 32, 80P 38, 533 34, PPP 8, 000 16, POO 50, 000 100, 000 8,000 1P3, PPP, ?00, 000 105, 000 22, 895 12, OOO 40, 000 11, 669 13, 900 14, 395 19, 000 25, 000 10, 000 7.000 7,700 9,859 13, 000 16, 075 500 70, 000 5,600 6,000 21, 000 16, 000 21, 000 18, 500 19, 555 S3, 000 7,059 20, 000 21, 500 1,500 12, 337 110, 563 153, 000 26P, 500 183, 000 , , 10,000 299, 869 3,000 13, 000 . ^3,500 4,200 10, 400 12,000 29, ,000 10, 000 118, 000 5,584 5,633 7,500 10, 000 7,400 21, 000 35, 000 32, 000 37, 000 16, 669 86, 200 89, OOO 101, 250 112, 478 140, 000 200, 000 ;i50, 000 227, 650 10, 601 2,500 12, 754 11,000 1,288 1,800 .11,000 6,630 20, OPP 13, 328 7,492 , ,11, 785 13, 821 17, 539 5,386 12, 782 7G6 Public Libraries in the United States. Table showing the size, at different times, of American publie libraries which, Place. Name of library. I MasflacHnsetts . Michigan. Minnesota. Mississippi ■ Missouri ... Nebraslca New Hampshire. New .Jersey . Now York , .-Lynn Metlford New Bedford Newburyport . . . Newton Newton Northampton . . . Peabody Pittsfleld Salem — ' Saleni..... Springfteld Taanton Wellesley Williamstown . . Worcester Worcester Worcester ..Ann Arbor Detroit Detroit Lansing ..Minneapolis St.Panl ..Jackson ..Columbia Jefferson City. . . St. Louis St. Louis St. Louis St. Louis . . Lincoln ..Concord Hanover Manchester Portsmouth .Madison Newark New Emnswick. New Brunswick. Princeton Princeton EedBank Trenton , .Albany , Albany -.■,. Auburn Brooklyn Brooklyn Brooklyn Brooklyn Brooklyn Public Tufts College Public... Public Public Theological Institution Public Peabody Institute Berkshire Ath-enseilln , Atbenssain , Essex Institute City Library Association Public Wellesley College Williams College American 'Antiquarian Society College of the Holy Cross , Public University of Michigan Public Young Men's Society State University of Minnestoa State State University of Missouri State College of the Christian Brothers... Public School ., St. Louis Mercantile University of St. Louis State State Dartmouth College City Athenaeum Drew Theological Seminary Library Association Butgers College Theological Seminary Ref. Church. . College of New Jersey i Theological Seminary Pros. Church Shrewsbury Model School. \- State .\ State Young Men's Association ' Theological Seminary Brooklyn Heights Female Seminary. Eastern District School Hawkins' (Private Circulating) Long Island Historical Society Mercantile n 1663 18S4 1853 1854 1870 1836 1860 1853 1871 1810 1848 1S57 1866 1875 1793 1812' 1843 1859 1841 1865 1833 1828 1869 1849 1838 1840 1833 I860 1865 1846 1829 1856 1818 1770 1854 1817 1867 1847 1770 1784 1750 1821 1873 1796 1818 1833 American Almanac. 1836. 1,800 1846. 6,200 12, 000 10, 000 7; 500 13,000 1821 1835 1866 1848 1863 1857 7,500 6,500 11, 000 7,000 4,500 7,900 16,500 9,000 12,500 7,000 13,000 5,000 Library JRejports and Statistics. in 1874-75, numhered eacA 10,000 volvimes or more — Continued. 767 Jewott. Triibner. American Almanac. Khees. Spofforfl. Winsor. Appleton. Chronique. This report. 1848. ,1856; 1857-58. 1863. 1868-69. 1874. 1875. 1876. 10, 672 14, 000 19, 8C8 16, 000 31, OOO 3,700 3,300 12, 000 8,493 16, 000 10, 500 21, 000 13, 000 J, 800 11, 000 5,000 13, 300 3,300 13,455 30, 000 23, 000 13,361 16, 218 10, 088 6,000 5,500 10,335 3,000 11,544 13, 009 10, 474 13, 125 13, 800 20, 000 15, 161 16, 505 ' 1,340 12. 000 10, 500 18, ooa f 11, 000 1 i 2, 522 12, 750 20, 000 30, 000 36, OOO 30, 655 26, 488 7, 995 30, 000 36, 790 13, 736 10, OOO h, 10, 559 18, poo 4, 220 11, 915 21, 4^0 6,500 18, 3?5 15, 970 26,000 5,260 8,400 8,700 10, 076 32, 861 12, 000 50, 000 37, 50O 55, 000 60, 497 6, 500 12, OOO 17, 000 14,000 81, 000 16, 000 15, 500 10, 000 25,000 33, 500 30, 000 25, 000 34, 609 5,000 6,000 8,000 28, 400 82, 882 1, 815 4,400^ 3,500 7,000 13, 790 7,000 40, 000 - 40,000 39, ess 10, OOO 3,000 5,000 5,300 5,000 2,825 4,637 10, OOO 7,000 16, 000 3, 500 15, 078 , 4,637 13, OOO 82, 000 11, 800 36, 000 42, 000 25i 000, 33, 097 4,899 13,580 13, 70O, 14, 800 23,000 800 7,000 33, 714 5,314 8,252 15, 000 16, 000 42, 013 1.J, 395 35,000 10, 200 12, 000 13, 133 4,700 21,900 5,540 22, 100 13, 500 31, 900 15, 679 50, 000 53, 550 13, 100 15, 300 17, 527 7,284 8,684 10, 000 11, 607 10, 875 3,000 8, 000 7,000 12, 000 10, 000 19,822 14,000 11, 000 15, 500 22, OOO 12, 000 7,000 19, 800 11, 000 10,614 26, 000 16,000 ' 9,000 13, 400 18, 000 28, 500 25, 000 41, 500 96,779 10, 749 5,000 23, 274 7,787 53,500 8,060 6,000 20, 000 64, 396 76.000 11, 021 93, 000 85, 000 13, 000 95, 000 4,500 -6,000 6,740 6,000 13, OOO 10, 000 , 10, OOO 10, 000 17, 000 26, 600 48,000 36, 000 50, 257 11, 400 17, 835 22,000 39, 050' 768 Public Libraries in the United States. Table sliowin'g the size, at different times, of American public libraries which, Place. Name of library. New York Brooklyn Brooklyn Buffalo Buffalo Clinton Fordliam G-eneva Hamilton Itbaca Itkaca New Tork... New Tork. .. New York... New York. . . New York-.. New York . . . New York,.- New York... New York... New York... New York... New York... New York... New York... New York... New York... New York . . . New York- .. Eochester Bocliester Kochester Schenectady . Syracuse Syracuse Troy AYest Point .. North Carolina Chapel Hill. . Raleigh Trinity Ohio Cincinnati . . . Cincinnati . .. Cincinnati . Cincinnati . Cincinnati . Cleveland.. Columbus.. Dayton Delaware . Gambier . . St. Francis College Youth's Free , Gros venor , Young Men's Association Hamilton College St. John's College , Hobart College Madison Universitj' , Cornell , Cornell University American Geographical Society American Institute Apprentices' Astor , College of St. Francis Xavier College of the City of New York Columbia College , Cooper Union Eclectic, {Private Circulating) Gen. Theol. Sem. Prot. Episc. Ch Law Institute Manhattan College Mercantile , New York Historical Society New York Hospital New York Society , Union Theological Seminary Young Men's Christian Association. Athenaeum and Mechanics' Asso'u.. Theological Seminary , University Union College Central University Young Men's Association Military Academy , University of North Carolina , State Trinity College Lane Theological Seminary. Mount St. Mary a Seminary Public . St. Xavier College Young Men's Mercantile . Public State Public School Ohio Wesleyan University. Kenyon College 1824 1859 11-35 1812 1840 1824 1820 1866 1868 1852 1833 1820 1849 1847 1850 1754 1858 1869 1820 1828 1863 1820 1804 1796 1754 1836 1852 1829 1851 1850 1795 1856 1871 1834 1812 1795 1831 1849 IrfO 1849 1828 1854 1867 1840 1835 1868 1817 1854 1S45 1856 1865' American Almanac. 1,970 1,600 10, 800 14, 000 3,880 11, 400 10, 000 25, 000 Edwards, 2,300 Lihraru Heports and Statistics. 769 in l.!i74-75, numhereS each 10;0'00 volumes or more— Continued. Jewett. Xriibner. American Almanac. Ehees. Spofford. Winsor. Applecon. Dhronique. This report. 1849. 1856. ' 1857-58. 1863. 1868-69. 1874. 1875. 1876. I 1 13, 970 10, 000 18, 000 3,028 5, 000 10,000 1,000 15, 000 20, 000 - 6,500 10,300 9,500 6,439 7,000 9,3.'!1 lO; 140 12, 090 10. 778 9, 521 11,400 27,500' '"' '23, 000 10,500 12, 090 8,700 7,457 22, 000 15 000 13, 000 ,,■1,,^! 13, 000 13, 000 10, 000 , r :■<' •' < ■ 40, 000 ' 2, 450 7,500 19, 026 80, 000 10, 000 10, 600 53 000 6,000 14 000 ' '^ 10,000 ,50,000 160, 000 19, 000 120, 000 42, 740 138, 000 .50, (ioo' 148, (i 00 21, 000 6,000 18, 000 - ! . M '1 > -v_ 20, 600 33, 590 17, 500 13, 740 18, 000 14, 500 14, 335 5, O'OO 25, 000 30, OOO 30, 300 10 '000 11,963^ 12, 903^ 8,000 14,000 15 400 4, 424 20, 000 ■ '■• ' 13,000 '31, 674 51, 000 25,000 6,000 40, 000 24, 000 2,293 6,524 5,500 5, 200 16, 362 64, 027 25, 000 104, 513 148, 000 40,000 131, 000 160, 613 ■ 17,000 6 000 60, 000 10, 000 ^5,000 17 000 50, 000 20,000 28, 0()0 57,000 61,000 32, 500 65, 000 18, 000 34, 000 10, 000 10, 552 5,050 11,000 19,000 21,000 5, 500 5,300 17, 000 , 10, 000 12, 000 14, 526 10, 000 10, 000 7,370 25, 800 13,300 10,000 4,000 15, 000 11 847 5,260 16, 330 9,405 16, 392 9,501 6,693 14,652 20, 128 18, 178 21,554- 6,700 21, 424 25, 000 25, 000 13, 700 23, 207 3,000 40, OCO • 10, 900 lo, 000 10, 500 10, 500 4,000 13, 000 6,200 17, 54; 12, 000 15, 100 25, 000 17, 276 21, 700 21,588 62, 000 33,958 71, 405 5,600 8, 000 ■ 17, 000 17, 000 lb; 000 30,206 12, 500 31, 000 35, 500 33, 175 10, 000 36,100 36, 193 24, 000 12, 500 16, 000 18, 123 26, 300 10, 000 39, 000 40, COO 13, 000 2, 780 7,550 3, 100 A - 9, 800 12, 500 " 9, 800 12, 040 13, 900 aO, 705 49 E 770 Public Libraries in the United States. TfihU showing the size, at different times, of Amei-ican public libraries which. Place. Ohio ..Granville Hudsun Marietta Pennsylvania .. . . Allegheny City . . Carlisle Easton Gettysburgh Gettysburgh Harleysville Harrisbxirgb Haverfoid Lancaster Lancaster Latrobe Meadville Meadville Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Philadelphia Pittsburgh Ehode Island... Providence Providence South Carolina. ..Charleston Columbia Columbia Dne"n^est Tennessee ..Columbia Xaahville Nashville...^ Texas ..Galveston Tyler "Vermont ..Burlinpfton Middlebury Moutpelier Virginia ..Alexandria Ashland Name of library. DeDison Tlniversity ■Western Reserve College Marietta College Oberlin College Westeru Theological Sem'y, (Pres'o) Dickinson College Lafayette College Pennsylvania College Theological Seminary, (Lutheran). .. Cassel's, (Circulatiog) State Haverford College Franklin and Marshall College } Theological Seminary, (Keforraed)... St. Vincent's CoUefte Allegheny College Theological School Academy of Natural Sciences American Philosophical Society Apprentices' Library Company Athen£eum Broth erhead's, (Private Circulating) College of Physicians Franklin Institute '. Gennan Society Historical Society of Pennaylvania. . Library Company and Loganian Mercantile Pennsylvania Hospital South wark University of Pennaylvania "Waguer Free Institute Mercantile People's EedTcood Library and AthenEenm . . . Athenajiim Brown University Library Society Theological Seminary University of South Carolina Erskine College Athenaenm State University of Nashville Free Bovpdon Literary Society University of Vermont Middlebary College State Theol. Sem. Prot. Episc. Church — Kaudulph Macon College '3 o American Almanac. Edwards, s 1836. 1846. 1831 3,000 1,900 1627 183S 6,247 1834 1827 1783 1632 4,eoo 8,500 6,000 11, 200 5,000 1832 1826 1835 7,000 7,000 1816 1833 1836 \ 1853 1825 5 1846 1820 1845 8,000 8,000 1812 9,000 15, 000 14,000 5,000 1743 1820 10, 000 1814 1861 1789 1824 1817 5,000 1824 1731 1821 44,000 55, 000 6,000 8,000 1763 1831 1755 2,000 5,000 1870 1730 5,000 ■ 12,185 20,000 15,000 1836 1768 1748 1829 1805 1839 11, 600 15,000 1,800 10,000 15,000 1785 1871 5,700 10,000 1871 1800 1800 1825 1833 1834 8,400 5,430 9,200 7,054 3,000 Library Reports and Statistics. 771 in 1874-75, numbered each 10,000 volumes or more — Continued. Jewett. Tiiibner. American Almauac. Rbees. Spofford. Winsor. Appletou. Chroniqiie. rhis report. 1849. 18.m 1857-58. 1863. 1868-69. 1874. 1875. 1876. 3,000 7,634 6,400 4,000 5,000 14 550 4,950 8, 451 15. 130 4,000 6,000 20, 396 4,500 9,000 10, 000 6,437 11, 838 15,143 6,908 9,000 21, 138 5,000 10, 067 10, 000 8,000 15, 000 3,000 12, 400 8,100 14, 000 10, 000 . 8, 600 10, 000 26, 000 26, 700 14,000 -■• 31, 000 15, 000 15, 500 27, 603 21,100 6,373 19, 550 9,000 10, 200 11,000 10, 000 10, 175 10, 000 38, 000 39, 000 30, 000 30, 500 • 11, 450 9,500 6,000 * 11,500 6,300 ID, 000 13, 000 8,000 .■1,300 12, 000 9,600 8,000 9,250 6,350 25, 000 20, 000 16, 226 13, 000 10, .WO 12, 308 16, 595 15, 000 17, 700 20, 000 21, 580 25, 600 30, 000 ^0,000 11, 700 10, 000 20, 000 15, 900 20, 000 14, 500 20, 000 21, 000 20, 000 26, 000 35, 000 18, 753 4,300 6, 962 8,000 4,250 64, 900 16, 500 11, 000 8,237 7,950 7,000 2,700 16, 000 7,311 16, 000 1,728 60, 000 16, 000 80, 000 25, 000 11, 000 101, 000 105, 000 95, 000 104, 000 12, 232 16, 400 47, 000 125, 668 10 000 12, 500 10,015 9,250 5,100 25, 000 23, 573 15, 00( 1,188 9,100 4,225 11,250 13, 000 18, 289 • 13,012 14, 799 4,000 7,052 22, 602 36, 500 20, OOO 16, 800 23, 000 12, 022 26, 846 31, 000 20, 000 16, 000 28, 000 20, 634 15,204 31 600 20, 804 42, 900 21, 260 30, 566 38, 000 34, 500 42, 000 34, 492 34, 000 45, 000 20, 000 4,754 14, 000 15, OOO 16, 600 21, 800 18, 884 18,400 22, 000 30, 000 28, 250 12, 50C 3,500 5,500 3,500 13, 300 18, 159 12, ooe 8,000 12, 000 20, OOC 9,456 10, 207 lO, OOC 10, OOC 11,25- 13, 650 13, 000 8,500 12, 457 5,770 7,100 7,500 ' 6, -.00- 10, 030 10,02 8,417 15,50C 3,500 11, 165 13, 883 14, 60C 4,903 5,300 7,000 8,000 10, OOC 6,0C0 10, OOC 772 Public Libraries in the United States. Table showing the size, ai different times, of American pablie libraries which, Place Name of library. o American Almanac. Edwards 1836. 1846. Virginia Charlottesville .. Emory Hampden Sidney 1825 1837 1825 1796 1822 1853 1836 1849 1847 10, 500 16, 000 Emory and Henry College Union Tbeoloeical Seminarv , 3,200 1,500 Lexington Wasbinstoti and Lee Univeraitv Eicbmond Salem Wisconsin Madison State 12, 000 t Koanote College State ililwaubeo Young Men's Association 1 Number of volumes reported ai Number (tf libraiies reported a Avfarage size of libraries, in vo each period 680, 201 910, 762 57 10, 179 70 13, 010 umes, at eacb period Librarij Bejjorts and Statistics. 773 !« 1874-75, numbered each 10,000 volumes or more — Concluded. Jewett. Triibner. Araericau Almanac. Ehees. Spofford. ■Winsor. Appletoo. ChroDique. This report. 1840. 1856. 1857-58. 1863. 1368-69. 1874. 1875. 1876. 18, 378 21, 300 9,750 4, 650 5,200 17, 500 a,'., 000 8,470 4,000 6,200 30, 000 16, 507 4,413 6,700 13, 000 2,500 7,000 4,000 4,000 30, 000 36, 000 40, OOO 8,010 13,580 10 OOO 4,306 4,997 16, 000 35, 000 17, 000 25, 000 33 347 14, 000 20, 000 30, 000 25, 000 4,000 28, 000 50, 000 1,000 10, 566 15, 000 1,629,315 1, 012, 147 970, 943 2, 722, 394 2, 296, 607 2, 200, 346 3, 607, 700 2,182,542 6, 984, 882 154 66 70 201 96 82 71 53 266 10, 580 15, 335 13, 870 13, 546 23, 714 26, 833 50, 812 41, 180 26, 259 774 Public Libraries in the United States. LIBRARIES IN 1776, 1800, AND 187^. Iq trying to show the growth of American libraries it became neces- sary to fix on some date as a starting point, and for several good rea- sons the year 1776 was chosen. The difficulty of finding out the num- ber of public libraries and their extent at a date so far in the past was great ; indeed it seemed insurmountable. The most patient and earnest investigation, aided by the generous cooperation of many gentlemen interested in the subject, has brought together the facts embodied in the following table. It is not claimed to be perfect, but the data, gath- ered from sources deemed reliable, may be trusted so far as they go; and therefore deserve preservation. The same remarks apply to the statistics for the year 1800, which date it seemed fit also to include. As many of the libraries of those early periods still live and continue to flourish, it is well that their present extent should be shown here ■ where the original library is perpetuated in an active successor, the fact, if known, is also stated. The names of several libraries are given which are known to have existed as early as the beginning of the century, but it has so far been impracticable to obtain reliable inforraa. tion as to their extent at that time. Choosing that estimates which might be wide of the truth should not be perpetuated, the spaces for number of volumes have in these cases been left blank, in the hope that they may one day be properly filled. Library Reports and Statistics. 775 £• oi en .E a "■ a a 77 ^ a 13 a a ca H rt bll S >, t< C3 tS a i-i 03 _ o rt a o O fa «3 >< a S5 ^ £ o fl S Hi R o a 3 d <1 rt d ^ 3 s r, 5 c t= .H •a ST W S ,a ;=! p P o o o o o o o O ^ <=> CIS o o o cc to N o w lo in ' S o o o o o o o o o o c o o o o O O CJ O CI ^ M o o ca r- ca o o » im i^ 1^ t- t- r- I- r- '10 O Cl B ij b 1 P a >> -5 ■§ § I CO a ° = bl : >i >-. "3 O C s- t. t- ea O 23 ce « e3 .a „ ^ t. -. t. o o •2 -2 -2 » "a Ij; ;^ ;jl ^ tx " a 5 5 3 g a <^ '^ 3 o -g .a ,3 a £ !E 3 3 M u 1 ^ 1 I' '!>= M S Hi S ■§ 3 2 . a g g to ^ ^ an 5 S •§ 3 M 3 O ^ a .2 § I M a f^ ^ .2 = K H S i 1 II pq p=< a jzi |Zi <1 M a s P3 a B H s n B o a a 776 Public Libraries in the United States. ^ ^ o ,, o o o o o o '- _^ ^ ^ ^j » n c- in w « CO Ui ULi o in i o (M CO n ^ fn rtl r^i JJ n i ■^ CT ^ M o _^ o -O o ?0 C5 C5 c: ^ ^ _ o m o o r' o „- CO rt" W » Tf i-T ^ ri o V 3 5 ^ o f-i ^ ^ ;^ UO j: ^ 3 ct ~, _p j^ l-I .'- o i:t t- ts *~ c- c~ r- t' i- t- r- 1- 1- (- C' r- t~ 1- rt a = B 5 =3 h h >> ?■ 9 S >>=!-.>> O ^ ^ ,3 ^ ^ 9 13 S >-l §33 Kl ^ fJ o .a .3 .a ^1 fH £^ .2 w w; w ea rt •S "rt rr; _cj ^ 2 ^ 03 O g 'i fe " 2 £■ p ° S fe 8 e P 1? • ' • cd~ ! ■ i ! 1 ! ! 1 i o o i 1 ■ ■ I . i-i ' 1 1 . . 1 ; i ; - 1 i . o t 1 < ■ ' . 1 • . i ■ ■ ■ I C3 1.1 1 ■ ■ ■ O I I I in 1 I ■ ! ! I 1 . 1 ; 1 o 6 A ;;;-;:;;:;;;:; -^ 1 ::::::: 1 :::;: : o d |2i i : ; i : : : ^ : ; : ; ; : -■ d >5 •3 A > i ■ ■•=!■■■ ■ 1 6 ; i :; "^ ;;;;;::; ; '-' 1 ;:i'^Sf::i;S;;i'^ Is 1 I' 1 ;::(«--;;. .rHJ-.w lO 13 P O u d 15 02 1 i o O MiUilNjJgM II 1 ? 1 1 ^ II i 1 1 i .^ H 780 Public Libraries in the United States. "^ "-^ i 1 ^ i 'r' 00 ■ • ^_ g ; ; g •CO ■ 77 CO . "O 2" L-T 1 'J ■ . -- ; .-« c* § i »■ 1 o (S 1 .2- <3 6 t3 .■ is gl II 6 d .2 > o i (3 CO 33 > 6 1^ \ a a 6 t-H d ' ; I 1 ! >5 : : : :■ "3 j 1 '^ g § i ; § s ? ; § is ^0 • ■ M n 'CO ■ 7(" — ' ' I H" :rr o' I I 73" ; \ \ TO ■•/j 6 TT w : : .-. ro j ^ j OT ; '-' '-' s 1. i Mil : : s ^ 4 i ; . J a: c Oj © 1^ . Q P M ? r 1 ^ & - rt (a c ; a 3 - 3 J 5 12; iJ P llj J ^ a .5 1 3 Library Beports and Statistics. 781 "S I 1' ^ • ; " : : : g : : ; ■ ; '^" : • 1 i i \ \ ; g O 71 d l2i ;;r-i.i;..pH.;.r-.;(r>; i i : '; ;;;'';;; 1 ■c o 3 1 : ; ; ; ; ; ; ; I ; ; : § ; 5 : i ; I : i ;;;:■•;"; ° • I : in- : g ; i g g i • ■ 1 t i 0" I • of (O '• * to . . « . . 1 j J 1 1 1 i 1 ■ [ ■ 1 1 ■ ^ ; en 1 ; ; ^ : ri . . CI r-l i . ca 1 Til 1 ;;;;;■«■ 1 ':;;; ; I i ; ! I rH ■ . C^ . ■ . 6 ■ ■ ! ■ ^ ::;::■:■:::■: M I i rj . i I 1 to 1 ;.;;;;;;;;:gig:g; in.O'O. : : ■ ^ ° : : ^ : : : . . . lyt P5 . . ; I ; \ \ \\ \'. \ ','.', T^ \ ^ \ r^ \ \ , \ ■^ -^ . , Ql \ < . 1 n ^ ::§:::::::::g:8: ; 1 i i ■ : I g S? ; ; ; : ■ 'rf" « : : : 1 ii'"'::;::::;;'"':'^; ; i '^ '^ ; ; i 1 o : : \ \ '. > ' \ ■ '. \ \ . in ; 1 s 1 s ; ; g ; ; ; cj" ■ ' ou" ' ' ' 6 ;2i : : ^ : : : i : i i i i : ift ; • i It i i i 1 ■3 Si •1 ; : ; ;© !o • \ -o io -t- ^ , , . ,r- .O • i 'O iiH ■— 1 ; ; I 1 ■ '^" ■ ; ; ®*~ ; *^" ; 2~ ! eo" I :'"'"' '^" ; d |2i ..;;r^:«.;;i-ijp^|'5'j m I : t-H . -^ ; 1 ::g::^:::::§:ggg: ; ; o ! I- '-' 1 Qo o Tj. _ . : : j^ : ,^ : : : : : TT- j ffl K o' ; g ; g § ; g S . ira ■ d ; ir-t -T-i ■ ■ ' ■ •'-< ;(N,-.-< . CO i W CO i rH en 1. S 3 .§■3 ■3 :■ : g : : 1 (N j :,:::: 12 : g ; g : : : : : i of ; cf | t-" • , . 00 LO .001-001-0 . . 00 Lo in in I I r^" -^jr oo" n t-" irf d • CO ; ; . i • c4 • CM • n • i i (H F-t "^ rt W tH M c 1 E- c: ! 1 5 ill I ! 'a ; i • 1 ■ ^ ID C I; 2i ; ; ; ; ; J ; : ; ; 'a 4 : ! ; ; cS t< i ■ i ■ J B .^ 3 J3 -2 .2 g g i 5 1 1 a ^ 3 5 ^ |il M M H N i 3 a & i jl ^ is i : 3 •a ; 1 •J gw- S SS f: Sags : 1 n DOC 1 1 1 "2 -^ R i 1 2 H 782 Public Libraries in the United States. a o o "s> ■s? .2 i 3 O H m 'o ;g§s ;sgg i3ss§gg i Sf «=■ g i «=■ ?■ - ; 5 s 8' '-" 1 "■ o (9 1 ■ OrH-J .(MrlOl .t-rt^rHOrt 1 5 I 1 1 a o 41 1 i 1 > 6 QO 6 z 1 1 1 1 > : ^ : O to n s 1 1' |i t I '^ ! t- i I Ol •3 o 1 EH i \ o 1 : ° : ■ o * g i" i i 6 : ^ : =i i .2 1 I 1 1. 73 o > i I j I 1 (rf ill i in 6 ;;■;-" ; rt rH 1 • i S _2 1 a a > o QQ » 6 » i ! cc ■ • ■3 '3 o • 35 m I r- 1 6 2" "3 1 > o o o • ! o o O . t O C* CO -^ « ^^ : : § : g : irT : CO* d "A '"' ; "t ; CT 1 t- r3 1 . II § ; o a t a ? « : 6 >5 n I un M 6 'A IH I .3; H c re 1 s 1 -2 n 1 3 o .£ 'Eh 3. 'I at H 09 0) ii II 1= o : 3 • • : : : : ; d ; ; , I 'o . 1 : o : ; ' ■g-s ; i ; « t ■«■ ■? « ^ .2 ^ S := P « Ch O in 1 ii 5 iS 1 •s 1 (0 1 1 1 ■% Library Reports and Statistics. 783 PHCOf^Oi-iiraoweoc-ttot- r™ r- o o O — ' o o ■V M n rH 11 n ,H CO s :^ ft >> 2 g 'S o « o o ^ S -a s » s ■= .a a s< ^ ==! 784 Public Libraries in the United States. "s. re •^ _6 Ah : " : ■ r- CD 1 I o" 6 I ■!z; : i K o od" • s i| o o o '• g g S? : 00~ 1 n ; g : of n ■ g 00 ■ c^ CD" ] rn' 6 ^ rt : ©* "^ i rH r-l M 1 ^ '• CI M ' I rH 1 'o g : C3 — so i i i 3 o o o c a ■ o g S g g S : S 4 '^ : \ti rt rH J -^ rH (N « C* O j r- i 'o • O s g g S o o m g- » «.- isssss ;ggg crT — " mJ" -r o' t-~ I in" — T o" ©1 CJ TT ^ , ,H ^ P3 3 i CO O O O QO O" O o in ou ^ o c» Cf CO* C-" <= « o" d n 1-1 i-t (M c^Tft-i-iNirt lcNiH« r-. CO rH LO W 0> rH O a o -4 'o o~ 1 1 ; O -I o g S g m" ©f in §g!;SS!££ggS§SSS :S ""■ S" S" 5 S" "' " ■=" " ■"' = ' 2" i S' 1 LT <0 r-l i T-t O CO lOT-ixt-JodrHiHcoT-iiooo"^ ;2 States and Territories. '; ,.1 ''' 1 ' I 1 1 t 1 1 ■ s : s ; ^ " "o ; o ill 1 [11 ) H 1- h s : . in 00 (D o 1-1 — ■ lO 03 lO s: o I- CD cS O O lO o — lO O lO o o o o ^ o o a o o X o 3 o O O O CO o o o »- c. o to cr, " O ^ f" o ^ O t- Ot OT O in n -r —1 B i g I g t; ■? 5 S: 5 J -= :3 i « 5 o -i ■^ <; o a R S B is ^ C O P4 Library Reports and Statistics. 787 55, 434 39, 384 11,918 6, 500 39, 970 114,030 98,317 2 1 CI in irt « Tj. 1- o K s I ^ cn ! r' -h" 00 in ^ ■^ s? CO- OT Iff I- -S; T-l I-l , 1-t OD 00 n c- t- i i - cc7 i M « , i-O ^ 00 i ' ■V 1 ID 1 o q c a. c o B > □ 1 788 Public Libraries in the United States. •^ c o a *» — — f o 1^ 1-; o sj O O 1- t-^ ^ 01 rH -f ^ =1 C O O Oi ^ C~ ^ O O O 3'§ : : : : «■ ot" j '• ■ '< o I j j I o i : ■; • c- crt (?i ^ ; ■ ■ i ■^ ; : : ; 1 5t r ■ 00 ■ =1 ■ r-' lO" i 1 ; § 1 : ; ■ g ; . CO co" ' IH ; ^ M (M ; : (M : ■ . in O O i O O O o ig _. o g to •-T I ro" di «~ E ^ z ': in — . m C* I- t- "H rH ,-( CJ 00 ■ XI 2, 300 800 12, 097 21, 299 1,100 144, 150 IS, 200 4t<, 733 3,900 74, 245 5, 300 ' 4,182 25, 563 4, 421 500 7,190 17, 620 5,325 21, 519 5 CO XI ;o II 1 £ 1^ ^ o a - !2i ;s c C 1 p- 1 :! : : i -o i ■ : 1 m ei H P l> o '. I \ fill «J 1 1 1 c E- 790 Public Libraries in the United States. V co" V cT — *" cT of t^' o" ■^' cT '-'*" "" cd" to o -o r^ (c ID o «: CT. i- O Tp X i-irt"3<(Ot-i^CiO».'Sm o 2 m , :r. o o o c o o o o >n c= o o LC L-3 O 'T* 00 rH .-( ^'1 tc GO rt CO o o o o O O O Cj Xi -ii TO 1— OD CO O O ~ :_ rt « -i 1 .2 ^ -^ 3 <} <] *J^ -n] -^ ^ O t- 00 ^ M :s ct CJ -? n :^ — o cl r* to CO "* M 0,00 :d o T* ;:: ;::^ > ca B s I 3 ;i ^ ;^ ^ s Library Reports and Statistics. 791 o o o s s s en OS 'il CI — 21,982 97, 934 49, 866 10, 853 49. 344 s -r in 0.959 23, 475 80. 087 g ■^ ^ ID g X irf" -2''SiS'|£g'"-|§SSi?'"Sj5<''SS?" i- T»' ss is is igggg i igg i i cnr- j'v ■:«> .■^i-ooTC . .cotj- . i ^- : CO : (,- : jn.co" : : m : : 1 CO I ■ Tl* ■ ■ • ■ -o 3 (N i-T I » : '^ ; o OT ^ ^ . . eo rH ; ; . X 384 300 2,323 392 37, 921 700 11,044 21,318 4,017 900 o . . — . CO ! I o ; ■ cf xO of I,h,-h:^,-( ..-n^^ iwcJ ''01 • ■ -H ; j CO 1 1 ; r- io o I ilS i o O '' ■ of I : CI ■ (N " ^ j 1 tH ■*}- I ^ : : s p S § i o o i i i i i " i S i '^ 1 1 O co' LO '^ ^ "* : ^ -• '-*:--' ; '-' -< ^ ^ 2 i i i i 11 ^ lo I— \ t^ l(0t-00 I I • o lO iin 'ir^OQOm • • :S:S:°is'=^ '^ii eo" ! o ■rH i<=! .O i(N(?lTHr-l r- . ^ g 5,750 5,400 23, 009 27, 958 110, 896 2,500 34, 613 9,035 102, 958 8,670 23, 505 15, 517 1,100 13, 404 U, 410 5, 000 24, 557 1,475 i -a- M- 1 t- ; :• : "~ -■ : -^ : CO ^1 1 ? II t a « % I la !2 |2i '^ c3 ;2i c ; r ; "z : I g '^ £ E O ft c X- C3 i < ■ c : ; : P o ; i ^ s ■ ■ ■*■ o g ; : e :@ S § ^ 1 mil .2 1 ^ : o : « 03 .2 \ > 1 792 Public Libraries in the United States. LIBRAKIES GRADED ACCORDING- TO NUMBER OF VOLUMES. ' The following table, compiled from the general table at the ead of this volume, shows by States, in sixteen classes, the number of public libraries in the United States, numbering 500 volumes or more, ar- ranged according to the number of volumes in each. There are 2,958 such libraries, with an aggregate of 12,039,72-1: volumes. Besides these, there are 724 libraries, mainly formed within a very recent period, numbering from 300 to 500 volumes each, and containing altogether 237,240 volumes. It may be remarked in explanation of a slight difference in respect to the number of libraries each of which numbers 10,000 volumes or more, between the following table and the. comparative table in an earlier part of this chapter, that while in the following table the libraries of stu- dents' societies in colleges are kept distinct from the college libraries proper, in the former they were necessarily combined with the college libraries for the purpose of uniformity in comparison. For this reason, the number of libraries of the class named is slightly larger in the former table. Lilrary Reports and Statistics. 793 ■^ "s. d o ,s in 7i 'a ; § ; I *= ; ■ co' ' , to ; o g 1ft' : 8 g : • o o • : ^- K :-■ ■ CO rt . 17, 000 16, 000 49, 404 101, 946 1S5. 289 . o o : g g 1 co" r-' ; :• ; '^ ; '"^ i (M r-« iH 1-. CO CO — 1 ; : " '■ i o 2 g O -!P~ I •i ■! 'iiii ■ ° ^ ;ggggs=3sgg ;g : ■ S ■ Sf • 2f "2 ■=' ■^' ; o" — " ■ -I-" o" o" --" -qT _r en --/ o" ■ e>3 ^ ^ I •lO -M JCTOrH-i jrH^ |r-.r-lr-l,H(Ni-ICl ■!— 000--0^0-- <0 • £J '00 1^ -oionoocoooo— -o < eo ;r-x ■coo'ViRTPotoiraco -ifs lo ■ Iff cs" ■ r-" irf" oj V oo" n n n oo" I iTi" • • ■ ^ .' 6 "^ 1 ■ f- iH O .(MO "3 3 o g : o o ■ o ■ O =. i O 1 O O ■ iO , V oo" I ■*»r I i O ' •»! O ■ O O ■ O CO ■ CN to I cT o~ I CO r-f . ro M . ^ oo'ocooooi— O ' SSSirggSSg : 3 ' s 3 5 ': ' ' 5 : S5 *"* ! rt c* . j r-1 ; , at ■^ ICJIO '• n .COi-ICOCOIOrHi-CrHLO ' I • • CO • i pi to 5f : -f :o 'in loo CJ — • o ■ o o O CO .00 ■ CO -H fo" im" I cT 1 pf o" o '• to in •r-ooo-'i.o-fo o i r- 1- . CO o -^ o Ti r- 00 — 1 O ■ CO "Wi ■ r- O ff> CO 03 CO CO ID S" i 83" S" : S5 . "°" S" " 3" S 3 a -g ; ! oT I 6 "A ^ I iH -^ ; CO I f-l M 00 iox IcOOTmW'n''^TCC ■ ' CO I CO I 1 o O ■ O i CO o o too m I CO 1 CO o 3 I ^ S ;3§ ;gS3griS2S'i3aS : ■ cDco 'OococDco'VCsOTiraioo-ij' • oi -^ . go" o" -^~ cT co' o" lo" fn" co" ■^" i-" 1 6 •V I iH I 00 iH Ol I OT to !(?)—( l-tfOXiTliOiftrOQOroWQO '• g o '3 > O 00- 1 , •3«r-eoooo-5'OL-;'?*OQO'*u:) .ocjtNcr:ooiooQoco-■" co" -i" of oT f-" m~ --T 1 t- • ■ IcOf^O'i-HMi'OClt— i-lCj-JrHfW'J s -. 'a I '5 ffl 1 C 2 b 1 1 I f a 'ft 1 5^-<-5o5oOflPfc( ffl.H SHHHMM>3aa§ a s :^ s 794 Public Libraries in the United States. t- ir « c 03 i -2 3 o' 12 X s M c^ CO f t> ^ ■^ "- ; ^ 00 o o 1- CI t- (n in 1 UO -F (Ti o o o; o r- _ o 0^ o 5J c o in c-t o X -3- o « o Ci o DO — ^J' ci 0> -T {? _- d" in ; ^ o 'o « c- o OT ■fl- in in to" 1 > (N ; o o 6 « w •X ■3" XI •^ fH Ct CO in o ^ ~ ~ ♦ O ~ci ^ ^ _ r; ~~^ o ^ Oi o C-. o o _ o o o o ni r- o «3 m m o o (~ o K" C( i o c- X X o" a CI o o CO cr (s cr C o o Cl CJ (N CO Cl CO Cl CO o o" !> c* '^ CI o o. o o — ■!f CJ CO o o CO » ,_ ~ ^ t^ fH CI o _J. in" 6 !2i CO w o J^ "^ o _p -V. „ ri m c ; , ~z. Q _^ c i- o c; t^ n o m o i' to o m o o Zl 73 o m X C-. g_ I ■V (- ^r o t; ilfj of O) c c» ; X cf i-' o CO t- ■ '-O "■ A> i TO 5J ct CO C! ■T» to ^ Ol in o ■^ L-3 ,. o ^ in c:. "~o~ C" c- O — 1 o o cl 5 CO X d f^ r- 1= r' c o s "o C' o ■ w r^ c c « CO W t' s o 6 CN T C* T» to CO ■ ct rl ct CO /^ CI c: _ »o in O X o _^ ~iz ~ o ~ X o ■ o o X c X c* O) O IT o c o Ci i- c • c C( d m o ^- o ■-C QO in X § "o ' CC c -T c: c ir r- to' OT CO h" t> X) CT m ^ X g o 6 f5 00 cs t IT 00 tr* eo t— t- tD w at 1-1 « " s? c- o o ^ «-. r^ ~z Q _, 1- 1 c _ M ? lO r- ^ o in c- s -T in d .2 t£ (o :r (M ci -^ c o c- (TJ d CO r" Oi g "o P3 o cT ci " ct r- o ci" • CT CO- t> -T i;^ « TJ< Ci CN CJ 00 N Ol g d (N X iH o Cl in o r- c» : c* CI n c: t- ot CO ^ • r- Ol c r- „ o ID O 'jO C to ^ ^ -V w 3 in C 1- — If * o c r- uL o Tp O CI C eo O X o r- c O T o ^ ro ir ■* C CN Ift o (M Tl- (T -3 f' ■w- o IP rt c^ lO o "3 c c - ^- " Tf" — a ' o ~ „ c ■ 30 ^ cT i- CO X' r- Cfl" o C in CI o r-* in ^ d 12! CC _ (M ~ r- '7* ^ ~~^ j^ X lO •^ ot CO ^ IT rr OJ in C^ CO QC fA a> 2 >. o c H -Ul c t^ T .t i ^1 1 J". o 3 o 7 1 a >- a; -. 1 'i c i c C J c c J « 1 ^ g o := '5 > \ J t " : ■: ;: <: Library Beports and Statistics 795 H X 1- rv; s S Lr c^ i!2 o C3 •o f? ■<*' o CO ;^ CO ^ TZ K « w « ■>r O rt t~ c^ GO C^ c:: r" " TP ''^ "^ ^ CI n of i 'S »-H „ cc n '-3 M m /N-- -*• en in ^ CJ __ ^ in CO :D "^ M I-- ir, (-jj i£ n "^ •s. 5 o S 'o ! 9! ! t ; : : ; : i ; ; ; i ; ! S ■ ; ; ; ; : S M .! ! I o 1 ;;:;:. ■;;;;'";;;;;;;:;;;;-;:;; ; § ! 12 J . 1 ■ I . ! ; i I I " I :^ 1 ;::::;:;;:::;;; :'::;:;;-;;:;; o •/• : : : : : ! ; i § i : i i : .... i I 1 1 ! I I I I I I :;::::; S :::: ; 2 i \ :;::;;;::-;::;;:::;;;:-;;;;! ■ o o o o" =1 _2 1 \ '. \ \ \ a' '. \ \ \ \ \ \ '.'■'. \ \ '.'.'. \ '. \ \ \ '. Li" ir, ■ § to ■j. > ;::::;:!::;:::: i:§:;5§;:::: i. \ '■:'■'■'■'■'.'•'■'•'•'■'•'•'; ;;-^;:-"-:;::: 1 1 g > 1 • ; 1 ; j i I j C I : ; \ '. '.<£'■ '■ '■ ' cf ! o" '• • • r^ . 1 .^ . j j-CT < ::;:;":::: -^ : g ! g CO 3-: > 1 '::,: g :::::;::§: ^ ■ ■ ■ . . ■ ': ; : " 1 : ; I I ; ■ ; " : ; ' . : . CI - -0 . . f- i . .0 . . ■ n 'O /- 1 ■ c; .0 1 . -T Xl 1 . ^ ■ I ; 0" ■ 1 — - — ' c-r ■ ■ r^" • ::«::^gj^;:". :;;-';;;;;;:.:'"; : jw ; ;_,!-,-. ; jr- i i o ■: ; : s : g ; ; 1 ; 1 ; i ; . . (M <=> m 7) . ■ i : :• \^ % ^. ^ % : : § : \ i ^ ^ ':^i ci r? ^ ■ • c* o ;.,tN;^;;-=i';^;;; . . iQlr-lrHwQt 1 |.-l j : s i D 5 'i J ; 1 « c J t* ro = e3 a S K- <( *H »-5 ^H be -b ■ .= > •a ■^^ -A 'A 'A "A 'A M H H P Library Beports and Statistics. 797 CLASSIFIED TABLE OF PUBLIC IJBRAEIES. The classification adopted in the following table, though not in all respects satisfactory, is the-best that much study has suggested, lie- specting some of the classes, a few words of explanation are necessary. Academy and school libraries. — This class comprises those of all schools — except colleges and professional schools — including seminaries and institutes for the higher education of women, business colleges, normal schools, academies, and high schools, but not of common or dis- trict schools, save in a few instances, which do not materially modify the figures. Society libraries. — This class includes only the libraries belonging to students' societies in colleges. Scientific. — In this class are grouped the libraries of schools of science, including colleges of agriculture and mechanic arts, and of scientific societies. Ptiblic. — Into this class are brought all libraries open to the public without charge or for a nominal fee only. Social libraries. — These include athenteums, young men's associations and institutes, and subscription libraries generally. Asylums and reformatories. — The libraries of this class comprise those of all asylums, hospitals, workhouses, reform schools, and prisons. Miscellaneous.— There are many libraries so individual in character that it has seemed impracticable to assign them properly to any one of sixteen classes, and they are, therefore, reluctantly classed as miscel- laneous, though it must not be understood that this terra always applies- to the contents of the collections. The number under this head might have been considerably reduced by forming another class, including the libraries of secret and benevolent societies and associations ; but these latter are so numerous and libraries so generally distributed among them that it was thought such a classification would be little, if any, more satisfactory and definite than the one adopted. For convenience the table is arranged by States as well as classes, and includes all libraries numbering 300 volumes and upward. It ac- counts for 3,683 libraries of all classes, which number in the aggregate 12,276,964 volumes, an average of about 3,334 volumes for each library. Of the whole number of libraries included in the table, 742 of the circulat- ing libraries in 1874-75 reported the average number of volumes yearly taken out by readers, giving an aggregate of 8,879,809 volumes, nearly 12,000 volumes each. As this table is itself a summary, no further explanation regarding it seems necessary. The aim has been to insert no item that is not signifi- cant, and, on the other hand, to omit none essential to the reader who desires to ascertain the number, kind, and extent of our public libraries. 798 Public Libraries in the United States. "s. ^ > 1 \ ],650 54, O&l 575 500 77, 759 84, 502 (i,824 : § g ^ S 5 2 : i '- • O = rj4 -7. _ Ot . . : ; g " "^B i !3 i I : CU 6 i-t ;co i iT-t--! 1 Iirax I(o " " " " 1 " : ; : 1s 3 "o > g : CM I O io -O i .to ioO iffO :i§3i5 i ; * n in" rT ^' ®~ : : 6 'A '" ; M '• n III I It-1 I,- .-« r- i ; 6 a 1 r. "o : : i i . o mo . -o o ;g;;;:;:::3S;'=g m" ot" m' ct" ■ ■ -^" ; ; ! ^ i-H (N ^ in rH ; ; « 1 > i i ooIoIlSlIIt-II^ \-t I CT O Ci O « I ^ 2 ; S S s " ^ : ' s • a* Irt '• '• Gt '• '• lo '• '> —* m ■ c* -a" o 1-1 m : iH "J M s.=>..o>o>o>> g:S::§:S:g:: " : " : : : °^ : " : : T^ O O O C» O ' . o 03 O O O i-^ O ■ . O ■ CO in o o o in • . ■»!• ^ 6 tH . . .« iM i 'iH ItP . Qi \ . . .i-n -cto .ooio . — o ' o iQO— « .'-looo^^nr-oD .ceo . — o(N teem -co .«o .«otct)tni-oc*o ;«o ■ oo" i-T oT ■ ih" »-r i I irt" rn" I cf of to" •«"" f-" i-' I-' oo" • i-T t-^* 6 i5 .-< i . .(r»i-(m Imct I« ir-« IcNi-tco --' co — "j- tp I ^ " m 1 S ; : => .O .OXl .O .M-TI ■CiOCJOOOt-i'^SQOO- — . iO tO(o lO ■O'^ i-noe^oocsoJt^ocLT'N T .o '<•.■< rn -at .C5(N .(NOinwr-cioooot- to" ' cf ■ i-T ■•jT ' «r ' in" o" ■ t-" "" of «" I-" >o r;;" cf «" o" X 'd = ■ ■V i-H icN«> '00 it-— 1 i— ir-imjotox-inaDco'W'j' a,' £ o g : 3 1 ' § ;g ;§S :g ;SS ;gi'!3gSgg|l2S-| i r i ci ;« It-i-^ •(- .0:0 It-irtOD^ccoDt-t-eoinrt il O <1 <- in 1 s ; - la ■"' s ; °^" ^' ^" s : iS ?f j "'^ '^'" ^ ^ ^" "" s' i^" * '°' s" d 3 ; •^gj""^ :-^<^j: :^^ ;2"s*'^Sg«2;*S 1 =1 ilt 1 -■ 1 o r Ml J M : : a : : ; . ; ; ^ ; ; I i '. 'o * I • : : o : : : • tM ■ ■ • ; ® o ; ; ; (8 « « << -2 ' ff : .-§ s a 3 . a 1 c t ■g ft — < <) 'C s y = ■C«i|i-il«5||:S||iJgg|5 S = a « - "^ asa sa Library Reports and Statistics^ 799 ■X O M O OU O — O to ta (M o CO o o in o CO n Cl i-t OO fH .-I o r? to o 30 m in — fOO>00£^i=OlfSOCJ -HOr-initOOinr-irHM o o o o r- so r- M to OOCO'J'OOOiMOiOOty OOTPWOMOCllOWOCD O C5 (— (MXi>tO?32^Ma5 II 3 a >■ 3D I « ^ ! ^ £ - s M O ^ -a O p S 9, .13 (=* ™ .2 M S -3 H ^ a 5- t- SB « .S k» 800 Public Libraries in the United State's. m ^ „ „ ^ ; (-, :o ^ _, ^ ^ ^ = t> 1 -• •- -- - - ^ -^ -^ : ^ ^ ^ -^ - -- -■ - -^ -• - -■ -^ ^ - ^ -• "{^ ^ o O ' s > : \£ o O l : : : s o o • o _, - := O _, ^ tj; 3 o • ' o • o 1 . X (O — f- LT in i-T ,cf t> , ; "-• 1^ = ^ ^ i ^ i CO - ; SI -s- : ^ - " ■^ .-. .X « '" o .- r- — ^ _ — _ „ ^~. C-. -r _ c ^ ;;; t- lo cv m • >-i i- CO o __; :; ^~ . _ _■" ^ .-T _; -r '. — ^ -< Z^ J—' „ -t' i-T -v" :3 > ^ '-' '"' « .-1 . -r CI *~ ^ _ o ri >^ • _^ _ -f . n-y "^ :z > TP p: cj o 6 "A : _ — - — _. ^ ~: "^ ^ c - ^ i i S4 ■ft . ; k : ■S rfl I H O : \ 43 o ■ ^ n, i < 1 -1 o -J 1 8 11 o o o P s 1 o 03 a 03 •5) o O o ^ ^ : r ro ■ = a 1 - s - '2 t 'c IS 3 15 5 F 1 .1 1^ 1 \ Library Reports and Statistics. 801 I _ -_ ^ ift in ? m (N r-( to 03 OJ t- C) OS (oo'vooooaw^ Ol oc- ^- ■» ^'" > E ^ ^ 1 ; 1 -2 ill p "a o >1 1 a a; ^ ^ ?5 fc5 ^^ f^ o c 5 P Urt^B fSt D t> t^ : ^ f i ^ ^ 1 51 E 802 Public Libraries in the United States. LIBRARY FUNDS. The following table is presented with reluctance. Stated briefly, 358 libraries report permanent funds, amounting to $6,105,581 in the aggre- gate ; 1,364 report that they have no permanent funds; and 1,960, con- siderably more than one-half, do not report either way. The incomplete- ness of the statement detracts greatly from its value and renders it unsatisfactory ; though, having been prepared from special returns and from such printed reports as could be consulted with a feeling of con- fidence, it may be relied on as substantially correct, so far as it goes. It should be remarked that the value of lands and buildings, unless yielding a revenue, is not included in the following statement. If one chose he might with some reason conjecture, taking the follow- ing table as a basis, that the permanent funds of American public libra- ries aggregate about $12,00(1,000; he might be nearly correct, and it is possible that he would be millions vvide of the mark. The truth is that in the present state of library reports there is hardly a more difficult and thankless task than to undertake to prepare an ac- ceptable statement of the finances of public libraries. The printed reports of some aflbrd clear and intelligible statements of their funds, income, and expenditures; others may, perhaps, be comprehended by their makers; while others can hardly be intelligible to anyone. The above criticism is true in a less degree of the latest reports than in respect to those of former years, and a reasonable hope is cherished ' that the improvement will continue in future in a greater ratio than it has been manifested in the past; for it must be remembered that an immense multiplication of i)ublic libraries has taken place within a few years, calling to the desk of the librarian many hundreds necessarily unskilled in their duties, and it is perhaps to be wondered that so much has been done so well, rather than that much has been ill done or entirely neglected. As they gain experience librarians will, doubtless, realize more fully the importance to themselves and their libraries of keeping more complete statistics. Library Reports and Statistics. 803 ■eptttij: AiBaqi[ JO ^anocaB 9iBSaj§:Sy •spunj Hatiioda.! 'osi •panjoii Suij,iod9i -oj^^ ■3niviud9i cjoa-o^ •spunj Sajjjod^-i 'o^ •panj oa §uii.iocIr»j,-o^ | ■Siiijjodai loa 'ONI Oi r-i T^ i~* 'epnaj i,iB.iq[i jo^anorae Q^Bi^aa^J^y ■epiiaj %a\\XQAQ.i 'o^ •panj oa Saii.iod^.i -ojj ■j?nij..iod3i ^oU "osj ■epanj 4;jBjqi[ JO jaiioaiB ojBSaiitJS?' •apanj S ii|Joda.i -o^ ■punj on Suujod^j "o^ ■:Saii,.iodaLi lou -o^ M « CO CD 'spunj AiBjqii JO ^.auocaB 9:jB3d.i:SSY •Rptinj Saii.iodai -ofq; ■punj on 3ii[}ioda.i 'oj^ ■Sai-jjodaj: ^ou 'o^ CO Tj< CD in ■Hpanj jJaBjqii JO ^aaouiB Qi^'eSajSSy •fipunj 3aiiJodaj -o^ ■panj oti gut:^Jodai 'O^ •3aii.iod9i loa -osj 01 CD M 0> (N ,H r-. CD t- CO eo Oi in CN -^ I* C* OJ S ni S -e ^ <^ <] <] 3MMHi;^3 804 Public Libraries in the United States. •epanj ^iBjqii; JO ^unooi'B oibSo.iS^y ■spunj Hniijodoj ■Ojff ■panj oa Snij.iod9j 'o^ *3ai:(jod9j: ion -o^ ®* •epnnj -tjBiqii ■epanj Suii-iodoj -o^ •pnnj ou SaiiJodg.i -ojn •Sai^JodM ?oa -o^^f ■spanj Alj^aqK JO innoaiB eiBSajS^y •spanj Saijiodaa 'o^^^ •pqnj oa SaiiJod9j 'o^ ■Snjuodaj ^oa -o^ ■epnnj jfjBjqii JO !^niioiau o^BSajSj^v •spntij Sni^-iodai ox; ■paajoa 3uii.iod9.i'Of;j; ] •Sailjodoj 5oa -o^ | lO XI « TI" "* •epanj .V'aEjqi[ ; =1 i-o JO juQoiuTJ djugojSSy I rl i ■epauj Siinjoda.i MX I " o o o o 10 o M ■ m 0000 00 eo ITS c I 'piinj oa Hiiijjodaj -ox [ °* (^ <^* ^ ■3aiiaodj.i ■joa 'o^ r^ T 1-i -V fft 00 -O 00 :o ro to -H t- ■Bpun^ ^iGjq|[ JO '(unouiG 9jb3<>.i^Sv" 5i 'Spnnj 3nrMod;ii-ox j "^ ■panj ou Sii!ii'J'i->i '"K; ' "^ cc in iQ — ■JJaLpodgj joa -ojg^ ic r- 75 :o (NC*00i-«CICO-HOJOTin <" a S es w ^ a fe fc rt -^ g s s tJi p a « J a g g 5 g I g a a 3 s ^ ^ g ^ ^ ^ I S S ;S § ^ S S P is: Library Reports and Statistics. 805 *n « 1 i i il ■* « " ; i 1 s ^ ': ■ ; ■ S i i : "' ; i ^ CO ; '. 1 c5 " ': 1 ! ! « in : I : ' CO i '^ I s g M : i"; i r C < - 00 n « o - o ? ■ : g ; ; s ; lO CO V 40 H ■ (?j ■ s * ; -^ ; n 1-1 .-: 00 i 1 CD - 00 0) in 00 '• i N • to n s i' a a - I n 1 3 o H 806 Public Libraries in' the United States. •spimj jfjBjqii JO ininoine 9rB^9d33Y ■ m J . . ! ! ' 1 1 1 «» ■ 1 1 •spdtij Snr4J:ofl9.r -o^ : : : ; ; -^ ; ; ; 'panj oil 3ui;iod9a 'o^ ;;;^;;;;;;^«;rH ; - - - •3ai(jjod9j: loa 'Ojq; '^ : ;rH'«;;;;j;^c4J;rH;;:: ■3 ■3 •spunj ^JBjqii JO jauooiB 9^B3ojS3y i i ?1, 750 97, 975 6,150 500 10, (JOO 17, 662 2, 500 725 ; : S : 'Bpanj Sai^odoj "o^ ; ; rnm .M .(Nr^ JOT j'^-' '«* ; ; d 1 •panj ou 3ui(jj,odaj -o^ " ; i^ — ^^ww •« ic3S ;if3M-*m«o •Saji-iodaj %ou. ox — , : jo) .-fl" :« Ith 1 ioo-* joirneo Iwt- a 1 JO ^unoui-B Q'^vSa.iSSY ; i o I ; ; g : ; ; °° : ■Bpiiiij Snf;jod9.i ■o^^ ; : - ; •pnnj ou :Siii;aod c) • • <=> . • • m ct . o . . ,— . .O . i • to o .o ' ■ i-~ I ' irT ■ ! • r-" 1 ,-r i i IS i ;" i 1 i i 1 i il 1 i \i •spunj Satjjodaj -o^; • ■ i^O i jrH • • .^-^r It-( rH ■ . rt •pnnj on gaiiiodoj -o^ i;;;;;;:;:"^:" i ; « ! ■3a\\dod9i ion •ox ;«.«;;;,-,;;Og;0. : - : : 1 1 ■epiinj ii«jqii JO in no CUB 9}b39j33v :|;": ; ; I ; :': ■ o o ■ o a ; i2§ •epunj Saij.iodo.i -ox ;-:--;;:;::-;;- : ■ " - pnnj oa :Snij-iodo.i -ox - ;TH^wi-H>-iH|;i;; ■Sniiaodfjj %on -ox ;-;:::;::;:-':: 1 i ■epanj ^SjBjqn JO ^anoniB gjBxfajSSy I :; o ■■■■•• o •• ■ ::•: g ::■::;§:: ; : ; ; : of j j ; [ 1 j fff : : j ! i ! / i *■ ! i : i ! ; i ; : III ■spnnj Saiuodd.i'ox 1 i . 1 ,H • ■ • ! • • iH > • 1 : ; '^ : •panj oa Snii.ioda.i 'ox li-l ■ -r-l in • 'P^r-l . — ^tH ■3ui:^.iudd.i 10(1 -ox '. ;;;;;■;■;;;«-(;; .2 s i 1 DO 3 i 1 ■ < ■ Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Dakota Delaware " District of Columbia Florida Georgia Idaho 1 flli : *^ 1 ■ 'i mil Library Reports and Statistics. 807 . o • . . ; ; S : ; : 1 i fff 1 : : ; ; § ; ; i CO i ■ qT :::;:::: ^ :: ; ; ; ; ; th 1 1 « in -^ 1 -t- '00 ;ir> Iffli-i -.-(rH • '^ ■ '• • '• 00 m n 1 • i-^'CO '• tn irtiHrH '< '• '• '• '• '• I '• '> g 318, 450 17, 340 1,205 o i g : • ceo .— .(— to — M lOO .G0C3 I • a ■ 1 gj f- =0 '^ ■ «'!f • ^ '. in m \n tn ■ih-' ;,-!,-( , ', c^ '. o Oi-iQ0.-i50';iHClr-M ;'T*i-l7JrH-fiOmOI'*3tH-*-«i "(DOl 1, w r- « rN tc jeo jtnt- j^^m-igjior-^inm-icoco JOTm '■ g5 o 2" . o . o ■ o ::;;S:S:S;;; -^ i;;;-^!'-';-'::: un ;;:::;;;-;:: ^ ^ ; ;-'::-'■;;::::: CO CO ;§::§:§:§§:: .-V .to .in .oo isiifigigs:: • 00 ; K : - o s" 00 s ■"* i ■«) -TP '(NCN ■ ' . ■<}■ s !; 2 .1^ '• '< m '< S: ^ ^ ^ O £) lU O 03 f^ i^i i^^ ^ iz, s a 1 ii i 1 ; > & g O fH ■o .a ; 1 1 i ,S g S S M M H H i i .5 ■ 2 a t= t> (> : .g ; i g .a ■ : ml 1 808 Public Libraries in the United States. ■i o .■ii 581, 696 6,150 -5,675 15, 000 16-1, 562 12, 104 2,225 316.250 ■ o o : S g •epimj 3iij^.ioi9J -o^ OOO.HW ig .CTM) .-0 ;3*® '^OWO-M •panj on Saijjodoi ■o_[i ?D ■ ^,og;^»o>xgC2-g^-gr-„2g» 1 O.-l'N ■CT'*'t-(N0>rf-#O ■■VTOClX-NM-OCiCO 1 s •spanj: ^Jtuqi^ JO -jnnouiB o^^Saj^Sy :•::::;::§;:;; o . . . I '. \ '■ \ \ \ '. \ r^ \ \ \ \ ■Bpanj Saiuodoj 'q^ :.::::::-::::::: •panj oa 3uij.iodaj -o^q; :^.:;i::--::: ; (M -t 'Saij-ioda'.i cjoii -ojii ;<3;.eoi;,i,_.;; « a — a 1 *>> ■epnnj A'auiqii JO ^anouiu aiB39j:S3^ ■ o ■spnnj 3iiii.iodai -o^ ; ; - : •panj ou3iii5,iod3.i -ox: ' ; ; ^ ; M 1 ; 1 j i • — i j .^ ■ ■ -H I" ■3(iniod9,iiouoK 1 ; • • n M* j .04 '> '' • n '■V \ -^ -^ r^ Ii-« d o 1 ■spnnj jtj«j.q[i ' : : : ; JO ^anooiB 9jbS9.iS3y i : : : : ■epanj 3mMoti^-i'"N: | : : 1 I ; i i ■ ! : : ! I ! : ! 1 : 1 : 1 ) •panj on Saruodoi "o^ :;:;::;::'::;:::;.;:;; ■Sai^-iodaj lon-osi: ; i---^ ;- ; ;« ;^ ;^ \ ■^ ;« ;ct-h ;;; t-li-'<-l O •epaiij ^ii3.iqT[ JO jnnouis a>u3a.i33v i i i i i ; i ■ i :;::;; ; ■epunj :^at|iod9i •o^ ; ::■:;■'•:■■•■::'•■::: 'panj oa Suijjodaa'ox: \ ;:-;;;;§;:.:;:;: •3an-iod9J 'joa ■o_jj ; ::::: -^ ;:::,:; : : ; '^ i 1 H ■^ 1 02 \ <8 It 1 »rHoaitniociirao X i S?55^S'"'"SK-"g2g"SiS22 = "SS'-^''-S" S o m iH CO § a s ; S : ! o >n • i ■ > i ■ : ^ ^ : : : : : ; ; ; I ; 1 I : ■ ■ ■ I"-' : : ^ : ; :::::: ........ 1- ; : ^ : • rH ^ ■ m ■ -H ' Gi ; ; ; ; « -H ■ : -< ■ r-( r-l i in 1 '•■at'n • t- .-tt- -Om^rH ■ '. r-i '• '• • s § *n : I : I : ! : o ■ i ■ • . ■ I o . . , ■ . 30 ■ . . i ! ! ; I t-" I I I I 1 -^ to rt w j oi ; i^CT j« ;t- .r-^,. ^ . ; . ; jw j 3 . ■ CQ CM ■ . • 1 < 1 i : M i i i ;;:;:;; ; : : ; w m rH .H ■ (S j '^r- ■ ■ -iH 'i-Hio ; : ° ; : : ; : : ; I S : ; : -^ : ; ; ; n ;::;:; -" >n 1 .C C ( 1 n C C Sh : ; ^ ■1 -a I i III! ! £ : X ■ E -§ PI : ! ; c3 I : ■ ■ o ■■ ~ ■ : -S ■§ ^ 6= S e .2 H- g 1 c3 I : : ■S ': '■ ' is : : « 5 H « S Si illjii a s !s sal^ ^|ggt?^SSf5S5HHP>>^^^^ 1 810 Pubhc Libraries in the United States. CLASSIFIED STATISTICS OF SIXTY-TWO LIBRABIES. ■ The following table shows the uamber of volumes, the yearly circu- lation, the yearly additions, the amount of permanent fund, the total yearly income, the yearly expenditures for books, periodicals, and bind- ing, and the yearly expenditures for salaries and incidentals of 62 libra- ries, with the unavoid!ible exceptions arising from incomplete returns. No report of the yearly use by readers was made by 11 reference and 2 circulating libraries, which contain altogether 514,592 volumes. The 62 libraries number in the aggregate 2,695,760 volumes. The 49 libraries reporting the yearly circulation contain altogether 2,181,168 volumes, and there were taken out by readers in the year, 4,455,514 volumes, or more than 200 per cent. To 60 libraries, numbering in the aggregate 2,670,760 volumes, there were added iu the year 154,924 vol- umes, or nearly 6 per cent., while two of the libraries do not report the increase, if any. Permanent funds are reported by 43 libraries, and amount in the aggregate to .|2,378,655 ; of the remaining libraries 15 report no permanent fund and four furnish no report. The total yearly income reported by 61, from all sources, is $799,256; while one, though not stating whether it has any income or not, evidently receives funds from some source, having expended $4,278 within the year. The yearly outlay for books, periodicals, and binding was reported by 56 libraries, and amounted to a total of $278,318 ; of the six which did not report this item, two had been established but little more than a year. The aggregate amount paid on account of salaries and incidental expenses by 58 libraries was $467,555 ; from four no report was received. Library Beports and Statistics. 811 •Ss Si ■« I a. •k. (O o o o o o o r- o o M o

-*" m" of -- rH~ m : ^- oT -H of of irf" a -rant pun BouBtBg «»> C4 » OJ i? oi " s i-i»ooooor-o ■ o O Ol o o > Ol O O) O OJ CO t*s "** OOUOOOOiHOJ > ou O (C o o o t- o ci in % •3aipmq puB t»»rt(ocoif3ooeo^ 00 CQ 'S O -* : ^ cd s N 'siBoipouad 'siiooa: ^ CO" i-T lo" uf o" m" j oo" «" 3 -•" w" CO of of oT OiOOOOOOTOOOO O -0 o o O 00 o o o o -w o « O O O O CO o t- eo in o t- in •oraooni jSij«8j£ l^^ox pf cT -^ F-T V L-T t-" n cm" in CO m" of o 4S OOOO—tl-^CDCOCN 00 00 I- lo r- o CO eo o o. •OB-BaJOai ilJB8j£9S'BJ9AY th" « t-T i-T lo" — " m « QO ^' ^~ t-" o o o o o o 1 i 1.2 £ a 8 I ■3 1 "^ ■11 t ■■ S « J - CI "■ s S c H t t a r A 1 ■a 1 > .(9 d fii ■g 1 1 > •= g d a i: Ls B S i i 1 S S ? S c o c mil « 00 09 O C O O O P r ■i 5 s S g .g & IS '^ P og .? eS ei eS c 5 f 3 P S 3 IS ^ 1* ^ 812 Public Libraries in the United States. 51, 't? ^ 00 o o o '^Qipaiq paB a n ■>• » o ■£ o o GO — ' w M -n" o M M c; — . o « il ■9Ul00nrA"[.l'B9i I'B^OX COOOOiOXCMM MOOOOD — Ol'W' eo r- i.T (o oinooioor-ot- •v m in in "s* « i? s g s ■ C4 O O O O O Tl O C~ t- om-voirao:ooob O.O lO O W -H O CO oooiirtmr-ooo CO 01 53 ?o o I- -H OD irs o O O m I- M P3 O O O O M O O C3 ^ lO "^ O lO o miOotinknocooiconoD 1-1 -v •aoii^inoJia A*iJB9i ■89UID10A JO J9qainij TP Ol 1-) ^ _^ ^ m '—J o o o u -ij* o eo TC ^- -r or co- irT s in ■"^ ■^ S i i i TO GO GO e* - s m K CT. CO o OT^LOooococJO^• ot-i- ot— moocso^oosCioifsci OMitnoo*""^'"^*" — — ■— n cT ifT acT p f; t- O SS 03 h^ ^ h5 -^ 3 -^ .2 .2 .2 ^ h5 "• ?H piH Ah fc, O P=i 13 rt o a) * 3 -i ■a S V 9 »( a< pq 53 g a M J U 04 0< u> o EI 3 » li, tM ft tH S N .2 = S a ^ J3 'S S ^ J a >.: h ^ H ed o 3 S St jt^s5:2i!si;2iCMP4 'J 5 § 8 02 < ffl M 3 a a izi Library Reports and Statistics. 813 in o '3*ooeoooTj ^_ rrC O in ^. O ". oa ^ in n o •* o S E o v: Pb ►.] >, fe •■= :S '3 3 K J .5 a ^ ij to P4 V <1 -si J a O 3 O — 03 ;:! •S o i; :^ :5 ft « 2 o tt ^ '^ ^ J a s M =- t:^ Al ^ A! j5 ns ::; ~ :s *:? ; « ^ ^ J3 - .-ti ® p |1h PL, Ph fi, Ah E^i P4 O S 814 Public Libraries in the United States. BENEFACTIONS TO PUBLIC LIBRARIES. It was designed to present a tabalar view of the benefactions to public libraries, and strenuous efforts have been made to gather the necessary data for that purpose; but as it is found impracticable on account of its incompleteness to classify and tabulate properly the information received respecting the numerous gifts, it has been decided to substitute the following summary, showing, by States, the amount of the several benefactions, including gifts of money, land, and buildings, prepared from the special returns received, and from such printed reports as were found available for the purpose: California, $l,02J,000; Connecticut, $773,607; Delaware, $17,600 District of Columbia, $25,000 ; Georgia, $63,500 ; Illinois, $2,644,050 Indiana, $150,000; Iowa, $13,850 ; Kansas, $500; Louisiana, $15,000 Maine, $135,950; Maryland, $1,426,500; Massachusetts, $2,903,406 Minnesota, $15,300; Missouri, $194,037; Nebraska, $1,100; Nev\ Hamp shire, $58,379; New Jersey, $416,750; New York, $2,942,272; Ohio, $197,500; Oregon, $250; Pennsylvania, $1,448,473; Khode Island, $294,781; South Carolina, $35,000; Tennessee, $450; Texas, $18,000; Vermont, $74,308; Virginia, $26,000; Wisconsin, $6,500; total for the United States, $14,920,657. Information, much of which is doubtless reliable, though not in proper form for use, respecting many gifts not included above, and the fact that in a majority of instances where lands or buildings have been given they have simply been so reported, unaccompanied by estimates of their value, lead to the belief that it is not unsafe to estimate that he sum above reported does not represent more than about one-half the amount received by the public libraries of the United States from the benefactions of individ'uals, or that the real amount is nearer $30,000,000 than $15,000,000. And this does not include the books contributed from time to time, the number of which, in the presentstate of library statistics, it is simply useless to attempt to ascertain or estimate. Comparatively few libraries have the time to make an accurate return of such gifts covering the whole lifetime of their libra- ries, and many are debarred from doing so by imperfection or loss of records. It is fairly estimated that, of the gifts of money, land, and buildings above recorded, at least five-sixths have been received within the last thirty-five years. It must be remembered that the above figures rigorously exclude all grants or other Government, State, or municipal aid, and include only private benefactions. LOSS AND WEAR OF BOOKS IN CIRCULATION. The following table has been prepared to show the losses sustained by public libraries through the negligence, dishonesty, or other default of Library Reports and Statistics. 815 borrowers, and through the ordinary wear of books in circulation. The statistics of twenty three libraries for different periods varying from one to eighteen years are presented. These libraries are conducted in the most liberal spirit as regards affording facilities to borrowers ; many of them are free to all the inhabitants of the towns and cities in which they are situated; some of them are in small towns, others in large cities; they reach all classes of population in city and country ; of all trades and occupations, and all grades of culture and refinement. The table shows that out of a total circulation of 6,475,346 volumes; 3,068 were lost through borrowers, and 9,089 were worn out, being a total loss of 12,157 volumes, or less than two-tenths of one per cent., a considerably smaller percentage than the loss of a like amount of paper currency in circulation during the same period. And it appears that nearly three times as many books wear out in honorable service as are lost through carelessness and dishonesty. This seems to prove three things; first, that the borrowers from American public libraries are decently honest ; second, that they appre- ciate and treat, as they deserve, the books they read ; third, that the administration of these twenty-thiee public libraries, at least, is efii- cieut and vigilant. These things being true, it appears that the managers of all public libraries need not hesitate to open wide their doors and bid the public enter. Fidelity to their trust does not require that the way of the reader should be hedged about by illiberal restraints and requirements, but is consistent with his most liberal treatment. 816 Public Libraries in the Urdted States. Lom and wear of hooks in circulation of tu-enty-three libraries. Place. Califoroia Connecticut ... Delaware MassHchuaetts . Mis.'iouri New York ... - Ohio Pennsylvania. . San Francisco Waterbnry .. Wilmington .. Andover Boston Bruokline . . . Danvera Fitchbiirg . . . Lawrence . . . . Lynn Newboi-yport Newtou Noitliborough Peabody Reading Taunton St, Louis Albany Buffalo New* York . . . Cincinnati . . - . Toledo Heading Name of library. Odd Fellows' Library Association Silas Bronaon Library Wilmington Institute Memorial Hall Library Public Library Public Library Peabody Library Town Library Free Public Library Free Public Library Public Library I'Yci' Library ' Free Library Peub<>dy Institute Public Library Puldic Library Mercan tile Library Young Men's Association Youug Men's Association Apprentices' Liltrary Mercantile Library Public Library Public Library 219, 998 237, 737 53, 947 21, 300 1,600,283 419,006 80, 018 167, 105 128, 463 334, 497 285, 278 238, 020 27,416 30, 000 55, 645 ■iW. 700 2:3, 098 33, 000 218.2)2 1.651,690 56, 256 63, 600 3i, 057 . 16, 475, 316 297 -54 316 2 190 21 11 37 2 248 69 3 2 6 30 85 18 1, 662 4 4 191 224 388 3 3,431 228 105 40 54 511 146 4 1 260 78 90 275 153 377 2,424 34 41 31 3, 068 19, 089 I CLASSIFIED STATISTICS OF CIRCULATION. There is a ■widespread desire to know the value of public libraries as expressed by the relative extent to which particular departments of lit- erature are used by readers. " In what proportion are different kinds of books taken from the libraries and read ? " This question is the one oftenest asked in one form or another, and the most correct answer that can be given is, " No one knows." After statement of several of the reasons why no general answer can be given, the results of certain in- vestigations will be presented. If all libraries contained only books on science, or history, or if all the books were novels, the problem would be considerably simplified, as also if only two or three well defined departments of literature existed, for readers would be bound by a sort of " Hobson's choice ;" and it may Library Reports and Statistics. 817 be noted as particularly true now that readers often take what they can get instead of what they would best like. It is rare to find two libraries, unless they were arranged by the same person, that present the same classiflcatioa of books. Diversity of classi - flcation, arising usually from considerations of convenience, doubtless well enough in itself, is fatal to any attempt at combining statistics so that they will show truly the percentage of different kinds of books read. The remoter question of the assignment of books to classes — for what one librarian classes as Science, another may class as Theol- ogy, and what he calls Science a third may call Philosophy — need not be discussed hero. There are difHculties enough in the case already. The following classification has been adopted for the purpose of keep- ing statistics of circulation in the Chicago Public Library, viz : History and biography ; voyages and travels ; science and art ; poetry and drama; German, French, and Scandinavian literature; English prose fiction and juveniles ; miscellaneotis — seven in all. The same classiflcatioa was adopted for the Cincinnati Public Library. The Mercantile Library of San Francisco is divided into 14 classes, viz : Eomance; juvenile; travels; biography; belles-lettres; science; history; poetry; miscellaneous; Spanish; French; German; religion; periodicals. The Mercantile Library of Baltimore enumerates 16 classes, viz : Art and architecture; arts and sciences; biography; drama; essays; history; medicine; natural history; philology; philosophy; poetry; politics; poly- graphs; prose fiction ; theology; voyages and travels. The Mercantile Library of ISIew York is divided into 10 classes, viz : Arts; biograijhy; history, geography and travels; literature; mathe- matics; medical sciences ; mental and moral science; natural sbiences ; political science ; theology. The classification of the popular department of the Boston Public (Central) Library, for th e purpose of keeping statistics of use, is as follows : Sciences, arts, professions; American history and politics; foreign history and politics ; poetry, drama, rhetoric, miscellaneous essays, etc. ; prose fiction for adults; prose fiction for youths; biography; travels, voyages, etc. ; collections, periodicals, etc. ; French, German, and Italian books- ten in all. The Indianapolis, Ind., Public Library has adopted the following class- ification: Fiction ; German and French ; poetry and drama; science and arts; voyages and travel; history and biography; miscellaneous. Sufficient examples have been given to show the hopelessness of any effort to reconcile the statistics of circulation of different public libraries unless greater uniformity of classification is found practicable by libra- rians. It may be remarked that so far as the classification is reported by the smaller public libraries, equal differences appear. The same is true of British Free Libraries, the reports of many of which have been exam- ined. £2 E 818 Public Libraries in the United States. But suppose that all the difficulties of classification had been overcome; that all librarians had agreed to divide literature into the same classes, and that substantial uniformity of assignment to the different classes had been secured. There is still another difiiculty, by no means insig- nificant, in the way of finding out what and how much people read. The volume has thus far been always used as the basis of library sta- tistics — a library owns so many volumes, it circulates so many volumes. Now, the number of volumes of books read is no more a true and definite criterion of the actual amount of reading in any department of literature than is the number of potatoes of all sizes in a barrel the measure of its weight. Popular books, those most read, appear oftenest in new editions. The more popular an author, thn more likely that one may obtain his worts, or any separate work, in about as many volumes as one chooses. One library will have, say two editions, one in one volume, the other in six volumes; a larger library may have a half dozen editions of the same author, each comprising a different number of volumes. For instance, there are at least 23 editions of Scott's novels in the American market, in different styles, comprising 1, 4, 6, 10, 12, 23, 25, 2G, 48, and 50 volumes, respectively. Cooper's Leather-Stocking Tales or his Sea Tales may be had in one or five volumes. Nine different editions of Bulwer afford choice of his complete works in 1, 22, 23, 24, 43, or 46 volumes. Dickens's works may be found in 6, 7, 8, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 28, 29, 30, 34, 35, 55, 5C, or 92 volumes. The Boston Athenaeum has Dickens's American Notes in 1 and 2 volumes, respect- ively ; Bleak House in 1 and 4 ; David Oopperfield iu 1 and 3, etc. In the Boston Public Library the reader will find Dickens's works in 53 volumes; he may get a copy of David Oopperfield in 1 volume, or 2, or 4, as he chooses, and so on. When it is remembered that from 70 to 80 per cent, of all the books taken from public libraries comprise works of fiction, it must be admitted that this matter of different editions consist- ing of different numbers of volumes presents a practical difficulty of con- siderable moment. The fifteenth annual report of the Boston Public Library contains some interesting statistics of the circulation iu that year, prepared by Mr. Winsor, then chairman of the examining committee. Speaking of the relative popularity of different authors as exhibited by the returns, Mr. Winsor said : Of cnurso, this return must be takeu cautiously, as showing tlio relative popularity of the several authors. To be accurate, it should be certain that the library is supplied with copies of each relative to the demand ; and regard must also be had to the fact whether an author's works are in one or two volumes, since the return is by volumes and not by books. In many libraries the force supplied is only sufficient to attend to the ordinary details of administration, though by the application of some such ingenious device as that used by Mr. Poole in the Chicago Public Library, the work of keeping the statistics of circulation would consume Library Reports and Statistics. 819 but little time. In a letter oq the subject of library statistics, Mr. Poole writes : What is needed is some uniform method of keeping statistics of circulation. I keep seven items : 1. Historj' and biography ; 2. Voyages and travels ; 3. Science and art ; 4, Poetry and drama; 5. German, French, and Scandinavian literature; 6. English prose fiction and juveniles ; 7. Miscellaneous. I have a box with seven compartments, and, as a book goes out, a pea is dropped by the attendant into one of the compartments. These peas are counted at night and recorded. If this or some other system could be generally adopted, we could have some uniform statistics of libraries. Cannot some uniform system be initiated 1 It must be very simple and the classes few, otherwise it will not be adopted. It may be remarlted that though the classiflcatiou of books as German or French, etc., seems natural enough, and the statistics of use of such ' books are interesting, they are not congruous with statistics which divide literature into departments; e.g., to say only that 1,000 French books have been circulated leaves the fact as to what proportion of history, biography, etc., they comprise, unknown. The following statistics are presented with much hesitation and must be received with great caution. The classification adopted in the first table is not regarded as a model, and it is hoped that by comparison of views librarians will be able to agree on one much better. In several instances the statement has been made up from published reports of the libraries, and related classes have been combined in order to preserve uniformity. It is believed that the average percentage of fiction read is rather under- stated than placed too high. 820 Public Libraries in the United States. o > s «5 - •o CD 2 " S in CO o -^ CT in M :^ '-' ■ i w C e- c. *S t 'I C 'S" 1-^ a 1 1 > 1 'Z a. < > 1 1 1 r ^ 1 a 1 £ H 1 ► 1 h- <5 > I 1 1 > 1 E fc- g j OC > > 1 ^ 1 > X. .2 < 1 w ^ 2 ' .2 ^ .Sj s 1 SS-M ^t ! C; =a p 2 =3 's pill ;= O s ^ o i 2 i a ■i^-i i 1 ■> 'c s -^ _f z Ph f=^ ^ ;£ (= ^ PM Ph 0. & >■ £ S ■< dH iJi c. k- d fi: ^ ^ •c c 4J '•J 1 1 i 3 C "p e c ( 1 ij 1 p 3 I t H 7 'i |l IJ i "i \ \ 1 p 1 ' • c : i ■ c ■ + 5 ° 3 ■' i IS i .! if) s < j r b.. Jf ; 1 1 i -*a ' 'c a ■ 2 9 fe o n .3 t- 'o s r c S 1 3 DO n P P C o c H »- ■>« (□ tS O .M i. i ^ i ii 3 S ^ ^ 3 Iz 5 ;2 5 z > ■ > 1 Library Reports and Statistics. 821 •fe> ^ ^ & ;a93 JO J I + 4- + W CO 9JBII«01 •!ja90 J9 J 9.1 Bueoi inao J9(3; 'paiun; ■9isireo''j ■l.a90 J9 J -9 J 9UB01 ■;a90 j:9 J 'paiiin!). ■9ieaB0i ■li-uao J9 J 'p9njn!j ■91 enBoi 'ija90 J9 J •paajni. ■gjeaBoi CO CO cc "V r- ^ ^- cx) o »o W 00 0> t- CO O 0> eo 1* CO m CO en t- 00 m r- « M r- M OJ W QO m CS !■'? CS iH iH 00 « r- (o M »-< in m CO ifi — -- 1- ■^ CO CO » CO ^ of «r t-" I + CO 1-H .I jo « m CO CO CO in cj c; oi 1-1 -J Ol C3 t- o 00 in CJ 00 in ts (N 00 w <» CT « oi oi in o CO w r- oi CO fo in (?i ot CT in m ■* in tn t- ■<*< .X) "^ « M eo C4 o r- oo Tfi to O CO ■'I' t- « « c« XI CO t- P5 E- (N r- t- « M (N CJ •!^a90 a9 j^ 4*p9nin(^ -91 snBOi CO CO « oo t- t-i O* (N epi n o fn ■^ CO TT t- O W CO CO CO CO in ?o 'OK «8Bio a g S .2 * -S 2 ^ s >.■ ''- f- fl ■§ 3 g g d ^ 2 -E M £? I § g « 3 5 r° «= m i o o a g O Cd t §- o .5 ^ a o o 3 o a a I = a ^ J bo « .a I D I'i a .2 J * o -:2 : " « s lip 5 -g © <=» u o _ Ml p ;2 -** dog '^ to £^ ^ Ci i ft 2|S| a5.2 ? 2 CE3 o -2 -=3 rS i s| o g s ^ 5 a ;1 a'S ^ n -S £ S = O ^ 3 fo a ,a 3 » o J S = 3 ; t< o , I ^ s fe i P S 60 ." s S s o 9 o i=''o a ,2 o .2 2 ea § © ^ .2 o S O ^ = ■■^ '- 5 I S S s8 f- O b. «< ^Sg|=, S « « ,a ^ rt H S l?a. ^ .'9 o ; S 1 1§ s ^ - S > Q =^ « ** -S w" 2 « g = •- « ° ■a -s a I ^.? « : § ft = rf i" ° a S 5 2 " y O o o S «= "? .2 = " S "o " "' I- ? ^ "3 ll ^ =- 3 « ^ - 5 = ■ .S ^-« -w P J "- <« o O r- n S b f=< § £ S S V > ^ ., o ® •3 li o rt i Library Reports and Statistics. 825 a 1 • ^5 d 'o g K n n to Ph ^ 03 "tt c» CJ o •c i i b> o p B -g p^ & o "t: p" o 1 1 1 is. To c -J 1 6^ •1 a 5 W '3 s ? i tl 3 § .S M fi = "3 -1 >, S M M 11 i ?. S -s to V 1 Id p" s o E h- 5 Sfl M P 1 sS c p 1 t4 •a <0 ^ « Ct-I t bD O a t c f p E- C3 3 p4 ] 1 ^ Is 1 £ : a o 5 1 P « c .2 t 9 s 3 «1 < ^ ^ < I-: ^ 1 1 p. ^. H h; I-: 03 < o! e p: S ^ 00 « (_, C^ M — ' C r CN •a93iB; <\o^ Baoiti c^ ■^ ^ M a « s S -pA JO J9qninfi rH ■^ ■ijraqpt 9qi ni sanin 00 1 "^ CO c- 1 5 "lOA JO JOqninja -' •-^ <-* rA Si C (N w Tf ~ cr "f 9 o C ^r •agtaojii^ § g o OJ rt CO M iH M 03 a: 1 g G4 CC « •n9re ■s g O (N C3 r- CO t- CJ in SO o r- o _o a cn "Sf •agmojii. Ol lll c «3 Ol LO m t- eo to « 1 o d M CN r- ■a9H ■^ ■B9SSB[0 iq not) 00 d ■* M ■«' CM er cr -BltlOjp '4090 J9J M ■^ W O P- rH CM ^ g ^ M 1 If M* t™ 'CO ts r- r ^ tc ■a93in} egmnpA « n ^ TP Tj- er tr QC S^ .JO leqmnn jEjox C^ " TlT o e" M CI o in Oi r- a- to ^ cc « M IH Irt 1-1 Oi K t4 •ngmojii^ V w o 1 fO 03 r-t rx. 00 ^ CO -q 3 1 I? 5 n Tf CQ in •n9re c m" s a fcu g r Q c • o books i: rary. u s 1^ t .11 11 1 CJ p I, -d M i > o Ph a o 1 3 .2 :5 re i 1 c 0!3 i fc a 'a > H o s K > H 1 1 1 1 P ptS « a»r ^ u o ■3.§ S P "^ - "So" ee ■*-' o *- fl u ■ £ ^ 03 P fe H -g M <3 g ta ^ Ml S H g ^ OS ° a>r = . g .a « to B ° ^ M "" "m- «i t. £ " ■§ sa "So a ® ' " §* ;r -g rfl M 5 3" "2 -a g a§ IS? n^ V - gPS g g fc o 5 3 «2 I SSo « fSa i 826 Public Libraries in the United States. 13 IS " a •^ 1^ 'fe^ c b 1 a G R k a a J P= o i , a P ^ 5 ii H s ;^ a 1 IS 1 1 D § B 1 1 1' a o III K o £ as 1 § S 1 ^ 4 3 g 1 1 « 1 i u f < 1 3 .S iJ "= o a M » CO TO . ai rs « l|' •nan ~ o bb es w Tf r- n s ^ C5 ai t- p aj o ■gaaiOAV i ^ o Ji ^ O ^ -tJ o IZ cs til's ^ O ^ s§g a ^ « -s ' a S .2 a SI?- Library Reports and Statistics. 827 S S I o a ^ S 3 1 E CO to 1 Eh* erf 03 1 1 ^ a § « ly Ah >> a O a §■3 3 1 o i W a U ■3 -S -5 g' S2 1 2=^ || § 1 o S s g a § a S § W S ilil! ^ : : : s s ! a L4 9 if ill GO g i 5 u Pi o a ^ ^' ^ ^ 1 Ill II 2 1 ^^ ^^< 02 « M ci *a9iIB:j.3oas8[un S 2 S S :? O ^ -- (N !! 2 S !? 5i ^ i? S ■\o\ JO J9qain_ti ^ ■ifaBjqi[ ni eauin Cl QU O OJ O Tf rf< 'tfi CJ CT 1ft (N CO S 2 E g t^ -^ -pA JO .I8q(Xm^ ^ ^ S -a -- '^ t~ -^ m ^ o w a 00 00 =) in 1 ^ ■naniOjii iH rH r= a> o <=. t- C» — ' J, _ 'v* _J O M (M C rH i-< rri .H d i ■nare I-l « 12;^ ? .' 11 — CI 3 -* — ' rr ■X 00 rj. S M tH C^ to is 'a9aiOA\ w CO :i ^- (T M ?5 — ' -M — ' c- s « ■* o ■* m ^ lo -:r (?i c^ o d& ■nan ■i ; ; ■ -a fct ^- o +3 c -3 1 SI If ■S5 1 5 o 1 c > o 5, p § 1 g a a 1 1 d 1^ H ^ S E§ tc S? « o » H o n. ,^ - fW s » ■ ^ .3 -.. ITS Fig d P no ^ & =„ 3 , O OJ ^ w ?^ "^ S o ai a f4 w H g " .2 .3 g a •SN ^ ■e § -a a -« H n a « ■•: .-s fcd P a 1-^ - ,a - •■ n g I o g ■ ;d t- tn a S s I § z se £ t- .„ O =j t-t 1^ ■■ o ■ "" O " a ^: ^r ^■Sd I ^-" = i2 5 - -^ fl 2 =- 2 - §• .2 I §1 § g' S = - a ^ © - r 828 Public Libraries in the United States. SOME ANALYSES OF LIBRAEY REPORTS. Most people have a superstitioas regard for statements expressed by combinations of Arabic numerals, and accept them with an unfaltering faith ; the array of imposing columns is rarely challenged, and still less often disturbed. Blank spaces in such columns, however, mar their sym- metry and evoke criticism. One ingenious statistician recognizing this fact, and himself disliking the appearance of these spaces, contrived, it is said, to fill them, and probably few who read, and none who quote, his figures, know the extent to which his ingenuity was exercised. The making of a statistical table could' not have been particularly diffi- cult for him, but to one who appreciates the wide difference between a reported fact and an estimate of what a fact might be, if reported — in other words, the distinction between true and false statistics — the task is anything but easy. A notice of Ehees's Manual of Public Libraries, etc., published in 1864, contains the following : The information it embodies, though very valuable and full as regards many libra- ries, is very incomplete, as may be seen from the fact that, while it gives the names of 2,902 libraries of all sizes, it records the number of volumes in only 1,333 of them, leaving the large proportion of 1,564 unreported. The failure to respond to circulars of inquiry was the cause of this deficiency. Mr. Ehees labored under great difficulties, as every one must who undertakes to explore a new field and gather statistics about anything ; the difficulties had rather increased than diminished, when, in 1870, the Bureau of Education began to publish reports of public libraries. Ehees was able to get returns of the number of volumes from only 40 per cent, of the libraries then known to exist; in 1871 the Bareau of Education published the number of volumes in nearly 97 per cent, of the libraries that made reports, indicating a great increase of interest on the part of librarians. In 1871 a circular embracing 13 questions was sent to all known public libraries, and answers were received from 180. A brief state- ment of the results obtained with this small number of inquiries will indicate in a general way the difficulties attending any effort to present satisfactory library statistics. The questions related only to the ordi- nary affairs of a library, and it would seem that all of them might have been easily answered by each of the libraries reporting. Of the 180 libraries, however, only three answered all the questions of the circular. The result maybe summed as follows: Total number of questions asked, 2,340 ; number of the questions answered, 1,654 ; number of questions not answered, 686 ; percentage of questions answered, 70.6; percentage of the questions not answered, 29.4. The main difficulty is, then, not in any disinclination on the part of librarians to furnish some sort of statistics of their libraries, but rather in the quite general neglect or inability to keep statistics which might enablq them to give distinct in- formation on some of the most important questions of library economy. As, however, but a small part of our libraries furnished statistics for Library Reports and Statistics. 829 publication in 1871, a further effort was made in 1872 to collect the statistics of public libraries. A schedule of q uestions was prepared, after consultation with experienced librarians. This schedule embraced 71 questions— a larger number than any one library, perhaps, could be ex- pected to answer— the evident design being to bring together in one form the main questions applicable to the affairs of libraries belonging to different classes and differing in management and purpose. Three hundred and six libraries responded more or less fully to this series of questions. An analysis of the returns was carefully prepared, the libra- ries being, tor the sake of convenience, divided into fourteen general classes. The whole number of questions to each class was, respectively, as follows : To free public libraries, 5,112, of which 3,470 were answered ; but as only 4,752 appeared to be applicable to that class, nearly 93 per cent, of these were answered ; in the second class there were 6,235 ques- tions, 5,865 of which are regarded as applicable, and of these 4,177, or about 67 per cent., were answered ; of the third class there were 2-2 libra- ries, the number of questions therefor being 1,562, of which 1,473 were considered pertinent, and of these about 70 per cent, were answered ; there were 29 libraries in the fourth class, and replies were received to about 57 per cent, of the questions considered ajpplicable ; in class five ■ were 5 libraries, the whole number of questions being 355, and 300 of them applicable, of which number 232, or more than 77 per cent., were answered; there were 15 of the sixth class; the whole number of ques- tions therefor was 1,065, and of these 870 are supposed to apply to that class, which forms a percentage of about 81 ; in the seventh class, mak- ing but 5 libraries, 305 questions were considered to apply, and of these a little more than 95 per cent, were answered ; in the eighth class were 3 libraries, which it was thought should have replied to 177 of the que- ries, when in fact they replied to only a little more than 81 per cent. ; of the whole number of questions considered to apply to the ninth class 792 Were answered, or about 5S per cent. ; of 12 libraries belonging to historical societies, (class ten,) 852 questions were asked, 792 of which were thought to be pertinent, and of these about 53 per cent, were answered ; of the libraries of class eleven 69 per cent, answered the questions considered to be applicable; of the twelfth class 81 per cent, replied to what were deemed the questions pertinent to that class ; of the thirteenth class 60 per cent, answered. Besides these there were 7 libraries that could not be classified, and for the sake of accuracy it is not thought best to present any analysis of them. The following, selected from the elaborate analysis furnished by an accomplished statistician, will show further results and illustrate the nature of the work. It may be said that the whole number of questions subjected to analysis was 32,266, and the proportion of omissions does not vary materially from those presented below : Question 3. — When was the library foHDcled ? This question is applicable to all public libraries. Of the 306 libraries reporting, 23, or about 7.5 per cent., failed to furnish this information. 830 Public Libraries in the United States. Question 6.— Amount of permaneut fund ? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 77, or 25.2 per cent., failed to answer this question ; 229, or 74.8 per cent., having answered. Of the 229 libraries answering this question, 102, ■or 44.5 per cent., had each a permanent fund, and 127, or 55.5 per cent., had no perma- nent fund. The aggregate amount of permanent fund of those answering was $2, 647,737, mal* ing the average to each of the libraries answering this question $11,562 ; and the average to each of the 102 libraries having a fund, $25,958. Question 7. — Amount of annual income ? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 93, or 30.4 per cent., failed to answer this question ; 213, -or 69.6 per cent., answered. Of the 213 libraries answering, 89, or 41.8 p»r cent., replied affirmatively, and 124, or 58.2 per cent., replied negatively. The aggregate amount of income of those answering was $213,671, making the average to each of the 213 libraries answfcng this question $1,003, and the average to each of ■the 89 libraries answering affirmatively, $2,401. Question 9. — Does the library receive State or municipal appropriations ? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 105, or 34.3 per cent., failed to answer this question ; 201, or 65.7 per cent., answered. Of the 201 libraries answering, 72 replied affirma- tively, and 129 negatively. Question 10. — Amount received from donations ? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 140, or 45f per cent., failed to answer this question ; 160, or 54J per cent., answered. Of the 166 libraries answering, 48, or 29 per cent., had received donations ; 118, or 71 per cent., had not. The aggregate amount of donations reported was $46,869. Question 11. — Number of volumes in library? No library failed to answer this question ; and the aggregate number of volumes re- ported by the 306 libraries was 3,998,663, making an average for each of 13,068 volumes. Question 12. — Number of pamphlets in library ? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 116, or 37.9 per cent., failed to answer this question ; 190, or 62.1 per cent., having answered. Of the 190 libraries answering this question, 143, or 75.26 per cent., had pamphlets, and 47, or 24.74 per cent., had no pamphlets. The aggregate number of pamphlets in. libraries of those answering was 907,952, making the average to each of the 190 libraries answering this question, 4,763, and the average to each of the 47 libraries having pamphlets, 6,353. Question 18. — Increase of books in year by purchase f Of the 306 libraries reporting, 133, or about 43^ per cent., failed to answer, and 173) ■ or about 56^ percent., answered. The aggregate additions to these libraries numbered 160,695 volumes. Question 19. — Increase of pamphlets in the year by purcliase ? To this question, 243, or about 81 per cent., of the 306 libraries failed to respond ; while 58, or about 19 per cent., furnished replies, showing that they had acquired in the period named, in the aggregate, 11,650 pamphlets. Question 20. — Annual increase of books by donation. This question was not answered by 154, or about 50i per cent., and was answered by 152, or about 49f per cent., of the 306 libraries ; the latter proportion reporting, in the aggregate, 32,838 vohimes received by donation. Question 21. — Number of pamphlets donated. Of the 306 libraries, 219, or nearly 72 per cent., did not, and 87,' or a little more than 28 per cent., did answer this question ; of the libraries answering the question, 63 re- ceived such donations, which numbered in the aggregate 42,123 pamphlets. Question 38. — Average number of readers in the year. Of the 306 libraries reporting, 171 libraries, or 56 per cent., failed to answer this question, 135 libraries, or 44 per cent., having answered. The aggregate number of readers in the year of those answering was 236,097, mak- ing the average 2,119 to each of the libraries answering. Library Beports and Statistics. 831 Qaestion 39.— Number of subscribers ? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 161, or 53 per cent., failed to answer this questiou; 145, or 47 per cent., answered. Of the 145 libraries answering, 108, or 74 per cent., reported subscribers, and 37, or 26 per cent., had no subscribers. The aggregate number of sub- scribers of those answering was 83,023, making the average to each of the libraries having subscribers 573. Question 41. — Annual subscription ? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 167 libraries, or 55 per cent., failed to answer this question ; 139, or 45 per cent., answered. Of the 139 libraries answering, 119, or 86 per cent., described themselves as subscription libraries, and 20, or 14 per cent., required no subscription. • The average subscription for each individual to the 119 libraries of this class answer- ug was $3.55. Question 46. — Average weekly circulation of books ? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 119, or 39 per cent., failed to answer this question ; 187, or 61 per cent., answered. Of the 187 libraries answering, 180, or 96 per cent., were lending libraries. The aggregate weekly circulation of those answering was 129,817, making the aver- age to each of the libraries answering this question 691, and the average to each of the 180 circulating libraries 721 volumes. Question 48. — Average weekly number of books used at library ? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 247, or 81 per cent., failed to answer this question ; 59, or 19 per cent., answered. Of the 59 libraries answering, 45, or 76 per cent., replied that books were used at the library, and 14, or 24 per cent., replied that no books were so used. The aggregate number of books per week of those answering was 24,472, making the average to each of the 59 libraries answering this question 415, and the average to each of the 45 libraries reporting books so used, 5,447. Question 58. — Does the library invite readers and borrowers to nominate books for purchase ? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 87, or 28.4 per cent., failed to answer this question ; 219, or 71.6 per cent., answered. Of the 219 libraries answering, 190, or 83.8 per cent., replied affirmatively, and 29, or 13.2 per cent., replied negatively. Question 65. — Is the library subject to State or municipal taxation ? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 45, or 14.7 per cent., failed to answer this question ; 231, or 85.3 per cent., answered. Of the 261 libraries answering, 21, or 8 per cent., replied affirmatively, and 240, or 92 per cent., replied negatively. Question 66. — Does the library own its building ? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 92, or 30 per cent., failed to answer this question ; 214, or 70 per cent., answered. Of the 214 libraries answering, 75, or 35 per cent., replied in the affirinative, and 139, or 65 per cent., replied in the negative. Question 68. — Is the building fire-proof? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 43, or 14 per cent., failed to answer this question ; 263 , or 86 per cent., answered. Of the 263 libraries answering, 50, or 19 per cent., reported that their buildings were fire-proof; 209, or 79.5 per cent. , reported that their buildings were not fire-proof; and 4, or 1.5 per cent., reported that their buildings were " nearly '' fire-proof. Question70. — Annual cost of administration? Of the 306 libraries reporting, 97 libraries, or 31.7 per cent., failed to answer this question ; 209 libraries, or 68.3 per cent., answered. Of the 209 libraries answering, 191, or 91.4 per cent., reported this item, and 18 libraries, or 8.6 per cent., reported that there was no expenditure for administration. The total cost of administration of the libraries reporting was $530,294, the average for the 191 libraries severally reporting the annual cost being |2,776. 832 Public Libraries in the United States. -ipii9 fO <0 U T-H ;3 o m o o X/ o ot o o ~5 O O O O oooooooooo S 2 S 2 ^ w- S3 lo ^ CO — < rig CO O O M o S 2 2 e 2 « ^ 1/) O t>. f>. m rn « M A^ S: •panj O IfS 00 lO — -f •e:}.naniiBd3a ^ .g 5 ^ § G1 a o 6 '•s fl ^ a « 3 2 £■' a ij ■a § >> ■§ 8 .2 fl d = B o CO an H Ph O A p 5 « ? a a a " — 3 u & ® Hi ■a •a "a c ° »^ :i 1 n CO 'B (0 '-' te. 2 2 2 .S 1Z d 5 Pi *2 F^l P^ N 1 a Ph Ph H H W s == a ■« o o o o U H O O Library Reports and Statistics, 833 (3 O t- O O l- O lO CO W CO 00 lO O O (NOCJOOOOOOOMO CO M ta ce o » — CO l- 0O'*C10'*O?J00 O o o o o o o m o o S ^ 1.0 irj -^ -"jt s O TD O r; s ,g i o" lO" i.-i" Iff in m CD CO Oi ^" o r- o o O CO o o O (Tl O , ■O O OI ifj lO Jl O t'- o o i-i O ID ro O rl M (S O no 00 «3 00 o o -* o to o 0-7(000 M lo ?^ o CO m OirtOOOOOO O O O O O O O O O CO O (?J o w iiocooo, oooooeoom Crs5DOOiOOOOOCOO«D ocooc30o>irimifs^inro co'r^wi-Tini-o'oirJ'uoiioiio'r-^ O CO o o I-" CO CO iQ r- O CO o o O (M O O I.O r- o o c; OT o o oooooooo c o o o o o o o o o oooooooc^ooooooooooooo o o o o O O (?* 000000000)000 10 00 ffl LO uo o csooQoooooooooooooonoiio oiooi-iaDooooir5miioi.otouoi,oirai~*ooi o r- o o O CO o o O (M O O UO c- o o o o o o ■^ CO CO 00 mirtuoiftuomiQo o pel o ^_ -^ to _fe ? = 'I o ^ s S <=!>,•= g •< 3 •§ a M -S !^ ^^■§ t« .s o l-J 1 1 = £ • u M . •S i ■ Is = ft .2 o =5 a 1 1^ 1- i' 53 o ?? « ^ g. W « ffl ft s ^ s ■ .•S & i * 5 I a s^ v & t ^ H g g H o ^ t- , . t- n i- o o o «H =^ * ^3 1 1 a a 5 « £ •§ 1 £? s S3 p s o a !-i P, H PM M O iE t>5 t^ >) >^ h h h o rt ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Ho>^i-ih-ii-ii-ir-!i-;i^i-^i-; " >) "A S ■a n1 % £ h^ M hA fk a g S ^ fk r". a 13 tS 03 S3" ft (i< Ph 83 i Public Lihrafies in the United States. ■ipuodxo %Q ^ O 00 U O CN W CO CI o n «' t—" cr c: o o o o i- O O <=> r-i m o i-i o ci ei o C-. o « O O CJ « g ■pnuf snicLins oqj 0} o ir; 3i I •fi;nouiI«doa: CO s 1'3 o s Irt g ■V s Gl A'q 9jiijT|)aadxa O O (M O C o o o o o CO C3 fN O O o o "a* o « o o o o o o O O O O 1-1 jO so O O O "< o >n (M o O O « w- o o o O OT p; -^ 1-1 "Q" 1 to TOO ■nopB ■T.idojddu iBiiu -au JO ^anotny o o o o o O C3 C3 C3 O O O O O O «f rH o o o o o o -r o o o o o o r; CO o ir; o o o ~s ~ ~ "■ C3 o o o^ &>t o u Wi n I— w r- -- o -; o o w •V O o K S o" o nd § ■ S a ■s fi .d .2 X] C 71 :d "T^ ?i p ft "o £ n ~ S p S O -g K 3 S 3 - "S M ^ 2 H s S § -I " .2 C; a g * <« "3 g - g = >■ & ■" ,« .3 § s i e p ■s p I g " ft" 2 rt lis S 2 3 s .9 ti I "S 5 . (D 03 « 'Vi © 'w © to 00 CO o 09 o oa .rt c3 n gK e4 ,4^ rt rO rQ rQ m -^ (» fS r^ rl i-'^ "^ ^1 /--I rl en 3 O I CO •<] > I « S' £" . - s •n ° t= S S o ^ S,=2 ft fl +J *^ . ft (t-l .S 't^ t- s FN FN P4 U 111 P P4 assays P'S s |.s-s - Ph |1< H Ph Library JReports cmcl Statistics. 835 m M CN in o CO CD CT GO O »n w lo ,-1 o tS CD tn i~ ■^ QO I- to t- t- «D (M CTl O t- m t- o ui r~ "* ! 3kJ(.irU'A: ooomoo^o-oM m » o «s o (N t- O CJ O CT o o r- o - (» ■* c- n o to _o c. o w :d o o in o lo lO (N >-< oT — ' ts" C* CO r-( &OOOOOOSOO OOOOfUOOOOOO C3oao.t9^oc-oa cioinauoooooo o> cs o to o I- "^ o en o in * <=> (D o "* 03 O M O o in o lo o r- m TT t- M & t^ O 71 CO O o o o S o I a d „ hi ai b 5 <« « I— ' aj 2 S -O " i m " II I . r1 - - fl W ri ft t> 133.3 O o .a I a 5 o ^ = M-n £'■ 3 « ca (S a fl fl J3 a ^ P o fc( 3 s - a ^ ^ U^ U ?^ fl •< i s hi - & S O = ^. S f=( |i, S ?^ a *'' ft d G? is P^ H 3 ^ 2 XJ o S 836 PuhUc Libraries in the United States. SUMMARY OF EXPENDITURES BY THE GENERAL GOVERNMENT FOB LIBRARIES AND SUNDRY PUBLICATIONS, FROM 1800 TO 1874 la presenting the foregoing statement, prepared in the Department of the Treasury at the request of the Bureau of Education, through the honorable Secretary of the Interior, but a single remark is necessary. Captain Bayley, under whose immediate direction the statement was made up, while willing to vouch for its correctness so far as it goes, notes the fact that it is necessarily incomplete, owing to the manner of keeping the accounts in the earlier days of the Government. Many books have been bought in all previous years fot the different Depart- ments of the Government which, for the want of a definite appropriation for that specific purpose, have been charged to general objects; and hence such expenditures cannot be made to appear in the statement. The aggregate expenditure reported above for these objects is $3,326,497.70. CHAPTER XXXVIII. PUBLIC LIBRARIES OF TEJ^ PRINCIPAL CITIES. BX SEVERAIi COIfTRIBTjrORS. I.— PUBLIO LIBRARIES OP BALTIMORE. BY G. L. SMITH. • PEABODY INSTITUTE OF THE CITY OP BALTIMORE. The institute was founded in 18j7, by George Peabody, then of London. In that year he selected twenty-five prominent gentlemen of Baltimore to be trustees of the institute and placed in their hands $350,000; his further gifts of money and bonds increased the total endowment to $1,400,000. , A lot of ground including two dwelling houses was purchased, for the sum of $106,547.83, and the first wing, fronting on Mount Vernon Place, was commenced in 1858. This wing, built of white marble, was com- pleted in 1861, and cost, with furniture, $182,000. In May, 1861, the building was ready for use, and the first librarian of the institute. Rev. Dr. John Q. Morris, entered upon his duties. The first books received were the works of John Adams, in ten vol- umes, presented by Hon. Anthony Kennedy. This year was devoted by the librarian to the preparation of an index of books to be purchased, comprehending about fifty thousand volumes, to form the nucleus of a library of reference. It was intended to embrace* the best editions of the standard authors and classics in all branches of knowledge, and preference was to be given to the latest and most critical of each. Dictionaries, encyclopaedias, gazetteers, and the important works on philology were to be procured at once, and made accessible to students. For the first year the library grew but slowly; the work of preparing for and planning the organization, studying library economy, furnishing the apartments, and conferring with librarians in the centres of learn- ing, occupied all the time of the librarian, so that during 1861 only one hundred and thirteen volumes were collected. In 1863 the librarian was aided by an assistant, and the work in the library was regularly carried on. Dr. Morris visited Philadelphia, New York, and Boston, and bought several large boxes of books. The yearly growth of the library and the total expenses are shown in the tables following. In October, 1866, the library was first formally opened to the public, 837 838 Fvhlic Libraries in the United States. with a librarian and two assistants, and was kept open daily thereafter from 9 a. m. till 4 p. m. From November, 1867, to November, 1872, the librarian had three assistants, and since then has had flve.'i The library ' contains 57,458 volumes, and 8,298 unbound pamphlets, besides- those which are bound in classes and included in the count of volumes. One hundred and twenty periodicals are regularly taken, of which thirty- three are American, forty-six English, twenty-four French, sixteen German, and one Italian. Besides these, the publications of learned societies and works issued by literary clubs and associations in various languages, amount to one hundred and sixty-six, making a total of two hundred and eighty-six serials, costing $1,449.28 a year. The following figures show the ratio between the number of readers and, the number of volumes used : Tear. Persons. A^olnmes. 1871 2,582 2,951 3,018 2,381 17, 104 21,148 1872 1673 24, 007 32,944 1874 Not much more than one-tenth of the reading here is of fiction. The library is much used by students, and the teachers and pupils of the various educational institutions of the city avail themselves of the collection. The following is a table showing the number of volumes read on dif- ferent subjects during the past year : Subject. Agriculture Anatomy and pliyaiology Antiquities, mythology, ethnology, folk' lore .'. Architecture .' Astnnomy Belles-lettres Bibliogi aphy Bicgai'hy Chemist ry Education Enginei ring and n ilitary Fiction Fine arts Geography Geology, miLcralogy, paleontology Greek and Latin classics Heraldry and genealogy History, univei sal, etc History, American History, English History, European Volumes. 135 434 306 332 111 4,598 170 2,003 382 244 194 3,399 359 303 352 1,265 368 532 1,137 731 756 Subject. Industrial arts Law Manners, customs, costumes Mathematics Medicine Mental and moral science and logic Meteorology Music !N"atural history Patent specifications Periodicals, literary Periodicals, scientific Philology I'hysics and general science Political economy and government. Social science Theology Voyages and travels All other subjects Total Volumes. 145 1,051 in 2t5 135 497 100 202 i,:3s 242 4,723 1,466 680 410 397 144 1,163 957 SCO 32, 944 PuU'tc Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 830 Tbe library is used entirely, for reference, and is open, free to every- body, during the winter from 9 a. in. till 10 p. m., and in the summer from 9 a. m. till 6 p, m. It has sets of United States, British, and French patents. The bibliographical collection cotnprises about one-seventh of the entire library. Eeaders are requested to name books of which they themselves have felt the need or, desire. Thei*e is an extensive card catalogue of the books, pamphlets, maps, etc., arranged alphabetically, both according to subjects and authors, but as yet. no printed catalogue. The library owns its own building, which is not fireproof. The chief librarian, at present Mr. P. E. Uhler, is chosen by the board of trustees, to whom and through the provost he is responsible. For the annual cost of administration, etc., see the annexed table. Liberal provision has been made since 1866 for supplying the public with a yearly course of lectures. Distinguished men in every depart- ment of literature, science, and' art, have been engaged; and the in- creased interest in subjects hitherto considered too abstruse for pop- ular lectures shows what a means of general culture these discourses have proved. The trustees have carried out Mr. Peabody's design as nearly as possible in making the lectures almost free, $1.50 being all that is charged for the entire course of over thirty lectures, or less than 5 cents for each lecture. The same may be said of the beneficial effects of its Conservatory of Music. Symphony concerts were almost un- known in Baltimore before the establishment of the Conservatory. Although these coucerts were at first unappreciated, the present standard of popular taste demands the highest excellence in this de- partment. Tbe Academy of Art is yet in an incipient state, though there are many valuable additions made to it every year. For statistics in these departments see the table annexed. 840 Public Libraries in the United States, Siatiaties of Feabody Institute from 1861 to 1875. Tear. II s 1§ o ■ 'H < a 7a If It Si '" o a > It o. q a 1 o s, ■y. o 1861 .' 113 2,861 5,321 10, 547 12, 417 15, 819 22, 942 31, 075 37,946 '41,358 '46,146 49, 393 ,52, 438 ; 56, 292 57, 458 JO 75 3, 906 39 5, 701 62 10, 518 97 5, 627 14 7, 086 40 21, 288 12 34, 844 1,7 27, 210 70 12, 067 11 14, 269 28 9,503 92 10, 514 52 10, 318 49 7, 990 23 112 451 451 126 121 211 141 682 1,565 81!) 347 714 284 395 486 f 717 38 1862 .....1 1,184 28 99 293 100 102 5 244 92 229 18 J2 30 ?6 14 85 14 25 10 24 1863 ji 4f6 06 113 20 1864 1865 47 50 1866 135 58 1867 . , 177 692 211 160 154 188 158 4tf 78' 7 58. 2 17 ' 411 90 1868 25 1 93 9 90 4 43 2 39 9 21 476 54 1869 1870 309 93 401 86 1871 157 87 1872 412 87 1873 327 54 1874... 148 26 June, 1875 .i . 28 222 31 •■'1 !(■ : , Total expenses of library. EspciKsoaof con- servatory f music. 6 o • i t SB o §37,866 72 25, 010 33 12, 885 31 18,349 70 14,217 39 17, 865 08 14 725 26 $9,58 08, 6, 495 74 6,593 94- 4,hfil7' 5, 133 89 8, 494 ,8p 10, 339 33 j!2, 802 29 2, 422 10 lS09-'70 , ^'i.fdi 82 1871-'72 .....i.......i.. 2,660 50' lH7a-'73 i 3,016 40 1873-74 !.S 2, 351 23 2. 668 50 i MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCLiTION. In November, 1839, four or five clerks beld a consultation on the possi- liility of providing a ])lace of evening resort, above the level of tbe oyster room or tbeatre, in which clerks could have a more extensive range of reading than their home libraries furnished. The only public library at the time was the old Baltimore Library, which did not meet the wants of this particular class. Accordingly an association was incorporated January, 1843. Clerks could becom* active members by paying an initiation fee of $2 and an annual- sub- scription of $3 in advance. Merchants and others could become honor- ary members by the payment of $5 per annum ; but the right of suffrage was extended only to clerks. Success beyOnd the most sauguiiie ex- pectatWBs was soon assured. The plan of receiving special deposits of books, on loan, was adopted for a short time, but finally abandoned in 1844, and the books returned to their owners. Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 841 The first course of lectures was begun December 1, 1840, on which occasion Hon, John Quiucy Adams delivered a lecture on Societyand Civilization. This course, which proved to be a pecuniary success, was followed by others; and the association has ever since used every opportunity to provide lectures and readings of the highest merit for the people of Baltimore. At its organization the association occupied rooms on the corner of Baltimore and Holliday streets. After several removals it finally took possession of its preser.t apartments in the Athenteum building, for which this and other associations had solicited subscriptions from citizens of Baltimore, and which was formally dedi- cated October 23, 1848. The library is open during the summer mouths from 9 a. m. to 10 p. m., and during the winter from 10 a. m. to 10 p. m. In 1873 it was opened on Sundays from 2 to 10 p. m., but the small attendance did not justify this innovation, and in June its privileges were again restricted to secular days. The use of the library is extended to the families^of the members; and being both a circulating and reference library, a subscriber iu«y take books home, or a clerk, who has no congenial companions at his boarding house, may enjoy them in the comfort- able reading rooms of the association. Though there are but 1,048 sub- subscribers,ihe number of visitors during a year is from 15,000 to 20,000, and the circulation of books about 35,000. Subscribers are allowed to take one volume at a time or two of a set ; and a- e requested to name any book they would like the library to obtain. It contains 31,032 vol- umes, exclusive of 2,500 duplicates. Of these 400 volumes contain 6,000 pamphlets bound in classes. Twelve hundred foreign and American hooks and 500 pamphlets are added to 'the collection every year ; about IjOOO of the one and 150 of the other are purchased by the association, and the rest are donations. Of the 31,032 volumes, GOO are in foreign aud'590 in modern European languages. There are 1,200 volumes on scientific subjects; 75 per cent, of the books borrowed are English prose fiction. The oldest book in the library was published in 1493. : The bibliographical collection is very small. It has a printed cata- logue of a portion of the books and a manuscript catalogue of all, arranged alphabetically, according to subjects and authors. The library is exempt from taxation. Mr. John W. M. Lee is chief librarian, and has three assistants. The annual cost of administration is $2,400. Some attempts were made by this association to start classes in French and German, but they proved unsuccessful. The terms of membership are as follows :, Perpetual membership, transferable, $100 ; life membership, $50 ; annual honorary, $5 ; annual proprietary, $5 ; annual employ^, $3. Following is a tabular statement showing what the association has done since its foundation, as nearly as could be ascertained ffpm the records. 842 PtiUic Libraries in the United States. *Rp[iI(Taiuj ■Ajuaqii JO 080 ■Hoeaodxa (N in O O r^ O O 1^ C3 O « rr X ifi r- XI O rs rS rs '^ TS o T3 '= -r 'T o c 5 a CflXlOlOO'NOOOd t- C! O CO o '-D o in t- w o 1^ o» O) lO (N « O II o c( c: o t- — w ci F-T .-T ^ St n a n a oi n CI ^ ■p9;Baop .?3U0K. ■ea.ini,33i tJujiiaiq iJaB ^siiQ o o c o o c I ° • = : : g ; ; i: : ; ; ; : 1 : ; ; i ; ; O* CO t c- 1- a. CO .-« (T — 1— '-roDor-:^ — c; cj o in r- M -r — 1 — o 00 "■',;..;;:;:;.; I.- o m -o r- o i-s r- e 1- T- = t- iZ T 1- r- o 3- — 3 •araoDni 8 S g LI r; m f; oo ■3 g '3 S g CI 13 1 !0 2 in i o -.- r? rf m" « rt of 0< n ^5 o -^ O X o o 00 in CO in n TJ -S" fM r- C) lT |~ (~ _ f- lO Tl* t- •ipnoni xjs '.CicaoaoH r w c c- oc => CO ".^ o CO — (N o -- C7 XI CS -r r: -■* '^ oi oi ci ■n a n n ■OAtpy c5 i- 71 o in CO 00 t- Ci <0 (^ fft M CI CI "5 CO CO CO o o o in CO CO CO o o in CO t- Ti m o ., , ., ^ ^ 00 00 00 00 X in CO 00 oo CI CO in in i '^ m in X ID in in CD r- X m o -^ fN Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 843 o o o rs fTj -a -c "O, -a -^ Cj OS Oi CD Ol C- (N CO r- 03 O CN » CO m - -^- M" irs 00 Oi 00 00- (D o p: pi -r 00 aj in .n pf d Pi CO m CO CO ■^ o ^ E*"'"' >Tc'iJfc1 •!-> ^ 03 o r* in t- o in hi r^ vf ni .n .d CO o iH «' ^ ts CM (M CO CO n CO' J, <-l m J^ ^ m _ uu Hi t"J a. O) UU Uj r>t fM ^ ,K fH (M r- r- 13 ift cc w c: t"_t-Ht-l>QO^»-' O 'n eooeooiOD.poOT LO - « (M QC o - a>' t- o ' CO r-> p> 01 t~ to OJ ■^ w" LO o' o «? to' «■ ts CO 00 CI CO Tf in w -J- J^ -H in o o o Ci I- (N M Ol to M ^ O — f- to in o '9' 00 L': m m in to in m m _ !c f- to in CO a o _ 13 -V Cl Ct t- r- 00 r- ^t JO I-p 00 OS O. r-l « CO'-* ,^ \'x 'k ^ ^'^ '=> '^ ^ '^ OJ CO CO 00 00 00 00 CD 10 00 844 Public Libraries in the United States. MARYLAND IJ^STITUTE POK THE PROJTOTIOX OF THE tMEOHi^JlC! ARTS. This is a name that has been applied to two dififerent associations which bave existed in this city. The earlier was primarily due, to the exertions of John H. B. Latrobe, Fielding Lucas, jr., and others^ who called a meeting in 1825. This society was incorporated in 1826, and continued with great success until Pebruary, 1835;, when the buiilding occupied by the Institute, called the AthensE'.im, and situated on the southwest corner of St. Paul and Lexington streets, was burned, >and the entire property of the old Maryland Institute was destroyed. In November, 1847, a call was issued, signed by Banjamin S. Benson, and 09 others, for a meeting of all persons favorable to forming a Me- chanics' Institute. At this meeting, which was held Djcembsr 1, 1847, John H. B. Latrobe delivered an address explanatory of the purposes of the meeting. Eighty uames were then enrolled and a committee ap- l>ointed to draught a form of constitution. The committee made a report on the 22d of the same month, and the constitution submitted was unanimously adopted. The first election of officers took place the 12th of January, 1848, and the 19th of the same month the board met and organized. Its first exhibition was held in Washington Hall in October, 1848, and met with great success, as did those of the two following years held in the same place. After the first year of the formation of the in- stitute, the managers made great efforts to procure a site for a building: adapted to their various wants. The enterprise of constrnctiag the: building on the site of the Upper Centre Market owes much to the energy of Benjamin S. Benson, to the citizens of Baltimore, (who, having at heart the success of the institute subscribed liberally to Stock in the hall,) and to the mayor and city council of Baltimore, which latter assented to the use of the site, and appropriated $13,0JJ for the enter- prise. The objects of the institute made it necessary to form a library, and by donations and purchases the nucleus of the present library was formed. When the institute moved from the old post-office building into the new one in 1831, the library, which then numbered about2j5D0 volumes, was placed in the third story, but the inconveniences which attended so elevated a position necessitated its removal to its present location. At this time it was kept open from 4 to 6 aud from 7 to 9 p. m., and the report states that there were 593 readers whp used the library. The library was and is now supported almost entirely by subscriptions. The price at first was $2 initiation fee, and $3 per annum for senior mem- bers, and one-half of these sums for junior members; the latter class ulti- mately including women. At present the fees are §5 per annum for senior and $3 for junior members. In January, 1853, the number of volumes had increased to 3,600; and in 1856 there were 5,245, divided as follows : Science, art, inechanics, Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. '845 and ,\irocks pfj reference, ^70; hi^'and public documents, 1,800 ; and mis- cellaneous books available for circulation, 2,875. The readers num- beredabout lyOOO ; and the'number of volaines circulated during the year was about 20;00i). In 1857, the late Wj Prescott Smith became chairman of the library oomjnittee, and under his direction efforts were made to increase the librarj^ Subscriptions of money and contributions of books were solicited. The result was that a cash fund of $5,000 was Kiiised, and l,50t) volumes and 650 pamphlets contributed! The number of volumes had increased at the end of this year to 10,759. There are at present about 17,000 volumes and 1,600 I'eaders, with a weekly aver- age issue of 830 books. Tire relative numbers of books read may -be stated as follows : Fiction, a ; history and biography, ■jL ; science and art, j'^ ; and the remainder miscellaneous. The library is now open in summer from 9 a. m. to'8 p.'m!, and in win- ter from 9 a. m. to 9 p. m. Members and their families have the privi- lege of drawing one book at a time, and can keep the same two weeks. The members are entitled, on payment of the fees, to the privileges of the exhibitions and lectures, and by the payment of the small additional fees toany of the schools of the institute. The library has a full set of United States patents, and a very small bibliographical collection. It is not subject to taxation, having been exempted from it by its act of incor- poration. The librarian is chosen by the board of managers, and is responsible to-the library committee. The catalogue, which was printed many years ago, is alphabetical by subjects. Exhibitions. — In 1851 the first exhibition was held in the present hall. John P. Kennedy delivered the opening address. The exhibition was very successful. It was Visited by the President of the United States, his Cabinet, and other distinguished persons. These annual exhibi- tions continued to be successful for several years, and were largely de- pended -upon as a source of revenue from which to support the othen departments, but of late years the public interest in them has been on the wane, and the receipts have come short of the expenditure. Lectures. — Each winter since the inauguration of the institute a course of lectures has been provided for the membership, which has embraced some of the most eminent names in the professional and scientific world. This has always been one of the most attractive inducements to member- ship, and the large crowds which have invariably attended attest the interfest of members. In I852,ln honor of a liberal donation from Hon. Thomas Swann. it was resolved to establish a Swann professorship of chemistry. This was placed in , charge of Campbell Morflt, who resigned before anything practical could be accomplished. Dr. Snowden Piggott was then ap- pointedj who formed a class of 63 studentSj to whom thirty-six lectures were delivered, the price for the course beihg $1. Dr. Piggott resigned, and Prof. Lewis H. Steiner was appointed to the chair. The course of scholastic lectures was abandoned for some unknown reason, and a 846 Public Libraries in the United States. popular course substituted. Dr. E. A. Aikin was the next incumbeut. Nothing new occurred under his regime. Prof. Hi^rry Whifct', on the retirement of Dr. Aikin, ^vas next appointed, and inaugurated a school of practical analytical chemistry. The department is n,ow in chg,rge'of Prof. William P. Toney, under whose care it is making considerable progress. The terms are $15 per quarter. Boole Jceeping. — A class in book-keeping and penmanship was estab- lished in 1856, which at first was quite successful, but afterward fell into a very languishing condition. It is at present, however, very flourish, ing. The school is in charge of Prof. James E. Webster, and there are 130 pupils. Terms, $5 for a session of four months. SCHOOL OF DESIGN. This school was first opened in the present building in I83I, wjth William Minifie as principal. There were 332 pupils. The school was originally intended for the junior members of the institute, who were admitted free. But it was ascertained that a great many of them came out of idle curiosity, and were incliued to devote their time to mischief rather than to study. This was shown by the fact thatat tb^e beginning of the session of 1852 there were 1,100 applicants for seats. T^he vf hole resources of the building were taxed to accommodate them, but they fell off in their attendance so rapidly that at the end of the session there were only 300. In order to furnish better facilities for those whp, really attended for study, it was determined to make the small charge of $1.50 in addition to that for membership. This ha,d the desired effect, and the next year there were 254 pupils. In 1856 a day school was established for women and girls. Thcpe were at first 63 pupils, and it has been very successful ever since. Many of the graduates are earning good salaries by the practice of the art they learned here. In 1857 the first Peabody premiums were distributed, amounting to $500, which sum INIr. Peabody made arrangements to cpn- tiuue annually. The number of pupils at present is 450 in the niglxt school, and 75 in the day school. A class for instruction in modeling in clay has recently been formed, and promises to develop much talent. This school has educated many trained artisans belonging to the poorer classes of society, and therefore justly claims to be an important fac- tor iu social reform. Its graduates occupy honored and lucrative posi- tions as engineers, architects, artists, etc., in this country and in Europe. In addition to the principal, there are eleven assistants. The expense of the school, after deducting the receipts for tuition, is about $1,500 yearly. Membership of the Institute. — In 1851, there were 632 members; in 1852, there were 1,762; and the membership at present is about 2,500 Two-thirds of this number are junior members. PuhUc Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 847 , , , , I , THE L1(BRAEY COMPANY OF BALTIMOKB. lu Deceiiilior, 1795, some gentlemen of Baltimore Town became im- liressed with a sense of the benefits of a public librarj', and drew up a l)kiu for one which they submitted to several citizens. It was proposed to make a stock company, and provided that every person regularly ad- mitfed to membership should be entitled to one $20 share. Every regu- hir member was required to contribute $4 per annum for each share he possessfeii. The books and effectfs of the company constituted the joint property, and any member was at liberty to transfer his share with the restriction that, except in case of will or desceht, the name of the person iu whose favor the transfer was made should be approved by the board of directors. No person was allowed to subscribe for more than one share, or acquire others save by inheritance; he was still entitled to but one vote. In a very few days 59 persons subscribed, and a meeting was called December, 1795, cf which Eight Eev. Dr. John Carroll was chairman. The library was opened to the members October, 1798, at the house of Mr. Williams, on Lemon street, and the company was incorporated by act of the legislature' dated January 20, 1797. In this way was estab- lished the first public library of Baltimore. In 1800, it numbered about 1,000 volumes, gradually increasing until it formed a fine collection of the best works of the day and age, which, in the year 1855, was merged and is still preserved in the collection of the Maryland His- torical Society. Later there was a provision made in the constitution for those who did not wish to become stockholders by which they could enjoy the privileges of the library h^ the payment of $3.50 for six months or $6 for a j'ear. Through the co-operation of this company with the Historical Society and the Mercantile Library Association, the Atheu ileum building was built and paid for. This edifice was dedicated October 23, 1848, and accommodates the three above named libraries, the two former now included in the Historical Society. The Library Company a:dopted the circulating library plan. It contained at the time of its transfer to the Historical Society about 8,000 volumes, not including pamphlets or manuscripts, of which there were but few. The last printed catalogue w'as issued in 1809, and there is now only a manu- script catalogue, arranged alphabetically according to authors. MARYLAND HISTOKICAL SOCIETY. , ,In January, 1844, eighteen or twenty gentlemen met in a room of the old post-ofiQce building to organize a society for collecting the scattered piaterials of the early history of Maryland, and for collateral objects, live organization was completed at the first meeting, and a constitution and bylaws adopted. At the next meeting John Spear Smith was 818 Public Libraries in the United States. eleutetl president, John Yaw Lsar McMahoa, (the historij,ii of Mary- land,) vice-president, and Stephen Collins, librarian. The establislimeut of this soaiety gave a stiraiiliis to literary taste in Baltimore which induced nearly all the gentlemen in professional and mercantile life noted for cultivation to become members. In tlie spring of 18i8 the society moved into the Athenteinn building, which is held for it in perpetuity by trustees, under a charter granted by the legisla- ture of Maryland, December, 1345. The old Baltimore Library Com- pany and the Mercantile Library Association united with the Historical Society in soliciting subscriptions from the public for the building, and at its dedication, October 23, ISiS, it was all paid for. When the Bal- timore Library Company became unable to sustain itself, in the year 1855, its collection of books and its interest in the Atheuteum build- ing were conveyed to the Historical Society, with the understanding that the rights and privileges of the society were to be extended to the members of the Baltimore Company. The collections in all depart- ments had rapidly increased in number and value. After removing to this building, the fine arts department was added, and a large gallery built for the accommodation of pictures, and yearly exhibition of snch meritorious works as might be obtained from artists and collectors. With the profits of these exhibitions a number of copies of masterpieces of the Italian school were purchased. In 1807 Mr. Peabody made the society a gift of $20,000. The library contains nearly 15,000 volumes of select books, 146 volumes of pamphlets arranged in classes and 700 not yet arranged, a great num- ber of manuscripts, one of the most complete sets of United States documents in existence, and by far the largest collection of Maryland newspa'pers anywhere to be found.. The library was originally a circulating, but has gradually become a reference library, and since the transfer of the Baltimore Library Com- pany has been opened to the public from 10 a. m. to 2 p. m., the members only being allowed to draw books. Not more than 50 books a year are withdrawn. There are about 200 members, and the annual subscription fee is Sj The average yearly number who use the library is about 1,000. The collection includes a set of United States patents, a very small biblio- gra])hical collection, and a manuscript catalogue»arranged alphabetically according to authors. It was exempted from taxation by the act of in- corporation. The library owns the building it occupies, employs one librarian, and the total cost of administration is $1,500 per year. GENERAL SOCIETY FOR AID OF MECHANICS, (ALLaEJIBINER UNTBR- STtJTZUNGS-VEREIN FUR KRANKE ARBBITER.) This society was formed in 1851, and the library received its first im- petus about this time from a gift of a few hundred volumes by a society PubUd Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 849 of the same kiud whicli had recently been disbanded. It now contains about 3,000 volumes of German literature and standard works. Tlie society consists of 1.000 members, who each pay twenty cents per year toward the support of the library. The circulation is from 10,000 to 12,000' volumes a year. MARYLAND STATE NORMAL SCHOOL LIBRARY. This library was begun with the school itself in 1865, and, although there are at present bat 1,700 volumes, every book has been so judi- . ciously, selected that teachers and pupils find on its shelves almost every book of reference they need. The library is especially rich in works on English literature and science. MARYLAND ACADEMY OP SCIENCES. Formed in 1863, the academy was incorporated in 1867, Philip T. Tyson being chosen first president. Tti^e library, based on a collection left by Evan T, EUicott, numbers oyer 600 volumes. It is kept in the hall of the Academy of Sciences and used by the, members for reference. There is no regular appropriation for increase. The present librarian is Mr. A. M.. Smith. LIBRARY 'COMPANY OP THE BALTIMORE BAR. This library was formed in 1840 and incorporated in 1841. Judge George W. Brown, of the city court, was its originator. The library is supported by the subscriptions of itg, members. It is intended for the exclusive use of members of the Baltimore bar, a-nd books cannot be taken from the library room except for use in court, and then only by members or a judge of some court sitting in Baltimore. When the constitution was first adopted, it was signed by 66 of the most prominent members of the Baltimore bar, and at present there are 280 members. , The library numbers 7,000 volumes, exclusive of pamphlets; the ' yearly increase is jabout 100 volumes. The leading law periodicals of this country and Europe may be found in the reading room. Orig- inally there, was an admission fee of $20, and a yearly subscription fee •of, $10. At present the only charge is a subscription fee of $15. : There is a printeid catalogue of the library published in 1860, arranged alphabetically according to authors. , The chief librarian is Mr. Daniel T. Chandler. LIBRARY OP THE INDEPENDENT ORDER OP ODD PELLOWS. The project of establishing a library in connection with the order was first suggested by James L. Eidgely in lii36. In February, 1840, a cooimittee was appointed to visit each lodge and ascertain what it would give in money or books. In December of that year enough ma- 54 E 850 Public Libraries in the United States. terial having been collected to establish the library on a permanent basis, a standing committee was organized by the election of permanent officers and the adoption of by laws and rules. Two librarians for each week, who gave their time without compensation, were elected from the committee. Gifts of books and money were made by lodges and mem- bers and by many prominent citizens who had no connection with the order. The library also derived assistauce from public lectures, con- certs, etc., and in March, 1846, it. was decided to secure a iiermaneut revenue by taxing each member 25 cents a year. The books are very systematically arranged and thoroughly classified. The number of vol- umes in English is 10,835, and in German 9,000. The number taken out during the year is 15,753 — a weekly average of 302 volumes. BALTIMORE NORMAL SCHOOL (COLORED.) The library of this school was founded. when the school was built in 1864, and was the result of contributions by citizens of Baltimore and other places. It consists of 1,000 volumes, comprising standard works, books of reference, juvenile literature, and English prose fiction. The pupils of the school have free use of the library, and are allowed to take out one book at a time, and to keep it one week. The additions to the library are through private contributions. LIBRARY AT THE FRIENDS' ELEMENTARY A>ID HIGH SCHOOL. This library belongs to the Friends' Literary Association, which meets every week in the lecture room of the school. Though the asso- ciation is an old one and had a number of books previous to the for- mation of the library, the latter was not founded until 1843. The object of the society is to furnish suitable reading for the members of the con- gregation, but of late years its privileges have been extended to the pupils of the elementary and high school. There are 2,800 volumes, to which the pupils have access on the pay- ment of a small sum. A catalogue of the library was printed in 1849. Mi". E. M. Lamb, principal of the school, is the librarian. CITY LIBRARY. By an ordinance passed 1874, it was enacted that hereafter a city librarian should be appointed. The librarian is to take under his charge and keeping all the books and documents of every description, and the archives, records, papers, and proceedings of the corporation, except those relating to titles of city property ; also all ordinances, res- olutions, and proceedings of the city council, etc. ; also, all books, papers, and memorials relating to Baltimore from its origin to the present time. These books are for the use of the city officers, and can- not be taken out except by them. The library now numbers about five thousand volumes, among which are many very old iiud valuable books. Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 851 OTHER COLLECITIONS. The following list embraces th^e other public or semi-public libraries of Baltimore and vicinity which contain each 1,000 volumes or more. Further statistics of these and of minor collections of similar character may be found in the general table at the end of the volume. — Editors. Archiepiscopal Library , 10,000 Baltimore Academy of the Visitation 4, 178 Baltimore College of Dental Snrgery 1,000 Baltimore Female College 3, 875 Concordia Library • 3, 500 German-American Institute 2, 000 House of Eefage 1,800 Loyola College 21,500 Public School Library ..., 1,200 St. Joseph's Academy 1,000 St. Mary's Theological Seminary of St. Sulpice 15,000 Social Democratic Turners' Union 1,370 Young Men's Christian Association 1, 600 Zion School 1,209 II.— PUBLIC LIBEAEIES OF BOSTON AND VIGINITY.i BY F. B. PBKKISTS, Of the Boston Public library. This series of memoranda embodies such facts as circumstances per- mitted the compiler to gather. Where the different accounts were drawn up by the persons applied to for them, they are placed under the names of such persons. In other cases, such documents or data as were furnished or indicated, or such as could be found, have been used to the best advantage practicable. A few dates in chronological order, as follows, may be convenient. FOUNDATION DATES OF PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN BOSTON. Massachusetts Historical Society l^Sl Boston Library ^'^^^ Social Law Library April 23, 1804 Boston AthenjEum October 23, 1807 Mercantile Library -,- March 11, 1820 State Library 1^26 Boston Society of Natural History r 1*^31 New England Historic-Crenealogical Society • 1845 Eoxbury Athenseum - 1^^*^ , Boston Public Library, (accepting vote of city) April 3, 1848 Congregational Library ■'^'^5' 25, 1853 Odd Fellows' Library - - 1854 General Theological Library April, 1860 Boston and Albany Railroad Library 1869 Boston Deaf-Mute' Library J"Iy. 1872 'Sketches of Harvard College Library will be found on pp. 21-26 and 78-89.— Editors. 852 ruhlic Libraries in the United States. The above order is followed in the arrangement of the accounts of these libraries, and those for which dates of origin were not at hand are placed subsequently. MASSACHUSETTS HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The society was founded in 1791 by a few gentlemen interested in American history, and was incorporated in 1794. The beginning of the library goes back to the foundation of the society. One of its objects, as set forth in the first line of the constitution, was "the preservation of books, pamphlets, manuscripts, and records containing historical facts." Active membership was limited to residents of the State and to the number of thirty, though, at the time of its incorporation, this number was increased to sixty. It has since been extended to one hun- dred. Among the causes that led to its establishment were the dan- gers that continually threatened the few libraries of the last century. In the introductory address to the public, reference is made to the court-house that was burned in Boston in 1747, when some of the public records were destroyed, and to the coUej-e library of Cambridge that shared the same fate in 1764, when large numbers of valuable books and manuscripts were also destroNcd. The address cited the instance of Governor Hutchinson's house, plundered by an enraged mob in 1765, when many of his books and papers were scattered and lost. Great stress was laid on the risks that were continually run from fire and other causes., The present extent of the library is about 23,000 volumes and 45,000 pamphlets. The Dowse collection, which was given to the society by the late Thomas Dowse in 1856, is included among the books. Tliis collection comprises nearly 5,000 volumes, beautifully bound and in the best possible preservation. It contains many of the choicest works of English literature. A catalogue of it was printed in 1856; and, a few years later, one of the general library was published, in two volumes. The books generally are of a historical character. A specialty is made of local histories and works relating to the civil war. The circulation of books, which is restricted to members, is small; but the use of the library as otie of reference is large. Frequently persons come a long distance to consult works which are on the shelves, and not easily found elsewhere. The management of the society lies with a council, consist- ing of the dfiftcers, ex offlciis, and a standing committee of five members, of whom two go out of office each year. A librarian and assistant, besides a janitor, are employed. THE BOSTON LIBRAEY. This library, a proprietary one, sometimes confounded with the Bos- ton Public Libraiy, was ^rst established by an association of gentle- men, who were, in 1794, incorporated by act of the legislature. It is now Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 853 owned by ninety- three shareholders, besides whom a few persons use it, paying $5 a year. It is managed by a board of trustees, a secretary and treasurer, together with a librarian and one assistant. It contains 25,000 volumes; its annual increase is small, being only about 500 vol- umes a year ; its contents are mainly for popular reading, and its circu- lation during the year 1874 was 6,118 volumes. Its catalogue is in mau- uscript only, but is suflScient for the present needs of the library. SOOIiL LAW LIBRARY. BY FRANCIS WALES VAUGHfT, Librariam.. This is a library of law books for professional use. The first meeting held by the proprietors in order to organize as a corporation took place April 23, 1804, the call for the meeting being signed by TheophiluS Par- sons, Daniel Davis, John Phillips, Wm. Sullivan, Charles Jackson, and Warren Dutton. An act of incorporation was obtained from the State in 1814. The books were at first kept in the ofiQce of one or another member of the bar, who acted as librarian. Subsequently they were placed in a closet of the grand jury room in the court-house; then the library grew tb occupy the whole of this room ; and when the present court house was built a room was set apart for it, in which it has since remained. Its growth is in some measure indicated by the number of volumes at different periods, viz: 1,473 in 1824; 4,077 in 1849; 8,269 in 1865 ; and about 13,000 in 1875. Many valuable bogks have been given to the library, especially by Hon. Charles Jackson, Hon. Theron Met- calf, and Hon. Richard Fletcher. Its corporate name is The Proprie- tors of the Social Law Library, and it is managed by a board consist- ing of a president, seven trustees, a treasurer, and a clerk. This board appoints a librarian and controls the affairs of the library. The propri- etors at large are such persons as were originally incorporated, and Gibers who may be admitted by the president and trustees as such, paying for a share not less than $50. Annual subscribers may also be admitted by the board. The proprietors pay $5 a year assessment ; other persons admitted to use the library pay $8. All moneys re- ceived by way of tax or excise from persons admitted to practice as at- torneys in the Boston court of common pleas are to be paid over to the library treasurer for its use. The State furnishes the library with its pubhc documents. The governor, lieutenant governor, members of council, and members of the legislature during session, various United States, State, and county judges, and other legal oflBcers, may use the library gratis, and so may lawyers whose practice is usually in the other counties of the State. 854 Public Lihra/ries in the United States. THE BOSTON ATHENiBUM, BY CHARLES A. CUTTER, Li rariam. Mr. Quincy, the historian of the Bostoa Athenaeum, (from whose work almost the whole of this short memoraadum is derived,) dates its first suggestion on October 23, 1805, when the members of the Anthology Society voted " that a library of periodical publications be instituted for the use of the society." In the following May it was decided to make this library, which had meanwhile increased encouragingly, the basis of a public reading room ; and such a reading room was accordingly opened. Not long afterward arrangements were made to permit the incorporation of the institution. On January 1, 1807, the4;rustees (The- ophilus Parsons, John Davis, John Powell, William Emerson, J. T. Kirkland, P. Thacher, A. M. Walter, W. S. Shaw, R. H. Gardiner, J. S. Buckminster, O. Rich) issued an announcement that the rooms were opened for use, in Joy's buildings, Congress street. The name used in this paper was Anthology Beading Room and Library. In February of the same year the trustees were incorporated as the Proprietors of the Boston Athenaeum, and as such they organized April 7, 1807, It is characteristic of what has always been and is stiUthe purpose of the Athenaeum, that in a " Memoir" of the Athenaeum which was cir- culated in order to obtain subscription at this time, the reading room was described as being " thej^rst depaitment " of the Athenaeum, and the library as " the next branch." As was the case with many of our ibraries dating from the first half of the century, several collateral de- partments were added to the design ; in this instance a museum or cab- inet of natural objects, curiosities, antiques, coins, etc. ; a " repository of art," both industrial and aesthetic ; and a laboratory and observatory- The premises first occupied by the Athenaeum were in Scollay's build- ings, between Tremont and Court streets. In 1809 the trustees bought a house in Tremont street, to which the collections were removed and the rooms opened for use in July of that year. In 1809, a catalogue, prepared by Rev. Joseph McKean, was printed, but not published, in- terleaved copies being used in the library for nearly twenty years. When John Quincy Adams went as minister to Russia he deposited his own library in the Athenaeum for this use of the proprietors, thus nearly doubling the size of the collection for the time, as his books were about 5,450 in number, and those of the library about 5,750. In 1814 the library itself had increased to 8,209 volumes. In April, 1817, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences deposited its books with the Athenaeum, under the terms of an agreement between the two corpora- tions providing for the proper separate accommodation and joint use of the collections. In 1820 the number of books had increased to 12,647, and the whole number available for the use of the proprietors and subscribers was nearly 20,000, In 1822 Mr. James Perkins, who Ptiblic Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 855 had been one of the trustees and vice-president of the Athenseura, gave it his own dwelling house and land in Pearl street, worth then not less than $20,000 ; and in June of that year the collections of the institution were removed to its own newly acquired building. This gift is prop- erly described by Mr. Qaincy as " timely, munificent, and decisive in stamping it [the Athenseum] with the character of a permanent public institution." In the summer of 1823 two other collections of books were deposited in the Athenteum on terms somewhat similar to those in the case of the Academy of Arts and Sciences, namely, the Library of King's Chapel and the theological library belonging to the Boston Association of Min- isters. In January, 182.4, the Athenaeum Library consisted of 14,820 books. In 1826 Mr. Thomas H. Perkins and Mr. James Perkins, the brother and son of Mr. James Perkins already mentioned, each offered the Athenaeum $8,000 conditioned on the gift of an equal amount by other citizens. This was raised, and the money was used in building a lecture room, and in enlarging the collections of the library. During this year the books of the Boston Medical Library, more than 2,000 in number, were added to the Athenaeum Library; and the Boston Scientific Asso- ciation, uniting with the Athenaeum, handed over to it a fund of over $3,000, which, with other sums raised for the purpose, afforded the means of placing its scientific department on a very creditable footing. Id November of that year a curious agreement was made between the Athenaeum and the Rev. J. B. Pelt, administrator of the estate of Mr. W. S. Shaw, long the librarian of the Athenaeum. Mr. Shaw had for many years been in the habit of buying books, coins, and other prop-, erty in such a way that it was impossible to tell whether it was done with his own money or with that of the Athenaeum. Though a shrewd, zealous, and successful collector, and thoroughly devoted to the Athe- naeum, he was far from being a careful accountant, and so thoroughly mixed up were the two properties at his death that Mr. Pelt, as admin- istrator, and the Athenaeum executed a formal release to each other; Mr. Pelt thus generously surrendering not only a large number of valuable books, pamphlets, coins, and other articles whose precise ownership might have been doubtful, but a considerable number to which he might easily have proved a claim. At the beginning of 1828 the number of volumes in the library was 21,945 ; and besides the use of the books on its own premises, their circulation among the proprietors, first permitted in the year 1827, amounted during 1829 to 4,000 volumes. From this time forward the history of the Athenaeum has been little more than a quiet and steady progress in extent and usefulness. In 1839 it began to be evident that the Pearl street neighborhood was be- coming too exclusively a business one to be proper for the best success of the Athenaeum, and after various difSculties and negotiations a site 856 Puhlic Libraries in the United States. in Beacon street was obtained, the present edifice erected, (costing abont $200,000,) tbe library Rnd other collections removed to it and opened for use in the year 1849. The extent of the library is now about 105,000 volumes, and its ex- ecutive staff numbers about twelve persons. Its increase during 1875 was 3,729 volumes, and the extent of its use is estimated at 33,000 volumes a year. Its use is confined to those owning shares or admitted under various agreements, or by votes of the trustees, so that it is. strictly a proprietary library. It is, however,.conducted in a liberal man- ner, and with courtesy to all applicants. The real estate, library, and fine art collections of the Athenasum are now estimated to be worth about $400,000, and its 'other property, the income of which is used for the current expenses, at about $250,000. MERCANTILE LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. BY L. ANNIE BALDWIN, ActiTlg Librarian. This libraiy, the iirst of its class in the United States, was established in pursuance of a vote taken by a large assembly of merchants' clerks, at the Commercial Colfee-House, March 11, 1820. The idea of calling this meeting was first suggested to the leaders in the enterprise by the acknowledged father of mercantile libraries, William Wood, of Oanan- daigua, N. Y. At the end of its first year the library contained 1,100 books, and the association numbered 220 members, besides many eminent and influ- ential citizens as honorary members. During the next three years,, the novelty of the enterprise having worn off', it barely maintained itself. In 1824 new books could only be bought by selling the library copy of Eees's Cyclopsedia to raise the money, and the association was- only kept in existence by the constant personal exertions of the Officers,, who even did the janitor's work. In 1826 a special effort secured the means of paying current expenses ; but in 1829 the number of mem- bers fell to 81, and a dissolution was feared. Up to 1831 the library was in Merchants' Hall, corner of Congress and Water streets. In that year it was removed to 93 Washington street, third floor. In 1832 came another low-water period; in 1833 cheaper rooms were taken at 53 Washington street, where, in that year, the num- ber of members fell to 60. In 1834 only $20 were laid out for books, and an actual deficit was feared. During 1835, however, there was a healthy reaction ; the beginning of a permanent fund was gathered, the number of members was increased to 290^ the current expenses paid (with a sur- plus) from the assessment alone, an elocution class opened, and 320 vol- umes added to the library. In June, 1836, the collection of curiosities belonging to the association was burned, together with a number of paintings, and the same fire damaged many of their books. A little afterward the association re- Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 857 moved to Harding's Building, in School street, where it remained for five years. During this time literary exercises were made part of the regular work of the association, including debate, composition, and declamation. In 1838 was delivered the first course of lectures in be- half of the association, by Mr. J. Silk Buckingham. This course of lec- tures added many new members to the association. In 1843 courses of public lectures became part of the regular work of tlie association, and for a long time were a steady source of prosperity and income. Mr, BlUot G. Oowdin, according to Mr. Charles H. Prothingham,' was the originator of this plan. • In 1844 Messrs. William Sturgis, Abbott Lawrence, and eight other gentlemen of similar standing, gave $1,000 to the library for standard books, and Daniel Webster shortly afterward gave $500 more. In 1845 the association was incorporated, with power to hold not more than $50,000 worth of property, and soon afterward $8,000 were promised by eight eminent merchants toward a building fund. In 1848 there was another removal, to the corner of Brom field and Province streets, and another in 1850, to Summer street. The reserved fund of the associa- tion was increased during this year by several gifts, one of $2,000 being- a bequest from Mr. John E. Thayer. From this time the history of the association has been marked by some vicissitudes, but has been, on the whole, encouraging. The establishment of the Public Library is not believed to have seriously injured the prospects or usefulness of the Mercantile Library, whose purposes and advantages are such as not ta be interfered with by those of the larger, though younger, institution. The library is now lodged at 1179 Washington street. It contains about 21,500 volumes, and is accessible to all at $2 a year. Life member- ships may be secured by one payment of $50. The institution is man- aged, like others of its class, by a board of directors. Its executive staff consists of an acting librarian, a lady, and one assistant for evening service. STATE LIBRARY OF MASSACHUSETTS. BY S. C. JACKSON, lAbrarian. On February 16, 1811, a resolve was passed by the legislature of Massachusetts to provide for exchanging sets of the statutes of the State for those of all the other States. This arrangement was at once successful, and an official history of the library, published in 1858, says : "It led to that system of exchange which now exists between each indi- vidual State and every other State in the Union. It led to the formation of a legislative library in this State, and, sooner or later, in all the other States." 'Mr. Frothiughara delivered an historical address at the semi-oeateanial celebration of the aesociation, March 11, 1870, from which nearly all the facts in the present out- line sketch are taken. 858 Public Libraries in the United States. The suggestion of a State library proper, iti natural consequence of the rapid accumulation of the books receiv^ed by this eKchange system, ' followed in 1826, when an act was passed "for establishing a library of the general court, and providing for its safe keeping and management." This act provided that the books and maps which were to form the library were to be placed in the land office and in charge of the land agent. A legislative joint standing committee was to be appointed every year to have charge, buy books, and make negotiations; and $300 a year for ten years were voted "to procure such books, maps and charts, works of science and the arts, as may tend to illustrate the resources and means of internal improvement of the commonwealth or of the United States." This act was repeated in 1836, the appropriation being made annual without limit, but not increased. June 7, 1826, the library was reported ready for the use of the general court. In 1827 an effort was made to complete the sets of State laws, and was successful in most instances. In 1844, on a suggestion from the legislative librarian of South Caro- lina, the exchange system was applied to reports of judicial decisions; but preceding reports have had to be bought. In 1853 exchanges of public documents of all kinds were permitted at the discretion of the trus- tees of the library. In 1843 M. Vattemare's system of internatiooal ex- change was adopted by law and was continued for eleven years. One thousand two hundred and fifty-two volumes, many of them valuable, were obtained by it ; but the attendant cost, amounting to more than ^5,000, besides considerable sums for binding, has made the books pretty expensive, and in 1835 the system was discontinued by resolve. The original method of managing the library by yearly committees was dropped in 1850, and three trustees, to be appointed for three years by the governor and council, were substituted. In 1849 the library, then containing 7,346 volumes, was transferred to the office and charge of the secretary of the board of education. John W. Coffin, land agent, who had acted as librarian for twenty-three years, was succeeded by Dr. Barnas Sears, secretary, who remained in charge for six years, when he was succeeded by Joseph White, the present official librarian. After various changes, fireproof premises were provided for the library in 1855-'56, in an addition to the State house, built and fitted up for the purpose. The trifling annual grant of $300 was continued for thirty years, down to 1856, although $2,050 were at different times added for special purposes. In May, 1857, the annual grant was made $2,000. The library contains about 37,000 volumes, and increases by about 1,200 volumes a year, mostly by exchange. It consists almost entirely of United States, State, and territorial statutes, legislative documents, law reports, and political economy, social science, education, and scientific works. Great care is required and exercised to maintain complete the different sets of public documents. Among the works in the library, other than its chief material as Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities, 859 above, are sets of the general statutes and local and personal acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, and the French Archives parlemen- taires. There is a set of the large edition of Audubon's Ornithology and a number of costly and valuable illustrated books of various kinds among those procured through M. Vattemare. The library staff consists of one librarian and three assistants. The library is extensively used for consultation, but of the number of volumes consulted annually no record is kept, Only books removed from the premises are noted in the " charge book." The following rules and regulations show distinctly who use the library, and for what and how: RULES AND REGULATIONS. The library is open during the session of the legislature each day, without intermis- sion, from 9 a. m. to 5 p. m., excepting Saturday p. m., when it is closed at 1 o'clock for sweeping, dusting, etc. All persons may use the library for consultation or reference. Members of the legislature may enter any alcove, and consult or peruse any book at their pleasure. Members may take any of the miscellaneous books to their lodgings, and retain them for a reasonable time. The statutes, law reports, state papers, journals, dictionaries, encyclopaedias, etc , may be taken to any part of the State house, but are not to be removed from it, except in special cases. Any member wishing to have access to any or all parts of the library, can be fur- nished with a key which will open every alcove, on application to one of the assist ants, the key to be returned before leaving the library room. Members taking books from the shelves are requested to be particularly careful to return tbem to their pi:oper places, or to leave them on the tables, to be replaced' by the attendants. No book is to be taken. by a member from the library room without its being charged to him. Books used at a hearing before a committee are to be charged to some member of the committee, or of the legislature, and not to the counsel or parties in the case pending. Any member having special occasion to use the library in the evening, or at any hour after it is closed, can have access to it through one of the watchmen in charge of the building. BOSTON ^SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTOKY. This collection contains about 10,000 books and 3,500 pamphlets, and its increase during 1874 numbered 1,397 volumes. It consists wholly of works on natural history, and was established in 1831 by the early members of the society. It is managed, under the direction of the coaucil of- the society, by a librarian and two assistants. The extent of its circulation during the last year was 835 books, taken by 109 persons, and its use is confined to members of the society and to others who may receive permission. 860 Public Libraries in the United States. NEW ENGLAND HISTORIC GENEALOGICAL SOCIETY. BY JOHN WARD DEAN, lAhrarian. Tbe library of the society is mainly one of ISTew England history, biography, and genealogy, and dates back nearly to the origin of the society in the autumn of 1844. During the first three years of the exist- ence of the society circulars were annually sent to its members, stating what material was especially desired for this library, and urging its collection. The responses were reniarkably general and liberal, and the result was the establishment of the present library, which is now accommodated in the society's fireproof building, 18 Somerset street, Boston. At the beginning of the year 1875 the library contained 12,337 bound volumes and 40,414 pamphlets, and is believed to comprise the best collection of local and family histories possessed by any institution of its class in the United States. It is constantly resorted to for study and consultation in its specialties, and steadily increases, mostly through the same liberality which has been its principal resource hitherto. Several small funds, given by friends of the society, are invested and their pro- ceeds used for library purposes. Such are the Bond fund, arising from the sale of an edition of Bond's History and Genealogies of Water- town, bequeathed by the author, Dr. Hecry Bond, of Philadelphia, in 1859 ; the Barstow fund of $1,000, given by John Barstow, esq., of Providence, in the year .1860-63 ; the Cushman genealogical fund, arising from the proceeds of an edition of the Oushman Genealogy, be- queathed to the society in 1863 by Hon. H. W. Oushman, of Bernardston. The actual cash proceeds of these funds, as reported in the treasurer's account, January 1, 1875, (not including the Oushman fund, from which no proceeds are reported,) were $1,585.01. This collection is, of course, absolutely indispensable in the work of this industrious and energetic society, which has with very small means accomplished much. The twenty-nine volumes of its quarterly, the New England Historical and Genealogical Register, are a well known and extensive encyclopaedia of New England genealogy and biography, and are alone a remarkable monument of persevering and successful learning and labor. Besides this, however, and the gathering of its library, the society has been influential in aiding or causing the publication of a number of works in its chosen department. In addition to its books and pamphlets, it contains a consider- able collection of relics and curiosities illustrative of New England his- tory, and some valuable manuscripts, prominent among which is the Knox collection, consisting of about 14,000 manuscripts, and including the military and other papers and the correspondence of our revolu- tionary leader, Major-General Knox. This collection was given by the general's descendant, Eear-Admiral Henry Knox Thatcher, himself a member of the society. The use of this library, though it is the property of the society, is lib- erally allowed to all proper persons who may request it. PUBLIC LIBKART Publie Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 863 KOXBUEY ATHEN-SIUM. BY SARAH E. PITTS, Idbrarian. The Athenaeum was founded in 184S by a number of gentlemen resid- ing in Eoxbury. The library now contains 8,700 volumes, and about the same number of unbound pamphlets. Two hundred and thirty volumes and 170 pamphlets were added during the year 1874, and 8,200 volumes were borrowed from the library, which is used by shareholders (par value of shares, $25) and by subscribers, who pay $4 a year. Bach per- son is entitled to three books at one time. The managing board con- sists of a president, vice-president, treasurer, and nine trustees. The librarian is the only person employed by them. The library cannot be considered in a very progressive condition at present, owing, in part, to the establishment of free libraries in this section of the city. A number of the proprietors have expressed a decided preference for the private library, liijing the retirement and the freedom from the strict rules which are necessary in the management of a large public library; but whether that number will be large enough to carry on the library pros- perously is at present undecided. BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY. The city of Boston, on April 3, 1848, accepted an act passed by the State legislature on March 12 preceding authorizing the city to estab- lish and maintain a public library. Some efforts were made, but in vain, to make the fine collections of the ^thensenin the basis of the proposed public library. During 1849 several gentlemen presented books to the city for such a library ; in 1850 Mayor John P. Bigelow gave $1,000, and Edward Everett gave his valuable collection of United States public documents and other works, numbering more than 1,000 volumes. May 24, 1852, the first board of trustees was organized, Mr. Everett, presi- dent. Several other sums were given for books; and, on October 1 of the same year, Mr. Joshua Bates, of London, in consequence of having read the preliminary report drawn by Mr. George Ticknor and Mr. Everett, offered $50,000 for the use. of the library, which gift was accepted and funded. On October 12 the city legislation respecting the library was begun by the passage of 'the first ordinance. The actual opening of the library to use first took place in Masou street, not far from the site of the present building, March 20, 1854, and on May 2 succeeding the library itself was open to readers and borrowers at the same place. Tlie corner-stone of the present edifice was laid September 17, 1855 ; in 1857 the eminent bibliographical scholar. Prof. 0. 0. Jewett, was made superintendent; January 1, 1858, the library building was dedi- cated, having cost, with the land, about $365,000. On September 17, 864 Public Libraries in. the United States. 1858, the reading room in the present building was opened for use, and December 20 tbe Lower Hall. A catalogue of the books in the Lower Hall was published at the same time. The collection thus offered to tbe public was somewhat more solid in average character than the present Lower Hall library, which has become the distinctively popular or light reading branch of the institution. The Upper Hall, with about 74,000 volumes, was opened for use in 1861, the first volume of its catalogue (or index) being ready at the time. The whole number of books in the library was now 97,386, and the series of splendid gifts to the favorite institution, so characteristic of the city of Boston, in money and books, had already become remark- ably large. Mr. Bates, besides his noble present of $50,000, afterward gave one of equal value in books, which formed part of the library in the Upper Hall when opened in 1861 ; and this hall, upon his death, in 1864, was named after him. Bates Hall. The sons of Dr. Bowditch, the famous mathematician, had presented their father's library of 2,550 volumes, besides manuscripts. Bev. Theodore Parker's great and learned collection of 11,061 volumes had been received under his will. Mr. George Ticknor had given more than 3,000 volumes, including a large number of Greek, Latin, and Italian classics. Besides these there had been added to the Bates fund a sum of $10,000 by the will of Bon. Abbott Lawrence, $4,000 by that of Miss Mary P. Townsend, and $20,000 by that of Hon. Jonathan Phillips, in addition to $10,000 already given by him. Similar additions continued from time to time to be made to the re- sources of the library, the next of importance being the very curious and valuable ancient Prince Library, bequeathed by its collector. Rev. Thomas Prince, in 1758, to the deacons of the Old South Church. "This collection had suffered many dilapidations in various ways, one of the worst being the unjustifiable procurement by three well known col- lectors of books, not very many years ago, of three copies of the Bay Psalm Book, worth then $300 or $400 each, and which would now be ■worth probably $1,000 apiece, in exchange for a few volumes and a little binding, to the total value of, perhaps, $40 or $50. The where- -abouts of these copies is still known, and it is to be hoped that they may some time be recovered. To bring down to date the account of the remarkable collection thus fused with the library, must be added a reference to the Ticknor and Barton collections. The first of these, of Spanish and Portuguese books, bequeathed by Mr. Ticknor and received after his death in 1871, contains nearly 4,000 volumes. With this Mr. Ticknor gave a fund of •$4,000, to be used for increasing it. The second is the very remarkable libraiy gathered by Thomas Pennant Barton, of New York, which includes the best Shaksperean collection in America, besides much ex- cellent standard English literature, and a fine department of early JFrench literature. I'DELIC LIBKAET — BATES HALL Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 867 Iq the year 1866 the old " ledger system " of recording loans of books was given up, and the " slip sy.^tein " substituted. In October the first of the library series of Bulletins, now issued quarterly, showing the most important accessions of the quarter, was published. The death of Mr. Jewett took place in the beginning of 1868, and he was succeeded by Mr. Winsor, the present superintendent. In Novem- ber, 1870, the first of the existing branches, or popular local suburban outposts of the library, was established at East Boston. Tliese branches are now six in number — at East Boston, South Boston, (dating from 1872.) Eoxbury, (1873,) Oharlestown, (1874,) Brighton, (1874,) and Dor- chester, (1875.) Into the Eoxbury, Oharlestown, Brighton, and Dor- chester branches have been gathered, or associated in some way, local libraries already existing or provided for. Such were at Eoxbury the. Fellowes Athenaeum ; at Oharlestown, the Public Library, already es- tablished there; at Brighton, the Holton Library ; and at Dorchester, a local circulating library established at the Lower Mills village. As part of the arrangement for uniting this last collection with the Public Library, a farther ramification of the branch system has been tried, by the establishment at the Lower Mills, not of a library but of a " branch delivery," in charge of an agent who receives and attends to applica- tions for books, to be supplied either at the Dorchester branch, or at the Central Library in Boston. The action of the Boston city council in respect to the library has been constantly handsome. Its policy has been such as to permit the library to be managed on library principles; and besides the liberal regular appropriations annually made for its support, the special re- quirements, always incident from time to time to the growth of such , an institution, have been promptly met. Such were, for instance, the appropriation of $70,000 in 1872, to purchase the adjoining Eichardson estate, in order to provide for a future extension of the building, and that of about $30,000 in 1873, to erect an addition to the edifice. The whole number of books in the library is over 297,000. It was, on July 1, 1875, exactly 280,709, distributed as follows : In Bates Hall 176,555 Lower Hall 34,253 Newspaper room j .- - 2,674 Dnplioate room 9,988 Total Central 223,470 Ea«t Boston - ■ S, 617 South Boston 6,778 Roxtury 9.113 Oharlestown 16,854 Brighton '. 11,575 Dorchester 4,258 Jamaica Plain (intended) ^^ I Total branches 57,239 Grandtotal 280,709 868 Public Libraries in the United States. The following figures show tbe actual extent to which books are de- livered, not including Bates Hall "within the rail," the patent room, the reference department of Bates Hall, or the periodical room. With these exceptions, the number of books issued has been as follows: During June, 1875 56,368 During the library year, 1874-'75 758,493 During the library year, 187:i-'74 625,442 From establishment to July 1,1875. 6,150,226 These figures show an increase of 133,051 a year in circulation, and a total daily book delivery during the last library year of more than 2,500 on each open day. The organization of the library is briefly as follows : The organic law of the institution is the city ordinance establishing it. Three members of the common council of Boston are always mem- bers of the board of trustees; and the trustees oversee and control the library business, subject to the ordinance. The executive force in- cludes — 1. The superintendent, whose special staff consists of a secretary, a dispatch clerk, an auditor, (who keeps the accounts,) and a messenger. 2. Seven departments in the Central Library, to wit : Bates Hall, cir- culating department, under a keeper with six assistants; Lower Hall, circulating department, keeper and twenty-two assistants; catalogue department, assistant superintendent and fourteen assistants ; order- ing and receiving department, clerk and three assistants; shelf de- partment, custodian and two assistants ; janitor's department, chief janitor and two assistants ; bindery, foreman and eight assistants. 3. Six branches already named, where are employed six librarians and forty-one others in all. The whole library working force thus includes 116 persons, of whom more than two-thirds are women. They are subordinate, and report respectively — the assistants to their heads of departments, these to the superintendent, he to the board, and the board to the common council. A code of bylaws and regulations supplements the ordinance, and defines the duties and responsibilities of all. The principal items of the library expenditures are as follows for the year 1874-'75, but to these should be added the sum of about $30,000; already mentioned, appropriated by the city for an addition to the building ; which is accounted for in the (city) public buildings depart- ment, but does not appear in the library accounts : Salaries $61,127 48 Books aud periodicals 28,080 55 Binding 8,080 84 Printing catalogues, (Central Library only) 3,361 57 Printing catalogues, (with some other Dorchester expenses, new branch) . . 2, 664 96 Other printing and stationery 4,687 57 TT ^ \\fr -aC S| •^ f ^![ EEADING BOOM FOE PERIODICALS. Public Libraries of Ten Princl])al Cities. 871 Furniture, (mostly ia new addition to building) $10,256 55 Fuel, ($3,440.88,) gas, (14,538.55) 7,969 43 Transportation, (daily to and from branches, etc.,) postage, .etc a, 288 18 Expense 4,159 59 Total 132,676 72 To understand properly the apportionment of these heads of expend- iture as a matter of library administration, something like the follow- ing is necessary : Call the whole, in round numbers, $133,000 ; deduct the extraordinary item for new furniture, say $10,000, and there remain $123,000. Let the whole be considered under the three heads of 1. Books, (and binding;) 2. Salaries; 3. Other expenses; and we have this divis- ion of our total, viz : Salaries |61, 000 Books and binding 36,000 Other expenses , 26, 000 Total ' 123,000 In this apportionment the salary account is unusually large, and the book account, of course, proportionately small. This (at first sight un- desirable) condition of things is, in great measure, due to two causes, viz: 1. The extent and activity of the circulating or popular departments of the library, requiring a large staff. 2. The very great fulness and thoroughness with which the cataloguing is done. Investigation would show that all the individual items which make up this large total yearly cost are scrutinized and economized with complete system and thorough care. The current business of the library, so far as relates to its books, may be summarily considered under six heads, as follows : 1. Choosing ichat hoolcs to get. — In the beginning, much of this selection was done by experts in the different departments of learning. At present, it is found best to permit the procured accessions to be determined in two ways: (1) by the judgment of the regular buying agents of the library upon such new books as appear, and (2) by the calls of the public for such books as are not already found in the library. The choice of the agents is made under a few clear conditions, and sub- ject to the return of any or all books furnished, if unacceptable. The demands of customers are made upon regular blanks furnished by the library. Books so asked for are furnished, of course, whenever to be had, and as soon as possible ; and notice of their being ready sent to the suggester, except in the few cases where great cost or other sufQcient reasons may prevent. 2. Buying the booJcs.— This is done by a complete business system of ordering, so arranged that preliminary search shows that the library has not the book; a short title slip catalogue shows what books have been sent for, and when ; press copies of all orders are kept ; books received are checked off on the invoices, and the invoices kept filed 872 ' Public Libraries in the United States. in order of arrival; in short, tbe arrangements are such as those of any accurate book i)urchasing business. 3. Getting the boolcs ready to deliver. — The books are first dealt with as merchandise, being collated, returned, if not perfect, stamped, marked, and labeled, so as to identify them as the property of the library and unfit them as much as may be for seeming to be the property of any one else. They are then catalogued ; then " located," i. e., put in their proper alcove, range, and shelf, and the mark of such location entered both on the book itself (inside and outside both) and in the shelf list, (with the title.) 4. Identifyi-ng the customer. — The guarantee system is not used in this library, a mere identification being thus far found sufQcient. Any per. son whatever, being decent, may use the books in the library. To take them away, a brief process of registration and, sometimes, inquiry is gone through with, resulting almost without exception in issuing a card bearing the applicant's name. This is shown whenever a book is taken or returned, and stamped along with the slip for each book. And a "registration slip" is filled out and put into the alphabeted file as each card is given out, headed, of course, with the same name as that on the card. These registration slips form thus an alphabetical catalogue or directory of the customers of the library. At present the whole number of names in this directory is more than ninety thousand, of which about two-thirds are still " alive," i. e., are of persons now using the library. 5. Delivering the booJcs. — This is done on a system which enables the library to accomplish the maximum of work by causing each customer to do a very little for himself. Instead, that is, of the ancient fashion, by which the librarian recorded the name of the book and the name of the taker, it is the latter who makes the entries, always on the regular and uniform library " charging slip," so that the library has left only the stamping of the slip and the marking a brief date in the book. The slip then represents the book and its taker until it comes back, and also as long as it is preserved. 6. Getting the booJcs baclc. — The good customer brings the books back himself in good order, according to rule. For the bad customer, there is a set of penalties and pursuits. After so many days a fine accrues; after so many days more a larger penalty accrues, and, besides, a mes- senger seeks out the delinquent. The contumacious are debarred the use of the library until arrears are settled. Injury to books is punish- able by flue or imprisonment under a special statute. The machine thus organized and conducted works well. Perhaps one single final statistic, to be appended to the total figures of circulation above noted, will sufficiently attest this success ; it is the fact that, in so large a city as. Boston, only one book is being lost out of about every 9,000 delivered out, (the precise figures for the year 1874-75 are one out of every 8,921,) or one-ninetieth of 1 per cent. Any mercantile busi- ness of equal extent, showing as small a margin of bad debts as this, would be thought pretty carefully managed. Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 873 CONGREaATIONAL LIBRARY, BY REV. 'I. P. lANGWORTHY, I/Ujra/rian. The Congregational Library originated in a feeling among a few men who thought it very desirable to gather and preserve, so as to have available, the writings and various mementos of the first settlers of this country. Prof. Bela B. Edwards, of Andover, published an able article on this subject in the August number of the Bibliotheca Sacra, 18^7. The first meeting in behalf of the object was at Andover, in the winter of 1851, and the association was organized May 25, 1853. It had a very small beginning; in its first ten years only about 3,600 volumes and 8,000 pamphlets had been gathered, and these were of quite a mis- cellaneous character. _ All funds collected were used, and are still, for the purpose of building and for running expenses — not a dollar ever having been appropria.ted with which to buy a book. Gifts of old books and pamphlets have been more frequent, and in some instances quite large, within the last twelve years, so that we now have nearly 23,000 volumes and about 95,000 pamphlets, including duplicates. The in- crease for the last year has been 4,957 volumes and 16,074 pamphlets. The prevailing character of the books is religious — doctrinal, ecclesi- astical, expository, practical, historical, experimental, controversial; embracing everything that can be secured that has been published, of . all shades of belief and non-belief. Statistics, biographies, local his- tories, and the like, are among our few specialties. It is strictly a reference library, and no one is denied access to its books. One dollar secures any person of proper character whose name is entered upon the " visitors' book " all the privileges of the library for life. It is managed by a board of directors, appointed by members of ortho- dox Congregational churches, who have paid a sum not less tharj $1. The corporate name of the organization is The American Congrega- tional Association. The library is everywhere known as the Congregational Library. The working force at present is a librarian and one assistant. Its chief drawback is the want of a library fund for the purchase and binding of books. It has now a very commodious fire-proof room in connection with the Congregational House. ODD fellows' library. This library was founded in 1854, in consequence of an offer by Tre- mont Lodge, one of the lodges meeting in the hall which then stood at the corner of Chauncy and Essex streets, to give for such a purpose a library of its own, on condition that the members at large of the order would add a certain number of other books. This was done, and the collection was put in order and opened for use to the members as the 874 Public Libraries in the United States. property of the Odd Fellows who met in the hall. la 1858 a committee from the different lodges and encampments consulted upon the means of improving the library, and in consequence a managing board of trus- tees was appointed, one from each lodge and encampment. In Decem- ber of the same year, after various means had been tried with moderate success to increase the number of books, the library was opened again for use with 440 volumes ; N. P. Burgess, librarian. In 1863 it was re- moved to the new hall in Washington street, at which time its circula- tion was about 1,450 volumes a year. In October of that year the ■whole number of books was 1,081. According to their ability the dif- ferent bodies owning the library have constantly responded to the nec- essary calls made upon them for supporting and enlarging it. At the end of 1872 the library was closed and inspected for weeding out used up books which were replaced with new ones, and in June, 1873, it was again opened in the present hall, corner of Tremont and Berkeley streets. It has now grown to contain 2,754 volumes, and in 1874 it cir- culated 7,624 volumes. It is open evenings, except Saturdays, Sundays, and legal holidays; it may be used free by all members of such lodges or encampments as meet in the hall, including Mary Washington Lodge of the Daughters of Eebekah. A brief but clear and sensibly made catalogue was issued in April, 1875. THE GENERAL THEOLOGICAL LIBRARY. BY KEV. LUTHER FARNHAM. In April, 1860, theGeneral Theological Library was instituted in Boston under the revised statutes o& Massachusetts. Among those who took an active part in forming the institution were Eev. Dr. Burroughs and Mr. Farnham, Bishop Eastburn, Dr. George W. Blagden, the late J. Sulli- van Warren, esq., Eev. Dr. Samuel K. Lothrop, Eev. Ezra S. Gannett, D. D., John B. Kettell, esq., and others. By the rules of the institution, a person who has given $1,000 or upward, ranks as a founder. On this principle the late Eev. Dr. Charles Burroughs is the first founder of the Theological Library, the late Bbenezer Dale, esq., of Boston, the second founder, and the late Miss Arabella Eice, of Portsmouth, K. H., the third founder. More than any other. Dr. Burroughs was the founder of the institution, for he was for several years the only surviving member of a similar library that existed in Boston from about 1808 to 1815, but which was not in active operation after the latter date. And if we include the bequests of Dr. Burroughs to the Theological Library, he has given to it more than three times as much as any other person, or about $10,000. Another reason for the formation of the society was to promote (Jhristian union, or, ^t least, a better understanding among religious denominations. The library, when organized and opened to the public, was almost destitute of books and money. This was at No. 5 Tremont street, where it remained for about two years. It was next lodged at 41 Tremont street, in more spacious quarters, where it continued for nearly five Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 875 years. The growth of the library required it to seek more spacious ac- commodatious at No. 12 West street, where it has been for nearly seven years. The library has gained by gift and purchase nearly 1,000 vol- umes, on the average, each year since it was opened ; including the pri- vate library of the late Dr. Burroughs, bequeathed to the institution, but not yet received, as his widow has the use of it during her life. The es- timated value of the library, now numbering more than 12,000 volumes, is about $16,000. The permanent fund of the library is $8,000, and there is a bequest of $5,000, not yet received, to be added to it. In the year 1874-'75, only 245 volumes were added to the collec- tion, of which 173 were purchased and 74 .given, the financial situa- tion of the country being unfavorable to its growth. The character of the library is theological, religious, and moral ; hence it is known as the General Theological Library, and was formed for the purpose of collect- ing the books used by clergymen, theological students, Sunday school teachers, and readers of religious literature. The library is unsectariUn in character, being used by persons of all the religious denominations, which are fairly represented in its management. Another object of the society is to collect all pamphlets and periodicals on religion and the- ology. The reading room belonging to the library receives nearly 100 different periodicals, representing twenty religious denominations. The library may be used by members and annual su bscribers. The former pay $50 once for all, or $5 a year; the latter, if Sunday school teachers, pay $2 a year ; if clergymen or theological students, $3 a year ; if of neither of these classes, $5 a year. These terms are for use of the library, including the drawing of books. Members take usually two books at a time ; if they live within ten miles they keep them a month ; if beyond, two months. The distance to which books may be taken is unlimited. The library extends hospitality to strangers who are neither members nor subscribers. It was incorporated in 1864, and is managed by a board of fifteen directors, who are elected for three years and may be re-elected. Two persons are regularly employed in the library, the secretary, who also fills the oflce of librarian, and an assistant librarian, who is usually a woman. Forty thousand volumes and periodicals have been consulted or drawn from the library during the last year. Persons residing in forty- six towns of Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont drew books during that time.. In the past thirteen years, books have been drawn by persons living in two hundred and twenty towns and villages in six different States ; and persons from twenty-two other States, from Canada, Great Britain, Prance, Africa, China, and Japan, have used the library at the rooms. BOSTON AND ALBANY EAILWAT LIEEAEY. This library, unique, it is believed, at least in the United States, was established in the year 1869 by the Hon. Ginery Twichell, president of 876 PuUic Libraries in the United States. the road, who gave several hundred dollars to start it. The board of directors of the road vote an annual amount for its support and man- agement. Its object, the supply of appropriate reading, free of all charges, for those employed by the road, and the proposed scope of its collections are thus stated in the documents of the library : " To have within reach of officers and employes the best books on the railway sys- tem and the industrial arts, and also as many on the sciences and in gen- eral literature as shall be attainable." There are at present about 1,650 volumes, which are kept in quarters provided for the purpose in the passenger station of the road in Boston, in charge of a librarian. The circulation reaches about dOO a month. The library is open two hours once a week, at fixed times, and there is a regular system by which books can be sent for and returned by train, along the whole length of the road. Those of the force who live in Boston are not so dependent as the rest upon the library, as they have access to the. Public Library anti other collections ; but by those not so advantageously situated, the railroad library is well used and well appreciated, as its steadily in- creasing circulation proves. The whole number of employes who might use the library is about 250, and about two hundred are always using it, who would, as they are situated, hardly be able to read anything at all without it. A considerable number of statistical and scientific refer- ence books and some rather costly ones constitute a "consulting depart- ment," and must be used at the library, or taken away only under special restrictions. Examination of the catalogue shows an uncommonly solid, sensible, and useful collection of books, these strong characteristics being plainly visible even in what there is of poetry and romance. Very prop- erly there is a distinct abundance of railway literature of various kinds. There can hardly be a doubt that the example set by this very interest- ing library might be followed with great advantage by all our larger rail- ways. DEAP MTJTE LIBRARY. The Boston Deaf-Mute Library Association was organized by Edwin N. Bowes and associates, July, 1872. A hall was rented at ICO Wash- ington street, and the same furnished by the kindness of friends of the mutes and other liberal citizens of Boston, It was dedicated on the 1st of October, 1872. It was designed as a place where the motes of Boston and vicinity might meet for social enjoyment and mental im- provement. A course of lectures and simple,amusements was begun and continued until the fire of November 9 and 10, 1872, when all the property of the library was destroyed, amounting in value to $1,500. A new hall was then procured at 280 Washington street, and through the kindness of Messrs. Lee & Shepard, and other publishers and book- sellers, a new library was formed, and the association soon recovered from its losses. But few new books were procured during the last year owing to lack of sufficient funds. The library numbers about 800 Puhlic Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 877 volumes ; the prevailing character of the books being the same as at most libraries, consisting of religious works, novels, history, travels, etc. Formerly the rules would not admit of any but mutes being, members, but at the present time any person can have access to the library, with the privilege of drawing books, on the payment of $1. The act of incorporation provides that the name shall be The Boston Deaf-Mute Association, and that the board of ofacers shall consist of four hearing trustees and five directors, president, and vice-president. At present only the librarian receives a salary. The number of book s taken out the past year was about 500 volumes. POST LIBRAET, FORT WAEBBN, BOSTON HAEBOK. This ifbrary numbers 1,450 volumes, and was in great part accumu- lated during the war, for the use of the prisoners confined in the fort. Additions have been made from time to time for the use of the troops stationed at the post, and the library is freely used by all who reside on the island, soldiers and laborers alike. BOSTON COLLEGE LIBEAEY. This library numbers about 10,000 books and manuscripts, of respect- able value, selected for the purposes of the institution, (which is a Ro- man Catholic college, conducted by Jesuit clergymen,) and is accommo- dated in the various departments of the college as found convenient for use. It is intended soon to place the whole in one commodious room adapted to library purposes. LIBEAEY OF THE PERKINS INSTITUTION FOE THE BLIND. This is a small collection, mostly of reference or text books, printed in raised letters, for the use of the blind. It was founded at the estab- lishment of the institution by the late Dr. S. G. Howe. One of the teachers acts as librarian, and the use of the books is confined to the pupils and employes. A few books in raised letters have been pro- cured by the Public Library, which books may be considered avail- able, to some extent, as a branch of that library at the institution. OTHER COLLECTIONS. The following list embraces other public or semi-public libraries in Boston possessing each 1,000 volumes or more. Further statistics of these, as well as of minor collections of similar character, will be found in the general table at the end of the volume. — Editoes. Volumes. American Academy of Arts and Sciences. (For a notice of this librai-y see Chapter VII, p. 187, Scientific Libraries) 16,000 American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 6,000 Boston University : School of Theology 4,000 School of Law 1,600 School of Medicine 1,500 878 Public Libraries in the United States. Volames. Commonwealth Circulatiug Library 1, 800 Consumptives' Home 1,237 Gannett Institute 4,200 Girls' High School , 2,000 Handel and Haydn Society 11,669 Latin Grammar School 5, 000 Lindsley's Circulating Library 3,000 Lisoom's Circulating Library 1,000 Loring's Select Library 10, 000 Lunatic Hospital 1, 200 Massachusetts General Hospital, Trea^well Library 3,542 Massachusetts Horticultural Society 2, 800 Massachusetts Institute of Technology 2,500 Massach'nsetts State Prison 3,200 Mechanic Apprentices' Library 4, 500 Medical Library Association of Boston 2, 500 Merrill's Library 4,000 Mrs. S. H. Hayes's Family and Day School 1,500 Naval Library and Institute 4, 500 New Church Library 2,000 Public Institutions on Deer Island 2, 000 Eoxbury Society for Medical Improvement 1,500 Seamen's Friend Society 1,000 Young Men's Christiau Association 4,785 Young Men's Christian Union ^ 3,635 Young Women's Christian Association ], 000 III.— PUBLIC LIBRARIES OF BROOKLYN. BY S. B. XOTES, Librarian of the Mercantile Library. THE MERCANTILE LIBKAKY ASSOCIATION. Ihe Mercantile Library of Brooklyn owed its origin in 1857 to a pop- ular movement on the part of the business and professional classes of the community, based on the conviction, to quote the words of one of the chief benefactors of the library, " that the great public requirement of the city, of the first importance in the order of time," was a great public library of circulation and reference, comprehensive in its scope and pop- ular in its administration. The word " mercantile" has had no signiS- cance as implying any limitation in its organization and work. To build up a great collection of the best books in all the various departments of science and literature, past and present, has been the constant aim of its managers. The initial steps in organization were taken in 1857, at a public meet- ing. December 17, 1857, a constitution was adopted, and in March, 1859, the act of incorporation was secured. The library was opened to the public in May, 1858, with 7,000 volumes on the shelves, increased during the same year to 11,400 volames. Dar- Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 879 ing the first ten years the association occupied rooms in the Athenaium building, the library growing slowly but steadily. In 1861 Mrs. Maria Gary, widow of William H. Gary, gave $5,000 to the library, in the form of a trust, the principal to remain intact, the interest to be expended in the purchase of books in the departments of history, science, and industrial and ornamental art. Another lady, Miss Caroline Thurston, gave to the library, in 1865, the sum of .^100 to form the nucleus of a permanent general book fund. For several years prior to 1864 the want of a building of its o.wn had been keenly felt, and in April of that year the newly elected board of directors subscribed among themselves the sum of $7,000 as the basis of a building fund, and an executive committee was appointed to devise a plan of action. The appeal to the public met with a gener- ous response, and before the end of the year the sum subscribed reached $105,000, and the site of the present building was secured. The charter of the institution was amended at this time in several particulars, one section providing for the government of the association by a board of fifteen directors, (instead of fourteen as heretofore,) one-third of them to be elected annually, to hold office for three years. Another section vested the control and management of the trust funds and property of the association in a board of nine trustees, members of the association, possessing the power of filling all vacancies in their own body ; it being the duty of the said trustees to pay over the income derived from the property of the association to the treasurer of the association. Of the board of trustees the president and treasurer of the association are ex offlciis members. The high prices which prevailed at the close of the war occasioned some delay in building, but in the latter part of 1867 the corner-stone o the present building was laid, and the edifice was completed in the fol- lowing yea:r. It is 75 feet wide on Montague street and 92 feet deep. Exclusive of the basement, it is three stories high, the main portion of the first story being occupied by the reading room, the library covering an equal area with the reading room and taking in the second and third stories. The total cost of the library building was $159,000; and the total of the building fund subscriptions having amounted to $169,000, the balance, amounting to $10,000, was funded. The number of indi- vidual subscribers to the building fund was within 250, the largest sin- gle subscriptions being one of $12,500, one of $10,000, two of $5,000, and two of $2,000. There were sixty-two individual subscribers to the book fund of $50,000, one of whom subscribed $20,000. The next highest subscription was $2,000. Most of those who subscribed to the book fund had also subscribed to the building fund. Fortunately for the library and for those who were to be the recipients of its benefits, the immediate ability to add largely to the number of books was amply secured to it. The generous offer of Mr. S. B. Chit- tenden to subscribe the sum of $20,000, If $30,000 additional could be 880 Public Libraries in the United States. raised, the whole sum to be devoted to the purchase of books, was promptly responded to by other friends of the association, so that the whole amount was secured within the period of two months ; thus lift- ing the library, at the very opening of its new career, from a condition of incompleteness to a comparative fulness' of resource. The fruit of this wise and provident generosity is shown in the rapid growth of the library during the six years following. The library on the day of opening, January 18, 1869, had upon its shelves 20,994 volumes. The annual additions to the library since 1869 (exclusive of pamphlets and unbound numbers of serials) have been as follows : Volumes. 1869-70 4,589 1870-71 5,534 1871-72 10,126 1872-73 3,641 1873-74 3,411 1874-75 2,364 The present classification of the library, in detail, as reported March 25, 1875, is subjoined as follows : History, topography, voyages', and tra%'els 7, 503 Theology and ecclesiastical history 3, 700 Science and industrial arts 3,481 Biography 4,256 Natural history 1, 171 Fine arts 1,382 Collective works, encyclopfodias, etc 1, 379 Philosophy, education, language, etc 1,762 Political, social, and economic sciences 2, 449 Poetry, the drama, essays, etc 4,017 Fiction 9,696 Works in foreign languages not elsewhere classified 1, 806 Periodicals -. 4,792 Miscellaneous, including duplicates 2,863 Total number of volumes 50; 257 All but a small portion of this sum of $50,000 has now been expended, and the library will shortly be entirely dependent upon the current re- ceipts from membership and the income, about $4,000 a year, derived from property belonging to the association. It is, therefore, felt to be of vital necessity that the general book fund of the library should be very largely increased, if the demands of the future are to be adequately met. A new and pretty full catalogue of the library is now printing, ar- ranged by authors, titles, subjects, and classes. Annual circulation ofboolcs, 1869-'74. Volumes. 1869 , ^..... 61,582 1870 '........:!'....... 96,'4.57 1871 '..::.:.:.. :.l'..'...i 111.710 1872 i 121,313 1873 116,169 1874 119,308 Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 881 Membership. The total membership stood on the 20bh of March, 1875, as follows : Permanent membera by the payment of $500 160 Life members by the payment of $100 515 Life membera by the payment of $50 50 Annual membera by the payment of $5 2, 332 Total 3,057 Extra eubsoriptions of $3 173 The total receipts from the membership, including initiation fees, an- nual dues, fines, extra subscriptions, etc., amounted during the year 1874-75 to $13,013.60. Terms of subscription to the library and reading rooms. Any person may become a subscriber upon the following terms, which entitle the subscriber to the use of the library and reading rooms, and also to attendance upon the classes at reduced rates, viz : For clerks, students, journeymen mechanics and apprentices, and for ladies, first year, $1 initiation fee, and $4 per annum, payable quarterly if desired; thereafter, $5 per annum, payable quarterly if desired; for merchants and professional men, and all other persons, $5 per annum, payable in advance. Any person may become a life member by the payment of $100. A permanent membership is created by the payment of $500. THE LONG ISLAND HISTORICAL SOCIETY. An account of the library of this society will be found in Chapter XIII, p. 353, of this report. LIBEARY OP THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. The library of the Young Men's Christian Association dates from the organization of the association itself, in November, 1853. The library numbers about 8,0D0 volumes. The first catalogue was issued in 1861 ; another catalogue was issued in 1872. The average circulation of books is about 40,000 per annum. YOUTHS' FREE LIBRARY OF THE BROOKLYN INSTITUTE. This library has, under its present name and its original name of the Apprentices' Library, been in existence over half a century, having been established in 1823. The number of volumes in the library is about 10,000. In 1873 the number of persons using the library was 2,000, and the circulation was about 40,000 volumes. In 1874 there was some falling off in these two particulars. The income of the library is reported as "barely sufflcieut to keep the library from decay and to supply a few new books yearly," but, as one of the departments of the Brooklyn In- stitute, it is entitled to rooms in the institute building, rent free, and to one-half of the net income from the building by rent or otherwise. 56 b 882 Public Libraries .in the United States. HAMILTON LITEEAEY ASSOCIATION. This association was organized in 1830 and incorporated in 1842, The association has limited itself to the special purpose of a debating society, but has collected 1,000 volumes for the use of its members. BROOKLYN LIBKAET ASSOCIATION, EASTERN DISTRICT. The Brooklyn Library Association of the Eastern District was organ- ized in January, 1865, and incorporated April 3, 1865. The present number of volumes is 10,000. Three hundred and fifty volumes were added during 1874-'75. The circulation of books is about 17,000 per annum. The terms of subscription are $4 for the first year and $3 sub- sequently. HAWKINS'S CIRCULATING LIBRARY. This library was established in 1848, with about 400 volumes, by the father of the present proprietor. It now numbers about 17,000 vol- umes, English and German, composed entirely of fiction. Circulation for the past five years : 1870, 21,210 ; 1871, 21,963 ; 1872, 22,876; 1873, 23,933 ; 1874, 25,310. OTHER COLLECTIONS. Other libraries in Brooklyn numbering each more than 1,000 volumes which are more or less accessible to the public are the following, further statistics of which will be found in the general table at the end of the volume. — Editors. Volumes. Brooklyn Collegiate ami Polytechnic Institute 3,000 Brooklyn Heights Female Seminary ^ 10,000 Brooklyn Law Library •. 5, 325 Carroll Park School , ■ 1,500 House of the Good Shepherd 1,080 Packer Collegiate Institute 3, 5S0 St. Francis College 13,970 Union for Christian Work 1, 500 IV.— LIBRAEIES IN CHARLESTON AND IN THE SOUTHERN STATES. BY AKTHXTK MAZYCK, Librarian of the Charleston Library Society, Charleston, S. O. In order to understand the present condition of the libraries in the Southern States, and the causes which have led to their number being so small and their existence so feeble, compared with those in other parts of the United States, we must go back somewhat and see what was their state previous to the war which has so materially altered the conditions of society throughout the whole country, and especially in these States. We may remark that the conditions were not then especially favor- able to the growth of these institutions. Several of the States were Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 883 new and had not reached sufficient maturity for the development of literary culture, while la the older States the peculiarly conservative nature of society tended rather to refinement and cultivation among the upper classes than to the dissemination of education among the people generally. The country was agricultural and mostly in the hands of large proprietors, who, with the members of the learned professions and wealthy merchants, formed the leading class in all, of nearly all, of the communities. The middle class, or tradespeople, formed but a small and uninfluential part of the population, and the laboring class consisted almost entirely of negro slaves. It followed iiaturally, from this state of things, that the need of public libraries, open to all, was little, if at all, felt. There was no lack of the means of culture, for the private collections of books were numerous and valuable. The standard of education among the better classes was high. Most men acquired, in the course of their collegiate studies, a knowledge of literature and taste for books, which afterward led them, by the purchase not only of cur- rent literature, but in many cases, also, of rare aud valuable works, (handed down from father to son, and added to in each generation,) to form libraries complete and well selected, and not unfrequently number- ing from 5,000 to 10,000 volumes. ' The colleges and public schools were generally well supplied with libraries for the use of their students, and afforded the latter ample means for pursuing their studies beyond the range of ordinary text books, aud for forming habits of reading and study. In addition to the private collections and those of the schools, there existed in most of the cities literary or library societies, owning many thousand .volumes, which might be ranked under the head of public libraries, inasmuch as they belonged to corporations or societies which were open, under certain restrictions, to all persons in the community; but they were not in any sense free libraries, being supported for the most part entirely by the subscriptions of their own members, and used only by such members. Being under the direction of their own officers, aud independent of State or municipal control, they do not perhaps occupy as conspicuous a position in the statistics of the country as their importance would warrant ; but we shall find as we go on that they comprise the largest part of the present available libraries in the South. Tlius it happens that, in communities where it is a well established fact that a high state of culture and even considerable learning have always existed, the reports show but a small number of public libraries, and those not generally extensive or very valuable. It may be interesting to note here some particulars concerning pri- vate libraries and the fate which has befallen them. The loss of books caused by the late war is irreparable. Thousands of volumes in every department of literature, a large proportion of which can never be re- placed, were destroyed, as well as much material, in the shape of corre- spondence, deeds, pamphlets on local topics, etc., which would have 884 Public Libraries in the United States. proved invaluable to the historian. During the march of Sherman's army through Georgia and' the Garolinas, it is a well known fact thai hundreds of private dwellings were burned to the ground with every thing in them ; and where this was not done, the recklessness of the soldiers and the unrestrained license of the negroes destroyed what fire had left. Nor was this confined to the route of the main army, Wherever the United States obtained a foothold, the property was turned over to the negroes, without an effort, save in rare instances, to preserve any part of it. The writer could speak from actual knowl- edge of many cases of this kind, but one will be sufiicient for illustra- tion. On a plantation near the coast of South Carolina there was' a library of 6,000 to 8,000 volumes of the rarest and most valuable kind. The owner, a wealthy planter, had used all the efforts that a cultivated taste and abundant means could suggest to enrich his collection from every source, as well in Europe as in this country. It was miscellaneous in character, abounding more in elegant and unique editions, ancient man- uscripts, and handsomely illustrated works than in any one branch of literature, but was specially rich in books relating to the early history of America. The plantation being somewhat remote from the scene of military operations, and transportation being difficult, it was not thought necessary to remove the books, and they remained in safety until some time in 1864, when a United States gunboat went up the river on which the plantation was situated, and the officers, landing, gave it into the possession of the negroes. There followed a scene of the most wanton destruction ; the house was ransacked, and every article of value or ornament destroyed or carried off. The books shared the fate of every- thing else; hundreds of volumes were torn to pieces and thrown out of doors. Bye-witnesses have assured me that they saw the plates of Audubon used for kindling fires ; and recently, plates from the Boydell Shakspere, and Hogarth were found stopping the cracks of a negro house. About a hundred volumes were found scattered through the house ; and after the war about two hundred more, many of them in broken sets, were sent on by a gentleman of one of the northern cities, who said he had been a passenger on board the gunboat, and had succeeded in saving them. Thus perished a collection which it had taken years of careful search and large sums of money to bring together, and which contained much that can never be replaced. As already stated, the above is not a solitary instance. Numerous cases, almost exactly similar, occurred throughout all the States, and a little investi- gation would show deplorable losses of this character, which would startle those whose attention has not been called to this subject. CHARLESTON LIBRARY SOCIETY. We come now to the library societies of the South, and will take as our first example the Charleston Library Society, which is the oldest. Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 885 and which stands probably in the front rank of such associations. A sketch of its history will give us an idea of the general character of such institutions in the Southern States, and will serve to show how they partook, to a certain extent, of the nature of private collections rather than of what are usually considered public libraries. As the preface to a catalogue of the books, published iu 1826, informs us — The Ch.arlestou Library Society owes its origin to seventeen young gentlemen who, in the year 1748, associated for the purpose of raising a small fund to " collect such new paiSlphlets" and magazines as should occasionally be published in Great Britain. They advanced and remitted to London ten pounds sterling as a fund to purchase such pamphlets as had appeared during the cnrrent year, acting at first under a mere verbal agreement and without a name. Before the close of the year their views became more extensive, and, on the 28th December, rules for the organization of the society were ratified and signed, Tvben they assumed the name of a Library Society, and made arrangements for the acquisition of boobs as well as of pamphlets. Their rules lie before us, engrossed in beautiful penmanship, in a vellum covered volume, yellow with age, and their preamble is worthy of insertion here as showing the desire for learning which animated the men of that day, and which should be impressed upon us, whose oppor- tunities for acquiring information are so vastly extended: As the mind of Man has a pleasure In contemplating Nature, and of making Discov- eries, so it is happily disposed to a desire of Communicating its Knowledge and At- tainments to Others, and of having Intelligence of what passes in distant parts of the Universe. To those, undoubtedly, We owe tbe Inventions and Improvements daily made in Art, Sciences, Commerce, Agriculture, and Mechanism: which are constantly Observed to flourish in every part of the World, in proportion to the Opportunities it has of knowing what passes elsewhere. The great disadvantage this Place labours under for want of such regular Intelli- gence is but too heavily felt, and,- therefore. Every person ought to Contribute with all his power to the remedy of it. It is with this design that the Library Society have, this Twenty-Eighth of December, Anno One Thousand Seven hundred and forty-Eight, Agreed to and subscribed the following Rules. From, this small beginning the society steadily advanced, drawing into the list of its members the most cultivated and wealthy residents ;.,of the community, and making, by degrees, rich additions to its vol- umes. We may mention, by the way, that at a meeting held on the 1st of i April, 1749, we find Mr. William Strahan, of London, elected book- . seller to the society. Any reader will recognize the name as that of a prominent English publishing house at this day. We find on the list of presidents the names of such men as Charles .iPinckney, Gabriel Mauigault, his excellency Hon. Will. Henry Lyttle- ton, the, Hon. Will. Bull, Lord Charles Gr. Montague, Gen. Charles C. Pinckney, Ealph Izard, Stephen Elliott, and others more or less dis- tinguished in the history of Carolina for ability and learning. ,^ The advance, however, while steady, was not rapid, and consisted '^rather in the value of the particular sets of books purchased than in tlie number of volumes of general and current literature added. Most 886 Public Libraries in the United States. of the members, as already stated, were men of means, and the library- was used by them not so much for circulating books among readers generally, as a place of deposit for such works as were too large or ex- pensive to be owned by single individuals. Hence, we find on its shelves many treasures for the lover of books — five editions of the English classics ; huge folios of the Fathers ; rare old pamphlets on the history of this country ; works like the famous Antiquities of Piranesi ; the splendid Description de I'figypte; a second folio of Shakspere, and a host of others which our space does not permit us to refer to more particularly. This easy and gradual advance continued until the breaking out of the late war, when, of course, all progress ceased; and it being found in 1863 that the books were no longer safe in Charleston, the greater part were removed to Columbia, where they were deposited in the university buildings, then used as a hospital. Here they fortunately escaped de- struction. Meantime the building of the society was broken into on the evacua- tion of Charleston, and the books left in it, comprising all the fiction and other light literature, as well as a considerable number of law and miscellaneous books, were destroyed or carried off. Tiie General Government then took possession of the building and used it as a cus- tom house for several months. In January, 1866, the society was re-organized by those members who had re-assembled in Charleston, and it was determined to bring back the books and re-open the library. This was accomplished after sur- mounting many difficulties' and obstacles, for the funds of the society were entirely exhausted. The officers of the Government had not only paid nothing for the use of the building, but had allowed it to fall into an almost ruinous condition, and the members were utterly impover- ished ; many of them unable to meet even their annual dues, and none of them in a condition to make any. extra subscription to the society. By persistent effort, however, and the exercise of strict economy, the debts of the society were gradually paid off, subscriptions to reviews and magazines were renewed, a few books purchased, and some new and active members introduced, so that by the beginning of the year 1871 the affairs of the society began to wear a hopeful aspect. In the mean time the Apprentices' Library Society, an association of somewhat later date, was re-organized, and efforts were made to com- bine the two societies. The' Apprentices' Library Society had attained some growth before the war, and was of a more popular character than the older society. The building and all the books were destroyed by fire in 1861, but a small fund remained, and the few surviving members exerted all their efforts, with considerable success, to revive the society. In October, 1874, the two societies were amalgamated under the name and charter of the Charleston Library Society, and at present the pros- pects of that society are extremely good. The number of readers has largely increased, new books are constantly purchased, and it is hoped Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 887 within a short time to catalogue and arrange them so as to display to the best advantage these really valuable stores.^ We have been thus particular in describing this society because we believe it to be a fair example of similar associations throughout the South. A correspondence with the principal libraries develops the fact that most of them have followed the same course. Those established before the war, well sustained up to that period, but not greatly ex- tended, were, of course, much reduced, and in some cases altogether de- stroyed. They have since revived with more or less vigor, and generally with a view to greater popularity. Many new ones have been started, and have, as a rule, proved successful. The scope of this paper does not permit us to give the history of each of the library societies and public libraries ; but we select a sufficient number of instances of vari- ous kinds to give, we hope, a fair general idea of their condition and prospects. We begin with the history of the Georgia Historical Society, at Savan- nah, Ga., which ranks among the most useful and active. The librarian writes: Before the war little was done by our society toward increasing the library, but since 1865 the number of books has been nearly doubled ; and in 1871 the second article of the constitution was amended by adding the words, " and to create a library for the use of its members." The number of volumes in the library is now over 9,000, and the increase during the past year was 728 voiumes. ... No persons are allowed to draw books except members of the society and their families and the female teachers in the city schools. Our rooms are open to visitors, and persons desiring to consult books of reference are allowed to do so. We have a reading room, where the leading papers of the country are kept on file, and we take a, "large number of American and foreign periodicals. The library is soon to be moved into a new building, constructed for it by a wealthy family of Savannah at a cost of about $50,000. It is to be wished that more such acts of generosity and public spirit could be recorded throughout the country. The Galveston Free Library, of Galveston, Tex., presents a mostgrat- ifying report. The Chamber of Commerce of Galveston, which founded the library under the name of the Galveston Mercantile Library, find- ing the demand for books greater than their funds would supply,' offered to give the library to the city on condition that it should be sustained and made free- to the people. The offer was accepted, and the ordinance was passed in March, 1874, accepting the offer and providing for the permanent support of the library by an appropriation of $250 per month, and by such regulations as afford the amplest facilities for the rapid in- crease of the number of books and their free use by all residents of Galveston over twelve years of age. 'A new Catalogue of the Books and Pamphlets belonging to the Charleston Library Society, Charleston, 1876, compiled by Mr. Mazyck, has been received. It forms an octavo volume of 372 pages, and is arranged alphabetically by authors, subjects, and titles, with iihprintsi — Editors. 888 Public Libraries in the United States. The bulletin and reports of this library show an admirable selection. Some of the departments, such as local history, for instance, are made particularly complete ; but there is also a sufficient supply of general literature to meet the wants of all classes of readers. The collection numbers between 8,000 and 9,000 volumes. In the published account of the twenty-second annual meeting of the Petersburg Library Association, Petersburg, Va., March 4, 1875, the report^ of the board of managers gives the following figures : Number of volnmes January 1, 1861 5,022 Number at the close of the war 2,389 Number lost and destroyed during the war 2,906 Number now in library 3,519 Number bought the present year 91 Periodicals taken 10 Newspapers taken 8 The report gives some hope of an improved condition of affairs, and makes an earnest appeal to the citizens for aid. The librarian of the Library Association of Little Rock, Ark., writes: The Library Association of Little Eock was organized in November, 1867. It is for the exclusive use of members of the association. The present membership is about one hundred and fifty, and the condition and prospects better than they have ever been before; the number of books, 1,000; annual increase, 250. . . . Our principal readers are of the middle and upper classes. We have to regret a lack of taste for reading in the lower classes throughout, and among the young men of the upper and middle classes. Scarcely any of our clerks and younger men of business, or even of the professions, show any inclination to patronize a public library. The Toung M&n's Library of Atlanta, Ga., exhibits perhaps the most rapid advance that we have yet noticed. The librarian informs us that the library and reading room were established in August, 1867, with twenty or thirty members, and an " armful of books." They have now fully six hundred and fifty members and over 4,500 volumes, and addi- tions are made almost weekly by purchase or donation. Their col- lections considerably exceed their expenses, so that they have now some $2,500 invested as the nucleus of a building fund. Their present rooms are spacious and well ventilated. The circulation in 1874 was nearly 15,000 volumes, and the librarian expects a considerable increase dur- ing the present year, STATE LIBRAEIIS. Our attention is next directed to the State libraries, thatistosay, those at the capitals of each State, and supported by legislative grants. These are in general used merely for the deposit of official documents and publications, and are for the use only of members of the legisla- ture and State officials ; but in some cases they are more extended and are made of real service to the people. The Virginia State Library, at Richmond, Va., receives a handsome grant of from three to five thousand dollars per annum ; contains about 35,000 volumes, largely made up of general literature, and is open, under what restrictions we are not precisely informed, to all citizens. Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 889 The Mississippi State Library, at Jackson, Miss., is most admirably sustained. Its largest department is law, and we thiilk it may justly claim to be the best law library in the Southern States ; but there is also a fair proportion of other literature. We learn that the number of volumes of law is 9,000 ; of general literature, i. e., theology, history, biography, poetry, and the drama, etc., 3,000; miscellaneous, including public documents, about 4,000; pamphlets, (various,) 3,500. It has a yearly State grant of $5,000, which is under the control of the gov- ernor and the judges of the supreme court. It is expected that 2,000 volumes will be added during the year 1875-76. The library is open to the bar and to citizens generally. With such advantages this library bids fair to become one of the most important in the Southern States, and we cannot too highly commend the wise policy of the Mississippi State government in thus liberally supplying one of the greatest needs of the people and furnishing them with the best possible means of im- provement. It would be well if the legislatures of all the Southern States would turn their attention to this matter, and according to their means and oppor- tunities follow the example of Virginia and Mississippi. Even if the collections were not made so general, it would be of incalculable service to have in each State a library where particular kinds of information could certainly be obtained. COLLEGE LTBEARIES. The libraries of educational institutions do not properly belong to the subject of this paper, and we have not extended our inquiries far in that direction.. Most of the universities and colleges are provided with libraries for the use of their students, which, of course, have followed the fortunes of the institution to which they are attached. Many of these are carefully gathered collections, and some of them rank very high. The Library of the University of Virginia was the largest and best in the South, and that of the South Carolina Gollegei was, in pro- portion to the size of the college, not far behind it. The former, we believe, is still well sustained, while the latter has shared the fate of the college, and is not only poorly supported, but, we are informed, many of the books have been lost or stolen. It is much to be desired that these college libraries should be opened to the public. If the citizens of towns in which colleges are situated were allowed the use of the libraries under certain restrictions, and perhaps on payment of some fee, it would most likely prove a mutual benefit. The students do not need the use of a very great number of volumes at any one time, and many books lie on the shelves unused , ' The name of this institution was changed, in 1865, to the University of South Car- olina, and the library numbered according to the last returns 28,250 volumes, including a students' society library of 1,250 volumes. A brief sketch of the library will be found on pages 121, 122, of this report.— Editors. 890 Public Libraries in the United States. which might be tarried to valuable service in the community. On the other baud, the citizens, having their interest and attention drawn to the institution, would be prompted to give it a more liberal support. CONCLUSION. But we have digressed somewhat from the strict limits of our subject, and must return to say with regret that, notwithstanding the occasional instances of favorable progress that we have been able to note above, a view of the condition of public libraries in the Southern States presents after all but a barren prospect. In proportion to the population their number is exceedingly small ; they are poorly supported ; are conducted on no general or fixed system, and are confined usually to the large cities, while the smaller communities in these States are, for the most part, absolutely destitute of this most necessary means of education and refinement. The greatest number of volumes in any one library is 35,000, which is small when compared with many libraries in the northern and western cities. Of course a list of the contents of the libraries in the South would not include all the books which are read by the people, for be- sides the books purchased by private individuals, the number of which is still considerable, notwithstanding their reduced means, there are all through the country book clubs and private circulating libraries which supply a large number of readers ; but we have to repeat that the num- ber of public libraries is far, very far, shprt of what it should be and what the needs of the people demand. We do not believe that this state of things arises from any lack of interest on the part of the peo- ple, for we have already seen that among some classes, at least, the de- sire for education is very strong, and it is easy to show how much the need of facilities for obtaining it is felt. The difficulty is chiefly finan- cial. There are very few persons in the Southern States whose wealth is sufficient to enable them to do anything toward the endowment of public institutions; and while we could record here some noble in- stances of public spirit, we regret to find that it does not generally exist among the present possessors of wealth, and the majority of the mem- bers of library societies are really unable to do more than pay a very small annual subscription. Unfortunately, the present political condition of most of the States precludes the possibility of any help from State or municipal sources. An appropriation which should take little from the public treasury would do incalculable benefit in this direction ; but while much politi- cal capital is made out of grand schemes for education in general, n6 serious effort is made to carry out those schemes; and even where funds are actually appropriated by State or city, there is sometimes little left for their proper object after they have passed through the hands of three or four officials. But the need exists and is deeply felt— how deeply Public Libraries in Ten Principal Cities. ' 891 it is difficult to appreciate without personal observation, though every statement we have made tends to show it. We have seen a people fond of literary culture, amply supplied with books in their homes and in their colleges, having almost every volume swept away at a blow, and at the same time losing the means to re- place their lost books, and even to keep up with the publications of the day. We have seen earnest men trying to gather up the fragments and organize associations to continue the work; and, unfortunately, we have seen how little after all has really been accomplished, owing, it can only be supposed, to the absence of systematic and combined eftbrt among themselves and a little aid and encouragement from without. There is no time and no place where well sustained public libraries are not valuable, and indeed necessary to the education and refinement of the people ; but in the cities and towns of the Southern States at present the need is such that we are scarcely speaking too strongly when we say that upon its supply will depend whether the people of these States rise again to their former position in the country or sink into a condi- tion of dependency on the more enlightened communities. Young men are now compelled to leave school and go into business long before their education is completed. Many of them are accus- tomed to associate a high intellectual culture with their social stand- ing, and, being unable to attain this, they must necessarily set for themselves a lower standard ; besides, we know that it is utterly im- possible for men to rise very high in any department without thorough education. The mind naturally narrows itself to its surroundings, and we can never expect to have great statesmen or professional men, or even large minded and enlightened merchants, until we give our men the opportunities which their own resources do not permit them to enjoy. But the higher classes are not, perhaps, the greatest sufferers. The re- finements of their homes, at any rate, serve as a check to keep them from going down altogether ; but for those who are without such restraining influences, everything tends to lower their condition as regards literary improvement. Every news-stand is filled with dime novels and il- lustrated papers of the most vicious character. These are constantly thrown in the way of the people, young and old, and cannot fail to have a most pernicious effect, sooner or later, on the public morals. There is also another class which now forms a considerable part of the readers of most of the southern cities. Besides those persons who are traveling for business purposes, there are every winter thousands of people from the Northern States who come to the South seeking a more genial climate. They are temporarily without employment, and time hangs heavily on their hands when deprived of books for amusement or instruction. Being generally but a short time in any one place, they are not disposed to purchase books to leave behind or be burdened with on their journeys, and consequently they depend on the public reading rooms. As these people are generally well off, they can afford to pay 892 Public Libraries in the United States. for the privilege of reading, and thus do something toward the support of the library which they use. Ouj experience does not enable us to say much on the subject of free libraries, but we are disposed to think that the payment of a small fee, or rather monthly or annual subscription, is not a disadvantageous regulation. It carries with it a certain accountability, and teiids to make people value more highly library privileges. This we think is especially the case where persons are required to become members of a society- Each feels a personal interest in the success of the enterprise, and is apt to use efforts to induce others to feel a similar interest. To meet the wants of those who are entirely without the means of subscribing, some way might be devised to enable them to obtain books through mem- bers. A very good plan exists at present in the Charleston Library Society, and perhaps in some other libraries. No person under twenty- one years of age can become a member, but each regular member is entitled to the privilege of recommending a certain number of minors, for whose proper conduct in the use of the library he is responsible. By this means its benefits are widely extended at a small cost to indi. viduals, and the society is protected in its property by the liability of its members for injury done either by themselves or by the minors in- troduced by them. The working regulations of libraries, however, are of comparatively small importance, and can easily be arranged according to the circum- stances of each. The vital matter is to establish these institutions and put them once on a firm footing, and we are convinced their success would follow as a certainty. How this is to be done it does not lie in our province to suggest, further than the few observations we have made on special cases, and indeed it would require very careful study of the subject to determine upon a plan which would meet all the re- quirements. At present we fear that our only hope is through the efforts of individuals in forming and keeping up literary societies and extending their benefits as widely as possible, and thosd efforts should meet with the warmest support and encouragement from the Govern- ment as well as the people ; and no means or opportunity should be overlooked to impress upon our people the immense value and importance of these institutions to them, and the duty that rests on every citizen to use his utmost abilities to encourage and aid them. PMic Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 893 v.— PUBLIC LIBRAEIES OP CHICAGO. BY WILLIAM V. POOLE, librarian of the Okicago Public Library. OHICAGO HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The Chicago Historical Society was organized ia April, 1856, and at the time of the great fire of October, 1871, had what was supposed to be a fire-proof building, which had cost $30,000, and a valuable collection of historical books and pamphlets. On the 19tli of November, 1868, the new building was dedicated with appropriate exercises. From the address delivered on the occasion by Hon. Isaac N". Arnold, it appears that the society had then 15,412 bound volumes, 72,104 pamphlets, 1,738 Ales of newspapers, 4,689 manuscripts, 1,200 maps and charts, 380 cabi- net collections, and 4,082 miscellaneous objects, including prints. Up to the time of the fire constant additions were made, and it was then the most valuable historical collection in the Northwest. Dr. William Barry, the efficient secretary and librarian, was the person to whom the largest share of credit was due in collecting these materials. In this work he had the active co-operation and pecuniary assistance of the ofiQcers and members, among whom were William H. Brown, William B. Ogden, John T. Soammon, Luther Haven, George Manierre, and others. The library was especially strong in the documents and sessional papers of the several States, in works relating to the Indian tribes, the early French explorations, the Jesuit missionary enterprises, and in books and pam- phlets illustrating the history of the West. The building and all its con- tents were consumed in the great fire ; not a book, pamphlet, or paper being saved. Mr. Scammon, with the aid of a few of its members, began soon after to make the nucleus of a new collection, and friends from abroad sent in donations. These were temporarily stored in a block on Wabash avenue, when the second great fire of July 14, 1874, swept over that part of the city, and the collection was again wholly consumed. The society has maintained its organization, and is again preparing to resume active operations. It has trust funds which will soon be available for restor- ing its collection. Its library now numbers only 300 volumes. YOUNG men's association LIBRARY. In January, 1841, when Chicago had less than 5,000 inhabitants, the Young Men's Association Library was organized, and for thirty years, till it was destroyed in the great fire of 1871, was the chief library of circulation in the city, and maintained, also, a reading room for news- papers and periodicals. Its growth was slow, and by no means com- mensurate with the growth of the city. In 1865, when its last catalogue was printed, it had nominally 9,210 volumes, but of these a careful ex- amination of the shelves and the register of circulation showed that 2,121 volumes were missing and lost. The average increase in the num- ber of books for several years had been about 600 volumes. The aver- age daily circulation in 1865 was 177 volumes. It had a membership of 894 Public Libraries in the United States. 1,659 persons, of whom 157 were life members, 16 honorary members, 134 lady members, and 1,352 annual paying members. The rules prescribed the payment of an initiation fee of $2 and an annual tax of $3. A consid- erable income was also derived from the profits of an annual courseof pub- lic lectures. The latest oflBcial statistics we have found are those of 18(35. From that time to 1871 the library was considerablj' increased, and had, at the date last named about 18,000 volumes; among them was a set of the British patent reports, which had been given by the British govern- ment, numbering about 2,000 bound volumes, the only set in the West. !N'othing was saved from the library in the great tire, and no attempt has since been made to re-organize the association and re-establish the library. CHICAGO PUBLIC LIBRARY. This library had its origin in the sympathy felt for Chicago in Eng- land after the great fire of 1871. In addition to the money subscription which was opened in England, a number of English gentlemen — among whom, perhaps, Mr. Thomas Hughes (author of Tom Brown at Oxford) took the leading part — started a subscription of books to supply the losses sustained by Chicago in the destruction of her libraries. An appeal was made to authors, societies, and public institutions to give their books, and about 7,000 volumes were thus contributed. The Brit- ish Museum presented all its own publications. The master of the rolls gave the Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and the Calendar of State Papers. The University of Oxford gave the publications of the Oxford University Press, about 250 volumes elegantly bound. Her Majesty the Queen presented The Early Tears of the Prince Consort, inscribed with her own autograph ; and many of the living authors of England sent in their books to the committee in London. In the case of authors deceased, as Lord Macaulay and Dr. Arnold, of Rugby, thei relatives donated their books. The inscription on the book-plate in the volume presented by Her Majesty is as follows : " Presented to the city of Chicago, towards the formation of a free library, after the great fire of 1871, as a mark of English sympathy, by Her Majesty the Queen Vic- toria." An autograph inscription is also made on the fly-leaf. There was then no library organized in Chicago that could receive these books. An application was made to the general assembly of the State for a general public library act which would allow the city to establish such a library and support it by public taxation. Such an act was passed by the State legislature March 7, 1873. A reading room was immediately started in the city building, on the corner of Adams and La Salle streets, and the books which had been donated in England and elsewhere were here stored. A librarian was appointed, who entered upon his duties January 1, 1874. Temporary rooms were secured, on the corner of Wabash avenue and Madison street, which were occupied March 16, 1874, and the library was opened for circulation on the 1st of May, with 17,355 volumes, of which about 13,000 were adapted for gen- Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 895 eral circulation. The official year closed with the same month of May. In the last week of that month the average number of volumes issued daily was 437. The number of volumes in the library at the date of the next annual report, May 31, 1875, was_ 39,236, of which 20,122 volumes had been added during the year ijy purchase and 969 by gift. The amount expended for books was $28,410.63. The number of registered book borrowers was 23,284, of whom 14,657 were males and 8,627 were females. Book borrowers are required to deposit a certificate, signed by a respon- sible party, stating that the guarantor will be responsible for the return of the books and the payment of fines incurred. The total number of books issued for home reading was 403,356, or a daily average of 1,322. The number of serials kept on file in the reading room was 368 ; of these, 288 were periodicals and 80 newspapers. The whole working force of the library included 26 persons. The amount paid for salaries was $15,545. The reading room is kept open on Sundays as on secular days- The average number of readers on Sunday was 560, against 423 reported the previous year. The entire running expenses were about $25,000 a year. The library is supported wholly by public taxation, the State law allowing a tax of one-fifth of a mill on the dollar valuation to be laid for this purpose. On the present valuation of the city, this would give an annual income of about $60,000. The city council, however, has the authority to order a levy for a less amount, if it sees fit. The library now numbers 48,100 volumes, and is situated on the corner of Dearborn and Lake streets. OTHER COLLECTIONS. A list is here appended of the other public or semi-public libraries in Chicago, which number each more than 1,000 volumes. Further statis- tics of these and minor collections may be found in the general table at the end of this volume. — Editors. Volumes- Academy of Sciences 1, 50& Allen's Academy 2,500 Baptist Union Theological Seminary' 15,000 Chicago College of Pharmacy ' 2, .500 Chicago Theological Seminary ^ 5, SOO' Chicago Turngemeinde ' 1,500' Chicago University..: 18,000' Cobb's Library 9, 12& Law Institute 7,000 Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the Northwest * 8, 000' St. Ignatius College 9,000 Seminary of the Sacred Heart 2,7,58 Union Catholic Library Association 1,972 West-Side Library 6,000 Young Men's Christian Association - 2,670 'A notice of the library will be found in the chapter on Theological Libraries, Chapter IV, p. 143. nbid., p. 144. 896 Public Libraries in the United States. THE NBWBEKRY LEGACY TO CHICAGO. The largest legacy made for a public library in this country has recently fallen to the benefit of the citizens of Chicago by the death of Miss Julia I^J'ewberry, the last surviving daughter of the late Walter L. Newberry, of Chicago. She died at Eome, Italy, April i, 1876. The value of the Newberry estate is now estimated by the trustees to be $4,000,000. One-half of the estate is to descend to the heirs of the tes- tator's brothers and sisters, and the other half is to be devoted to the foundation and support of a free public library, to be situated in the North Division of Chicago. Mr. Newberry died on the 6th of November, 1868, leaving his whole estate to two trustees, Mark Skinner and E. W. Blatchford, as executors and trustees, with full powers to administer the same, and to appoint their successors. After providing for the widow, his two unmarried daughters, and other relatives, his executors were required to pay to his two daughters, or to the survivor of them, annually, the net income of the estate. After the death of his daughters, if they married and had issue the estate was to be divided among such issue. The elder daughter, Mary, died two years ago, unmarried. The younger daughter, Julia, also unmarried, died, as stated above, in April, 1876. This contingency was provided for in the testator's will as follows : In case of the death of both of my said daughters, without leaving lawful issue, then immediately after the decease of my wife, if she survives my said daughters, but if not, then immediately after the decease of the last surviving one of my said daughters, my said trustees shall divide my estate into two equal shares, ray said trustees being the sole judges of the equality and correctness of such division, and shall at once proceed to distribute one of such shares among the lawful surviving descendants of my own brothers and sisters, such descendants taking per stirpes and not per capita. The other share of my estate shall be applied by my said trustees, as soon as the same can conveniently be done, to the founding of a free public library, to be located in that portion of the city of Chicago no w known as the " Nortli Division." And I do hereby authorize and empower my said trustees to establish such library, on such foundation, under such rules and regulations for the government thereof, appropriate such portion of the property set apart for such library to the erection of proper buildings and fur- nishing the same, and such portion to the purchase and procurement of books, maps charts, and all such other articles and things as they may deem proper and appropriate for a library, and such other portion to constitute a. permanent fund, tlie income of which shall be applicable to the purpose of extending and increasing such library ; hereby fully empowering my said trustees to take such action in regard to such library as they may judge fit and best, having in view the growth, preservation, permanence, and general usefulness of such library. The widow, in lieu of the provisions made for her in the will, elected to take her right of dower, and hence her interests in the estate are secured and fixed, whether the ultimate purposes of the will be carried out soon, or be postponed till her death. It is understood to be the wish of the trustees, the widow, and the testator's relatives that the foundation of the library should be commenced as early as possible. Of the estate, nearly a million dollars are in available funds, and the Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 897 remainder is in real estate in the city and suburbs of Chicago which is rapidly appreciating in value. The trustees have expressed the opinion that in ten years the estate will be worth ten millions. Judge Siiinner two years ago, being about to make a visit to Europe, resigned his trusteeship, and Mr. William H. Bradley was appointed his successor. Judge Skinner, however, still resides in Chicago, and the trustees will have the benefit of his large business experience and his literary cul- ture in the organization of the library. The confidence which the tes- tator felt in him is expressed In the following clause in the will : In consequence of an acquaintance and friendstiip now subsisting for thirty years between myself and my said trustee, Mark Skinner, I liave such confidence in his judgment, that, whilst I do not anticipate that any oonfliotof opinion -will arise in regard to the management of my estate, it is my -wish that so long as he remains trus- tee of my estate, his opinion in regard to the conduct and management of the same may prevail in oases where diifdreuces of judgment may occur. It is too early now to predict, much less to state with any accuracy, the precise form in which this noble gift to Chicago will be adminis- tered. It will be seen that it is not a gift to the city as a corporation, and that .the city government has no part or function in its administra- tion. The whole management is in the hands of two trustees, with full powers to appoint their successors. Two more estimable and trust- worthy citizens could not be named than the present trustees. The testator provided that no bonds should be required of his original ap- pdntfees, and he left it with them to decide whether bonds should be required of their successors. It is probable that, with ko large a foun- dation, the library will be independent and form no union with any ex- isting institutions. It is probable, also, that the trustees will aim to make it the largest and most complete reference library in the country. Such a library, adapted to the higher wants of scholars, is greatly needed as a national as well as a local institution. The Astor Library, from its want of means, has not been able to supply this desideratum. Up to the time of the death of Mr. William B. Astor the library, in buildings, books, and invested funds, had only about $750,000 expended upon it. The legacy of Mr. Astor added $249,000 to its resources. The Newberry tibrary will start with at least double that sum ; and if its organiza- tion be delayed, with a much larger foundation. A whole square, bounded by Kush, Ontario, Ohio, and Pine streets, the Newberry homestead before the great fire of 1871, is now vacant for the erection of the library building. The functions of a large reference library would not interfere with, but, on the other hand, would supplement, those of the Chicago Public Library supported by city taxation, which are mainly to supply the citizens with books for circulation. The Chicago Histori- cal Society, which lost its building and collections in the great fire of 1871, has funds for rebuilding, and a field of usefulness independent of that of the Newberry Library. No one library, however large its rc; sources, can meet the many sided .wants of a metropolitan community with a population of half a million. 57 E 898 Public Libraries in the United States. Mr. Newberry, formerly a resident of Detroit, came to Chicago when the city had less thaa tea thousand inhabitants. He brought with hira money which he judiciously invested in land, which has increased enor- mously in value, and much of it is still unimproved, though within the city limits. His business habits were singularly exact- and me- thodical. He never contracted any debts noi? allowed any incumbrance on his property. While he educated and supported his family in a style befitting his wealth, in his personal conduct he was saving and unosten- tatious. He made his investments and managed his business with con- stant reference to the theory of probabilities. To the attorney who drew his will, he stated the estimate he had made of the probability that one-half of his estate would go eventually to the foundation of a library. There were forty chances in a hundred, he said, of this event occurring. He had considered the health of his daughters, the probability of their marrying, having issue, etc. For several years before his death he was the president of the Chicago Historical Society, and he took considera- ble interest in the institution. It was an occasion of surprise to the members that the society received uo legacy in his will. He died on th ! ocean while on a voyage to Europe. VI.— PUBLIC LIBRAEIES OF CINCINNATI. BT W. H. VENABLE. Many of the original settlers of Cincinnati were persons of education ^nd refinement. They had acquired mental habits, the exercise of which was necessary to their contentment. Hence, their intellectual enterprise 'kept a more even pace with their material prosperity than is usual in ,pioneer towns. Schools and churches were established as soon as was practicable. An association for literary and scientific improvement was organized at an early date, under the presidency of the accomplished Josiah Meigs. A newspaper, The Western Spy, was issued in Cincin- nati, in 1799, and a few years later pamphlets and books began to ap- pear from the local printing-offices, prognosticating that activity of the press which has since made the city famous for the magnitude of its publishing business. It is not surprising that a community which fostered the school, the lyceum, and the press regarded reading as the foundation of culture, and considered the collection of books for popular use au essential part of public .duty. To the founders of Cincinnati belongs the credit of having instituted the first public library within the Northwestern Ter- ritory. THE CINCINNATI LIBRARY went into operation March 6, 1802, thirteen years after the town was 'bagun, and two years before the formation of the famous "Coon Skin" Library at Ames, Athens County, Ohio, for which priority of origin has been mistakenly claimed. Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 899 The Cincinnati Library grew out of a popular movement, which, ac- cording to the l^Tew England method, took direction through the free action of a citizens' meeting, held at Mr. Yeatman's tavern, the usual place of assembly for public transactions. This was in February, 1802. A committee, consisting of Jacob Burnet, Martin Baum, and Lewis Kerr, was appointed to draw up and circulate a paper soliciting subscriptions for the purpose of establishing a library. The original copy of this paper is now in the possession of Robert Clarke, esq., the well known publisher. The list of subscribers to the library fund comprised twenty- five names, representing thirty-four shares of stock valued at $10 each, or a total of $340 — no inconsiderable sum to be raised in a frontier - colony three-quarters of a century ago. It is interesting to note that the subscription list is headed by the name of the veteran Arthur St. Clair, first governor of the Northwestern Territory, and of Ohio. The library went into operation, with Lewis Kerr as librarian, but of its subsequent history no records have been found. It probably merged into the CINCINNATI CIRCULATING LIBEAEY. In the autumn of 1808, some of the leading citizens of Cincinnati pe- titioned the legislature of Ohio for a law to incorporate a public library. The petition was not granted at the time, but in 1811 it was revived, and, chiefly through the instrumentality of Judge Turner, a charter was obtained. A library society was organized, and, after much delay — occasioned, no doubt, by the breaking out of the war of 1812 — a collec- tion of about 300 volumes was ready for use, April 16, 1814. A pur- chase of 250 volumes more was made, at Philadelphia, in the summer of 1815, and also a purchase of 100 volumes, on credit, of the Miami University, at Oxford, Ohio, between which institution and Cincinnati a relation of mutual sympathy and interest was fostered for many years. Later in 1815, a member of the board of library trustees "visited the eastern cities," with discretionary power to buy books for the library, and procured about 400 volumes. From a printed catalogue of the circulating library, dated 1816, we learn that it then contained nearly 1,400 volumes, at an estimated value of about $3,000. It was kept in the old Cincinnati College building, then recently built, and known as Lancaster Seminary, from the fact that a large school on the Lancasterian method was opened there, (in 1815,) under the presidency of Jacob Burnet, author of Notes on the Northwestern Territory. • The librarian's name was David Cathcart. The library appears to have been selected with care by competent judges of books. It contained a pleasing variety of standard works, and was classified with exact system. The pride and glory of the trustees seem to have been a set of Eees's Cyclopedia. The rules and regula- tions of the library were very minute and stringent, indicating the high estimation in which the books were held. A deposit of $5 was required of every shareholder "on receiving a volume of the Cyclopedia." Wil- 900 Public Libraries in the United States. sou's Ornithology and two or three other expensive works could "only be read or referred to in the library." The moving spirit in the fornaation and management of the circnlating library was the president of its board of trustees, Dr. Daniel Drake, a man who deserves to be remembered for his zeal, ability, and perse- verance in useful enterprises of every kind, and esiiecially those tending to promote knowledge among the people. The history of the circulating library reflects quite vividly the kind and degree of culture possessed by the Queen City of the West in her ambitious youth. The kind was practical, the degree high enough to grasp the relations of reading with academic training, and to stimulate several original literary enterprises. The seminary, which grew up with the library and was nourished by it, was the first important school in the city. The men whose provincial enthusiasm over the possession of a few hundred .books provokes a smile included in their number some authors not to be despised, even by the critics of to-day. The circulating library existed still at College Building in 1826, when the number of its volumes had diminished to 1,300, Eventually, for some reason unknown to the writer, the books were boxed up and packed away in the cellar of a bookstore on Main street. Here they remained for several years, gathering dampness and mold, until Eev. James H. Perkins, a Unitarian clergyman and writer, who took great interest in the literary and historical progress of the West, assumed the responsi- bility of overhauling the boxes and bringing their neglected contents to the light. Many of the books were entirely ruined. The treasured Tolumes of Wilson's Ornithology fell to pieces of their own weight. Such of the books as were in tolerable condition were selected and placed upon the shelves of the library of the Ohio Mechanics' lustitute- a harbor destined to receive the drifting remnant of several pioneer col- lections. THE apprentices' LIBRARY. The third public library of Cincinnati was founded in February, 1821, ostensibly for the improvement of " minors brought up to laborious em- ployment in the city," and therefore called The Apprentices' Library. The management of it was intrusted to a board of directors, appointed by the contributors to the library, or by the city council in case the contributors failed to elect. The library was'cjeposited in the council chamber, and contained, ac- cording to a catalogue published in 1846, about 2,500 volumes. The character of this collection was severely useful. The catalogue impresses the reader with a conviction that the generous donors to the library freely gave from their private collections such books as they never could prevail upon themselves to read or their neighbors to borrow ; for examples. The Apprentice's Guide, The Ambitious Student, An In- quiry for Happiness, The Improvement of the Mind, and Practical Piety. These delightful treatises, strange as it may appear, were not eagerly Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 901 devoured by the uugrateful " minors brought up to laborious employ- ment," for whose edification they were provided. It, however, became the custom for apprentices to draw books from the library for their parents and friends, especially after some novels were added to the col- lection by a certain wicked librarian named Jones. The Apprentices' Library contrasts sharply with the Circulating Library, as to origin, purpose, management, and almost everything else. Like many an other institution built up /or rather than hy its benefici- aries, it lacked vitality and never became popular. Its affairs were loosely administered, and, worst of all, its books were of little account. The collection was donated to the Mechanics' Institute shortly after that was organized, and some of the books are yet to be seen on the shelves of the Institute Library. LIBRARY OF THE OHIO MECHANICS' INSTITUTE. At the close of a course of lectures on natural philosophy, delivered in the autumn of 1828, by John D. Craig, then an old man and eminent as a teacher of science, the lecturer suggested the establishment of a mechanics' institute in Cincinnati, such organizations being already in successful operation in Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Balti- more.' Dr. Craig afterward prepared, upon popular invitation, an ad- dress on mechanics' institutes, which was read before a large audience and printed. This led to the establishment of the Ohio Mechanics' In- stitute, in February, 1829. The general object of the institute being ''to facilitate the diffusion of useful knowledge" among the people, various means'bf popular in- struction were considered, and among them the formation of a library. In 1830 the basis of a library was laid by donations of miscellaneous volumes from Dr. Craig; John P. Foote, Prof. John Lbck, J. L. Tal- bott, and a few others. Three years after this Prof. Calvin E. Stowe. then of Lane Seminary, Cincinnati, gave before the institute a lecture on the History of Letters. The Hon. James Hall also delivered an address on the importance of establishing a first class library in Cin- cinnati. The audience drawn by these lectures was neither large nor enthusiastic, but it contained the working few, the stanch vanguard of devoted men and women who labor and make much sacrifice for the higher interests of humanity. The institute purchased the private library of Morgan TSTeville, esq., son of General Neville, of Eeyolutionary fame. Some- volumes of the Neville collection yet remain, and they may be distinguished by a label on which are engraved the Neville arms and the motto Nocturna . ver sate manu, ver sate diurna." ■. The " Neville collection," together with the Apprentices' Library and what was left of the Circulating Library, furnished the.heterogeneous and timeworn materials of which the foundation of the Institute Library .902 Public Libraries in the United /States. was made. The collection was placed ia a building known as the Bnon Baptist Church, on Walnut street. It was presently removed to the Cincinnati College, and again, in 1839, to the famous Bazaar built by Mrs. Frances Trollope during her residence in Cincinnati. About the year 1840 the library received large donations of valuable books from its friend and patron Eev. James H. Perkins. Some good books were given also by an organization known as The Lyceum, of which Salmon P. Chase was a prominent member. From the Bazaar, or Trollope's Folly, as it was contemptuously called, the library was transferred to a room on Walnut street, thence to a room on Third street, and thence again, in 1 848, to "another room on Walnut street.. About this time a lot was purchased on the corner of Sixth and Vine streets, and upon this the present Mechanics' Institute building was erected. Thus, after a nomadic existence -of nearly twenty years, the library at last found permanent quarters. The record of its wanderings and vicissitudes helps us to realize how painfully slow is the growth of educational institutions in a new city. In 1856 the Cincinnati school board leased rooms in the Mechanics' Institute building, and deposited the Public Library there. The In- stitute Library, comprising something less than 6,000 volumes, was placed in charge of the school board and became virtually a part of the Public Library. In the year 1870 the Public Library was removed to its new home on Vine street, and the Institute Library was left in its own apartment. Since that time it has notreceived any important additions, except a valuable instalment of publications by the Patent OfiQce. The library is scarcely used at all by the public, and, in fact, it contains few, if any, books that are not to be found in better condition at other public 1 ibraries in the city. The Mechanics' Institute Library has outlived its usefulness as a means of diifusing general knowledge; but as a monu- ment of past enterprise it is full of local interest, and as a quaint col- lection of odd, old books from different places and memorable individu- als it is curious and historically precious. THE YOUNG MEN'S MERCANTILE LIBRARY. Some six years after the intelligent mechanics of Cincinnati set about organizing their noble institution for the intellectual elevation of the workingmen, the leading business men of the city undertook the establishment of an association which should contribute directly and specially to the culture and dignity of the mercantile class. The Young Men's Mercantile Library Association of Cincinnati was incorporated in 3836. It has been from the start one of the most efficient educational I'owers in the city. Its primary object, as the name implies, was the formation of a library. The system and success with which this object has been carried out, in the face of many discouragements, testify favorably to the business tact, as well as to the liberality, of the asso- ciation. The writer of this sketch has been forcibly struck by the fact Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 903. that of all the Cincinnati libraries the Mercantile is the only one whose history is clearly and fully preserved. The reports and records of the- association are definite, statistical, and satisfactory. Immediately upon the organization of the association the sum of $1,800 was raised by subscription, with part of which books were purchased, and the library went at once into operation. The library was first opened in Ames's building, Main street, but after several removals it found its way to the Cincinnati College — a receptacle ever hospitable to the agencies of culture, whether in the direction of science, literature, or art. This edifice, endeared to the city by many associations, was destroyed by fire on Sunday, January 19, 1845, but by the prompt exertions of citizens all the books of the library were saved uninjured. The present Cincinnati College was built in 1846, and in it the association secured on perpetual lease, free of rent, a fine suite of rooms embracingthe entire second fioor front. The prospects of the library were now exceedingly good, and fine progress was made from year to year. In 1847 subscriptions were first made to foreign periodicals— English, German, and French. In 1849 ai valuable importation of English books was 148 choice periodicals. In the month of October, 1869, the College Building took fire, aii(3 was with difiSculty saved from entire destruction. On this occasion a portion of the library was ruined by fire and water, but most of th& books were preserved in good condition and removed to a suitable place until the injured building was repaired and renovated. A new catalogue, containing the titles of 30,000 volumes, was published a month after the disaster by fire. The library was restored to its old rooms in College Building in 1870'. Shortly after this the board of directors authorized the opening of the reading room on Sunday, an innovation that met with general approval. A radical change of policy was brought about in 1871, when a new con- stitution was adopted abolishing the exclusive mercantile feature of the association, and extending the privileges of membership to ail classes. This gives the association a more metropolitan character, and greatly increases its usefulness as well as its popularity. The Mercantile Library is conducted in a liberal spirit, and it meets the wants of many readers. Its rooms are always quiet, clean, and attractive, and therefore a favorite place of resort. Its shelves are well supplied with history and statistics, especiaUy American. The collection of bound periodicals is' excellent; and the files of early west- ern newspapers are of great rarity. The main features of the library are its pleasant reading room and its department of prose fiction. While the other public libraries of the city have until recently almost repudi- ated fiction, this one has always promptly met the demand of the novel reading public. Three-fourths of its circulation is of standard fiction- ,904 Public Libraries in the United States. In the annual report for 1871 ifc is stated that twenty copies of Miss Alcott's Little Women and twelve copies of Mark Twain's Innocents Abroad did not half supply the demand for those pleasant books. The library now numbers about 36,000 volumes. The formation and maintenancfe of a library^ have not been the only objects of the Mercantile Library Association. Literary exercises formed an important part of the programme of the association's meetings for a good many years. The experiment of conducting classes in mathemat- ics and modern languages was tried with varying success until 1858, when it was discontinued. Efforts were made to establish a gallery of fine arts and a cabinet of natural history, under the auspices of the association. A collection of shells, fossils, and minerals was purchased of Prof. David Christy for $4,000 ; but, this proving an incumbrance, it was consigned to Triibner & Co., London, with the expectation of its profitable sale ; to the chagrin of the association, it actually brought only £36 17s. The library rooms are adorned by a few works of flue art, among which are busts by Clevenger, Powers, and Canova. The library association frequently renders itself and the city service by securing popular lecturers to ajjpear in Cincinnati under its pat- ronage. A peculiar custom has long prevailed in the association that gives it a local importance not usual with organizations of the kind. The elec- tion of officers is held annually, and it is always an occasion of intense excitement, as there are invariably two rival tickets, known as the reg- ular and the independent. Each ticket is supported with a partisan devotion amazing to strangers who happen in the city during the cam- paign. Each party has its headquarters fitted up with great elegance, its badge, its banner, and all the pomp and circumstance of glorious war. Ladies are now allowed to vote, having a voting precinct of their owu, and tickets of the most elegant and dainty description. The effect of all this annual parade is to call universal attention to the association and to increase its membership and its money resources. The custom has become traditional, and its mock-earnest excitement is anticipated as part of the winter's amusement. LIBRARY OP THE HISTORICAL AND PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY OP OHIO. The Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio was incorporated at Columbus, Ohio, February 11, 1831. Its meetings and elections were held annually during the sitting of the legislature, in the representa- tives' hall. Addresses were made, occasional papers on local history read, and a library was started. But the society never had any great vitality until after its removal to Cincinnati, which took place in 1849. The Cincinnati Historical Society, which had been in existence five years, and which was in a thriving condition, was merged in the Histor- Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. , 905 ical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, which thereupon took a new lease of life. The society had its meetings and its library in a room of the Cincin- nati College. Some time previous to the year 1855 the books of the New England Society were deposited with the Historical Society and be- came part of its library. The New England Society was organized for the purpose of " perpetuating the memory of early settlers of New Eng- land, extending charity to the needy of New England birth, and. pro- moting virtue, knowledge, and all useful learning." It was chartered in 1845, on the application of Lyman Beecher, Salmon P. Chase, Timothy Walker, Bellamy Storer, Calvin E. Stowe, E. D. Mansfield, and others. The books received from this interesting society are valuable in them- selves, and have an added value from-J;he fame of their donors. The Historical Society iiourished for a time, and gave promise of healthy development. But it could not command the conditions of per- manent prosperity. Having no rooms but those it rented, having no endowment, and having no income but the annual fees of members, the membership became so diminished that the rooms were given up, and the collection placed on deposit in the Public Library of the city. Dur- ing the war most of the members were away from the city ; some re- moved permanently. Meetings were no longer held ; the society was entirely dormant. In the spring of 1868 Eobert Buchanan, who had been president up to the suspension of the active life of the society, Charles E. Cist, who had been recording secretary, and John D. Caldwell, librarian, resolved to attempt to resuscitate it. A meeting was called for reorga- nization 23d May, 1SG8. New members were elected and the reorgani- zation completed on the 7th December, 1868. An arrangement was made with the Cincinnati Literary Club for the joint use of their rooms. The library, or what remained of it, was moved from the Public Library to the club rooms. The collection at that time comprised 700 bound volumes and 1,250 pamphlets, exclusive of duplicates. The membership increased, the library grew, and greater space be- came necessary. The trustees of the Cincinnati College, in the spring of 1871, gave the society the use, rent free, of five rooms in the upper story of the college building, and the society moved into these rooms on the 1st of April, 1871. Mr. Julius Dexter, being elected librarian, resolved to arrange and catalogue the library, and gave up his time to the work. He began the task on the 1st of January, 1872, and has now substantially completed it. The 4,967 bound volumes and 15,856 pamphlets now catalogued comprise nearly all owned by the society, except the duplicates. The library, which numbers between 5,000 and 6,000 bound volumes and about 17,000 pamphlets, has outgrown the space afforded by the rooms now occupied by the society, and is growing. A respectable 906 Public Libraries in the United States. collection of relics and implements of the Indians and the mound builders has been gathered, and could be at once increased, if there were room. The number of members has grown to 83. Meanwhile an endowment fund has been created, partly by investing all money received for life memberships, but mainly by contributions from the members. A building fund has likewise been raised and is incr^sing. The society may soon be able to procure .t. permanent home for the library, and t lus establish itself on a secure and proper foundation. The Historical Society is exceedingly fortunate in enjoying the gra- tuitous services of Mr. Julius Dexter, its librarian, whose public spirit, untiring industry, and continued liberality have done more than all other agencies to raise the library to its present state. This gentleman, in addition to his personal labors in building up the library, has donated more than $5,000 to its financial support. THE THEOLOGICAL AND EELIGIOUS LIBRARY OP CINCINNATI. George E. Day, D. D.,late president of Lane Seminary, now professor in Yale College, was the prime mover in the work of forming the Theo- logical and Eeligious Library of Cincinnati. .The association which organized this library was incorporated in March, 1863. The basis on which the library is founded is defined in the following extract from a paper prepared by Prof. Day : The eod contetnplated in the establishment of the library is twofold, ultimate and proximate. The ultimate end to be kept steadily in view is the collecting of the en- tire theological and religious literature of the world, now estimated to amount to not less than 2.50,000 volumes. . . . The proximate or immediate end proposed is the careful selection and purchase of the very best books in every department of the- ology, metaphysics, ethics, and religion, including the ablest works on both sides of disputed questions, the most valuable portions of the current theological literature of the United States, Great Britain, and the Continent, and the most important quarter- lies and other theological journals of the various denominations. The statement of Prof. Day further announced that — The religious basis upon which the whole enterprise rests is of the most comprehen- sive, liberal, and catholic character. It is absolutely and entirely undenominational. All persons, whatever their religious opinions may be, are invited to co-operate. Buoks and treatises explaining and defending the various forms of religious belief will be placed, without distinction, on the shelves. While the object of every individual should be to ascertain what is true, the object of a good library is to collect and fur- nish for use what exists. The scheme met with the cordial indorsement of the public. Influen- tial people of all denominations except the Catholics joined to put it in execution. Contributions of cash were freely given. A "founder's col- lection " of first rate books was donated. A reading room was opened ■with a periodical collection which has been considered the completcstof its kind to be found in the world. The library was first opened in a room on Fourth street, but it was presently transferred to the Mechanics' Institute building, where it at- Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 907 tained a popularity hardly to be expected. Its reading table was a principal attraction. The Theological and Eeligious Library is now deposited in the Public Library building, in charge of the school board and as part of the Pub- lic Library. It contains about 4,000 bound volumes. THE PUBLIC LIBRARY. In the year 1S53 the school law of the State of Ohio was remodeled, and provision was made for the establishment of school libraries ^.t the public cost. A tax of one-tenth of a mill on the dollar valuation was levied, the proceeds to be intrusted to the State commissioner of com- mon schools, to be expended in the purchase of books and apparatus to be distributed to all the school districts in the State. H. H. Barney, who was commissioner at the time the new law went into effect, made his purchases so as to supply every district with the same books. To the auditor of Hamilton County were sent eighteen libraries ijrecisely alike for the eighteen school districts of Cincinnati. The school board, upon the suggestion of its president, Eufus King, refused to receive so many libraries of one kind to be scattered in so many places; and on December 18, 1855, resolved that there should be but one school library in Cincinnati, and that should be kept in the building in which the sessions of the school officers were held. Upon this action the commissioner consented to give the school board the money value of the eighteen libraries, which were thereupon removed. Mr. King, assisted by Mr. Barney, made a selection and purchase of 1,500 volumes, which, early in 1856, were placed in a room on the first floor of the old Central School House on Longworth street, the board having its session room up-stairs in the same building. The library tax appropriated for the first three years from the passage of the new law amounted to almost $U,000. Owing to the misuse of books and apparatus in some parts of the State, and to strong opposi- tion excited in the book trade against the- monopoly of a certain eastern publishing house, the tax was suspended (April, 1856,) for a year, and again in April, 1857, for another year. After this the tax was levied for two years, when, in 1860, the law was repealed. During the years of change and uncertainty upon which the library entered at the very outset of its career, the friends of popular education, both in the school board and out of it, fought courageously for the library. In May, 1856, John D. Caldwell was elected clerk of the school board and librarian. He proved an active gfficer. A circular was prepared and sent to leading citizens requesting them to furnish lists of books suitable to be purchased for the library. Among the twenty or thirty persons who responded was Archbishop Purcell, who sent in a list of sixteen foolscap pages. Donations of books were made in 1856 by the Young Men's Mercantile Library Association. 908 Public Libraries in the United States. The library soon felt the urgent need of suitable rooms. A proposal to erect a third story on the building on Longworth street was consid- ered and rejected. A project to build was dismissed as impossible from lack of means. Fruitless efforts were made to secure apartments for the school board and the Public Library in College Building. At length a proposition came from the directors of the Mechanics' Institute to the - library committee of the school board, offering to lease rooms to the school board and to place the Institute Library under the same man- agement as the Public Library. The terms of the offer seemed liberal and advantageous to the committee, and it at once agreed to accept them ; but when the contract was submitted to the school board for ratification it was rejected. Dr. 0. G. Gomegys, chairman of the library committee, now set resolutely to work using every legitimate means in his power to change the disposition of the board and to secure a reversal of votes. He was successful ; and on July 31, 1856, the contract was duly signed by the proper parties. " This action," says Thomas Vickers, in his address at the opening of the new library building February 25, 1874, " was really the crossing of the Rubicon for the Public Library ; it gave it an importance which it probably would not have otherwise obtained ; and those to whose untiring energy the action was due ought to be gratefully remembered today. It is a pleas- ing reflection that as a consequence of the occupancy of the Mechanics' Institute building, the cause of public education in this city received a new impulse. A night high school was established with eminent suc- cess in Greenwood Hall, and an art gallery, which under the fostering care of the then president of the school board (Mr. King) has grown into the McMicken School of Design, the art department of the Cincinnati University." In October, 1857, the library committee, in their report to the school board, recommended the appointment of a librarian in chief at a salary not to exceed $1,100. The board having given permission, Mr. K Pea. body Poor was elected librarian at a salary of $800, with an assistant at 6300. In its report for 1857 we find the library committee lament- ing the accession of novels from the transfer of the Institute Library. The circulation of novels for the preceding year had amounted to 8,229. " The excessive propensity thus manifested for such" reading," says the report, "has given us much pain, and it will be our duty, by early and stringent measures, to put away from us all cause of reproach on the subject." Prompted by the sense of moral obligation implied by the above language, the committee resolved, October 2, 1857, that no novels should be given out to pupils of the high schools ! The conflict of opinion with respect to novel'^eading is curious to observe. It has come up again and again in Cincinnati. The anti-fiction party appears to have held the balance of power in the library for several years. In 1869 we notice the librarian, Mr. Freeman, mildly urging the purchase of a few good novels; and in 1872 the librarian, Mr. Poole, devotes a Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 911 considerable part of his repoi't to the direct discassion of the sabject of novel reading, affirming that no public library can enjoy iDopular sympathy and proscribe prose fiction. In April, 1859, two concerts were given in Pike's Opera Honse for the benefit of the library, from which the sum of $1,335 was realized. The greater part of this was used in fitting up the library with alcoves and gallery. During the war the library languished. The reports of the librarian were meagre. The library fell into a state of disorder. Many of the books were defaced or worn out; many were lost or stolen. Early in 1866 Mr. Poor, the aged librarian, suddenly died. The board elected in his place Mr. Lewis Freeman. At the close of the war there was a general awakening of literary and educational interests. To Cincinnati the period was one of transi- tion from provincial to metropolitan conditions and methods. The city sprang forward and upward with a new impulse. The library committee in 1866 issued a circular urging the public to . subscribe a fund, the income of which should support the library. In response to the appeal, and through the vigorous efforts of Mr. Free- man, the librarian, about $5,000 were raised. The fund was further in- creased by a bequest of $5,000 from Mrs. Sarah Lewis. But it was painfully evident that the library could not depend for a sufficient income upon the liberality of a few individuals. The chief hope of the library lay in the prospect of such legislation as would restore the old tax or its equivalent. Such legislation was eventually secured, largely through the influence of Eev. J. M. Walden. A law was passed March 18, 1867, by which the city is empowered to assess, additional to the usual educational tax, one-tenth of a mill on the dollar for the maintenance of a Public Library. This important leg- islation at once gave the library an independent income of over $13,000. The library at once began a vigorous growth, which has not since been checked. In 1868 over 4,000 volumes were added to the collection, em- bracing the private library of W. T. Ooggeshall, and a good collection of German books. The librar3^ at this date, contained only 350 novels in all. The report of the board of library managers to the board of educa- tion, dated June 28, 1869, records a movement which led to the results most desired. "On the 20th of July, 1868," says the report, "your board passed a resolution referring the subject of the location and erec- tion of a building for the Public Library to a committee of your board, in connection with the board of managers of the Public Library." The committee thereby constituted held their first meeting on the 17th day of August, 1868, and proceeded to examine the Handy Opera House property, which was about to be sold by public auction. It was decided to be very desirable prbperty for a public library, and afterward it was purchased by the committee for the sum of $83,000. 912 Public Libraries in the United States. Plans for a library building were prepared by Mr. J. W. McLaughlin, architect, and the work of building was promptly begun. Early in 1869 Mr. Freeman tendered his resignation as librarian, which was accepted, and Mr. W. P. Poole, of the Boston Athenteum, was elected to the position. Mr. Poole entered upon the discharge of his duties November 5, 1869. He set to work with great energy and enthusiasm to reorganize the whole library economy, and to prepare for the anticipated change and increase the sphere of library operations, A new catalogue was begun. The front part of the new library build- ing being ready for occupancy, the books were removed from the Mechanics' Institute rooms daring the autumn months of 1870, aijd the new apartments were opened to the public December 8, 1870. The whole number of volumes removed was 30,799, exclusive of the books of the Theological and Eeligious Library, (3,291 volumes,) which were also removed, to remain in charge of the Public Library. The Mechanics' In- stitute Library was left with the flourishing institution which created it In March, 1871, the school board opened the Public Library for Sunday use. The new catalogue, comprising 656 pages, wasissued, A room for illustrated works was fitted up, and proved to be very attractive. Excellent progress was made during the years 1871, 1872, and 1873. .The library increased rapidly, and its popularity was proportional to its growth. During the official year 1872-73, the trustees of the Cincinnati Hospital deposited their medical library in the Public Library, but this has since been withdrawn. Late in 1873, Mr. Poole resigned his position with the view of taking charge of the Chicago Public Library. His resignation was accepted, and the Rev. Thomas Vickers was elected in his stead, December 1, 1873. The main hall of the new library building being at length com- pleted, appropriate dedicatory exercises took place February 25, 1874. The magnificent room was thrown open to the public, and addresses were made by Hon. George H. Pendleton and others. The library room now ready for the accumulating treasures of the reading public of Cincinnati, is one of the largest and finest single apartments of the kind in the world. It has a shelving capacity for 250,000 volumes. On the 17th of March, 1874, Dr. W. H. Mussey placed in charge of the Public Library his private library of 3,513 volumes. The collection is practically a gift to the public. It is known as the Mussey Medi- cal and Scientiflc Library, and occupies four alcoves in the main hall. The Public Library contained in all about 70,000 volumes at the beginning of Mr. Vickers's administration. It seemed to the librarian imperative that, upon the removal of the books to the main hall, a re- classification and a new catalogue were imperatively demanded. So rapid. had been the growth of the library, that the printed catalogue no longer contained the titles of half the books, Mr. Vickers suggested that the catalogue hereafter should consist of separate parts, " class catalogues, which can be sold at a merely nominal price to the persons IXTERIOE PUBLIC LIBRAEY OF CINCINNATI. 06 E Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 915 interested in the various (iepartinents, and which can be reprinted at small cost whenever they are out of date by reason of large accessions." This plan has been adopted, and the first of the series of class cata- logues, that comprising the titles of fl.ction, is now nearly ready for the press. The labor of removing the books to the main library room was com- pleted as rapidly as practicable, and all the apartments of the library building are now applied to their appropriate uses. The various read- ing rooms are in complete order, and the reference use of the library has become a leading feature. From the admirable report of the librarian to the board of managers for the official year ending June 30, 1875, we learn that the library circulated in that year 443,100 volumes. The whole number of book borrowers recorded for the year is 26,247, and the whole number of volumes issued for use in the reading room was 51,189. It is a striking fact that the Sunday use of the library has steadily increased until it now averages a thousand readers a day. Says the librarian : Certainly no one who will visit our various reading rooms on Sunday, and observe the large attendance of the young men of the city, the earnest and thoughtful attitude of by far the larger part of them, and the quiet and decorum which everywhere pre- vail, can fail to see that the library, with its Sunday reading, is exerting a powerful influence for good upon the morals of the community. There is another very interesting fact brought to light by the tabular statements of the librarian's last report. It appears that during certain mouths in which the books of fiction were withdrawn from circulation for the purpose of cataloguing, the reading of history and biography increased 137 per cent, of geography, voyages, and travel, 191 per cent., and of science and the arts 89 per cent.! When the restriction on novels was withdrawn all the other classes of reading dropped to their usual level. From these data the librarian ably and convincingly argues for the restriction, not suppression, of the circulation of light literature. He says: Much as I deplore the popular mania for the poorest and most ephemeral productions of that class, I cannot regard the reading of even these as an unmitigated evil. Much less do I in the least deny or doubt the informing and educating power of ihe higher class of modern novels, though it were certainly the height of unwisdom to seek one's information and education exclusively in them. What, however, does appear question- able is whether a library such as this ought to undertake to supply the popular demand for such literature to the fullest extent. It would seem that this library, intimately connected as it is with our public schools, being, in fact, a part of the general system of public instruction, should seek to exert a direct influence in the education of the people. Such restraint, therefore, on the novel reading propensity as comes from the refusal of the board to purchase any large number of duplicates of works of the poorer class, would seem in order and a duty. This carefully expressed and certainly very reasonable language is of more than local applicability, and seems to us worthy of attention by all who have to do with the great trust of guiding popular taste and. culture through the agency of libraries. 916 Public Libraries in the United States. There is still another poiut in Mr. Vickers's report of such general importance that it may with propriety be quoted in a sketch designed for national circulation : In the management of the great libraries of Germany there is one feature, which, with some modifications, might be successfully and profitably copied in America, Wherever the scholar may reside in Germany he has in a certain sense the whole literary wealth of. the country at his command. On proper recommendation and security he can have sent to him, from any of the principal libraries, for a definite period, such works as he needs for the prosecution of his studies, his only expense being that of transportation. By means of another arrangement, a scholar residing in a place where there is an important library, can borrow books from libraries in other cities on the security of the one in his own. For instance. Professor A, residing in Dresden, needs a book which is not to be had there, but is in the Eoyal Library at Berlin, or in the Koyal Library at Munich ; the Eoyal Public Library at Dresden sends to Berlin or Munich for the book, becomes responsible for its safe return, and Professor A has the use of it on payment of the small sum which the carriage costs. I see no reason whatever why such an arrangement as this could not be made between the principal libraries of this country. It would assuredly be an invaluable assistance to- scholars and students. The annual income of the library now exceeds $20,000, and is increas- ing. OTHEK LIBRARIES. This sketch would fail to give a just account of the resources of Cin- cinnati in the way of books, if it did not mention several semi-public libraries accessible to the enterprising student. Lane Seminary has a very interesting library, comprising many rare works. The collection has been growing for many years. It numbers 12,000 volumes. The College of St. Xavier possesses an excellent library of about 14,000 volumes, kept in excellent order, in a very convenient room. The books are almost without exception works of permanent value. Of course many of them relate to the history and polity of the Catholic Church, and especially to the Society of Jesus. The students' society libraries of the college contain about 3,000 volumes. Mt. St. Mary's Seminary of the Wovst' also has a library of 15,100 volumes and 4,000 pamphlets. There is an attractive printed catalogue of this collection, containing the titles of many good books and some poor ones. The best portions of the library are its ascetical and polem- ical works and its department of ancient classics. The Cincinnati Law Library is deserving of more than passing men- tion. It is considered by competent judges to be one of the best of its kind. It numbers about 6,400 volumes. The Ohio Medical College has a collection of 5,000 volumes. The Cincinnati Hospital has a collection of 2,119 valuable medical works. A hst is appended of other libraries, numbering each 1,000 volumes or more. ' Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 917 Tolumes. Catnoac Institute o nnn Queeu City Business College j 000 House of Refuge ^ qOq Hughes High School j ' ggo Mendenhall's Circulating Library g 000 New Church Library 1100 Turners' Library 3 ^j^q Young Men's Christian Association X 200 CONCLUSION. The chief interest of the foregoing sketch is necessarily local, though many of the facts have a general and representative value that justifies their insertion. Any phase of the history of any city throws some light upon municipal progress everywhere. Authentic facts, however few or trivial, make up the agrgegate of useful details out of which true gener- alizations arise. It is worth while to remark, that a great deal of earnest effort has been misdirected, thrown away, and lost, in Cincinnati from lack of systematic co-operation on the part of those who engaged, from time to time, in establishing libraries and other institutions. The fruits of their labor are not so abundant as they might have been had they combined their resources. Our review illustrates one encouraging truth, namely, that good en- terprises are not always dead when they appear to be so. It takes time to realize great improvements. The present splendid Public Library of Cincinnati may be not unreasonably regarded as the outgrowth of seeds planted as long ago as 180U. The spirit that inspired the founders of the old Cincinnati Library three-quarters of a century ago also animates the men who fostered and still foster the intellectual interests of the city to day. The libraries of Cincinnati, as of other towns and cities, have ever been the conservators of popular intelligence. Whenever and wherever a collection of books has been formed, then and there other agencies of knowledge and thought cluster together. Books are the nucleus about which culture crystallizes, like a gem of many facets. They are at the centre of literature, science, and art. They illuminate education, relig- ion, and life. They are the stimulus of students, the strength of schol- ars, and the delight of men of taste. To the pupil in school they are only less valuable than the excellent teacher, and often more valuable than even he. The sage of Concord has said that to the modern learner the great library is equivalent to a university. There is no danger, however, that the library will supersede the school, for these two agen- cies of human amelioration rise together, complement each other, and are both exponents of the highest civilization. 918 Public Libraries in the United States. VII.— PUBLIC LIBRARIES OF NEW YORK CITY. BY O. C. GAKDINBR. LIBRAKY OF THE CITY EECOEDS. This library, the date of origin of which cannot be definitely fixed, began by the preservation and accumulation of the various manuscript records pertaining to land titles and the administration of municipal affairs, like similar collections elsewhere. It was probably first called a library soon after the practice of printing the various records and reports of the municipality was begun. It Is deposited in the city hall, and now contains about 4,000 volumes, besides 10,000 duplicates. It embraces, besides the collection of printed volumes relating to the various depart- ments of the city government, more than a hundred volumes of manu- script records, and the original paperson which these records are founded. The manuscripts and papers fill four large iron safes. The manuscript records extend over a period of nearly two centuries, from 1647 to 1830, and the printed records over a period of nearly half a century since. These manuscript records were chiefly in Dutch from 1647 to 1674, (the final cession to the English,) and are contained in six volumes, and the English records before and after the Revolution in about 70 volumes. The latter come down to 1830, since which all records, except those of 1871, have been printed. They were suspended, from June 27, 1774, to February 10, 1784. From August, 1776, to November, 1783, during its occupation by English troops, the city was under martial law. In the 4,000 printed volumes are embraced the directories of the city, from 1786 to 1876 ; proceedings of the boards of aldermen and assistant aldermen from 1831, inclusive, till the board of assistants was abolished by the late charter ; the reports of the treasurers and controllers from 1790 to 1867 ; the Annals of Congress from 1793 to 1809 ; 17 volumes of American State Papers, and the National Archives of 1776 ; Historical Collections of Louisiana, from 1678 to 1691 ; reports on Central Park ; the Montgomerie charter, and the charters and amendments to char- ters since the Eevolution ; the charters and early ordinances of forty- five cities of the United States, including the principal cities of New York State, and Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Washington; san- itary reports, nearly complete ; reports, manuals, and directories of the •board of education ; records of board of supervisors, from 1809 to 1875, except 1870-1871 ; Manuals of the Corporation from 1841 to 1870, ex- cept 1867; Niles's Register, 1811 to 1849; the City Record since begun, 1873 to 1876 ; 'reports of tlie Croton aqueduct and of the fire depart- ment since its organization as a paid service and its union with the fire telegraph alarm. It embraces also a large collection of French documents and British Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 919 sanitary reports ; Audubou's works, in 9 volumes ; "Tallacli's prison sys- tems of Great Britain and the United States ; memoirs of James Daane, and many others. NEW YORK SOOIETY LIBEAEY. This was probably the earliest loan library in America. In early records and histories of the city it was referred to and known as the " Gity " or " Public Library " in the City Hall. The later catalogues of the Society Library, and many careful stu- dents of the history of the city, among them the accomplished and venerable president of the library, Hon. Frederic De Peyster, date its foundation in 1700 under Bellomont, governor of the provipce. At the centennial of the charter of the library, in ISTovember, 187kl, Mr. De Peyster made, in substance, the following brief statement : Uhfier English rule, after the revolution of 1688, King William took particular interest in the improvement of New York. He naturally re- garded it with special solicitude, as the settlement had sprung from his Dative country. The Earl of Bellomont was a diligent promoter of his views. A well devised system of education required a public library as its support, and such an institution was escablished in this city in 1700. It was the immediate predecessor of the chartered New York Society Library of to day. The library has in its collection a number of volumes presented to it in the early years of the eighteenth century — from 1702 onward — the gift of Eev. John Sharp, an English chaplain at the fort in this city. He was for some time a missionary for The Venerable So- ciety for the Propagation of the Grospel in Foreign Parts, and in this capacity, in 1710 addressed a letter from New York to its secretary in London, stating the fact that " provincial and parochial libraries '' were already in existence in the metropolis of the several provinces of Maryland, Pennsylvania, New York, and Buston, and that many collec- tions of good books had been sent over. In recognizing a provincial or public library in operation in New York, he confirms the statement of the historian, Oldmixon, that such a library had been founded in this city in 1700. The evidence of this early date of 1700 is presumptive rather than a matter of record in the city or provincial minutes of the time. The history of the labors of Eev. Thomas Bray, D. D., to whom the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts owes its origin, affords the strongest corroborative testimony. About the year 1697, he pro- posed a plan for loan parochial libraries in every deanery in England and Wales. He published two volumes on a plan of libraries and a scheme of studies for the clergy. He was reputed a man of great insight, energy, and prudence, and was selected by Dr. Compton, the bishop of London, for the double office of bishop and commissary of the English churches in the Maryland Province of America. Having spent three years in selecting missionaries and parochial libraries, he sailed for America, arriving in March, 1700. He returned to London in 1701 920 Public Libraries in the United States. to secure from King William a royal charter for the Societj- for the Pro- pagatiou of the Gospel, anrl other immuDities for the churches in the Province of America. Not only Maryland, but the vestries of Boston, Rhode Island, New York, Pennsylvania, and Bermuda, returned thanks forthelibrarieshe had forwarded. These were, most i)rol)abIy, i)arochial. The records of Trinity Church, which was burned in tlie great fire of 1776, show its parochial library to have been valued by a committee of the vestry, in making up the total loss, at £200. In 1730, Rev. Dr. Millingtou, of Newington, England, at his death bequeathed his library to the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel. The.v decided to place it in New York City, as the most central point, for the benefit of the colonies in America ; and, at a meeting of the com- mon council of the city, held June 27, 1729, the mayor notified "this court " that he had been served with a message from the speaker of the general assembly, at the request of his excellency the governor, cowr- ing a letter from David Humphrey, secretary in London of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel, that Dr. Millington had bequeathed to then'i a valuable library, and that, desiring to place it where it should be most useful abroad, they had agreed "to fix it in the city of New York;" but it being their intention it should be established a library from which the clergy and the gentlemen of the governments of New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Connecticut might borrow boobs to read, ui)on giving security to return them within a limited time, they desired that "a i)roper method should be taken for the preservation of the books;" that the assembly would provide a room for them, and pass an act for their preservation and all others which should be added to them. The conditions were accepted, and in the following spring the library, which contained 1,642 volumes, was received and placed in the City Hall. The city records do not, at that date, show the appointment of a " library keeper," (this was then the name.) But this is probable, for it appears from a record of fifteen years' later date (.April 19, 1745) that the library not having proper care, James Parker, who was then printer to the government, and had succeeded William Bradford in the New York Gazette, proposed to the mayor and common council to become " library keeper " on the following terms : Would make perfect copy of all the books, print catalogue, and at the foot of one give his receipt for the books; would charge six pence a week per volume, require double security, lend no book for less than a week nor longer than a month; members and officers of common council to receive books gratis, but give same security ; would give his attention two hours once a week, and repair all books at his own expense. This was agreed to, and the arrangement probably continued for several years. In 1754 a movement was begun which resulted in the formation of the Society Library in the same year. The original subscription roll, which comprised 140 names, began : Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 921 Whereas : a public library would be very useful to the city, and may be advantageous to our intended college, we subscribe £"3 each, New York currency, and 10 shillings yearly. It continued with brief rales and regulations, and a provision to ap- point a library keeper, and to allow him a proper salary for attendance. At a meeting May 2, 1754, the following gentlemen were elected trus- tees: Hon. James De Lancey, Joseph Murray, John Chambers, Henry Barclay, William Walton, John Watts, James Alexander, Benjamin Mcolls, William Livingston, Robert R. Livingston, William Alexander, and William P. Smith. At a meeting May 7, it was voted that every member bring in a list of such books as he might judge most proper for the first purchase. At a meeting May 16, five such lists were produced, and from these a list was selected and sent to London to be filled so far as the money collected, about £750 New Tork currency, would allow. The books selected formed a fair collection of the English standard literature of the time, in its several departments. At a meeting of the trustees on the 11th September, 1754, pending the arrival of these books, the following resolutions were adopted, show- ing that this library was placed in the library room of the City Hall, and thus merged with the public library of Dr. Millington : Whereas, the Corporation Library hrfth for some years past been shut up, and the books become of little or no advantage to the public, that the same may be improved, Resolved, ' That the following proposals be made to the corporation : 1st, that the room in the City Hall in which the Corporation Library is now kept be appropriated to the trustees of this library ; 3d, that such apd so many of the books belonging to the Corporation Library as shall be deemed by us most fit for the use of the New York So- ciety Library may be joined to the same, and placed under the care of us and our suc- cessors, we ana they being accountable to the corporation whenever demanded ; 3d, that any books not suited to our use may be boxed up and secured ; 4tb, that some per- son be appointed by the corporation to act with persons appointed by us to inspect and take account of the books, for which we will be accountable when delivered to our management. John Watts, William Livingston, and William P. Smith were ap- pointed to carry these resolutions into effect. These minutes also show that invoices of books, larger or smaller, were added to the library in 1755, 1756, 1758, 1761, 1763, and 1765. Among the records now in the archives of the library are two small catalogues, with the imprint of " Hugh Gain, Hanover Square, at the sign of the Bible and Crown," with no printed but the written dates 1758 and 1761. These dates are verified by accounts showing that he was paid for catalogues June 6, 1758, and again September 2, 1761. At a meeting of trustees December 4, 1771, Samuel Jones, treasurer presented the draft of a charter which was amended, adopted, and forwarded to Governor William Tryon for the approval of the Crown. This was witnessed as the royal charter of His Majesty George III, November 9, 1772, with the seal and signature of Tryon. A new im- petus was thus given, and the public interest in the library increased till the portending events of 1773 and 1774 seem to have prevented any 922 Public Libraries in the United States. further additions of books, or any record of meetings in 1774. The accounts in brief extend'to 1774, showing that it was still in use. This was probably not long continued, for the city corporation records on the same floor in the adjoining council chamber were suspended June 27, 1774. The catalogue of 1761 contained the names of 120 subscribers, and about 1,300 to 1,500 volumes, exclusive of the Millington collection; so that, with additions from 1761 to 1772, the library must have con- tained 3,500 to 4,000 volumes in 1776. After a suspension of fourteen years, the library resumed active operations in 1788, when twelve trustees were elected. The library was largely depleted during the Revolution, and many of the books were removed for safe keeping. When the City Hall was enlarged and improved, for the first session of Congress under the Constitution, March 4, 1789, the entire second story was required ; and at a common council January 7, 1789, it was resolved that the board has no objection to the appropriation of the uppermost room in the southeast part of the City Hall for the use of the Society Library. From 1788 onward, the society enjoyed a new career of prosperity. The first catalogue after the war, published in 1793, contained the titles of 5,000 volumes, and in it were found many of the valuable works gathered in its infancy. The growing importance of the .library in 1793 required larger accom- modations. A subscription was begun, a site purchased opposite the Old Dutch Church next to the corner of Liberty, in Nassau street, and an edifice for its special use — one of the most imposing of that day — completed in 1795. In 1800 a supplement to the catalogue of 1793 made the aggregate at that date 6,500 volumes. The increased value of property in Nassau street led to the sale of the library edifice and the search for a less costly site farther up town, in 1836. In the mean time the library was removed to Chambers street, near and east of Centre. It remained here four years. During this time a collection of books and magazines in Pine street, called the Athe- naeum Library, was merged in the society. It contained 3,000 or 3,500 volumes, about one-half magazines. A new and more spacious building was completed in 1840 on the corner of Broadway and Leonard street, into which its books were removed. It was at this period the most sought and most valued collection among the popular libraries of the country. In 1853, the property on Broadway was sold and the library removed to the Bible House, where it remained until the completion, in 185(5, of the present building on University Place near Twelfth street. The library, built at a cost of $80,000, is a plain, solid two-story brown-stone building 40 by 70 feet, with high ceilings, and arranged Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 923 with special reference to light and thorough ventilation. It contains a large reading room for gentlemen, a smaller one for ladies, and two commodioas offices on the street floor. The second story is arranged with alcoves on either side the entire depth of the building, and a sec- ond series above with galleries in front extending the entire circuit. At the date of removal from the City Hall, 1795, it had 900 subscribers ; on removal to its present edifice in 1856-'57, it had 1,100, and this num- ber has continued with slight variations. In 1800, the library contained 6,,'500 volumes ; in 1813, 13,000 volumes; in 1825, 16,000 volumes ; in 1828,25,000; in 1853, 40,900 ; and now in 1876 about 65,000 volumes. The second catalogue after the Revolution was issued in 1813, with supplement in 1825 ; in 1838 a second catalogue was issued, with both an alphabetical and analytical arrangement of titles. Supplements fol- lowed on the same plan in 1841 and 1843. A third was prepared on the plan of that in 1838, with great care, in 1850. These were all the work of Mr. Philip J. Forbes. During its history of almost a century and a half this library has been the recipient of many important gifts in books. Besides the Dr. Milling- ton library, it received, in 1812, a most valuable collection of 275 volumes on American history from heirs of John Winthrop the younger, first gov- ernor of Connecticut. A more recent and rare gift was from Robert Lenox Kennedy — the Hammond Circulating Library of Newi)ort, E. I., contain- ing about 2,500 volumes. These comprise choice works of fiction and light literature. Many of the books are out of print and are not to be found in modern or antiquarian bookstores of the present time ; hence rarer and more valuable as examples of the novels of the last century. From its inception down through its long period of existence, the Society Library has been pre-eminently the library of the old Knicker- bocker families of New York and their descendants. It has many valu- able newspaper files, from 1726, the Gazette of William Bradford and the Mercury of Hugh Gain, down to 1830. It had in many of its earlier, invoices, selected by the Alexanders, the Livingstons^ and Smiths, rare editions of history, biography, and literature, which have been pre- served through all its reverses, and have come down to this generation. NEW YORK HOSPITAL LIBRAKY. The New York Hospital was founded in 1770, one of the most excit- ing periods of our provincial history. The library was established as a much needed auxiliary in 1790. In that year the governors appropriated $500 to the purchase of vol- umes ; the medical faculty of Columbia College contributed from their private collections, and these and this purchase formed the nucleus of the Hospital Library. It was augmented by the purchase of the library of Dr. Eomayne, in 1800, and still further by the collection of the pri- vate association of physicians, C3,lled The Medical Society of New 924 Public Libraries in the United States. York. Among the additions made from time to time, daring a period of twenty-five years, was the botanical library of Dr. Hosack. It has published in all four general catalogues and four supplements. The first catalogue in 1804 enumerated less than 1,000 volumes; the second, in 1818, about 2,000 volumes ; in 1845, 5,000 volumes, and in thirty years since it has added 5,000 more, works of far greater value than those first collected. Of the 10,000 volumes contained in the library, 5,000 embrace standard treatises by eminent authors. The various foreign and American standard medical periodicals which the library has received for over fifty years, comprise 3,000 volumes more. The remaining 2,000 volumes contain a valuable collection of botanical works, many learned monographs, and miscellaneous works in biog- raphy and the collateral sciences. It is altogether the largest and most valuable medical library in the city of New York, and one of the most valuable of its size in the country. It contains a valuable collection of illustrated works, as Bourgery and Jacob's Anatomy, 8 volumes ; Hebra and Blfinger's atlas, 8 numbers, on skin diseases ; Cruveilhiers Patho- logical Anatomy, 2 volumes ; Auvert's Surgical Practice, 2 volumes, folio. It embraces all the standard works on general and special diseases. Its collection on the theory and practice of medicine is very full, as also that on surgery and anatomy. As it is a library for consultation and reference, great care has been exercised in the selection. Dr. Vander- voort, who was regularly educated, graduated, and in the practice of medicine for over forty years,- has acted as librarian for thirty-four years ; and upon him has devolved the duty of selecting the books. Special regard is had for works which record any advance in the science or the practice of medicine. From $1,500 to $2,000 per annum are now appropriated to the in- crease of the library. LIBRARY OF THE NEW YORK HISTORICAL SOCIETY. The New York Historical Society was organized in 1804. In January, 1805, the first regular meeting was held, and the following officers elected : Egbert Benson, esq., president ; Eight Rev. Bishop Moore, first vice- president; Brockholst Livingston, second vice-president; Rev. Samuel Miller, D. D., corresponding secretary ; Mr. John Pintard, recording sec- retary ; Charles Wilkes, esq., treasurer, and Mr. John Forbes, librarian. A standing committee was appointed to issue an address to the public setting forth the objects of the society and to take such measures as would best promote its growth and progress. The constitution and by- laws were extensively circulated in pamphlet form and afterward iu- serted in the first volume of Oollections. The founders were men of eminent position as divines, statesmen, and jurists, or as men of literary culture or scientific attainment. Mr. Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 925 Pintard, already in possession of a valuable colleotioa of books relating to American history, offered it at a reduced piice. This the standing committee was authorized to purchase, and it became the nucleus of the library. Liberal donations of books, pamphlets, manuscripts, maps, and other material followed, which with purchases soon formed a re- spectable library in the department of A.mericau history. In 1S09, through the efforts of De Witt Clinton, then a member of the State senate, a charter was obtained and the society placed upon a solid foundation. September 4, 1809, completed the second century since Hudson's dis- covery and passage up the North Eiver, which received his name. The society commemorated the event by an oration from Rev. Samuel Miller, author of A Hundred Years' Retrospect in America, and by a grand dinner at the City Hotel. This celebration led to a series of publications, and Dr. Miller's paper, Verrazzano's discoveries in 1524:, Hudson's four voyages, and the laws of the Duke of York's government over the col- ony, formed the first volume. The society having removed thither from the old City Hall in 1809, remained in the government house about six years. During this period Dr. John W. Francis became librarian. His enthusiasm and brilliant intellect did much for its progress. The plan of the society originally included natural history, and im- portant collections had been made, but these were transferred to the Lyceum of I^atural History as better suited to its objects. During Dr. Francis's service the Gates, Schuyler, and Golden Papers were added. The first two as leading generals of the Revolution, the latter sharing equal civic responsibilities, gave special historical value to these additions. To its art collection were also added by the relict of the late Gouverneur Morris, portraits of Columbus, AmericusYespucius, Oortez, and Magellan, copies from the Florence gallery. In 1816 the society removed to spacious rooms gratuitously provided by the corporation in the New York Institution in the rear of the City Hall, in the park. It continued in these rooms sixteen years, down to 1832. During the greater part of this period the society struggled with special pecuniary embarrassments. But the liberal advances made to it by Dr. John W. Francis and his indefatigable exertions to maintain its credit, saved it from sacrifices which would otherwise have retarded its progress for many years. At the point of greatest embarrassment Hon. Frederic De Peyster repaired to Albany, and by the aid of De Witt CUnton, in the session of 1827, obtained a grant of $5,000. This, added to a sum raised by the special efforts of the society, relieved it of debt. In 1850 a movement was begun to secure a site and to erect a build- ing for the sole and permanent use of the library. This was completed and ocaupied in 1857 on the corner of Tenth street and Second avenue- The site is 50 by 100 feet. The building is of brick, 50 by about 95 feet, and is three stories high. The street floor contains the lecture ^room 926 Public Libraries in the United States. and trustees' office, aart into the upper stories are crowded its large col- lections of books, pamplilets, and minusiiripts, and its extensive collec- tions of paintings and sculpture. At the organization of the society in 1804, it issued an address to the public, requesting donations and information under fourteen different heads, chiefly covered by books, pamphlets, and manuscripts. Appended to the address were twenty-five queries asking special and minute in- formation upon as many topics connected with the discoveries, colouiza- tion, and foundation of the government, extending back nearly three centuries. In 1814 De Witt Clinton drafted an able memorial to the legislature, se<"ting forth the objects of the society. It was to establish a collection of the natural, civil, literary, and ecclesiastical history of America, and particularly of this State. He divided the civil history into the period of the aborigines, the half century under the Dutch, the one hundred and twelve years under England, and our political existence since. The society had already collected books, pamphlets, maps, and manu- scripts to form the great outline of this history, but the hand of time was rapidly obliterating much valuable historical material which might now be obtained, but which the lapse of a few years would put beyond the reach of human power. As an instance, the records of the Indian commission, in four folio volumes, from 1675 to 1758, were conveyed away by Sir William Johnson on the outbreak of the Eevolution. The result of this appeal was a grant of $12,000 by the legislature, and an order to send regularly to the society the laws and journals of the State. Congress also provided for the donation of its.journals, laws, and documents. The collections thus far had been the fruit of private munificence, chiefly at the hands of its founders and the booksellers of the city. The first catalogue was issued in 1813, prepared with special care and ability bythe Rev. Timothy Alden, under an alphabetical arrange- ment by authors, names of documents, maps, and newspapers It com- prised 130 pages closely printed in small type. These volumes were to a large extent miscellaneous, but the greater part illustr.itiug the history of the country during the preceding century and a half. They included the a,nnals of discovery, and early colonial settlement of New York and adjoining States, and more fully the prin- ciples and history of the foundation of the Government. A large num- ber of these volumes were issues of the London press from 1755 down ■ to 1810. Of twelve titles under America, nine were issued in Lon- don. The colotiial period gave rise to several works on the rivalry between Prance and Great Britain as to territorial I'ights and trade in America. Spanish Settlements in America, History of the British in North America, (14 volumes,) European Settlements in North America, (Edmund Burke,) and speeches in the House of Commons in favor of America, (Burke.) are specimens of many of the early volumes. Nine Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 927 volumes under New Jersey, related to the goveruinent of the province in 1732, and down to 1800. Of sixty-five titles under New York, the majority relate to the city government, and the laws of the province or State, from 1691 to 1813. It contained a vast amount of historical data relating to the whole territory of what are now the New England and Middle States, in the form of special sermons, anniversary discourses, speeches of the fathers of tlie Republic, and retrospects of the previous century. As these materials lay scattered, but near to the period of the important events narrated, and with the previous events of colonization and discovery still fresh in tlie memory of those who wrote and spoke, this catalogue shows in every page how earnestly and carefully the sagacious founders gathered up and preserved these records from the ravages of time. It contained lists of newspapers, as far as they could be collected, from William Bradford's New York trazette — the first paper established in New York, 1725 — down to 1813. The changes and casualties in business made it impossible to collect perfect files. Of ninety different files none is found complete ; but the dates so lap one upon another as to fiive a fair portraiture of the period over which they extend. One hundred and twenty Bve maps, charts, and surveys formed part of the collection. The most important, a French atlas in two volumes, with charts of voyages and discoveries from 1246 to 1696 ; and maps of New York, New Jersey, and other territory, the gift of the heirs of Lord Stirling. Its art collection contained about thirty portraits of the patriots and early discoverers. Fifty manuscripts and one hundred and thirty almanacs, from 1692 to 1812, had been added. The publications of the society (begun in 1809) have, in three series, reached 23 volumes. The first, in 6 volumes, contain many important historical discourses, by De Witt Clinton, Morris, Wheaton, Verplanck, Pintard, and Drs. Mitchell and Hosack, and the continuation of Smith's History of New York. The second, in 11 volumes, besides the dis- courses of Kent, Benson, and a long list of eminent scholars down to • 1849, embraced the minutes of the society for seven years. The 6 volumes in the third, under t.he publication fund, continue Oolden's Critical Correspondence upon S>riith's History, and 3 volumes of the letters of Maj. Gen. Charles Lee, the second in command in the revolu- tionary army, dating from 17o4 down to 1782. The entire series em- braced also some of the most important records of discovery. The second catalogue, issued in 1859, contains 653 octavo pages. This, with an art catalogue of 175 pages in 1874, shows the great value of the collection and the large proportions it has attained. They show the rich treasures in our history, in its rapid growth in civil, literary, and ecclesiastical affairs. Its 60,000 volumes and more than 12,000 pamphlets, however miscellaneous, shed light upon almost every sub- ject which can come within the province of the student of Amerioan history. Ii28 Public Libraries in the United States. The original manuscript collections, now in process of arrangement in chronological order, throw new light on many critical pe riods. They in- clude the Colden Papers, from 1720 to 1776; the Lord Stirling Papers, embracing all his letters to Washington, and before, from 1756 to 1783 ; the Duer, Steuben, and Gates Papers, the last second only to those of Washington as materials for the history of the time. Its collection of newspapers from 1704 to the present time, although the files are not complete, in their extent and variety, form a complete picture of the life and manners of this period. About one-half are bound and when completed will make 4,500 volumes. The woriss of art probably exceed in value those of any other library in the country. MEROANTILK LIBKAET. The first movemeht in behalf of a mercantilfe library was made by a number of public spirited merchants and other active businessmen late in the year 1820. Their efforts met with such success that in Feb- ruary, 1821, the association numbered 175 active members and opened its library with about 700 volumes, which increased to 1,000 withiti the year; aiid John Thompson, the first librarian, was employed at a salary of $150 per annum. In these early years of its history it was open only in the evening, and two directors were always in attendance. All the leading publishers of the city generously agreed to present copies of every work of merit they should issue. In 1823 it was incorporated as the Mercantile Library Associatibh, under the general law of 1796. In the same year it received from the Cham'ber of Commerce a gift of $250, and a committee of that body was appointed to report annually upon its condition. The library had grown in 1826 to 2,200 volumes, and the membership to 438. Such was its prosperity, and so well had it fulfilled the hopes of its friends, that, at the end of two years, February 22, 1828, a meeting of prominent mer- chants was called, at which it was agreed to raise funds for a perma- nent library building. About $40,000 were subscribed, and a build- ing at once begun at the southwest corner of Nassau and Beekman streets. As a means of greater protection to the library, the subscribers to this fund formed a separate association, and obtained ftom the legis- lature a charter under the title of The Clinton Hall Association of the City of New York, for the cultivation and promotion of literature, science, and art. This corporation was distinct from the Mercantile Library Association, but identical in purpose and object. It went into Opera- tion February 23, 1830. The object of the corporators was to hold in trust and manage all the property, real and personal, which the asso- ciation might accumulate for the benefit of the library tot all time, while the officers of the library should manage their own affaitS, monetary and administrative, as a distinct organization. The first book presented to the library was a History of England, the gift of De Witt Clinton, late the governor of the State, and, in memory Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 929 and honor of this eminent statesman; the building was named Clinton Hall. A covenant was made between the two associations, by which the library should always occupy its rooms free of rent, and, after paying the ordinary expenses and laying aside a contingent fund of $5,000 per annum from rents and income of Clinton Hall, the surplus should be invested in books for the library. It was further covenanted that the library should always be equally free to the members of both associ- ations. Under this liberal covenant the Mercantile Library Associiition took possession of its rooms in Clinton Hall November 2, 1830, with 6,000 volumes and a membership of 1,200.. During this year Columbia College granted perpetually to the library association two free scholar- ships. A like gratuity was awarded to the association by the Univer- sity of the City of New Tork in 1845, and several of the scholars of these foundations have been graduated with special honors. The library entered upon its second decade with "marked prosperity. During this period courses of lectures, which had been established, were prosperous. Classes were also formed for the study of the French, German, and Spanish languages, chemistry, drawing, and penmanship. Under the supervision of able professors these were largely beneficial to the members. Its members and volumes steadily increased, so that in ISdO the association numbered 3,652 active members, 278 stockholders in Clinton Hall, and the library 21,906 volumes. The third decade, from 1840 to 1850, was not distinguished by any event of peculiar interest. The membership varied, but the library steadily in- creased in the number and in the value and character of its volumes. At the close of this period the public interest in the library and the general belief in the power of the institution to elevate and give a higher tone to the character of the future merchants of the city had been greatly strengthened. At or about this period there began an increased demand for a better class of books. It often exceeded the supply. Thirteen copies of Macaulay's History of England, nine of Layard's Nineveh, six each of Lynch's Expedition and Hawks's Monuments of Egypt did not supply a sixth of the demand. By this alliance and co-operation of the Clinton Hall Association with the library, the selection of its higher permanent class of books was perpetually delegated to a committee of older men. Their selections greatly enriched the library. They aimed in their choice to combine solid instruction with entertainment. Out of 2,500 volumes added in 1849, over 2,000 were works of general liter- ature, science, and art. Among these were the Sydenham and Ray Society publications. Philosophical Transactions, (in all, 55 volumes,) Burnet's Rembrandt and his works, and Landscape painting in oil colors, Pickering's Races of Men, and other similar works. In entering on its fourth period, in 1850, it had about 3,500 members, and 33,539 volumes. The reading room was now receiving special at- tention, and had on its tables 131 daily, weekly, monthly, and quarterly journals, American and foreign. ' 59 K 930 Public Libraries in the United States. The fourth period, from 1850 to I860,, began a new era in the history of the library. In the flrstyear its circulation reached 100,000 volumes. The library had b(?en entirely re-arranged, in alphabetical order,;, Other important eventsin the history of the library followed. Clinton IJall was sold to the Nassau Bank for $100,000; its charter was amended to give it power to increase its capital. The Astor Place; Opera House was pur- chased and remodeled for the use of the library at a cost of $250,000., r So strong and deep was the interest of the mercantile community, .that a.^nbr, scription was raised sufdcient to reduce the entire debt to $75,000.,, The result of this change was a large increase of members. Amoog thoser who ten and fifteen years before had been its young and active members, were now found the enterprising and suqcessful merchant* of the day. The annual report of Clinton Hall for 1856, settingforth, the cost of this trans- fer and descril^ing the advantages of the new and spacious edifice, was made by the president, Wilson G. Hunt, esq., who for a period of twenty years had been one Of its, most active, able, and faithful directors, and, has so continued to the present day. Sucji were the interest and the pros- perity of the preceding sixteen months, that 308,254 times had its .mem- bers shared in its benefits, making a daily average of 750 menjbers who had received books or visited the reading room ; 22, 164, young men had been identified as members during the thirty-five years of its history; its library now contained 55,000 volumes, and the total library re- ceipts up to this period were $173,000. There were now 6,064 active and subscribing members, and this period left a more decided way- mark in the progress of the library than any of the years precedingvor ensuing down to the close of our civil war. The year 1857 was one of financial panic and disaster. The rupture between the Nortb aiud^ ,Soutj^i so soon followed, and so great was the strain of the war in its opening upon the financial resources of thei whole people, and so many of the young men of the city went into the ranks, that all social a,nd literary progress was Qheck^d. It greatly diminished the numbers and, resources of the library. For five'or six years it scarcely held its conditibi|i as in 18£i6. But near the close of the war an era of prosperity T)egan, ■which closed this decade of ten years from 1856 to 1866 as^one,9f|the brightest and moSt successful in its history. A new catalogue was com- pleted and $7,500 expended in its publication ; nearly $12,000 expeajde^, for new books; a new act of incorporation granted giving the power to receive and use large legacies without doubt; and as a crowding success, the entire debt on Clinton Hall of $62,000 was extinguished. During this year there was a total gain in membership of nearly 30 per cent. There were now 1,500 stockholders and 10,169 sharing the bene- fits, of the library and reading room. The library now nuraberedj81,00d volumes, and the year's record showed a delivery of 178,000 yolum^^ to its readers. , . During the last nine years the association has' advanced in wealth and power for good beyond any period in its fifty-four years. The officers Puhlic Lihrafihs of Ten Principal Cities. 1)31 of the library and tlie trustees of Clinton Hall have specially souglit to combine tlie'knOwledge and experience of forty-fire years' adminis'tration here witbtliat of tlie best popular libraries at home and abroad. They have sought to prove what is best in the daily record'of delivery, in Classi- fying and arranging the books upon the shelves, and the' selection of books with special reference to the future needs of the library. •''The'reaflingrooQi now contains the best American and foreign news- pidpers, magazines, and- quarterlies, the total number of all being 417, (Jn'the'lstof May, 1875, the active and subscribing: mtinibel's of the ll%teiry were 8,380, and the- total number sharing its privilfe^bs 10,287, The library contained upward of 160,000 volumes. The number of vol- umes circulated and re'ad during the last year was 203,000, and 7,332 were used as reference. A bindery is connected with the library, and thus a large saving is effected evefyyear. A new catalogue is being prepared under the direction of Mr. W. T. Peoples, librarian. The Mercantile Library holds the fourth place, aS to number of vol- umes on its shelves, among American public libraries. Its property, real and pi6i?sbnal, is about $300,000 in value. Within its rooms it has gathered seven pieces of coStly statuary,' twenty portraits and paiatings, find thirty eri'gcavings, all the gifts of its friends. , ,. ,! , , ASTOB LIBEARY. The, Aptor Library was incorporated by act of the legislature January 18,1849."' '" '"'' ' ' 'i . r " . . ' John Jacob Astor, a naitive of Germany, but during most of his busi- ness life a Tjesid^nt of New York, wlio dipd at an advanced age March :i0',' 1848, by his will devoted the sum of $400,000 to 'the foundation a;n(l perpetual support of a library for the free use of the public. The management of this fund aucl of the library was corrimitted by the ■ffill to ten trustees : Washington Irving, William B. Astor, Daniel Lord, James U. King, Joseph ,Cr, Cogswell, Fitz-Gi'eene Halleck, Henry Bre- vobrt,'Samuel B. Buggies, Samuel Ward, and Charles Astor Bristed, and 'ex o;^ciis the mayor and the chancellor of the 8ta.te. He deyoted I'rSjODO to the '^rection of a building ; $120,000 to tlie purchase of books and furnishing it; and the investrnent of the residue, $205,000j as a fund'tb' purchase the site and for the maintenance, increase, ^nd cafe of the library. The site, Selected was a lot 65 by 120 feet on the e,ast side of Lafayette Place, costing $25,000, leaving $180,000, the'annual income of which is to be exclusively ftpplied to the curreut expenses' and increase of the The first meeting of the' board after Mr. Astor's death was held May 20, 1849, but it was legally organized under the act February 14, 1849, when \yashingtou Irv^ing was chosen 2)resident, and Samuel B- Ruggles secretary,' tir-'tTosephG, Cogswell was appointed 'superintendent, and thfe'siiccess and value of the library have been largely due to the wis- 932 Public Libraries in the United States. dom of this selection, A mau could scarcely have been found so emi- nently fitted, both by his taste and his exact and extensive knowledge of books, for this responsible trust. The entire period of nekrly five years, from 1849 to the opening of the library to the public, January^, 1854, was spent by this learned and indomitable student in diligent labor in the libraries and book marts of Europe, or in his own study and library, where his invoices were verified, and the books arraogedtand classified on shelves in a house temporarily occupied for that purpose. Dr. Cogswell spent the winter of 1852 in Europe. The result of tUis visit was an addition of 25,000 volumes, including a mathetiiatical library of 3,000 volumes bought in Berlin, and one of 5,000 volumes, philosophical and miscellaneous, procured in Florence. The aggregate exi)enditure at this period had been about $100,000 at home and abroad, and the whole number of volumes then in the library was 80,000. The corner-stone of the library was laid on the 14th of March, 1850, and the building finished in 1853. It is a plain structure of brick, raised upon a lower story of rustic ashler brownstone. The style of architecuure is the Byzantine. The main library room is on the second floor, and is 100 feet in depth by 04 in width, and 50 feet in height. A broad sky- light extending two-thirds the length of the room, with a row of large, curved panes of glass on each side and a double sash spreading hori- zontally across the centre, pours in a flood of soft light from above, which, with ten brOad windows in front and eight in the rear, gives an exceed- ingly cheerful aspect to the library. By an economical arrangfemelit of shelves and alcoves, the library affords space for 100,000 volumes. Up to 1854 the whole department of bibliography, containing over 5,000 volumes, and including many rare and costly works, was the gift of Df. Cogswell. Few scholars or bibliographers of any period have hkd'a bfOdder, clearer idea of what is necessary to form a great foundation library suited to the wants of scholars, investigators, aUd scientists, and to the pursuit of exact knowledge in all the arts. His idea cannttt be better stated than by a quotation from one of his own reports. He said : There are but few general libraries in this country which have been formed U|iou a system; . . . one that would enable tte scieutitio inquirer to track the progress of knowledge and discovery to its last step ; to furuish to the mechanic arts and practical indnsfry ia general, the help and guidauce required from books; to make the artist familiar with the history, character, and style of the great masters of his, art; to call up to the student the past, in all the wide range of imagination antl thought, and to provide the best and healthiest intellectual food for the minds of all ages. If this is the character of the Astor Library, it is such an one as the founder intended to establish. The design was to make this library a general and not a special one, and Dr. Cogswell labored with a wide knowledge of books and great and persistent assiduity to make every department complete. ' His system of classification was that of Brunet. The perpetual catalogue Public ■ Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 933 of ;the Astor Library, as Dr. Cogswell termed it, he bad at this time completed; that is, oae so arranged as never to require any change, except that of being enlarged as the library increases. iHe proposed to the, truisteifes that a classified catalogue be printed i at periods as each department advanced towards its completion. A better idea may be given of the, great value of this library and what' it contained, by a brief synopsis of the comparatively full report of Washington Irving, made at the date of its opening with 80,01)0 vol- umesi - . ' . i . : ■ ,11 Theology. — The department of theology comprisecj, the best editions pf the Hebrew and Greek Scriptures; the Walton Polyglott; various edi- tions of the Vulgate ; numerous versiops of the whple Bible and parts in the principal languages of Europe and, trhe East; the Fathers in full,with most of the Benedictine editions; BLbliptbe.cfi Maxiijia of Despont ; Cotelerius's Patres Apostolici ; the most important works on the councils, and Colet's edition of L'Abb6, in 29 volumes; Concilia Maxima, 37 vol- umes folio; quite full collections in scholastic and polemic theology; all the early and; recent English divines. ,, , Jurisprudence. — T.h.e department of jurisprudenq©; included a good collection on civil law, many editions of the Corpus Juris ; commentaries on it; the codes of Scandinavia, and otlierj parts, of Europe, during the IV^i^dleAge^;, jurisprudence as now practiced in Italy,, Portugal, Ger- many, Depmark, and Sweden ; the most important works on the laws of Spain, with digests, and fiommeutarieson the MJussulman, Hindoo, Gentoo, and Cliinese laws ; cqllections on Fren, cotisi,djei:e4 it, more complete thapj that of the jRpyal .Library there. At,p,ny,rate, it may be, ranked with the first aL!rpa,d,.! Besides all the 934 Public Libraries in the United States. ■works of Euler and Gauss, and all. the matliematicaljjournals, it Las all the works: of Newton, Leibnitz, the Beraoullis, Laplaoe, Delambre, Lacroix,iLegendre, Lagrange, Jacobi, and, a large oolleetiou of ajstror nomical observations and many rare papers not easily found. The fine arts. — No part of the libraryicost so much money. In the four branches of the fine artsi proper, including archeology, there are 2,500 volumes, the first 50 of which cost nearly $3,000,, all. large folios bound in red morocco. Among the works in this department arePira- nesi's Antiquities, 21 volumes; Mus6e fran§aisj 4 volumes,, and Mus^e royal, 2 volumes ; Raphael's Loggie del Vaticano, 3 volumes; Grecian Antiquities,! 13 volumes ; Gruner's Fresco Decouations of Ita^ly. Literature. — In this the library is very strong. It has grammars and dictionaries of one hundred and four different wptten languages, and dialects, and numerous vocabularies of unwritten ones. It has all the families and branchies of the European languages, and most of those of Asia and Africa. It contains the best works on Egyptian hieroglyphics and cuneiform inscriptions. It has thebe^t vocabularies of, dialects pf the Mexican and Sputh American Indians, published by the eeirly Span- ish pri^st§; t\i,^ S^yen Seas, a dictionary and grammar of |thp,Persian language by .the latie King, ,of Oude, 7 volumes folio. ,Qree]k,,an4 Lati^ literature^ is well represented. There are mo,re than ^ dozen edi- tions of Homer — one the princeps of 1488; as many as sixcjaph pf the jQreet tragedians, ,pf Pinfi£^r, of,I)emosthenes, I3,erodotus, Tl||;cyd- ides, and othj^r^. In JLatin there ajre twplve editions each of Virgil, and Horace; six i^aph of Ovid, iQicero, Livy, an(|^.piiny. X° Spanish, Pppto.- guese, H^lian, and French literaiture, tbere are more than 3,000 vplumes- There are,inore, 1;han 1,.000 volumes of (^erman ,. bell^^-let,^rj^s, of . tWp century. , In ,I)i,\tqh literature are nearly 2,0p voiumes, among them the complete works of the immortal Cats., . ,The historical department, last in the, order of classification, consti- tuted at ^east a fourth part of |;he library. The library possessp^ a complete collection of English parliamentary journals, debates, a,nd reports-r-over 2,000 volumes. ^hpse;and oth§r similar European docunienjis mafce nearly 3,000 vpli?fl(ies, The American public documents of .Congress and the States are ptili, more popipiete. The South Library was opened in 1854. In Octojier, 18,5p, Mr. WiUia|m B. Astor presepted to the board of, trustees; a deed of, thfi, land, 80 by 120 feet, adjoining the edifice already completed, and sign,ified his inten- tion to erect thereon an exact cpunterpart of the buildiflg completed. This new North Library was similar in size and ^rphitecturp to the Sputh Library, and was completed and opened September JL, 1,85,9. The, books were so far changed as to devote the entire South or first library exclu- sively to science and the industrial arts ; the North or new library, to history and literature. This last departmen.t, when fully arranged, embraced 60,000 volumes of the 110,000 volumes then in the whole library. This new building being 65 by 120 feet left a space of 15 feet on the easterly side of the lot for light and ventilation. Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 935 Dr.'Cogswell, who had already showa great ability in his prelimi- nary index of books needed for a library, and extraoi'dinary judg- ment and ' economy in the purchase of the collection, completed his Alphabetical Catalogue in four volumes royal octavo, of 2,110 pages, in 1861. He resigned the office of superintendent in November, which was accepted on the 6th of December of that year. He had been for several : years in failing health, and resigning, in 1864, his office as trustee of the library, removed to Cambridge, Mass., where he died on the 26th November, 1871. Not' long after his' retirement he was enabled to complete the supplement and analytical index to the cata- logue of the library. The trustees, in their minute of his character and services, said: •''for nearly twenty yekrs he- has devoted to this inSifcitution the unremitting efforts of a well directed and spotless life. - . . . . Had this last .book been produced by a matjire a,udi vigorous 8chola.r, at the most robust period of, his life, it W0jul4i b^'T* been a, remarkable proof of knowledge and practical ,^kill ; but as the work of an octogenarian it was a literary curiosity, and the most valuable American contribution to the (iepartment to which it belonged. ,<■ i ^ >■ ■ ;. Sir. Francis Schrceder was next appointed, and held the office of superintendent foriiearly ten years. He was Succeeded by Dr. Edward E.'Straznicky, for many years ah assistant; who died in'February, 1876. The present sdperintend'ent is J.Carson Brevoort; the librarian, P. Saliiiaer^. ' '"\ During the twelve years since' Dr. Cogswell's retirement as trustee, in 1864, the library has steadily advanced ih the yearly additions to" Its volu'iiies^i iii 'fin^ii'5^^^ resources, aind in its adoiitted influence in wideii- ing tlie area of knowledge and resea,rch. it is made accessible to the whole community without fee 6r ceremony, except the requisite age. It has passed', by free gift, oiit of the hands of it^ founders to those of trustees, for the use of the public. ' • > Tiiepart of the original donation of $40to;000 b^^ John Jacob 'Astor not expended in the edifice and books, equalto $180,000, has constantly acbumiilated Its interest. The amouni of the total munificent additions ttiade by 'WilH'ab B'. Astor, in the erection of the North Library, and in books to the Value of itioffe than $60,000, exceeds $300,000. The entire fiindi^l'ven by father and son — already invested and at interest to sus- tata and increase the libra'ry — now makes a gf'arid total of $773,336, '#hife the library lias reached a total of 152,446 Volumes. The inesti- mable Value of the 'library will be appreciated when it is remembered it contains no light nor ephemeral books; that its books are for reter- fen'ce aiid consultation, to be read within its walls, and are, so far as pi'acticable, of lasting value. 936 Public Libraries in the United States. statement allowing the vuniber of readers, and hooks consulted, in the Astor Library from the year 1860 to 1874. Books read. Volumes, , total. Benders in ■ both de- part in ente. ■ Scientific. Literary. 1860 , ,, 25,533 18, 896 ■ 21, 437 27,251 33, 085 33, 743 32, 422 39,428 55, 660 58, 939 61, 493 33, 983 26,070 32,877" 39, 175 42, 570 «, 357 46, 513 68, 595 '55, 657 57, 755 66, 086 59,516 44,966 54,314 66,426 74, 655 ■?7, 099 .78,935 92, 023 111,317 116, 694 127, 579 1865... 2:5,0^5 24, 941 31, 343 32,299 32f634 1866 1867.. 1868 u . i . 1869 ,. 1870 30,911 1871..:...'.. . . ■ ". :'"■"■■■:.. 30, 909 1872 :..:..>.'.'.'.'r..'.';.;'.'.i.. 1873 ' »" 1 III j 32,557 35,966 41, 69^ 1874 From 1861 to 1864 the details were not preserved. The value of the gift of the late William B. Astor and the personal oversight he ga^"e for twenty years to perfect a technological department, embodying all branches of practical industry, cannot be overestimated. No department of the library is now more complete. That it is fully appreciated is seen in the fact that out of 6,838 alcove readers, within a certain period, 2,117 were in the department of patents, u The British commissioners of patents presented to the library a com- plete set of their extensive, costly, and valuable publications, from the earlier issues in 1617 down. These, with Mr. Astor's selections for the technological department, and other important works donated, have the highest practical and lasting value. At the expiration of twenty years, two only of the original lirustees (William B. Astor and Samuel B. Euggles) remained, Those since ap- pointed and now acting are James Carson Brevport,, John A. Dix,, John Jacob Astor, Hamilton Fish, Thomas M. Markoe, M. D., William J. Hop- pin, John Romeyn Brodhead, and Alexander Hamilton, jr. Washington Irving, president of the board from its organization, died in 1860. Daniel Lord, long its able supporter and faithful treasurer, died in 1868. Those who now direct its affairs are animated by the spirit, of its founder and of the elder son, who so greatly added ; to its imperish- able treasures, to make it a rick blessing both to this metropolis and to the whole American public. AI^PEENTICES' IJBKAEY. This library was foilnded in 1820, and is an outgrowth of the General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of New York, organized in 1785 and chartered in 1792. The first amendment of the charter gave it power to establish a school for educating the children of deceased members of limited means and PuhUc Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 937 to found a library for apprentices. This was the origin of the library. The charter of 1833, and subsequent amendments, provided that one- third of the initiation fees should go to a distinct fund for disseminating "literary and scientific knowledge" through the medium of lectures; jfor a separate fund for the library and reading room ; that the society might hold real and personal estate to the amount of $500,000. The amendment of 1860 confirmed its titles to real estate, and that of 1872 gave power to hold property to the amount of $1,500,000. The society has five committees: library, literary, pension, school, and finance, the yearly reports of which show the extent of its benevo- lence and the steadily growing influence of the school and library. The receipts from all sources, initiation fees, rents, and interest, amounted in 1875 to $40,000, while its expenditures were only $30,000, This annual saving has already accumulated a building fund of over $47,000. This growibg sum will soon be invested in a spacious tire-proof edifice. The total value of all the property of the society, in real estate, stocks, bonds, library, and furniture, is now estimated at $550,000. The school prospered and supplied a great needvof the time. But after the more extended organization of the public school system of the city, the day school was closed in 1863, and the school fund applied to the growing want of a practical, free, evening drawing school for the apprentices of the citj'. It now numbers over 400 pupils, devoted to freehand, mechanical, and architectural drawing, and 50 or more to writing and book-keepingj and is doing an important work. From its foundation to 1846, the library was open in the evening only. ISTow it Opefis at 8 a. m. and closes at 9 p. m. Members of the society pay $50 initiation and no annual dues. It is free to all appren- tices and female operatives, and to all others the terms are $2 per an- num. In 1846 it contained 17,000 volumes and had 1,600 readers. It now contains 53,000 volumes and has over 7,000 readers. • A catalogue was issued in 1865, and two supplements in 1869, under an alphabetical list of authors, with brief titles. Mr. J. Schwartz, who has filled the post of assistant librarian and librarian for the last thirteen years, found that the alphabetical system, in the rapid increase of books and'readers, caused much confusion through the want of numbers on the covers of the books to control their position on the shelves. Hav- ing studied the various systems of library economy, he devised a new system of arranging the books in 1872-'74, based upon the three systems, alphabetical, numerical, and classified, as co-ordinate parts of the whole, these three elements being combined in his plan in an equal degree.^ The library contains about 1,500 volumes, in cyclopEcdias and other hooks of reference; in natural science and useful, arts, nearly 4,000; in fine arts, poetry, and literature, 4,000; in fiction, 15,000; in history, 1 A description of kr. Schwartz's plan will be found in' Chapter XXVIII, p. 657 ei seQ., of this report. — EDrTOES. ' ' '' ' 938 Public Libraries in the United- SMes. biography, voyages, travels, and geography, 10,000 ; philosophy antl theology, nearly 4,000; in juvenile literature, 4,000 ; and aboiiiift 1^,000 duplicates and miscellaneous works make up the total of nearly 53,000 volumes. ■■■' >• > '>ii.>:' '■ ■. ■■ ^ . ;.■ The total circulation the last year was neacly 115,000 volumesyaad of this large number only 64 were unreturned at the close of the year, ., , , In 1862, the free use of the. library was extended to wonkjflgwoinen. The result has been, and continues to be, most gratifying. During^ the last year 2,i500 girls enrolled their names as readers. The first steps toward the creation of the Law Institute were taken'in 1825; lu 1828 it was fully organized, and Chanceltor Kent elected president. The nucleus of a law library was formed by the purchase )of the private collection of Robert Tillotsofi. The voluntary association having failed to meet the expectations of its founders, a charter was obtained in 1830. The growth of the library for some years was slow ; in 1842 it numbered, but 2,413 volumes; in 1851, 4,544 volumes j in 1855, 6,000 volumes; and Justice Kent then said it was one of the most valuable- collections in the United States. In 1842, a" catalogue was prepared by Vice-GbancelloT L. H. Sanford. ' r'- From 1828'to this date, 1876, the library has received larger oi^'Sttialler donations from more than one hundred membeiis, from the commission- ers of public records of Great Britain, and from law book publishers in Europe and at home. It has become a success in the highest and broadest sense, and nbw furnishes the bench and bar of the city in legal' treatises, text books, American and foreign reports, collections of leading cases and trials — resources of incalculable value. ' The library, now the best public law library in the country, cohtains 20,000 volumes, com^plete sets of reports of courts of all the States ; the Federal courts ; the latest revisions of the statutes ; complete reports of English, Scotch, and' Canadian higher courts; one of the ibest collec- tions of the statutes of all the States ; one of the largest collections of the session laws of ■ all the States; nearly all the liBaiding^ English and American text books, and treatises; one of the largest coltectiOnS'of trials; one of the largest collections of English and' American law periodicals; next to the library at Washington, one of 'the 'best col- lections of French law in the country. It' has also a very fine ' colled' tion on the literature of the law, memoirs and biographies. LIBRARY OF THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE. This library was begun in, 1833,, to promote the objects and success, o| an association called the Ameticaq. Institute, which was t organized in 1829. It was at first a,sha,re library, of $25 e.Hich. Subsequently these shares were relinquished for life memberships, or.giveu up. Members Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 939 only of the institute can talie books. Initiation fees and dues, at $10 and $S per annum, are paid, as from members of the institute, and not of the library. • .- ; . ,^,-, ...<.. ■ , , - ,, In 1850 the library numbered 6,500 volumes, valued at over $7,000. In 1859 it was removed to rooms in the Cooper Institute, where it still remains. ,i In the forty-seven years of its history the institute has held forty-four fairs. These have served two important'objects: (l)!to supply an ample revenue; (2) toextendaknowledgeof new inventions, and of the applica- tion of old principles to new forms in agricultural, mechanical, and do- mestic implements aiid machinery. The- transactions and awards of these fairs make thirty-two iprinted volumes, .which have been published byithe State. The appropriation for this object having been' discon- tinued, they are no longer printed. / , , ,, , , In the selection of books careful attention has been paid to the require- miMits of the institute in pursuing investigations relating to mechanics, agriculture, and other special subjects. . : An alphabetical and analytical catalogue was published in/ 1852, and asupplement in 1857. The analysis divides the library into twelve divis- ions, The principal ones are,:Science, art, belles-lettres, geography, voy- ages and travels, history, biography, law, tran«actions,, and periodiflals. Under the. ; bead Science, in. this division of the. library are five branches: Universal, mental, and, moral, political, exact, andnatnral ; under that of Arts are four: Mathein,atical, natural, iine, ajids miscella- neous. , ■ ; The, subdivisions under Universal Science are given as encyclopaedias aiid, dictionaries. Under Exact Science: Arithmetic, mathematics, and astronomy; under Jfatural Science: I. ISI^atural philosophy and chem- istry; II. Natural history; III. Anatomy; physiology, medicine and surgery. Under the Mathematical Arts are embraced: Engineering, art of war, and naivigation. Under the Natural Arts : Agriculture. 1, The. growth of the library has been slow,, but ifcjs strongest in, these divisions fOf science .and the arts. ,. These branches, more than any Others, have seemed to serve the endsof the institute., The library now contains 10,600 volumes. For two. years no- books have been added ex- cept iby donation. Tlie object of the institute, as, expressed in the charter, is to promote domestic industry in this State and the United States, in agriculture, manufactures, art, etc. It has for several years dire;cted its chief energies to its Fairs and Farmers', Club. THE American GEOGRAPHICAL sociETTi The first effort to establish a geographical society in New York was made by Rev. Francis L; Hawks,' George Folsom, and others, in 1850, but nothing was accomplished till October 9, 1851, when the American Geographical Society was organized, and HeflryCrinuell elected presi- dent. It held its first public meeting after bi*g{thizktioh at the rooms 940 Public Libraries in the United States. of the Historical Society ia the University of the City of New Torli. It was shortly thereafter established ia a room of its own in that building, when it rapidly increased in members, begaa to accumulate a geograph- ical library, and to have lectures in the chapel of the university on gpeo- graphical subjects. On the 13th of April, 1854, it was incorporated by the legislature of New York by the title of the American Geographical and > Statistical Society, which was afterwards changed by another act to The American Geographical Society of New York. Its elforts were chiefly applied to building up a geographical library, and the formation of a collection of maps and charts of all parts of the world. The ultimate object was to establish in the chief maritime city of the United States an institution where accurate information might be obtained respecting all parts of the globe. To this for some years its efforts were mainly directed. These were greatly aided by, the contributions of books and liberal donations of money by many of its members. It has now a library of over 10,000 volumes, which is especially richiiu; works relating to North and, South America, and is very full in respect, to Asia, Africa,, and the Arctic. It comprises very valuable and exten- sive collections of elementary works, of works of all kinds on statistic*,, and of the publications of the geographical societies of the.woa3ld,,a(nd is the only place in this country •where these publications can be found to so great ^n extent. Its collection of voyages, travels, journeys, fl,nd explorations in all parts of the world is extensive and very vaJw^itile. , It has a geological department quite full in geological reports, and publications relating to the United States and Canada. , It has a large, valuable, and connected series of atlases, from the first atlas. of Orte- lius down to the present time, in which all the atlases of the great cartographers, Dutch, German, French, and English, will be found. The library also embraces the larger part of the publications of the Government of the United States and of the different Stiitp^ upqn geographical, geological, and scientific subjects. Its collection of cha,rt8 and maps is large, though not as extensive as that of the Eoyal Geo: graphical Society of London, but its geographical library is said to lj)ft more valuable than either the library of the London or Paris Geograph- ical Society, although the library of the London society is larger. The New York society has now over 1,800 fellows, 20 honorary and a large body of corresponding members at home and abroad., . Its presidents in these twenty-four years have been Henry Grinnell, George Bancroft, Francis L. Hawks, and Charles P. Daly. Its presept general secretary is Lieut. James T. Gardner, late geographer-inchie,f of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Terri- tories, and of Clarence King's Survey of the Fortieth Parallel. The report of the society to the legislature is reproduced in the form of an annual publication. , ! Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 941 (Charles P, Daly bas been presideut siuce 1861. He bas delivered in this period a series of anniversary addresses, reviewing the work of tbe society and the explorations and discoveries in all parts of tbe world — several of them so exhaustive that the series would form, if published, a valuable epitome of this important branch of knowledge. ,The society has secured a fund of over $30,000, and hopes soon to remove to an edifice of its own with ample room for its growing collec- tion, if. . ■ ' LIBBAKIES OP THE COLLEGE OF ST. FRANCIS XAVIER. Th e college library contains about 15,000 books. It has a good collection of Bibles in original texts and approvM versions; also, commentaries, dic- tionaries, and concordances of the Bible ; a full collection of the Greek and Latin Fathers, and a good representation of standard works in the- ology, exegetical, dogmatic, and polemical. It contains the BoUandist collection of the Lives of the Saints, complete in 60 folio volumes, from St. Peter, about the year 56, down to the last Siiint canonized. In patrology, ic has of l'Abb6 Mlgne's edition of the writings of the Fathers, 330 or more volumes, in Latin and Greek, from Tertullian, in the second century, down to the thirteenth, the time of Innocent III. This collection is very nearly fiiU in the faculty library, the original design of Migne being to issue 200 volumes of the Latin Fathers and 100 of the Greek. It is very well represented in ancient and modern history, and kjuite full in ecclesiastical. It has a good collection in the several branched of science. It is also fairly represented in works on jurispruden'ce, canon, common, and statute law. It is fairlj' represented in geography, ancient and modern, and in travels ; and has a very good coHection in literature and philology. This library has been selected with special reference to the wants of the faculty in the several depart- ments of instruction. The library of the college students contains nearly 6,000 volumes of w^6ll selected books. It is very conveniently arranged for active use. The volumeis are grouped upon the shelves according to size and sub- jects, on a plan similar in its general features to that of the Apprentices' Library of New York. The perfect system in the' minor details of the shelf arrangement of that library is not carried out. The five general heads ufider which this library is arranged are: Eeligion, under shelf sectidii's, represented by the letters of the alphabet from A to G ; literature,' from E to M ; history and biography, from iS" to S ; fiction, from T to Z ; science and travels, from A A to GG. The Xavie;r Union is a literary social club — comprising students, alumni, and Catholic young men of the city — which has a select library of about 5,000 volumes. NEW YOEK ACADEMY OF MEDICINE, This iacademy was instituted in 1840 and incorporated in 1851. The objects of the academy are, the cultivation of the science of med- 942 Public Libraries in the United States. icine, the advancement of the character and honor of the professioDii the elevation of the standard of medical education, and the promotion of the public health. > ■ The; members comprise four classes, resident, non-resident,' corre- sponding:, and' lionoraify' fellows ; the corresponding fellows limited to one hundred; the honorary, who must be distinguished la the 'pro' fession, to fifty, ^he terms of membership are $3 ifiitiation and $10 annual dues. The meetings are held semi-monthly. •' The committee on medical education have cognizance of the system of medical instruction, private and public, in the city and State of Kfew York. They recommend all improvements iil office training and' exami- nations ; text books ; reading in practical studies proper for the stude/nt; public courses, practical and theoretical, for the colleges and hospitals, and make such suggestions as seem necessary to render the system of medical education' thorough and efficient. Since instituted, twenty-five years ago, the academy has gathered a library of about 3,000 volumes. It embraces many rare and standard works in medicine, surgery, and the allied sciences. Its notable specialty is in complete files of American medical periodicals, medical transac- tions of State societiesV files of hospital reports, and medical journals of Great Britain and the Continent. The members' number 325. The annual income apptbximate^ to $4,000, chiefly from dues. ' " ' LIBRARY OF THE YOUNG MEN'S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION. : - ■ The first London association of young men as a Christian body was, formed in 1844, and'the first on this continent, after the' London plati',' was at Montreal, in 1851. The first formed in the United States was in the-same year, at Boston, Mass. Iri the following year, 1852, association^ were formed at New Tork, Buffalo, and Washington. The first convien-' tion of associatloUs in America was held at Buflfalo, in 1854, atid 'so popular wsts this method of organization for iheutal and moral imjjirb'^y- ment; and so friiitful in good results that in 1860-'6i, 6h 'the 'breaking out of the civil \var, thete were about 200 associations in the Uiiit^i' States. Many suspended vVork during the war, and som6'were dis- banded, so that the total number then exiStihg was one hundred and sixty. ' "-'^ '■■' The New York Associaition, formed in 1852, occupied leased rooms iii several parts of the city till 1869, when the edifice now owned and ooctf- pied, at the southwest corner of Twenty-third street and Fourth avenue',' was completed, at a cost, for laud and building, of $500,000. The library was founded in 1852, and when open'ed' iii the new building, in April, 1870, numbered only 2,000 volumes. It- how nutn- bers 10,552 volumes, and Is valued at $20,000. Of th6 bookfe, about 25 per cent, are fictitin, all very carefully sele'eted^ HistbtV, biography, and literature form 32 per cent. ; science, about 14 ; pbetryj riibliG Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 943 fine arts, travels, and cyelopfedias, aboat 19 ; and miscellaneous works form the remaining 10 per cent. From the foundation, the library com- mittee has never fostered a taste for light reading, but every year sup- plies the, best standard works. A large number of these are superior English editions. ■ Though not numerous, the departmetit of art is rich in many choice works. One work specially worthy of notice is a unique collection of 8,000 portraits engraved on copper in the highest style of that art, collected by John Perceval^ earl of Egmont, and supplemented by John T. Graves, covering a period from the first century down to 173G, in 35 folio volumes. lu the year 1S75, 17,600 volumes were drawn from the library by about. 14,000 readers. The library room and reading room, on a sepa- rate flpor, comprise 375 magazines, reviews, and newspapers, and during thelast year over ,30,01)0 persons were admitted to ;thes€t rooms. The library has shelf room for 20,000 volumes. It is Open, free,, frorpi 8.30 a. m. to 10 p. m, daily to members and to all respectable persons who com- ply with its. rules. LiBRARY OF a*HE COdPER UNION. This library forms a department in Jhe institution foui^ded by the, muuiflceace of Peter Cooper for free instruction in science and art. It is.jnade au a\ixiliary to the wpr^Ii of education, and, with its extensive reading room, becomes a ministry of great power also to tbos^ outside of the school, who continually share in its treasures. It already num- bers 17,500 volumes. At least 6,000 of these relate to practical science and art, including standard and popular authors. Its extensive files of the best foreign and, American scientific periodicals are bound^aib the close of;. Ciich year, and m,a,ke an important element in the hbrary. ' Among these are the Franklin, Institute, Journal, (compjete series,) Sillimau's Journal of Science and. Art, (complete,) Youman's Popular Science Monthly,VanIjfpstra,nd'sEngineeringMagazine, London Pppul^r Science Review, and the A,nnals,of Oh,emisti:y, bpth .from Paris and Berlin. The bound volumes of , periodicals in other departments, literary and naiscellaneous, with th,^ .TfKorks of fiction, which are of the highes,t^, order, aggregate 6,000 ypli^imes ,more.( History, biography, general literature, and books, of ^^refejrence make up the remainder. Among thei latter are a set of the Patent Office reports, nearly complete, from 1^43 to,,1876, making 180 yolumes. , In this .cla-ss it has the Edin- buFgh,P;ritannica, Liirdner's, Eee's, the American, Penny, Tomlinson's, an(J ghamb^rs's Oyclopjedias i alsp, Dunglison's, Gregory's, and, Ure's dictionaries.,,, ,,,.,:• , Of American and foreign newspapers, daily and weekly, it has on file 192j of magazines and reviews, American and foreign, 120; making a tatal of 312. In 1875 over 190,000 bopks and periodicals were delivered tat)i,e very large total of 600,000 readers of both sexe,s.j , No books are tak(?ii from fhp, library, and thes ,number of daily visitors ranges from 800to2;500. 944 PubUc Libraries in. the United States. Tbe sixteen years' existence of the Cooper Union, with its sckools, library, and reading room, already fills one of the brightest pages in the history of education in America. The common schools, seminaries, and colleges deal with rudiments, or a higher and more exact disci plane, 'but little or not at all with industrial and artisan skill, TheOooper Union- is tlie first and only instance in American history where a great fortune has been devoted to instructing and training the masses in the elements of science and art, for the special object of producing skilled labor in all industrial pursuits, and elevating and advancing those who are taught by bringing each branch of instruction as close as possible to practical life and remunerative labor. , ; ..ii The total amount expended in erecting the building and in sustainingi! the institution down to the present is $1,372,840. ,1 MEDICAL S'OURNAL ASSOCIATION OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.,, , This association, organized in 18G4, is designed to furnish immediatfe access to all the current medical literature in the department of inedi-i' cal journals and monographs. The prominent American, English,"' French, and German journals are taken. During the winter, regular Friday evening re-unions are held, at which digests of all new and ira-' portant matter appearing in the medical journals, as well as other mat- ters of professional Interest, are presented and discussed. The library contains about 3,500 volumes, mostly of these journals, gathered iti' the' eleven years since the association was formed, and some hundreds of volumes of special monographs. The membership numbers 350, comprising physicians and surgeons ifl*^' good standing. . , ■ ^ Terms are $10 per annum. The reading room is in the building of the New 'tork Academy, 12 West Thirty-first street, where the re-unions are also held. The incoipe is about $3,500 a year, devoted to these public journals and current expenses. LIBRARY OF THE BAR ASSOCIATION. This association was organized in 1870 to supply a want which the Law Institute could not meet. That«nstitution, first established to ad- vance the- fellowship and social culture of the legal profession, had. existed above forty years. For a time in its early history it admirably served this purpose; but at length the means and strength of the insti- tute were wholly directed to creating a large and valuable law library, for the consultation and use of its members. ' At the time of this movement in 1870, two imperative needs were felt by the older members of the bar. The first was an up-town library, where the large and increasing numbers of the profession could profit- ably employ the evening in the preparation of their causes for the next day, and where plans for reforming both the administrationof law, upon. Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 945 tlie bench and the abases in practice could be discussed. The movement was initialjed by William' M.Evarts, Charles O'Conor, Samuel J. Tilden, Charles Tracy, and other prominent members of the profession. The act of incorporation, passed April, 1874, named William M. Evarts president, James W. Gerard, Samuel J. Tilden, Joseph 8. Bos worth, John Slosson, and Edward S. Yan Winkle, vice-presidents, under the title of the Asso- ciation of the Bar of the 'City of New York. The association soon numbered three hundred members. The initia- tion fee of $50 each and the annual dues of $40 created a fund of $27,000. A commodious house was purchased for $43,000, and the larger part of this fund applied to the payment therefor. In three years the indebted- ness of the association was extinguished. The foundation of the library was laid by one hundred members sub- scribing $100 each in cash. The general fund afforded ample means for yearly additions to the library, so that at the end of the sixtli yiear it numbered nearly nine thousand volumes. The growth of the association to nearly seven hundred members and the increase of the library made it necessary to seek more commodious quarters. A larger building, sit- uated on West Twenty-nihth street, was bought, and the library removed thither in October, 1875. The library, which now contains between nine and ten thousand vol- umes, embraces complete sets of the reports of the courts of all the States; cojnplete sets of the reports of the Federal courts, the last revi- sions of the, statutes of all the States, a Isirge, collection of the session laws of all the States, complete sets of English, Scotch, Irish, and Cana- dian reports, the English reports going back to the thirteenth century, and a large collection of text books and treatises on law. ■ LIBRARY OP THE COLLEGE OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK. By an act of the legislature. May 7, 1847, the board of education of New York City was authorized to establish a free academy for higher education, the curriculum to approximate to the ordinary college course. The privileges of the academy were limited to those who had been pupils in the common schools of the city, and had attained the age of twelve yearsi The academy building was completed in January, 1849, at a cost, for land, ediace, library, apparatus, and furniture, of $90,000. In 1866 its name was changed by act of legislature, to The College of the City of New York, with full powers of a college under the revised statutes, and it was made subject to the visitation of the regents of the university. The board of education are ex-oflcio trustees of the college, and a later act makes the president ex-offtcio a trustee and one of the executive committee in the government and managejnent of the college. The library is valued at $60,000. It has a library fund of $35,000; it contains about 20,000 volumes, besides about 13,000 textbooks, which are supplied at the expense of the college. It is full in scientific jour- 60 E 946 Public Libraries in the United States. nals, containing, it is said, the only complete set in New York, of the Philosophical Transactions of the French Academy of Sciences. It has Silliman's and many other standard journals. It contains all the latest authors in chemistry, physics, natural history, mathematics, and astron- omy. It is very full in the best authors on the history both of ancient and moderrj nations. It comprises standard works on chronology, archaeology, and numismatics. It has full collections of the best authors of French, English, and American history — original works and reprints. French, German, and Spanish literature, both classical and the best modern works, are quite well represented. Much attention has of late been devoted to the classical department and to comparative philology. There are not only complete sets of the Delphine and Lemaire editions of the Latin classics, but the most reliable modern editions, both English and German, have been selected. • English literature is fully represented. Of works of fiction it con- tains only the great English novelists. It contains all the prominent encyclopaedias, American and foreign, and several biographical diction- aries. The art department, though not numerous, is quite select. The object of the library is to place within reach, both of professors and students, the standard works on all the subjects taught in the college. THE LENOX LIBRAEY. Taking into view the quiet and beautiful site of this library, at one of the elevated points on Fifth avenue, in front of Central Park, the simple but massive proportions of the edifice, the admirable adapta- tion of the interior to the purposes of so large an institution, and the unique character of the collection to be placed in it, the Lenox Library, founded by James Lenox, excels, in many respects, any other similar foundation in America. Locality and dimensions. — It fronts on Fifth avenue, and covers the entire block of 200 feet between Seventieth and Seventy-first streets, with a depth of 125 feet. Wbile not designed upon any distinct order of architecture, as the Doric, Ionic, or Corinthian, it is simple, classic, and grand in the mass. It is built of white Lockport limestone, or marble, finely polished, and embraces a central building with two pro- ectiiig wings, the object being to secure all the light possible for the library rooms and galleries. The building is 192 feet parallel to the ave- nue, and 114 feet deep, with a front elevation of 105 feet. The central part of the edifice for a space of 96 feet is set back 42 feet from the front line, thus forming a courtyard 42 by 96 feet, with a flight of steps to the front entrance. The main entrance from the street is through two massive gateways and this court. First story. — The principal entrance door opens into a vestibule 24 by 96 feet. This vestibule, the floor of which is laid with white marble tiles, communicates at each end with a north and south library room, each 30 by 108 feet. These rooms are 24 feet high, and each has six (k Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 949 alcoves, or recesses, 6 by 24 feet. The windows of each library room are 10 feet from the floor, to secure a large amount of wall space. lu the rear of the centre of this spacious vestibule are the janitor's oflce, the cloak and retiring rooms, with broad stairways on either side ascend- ing by two easy flights to the second story. Half way up is a mezzanine or half story between the library rooms, (which by reason of their height afford ample space,) on which is a commodious suite of apartments for the librarian,with parlor, dining, service rooms, and every convenience. This completes the first story. Second story, — Ascending to the second story, two doors open into the principal art gallery, which is directly over and of the same size — 24 by 96 feet — as the vestibule below. Three large windows open on the bal- cony and the court, looking on Central Park. The sides of the room are divided by five arcades resting on piers, which are decorated with niches. The walls are finished in oak to the height of these niches. At both ends of this gallery, north and south, are library rooms, 30 by 108 feet, with six alcoves or recesses in each, as on the street floor, and like those except in height. These latter have vaulted ceilings, 40 feet in the centre and 35 feet at the sides." A second picture gallery on this floor, directly over the librarian's apartments, is 40 by 56 feet, well lighted by large sky-lights, and tastefully skirted with dark wainscoting, which completes the second story. Third story. — The north stairs ascend to the third or attic story, to a third gallery for paintings, 24 by 96 feet, the walls of which can be used on three sides, the fourth being occupied by the windows and a broad balcony extending nearly the whole length of the room, to afford a bet- ter view of the paintings and easier access to the windows, which com- mand an extensive prospect. On this floor is the tank-room, which will afford an ample supply of water for the entire building. Basement; heating and ventilation.— The basement is 12 feet in height and extends under the whole building ; is thoroughly dry and will be used for storage of books, for boiler-room, with four large boilers, fire- pump, and complete steam and water works. Great care has been given to the heating by steam, and the ventilation, which work together and are so arranged that the engineer has control of the heating and venti- lation of the whole building without leaving his floor. The air in each room can be changed every thirty minutes, if necessary, and the libra, rian's office communicates by speaking tubes with the principal rooms, and with the janitor, and engineer, so that he can at all times control both heat and ventilation. Capacity and cost.— The book presses or cases are of iron, arranged in two tiers, with galleries, and for convenience of access in administration, staircases of iron have been placed in two of the recesses on each floor. The four library rooms, if filled to the extent of their capacity, will each contain over 75,003 volumes, or the four an aggregate of over 300,000 volumes. Mr. Lenox has already formally given to the library $385,000 in cash, 950 • Public Libraries in the United States. and probably smaller sums to make the total $400,000. Of this sum aud interest, after completing the building, there remain $212,p(|0 as a permanent library fund. His gift of ten city lots for the site may be estimated, at present depressed prices at $300,000, making thetota^ $700,000. This is exclusive of the costly collection of books and manu- scripts in process of transfer aud arrangement In the library. ' Trustees and librarian. — The act of incorporation, passed January 20, 1870, made the following nine gentlemen the first trustees of the library: James Lenox, William H. Aspinwall, Hamilton Fish, Eoberit Ray, Al- exander Yan Rensselaer, Daniel Huntington, Jphn Fisher Sheafe, James Donaldson, and Aaron B. Belknap. James Lenox was elected president and A. B. Belknap secretary. Six years have been occupied in the con- struction of the building. George H. Moore, for twenty years connected with the New York Historical Society, has been appointed librarian, and is arrauging the collection for the use of the public. In its present shape the numerical extent of the collection cannot be given. Some of the prominent features which made the private library of the founder exceptionally rare and valuable can only be referred to in this brief sketch. This private collection, not perhaps exceeding 15,000 volumes, has been known to scholars and bibliopoles to be very complete and costly in certain departments. In the specialty of Americati history and the materials for it, no private library in America probably equals it. It is known to contain not only all the more valuable books on America published in the sixteenth aud seventeenth centuries, and the first half of the eighteenth, but most of the complete editions of the more val- uable in the Spanish, Portuguese, Dutch, Italian, French, Latin, and English. In the Bibliotlieca Americana of Henry Harrisse are enumer- ated more than 150 volumes of the most valuable works on Almerica, its discovery aud settlement, published within a certain period,, as in his collection. The Lenox collection of Spanish manuscripts relating to America is very large and valuable. The library contains this most complete collection of the editions of the De Bry books in the country. No public or private library here is so rich in Shaksperean jitter^tilire. It contains a great number of complete editions of the various formSi, of the dramatist's plays, as the first four folios, the first quartosy and sub- sequent issues. If not all, it has most of the twenty plays published in Shakspere's lifetime, which are valued at their weight in gold.' It is rich in Elizabethan poetry, exceeding most libraries in complete gfli- tions of the poets of that period. It is also rich both in works on. the fine arts and on angling. Another specialty is its collection of Bibles, which is not surpassed in the country. From what is known in general of Mr. Lenox's method of furnishing this corporate library, it is believed that he will double or treble bis private collection with valuable works selected abroad. The public wait patiently for these rare treasures, sooner or later to be opened to scholars aud the reading community. Pi^kUc /Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 951 J -,., i, OTHER COLLECTIONS. '"The foilowiag list embraces other pablic or semi-public libraries in S"ew York and vicinity which contain ^ach" 1,000 voliimes or more. Fiir'ther statistics of these and minor collections wiU be found in the general table at the end of this volume.— Editors. Yplumes. American Bible Society ■ 2,400 Aij^er|ci^n Eclectic Library '. 30,300 A^chenbrcedel-Vereiu '.'. 1,700 Bloomlrigdale Asylum for the Insane '.,■. 1,000 Catholic Protectory for Boys'. 2,000 Ceiitury Club ^ 2,000 Cbaraber of Commerce , r 2,500 CharlpiT Institute..., 'li '.. 3,500 Childreu's Aid Society Lodging-bouses 1, 100 College of Pharmacy of the City of New York .■..•.. .j.. 1,200 College of Physicians and Surgeons 1,200 Columbia Colkge.... .i.. ; 18,745 Philolexian Society '.''. 1,200 Peithologian Society '. 1,000 School of Miiies 7,000 Law School 4,500 Botanical Library,.. ,. . .. 1, 145 Court of Common Pleas ' ---v- - 1,000 .Department General Eeqruiting geryice, ..., 2,556 , Dr. V^u Norman'^, Classical School 2,040 Fire Department Li brafy and Lyceum ' 6,750 ■ FiV(3 Points House of Industry *.... .i..J.i 1,000 General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, (see sketch in Theological Libraries, Chapter IV, pp. 152-153).. , ... ,15,400 , Grand Lodge Free aud Accepted Masons, 224 Centre street 1, 500 ,,:^i|irlem Library ^.. '. 'i'Jli'.... ..' 8,000 ^Harmonic Club .........i. 6; 000 Home for the Friendless .'. 1,000 "House of 'Refuge .; ..1 '. -. 4,086 Oliistitution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb 2,800 vtaidies'FivePointis Mission liipO Liederkranz '. i,()00 Ludlow Street Jail '...'...'. '.' 1,500 " Manhattan College 13,000 ''^Mlle. Eostan's school .^ , .,.. 1,000 uMott Memorial Free Medical and Surgical Library -----r -r-- 4,700 l.J^rs. J. T.Benedict's, school - I............ 3,000 ^♦Naval Lyceum. . : 4,250 jJS^ew York Genealogical and Biographical Society 1,500 New York Juvenile Asylum — ■- - 1,500 ;" Packard's Business College;-. .- 2,000 r Philharmonic Society..,. 1,400 Presbyterian Board of Foreign Missions 6, OOO ,-,. Printers' Library ■ - 4; 100 ' Protestant Episcopal Chnrch Mission Society' for Seamen ' 1,500 ' Rutgers Female College 5,000 'Society for the Relief of Juvenile Delinquents ,....-. 4,010 Standard Club -.- 1=000 952 Public Libraries in the TJnite^ .Stqfes. Volnme^. Sunday School Teachers' Reading Room and Exchange. ,2^000 Suprptne Court, first department, first j udlcial district , '. . . . 2, 000^ Turnverein — i.... --■ - ■-" ' I; 750 Union League Club.... 1,500' Union Theological Seminary, (see sketch of this library in Theological Libra- - -: ries, Chapter IV, p. 153) .-. - 34,000 University of the City of^ew York -,---■ ■ 3,5jOO Law Department .» .; .....'.... 1,200 Verein Freundschaft 1,357 Washington Heights Library -j.. 2,794 Woman's Library 2,500 Young Women's Christian Association 4,000.- VIII.— PUBLIC LIBEAEIES OF PHILADELPEEA. BY LLOTD P. SMITH, Zibranan of the Library Oompany of Philadelphia. The idea, first carried out in New England, of free libraries supported, at municipal expense, has not yet penetrated to Philadelphia. All the , public libraries in this city are supported by the contributions of indi-^ viduals. They are, however, nearly or quite all accessible, without - charge, to the public for consultation, and from most of them the lJOok§, may be borrowed on payment of a small sum. The remark recently made by. Dr. Daniel Wilson, that " in no country in the world are pub-, . lie and private libraries and collections made available to the scientific ; inquirer with the same unrestrained freedom as in the United States/^,! is eminently true of the libraries of Philadelphia. There is no one of them that in itself approaches to completeness ; but as several are devoted to special subjects, thus supplementing each . other, they together form a group of great value and usefulness. The Philadelphia Library, including the Loganian collection under the same roof, and accessible to the members, is rich in early printed books, works relating to America, newspapers, periodicals, and standard English lit- erature ; the Law Library is a fine collection of reports^ statutes, and other legal works; the Library of the Hospital and that of the College, . of Physicians are medical collections which, together, are of the first ,, , rank ; the Library of the Acadeniy of Natural Sciences is very rich in works on natural history, and that of the Philosophical Society in, the transactions of learned societies ; the Mercantile Library is strong in * bibliography, and, possessing already 125,000 volumes well adapted to a circulating library, it grows and prospers marvelously; the J'ranklip, Institute has a comf)liete set of the Aiherican, British, and French ;, patent publications ; the University has 8,000 volumes on political epon- ,,, omy and 5,000 on engineering: and the Historical Society has an inval- uable treasure in the Penn Papers, while its collection of colonial and revolutionary manuscripts, local histories, books relating to the French Eevolution, and curiosities, is important and rapidly increasing. It will Public Libraries of ten Principal Cities. 953 be seen that these separate collections virtually supplement each other. iL better idea, liowever, of the resources of these various institutions will be obtained by taking them up in turn and giving a sketch of their his- tory sand present state. This paper will not be without value if it enables the student to ascertain whitherhe should turn his steps to find books on a particular subject. First in point of antiquity is THE LIBRARY COMPANY. , This foundation of the present institution was laid by Dr. Benjamin Franklin, who induced a small number of gentlemen to subscribe one hundred pounds ; the books being^flrst kept in Eobert Grace's house, from which those who in 1731 signed the articles of association were allowed to take them to their homes for perusal. Many particulars in regard] to Eobert Grace have been brought to light in Mrs. T. G. James's recent Memorial of Thomas Potts, j'r. From that work we learn that Mr; Grace was born on April 25, 1709, and that he was the son of Robert Grace the elder, of Philadelphia, who removed thither from Barbadoes some time before February, 1707-'8. The younger Grace seems to have inherited property to a considerable amount, includiug the residence afterward noted as the cradle of the Philadelphia Library. This was situated on the north side of High (now Market) street, below Second, at that. early date one of the most eligible portions of the city. The town-hall stood nearly opposite, in the centre' of the* broad thoroughfare, and was the place of meeting of the provin- cial assembly and governor's council. After Dr. Franklin and Mr. Grace became intimate friends, the lattei's residence was selected as the place of meeting of the famous Junto, and a room therein was chosen as the place of deposit for the newly formed library. The house itself was perhaps one of the oldest brick houses in the city. An arched' carria'ge-way opened in the rear upon Pewter Platter alley, and through thisthe members entered, so as^not to disturb the inmates of the house. Here the idea of a public library was conceived and carried out, and here the cotlection remained for ten years, until removed to the upper ro din of the westernmost office of the State-house. By slow degrees new members joined the company, and new boots were annually added by purchase and donation. Among the donors theproprietaries of Pennsylvania are to be numbered, and from them a chatter was obtained in 1742. The utility and success of this association caused the establishment of cither libraries ; but it soon appeared to be more conducive to th^ interests of literature that there should be in Philadelphia one large rather than several small collections^ of books. Accordingly, coalitions gradually took place, until, in 1769r-'71, the Amicable, the Association, and' the Union Companies were merged in the Library Company of Philadelphia. 954 Public Libraries in the United States. The library, which had been kept in the State-house since 1740, was in 1773 removed to the second floor of Carpenters' Hall, where it re- mained until 1790, when it was transferred to its present site in Fifth street. By the lapse of time the present building has become some- what venerable, and its interior, though plain, is impressive. The late Dr. James W. Alexander, of Princeton, remarks in his Familiar Letters, "No library I have ever seen, not even the Bodleian, has left such traces on my imagination as the old Philadelphia, which I want to see again," The rooms contain portraits of Lord Bacon, Sir Isaac Newton, William Penn, John Penn, James Logan, Benjamin Franklin, Kev, Samuel Pres- ton, (a benefactor of the library, the portfait by West,) William Mac- kenzie, and Joseph Fisher, (the former of whom bequeathed books and the latter money to the library,) Thomas Parke and Zachariah Ponlson, (directors,) and others. Various relics, such as William Penn's writing desk, a colossal bust of Minerva, which formerly stood behind the Speaker's chair in the first Congress under the Constitution, a mask, of Washington's face from the original, used for Houdou's statue, a read- ing desk of John Dickinson, (author of The Farmer's Letters,) James Logan's library table, and other curiosities, are calculated to interest the visitor. Since its organization the com.pany has pursued a steady course of modest and unostentatious usefulness, its members and property grad- ually increasing until the former now number 967, while the numbet of volumes is more than 100,000. This includes 11,000^ many of them rare and valuable, in the Loganian Library, founded by James Logan in 1750, and now, in the hands of the directors and three descendants of the founder, constituting a special trust. The Loganian Library was keptfrom 1750 to 1792in abnildingspecially erected for it by the founder at the northwest corner of Sixth and Wafeut streets. It is endowed with five hundred, and ninety-six acres of land in Bucks County, originally leased by James Logan. for, one hundred and fourteen years. The lease expired in 1861, and under the provisions of the indenture the laud was revalued and a new rent agreed upon, for the further term of one hundred and twenty-one years. In 1983 another revaluation will take place, and so on, at the expiration of each oiie hun- dred and twenty-one years, for ever. The net income of the, Loganian Library from this source is about $ 700. i. In addition, the institution has $25,000 invested in bond and mort- gage, the accounts being kept separate from those of the Library Com- pany. Persons using the Loganian Library make a deposit to secure the return of the books borrowed, but no charge is made for their use. Besides the books, the Library Company has a few thousand dollars at interest and the income from the Law Buildings adjoining the library; the total annual receipts being about $12,000 for the Library Company, and $2,200 for the Loganian Library. Members pay $8 a year, and dispose of their shares — the par value of which is $40, though they sell for more 'V tafl ""^ ^ — < r "^-^ -^ ^TB ^^^ ' ^ iiiiiiilillii Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 957 iu the market— by transfer or bequest, but the assent of the directors is necessary before new members are admitted. It is not requisite, how- ever, to be a member of the company to use the library. Persons desir. ing to consult the books (for any useful purpose) are allowed to do so in the rooms, and books may be taken out by subscribers (at $12 a year) or by leaving a deposit of double their value. In the latter case a small weekly charge is made for their use, except for Loganian books, which are free. Rotation in ofiBce has not yet invaded this venerable institution. It has happened more than once in its history that directors have held oflGLce for over fifty years, and during the last ninety years there have been only four librarians and five secretaries. Since 1750 the Loganian Library has had but six librarians. During so prolonged an existence many books of value have naturally accumulated. Some account of these will be found in the preface to the third volume of the catalogue, and also in a paper in the Atlantic Monthly for March, 1868. It will be sufflcient to mention here that the department of manuscripts is represented by examples in the Hebrew, Arabic, Abyssinian, Siamese, Burmese, Greek, and Latin languages ; that of incunabula, by specimens (belonging to the Loganian Library) of the work of the earliest printers iu Germany, England, Venice, and Eome, respectively ; that of antiquities, among others, by Lepsius's, Eo- sellini's, Napoleon's, Gau's, and Vyse's Egypt; Botta's and Layard's folio plates of Nineveh ; Kingsborough's and Lenoir's Mexico; the government works on Herculaneum and on the Monuments of Paris; Piranesi's and Canina's Eome and II Yaticano, and that invaluable work, the photo, graphs of the antiquities in the British Museum; while Spanish litera- ture is represented by an excellent collection made by the late O. Eich expressly for the Loganian Library. The strength of the two libraries, however, so far as rare books are concerned, lies in the department of works on America, which includes^ for a single item, complete sets of many Philadelphia newspapers, form- ing continuous files from the first number of the first paper published in this city (1719) to the present time. The library possesses also Du Simitifere's collection of books, pamphlets, and broadsides relating to the Eevolution, a complete set of congressional and of Pennsylvania State documents, and nearly everything relating to Philadelphia, in- cluding all the important maps from 1682 to the present time. A classified catalogue, made by the late George Campbell, librarian from 1806 to 1829, was published in 1835, and a supplement, also com piled by him, together with a copious general alphabetical index by the present librarian in 1855." The whole is contained in three volumes of 2,100 pages, and it has been pronounced by an expert. Dr. S. A. Allibone, to be, on the whole, the best printed catalogue known to him. The ad- vantages of a catalogue raisonn6 are so evident that it is hardly neces- sary to particularize them. In a small library it is sufficient to have 958 Public Libraries in the United States. books on the same subject together on the shelves. In a large library- it is of advantage to the student to have the titles themselves classified. The arrangement adopted in the printed catalogue of the Philadelphia Library is fivefold, the classes being, respectively: Eeligion, jurispru- dence, science and arts, belles-lettres, and history, each class having subdivisions. It is thought that the alphabetical index, in which every important word in each title is indexed and a reference made to the page where the full title is to be found, gives the catalogue all the advan- tages of an alphabetical, together with those of a classed catalogue. The titles of books added since 1855 are written on cards or, rather, slips of paper, which are kept — mainly after the plan recommended by the late Prof. 0. C. Jewett to the librarians' convention' of 1833 — in alpha- betical order. They occupy thirty-two drawers, the cross references being copious. Pamphlets are bound in volumes, with some reference to keeping those on the same subject together, and each pamphlet is catalogued as fully as a book, a figure being added after the number and size of the volume to designate its relative place therein. For example : Potter, (Alonzo.) 17137. 0.7. A discourse commemorative of the Rt. Rev. Alonzo Potter. By William Bacon Stevens, bishop. Pbil., 1866. To this title there would be only one cross reference. Stevens, (Bp. "W. B.) 17137. O. 7. See Potter (A.) for discourse hy. In the above catalogue slip the letter O. stands for octavo, and the figure 7 for the seventh pamphlet in the volume, numbered 17137 ou T;he shelves. It may be noted in passing that this pamphlet is considered as a biog- raphy of Bishop Potter, and the full title is given under his name and not under that of the author. This is, of course, an exception to the general rule, according to which the. author's name is the catch word. it would be desirable to have a complete printed cotalogue of the library brought down to the present time, but the expsnse is too great for the resources of the institution. The arrangement of the books on the shelves is by sizes, not by sub- iects. When a book is catalogued it takes one of four sets of numbers, according as it is a folio, quarto, octavo, or duodecimo. Its number iu that set stands forever as its shelf mark, and the books themselves, can be shifted ad libitum without altering the numbers. Alcove A, let us say, for example, on the floor contains N'os. 1 to 4000 octavo. In course of time the floor cases having been filled, and the older boqks not , being so much in demand, Kos. 1 to 4000 may be removed from alcove A, carried up-stairs, and placed anywhere, there being no shelf marks to be altered. There is still a place for everything, and everything in its place. This plan, while not claimed to be the best possible, is not without its advantages. It is particularly well adapted for pamphlets, and it gives the books a neat arid orderly appearance on the shelves. Certainly the larger the library the fewer are the evils of an absence of Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 961 a, classification by subjects on the shelves. Nevertheless, in practice, it is found necessary, in some cases, to vary from the arrangement by sizes only. For example, all the handbooks of travel are placed together on the shelves, and so are the encycloptedias, the directories, and certain books of reference constantly in demand for consultation in the rooms; and as regards the modern works of fiction also, a modifica- tion of the general plan has been adopted. The bookcases are protected by wire doors, which are kept locked, with the exception of one case containing the newest books of a miscel- laneous character, and another for the latest works of fiction. The necessity of a fireproof building for the safe keeping of this valu- able library has long been felt by the directors, who started a subscrip- tion for that object in 1855. In 1864, the late Joseph Fisher, bequeathed $54,488.12 to this build- ing fund, which now amounts to $105,000. In 1869, the late Dr. James Eush left his large estate, appraised at over $1,000,000, for the purpose of erecting a fire-proof building, to be called the Eidgway Branch of the Philadelphia Library. The building,^ a noble structure of granite, 'The governing principles in the arrangement of this building were, that special rooms be provided in which to arrange the books, as well as separate reading rooms for the public, and that no books be obtained except over the librarian's desk, although a few books might be placed within reach of the public in the main hall and reading rooms. Generally, then, the building may be said to consist of a centre, with north and south wings, the books to be stored in the north wing; the main hall occupies the centre, and the reading rooms are in the south wing. The main hall is in the form of a cross, the western arm of which is occupied by the entrance and vestibule; the northern, next the books, by the librarian's department; the eastern, by a room for periodicals ; and the southern, by the entrance to reading rooms, and by the staircase to gallery of main hall, and to the memorial and directors' rooms on the second floor of the south wing. The north wing measures 33 feet 6 inches by 71 feet inside, and in the centre is open to the ceiling a height of 34 feet, having three tiers of galleries, 10 feet wide, on which the books are arranged in the form of alcoves. A space of 25 feet by 63 feet, between the north wing and centre, is also available for the storage of books, and ultimately wall cases may be put around the gallery of the hall. The total capacity for books may be put at 400,000 volumes. The south wing is occupied by a general reading room 32 feet 6 inches by 71 feet, with a 20-foot ceiling. It is lighted by three large windows on each of the west, south, and east sides ; is provided with two open fire places, and has access at either end to retiring rooms, lavatories, etc., for ladies and gentlemen. In the angles of the central portion of the building, not occupied by the main hall, are a room for receiving and cataloguing books, a private room for the librarian, and two smaller reading or study rooms. These four rooms are each 22 feet square and 14 feet high, and are well lighted by two large windows each. The length of the arms of the main hall are 85 feet north and south, and 60 feet east and west, and the width 35 feet. The height to the ceiling is 46 feet. There is a broad gallery, or, more correctly perhaps, a second floor around the hall, at a height of 15 feet from the floor, from which rise 24 Ionic columns and pilasters which carry the ceiling. Light is introduced by a Clere-story arrangement over the interior cornice, 01 E 962 Pyhlic IAbrq,rws in thfi JJnifevIr, States. in tbe Doric style of architecture, is, now in coi^rseof erection, by tbe>, executor, at the corner of Broad and Cliristian streets, and will proJba|-. bly be finished iji 1876. It is to be hoped that, the ununificent intentions of the testator, faithfully carried out by his pxe.cjEitor, may result not only in a stfitply building for the ornainefltaitiofi of, the citj-, but also in a library of a size and income worthy Qf the sixth city of the pivilized world. THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.! This association was started in 1743 by Dr. Benjamin Franklin. : This great man, who kept constantly in view the advancement of the comr munity in whiph he lived, was well aware tl^at this lobjecti could only he attained by combined efforts. Hence the number, of associations ijii Philadelphia of which he was either the founder or one of the most ^ffi^, cient promoters. The Library Company an,d, the, Philosophical Society appear to have both grown out of the celebrated Junto, or debating society, founded when Franklin was but twenty-one jears of age; and both, though always hampered by want of means, have for more, than a century faithfully pursued the course of public usefulness originally planned for them. The library of the Philosophical Society contains over 20,000 bopks, largeh' scientific works, but including many of historical value. ' lu 1863, Part I of a. printed catalogue was published, followed in 18G6 ^f Part II. The third and concluding part is nearly ready for the press/ The learned librarian has struck out an original method of cataloguing. "Eight principal classes carry from the universal to tlie special, from the abstract to the concrete, from the iuoriganic to the organic, from matter to mind. Each class begins with the theory of the subject and by which means an abundant supply of light is obtained, without leaka,ge from raiii or snow, to which the ordinary level skylights are so subject. Externally, the west front on Broad street shows the arrangementB of centre and^fii'gs; the former adorned with eight columns, and the latter with four each. The bacis or' east front is of similar general design, but without the colnmns, and the no^th and south wings show a tetrastyle arrangement of pilasters with pediment oyer. ,,Thei Grecian Doric was the style named for the building by the late Dr. EuBh,_and Ijhe ,fol- lowing are the general dimensions : Diameter of column at base, 5 feet ; height, includ- ing capital, 30 feet ; inleroolumniation, 12 feet 3 inches ; height of entablature, 18 feefr 3 inches ; angle of pediments, 13°. The colunins stand on a basement 8 feefi high; atid^ the princi pal floor is one step above this. A broad flight of steps leads up to the entrance in the centre of the building. The total length north and south is 22p feet ; e^stanfi, west, over portico and, basei^ent, J 12 feet ; and the height from ground to apex of cen- tral pediments 60 feet. There is a well lighted basement under the whole building, vTith a Ceilitig'13 ftet' high, to whibh there is direct entrance from the back of the building. It will be heated, throughout by steam, supplemented by open fires in all the reading rooms., It is, built of Cape Ann and Quinoy granite, with iron floors, eeiling, and roof, 3n(J may be said to Ve fire-proof, thongh the flooring and finish, for the sake of comfort, are of wood, ,rour of the sixteen front columns are now in place, and the structure will be roofed in this year. ' ' ^ ' \,. 'i^y • \ >i •■<.'> 1 See Scientific Libraries, Chapter VII, pp. I80-I86, and Historical Societies, Qhaptfer XIII, pp. 363-364. ',• Public 'Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 963 follows with its practi'^fe'. Excfejiting the first, which represents the abstract '66ncepti6n of knowledge itself with its universal applications, eacih clas'^'advailce'^ the theme briyoud a point at which the class pr'e- cedin^g leaves' it." The several classes are as follows : 1. General science. 2. The mathetfaatical science^.' 3. The inorganic sciences. .4. Tlie'drgaiiic sciences. 5. The' historical sciences. C. The social sciences. 7. The spiritual sciences. 8. Personal science. The clas- sification of books "being always to a certain extent arbitrary, there does not seem to 'b6' any serious 'objection to the foregoing arrangement, although it would have been, perhaps, better to'' have i)laced what Professor Lesley calls the historical sciences last and under the title history, while 'j)ersonal sciencfe, which here means biography, might properly have been made a subdivision of history. This, however, is a smallmatter. When we come to the arrangement of the titles under each subdivision, there is perhaps more room for criticism. The com- piler makes the singular assertion that "in' consulting a catalogue for a book, perhaps the most natural reference first made is to the time of its appearance." THE MERCANTILE LIBRARY. ■■'' ■'■' 'JOO,u:: !;]■-. . if--,,.; . , -•,- - .-, ■ V ■ ■ ■ •■ ' * ■"'' '''■ '" ' -'"'■ .The Mercantile ^Library of Philadelphia was organized in 1821, by a small ,numbeJ of, energetic men of the class from which it derives its najn^. Jitsdevelopuient, though slow at first, has increased in a con- stantly accelerating ratio until it has attained the highest r^nk among s^l^.^fiS|^a!ining libraries ; for though of late there have been some few donations and bequests, self-dependence is the essential basis of its life and strength. ,. There have been but two occasions, in its history when any portion of the board have failed of re-election, the laSt of which wa^ in 1860, when, after a very warm, contest, a sufficient infusion of new blood entered the board to [give it the. tone and character which it has since had. It has been the policy of this new board to diffuse the benefits of the library to the widest possible extent, and in pursuance of this gen- eral idea it may be stated as one peculiarity of this institution, distin- gttishing it from all other large collections, that the books, which are arranged by subjects, stand in open cases, just as accessible to. members as their own private libraries. The rooms are open 385 days in the year, and ordinarily from 7J a. m. to 10 p. m. BOoks are delivered' at the residences of members on payment of the sum of 5 cents. Books not already in the, library are .always parchased on the application of members, unless they should be; of an immoral tendency or otherwise specially objectionable. ' The fA,mi policy has governed the board in rega,rd to the general sup- ply of books, it being considered advisable to purchase good books that will be read in preference to good books that will not be read. For in- stance, scientific books adapted to popular, reading are added in much greater proportion than similar books intelligible only to the adept an 96,4 Public Libraries in the United iStates. science, ani.l thus .tlid capaclby to.comprehentl the latter class of books is developed vyhich in ik large propqrti.on of C3ses woijtd have lain dor- mant., This mode of pducating iias, ip is b^ieved, been successfjjLiu a most gratifying degree, for the character of the books mostiin dtemand has been steadily rising to a higher plan^ .of e^c^ll^ice. At one time, very many yeaiiS,3.go, this ipstitutipn was jlooked to mainly forarsupply of light readipg, bu|t tJiQ jnere fi^ct that it now coptajius pyer 125,000 vol- umes 90 per cent, of which cannot in any proper sense come xsfijihin that designation, shows how unjust it, would be to ,tbe coUectioa itself and to the management to place , it among the libraries ,fpr. light. reading now. . ' . , '■"■','■' In the department pf bibliography it ipay be called strpng, as it pos- sesses ^pme 4,000 ,^^olames of that class, Tp show its growth in; this respect, it may be mentioned that in 1863 thece wag no class, so dftBiOmi- uated, and had tl^^rp been it would have, contained but portions ;pf two works. Nc} copy of Lowndes, "Watt, Brunei, Peignot, Panzer, or any of the other lights of the science was to be found on the shelves., Npw, lioweyer, iu addition to all these authors, it possesses every wprk cited by A,llil>one as an au.thority, nearly all those recommended by Guild's Librarian's Manual, and Home's Manual of Bibliography, together with a valuable collection of priced catalogues, both foreign and American, and a large numbec of other important works, including all the, repeat ones of merit. In the department of rare Americana lit has made no attempt at completeness, for the reason that that department of litera- ture is well cared for by the Philadelphia Library and the HistOTical Societ}'; besides, the mania existing on the subject by private collec^t-j ors has had th,e effect of putting the market price far beyond the intrinsic value of the books on this subject. The library poS4s6sses nearly every edition of the letters of Junius; and of writings On the subject of their authorship or iu any way couj nected with it, including all the known writings of the..variQus persons to whom the authorship has been atitributed. It would take up too much space to na,me," individually, the' ma,Dy rare and valuable works which it possesses ; suffice it to say, that.th^ Mercantile Library lias some 20 or 30 wlumes printed in the fifteenth century ; a long series of Philadelphia newspapers, coijamencing with the year 1740; a great number of books and pamphlets printed in Philailel- phia aind other American towns in the colonial clays; a copy of Audu- bon's Birds of America; a very fine copy, belipypd tQ be the finest in existence, of Wilson's American Ornithology; a copy of Peale's Stoue Age, privately printed and exceedingly valuable; a copy of the first Anglo-Saxon printed book ; a copy of the first book printed in Glasgow*,' in Bristol, and in some two hundred other places. ' ' 'r'i-iUi Its yearly income from ordinary sources is about $45,000, only $918'of which are derived from endowments, the remainder being received from the members. Its rpal estate is worth about $250,000, and the indebt- Public Lihraribs of Ten Principal Cities. 965 ed««ss theredn fe' under fiO.OOO. It bas'a front of96'feet on Teuth street aacl>a depth on Marble street ofSOl feet, the bnilding extendiag the en- tirelength, aadcoreringaa ar6a vety much larger than any other libhiry in America. i ' > The reading rooms are sapplied regularly vfith dver 503 magaziues, reviews, and ne^i^SpaperS; representing every State atid Territory in our own Cbuhtry and the leadiug natioas'and colonies with which we have any commercial intercourse. . ' ' The terms of membership, including the entire privileges of the insti-' tution, are the purchase of a share of stock at $10 and the payment of an annual fee of $4, or a life membership for $40. Visitors are at all times cheerfully admitted, but to use the rooms an introduction is needed ; any member has the privilege of introducing strangers for thirty days without payment from either party. No new buildings ard in contemplation, as by economizing the Spftice already possessed it is believed 500,000 volumes can 'fiad safe and con- veniently accessible lodgment. '^ - ' '-' The following table will exhibit the condition of thfe libVary at the end of each decennial period sitice its foundation and at the cldse'of 1874 : ' " J , Tear enrllng 'l?eo6Biber 31. i. o =3 . O 05 ,« o u ■&- 9 1 > 1830..,- 185bi... '..-,...". _,.«!, 12? 1.5 3,527 19 6,186 69 11.351 19 32,731,18 45, 800 13 as- lC 1', 716 90 '"■' 879 6Y 4, 185 48 9, 538 54, ,21,387 55, 761 1,474 , 2, 165 ' 11,276 402 516 ■ " 606' 2, 5-25 J , 7,136 17,004; .6, 4H 13, 149 ' 2M500 5p, 438 109, 943 8, 430 ,14,690 28, OOO' 87, 500 148,961 .13 3T 286 336 4 11 43 52- RO 168 , 1860 1870... :. 1874 339, 900 TBe number of volumes now in the library is 125,668, and the rate of increase is from 1.000- to 1,500 volumes a month exclusive of donations. 'Tapre have npyer been any large giTts of books, the largest havipg been a recent contribution of some, 2,000 volumes from James G^- Barn- weTl, for many years a member of the board, to whom Jjip writer is '"^ "or this slietch of the, library. It'V^ith the ^ exception of public dcuments frotn the Government, no other gift '^yer reached 200 vol- d^'^ umes." „ TEtE "cr'NlVERSITY OF PENNSYLVAlSTrA. I lam indebted to Prof; E. E. Thompson, librarian of the; University of Pennsylvania, for the following interesting account of the valuable library of that institution. '' The library of the university, like that of all our higher institutions of learningj-dates from the very beginning of the institution itself, which ' ^ ''" '•*'' • I See College Libraries, Chapter Iir,'t>p. 116-118. 966 Public Libraries in the Unitj^ SfatfiS: was established as aa acaderay in 1749, chartered, a^g, a college iu 1755, and as a university in 1778. Thej various pfirits of tl]ije,Qol|ep|;i()n in some •degree reflect the history of the uuiv^r^ity itself,,, jj.^ ,,..;■ ji, ..j ,, i,,, ,,, , The oldest part is made up of gifts from the earjy,itra?,tep8;ajnd,qther public spirited citizens. Et^pecially, the eldpr. Richard, Peters ga,ve very liberally, as may be seen from his autograph on a multitude of ^^tle pages. Others bear; the autograph of Benjamin Franklin. Xhe ,gifts of Mr. Peters are very largely historical and .theolOigicaLworks byiion- jurors, but many are standard works by. the older historians and, divines. A copy of the Baskerville Barclay's Apology , preeented^by Barclaj's sod, and one of the Baskerville. Virgil, subscri bed for by the universityitself, are in thelibrarj'. Dr. Smith, the provost, visited England in 1762, with a view to t|ie increase of the endowment, and his visit is oommemorated by the, pres- ence of the works of many divines, historians, and men of scierice then living. iBiitthe largest gift from abroad, was that which the ill fated Louis XVI sent at the instance of General La Fayett^. , It consists of 'French works en the natural scieuce the; be^t and, Ifirgest collection of English and French diQtioaa(Ei,es in, jihis country. LIBRARY OF THE PENNSYLVANIA HOSPITAL.' ■■ This collection was commenced in, 1763, and now contains 12,500 vol- umes, mg,ny,of which are rare. The annual expenditure for J^Qoks and binding has averaged during the last ten ye^rs $595.19, the annual in- crease in yoluines being about 275. Books may be borrowed by sub- scribers, (who pay $3 a year,) or those who acquire a lif^ right, either by purchase ($28) or gift from the managers, these beneficiaries being chiefly formerly resident physicians, to whom it is customary, on leaving, to give ^he use of the librairy of the hospital. Tri 1857 waspublighed an admi- rable Catalogue Kaisoune, prepared by JDr. Emil Fischer, with an" alpha- betical index Of authors. > ' , ,; " The two great libraries," saj's Dr. Eichard Dunglison, " p^ the Penn- sylvania Hospital and the Ooliege of Physicians, would, if combined^ form a very remarkable library' collection, embracing works in every de- partment of medical literature and the kindred sciences. A cot^iparison of the library catalogpes of the two iilstitutidns exhibits a surprising ab- sence of duplication. , ti any action looking to their consolidation should ever take place", Philadelphia would possess a magniflceh'f medical library, far surpassing in value and resources that , of any other cis- Atlahtic "city." It may be added that the Philadelphia Hospital (alms- house) contains a library of about 3,000 volumes, and the nuclei of other libraries may be found in several of our medical institutions. tlB^'ARl^'oP. THE GERMAN, .SOCIETY CONTRIBUTING FOR, THE "pELIEjF 7 f b^'BISTJ^ESSED GERMAN^' IN THE STATE OF " PENNSYLV4N||^J . [ „This /Society, primarily one of benevolence, was , incorporated iittl7&4. Its library, begun in 1817, is about equally divided between books in the German and English languages, and contains 16,000 volumes. Members of the German Society, or their"widows, and, " reading mem- bers,"- the. latter p^yiug;$4 a year, are entitled, to use the library and to te,ke tjie books home. A separate coUectlon, commenced in 1867, of works on the early col- onization of Pennsylvania, and on German-American life in general, also of icarly German pursuits, is being made by Dr. O. Seideusticker, under the auspices of the society. It is under the same roof as the general library. ; ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES OF PHILADELPHIA.^ •The fqrmation of the library of the Academy of Natural Sciences of 1 See article on Medical Libraries, Chapter VI, p. 174. 'See article on Scientific Libraries, Chapter VII, p. 185^186. 970 Public Libraries in the United States. Philadelphia was begun with the society in March, 1812, The first books were presented by the founders of the institution, and its growth is due to the bounty of intelligent and benevolent persons. In 1836, when a catalogue was printed, the library contained 674 folio, 1,595 quarto, 3,723 octavo, and 898 duodecimo volumes, in all 6,890, and 435 separate maps and charts. Of these 5,232 volumes, and most of the maps and charts, were presented by William Maclure, many of them be- tween the years 1816 and 1820, but the majority of them in 1835. In accordance with his verbal bequest, Mrs. Thomas Say presented, in 1834, her husband's entomological library of 100 volumes. In May, 1845, the late Dr. Thomas B. Wilson presented Owen's His- tory of British Fossil Mammalia and Birds. From that date till De- cember, 1849, he had deposited 2,773 volumes, periodicals, serials, and pamphlets. These were then presented to the society on condition that their use should be restricted to the hall of,- the academy. From that time until Dr. Wilson's death, March 15, 1866, his donations ex- ceeded 8,800 volumes and pamphlets. They included nearly all of the most elaborate and costly works on natural history and sciMti fie travel published Within that petjiod, as well as many valuable apdrare' works lor which catalogues of second-hand books were ;(;arefully examined. He also spent large sums on biiiding%ind in altering the academy's building for the accommodation of the books. In Tiis last will he pro- vided an annual income of $300 to defray the cost of cbnfiSuaj^n of expensive serjals, and an equal sum for the salary of a librarian, p Between the^ears 1850 and 1857 Mr. Edward Wilson presentel 4,184 works. This collection is particularly rich in rare pamphlets and publi- cations of the last century. Among the valuable specialties of the library is an expensive sertes of periodical publications of scientific societies throughout the w®^, re- ceived generally in exchange for those erf' the academy. It includes a complete set of the Transactions of -the Epyal Society of London, com- menced in 1065, and still continued. Among the admirable books are the elephant folio edition of Audubon's Birds of America, a gift by nine members of the society; a complete secies of the works of John Gould on birds and mammals, folio editions, beautifully illustrated; Elliot's ornithological monographs, including his superb works on pheas- ants and birds of paradise. The work on pheasants is perhaps the most elegantly illustrated work on descriptive natural history ever published ; the plates were designed and drawn by Joseph Wolf, and colored by hand in the highest style of art ; Wolt's Zoological Sketches, illustrated ; Sonnini's edition of Buflfon, 127 volumes; The Flora of Austria, five folio volumes, illustrated by the process known as nature printing ; The Ferns of Great Britain and Ireland, illustrated in the same manner. At the close of 1871 the conchological department of the library con- tained, with one or two exceptions, every work on conchology published APPRENTICES' LIBKA.EY. Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 973 up to that date. It then numbered 807 titles. The perfection of this collection is due to the generosity of Mr. George W. Tryon, jr., who gave to it the very valuable library on this subject which he had formed. There is a valuable collection of illustrated works on Eoman, Greek, and French antiquities, among which are all those of Piranesi. In 1868 the number of volumes in the library was ascertained to be 21,964 The library now numbers a,bout 30,000 volumes and 35,000 pamphlets. The books are kept in cases with glazed doors, without locks. There is a manuscript catalogue of each division to be. found in one of the cases containing the works named in it. A general card catalogue has been prepared. The library is open from 10 a. m. to 10 p. m., daily, Sundays excepted, and may be consulted freely by any respectable person. It is maintained exclusively as a library of reference. Eecently, Mr. I. V. Williamson ha,s settled upon the institution $1,500 a year, to be expended in the purchase of scientific books, and for no other purpose. It is believed that this sum will be sufiflcient to procure all the publications which relate to the natural sciences as they appear, and maintain this in the front rank of special libraries. Mr. Williamson has in this gift conferred an inestimable benefit on the votaries of natu- ral science in Philadelphia, and fixed his name in grateful remembrance more enduringly than it could be in marble or bronze, and far more use- fully. LAW ASSOCIATION. This institution, founded in 1802, and supported mainly by subscrip- tion, but partly by a tax on certain writs, is situated at the corner of Sixth and Walnut streets. The library possesses complete sets of the reports of the several States and of the United States, as well as those of Great Britain, and its collection of the pamphlet or annual laws of the different States is nearly complete. In the other departments it is also strong. The library numbers 8,500 volumes. apprentices' library. This is a free library, founded in 1820, and containing about 21,000 volumes. It is used by 2,000 boys and girls. Persons over twenty-one years make a deposit of $2. The library increases at the rate of about 1,000 volumes a year. It is supported by voluntary contributions. franklin institute. This institution was founded in 1824 for the promotion of the me- chanic arts. Its library, numbering 16,000 volumes, contains complete sets of the American, British, and French patent publications. The work which the institute has done during the past fifty years in the scientific education of mechanics is an important one, and its future 974 Public Libraries in the United States. promises even more usefulness than ifcs past. The society made a profit of about $50,000 from its last exhibition, out of which an appropriation of $3,000 has already been madie for the library. SOUTHWAEK 1,IBB4.B,Y., . This is a circulating library, supported by subscriptions of- $1 pfer annum. It is in a flourishing coudition, and already contains over lOjOOO volumes. HISTOEtCAL SOCIETY OF PENNSYLVANIA;' The Historical Society of Pennsylvania was organised Daceaiber 2, 1824 It met for nineteen years in the hall of th& Amarican Philo- sophical Society, and^ had the use of a small, closet therein to contain its books. In the year 18M, the society removed to a room in the second story of house ifo. 115 (now 211),South Sixth street. Its ooUeotioD then amounted to about 60 volumes, in addition to some boxes of pubjic, docu- ments received from the Government at Washington, >vhich had not been opened, as the society had no place in which to put the books. Imme- diately after the removal the library increased rapidly, and it became,* necessary to provideother quarters, which was done by, renting a room in the then new Athenteum building, at the southeast corner of Sixtjh. and Adelphi streets, in which the books were placed October, 1847. In 1849 the number of volumes in the library amounted to about 1,700. I^. the year 1871, in view of the growing demands for greater accom'mq,d,a- tion for its library and other collections, and for a sphere of a,ctiou saf- flciently enlarged to meet the wants of a community that showed an in-, creased interest in its labors, the society adopted measures that seemed to them to be calculated to effect the desired end, by removing the following February to their present abode, No. 82Q. Sprpce,, street, which they had improved to better answer their purposes.. In ad»liti School Library Society, ^•hich was incorporated' by act of legislature February I3, 1865. By the terms of the charter, membership in the society was restricted to such as had been or might be connected in any way with the public ischools, and all adult life membfers were to be entitled to a voice in the affairsiof the library; Those aii'airs were to be managed by a board , of sixteen trustees, Of which the president of the school board was to be ex officio a member and the president; the superintendent of public; schools and the principals of the high and normal schools were to be members ex officio; the remaining twelve (Six of -whom might be women) were t6 be elected by the life= members of the society. •'•.■• The charter granted, unsparing efforts were made to obtain means for starting the new enterprise. A number of prominent citizens lent their aid, and advanced sums of money varying frota $50 to #250i;the greater part of which were subsequently issued in life memberships, under the direction of the donors. Ward meetings were held in various school- hohses,'and the advantages of the proposed library laid before thepeo- ple. A' totalsum of $5,726.65 had been collected, when, on November 1, 1865, Mr. John J. Bailey became librarian. The sum in treasury above stated; a nflcleus of 453 volumes, chiefly school text books, presented by the school board ; '304 life members, and about 200 who held certifi- cdtes of partial payments — such was the status of the incipient library on the 1st of November, 1865. The sum of $5,000 was appropriated for the purchase of books; all the larg'e phblishing housesin the United States consented to fill first orders at discounts of 40 to 50 per cent. ; and about 1^500 volumes had been re- ceived and registered when the library was first openedj' December 9, 1805, for the issue of books. A few roiigh shelves, in the session roOm of the school board, formed the entire accommodations of the infantile libraty. Early in 1866 a room in Darby's building, corner of Fifth and Olive streets, was rented at $800 per annum. Its dimensions were 130 by 20 feet; it was divided by a glass partition into two nearly equal apartments, one of which was devoted to the library, an,d the other, on the 16th of October, 1866, was opened with formal ceremonies, as a. read- ing room, well supplied with newspapers and periodicals. Theieud.of the year 1866 found the novel experiment Mw/aif accompli, as the follow- ing figures will show : I ' II Volumes in the library i 9,623 Life ineinbers ' ,493 Temporary members., Ii432 Vqliames issued duriup; the year 31,572 Cash receipts from the beginuiug $15J204 95 The causes of this success, and the means whicli p,rQipot,ed,it, may be briefly stated as follows : Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 983 1st. The community had, need of it. It supplied a want that had long existed, unrealized uutil the library came to fill the void that had been vaguely felt, withbut being understood. Mr. Divoll's invariably wise foresight had not been at fault when he augured thati the library, once established, would meet with grateful appreciation and cordial support from all classes. . < . : 2d. It was a public school library. None but persons connected (or who had been connected) with the public schools were eligible, to mem- bership in the society. True, all classes in the community were com- prised in this jlefinition, yet the teachers and pupils in the publi(3.;^qh,Qols naturally felt that the success of ifteir- library depended upon their exer- tions, and tl^ose exertions were put forth without stiut. , ., J i'SA. The personal efforts of the well wishersfof the library, and of jthppe oflflcially connected with it, had much to do. with itSi early progreSjS, Influential gentlemen, at considerable cost of time, solicited aub^crip- tiohs for memberships and'^ouations-n- in 1866 and 1867, realizing oyer $2,000. The Franklin Library Association (1,060- volumes) and the St. XiOui^ German Institute (676 volumes) i were induced... to give their books to the Public School Library, certificates of life membership being issi^edi to the leading men who. had control of tl^QsejinsitipuitiRns,, The High School Library was similarly given in exchange for thirty per- petual memberships vested: in the High School. Thp^ librarian paid TOpeated visits to all the public. schools^ setting biefojre.jihe , pupils tbe advantages (of using the library and the attractions which it offejred. Thejiivenile department; in the library had, been rendered, especially full by ample but careful selections of the. works of the best and, most popular writers for the young. Perhaps np. one circumstance contrib- uted more to^ the advancement of the library than tlie visits alluded to, and they are here mentioned as suggestions to other librarians. The exhibition- lofi. some handsome picture books, the narration .ofsome lively stories from books in the library, will draw the children in large numbers to drink of the fount set flowing for their refreshment, and thf first taste will invariably grow into 'a, fixed thirst fonliterary enjoyment, rising 'gradually from the hasty reading of story , books to the more deliberate study of. literature or science. In 1866 and/ 1867, twosexhi- bitioris were given for the benefit of the library. They were ..partici- pated in by the teachers and pupils of , the public schools, and together netted over #2,300. Courses of lectures were given, .which, .although the profit realized from them was very small, performed a. great work in advertising the library and keeping it favorably before, the notice of the public. - One provision of the charter of the librfiify society aiithor-. ized the school board to appropriate $5,000 out of the school fund .for the use of the library, and this sum was given in January, 1868, it being the'fi,i:i5t and only amount the library had received from any public fund or endowment. "■ Th'fe original intention' that the library should be owned and controlled 984 Pitblic Libraries in the United States. by the school board was uever given up, but was held in reserve, to be acted on at the first favorable opportunity. On the 13th of October, 1868, the school board appointed a committee of six to consult with the trustees of the library with reference to a transfer of their trust to the school board, and the library board promptly responded. After careful deliberation, the transfer was accomplished April 17, 1869, the entire property of the library society being transferred to the school boai'd as absolute owners of the same, conditioned that they should maintain the institution according to the intention of its founders, and should appro- priate for its •maintenance, in addition to its regular revenues, not less than $3,000 per annum ; and, further, that the library should be con- trolled by a board of sixteen managers, of wh'om nine should be Appointed by the school boavd and seven elected by the life members of the library. In the subsequent revision of the regulations and by-laws of the library the last shadow of class distinction was abolished, and all persons',' with- out discrimination, were admitted to the privileges of life metnbersbip on equal terms. In October, 1868, the school board had purchased from the Washing- ton University the O'Fallon Polytechnic Institute building, and into this building the library was removed the same month. The putfchase included the Henry Ames Library, which had belonged to the institute, and contained about 6,000 volumes; it was accompanied by the trans- fer to the school board of a legacy left by Henry Ames of $100,000 to perpetuate the Polytechnic Institute and the library connected with it. After the transfer of the Public School Library to the school board the Henry Ames Library was incorporated with it, and it has received^ annually $5,900 as its share of the interest on the legacy of Henry Ames. The first board of managers under the new regime was elected and appointed in May, 1869. Ira DivoU was elected president. ' Mention has been made of three libraries that were Successively absorbed by the Public School Library. In November and December, 1869, were purchased the private collections of the late Prof. Ej A. liossmassler and Dr. B. F. Shumard. The former (571 volumes) con- sisted of standard works on natural history; the latter {1,088 volumes) was essentially geological in its character, and in completeness, its size considered, was surpassed by few in the country. Between 1869 and 1872 a number of scientific and other societies became identified with the library; some by giving their collections in exchange tor life mem- berships, others by paying full membership fees. The library, on its part, agreed to expend all sums so received for books and periodicals, under the direction of the societies from which they were received ; and the schiOol board allowed the societies to hold their meetings, free of expense, in the sessiou room of the, board iu the Polytechnic Buildiug; These societies ar^ as follows :, ,. ' .. 8t. Louis Academy of Music. — Library con taiiDs 3,500 volumes^ cabinet Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 985 of natural history, tilling six large double cases, deposited in Public School Library, subject to general reference, but remaining the property of the academy. St, •Louis Medical Society. — Total payments in cash for membership, about $1,800, all of which has been spent, in the purchase of medical works. . .< ' ..Sh'Louis Institute of Architects. — Thirty-three volumes of costly works on arqhitecture exchanged for, memberships. Engineers' Club of St. Louis. — Eighty-three volumes given to library, and] membership fees paid in addition; the cash receipts being used in subscriptions to engineering periodicals. ,St. Lquis Art Society. — Collection composed of 3 fine oil paintingSj 21 engravings by celebrated artists^ 10 pieces of statuary casts from the antique, and 151 autotypes; AH these are on permanent exhibition in the library rooms. ,. ; i ,; Missouri Misti)rical Society. — Gollection of relics, pictures of buildings and portraits of distinguished persons, Indian curiosities, etc., deposited in the library, but remaining in the ownership of the society^ Local Steam Engineers' Association and St. Louis Microscopical Soci- ety.^-T\i& members pf these two organizations pay fees which are used fpr,jthe purchase of books under their respective direction. The conneCjtipn of these societies with the library gives to it strength in the community, and helps to enrich it in the" several special depart-t ment^, which the societies represent. ' • - ,|rhp.P,ubUc School Library was first opened on Sunday, June 9, 1872; It has bpeu open every Sunday since, from 10 a. m. until 10 p. m.; the public,. \«fhether members or not, having been freely invited from the first to use and enjoy it, and the issue of books to members for home use having gone on as on week days. The experiment has proved suc- cessful to a gratifying extent. While comparatively few books are issued for home use on Sundays, the issues for library use are much larger than on week days, as may be seen by the statistics : Ayeragb issne of bopks on Sundays :■ :• Yol^imes. '..'...:.'' i^.a For library use 1 J4. 5 For home use -- "5.0 Total..., ...,269..5 Average issue ou •;f!ee^. days : For home use .- ■---, ^47.5 For Horary use it- • - -, : •, , p.". ',-■;( I- i>i ■■■' ' • ■ . ;' ' -•'! ■ —Total ......:..-.;;:..- ..:--■- ■....:.. ..-.'mi The difference in the character of the reading in the rooms on Sun- days and week days is noteworthy. ' It shows that;'While books of refer- ence are most largely used on week days (chiedy by pupils in the upper schools in the preparation of lessons or compositions,) juvenile reading preponderates on Sundays. 986 Public Libraries in the United '.States. During the mouths of March and April, 1875, a classified record was kept of the reading in the library rooms, with the following results: There were drawn 6h week dayS: novels, 227 volumes; juveniles, 408 • other books, 2,026. Oti Sundays: novels, 91 volunlfefe; juvenilis, 799 ; other books, 607. ' ' ■ ' ^ The first general catalogue of the library was published in '1870. ' It contains the titles of about 24,000 volumes, (including the books of the Academy of Science.) In form it is alphabetical with full titles, and classified with titl6s abbreviated. The system df classification is ' an adaptation of the Baconian plan made by William T. Harris, LL. D. superintendent of the city public schools.! A card catalogue in duplicate (alphabetical a,nd classified) has' been kept, containing all accessions to the librafy since the printiQf of the first catalogue. In the arrangement of the books on the shelves the same method h^s been pursued as in the arrangement of their titles ih the Catalogue. The classes are divided by* movable markers, and in each class the books are arranged alphabetically, no shelf numbers being employed. '' ' ■ ' i' > :> ' f In September, 1871, a collection of duplicates was formed, to contain such light reading as may be for a shore period in greater deraiaad thaih the library can flftbrd to supply with a just regard for the claiths of more solid literature. Books may be borrowed from the ottHeetictti for one week by membeTs"' of the library upon payment of an eitra fee of five cents for each book. The experiment has been'saccessful. Since the collection was formed not more than two copies of any work of light literature have been placed in the regular library, while as many as thirty copies of one work were placed in the collection of duplicatfes. Up to the close of the fiscal year ending May 1, 1874, the total cash re-; ceipts of the collection had been §2,082.25 ; the ti;)tal expentijtiires, $1,989.06. " , , ,, "'..,.: So large a sum as $51) is seldom required in any one month to keep the collection fully up to the demand, while the income from issues aiia fines frequently exceeds $80. Copies of the popular magazines have from month to month been placed in the collection, atfordiug memoers an opportunity, denied them before, of taking magazines home to read. As members may draw ene book from the regular library, aud at the same time as many from the collec.tion of duplicates as they choosei to pay for, the small fee of five cents a week is cheerfully paid. ., -i. For several successive years efforts were made to obtain the passage of a State law in Missouri authorising the establishment and miviute' nance of public libraries at public cost. Despairing, at' last, of the attainment of any general law for the purpose, a special act for St. Louis was passed March 27, 1874, as follows : The board of president and direotota of the St. Louis public schools is hereby authorized to appropriate, out of its anjiual iucorue, for the piaintenauce of a public >For a desoriptiou of this catalogue see Chapter XXVIII, pp. 660^662,, Catalogues and Cataloguing. Public Libraries of Ten Frincipal Cities. 987 library aoid reading room, with or withqut branches, which shall be free for purposes of reading and, reference, uoder; such jales, and regulations as saicl board may from time to.ijiflie pr^pofjbe, such s^m as in their discretion may be proper. Under fliis fj-ct, the.sijhool boa-rd,; in Jaue, 1874, voted to th.e library $6,000 for the current fiscal year; and the annual revenues of the library becfttufi ,i:^s follow^; Schpol bo,3,!Pd appropria,tion, 16,000; in,ter- est on ;>Bf]^rffiy Ames 'legacy, $5,.90Q; iucpoie from memberships, fines, etc., $5,000;! total, $1G,9;00. iju June, 1874, the library was. thrown opefi to the public, free for reading and reference, the membership fees being > retained unaltered for such as desired to borrow books fpr home use. It may here be. stated tb^tithe membership fees have increased, rathpr-thiiin^.diKiiuished under the operation of the change, , None of the members, so far as ascer- tained, have ceased their payments, while many, first attracted to -the firpe .library, havejiafj^ra time, paid membership fees for the privilege of taking homgi books which they lacked time to j-ead during library The library is deposited in the Public School Polytechniq Building, a granite edifice four stories in height, and covering a lot of ground 110 by 130, feet, The offices of tbeschpol boardi and a branch .high school and normal school are also in the building. The library occupies the ejQ,ljire, second floor. The library room is 60 feet by SO, and, 33, feet high. The reading room, adjoining, is 100 feet by 50^ and 42,feet6 inches high. The present comiition of the library is shown by the following statis- tics from :the annual report for the fiscal year ending May 1, 1875 : Volumes in;library, (including the collection of the Academy of Science and thfi Gfllf^otipn of duplicates) .,..--- ,. .., ,. 38,758 Humljer pf newspapers and iieriodicals iu reading room... — _. — ^^ 251 Life members ,- r-r ■■-- •--• ^'"^' , Perpetual memberships ' ".....: '.;'l'"..'..-. -...'... 30 Temporary members 3, 519 ' * r,, t. ' .^ I •■ I ',' - I '■ ' 5,825 New membefs registered, 1874-75 •- J-^^SS ''"For home ustf.. i.'.. .;:'::'jLi A ..:l 93,1^0'' '' '■ '"' For library use.. '. J..^. .'.:... J. L. .'-..'. I ■.'.i.:.... :.' 28,061' , ! , , 121, 201 Value of property, (estimated) -, §''2; 127.31 '. To the entire number of volumes in. the library proper novels bear the proportion of 19.3 per cent.; juveniles, 10.7 per cent... The average circulation for home use shows, 52 per cent, of novels, ,26 per cent, of juveniles. It has, been determined that an annual expenditure of $6QQ will supply the library abundantly with novels, and $250 with juveniles, 110 matter how large the total amount the library may be.able to spend for books. ,,,,,, ST. LOXJIS. I,AW LIBRAIiy ASSOCIATION. This library was fouhded in May, 1838, by members of the St, Louis bar. Its conditions of membership and use are that the applicant shall / 988 Public lAhraries in the United' States. be in good atanding'afc the bar, shall pay an faitiation fee of $20; and an annual subscription of $10. The books are not allowed to leave the. room except to be taken to some court of record for use in lawsuits. Without endowtnent or support from any public fund, this libi-arj' has be- come one of great value. It contains about 8,000 volumes; of which 1,500^ are text books, the best having been selected; 1,500 reports and digests of foreign cases, and 5j000 reports and digests of United States courts. The library is in the county courthouse, and is used by 380 members. '. ..ST. LOFIS UNIVERSITY LIBKAEY. The university library coritaijis 17,000 volumes, exclusive of students' society libraries, which number 8,000 volumes. The main library, which is intended for the use of the professors, but to which any inquirer is always made welcome, contains very complete collections of the early writings of the (JathOiic Church, such as the works of the Fathers, trea- tises on the canon law, and ecclesiastical history. Several works in the collection are unique in our country. The library possesses some illu- minated medifeval manuscripts, numerous rare and original editions of the Bible, and fine collections of the classic writers, as well as of the modern historians and theologians. It was begun in 1829 by some priests who came hither from Belgium, bringing a small collection of books with them, to^which additions have been madefrflju year toiyear from the funds of the university. ST. LOUIS ACADEMY OF SCIENCE. The academy was organized in 1856, Dr. George Bngelmann being elected president. In April Dr. 0. A. Pope offered "the free' use of the cabinet hall and other rooms suitable for the purposes of the acad- emy, in the Dispensary Building of the St. Louis Medical College;" which offer was gratefully accepted. The academy was incorporatefl by act of legislature Jaiiuary 17, 1857. Through the influence and efforts of its early presidents and secretaries, it wg,?! soon .place^lon a good footing with similar institutions, and valuable donatipps of books and transactions of other societies, as well , as , gifts aud ex- changes of specimens, gave it a respectable beginning of a library and museum. In 1809 it lost most of its collections, aside from itsilibrjvry, by fire. An agreement was shortly after entered into between the acad- emy and the St. Louis board of public schools, by which the former has since held its semi-monthly meetings in the session room of the lat- ter, aud the library and the remains of the cabinet have been placed in the rooms of the Public School Library. Fortunately for the academy, a large and valuable collection of fossils and mineralogical specimens had, before the tire, been lent to the Washington University, and was thus preserved. The cabinet of the academy now fills three and a half large double cases, with glass doors, placed in the reading room of the PuMio Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 989 Public School Library. Their contents are the, results of gifts from indi- viduals and societies and exchanges. The- library occupies an alcove in the same library room, and is accessible to users of the Public School Library for purposes of reference. Tibe contents of the librarj are as fol- lows: Bound volumes, transactionsof other8ocieties,4:07; bound volumes, miscellaneous scientiiic works, 904; unbound volumes, transactions of other societies, 1,176 ; unbound volumes, miscellaneous scientific works, 257; total, 2,744. < , i,,: ,, ,, , .. , ,' ' , .,, The academy published the first number of its transactions in 1857. It has thus far published nine numbers of tJansaetions in all, being volumes I and II t^nA parts 1 and 2 of volume III. It has remaining on hancl of thesp 2,670 numbers, held for sale or exchange. ' ' I '■ ■ ' ST. LOUIS MEDICAL COLLEGE. ' ' 1 M . '.1(1 i ■ ... •! ■ r - ,, , ,■.',,.., ,'" I. T^he li^bpry;Of thei college numbei^s 1,100 yolum^s. It w^s founded in IS^i^.^STjestJ^ict^^ iftuse to the faculty and, students, and is in^-i^taineii and increased solely by voluntary contribution^, jThe library o,f tbe l^ate Dr. ChajCles A. Pope (500 volumes) parsed in ;1875 into the possession, of the college, pne-half by purchase,; the other hs-lf l^eipg,|given;,by h,is widow. ',,:,,, -.'.., ,n,l , ■■ jJ:ndependent okdee oe odd fellows. ' This order has a library nnmbeting 4;000 volumes, which was begun in 1868. For its support ten lodges contribute 25 cents semi-annually for each of their members, and 50 cents for each new member initiated. This gives the library a yearly income of about $1,500. It subscribes to, the Ipading popular American magazines, and-haS:3,bont 600 volumes of German works, popular, and standard. The room is open daily from Monday itill Friday, from 7 to 10 p. m., and on Saturday, from 2 tolO p. m. It.is accessible only to members of the contribntiug lodges and their fam- ilies. , , ■•' ST. LOUIS TURNVEKEIPf LIBRARY. ' The library tras begun in 1855. It contains 2,000 volumes, of which 250 volumes are English ; the remainder chiefly German. The Turn- verein appropriates $20 per month for libra:ry ptii'poses ; the fines col- lected amotint to -aboilt $10 more. The reading room is open only tWo nights during the week ; it is sbpplied with about 20 newspapers aiid niagaziues. (M ,.; HBBAEY of the academy OF THE VISITATION. 'The library was organized jn 1832 by the Sistersof theyi,sitation. It contains 4,000 volumes, including every variety of literatjire., It is sup- ported by t]ie piupils, who pay a yearly fee of $2 for the privilege of its use. The total yearly income of the library is $160, the greater part of wtich is used tq replace boqks worn out ; new bpoks arp rarely addecj. 990 Public Libraries in the UniM'- States. LIBRARY OF THE tTKSULINE ACADEMY. ''Hi'ii' ii ' Begun by tbe .Sisters ia 1840, it npw n umbers, ^bouti .2,000 TQluraes, The pupils pay a fee of $2 per annum for its use, makingits annual in- come, about $125. , ,.,.:; ,, LIBRARY OF THE COLLEGE OF THIH! CHRI^TIAJI 'ijft'OTfiERg. '-'^ ' The library was founded in 1860, and contains 22,^00 volumes and abotft 156 manuscripts. Its incpme is, about sufficient for ;ts support, and is derived from membership fees paid by the pupils. YOUNG men's sodality LIBRARY AND READING ROOM. '.■ii ' .iw .n,, ■ ' •> ■. .. , ■■ ■ >... , ,1 i(,- - ' ; This library dates from the foundation of the Sodality Building, which was built under the directorship of the Rev. A. Damen, S. J., about the year 1855. Its object, as well as that of the library rooms attached, is to furuisb sound moral literature in its Various branches to the mem- bers of the sodality. Lately, however, it has been made accessible to the friends of the society, who.cp-u become members by paying an initiation fee of $1, and afterward 50 cents a quarter. To the members every- thing is free. The library and reading room are supported out of the general funds of the sodality. The following are some of the statistics : Books in the library, 1,327 ; periodicals in reading room: dailies, 8; weeklies, 9; monthlies,'9; quarterlies, 1; total, 27. Nuiiiber of mem- bers who avail themselves of the nSe of the library,' 300. Books issued' during the year «ndibg May 1,1875,1,225 volumes, classified as follows: reviews, magazines, etc., 49; history, 122 ; biography, 172 ; poetry, 49; theology and controversy, 12 ; eSsays and lectures, 74 ; tales, sketches, and travels, 661 ; philosophy and physical sciences, 37; ascetic, (religion,) 49 ; total, 1,225. The above figures will serve to give an idea of the classification of ttie books. The whole range of literature is comprised, and, while the nutri-~ ber of booiis is not V6ry large, every book is selected with care, and b'^^ subject covered by suflicient niateiial to give the reader a pretty com- prehensive insight of it. Tiiie library is intended to foster a GatboliC spirit in its members, who are air Catholics. ' WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES.' . There are four distinct collections; The general library, containing 4,500 volumes, chiefly books of reference ; the scientific department, library ; the law library, of 3,000 volumes; and the Mary Institute Jji- brary, of 500 reference books. Gifts from prominent citi:^ens have assiste(fj in their increase. The professors of tlie law department gave t^ieir s^-,^ aiies for one year to add books to the law library. Mr. Hutlsou.E. Bridge bequeathed to the university the sum of $ lO,l),0'o6,| the iut^iTje^t, on which is to be divided between the chancellorship and ihes libraries. Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 991 The income of the latter will be about $1,500. a year. With the excep- tion of the law library, no great eftbrt has been made to build up the university's collections', as the university owns several fhemberships in -the Mercantile- Library; and -a large number of its i)iipils are similarly connected with the Public School Library ; and these twb publib libraries supply to a great extent ,t^Q wants of the university. GERJWAN ,:^y4.NGELICAL LUTHERAN CONCORDIA COLLEGE. , The librairy of this college Was begitn in 1840. It now numbers 4,800 volumes. •' - '' MISSOTTRI MEDICAL COLLEGE.^ The library of the college dates frotp 1840, and contains 1,000 vol- umes. ' ' ' ' ■ ' ' ' "'"' -r' .:.'',... I' •;",. X.— PUBLIC LIBRARIES OP SAN FRANCISCO AND OF THE ,r PACIFIC COAST. BT A. E. ^VHiTAKEli; Lihi-drianof th^ Merianiile. Librarp, San'F'rdTic^co', Cat.' ' ' Unquestipnjibly one of the ipost noticeable featijresi.in the literary advancement of the United States during the last quarter of a century has been tjie increase' in the number, magnitude, and sphere of useful- ness of libraries. From the humblest beginnings, when, in 1^20, the B.ost()n and New York Mercantile Library Associations were inaugu- rated, ^ntil the present time, their influence has begn steadily extend- ing,(and. has, been fraught with inc^lqulable advantages to, the literature and general character of, the people. , Witfi special significance does this apply to those known as public libraries. In th^ ^ull and proper acceptation. San Franpisc%has, no public library, aiid yet, in th« history of thepe great coi^iucators of pur country,,^h,e is entitled, through her associa||ion librjiries, to no, little cqngidgr^tioPf TljeP^cifi-C coast.ha^ beendeenifid(the«^?i^m()t,,T/iJf/e of fjie, United States, aifdnot 9,lity,9,,astonisUment was occasioned when, ;rapid and leasy com- munication revealed to the oii^isuch ;fi;iiiti^ of progress and advapce in the new. True-it is that literary interests have failed to keep pace with the more materiail, but yet they have i)assed successfully through the most materialistic age in the country's existence, and to-day the library associatiohs of the West occupy a position whicti many similar on^s of the Eastern States strove in vain for half a century to obtain. 'But many r'eas'ons prevail why comparison with like associations of the" East should 'be ' stuidied' with indulgence. And first stands that of age. 'I'he majority of' the libraries of the eastern cities were from' ten to fifteen years advanced hefbre a similar' institution had come to light on these Western shores. The olde^st library on the Pacific coast has just I'ssued'its twenty-third annual report. "Again, our libraries have 992 Public Libraries in the United States. never received a single important donation, either in money or books, while most of those ia the East have been the recipients of liberal gifts in both. Such benefactors as Beck, Oope, Morton, and Roberts to the Philadelphia Mercantile Library ; as Grosvenor, AIcLane, Hunt, and Demilt to the New York Mercantile Library, have not as yet had their counterparts with us. The well known bequest of Dr. Eush of $1,000,000 to the Philadelphia Library Company: that of the Astors to the Astor Library ; and those to the Boston Public Library, almost too numerous to mention, aggregating over $300,000, together with an en- dowment fund of over $100,000, and the rich additions to its collection, by the same means, of the Bowditch, Parker, Ticknor, and Prince Libra- ries — these combined have hitherto failed to tempt any of California's millionaires to take a similar step for her libraries. There is scarcely a town iu the Eastern States of twenty or thirty thousand inhabitants that has not, either by municipal grant or by private generosity, con- tributed liberally toward making public collections of books. More- over, while most of the collections above referred to are situated in the great bookmarts of America, and in frequent and easy communica- tion with those of Europe, surrounded by wealthy friends interested in their success, and aiding them by liberal gifts of books and money, ours of the Pacific have been left to struggle alone, and cannot point to a single bequest, save by the hand of some actor, musician, or lecturer ; while every one of the thousands of volumes on our shelves in its voyage hither traversed many tliousauds of miles, and, instead of serving as an eloquent testimonial to the fostering care of a legisla- ture, or the munificence of an Astor, a Cope, a Bates, a Phillips, or a Peabody, is due to the unaided exertions of an association of private citizens. The principal libraries of San Francisco, and hence of the Pacific coast, (the State library at Sacramento not being here considered,) are those of the Mercantile Library Association, of the Odd Fellows' Asso- ciation, and of the Mechanics' Institute. MERCANTILE LIBRARY. First, in point of age, in extent of collection, in importance, and in all that constitutes it the closest approximation to a public institution, should be noticed the Mercantile Library. Dating almost from the foundation of the city, its history is one of a slow bnt gradual advance against an adverse current, of few encouraging prospects, -and not with- out an occasional struggle for existence itself. The first successful attempt to organize a Mercantile Library Association in San Francisco is recorded as having been made at a meeting held on the evening of the 22d of December, 1852, in the chamber of the board of aldermen. The account relates that " several previous efforts which had been made, from time to time, with a view of forming associations of a kindred character, had been rendered unavailing by a peculiar force of circum- Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 993 stances, resulting partlj- from the unsettled state of society, and the many discouraging reverses which had befallen our whole mercantile community, by reason of the frequent disastrous conflagrations that had repeatedly laid our'city in ashes, and thrown a gloomy pall over its brightest hopes of prosperity. But, feeling the importance of such an institution, the young men were not to be defeated in their commendable exertions; and confident of the merits of their cause, and bold in their hopes of success, again renewed the attempt which has happily resulted in the permanent establishment of the present institution." Prom the minutes we find that " notwithstanding the inclemency of the weather, the meeting was numerously attended, showing that a deep interest was felt among all classes of the community and affording the most flattering encouragement for the permanent success of the movement." The cap- ital stock was fixed at $50,000, in shares of $25 each. Subscriptions to the amount of $2,000 were immediately pledged. A stirring appeal was issued to the public for assistance ; a committee was appointed to extend the subscription list, and the amount was rapidly increased to $5,000. On the evening of January 24, 1853, a meeting was assembled, the final organization effected, the certificate of incorporation adopted, and officers elected for the ensuing year. Mr. David S. Turner was the first president, and effectively served in that capacity for two years. As the nucleus of a library, a collection of 1,500 volumes of standard works, the library of General Hitchcock, was purchased. By means of donations from many of the most earnest supporters of the enterprise of books, from editors of the daily papers of a number of valuable files of our daily journals, the number was increased during the following year to nearly 5,000 volumes. Periodicals, newspapers, and magazines were obtained from the Atlantic States and Europe, and, in a new country like Galiforuia, where all were sojourners, met with the heartiest appreciation. Suitable rooms were procured in the Galiforuia Excha I'-e building, then on the corner of Glay and Kearney streets, and on Maich 1, 1854, with these resources, and under these auspices, the institution commenced its career of usefulness. To look back from the vantage ground afforded by the present, and note the constant progress it has made, it would seem that its success was insured from the start, but it has not been without great effort on the part of its sta.nch supporters and its efficient boards of manage- ment. Several periods are still fresli in its history duriug which its ex- istence was almost despaired of. However, prosperity followed it, and at three several times it was compelled to seek more commodious quar- ters to accommodate its rapidly increasing treasures. The more clearly to show what constant and rapid growth has attended its early history, the following table of statistics may be ottered ■ 63 B 994 Public Libraries in the United States. NUMBER OF VOLUMES AT THE BEGINNING OF BACH YEAR. Year. 'No, of vo^ames. 1853 1,500 1854 2,705 1855 ..- 3,315 1856 ,....,....,.... 3,833 1857 6,135 1858 8,447 1859 10,066 1860 , , .- 11,485 1861 - 13,821 1862 , 14,985 1863 15,906 1864 16,620 Year. No. of volumee. 1865 18,095 1866 , ,. 19,711 1867 „ ..i....:..,.:'. 2i;557 1868 24,020 1869 .J. 25,745 1870 ':. 28,110 1871 30,002 1872 30,006 1873 33,614 1874 , 36,356 1875 39,148 NUMBER OF MEMBERS AT THE BEGINNING OF BACH YEAR. Year. So, of membera, 1854 392 1855 : 552 1856 550 1857.... 1,250 1858 1,176 1859 1 1,319 18C0 1,817 1861 1,694 1862 , 1,-725 1863 '. 1,786 1864 1,435 Year. No. of members. 1865 1,650 1866 2,198 1867 1,708 1868 1,818 .1869 1,870 1870 .111... 1,984 1871 2,020 1872 , 2,062 1873 , 2,048 1874 '. 2,038 1875 2,041 NUMBER OF VOLUMES TAKEN OUT. Year. No. of volumes. 1854 3,371 1855 8,367 1856 10,466' 1857 17,528 1858 17,321 1859 21,903 1860 L 25,757 1861.. 31,955 1862 31,464 1863 35,702 1864 40,136 Year. No. of voiumes. 1865. ■. .:.'.. 41,737 1866 54,389 1867.... 54,492 1868 ". 62,237 1869.... ......:. 79,189 1870.....; 4 82,564 1871...., ...,...,., 84,710 1872 '. '.'. 88,916 1873 .....:........ 88,7bl 1874 ...'.ji...:: 84,763 1875' 80,084 Few libraries, indeed, are so little indebted to the beneficence of able and generous donors for their prosperity and usefulness as the Mer- cantile Library of San Francisco. Donations of books in any nuoiber it has never known. Gifts of money from the close grasp of million, aires have never fallen to its share. The association should then con- gratulate itself upon its exceptional and permanent advance and the high and solid position it holds to-day. Compared with the growth of 'Tbia apparent decrease of circulation ia due to a change in the system of keeping the records. Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 995 other kindred institutions for the first twenty years, as shown in the following table, there is no slight occasion for surprise and gratification : I Tolumea. Boston Mercantile Library, founded ia 1820, contained in 1860 19, 000 New York Mercantile Library, fonnded in 1820, contained in 1860 55,000 Philadelphia Mercantile Library, founded in 1821, contained in 1860 16,800 Cincinnati Mercantile Library, founded in 1835, contained in 1860 21,000 Baltimore Mercantile Library, founded in 1839, contained in 1860 16,950 St. Louis Mercantile Library, founded in 1846, contained in 1860 16,000 Brooklyn Mercantile Library, founded in 1857, contained in 1860 17, 500 , For the first decade of its existence the San Francisco Mercantile exhibits an accumulation of 15,906 volumes, and an increase of circula- tion from 3,371 to 40,136 a year. At the end of the second decade 33,614 volumes are numbered in its collection, while its circulation has swelled to 84,763. A fit closing of the first decade of its career was its reincorporation, in 1863, under an act of the legislature passed in the early part of the same year, thus annulling its old shares of stock and converting its shareholders into subscribers. The management of the association was vested in a board of trustees, consisting of a president, vice-president, corresponding and recording secretary, treasurer, and nine trustees, to be elected annually. No member was to hold the office of president or vice-president for more than two successive years. The early history of the association maj' be said to close with the comple- tion apd possession of its new library building and the struggle which ensued in recovering from the burdensome indebtedness assumed in its construction. A brief review of the undertaking and its results will not be out of place here, since it was one of the darkest and most hope - less periods in its whole history. Library building. • In 1865, the project of procuring a lot and erecting thereon a building suitable for the accommodation of the association first began to assume sonie sensible form, but, indeed, only after years of agitation, discussion, and deliberation. Since 1861, the library had occupied contracted quarters in theold building on the corner of Montgomery aud Busli streets, at a con- stantly increasing rental, and it was apparent to all that an early change to more commodious rooms was fast becoming a necessity. In 1865, by the united eiBforts of the trustees, the sum of $20,000 was secured from life memberships and donations. With this amount, increased by au addi- tional sum of $2,000 applied from the general fund of the association, the board of trustees of the following year, acting upon instructions directly given by a large and enthusiastic meeting of the members, proceeded upon their delicate and difficult talsk. After great deliberation, a lot was finally chosen on Bush street, midway between Montgomery and Sansom, iri;the central part of the city. The price tp be paid was $50,000. AU the available cash in the treasury of the association, about $22,000, was de- 996 Puhlic Libraries in the United, States r, voted to the part payment of this purchase price. , A loan of-$,100,0U0 was then negotiated, the lot and proposed building being security. Frojri this the balance of the purchase money was paid upon the lot, and, the erection of the building commenced., Additional loans were, subse- quently effected to the amount of $100,000, the wliole bearing, interest at the rate of 1 pt^r cent, per mouth. The building was completed and formally dedicated on the 18th of June, 1868. In his following report, the president announced that the total in- debtedness of the association was $240,000. This amount had been reached, contrary to the expectation of the board, by reason of obstacles and delays during the construction against which no ordinary in'genuity could provide.. It was proi)osed to reduce it by subscription, as ,far as possible, and, for the balance, to negotiate bonds of the .association,: secured on the property, bearing a moderate interest. But these hopes and expectations proved illusory. Bonds for $ 100,000 were issued, bear- ing 9 per cent, interest, but they could not be negotiated. A second series ior $150,000, bearing interest at 8 per cent., was; placed, upon the market, with a like result. An effort was made to obtain subscrip- tions, but without; success. A course of lectures by distinguished east- ern speakers failed to be supported, and assisted even ,in depleting the treasury. A fair, held in the library hall, met the same fate. To quote from President Swain's report: ^ ,. : Thus matters stood at theoonimencement of 1869. The prospBcts were most gloomy. No favoring response came from any quarter. The purpose for which the building had been erected appeared to be a, ff^ilure. The institution was op the dpwnward road. There was no money to be appropriHted to the purchase of uew books. It was im- possible to obtain a supply even of the cLeap current literature of the day. Booksellers hafi already large unpaid bills, and could not afford to trust any longer. The expenfe^ were inoreasiug with the increase of the debt. No helpiug band was extended" to sav6 tbe institution ; appeals to the public pride, public d,uty,' public, necessity were fruit- less. The French Loan Society, failing to receive their interest, had conimeuced a suit of foreclosure. The fate of the library appeared sealed. With any other treasurer i( would have died at once. The trustees, almost disheartened, discouraged, and dis- gusted, met night after night for consul tation, but they were like meetings of con- sulting physicians over an expiring patient. It was evideut the patient must die. If a deC'Dt burial could be vouchsafed, it was .as much as the trustees Would, dare askof an enlightened and lil)eral people. But at this crisis, juat;,astliehei*rts,otth^ trustees were most fai^nt and weary, temporary relief came trom au unexpected quarter, Camilla tJrso, to whom tbe association is under a multitude of obligation's, proposed a grand musical.festival, from which a handsome and very welcome' sum was realized.' The festival was, in every respect, a great success, and netted to the association nearly $20,000. It awakened an interest in the public mind and prepared the way for the consummation of the sch6,aie,f;:om whjqh complete deliverance at last came. A bill, which beca,uje a law Febru- ary 20, 1870, was passed b.\ the legislature, authoriisiflg the assopja^ipiif to hold three gift concerts, at which articles of value should be dis- tributed, providing the proceed.s were devoted to the liquidationiOf the indebtedness of the association. The entertainments were given, with a Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 997 net proflt of $310,120, from which tli'e dntite indebtedness of the associa- tiou was paid, and a balance of $20,000 turnisd over to the treasurer. ' 'In June, 1868, the property of the library was transferred to the new quarters, and the baildiiig opened to the publics. It received from the press generally, as it has since from the many eastern and foreign tour- ists who have visited it, the highest meed of praise and commendation. It has a frontage on the north side of Bush street of 68| feet and a depth of 137^ feet. It is three stories in height, with basement and attic. The desiga of the front elevation is elegant and elaborate, and is in the style known as modern Italian. The entrahces are three in number, surmounted by arches; the centre or main one, with a similar one on either side. By these the visitor is introduced into a graud cen- tral entrance. On the ground floor, 26 by 60 feet in extent; and 19 feet in' hefght, with a wide central staircase leading to the library and rooms above. On the first floor are placed the library room, ladies' reading room and parlor, the reference room, trustees' room, and what was formerly used for the chess and smoking room. The second floor comprises the newspaper and magazine room, store room, and chess room. The attic rooms are designed for ofBceS, artists' studios, etc. There are two stores oh the ground floor, one on each side of the main entrance, each 18 by 50 feet, while in the basement is the lecture room, 58 by 74 feet in area, and 24 feet high. Con- nected with this are a supper room, ladies' and gentlemen's dressing rooms, and waitiiig rooms; The library room proper is reached by two entrances, one iipOh each side of the vestibule. This apartment is 62 by 64 feeit in extent, and occupies the entire frontage of the building. Th,e, books are arranged upon the east and west walls in cases pro- jecting from the spaces between the windows. The librarian's desk is conveniently placed near and between the two entrances, and is enclosed by a massive railing in the form of a semicircle. The vesti- bule is lighted from the library by a large plate window, in the centre of which is pla.ced a (Joublefaoed clock dial, so thij.t the hpur cau.be ob- served from either side, while the works of the clock are iu a glass case within the inclosnre of the librarian's desk. Directly over the library room, of similar dimensions, and on the third floor, is the reading room. It is furnished with convenient stands for newspapers, which are dis- played thereon 3,nd neatly secpred by an ingeniously deyised file invented by the former janitor of the building. For convenience of reference, the different paper's are geographically arranged by countries. States, etc., the desks lettered, and a register posted liear the entrance to direct one, without delay, to the desired journal.' There are 244 newspapers on file, 81 of which are Atlantic or eastern and foreign, while 140 belong to Calilbrnia and the Paciflc boast. Tables of a peculiar design, adapted for thfs use, dccn'py the frOnt portion of the centre of the room, and 'Btintain 115 magazines, of which 68 are foreign and 47 Atnerican, together witll 21 uiiscellaneous illustrated journals. 998 Public Libraries in the United States. The terms of membership to the association are: life members, $100; for subscribers: initiation fee, $2, and quarterly dues, $3, payable in advance. At the date of the annual report, January 22, 1875, there were 1,643 subscribing members in good standing, 320 life members, and 78 honorary members. Thecurrentrevenues and expenses, as fore- shadowed by the retiring president, for the succeeding year, may be roughly estimated as follows : Eeceipts: Dues, $20,000; initiation fi-es, $1,000; rents, $8,000; other sources, $1,000; total, $30,000. Probable expenses, $20,000; leaving about $10,000 for the purchase of books. The collection contains, at present, over 41,000 volumes, which, in ap- proximate numbers, may be distributed through the various depart- ments as follows : Bibliography, 400 ; belles lettres, 2,000 ; biography, 2,400 ; French language, 2,200 ; German, Spanish, and Italian, 1,300 5 history, 3,500 ; collected works, 850 ; magazines, (bound,) 4,200 ; poetry and drama, 1,400 ; public documents, 1,800; romance and juvenile, over 10,000"; science, 4,900; theology, 1,250; travels, 2,700; reference, 1,500; duplicates, 600 ; making in all 41,000. Although from various causes, but principally from lack of the requisite means, the library cannot be said to have devoted itself to the building up of any special department, and hence is complete in none, it yet oilers to the general reader goodly treasures from every mine. It has fortunately acquired a creditable collection of illustrated works of an- tiquity, architecture, painting, natural histDry, etc. ; material of great cost, and of equally great value. For many years the preservation and binding of magazines and serial publications, as well as the completion of imperfect sets, have received special attention. In the triiusactions of scientific and learned societies the library has made a good beginning. The association has recently received, as a gift from the British govern- ment, a complete set of the Abridgments of British Speciflcations of Patents, with all continuations. Book delivery. — Previous to 1875, books were delivered in the Mer- cantile Library by means of two cumbersome registers of 2,500 pages each. This system was attended with great labor and inconvenience, and has been superseded by another and more satisfa(ftory one. It consists of an octagonal cylinder of wood, 3 feet 6 inches in height, and 5 feet in diameter, revolving vertically on its axis. Into each of the eight faces are bored 250 holes, 3 inches in depth and f inch in diameter. The cylinder thus contains 2,000 holes, which, being num- bered from 1 to 2,000, sitpply the place of pages in the old regis- ters. As a hole is allotted to a member, a card of regulated size, and of some distinct color, is placed therein, upon which are written his name, address, and the number of the hole. These cards are per- manent, indicating the ownership of the hole, and are uniform in color. When a book is given out a similar card, but of different color, is used, upon which are placed the letter, indicating the department in which Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 999 the book^ belongs, the title, or number, or both, and the number of the hole belonging to the party drawing the book. For conven- ience, cards can be stamped before the work of delivery, begins, and with a little care, in such a manner that the department letter can oc- cupy a small space on the end, distinct by itself. Upon the return of the book the card is taken from the hole, the book identified, and the card dropped into a drawer, where it remains to furnish data for the statistical tables at the end of the mouth. As will be observed by reference to the tables already presented, the circulation of the library is between seven and eight thousand volumes a month, the annual average for the past five years being 85,940. This nnmbfer is exclusive of books used in the rooms for reference and reading, which, by actual count, at various times, proves to be equally great. A table of classification of the circulation for the past year, to- gether with the rate per cent., shows how slight a variation exists in the statistics of the circulating libraries in various sections. Circulation for 1874. Volumes. Per cent. ! ' • Volumes. Per cent. Prose fiction and juvenile Travels 63,306 74.7 2,996 3.4 2,619 ' 3.3 2, 318 2. 8 3, 498 4. 2 2,062 , 2.2 1,773 2.1 904 1. 1 Spanish French ...,. 87 2,516 1,932 558 194 0.2 2 8 2.2 Belles lettres ... 0. 7 Science Periodicals Total 0.3 History 84,763 As Mr. Poole, the librarian, remarks: " Statistics show that the taste for reading in one community is the same as that of every other com- munity in similar social conditions. Statistics here, (Cincinnati,) in New England, and in Old England show in the main the same results." Doubtless thpy will not be materially changed by any new development on the Pacific coast. About 75 per cent, of the selections will be prose fiction andju-yenile. ■ For additional interest, the following table is compiled, showing the annual circulation for five years, in the special departments mentioned : Year. _ , 1 ■t3 d g g 3 f u El 62, 850 64,623 65, 683 65, 985 63, 306 1 t3 o m 1870. 2,251 2,254 2,570 2,204 2,062 2,337 2,414 2,651 2,539 2,318 6,097 1871. 5,677 1872.. 6,373 1873... . ,. 6,683 1874.... 5,015 1000 Public Libraries in the United States. As no library is complete without a catalogue, so its history would in so much fail did it make uo mention thereof. The association has issued three catalogues. The first was published in 1854, shortly after its organization, and enumerated less than 3,000 volumes ; the second followed in 1861, and contained nearly 14,000 volumes ; the third and last was completed February 1, 1874, and foruis a complete catalogue of over 36,000 volumes. The first two proved of little permanent utility, while the continuation by slips, carried through the subsequent, years by various hands, was so utterly lacking in accuracy and uniformity, that the catalogue of 1874 was necessarily the result of a complete re- examinatiou of each individual book in the collection, involving a great expense of time and money. It is prepared upon what is termed the dictionary plan, consisting of an alphabetical arrangement by author, title, and subject, with discretionary subdivisions of the latter, according to its extent and importance. Like the Boston Public Library cata- logues, it furnishes complete "contents" of all important works and collections; but it ads'ances one step beyond the point they have yet reached in that it presents them in a purely alphabetical order, by subject, or, as in cases of collected authors, by author, and in very im- l)ortant collections, by both author and subject. Without some method- ical arrangement, in cases of extended " contents," one's search for an author or article becomes a tedious, not to say fruitless, task. The re- cent date of its publication, and the small quantity of supplementary slips accumulated, (which are made and arranged in every respect similar to the catalogue itself,) place the library in this respect on, a footing equaled by few. The first supplement of 168 pages, and containing 5 jOOO titles, was issued in 1875. Pamphlets are catalogued as books,' but are placed temporarily in pamphlet cases; while the cards, numbered to cor- respond with the case used, are kept in a separate compartment, distinct from the body of the card catalogue. At convenient seasons the pam- phlets are classified as much as possible and bound, the reference oti th« cards changed, the card inserted in the card catalogue-, and the bound volume added to the accession list. The location of, the, books upon the shelves is in accordance with the usual system of classification, and an alphabetical arrangement by author is observed in each separate department. The general divisions are themselves subdivided, and the same arrangement by author adhered to. The practicability and advantage of such a system in moderate c llections, and in those. in which books are accessible to the public, are beyond question; but in a large and growing library, where the diffi^ culties of classification render it perplexing to assign, places to theiuew accessions, and almost impossible to find many of them when once assigned, it becomes imperative to adopt some system more exact and satisfactory. For this reason, the association has determined to number its books, and the only regret is that the step could not have been taken before the construction of the catalogue. In numbering, the divisions of Puhlic Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 1001 classification are observed, although the strict ali)habetical arrangement therein is somewhatinterfered with. This step of numbering the books should lead to another greatly needed and more important, viz, that of denying the public acoess to the slielves. Every open library suffers from such a license more than its records can ever show. And yet, aside from the unknown but assuredly great loss an open library ex- periences at the hands of dishonest people, it can be safely claimed that three-fourths at least of the wear and injury sustained by books on the shelves arises from the promiscuous handling of the careless and curious. To a librarian it is disheartening; books belonging in one department are ooustatitly found in some Other ; they are declared "out," when ^ome careless hand has simply misplaced them ; valuable sets, per- haps procured at great pains, are discovered ruined by the less of a vol- ume, and he despairs iu his repeated efforts at reclamation. "^ min .jlJi Detracting nothing from the flattering accountof the new building of the association, reflecting naught upon the credit of those who pro- jected it and bore all the burdens of the long struggle, the fact yet re- mains, unpleasant as it is, that its location was ill .chosen, its construe tion, in matter of capacity and accommodations, inadequate and unsat- isfactory. It Situated as it is in the business centre of the city, it is sur- rounded on all sides by lofty buildings, and is, in consequence, deprived of the primary necessity of a library — light. Moreover, provision should have been made, in the construction of so expensive an edifice, for not less than 100,000 volumes. A library to live must grow, and a grow- ing library requires a large margin for its accessions. Calculations for an increase, at least .equal to that of the past, cannot be avoided. Dur- ing the two decadesjustpastithas been aconstant struggle for existence; every dollar expended for books has been the result of great effort, and yet, for each decade, there have been added 15,000 volumes. Jn twenty years more the number of volumes in the collection should be doubled. San Francisco is rapidly stretching out ; what was a few years since " out of town " is now considered "down town." Her population, according to the city directory for 18.75, is placed at 230,000. The need of a new location, one more retired ; of a building more generously supplied with light, and adequate in every way to the' natural growth of the collebtion, is already a matter of serious consideration with the board of manage- ment, jb ■: Vti "il,l.'>SiU.nTH'>(I)i«f>l!.r ItUH ,1 ' ,'iH idO'' .OlijjXB In making up an account of the libraries of San Francisco, so much space knd detail have been allotted the Mercantile Library because iii its inception and design, in its membership, its functions, its influence, and in the estimation in which it is held by the public, it is, more essentially than any other, the public library of San Francisco. ■" Unfortunately, per- haps, for the material interests of the association, the public contribute freely to its patronage, but poorly to its support. *fi Instead of receiving State or municipal aid and enOouragenlent, the association is called upon for an annual tax of $2,500 as the price of its usefulness; a thing, I be- 1002 Public Libraries in the United States. lieve, quite unknown in Europe, anil in the older States of this country. Without donations of books, without legislative or municipal aid, in spite of all obstacles which have beset it, in the face of the materialism of a new country, it has possessed itself of a large collection of books, of a fine building, and has made itself acknowledged the educator it really is on the Pacific coast, and now occupies a creditable position among the libraries of the country. ODD fellows' LIBRAEY. The Odd Fellows' Library of San Francisco is an outgrowth of Odd Fellowship, the fruit of the bequest of the late S. H. Parker, a promi- nent member of the order, and was established in 1854. The library association is a regularly organized and chartered body under the laws of the State, and not merely a rei)resentative department of the lodges of the order. The lodges are almoners of their members' fees, under a solemn contract, signed and sealed by the several lodges of the jurisdiction, which compact may require the cooper- ation and joint action of boih parties to the contract to alter or auuiil. Each lodge contributing for its members shallhave the right of namiiig oae trustee. And any lodge contributing the snm of 50 cents per quarter in advauco for each of its members shall thereby entitle each of its members in good stajuling to mem- bership in the association ; but every person, before he is a member, must sigu its con- stitution and by-laws. The board of trustees are not merely lodge representatives. While they are lodge representatives in the association, they are trustees of the associa- tion ; a separate organization with legal status. Lodge requests will bo duly respected, but lodges or a lodge has no moral or legal right to dictate to the trustees of the library association. As will be seen by its laws and regulations, its sphere of usefuluess as a public library is circumscribed, as its membership i,s restricted, to members of the order ; and yet Odd Fellowship has attained so eminent a position, and is represented by so universal a membership in this city and throughout the entire coast, that its library assoeiatiou has become one of the great fountains of public iuflueace, and claims a prominent place in the present notice. The association has succeeded in gather- ing together a very useful, and, iu many respects, a valuable collection of books. The library occupies rather contracted quarters, iu a building which is owned by the order, and used priucipaliy for the accommoda- tion of the several lodges of which it is composed. The number of volumes reported in the library iu May, 1874, was nearly 25,000. The total number on the accession list at the present writing is but little less than 27,000. The various departments of litera-' ture represented in the coUectiou are shown in the following classilica- tiou, viz : Classification of collection. Volumoe. Volumea. Atlases, maps, charts, etc 50 Belles lettres 1,120 Biography 950 Classics 500 Collected works. 400 Congressional, State, aud law I'e- ports 675 History : 1,800 Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 1003 Volume?. Theology 620 Refereuoe 600 Science aud art 2,000 Social science 300 Societies, transactions 750 Voyages and travels! '. 1, 974 GerniaQ ?. 4,000 Total 26,883 Yolumes. Illustrated works 240 Letters, speeches, etc 200 Medicine 120 Philosophy ,language,atid education 300 Newspapers, (bound)- 230 Novels 6,984 Odd Fellowship and Masonry. .... 200 Patent Reports 250 Periodicals 1, 850 Poetry and drama 770 As will be seen, selections have been made from every department with moderation, rather than from any special one extensively. As there are many Germans in the order, the German department is very strong. Books are added to the collection at the rate of about 2,500 volumes a year. The number of members entitled to draw books is 3,735. The number classed as contributing members is 100. The receipts from dues are about $7,000 annually, and the amount expended for books about $2,500. The circulation reaches nearly 7,000 volumes a month, or about 80,000 a year. The following table shows the use made of five principal de- partments for the last five years : ."^ Tear. nisooryl Prose fie- tion and juveniles. Essays. Biography land travels. 1 Total for year. 1870* 50, 985 1871 1,767 1, 53.7 1,793 1,823 50, 297 59, 928 66,211 64, 509 2, 177 1 1, 458 2,235 1,315 2,385 1 1,689 2,280 1 1,664 61, 763 1872 70, 629 7&, 530 1873.. .. ''•''•'. .:. 1874 78, 219 * No claasification of circulation this year. " In regard to the popular taste in reading^"' remarks the librarian, in his annual report for 1873-74, "the results shown forth in the statistics of jeastern libraries correspond, in the main, to our own. The eastern statistics find the demand for novels ranges from 70 to 75 per cent. Our experience places the figure/S at from 80 to 85 per cent. With them, such jwriters as Dickens, Thackeray, George Eliot, Irving, and Haw- thorne, acknowledged masters of fiction, take the lead. With us, othef authors, like Southworth, Stephens, Holmes, Braddon, and Dupuy, are most popular with the bulk of our readers. But time, the great educa- tor^ aided by the powerful influences of the library itself, will, I trust, in the end correct this little aberration, anil set us right." Connected with the library room is a well supplied and well patronized reading room, whose flies present some sixty newspapers of the city aud coast, and twenty-three from the Eastern States and Europe. Forty maga- zines, American and foreign, can be found on its tables, while on the reiference shelves of the library are fifteen valuable sets of society jour- nals, transactions, reports, etc., received in bound volumes. Among 1004 Fuhlic Libraries in the United States. these may be meutioneil the British Association Reports ; the Ethuo- logical Society of Loadoii Joarnals aurt Transactions ; the Geographical Society Journal ; the Geological Society Journal; the Linnaean Society Transactions; the Social Science Association Transactions; and, the Statistical Society Journal, each a mine of wealth in itself. The library has only a manuscript catalogue, and that of little utility. The presi- dent, in his last report, says: " 'Jne of the greatest difficulties under which we labor now is the want of a printed catalogue. We hope that this defect will be removed at as early a date as possible." ' Unfor- tunately for the comfort aud attractiveness of the library, it has little light and less available book room. '' MECHANICS' INSTITUTE LIBRARY. The first meeting of the mechanics of the city of San Francisco for the purpose of organizing the association now known as the Mephanicfs' Institute was held at the office o| the city tax collector, in the City ^a|l, on the evening of December il, 1854. A committee was appointed to draft a constitution and by laws, and, on the 6th of March, l§55, the same were reported and accepted. As set forth in article 1 of the con- stitution, the association was to have for its object the establishment, of a library, reading room, the collection of a cabinet, scientific apparatus, works of art, etc. On the 29th of the same month a permanent organi- zation was effected, and the first regular board of officers eleot9,cl, with Benjamin Hayward as president. Passing over the years of straggle, which, iti common with the bpst. of similar institutions, mark its early history, we fl,nd it in, 1866 in the building on Post street, erected by the institute, and .the . one occupied at the present day. The lot was purchased for tiixe. sum oi $25,000, and the building cost $45,000. The collection comprised at that time 11,250 volumes. The whole number of volumes in the col- lection now reaches 24,108, while in the president's last annual report the valuation placed upon the lot and building, in the summing up. of the assets of the institute, was $120,000. The membership roll con- tains names in good standing to the number of 1,456. Th,e initiation fee for members is $1, and the quarterly dues $1.50; life membei;'^hip, $50. Memberships are furnished strangers and sojourners at the rate of 50 cents per month without initiation fee. The annual revenue of the library may be estimated at: memberships, dues, etc., $6,OltO; rents, etc., $7,000; total, $13,000, from which, after deducting current, ex- penses, a balance of $1,000 or $1,500 remains to be applied to the pur- chase of books. The library contains over C,000 volumes in the ijepa,rt- ment of science aud art. As its name would imply, it has directed its, efforts in the, main to the expansion and perfection of those departments. Its purpose is to build up for the city and the whole coast the best, pos- sible collection for reference of works on the practical sciences and mechanical arts. In this view the, accessions to the library fur the last five years will be of interest. Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 1005 , , 'Accession list. -' ■ Year. . Science and art.; Fiotiop. Miscellaneous. Total. 1869-'7d:i'.. 636 584 726 246 284 1,147 687 , ,607 605 60S 820 712 583, 40p '372 2, 593 1 983 1870-'71 ..' 1871 '72 i.. 1 916 1872-'73 1,256 1873-'74 '.'.'. 1,261 Total 2, 466 ■ 3,651 2,892 9,009 From this exhibit we find an average annual additiqn of 1,800 vol-, umes, of which one-fourth belongs to the department of mechanical science and art. , , ; The circulation of the library reaches nearly 7,000 volumes a month. The actual figures and classification could iiyt be reachled, since the librarian has discontinued the record on the ground of the immaterial variation froin one year to another, and the substantial correspondence in percentage existing among all similar collections. A classified catalogue of the library was issued in 1867, consisting of 100 pages, and representing nearly 12,000 volumes. It is the only one it has ever had printed, and is probiibly found to be of limited use at present. It is continued by slips mainly on the same system. It is the intention of the trustees to issue, at an early date, a new catalogue of the works in the reference room of the library. During the last year the institute has received from the British goy- erninent a complete set of the British Specifications of Patents, with the continuations. The value of such a set on the Pacific coast cannot be overestimated, and it is a matter of general congratulation tlMt it has fallen to the lot of the Mechanics' Institute, to which it properly be- longs, to have it in charge. The Mechanics' Insftute of this city is essentially a representative of the industrial' interests of the State. To it belongs the credit of having Carried through successfully the only exhibitions of California industry ever given in San Francisco. Since the year 1857 the institute has held nine industrial fairs, and the incalculable benefits accruing to thte industrial interests of the State and coast through the extensive exhibitions 6f home and forfeigh inventions, applications and produc- tions, reflect the highest credit lipou the noble enterprise of the institute and the ability and zeal of its managers. Each year surpasses the pre- ceding in the magnitude of the undertaking, and industrial and financial success. From the beneficent hand of Mr. James Lick, through whose regal liberality $2,006,000 have recently' been distributed among deserving instituti6ns and for public works in San Francisco and other places, the Me'chanics' Institute 'is favored with a gift of $10,000 to be devoted to the'purchase of works pertaining to the mechanical and scientific arts. This is the first bequest as yet recorded to a library iii San Francisco. 1006 Public Libraries in the United States. SAN FRANCISCO AKT ASSOCIATION LIBBAEY. The library of the San Francisco Art Association, though at present small, is important as forming one of the many humble and promising beginnings which are destined some day to assume a recognized im- portance among the literary fountains of the coast. The association was organized March 28, 1871, having for its objects the promotion of painting, sculpture, and other kindred arts, the diffusion of a cultivated taste for art in the community at large, and the establishment of an academy or school of design. Its membership is composed of artists and persons interested in the progress of art. Every member is required to pay an admission fee of $2 and monthly dues of $1. Life memberships are $100. There are set apart annually, from the net income of the association, at least $100 for the purchase of bodks and periodicals relating to art. The library contains some 280 volumes of standard works of art, including the London Art Journal, Galerie des Peintres C616bres, Lubke's History of Sculpture, Lacroix's works, etc. The association is favored with a wealthy, influential, and enthusiastic membership, and will undoubtedly become, in time, the possessor of an art library of great extent and merit. LA LIGUB NATIONALE PEANgAISE. The Ligue nationale fran5aise was organized in this city immediately after the signing of the treaty of peace between Prance and Germany, in 1871. Its object is to promote friendship, encourage patriotic sentiments among French people,,aid in advancing the cause of education not .only in California but also in France, and assist in their distress the patriotic emigrants from Alsace and Lorraine. The league each year oBfcrs several prizes of 500. francs for the best written treatise, in a popular point of view, on subjects named by the society. The manuscripts are read by a committee selected for the purpose, and Vnv accepted ones are printed and circulated here and in France (in country districts only) to the extent of from 50,000 to 200,000 gratuitously. At the monthly meetings political and literary essays are read by a lecturer appointed at a previous meeting, when the subject iS' given out. It is the intention of the trustees to open, as soon as the means will permit, a regular afteinoon course (free) for ladies learning French, a literary course, and, in addition to this, an evening course free to all foreigners desiring to learn the English language. This course will be strictly devoted to the teaching of the language. The library, which was begun in 1875, numbers nearly 6,000 volumes, and is accessible to persons of all nationalities. Aside from those noticed, there are in San Francisco numerous soci- ety libraries, but of slight extent and promise, many private collections of creditable proportions, and a promising and growing law library, sup- Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 1007 ported by a revenue from the courts, and principally available by the legal profession ; but in the three described centre the library interests and prospects of the Pacific. Do they promise to supply the increasing demands which are destined to arise here? No; there is a demand for something more general, more generous. There is a lack of unity of interests, of oneness of purpose and desire, evinced in some well meant efforts toward building up for the new West a single grand public de- pository of books freely accessible to all. The Pacific coast is and jvill ever remain inconveniently distant from the great library centres of the Atlantic States, and should possess among its own resources one univer- sal library of reference for its students and scholars. A free public li- brary secures the interest of all. Such an one in San Francisco should look to the wants of our entire western domain and to the exigencies of generations to come. Like the Library of Congress for the Atlantic, it should be constituted for the Pacific a storehouse of every publication, not only of California, but of the General Government and of the whole country. It should be financially independent, and above and beyond individual or party caprice. The materialism of California is wearing away. The day may not be very distant when some one of her many millionaires shall imitate the munificence of great benefactors in the Eastern States, and establish for the Pacific a free public library. OTHER OdLLECTIONS. A list is appended of other public or semi-public libraries in San Francisco, containing each 1,000 volumes or more, further statistics of which will be found in the general table at the end of this volume. — EiDITORS. Volumes. Academy of Notre Dame 1,000 Law library 12,500 Pacific' '. 12,000 St. Ignatius College 5,000 Sodality librai^, (gentlemeu's) ^ 3,000' . Sodality library, (ladies').. --■■'■ 1,500 ' Students' library 1,500 St, Mary's College ,...- 3,500 San Francisco Verein L -' - . . 5, 000 Society of California Pioneers ■ ^- ■ 2,500 Tfieplogical Seminary of San Francisco. (For a sketch of this library see Chap- ter IV, p. 142, Theological Libraries) 5,000 Young Men's Christian Association 5, 000 SACRAMENTO LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. The Library Association of Sacramento dates its organization from October 26, 1857. It can hardly be pronounced prosperous, having no fund to depend upon, and owing, aside from its floating debt, a mort- gage of $6,000 upon its building. The library was built at a cost of 1 This library is the property of Mr. H. H. Bancroft, author of the Native Races of the Pacific States of North America, but may be freely consulted by scholars. 1008 Public Libraries in the United. States. $17,000, of brick, centrally located, 34 bj' 80 feet, and is neat and con- venient in its apspointinents. The annual receipts of the association from all regular sources amount to about $2,000. For the year preced- ing the report made October 1, 1874, however, they ran up to $3,863.33. The number of paying members at that date was 144 ; life members, 34; houdraty, 4, and scholarships, 8 ; making the total number of per- sons entitled to the privileges of the library 186. Tke number of books in the library, at the date ra'entioaed, was 5,539, with barely any increase since. The library also possesses many pam- phlets not as yet catalogued or enumerated, but no thanuscripts. The rooms are open only from I to 5 and 7 to 10 p. m. ' The circulation of its books amounts to about 5,000 volumes per annum. There are on its flies 8 monthlies, 10 illustrated and scientific periodicals, and 20' daily and weekly newspapers. Public interest in the association is needed to give it life and vigor. Its sources of revenue are barely sufficient to meet the necessary current expenses, and outside means are annually re- sorted to to sup[)lj' whatever deficiencies may exist. SAN 30Sk LIBRARY ASSOCIATION, SAN JOS:^, CAL. • The Library Association of San Jose was incorporated July 13, 1872, declaring its object to be the establishment of a library and reading room ; the collection of a cabinet, scientific apparatus, works of art ; and the general diffusion of knowledge by means of the circulation among its members of the various books, periodicals, and journals published throughout the world. It is under the immediate direction of a board of management, consisting of a president, vice-president, recording secre- tary, corresponding secretary, secretary, and two trustees. Its support is derived from three classes of membership, viz : life, annual, and monthly. Any person may become a life member by the payment of $■")(>. Monthly members pay 50 cents a month, in advance. Annual members are charged $6 per annum, payable semi-annually, in instalments of S3. Ten years' consecutive membership constitutes one' a life member. In July, 1874, the following constituted the entire membership of the association, viz: annual members, 188; monthly meralbers, 180; life members, 21 ; honorary members, 11. Total membership, 400. The circulation of the library for the year 1874 amounted to 13,118 volumes. The uumberof volumes in the library in June, 1875, was about 4,000, of which 1,085 were added during the last year. The association has no separate building of its own, but temporarily occupies rooms in the Knox building. There are found on its files some 40 magazines and illustrated papers^' and about 90 newspapers. The library possesses no catalogrfe of its' books as yfet, but the librarian is engaged in the preparation of'oiife, and promises its speedy publication. San Jos# is a co.Milerable city, situated about fifty miles south of San Public Libraries of Ten Principal Cities. 1009 Francisco, the centre of one of the most lovely and promising valleys (Santa Clara) in the State, and bids fair to possess at no distant day, in its young and flourishing library, a m6st valuable and useful collection OKEGON STATE LIBEAKY, SALEM, OEEG. The State Library of Oregon was founded in 1850, upon an appropri- ation of $5,000 made by Congress August U, 1848. It was totally de- stroyed by fire December 31, 1855, which accounts, in part, for the present stiaall collection. The legislature furnishes it support in the shape of an annual appropriation of $750, which is invested by the chief justic^. According to the last biennial report of the librarian, the collection contained 6,217 volumes, including 960 pamphlets, the greater portion of which are, naturally, works on law and statistics. There are some 1,400 volumes of reports and digests of the same, and nearly 4,000 volumes of laws, journals, legisla,tive documents, etc. The library is open 1;o the reading put)lic from 9 a. m. to 4 p. m., except during the sessions of the supreme court, which are held in the rooms twice a year, when the public are admitted from 7 a. m. to 9 p. m. The librarian is elected for two years, at an annual salary of $500. Attached to the report of September 1, 1874, is a catalogue of the library, forming a pamphlet of' sixiy-four pages. ' PORTLAND (OREGON) LIBRARY ASSOCIATION. The Library Assoiciation of Portland was organized in 1864. Begin- ning in. an humblie way, through the liberality of a few prominent citi- zens, it has, by an economic management and careful expenditure of its funds, steadily advanced to its present substantial position. It is man- aged by a board of ten directors. The first, subscription was started in the winter of 1863-'64, and resulted in the realization of $2,561.50, Two thousand dollars of this amount were immediately invested in books, and the balance , appropriated toward the furnishing of suitable rooms. At the end of the first year the association found itself in debt to the amount of $684.25, whlclj. was speedily removed, however, by donations and initiation fees. The membership rapidly increased, and there was in a .short time, a surplus iu the treasury. The association has four classes of meml?ership, viz, life, annual, quarterly, and honorary. Any person can,,beconie a life member by the payment of $200. Yearly members jare charged $25 per annum, and quarterly members $3 per quarter. At the end of 1864 the library possessed 500 volumes. It numbers about 7,500 volumes and 150 pamphlets. Its increase in 1874 was 550 volumes, which may be considered its average. The annual circulation of ]bopk? 1 among its niemb,ers reaches 15,000, volumes, with the usual percentage in favor of fictfon. Its reading room is well supplied with newspapers, periodicals, ^tc.,, having some fifty Pacific coast papers, nineteen Atlantic, thirty American magazines and illustrated papers, and twenty English and continental, 64 E CHAPTER X'XXIX. GENERAL STATISTICS OF ALL PUBLIC LIBRARIES IN THE UNITED STATES. BY THE EDITORS. Introduction — Table — List of LiBEAKi^iNs. Iq the subjoined table will be found statistics of all public libraries numbering three hundred volumes or more from which returns w^re received in 1875-76, excepting common or district school; libraries- Some common school libraries from which returns of the number of volumes were received have been included-,- but they are too few and unimportant to materially modify the figures given. In the summary below the number of volumes they contain has been deducted from the aggregate number of volumes reported in all the libraries of that class In preparing the following table it was found advisable^ in most instances, to combine the society libraries of each college, and make but one entry for all ; so that the number of libraries is apparently, though not really, reduced from 3,682 to 3, number of volumes in the libraries, and 'therefore the school libraries of those States cduld not be included in the above total of this class. California has expended for libraries in the last ten' years, 1138,564.64; Connecticut expended for libraries and apparatus in 1874-'75, the sum of $7,668.'83 ; in New Jersey about thirteen thousand dollars have been expended since 1871 for libraries. J^'oUowing the table will be found a list of the names of librarians stnd other officers furnishing reports. In many cases, as in school and academy libraries, there is no regularly appointed librarian; in some other instances the name of the librarian was inadvertently omitted from the return. 1012 Public Libraries in tJie United States. 5 'StO ;g-« .S H ^- s A a O -4J m -I, .- O IB XD •5 o <] '^ (0 -o _« £• "> ° Si o, ^ bl) bo • «j n ; o i • ^ - P «^ B 4 - = ^ o c o :;: bt .- e? O s « • .2 3 2 e3 . « a ^ a ^ S ^ _f 3 ^ « o IS "S n" ^ 1 0? <1 1 1 « R ■« i si r p ■Saipniq pae 's[B3!pou9cl 'si[ooa ji i S : o ■panj laan -BCUiQiI JO (jauoray s ; = o o • o ; o o •uoji-einojio jf[.iw3_i ■ o •enoijippB i[.iBai eSiijaAy g ; en ■ r- => : g is : S 1 ■s.jain[Oi JO jaquinx ! i 1 i c c ^ c C2 g ~ ^- « c- g in •68 BIO 'aoT^diJdsqns jo 9aj,g; ■papnnoj nsq^i a X*^'«]^72tB^ 6c 3 S 5 S • a O i« 5 5 a a a- «. Or o 03- •r' h-5 ■jequin^ , „ - i ^' 111 1 ^ 5 'Ij, Zi to pq ^ !>. g a S -2 5 >-l ■§ -a o 5' M W o s s -■» W S ^ «g S •|g-| M < H a -^ 3 £0 Q, M C3 ^ to O 3 rs «, S u ^5 §> -s s a M S 5- S-S. I » a -; m CD s W 3- K S S S W a ^^ -=5 ^ a 'S — ca ™ ^ « _rt ^ o- k -o ,y H «! H P <1 CL, aj a 5 1-^ *(^ '-H 1^ fo J.H- m e^ f^ ^ (^ n^ I- 00 O O OT -O -^ 10 1014 Public Libraries in the United States. -lOHi pun eauBiHS S ; 1 ; : : ■ O W O • ' o i^l' ,l •Saipmq yae 'siTJOipouad 'sj[ooa; S : . — ir- c ■ 'I-. . o - ■ o ■ . . . . . ^ C C^ ■ • I- • - • iJ . 1- L- ■ ■ ■ ■ O : : ; ; : : ; : ': '^'' O - ■ i » ; , . 1 . 4-. o Gl O ' lO ' . . . . . ^ o o 1 r- ; .1 1 , ; ^" ^" at • > ■ . • , « > r = 1 -uniiad. JO ^unoaiy s ° ; o > o o ; s ; C50 • ;« ;0 ;00 ■ •ao!5>i[n3.iio A'[.iUr>i 1 c : : i ; i ; : "' : ; : rt" » 1 ■snoiT ippu ipmX oSvagAY c S i : : ■ i ° g 5 £ ;::-S° ^ . O 00 r| 'eoraii[OA JO jaqniux O O O O 00 O (= O C3 C-j ■ _ O O -O -x -Ou o tc o. tc L-^ o o o iXi .o t^ ^ o -- o in o » 13 •SSTJIO "fe" 1 •< c <1 < < .1 H __c ^ r. c (Z c « V3 :6 "< •uoijdtjosqns .lo 93J^. ^ s ^ £ ^ ^ ^ ; ^ CK Wl a-; w. to : o ^ in ;.!= i- „ _ m ^ ^ ^ T „ ,- to =» ,-, ,, r. 'pspnnqj naq^\^ OJ ^^ s ; s 2 s a; 2 2 i % 2 S S S £ :S 00 2 g s s d a != « .2- F >-. ^ £ s 2 £ 5 1^ S 7, = I- •§ «■ a;' o s- MJ 'c ■ o £-26 = 5 3 15 O P< O ■a •= ■2 ;^ §■ ■ & O Q >-. '5^ J o 3 " O P. P -'3 ^ :-2 t^ ;^ ; -o : -2 s :-" ' ^ . J f- - - p^ s ; i"£" g S S- ■ »_ J .2 t; C l> I -i a f o o ea :2 -o M- ^ O O hJ O IB-, i - ; O O •S -S" S - ? O S ^ |zi !a o S S 2 3-,^ o o o o o 5 o'u ^ o" o"\ c o" rt =: S 1= a a Or s £ "2. a. as ar Su a ^~ b> (-• ^ « CO' ea t- ® -S, o Tj- er « !a s s ^ Msqainx c ^ T» r- -r ifi- 50 t'- oo, c. o — ■ CN. co General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1015 O o 9,546 9,000 o o o s 1,500 ♦1,160 1 ; o O ■ I- o (^ ire lo s g ; of : 1 ; "' § =. oS' ■ of ; : o ® ■ : g s Irt- o ■ CI CO ; ;■=; j o ^ O ' 10, 000 5, OUO o o I o jo 1 In nj s = ° ' r*-'!'': 80, 000 85, 940 230 80, 000 in ■ . 00 pi" \ ; ;l g •? 5 1, 800' 3,00b 50 2,500 o c» o : 1 §i . O "O .O O O OI m o o cs o r- • CO to O O O CO OOOOQOfOOO o o o o to o oooooooo o O O O Ol o ^ o m lO CI cs __ _'=iooaoooomoooi=>or-o ■OOLQiramoDMOirairtOOCOOOOCOOO CO ira w ifS o» ^ i-( 1 E^ 1 1S =« 'y ^ o rt- o — o J -.^ hj -^l y f/i 2 03 i^i o 5; r% o fS d a (0 3, o o a Of CQ -< M ■a o C3 r-( ^ J — ^ .S 'S '2 6 £ :fi :c w fa ;;;;;;;; i ; I ;; S i _i _,' ^' -r^ -^ r^ ^ ^ '^ ^ '^ "^ ^' o u - o "o "o 2 o 2 * g a go g g Ji c o o o o Ow3 ®h3r:,?-ji o r^ ~, ^ 3 ^ 3 > M "t- f?* n o lo h^ 5 ■s S N p r: (D «■ M a t: fe n o ^ aj ^ ,= vJ H ^ h: Hi O c^ ^ 11 h :S Id 1-3 ^ OJ M tc o o ^ .'^ •S O ■" °- ,1 in r- « ffl OJ 00 QO ■x 00 S Il3 a <:^ a ^ <& to o S '- ^ i Hag •S £ W ^ ■§ 5f Bp , !2i 5 3 ffhSfiSSSSSSfahfef^ c; S^ fr, M t, e-. fcH t- fc- R Sh (H >. fcH 6. o O O >rt naaBaogPBHggaaggggg ""SESCSSg oi O) o> oi' C) M TJ" ifj to t- 00 o o o o o o 1016 Public Libraries in the United States. •Suipniq pnu 'ejiioipouQcI 'e5[ooa; ■Boojnos lie nioaj •pnnj 5nan •noT^j'BXnojTO ifp^ai 3 •snoT^UppTj jfp'^e^ aStjjaAy ■earati^oA jo jaqcaii^ 1-1 in c^ o CT o & -in o -r o o ;c « c^ 00 o o in (M (N 1-. ■S6B10 '^ -- '<■-, ^ ■ 3 g " « ^ ■^ C as -^ O O - -^ "^ 'y; X o o tzi O! "< c/: "^ ■ aoiiduoBqne lo ooj j •popnnoj aai{M SI ^ "^ " ^ -o ►^ 3 = 3 a ^ Eg « S S rt -^"-la: o 2 3 3 s t»^;iJ h-^ ■r^ CC pcj O 0301 )H O to O t> a: 3 •rt -Q -2 ^ GP « -2 S K M S--(§ ^ iS -2 -JS qcgppaqqgaag s :j o o > ?/o- 2 5 « tC CO > t> t>i o o O ■ran ■nil vT OlOiHNCO^lOiCr-ODOO— iClrj-rfilCtOt-OQClO General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1017 o o o o '. ° O O o T-l in o o n CO - p 1 |1 o o o 01 o g s s § !- CO CO 11" o •*■ in in rr th g s ; i o o o - o o J, 300' 500 O O O o" o o o o o C3 O O 1 i g o o o g § i-T of o o c^ lO" ? s 1 s c g C4 ■ ° IS !3 "i s s r- w ir CO o o o o o o o o -* - o o t- o -es o in o , o o o o o fO o o o o in o i:^ o in -v r-i in T(< 00 o h4H<1T1 P M 03 aal^ ^ ^ -n ^ m 1- 1018 Public Libraries in the United States. s "fe. *s 1 >-.B r ■sxe'\u9y\ ■pai p n B eataBpjs I : i ; g ; = 3 ; ; ° 3,500 5,400 "■ : ^ ; .0 •Snipuiq pni! 'B[Boipou3(i 'e5[ooa; : : ; i ill '• ■ > 'T in ■ (a r^ ; ° > : g g-g g o- ■ 000 : -^ ,~: 0' LT ■ •aoi^'Binojp jf [aE3i i ; ; • i -^ c or -3 : i" i ® CM •enoiiippB .^[iraX aSeJOAy ; 1 ; _ :§"■ ci 5i S = •samntoi jo jaqran^ g ;= g g g S SS;S g:g-.38-g,g :* g--g:2g Sg.i 0- ct « i-i ■^ o-„M-o o-t- c-s L". in m i^-- 01 "J" m i- co" — " ^" i-T cf of t-* 1-r «r ■^' r- ""'"^^ t-f M ^ "" 1 - -i > i^^ 1- §-i 1 i .2 -i" 1 ^ ^ ta !K J "I S -< «< 3 - S" H o~ i <1=. v; X <) CO S c^ <) m £ •aoi^daosque jo a9j.i 0) a; ; ' . - ^ 3 02 ® - - « fe M m fc ^papnnoj asqjil i : i-^ 00 r- ro ^i -T ^•- GO CD 00 c» :3 -r- GO 'S' tc '■00 S" Qu- a Name of library. Conuecticnt Historical Society District ScIjooI Lijjraries Hartford County Law Library Aasociation , Hartford Female Seminarv 1 w J j a - 1 < s 1 p g > a s 1^ 11 z "c c "i 1 1 y H i c I c i ,1.1 1 1 a" a S £ a a: p c "t = a c W c !/: p 1 c 1 S c- E t .2' .2 ■3 t> jr s ^ Place. Hartford, Conn , Hartford, Conn Hartford, Conn Hartford, Conn i i 11 f 1 II 1 1 c 3 § 1 « i 1 0. £ a % % " 9: g H a tij d D 1 ■% a - "> 3 § i 3 1 a 1 a r "a ■1 3 ! ,5 •joqmu^ •^ t^- QO 01 -0 tc eo ec 5 S S3 ? •-t 1-1 r- g g £ S c 01 J S3 t-t S ■ a "S SB 1-* General Statistics of all PuhJk Libraries. 1019 i3 o o o s O ■ - ; W o •■r iiJr o o o § s a o g : g- ; is;:;; if<-''i'- ; i ■■ :' i IS 2,061 1,000 40 ° 8 o o ■ O LT 1 o i o o o o o 2' : §■§ ?i " ?2 g s O CO o 'OO -O ■ i.o '•- > '^^OOO ! (XI \ '■ ' -. l5 I I o is; ; ; ?^ ;' ; ; ^ o o 1 o ■ o • o l" ^' o o o O Q o o cf o" o r CO o 1 •" o : § ; f ' i- ; 11 § m ■ o,' o • ■ o ' ■ — ( « 1.'^ o in c» o 3 : S : : ■■-- ; ; : 8 ; - ;a S •-= 2 ' ■ o o i "14 i 1 s° ° lOOOOCriOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOCSOOOOOOOOOOOCTS „' to" .-." i-T T-T TjT tS ^ i-T ro r-T m" m" t-T CO d^ in Tt aS ct o" 'y p =< S p. e _ ; d : ; ; a ^ ^ j I %-., 2 9l1i^^^.iil?111 m (X H a -m 03 <] <] a -^l (Tj XI in- « tc , r- :a r- m to CO CO CO OD OJ £ e -9 s e - ooCTinooicoo'nwtooo 'i: 00 00 OC TO 1^ 3 o 1^ n en- r^ ■■ :e- § " M g ■I ■s- a- OJ a ^f>^ m O- o) 5j s 1 « p l>l .2 g=»2 ® O o t,- e S = W o iJ -J, .a *? £^ o *S. :c i .s 5, s 1= a 3 a fe w .- CO S s' ■3 a o CO ^ a S f^ >i ,s » fl a =3 ^ ^ a fl M . ffl ^ CO o CO cq <1 w ■i3 ,a B ^ QJ l> t> r3 rg r^ rg r^ a-a aaaaaaaaaaa coooooooooooooooorio £5uoooooooooo o-o o o Q r. . t t > t P o TO ra TO w o O td W W W h3 (-5 ^ & ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ |2i |zi ;zi Je; |zi f:. ^ ^ fc ^ ar OJ in _ in a •990jn08 p mojj — < c* S :?!-§ = S .9 9 amooni Xp«oi xe^oj. ^^ I r- O ■ O • ■ O O O O iC o 0000 •pnnj :jn, p a "3 ST d :5 n c c 2 ^£ to 5 d 3 a., o-- u r 1 I-! d iz; - - S 1 M CQ U ^ 1 § 1 ^ 2 1 .z ale ■fl S 1 < ■1. 1 J 1 1 :>3 1123 'i g''^ 3 ■ S 3 3 ^ [- ^ 1 1m d a § 6 5 d d § § d a r c] c d c c a = 1 3 S 5 1 i . d c i g u 1 d 3 C c - d - ilff a IS 1 t l I c " 3 1 S- ^ 5111 1 ^li ■ M oi w- a: ■> ac 2- 'O 3 J ■= =^ 3 S S ,g a g -a -a g -0- -J s s 1 1 1 1 1 II £ 1 ^ ' .laqmnii s s i IS i 5 5> i 1 i 11 i If Hi 5 a i c 1 General Statistics of all PuUic Libraries. 1021 ; 1 ^ o {2 . ; O o i" i : o : § S • in CO I in O <0 '0000(N '■■ jn . o ■ o lo CM — . • 1 g : s '< § iii^i iiii"S ;" i ; 1 ; s 2 i .,. i- ; i *^ 200, 000 5,000 o' 5,000 1,500 o o < • o ; ! *=> O O O O- ; O c c - s c c ^ i^ 2^ 1 : § i ■ c g S ? s in t- g 1^- oo o'o o OJ.o o 50 o o o r- o «' OOlOOOOlOO ~0 O O O TJ 10 O O irjaooinooooooo intooifsoMooo'oomwcoei^Dmo FS T3 -^ rg ^ ^ a a a rt jd -., -., o o o u - g g •«]J -^ *!] <] (i, j^ gn >:. >) ^ ^ IS ^ oa O eg O 11 J <1 S -2 ^ ' .'■33 ' I=H ;/! CC t- t~ ;d CO rr 03 CO CO OD 00 ■V'S'COCOOCCrfO lOf-tOTpf-cocoira- OJCDOOODOOOOOOOD CO QD OJ CT 00 -9" CO 1-H in CO CO 00 00 a> 00 s o O. rr- fc* OS s *£ >* ft ^ W „ ■« -t? S a H fei O cc in 1^ 3 >. ^ a >5 " o o 'C s "^ •>) - (3 ij o P q a a cos ■3"^; o -;3 i.,n ■< ® P ^ " a B ►^ ^ & i -I !^ s 5 9 g E-> g J j= XI ri S 3 3 &.-§ fH >1 4a fTj r PR H ti 3 3 3^ a, ti ij H ^ !S ■43 1^ 5 fl iJ a a 1 33 ii g 1 Fl 1 1 sis i '& 03 .0 ,2 e3 1 % 1^1 1 S" ^ &= ^ s 3 § Dela Miss New B5 a u o p t^. t^ t^ P g o >. p- ■= o o •5 = = -^ a 5 a 3 g « -e -e 1 e3 eS TZ: « m s s s s cs ee ce cs ^ fei^^^^^fefe S g .s tc « ►^ ij a >; ■♦3 ^ ,a 'O 'O ■§ 2 o -s « O ■» -s ^ B g fi n o R R S p fl fl fl R fl ^^^^^&:^^egis>:ons ,24 ^^ j j: e V V C 3 S "3 o o O C O O; -g '^ ■7. >-^ < 'T. r. ,) (h 't 'S : ;^ eC -1 — o c. s" » 1 1 g 1 <1 > o O • '^ • a a « o o 'S .5 d 1 ^ if p2 II ^^ § -« •3 -2 •! a 2 ■s 1 -II J 111 111! 11 21 S M _j^ >. 1 ■s 3 1 S ^ O K 5 ^ .£ -s ® r2 r c O % 'A ~. ;^ t. O j; i; « ^ tj: ^ ,4 gtS^feiS < u S "^ •5 5 M "W « ^ = = ri- o o aw B-O O- 1 p ■■3 a fl i C P o o o- u P Pi fi 1= P 6 u P P 6 P d 6 fl 6 d d fl.-fl' _d fl'; P^ a s" a* o c d c p~ a~ c" - d" s a d" a" c" n a" a' c" a" S..& s s s. S fc s ft s 3 o o o o o p S S S S.S- be be bt bo m 2 c 2 S 2 1 D be bO to b£^ to tl tt be fcU fcfl b» .2 .5 .2" .9 .5 2 = a Q a q i= a a a a. a . a a a a a g 9 C b» bjo bjO J 1 g 1- S % 3 3 3 ;= - ^ oi S « ca ee « S 3 3"3;a %%%%% I IT -H' , o o o- ociooca'oaooooooooooooicio MO'cmwinoirjwco nooioonmoirscitNo - S ■" " ct o " S r Gov't ... Gov't ... Gov't ... Gov't ... A, & E.- Gov't ... Col "oj- ^ V ^ "b 01 "> V V V %^ rt n V fo rt '> V "^ > m V V '> 0)00 CO Oj lO -^ 00' t-' 00 00 CTi « CJ I—-. O — r^ 13 CO- o ajxir-oU'XicooooO'Koo C4 (N 0» O C) o ira ifs ^H ^- 00 00 ou. 00 CO r- Qo ci ct o^ococxima- s! 00 C3D 00 GO — — S ST ■s'S. o ■s. g *& a o .2 "3 .1 & - - . I 8 I ■^^ '^ s a 1 1 ^ n '(O c3 O ffl t- to CO M gr g-, a .£ = =3 a H:; S-- f-- fl ^- ei- ^ - „ e8-e3-ee_o *=, N « 2 b- Pt p,: Or oj S ■ P e* 2 £ © a)-©-^^ 55 Q o o ®- p'-p' p-H fH-O O W W- 2 d ^ f^ s a s 1 •«( to I5P m o p :2 ^ t-1 o r^ p ." - a fl "'I b W H H^ t>. >- h ta a as -ts a 1^ a g Izi PL, a. o 1^ a 2 3 ft s^ CO m 03 CO 03 CQ. O-O OOOQOOOOOOOOoo o,o O-O oooooooooo p'o p fi Q q o q n Q p .R R fl R o fl ri p fi p" fi ri fi^ ri ri p./^_ o o o. P R P a- a- H B n □ 5 dSboobP-Ooooopo yifcDWCbJDbfifcCtJ fcjDtjctsJDbflbOtJfibJDWDEilltuObflQi) B- a B B" B- B B B B B B B _B B _B H _B _fl B .-.-.--.-.- — .^ ^ ^ ^ -^ 1^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ n s B 'B g bb "tc M) bb to be bO "" I "S t"l tt-tt-s lllllllllllllllllllllll ■S -S .9' 3'5'^;B.a.a,a^,aH.alai|ia. 0-;0^ saOOOOOOO-H OTeacomcccocQncocow (M CO -^ »« W. - _) _H -d >4 »-r^ ^- ■—. n CO CO P3 eo CO CO t- oo ci^ o cococococoeococococoeo O iH d ec £o r-D 1024 Public Libraries in the United States. o « ■« ^ '6 o s R s •sjiBjaap H 09 -pni piIB BSIJBIES «» 9 Oj •al •Saipajq puE 1 O o N '8[BO!pouod 'esioog; «» s o j^ ■ -BdOinoe \[T3 raoij ^ g S 9010001 xf[JB9l IB^OX -"■ .9 g •pntif tasn S «» s a ■.Btnaod JO ^nnoniY f^ g ? ■ooiiBtnojp S\ivaz. - ^ - ^ •BUOI jippB ^iJBai oSbjoay 'J o o c ^ o c IC ^ ^ S g S g 1 O O O P5 S 'samnioA -jo .loqniti^ TT O C s- o c u- *- o o o c O •S. " " '" ■ < ; ; : ■SSBIO V "> '> c o c C C C c i 'e. < ^ w :,^ c 1 III! T3 • <0 Ol ^ . •notjduoaque jo oaij ■ ~ ?- ^ ^ . fe a- cc ii K n et ir f. c* ir ir c^ _. ir ^ ^ ^ •papanoj noqAv. s S ? OL vXJ a fe s X a s Sis o I 1 s S 1 £> fc- a ) (■ ■a O " fr £ >! -rt d 1 II II 1 1 > c > B E 03 d "S o o o a 1 % o § 1 £ •1 fl a : » a « . C5 u ^ - ■ 1 1 II E e < c a. 1 -.J 1 ^ Si "5 c c J o r/; t3 i o -3 " tS 5 ^ 6 g 80 g 1 -»! ^ R p R fi i. s : 3 5 5 3 n fc 3 3 J 6D 6] n ft ^ "1 1 ^ .'^ o a o ^. a e o r^ M ^ X, IB X ca eg « "i 11 1 o a ■2 a ^ S 33 ^ ,£3 1 §.3 §1 S o Is s s ^ «j <) ^fe^ ^ ^^ ^ 1-3 ^ M S ■^ r^ 3 23 07 H "^ < «< •fl " •J3quinx_ S S !S ! ^ o 5 ,2 g « m » g » « a « ■« g S S 5 .£ f5 S .B 3 ■a g ' a B 2 = S ■S M 3 o 3 c3 o o o a* - >H iH O t>i O « Ii . a a o PL( ^ bC g n S b Ph tr ^^ "^ at <] Q O m <1 O 3 '^ Oh •^^ 03 V '0 bm S g> 'ee "o H w -> -g s 3 a © o aj ai ■—_ -^ b2 (D _ffl a b H fe .2 p 03 be S o a> t^ P^ O m 5 .S t3 O •S „ .^c^c3c3^^'^ b£ to 0000000 O O fi O iJ OuOOUtJWO ^a ^^ C^ ^ ^ ^'C0 C4 03 o' 'i * a !2i !2i O CB O o*p a S a a § I I I t-> -hS Qj hh +3 +3 " " O O ^ -^ * ^ fca. !^ H H p S= w to ^- (n oi a ■^^ nco'^ir'Of-flDCiO-^ c*eo'^m 65 E 1026 Public Libraries in the United States. I I i >1 'S];G:)n9p -loai puB eauBiBg !;;;:; : i ; ill^S 1 1 : o o ■Smpniq puB 'SlBOIpOLIDd '85[00a 1 ',',','•'•'< ; ; ; ■ «» • • ! ■ • M ■ O i a A -a a ■saojnoB \xe racij g : ; ; : ; ** ; 1 ; . 1 ; ; i : ; : : : g ; S O ■ -.i : : : r '^ i •pnnj ^non -BinjQd. JO qiUnoiny ;;:::! S I ; = ° :' ® ! '. 1 "^ : '^■'' 2 3 ■aoi^Binoap iCi.iB9_i ;;;:;: S ; § 5 : : : § ; § e o • (JJ m ■ . . o ■ o y -c \ K^ n \ : \ ■- \ ^ ■BQoi'UppB A'lJBQ-? eSejOAy i::;M^!i;°§: : : : 13 g-. i g i ] •RaimqoA jo jgquraj^ (3000000 i':jcoonao = *iiciooo3 = G S g g S S 8 S ?? S 2- S § S §-S S- S &;S S:S i -^" ^^ m Co" Cf .-T TjT of . cf I,- ^- „■ _ ■esBio # = J '§ i 3 '? ^. 1 -3 '^ '= ^ < -Ti 'fi O vj J '/) :.; x -J £ -3 g ■B g' 1 'i ■S 1 1 ^ H O CO o -y-j "< m M v: -a X •aoijdiJoeqaB .lo ©ejjt ;i;;i;-§i-§;-§.^i-i-ii::-2iei •popnuoj ngq^ COXI lOl lOO'U ' -000)030)000050 iGOOJOO.xa • Name of library. Territorial Library Abingdon College Society Libraries lledding College Society Libraries, (3) Evangelical Lutheran Normal School Public Library High School Library Jenninira Seminarv * o 1 - % 3 > • .i 1 o 1 il H J= O [Z "^_ "3 o s I' J Library Society...- Society Libraries Law Department to = « s j < • 1 Bois6 City, Idaho Abingdon. Ill Abingdon, 111 Abingdon, 111 Abingdon, 111 Addison, lU Alton. Ill o o H a a s g 2 d .a c e II (S 1 i 5 a S S « 1 1 i 1 ffl bii fen tc til fe 2 a a : 3 a s 1 1 t* o o O c o .2 o ^ i CQ pq p m M p i tn ^ op r i "s ^ n (-• 00- OJ o , General Statistics of all Ptihlic Libraries. 1027 o a I '^ ' ; ; : ; § ^ 'i ; o : S 2 o • 1 3 I I ! ^ I ~ -- i o i ■ ! i ! o o ; : : : : : ° '^ 5,000 300 32, 317 39) 75 o 200 1,000 4,400 230 7, .500 250 63,610 2, 000 ■ O 1 o o 2, OOO 2,000 500 41,000 o o o o o o ■ 1 o 1 o o 1 jo • ; 1 1 : ; : ■ i ; : § 403, 350 2, 136 9,000 400 :i, 000 : ^ ^ • c ;-" ; s '■ '-". ?? . iiii.g 11,331 210 1,000 140 i;5 OOO^OOTOOOOO'-COO Tf ■«9' (M c (^ iQ ir; o o o o - o o _ O. CJ O TJ 11 CO in n o w O D O O T) fTJ O o -ri o o in i^ o <- O t- O! O tC o o o o O f- oo O U Ph '■/I ■< ?:^ fc i ; • • s . d \ d : ^ : : : ■ ■ ■ CO : «: ■ cc ■ M to a: Et( f/j a; cc -M lo r- — t oi t- w r- J- 00 CO no CO ODQO'OO QOOO OO'aaOO CO CO CO 00030) COOOTDOOOO CO QO'oaGOOO > be : . g I 1^ I 3 o . _ B ^ § 3 t= o- 2 O - C (B --^ tc £ a 5) i-I 3 .s ji ja ;S ■§111-1 CM m M -O P4 .S •= i a t>. "S J- ., . B I H. t, cA 0? o O 1 1^ -3 -3 ■~ CO s QJ tu a 's •« .e g .-e ^ - w «'■ g.0 t= o H pj H O 1 t2 o S S £ n ? 8 ■s a a t« CS rn bO O o g^ bli o a M >^ fc a « M M = bC bfl bC hO bO ri i-< t. t, t^ L. ^ E3 "5 S "^ - " - 1 C- 1 I i ^ " » o g i •= ^ -5 -g -g •joquin^ CO h* no iQi ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ V 'v V ^v General Statistics of all P nhUc\Lihranes. 1029 ; g • ■ o i i ;^ ; ffi ; i 1,200 200 :fi ! v -1 ;< i 1 O ; S : ° > c ' c ; o- O O ' • ' o c JiH 1-, ■ . ■ 11- = Qi I- ; • ■ Q» .- ; ; ; m} ' ° %■'': : : : S 1 . ■ i- . t, . i ■ ; ■ ; ■ o ■ o o o \. I' ''■' \ ill; 1 o • > ■ ; ; ;;g ; ; ; ; § g g ; ; . O . . . . LO 1- o : (jf ; : : i r^ r^" c?f > ■ : : ; S c 10 3 E 3 ' ; ^ s I : ; ; ? ; 1 ; . O • ' • • o o : S ; ; : : § ■-> OO'OCTOOOOO— ' OLOf-003'3C3C^'0 :c ^ o" i» trf- o '^ ■=! ;3 o o o o r; o o --^ o o ■■ » 'X O O LO OOOOOOiSO o o <= o O !=■ M OO l-H .-I S* ■:c3gq-Oi/)X ^ -fll-ij-^^ « ;S ^ . S o « o J j5 r/) h-l X '^ -^ o -^ g 3 3 .5 ,2 'o ■- "» "IJ "o -^ o ; d to ; ; ; ; : : : r> o ID ,o s ^ ^ ^ ,a : ^ ■/; m ^ U2 t=4 aj t« o; i 1 to s i 00 OS g 1 g 1 s 1 g s CO ^ no SI 00 00 g i 1 So i 11 «3 ^ 02 5 t- tH fe 5 I ^ „ w is * rt -y ::- -= 1-3 A^ C/D . I ^ ^5 ^ f S g K - -S 5 ;E^ « a -^ rn ^ O ^ O M 9 3 V 5 S ■«* ." .2 -S 3 S CO fl .2 ii a "a 5 f' .3-S *- o Mr e3 :^' Z e3 t^ ^ S I t? g fc:i S P O H H M _ C JD" ' 4> .^ — ' jD ' 4) ,'-© ® 0; ; ID ' © O © ^ Js 42 _l _l r^ S M M H =: a ?3 ;;3 S -> > , C 'd ^tl£) r a M M H j^ ^ ^ '•^^ -S -^^ ^. -^-^ 7^. o o ;= I— ootS-5ft'>?.?St?i?>?S'^'^'^'-=*'>^'^ '3 1§ 133 CO hJ J iJ >J jZi J=i £1 ^ r^ 13 -C C '- n a "i «i (5 3^ f- iQ to r- ot) C5 o ^^ rT^ *-#^ -», -nn rr^ r- I- t- ^ — — . ^ v^ ^ ^* ^ ^ :3 a a a a t~ 00 O -- £2 a; cj cr> O O O ■^ ■^ vo m 10 1030 Public Libraries in the United States. £■5 'SdEpaiq pii? 'siB3ipou9d 'snoog; I.O o o o i- ^ o o r-. O ll o ■B93Jnos iiu raojj •pun J inaa -uaiJdd JO ^uiiomy ■aoT^Binojp ifiJBdjt •saopippu i[iTJ9i aSBjoAY o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 'o - o o o o s o o o o m o o 3 o n I- o o in »n •eouiuiOA JO JoqiuQ^ to o o o o -o o t- o o o o o — I— tj to O) rs o oooo'oooioooooinwi o 1:3 o o o o o LT O i^ O* — — ~ o ^ o o 'o in •BSBIO 5 d fe ■ • "« " W (3 - -- <] ° f- H '3 9 !zi" « P ■S -So. B p^SfejifiSfda; ft t^ S 3 2 ^ "^ '^ il S - b -'" aj >J W Hi 5 ^ 1-1 w a ci '"" ^' -! — ' izT ^' ^ *" ;d ;s "" I »-^ -J ^ ^ ! I I ' r^ r^ f^ f^ s t> a - E-" I « O O O ^ C G |2i (2! !2i |Z1 O O O O O PM fM A- fM ■aaqiunx I re r- <» cj o 0000000 e^Tj o ■ ■ . . o o • > • ■ O CD • . . Ift" ; g ■ n S IT gj; S j oJ S : (= g 3 ? in > • o in h- »n «»• — I OS "o t~* I- ^f -in 00 00 00 no 00 ooi-^— icjo-*intT*eoeomcor-inco— -^ .a _ CO g a c J3 - -2 W bO O i; M <] (5 p ,g. O e3 ID XTi a -a s -^ o o i t>= a o cL ^^ L, a? (n rS 5 r^" r7- 1 ^ — o o § o ^ 1 Fi H ;i^ S iS i3 PI ■S a jkSfi^'pii p^' A & a O' (y t^ ^ ^ ,ti M -g < ^ g «- <1 <1 <1 'Cos +- «a «a «d «a fcO fciJ bfi &J0 bO 'ii S 5 'S 'S "C! "S 'C f-* ■ ® 03 Pi ft ft p p O — ' CJ CO -l* CO ?^ M fO i^ m o in in m in o r- 00 o o r; CO CO CO CO CT CO -^ "n eo t- ■tf in CO I- CO o ininoininininininiQinin, tninin 1032 Public Libraries in the United States. •Saipaiq pac 'stBO|pou3d 'Buoog; o o o ira o tfs o o 'ssojnos [IB raojj ■panj %n9n. -BoijacI JO '^anooiY' ; o o o ■uoiiB[nDjp .V[[e3i •SaOIJippB .Cl-tBd.^ 3!oBI9Ay 'saniniOA jo jaqtunx; !■; o lo o no o (= ^ fQ C-i t£3 f-i OODOOOOOOOOOOO -^ j=L ~ — O^oniraooooooooo..-. & •9SE[0 •aoi:(duo8qus jo oajj; (DO© « CJ « !^ ^ £ 7; fH •popanoj aaq,^ t- t- r- CO in QO no 00 00 00 O 00 «S CD to CO -at M 1} 1) ao 3a -£ = -, ^ a ■s M n t^ '-' s •s a. £ a a •73 5 s ^ 6s ,2 5 & ^ H S <% H P )-l ^ ^ ^ ti hJ :2 n ■§ -&■ ft ° § S ^ S 1-1 g " ^o^cD»t-f-T— r-r-f- iratfiusmmmmmintominif^wi ^. .1^ t-- oj 00 General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1033 s ■ O • O O ' o > -t - 1 1 c CN o o o o I 1 ^ S ; c ; ; : : .; : ^ j; : : : : s o : \° i a S S S "^ 12 ■ ■ ' o o o r- ■ 1 ■ . rH M CXJ r-l ■ « i : i in ■ I jj^ 'i ; : : : : : o ; ; ° , i 2 ills ; : °° : O «<■■■< I i i O • ■ ■ ■ i '. . 1 . o :| id .; o o o O O ' • o c o ; ; ; o ; ; ■ ; o ! j "- c 150 100 900 !l o ':::;::::::§: ; ; ; ; ; 1 1 ; ; 1 oi ■ o c > _; . o i o c S g s ; ? o "■ o o o ^ o o o 115 in o o m o o O O O '.S o o oonmocsoooo ooooooooiooo ooooooooooo eo(?*^T-ioom»iooocooop3'0'OCot- ^^ n i-> fo n n ^ js ^ ,3 ^ ^ _!» .S cj o .2 ■2 e 6 a -J -t - o o ^ 'o ^ ^ ® -^ <]CHM:0!»cflO«iOa30'^' o - -— o o o o o ■- •aOi;B[U3JI3 ilJB3^ ' c n o o 3 o GO O ' •enoi ippB j?[iBai oSeaaiy I ^ c" T- s ::^ J^ s o o •eaoinioA jo joqnin^ O ^ i O O O IQ O (ri o ^ n t— o lo o M r^ ooooor-»-o-oooo-oooioo ^ « J •« .^ ^ -x Ph CO- '^l 'aoT}c[;josqpe lo aai^ fsi P=i cQ m m fe S fi ^ ,2 a (D V 3 B ^ t^ 1 02 CQ Ph Ch- ;- 'papanojnaq^ cg-^ctocoinooooo coaaaacoajooaOQOooiJD oi o i- o a 12! &1 ' H b M HI P4 a: aj O -3 >. « a 03 r^ O 1-1 s i-l 2 g J •S .& fen ^ 2-3 las EE S ^ ;zi m H ?:- ;2i a -^ 3 a o a 5 rt i-I d a ^ -3 en o -3 O «. S" O E-( U CO -— i-S f^ ra ffl . ri rj :3 ;i ;:3 :3 ;n a ;3 o o o o o- o o a a* ft & Q, ft a 2 2 bj3 bu a e s -s. £; s5 '0'd"3'd'3'0'3'>'S5t35ta 9 tc M a M Tj r^ « 2" 2" >> u u - «8 O O fH F=< Ph P4 •j^Hmu^ O O — ' M — ' OJ Ct QI ,- <0 O ES CD d fi* c* CI -o • ■ 1 > 1 . o • ' ■ ■ ■ ; ! ! * ■ o o o o • o i : : : 2 i 1 = : 1 2 SI o o 2 : ; § ; c^ i :• I : o o o ° ; 1 S o g O: c; =■ O o -T- o ii^inoo'V'Doo 'O- o OOOOOLOOOO o o o o o O C^ 1-- O €- O (?J O- CO C^ -^i o iH* of i-T -qT _ _ O O O 3 CO CO lo CO in ;■! ) -^ Ol O O O 13 O : < « n '=^ = =: <; ^ ■'I 04 C-i ■>>> w) ?^ O (N 00 -IT in m to O) CO 30 00 ■»iW0D00 33QO00aOCO0O ? ^ I2 3 3'- !=0 tt ;5 PM H & a ;-. cd t- cd (^ i:S §35 1 " to , t 3 5 S rt ^ t-1 B R 3 ^ 3 H^ 3 ^ t^ S m W a IB 2 2 i2 ft 3 S '^ ^ H q M 2 -E -3 a g 1 1 S § I ? •« 2 ^ ° 1 " i I •2 a " " s s t- J S " S •= S £■■ S ,al 3 g S I-" - - ■a « o 3 t >i bu O o t^ .5 5 3 iJ ■ a £■'_,. 2 g "'= " 5 ^ fl ® i' tx H .2 a O M ■a-3 ■hl'^.tj.-'rJJ ■'S-r=^>-''§ i5i3 ■■-■5 = 3^33 '■ <^ >-< 3 3 >i S ^ u = = - a s w § .s .a oj cj c3 s a a © .=: o o a a a a '^ '^ -e -1 a ^ b a (D c a !^; ^ ^ J3 « ® i M -^ T3" -B i tS 'C rz nS r^ a a a a 6 W ID O 'A 'A a I— I M M ' « -3" 5 3 s a ' o = a oj to CO bo bfl bo s'2.«2saaasa So 3 .3 a a .n j3 ja .a .a „ -. . - „ „ •g "S g 8 >> '3 .2 2 .3 2 .2 3 -S -2 .2 o o ;25d(iiSS^«f^MMMMMM«P4M in to t- 00 Ci -n CO ■^,in,«3 r-oc ajo to to 53 -i CO ".3 O QO^O-OWCOO^OtS CO CO U CO CO 1036 Public Libraries in the United States. g O ID •S[0}aop -10 JI pas 93UB[Bg S = g 111° « =* S o o o •Saipdiq priB *8i«otpoij3d '8J[0Oa o o o ■ , ■ o o =, © s = o- a o 1 a e3 r3 a a 'eao.inos [[B nnij t i I i ;• '^ : o ' o o o o '- •panj inau -BniJ9d JO lanooiY" 8 ° -=■ I 1 o 'o • o o o = \= c i°i. : i : § ° i 2 i g g •snot ippB i[.iBa.i: oSb.ioav o o o o o CO ^ rri^° = ° o o "- *o o- o O "O o o o -o •so[un[OA JO JoqniH^ O -O 11 -O O C3 O .O Cj io o --o ■ O O ^O -O o if^raooo — _ _ ... _ _ _ _ _ ... lo" re" «r th" o -o ;o ■_o --0 - -O "O .-■«**-:-. Ts o ou n '-0 ■fisBia- . . . . o t3 "C v. -a ,_; « o o S = «- «- o " ■ ^ eS -2 "io ^ £ — 3 f S J s w = Ci( <] CLi "H C4 <1 P-i ■aoi^duosqiis jo 03j^ •papanq; uoq_A\. ■Xi -00 oo •s. , s IS u "^ a .a 3 a ^ §■ ij Id 00 00, 00 <) ►J a *^ S Ctif, & J= s S c- -rt be ,S^ 13- b J3- ^ rr M S rt 03 5 ." <1 ■a s = y s -^ ■e •« ."- s 3 g .= ff.a bO 2oQQ>3Spi^^X'ooa3H'S^ o, ^ -3 e S .9 fct ^ r^- -' &: tc ^ ■S 3 i 2 i -s .^- o f - g ,j p fe « fe ,3 „ o. m- fe- a £ CQ r. O C « L4 b o « tj B- fc "- 1 3 g t g S 3- 3 fl, H t» t> 8 !2! 1 ^ 13 rs •a •^ n'H - - " * ~ ^ 9 9 M- O IT- f^ 1^ f^ nd M 4^ ^5 C ra E'.SflBMS SMM2 , C3 d 3 c ._ 4i O O O O C d -2 ■i "^ a a a a" c ^ ^ fl' Q c c; S .5 ei" aiaj"tD«)como2BHHHP-"l> .a .a > > !■■§ uaqiiiu^ ■V- irt o 3 : i ° : : ; ° ; o ; . _ . -O 1 ■ [[ ; 1 : 1 ; CN w ' - - ■ ! r I in '. ; : g 1 in i -'" i ; o i ; s: in • • • '• '• Xi GO TO '30 ilU XI OC CD Xi CO 10 w -^ S a .2 1-1 IJ S t) ' Oh &( l2i s s CO S ►J a - -^ .2 « 2 -a o 3 3 = s ;- "o "■ " M Ck »2 hJ cc oco'»w-Hco'9'_com''» .OOOOOSCUQOaOGOCO ^ -= * " 3 H H * 3 fl III *j^ fcjo § S I-! -« « S >"" =^ a a -p b <1 -tl O iJ M -^ hJ t>i o M © S n "S <1 s H {z; « p hii ^^ -^S" -J. M a ^ ^ © CO « I .s ■! c^ d rt te fe o •: S E: o o. « is ^ fe ^ fe fc 6= S ^ a^g 9-3, e- St StSWHMHMHls^ S O H O :;H ft p^ p, p, a ft ■ O fH H <1 3 a ■< -A ^ ^ .. _ - w a! M ti bt bfi 1^ ^ Ph p' MMMOOOOOORPOO 1:^ Q q n p p p a a a V 0) O) R p a to t' CO —1 O -H fM ffi Ol 5S CT O O O O CS ;0 C3 t- C- I- ifZ to t- 00 r- t- r-- f- t' t~--, f t™ *^ ^ ^1 ^^ '^ '^ _ r^ I^ ^ . *^ _ •_ ' 1^ J _ t^ f^ t<_ I»— J^a iH- >^ J^— t-t-t-l-t-t^t~t"t' i-t-r-f-t-t— t-f 1038 Public Libraries in the United States. o I a -pui pas BOtiBi^s = 1 ; ; * c I 1 : s : •Saipiuq paB ' 2 \ i |i i a o « a rt a £ •Booinoe i[B raojj diuoonii[iB3AiB;ox i : ^ 1 ; ^1 : 1 f .- o • : § : •pnnj (J nan S i = = '. ^ i i "^ c ] o o . o °l •ao[)BinojTO ^imai ; o ||i 1 ; i" I ~r • I * •eaoi ippB .V[.iB9.C oSe.iSAy *" :?l ■ c- c: C ' g- : " ! ■eoniU[OA JO jgirpiinx. r-" X i'i 1,000 500 s /"' i 2 3 2 = o ?5 t- - X P rf 't^ •jaquinx ^ i-- t- I' I- r* . O -- W- M- "W lO r- ,■ 00 oi o t- r- i-* t-'r- t- t-* i--r- t-f General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1039 ^ 1 : S o ;#)- i ° ; V i i § ^ 1 1 o o « o o ■ 1 o ! ' 1 : ^ ; ; ; 1 s 1 o o _ o o o O O . O C)-_ * o ■ ! I 1 "^ ! ^ f o o o o ■ O T) : i ; ; : 1 (Tf g g n o 5 0" -g 1 ; ? S 1^ 5 p ^ C Q £■ J hJ - I t5 ^ i-l - .2 ^ u bJD I ►^ ,2 60 a d o " „ O ^ IB 5? ■S O aia a 1^ a 3 ^g-g,^ to lO s s s s g f, I- t— t- t- i2 to in g s I- 1- .00 I- a -a « S - t fe f= = S M M O O O O &4 m ^>^^fc^:<5 ^ (-. (^ f r- m to r- o3 o) o t- 1— t- r- t- ita^ ?— I ^aX t'_' -'q' ■■ J CO no X CO CD aj i-t^i-r-ft-i^t't- 1040 Public Libraries in the United States. 1 MM' ; O ; ; o 'Snipniq pna : § : g : • • o (;= : : : § S 1 j 1 ef 1 s : ; a 1 a 1 QtUOOai ^[JB9i IBPX ; : § ^ • 4» MM' : " : : o •pan; ^xiQu. ■vxaidd JO ^anoraf^ ^ O O ; C .- 1 . . c ■ o • ■ c o 'aoijc[nojp ^i-iudi : - . CO . . ■BaoT JippB ilJUal 93BJ8Ay c |g ;s ; 1 ; f-T i ° : : § c 'earanioA jo jariuinii j ;s o s o o o o -^ o o •V n m o o O -0--0 .^ ;0 o . oi « -o i- _ o o o o o o — OOLTOOOO ■ LI in ~o o t- o in o o in C4 Cl-aC4 o oi n ■^ TS 'd r- "» 00 no oo s 1^5 •Jaqtun^ ^ ' .fe 5 -^ i « i' I ^ 5 ~ .-2 3 ca O H o X iJ o - « S «8 o- , ."S »-y © « ?^ -S: » 5 J ^.3^1?" cu m- « a M t-5 P £■ a . §1 iJ « B-!zi- « ft Mt^ a DO 2 . . . . g ••1 g-M M M t-r. „-M M. g = B gn & w ^- S o o 1^ pq fe. fe t3 3 ^ p* s* £ rt e8 eS ® cu N) h; >-! s .« «■ "M M M M -_S w j4 ^ ^ >M ^ a WH «) iu a) iS ^ p( o. a< A m;? 3 o o o OOOOOi-OCSCSOOOO OOO-OOCTOO — ■- — mo<=> o o o — oj in n w M at- at o ;:::::;:::::::: : :::; o^ :::::::::: : LT XI ^ (O !» f' 00 00 00 ira(?iolcoiO(N'j«cDccit- QOOOIECDQOOOaaCOOO'X ^ 00 CO o CM ?D C^ CO 00 00 QD 00 CO c:> i;o CO (X) QU ^J .a a: a WJ H - ^L -II = a. .g H, s o P S ^ 03-"-'® . 5'""o _ « E4 fcj-„^:; o3-r::i - 3 =",■3 J. c - a a 6= S 03 O O W M « M ►^ S M M ; M .S .9' ^ :;5 o = = -r a p " a a ' a a ooooOnflPQ J; 00 .Oi o (MM/^ineOfCooi 2 ■= g '3 Ma S '.5 Sr .2 £. 1-1 to- t:d m «3 O 3 B u a 03 '0 ."H a ■S u m H ■3 r?, 03 i < 6 a a: fe S I g> £ 2 g H) N R k) i-l O >,>.>, M M M' W -"W M M W ,M 6: E= ^ 003 , M M' •9 S F> 'O rU 5 O hli hD -co 00 00 OU. 00 03 00 00 00 CO -a a O —'mot cfc J 00 sP S 2 Is I s s J i I ^ §•§ s a 1/5 (D (~- 00 CI . O tn CO r- OD 66 E 1042 Public Libraries in the United States. :3 a o 3 '8 § a r •eiB:iu9p -loni pu-e saijTJiTjg •Snipniq pa^ 'siBOtpotaod '83[Oog ■ lO CD a i 'S99jnoe \XB tuojj ocaooni Xijb9j£ I^4oX •puTij ^noTi -■BcajLod JO i^unoraY :- : S • i o o : : § § '■ C" JO ' * ; o i '^ •no])i![noj(o iSxaBaj^ - s •snoHippB i[JU9^ qS^xqa-y i iSi : 1 ^ o 'esuiniOA JO jaqmnii woo — wco^oooocjoooinc: looooo C*«(Nt-»ftP3WO«a)OOOOOt0J0!C!«Q0«O eo of w~ t;j" V to" 1-r -fl-" o ^" rH" •SB^IO •uoi^dijosqne jo 98 j^ 3 CD 1 ^ ^ : S US cc : •papaooj naqjii. CD in 1 1800 1854 1842 1850 1871 1853 1837 1671 1831 isSo 1865 1851 i s .a •-sa O 1 1 £ % 1 p g s 1 ,3 1 •3 a a- s > 1 c i 1.1 a o ■a > « i J C 'S v t a a M s £ X) .9 S 5 • a .2 o •= a n < 3 o > .s s 2 © - 1 • a ,3 "3 1 "^ '3 f t= i IS a ° 1 = X o F^ 0^ > « 'e £ 1 SI H > 1 1. "ai i 5 < 1 .2 i' A . 3 i S, : SI 1:! II a ;= 03 — a = c: 6 s 'o o ® p -^ -,2 1 ■joquinj^ >it»,i-it>i>5>. &,>>[., >J ^ >1 fc^ >. C>1 t>5 (..M M M W *1 H 1 *1 ".«.".". 4 M W M W M M M M M » ti « ^- p a s n QS n o fS t- > t> > >. >^ £ £^0 M M M 'P *M "m 'R 'm 'm p *p s '3 '3 "3 a £" « 3 ^ *j S r- OD Oi o cnaoQQccajQoaoooQoooao s (N PI Ti< m (o uj o L'? m in iQ 00 CO 00 00 00 00 r* 00 oi o m ira m t0 00 00 00 00 ■> General Statistics of all Fiiblie Libraries. 1043 o . e= o — g ■ : ° S : 1 1 o o O s g ! o o o • o o o o o o o o o o o i ; i § : ft : § o o I. o si i § 1 ° ° i 1 M S 1 s g ° o ■= o o OOOOOOOOO OOOOOIOOO Oi n m tn in o -O o o o o o o o o o =.000000 ____^._____ . 00000 c;0 coooco-vins^ioooirsajoDiOootowmoo m o o o o ^-1 'O *0 tS 'S 1 - ->, >^ "^ "^ "^ ,-H f^ "3 '3 '_J'^-^ '^ '>s>a'!5'0'0'C^-i ' ' '■ 'u cd c3 ffl rt ■-„-, S ra rt "-■, rt * « _J 'g " d •■.,_,-.-,* •>! 7, otf rt rt S •■« ' ' 'S gowoo'^gg 0.0 5 -0 3 3 ® o "iS "S o o o o § g « 5 5 3 o 'S '3 5 a =" a PM OOOOWCOOItOOOCSlO ^■ccr-tO"vinr-iftoM ODOOnOtOODOOCiOOOCKlOO -J *» o 00 00 00 CI O O r»H ec (O ^- m oomooomiooooo ^o?ot-. r-iniftt-incDira ajaoooauaoouoocoaoao 3 5-: r% ^ y- a U h -S p ® B o 1 g O B - ^ TS ^ 3044 Public Libraries in the Umted States. ■a -Toni pus eaii^i-Bg sp i? ; ■ O 1 1 ; M i IT o •3aipaiq puB I i ; I o i I o I g : lo ; S§ 1 ^ 1 'saoanoe nv mojj o o c I ! 1 . . o , ; ; g : ° ■ 8 § CO 1-* •pnnj %u9ii -BC[i.W(I JO ^niioniv 5 s = c i j o ■ ■ ■ o ' 1-2, 000 10,000 1 I ; ; o ; ■ 1 in ; i i •sao !jippB i[nj3i o3bj9ay ,9 - i _, : o . : ; J ; ; ; : g ; n 1 'J a: -i s i *S9ninio.v JO joqoin^ o» o o o o o o 3 O O — 1 O i- g s K ■* s ° s S S3 S g g s o g g oo s S § TO S P S § s w ^ J 1 = 6= >t " _: I-: = -- r» fe j -a 5 § o 12; Oh ^ H CC « ^ = -( :2 a >. i i :^ a o,joa-ro®5^!3 a H X a H ?; rt 53 rt ea cs J J J iJ iJ J a I s a s § a 5 5 5 5 55 o 5 S5 a -d" 1 j: != t5 fel la s e ^ >^ ia 55 1 s 1 1 1 >5 la ^ I " S !^ i^ S S iJ I I ^ 2 S fe g ■joquiux I- IX C: O ~ o o o o X (T) o — Cf « aoaoGCQOcoa>ooiOiooio:aiO) cj ra c. 0} e> General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1045 " ; : i ° o o o 3 s ; • o in '• o in is 1 ; 1 i s ■ O ■ ' o o o Q ' ' (N O lO cS ; • O CT i-i o to o -^ i i : S o • 1, o o o o I • oooooooo • g g ; loo 1 o o o o o loo • i " 1,200 6,188 oT S : ; S S § 1 : : :s g g s s s i CO "-I 1 in 1 « 1 ,115 o o ; g ^ oo^ooooooo oooooo'otraom in CO ^D (D Lo 1- r- cj <=> oooooc -^r-^oo ooooooomooo — o -fO'^OOOOOOOOO _^ ,t>^ ^ -^ r- -- 13 -3 <^ rt jj TO ra to " w ^i-J uy --, vu ^u *j •^ Ph <1 02 "*1 ■*■) I- -tji rt -T" fN o> « t" in -^ r- CO CO o CD 00 X QO QO QD OO ^ ,£i ^ ,£> X> S d a S s 'ji rn m m xji -HCOCoft'B-H— 'CO— ' iQ o U3 m CO o in CO n ooooconocqcooococo 0»-Hcooopocgt- COa3COOOGOOOCD30 •s - :§ a >= to □ ■S •? I 3 2 ns -3 r: w o .2 3 S 2 .2 ^ J a w ffl b b &i' »■ 1 f I .S I a H ^^- s s I ^ I- o .s s i -s d • uj H g o o -t^ r-i .a V) was Hi Ph >^ R a © ,§ ffl -s (.= -^ 5J ^ 5 11^ .2' Q &: a m 5 3 t> o ?- 3-3 1 < 1^ a : 3 n ►^ ' 1 1 i ■•■= t > 1 1 \ "s 1 : § " : £ 2 S s % 1 .2 ■s i 1 < c 1 e I J c 1 c c E 1 -■1 c ir 1 z a i 3 a i b c i i 1 'c a ; t- '. P s t 1 = g !- s i 3 ^ ^1 < 1 i J 1 5 -s :; s » •' i g 1 III J 1 1 [3 Ph 'Q i '- s a 1 ■a I I .£ c > 1 5 a- s » & c a a 3 a S o a) ffi a a a a c c: ^" a C3 p" a p V o o w « o u o o In :; fc ^ & tt » ^ ^ [^ K-1 k1 J l_] h3 I-) Jj »-] M S a a a a'g -g a o s -^ IR o a o ^ kJ 3 a t2i JZl O a a a 5 ^ ) a ■§ -2" f § 1 rt cs rt g 4^^ ^ 4^ ^ fe fe t ^ O O O "- Cl( fU f^ K ■ CJ m ^ n> ^ ^ ,n J^ 1 '>- u; ^i CTi C-. O Oi a» C) Ol 31 OS General Statistics of all Public{ Libraries. 1047 I ; E o 2 g ; : : : : ; ; g g o • ■ • in ■ I • « i i i : : : " O : S o • § : j 1 1 1 in- 3 i i : i S 1 ° M 1 M of g ; o o • • • o Mm 1 o o o o o • CO o o o o < '• '• I of 1 I : : i • O 1 : O C3 ' "^ i : ■ ° § w" O ' g ; i i i°i ; I : ^ M" 1 • ; 1-1 ■ n in 1 u 3 c ' s g • c : ^ 5 lo w i i 1 > ', s CD • ■ • • 00 (H 1 : i 1 ^tOQOOsOOOOOOO (N -V CN O csootnoooooccooof— OlOOOCDOCOOiOOOOOOOOO ■V OD W "■■ < t>5 t- t- ^ gas £ 3 .S _2 S d << Hi ^ &I i ^ » f^ m >< ^ ;4 (I K ? -^ ■5 i s ^ 3 "^ ^ EC ; a at i? 'a O s .a « ° t^ ° ,9. 3 I S.| 1 f^ © d a o. ° c S o o -J) u p=, |z; a £ g aaaaaaaa m- o o o o ■aoi^-E^nojio ^iJB9i •i lii is ; 13" K ^ 8 •enbiiippB ^iJBaX 93bj9ay 11 : 1 i § ; (o ; •soratilOA JO jaqrati^ s" a" s" s" £ Ef -"" -"■ s -"■ '^■' -" ■esBio 3S •uot'jdT.iosqne lo qqi^ > S =3 : CG CD •2-2 ■ •= 1 1 0) £ . B : w •popimoj aottJA. a 'A : ; • u : s 1 ^ :l : ° ' 5 ; c "J II > "a 1 a 1 « a I ,R i 1 1 a ffl £ c a 'n PQ 1 « M 1 s a c 1 1 3 1 1 II ^ o j > ■a 11^ 1 to 1 a: ID S 1 o tE g < Social Democratic Turnera' Union South BaltitDore Mechanics' Library Association State Normal ScLuol 1 £ 1 CC j O' » 'a .rt Wl W ^ 1-1 Irt z: t=HH N O 03 O I I .1 S ? •S .2 "fe K " II S^ tx ^ „ ^ SR o = S s <1 J .g eg (U s ^ CO r^ R e >-. CO >5 M a £ ^ la o m ^ 'M 5 ^ o o 5 Iz; pa u CO '^ ^ -2 g> O 13 S ^ g g • ^ © t) — ' S »j Iz; a a a a a a s ■■S 'S M ^ !z ^ ffl « s W pq « 21 5 s a a a J J ^-^^ g" a 3 5 5 02 O O r: ;:3 s a a a co^in»t— ooc o 'a a a a a a a a a a © S ;3 ;5 pQ ^ ^ ^ ^ 9 13 'o 'J g ^ g '^. g .S .9 s a a ,s 3 '^ s -9 a o r: 5 ^ g i a s a "3 P 03 .9 - Is 'f 3 ^ - O Ah c» CQ S f3 nnnconmnnp in (D t~ CO ooooooooooooo 1050 Fublic Libraries in the United States. a o O s ^ % ■■-I 'Smpmq pn-a 'sfEoipOLiad 'sjtooa; •pnnj ^nan -Boijod JO ^anomy ■aoi^Binojp ^tJ^92L •snoi-jippB ji!iJ'B9£ oSujaAY ■ssraniOA JO jgqninx o *rt o I— o t- in ^ o o o ift M «^ CO ifs r- m O O O lO cN C3 in e: iH lo eo M m o o o o cs o f M o m tra oi "a" O O tH ■8ST310 *Qoi;.diiosqne jo 93 jj; oooooo(o(ovrtoooooocor-moo m^«OO0U^**t-rtl/3MmWL'3OT-HCX) ,o ^ ^ co-^oot-coW'-Hiraco"'* ^•t-oior-ot-ifieaco 000000000000000000 00' » S* f5 " « .2-1 a, 1-3 ^ >* CO J <1 o a S 3 P O O fn ;j -s T 'i £ !I3 -^ -^ ® % Si <1 u S S fi< 3 ^ <( c c > c J c •> C > C C 3 C := c c o c c General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1051 s s i " o ° S ^ o c3 : s rH o s i S o *, i g o o s g 1H O o ■IS, s 1 S 1 = of C^ J o o o s s ogooooooooo 11°: o o o S S g S 1 ^" o o ! co" p . LO" of -r rf- i S5 CO in S S3 o ■ o s III III ITS O S p g ^ g : i S g K ui a. Q# o o o *:» « ■TO o o o o o o o o OOOOOOOOIQOOOOO o o o o o o o o o o 0000(3010000 co^oococooJoc^ot- — ooooeo^wojocsomooooione^cocovooTei Ci" M « CS" i-T co" ^ <© <0 1^" Ift" t-^ r-T If." O ^ — ' I-T 1^' m" :j:::6::^:::;::_;p^:p^::'e^::::*. :::::ij t- h b Ph p;( ^ aj ^ J! X> s- -J tf O fe 02 K 32 t- r- t- o 1.-3 CO 03 00 1) 'XJ r-ciCJio-HCTJcocDOio tDo^OLiiomiTsmouo! OOOO-OOQO'UOUQDCO ooiMr--*oa3'* „„^r-omocoi-o — t-. coQuooooooaoooxi t- CJ M M ^ lO I- r;^i— r-inr-oo .RO0OCD0Oa3GOCXlQ0 1"" fci . T _ bJD P-( -S g S" a .2 § A-vJHtnHtHlii:;; I •§ S 5 Oi Cq J M s ■< M ^ .« s M n & a a a H <) . fl :S S I OB *3 O "1 -® .2 « 3 la CQ >> J3 5w ^ & s s w 3 s <1 -s) O k1 h 1-5 o o 9 o ^ '*' ay "^ o o o 6 ca M M a en u a a a M « M ffl S ^ 3 I I « I I o o o o has I a S" s 3 :s a t3 C 5 fcT 2 ?> ^ t^ t; ^ ■I g - ,— ~ — ~ — " rt" -^ rT a a d" 2 o d S Q n P d (^ ^ n (^ :^ ^ 3 :^ ■a" a" 9 9 9 S" 9 S o o +^ ^ +3 -*J ■^ScC^lSSaiO^ — -2 o o o o o " 5 Soooooooooooooooo c« M tc ira i- ac «i o O o o o o o CJ Ol S3 CJ o o o OJ-O-PlflTOt-COSO— I f^cSOOOOOO-^-H (MCO^K^0 OOOOOO-i-— 1052 Public Libraries in the United States. 9 Li -put pttB eau'ci'BS ■Suipaiq pnB 'SlB0ip0U9d '83(OOa •saojnos |(b raojj •pnnj jaea -Bmidd JO !^unoniY o o o o •aoi(jB[noJio jftJB9ji •suoijipp'B -JiJBO^ oSBja.vy o 5 •eaninxOA jo jgqmn^ o .-o o -o C0.3tr3-0 0"Oi=iO^O»0 -o o ■^' oo~o o;o.o o o. ^ o» ^ -o "o -' CIODCSmOlCNOOCa ■ o o u^ ' o t-oooocioo»r>mooDtfs. c> ■** ^-^ 1 *fl cc m *s ,^ ,^ _4 ,^ t— ' I— < 00 CO '00 irj ci (N lO _ i ^ =? -3 -s ^ 3 o a -f^ £ m D to p H 1^ (D _^ — ;3 ^ P C ;3 es tt P W W e "o >8 K ,ei -T3 ITl .a> ii M V, ^ 11 P3 M-5 '«»<'•>> a 'm 3 n B ■ 0- :;2 o!SMMWij3 3>ji-^aa''. sa^ ■jaqoinjj -s g s a J5 s ^a- 3 "a"s/a a s s a a_:a;a aa 'a ' h'- a" p"" p" a q'p'' p' q'. a". g'-"p""p": c p"--g"--9 g S 5 5 -SS 2 S S 2-5 3 -S -3--S 3 v2 S 2 C fiOn-DO n GO CO lO CC'IS 09 so to CO 09 CO'^aO (fl-iu -.u >"-~~. -Wcq^pq-pq-pq pq pq cq WW pqpq"FqcqcqpqMeqeqP5PqR- s-^st "s* irt tc »^ CO o;. o s fN W « tN CO CO m ■ r- OD c: -o -; '2! ""■ CO CO n >n t*! c^ General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1053 6,336 150 o 1 i • § 1! ; 8 ■" 1^.. ■ ass 1-. . ft> '• • ® : o 04 OS O < O ' > O ■ lO M CO of • I , : S ; g i ox • r o on • ■ o. ,-r o" i ; of o ■ ". : o o jo i 1 I" " I O OJ B i' o o ; ■ o in ■ ! of : '• o § o S g = -o O ' i OO ioOOOOO ■ ' ■ o" . : g ; ; : : S i : o ^ : •11 ; -g g ■ O (O : S S o '• o S : S cf ' in" • « . 11 ;iii i^' o> o o .o o o ira o m •« o o oj OOOOOrtiOirtCOiQOOOO o o ^ 00 c■l.lOmlQOlr3loocoln^~t— n "o o o I- o o o o o o * — — o o o o o o-^coiQotmi— m O* Ol 03 .-t eo^rH p^ : : < m ^ i^ % < m xri W'^tu^r:< O H F^ >^ « ■^ Ph CD ■» o o o 00 o es in o o O o o o •eemnxoA jo jaq^cun^sj; oooooooooo (oootooiomoioioowoooo 1-" ci" Th" Tp" «" t-T of i-T *-' of in m" «5~ pT •eeuio ^ ^ fi XI d ej d s p d o u CU Oi CLv CU "4 <} .-i 'i: S ■—' o "o "b 'a "b .rH .rt 2 --^ ^ S *noi:^(IiJosqns jo oaj^a. P^ £ £ &| •pepunoj neq AV t- in r- t~* eo W C4 r- E- 00 r- ^ in m to M t- OD 00 00 00 CO « r- t- w OD r- >.x -J "3 £ S '^ w w S H 5 gig . m ? "S ^ _M fr( -tS o -"i - I 5 S s "S O g9 -e ft •rg -a 'o • m .S to •= ■S 3 ^ ^3 ||5a5;?^M g 6 to =3; ° o a 'g S. 2 » I g -2* ►^ hJ S S fi*' ig a ^ gsaaigaaasi^i^ai^aaa;^^ bI)-EiObCbObCibOb£bCbG^ ;:; pq p:; n pq Sn ffn hi) Sr w H hn fin •o V *c ■n V V V ,0 ,a XI ^ 3 B a B u u u u '-' u u o S3 in m r- T} 'jj IXj 'E 'E 'E ^ ^ SI ^ X' SI g i B a a i 'E 'E "E * j= ,2 I i'i OOOOOOOOOO •jaqoin^ r- ao 00 CD Ol O^ S^ C) lA CD r- 00 0> o General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1055 i " IT t- O i ° T-T s i 1 ■ s s s s§ in 1 o • o 1-1 J tH OT 00 :o CO g " 1 i i s CO s g 1 S3 s i oi 1 irs o i O lO to o of i i ® of •S 2 s s g ii^ o i o loo O > lO ■v _o o o o o o o o o ® M o ° o o o o §;§=■; O ■g § o o oo" o s o § in ^' ^" 15 '^~ i"' g o of i i i g g o o O • Oi o Cf ; £ « > 5 s «= i. c i oo o c " gi §|a no in o s s s ; 8 i g S 0»0 00"^^J"^OOC30 oi^oto-^ciojo -in o -O m O O r-i m £- o o o :,r- m - o O CO o o o o o o o o o o o in o o o o ointooooowmMcooom moot- < f^~'2 ^ S ^ ^ ^ 3 c 3 o "- a - s 3 Ph Pi P^ P W CL( .P^ ^( BSj25o03- Oh Oi tq |J] &H -^ Oh 1J • _ « n^ CU 5 -„ "„ ^ ^ ea J3 3 3 3 5 6 6 tzi(/:pHair^ w " u ^ ^ ,a ^ ^ JS ^ ^ J3 ^ ^ S3* 33333 ipass m ^ ^ 'Ji KH m xn \ xn xn t/i m >n in o o m GO 00 CO 00 oo CO *0 CO ^ ^tf* *H — -jj- in CO in oo oo 00 O* O t- Ol O r-l r- o in in »-i r- 00 00 00 oo 00 00 ^< oo O) lO Oi 00 CO 00 oo 00 Ph ^1 . ■^ -2 -3 ■« - o M Ph m is '3 1j o "^ CO ^ S 5- a a a M M I -S ■§ -.2 % &H ai J3 -3 = = 5 ■^ "o '=3 5^3 ►^ M 1 3 S a H t= fH 2| 3 « 1 -£" a g « o a [D M P &( P |2i CM S <1 3 £> :§3 .■= .2 - qa)Qja:;3jiioak^ -a(-pr3PfiKlMofl ED CO mm mm m ^ ^ ^ 'i^'Si-iWE3«e3cu®a><» I 00 o coo o o s S " g ; m o ■siB}a9p in to ', ^ -pai paB sdTj'Bi'BS 4» in «'"' ■Saipntq puB m (n i " 1 ^ . s S X 'SpiDipOUOd 'B3[00a <» dS T ^ o • o ira • o o o ■ o ■ o •BoojnoB n« inoJJ S3 0- K s s t- • O: .a -a a araoDoi iij«ai moi S '- -^ fd •panj ^aaa ii< 3 -BULiad JO ^anouiy ^^ h m ^ f o =• o o o o o o o •n03B[110i!D i[OT3i g Ti ^ ao~ pa cT t-" 1-r" X ^ o O « O O iQ o in GO o c o o n ■snop IppB i[JBei 93BJ9AY "th ^ oooooooow o c o CO o o o o a a •esmnioi jo jaqiunjj; tf •SSBIO „ r- <^ ^'s?^ «_= 5^ ^-^ __ ^ ^ ^ ^ e3 v! ^ 1 ^ p" = -i = ^ = S- = !3 p- a: <] (i,a.(i^ 4- c 1 ;3 -^ s ':? 4> a ^ £^ • r = M S ^ c- 5 ^ §^ ^ 'S ■^ ^ . -s c- -J > ^ e >,-! 5 si 5 5 1 "5 1^1 III 5- = 5 i|-^-^^ 13-1:1 S-5 Sail 1-5-^ rfi.P-.O ^ -< 1 J - f 1 1 ? a .r ? 1 - o 3 C f* t p. ci ec 1/ e -t. -;* "> - p- e P y i_ y - t= Ph a ;s M 5 -= hi (- ~tio^ =f, o c fc ^ 3- a ^ -M be ' 3 « a-^-a^ rt (D O ^ F4 N •jQqoinjsj — '(Nrt'*ift(ot-ao OiH(NM -vinor- General Statistics of all Puhlic Libraries. 1057 = o w rl o « rH o • o e^ o o ^ ^ • o cS o CQ I'j c^ ^ OT o o 0-' o o -» O '' " O (©■ !■ o ^ ^ '!i:"0 ^ M^ ' CQ i in '"' : n 1 l- CT . o" ■ o o o o o o o 33 ■ o o I '< o (-) o I o o I o o o o I '• o I o o 00 . : «| '^ CT ; ^ ; **" : ^ o <~! m <-i o o o o.T'o o> I < ; o o o I 'o o rr- ; ^ ; O r-t '"' CO o K ^ : ^ o : Sa !=> O . . CO O O O lO comoioocieoooo oioooo«)vnoocoo ■V ro ?5 o . O , O' o ■ o o o t- O O O 13 lO O ■V P5 O in m" (?»" o" o t-T cf of irf" ' r-l XI 1-1 £1^ ^ H^ P^ ^ ^-fi ^ 'S -^ r^ d ■ s =J a "^ s s p^ fl^ Cl, ^( H P^ Cm P^ : Ph <^ <4 Ph 3 fju. M P5 : -« =y r^ A^<}PH!/iCDP^ooQOcocDao s g; ■la & £•' b d--dL5-'i2 _d" d 5 C3 P AlPco3P^P^'X!P^P^ >3 d B "^ K "-iS fl a g fd 'O o d ";:i ;=! .Q J-. t* t- K rt e3 rt ■^ J ^ ^ d ^ 3 P '^ o .2 -S .2 a 2 iS s S .a 1.&-S £=,1 B 3 s ■§ rS e <1 ^ I d ,_, r-( r? 'iS ftj _ '■S ph ? -s 3 • g fr ^ 1 m " S S 3 .§ 3 a <1 2 >.«! S- © ^ -^ ^^ :2 n ra M m « tj ^ Dj S g 5 ■= B S 5 >("H£!i OD 00 CO CO O « OCi SO CI mjsW-lOCOCOt-l- 00 ' 00 00 00 00 00 QO (St m an !3 ■" ~ 00, GO 00 00 &I hi 03 I"! ^1 12° I - ■? Ho -4 .a I a ^ a 5 s I-! If ^ -5 a H » I a a .g ^ « P4. _ S >^ N H ■ A 13 «, d c? • 14 ,9 I I- P^_ bC (4 g 9 a'M S .2-3 •-■- GJ- K^ ■" W H Oil — H ."~ O ® © "3- = 1=1" >x « O o R.a a" a a a 3 o "S) ^ ^- ^- -J .9 s "* '« "* H S fc ^ ^ © .3 o o o 1-1 ►:! 1^1 f^ iJ a, 33 S-a--: a" a a> ID o o 1-3 tA a: a s a = t eg efl- r«1 -»cl. a a =:- rf :»: a-:.^--i t----:i 1^ i^'tA y^ n r^ t3 r^ T3 ^ ^ c3 ^ ^ --,a a a a a a a •aeqcanx CO'W'lrtCDl^OoAlOi-iCJ 00)0>0)0>OiOjOOO ifa to t^ CD o >-( M eo _ CO CO CO coco eo'eo-co General Statistics of all Public^ Libraries. 1059 J ; S i 1 : : ; g O i o ■ g : S : 3,209 1,539 3,032 ^ i|i|i: : g is 1 i ii ii i i S i ; i S : i S : i CS • i • O ■ ■ Cl • ; ef ; ; ; of ; ■ -^ ■ g iliil if : i^ : S § o 1 o > s I s ; o s kT ■ o

s ■a ;§;§. 3 3 I •^ ; S £■ i g I 1 i ^ s i i I O S " o 3 = ■ -a "S -. 3 0! O Cl, fM--o !2i : ) ' ] '. ' . .2 2 e8- >» © CA M ;§ '^ -I I S -55 sots Sg g^a Hi & ,d rt -a a ca o ■a !» a IS- Hi S 3 b § a a $ o S S e fL, ^ £; H *:( -p. •3 .1 1 £■ l| i t i o s a a a a 11- -5 § S 3 , a 3 . 3 ;^ a . - >.- s g 9, a to ji A a ^ ^J3 *i ■4a ■^a 8 3 g- S 3 S ^ ^ r-l M (pj ((J A ^ ,a ja fe fe fe* K 5^ Sa b O O O O 9 O O |Zi|zi!zi!zi|zi;2ijzilzi|zi;zi!zi|zi;zi|zilz5!zi|zioe a. a II' O Ph 'joqranjsi o ifi in o in u'i ifj LI « (c we^-^finoi-ooojo General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1061 SI - — — ^ - i 1 - 000*1 000 '9 cf «-f 8"S "■ g ? o 'o © 1 c = ■l o o o CO oo o s i «3 ^ o s ? ■v c ; o c s i ■■' ■tjua : & g !f =• o • s ^:? ? C9 o o c S CQ • : S ^ r^ I cf ^ o o c: o c o C c o c 1 g ■ c o a o o o ^ ^ i^ ^ u. " -r o ,- 1- 1.1 o o o 55 S CI o O O" o o o o o w ooomooooooo cf ■ O O f- O « O O O iC cf ©r ■oi>-e^ CU 03 CO OD 03 00 r- CO to oo -^ i-O =J in "9< r™ o r- CO 00 oo CO X 00 CO CO S 2 Hi S 1 § 3 3 SM o h 3 : i-i 5 ° S ■ 2 i g 2 2 2 !^ .o 3 ^ ^ _g ^2 « 3 "S.^ ^ 3 ^ I ■ r^ f* '^ r^ {^ *" (A tfj GU uj vj uj ^w — - »« ^ ..-d <1 O M 1-^ fl -d ee C rt -e ^ §■ a ■a • ■ «j -s -1 a; i« "J nj !^. ^.^.i.i. -a' 1^ s s s = I .9. 1 s a" a" a" a" a' s a a a' a" CO'O'WWMPiWSMMMttitoajCOoamcoaiMaim a s s a n n n e^ a Oi ' en d Oi ci t- 00 OJ o coeoMMMrsMcomeocomrt 0)000 1062 PubUc Libraries in the United States. -TOni pilB 891JBIBS •Snipuiq pu* . 'si^oipoued 'BT[ooa P 12 •punj aaan -'enusd jo fjanoniv O O O CI o o o oooomooo •not^'BxnojTO j£[JB9i O O O O jO o o o o o O O i- o •© o in CO o Id o a I I ■enoi:jtppB itJ'Bdi eS^JQAy o ^ ei o O O OD O o T-4 r- « •saranioA jo joq^uiTi^ aj o -o o o ^ o ^ o o T- CO o o n co.oocr)jn,ooo_ M-CJJTrf COOJ-^ O^-O O O O ITJ o o o o M o in t™ o o o :o o w M « -H W T-J W -ff- - ■V CN CT rt M" CO m CT •seeio ^ ^ *D ■ ,0 ^ ft *< -CM i ^ 0^ Ph w; ■< Cd •aot^dtjoequB jo 99a^ ,0 -a to OT I CO fe CO O ^ ,0 'O c o fe CO CO R R ^ &4 Er fe fe^ •p9panoj uoqiM. ^ ■3 S " ^' a I £ ^ .,1 ao ^ « S " -3 § ^ M M m g iJ a 03 t^ t- o ,a. . .la ; al" § I 2 a a >. I. a a' '-' CO ■ IS' c ■" o - d =»: = U F ^ fw n ■s m ot at rr , C4 rH CT 1-1 « p a « =i 5 s P^ CM <1 f^ 02 ^ m t^ : <3 : 6 1^ >< 1 •S •£ € ■£ ? S ,2 ^ m 5 ^^ Up" «.* _ M^ O IC ^ ta w ft o 3 3 5 d 3 a l-I h! 5 Hi &§M 1^ ft Hi ai!i^^ r, ^a s g '3 aQ a 3 ^H<)POHlftM>^SHfttoBN fifths iijMrarocs'-'-i S o ra r: © c a> Qj ^ ^o 'r, to « d hr hi) bn bt n a a a -en C/J 'Ji VJ Cj rf „. g a I of or r^ bo bi) - 3 S S ^ J ^ -fJ « 3 o o a 5 « 2 2 eS tn " a a a a a g- g £> H a f- 1*1 w gi -^ -g § B Si m th 'A m m tn m VI in m VI _ _ ^_ - o § <= 3 O^J5«,S SI'S HHHBHHHHHH p, M .a t3 O SOOIO — (MCO-^inSO lO CO r- '^ oi to I— 00 Ci 'O 1064 Public Libraries in the United States. ■' i s = > o o s i O ■ O ; g ° -s § •BiBjaap iii S S -iDm paB eaiMiBg ; " " •Saipinq pns i g s s g S > o in g g 'siBDipouad 'aqooa: : '^ ^ 6 : o o in ^ ; ^ r* B •eaoinos n^ niojf K ^^ ; S o rH n J io «■ 1 oniooai ipu9;£ l^^oX I of rt" cf o o 1 o o o o o i O o o o o o © c-o o o •punj ^non -Bouad JO ^traoray «» en o I in => ^ Q o o ' • o ; o o i c: ^ ■uoi^Binajp ^XJB9i § - i S 5" « a OCT 03 t- • °"" QD~ i--;" M~ s i § s o ^ .5 '-3 •Bnoi (PPPE i[je9^ 93BJ9AV • CO ■V IH ■ 00 t- 00 Ol g •p9panoj agqii. T-1 1- S 1 2 s g| s g fX) 00 :f aDooooooS^"ai aocooo 1 1 .1 >. 1 If ; rC) 1 _s ; S •s -i^ d •; •a ; % ; S ^ > .a tJO 1 Ci ,_: fr = 1 ; J5 ■. .§ 1- II c 1 1 t. 1 ;: 1 ,t a s a 1= .a ^ -a ce ' a 1 3 i ph ti ph ;: CO (, II 'II :c P- 1 C i * ■a 1 1 i 1 ^ J. = S .2 "s* : 1 J ? 1 H ^ c*i'o=i.ci o oit.oi ■ •H-.o}.. .'i^ii'^^;;^:;;;::^ i-i.'.«i . ■ • • ■ • I ■ • • • tC t 1 < 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 s S gss^^giisiisigs":;?!;;;;;;;":^:;: ■^ tH n rH OS|tiH;;in|COM ..I:- .CO'-' < 1 1 1 ^~ 1 Iff ^" 1 I t-" . 1 ■ I I 1 ; , III I * OOOOO . 'OOOOOMOO . 'OO -O 1 lO «0 lO'.O 'O Oi< O oo I'O • >■ It ■ ;<=> 0-. OCOO i't- i .i . • 1 to s;; "^g" :;!§ : ii i i i i" oooo«oo • 1 -oooo-'io i . 'i in < • > lo 1 lo O O,. O -^ QOOO I t iCDOiiOO.^'-'O • t 'fM ■ ■ i 'O • tO ooomr-egrrt • . .oooo ..o . . ir-i ■ • ■ -o • • o oo" iH iri" r-l rH • ■ • w" oT 0»" O" ' i ■ t- ■ ■ .CO . i . . tP" • • r-i iii i;'";;;^;;;; i; m: in oc 75 400 200 164 363 550 1,500 200 200 4,043 100 50 O O 'OOO ■" " I s s s ■^ocoio-osooo oo QOlftlNt-OOOOOO O i^ O O O O Oi- OOOOO oooo c-oco'^oomooo(M (000005000 oo oooooooooooino ioco'^moto'^«30ifso^N,moc30i-io^mo i-lt^lO»rtiHC4COO iH iH .-( tH M ^ ^ rf m W _: "rt -f3 J^- ea *« e3 c3 «j e3 e3 eS ' _! P o "o ^ ^ -s -Q 3 s ri fin P^ F4 ^ -5 ^ ^ ^ ^. M.v-I^ ; fi S Ph fi M Eh Pq El, 02 ^ m OJ o in lo -H t^ o — — l— 5D O 00 00 OO O O O L'^ ot ^ (D ;■«< m t- r- t- 00 oo 00 jO CO QO 00 00 oo ,3 ft J at 5 .2 1-1 >?'0. ^ 5 ---2 'S i-.s" 5-6 !§ .2 "O gal 3 3 > s g □9 rt . □ tA ■ S a M S ■3 >, "^ I 3 ■a != '3 ■^ ^ CQ 3 ■« § =3 ■&■ I Ol S « .2 » -S :§■ a -a ^ .g (i< a< 'fl. -3 fl g-gg^^^^^^^^^^^ w to t- a, o o QO 00 00 00 CD C3 ITD (O r- CD 03 -O Sa 31 03 O CTi 2 g i-(CTeo^w(3t~*oooo-HC2MTjjin to t~* 03 Oi m ira in m 1066 Public Libraries in the United States. / "fe> •ii •eiB^rap •pai pne egiaBiBg I^ . o o 1 ; " . in lii^ •Snipntq poB 'Bi-Boipougd 'S3[00a[ O " i o ; S 1 .a 1 a •990in08 ti^ mo^ s ii o 11 s •parij an9n -^nijod JO )aDoai7 o o O O O O ' °° o - O •noi^B[no.iio iiiB9i lo- of : •eaoi'HppE,^l«9i 93BI9AY o - O 1- w 3 ° S S-: o o 1 s 'edOiiixoA JO jaqmii^ c30(N»ftmoo'«omm»o'ooooo3^omirtGD ■SBIJIO •i ^ -j ^ 1 J ^ =s ■§' 1 :| 1 J 1 .-g S =S 1 J *^' =s ^ ■aocjduosqne jo 99j^ £ 1 : o CO lei fe tc £ •pgpnuoj aaitjii. CO o III t- i i i S 1 1" i *-< iii 1 1 1 < 1 a 1 c <5 1 •3 1 > ,| "a: > 1 1 d ii c < i 1 < c < ) I E 1 c 1 > 1 1 a: c 1 c 1 "ia .£ b c o tx "bo 1 O g ii 1 a ■s "1 .1 o s ^« a , i o g b i 1 -a 1 g 1 a 1 > g > cq > >- ■ JC & 3 p o 1 1 o E 1 c ■E C % <1 s < 1 3 1 c 1 1 .r3 .s 1 a e is 1 Q •e t ii > -11 c < ii 1 O o i ii 5 © 1 > o > .1 > 6 1 s i 1 ugquinj*^ T- i s ^ If 1 »- i 1 1 B 1 S 1 i 1 i 9 o 1 General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 106 7 ITS ■ . . ii= i g = . . «j< .in . . . o ; ; s ; 2 : : ,: =■ 1 = j • 1 ; • § ; 1 ; : iiS g I 1 ; 1,625 200 150 i i lO.lEl 2, 000 20 i i i 3,480 400 100 125 200 ; g = ; O • o loo '< o • 1 i '. '. o * o o o o o o ■ i ; : ; ; : §.§ §„, : : • t • • . rH* r^" ' > • I -. o • g :. 00- J 100, 000 3,000 4,800 1,000 2,600 K3 * I- 1 c = : • ' n • " 1 1,000 125 100 : : S : ; ; ■ i-i ; ; M CD ■« OOOlfSOOtcOO _ - ^ C5 "" "Cs O CU — CT. ootniowoci-ineomj^ 00 t- o ooooooooocs — OOOOCJO^OCfl CO oi o m rt owe* o o o in o » CQ Ci n b"? ■^ V ^^ 'i ■«>1cC!hJScc'^-<]-^P-f[J^w^-fiHa2tn-<] .C6-^ a "o -h' 2 -^ "S S <1 -^l ^ fe ^ frl M S £ m CO « o t- to m ira C» CO 00 CO CO -o m ci T-i I- , im -^ CO CO ift tc ■ 00 CO 00 00 00 QO r- m CO I- t- to 03 CD TO £.0| a ■^ ■I J- S = a -i !3 B >■. O O B 3 a .2 ^^ •E S S 3 f»H tc J s 25 n o K a a* (M h fr ■3 <1 P m _« =3 1 r i Ti 1^ 3 ij i5 1 .9 S p S ^ a >* H H M M .f fc"s >5 .2 S rt rt O ,a .® :S O - fe = II g a :g 1;;^ I S " .s s a -S I » » S -3 "■§ "S =3 »( Hi M PM (>< rt W .2 o r'l s § I J " ,a o o H W ^ -8 M iJ i-i (5 .2 a 1 1 o ■s 1-1 H a2 m Oi O o .^ ^ .X 2 :saa3sga3;s (?j m -r ^ ^* rf O Ifij „^ s 2 is ° I I a S a a a . ^ % 4 a .^- 1 11 'I s S s? « M « r a a t ^. fl o n p o — ' fN :o 1^ m o i.'j L': LO lo ir; id ifi 1^ LO Lo if5 o o ira LO ifi ira -§ g a a a a I I .$ a S S ,3 fl t? ►? Cl O -- 0» CO CO r- 1— I- [~ LT m LI in o 1068 Public Libraries in the United States. a o S ,3 ^ « o S =• g fiS ' O O § ■BjB^aap «» ^ 1 -loni pas saiJBiBg •Snipmq pnB s Ssi : o i i o iS 'epjoipouod 'Biiooa . ^ i ^ J fa 1 *e99ino9 \\^ raoi; n arooouT ipB9i x^ioi c c c o o o c O O O C| c o o •panj }n9a ° CO 3 -Btaaed jo ^anomv «» '"' h fN ._ (~ tyt o ■aonmnDJio i[aTOi ir e- oc « ^ - C ^ ^ in Ifl o ^1 •a g ,i 1| tn 2- 1 £ W ^ ^ < s uot!jdijoeqn8 jo 99J^ A 1 3 j= 1 -§ 1 ^ 3. V &^ W ^ CO ^ ir -1 '« o ^ m _^ 00 IM ^ Oi ■papnnq; n9q^ S X s s s g S3 s 1 S 2 5 s s i : 3 : 3 i -S : '5 : >. > o a o ■1 ^ 2 IS 'ji : 3 5 c y ■- P a "S 1 c * < 'c c > E- s CD t3 £ EC ft 13 < > 1 i 1 s a b c 1 t- 1 3 "3 o ■- <; h : 'a g .2 g ria CO I r ' c 1 a is ft n c c 1 1 tf 3 pi 1 1 > c 1 h3 C .1 4- S S S § S S a S ^ ja ja .s ,£j J 8 g S S 5 eS d e3 ee ffi S a a s a 3 ^ cS cS c3 c3 ce 1-4 cd c^ Q cd c^ f? M M M M « H a a g £- J g g g.. bB b5 !35 bS fcC tt ,- "s "S ffl" ©' « . a .5 .S .S •a X (c 00 « ta rt « S £ s ^ Ja^sgaa jaqtUTi^ in iD t- CO S) o I; t- t- t- r- Qo M -^ »ft » t- m lO in to to mmutmmmmmoirammo C3 n Ci S> O} c^ General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1069 i 1 i ;S 2 ; ; S I S O I • • 00 L'? • O . 5 : : ° .: • • ; giis|iisiss:ii;g;iiii;;i§ O • O > • 1-1 o • • o ■ " ; : i ° : • ; ! ; i : : 5 i : ° • i : ■ o 'Oo • ;0 iooo 'iraoooo '• ^ o m aj fR s fi 00 OO 00 QO CO 00 « 'V Ol CO m CO CO t- so CO 00 00 00 00 00 00 COOt-OtODOOs — C1CO03 cococor-!Dc-«r-cor-co 0O0O0O0O3DQOCCGDQOC»aO A i-,4- O I o k1 1^ >3 '2 ■2-:3 O ^ ■2 a ff tH o 2 00 '^ .2 5 I f^ o ■a a o © S o p i" o o ■5 « -«f g ,_, "ai "ao h^ H M 1-1 Hi P CC Ol [>, cc a fl Sg a « 2 ° .2 S •- fi IP Hi t= •^1 'S a ffl W .^ -43 43 h1 h1 m to i/i s s s .s [p o *3 g. i^i o O a, a o n V f. < < % ■4 _tn t>-, s s 'i. n 1 i S B .a m Hi Hi U Hi CD 03 m s a a i H O << JJ. S fe S Hi la s o ■ a- B -- kH fc i? a ■§ 1^ I «- I a a fl g a a a a a a a « M S ^3 a u u w 3 3 -goo ggiasaaiaasa § § s g g g a a a a a .9 s a o 1 "tB 1^ h ■s H 4 .a O 1^ ^ Xi ^ •St Xi ja •C 'C 'C fl 1^ pR pq &| )3 M tn IS DO n (c - ^ooooo2 2P-Jfc3e3 o M 00 Ol O ^ M CO C3 CJ 9 o o o in m CO CO CO CO ^irtcot-oocio^^ Scococococococo oieo'^ifscot-ooosoi-ieieo'^i-Oco.t'Oooi COCOCOCOtOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOtOCDCOCOCS 1070 Public Libraries in the United States: a o o I ^ •BXB^jnap -Ton; puB BOUBlBg Iff o ^8 ■ s ; O ■ 1ft irt is •Saiputq puB 'B[B0tpo[j[a(I 'BJioog: 1- :§ o irt rt ' W 01 (N .9 1 ■Baojnos IJB moij aoiooaj j£iJE3i£ ibjox g " O O ITS of s i •ptraj Juan -Bmaad jo :»nnoniY s.° o o ? o o =■ s o O •aOBBIUDJlO ^IJBOi ef S; •Baoi^ippu SiieaS. aSraoAY o tn oo i CO S S := 1 1 s s •sanmiOA jo joqranii oojfflooomsoi-i^oiftoooootooooooo •BBBIO ::::::::J:;:p^«::M:::: TioijduoBqns lo eaja: 02 CO ; 03 II: •popnnoj aoq^ COaOQDaDQDOOOOQDaDOOOOOOOOOOOOtpaOOOaDOOOOa Name of library. < > if i- c s J > 1 1 1 1 1 a 1 c g ■•=3 a h c 'i ^t '5 c 1 1 5 i i <1 1 EC 1 1 is i is > 1 1 C c 9 a o e 1 1 1 i t 3 1 w 1 a 1 f 1 1 a- c c ■a -^ J -J 1 1 1 •; o 1 0! 1 1 i 8 u 1 1 00 5 3 i 1 o a. 3 1 Eochester, Minn Eochester, Minn St. Cloud, Minn St. Cloud, Minn St. Joseph, Minn St. Joseph, Minn St. Joseph, Minn St. Paul, Minn St Paul, Minn St. Paul, Minn St. Paul, Minn St. Paul, Minn StPaul, Minn St. Peter, Minn St. Peter, Minn Stillwater, Minn Stillwater, Minn "Winona, Minn "Winona, Minn Bay St. Louis, Miss Clinton, 'Miss . .' Clinton. Mias ■joqam_[j I 1 I i-H g oc 1 i 1 « % w « 1- oc o I 1 Gen&K&l Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1071 ■ i o . c) o O i • o • o o • ; I I S s : i i ; 1 1 § , /; g : - . O ; ' '. O i O ' o , I s s ' ; o =» ; , ■ o o o • p o o o O • ■ o 1 1 O • : g ; ■ ■ ^: • \ \ . ; 1 ® I 1 i s ; § i i.: ; '^ o in .o o o o (S ko tn ^ m in CQ o fr- O O M ^ te" o ■* O O OD O ifS — O) O (O 91 O '4< , o o o o o n g g s cc m ct CO '^ O o ^ «* -H* .-3 IC -d rrH r^ ^ i/)a2^ ® .1 &. 6 e -^ p 5 "S = © lJ 'h^ 5 "^ H o •« T3 "S O 02 tH O |> ;3 1;^ t= eg £ 5 § . ■^ » ^ '-' «3 g ill M Ah 1-1 a. fe a S p tl ? M — "I S^ P ■« & .E: ■ b -t o g o 5 S 1 " S a 1= 5 =g 5 a t= &i ■*= 5= ^ .a M 5P a Sq ^ H s a S <1 B k1 a 'C a ja u o 9. a 15 S t> t> f; i-= S ^21 fsi .g ^ 3 J I a a a c S a' a" a" S3. §a 3 O ^3 O '1 o & B B 13 -S ^ (4 tj 3 Ci3 CD b S IS a> c £ p4 ^ P4 H o o u -* >n (o f 00 in m in m >n o w w rt ■* ^ ^ XI <0 JO r- 00 01 o OT « '^ in £ f- S g £ £ S S S £ S CO e?) o -! M r- t- 00 CO 00 O (O to (O CO 1072 Public Libraries in the United States. -pni pas seu'BtBg •Saipuiq pne 'B|«3ipou9d 'B3[oog; '890JQ06 It's OIOJJ 9iao3ix[ S.ij.'bqS. x'Biox •patij 109 ti -«nu9d JO i^TinotciY •UOTl'B[tiaJIO ^[^Bdi •eaOI^^ippB £{XB9S. 9SBJ9AY o o o o o o o o ■eeuintOA jo jef^ranji o o o o o o ira 010 0(000 o o o o o c< ?t o tn (A o o in CM O t- O M O ^ O « T-l ^ § •esEi^ ■3 g § S ■S I J •S o<393b«S3 o ; t^ S S n 3 fe 5 to >> l>> ^. n n o o rA ; !>) " S E S >■■ I ■5 ■§ g i -S g g g -^ S.-S^ S SfiSlfll h .2 r: 3 S = - - ^ ^ ^ ^ O ^ m m xfi S a !-^-!-^-^-t^.!t!!iisa^^ii cocooooooo p. a . o e w •J rr ■2 oooooooooooo H^^J^q^Jl-)^:l^:^^:l^:l^:^l-lH^ CT m -ts" o to r- x» ci o — c; ^ ^-t-f-^-^— r-r— f* ■^ n to r- CO oi o (J< C< C* OI Ol C^ CO t- 00 CJ . _ __ . _ M « C-3 t- V- V- i^ V t~ G8 E 1074^ I'ublic Libraries in the United States. a : : , * ■ o ° , : . i : - o ■Saipiiiri pan 'Bt^OipOTJOd '851003 i i - ! ® I e S a '83011X08 iiu nio-ij ; ; : 5 g . . . .- L-^ S : : § 1.: J. •pnnj ^aou -Bui.i3(l JO qanoiuy ■noi;utnojia .fi-itjajt ; o I ■ e o o a O ■ ■ § ; ; g ; ; , : CO ■ ' C3 , ■ . ■ ■eaoi ipptj A'[[BOA eSuiSAY ■ r: ■ o = ■ . . r- ■ o • '^ ; ; i : ^- o I •souiniOA JO jaqnui s; o n o o O r- O C — - r-. O O O O -H T» CI Ci I- OC o o o o X. ^" o 1^ it: o n ■esBio ^ ■3 V 1 1 :;» v: < m r3 •uoiiduosqas jo 93jj[ xn xn T! ^ ■papnnoj naqAV s s s in SI lO CI in r- m r- 00 oc oj .t:' go 05 '30 00 10 CO — CD in ^ t: ■? 55 g S5 iX oJ oo Sis 5 ■= tS J Q t- fl> 5 fcl 1 f^ i-J < '= 3 ^ H t3 '^ ^ 2 .» 3 D 2 .2 ''I 'n c c ^ «; r O o o :: Hi i-l iJ tl ■% J ^ ^ ^ 4^ fj w X in m C/J x ^ <; s £>3 •a ■= 8 .2 >H iJ P4 CCCCCOOOCO a" y. k" £ id rt: 03 oo" t' oj' s la o s ^ J h: ^^ c c c c c c 1-3 1^ b- W BB tS - -„ ; *-■ iJ ^ *i -■ ^ ^ ^; *J *J *-■ ^- -^ £; © ci* r^ t> t> ■ *" :/: X '/: y: x x k t: v: v: -yj '/; y: '/: ta a: H (> P ti fci ■£ ^ c t- t- 2 S ?= — — o o ■- .. „ - 1 -I a s I i-3 II g «l -I?* r*-. B- l> ^ JH p^ ■jaqumx -r•r-T■-r■-T— -T-r'r-rminin'':mif^i';L':mi~t=^ r- r- r- r- i- t^ ' - 1- I- J- r- i-- I- t- r- I- (- r- I- c- i~ f~ s General Statistics of all Public Libraries. lOTo ' o c • o : s o o • !S IS i O : ° O C^ . 1-1 ; o ; i § g ':; < o : S O of : P 1 li^ s g 11 CO O o I o O O ■ i- o o o o o i!S o ; O § § ; => S ; o o : S g '' rH" CO (7 i I ■ o c ■ «3 o X O TI " --- ° c Zr Om-fl'OOfflO'-l ii-a ro 00 o O © ^ ;^ c= o ^ o OOOOOOO'O - o o o c* 1': ;i o -^ ^ o i- ; O 'v »ni Cl ro 7> O O O XI — ) o O O CI O O lO iQ O fZJ <1 CO U ■rt) O . rt o ° '3 ■J -« -S ^ ,*= c3 ^ ^ fA % A "m ^ ^ I S •£ 3 .£ ^ I iJ 121 111 fLi t3 ^ « •s « a . !S <| k^l ^ 1 8 « S §■5 ^ £ 5 ft rB ja " w © ^ t;^ ^ S o R W o -3 h § i ■2 6 £> " to in ^ H /j 03 fH ^ b l^S a J C CO - - a <^ f J 2 ■§ d ;« M OQ PU M 3 si F O — tD (U 5 W !0 £ .g !>, S £ a M g g ° <1 <1 , I? I«i |Z1 l^i IP a a a Ph 1^ h; 1^ r- a •§ ■g ?. ^ ^ ^ ^ |2i f5 125 w w a jz;^'' ;g|zi;25!?;'go O Ph O 'd - ;a X ffl P H g a y 1-1 i-l f2; o O o o o in C3 o ^ c» t- t- o g -g .g fl R ]g *2 .^ - ^ - m rd 'tE 'bo M ^ ^ 2 [^ ^ [Zi S £ OOOUUUOO i_ r- t- r- .1- (- r-* CO 00 00-00 00 oo t- t— 1— I* *^ 00 OS O -H CM QO 00 O Ti Ci r- t- t- i- 1- i^^'r'^^-ti^s^^wwwawwti!^ I ^- ^- *r 1^ |2i ;^ l^i !^ !^ !^" ^" „SSoooooooo gSSgggasHSS O O 1076 Ptiblic Libraries in the United States. o I 5 g : : 9 <= c ■ O 1-1 : S =' : j o : ^ o 1 ^-5 •Saipniq pne c; c - ' <= O : z : '- ; 1 ; r- ■ c ■saojnos ^e rao.g ; 'c T' : ° : S 1 •pniij ?aaii -Buiaad JO ^uuoray : * = o C c o = S ■ c: O c g ; ^ •aon^inojp -fi-i^ax I- o ■ o o ; O -_'^ 'saot Jipp-B i£[.IB5l 93BI3AY c ■ o : S jTj •= ° • o o o '3, 1 •somniOA JO jaqtun^ O O i"! M O O ca -^ n OD 1" o m r^ o oj i~ 1- o o M (O ■es8io - - S 9 S S 5' X ry: X '/: < •uoiidi-iDsqiis JO 90Jj[ •papanoj ugqAi ^ ■~ 5 - ^ =y 5 -^ c- a •/ X < -iC < 1 c .s c m ■ o 1 w , "ao fl- ed ^^ 5 «J ^^. <; Cj (5 h, <1 fc( di i g = .^ <) S 3 3 h^l t> ao 3 « .a o 'K 3 t .S S I fc a 5 fe -s J ?? O 3 H R 1^ ; ^ J,- ^ >^ I ?-: ^ ^; ^; « - W H W ^ ^■ I 5 ^-S ill g s 2 ^ I I i 1^ f=i f=i fq P^ Ph P«r H W W ^ !^ ^. ^. ** ■ p" Q d d jm' ;= p ^ Ph * i e g § i Pe< cb ciJ c!; R •jaqtau^ ClCtOClOOOOOQOO l-l^t^f-QoaooLCOauSaoau o -- c» W "^ "^ ^ 2 General Statistics of all Piiblic Libraries. 1077 ! o in o ,; ° : ; i ; : 3 o : 3 O o I 1 I 1 o . . . . h- 1 . . . ■ ,T i-i ■ rH ',■■■■ .~D ; 5 ° ; ; ; : ; ; r : 2 1 1 M i ° i " 1 M ;M M M- O > O ■ O lO ■* • o ' o ■ 1- t— ■ ■ ■ • • ■ 1 1 l-^ . . ■O- -H c*.. ; o o o o o O o I o ■ o" ' oooo loooooo- g : ■o ■ ■ ■ '• 'no 'O -ooo :;:::§ '" o 1 (~^ C- ^ • (O I • ^ 3 : ■ o o i---.if.- • .-1 . 1- X o o ■=> i-- ■ ; o o .-^ _ oi _^ _ o C3 '75 n i- o =>o— lOOOOO ^ 3 o o O O =5 o o oooo 'o Tf o, o o r: yn, o o eo (- ■}. £ 3 ■y; v: C4 y2 -" J^ ^-^ Ji => o ^ 5 _^ => i^ g -2 g g -^ Ch i ■> E es 1 « &: ^■ : " A ' 3 -t > ^ 3 !:: , 1 : = c < 1 a > ^ 3 ■? 1 o j. ; -r ^ c c ; > ■- £ . c ' > ;3 ^ a c y ^ ~ >-. > 1 p \ > 5^ =i- _ IT p ■^ 1 1 <;■ u < c 3 "* g ^ I ^ ^ ■3 — .2 = .? M ^ >^ Q ft > El ? •- 3 3 cc Ph -. r 3 ^ a c3 ^ En <1 P5 b N cB >-l I-I f^ O fc^ o |2i O Ph B S tx W a fe ^' fe ^" % i^ !2i 43 a 1^ ?^ ^ tT ^T w a n a c g ^ := H o W til W W M "3 ® > I •S o •§ -^ 5 I iz la > t> H a B a a a 12; f?5 i^; J. " ■: ; ri- a- c s^. !^. !^. a a a = _ _ ^ a — ft gaaaiHiJs g,^ a w a a a !^ 1^ !^ i^ 12! i s 2 5 " ^ o s 3 t^ -? t^ P ;3 rH (Tl ©I G* M Hi if:tot-cocio^c«M^ lO ^ C~ 00 o o SeQna"=5SSffl ift (o ^- 00 51 60 TO OC QtJ 00 joaoaoaoaooocBOOCOQCiToaoco^o o -- w m iQ m 3U Oj CO 1078 Fuhlic Libraries in the United States. o o 2P -loni paB eauBius 1] ■ c o IS CO c s o o I'" >1 ■Saipniq pOB 'fi[B0TpOTJ9d 'BJiooa ■ O O 1 ■ o • " o i s o o i 6 o o 1 ■B90jno9 xxB caojj ; : ii° o o s i g J'' \n 1 -pnnj ^noa ' -Binjod JO ^unoiiiy 1 i o o o o s ° c g o O ' •aoiiuiuojio .t[JBOi o ■ ^ ri- co" g g ■\ \ ' S 1^ ■ c ■ c o a S . c- IT! o o ■eaoiniOA jo jaqnnijsj; -"C30OC30OC3'TJ C3 :0 O C3 O O o o to o o o o o o ^ o o o •BSBIO o o - .2 - « -f. -^ ^r. f^ rn m <] :/!! Oj - 5 o 5 ^ c- ■J- e 1 < ■ ? > ^.2 ; |3 -Jzi !<5 a c = "5 o o o o a a W !^ ■■!^ = . ,-, ^ J !^' a .e ij -p J j^ . 1-3 '-a ; '^ ^ #-^^ ^.'i^ !^ !^ =- a" 3 3 t^ 5 3" 5 2' g =5 .S -.S •-, Q --, ° ; i i i.;.|§ •;§ :::i|i'^ I o o I o r: O 'O .0,^|0 -O ■ • ■ '~ .OOO 'SO o iooooooio o ';h; : , o • o ■ ■ ■ . , o ■ o . . . . o ■ o ■ • ■ : : ; =*' ; : : O ' o . ■ o o o ■ • ° ° ; ■ ill:: gf ,- V- ; . S i;;^! : : 1 ; 3 : ^ : ^ 1.-. -OOO iOOOi- -ooooo - I 5 2 :3 : S r. § °' : g S S ; ; ; '3,(.;ri.j, ...h^iiio ■ o I.-: o o o o oooooooooooooooo C o o «J -o n o o = i3XOo — c:;cpir5e3 r; uo c^ n o o o o o o ir^ o o 000 1-TfftO;000 «JOO)-IOC3C1C30 t-OlQCOCOOi-C*(N <1 ::^ V O 4j '^ '^ 'J^ < < < >< -^ ^ < < ^ >< yj "^ < TS T3 ■ — < ■ — . 5 D O O O < oi a2 m 72 ^ <1 ^ Q • ■ 2 3 'o 'o 'c 3 ; „ S: ; : rO : -=> ! ; xi ^ . 3 3 • m r: w ■7( ci «o r- r- « "!f OO oj :aj GO oj Tl LT -!• f- rj< i- X TO X) xn m m rn r/i CO t- O eo i- f^ O ■■^ r- ea w ■* o t- o r- xiaaaooQooX'XpooGOCDQOoo .'it,: L !» = - a » .Si S ■'I a " a « -3 ~ cc — ? "3 r- K -3 l-I .-( ai CO fli g 05 sal'" ^ M I' s « -5 a a fi^ 5 b t- .° - = *^ f- tH 3 tfi ^^- •^ CO r", 31 •::! g = & O O. r !» ." ■B "S M S a p -^ ^ a :§ •a- >i J I w ,1-1 £ f^ p .- P >^ ^ 5 3 2 H ^ %= .3 != .3 a P ^ .S .2 -^ .rt s ^ B H s a ? M = a 2 P 5 .g a -3 2 .3 •: ^ ^ 13 C " o ® a S 2 S o S! 3 £ Q Cu O Q Ch CO M ix 3 f *" S .w ^ P t- 3p SS t>^ n -w bc i3 c^ 03 1080 Public Libraries in the United States. I 3 N -put pUG e9UB[BS 5 : 2 ■Suipniq pnG •saojtios \iv raoij icaooai i!iJ«3^ I^iox •punj inaa •Guijad JO ^upoaiY •noi^B[nDjro ^[1^3^ 'saoijtppG >f [JBoi oSejaA Y ■earanioA jo aaqcua^ n o o i^ O s fQ o o r; Ti o LI ?». o o CO o — • « o n x» » 3 o '8913[0 ! r- :::) -A -^ > >( -^ -:1 iH ;g =3 n' .1 (- L I- a> x> i- GO jo -jo aa r-i <] rt '/I - ' -■; -J r^ rr w a ;^ U O Jl >l >-. O t^ S SJ ^ <1 _ _ = i hi i-^ 3 _ O O 3 J f5 >5 S 5 a ;^ «i =" iP 3 73 i. 'i 3 S -! 6C a 3 3 tc H -< i g g, i. 5 >-i a H i>i 3 ■-5 1-3 l-J ►^ 1-5 l-J 1-5 l-= ^^ ►= S5 Izi iz; ;zi .:£ .a ^ ^ ^ ^ - -' - ^ i a a 3 ,iS-ii,i<,M^^-- - a >5 >^ 1-3' |25 Ji; 1^ •iaqtcn^ 3 3 c ^ ?5 s i -^ n cq K PP « « ?-. a tr i » ? s 3 !1> <0 ^ ^ a 5 U ij y /; ^ ^ 'A ^ ^ ;< ^ /^ Izi 123 S5 !zi "A 1^ "A 6 O ^ c!^ Cl o _ Cf ^ n -i f^ ^ ^ 2? ^ — -; — "-; ■-- O CI cv r; Cl C) General Statistics of all FuUic Libraries. 1081 ;•;;:;- ■ o Ss ; ; 1 => • 51 i : 1 ° \ ;-;g : ; :S5 ;s : : o — ' i ! ro o o o 40, 000 10,000 10, 000 oo jooo ■ !ooo i o ■ o ■ . ' ' ' o o ■ ■ ■ '■ L-: 15, 000 1,000 7,800 ;::::: . i ;i M :^ o ■ ■ ■ 1 o O O ■ O 1 o ; 1 : ' ; ° : : ; o • ~ ^ _ —, ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ _, _, ^ r-i (-1 o ^ c-> ^ ir; ^ „ ^ o o o LO o o n^ ^ji 'S* 71 -^ -( 00 -T ^ If, -f O M " — (O Cl CI (M &*■ ffl M ■^ Tf ■"■ < ci ,; J < < "5 ■n H ■y^ a ■/- -A '-J CO 1 O '•J J3 1 r/2 -1 < 1 eg 1 -^ ^ o H % -1 3 ^ ::■ ^ = J rS -I -1 -1 ■n ' -/} '« 7J 73 yj ■yj Jl 'Jl yj S ^ _^ _ 1- „ —, .^ .^ ir. .„ O -^ -1 _ f-j ■^ C3 o -n nn - — — — - — — ' "^ "■ "■ ^ ^ hJ b % =2 S ^ n rt ^ o ►t) p* >. ■^ ■:3 o -H % 1= rt -J 'a a o 9h o O a o 1 1 5 1 rjl H o < ° 1- .=1 t; M 2 d , O d « ^ o o & W Bag. ••5 g i^ 3 -'►^12;^ k1 ,S b s = S • o " 3 ■r; H O o J O - -/2a}'iJS(i-5 1-5 >-5 i-i !z; ;^ ^ ■ f5 -<_ bC SC M cc c5 ;: J ;3 ■S .3 -3 .3 3 .3 ., J ,2 S 3 i J^ !^' ; 1 1 e g !^. -g ^ o o o g g 22 a| a I If 33 11 n n n T^ i^' c^ cz Tn n n ^5 a a a a 3 o o o ^ ^ ^ jj fl a a c , , ■ V U V ^ !z} ^ 1^.:^ ;^ ^ q: f !^ ;z^ ;^ - fe ea _ _ » 'O O t>5 M> "O -o PI ^ e3 ^ pa Ea « « CO i-H fa " (« ea ea H H t> fH W- CC OT o r- 00 O O — ' CN M ifj lo in (s ^^ eo «o d^SS^mSSSgggcj22222SS222 1082 Public Libraries in the United States. 13 a ft , K T. 1' : ^ : : « = . .. . o O '.■■■■ o o ■• . : -: : : :- : : : : g g ; ; : ; ; ; ; ; ; ■ j ; cf r^ • j j •Snrpniq pai3 ■ ; ^ ! ! § 'BlBoipoiiad 'anoog '• I : 375 1 500 120 i a ■830jnos tfE rao.rj 500 1,000 375 3,000 <), 000 •pan; ^(noa ; ■ ;;;!'=' ; : : ' "^ ; * -cra.iad JO junocuy '. ■ '.'.'.'. ^ '. '.'.', ^ : 1 ; 1 . x-i ■ : ^ ! ; ; . . ■ ; ; ; ; , ■ o o • • '■ ::;■::;::::::§?;:: 'saol lippe X[3V9.<. aSuaaAv . 1.- ■ " 9 . : ; ' ; i ■ cf ■ . ! : o I O O 11 iW » o o o o o O O »S o o o o _ cioi____^__. ________ cf at in fff «" CO w o" c« ^ c^ i-f n «" cf :::::: -j ::;:::::;::: 'I : .3 J ^ inocsmsrooito ■-■---— W -r o i» CU X 00 00 -H r- Tj lo LO lo ^ Zj oo OU OD 00 TO — n t- L-i n % o S S "s> "s i i a M = ® - e o - ■= ■« ,^ 3 CS i ^ 5 >■ >i Si >> >t fei «!f <1 g s s g 2 .^ ,0 ,P ^ t; <) -dj <] - < O U 5 ■ W K (D ^ , c s c 5 © a « o s s a <; tc fcD be fl oac5a5-j2-/;a3tc>T >1 t-1 ^ -3 ja ^ .r> .3 -O ^ J J J ,a ,1: ^ ^ ^ ^ j-i _' <3 < o ■■ ■ \r, ' ■ ■ . 1^ • ■ • • -J. 4, coo : ; g ; ; ^ - ; . o ■ ■ — . is"; ' »«" ; . o • • 1 o o o . . ^ ; • < -Si ^ Ql . '. . o ■ 1 1 LO I "■J*" io~ i-T (m" cf <=r cf w Tf O O O O O -r T -^ 1.T O lO ^ ~5 t^ CO O C^ O O O CJ <1 « rf g « • <1 >-l m <5 ■*H 03 1-5 <1 ."< 1-3 -i1 cc O >.T ?5 M O O W — — M Ol to i- 00 Q-j OD QC 00 TU J& CO Ou CO O) i. (Xj r/j — o -i- o* no « rj w. O O t- (O ID '^ t- GO CO 03 CO oo, Oj - T- -^ O CI S o s 2 .2 a •£ J £ i I i .2 w .2 =2 S ,S •< T' i S k; 5 :-i « rt a S ft C3 ^ •^ *- •'^ 71 i3 f-r c 'j^ « a3 < ic M <1 -^ ^ a 5 e .5 2 -1 S fcc ,=5 11 a 2 o i 3 O £■ S <1 » P» q h < .S S ■= £ -S 3 - '^ ^ 3 t3 O M P3 U H fe u S > S, g' i; nf4Pap5« fH !zi 5^ hJ s" c" !^ 3 S -s a £ g rt rf S M fct (S S S ffl r- cc Cj o go 00 X 'X oj cs OiOsOiC: CiCiCJCiroSS o o o o LI (o t- no cs o — o o o o OOOOOOO'OCO 3:1 5ri S» rt» r\t fvt n ■ • ZJ> <# L-. 71 — ; ?:i ; ■ -77 ! ... .To I o o 1 3 •eaojnos \[B tuo.ij oinoDat -^[loaA' iu;ox S =• : ° : ; ° i 1 '■■ ; 1 i 2 ?/ •pniij :iaoa -Btaiad JO :jaaouiY 0000 ; = = = 30|';0 ;'0 O^O •noij,B[noap A'[JB3i S : § ; t- ■ . i g § ^ S : ; : .? i •saot^ippu A[.iB3\ aSujaAY ^ " - : : : -'.-, s g = 'somnjoA JO joqianvj 0C300r-C ">0-0 .-S 5; S i2 S -S i -g -g ^ yj 1- — y ■". O .Xl -T -, 1- 3 -T- -_. -f f;i S^ ■BSBIO -7 I^^lllgl t r^ ^ S ^ -^ .1 i ^3 - -= 'J3 • ^ 't •noijduosqns jo 09J.^ r 9 -.-■.' • il i| : •papunoj uaqAi n 13 Tf J; c: f/j 2 '^ i — '■^" ^ 10 1-. c 2 % 1 •lis iiiiil; 3 C c •5 : " C 1 ^ X ^ '" 2 ? 2 ^ 2 j: f5 = 2 - 1 13 =^ h- s =: = S .:;! S 3 S s S a ^ 11.1 'll . s = i : 1 .§ i 3 s ■^ '1 § s 3 a ;! HOC t 11 ) i 3 C' ^ •L : ;^ '^ : rt .H : 3 = £•" .1 £ S K 5 ^ ^ 5 ^ £ .S .1 3 3 l^; ;?; >Ht><>H>H>H^tHH>-* ^^?5!ziJz;;z;?qJz;>^ S5 ?5 r^ r^ fM r^ O ^^ ^ J ^ ^ ^ « i6 a p 5 p 3 000 p p a «" n •joquinx — > ■>/ ;-3 T IT «3 CI 61 CI T( C* C* o o o o o ~ o C* CI CJ CI CI ' C* CI in to i~ QD C: o — ' f^ M rt c^ n •'' ^' o o o o o -o - o: CI d CI w ei CJ c* General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1085 § 2 : S::g:;:::;;;;;:;SS:; -^ :; o .■■;........ ^ C( . . : : S : : : : : ; 1-; CI ■ * o. 1 ■ ■ r: 1 j o o o ■ .-o'-o.--;...;;;:;.;_.oo; ■ — . ■ O . . L- MO : ^ ;;<»,.. ;,;::'''■;.: ^ °" : : ;=■ = != ; ° 3 ° OO ■ |00000 . -OO ■ lo -OO -OO -o : : ' ; • ; : i ; ^ ; ; ; 5 ; § ; § : g ; ;;:;!5=:;Bi:;;;;:;;:;:-g°; ■ rr ■ ■ o - ■ 'r L-: 1 :2?|S i^g-f 2 ° ; a;,;g:;:i5:;;s;3;;3§:; CI ^. ■ « . . . rH . . . . ., 00 OT ; ; o o o o o 'c:; i-ij t- o o o L-; t- — ^ ITS c^ o t- no o o oo^ c5ooo'7Jc;o-TOc3(Noooi':or-oiQ O TO O O o Li in tj; i;s '^ O Li -' lO ira o -- o — ■ M c» rt i- (- CO (o lo ■rp 11 CO to t: Li CO 00 00 'CO <7) CD 3LJ CO 00 GO 'JJ in LI (?i o e? n ii -r CO 00 'Xi CO 2 < H M W ■S O O 2 5 5 S .£? ^ 5 & -3 3 12 >■ S ^ ^ " = 3 = 3 " .2 ■£ ^ < yA % S. a ■S g "3 g c rt ri o C ^ hj ^ r3 ^ S R o ^ tn S .2 a >, i f^ H =- ^ l^i !^ ■3 5' 5" 5' I != !§ '!§ S = 3 o B P M B 53 fc (5 (S la la i§ S fi fd .1^ ^ ^? la la 1^5 14 4 4 ^- ^4 4 ^4 ^ '^ ^ *^ ^ ^ n M p: o o o o ii t -3 "S "^ 'eS S 5 ia ti !g te sa is s (§ M (3 M B B M M-i*li^C0t-00C3O Ci « ^ i.^ o o 0,0 LO 10 O 10 00000000 c» o o ai' a Qi ct Gt c( (M . . -5 S R t= g o tc t= ci«'^»ra«>'^cocr>o Xi *,i I— 1-^ rr-i f-i r-i (r5 r- CT C^ LI ocotot3or-i~f-"r~i>i^^" — — -o^OOOOOOCO Z^ ^7^ X. ^ Ai 1^1 ^N1 j^l ^t r^J S°°°si§§=5«SScC«IMlMS.M0 -J s < < <] <5 'E -^ -^ o -u O H -=1 J ^ . i : >> : i 1 1° 1 il5. ; 5 ;3- "3" I 1 i M 1 a re la c s < -11 Si .5 c 1 El 1 i g p 1 > i 1 3 .2 1 1 r3 > 1 = ■5 d • 'A % o e B 'Ji p ■> _ C o a s s 1 xn '5 J ■3 o •g .1 il -rl *i K. =* ^ =^ ^ O aj P t> u O o ^ a - o o ■Ji O Pk > O O tc o o B-I>| o >t |H >< H : I . 1 5 ;^ !2! iz! >; ^^ >^ t" > H > ^>^ >J ;>; fH ►« 11 « .M .« a ig ■^. l^i S 3 d -e '^ o ^ ■3 '2 '2 -2 s?" S a ^ ^5 !2i 12! llliil •3 -2 § 3 5 c- ft & 2 S- 3 & a a a c a a a o o Q O O ^ U O ^ o d u o c;* o o o o o o o o •j9qTOn_ij f: ?2 S S3 g S o -• (N rt- "V in g S g ^ (r: s ^ s s ^ ^ § § ^ ^ •^ ^ fei a y S a s General Statistics of. all Public Libraries. 10,S7 : : :\ : : ; . c c . o . 1 ■^ ■ o : ° ::::;: ■ O'OOIO* ...O'O' ■ o < in «3 t- • < ,■, o > m • . . . tN _. p3 . , . . M , r-i ; 'II - ! ! 1 1 '^~ I \ '■ \ \ \ ::;;:: o 1 ■ O 1 ; i 1 1 O 1 o : ,lio|0'0'';; 3,000 1.500 - 2, 600 3, 000 1 o ■ : ° : ::;;;: 1 '^ :;: : '. ; 1- ° I S S £ I 1 I : o : o i ^; ■ ■ ' w , rt , , ■ ■ ; '■^ : ■ ; : ! ". - C-. o o o o c - CO CJ CO o o c 3 00 in oj ici i^ 1-- 00 o -T o) (M, -v tw •'J' o m OT -^ ■— o i-'i -- r— T3 r^ ■<^-**Si<'^x&< <1 |i=l fH h h h 00 GO CO iX O) in eo m C5 CI ,o to o to t- QO 00 00 CO 00 ago I S o ■S -S = ft t- W ,-1 QJ ^ a >: ^ S p 5 o r3 == i a .§ ^^ ai — ^ aj S '> !3 %:t - „ ™ <1 ,§ .9 ■8 2 tc i-i a s a g a 8 j=- b, >5 B &<1 S ^ a ■a 1^ 5 a [B 2 .S a ^ 3 -s Sis p. a I 2 a j3 P o ■a -S "I § 1 £■ oj « <1 ,a I a 3 .2 ■■3 5?; g . ■" -la b ^ a *; H ,3 1-1 "a 3 M 'kI D bo a a a S § a ^ .a '3 ^ IB < & a R -J o a « ^ rt '-' ™ - 3 N 3 3 d R H H ^ ^ 5 3 3 W m 3 O Mt^fuHH uXooHo tx >< >H (X 1^ 1^5 !25>' :?• i ;^ ^ !^ ^ -^" !^ 1,^ I- I I g 1^ tx H a' a' (M t« >: f^ l=H ^ l^i ;. 1^ a a a a a -2 B S ' £ a a" a S223-3aS_2s = , 353o33o333oobb © bo bo fcj: bo c ■9 ig- -a ra ■a -s bo bo bfi '^ .S .9 S ^ a a a a ^ S h h B » g 9 2 t- M -5 a a O O o O O O C300 0-00 00 C— ' -J — -J--- — - — -.-I 01 Cl iooji i o ' . ■^ ■— . ■ 1 O I • ? _ . >^ 6 i a a d •saDJtios Its rao.ij ^: :::!::::=':: ::^:: ■pnnj %n9TL -BaiJ9d JO jauoniY' s ° ; O j • ;•; ■ lo ■ 'O • • ioo -o 1 : i ;;:::; ; ; ; ; i i i i 1 01 • < • • • • 1 . . . , CO . . i •saoi lippB A'[JBai; 93GI0AY ^' 1 : : : : ° ' : : : " : ; : : i : S ■e3mn[o.s. jo jaqran^ ' "IT m i."? m i- c^ L- to t~ n 1.- xi esiii:) ; 'n m If- m < , •aoijdijoscina jo sajj; ■papanoj naq^i. S ^ i QO CD X' X :it-^ t -. ^ h ;-! P^ !iq ?^ ^ 6q o -a ^ ,iij ^ ^ a g - - - - S <1 S « 2 !» H t>i !^ fx 'r-i !>< ^ ^^ ]^ ^ iz, )i ^ ee es n" cf rt c3 e © © s 13 ri General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1089 o p o o g n i i *^ i O o o o o ^ o o : i 5 I 5 s r o o o s s ooooooinoinooo-ooscMoooooo o tn ^ o o of w" ih" "*■ t-^oou?<=>onooooom-c4 traeoocoowoT-imooiomt- o-Hooooooeoi- ^ ee ca r^ f^ r^ f^ ^3 UJ 'o ri C8 ti ti *l^ di ^ OD -H (O O (D ■* ITS eO .« ^ to Ift 00 OO 00 X 00 CO m in m CO 00 00 t- 00 Cl (O 1^ ■ (g a 'g .§ .a g = -Si® It S ^ 5 ■3 £ i I ' s ° o ^ hi a ■e s fe 1*1 I** ,^ ^ i^i *1 _- -a >4 N (H ^' !^ |25 tH bo t« bo ^ ^ ^ S ^ rfl -a ^ g g g S Eq 3-1 H W 5 a • » S 6 .S - kI .S a » 5 .>^^ ^:: a ►^ a fe « ot q s ■S a 1 ^ 1 1 a •§ ,2 "^ 1 a? P H oa N N O CO o s s S s fe a "2 -3 • go 2 I « I 2 ■g " bO S .3 S g a t> a .p a P d i£ M d3 N cs R »5p I 5 k1 ^ ig -s ■s ■§ M ^ " a e ■§ -2 £ ij ►:( ^ P a p . Oh ,kI ■» a =5 =3 a « ^^ ^ ^ ^ i "^^ ^ _7 rt (o ® k "p R p P g 2 'A !2i i s a !^ t>i l>H ■§125 !^ !^' I «" :§■ p p a g ggggNgSSSSSf^f^'SSsa m n CO to ct ^ C4 oi 69 E C< CO '£> CO (S CO il5 S G °S S ■* in to t* 00 m o M P5 Tf in (D r- 00 cotocceoeototot^ CT 01 « C* 1090 Public Libraries in the United States. a o S s S '6 •si^^adp -pai paB S9ije['es 2 •Saiptnq poB ^BiBOipoiind 'e5[Ooa § e i O O .a g Eh •89t>iao8 xi« caojj onioaai &\XBox o •panj !},n9n; -B[ni9d JO {janoray g = 000 ■ •aoi^Biaoiio ^iJBOi of •Baoicfipp'B jfiJ-eai 9j^'BI9Ay S5 i i i §^ : •aaoinpA jo jaqran^ o~ 1-h" «" t-T CO m" «" of ■v" V ■8BB[0 'QOiqdLiosqas jo 99j^ 5 •§-§ i .10 02 ; •pgpanoj a9qM. OOOOIt-tOOOO'^lrteim (uaDooauoooooDcxiaOGUGoaD iiiiiiii Name of library. <: C 1 1 § t b tr - I I I L C 1 1 c 1 I I I C 1 1 .5 i c 1 C c ■< .1 1 'I i 1 ? t/ = i e tl ■1 > -J a 1 1 1 1 B C c A E ! c 1 (. i a 1- . c I c £ c 1 > I 1 c < ' c - a ■ "c c ) •= ■ "p r ^ il t • > E -•« - s E 1^ 1 .- 1 J c < i a 1 Ah i 1 .b 1 n 'J 1 > ■ J - 12 "J 1 ;2 c < 1 |2 > I 11 '; i^ :' ; ^ 1 tC fa 1 < > !2 -1 \ £ d ^ 1 • ( T : i i 1 1 C > i !2 - 'I i •jgquinii 5 g s c 1 s 5 3 a Q 5 1 1 5 1 c 1 c : C if : ? ! 1 1 ( 1* If n - a Is 1 i 1 1 s .General Statistics of all Public lAbraries. 1091 IN' i : ° n 1 J 900 544 5,000 ; : : 1 ■ ; • 1,000 2,935 ; : ; g ; ; ; ; tH . ■ ^ ; i o ; ooooo ■ '• >oo • • lO^iO . o o ■ o o j ■ ; : g i ; ^ . . . i>' . ■ o '• 400 3,000 25 130 m < ■ lo o s " : CQ ! • OOOO rt< O OOO t- OO-O.dW 00 O CO O. ' o O CO o o ■^ r- o c- "V CO ooooo o o o o o o o CQ in o CO — --■ — o CQ o o in o g.inco, oinT-("*tD ^tor-(oocH O ^l" -H CO 00 00 00 00 >s O 3 J I^ -w O o '^ S -d ^ tiC fl rt ? m CQ _S .S ,a M t3 t4 t^ 5 -^i p a " "" P 5 Hi t3 ^^ 5 9 .2? o a ,J3 ■^' 3 i- o o -3 f^ &H O O H 5 P l:^ ..J Is -3 i "S 3 "^ ' ® "o ■2 ^ ■" ^ 5 ,§ J lj (>, -I o m •a^ il £■« ^ II a- g s S 3 o -9-3 .2 ^ 1 '3 (3 a ■5 i^ ^ ■s S ^ DO r-1 1-^ 0-1 k; ij cS 1= Hi «= s a .2 1-5 .2 fe ■ n £ a S 3 « 8.^3 o o ^f a X fo M M .3 12! «- a g" « a .2 J W q fi (H g i^S H !^ '^-l^ !?M M M a T- M M V V ^ ^ tx 3 a a •2" a a 3 a a ■* m CO SSS§SSS||! I! s g! gs gs 8 §5 ^ assssasa I- 00 o; o TH-otcQ-^tinco-r-oooio^cMeQ-win "^ 1092 Public Libraries in the United States. -ran; pas e9u«i«g •Soipniq pas 'ei«0Tpou9d '83[OOa -s99inoe \xe niojj emooai £[J'B9£ i«?ox s. •panj laea -«niJ9d JO (jnuooiY •aotjB^nojio £.iiv9s^ O a a o I* *Baoi!;ipp'B ^x-^^^^ oS-BjaAY o o 'BanzniOA jo joqnia^ Ol o o o o o (OO^ooT-im-woowo eomo^csoioiknmin n n . s o - a a " ^ "T! — -S -O *« "-S o — ■ g -^^ ^ B a o S-<1 SoP«0 g MO a 1^ « S 3 ES ■< S. a g S3 "at *« i3 ^, ■a ^ & aesc8,asa}aJ^.^.MOOOoooOd^ffifflcB« 'leqainU 00 en o -- « P3 ^ ^ ^ si sl c| kn CO r> 00 n ^ g ^ 13 § (7t n C4 (N 04 « CO ■*« O CD J- G4 C4 C« (?l General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1093 O ; o I *^ o o < in o o of o o 100 2,400 4,738 5,000 200 i O ; O ; o o g ; o- 12,000 15, 118 o • o o o o 1 o ®o ;oOooooooooooo in • CO o o c o O O 1 jli 00 • o o : ^ : § 120, 000 800 tl35, 065 1,200 1,500 g : o S i 13 : ^ 11 2,500 2,750 1,500 50 S o» £ g o o o n o o in o o o o oooino^t^ooo o o o o o o o o o <» 1- o o o m1 >» ■i a B «? - a 13 ■a =3 m H 5 a g o 1 "« 12! ■^ n f^ 1>1 h 3 a S' a a 3 d 3 c3 n A ™ CQ o o o P u S- g w 5T. P O <( rt CO rt rt fl o o n n <| i M >H H !5 ;^ w 1^' ^" ja" jf n' M til" tiB ^ ^ ja ^ w fe ^ fc fc !25 !25 - - s if -a la +3 -S is +3 o o >H >H tX !5 !^ ^ if if ,M o ,o .o o o H N H !^ ^25 ^ '3'2'3^'3'S'S'S fc J! vv(uH H ^ ^ fc e O 49 IZ!. ;2< IZi !Zi |2! o o o 4} * X S oim^in«ot-coo> sssS^SSSSiiiiii^SISil Oi ^ Oi Oi 0> Oi CI M ot o* o* 5» Ol Ot Ol (N G^ 01 t- 00 Ol O i-H s 1094 Public Libraries in the United States, 'Saipaiq ptre • o in ; «» > o s fQ o •S90jno9 lie raojj o o o •poTij !jn9n -unudd JO ijuaouiy o o o o o •aoi!^B|tii>ip ^x^'^^i •snot^TppB X[j:B9i£ oSbjsay o o o o o o o o to in n o O O O CO O O I •89iuTi|0A JO Jdqran^ o o o o in o = 0003" — -inooooo- o -^ o o"^ o o in 0000000 — ' O iO ^ o o o T-* O CO rn' ^ T-T i-T -"jT i^" t-" ^ cf W" fS i-i' i-T irT ::::■:::::::::::: p^ :: ■ •BSBio 'tioi;duo8qiia JO 99j:^ fifi N £ •paponoj a9TTM 0)0^03 aocooooDGDaocoao 1^ I |2i 9 "^ -2 -3 to S £ ■ .a i " J I a s> to- -3 ■C ^ S .9 S S S " 'eS 9 ^ s a t3 if ^ « (^ S 2 ® w S 2 iffl ° -a CO a ] O ^ » Si a n u 1> -S3" EH g,- ^ o S (D td rl .^1. .\L. f^ t-i O O D O f=( -Eh a j^" jf ^" jj iT 4^" rf ^" 4. 4 4 ^44 4 ¥ ¥ ■¥ ¥ ¥ ¥ o o .0 o o 00,00 o 'J9quin^ C«CO'«'lfttOt-000>OrHWCO-*intOt-CX3010--W General Statistics of all Public Libraries^ 1095 ; = g n i ; o ; ■ o t" 63 300 2,900 1, 000 i i n o g 500 (3,5 500 14, 000 i o i 1 (K- o o o o ! o 00 o~ o g |0 ^ooooooooo oooo i 5 oooooooo o < o 2,400 ■ 8, 000 22, 500 O '• g : Oj" ■ i 10, 000 203, 145 o 63 ISO 3,000 ? s 1 S 1 i ■g p s g g s o i .. o o o o o o o^ ^ o in- o o ^ o 00 in o (o OO O O CO 'MOoooooooooMinoo oinoofooooooo QOt}<''^oinoiQin'^om — o o o !ocot-t-t-CNCoin 1 g i 1 -2 1 "5 "? "? '^ 1 1 ««'« fe*i=S", '^>iJ'*!'« J-8T3"3^rH^ S£ 3 frH . M a ri CQ W) ; PH m 02 : 02 in o t- r- in in ; CO . CD 00 t-o-ojcof-~'«'oin'*m CO c- (O Is ^ . "^ h a O « o 1 3 I ■^ 53 3 o g tm fH J an ^JS w ^5 t> > ^ & s 1 O CD s <0 |2i K iH |x H tx N t. t- t, ^^ t; O O O O- o tM tx JM tX-H ^ ^ ^ t t: !?! !2i 12! ^2! (21 15 ^ liq g 5 8- N H N IZi |2i |2i HMtxHHtxMHrHtHtxtHlxHIxtxixHtxtx ^- ii- ^- ^- ,M ^- ,» if M M M ^ ^ M if M M ^- M ^- |x |x H fc fc ^ M H |x H ^ Izi Jzi ;zi ^ ^ ;2(.K!zi >5 !2i t- 00 O O U B Of at -- n n m vj Ot Ot Qi Ol i-H ■«,- CO .-^ CO eo « fO «-> CO CO -CO lU. at Gi in. (o t"" 00 O! CO " CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO CO « 0* W « C4 o^JO*co'^in J a u o 1 1 1 £ E •« 'c > ■2 1 I ■» J 1 a '1 .2 '1 i c •s DO 1 1 1 M 1 1 SO C o 1 g £ ) O 1 .2 > £ {If a 1 1 -,3 < t£ •s c w 1 i a c 1 •E C < Protestant Episcopal Churcli Missiou Society for Seamen. 1 i 1 a O a i c 1 '1 I -| ■) ! .0 9. I 1 1 "1 1 "1 ■1 Iz 1 iz 1 iz ■| !z i? ■| 1 !z 1 !z !z !z 1 > !z 1 > Iz 1 !z 1 1 Iz C 1 !z 1 1 (z c 1 tz !z 1 1 ■jgqran^ IS Si u r- i 1 1 1 C4 1 G 2 IT CC r- 1 » 1 1 i 1 ■«»« ^ General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1097 o o . o O • O i 200 1, 500 750 s s = rn" 1 : ; O O ; o o o o o o o o o '• i ^ 0|0 "^o 000|0000000 o o ; o M- ; i 1,500 3,000 550 oo" li s s s s W ■* rH ,H ^ ■^ s o o IT o o o o i-H o o o O P3 O ^ OOOOOOOt-'^'OO maot-moo'Meot-irairj (Moooor-iftoift 3 ^ ^ M P5 : : ^ ^ IT* r^ ■<1 i t>^ -d EH -^ 02 -^ "^ "^ R m R 0> P3 -M t- . \ii ^a t~ > CO H^ % 1 H fl i ^ a ^ cd o o ^ &: &= H ^ .3 ■ ^ -a ■J I i t ^ ■g g w 5 », JH m 03 t^ « « 2 '-' -r- a a a -a a g o c. o IS a ^ ^ & h N ^1 tx en S CO 3 I <3 o >> -a a "^ •^ 02 O £ cs ^ 5 ^ ■2 -a tX (H © © o o © © © © i2i ^ [x(>(txHt>i!''HhtxNN ^"■^"^"•a ■a -a ■a -s ■a ■3 ■a H h |x 1^ fsi !^ ^ S a -a •a' S H N >< H t^ ^ I £ ^ s © © 'A ^5 l^i H tH .2 ca" tj" £ a . ^ ^ |2i r- r- Qo CO S ^ Si S; 00 00 OT CO t- 00 O) o o o o o CO CO CQ CO CO ^ -. ^ -, 1098 Public Libraries in the United States. O •9 I 8 e I Ha ■A r : » ■Suipaiq paB 'BiBOipouod 'BJiooa- 1 '• O 1 .s 1 1 'B93jno8 \{e raojj ' S •punj ^a9U -■Bnuod JO tjunoniy s ■*" o o o o o •nopBinoiio iiJ«9i -- S •eaoijipp^ iprai aSejaAv o o CO s 1 o •89nin[0A JO iaqraajj oeoQoooo(NiHGt03Oooo(ooomai'V otoSSooSoojtoih'xsoooooooiNSS ■SB3I0 aiiiii^iiiiiiii^'ii'^ii *aoi:^duosqus jo 09jj 1 s g e ■popuDoj aoqM. III S B? S S QU 00 GO CO CO 00 CO S lO t- « C* iH OO QO 00 00 00 f o 1 J < 1 "t 1 > 1 1 D O 1 CO 1 U P 1 1 1 .1 o •3 a O c O B 1 1 S o 1 3 1 ■f » b § 5 o ■§ QQ bl C 'I H a 1 03 1 u EC a c T3 •p o E 1 > < ■1 o > i 1 CO 1 '►J 1 1-H c 1 g a 1 1 1 S > ■ a c c 1 1 'c ft i i 1 ■1 1 |Zi - « a o a C C 1 IZi c 13 ■ s c "1 C > « 5 a C .1 i« 1 IS a 1 ft •1 ■X - ft "o o 1 ■jaquin^ c u- o s g dS c i I- i 04 5 03 s s 5 1 1 General Statistics of all Puhlic Libraries. 1099 s o • . i i i § in g I O (=> ■ . j o 9 O o o i o o o • • o ° ; g ■ o : ^ ! o o in 'i ^ o o in " s g ■ c s s ? in P3 W O ■* ift o 1- r- o « o o CO o o o o o o O O O W Ol o o "*'^CQmt--VO0DO ooooooooocs^n 0'^onminino(0(no«om '^ in oi o o in CO .-« OJ : « J •§ •s J <1 m 02 <1 <1 Cb 02 <1 fc ee rt ,^ ^ ■ S ^ a S a s " !s s M .s ►^ e =3 b s a a :2 cc a lJ •a ^ s fii fi a< a i a ^ i a - « ,§ 2 2 S m 6 S S S o i( «5 S g o o a S PM Ph ft P- ID -rS i § ■s O tj 13 tH fi^ Ph •3 oJ I W .2 a 3.1 .S o n o u -.s -s a (D 9 s S fao ^ 9 1 ;3 « 5 .2 :;3 « +3 M !> <) <1 o S N N fH ^ S^ '^. H ^x |2i S an S ~ S •-j ffi r < IH >< •3 5- >< 1^ i^i 1^' !^ ^ ft ft ft 12! 1^5" ^OrP'?^>r4 0000 SM««ftMM«« C4 C4 t- 00- OS O ■^ ■* tjl -"SI ■^' 1-1 (M M ■* M CO;: m m M CT C« r- 00 OJ o ^ CO CO CO ■^ :^ ^ ^ 01 C4 r1 OI -If ■* 01 C4 t- 00 C5 P ^ ■* "a" , 10 « O* (K M « « (N M « C4 (N « in in in ■ooooooo(io'«'o to" O of -h" 1-r f-T rH~ ^" ^" ^' ^" rn" Cf •SOT[0 : : w : -<) -1 >i ^ ^1^ < < at 1 g S .2 Hi <1 ^ ? ; : < <1 -"l (H ffl IS 'aot!^duoiaqne jo 99j^ 1, ; S il 1 1 1 1 ■pepunoj n9qjVi. i as iH o CO a CO M irt in ^» to t- OO 00 OD OD 00 00 1 r- r-( 00 -^p «a r- '• ' X> 00 00 00 00 00 • a s 1 ■s 1 s t> a o o § B v 1 ■3 S 1 1 s o 1 ■g o Ph g i 1 o 1 ■§ o M i en 1 s 1 s 1 O a 1 1 ! o g c 1^ i i ■£ •E O a "p bi d 1 1 & -s 111 ■s C 1 C a a > 1 1 *i 1 g 11 > 1 t << 1 1 o '•§ 05 P C 'I U I > . a u 1 ;^ 1 3 O b BO . § > s i EO > s a CD H > 1 c i GQ ea c § 1 • Q il g ■€ M .2 § s bl 1 a g 3 01 1 1 1 .s p 1 1 ■s 1 S J3 1 ,q o o M 1 1 1 IS ii 1 ■3 ■1 'A 1 w (I 1 1 bj 03 CO a > ■§ tx ;?! n bl 1 , C 1 i. p. 1 O, p CC CO II 1^ 1 1 p Ik m O) 0> O^ CO ^ t- r- r- CO CO ^"'-' ill) on .S u g J -6 .3 ' >1 . hi ^ ooBoM N6na^i>4S H tx |H h N f>i ^]S ^ ii ti Sr -tH tH i? i? ^ ^ J? ^ l<^ (X ID n o B p osaicDaiccaQCDcoccco 1^ "^ f^ ^ i^ (^i "^ a 12! S5 ^_ g g. iz; tH tX !2! ;^ . ^ ^- s B 1^ izi H 1^ ^4 13 :?_ g s cQ m OS CO EX bo bd pop S !» in S M CD M a 'g 5f| >1 > & §■ S B S i>. *>-. 5j >H N tX |X H iE5 !^ Izj !zi !5 B p" p" b" b" ^ fc ^ fc ^ t i^ o b o o 1^ tH h t4 t4 O (j bi M ^ b> SxmMKcotBtoMioHBHHHH -tf" in «o I- CO .C4 d « G4 C« Ct rn CO Qu 00 00 oi CT c5 W ^"SSGSKSSg 01 C* « C* O* W »N T-iweovintot'Oo — — OOOOO'-' ko in m ui >o W eo ■* ift 1102 PMic Libraries in the United States. '-3 o "J? ^ ■i I. M g r -siBinep -pni pan s9iTei«s : S ■= : P • " •Snipaiq pn^ *BI*B9tpOU9d 'S3[00a • 4» is t- <6 i .2 i 1 •s90ino8 11^ nioxf : S ° i § 00 *paaj )n9n -vmi9d JO ^jaaoray S- ; O O O ; g g ° ° ; 2" o o o o iS • 1 s •eaoi^ippw ^[JB9i 93«J9AV in • 00 g 1 = %. s ut •99ran[0A JO iQqranjiC oooooooO'^i'ooQoooint-oor-r-ojO'WO p3moo^iO'^'*mifs«juifio — nTT'in'vmin"* -h' n" QO" rt" ^" to" «r of V" C4 •B9BI0 -^ ^ 1/ 1 1 "i ^ 1 1 1 1 1 ^ 1 ^ 1 1 ^ 1 ^ 1 ^ •noTi.c[jJOBqne jo 99J j II 1 ■p9pnnoj a9q^ Q9COO900a03>0OCOQD0dQO00aD ^ W S m OD CO CD 00 00 • 1 Name uf library. E -a la 1 « -1 J 1 C 'I .9 1 i ■> i SI J u .d b 5 > s 1 £ g "1 o > H 5 t o 1 ° < m "cl ;^ b] n a o i 1 o bj s •s 1 3 > a ■1 1 > s < na t- > g 13 c ■3 1 C > 1 i < a « > a < b E *> ^ < 1 I 1 cd O @ a 1 1 1- c; CQ P _C 'c p -a a > S a : ; 1 1 5 Place. 1 •a o H t^ H M !25 >^ is? & g^ & 1 Ik i bi 3 a 1 1 1 CO -S 1 CO a c I Iz; ■1 g 1 1 6 1 D i a 4 "el 1 1 99 ■a 1 •jgqniTiij s 1 i « i i 1 1 1 !3 i S S i 1 <£ r- General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1103 ' s o o . " t- o o s 1 1 2 o S5 ■ O : g o o o o o • o o o o 1 ^ o g o • p : ^ ¥ > o < A ; ° ; S £ m o o o _. _ _ _ o o o o n o o t- CT in t- 00 m O I- O 1 <( m r- m CO CD CD CD GO 00 00 CO r-t OS ira O CD b* ^f ■* t- QJ 00 00 00 CO I- CO 00 CO »n CO 00 00 GO t3 >1 r^ c5 ^^ f> S^i g ■g m 1 ^ a ,>i i^ o o ^ o >, Q J >> ^ p .s •g B 1-1 p Al ^ O .2 -s o O 3^ ■ U o e3 CO 3 I •^ a I >= ■g r^ O <1 S -K r= 5 ^ " P ^ 1 t> CO R 5 S" ■E ? ;i! ;:; B :=3 ^ a ^-^S^^^fSsiSS ^^ <) m ^ CO 3 p C <] "ffl a g § 1 « £■ 3 -2 a IS? w o N t^ 5 :zi J sh -^ "^ -i E3' ^ ^ in u v? o ^ a -*? n-l Q S^^ CD ^ I a p^ ass .3 -e >> § " ■? III 3 s ? a II ^ !^. ^. S ^. - .id ^ t' o S " 2 B 5 ^ ^ g 5 a s I I "^ "^ Izi t-" - a .„ .^ So f- >ij ,id 'O ,2 |25 1^ r". '& a S S " ^5 (0 j= ^ ,a ^ A M-^wcDr-QOOioiHWco-^mcot-oooi ihtnu^mu^iotncocococDCDCDcocococo 1^ .« iri in ir:i 111 iij uj w m in lO in m ITS m irt m « *r3 ■" ■ - • in in in in in in in 1104 Public Libraries in the United States. "Snipaiq pn^ 'eivoipoiigd 'eqooa; '63011108 xxB niojj: •panj %u9a •noi^jBinojio jCiJ^ejt o o o o o o O O CM 53 .2 g ^ o o *Baoi!tTppv ^[j«9j£ 93'eiSAY 'e9niQ[0A JO jsqniaj)^ o ■* 00 m o o o o o o o ooooooooooooo oiowooior-t--* — ~ — — ^ OO <0 CO iH i •8BB10 t-i >a 13 15 • ^ >» ^ "ti 'O 'd •^5 O O •aocjduosqns jo oqj^i DQ PH •pepcraoj neq^ . S a i « t3 ^ Lj « 5 « a ^ S tS iS o a a a; ^ 3 S CC -3 -^ " Si. -d ffl • ^" « O 'c! ■§ g O ■« bD M 6 O « °" »* » M «! a .9 ^ O .2 CM ^ 2SaSp = .^^ t « 3 eg A 5 jJ .t5 a Ai s £ s *i ••3 * a §• I g r/i ^vi f^ ^ S'£S rH S a !S 0> ' Ol n tn in in m in C4 (N Ct C« C« General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1105 ;;::;;;;:;:;;:;;;;;s:;;:'^-;;s:;;;;: ^ ■''•■• g i 1 . o ■ < I ■ o in ■ ! I I I I i i I ;;:::;;s:::::::;:;:3;;;:=»";:;;;:;;; ; 1 ;;;;;; 1 ;;;;;;;:;; g :;;; § g ;:§;;;;=■ ; Z.JOO • ■ j |o 1 1 ;o< jo ;< jooj jooo 1 jo 1 j joo ■ 3,600 900 3,000 ■ • I 1 1 ;;30* ; ; \ ^ \ ■ -wm Iirto '* '• loo || o<=>ocso>n ot-nooio*cooomcoinoom(Nkoooc»m'Mt-ocD'^ m in oi U5 o 1-1 l-H CT CI W »-( 1-1 to o ■oo«oo«ooc5w'ogg^ggog'o«'oS O 00 W -^ rt rH Tl< to (o t- r- r- -^ t- 00 CO rO CO TO to 03 -J in to oiioirsointH'-i— HO COTOOi-OOOJOOCOTOaO B X o p m p fco . O O o .S3 « S ^ •£ .^ S bfl CO p a N " .5b S .^4 R o P S ft o £ m o g o o O o 1 " o ^ ■■§ ^ B '3 M s >. § I '§ ^ ^ '^ as t>3 43 Hi ■P. P. t" ^•f M Hi ^ !2i « 5 S 3 S ^ > S ■R S P S a a (iiSMOCBfqcBM ocs o _ti£ faO bO fcp W) o '3 tm .bjD ^2 ■(D © ;3 ® -S K ^ : o o lii s. c3 R' a 1 ■■ o O o .2 .« J O o ,„- M .» '^ •§ O O «• I a i °- i § I O a 3 -S „- PM M K fif C! ri C3 m 'r-< K M M « M M M H H a '^ R s s 1^' i^i l^i s s t-^.#«^|l 1° § § i| il;, » „ . 0, » » oHfl'3'a"'§'§'3iSStlS'a^2aaSSSSS •r'-C'Cif^LrKr^'iTIC'^'^'^i-^ '^"*:; t * o^ <" ® <^ ® ® o o o o o oj ^ cd ^ c3 V LO to t- CO Cl O mciojasociooo .(N m -r in CD lo CD t- 00 m o ,X tjX \JV \*x 70 ]g> r-oomOr-]«E2^^;t;^™r;;c5CT'5i 00*STl^m(0(DeotOtOtO 1106 Public Libraries in the United States, y a '■+3 a a -o ; 1 =■ ■ o 1 o g •siB^nop : ^ -ton; pas Baia^iBg 'SaTpniq pnB 0^ O ■ g 'si^oipoijatl 'eijooa Oik aj o o tfi O C g •ssoinos [\v uiojj £ ^ ° ^ .s i *0 araooai jCpoai i^jox <» --'" '- o o c c c to c o o o •putij ^noa *^ =3 g -Boijad JO (junoarY 'V> Otj" oT 6 ._^ CO r- ■noi^^Hiojio i£iJE3i. f-i <= ~^ ° F s = "^ az IT in •BOOp ippB jfllBOi 83b,19AY c "V n ^ G* c o O cc c o o c a- ~ (5 ~ Q m c: O X o o •fl T a o o c o =1 fH c c C- •sauraiOA JO jaqnin^ "" f" *^_^ m c= <= o o u: ^ p- C^ tr ■V •* c: _ « o_ c: t-^ o T-t *"" CT ~ u- Tf" n (= " uf — ^ 2 o" "< » , ■ C '\' Pi « J f^ ; ; ■BSBIO 1 •s a •!i 'a ^ ^ 1 r2 & ^. 1 ^ 2 "^ f ~ & "S -d 4. o o fl Q S C ri c z S o o <1 <) >i ^ CL( 02 < a J < < S a c > i 1 t c > 1 5 e 1 s s ■E c 1 'I tl q c c a 1 s c s s s o 1 P ■3 c •1 ^< a O s d O o f ■X I □ s 1 u O -Is II .J S i 1 •1 E- •1 = 3 1 o a> ■ in : 1 4 5 o s & ^ S a ^ £"■3 c M (^ tx 1-; ? PM O C C 2 C c o e ^ W n h- v^ .2 g c ■ .2 o c c c < c c c o c c C o o o -Q c ■IH ._J -M c M c •S la i= Z |c != ^ i X 3 '2 Ic j: ra .^ S i f7 o 13 c 2 ^ c . o o c C C _c _ c C C ■ .r- . ^. '^ C C C o q - 'm o c j3 .*J ^ X ^ 'f '-£ s . S C8 - d n ee c e "e a n c« R oS cj ri g -^ c 5 1 - 1 ] c ' o s c f: -E c S P d E C c P fl P a ^ ■^ S 3 P p p c E c P E _B c _C .B .2 c § "S =2 b c t 'E 'c "E X 'E o ■£ 'E 'Z "S o o S d 1 1 :3 .3 i c e: c c e c .a .5 .E i c □ p 5 S O c IL c O O C- iC tC 'C C C c o c c C 2 5 3 1 ^ _^ ~ (T lO to 1^ a o- c _^ «fl c TP ir u t o Ol o ■laqranjsi en n 'T rp ^ •a ^ -^ •a to (O ^ CC ! ° . ; ; g i g • tn > 1-1 : : : : ^ ; 1 J J -v i g s O CI OO" CO" in g ; ; I o • c 3 O ■ • n 1 . ■>> ; g 3 oil o ; s 8 s ^ooot™ mooooooo^cooooooooooin ooioooooo ^OOOC*OOC0C3OO--OOCSOOOOC3OOlf5O<— 00r-O0OC30 , : . ; ■/ ; I ^ i ;;:: <1 :;::;;: : TH i : <] <1 i I 'PH''''!'iiri;;;iiPHiiPH!' PhooP^ i « N m S R pH P^ 00 r- M 00 OO 00 CO ofximaomMr-Mso 00 OO 03 OO 00 CI '.O O 00 t- , ■V in r- to to 03 00 00 QO 03 to t- t- .3 H ,2 O S "3 6: -^ a .2 £> >> a .S r, = -. Ell cc 3 S:! > > > ^ ^ ^ ^ O a" M oooooooooo .3 .i W'VV^^V^^*' Urf^v w ^ 63o5So33oooooop p o o o to CO to to to to to C! CI CT Ql « CI C^ t- 00 Ol o (O to to »- t- tO CO to to OI C4 ot Ol 1108 Public Libraries in the United States. -lont pa's eaii-Gitig •Snipatq pac ■S80in.os \xe rnoaj ■pnnj auau -uraioii JO (jnnotuY •aoT^Rmoaio i[juoi •saoijippu KiJV^Ji 93UI8AY o o o o lO 1-1 w o o CI o ;o O 'B3nin[0A JO jaqoinx oooooooo oor-OTOooo OPSr-l-VOOCUO O «5 O O o m o o O O O O O O o eo m tn o o o a W « iH O -V CO r-1 _eO CI ■esBio 0-^mo3-*^ -^ ."s* -5 (o -.(o «n ic O 00 aj OO 00 00 OO ~ 3 •S M O H -b g g S ,- ^ ^ ^ s a a, a a 5 5 5 -M ■ ej o o o a u o o o W ^ M S a i a " • .2 '^ a .3 t; 3 - o t- fl f- o o i-f "" -2 "3 ' ="- - m O h; r^ - Ah ;a2 " 2 ™ 3 a OOOOOOOOOOOOO- o 3 ^ ra -a -a ^ O O O O O a a -O ^ ^ r= -O ,3 ^ a. a a s a a g a a 5,3^555 5i>=>=i>»i>is>=t-j OOOOOOOOOOOOO ^ cd c^ ^ o Q P P fi -P fl •aaqianH; S S S S ■^ I*-*- CO H ^ 7^ r^ r^ .3 -O ~i O 3 C O C -J S a ■^ >-3 'o "o ® '^ Fh m o* w o t- o o~; I— f- J— to to u^ -r. 1-1 m 0( I- so -T" iH 1ft CD CO C* W IQ CO CD 03 OU CC CO CO 00 n CO o rvT ,, O 00 ou S i2 "m fl '^ ^ f= ,0, -^ h u '3 o PI (-• h-l « d t*! 1 ^ < 1-3 "G o 02 2P o - _ ^ QJ ■ ID O) r,- I g 5 t ^ » § I & >3 I (0 -^ 4i fc^ .*J a g e3 3 <) 3 o a iMfiiiiipli >■ .2 .2 § s - a s ra r"" 5 2 S ja--n, S « « -2 n 1^ M ■. O pR M PH >= fl © 03 ©SB £ Hi ° g A^S O g M .2 S S b N 1-1 O W =^ U M M IB H M ® § 9 HOP a „ S 3 o o rt o a 3 « t4 far "^ R H >WMW Ht^ o o .a J o o 5 ^ a I RfiPRORRHWW r-^ r-H -»^ (MiO-Vlf50t-COOlO.-lCTC2^122iHS ooooooooo IN (N CI « « « CT ci ci cri o 13 -id" o o « a t=^ tq ^ (r» J ^ -;a ^ ^ 5 O O O O O O O o o .3 .a .a -.g o o o o ® fJS ,-5 f-H i '.= -a ft £ a a g i S O O SfflSffiicBOOCJOOO s o a .3 .2 1 1 1 II a a- a' f i i iio ca r- CO C) o s Ol « (TI . CO "* in t- F- r- r- r- ^T SSSSSSSS SSSSSo<«s 2 1 & 1 M 1 1 CO 1 1=5 1 "a J 1 1 -3 1 1 u b -E 'c I c < 1 B 1 > o 1 1 1 » i 1 '1' .21 Ii 2 fc C i 'a c o > 1 c s tu c 3 « •J a 1 1 o m g bl 1 IE :5 1 pi 1 > to CO a o GQ a "a 1 1 .2 o a o 1 o C 1 J O 1 c i i 1 O O 1 o a 1 C O i 1 O o o ii II 11 ! .3 o ^ O «j .■§ g (■ Eh as c -i .1 1 1 c i g o J= '5 c i 1 1 - O 1 c O a 1 £ o d 1 K bO c "a o •joqoin^ ! CIC40 1 . o ; ! " ■ ■ o o ■ ■ ° ° k o o 1 . in ', ', O 'i '■ ! ° ': » o i °g 1 r o ■ ! ■ '. I o o o ; o c o o loo 1 1 o \\i o Z- i ; ; i' i ^ j ; 11 • ?o o o o . ; 3 § s s o ' ■ s ° § ' N M M 1 L2 g s s t- t- eo s . 1 > i P s g g 1 yS CQ O => C ! = o c s o o c o o o s s s o o o o s o r- o o o o o O O O <=> O o o ITS CO 00 « If} rH 00 d d O -— 'O 1^ !>i — rd 'd -^ rt 5 fe « o 5 -S3 <1 Hi ^ f^3 r3 Jk "J WtJ jj '^'-' '^ ^ ^ o o* 00 ci i— -3" t- (?! (T» « GO OO CO 00 <» (o "9" r- lO in -^ 'J' O M »ft CO W Oi iQ 00 00 00 T3 X OD CO CXI O CO O CSi iO 'X) OJ X 00 a s ,2' S! ■= • o hJ |J a- S 5' 8 vp H o ,X3 ^i s ^ =3 ■3 ^ <3 cc k;, 3 rf R S ^ _e gp a ?! Ki a, A 1= t^ o fcD _5 '3 .^ , ■3 ■§ I i " :f I a M ^o; IK d O o S a Eh D o = ° h 3 d -s S ■§ g ■a '3 g H 60 to 2 =3 fe § ^ = M 3 ! Q H !> Hi- H W tc hi i» .2 ^1 1-1 -r! .a >, ►^ ^ ! (S ^5 ! S fl o ( O Ph >^ "2 ^ CO p^ M2 "^ M a S § .2 •3333 ^ 3 S3 a t3 fii P h ■2 « •S o o « ; ^^ P< fi S o o a" n O 5 -^ -a ID ID 00;=:;=: O O ^ ^ J2 fzs |Zi o O O O O p O O O :g a" --' 'd' 'ts rS 'P « £ S £ .9 . o o .2 ^ 3 S g- J- 5 ° o o a 5 o ■ o a a •-":>; h fl- .3 .2 .2 a t'S'S " ■= a a ."S ■2 a in ai o o so so _ t- r-. t- t- t- « (N o< ci 01 c* ff* irt so - so so so t- c— I— in m ai c- OO Cl o !- — I- r- r- J- fr co-^iftwr-coojo^ oaoaoDQOoocoooOTai r- r- r- r- t- r- t-- r- saa55sss«sst.« ■«««««««««=«« 1112 Public Libraries in the United States. a a o O "te ■exc:|a9p ■torn pnB aauBi^g o> o o r •Saipiiiq pau 'eieoipouad 'o-Jiooa 1 o o in 2 i 'figojnoe {[B oioj; o o o QO- •pntlj !^a9a -Bcajed. JO ^jauoniY" ' S o o o o 1 ■aon'B[n3Jp ii![iBa_j_ pf 1 o o ■8aoT}ippE ^[.reai GgBjaiy 2 g moo W TT lO o •saranxoA jo lafiranjj :o oooooooo-oo =t-oo.noocicioci oeoioioocJoocoooiot-MOot-oo— loicoo c? n i-T pf eo~ «" -v" .-T of oT rn' ,-r m" ■esBio ll «1 tC ^1 .'-' c - r3 ■ 13 ra ^ ^ g .2 g g g -= <1 ^ -q <1 m CO X i •aonfluoscins jo aajj 9 ■INI E=< Cin 32 i=^ 1^ •papaaoj aaq^i. o 'M -* t- lo r- ci 00 QO 00 do T) 00 09 i Oi rr^ 03 oo to 1^ 'S' (O TO X 03- CD CO lo _iM ; f» OJ 'OO in ■u Name of library. > i P s o fc- 1 >- c < c 1 ' fc 1= c 1> 1 D CJ > "l -a b c •c p b : S !> "a 1 1 1 p 1 > c 1 1 1 p g .CI P 1 1 a b :| fC 'S 'e t- ] -t c i > s "a 1 -. m "b = \ "a "a 1 .1 > 1 1 '-£ C •^ 'c c c «: > - - c 1 J 1 X. 1 •1 1 1 > 2 > J p i 1 'i < > > ■1 i: '1 '■a P 1 ■- >■ -.§ * )= C e J 'S c •E p a- c c c i c C 1 b c 'b C 1 u: b c *E b c a" c 'x- C 1 D b c: ^1 i 1- 1 f c c c C % p f 1 1 ■ 'x- C J c c J 1 c C ' c " J c - C > c y c IE C r c i b % ■i c C c > 1 .= s 1 -c .2 ■ a •jaqcanjj s CN CO r- JO O) c , t- o c ir- I? c- 1 CM 1 i i 1 General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1113 , o • ■ . i I i •is;:; . . M" ■ ■ . i ■ ■ S i 'i Sg ■ ; g ; ; : ; m ; ; ; i i in !2 S loo • '• . .100 ■ — P3 • • I : of : : I ; "=• <=> ■ i ° 000 . CO s g ; 1 cT * I '• i j : ; ^ § g v: '• 1 '• ■ : s s s ; ■ • c ■ ■ = 5 c^ ; 00 \ °* 10 i § s Q r-i r-, r-. f-i ;— , CQ " ■^ m 0" i t^ ; n -3 n JJ2 03 U t/J CO 0000000000 ^oocsoiooo.ooca 00000 in o o r- o O <3 (3 CO 03 O :t-~ O 03 to c^oinooootziomioo CO (p CO in 19 , t- . ■^ OT «» O I : d ; : : J : q <1 H o H M Ix.o m tn iJ <1 t>i '^ ^H 'rt ^-4 ® t- t*- £ ? m [fl £D 03 a g S M M Sf £ ^^>^^^^^^^ m p ^ ca 03 d Nl SI S] g fl ^ c3 cd o > a e2 "S g <1 1 "= 1 1 > J c 1 > 1 > 1 ■3 c > g b < .1 t. "a e a a: t i (0 > 1 o > d c 1 i h E e ■r > B '5 > 1 ■l en c; > > c - a ' 'e "b C 'c o H i ID 1 § i 1 o m 1 ° "s a i| Ii > - a »1 m i m * > J P ■J •3 o 1 a o bij a ■i >> li s .s 1- -. 1 > 1 - t> ■ g 1 1 - ^ >3 2 c 1 ■j > 1 \ > E £ -y rr 1 a. 1 c p: > - I a 1 1 c m C 1 ■■a 1 1 J S b a c- C E a: 1 C { IS J 5 5 a < p. ) b < •< _p: b ■< 1 J 1 < - _ c 1 -p. 1 c < < ' 1 a ■i < 1 +: -1 4 -(1 1 •I9qtan|g; c V 1 ? g f « ? g IT ir c i : G : C 1 ' Ii 1 Cj 1 i ■ r- - a Ii i General Statistics of all Ptiblic Libraries. 1115 © tn s § ; = s o ',* I 8 o o i S : o in o P3 1 ii i° g o o o o in o o o o o o o ■ o o o s o o o o ! g § ; O «5 r-T n I ! i S o in ^ 1 <= c c; o o I o c " t^ i ^ c c o -^f— 3O0OOOOOOOC3C3Om C^OOOO^!riQ0 10COf-r^Ti>C?-!t*OlOt-l- '-or-ooooinoooo oiooooootooiciirtTfirs '=' f^ '^ r" : : ; ■: :-?^ : p^ : f^ : : : : : ea ^ e3 !S < : '-'J : : : ! : ; : y^ : : : en yj ; cc M ^ : : 02 ' : M M f^ t- — I OD c; CD n la CO (o :o X CO CO 00 oj TO CT O t- O CO ?0 QO CO 00 00 CO -J3 in --0 1^ t- (3 'X » CO CD t- h- CO CO I- O) O O >< < ■P t^ Hi '^ O .S o ■3 !^ S .3 R 1-1 <1 .2 .a g 3 2' ^ rt bD Hi -e *= M a a s s ^ ■3 il MS o m a o o N O CO ■ 'a? o yA f^ b 3 ^ « - a ^ a g ? . ■R •a -«l >i & ^ w Cw » •^ c^ ja m Pj 111 Ph P< ■ Ph P4 ir « Ph A< e3 c3 rt P< Pj Ph bD bD be .2 P4 (^ rt eS « « ^ i^ i^ ^ -5 r^ ^ U_; C^ ty C^ -- -- a ■s •a P< p< Ph P< P< P< IB a _r ^ o ' Ph bjo : ■s -s o o .3 a ci S S « S "S. .H ,i3 5 5 - ^ a cq M ,M^ B PH pq pq pq fq M . >. f-= : JO ''^ ,2 ,2 .2 d ■7:; "H 7^ Ii 'iJ rt ij ^ ^ TO w c- ^ "^ J? J? -'i r3 to I— 00 C5 00 no 00 cocofCOOcocDrooo _ _. _ . (M- M ■* 10 (O ocacjooooooo J s s tJ ^ » 3 ^ i V -- "1 ^ u u u u H M OT' «' « lllo Public Libraries in the United States. -a o a \» a a O I an "5^ iS r^ ^ 1 o s •exmaap «» -pni puB eauBiBg (N ff t o o o o lO o 1"" •Saipatq pan o o in o "T" s N 'BiBoipouod 'Buooa s erf ® l.T Q "O ■' O ^ ' !'! o a •eao.mos \{v uiojj S T^l g o o o a Quiooai A'iJ.iJ8i l^JOX f s c o o o o ". ° i 1 o c a -3 •pan I ^asTT s -■enuad jo ^janooiy oi ir cT fe. 33 o o (M o o ■aopBinoJTo ^[i^ei irf to" " o c c r- c= o -w o i-n 1^ — c o ir tr iri UV EN DJ C£ ft ^ •eaoT Tppe ^HBQS. 9SBJ9AY -w d o o o o o o c lo a o JO =2 -a O O -O O O (D O O -" o o o c c c O C3 -O « - o o o -- •sotnnxoi jo joquin^ f: o -w CM c CO Cfl (o m -^ IT CO ■v - in CT -v «: tn n <=> cr !0~ CT CT iT O) m" 1-1 rH t- ■ ' : , ; : <] : ; ■Bsuio * 5 eg 1 > "c c CO J <1 H ^ '-J C 1 1 < li 00 < C- •uoijduoeqns lo 99J^ 3 ^ ■ -^ : £ W 72 a a tfi CO to CT ; b. in CI TP « -H ~~cO w I- ci; f. « c: in o r- c- •popunoj u^^^S^ S 3 S 6c g a g s 00 03 £ a s O CO c f- ifi o □3 «j X 3 '3 'o o 2 ^ m "3 5 <: ■!2g 1 i g y^ i^ c 00 g ^ -5 es 3 .s « ^ iT J3 c3 o S o .2 ." > ■» o h! ^ 1 >i Cd is ^ >. >i 2 s > > > a C i- 1 t- <: 1 cr c ^1 C = "a 1 i t- 1 1 1 1 3 ►^ a fe -S 1 3 =S 1 >. s ^ g £ ■■3 ." S II '1 CO % t .2 g-S 1 c , J ~ 1 •■ g d ^ ago "« 1 -9 P U &H It ^ 1 & 1 a s 3 £ 1 1 1 2 1" .-i ►a a Ph S M 1- d d p- M ,— — . d J i rt ^ f CU C-< 1^ (2 p! t = A A 1^ CD Q^ S 1 , e f e I i Q (1 . c8 p" c -So "1-1-1 ca a ? c c " c c 1 'S s -^ ^ Ah fL 3 S 'C T P4 Ph Ph Ph h' = ^ o 1 J - - , - „ o ^ © © O O "g ■- ■C '2 'C 'E JS r IE g p f^ ;^ ^ \ f" ) f^ pE 1 H ^ H H P^ !^ H W H H Ph f' fL| O •joqoinx c c c c « I- CL C S o S S O fH (N w ^ ir s? g g g g s S S 1 OJ cs ^ C\ & c> o Gi o o- e I c- I Q I C- 1? t & fft c t General StcnUstios of all Public Libraries. 1117 \ \ ^ c ; c ; ; o J ' l = °g i IQ- ; 1 t- 1 I i 1 3,600 100 '& \ 1 ; s s 1 1 t- • . 100 3,600 •100 387 640 g ; 8 i O ' o ' lOOO .O lOO 'OO ■ " . ■ . uO O ■ ■ . . . . "<>• o ■ II '. I 1 erf o" I • o o o o o 1 o s. : " 5,000 2,000 cq" Mil ■ o s § en lis : jiiS iiill jS|SgP|3 1 ! I '^" ; g ; " o o o inoiooooooooifs O O O O O ooooiraoooo in ■* M .(N CO o o o o f-T (cT so" i-T co" OOOOMOlOOOOOt— ooo^ O I- O* irj c "«s« w o in : P3 : -" if "^ m <1 «^ a 1 g t § <1 H i S S Is O % ^ a <0 el o zn c>i >s t>; r' -a ; ; N ^ ■« « &: fe: ■ !>. >> t» -g „ sa ffl » -^ S v; -a Q >> 2 « p .2 -a B M O a ja ff Hi "fw P< T] S >, O -Oi ^" o o ^ 5 B 1-1 i^ i a r"! ^ .2 O J O p ^ --, d !=" ^£ 00 m .y _-) J •g ?s. > .2 £ o o e a » -3 I I a >^ S £. !3§!OBMSS"g ^ " "(O 1-i O £ « S £ (w -ol |J Oi O O W to CD tx I ::3 t- tJ M a E? i I « I & g 1-1 _s i i s i i -i " -s 'j ^ " - " s 03 o e3 5 Hi M O tl Oh P< C4 PW 0- A< |1| ^ ^ s s g rt S3 ™ ™ - _„ ^ ._P-lfMPHP-lPH M 6j M M M M M ,,,-,„-« a M M M M W: BBBBBBB^S _>SB"BO-0 •S^^n^S"^ S ■•-I--- - - " » Ph (Vi ^ fM t- fl fl Oj r> w H W H W M W |l4 U pL, ^ FU p- a a ►^ M M CTM-*in«>i>ooa;oj^c2M2;jn»5g5o CO M M rt 55 -23 >n A 03 O u> a> w S « « 01 .« « tM ^, O) Oi O't Oi Oi -. Oi CI Oi at a at Oi — ( o* « ■v in in m m in in Oi Oi Oi ^ 09 Oi — . — . — . — '- ^- .^- — '- — . ^- c^aioto-iata^atoioiGiotataiotoici (O t- 00 Cl O w OI in in in in lo (o CO C> 03 Cl Q3 O Ci 1118 Public Libraries in the United: States. I g T a, O vi^ O o O t3 a h •eiBjnap s ^ S ^3" -tout paB sauBiBg ; *3aipaiq paB o in o o a a s § g i = 'sx^oipoijad 'eiiooji »o O O CO o o 1 •saoanos flU raojj n eiiiooni i£[.iEOii: i^jox O O % •punj ^aan «» M a -Bini9d JO ^unoniY ^ ^ ^ , o o O M o •not^B[n3Jto -Siiuai 00- o" « • L- I" ^ , - ^ ir •Bnor ippB itauai oSbidav o e ^ o ■= ■semnioi jo jarinin ^J ==■ o o o o c IT c C: O CT »-i ^ > o 03 k1 tE g^ m ? tH O <1 _ >, >» -c o < nonduoscine jo oaj^i S -= ^ : 9 .= CQ CO M : V o e- n- O Tl< 1 ■papnnoj naqjii. 2 2 1 2 ^ as CO X 2 a 2 & a g g 2 S o 1 £ a ' c ,a c 1 O c 1r^ i 7 c "a H ft 1 Pi ■5 h F; s. c D a 5 H > > 1 c 1 «] 1 CO > M 1 a a s ■^ 1 s 1 ■E ■i 8 •1 1 S 1^ s c % c a e 3 s i 1 s £ 1 •B 1 H ii g a n X 0! > 1 XT. 1 1 p u J d < 1 ■5 £ 1 s u 1 p < 1 1 .3 1 ii a ^ 1 = 1 1 O 1^ ■» • K « rt s. £ <3 a ft P. p! P- P- p. S^". p. £ I p3 S p- C 1 'II J" "1 '1 a « -t b 1 s 1 i 1 II N C3 P P B C c c "S ■s 'g ■R li H N p: h^ ^ 1-1 H h- h- 1^ !zi H 1- H 1- 1^ ►J 1- 1 Kl I- Kl H ,p „ 1¥ Ql (M si w ^ tM %i O] fe. s % (?■ C c % i S S General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1119 • o s f-i o o • ■ ira s s : ; a S : ' 1 i |igg 1 ; ; : i § : s| 1 ' i P g 8 i ; i 'i s 1 i 1 o : j o o ; ooo-o loooo 1 o '• r-T ■ ■ ■ ■ <=> '< 00 ct" 3,500 500 2,100 ; ; ; g ; . . . c- . g s ; CO 00 c ■ a ' ° 1 " s ; CO ** • s S " i i i i ^ s s g g g o o o o o o o o o o o o o CI o o o o CN o o in o o o o o o o o o o o c o o o o oooootnoo oo omooooocooo cfsoomoowooeo ooo'^ioeocoioooom ^ CO « : P3 ra . -. t>3>il>i_ir-''d'^'3-M'0 ccH & « g <0 a Hi ? •a >s s 3i£5,il3SRa 1-3 10 'O ^ -^ ?^ C3 g (H (H M W M q o ffl 'O ;i5 ;i5 P ^ O ra fd so g g Ph o 2 I I' I" E & ^ -g 1-3 t-3 fin n :;j o 43 -v^ -u d a 1^ a a s a Pi o :3 ^ .a 5 ' b£ U) ^3 ■E -a g M PP O t ^ fe S> <0 G w to I- 00 oi o CX) cu CI ai C« CM 00 00 00 oj m Ci to cJ o „, o o o o 53 e S S S §^CTCTC»CO«M" ira to r- TO oj _ 00000^ CO CO CO CO CO o -H w 000 so ** in CO 0000 CO CO Pt CO 1420 Public Libraries in the United States. TJ o O M a a> 'filB^nop s^ f- -pai paB Bouupg •Saipniq pn^ 1 i \M 'ei'BoipoiiQd 'HTiooa - IfS _, B •aaoiuos u^ inojj 2 fe s n S .5 oraooai iliJ^a^ [b^'^X ca ■punj !),n9n (= o u> a -■Bcajod JO ijaQoniY c & I (- •not:jBinojto XiiBOi e- s CO o ir 11- tM — 'BUOI ;ippB IlJ[Bai 9SBJ9AY ■v <- c c= o o o o O C r- c- f- O G •saomioA JO jeqamji ?^ p" c o o "■ ^ a ei o •8SBI0 '1 ^ i^ < K Is ^ s 'l g 1 "a p. 57" sis w <^ a •nopdijosqns jo 03J^ ,P ^ « £ it C4 fr CO O TJ. .-H M T-( 'papnnoj uaqAi. S 00 o a S S S 00 a g S S a (T 1=^ .= f o 1 > is O ■^ O > g OC 1 o d 'E P 1 It -1 > 1 Is 1 ■■a & *r p a o C > ' g , o £ O P 11 O bl C-l H S B 3 03 C 1 1 t> £ 1 C ^ > 3 1 o cc c a III S 1 1 1 -< ft ^ E 3 ^ 1 c g 1 ■< 1 < 1 a 2 II 4A CC N .2 13 ^ III PM Ph P4 .§ .9 s « _ .. „ M Ph Ph P< £ I i i i f I? ED Ph M « w >; "^-Plcq ^1 ::a "« -a g O O O B< fL,PHPHA<(l(|l|PMf 4* A IB -^ a « -s & S S 3 = S .a g fi ja M a i^ (^ a ^ ■3 i5 j= 3 Hi U si fQ !C M •2 b B to ^ o ? g w ? J= -, 3 g O if 4^ -^ ^ ^S 1) n S" .2 ■■e o w ^ rrl " ° " <1 PJ P tc ■g I p. I ^ ^ I •; MHO ooSooSooHSfiSS ga o 5 a • o i' ^^■ » <» O ' M ■^ o ' :=! a '^ o fc! o -O 5 kJ -d '^ t3 sag O O CB S Ph Soo-isa,go i § ^3 S W W O -g M =3 3° c ft 2 c m ^ o o o td td tp p *3 +3 +3 H M M e? _«" ,iS > a -lont pan 99ianii3S •Saipntq put? 'SlBOipOTJod '83100a; ■99oanos \\v raojj •pnn; ^asa -Tsnued jo ^nnoniY •aoi^B[nDjp iftjn9_i n to o in ^ o m O "* ■* o o r- o o CO •* •eacaniOA jo leqran^ CS CO 71 o o o o o O O CO o o o ^ o in tc ^-^ o o o CJ O CD 03 M W lO w ^" eo" pf « O OJ o t- O f- O CO ■* lO LT t- •99BIO r-" 3 . tt r^ r^ r^ = 2j ® ^ = = o X' ■< O h^ c/:: X ai r"' d ■« o •S f a 1 ^ ^ !2i 03 lO .2 ° P H a d O O s in M O O = 3) |2i t?; K tt< ?= fl n f« c- r rt ri ei ri n rt ri d n ca ri rt pu p^ fX Ak Hh FI4 &| Ph hU " 3 S ^ c cl, ci. a. A ij © o> o o rs g M « CO eo General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1123 i ' : ; : • o o o 1 *= ; • ' o ; ; ; o 1 s ° 595 : 3 " ; o ; i o o o • ■ • ' O ' S : ; ; : g : o j ■ j ; igoc. .o ; jooigg Ig : 1 => o i ■ j ■ j o ; = § ; • ; O i 1 1 I-" 1 . . laoooo < |o. o» '• '• 'o . O O • • CO • * ■ ; M '^ : : : : : o o ■;;•;©; '. 'i ! . (c I I 1 ! M i ; : i - I loo I o '• 1 • i ° ; ° ■ ; 3,900 7,174 1,060 11, 690 o i i2 i i i , i ° « § o ^ o o o o o m in irt O) o ; : ; i s S CO lO s 1 1 1 1 s m t § 1 1 1 o s in § i 1 in o o s o o 8 o o o i g O 1 g O O § O O c^- ■^ n •*•■ 0< CO CO t- iH «5- ■; ■^ is : S & 1 • E ■ ^ J 1 « fl e3 « .2 ^ ^ S Sj p* o p o w i t?3 p 'p 'b c4 ed c3 Ph S a ® >) --] -^ o o ■3 J3 .2 M 02 OJ ^ ^ Oh ISI iJ a M *3 w a ■< " is B S " 5< S m fi § O (1( o a OJ cc H EH B P P t3 e3(3c3c^e3c3«SS=ic5=3cg^ e3 c3 d cd a -a s s a- =f a a « g g .« .S" .2 .2" .2" .S" .2" -S" -S .S .2 "^ " ■ '^ 3 S 3 3 3 3 5 ^ ^ J ^ ^ -g. -S. ■S, -S, ■§. ■§. -a PH(ljP '■© * 'o-'a pj & ft p« ft^^^^ft^^ '3'3'S'*© H OOfflflJ ©« ©43 in w ; = g : g = • O •Snipniq pn« l\ s o in " 2 S 1 i 6 1 i 1 i ss i 1 g ; ■pnnj :jn9n -Enu9a JO jnnoHiY S" o o o o ° § ° o ■ g g ; " : •noi^t^iuojp ilJB9 J 3 i i 1 i o- i-s i 'snoi^ippv ^IJi39X eSBi9Ay 1 i s o o °- i : 3 CI •eaniniOA jo jaqranji V rn" «■ in w" t-T r^r ^" -^~ en cd' — " pf •BSBIO Soc'l... Med Acad... O 9 o o & J s Soc'l .... Soc'l.... Acad... g o % 1 1 .3 -aoi^^diioeqns jo 99j^ fn EC pCj •papunoj aaq^ O CO o t- Cl Cl w ■w — * «p 1-1 o (o r- 00 00 OO 00 00 s an 3 09 a .1 I o o I -a: .2 02 ? ■u CD '^ " -3 I i rt Ed fH R ED i "t = „ « ^ o o ^^ S I I I ^ 3 5 S " 1? ■§ £■ i •" '3 a 1^ "S g I' o rS -3 .9 >> ■- ® q bO ^ Oj 5 'o -g o e,H g oa W J° '3 bD lO '3 p .3 a I O* cd rt cc H ^ S o a S ,ii g BO 00 o I g g 3 3 ai^-? Ph M bJQ C* O O :;; t>^ tW rJ fl ^ rd .a A Pi p< d r- »a -B tJ 'T, -Q Or © tit bC E3 3 S 2 t* ^ to ai •>- -fh P. p< a 5 ca e8 .. - fc CW Ph P^ Ph Ph P^ P^ Ph J « ^ ja s: fin Ph Ps .rk " 5-2 2 -*J *J +3 — ph p-i £3 S tJStx&OtoWlfcJDfcyubB -5 _2J3^^J3-aX),Q^^iO COCRDQOOIBQIAX SSSSSSSSS ■aaqmn^K s r. s CO M s? CO CO s§ s I- CO CO g 5 TJ1 g '# ■* vn (S 5 PTI -: CO K CO CO CO .-o CO CO eo CO CO CO CO CO CO eo CO n CO f3 General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1125 o O ;8g;s;;g;;;;° I *^ I I I ^ I I ! I ii° i ; ; j il i 1 iS°i g °:^i"si;iii;:i |i" 1 M ^ ^ : ; : S ° s OtOO-^'-'O :ggs;;;g::::; ; "^ ; i i '^ ; i ; : ; ;:";;;::i;!:2°ii;; ;-,o loo 'O ! "o ; ; \ loo !oo ! ' • i '* : ; : : : g : : ; ; ; g ; ; ; ; ; i : i : i ^ : i ; i 1°' ; i ; i : : ; : : : o 500 13, 500 . 7,200 4,680 375 1,200 o tr ' • in • Ti< • . • o i -• • ■ • ; i ° M I M : ° • § ; s i o o -v o o o ininoeoooot-ooooioo _ _ _ r-inM-'*« a g § £ ^ ^^ »3 a M M S .9 9 "3 -ffl »-; O g a ^f I' M M Hi 5 ?, i ►J !^ -g ■a 5 S g ^ ^ i .2 >. (§ § -2 " > O fcj] T* O .9 &«= in t- t- m m 2 "=^ ■3 = & I "> 1 rs ilia •g S a g ^ ■O M 3 «! -3 O S d fe 2 '^ o p a ^ 03 H M H rt ■«■ « H ^ fM ji, fu fL| fM ■ S S .2 _2 ® ^' ^" b - - - " fe: P-l ^ PM Ph ft ft Ph i* iS ft a" (7 e3 ^ « ^ ft ft a" a" ^ ^ jr vd ^ Ph ft n ft ft Pj ft s rO 'g T3 2 lS£ftftO-MM«MP? g g I *. 3 3 s'=---;ss;§||'a|| ] Ph bfi be n _ H H d M S S 3 S « a g s +3 +3 ^ m-TSi x/1 xn m m -r * FM ^ .<«, X CJ o .^ m m m M M CO 00 oi o t- t- t- t- t- C- 00 COmmMMCQCOCO sccococ-^wcococoMcopicQtococoeon CO 00 1126 Public ■ Libraries in the United States. t< CD •Satpaiq pas o o in o •SGOjnoe \XB raoij ■panj ?u9Ti -Enuad JO ^anoniv •nop^inoiio ^la^ai I I •saoi^ippB ^iJBei sS^jaAy o o o rt o o o ra o o o o tP ■SQinniOA JO asqainjii CO o o o o eo C3 03 C3 := O O lO o o o loromooooouoo - J ^ ^ ■^ ^ ■•^ <1 iC -^ " HHo>^092iJ, o «e cd . O iJ 3 « § S3 3 C "^ •f 3 J « i s § ^ a -^ J ^^!Oe3o2Sa 3 ^ fe ^ S ^- r « 0) rH iS ■= 3 W o to ^^ •aeqran^ :^ ef P< If O <0 5 2 fLi fi< S £ S S &H ^ f^ B S 2 I bo M M -S "9a Da 0) p^ ■e '-a -s ^ 5' o o t3 P ■aa 1^ n -m ea so w ■«. .w ii, », w — M-vintor-QoaorH oocoooqcgocdSdoici ■* ift (C t- GD Ci O O O G^ OA C) General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1127 ° ■ O o g ; ; J 1 1 ■ 1 g is ! ° i ; • ; ; ■■° ; ° ■ S S : a>- 1 g o o o o si: ; ; i ; = : ° i tH ■ 1 > • I • I 1 o o o o o o o o o o o 00 I i ' [ ioO -OOOO g g o o § § 1,200 2,740 s ; 1 K i ' o ' P o o tn ; I- I I loo ■ o o M CO "=■ s 2; S ^1 — i OJ Si 3 C 1 ' - c 3 C o" - 5 O O C s c 5 O C 5 M C 1 i I 5 3 Cr iJ '5 woo O. OOOOOWCD — W00S3; f - or so r-r fff CO 2 §" ■a ; a ^^1 g 3 >< 3- <1 X -^ m" -^ M- i >i S &> ^ "S ^ "O fe te >5 .r) (u q c 3 1^ |.ia a rf ■3 tDtHtxt>H>H1PSPHCD 5 : ' s >j ►^ i» ; a s & I a 1 1 ►^ a 3 g g I II g g g g 1 1 a I . 13 P- ^ fl< Ph fL| (1| p" © qT 4^ 43" +J" Ph P4 M "^ ^ ^ £ •^ '^..r d a c3 iiisaas^PHtnft^&(fi4 of -rt ® (0 © pq « ^ t( tj f-i _ -O .g Ci3 CB O fe o o o o o ■ o ^1 *Bd3inos \{e nioJ|: c « ■ : s § s o . (O . 1 aoioaai i[iBaJ: ib}.ox « '^ : « o o o o o > o . o o : o o o o o • § ® B «» . o o eS 'pnnj !ja9a i o o 1 ® 13 -Bcaiad jo (janoray j ' s ; ^" Eh a < 1 o '• O CO ; w I o • I- . t- . »-( ■ « •UOII^BIQOJIO ^[JB3i of : « : ^" s g i QO O O o in o o o t o o in o m LQ c o o I *^ to 00 ff 'Baoi ;IPP'B AtJEaX 8SUJ9AV S ri eo I- 00 ^ c o o o -w r- MOO o o o ro o o t- o o O ft» o c o 00 o in — o in o 0) o o ■-• o OS er 'BainaTOA jo loqain^ ■}' — 1 I OS o to ^ ■pgpaaoj aaqAi 1 5 00 S S S a s s i S § 5 V (O to CO 00 CO 00 a i s g s s • 4 • o i I CC ;l : o ! . o ; (>» • : 03 : P i : 1 ; i ^ ; is- ■ o = 1 , (- . c3 ■ • ^' 1 d ; 3 i il i ;« jS il ', bD - si 3 ^ a 1 ' ir I J is : ; bi c- ; o I o • ni ^ 1 ^ • !j 1 Hi ; ML §11- mold's Circulating Library ssociation of Mechanics and atlor Hospital fur the Insane e Munn's (Mrs. N. W.) Boar nglisli and Classical School . • ■ e i ;l ^11 • 1 S c ^ 11^ 1 ■ P - 1 3 3 in IH ^ h^ a3 1 t- ij ^ «1 <( -H P Q P! R H -f ^ w ^ . Oi P< PM • w h H h o i Ph^ M rt g- • ^ _ H M H H -t H M W f- H M 1- H H M p^ _j i 2 S t§ *■ H 1 1 1 S f ilS' 13 M M P O o o o 2 S ^ a a a sens a fl p g g g «■ .3 CO CO CO • a M j3 ja ja 5 ,S S o o , M "o C9 « S £} E 4) c ® (D a > S 13 d "S tj 1 S T^ TJ 13 1 3 fO fC 1 1 1 n 1 ■ g -p r -s • 3 e £ g ni = III t5 !zi Ii5 feq fe; < D O, Oi I. fc PM ( U P4 Ph CM f ii FM a H £ £ £ O O i-i ft* « 'fl' in te > CD O O -H ft* PO ii^ 3 t- CO <5 ■jeqratL^ 1 i i i i * ^ P? « CO O CO ^ i in 1 3 n i 1 g General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 112& o • ;;;;;;; S ; [ ; ; 1 1 1 t- o o ■ • n 1 • ; ; ; ; ; o ; . " ■ : ; : i i I g= i i ; ; ; ; ; o I I to i : jii 1 : o ■ o I i j j j o i j i o o oooooo OO J jOOO lo i 'O J. |0 1 > 1 ° i : c c O • O '• i O '• C 3 ° S 1 « : I : 2 S •* CO ; s 1 : i ° ; ; o o o ooooi— oooirtoiftoooooooooTfinoo OOOOODOOOt-OCXJOOOOOOOOOOO'^O-- unomoii^oomt^onmmoocsQuciiocDoo _ o o o o o o O O O O o o o ■V in lo in o lo o -H 13 -a 's. a- ^ f M : <] <] hI m <1 - M i »« >> >i -, ^ K R t-*(MQO.l2i ■S ■§ -< J ^1 ' i3 "'-' g Hi § i § H) t>i O !§ O t< PS £ .2 ^ -sa^ I pi p: (2 1 to K t fe t> O / P3 H M H hmmMmhmh ■■^l p: ?c Cc p; (c p: « Pi p: M pi h- ,- a I I ? t< K S ^ S £ 2 a< W f^ d b3 a o o a tx fq o P F£i .a " o o 13 a s g r© ■n *« T^ nri ■? ■F ■F fei y a g a Oi ^ h CM PM ^ ^ r-T m M* ^ i'j pj M M CO CD s PM di p^ PLh ^ ^ « M i« B S a g g g a a s «- a- e ■g' -S S -S I :§ ^ ^ ^ J3 ^ -M -i-i "r^ •>-' ■c' '^S (D S CQ fn r^ U rj bo a a in (D r- 00 iSJ CO CO CO CO CO » (M r- -= ^ J3 ,M J^ •il « i I » s I 5 ,^ II ? ? o o o o o o o ■joqrani^ in to n^m<»t-22^® o o o o _ _ O -I *H .-« 1-t C5 OT CB CB M M M cs n PS CO CO CO n General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1131 ; => ; 1 J 1 C o ih" 1 1 1 1 irt ■ : ! M " o cf ; ; j > m i : ; ; " o I s ; o ■ ■ ■ s ; i ; ^" 1 I I ! o M 1^ ' O O O '' o 1 o I O i ." J ; o • o ■ «i s ; ■ i ; " 1 o o s s ; = ; i O O 3" O O O o o o ~ o o o o in o 0-": O" O OtOSi-OL'^OOO ■*1<' O O 1= o o o o o o OO-NOjOCOCNTjtoiWTjiaOCOO oeono-ireooi3oioooooocjQoooooo O Ol T-l o oooOTt-tomcitoco '^ J J -o -^ '^ « ^ i^ -q -^ -"I U >. r^ C3 CO t- o m m ^ o C^ "^ t- r- eo o o? — I uj t— o n t" in -^ ifs ojrsaooococo'Xao QDa3Q3Quaocoooooaocnoooo bO O 'o O I 5^. ^ I I -s' •S ^ ■§ I a s 9 J « ^ ri M 3 S *^ H A< H H t=1 ;zi cB >i J Vi i .3= § -o M o " a .2 CO g 3- 1 W a 5 ^ 5 fl 5 3 3 ^ |2i 3 o. o 2 M g n eg a ,a \1 S ^ .ja fl O 3 !zi a g 5 M a s a " .d :i:! iij " 1 S 3 i ~ =, 03 ; H ; a B H S o a g H H E-i B a a ^ ,2 H oSHHaas^.H a a a § H H a a tiAanAafisi H H • ■fl p :a a = cfl cd a [=1 W rt< »o !0 r- m « C-i m m ^2 ^ ^ Oi ffl OJ Ci g H 3 a s ^- af ■? m" 41 •B n 1 a a « a a 3 a H H H E-i H H H H S - _ - o .S H ja fl j3 fl ja ,a a^ Pi Pj p4 a P4 ' a a a a a !a gaaaaaaaaa M « ■* in r- 00 Oi o (MC'^^mtOt-ODm CO M CO CO C^ w rtcocoJocococoeoeomcocococoM 1132 Public Libraries in the United States. ■BiBjaep -lOUI pUB 89UT31BS . O c g o j ■Satpntq puB ■eiBoipouad 'enoog; it i ; 1 •a i 1 ■BQOJnOS HB UIOJJ o o o o O of o o ■pnnj ^aaa -Bnijsd JO ^anoray 1 : o O o o o o o •OOllJ'BXaOJlO i|JB3i ^~ p a g I mo ' o O g_ 1° o ; f •sanmiOA jo laqtunju OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO-^ i-h" --T ■5 ' "g 'S II §11 1 *noi!(.{iTJOsqn9 lo oyj^j ; ^ g : m fa CO s •pspntioj naq^ liiiiiiili ill llliiiig 1 i c 1 c 1 1 c ; > 1 i n g M 'S s $ i •S t II 1 1 1 1 a 1 c g 1 J I a: pi 1 \ - c « i t- K 1 « '3 1 1 i 1 C C j c2 c 'E 1 i a =3 c IJ •l ^ E << r P-i i 1 !2q B o H EH 1 EH 'A *> 1 1 c c: c c 1 1 1 ■ J 1 - ^ 1 - 1 E- ■ a a B CE 1 1 I c c ^ q, C "1 P I p 1 - = 1 p c o H Ml -It u c E- 1 ■ • joquiu^ ■ c 1 f n p- ? ? TL g 1 1 IT tr r 1 c J er g f ?2 ' General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1133 S = : § ; ; : ; O • ■ • s ; I ; i°° ; s ; ; : i O i . . . " ; i ; i ■ ; o j ; S O 1 o . ; 1 . 1 o o . . o ■ • o li s i ; i 1 of I I 1 I f-( ■ 1 1 . ; s s s - : • ; ; ; (TO 1 i g 1 ; g 1. \ oooooooooin o o o t- o o n o o o o o o wcsooooirao o o o o r-,cooo«>cQ«_cQo?5Kc53?i o o o o SggS£SSi2saae = = o o o o o o o Pimir3wcoiot-''^oo 1- o< CO o ca to ^i" g a ■s § -d J ■s g § . '3 5» Q0Olf30»O-H03O(N'3» coascocDGoooooGoaoQO ^ <^ 4= D .£ 5 £-.3 g a £> s £■ ^3 -^ !^ fc ^ .OS -^ Hi o .S o 'g •S •£: * 2 s S ft - ca t. a >> 2 ■^ 1 S I g .g .2,« •2 (-5 >) -.H - I a ^ rt tC :3 ,® e3 o B p rt IZi Hi fti la e a M M a « .2" =f = = M -r ^" *> 3 3 3 <] - OJ .a >= B .5 s i 5 ~ M -. p g s s. h & <) -t -s , t. to ' • L ' £ J< -C -g 1^ 5 13 3 I S 8 -g „ I & ^ 1 £ B © - 0) as H H .3 H H 5 >; ^ >i >-. . S 3 3 3 ^ a ^ ^ M R ee rt d rt 1-J ij J ij .2" ? 3 - > > H H &>- 0! ^ fe = •= ^ ^ "g CO :/; CO tn X 23 g £ I a W M S S pq ca i^n P5 :a « ■jgqranx O 1-1 — •V -V T 5< CO ■v O tc r- QO General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1135 of O ; S g o o o s ii g.a o •a s 3 i i ; o o i 1 o : " s 1 8 1 • o s i - !, ° : g =■ s o ; § g ■ O M g 10, 000 1,700 o o § I ° i o o o o § = ' i ° § 7,000 025 100 § in ' I - i 1 If 5 ^ ^ o in ■ o ■ ° o O O O -< O:: O oooooooo OJ O O a O O O- C3- 00000 0-0I3 oooooooooo o o o m o mWM'inr-eQ'vt- in M in o o "* OL-^OOOOOOOOOCOOO c^mncooinrHOcootn CO w m w o o o5 o33« c>»«dJ-« o-°>3ji ;>, . c ^3 13 fO f^ -^ I s a 3 ;! I s § § = i^ r:i -3 - s 3 - s - eS B W M w « M w o O U Si o - s s S ^ to S s ^ s S m 3 « « ci CO A R a p, c3 «(""' rt ™ w-i-< •!-<.— WW w WW o — ei CO iji 1- ■^ ,■* ■*< 3 CO M CO M CO Smcocomcommcotoco n t< 25 !2i |Zi o _, fW ro CO 1136 Public Libraries in the United States. •pni pccB, 80UBy«s •Snipniq pan 8['notpou9(i 'e3[ioa ^ 'B90jnoB lie tnooj o o o o o o o ■pnnj ^naa -^caidd JO !(nQOtuY •notij'Binoip jt^JBajt •saomppB £xi-B9£ qSviqay a o o I ■BOOrtiiOA ^o J9qnrti_(^ O O CO o o 9 IS o o m o o oouiMajioo-voioow'^woo -.mm o ^ o o o O lO s o o •88^10 ■noijdiJosqnB jo 99j^ t- o to to 00 •p9pnnoj U9qj\i. S S g S o3 w cs Qo -w r- r- -H ^ > ►^ Hi a »> -_ » fM o P ™ ^ "O f9 -< m H -q J 1^ -"I- < bt £•3 U ■e i«i '^ « 5 S a -=1 I ■§ I t> t> t» t> rr^ ^ ^ tS a •= -^ s s : ^- « ^ 'B -^3 ■3 s .2 .a S 5 I 3 .2 •Jeqran^ IN rt •* rt to t-« 00 t- r- t- t^ h- rt CO P3 « CO P3 CO S S St-(-" Ct M S irt C- I3 t-* t- General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1137 • o • • S =" '• ', • o p o 1 ; : 1 1 g ; ; ; W i ° . . i in o : ; : g ti " s I ; § s s ; : ; '^ g i i i i : ■ o • • » : 55 •=* ; : : : o §=■ ; ; ;sggg ; ;§§ CO • ; ■ -^ O iO CO ; • C4 ■= g ! o O O i o ; i o o o o i j j o o o j 1 ; O . ! . Ill xn- ; ; ; 1 : ! o o ■ loo o s ! I o I . : t s ; I lo ; I I S : : ; ■j[>at>,^r^'e^'C'5'T::J fl El -H CO tn fe fH ta CO Ci CO TP CD O CT (& -f M CO to r- f- ira 00 00 00 o} 00 cc au r- Qo "^ lO CO r- m CO o* (o TO o 00 00 00 00 r- 00 oi in o — > lo 00 c* t- r- -r 1— 00 QD 00 00 cooiOitooCTooi^oco^tri^ ^H~5codo^t-t— t^tomtiotom OOCOOOt^OOOOOOOOOOOOCCOOOOOO S a O .2 'fl !=< c4 O U 3 £ EC S 3 g H S g s fl 'bjo n •§5 3 Hi Hi S "3 3 H R M M M k <( .2 S .s a O ^ fl >> >:. e3 ^ n fl « o $ i w K : ■a .2 >i^ M 0,3- ^ ^ r £ Hi M 'S !C bA . ° :^ " k: "SO a ^ = 3 '■I S -^ CO H b 2 a o fl fl I" ^ 5 £ a "< Hi g s s CO Hi b rt a .H 3 1^ a tl i 1 g 3 W ^ W M S^ M rf fl li 5 -^ I •§ 1 a I I eg I e I fl 3! o ^ ■^ a ■3 fH DO rfl ^ '3 ^ >a r^ o E S !<(£■• ^ I § H to Hi Ph 02 f-l •|5!S ** a = > i> ■^ •—' ro- § -^ I- J s •§ ^ 12! ox o) Tti ■* Tf ■* 2; CO CO CO CO CO t> > g oof a a s H H fR- ^ m ^ ^ t> t> t> t> >; >i p^ ^ O 0) O £ a a a a T3 f^a '^' -w ce ic tc in CO >* g d a t> o b frf ^cf i3 'C ft p< ft Pi s i I § a Pi i i t> [> t> >■■ t> [> p" p" a a a a S S $ bC Of) ad fl _g 3 bC bJD bO y fl fl fl "7 t>_ I> [2 I h* f? h^ *& "S bB 3 - - - fl CJ fl ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ a g. t4W-W, WWt!1HWl^l^-lJh^Hll^!^^l2^tzllz^P^(l^P^« O 'H C* CO (0»-QOOSOiHOlCO-«<1050t-00 *_**>__0000-*-H'iH-^rH^H»Hr-li-i mmtninminirairaininirtiniiouoiiouoio CO, CO. CO CO, CO eococococoeococoeocococo 72 E 1138 Public Libraries in the United States. & =1 '6 S3'" •B[B;aop -lOni puB BBUUtBg s ° <= ; ® i ■Smpniq pnB 'siBOipougd 'snoog; & 1 ° o •BSMnOB IIB aiojj amoam S-iimS. [E)oj; s ■= g o o o o o o -vnuad jo ^naoni-sr o o o o o c •noiiuitLOJIo i[aBO_i ! o o o" •Buoi^tppB £[jV9i oSciaAY 2 S S R s CO ii 1 •BecaniOA jo jaqraii^ ooooooooooo o.~ oc oooooooo O-OOOOOOOOOOCTOOOOOOOOOO r^~ .h" cf o -h' Ah" tn aS n -^ si .h 3 S g « o 3 -3 j ^ -d — £ § .3 3 g « ~ CO -^ <; CO CO /< _ « d a <\ >t 6 a M H f E 1 < 1 1 .5 C 1 g a 1 c .£ 'S '( *£ c R C "1 c c E c ► 1 t- i: '1 1 E 5 •1 1- > : a a 1- e c o <^ c i E f .t: •; a ■5 > c- > 1- 1 I E- > 1 D 1 > c A. e i s 'Z I < a T c « 1 6 c • >- S 1 "c C C 1 c 1 1 j > 1 1 (D 1 c ■"; t c 1 ' 1 1 * fc 3 1 Place. i i E 5 c £ c c £ 111 > E > c c 1 £ 1 £ E E c c > rz p c E > c: c E s 1 •f J "i d E !> 1 c J ueqranx 1 '1 ■ c 1 c f If 1 ? 1 c 9 C 1 c i 1 c General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1139 1 i i o , • I rs i ; i i O < i ° : : ; ; ; ; ; o ^ O o ■ ■ g ; i . o • . o o o i ; I i i o o o o o o " : : I i r to lO o I ° : : '^ : : : : " o o o O O O O i^ o •^ CO « O O •* i-T of o" lo" O" C-, o o o o oooQoor-oo OC300000000000 13 ^- o o O o o o o Oi--jc3CQ«?3oiO'i-om!oioroio OOC3O10OOOOC3OO — — ~ — cooocoo«omco (D « CO _ _ QD CI O ' 1140 Public Libraries in the United States. h •e[B!jaop -ram paii B3UB[Bg ; 2 : = 1 ^ , CO : i i i ■ ih" ■Saipniq pau 'Biuoiijouod '9s[ooa: .-2 1 ■ o § : ; 9 g g g ; ■ Cl t- Ql i-t • ■ i a i § •saDJnoB tiB niojj o s ' [ : g ■ .£> O O O O : 2 S'S s •pnnj ^natl -BoijQd JO (juuoraY a o o O o O • O o ; o o <=• O" ■nopuinojio iiJ-Bai o o •saoT^ippB ^leai o^EioAy s ? O " ira - ITS in o CI o o r- "rH r-l rH O -V • CI lO IT •BsraniOA JO igqnir jj ooor-ooooooocNooao-oooot-oc ^~ iH rt" -(ir ^ ^~ of -.iT n f-r r-r n m cc *nopdf.i39qne jo 09J^i Eti m CO . tc : : m &) CO fq . .- •papuaoj ojaqAi. CI O" TO- 00 tH .-1 - \n "v n g g 1 ■ODQOOTCOODOOCDQOaa 0000 00 CD CO a o ■D S > i O J J 1 a D Q -a a a s a ©• 5 ■s § i t § 2 11 1 c •S t < 1 1 1 "1 i ■3 1 •i 1 1, {> > 1 > 1 1 1 O J a: § 1-5 1 < 1 P a o (D - i 1^ c > t 'i > > •l c r- 1 1 c o 1 c c Ph -M fl o 1 c "S p a OQ o h m -J 1 3 1 o 1 5 1 1 1 •3 £ •ft B .2 1 d 1 I .a C C .5 < 1 3 1 1 m 1 1 11 1 .2 i 1 a c c c 1 11 1 1 1 i B^ •joqomx « CO p: i s £3 S3 §3 s? i ir 1 lO CO S S s s o i r: CO i m P3 General Statistics of all Public Libraries. 1141 . ■ " . o .1.0 ; i i 1° ° i i ° g ; ; ; ; i i g '• ■ 1 1 r- • 1 I ■ « • > ^ CO • ; . ; iH (M . . rH in i 1 - . «a 1 . i ! , • 10 °i ; • J 000 lo looo'Iooo 1 1 jo • • ' ci ... i • 21), 000 1, 650 600 ; < i : : : a i; ; ° I ■ 10 o-^I • looo loo" „ 0. ; ; : ■" S S ■; S S 1 1 1 ! ; ; : ; s i. " i .000000 o m -^ o rjt o o O 00 CQ ITS CO- CO — "O O O O 03 "O ^"000 O-OOOOO'MOOOOO r-mpsoowcM-v o o o, 10 o o o -~ ■ o CO o* o ira ^ (B .fl ^ ;i( CDGOODODCDCO QDCD0O0OCOa3 Oi TO- U^lOOtt5«Dt- QUOOiXOOCDOOrcaO o c3 (;a 3 s o '3 o o «= «J g;. d cl ^ 8-S o & - 3 g g a 3 ^ ai a ;^ be m ^ ts e 5 2 a •C ,d O » <1 ? Hi a a o = = a ^ ■S!^ s a S: w ,2 -9 I I .1 .^ £ j| - ;i^ ,B ' ' "^ '^ "5 t« !zi Hi ■R tZ 1 s H O M !5 ■a _ a b s >. & b 3 s a ^ 3 ^ I « I'm a £ a -B a ■ ■ ^ I B a *- E? t-' o 1 o I a .. 'i Ki ZD '■ > M 5 Sfi m x/1 m m m m ^s _. ^ P te C C ^.1 -u a a c3 d' Kg I a a sj] "S 3 .S p. - „ a a = a •iQqiDii^ i-i CT n ^ in M C-; n « m . . , . (O(0tOtD(050(0_ _ comcccois^comMmmcceocQMComeQ ■~(0(oto(oi:Dt05Cto List of Librarians, LIST OF LIBEAEIANS IK THE UNITED STATES. 1143 Place. library. Kame of librarian or other ofBoer reporting. Anburn, Ala . Marion, Ala Mobile, Ala Mobile, Ala Montgomery, Ala . Tuscaloosa, Ala . . . Tuscaloosa, Ala . . . Tucson, Ariz Fayetteville, Ark Fort Smith, Ark Little Eock, Ark "Knight's Ferry, Cal Marysyille, Cal ZsTevada City, Cal Oakland, Cal Oakland, Cal Dakland, Cal Oakland, Cal OroviUe.Cal Petaluma City, Cal Plaoerville, Cal. Sacramento, Cal Sacramento, Cal Sacramento, Cal Sacramento, Cal San Francisco, Cal San Francisco, Cal San Francisco, Cal San Francisco, Cal San Francisco, Cal San Francisco, Cal ~San Francisco, Cal San Francisco, Gal San Francisco, Cal San Francisco, Cal San Francisco, Cal San Francisco, Cal _San Jos6, Cal Santa Barbara, Cal Santa Cruz, Cal Stockton, Cal Vallejo, Cal Central City, Colo Colorado Springs, Colo . Denver, Coio Denver, Colo Golden City, Colo Ashford, Conn Berlin, Conn Bridgeport, Conn Bristol, Conn Agricultural and Mechanical College of Ala- - bama. Howard College Franklin Society Heading Eoom and Library Law Library Alabama State Library Alabama Historical Society University of Alabama Territorial Library Arkansas Industrial University Public Library Association Mercantile Library Public Library Odd Fellows' Library Odd Fellows' Library Oakland Library Association Odd Fellows' Library Pacific Theological Seminary University of California Ladies' Library ■ ."- ■ Odd Fellows' Library Neptune Library California State Library .; Library Association Odd Fellows' Library - Supreme Court Library Bancroft Pacific Library BibKothSque de la Ligue nationale fran^aise Eureka Turnverein Mechanics' Institute Mercantile Library New .lerusalem Church Free Library Odd Fellows' Library St. Mary's Library Association . - - San Francisco Verein Society of California Pioneers Territorial Pioneers of California Young Men's Christian Association. . .'. San Jos6 Library Association Odd Fellows' Library Santa Cruz Library Odd Fellows' Library Vallejo Library Public School Library El Paso County Library Supreme Court Library Territorial Library University Schools of Colorado Baboock Library Berlin Library Bridgeport Library Young Men's Christian Association B. P. Eoss. J. B. Kilpatrick. W. M. De Grushe. ■William Alderson. J. M. Eiggs. W. S. Wyman, secretary. Prof. B. F. Meek. Coles Bashford, secretary of the Territory. John Ayers. J. H. Hobbs. Frank M. Parsons. A. Schell. John Norton. E. A. Foster. Ina D. Coolbrith. Peter J. Ipsen. Eev. George Mooar, D. D. J. C. Eowell, A. B. Maggie Morrison. E. E. Healy. Frederic F. Barss. E. 0. Cravens. M. S. Cushman. Francis Lenoir. Carl C. Finkler. Henry L. Oak. Daniel L6vy. _ August Schumacher. J. C. Hurlbut. A. E. Whitaker. Johu Doughty. George A. Carnes. John B. Gallagher. L. E. "Wyneken. Louis E. Lull. Dr. E. L. Willard, secretary H. Cox. George W. Fentress. James A. Brewster. H. Dexter. C. F. Eea. James Phillips. John L. Jerome. Henry K. Palmer. John W. "Webster. Orson Brooks, (acting.) Eev. Eiohard Harding. Peter Piatt. Miss E. S. Brandegee. Mrs. J. E. G. Clarke. William B. Hard, chairmaa library committee. 1144 Public Libraries in the United States, ' List of Ubrarians in the United States — Continued. Place. Canaan, Conn Colch.ester, Conn — Cromwell, Conn Danbnry, Conn . Derby, Conn Derby, Conn j . ai-. t . Darham, Conn j, East fiaddam. Conn East "Windsor, Conn, Farmington, Conn. . Gnilford, Conn ^ Hampton, Coan....! Hartford, Conn Hartford, Conn Hartford, Conn Hartford, Conn Hartford, Conn Hartford, Conn Hartford, Conn Hartford, Conn Hartford, Conn Kensington, Conn . . Lakeville, Conn Ledyard, Conn ...,-. Litcb6eld, Conn Litchfield, Conn Lyme, Conn. Manchester, Conn. . . Meriden, Conn Middletown, Conn . . Middletown, Conn .. Middletowu, Conn ., Milford, Conn , Moodus, Conn, i New Britain,'Conn.. New Haven, Conn . , !N"ew Haven, Conn . , Kew Haven, Conn .. New Haven, Conn . , New Haven, Conn . , New Haven, Conn . , New Haven, Conn .. New Haven, Conn . . New London, Conn . . New London, Conn. . New Milford, Conn. , Norfolk, Conn Norwich, Conn , Say brook, Coon . . . , , Seymour, Conn . . Simsbury, Conn Stamford, Conn Stonington, Conn ... Library. Douglas Library , ColcheBter Library <. Friendly Association Banbury Library AUis Circulating Library Odd Fellows' Library Durham Academy , Odd Fellows' Library , Library Association' .^ Farmington Library j Guilford Circulating Library Library Association Circulating Library Connecticat Historical Society Hartford County Law Library Association. Hartford Hospital Medical Library and Journal Association. - State Library Theological Institute of Connecticut "Watkiuson Library of Reference Toung Men's Institute Kensington Library Society Lakeville Library--. Bill Library Harris Plain District Library "Wolcott Library Association Old Lyme Library Library Association Toung Men's Christian Association Berkeley Divinity School Russell Library TVesleyan University Milford Lyceum Library Association New Britain Institute American Oriental Society - Bartholomew's Library ■ ^ Connecticut Academy of Art sjxd Sciences . First Church and Society New Haven Colony Historical Society Tale College Tale College Law School Toung Men's Institute St. John's Library TouDg Men's Library Association.. ,,. The Benevolent Library Circulating Library ! Otis Library Acton Library Library Association , . Free Library ....,;,. Social Reading-Rooms , ^ . . . . Book Club and CirciilatiDgLibrary......... Name of librarian or other officer reporting. Charles Gillette. Miss Emma Fitch. Edward' S. Coe. C. H. Sanford. George C. AUis. John H. Barlow. Philo Moeh«r. Azro Drown. S^uel T. Bissell. Thomas Treadwell. Shepard and Fowler. Mason O. Fuller. Miss King. J. Hammond Trumbull. Charles J. BJCadly. Dr. G. W. RusselL C. W. Chamberlain. Charles J. Hoadly. William Thompson. •J. Hammond, Trumbull. Caroline M Hewins. Andrew J. ■"Warner. Lot Norton. Edmund Spicer. Elwin Merriraan. William L. Ransom. John D. Morley. George A. Easton. E,T. Spencer. Rev. Frederic Gardner, D.D. George F. Winchester. C. T. Winchester, A. M. Alphonso Smith. Mrs.D.F.Beebe. Emma B. Hackett. Addison Van Name, M. A. L. B. Bartholomew. Addison Yan Name, M. A. Solomon Mead. William G. Andrews, sec. Addison Yan Name, M. A. John A. Robinson, LL. B. Miss C. Lizzie Todd. Timothy J. Evers. Nathan R.«ChappeII. Fred. S. Starr. Mrs. C. H. Mills. Mrs. F. W. Robinaou. Miss Amelia Ciarkt . Frederick O'Mira, George C. End- George D. Hoyt. Miss E. W. Palmer, presi- dent. List of Librarians. List of librarians in the United States — Continued. 1145 Place. Library. Stonington, Conn Stratford, Conn Terryaville, Conn Thomaston, Conn Thompson, Conn "Waterbury, Conn "Watertown, Conn "W"anregan, Conn West KUlingly, Conn ^ "West "Winsted, Conn. . "Wethersfield, Conn . . . "Windsor LocIes, Conn. Palmer and Trumbull's Library. .Book Club , Lyceum Library Village Library Fire Engine Library Silas Bronson Library Library Aseociation Library Association Dowe's Circulating Library Beardsley Library *...,... Koee Library .' Holden's Circulating Library . ., Name of librarian or other officer reporting. "Windsor Locks, Conn...... Union School Library, . Library Association :., Library Association ... Library Association ... Territorial Library — "Wolcottville, Conn. , "Woodbury, Conn. . . TanktoDjDak Xankton, Dak Newark, Del New Castle, Del Smyrna, Del "Wilmington, Del. .. "Wilmington, Del. .. "Wilmington, Del. . . "Wilmington, Del . - . "Wilming-ton, Del . . . Georgetown, D, C . . Georgetown, D, C . . "Washington, D. C .. "Washington, D. C Washington, D, C . . "WAsbington, D. C. "Washington, D. C. . "Washington, D. C. "Washington, D. C. . "Washington, D.C. "Washington, D. C:^ "Washington, D.C. "Washington, D. D. Washington, D.C Washington, D. C . Washington, D, C. Delaware College ' Library Company 1 Library Association Delaware Historical Society ...: New Castle County Law Library Association Shield's Library : • Wilmington Institute: ■ Young Men's Free Library Association Georgetown College Peabody Library Association Bureau of Education Bureau of Statistics Department of Agriculture ■ Department of State Department of the Interior : . _' ■ House of .-Representatives Independent Order of Odd Fellows' Lihrary Association. Independent Order of Odd Fellows' Library Association of East Washington. Library of Congress - Masonic Library - - Patent-Office - - Post-Office Department Signal Office, United States Army Washingtonj D. C. - Washington, D. C . - Washingtob, D.G'.. Washington, D. C . . Washingtonv D. C . - Washington, D. C- Jaoksonvillfe, Fla. . . Surgeon -General' 9 Office.. Treasury Department. ■ United States Naval Observatory. United States Senate - - - •War Department Washington City Library ■ Wayland Seminary --* Florida Circnlating Library. Palmer and Trumbull. H. A. Sutton. Sherman Andrus. Thomas H. Newton. Oscar Munyan. H. F. Bassett. Nancy E. Bronson, Henry Johnson. M. P. Dowe. Miss L, M. Carrington. F, Hanmer. C. A. Fox. George Webb. Mrs. Woodruff. William C. De Forest. Mrs. J. H. Haskell. George H. Hand, secretary of the Territory. Pro£O.B. Super. Alexander B. Cooper. ' Miss Alice HofPecker>, K. P, Johnson, M. D, George H. Bates. John J. Ryan. Augustus F. Wilmans. George N. Jackson. Rev. J, S- Sumner, S. J. Frank D. Johns-. E.T; Peters. J, B. Russell. ' Theodore F. Dwighk. Rev. John G. Ames; John M. Rice. George W. McLean, John C. Axe. A. R. Spofford- W. P. Dunwoody. William B. Taylor. John Meigs. Henry Jackson, First Lieu- tenant, U. S. A, John S. Billings, Assistant Surgeon, U. S. A. S. A. Johnson. Prof. J. E. Nonrse. George F, Dawson. P.O'Hagan. W. B. Morris. James Storum. E. B. Kellogg. 1146 Public Libraries in the United States. List of Hhrariaris in the Vnited States — CoDtinuecl. Place. Library. Ifame of librarian or other officer reportiug. Milton, Fla St. Augustine, Fla Tallahassee, Fla Athens, Ga Atlanta, Ga. 'Atlanta, Ga Angusta, Ga Augusta, Ga i». Cartersville, Ga Savannah, Ga '. Talbotton, Ga.. "West Point, Ga Bois6 City, Idaho ^. Alton, lU Aurora, 111 Batavia, 111 Belleville, 111 Belvidere, 111 BloomingtoD,Ill Bloomicgton, 111 Bunker Hill, 111 BuBbne]l,Ill Centralia, HI :. Chicago, 111 Chicago, 111 Chicago, 111 ... ; Chicago, 111 Chicago, III Chicago, 111 . . J Chicago, 111 .....J- i.. Chicago, 111 Chicago, 111 Chicago, III Chicago, 111 Chicago, 111 Chicago, 111 Chicago, 111 Chican;o, 111 Chicago, III Chicago, 111 Chicago, 111 Danville, 111 Decatur, 111 Dixon, 111 Dwight.IU East St. Louis, HI Eden, 111 1. Elgin, HI Elmwood, 111 El Paso, 111 Evan8tOD,Ill Masonic Academy City LibraT-y State Library _ . , TTniversity of the State of Georgia Georgia State Library ■tonng Men's Library Catholic Young Men's Society Young Men's Library Asaociatioti Library Association Georgia Historical Society Le Vert College Toung Men's Library A ssociation Territorial Library Public Library Library Association Batavia Free Library Sajngerbund and Liberal Society Library Society Illinois "Wesleyan University \ Library Association Library Association Library^ ssociation Public Library Academy of Sciences American Electrical Society Baptist Union Theological Seminary Chicago Astronomical Society Chicago Historical Society Chicago Theological Seminary Chicago Turngeraeinde Chicago University Cobb's Library Dearborn Observatory Law Insti tute North Chicago Rolling-Mill ^.- Presbyterian Theological Seminary of the Northwest. Public Library St. Ignatius CoUegH , . ; Union Catholic Library Association ...t "West Side Library Young Men's Christian Association Culbertson Library Ladies' Library Association Huso Com pany No. 1 Kenyon's Circulating Library Public Library and Reading-Room Mutual Improvement and Library Associa- tion. Free Public Library Young Men's Library and Beading Room . . , Ladies' Library Northwestern University. John Carlovitz. Miss M. C. Reynolds. Samuel B. McLiu. Prof. Charles Morris, A. M. Joel Branham. Charles Herbst. Richard B. Heslin. S. G. Simmons. Edgar L. Peococt. Williara Harden. "William Park. Morris Herzberg. E. J. Cni-tis, sec'y Territory Mrs. M. A. H. Crandall, cor- responding secretary. Gustavus A. Pfrangle. F. H. Buck. * Henry Raab. Mrs. H. X Sherrill. G. R. Crow, A. M. Mrs. H. R. Galliner. Mrs. Sai'ah Cruick&hauks. Joseph B. McComaell. ' R. M. McKee. J. "W. Telie. F. W. Jones. E. C. Mitchell, D. D. Elias Colbert, secretary. Belden F. Culver. Prof, Theodore W, Hopkins. Edward 0. Witte Hon. H. M. Thompson. L. M. Cobb. Elias Colbert. Julius Rosenthal. Tristram Mayhew. Prof.'W. M. Blackburn, D.D. "William F. Poole. Prof. P. J. Van Loco, S. J. Mary A. Duffy. Emerson and Kennedy. Miss L. "W. Gushing. Rev. A. L. Brooks. Miss Libbie Jack, cor. sec. F. H. Bubbitt. H, A. Kenyon. Robert L. Barrowman. Samuel Hyndman. L. H. Yarwood. ' ' Edwin Elliott. Amanda M. Hewitt. C. W. Pearson, A. M. List of Librarians. 1147 List of Uhrarians in the United States — Continued. Place. Library. Name of librarian or other oiiioer reporting. Galena, 111 Galeeburgli, 111. .' Geneva, 111. '..... Greenville, 111 '-., Jacksonville, 111 Jacksonville, 111 Joliet,Ill .1...L.... Kankakee, HI ..... . Kewanee, 111 La Salle, 111 La Salle, 111 La Salle, 111 Menclota, 111 Moline, 111 Jloline, 111 ironmouth. III Monmonth, 111 Morris, 111 Mount Vernon, 111 . !N'ormal,Ill Olney, 111 Onarga,lll , Ottawa, 111 Ottawa, 111.... • Pana,Ill Peoria, 111 Pittsfleld, 111 Polo, 111 Quincy, 111 Qaincy, 111 Eantoul, 111...... Eobin's Nest, 111 . Eookford, 111 Hock Island, 111 . . Sandwich, 111 Sparta, 111 Sparta, 111 Springfield, 111 . . . Springfield, 111 . . . Springfield, 111 ... Springfield, 111 . Springfield, 111 . Sterling, 111 Streator,Ill.... Tuscola, 111 Upper Alton, 111 . Upper Alton, 111 . Urbana, 111 , Urbana, 111 •"Warsaw, 111. J Washington, 111 . . Young People's Library Association ;. . . . Tree Public Library ; P ublio Library ....>;.. Ladies' Library Association Jacksonville Library.Aasociation Keading-Room and Library Public Library i.i' Ladies' Library Association Public Library l... Barnes & Co.'s Circulating Library St. Patrick's Total Abatineuce Society Malone's Circulating Library i. — Mendota Library Association Concordia Society — Public Library Monmonth College Warren County Library and Beading Eoom Library Association Supreme Court, Southern Grand Division. . Illinois State Natural History Society Public Library Public Library Odd Fellows' Library Supreme Court, Northern Grand Division. . Library Association Mercantile Library . -c - Ladies' PreeiKeading-Eoom and Public Li- brary. I ' - Library A.s8ociation - Friends in Council Quincy Library Literary Society Jubilee College Public Library Public Library - Literary Association Addisonian Library Circulating Library Library Association State Board of Agriculture State Library Supreme Court, Central Grand District United States District Court ,.---• Library and Free JReading Koom P ublic Library Library Association, First Presbyterian Church. ' - Shurtleff College Theological Department, Shurtleff College.. Free Library Illinois Industrial University Free Public Library Library Association Thomas B. Hughlett. Mrs;F. A. Smith. ' Mrs. Mary Jenny. Kate Alexander. J. H. Woods. H. W. Milligan, secretary. Miss Charlotte Aiken. Mrs. A. P. Loring. J. C. Eice. G. M. Barnes. Eichard Stanton. J. E. Malone. J. D. Moody; A. Schulz. Kate S. Holt. Ed. F. Eied, A. M. Thomas H. Eogers. Benjamin W. Sears. E. A. D. Wilbajnks. S. A. Forbes. F, W. H utchinson. Maria J. Davis. George S. M. Beck. George S. Williams. D(. T. C. MoCoyj Mrs. S. B. Armstrong. Miss Louise Lusk. Miss E.' F. Barber. Mrs. M. B. Denraan. Miss Ellnora Simmons. Charles Peterson. Samuel Chase. William L. Eowland. Ellen Gale. M. B. Castle. Thomas F. Alexander. William G. Chambers. Miss E. G. Seaman. S. D. Fisher, secretary. George H. Harlow, ex officio librarian. E. C. Hamburger. George P. Bowen, clerk. B. A. Church. Oscar B. Eyan. Hattie N. Miller. Eev. W. Leverett, A. M. Washington Leverett. Miss Ida Haines. J. D. Crawford. Edward E. Lane. E. A. Smith. 1148 Public Libraries in the United States. List of librai'iane in the United States — Continued. Place. Library. Name of librarian or other oflScer reportiog. "Waterloo, HI . . "Watseka,Ill .. Torkville, 111 . Attica, Ind Bedford, Ind . . Bloomington, Ind . .. Blooniingtoii, Ind . ■ . BluflFton, Ind Boon ville, Ind ..■ Brazil, Ind Columbia City, Ind .. Columbns, Ind Conneraville, Ind — Crawfordsville, Ind . Edinburgh, Ind Elkhart, Ind Evaosville, Ind Evans ville, Ind E vansville, Ind Evansville, Ind Evansville, Ind Eort Wayne, Ind Fort "Wayne, Ind . . . . Eort Wayne, Ind Green castle, Ind Indianapolis, Ind — Indianapolis, Ind Indianapolis, Ind . . Indianapolis, Ind. . Indianapolis, Ind.. Indianapolis, Ind . Indianapolis, Ind . Indianapolis, Ind. . Jeflfersonville, lud. Kentland.lDd. Knox, Ind La Porte, Ind Lawrenceburgh, Ind . Lebanon, Ind Madison, Ind Martinsville, Ind Mooresville, Ind . . . . Mt. Yemen, Ind Mun cie, Ind New Castle, Ind New Harmony, Ind . Notre Dame, Ind Oxford, Ind Peru, Ind Plymouth, Ind Monroe Advance Society .-. . . Library Association Union Library Association Maolnre Working-Mens' Library Lawrence County Library ..-:.:..-.. .1 ... . Indiana "University ...... \. ■ ^ .;.... j Monroe County Library.. j....;.^ Wells County Library Township Library ^ Maclure Library Association . .< Whitley County Library..... — . Bartholomew Comity Library . - Maclure Library Wabash College Maclure Working-Mens' Library Ladies' Library Catholic Library Association. ;.... Circulating Library Pigeon Township Library _P ablic Library Vanderburgh County Library.. Catholic Library Association Lafayette Benevolent Society Public School Library Indiana Asbury University Centre Township Library Indiana Historical Society Marion County Library Public Library , Social Turn verein Sodality of St. Patrick's Church State Library Toung Men's Christian Association Working Mens' Institute Newton County Library l Starke County Library - . Library and Natural History Association.. Township Library Center Township and Yonng Men's ChriS' tian Association. Library Associati'on Working Men's Library Brown Township Library Township Library - , Pnblic Library , Working Men's Library , Working Men's Institute ^.^ .;.. University of Notre Dame Maclure Working-Men's Library ■. , Miami Working Men's Institute , Marshall County Library George L, Hiess. Matthew H. Peters. M.E.Cornell. E, H. Butler. John M. Stalker, county clerk. T. A. Wylie. Willie Evanfi. James R. Bennett. ' Albert Lunenberg. ' ' ■ ' George W. French. J. W. Adair. David Stobo. J. L. Kippetoe. Caleb Mills, M. A William A. Johnson. Mrs. A. E. Babb. James Carroll. John A. Boeller. Fred Blend. Bassett Cadwallader. - ' Joseph J. Keitff. '" Phillip J. Singleton. A. H. Carier, president. * Leonora I. Drake. John C. Eidpath. Mrs. N. J. Hicks. • ' John B. Dillon, secretary pro tempore. Lizzie L. Hadley. Charles Evans. Julius Miessen. Jefitey Keating. Sarah A. Oren. ' Dr. Munhall. B.A.Johnson. E. Littell Urmston. ' W. M. McCormiok,' county clerk. Mrs. Mary S. Willard. Martin Kieifer. James W. Garner. James Hoberts. James Coleman. John W. Hielson, Alfred Kummer. Mrs. Hattie L. Patterson. Thomas B. Kedding. Charles H. White. Hev. J. C. Carrier, C.,S. C. Alonzo Cowgill'. W. H. Gilbert. ■ J. B.N.Kang6r. List of Librarians. List of Kbranans in the United States — Continued. 1149 Place. Library. ' Name of librarian or other officet reporting. Princeton, Ind , Eicbmond, lud Eicbmond, Ind^i---. Richmond, lud.-.j.. KlsingSan, Ind-..-.- Rising Sun, lud Bockport, Ind South Bend, Ind.-... South Bend, Ind . ; - . . "Vevay, Ind . - i Vinceunes, Ind ...j: Yincennes, Ind ;. Vinoennes, Ind, Yincennes, Ind "Wabash, ind "Wabash, Ind , . . "Waterloo, Ind "Waterloo, Ind Albia, lowa.H Ames, Iowa * . Burlington, lowao . . . Gibson County Library , Earlham College , Morrison Library Way n e County Law Library Maclure Working-Men's Library.. . Randolph Township Library Ohio Township Library :.. Library Association Portage Tdwnship Library Working Men's Library Maclure "Working-Men's Institute . Public School Library Township Library Yincennes Library Maclure "Working-Men's Institute . Noble Township Library "Union Township Library Maclure "Working-Men's Institute . Albia Lyceum State Agricultural College Public Library Swedish Public Library Burlington, lowa.t... Cedar Falls, Iowa Library Association Cedar Rapids, Iowa | Enos Fre& Library- Clinton, Iowa -■- . ; — Davenport, Iowa Davenport,. Iowa Davenport, Iowa. — Young Men's Library Association . Academy of Natural Sciences G-riswold College '. Library Association ..■.■- Davenport, Iowa, u - - . Dea Moines, Iowa — Des Moines, Iowa — Dubuque, Iowa Dubuque, Iowa Dubuque, Iowa . Fairfield, Iowa Fort Dodge, Iowa — Ii3dj?pendence,.Iowa. Iowa City, Iowa Iowa City, Iowa Keokuk, Iowa Keosauqua, Iowa Lyons, Iowa Lyons, Iowa - Maquoketa, Iowa ^ Mason City, Iowa i - Ottumwa, Iowa . . *_ ^ - - Pella, Iowa . . .; Salem, Iowa Tabor, Iowa Waterloo,' Iowa Waverly, Iowa Western College, Iowa. . . Young Men's Christian Association Des Moines Library State. Library .- ■ German Presbyterian Theological School. Iowa Institute of Science and Arts.....;-.. Young Men's Library , ^ ......'-..-..' - Jefferson County Library Association...., Library Association Public Library - - - . - Iowa State University State Historical Society : Library Association '. Odd Fellows' Library, No. 3 - Gennan Association ■ Young Men's Association Literary Association ■ Library Association Public Library Central University of Iowa Whittier College Tabor College Library Association Library and Lecture Association. Western College W.P.Wellbun, county clerk. Anna Miles. Mrs. Sarah A. Wrigley. James Skinner. J. M. Roister. J. M. Reister. S. Laird. Mrs. Eliza FiHain. Mrs. Eliza F. Haiu. ' P. T. Hartford. J. P. Currie. - Thomas J* Charlton, A. M. John W. Duesterb.org. F. W. Yichfi; Alexander Hess. Alexander Hess. D. Y. and C. HuSselman. R. Wes. McBfide. W. A. Nichol. Miss Ellen Wj Harlow. J. P. Fuller. Andrew Peterson. A. R. Pegun. JVIiss Bessie R. Penney. F. A. Wadleigh. R. J. Farqnharsonl D. T. Sheldon. Mrs. H. M Martin, chair- man library committee. H.Williams. John Welden, jr.j manager. Mrs. Ada North.- Prof. L. Griest; Henry G. Hbrr. Martha Chaddook. A. T. Wells: ■ W. H. Johnston. Miss Nettie Jordan. Amos N. Currier, A. M. Samuel C. Trowbridge; (act- ing.) ■ . Miss Emma Harte. J. J. Kimmersly. A. R. Nysgaard. Anna Carpenter. , D. A. Fletcher^ Henry H. Shepard. Mrs. M. E. Israel. J. N. Dunn. Levi Gregory. j. E.Todd. James W. Logan. H. S. Burr. Rev. I. L. Kephart, A. M. 1150 Public Libraries in the United States, List oj Uhfarians in the United States ^~ Cohtinued, Place. Library. Name of librarian or otber oflBcer reporting. Lawrence, Kans Leavenwortb, Kane . Manhattan, Kans . . . Topeka, Kans Topeka, Kans "Wyandotte, Kans . . . Bai dstowD, Ky Danville, Ky. ,J Frankfort, Ky Georgetown, Ky Harrodsburg, Ky . . . Lexington, Ky Lexington, Ky Louisville, Ky Louisville, Ky Louisville, Ky Louisville, Ky Maysville, Ky Newport, Ky Paris, Ky South, Union, Ky Monroe, La New Orleans. La. . ^ . New Orleans, La New Orleans, La New Orleans, La New Orleans, La New Orleans, La New Orleans, La New Orleans, La Auburn, Me Auburn, Me . Augusta, Me . City Library , Law Library State Agricultural College Kansas State Library Library Association Librarj' Association '. St. Joseph's College. Centre College Kentucky State Library Georgetown College .* Library Association , Kentucky University , Library Association , Law Library Library Association 1 Public Library of Kentucky ".'.'... TheologicaljSeminary of the P. E. Ckurch. Odcl Fellows' Library Odd Fellows' Library City Library South Union Library , Young Catholic Friends' Society Academy of Sciences , EUia Circulating Library Fiske Free Library Librarie de laFamille Louisiana State Library Louisiana Turnverein New Orleans Law Association Public School and Lyceum Library , Androscoggin County Law Library Young Men's Christian Association Kennebec Comity Law Library ^Augusta, Me ' Maine State Library., Bangor, Mo Baugor, Me BaDgor, Me Bath, Me Bath, Me Biddeford, Me Biddeford, Me Biddeford, Me Brunswick, Me Brunswick, Me Bucksport, Me Calais, Me Cape Elizabeth, Me... Castine, Me Dooring, Me Dexter, Me Eastport, Me Ellsworth, Me Fairfield, Me Bangor Mechanics' Association . . Bangor Theological Seminary Penobscot Bar Library Patten Library Association Sagadahoc County Law Library . Circulating Library City Library French Canadian Institute Bowdoin College Maine Historical Society Social Library '. St. Croix Library State Eeform School Town Library Westbrook Seminary "Mercantile Library Sentinel Circulating Library City Library , Village Library , Mrs. J. C. Trask. Judge H. W. Ide. Prof. M. L. Ward. David Dickinson. Mrs. J. S. Kellum. 0. D. Burt. Rev. E. M. Crane. Prof. S. De Soto. Owen W. Grimes. Prof. D. Thomas, X. M. John Van Anglew^. G. B. Wagner. J. B. Cooper. Samuel F. Johnson. F. A. Cooper. P. A. Towne. Rev, L. P. Tacbiflfely. George W. Walz. Thomas Duncan. James Paton. S. Rankin. Henry Floyd. Andrew F. McLain, M. D. George Ellis and Sro. Luther Homes. Am. Sutton. Miss E. Richardson. Jacob Streil. R. P. Upton. Mrs. C. W. Cnlbertson. Daniel P. Atwood, county clerk. J. H. Otis. William M. Strattou, clerk. J. S. Hobbs. Daniel Halman. Prof. Levi L. Paine. Albert '^. Paine. A. B. Farnham. A. C. Hewey. Miss Emily Cleaves. Miss Mary M. Dyer. James Stebbins. Alpheus S. Packard, D. D. Rev. A. S. Packard. A. Sparhawk. Mary J. Arnold. Isaac Libby. P. J. Hooke. D. W. Hawkes. L. S. Safford. E. H. Wadsworth. Addie True. George M. TwitchelL List of Librarians. lAat of librarians in the United States — Continued. 1151 Place. Library. Name of librarian or other officer- reporting. Gardiner, Me . Hallowell, Me., Hoiilton, Me... Kent's Hiil ... Lewiaton, Me,. Lewiston, Me., Lewiaton, Me . Lewiaton, Me. Lewiston, Me . Lewiaton, Me. Machiaa, Me.. Orono, Me Portland, Me Portland, Me .' Portland, Me ... Eicbmond, Me Saco, Me Saco, Me Skowhegan, Me South Berwick, Ee . Thomaston,, Me . ^ - . - Thomaston, Mq Topeham, Me "Waterville, Me "Wiscasset, Me Annapolis, Md Annapolis, Md Saltimore, Md Baltimore, Md Baltimore, Md Baltimore, Md Baltimore, Md Baltimore, Md Baltimore, Md Baltimore, Md Baltimore, Md . . Baltimore, Md ....,,. Baltimore, Md Baltimore, Md Baltimore, Md Baltimore, Md .-•-■,■ Baltimore, Md . Baltimore, Md . Baltimore, Md . Baltimore, Md Baltimore,' Md Charlotte Ha,ll^JId.. College Station, Md . Emmettsburg, Md . . Public Library Social Library .• Library Association Maine Wesleyan Seminary- and Eemale College. Batea College , Bates College, Theological School French's Circulating Library Manufacturers' and Mechanics' Library... - Parker'a Circulating Library Stevens & Co.'s Circulating, Library Waahington County Bar Library Maine State College of Agriculture and MechanlQ Arts. Mechanic Apprentices' Library . . .* Mercantile Library Portland Institute and Public Library Library Association Saco Athenajnum York Institute Library Association Library Association Ladies' Library 'State Prison Johnson Home School Colby University . . . : Lincoln County Law Library Maryland State Library United States Naval Academy Archiepiscopal Library r City Library Concordia Library Friends' Elementary and High School General Society for aid of Mechanics Hbuse of Eefuge.' Library Company of the Baltimore Bar Maryland Academy of Sciences Maryland Historical Society ..- .-- Maryland Institute Mercantile Library Aasociatioi^ w.. Odd Fellows' Library Peabody Institute Public School Library St. Catherine's Normal Institute Social Democratic Turners' Union South Baltimore Mechanics' Library Asso- ciation. Toung Men's Catholic Assficiation., Young Men's Christian Association "Washington and Stonewall Lib/ary Mercer Literary Society ^ Mt. St. Mary's College Mrs. S. H. Heath. Annie F. Page. Hadley Fairfield. A. F. Chase, A. M. Prof. J. Y. Stanton, A. M. Andrew J. Eastman. Addie M. Dunn. Mary A. Little. B. W. Parker. Stevens & Co. P. H. Longfellow, Co. clerk. George H. Hamlin. J. B.Tborndike. . Miss D. P. Coombs. Edward A. Noyea. William H. Stuart. George A. Emery, S.M.Watson. M.D. Johnson. A. Carpenter. Miss Ina Creighton. D. J. Starrett. D. L. Smith. Prof. E. W. Hall. jGeo. B. Sawyer, Co. clerk, John ^. T. Magruder. Prof, Thomas, Karney. Rev. T. S. Lee, custodian. John S. Brown. G. Schweckendiek, E. M. Lamb. Paul F. Franzke. S.T.Ewing. , •Daniel T. Chandler. Anthony M. Smith, John G. Gatchell, A. F. Luaby. John W. M. Lee. A.T.King, N. H. Morrison, proT^st. Prof. H. E. Shepherd, super- intendent public instruc-- tion. Sister Mary Ferdinand. F. List, sr. Charles T. Mitchell. L.P.. H. P. A dams. H. M.C.Bond. Francis M. Cook. Rev. William J, Hill. 1152 Public -Libraries in the United' States. List of libranans in the United States — Continued. Place. Frederick, Md Ilcheater, Md Lonaconing, Md . . . Lonaconing, Md . . . Salisbury, Md , Saody Spring, Md.. "Woodstock) Md Abington, Mass..... Amesbiiry, Mass Amesbnry, Mass... Aniberst, Mass Amberst, Mass Amherat, Mass , Andover, Mass Andover, Mass Arlington, Mass . . . Asbburnbam, Mass Asbfleld, Mass , Attleborough, Mass Auburn, Mass Ayer, Mass Barnstable, Mass ... Barre, Mass Belmont, Mass Bernardston, Mass . , Beverly, Mass Billerica, Mass Blackiuton, Mass ... Blackatone, Mass . . . Bolton, Mass Boston, Mass Boston, Mass Boston, Mass , Boston, Mass Boston, Mass Boston, Mass Boston, Mass Boston, Mass Boston, Mass , Boston, Mass Boston, Mass Boston, Mass Boston, Mass Boston, Mass , Boston, Mass Boston, Mass Boston, Mass , Boston, Mass Boston, Mass Boston, Mass , Boston, Mass Boston, Mass Library. Maryland Institution for tbe J)eaf and Dumb Mt. St. Clement's College Odd Fellows' Library, No. 85 St. Mary's Library Circulating Library Sandy Spring Library "Woodstock College Centre Abington Library Circulating Library Public Library of Amesbury and Salisbury. Amberst College Massachusetts Agricaltural College Public Library Andover Theological Seminary Memorial Hall Library Public Library Ladies' Library Library Association Library Association Public Library Town Library ' Sturgis Library Town Library Free Public Library Cusbman Library Public Library Library Association Blackiuton Library Athenaeum and Library Association Town Library American Academy of Arts and Sciences. . . American Board of Commissioners of For- eign Missions. Boston and Albany Railroad Library Boston Asylum and Farm School Boston Atbeuaium Boston Library Society Boston Society of Natural History Boston School of Theology Caledonian Club City Hospital . . .: Commonwealth Circulating Library Congregational Library Deaf-Mute Library Association Dorchester Atbenssum General Theological Library Handel and Haydn Society Lindsley's Circulating Library Liacom'a Circulating Library Massachusetts Geueral Hospital, Tieadwell Library. Massachusetts Historical Society Massachusetts Horticultural Society MassacTinsetts Institute of Technology Name of librarian or other oificer reporting. Charles W. Ely, principal. A. Konings. William Thorn. Frank Myers. James E. Ellegood. Ellen Stabler, secretary. Eev. Charles Cicaterri, S. J. Mrs. R. B. Turner. James Roper. James H. Davis. "Wm. L. Montague, A. M John E. Southmayd. Nina D. Beaman. Rev. "William L. Ropes. Ballard Holt, second. Lizzie J. Newton. H. M. Foster. Mrs. L. E. Coleman. John M. Fisher. Hannah Green. L. A. Buck. Mrs. 0. Freeman. H. F. Brooks. David Mack. Mrs. Sarah Cushman. Joseph D. Tuck. Miss Sarah Annable. O. A. Archer. George Ames. Mrs. Rollins. Edmund Quincy. Rev. N. G. Clark, D. D. H. C. Bixby. William A. Morse. Charles A. Cutter. Gertrude Pope. Edward Burgess. D. Patten, S. T. D. William Ivel, secretary. W. A. Rust, M. D., secretary L. S. Hills. Rev. Isaac P. Langworthy. Jonathan P. Marsh, ilrs. A. Hemmenway. Rev. Luther Farnham. John H. Stinckney. George W. Lindsley. L. Liscom. Norton Folsom. Samuel A. Green. E. W. Bua-well. William P. Atkinson. List of Librarians. List of librarians in 17ie Uniieil States — Contiuued. 1153 Place. Boston. Mass. . Bo8tou, Mass.. Boston, Mass . Boston, Mass. . Boston, Mass. . Boston, Mass. . Boston, Mass. . Boston, Mass.. Boston, Mass.. Boston, Mass. . Boston, Mass.. Boston, Mass.. Boston, Mase . Boston, Mass.. Boston, Mass . Boston, Mass. . Boston, Mass.*. Librarian. "Mechauics' Apprentices' Library Medical Library Association... Mercantile Library Merrill's Library ^ Naval Library and Institute i . , Ke\v Church Library New England Historic-Genealogical Society Post Library, Fort "Warren Public Institutions, Deer Island , ^ Public Library , Roxbury A,theu£Bum ..^ Roxbury Society for Medical Improvement Seamen's- Friend Society Social Law Library. State Library "Weston's Pioneer Library. Toung Men's Christian Association Boston, Mass ■.....: Young Men's Christian Union Boston, Mass Young Women's Christian Association . Boxford, Mass . . .i Boylston Centrfe, Mass . Bradford, Mass Braintree, Mass .■ Brewster, Mass ■.. Brockton, Mase ..-.-l. .- Brookfield, Mass . . -•-.-. Brookline, Mass Burlington, Mass Cambridge, Mass Cambridge, Mass Cambridge, Mass Cambridgeport, Mass .. Cambridgeport, Mass .. Canton, Mass Canton, Mass Charlton, Mass Chelmsford, Mass Chelsea, Mass Cheshire, Mass Chesterfield, Mass. - . - - Chicopee, Mass Clinton, Mass College Hill College Hill Concord, Mass Conway, Mass ..^j-'.. Cummingtoti, Mass . Dalton, Mass . . .■ . i . - . Danvers, Mass 73 E Pablic Library. Social Library Union Library Thayer Public Library Xadies' Library Public Library Merrick Public Library. ■- Public Library Toirn Library ....^ Barvard College '. Harvard University Divinity Scliool . Harvard University Law School . . . , . Cambridge Horticultural Society Dana Library — Public Library ; Social Library ,^ -Young Men's Library Assooiatidn . . . Social Library Tnblic Library Library Association Town Library Town Library. Bigelow "Free P ublic Library Name of librarian or other ofllcer reporting. Tufts College •--■- Universalist Historical Society Public Library •''- Social Library : Bryant Library Dalton Library Peabody Library Thomas J. Thomson. J. E. Chadwiok. Clara B. Flagg. Charles H. Merrill.. . Dr. Henry Lyon. Richard Ward. , John Ward Deah. 0. E. Herrick, post chaplain. Col. J. C. Whiton, superin- tendent. I Justin Winsor. i Sarah E.Pitts. P. W. Goss, M. D. S. H. Hayes, corresponding ■ secretary. E. W. Vaughan. Samuel C. Jackson, (acting.) John H. Weston. J. E. Gray. . ; Jobn F. Locke. ^ - C. "V". Drinkwater, superin tendent. - • S. D. Gammell. Charles E. Wright. ■ A. A. Ingersoll. Abbie M. Aruold. Caroline A. Dugan. M. E. Southworlh. Martha J. W. Catkin. Mary A. Bean. Charles G. Foster.- John L. Sibley, A. M. James Dennison, A. M. John Hines Arnold. Edwin A. Hall, secretary. A,lmira L. Hay ward. E. L. Weston. Miss Fannie E. Tucker. INelson Mclntyre. Edwin H. Parkhurstj M. J. Simpson. Mary E. Martin Judson A.Higgins. - George V. Wheelock. George W. Weeks, seoroi taryof board. - W. E. Shipman, A. M. Thomas J. Sawyer. Ellen E. Whitney. . A. E. E. Patrick. L. H. Town. • Maria Curtis. 'i A. Sumner Howard, 1154 Public Libraries in the United States. List of librarians in ihe United States — Coutiuued. Place. Dedham, iTass . Declham, Mass . Library. Detlbara Deerfield, Mass Dennis, Maes East Attleboro', Mass — East Bi'idgewater, Mass . East Cambridge, MasH . . East Dennis, Mass '. East Hampton, Mass East Walpole, Maes Eniug, Mass Fairhaven, Mass Fall Kiver, Mass Falmoutb, Mass Fitchburg, Mass Fitchburg, Mass Foxborougb, Mass Framinghanli'Mas's Franklin, Maaa Free Town, Mass Georgetown, Mass Gill, Mass . . ^ Globe Village, Mass Gloucester, Mass Grafton, Mass ! Great Barrington, Mass . . . ! Greenfield, Mass | Groton, Mass '. Groton, Mass Harvard, Mass ' Harvard, Mass j Hatfield, Mass I Haverhill, Massr i Haverliill, Mass j Hingham, Mass ' Hingbam, Mass i HiDsdale, Mass ' Holbrook, Mass Holyoke, Mass Hoplciiiton, Mass HonsatonJc, Mass Hubbardston, Mass Hudson, Mass Hyde Park, Mass , Jamaica Plain. Mass Kingston, Mass Lakeville, Mass Lancaster, Mass , Lanesboroneh, Mass Lawrence, Mass Dedbam Historical Societj Norfolk County Law Library 'j. Public Library ^ Beading Association Library Dennis Library Daily Circulating Library Library Association St. John's Literary Institute '. .:. Association Library ■. Public Library Association East "Walpole Library Library Association Librai'y Association .,.. Public Library First Congregational Church North District Medical Society Public Library ; .lui.-, Boyden Library ^;.4.;.. Town Library 1 Franklin Library , Free Town Law Library Peabody Library Town Library Hamilton Free Library Sawyer Free Library . . ^ Grafton Library Library Association Library Association ? First Parish and Sunday School Library... Public Library Public Library The TTnion Library Social Library Morse »fc Son's Circulating Library , Public Library Public Library Second Social Library Public Library Association P ublic Library Public Library ^ Toung M-'n's Christian Association The Cone Library Public Library Public Library Public Library Jamaica Plain Circulating Library Library Association Town Library Town Library Library Association Free Public Library Name of librarian or other oflicer reporting,. John D. Cobb. Braatus "Washington, county clerk. Francis M. Mann. M. G. Pratt. S. K. Hall. Miss H. N. Capron. ' . J. Henry Potter. Hugh V. Whonskey. Fannie C. Sears. Miss D. C. Miller. M. A. Coburn. Mrs. Albert Briggs. Georgia E. Fairfield. William B. Ballard. Sam. F. Kobinson. George D. Colony. P. C. Kice. Sarah B. Doolittle. Miss Ellen M. Kendall. Waldo Uauiels. H. A. Francis, town clerk. Richard Penney. Josiah D. Canniug. ■■■ ■ • < James F. Blane. Joseph L. Stevens, jr., su- perintendent. D. W. Norcross.' W. H. Parks. Fannie E. Moo^y. John "Wilson. Charles "WooUey^jr. Mrs. A. M. Harrod. Elijah Myrick. E. F. Billings. G. D. Morse. Edward Capen. Daniel Wing. Ella Vr. Hobatt. Miss Mary Barrows. Z. Aaron French. Sarah E. Ely. Elisha Frail. EmmaS. Judd. Sarah E. Mareau. Miss Amelia G. "VThiting. "William E. Foster. Silas Poole. H. S. Everson. S. T. Sampson. Alice G. Chandler. Miss A. C. Burlioghara. F.H.Hodge, jr. List of Librarians. List of librarians in the United States r- Coutiaaed. 1155 ?lace. Lawrence, MaaS , Lee, ilass..: , Leicester, Mass Lenox, Mass Leominster, Mass .' Lexingtoif, Mass Lincoln, ilass Lowell, Mass Lowell, Mass. Lowell, Mass Lowell, Mass Lowell, Mass Lowell, Mass .' Lowell, Mass Lunenburg, Mass Lynn, Mass ...;. it: Lynn, Mass Maiden, Mass Maiden, Mass ik Manchester, Mass Marion, Mass Marlboro', Mass Marlboro', Mass ■. Medfield, Mass Medford, Mass Medway, Mass Melrose. Mass Metbuen, Mass Middleboro', Mass Middlefield, Mass Middleton, Mass Milbury, Mass Milford, Mass Milton, ilass . : ■ Montagae, Mass ; '• ^Nabant, Mass ■ Nantucket, Mass Natick, Mass Medham, Mass New Bedford. Mass Newburypott,' Mass: Newton, Mass ' Newton, Mass Newton Center, Mass Newton Lower Falls Nortb Adatns, Mass Northampton, Mass Northampton, Mass North Andover, Mass North Attleboro', Mass ... Nortbboro', Mass Northbridge, Mass North Brookfield, Mass . . - Nortb Brookfield, Mass . . . Pacific Mills Library Library Associat ion Public Library Library Association Public Library- Gary Libra.ry Public Library Coggeshall's Circulating Library City Library ..,...■ Middlesex Mechanics' Association — . Middlesex North iDistrict Medical Society . Old lleaidents' Historical Society Toung Men's Catholic Library Association Toung Men's Christian Association Town Library Free Public Library Young Men's Christian Association Boston Rubber Shoe Company . j Central Square Circulating.Library . . . . - . . . Public Library Marion Library Public Library - "West Parish Library Pub'ic Library Public Library - Dean Library Associatij)n Melrose Library Publ ic Library Public Library Public Library - . • Library Association Town Library -•-- Town Library Public Library - - - Public Library Public Libra ay Nantucket AtheniEum - Moj-se Institute ■ Library Association Free Public Library Public Library Free Library Newton Athenaeum Newton Theological Institution Free Library Library Association Clarke Institution for Deaf-Mutes Public Library -■-- North Andover Library Public Library Free Library Whitinsville Social Library Appleton Library Ladies' Association Name of librinian or other oflB-cer reporting. 0. p. Hideout. Joseph C. Chaffee. Miss S. E. "Whittemore, Mary L. Hotchkin. James M. Bronson. Marion S. Keyes. JennijB Cbapin. , F. H. Coggeshg-U. ,, Marshall H. Clough. , Miss M. E. Sargent., M. G. Parkor. Alfred Gilman, secretary. "William Dacey. H. J. McCoy. Mrs. S.D.lCiug. Jacob Batcbeliler. ,, Henry H. Perry. J. W. Robsou. Mrs. C. P. Lncoste. John H. Crorflbie. John M. Allen. Lizzie S. "Wright. Fred. Jewett-: Mary A. SewaU. Edwin C. Burbaqk. L. H. Metcalf. Miss Carrie "Worthen. J. Frank Emerson. Joseph E. Beals, secretary. Mrs. Lucy S. Newton. Samuel A. Fletcher. Abbie B. Freeman. Nathaniel F. Blake. J, E. Emerson. , Miss A. Chenery. C. J. Hayvrard. Sarah F. Barnard. Daniel "Wight. George "W. Southworth. R. C. In grab am. Hiram A. Penney. Hannah P. James. Phineas Allen. John B,. Pousler. Aaron R. Cook. Edw, D. Tyler. Miss H. B. Rogers. C. S. Laidley. A. L. Smith. John Ward.. , C. Helen Adams. C.F.Baker. , G. H. De Bevoiso. Mrs. Kate S. Mason, 1156 Public Libraries in the United States. lAat of librarians in the United Staits — Continued. riaoft. Library. Northfield, Mass North field, Mass North Reading, Mass — Nonvood, Mass Orange, Mass Orleans, Mass . . ^ . . . Oxford, Mass Palmer.Maas Peal)ody, Mass Peabody, Mass . Pliillipston, Mass Pittsfield, Mass , Pittsfield, Mass Plymoutb, Mass Plymouth, Mass ProvincDlown, Mass Quincy, Mass Qaincy, Mass Itandolph, Mass Eandolph, Mass , Kandolpb, Mass Headini;, Mass Ilockland, Mass Rockport, Mass Roylston, Mass , Roe, Mass Hutland, Mass Salem, Mass Salem, Mass Salem, Mass Salem, Mass Salem, Mass Salem, Mass , Salem, Mass , Salem, Mass Salisbury, Mass , Sandwich , Mass , SheflBeld, Mass Shclburne Centre, Mass Sbclbarne Falls, Mass . . , Sberborn, Mass , Shirley Yillage, Mass ... Shrewsbury, Maes Soraerville, Mass , Soutbboro', Mass Soulbbridge, Mass South Dedham, Mass South Dennis, Mass South Gardner, Mass South Hadley, Mass South Natick, Mass South Scituate, Mass First Parish Library Social Library Flint Library Free Public Library Town Library Library Association Free Public Library Allen & Cowen-8 Circulating Library Eben Dale Sutton Reference Library Peabody Institute Phillips Free Public Library . . . j Berkshire Athenfeum Berkshire Law Library Association Pilgrim Society Public Library Public Library National Sailors' Home Public Library Ladies' Library Association Mechanics' Library Reading Room Library Public Library Library Association Public Library Public Library Town Library Public Library Charitable Mechanic Association Essex Agricultural Library , Essex County Law Library Essex Institute Essex Lodge, L 0. 0. F. , Essex South District Medical Society Fraternity Lodge, 1.0. 0. F Salem Athenaeum Agricultural Library Saudwicli Circulating Library Friendly Union First Independent Social Library Company Arms Library Public Library , Shaker Community Free Public Library public Library Fay Library Public Library Norwood Poblic Library Library Association South Gardner Social Library Mt. Holyoke Female Seminary , Historical, Natural History and Library So- ciety. James Library Name of librarian oi' other officer reporting. Charles L. Helton. A. C. Parsons. Mrs. F. A. Musgrare. Francis Tinker. M. L.Eastman. B. F. Seabury, secretary. L. E. Thayer. Allen Sl Cowen. Miss Mary J. Floyd. Theodore M. Osborne. Mrs. T. H. Chaffin. E. G. Hubbel. James M. Barker. "Wm. T. Davis, president. Joseph L. Brown. Miss Salome A. Gifford. W. L. Faxon, M.-D., snp't. Coral. TouDg. Mrs. Mary A. Dubois. Mias Susan Alden. Y. H. Deane. Alice B. Temple. Amelia Pool. Thomas F, Parsons, jr. Obadiah "Walker. Horace A. Smith. Sarah E. Taylor. Joseph Swasey. John S. Ives. Alfred A. Abbott, Co. clerk. William P. TTpham. John "Wilson. William Neilsfin, M. D. "Will L. "Welch; treasurer li- brary committee. Miss L. H. Smith. George Currier. Frederick Pope. Mary R. Leonard. "Charles "Welles. Mrs. Ozro Miller. George B. Hooker. John Whiteley, elder. Assuatli F. Eaton. Miss H. A. Adams. Laura M. Chamberlain. Miss A. J. Comins. Francis Thinker, Mrs. Freeman Gage. L. "W. Brown. Mrs. Mary 0. Nutting. Rev. Samuel D. Hosmor. "W. H. Fish. List of Librarians. List of Ubrariaus in the United States— CoutiuneA. 1157 Place. Spencer, Mass '. ...' Springboro', ilass Spriugfieid, Mass ".. Springfield, Mass Spriugfield, Mass Springfield, Mass Springfield, Mass Sterling, Mass Stockbridge, Mass Stoneham, Mass Stoughton, Mass Stongliton, Mass Sturbridge, Mass Sunderland. Mass Sutton, Mass Swampscott, Mass Taunton, Mass . j Taunton, Mass. Taunton, Mass , Terapleton.Mass Templeton, Mass Tewksbury, Mass Topsfield, Mass m.^ Townsend, Mass • Upton, Mass Uxbridge, Mass Vineyard Haven, Mass. Wakefield, Mass „ Wales, Mass "Waltham, Mass "Ware, Mass "Warwick, Mass Watertown, Mass Watertown, Mass Wayland, Mass Wellesley, Mass Wellfleet, Mass . . - Westboro', Mass West Brookfield, Mass . West Dennis, Mass Westfield, Mass Westford, Mass Westminster, Mass — West Newbury, Mass . . Weston, Mass WestEoxbury, Mass. .. West Scituate, Mass . . - West Springfield, Mass Whately, Mass Wilbrabam, Mass Wilbrahan(, Mass 'Wilbrahara, Mass Williarastown, Mass . . . Libra rV-. Name of librarian or other officer reporting. Public Library Library Company Central Circulating Library City Library Association , Gill £l Hayea' Circulating Library , Hampden County Law Library YouQg Men's Cliristian Association Free Public Library , Jackson Library Public Library Public Library Stoughton Circulating Library Public Library Sunderland Library Sutton Free Library Town Library , Bristol County Law Library Association . , . Dickerman's Circulating Library Public Library ■ Boynton Free Public Library Ladles' Social Circle , State Almshouse , Tpwa Library , Public Library Town Library , Free Public Library ^ . , Sailors' Free Library Beebe Town Library Library Association Public Library Young Men's Library Association , Public Library Free Public Library United States Arsenal Free Public Library Literary Association Workers' Library Free Public Library ^ ^. Public Library Public Library Athenjeura ■ Town Library ■ Westminster Library Library Association Town Library ■ Free Library - Assioippi Library Public Library Whately Library Club Library Union Philosophical Society Wesleyan Academy Williams College Liberty W. Worthington. F. W. Wright. Miss E. A. Leavitt. Rev. William E,ice. D. W. Gill. Robert 0. Morris. S. J. Lincoln. Nellie A. Willard. Miss J. L. Barnum. James Peyton, Wales French. Mamie E. Kellogg. Miss Emeline Hutclilns. Mary A. Warner. J. W. Stockwell. Curtis Merritt. ■ Simeon Borden. H. A. Diokerman. Walter S. Biscofe. H. F. Lane. H. F. Lane. T. J.Marsh, superintendents Sidney A. Merriam. Charles Osgood. George H. Stoddard. F. W. Barnes. D. W. Stevens.. Victorine E. Marsh. Warren Shaw. A. J. Lathrop. F. H, Grenville Gilbert. Samuel P. French, M. D. Solon F. Whitney. Captain CuUen Bryant. James S. Draper. L. A. Grant. Miss B. R. Freeman. Jane S. Preston. T.S.Knowlton. George L. Davis. T. L. Buell. T. A. Bean. Marion P. Ames. 0. G. Chase. John Co burn. C. Cowing. Benjamin N. Curtis. John M. Harmon. Lucius P. Doane. Charles A. Stenhouse. Nathan A. Warren. Benjamin Gill. Rev. N. H. Griffin, D.D. 1158 Piiblic Libraries in the United States. List of Ubrariana in the United States — Contiaued. Place. Wilmington, Mass. . "Wincliendon, Mass. "WincUester, Mass.. WoburD, Mass AVorcester, Mass . . . "Worcester, Mass . . . Worcester, Mass . . . "Worcester, Mass ... "Worcester, Mass . . . Worcester, Mass . - . Worcester, Mass . . . Worcester, Mass . . . Worcester, Mass . . . Worcester, Mass . -. Worcester, Mass . . . Worcester, Mass . . . Worcester, Mass . , . Yarmouth, Mass . .. Adriao, Mich Adrian, Mich Albion, Mich, Albion, Mich Allegan, Mich Alpena, Mich Ann Arbor, Mich . . . Battle Creek, Mich. , Bay City, Mich Bay City, Mich Big Eapida, Mich... Buchanan, Mich Corunna, Mich , Detroit, Mich Detroit, Mich , Detroit, Mich Detroit, Mich Fenton, Mich riiut,Mich Grand Rapids, Mich. G-reenville, Mich . . . Houghton, Mich lunia, Mich , Ishpeming, Mich Jackson, Mich Jackson, Mich , Kalamazoo, ^lich . . . Kalamazoo, Mich . . . Kalamazoo, Mich ... Lansing, Mich 1 . Lansing, Mich Lansing, Mich Lansing, Mich Lapeer, Mich Marquette, Mich Library. Public Library Public Library Town Library Town Library American Antiquarian Society Chamberlain's Circulating Library College of the Holy Cross Free Public Library Spnth End Circulating Library Technical Institute of EeferenCe Worcester Academy Worcester County Free Institute of Indus- trial Science. Worcester County Horticultural Society 1 . . Worcester County Law Library Worcester County Mechanics' Association. Worcester County Musical Association.'... Worcester District Medical Association . .'. Library Association , Adrian College , Ladies' Library Association Albion College Ladies' Library Assoclatlen Literary and Librarj- Association TTniou School University of Mibhigan Ladies' Library Association Bay County Law Library Public Library :.. Literary Association Township Library Ladies' Library Association Bar Library , Detroit Mechanics' Society 1?ublic Library Young Men's Society Ladies' Library Association Ladies' Library AsHOciation Public Library Ladies' Library Association Houghton County Historical Society Ladies' Library Association , Township Library '. , School Library , Young Men's Association , Ladies' Library Associatiou Public Library Young Men's Library Association Library and Literary Association Public Library State Agricultural College , State Library , Ladies' Library Association City Library Name of librarian or other officer reporting. Charles W. Swain. Mrs. Wheeler Poland. A. Chapin, trustee. ' '' Elizabeth H. Woodberry. S. F. Haven. Charles H. Fisher. Rev. E. A. McGurk, S. J. Samuel S. Green. D. D.Clem6hc6,jr. C. O. Thoiiipson. J.D.Smith. ' C. O. Thompson. John C. Newton. Joseph Mason. Jeanuette P. Babbitt. G. W.ElbilJS. Lewis S. Dixon, M. D. William J. Davis. A. H. Lowrie. Mrs. A. Howell. W. M. Osbtfnd. Mrs. E. South worth. D. A. McMartin. William D. Hitchcock. ' Andrew Ten Brock; Mrs. E. A. Tomlinson. ' H. A. Braddock. Miss Jennie Gilbert. Miss E. A. Cook. WillE.Plioipton. Miss MolUe E. KeJsey. Mrs. Emma James. Harry E. Starkey. Henry Chancy. James K", Gathind. ilias Carrie Kimball. Mrs. R. J. S. Page. Mrs. Charles K. Bacon. Mrs. D. S. Sapp. John Chassel, Mrs. Marian Hall. J. C. Foley. M. M. Lawtou. Ellen P. Fish. Mrs. D. B. Webster. Mary J. Westdott. Mary J. Wolcott. Mrs. T. W. Westcott. E. J. W. Broktiu. George T. Fairchild. Mrs. H. A. Ti^nuey. Ifrs. A. Yosburg. Joseph H. Primean. List of lAhrarims. List of lihi-arians in the United States — Continued. 1159 Place. Marshall, Mich MTDi'oe, Mich ... MiBliegoD, Mich Olivet, Mich Ovrosso, Mich PoTt Huron, Mich . . - St.Clair,Mich.r Stir^s, Mich,-, .-.. Three Rivers, Mich - Three Rivers, Mich . rpsilanti, Mich Chataeia, Minn...,-. Dulath, Minn Faribanlt, Minn Hastings, Minn Minceapolia, Minn. . Minneapolis, Minn.. Minneapolis, Minn;. . KorthfieUl, Minn — Owatonna, Minn- Red Wins, Minni.. Boohester, Minn i... Rochester, Minn St. Cloud, Minn ;-.. St. Joseph, Minn . . . St. Paul, Minn , St. Paul, Minn ...,., St. Pan], Minn St. Peter, Minn Stillwater, Minn — Winona, Minn Jackson, Miss Natchez, Miss Rodney, Misa . - - - .". Brunswick, Mo Canton, Mo CantoDiMo Columbia, _Mo..--.- Columbia-, Mo Fayette, Mo . . . Hannibal, Mo Independence, Mo . Kansas City, Mo. .. Kansas City, Mo... Kansas City, Mo. .. Liberty, Mo Louisiana, Mo Rolla, Mo .t. St. Chairles, Mo St. Charles, Mo St. Joseph, Mo St. Joseph, Mo St. Joseph, Mo St. Joseph, Mo > Librarv. Ladies' Library A ssociation City Library Library Association Olivet College Ladies' Library Association Ladies' Library Association Ladies' Library Association Library Association Ladies' Library i........ ., Lockport Township Library State Normal School ._ Library Association Library Association Library , A ssoci,ation . . . , Library Assopjiajiion , Augsburg. Seminary-,- - - Minneapolis Athenaeum , ,- Young Men's Christian Association Carleton College , , Literary Association r - - Lawrence tfe Co's. Circulating Library . . . . . German Library Association , Library Association r Union Library ,-- St. John's Theological Seminary Minnesota Historical Society - ■ Minnesota State Library St. Paul'Library , St. Peter Library - Library Association - Winona Library Mississippi State Library ■ - - ■ Natchez Institute --:-t Alcorn University , .-'-." Library Association v--- Canton Library — -. - - Bisk's Library Stephen's Female College, University, of Missouri Central College Mercantile Library Association Library As80cia,tion Fetterman's Circulating Library Law Library , r--: Whittemqre.'s Circulating Library William Jewell College ,- -■■ Public School Library .-.. - r- Missouri School of Mines and Metallurgy Public School Library St. Charles Catholic Library .., Carl Fuelling's Library Law Library .' Public School Library Woolworth and Colt's Circulating Library Name of librarian or other officer reporting. Miss Eva Dibble. John Davis. H. H. Holt. Charles P. Chase, A.M. Mrs. H. McBain. Mrs. L. M. Huntington. Miss Lizzie A, G-raw. Mrs. S. Hirsch. Mrs. J. W. .^nold. David Knox, jr. D. Putnam. Rollin A. Case. Mrs. M. A. BriukerhofF. Mark Wells. Miss S.L. Rich. Prof. S. R. Suunerson. Thomas H. Wjlliams. William Petram. Prof. J. H. Chamberlain. James M. Burliugame. Lawrence & Co. Henry Kolb. Mrs. Martha T. Newton. Charles Bees. Bernard Locnikar. J. F. Williams. John C. Shaw. Mary S. Creek. Thomas Montgomery. J. A. Love. H. B. Sargesnt. John Williams.;, J. W. Henderson, Prof. G. B. Vashon. Isaac H. Kinley. Mrs. B. B. Brooks. J. C. Bisk. Miss B. A. Barnhouse. Dr. J. fi., Norwood. , Rev. W. G. Miller, M. D. Mrs. N.J. Carson. John Bryant. J, 0. Fetterman. W. J. Ward. J.B. Whittemore. Prof. J. E. Eaton, A. M. Joseph M. White. Court Yantis. Ed. F. Hermauns. James C. Holmes. Carl Fuelling. Ben. J. Woodson ^ Mrs. S. E. Short. B. F. Colt. 1160 Public Libraries in the United States, List of librarians in ike United States — ContiDued. Place. Library. Name of librarian or other oflicer reporting. St. Louis, Mo . St. Louis, Mo . St. Lonis, Mo . St. Louis, Mo St, Louis, Mo St. Louis, Mo St. Louis, Mo St. Louis, Mo .^ St. Louis, Mo St. Louis, Mo ,. ,. Springfield, Mo Troy, Mo AVarrensbnrg, Mo Helen a, Mont Lincoln, Nebr Lincoln, Nebr Omaha, K"ebr Carson City, Nev Virginia City, Nev-.. Virginia City, Xev. . . Ashnelot.N.H Amherst, N".H Charlestown, N. H . . . Claremont, N, H Claremont, ST. H Concord.N.H Concord, X.n Concord, N.H Concord, K H Cootoocoot, N. H Dover, X. H Dublin, N.H East Franklin, ^^. H . Exeter, X. H Farmington, N. H Farmington, X. H Pisherville, X. H Fitzwilliara, X. H ... Francesto^n. X. n . . Franklin, X.H Great Falls, X. n .... Great Falls, X'.H .... Hanover, X. H Hinsdale,X.H Hollis.X.H Keene.X.H Laconir, X. H Lancas' er, N. H , Littleton.X.H Manchester, N, H Milford,X, H Mt. Vernon, X.H Na.shna, X, H Academy of Science College of the Christian Brothers German Evangelical Lutheran Concordia College. Germania Siengerbund Law Library A ssociation Public School Library St. Louis Medical College ^ . St. Louis Mercantile Library St. Louis Tarnverein St. Louis TJniversity Drnry College : Social Library Enoch Clark Library Library Association Xebraska State Library Public Library Association Omaha Library State Library L O. O. F. Library Association Masonic Library of Storey County Ashuelot Union Library A ssociation Social Library Book Club Fiske Free Library Xew Hampshire Asylum for Insane Xew Hampsliire Historical Society Public Library State Library Xew Hampshire Antiquarian Society Dover Library Juvenile and Social Library , Aiken Association Town Library Circalating Library Farmington Library Library Association Town Library Town Library Library Association Manufacturers' and Village Library , Th wing's Circulating Library , Shattuck Observatory, Dartmouth College . , Public Library Social Library , Public Library , Johnson's Circulating Library , Public Library Village Library , City Library Free Library , Appleton Library , City Library , John Jay Bailey. Brother Severian. Prof. Martin Guuther. Fred. Bonnet, secretary. George W. Gostorf. John Jay Bailey. Dr. J. S. B. AUeyne. John X. Dyer. Thigo GoUnier. C. J. Leib, S. J. Gporge H. Ashley, A. M. Mrs. S. McK. Fisher. George W. Kayhill, sec. Miss L. Guthrie. Guy A. Brown. Mrs. Ada Van Pelt. Delia L. Sears. John J. Ginn. George Gribble. Elbert S. Kincaid. Ellen. M, Burnham. Miss Hattie L Hawkins. Samuel Webber. Charles H. Long. A. J. Swain. J.P.Brown. Samuel C. Eastman. Frederick S. Crawford. WiUiam H. Kimball. H. A. Fellows. John H. TP"hite. M. D. Mason. Emma Butterworth. B. Marion Fernald. A. C. Newell. Josiah B. Edgerly. Mary H. Gage. Miss Julia A. Dynr. C. Burgess Root. Annie Nesmith. E.J. Randall. A. Thwing. Prof. C. A. Young, director. Miss Althea Steams. Levi Abbott. Cyrus Piper, jr. Frank P. "Wat-son. Isabel Heywood. Mrs. Laura Lunley. Charles H. Marshall. Appleton M. Hatch. George W. Todd. Emily R. Towne. List of Librarians. List of Ubmrians in the TJnitei -Ste/es — Continued. 1161 Place. New Hampton, X. H . . New Hampton, N. H . . New Hampton, N. H . . New Market, N. H Peterboro', N. H Plymouth, N. H Portsmouth, N. H Portsmouth, N. H Portamouth, N. H Rochester, N. H Rolling's Ford, N. H . Shaker Village, N. H. Uniou.N.H "Washington, N. H Wilton, N.H Winchester, N. H "Windham, N. H Atlantic City, N. J Bloomfleld, N.J Brickshura N. J Bridaetoa, N.J Camdeb, N.J Elizabeth, N. J Elizabeth, N. J Elizabeth, N.J Franklin villp, N. .7 Hobokeu, N. J Jersey City, N. J Jersey City,N. J Madison, N. J MillvMl6,N.J Montclair, N. J . J Mount Holly, N.J Mount Holly, N. J Newark.N.J Newark, N. .T ; Newark, N. J i Library. Newark.N.J New Albany, N.J... .^i.. New Brunswick, N. J New Brunswick, N. .J Newton, N. J Orange, N. J Paterson, N. J Paterson, N. J Pennington, N. J Princeton^ N. J Princeton, N.J GermaniB DilectiB Soientise Library Literary Adelphi Library Social Fraternity Library Association Town Library Young Ladies' Circulating Library Associa- tion. Mechanics' Association Library Mercantile Library Association Portsmouth AthenfEum ; Social Library Company t Salmon Falls Library Association Shaker Comraunitj' Village Library Shedd Free Library Public Library Washington Library Association Nesmith Village Literary Association Library Association '. Library Association Young Meu's Christian Association Library and Literary Association' v. . Elizabeth Circulating Library Putnam Circulating Library Young Men's Christiao Association lona MorningStar Franklin Lyceum Bergen Library Young Men's Christian Association , Drew Theological Seminary Millville Library and Reading Room Library Association Burlington County Lyceum Rhees' Circulating Library . .■ Howard Lodge, No. 7, L 0. 0. F Library Association New Jersey Historical Society Young Men's Christian Association- . . Young Men's Christian Association . . . Red Bank, N J . Salem, N.J Theological Semina^'y of Reformed Church . Young'Men's Christian Association Dennis Library , Young Men's Christian Association Manson'a Circulating Library Passaic County*Historical Society Pennington Seminary and Institute College of New Jersey Theological Seminary of Presbyterian Church. Worrell's Ri verside Library Library Company .1 Name of librarian or other oflicer reporting. Ida M. Dolloff. Asa H. Niokerson. L. N. Johnson. Charles H. Smith. Georgie A. Lynch. Clara T. Clark. Benjamin N. Parker. Floron Barri. S. E. Christie. Henry Kimball. Nathan Hill. Henry C. Blinn, elder. Charles W. Home. Mrs. Ida Brockway. Miss P. J. Barrett. Henry Abbott. Miss Clarissa Hills. A. M Bailey. D. G. Garabrant, secretary. Miss Hattie E. Smith. L. Logne. Miss Emma L. Shaw. George Skinner. Erastus G. Putnam. William F. Magie. Miss R. Ford. J. Limerick. H. Gaines. C. L. Biggs. Professor Daniel P. Kidder. Lewis F. Mulford. Israel Crane, secretary. M. S. Pancoast. R. A. Rhees. Aaron C. Hayward. Willijim JE. Layton. W. A. Whitehead, corre- sponding secretary. E. T. Cone. Lewis H. Eddy, superinten- dent. S. M. Woodbridge. C. B. Stout, chairman. M. Barrett. William F. Candler. J. E. Manson. William Nelson. Theodore G. Boyanoff. Frederic Vinton. Charles A. Aiken. William H. Worrell. Morris H. Stratton. 1162 Public Libraries m the United States. List of lihrarians in the United States — Continued. Place. Library. Kame of librarian or other officer reporting. Somerville, N. J South Orange, N. J. Trenton, N. J Trenton, I^. J" Trenton, X. J Wooclstown, N. J. - . Albany, X. Y Albany, N.Y Albany, N.T Albany, N.T Albany, N. T . . . . Albany, N.T...., Albany, N.T..;.. Albany, N.T Albany, N. Y Albany, N.Y Annandale, N. Y. Aubnrn, N. Y. — Auburn, N. Y:..., Batavia, N.Y Bath, N.Y Belmont, N.Y... Bingbamton, N". Y. Bingbamton, !N". Y. Bingham ton, N. Y. Bingbamton, X. Y. Brockport, N. Y Brooklyn, N. Y.... Brooklyn, N. Y.... Brooklyn, N. Y.... Brooklyn, N. Y.... Brooklyn, N. Y.... Brooklyn, N. Y Brooklyn, N". Y.... Brooklyn, :N". Y.... Brooklyn, N. Y Buffalo, N.Y....... Buffalo, N.Y Buffalo, N.Y... .^.. Buffalo, N.Y Buffalo, N.Y Buffalo, N.Y Buffalo, N.Y Buffalo, N.Y Buffalo,N.Y Buffalo, N.Y Buffalo, N.Y Buffalo,N.Y Buffalo, N.Y Canandaigua, N. Y. Canton, N. Y People's Reading-Eoom and Library . Library Association Fallsington Library Company State Library Young Men's Chiistian Association . . Pilesgrove Library Association Albany County Law Library Albany High School Albany Institute Attorney-General's Office Court of Appeals German Literatur Verein State Library .' Yonug Men's Association Young Men's Catholic Lyceum Young Men's Christian Association St. Stephen's College Auburn Theological Seminary Celtic Library and Benevolent Association. Literary Association Library Association Allegany County Law Library Central Free School Library Association Sherwood Hollow Farmers' Club State Inebriate Asylum Beach Free Library -•-... Brooklyn Law Library Eastern District School Library ...i^ Free Reading Room and Libraryj (Church of the Pilgrims.) Long Island Historical Society Mercantile Library Packer Collegiate Institute . . 1 Union for Christian Work Young Men's Christian Association Youths' Free Library Buffalo Catholic Institute Buffalo Female Academy Buffalo Historical Society Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences Choral Union - , Erie County Medical Society German Young Men'e Association Grosvenor Library Law Library, (Eighth Judicial District) .. . Malleable Iron Works Library Mechanics' Institute Young Men's Association. Young Men's Catholic Association Wood Library Herring Library James J. Bergen. Grace Newton. Eliza Hance. James S. McDonald. Rev. D. Elwell. William G.Vlitcraft. William E. Haswell. Charles W. Cole. Daniel J. Pratt, correspond- ins secretary. S. W. Swaney. E. 0. Perrin. Julius Laventall. Henry A. Homes. Dwight Adams. William H. Couley. William Keeler. Albert E. George. Prof. E. A. Huntington. William Gibbon. Mrs. M. E. Sheffield. R. L. May. W. H. H. Russell, county clerk. Miss EUie S. Collier. Miss Lucy King. Eber S. Deviue. A. G. Gridley. Timothy Frye. S. C. Betts. Samuel S. Martin. John Anderson. George Hannah, S. B. Noyes. Hannah J. Garahan. John Thomson. A. S. Emmons. Louise N.Rose. A, Fomes. A. T. Chester. George S. Armstrong. Charles Linden. 0. J. Wilqpx. James B, Samo. Dr.F.A.Haupt. Arthur Benedict. F. P.-Murray. E. D. Warren. William M. Bloomer. William Iv^a. Edward G. McGowau. CalistaS. Marshall." E. E. Fisher, M. D. List of Librarians. List of librarians, in the United States — Continued. 1163 Place. Canton.N. Y Carmel,N.T Cplioes, N.Y College Point.N.T.... College Point, N. Y'.... CollegePoint, U". T.... College Point, N. T. . . , Corning, N. T , Cornwall, N. Y Dunkirk, N. Y Elmira, N. Y.. Elmira, N. Y Elmira, N.Y-.. , Elmira, N.Y Elushing, N". Y Eort Edwardj N. Y. . - Eredonia, N. Y GrenesBO Village, N. Y Geneva, IN"; Y. , Goshen, K. Y Greene, N. Y Hamilton, N. Y Havana, N. Y Hornellsville, N. Y Hadson,N. Y Huntington, N^. Y Illon.If. Y ,. Ithaca, N.Y Ithaca, M".Y Jamestown, If. Y Kingston, X. Y ...'...'. Lanaingbargh, N.Y... Little Ealla, N. T ..... Little VaUey,U".Y.... Lookport, N. Y Matteawan, N. Y Mayville, N. Y Middletown, N. Y Morrisville, K. Y Morrisville, N.Y Mt. Morris, N". Y New Brighton, K". Y. . . Newburgh, N. Y . . tfewburgb, N. T Newbnrgb, N, Y New York.lf. Y Kew York, N. Y" New York, N. Y NewYork, N. Y New York, N. Y Library. St. Lawrence U-niversity Village Library District School Library. Harmonic Library Krakehlia Library. , Poppenhusen Institute j Turner Society .: Corning Library... j .. Cornwall Circulating Library Association . Public Library , , Chemung County Law Library Elmira i'armers' Club . . . jj .;,•- . . . . i German Library Association ,..,...'... ,.;. Young Men's Christian Association Library Association ,,„.. Eort Edward Collegiate- Institute State Normal and. Training School Wadsworth Library...; Hobart College ■. Young Men's Christian and Library AssO' elation. , , , . Library of School District No. 4 Madison .University - Havana Library Hornell Library -. JTranklin Library Association Public Library.. Free Library of Liberal Christian Society. Cornell Free Public Library Cornell University City Circulating Library Library of Third Judicial District Public School Library Union School ' CattaraugnsCounty Law Library Union School District Library Howland Circulating Library Union School > --' Mlddletown Lyceum ■. Chambers' Loan Library Madison County Law Library . . -■ Union Eree School :....■ — - Sailors' Snug Harbor Eree Library Newburgh Theological Seminary St. Patrick's Library Academy of Sciences j. ..-• American Bible Society American; Eclectic Library American Ethnological Society American Geographical Societ y Name of librarian or other oflicer reporting. E. E. Fisher, M. D. Arthur Townsend. Bernard Achesou. Charles Gloeckner. C. Decker. Joseph Schrenk. Eranz Dockendorf Anna B. Maynard; Mary C. Clark. Miss Clare King. John G, Copley, county clerk. Michael H. Thurston. Joseph Surganty. Ira E. Hart, corresponding secretary. C. Howells. J. De Witt Miller. John W. Armstrong. Mrs. C. B. Olmsted. , Charles D. Vail, A. M. , 0. E, Millspaugh. Joseph E. Juliand. Prof. N. L. Andrews. Lucy A. Tracy. E. M. Tufetle, corresponding secretary. Miss Fannie Powers. Miss Maria Downs. "William J. Lewis. W. E. Humphrey. Prof.WillardEiske. Willie Dunnihue. W. H. Smith. James C. Comstock. Addie A. Appley. E. A. Nash. James Ferguson. Joseph N. Badeau. Thomas J. Pratt. Miss Eosa Ogden. William P. Chambers. L. P. Clark, county clerk. Burr Lewis. Rev. B. J. Jones. E. V. K. Montfort. Eey. J. G. D. Eindley. John O'Brien. B. G. Amend. Edw. W. Gilman. Eober t S. Newton. Henry T. Drowne. Alvan S. Southworth,.9ec'y. 1164 Public. Libraries in the United States. List of librarians in the United States — Continued. Place. Library. Name of librarian or other oflBcer reporting. . New York, N. T. New York, N. Y. New York, N. Y. New York, New York, New York, New York, New York, New York, New York, New York, New York, New York, New York, New York, New York., New York, Now York, New York, New York, New York, New Tork, New York, New York, New York, New York, New York, New York, N. Y.. N. Y.. N. Y. . N. Y.. N. Y.. N. Y.. N. Y. . N. Y.. N. Y., N. Y.. N. Y., N. Y., N. Y. . N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y.. N. Y., N. Y. N. Y N. Y. N. Y. N. Y.. New York, N. Y New York, New York, New York, New York, New York, 'New York, New York, Now York, New York, New York, New York, New York, New York, X. T. , N. T.. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y-. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. N. Y. Niagara Falls, N, Y. Norwich, N. Y Oneida, N.Y Oswego, N. Y Oswego, N. Y Oyster Bay, N. Y . . . PortCbeatcr, X.Y.. American Institute American Institute of Architects American Numismatic and Archaeological Society. American Philological Society ■ Apprentices' Library Aachenbroedel Verein '. Astor Library Bar Association Chamber of Commerce City Library College of the City of New York Columbia College Columbia College, School of Mines Cooper Union Fire Department Library and Lyceum General Theological Seminary of P. E. Church. Grand Lodge F. .v A. M Harlem Library House of Kefuge Institution for Deaf and Dumb Ladies' Five Points Mission Law Institute Liederkranz Ludlow Street Jail iTedical Library and Journal Association. ., Mercantile Library Association Medico-Legal Society Mott Memorial Free Medical and Surgical Library. New York Genealogical and Biographical Society. New York Historical Society '.i New Tork Society Library . , Oriental Coterie Library - . — Presbyterian Hospital Standard Club Supreme Court, First Judicial District Turnverein Union Theological Seminary Verein Freundachaf t Washington Heights Library Woman's Library Young Men's Christian Association Young Women's Christian Association Seminary of Our Lady of Angels . Circulating Library Association . . Oneida Community City Library Oswego High School Lyceum Library School District Library John W. Chamber^. A. G. Blorr. Isaac F. Wood. David P. Holton, M. D. , J. Schwartz. Nich. Oehl. Frederic Saunders. William J. B. Berry. George Wilson. C. L. Mather. C. G. Herbermann, Ph. D. Beverly R. Betta, A. M. John F. Myer. Oran W. Morris, M. A, Joseph L. Perley, president Rev. Samuel Buel, D. D. Isaac B. Conover. , * Thomas Wallace, Lutlier S. Feek. E. H. Currier. Johu Campbell. A. J. Yanderpoel, G. Otto Wolkwitz. Rev. A. B. Carter. John C. Peters, president. W. T. Peoples. E. S. Guernsey. Ales. B. Mott, M. D, presi- dent. Joseph 0. Brown. George H. Mooie, LL. D. W. S. Butler. P. J. McAlear. Jane S. Woolaey. S. M. Hornthal, secretary. Edward I. Knight. Ludwig Trenn. Prof. Henry B. Smith. Hermann A. Bahr. John ilcMuHen. Mrs. M. W. Ferrer. Reuben B. Pool. M. Beach, chairman library committee. Rev. M. J. Kircher, C. M. George A. Thomas. Chester W. Underwood. A. Leonard. A. Leonard. E. R. Summers. Miss L. M. Horton. List of Librarians. List of librarians in the VnikO. Slates — Coutiuued. 1165 Place. Pouffhkeepsie, N. Y Kiverhead, N. Y ■.. Eoohester, N. T Hochestor, N. T iioclieater, N. T . '.'." i. Eocliester, N. Y Eome, N.Y SageTiUe, H". Y Saratoga Springs, K". Y. Saratoga, Sj rings, N. Y. Saugerties, N.Y Schenectady , N. Y Sclienectady, H. Y Schenectady, N. Y Somers, N. Y Springville, !N". Y Stamford, N. Y Starkey,N.Y Syracuse, N. Y Syracuse, N. Y Syracuse, N. Y Syracuse, M". Y Troy, N. Y Troy,N.Y Troy.N.Y Utioa, If. Y Library. Name of librarian or other , olKcer reporting. Utioa, N. Y Walden, N. Y '-'- "Wappinger's Falls, B". Y". . . ■Watertown, N. Y .- . - "Watertown, N. Y "Watertown, K. Y '. Watervliet, N. Y WatWns, N.Y West Point, N.Y White Plains, N. Y ■Whitestown, N.Y Yonkers, H". Y Yoiikers, N. Y Yonkera, N.Y Davidson College, !N". C. ray etteviUe, N. C Ealeigh,N.c Wilmington, K. Akron, Ohio Alliance, Ohio Ashtabula, Ohio" Bellefontaine, Ohio Carthage', Ohio Carthagena, Ohio Public Library Village Library Association Athenaium and alechauics' Association Public School Central Library Kocbester Theological Seminary University of Rochester Young Men's Christian Association Hamilton County Law Library Steven's Circulating Library Union School Library Saugerties Circulating Library Library Fourth Judicial District Union College Young Men's Christian Association _ . Somers library Association Library Judson Library Georgic Library Central Library Court of Axipeals Syracuse University '. Young Men's Christian Association Eensselaer Polytechnic Institute St. Joseph's Provincial Seminary Young Men's Association Medical Library New York State Lunatic Asylum. School District Library Public Library Circulating Library and Eeading-Eoom Sterling &. Mosher's Circulating Library... Public School Library. . .J Young Men's Christian Association School District No. 14 Schuyler County Law Library United States Military Acadf.my ChiUioothe, Ohio . Lyceum Library Whitestown Seminary Free Eeading-Eoom Library Lyceum Library '- Union Free School Davidson College Cross Creek Lodge No. 4, 1. 0. 0. F State Library Library Association Public Library Linnsean Library Social Library Association Brown Library A ssociation Longview Library Theological Seminary of St. Charles Bor- romeo. Public Library Eussell P. Osborne. George A. Buckingham. Mrs. C. B. Ayers. S. A. Ellis. Eev.E. J.W.Buckland.D.D. Prof. Otis H. Eohinsou. H. J. Niude. William H. Fry. E. E. Stevens. L, S. Packard. Miss Nettie Van Buskirk. Piatt Potter. Jonathan Pearson, A. M. L. Hoyt. Augustus Purdy. W. W. Blakeley. J. Harvey McKeo. ' Theseus ApoUeon Cheney. John S. Clark. E. Woolworth. John P. Griffin, A. M. 0. L. F. Browne. Prof. Dascom Greene. , Eev. P. A. Puissant. F. H. Stevens. John P. Gray, medical su- perintendent. Frank H. Latimer. John V. Tears. Mrs. E. A. Howarth. Sterling & Mosher. Daniel G. Griffin. J. L.'Hotchkin. D. A. Buckingham. Edward Kendall. Captain Eobert H. Hall, Lieut. Col. U. S. A. C. H. Tibbits. Franklin P. Ashley. E. Curtice. Eobert G. Jackson. Emily A. Gault. Professor P. P. Winn, M. A. Professor James A. McEae. Thomas E. Purnell. J. L. Woostcr. T. A. Noble. W. A. Wright. 0. H. Fitch. Lydia Canby. W. H. Bunker. Professor Eudolph Mueller, Ph. D. Henry Waterson. 1166 Public Libraries in the United States, List of Wbrarians in Ihe United States — Continued. Place. Library. Name of librarian or other officer repOrtinji- Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio Cincinnati, Ohio CircleTille, Ohio. Circleville, Ohio. Cleveland, Ohio . Cleveland, Ohio . Cleveland, Ohio . Cleveland, Ohio . Columbus, Ohio . Colambiis, Ohio . Columbus, Ohio . Columbus, Ohio . Columbus, Ohio . Columbus, Ohio . Dayton, Ohio Dayton, Ohio Dayton, Ohio Dayton, Ohio Dayton, Ohio Defiance, Ohio .. Delaware, Ohio . Delaware, Ohio . Elyria, Ohio Garabier, Ohio . . Gambler, Ohio . . Granville, Ohio. . Hamilton, Ohio.. Harrison, Ohio.. Jefferson, Ohio.. Lancaster, Ohio. Lebanon, Ohio . . Lee, Ohio Mansfield, Ohio . Marietta, Ohio . . Marysville, Ohio Massillon, Ohio . Massillon, Ohio . Medina, Ohio Milan, Ohio Newark, Ohio . . . Catholic lustitute Cincinnati Hospital Cincinnati Law Library T. Historical and Philosophical Society Lane Theological Seminary , , Mendenhall's Circulating Library Mt. St. Mary's Seminary of the West New Church Library Public Library i. Society of Natural History Toung Men's Christian Association Toung ilen's Mercantile Library Public Library , School Library , Public Library , : , "Western Reserve and Northern Ohio His- toricui Society. Toung Men's Christian Association Young Men's Christian Associfttion Railway Library. Colarabus Circulating Library , Columbus Turnverein , High School Library Ohio State Library Public Library and Reading Room State Board of Agriculture Dayton Law Library National Soldier's Home Public School Library Union Biblical Seminary , Young Men's Christian Association Library Association Ohio Wesleyan Female College Ohio Wesleyan Tlniversity Library Elyria Library Kenyon College Theological Seminary, Diocese of Ohio Denison University Lane Free Academy Society Library Library Association State Reform School Mechanics' lustitute Wells Library :..... Mansfield Lyceum ..:.:.'. Marietta College Literary and Library Association Ryder's Circulating Library Good & Co.'s Circulating Library , Medina Library First Presbyterian Society , Ladles' Circulating Library H. A. Theissen, ' H. M. Jones, supennteud't, M. W. Myers. Julius Dexter. Prof E. D. Morris. E. MendenhalL Rer. B. H. Enghers, Ph. D. Miss H. W. Hobart. Rev. Thomas VLckers. John M. Edwards. A. C. Scott M. Hazen White. ■ E. P. Bander. M. H. Lewis. L. M. Oviatt. Miss C. M. Seymour. G. J. B1I8& George W. Cobb. A. R. Pearce. Paul SchalL A. G. Farr. Walter C. Hood. J. L. Grover.- John H. Klippart. J. O. Shoup. Rev. William Earnshaw. Minta Dryden.. George Keisler. D. A. Sinclair. Edwin Phelps. Miss M. J. Styer. W. F. Whitlock; Miss Nettie E. Wheeler. Rev. E. C. Benson, A. M. Rev. William B. Bodine, A.M. W. A. Stevens. L. Skinner. George B. Amehy. C. S. Simonds. George E. Howe, superin- tendent. J. B. Graham, president. Agnes L. Black. James E. Wharton. Charles K. Wells. Franklin "^^od. • G. L. Ryder. J. C. Good & Co. H. G. Blake. Rev. J. H. Walter. Mrs. Y. H. Wright. List of Librarians. List of librarians in the United States — Continued. 1167 Place. Library. Name of librarian or other officer reporting. Norwalk, Obio Oberlin, Ohio Painesville, Ohio Port Clinton, Ohio . . . Portsmouth, Ohio Portsmouth, Ohio . . . ; Sandusky, Ohio . . Sidney, Ohio ; . . !. Springfield, Ohio Springfield; Ohio Springfield, Ohio Tiffin, Obio Toledo, Obio Toledo, Ohio Troy, Ohio Troy, Ohio TTnion "Village, Ohio. Urbana, Ohio - j TTrbana, Ohio , "Wellington, Ohio Wilmington, Ohio. . . Wooster, Ohio Xenia, Ohio , Zanesville, Obio Zanesville, Ohio Astoria^ Oreg Corvallis, Oreg- Portland, Oreg . Salem, Oreg Salem, Oreg i. The Dalles, Oreg: Abington,Pa Alleglieny, Pa Allegheny, Pa Allegheny, Pa Allegheny, Pa. . . . Allentown, Pa . Altoona, Pa . Ashland, Pa Bellefonte.'Pa Bethlehem, Pa . . . Bethlehem, Pa . . . Bloomsburg, Pa . , Bristol, Pa , Carbondale, Pa. . Carbondale, Pa. . . Cariisle.Pa *, Carlisle, Pa Toung Men's Library , Oberlin College ,, ., Toung Men's Christian Association Ottawa County Law Library , Public School Library Toimg Men's Christian Association . . . Ladies' Library Association Library Association Excelsior Society, "Wittemberg College. Public Library Young Men's Christian Association . . . i Heildelberg Theological , Seminary. .... Public Library School Reference Library Kelly'.s Circulating Library Union School Library Union Village Library Library Association . . * , Urbana University. .' , Library Association "Wilmington College , University of Wooster Young Men's Christian Association,.. — AthenoBum , ......i....^...: Young Men's Christian Association, . Pioneer and Historical Society of Oregon. , Library A ssociation Library Association Oregon Natural History and Library As. soQiation. State Library Public Library *. Friends' Library . - Allegheny Observatory Public School Library Theological Seminary, (United Presbyterian) "Western Theological Seminary, (Presby- terian. Academy of Natural Science, Art, and Literature. Mechanics' Library and Reading-Room As- sociation. Library Association Library A ssociation - Moravian College and Theological Seminary. Young Men's Christian Association Columbia County La-TV Library "William Penn Library Catholic Young Men's Association Young Men's Library Association, Cumberland County Law Library Hamilton Library and, Historical Society . Sophia Rowland. Rev. Henry "Watson. S. B. "Webster, George R. Clark. John Row. D. Patten. A. E. Stern. . E. "Walker Stowell. D. H. Bauslin. Virginia Heckler. H. B. Mayhew. O.A. S.Hursh.' Mrs, Anna B. Carpenter. Emma M. Taylor. C. M. Baird. J. "W. Dowd, eaperintend- ent of schools. Charles Clapp. ■ R.A.Boal. , - H. C. Vetteriing. Ida "W. "Van Clee£ Prof. J. B. Unthank, B. S. Rev. D. S, GrregoTj, D. D. Rev. John Shields. Mrs. Ellen Hazlett. Robert Miller. Hon. T. P. Powers, presi- dent. L. Vinward. Henry A. 0.\er. Rev. J. H. Babcock, secre- tary. W. J. Fenton, assistant. B. S. "Worsley. Jacob Armitage. S. P. Laugley. C. "W. Benney. Mrs. Thompson. Rev. John Lauritz. "W. H. Werner. F. D. Casanave. Robert Frazer, jr. John A. Hibler. Prof. E. Klose. - J. T. Davenport. B. G. Barr, prothonoiary. Joseph B. Pennington. I. J. Gilkey. E. A. "Wheeler. C. S. ^^umrich, secretary. Samuel K. Huraricb, 168 Public Libraries in the United States, List of librarians in the United States — Coutinued. Place. Library. Name of librarian, or otber officer reporting. Cbambersburg, Pa . Franklin Couuty Law Library., Chester, Pa Chester Library Chester County, Pa Lincoln University , Coatesville, Pa Library Association Colnmbia, Pa Sbock Library Coudersport, Pa.L i Library and Literary Association. DoylestoD, Pa Library Companj-. Ea3ton,Pa Easton.Pa Ebensburgh, Pa Erie, Pa Erie, Pfi. Erie, Pa Eallsington, Pa . . Germantown, Pa. G ermantown, Pa . GerraantowD, Pa. Gettysburgb, Pa. Gettysburgh, Pa . Gettysburgb, Pa. Gettysburgh, Pa . Harleysville, Pa.. Harrisburgh, Pa . Harrisburgh, Pa . Harrisburgh, Pa - Harrisburgh, Pa . Hathoro', Pa Honesdale, Pa Honesdale, Pa Johnstown, Pa , King of Prussia, Pa., Kingston, Pa Lancaster, Pa Lancaster, Pa Lancaster, Pa ...... Lancaster, Pa Lancaster, Pa , Lancaster, Pa Lewisburg, Pa Lewistown, Pa Lewistown, Pa Lock Haven, Pa.... Lock Haven, Pa ... , Lower Morion, Pa. Mauch Chunk, Pa , . Meadville, Pa Meadville, Pa , Meadville, Pa La,fayette College Librarj- A ssociation Eireman's Library City Librar}', Xoung Mens Christian As- sociation. Erie County Law Library Masonic Library Library Company Eriends' Free Library Germantown Library Company Toung Mens Christian Association. Adams County Law Library Lutheran Historical Society Pennsylvania College Theological Seminary, (Lutheran) Cassel's Library , State A^icultural Society State Library Toung Men's Christian Association Young People's Association of Grace M. E. ■ Church. Union Library Franklin Lyceutq Law and Library Association Cambria Library Association Union Library Bennett Library, "Wyoming Seminary Athenieum and Historical and Mechanical Society. Lancaster Law Library ,. Linnaian Scientific and Historical .Society. . . Mechanics' Library , Theological Seminary, (Reformed) Young Men's Christian Association , University at Lewisburg , Apprentices' Literary Society , Library Association Clinton County Law Library Library Company Theological Seminary, St. Charles Borromeo Minerva Lyceum Allegheny College , City Library Meadville Theological School John A. Hyssong, prothono- tary. Levis Pancoast. T. W. Cattell. Mrs. E. Coates. S. H. Hoffman. Christina A. Metzger. Thomas Hughes. F. A. March, LL. D. Samuel H. Knowles. Jpsse S. Bolsinger. H. S. Jones. » E. L. "Whittelsey, prothono- tary. F. AT. Koebler. Eliza Hance. William Kite. Miss Kay. John Cooper. Thomas G. Xeely, prothono- tan-. Eev. C, A. Hay. L. H. Croll. Charles A. Hay. Abraham H. Cassel, "William H. E^le, M. D. 0. li Miller. D. R. AVyeth. J. L Beggs, chairman. E. P. Baugh. L. H. Bamum. H. il. Seely, secretary. L E. Roberts. J. G. Dannaker. A. J. R. Randall. J. B. Eevinski, secretary. D. G. Eshlemau. John B. Kevinski. Peter McConomy. Prof. E. A. Gast. , 1. R. AVickel, secretary. David J. Hill, A. B. JohuT.McChire. Annie J. Clark. "W. H. Brown, pi'othonotary. J. H. Barton, M. D. Rev. L F. "Worstraann, D. D . H. B. Sackeld. Charles W. Rei,d, A. M. Miss M. B. Long. George J. Abbott List of Libra/rians. List of librarians in the United States — Continued. 1169 Place. Library. Name of librarian or other officer reporting. Meadville, Pa Meadville, Pa ■ Meohaniosbargh, Pa . Media, Pa Montrose, Pa Mt. Joy.Pa Mt. Joy, Pa Nazareth, Pa Ijew Brighton, Pa. . New Brighton, Pa. OilCity.Pa Oxford, Pa Philadelphia, Pa . . Philadelphia, Pa . . Philadelphia, Pa . . Philadelphia, Pa . - Philadelphia, Pa . - Philadelphia, Pa - . Philadelphia, Pa . . Philadelphia, Pa - . Philadelphia, Pa . . Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, - Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Philadelphia, 74 Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. Pa. B PhilO'Franklin Society Public High School Library and Literary Association Delaware County Institute of Science. Snequehanna County Law Library Philadelphia, Pa Philadelphia, Pa Philadelphia, Pa Philadelphia, Pa Crescent Library Cedar Hill Seminary Union Library Moravian Historical Society St. Joseph's Literary Association Young Men's Library Association Library Association Oxford Library Academy of Fine Arts Academy of Natural Sciences American Philosophical Society ^ Athensenm of Philadelphia Baptist Historical Society Brotherhead Library Byberry Library Carpenters' Company Catholic Philomathean Literary Institute. Catholic Philopatrian Literary Institute .. Christian Hall Library College of Physicians Franklin Institute Friends' Historical Association ; - ■ G-eorge Institute German Society of Pennsylvania Girard College Grand Lodge of Pennsylvania, F. A. A. M. . . Hahnemann Medical College Hermann Literature Society High School Observatory ■ Historical Society of Pennsylvania pospital of the P. E. Chnroh House of Eefuge, (colored) House of Eefuge, (white) Institute for Colored Youth James Page Library Company Kensington Ipstitute Law Association Library Association of Friends Library Company of Philadelphia Loganian Library Library and Heading Eoom Association, (23d ward) Locust Street Grammar School Mechanics' Institute of Southw'ark Mercantile Library M.C.Bailey.* Miss Fliza Bickson. G. M. D. Eckels. Anna M. Walker. David Summers, prothono- tary. Austin F. Denlinger. A. Hasteller. E. T. Grunewald. John Harnahan, Henry M. Pugh. Ormston & Hosey. Isaac Eogers. John Sartain, secretary. Edward J. Nolan. J. P. Lesley. L. K. Lewis. Henry E. Lincoln. "W. Brotherhead. "Watson Comly. Richard K. Betts, secretary. Charles P. Brady, corres- ponding secretary. James Mackey. Andrew H. Fisher. E. Bridges. George N. Hutchinson, sec- retary; E. Hiltehrand. Edward C. Jones. Joseph S. Wynn. Alexander A. M. Loos. Henry "W. Argy. Charles E. Meyer, chairman A. R Thomas, dean. Louis Graef. James McClune, director. John Jordan, jr., (acting.) J. M. Bonrke. J. H. Laverty. West Funk. F. M. Jackson. John W. Smith. Preston Brearly, secretary. George Tucker Bispham. Caleb Clothier. Lloyd P. Smith. / Lloyd P. Smith. Susie Taylor. William Sterling. Annie J. Harkness. James G. Barnwell. Public Libraries in the United States, List of libranans in the United.States — Continued. Place. Library. Name of librarian or other officer reporting. Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, t*a . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa -. Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . Philadelphia, Pa . . Philadelphia, Pa . . Phoenix villo, Pa. . Phcenixville, Pa . Pittsburg, Pa Pittsburg, Pa Pittsburg, Pa Pittsburg, Pa Pittsburg, Pa Pittsburg, Pa Pittsburg, Pa Pittston, Pa Pottstown, Pa PottsYille, Pa PottsviUe, Pa Pottsville, Pa Quakertown, Pa Beading, Pa Eenova, Pa St. Mary's, Pa St. Mary's, Pa Scrautou.Pa Selin's Grove, Pa Somerset, Pa South Bethlehem, Pa ... State College, Pa Stroudsburg, Pa Susquehanna Depot, Pa. , Swarthmore, Pa , Tidioute, Pa Titusville, Pa 'UniontowD,Pa Upland, Pa Moyamensing Literary Institute New Church Book Koom and Free Library., Northern Dispensary of Philadelphia Numismatic and Antiquarian Society Pennsylvania Hospital Philadelphia City Institute Philadelphia Divinity School, (P. E) Presbyterian Board of Publication Presbyterian Historical Society Roxborough Lyceum Sixth Ward Public School Soldiers' Orphan School - Southwark Library Southwestern Grammar School Spring Garden Institute Tabor jyiutual Library Teachers' Institute Theological Seminary, Evangelical Lutheran Universal Peace Union University of Pennsyl vania West Philadelphia Institute Catholic Literary Association Young Men's Literary Union German Library Association High School Library - Pittsburg Female College St. Michael's Theological Seminary Uti le Dulce Library Association Young Men's Christian Association Youug Men's Mercantile Library Library Associatioa Circulating Library Public School Library Schuylkill County Law Library Stockton Library Kicbland Library Reading Library Library and Reading Room Association St. Mary's Priory St. Michael's Casino Young Men's Christian Association Missionary Institute Somerset County Law Library Reading Room and Library Association Pennsylvania State College Brown's Circulating Library ; Young Men's Literary Association Swarthmore College Eden Lodge Library Hurd's Circulating Library Bookclub Buoknell Library, Crozer Theological Sem'y. T. Esmonde Harper. M. L. Paechall. Charles Carter, M. D. Henry Phillips, jr., secre- tary. Frank Woodbury, M. D. William Chapin, president. Morris M. Berry, A. M. John W. Dulles. Samuel Agnew. William Hutton. Edward J. Brodie. M. C. Coxe. C. C. Marray. George H. Stout. Thomas W. Summers. Thomas Gamon, treasurer. Miss Lindsay. A. P. Pfleuger. Alfred H. Love, president. Prof, R. E. Thompson. Mrs. E. A Ashmead. William J. Kelly. J. W. Kurtz. Miss Louise Baetz. Miss Jennie Ralston. Mrs. Sarah J. Jameson, M E.L. Arthur Devlin. Edward O. Anderson. R. A. Orr. George E. Apple ton. G. S. Ferris. A. M. Scheffer. B. F. Patterson. Col. William G. Johnson. Miss A. Anman. Stephen F. Penrose. Mary E. Richards. Joseph R. Kendig. Rev. Edward Hipelius. Leonard Haas. H. A. Chapin. P. Born. J. 0. Kimmel, chairman. David I. Yerkes. William A. Buckhout. T. C. Brown. S. Wallace. Kate L. Rockwell. James Beattie. B. F. Hurd. M. N. Lewis, secretary. Rev. George R. Bliss. lAst of lAhrmiam. 1171 lAst of' librarians in the United States — Continuea. Place. Library. l^ame of librarian or other officer reporting. Villanova, Pa Warren, Pa Washington, Pa West Chester, Pa Westtown, Pa Wilkes-Barre, Pa ■Wilkes-Barre, Pa ■Wilkes-Barre, Pa Williamsport, Pa "Womelsdorf, Pa ..,, York, Pa York, Pa Ashaway, R.I ...... .. Centerdale, E.I i Bast Greenwich, B. I. . .. . . Exeter, E.I.... , Foster Centre, R. I Gloucester, R.I ,. Jamestown, R. I -fe . Kingston, R. I Lonsdale, R. I Manville, R.I Newport, R. I Newport, R.I Newport, R.I, New Shorebam, R. I -■ North Scitnate, E. I North Scitnate, E. I North Smithfleld, E. I , . - . . OIney ville, E. I Pawtucket, E. I Peacedale, E.I Providence, R. I Providence, R. I Providence, E. I Providence, E. I Providence, E, I Providence, E. I Providence, R. I Providence, E.I - . - - Providence, E. I Providence, E.I Providence, R. I Providence, R. I - . - Providence, R. I Providence, E. I Providence, R. I Providence, E. I — "Warren, R. I Warwick Neck, E. I . Westerly, E. I Woon socket, E. I — Charleston, S. C Villanova College, (Monastery) Library Association Washington. County Law Library Chester County Law and Miscellaneous Lib'y Westtown Boarding School Law and Library Association Wyoming AthensenmA- Wyoming Historical and Geological Society Lycoming County Law Library Library Association '. York County Law Library. Young Men's Christian Association Aehaway Library and Reading Room Union Library Association Free Library Man ton Library Foster-Manton Library Mftnton Library Philomenian Library ' Kingston Library - Lonsdale Librar.y '-- Manville Library t. Mechanics' andManufacturers' Library Ass'n People's Library -. ■. Eedwood Library and Athenseum". Island Library Aborn Library Lapham Institute Slatersville Reading Eoom and Library Free Library Association Library Association Narragansett Library Association Allen's Circulating Library Arnold's Circulating Library Association of Mechanics and Manufacturers Brown University Franklin Lyceum New England Boarding School of Friends . Perrin's Circulating Library Providence Atheneeum Providence. Reform School ■ Eliode Island Historical Society Ehode Island Hospital Rhode Island Society for Encouragement of Domestic Industry. State.L^W Library , State Library Union for Christian Work Young Men's Christian Association Public Reading Eoom Association i Old Warwick Library Pawtucket Library A ssociation Harris Institute Library Charleston Library Society A. P. McCranor; 0. S. A. I. L. Harrison. J. P. Miller, prothonotary. John A, Rupert. Lewis Forsythe. A, Barnes, ' Eobert L. Ayers. Harrison Wright, secretary. H. H. Blair, prothonotary. Join F. Schonom. Frank Geise, prothonotary, P. P. StrawnisM. L. Burdick. Frank C. Angell. Joseph Eastman, George A. Thomas, (acting.) Mowry P. Arnold, Mrs. SimeonSweet. T. Giles Carr. P. K. Taylor. H. Kilbum. William D. Aldijch. James H. Goddard. E. M. Dame. ■ Benjamin H. Rhoades. Arthur W. Brown. G. R. Fisher. W. S. Stqckbridge. Fred H. Potter. Mrs. Frederica Bonvard. Mrs. M. A. Sanders. Alexander Lochhead. J. H. Allen. George 0. Arnold. Walter F. Brown. Eeuben A. Guild, LL. D. Henry W. Allen. Hannah E. Bean. Daniel Perrin. J. D. Hedge. Jamea M. Taloott, sup't. Edwin M. Stone. Charles Nason, sup't. Joseph S. Pitman, secretary. Daniel W. Fink. J. M. Addemahn. William M. Bailey. Thomas T. Crocker. Mary E. Drowhe. ■ J. Torrey Smith. Orville Stillman. Mrs. Ellen M. Bosworth. Arthur Mazyck. 1172 Public Libraries in the United States. Ui&tof lihrariana in the United States — Contiiiued. Place. Library, ^Name of librarian or other officer reporting. Charleston, S. C. Charleston, S.C. Charleston, S.C.. Columbia, S. C ... Colttmbia, S.C Colambia, S. C Georgetown, S. C. . - Greenville, -S. C "Waterboro', S.C.... Chattanooga, Tenn. Columbia, Tenn Cnlleoka, Tenn Dyersburg, Tenn . . . . Edgefield, Tenn Edgefield, Tenn Greenville, Tenn. . . Snoxville, Tenn Lebanon, Tenn Memphis, Tenn Nashville, Tenn Nashville, Tenn Nashville, Tenn Nashville, Tenn Nashville, Tenn Pnlaski, Tenn Austin, Tex Austin, Tex Galveston, Tex , Galveston, Tex Houston, Tex .^ Houston, Tex San Antonio, Tex . - . Tyler, Tex St. George, Utah Salt Lake City, Utah. Salt Lake City, Utah. Barnet, Vt Bennington, Vt Bradford, Vt Brattleboro', Vt Burlington, Vt Burlington, Vt Burlington, Vt Burlington, Vt ... Chelsea, Vt ..- Cavendish, Vt Derby, Vt Grafton, Vt Hyde Park, Vt Irasburg, Vt Lunenburg, Vt , Middlebury, Vt College of Charleston Medical Society of South Carolina. , South Carolina Historical Society Presbyterian Theological Seminary .... State Library j University of South Carolina "Winyaw Indigo Society.. Southern Baptist Theological Seminary Philomatliean Society - , Gledhill and Cady's Library Athenseum Library EeadingClub , Excelsior Library ., ------- Edgefield Lodge, Eree and Accepted Masons Public Library Library Junto Library and Keading-Koom Association Cumberland University ; Memphis Bar and Law Library Association Historical Society of Tennessee * . . . Library Association -. - Nashville Institute , State Library Toung Men's Christian Association Pulaski Lyceum Library Association State Library Free Library New Church Library City Library Public Library Alamo Literary Society Supreme Court - , Library Association City Library ^ , Territorial Library Ladies' Library Free Library ^. Scientific Association Brattleboro' Library EletcherEree Library Parish Library, First Unitarian Church University of Vermont Toung Men's Association Library Association Fletcher Library Derby Academy Public Library Agricultural I5-556 ; card catalogues, plans of Prof. Abbot and M. Bou- nange noticed, 556-560 ; catalogue nomenclature, 560 ; classification of catalogues, S61-563 ; how dilferent catalogues economize, 564 ; information given by different catalogues, 564-565 ; different catalogues compared, 565-567 ; statistics of re- cently printed catalogues, 568-571 ; answers to circular respecting printed catalogues, 572-575 ; chronological table of printed catalogues of pub- lic libraries in the United States, 576-622. Catalogues and reports of public libraries should be furnished to State libraries, 302. Cataloguing, 489-490. (See, also. Catalogues.) Cataloguing and indexing, cooperation in, xxx. Cataloguing college libraries, 512-514; cooperative catalogues advocated, 512-514. <;atholio libraries, 137-142 ; distinctive features of, 137-138; of theological schools and colleges; Georgetown College Library, 138 ; composition of, 138-142 ; growing collections ; Catholic publi- cations, 141 ; valuable private collections ; Catho- lic association libraries ; need of a general Cath- olic library, 142. Catholic young men's associations, 388. Cayuga County Historical Society, 352. Census (Ninth) of the United States, General P. A. Walker's remarks on library statistics of, quoted, xvii, 759. Centennial Exhibition, report on libraries part of exhibit of Bureau of Education at, vii., Charleston and the Southern States, libraries in, 882-892 ; causes of slow development of public libraries in the Southern States, 882-883 ; loss of books during the civil war, 883-884 ; Charleston Library Society, sketch ot; 884-888 ; State libra- ries, 888-899 ; college libraries, 889-890; need of pubUo libraries in the Southern States, 890-893. Charleston Library Society, accuuntof,i3; bequest of John M'Kenzie to, 13 ; sketch of, 884-888. Chester Library Company organized in 1769, 11. Chicago, sl^etcbes of public libraries in, 893-895 ; Chicago Historical Society, 893 ; Young Men's Association Library, 893-894; Public Library, 894-895 ; statistics of other collections, 895 ; New- berry legacy for a public library, 896-898. Chicago Historical Society, 337, 893. Chicago Public Library, sketch of, 894-893. Chicago Theological Seminary, library of, 143. Chronological table of printed catalogues in the United States, 577-622. Church libraries, 127, note. Cincinnati, sketches of public libraries in, 898-917 ; the Cinciunati Library, 898-899 ; Cincinnati Circulating Library, 899-900 ; Apprentices' Li- brary, 900-901 ; Ohio Mechanics' Institute, 901- 902 ; Young Men's Mercantile, 902-904 ; Histori- ical and Philosophical Society, 904-906 ; Theo- logical and Eeligious Library, 906-907 ; Public Library, 907-916 ; Lane Seminary, College of St. Xavier, St. Mary's Seminary of the "West, Cin- cinnati LaW'Library, Ohio Medical College, Cin- cinnati Hospital, 916 ; statistics of other collec- tions, 917. Cincinnati Public Library, sketch of, 907-916. Circulation of books in' libraries an uncertain measure of usefulness, 399. Clap, President, 28 ; extracts from his Annals of Yale College, 28-29. Classed catalogues. (See Catalogues.) Classification of books in public libraries, 492 ; in college libraries, 509. Clayton, J. M., 'Secretary of State, his reply to Brit- ish parliamentary committee respecting Amer- ican public libraries, 759. Clinton, Governor De "Witt, recommends estab- lishment of school libraries, 39. Coast Survey Office, library of, 265^ Cogswell, Joseph G., first superintendent of the Aster Library, 931 ;" his selections for the libra- ry, 932-934 ; prepares catalogue of the library, 935. Colby University Library, 74. 1178 Public Libraries in the United States. College departments, libraries of. (See individaal colleges.) College libraries, statistics of, 125-126. College libraries, tbeir use and accessibility, 60 ; their proper diTision and distribution, 61; col- lections oharaoterized, gifts of private collections to, amount of library funds belonging to several. 62 ; sketches of libraries abridged, 62 ; adminis- tration of, general considerations touching, 505 ; functions of, 506; how used, importance of knowing, 507 ; how they should be prepared for use, -management of growth, 508; elaasification considered, 509 ; arrangement of books in, 510 ; old hooks and pumphlets in, 510-512; cooperative cataloguing for, 512-514; indexing, 514; stu- dents' privileges in, 515-520 ; instruction to stu- dents in, by librarians and teachers, 520-525. (For sketches of libraries of individual colleges see names of colleges.) College library administration. ■ (See College libra- ries.) College of New Jersey Library, 30 ; burned in 1801t 30 ; sketch of, 99-103 ; students' society libraries, 103. College of Physicians of Philadelphia, library of, 96R. College of the City of New York, library of, 945. College of "William and Mary, 26; library de- stroyed by fire, 26, note ; appeal in behalf of the library, 26. note ; gifts to and description of li- brary of, 27-28, note. College professorships of books and reading, 230- 251. (See Professorships of books and reading.) College society libraries. (See individual colleges.) College students, library privileges granted to. 515-520; instruction to by librarians and teach- ers, 520-525. Colonial govewiment libraries, 292. Colorado school district libraries, 57. Columbia College Library, 30 ; early gifts to, 30 ; books scattered during the Revolution, 30 ; sold for grog by British soldiers, 30 ; sketch of, 104-105. Common school libraries, 38^58 ; benefits resulting from, 38 ; causes 6f failure of system in several States, 38-39 ; in California, 5;i-5*; in Colorado, 57 ; in Connecticut, 44-45 ; in Illinois, 54-55 ; in Indiana, 46-49 ; in Iowa, 46 ; in Kansas, 55 ; in Kentucky, 56 ; in Maine, 49-50 ; in Massachu- setts, 41-42 ; in Michigan. 42-44 ; in Minnesota, 56 ; in Missouri, 53 ; in New Jersey, 56 ; in New York, 39-41 ; in Ohio, 50-52 ; in Oregon, 54 ; in Pennsylvania, 55 ; in Rhode Island, 45-46; in Virginia, 56; in Wisconsin, 52.53; aggregate number of volumes in, 1011. Congregational Library, Boston, 340-873. Congress, Library of, its catalogue noticed, 259, 545, 736-737. Congressional documents, distribution of, by act of 1813, 293. Congressional Library. (See National Library.) Connecticut, district school libraries in, 44, 45 ; free town libraries in. 453. Connecticut Historical Society, 333. Convention of librarians of 1653, results of, xxvi ; V proposed convention in 1876, xxvii. Coon Skin Library, Ames, Ohio, influence of, 447. CoSperation in making catalogues, 512-514. Cooper Union, use of reading room of, 463; sketch of library of, 943. Copyright, returns of in NationalLibrary, 260-261;- outline of legislation respecting, from 1783 to 1875, 279-281 ; deposit of copyrights in State li- braries Suggested, 304. Cornell University Library, 105-108. Cost of administration of libraries great, 430. County law libraries. (See Law libraries.) County libraries in Indian^, 454. ' "' Crestadoro, A., his pamphlet on the art of ibaking: catalogaes noticed, 535-536, 539. Crozer Theological Seminary, Library of, 155. Cutler, Ephraim, patron of the Coon Skin Library, 447. Cutter, Oharies A., author of " Rules for a Diction- ary Catalogue," XV, 490; on library catalogues, (with tables,) 526-622,; ». Dartmouth College Libra!ry, notice of, 31-97 ; so- ciety libraries, 98. Dauphin County Historical Society, 362. Deaf-Mute College, Washington, library of, 270. Deaf -Mute Library, Boston, 876. ^ Decimal classification and subject index, 623-648 ; manner of classifying and numbering books un- der, 624-625 ; arrangement of books, 626-627 ; use of alphabetical subject index, 628 ; shelf arrange- ment, 628-629 ; various catalogues and shelf lists, 639-630; check-box, its uses, 631, 632; size num- bers for books, 633; duplicates, 633; allowance of space, 634 ■,. the advantages of relative location of books, 634-635 ; advantages of the subject in- dex, 636-637 ; various advantages of the general! system described, 637-639 ; cards described, 639 ;. experience with the system in Amherst College Library, 639-640; acknowledgments, 640-641;. specimen pages of classification, 642-643; speci- men page of the subject index, 644 ; catalogues, in use, with explanations, 645-648. Dedham Historical Society, 343. Delaware Historical Society, 336. Department of Agriculture, library of, 272. Department of Justice, library of, 272. Depari>ment of State, library of, 262-264. Department of the Interior, library of, 269 ; classi- fied circulation of library, 82J-827. Department of the Navy, library of, 266. Department of the Treasury, library of, 264. Department of War, library of, 265. Dewey, Melvil, managing editor of American Li- brary Journal, xxviii ; his description of the classi- fication, arrangement, indexing, and cataloguing of Amherst College Library, 623-648. Dickinson College Library, 115. Dictionary Catalogue, Rules fpr a, by C. A. Cutter, XV, 490. (See, also, Catalogues.) Diocesan libraries, 316, note. District school libraries. (See Common school! libraries.) Divinity School of the Protestant Episcopal Church, library of, 157. Divoll, Ira, his efl^urts in behalf of Public School Library of St. Louis, 981, 982. Dis, Johu A., an advocate of school libraries, 40. Dix, Miss D. L., report on prisons quoted, 219, 220.. Index. 1179 Dog tax in Hassacbasetsts, proceeds of,- appropri- ated to public schools or town libraries, 451. Drew Tb6oJogicq:l Seminary, library of, 148. Duties on imported hoflk?, legislation respecting, 290-291. , , . Dwigbt, Theodore, report on prisons q,uotedi 218, 231-225. ' , ^' East India School, gifts for, noticed, 21, note. Eaton, John, Comnissioner of Education, his letter to the Secretary of the Interior, ^submitting re- port on public libraries, Tii-ix. Editors, associate, of American Library Jiurnal, list of, xxviii. Education, influence of art museums on, 438 ; pub- lic libraries and education, xi. Edwards' Memoirs of Libraries and Hand-book of Library Economy noticed, 733. Emerson, EaJph "Waldo, on the need of professor- ships of books and reading, 245 ; on art museums in connection with public libraries, 440, no(6. English books, number of, annually printed, 244. Ephemeral literature, causes, pe;:plexity in the smaller libraries, 711 ; large libraries, should ac- cumulate by exchangp,,711 ; smaller libraries should contribute to the larger, 711 ; a valuable reflex of the times, 71g;, the duty of the State respecting, 712 ; librarians should make anni- versary collections of, 712. Episcopal Theological Seminary near Alexandria, Va., library of, 159. Essex Institute, Salem, Mass., 323-344. , Ewing, Hon. Thomas, aids in establishing the Coon Skin Library, 446. , Exchange of State documents, 293-294, Executive Mansion Library, 262. r. Faculty of Advocates' Library, (Edinburgh,) cata- logue of, 736. Fiction, a free library without works of, 394 ; re- marks respecting use of, 394-395, 410-411. Finding lists, plan of, 496-497. Firelands Historical Society, Norwalk, Ohio, 359. First Auditor's. Ofhce, library of,:264. First public library in .Boston, 36-37, not^. Force, Peter, his library sold to .National Library ; description of the collection, 257 ; his collections relating to American history, 257, 683. Franklin, Benjamin, his early opportunities for reading, 2 ; interview with Governor Burnet, 3 ; Ms " pretty ooUpotion" ofbooks,3! with others, forms "Thb Junto "in 1729, 3 J prints catalogue and account of Philadelphia Library, 9-10 ; pre- pares inscription for tablet in library building, 10; statue of, 11 ; his interest in the Philosophi- cal Society, 11, 962 ;, his claims respecting the in- fluence of public libraries, 11 ; founder of Library Company of Philadelphia, 953 ; his statement as to number of newspapers in the colonies in 1771, ~ 460. Franklin Institute of Philadelphia, library of, 973, 974. Free libraries, 389-402: duty of the State toward, influence of; on society and , government, 390; special benefit of, to students, 390; what books Fre^, libraries — Continued. . ,,, may be properly bought for free libraries with pubUo money, 303 ; a free library that con- tains no works of fiction, 394 ; popular books needed, 395 ; a definite line respecting selectipns of books for, impracticable, 396 ; responsibility of librarians, 396-399 ; number of books circulated an uncertain measure of usefulness, 399 ; possible benefits of, 399-402; art oolleotions in, 401, 434- 444. (See Art museums and their connection with public libraries ; see, also. Public libraries and Free town libraries.) Free reading rooms, 460-464 ; as a means of popu- lar education,. 460 ; periodical literature, extent and value of, 460^461 ; illustrated magazines, their edpoatipnal influence, 461-462; newspapers and books, comparative influence of,. 463; estab- Ushment of, in cities and the larger towns, 462; of the Cooper Union and Newburyport Free Library, 463; as adjuncts of free libraries, 463- 464. Free reference libraries in Massachusetts, act for, 451. Free town libraries, 445-459 ; outgrowth of social and school libraries, 445 ; early social libraries, 445-446 ; estimated number of volumes in public libraries in the year 1800, 445; Castine Social Library, its articles of association, 446 ; origin of early library at Ames, Ohio, 446 ; early ,sopiar library at* Cincinnati, 447; relation of public school to town libraries, 447 ; examples of, prior to legislation authorizing taxation for, 447 ; in Connecticut, legislation, number, and circula- tion of, 453 ; in Illinois, legislation, number, and circulation of, 455 ; in Indiana, legislation, 454 ; number and circulation of, 455 ; county libraries, 454 ; Maclure libraries, 454*; in Iowa, legislation, number, and circulation of, 453 ; in Maine, legis- lation, number, and circulation of, 452; in Maa- saohusetts, legislation, 448-451 ; origin of Way- land Publip Library, 448 ; Kev. John B. Wight, author of tovrn libraries' act of 1851, 448 ; free reference libraries, 451 ; appropriation of dog tax for, 451 ; number of, in 1860 and in 1874-75, 451- 452; income, aggregate number of -volumes, and circnlation of, 451-452 ; in Xew Hampshire, leg- islation, number, and circulation of, 447-448 ; origin of Peterborough Town Library, 448; in Ohio, legislation, number, and circulation of, 452 ; in Texas, legislation, Public Library of Gal- veston, 455; in "Vermont, legislation, number, and circulation of, 452 ; in Wisconsin, legisla- tion, number, and circulation of, 453-453 ; vote establishing, in a numbeV. of towns, 455-456. (See, also. Free libraries and PubUo libraries.) French revolution, fugitive literature relating to. Friends' Free Library, Germantown, Pa., contains no works of flction, 394 ; sketch of, 968. Friends' Historical Society, 364. Friends' Library of the Four Monthly Meetings, 31, 968. Fugitive literature, value of, to the historian, 681- 683. O. Galveston Historical Society, 369. Gardiner, 0. C, his sketch of Bryant Library, 459^ 1180 Public Libraries in the United States. Genealogical and Biographical. Society, 357, General Government, libraries of the, why estab- lished, 252 ; sketches of, Si5^Q^3. General Land-OflBce, library of, 270. General Theological Library of Boston, 146, 874. General Theological Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, library of, 153. Georgetown College Library, Georgetown, D. C, 71. Georgia Historical Society, 336. German hooks, narober of, annually printed, 244. German librfiries, arrangements in, for loaning books through one another, 916. German Society of Pennsylvania, 363, 969. German universities, proposed study of library science at, xxiv-xxvi. German young men's Christian associations, 388. Gettysburg Theological Seminary, library of, 156. Goveiiimeut, National, its interest in libraries; importance of its publications, xii-xiil. GoverDment expenditure for libraries and sundry publications, xii, 832-836. Gray, Francis C, author of Prison Discipline in America, quoted, 220. Hamilton College Library, 108-110. Hamilton Libraryand Historical Society, 361. Harris, "William T., his modification of Bacon's classification pf knowledge Adopted in the Cata- logue of the Public School Library of St. Louis, 660-662, 986. Haivard College Library: founded, 21; burned, 22 ; measures for Its restoration, 22-23 ; gifts of Thomas HoUia, 23; other notable gifts, 23-24; extent and composition of the library at the outbreak of the Kevolution, 25; its removal from Cambridge for safety, 25; .during the present century, 78-85 ; Bane Law School Library, 85-86 ; Divinity School Library, 86-87, 147 ; Medical College Library, 87 ; Library of Museum of Comparative Zoology, 87-88 ; Library of Lawrence Scientific" Schotfl, 88 ; Library of the Botanical Garden, ^88 j libraries of the Observa- tory and of the Bussey Institution, 89; atudentn' society libraries, 89; catalogue of, 540-541,547. Henrico College, Ya., 21, note; books and money subscribed for, 22, note. Hertzog Hall. (See New Brunswick Theological Seminary.) Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio, 358, 904-906. Historical and Scientific Society of Mason County, ?38. Historical societies, 312 ; number of, formed since 1789, 312 ; their objects and mode of organiza- tion, 313 ; libraries of, 313; manuscripts in, 313; miiseums, 314; publications of, 314; other work of, 314; membership, 315; income, whence derived, meetings, 315; State and local societies, 315-316; ecclesiastical and other historical societies, 316; valuable results acbievecl, 317; genealogical work of, 318; town histories, 318- 320; plans for future work, 321-325; national convention of, 325, note,- importance of, 325; scantiness of historical material, 325-326; what historical libraries should collect and contain. Historical-societies — Continued. 327-328 ; a spirit of historical research developed by them, 328-332 ; statistics of, 375-377. (For sketches of historical societies and their collec- tions, see namesof individual societies, 332-374.) Historical Society of Pennsylrainia; 365, '974-975. Historical Society of Koanoke College, 373. History of Printing in America, 345, note. HoUis, Thomas, his gifts to Hai-vard College, 23. Holmes, 0. "W"., his index to The Poet at the Breakfast Table, 728. Hospital libraries, 58. Houghton County Historical Society and Mining Institute, 346. House of Representatives, library of, 261. Hydrographic Office, library of, 267. Illinois, school district libraries in, 54-55;- free town libraries in, 455, 478. Illustrations of library bnilding'a, list of, vii; selection of examples as, xix. ' • Imported books, when exempt from payment of duty, 290-291. Indexes. (See Book indexes.) Indexes and tables of contents of books, improve- ment of. (Sete Titles of books.) Indexing college libraries, 514. Indexing periodical and miscellaneous literature, 663-672 ; necessity and value of indexes, 663 ; kinds of works requiring indexes, 663-664 ; es- pecial value of monograjphs to students, 664 ; indexes required when titles of booka are not explicit, 665 ; no 'complete index of periodicals, 665; Poole's Index, 665; indexes should be con- tinuous, 666 ; no plan for an inde?c generally adopted, 666 ; the author's plan described, 666- 671 ; cross references, 671 ; ease of keeping up such an index, 671 ; fancy titles, 671 ; a coopera- tive system of indexing suggested, 672. Indiana, school district libraries in, 46-49 ; free town libraries in, county libraries in, 454. Indiana Historical Society, 337. Introduction to special report on libraries, xl- XXXV. Iowa, school district libraries in, 46 ; free town libraries in, 453. Iowa Historical Society, 338. Japan, public library recently established at Tokio, xxxiv. Jeiferson, Thomas, promotes establishihent of Na- tional Library, 253 ; sells his privdte library to the General Government, 254. Jewett, C. C, his report on puT>lio librajries, xviii; author of roles for cataloguing, 490 ; his plan for indexing catalogue of Lower Hall, Boston Public Library, 538-539. Johnson, Dr., his remarks on book indexes, 727- 728. Juliana Library, accouiit of, 12. " Junto " formed in 1729, 3. Juvenile literature, its place in public libraries, 412-418. ' ' Juvenile readers, their efteot on library statistics, 433. Index. 1181 K. Kansas eohool district lil)raries, 55. Kentucky -scliool distw* libraries, 5B. Kentucky University, Library, 73. King William's School Library, Annapolis, Hd., 35, note. ^i King's Chapel library, 34. Kite, William, his remarks respecting use of fic- tion, 394. Lafayette College Library, 115. Lancaster Theological Seminary, library , of, 156- 157. Lane Theological Seminary, library of, 154, Law associatioa libraries. (See Law libraries.) < Law Association Library of Philadelphia, 973. Law books, classified, 161 : extent of common and statute law .publloatians, l.fi 1-162 ; .expense of, 162. Law libraarias, 161 ; public^ defined, 164; State.law libraries, 164-166 ; county law libraries, 166-167, note; law association libraries, how formed, objects, particular collections named, 167 j law school libraries, number of, 168 ; American char- acterized, 168 ; English, law libraries noticed, 168 ; rise and growth of American, in present century, 168-169 ; statistics of, 169-170. Law reports, number and extent of, 161 ; published in 1874, 162 ; multiplication of, in the United States and EDgland,A62, note ; publication and sale of, 163. Law school libraries. (See Law libraries.) Leather for binding books, 491, 675-676.' Lenox, James, founder of Lenox Library, 946. Lenox Library, sketch of, 946-950. Leominster Social Library, founded in 1763, 20. Leypoldt, F., publisher of Amejcican Library Jour- nal, xxviii-xxix. Librarians, list of, 1143. Librarians, of popular libraries fail in their duty if they do not strive to elevate the tastes of read- ers, 432 ; qualifications and choice of, 488-489 ; women as librarians, 430 ; should acquire an ex- pert's knowledge of book binding, 712. Library bibliography, 733-744. (See, also, Biblio- graphy of libraries.) Library buildings, 465-475 j selection of sites for, 465 ; design of, to be subordinated to plan of ad- ministration, 465 ; economy of space and time to be regarded, 466; -plan of Roxbury Branch, of Boston Public Library, 466-467 ; nhmbering of oases and shelves, 467-468 ; labor saving devices, 468; officers' quarters, 469 ; unpacking room, 469 ; catalogue rooms, 470; bindery, extra work rooms, 470 ; branch libraries, 470 ; adaptation of, to ainticipated growth, 470-471 ; newspaper and duplicate room; Patent-Office specifications room, cabinets for special collections, students' room, pamphlet room, ^71 ; reading room for pe- riodicals, stock room, janitor's quarters, toilet rooms, 471-472 ; description of library building of one million volumes' capacity, with illustra- tions, 472-475. Library Company of Philadelphia, organized in 17.11, 4 ; first books received for, 4 ; gift of Peter Couinson, 4 ; privileges granted to James Lo- gau, 5 ; early pui chases for, 5 ; donation of Will- Library Company of Philadelphia— Continued, iam Eawl6,'5 ; bobk's removed to State-House, 5 ; to Carpenters' Hall, 5 ; the Union and the Ami- cable Assooiati'in Library Companies united with, 5; Lognnian Library transferred to, in 1793, 9 ; its influence described, 9 ; first printed catalogues of, 9 ; description of books in, 9 ; ac- count of, by Franklin, 10 ; its privileges ex- tended to Congress, 10 ; is used by British offi- cers, 10 ; building for, 10 ; catalogue of, 738 ; sketch of, 953-962. Library scitnce, study of, at German universities suggested, xxiii. Licking County Pioneer and Historical Society, 339. Light-House Board, library of, 364. ' Ligue nationalefraUQaise of San Francisco, library of, 1006. • Linniean Scientific and Histdrical Society, 362. Linonian Society of Tale College, library of, 30, 67- 68. Liverpool (England) Free Library Catalogue, plan of, 538, 736. Local libraries should collect ephemeral publica- tions, 683. Logan, James, privileges granted to, by Philadel- phia Library Company, 5 ; founder of Loganian Library, 6 ; extract from his wi ', 6 ; donation of library building, 6 ; conditions of bequest, 6. Logan,' William, his bequest to the Loganian Li- brary, 6. Loganian Library, founded by James Logan, 6 ; bequests of James and William Logan to, 6; transferred to Philadelphia Library Company, 9, 954 • endowment of, 954. Long Island Historical Society, 353, 881. Low, Sampson, his Indejt to the British Catalogue noticed, 535. Lucas, Governor Robert, his efforts in behalf of school libraries in Ohio, 50. Lutheran Historical Society, 361. M'Kenzie, John, his bequest to Charleston Library Society, 13. McLaughlin, J. W., architect of Cincinnati Public Library, 912. Maclure, William, his gifts and bequests for work- iugmen's libraries, 454. Madison University Library, 110. Maine, school district libraries in, 49 ; free town libraries iu, 452. Maine Historical Society, 339. Management of town libraries, details of, 423-430. Manchester (England) Free Public Libraries, cir- culation of, 405 ; catalogue of, 538, 736. Mann, Horace, his efforts in behalf of school libra- ries, 41. Manual of reference to contents of hooks, need of. (See Titles of books.) Manuals of reading, 231-332, 249, 734. Manufacturing towns, public libraries in, 403-411. Mapa, etc , in books, directions for binding, 677. Marietta College Library, 113. Maryland Historical Society, 339, 847-848. Maryland Institute Library, 844-846; School of Design, 846. 1182 Public Libra/ries in the United States. Mas8a■•■ "' '. Secondary instruction. (See Schoolsfor secondary ins(truotion and A.cademies.) Sensational reading Tiarmful, 395,'3!fe.. Sej;vioe Creek, Pa., early theological school at, 128-129. ' ' ' ■ " -'"-"'' - • Sharp, Eev. John, bequest of l|Ooks to Xew York| 4. Shelf marks and shelf lists! systisip oif, 493-496^ ' Ship libraries, 276-278. ' , ' Signal-Oflice, libr^)i;ypi',,266, , "', ' Smithsonian :^n,8tjitutipn, library of, transferred to the National Library, 256 ; its system of exchanges describee^, 285-2?8; record of exchanges from ,1850 to, 1875, ,288.-289; present regulations gov- erning eicchajuges, 289-290, So(jial.I,aw Library at Boston, 853. Society for Propagation of the' Gpspel, donation of books, by, to New York, 14. Society of California Pioneers, 339. Society of Natural History, Boston, library of, 859. Society publications and periodical literature, 679-685. Soldiers' Home Library, "Washington, D. C, 273. Solicitor of the Treasury, library of, 272. South Carolina Historical Society, 368. Southern Historical Society,' 371. Southern States, libraries in. (See Charleston and the Southern States.) Sonthwark Library, Philadelphia, 974. Spofibrd, A. E., his sketch of the Library of Con- gress, or National Library, 253-261 ; on the binding and preservation of books, 673-678; on periodical literature and society publications, 679-685; on "works of reference for libraries, with list of reference books, 686-710; on library bibliography, 733-739; his list of books and arti- cles on periodicals relating to libraiies, 739-744. State and Territorial libraries,, 992-311; ancient government libraries, 292; government libraries in American colonial period, 299-293 ; origin of system of exchange of documents between States, distribution of documents by order of Con- gress, 293; pe!riods,of establisiment of, 293-294 ; national grants, for Territpr,ial libraries, 294 ; ex- change of judipial decisiops proposed by South Carolina in, 1844, 294; Vattemare'a system of international exchange, ,294-295j; State grants to, 295; expenditures for law .departments of, 296; general character, conditiojip , of ^ use, and sys- tem of control of, 297-298; museums of natural , history and of archeology and Sici in connection with, 297, 307 ; extent and growth of, 299 ; sets ipf State publications; coUeijfions relating to State and local history, 301-302'; reports and cat- alogues of , public libraries should be furnished to, manuscript collections of, 309 ; as custodians 1186 Public Libraries in the United States. State ami Territorial libraries— Continued, of ancient State documents, 303, copyrighted ■works, 304; copyrights in Library of Congress, 304; as depositories of individual coUectiona, 304-305 ; gil'ts and bequests to British Museum Librarj% 304 ; selection of books for, 305-300 ; teuuie of office of librarians, 406 ; duties of trnst- ees, 307-308 ; statistics of, 309-311. State law libraries. (See Law libraries.) State libraries as custodians of ancient State doc- uments, 302. Statistics of college libraries, 125-126; of theolog- ical libraries, 15ii-160; of law libraries, 16*1-170; of medical libraries, 182; of soientiflc libraries, 214-217: of prison libraries, 228-229; of reform - school libraries, 227; of State and Territorial librarii?s, 30y-311 ; of historical society libraries, 375-377; of mercantile libraries, 383; of young men's association libraries, 384 ; of athenseum libraries, 384; of mechanics* and apprentices' libraries, 385 ; of young men's Christian associa- tion libraries, 386, Statistics of libraries, xv-xvi; remarks on, 714, 1010-1011. {See Statistics of public libraries.) Statists us of printed catalogues, 568-571. Statistics of public libraries, xv-xvi, 745-836 ; dif- ficulties oi" comparing, M. Balbi's comparative statistics of European libraries, with table, 745- 75e ; his romarkB oii disparity of estimates. of numerical contents of European libraries, 756- 7£8 ; in Europe as given in recent American publications, 755-759 ; Secretary Clayton's reply to Bi'itish Parliamentary committee's inquiry respecting American public libraries, 759 ; Gen. E. A. Walker's remarks on value of, in Niuth Census. 759-7C0 ; sources of, in table showing size of American public libraries by periods, 760-773 : of libraries in 1776, 1800, and 1871!, with table, 774-777; growth of public libraries by periods, with tables, 778-791 ; libraries graded according to size, 792-796 ; classified statistics of libraries, with table, 797-1^01 ; funds of libra- ries, with tJible, 802-800 ; classified statistics of sixty-two libraiies, 8H'-)-l:( ; benefactions, 814; loss and wear of booLs. 8H-^16; cUissified cir- culation, 810-819 ; stalislics ol twenty-four libra- ries, 820 ; Boston Public Library, 821-823 ; De- partment of the Interior Library, 823-827 ; analy- ses of, 82e-tiUl ; expenditures for libraries by General Government, 832-836 ; remarks on table of, 1010-1011. Straznicky, E. It., former superintendent of Astor Library, 935. Sturgis, J. H., architect, joins Mr. Brigliam and Mr. Winsor in preparing ideal plan of library huilding, 472. Sunday reading in public libraries, xx-xxi ; in St, Louis Public School Library, 985-986 ; in Cincin- nati Public Library, 915. Sunday School libraries, not included in report, ion. Supervising Architect's Office, library of, 265. Surgeon-General's Office, library of, 175 ; catalogu- ing and indexing of, described, 175 ; indexing periodicals, 176 ; its collection of medical peri- odicals, 178; collection of medical theses, 179 ; binding pamphlets and theses, ISO. T. Table, general, Of public libraries, remarks on, 1010-1011. Tags for books, form and material of, 495. Taxation and town libtaries, 455. Teaching to read properly, importance of, recently greatly enhanced, 506-507. Tennessee Historical Society, 369. Territorial libraries, national gi'ants for, 294, 833. Territorial pioneers of California, 333. Texas, free libraries' act of, 455. Theological and Heligious Library of Cincinnati, 906. Theological libraries, 127-142 ; of theological semi- naries; general tlieological libraries at Boston and Cincinnati, 127 ; of .theological departments of colleges, 127-128; first theological libraries in the United States, 128-129; number established in the first quarter of this century, 129 ; present number and &xtent of; early college libraries at fi rst largely theological ; theological departments of Astor and Boston Public Libraries, 130 ; ad- vantages of distinctively theological libraries; growth of; deficiencies of, 131; acquisition of individual collections by gift or purchase, 131- 132; libraries of Van Ess, Xeander, Niedner, Liicke, Giescler, and Hengstenberg added to American theological libraries, 132 ; number and extent of, 133 ; in Europe, archi episcopal, paro- chial, monastic , 133-135 ; American and European compared, 135 ; need of, in seminaries, 136 ; more funds needed for, 136-137 : awakened interest in, 137 ; Catholic, distinctive features of, and needs, 137-142. (See Catholic libraries.) Thomas's History of Printing in America, 345, nute. Titles of books, 715-726 ; good sense required in naming books, 715; misleading titles, 715-716; titles of miscellanies, 716; of polytopical hooks, 716-717 ; fancy titles, 717 ; enigmatical titles, 717- 718; explanatory titles, 718; amnsing examples of, 719 ;' general titles, 71&-7a0 ; incompleteness of title pages a source of perplexity, 720-721 ; obscuring titles, 721-722 ; need of a guide to the contents of books, 722-724 ; suggestions for a ref- erence dictionary or library mannal, 724-725; value of a guide to contents of books to profes- sors and students, 725-726. Todd, liev. John, his plan of indexing noticed, 727. Tokio, Japan, notice of a public library at, xxxiv. Toledo Historical and Geographical Society, 360. Town histories, 318-320. Town librarie'^, how to make, successful, 419-430; business-like managi ment of, essential, 419-420 ; choice of hooks for, 420-421 ; immature tastes to bo gratified, 42l, 422 ; special tastes should be gratified, 422; reference books and x^eriodicals to be supplied, 422; competition to be sought in purchases, 423 ; details of management, 423-430. Towns should be required to send copies of all their documents to State library, 712. Transylvania University Library transferred to Kentucky University, 73. Trinity College Library, 64. Tufts College Library, 90. Inde:^ 1187 Union Library of Hatboi'OUfib, organized in 1755, 11. Union Library uniteil witli Philadelphia Library Company, 5, 953. Union Tlieological Seminary, library of, 153. United States Census, General F. A. "Walker's re- marks on library statistics in, xvii, 759. United States Senate Library, 261. Universalist Historical Society, 342. University of California Library, 63. University of Michigan Library, 96. University of ^.'orth Carolina Library, 112. University of Pennsylvania Library, 30 ; sketch of, 116, 965, 967. Uuivorsity of Kochester Library, 111; University of South Carolina Library, 121. X'niversity of Vermont Library, 122. University of Virginia Library, 123. Vassar College Library, 112. , Vatteniare, Alexandi'e, his system of international exchange, 285, 294. Vermont, free to"wn libraries in, 452. Vermont Historical Society. 370. Vickers, Rev. Thomas, on the atrangement in German libraries for lending hooks to scholars living at a distance, 916.. Villanova College, lihrary of, 158. Vincennes (Ind.) Library, date of establishment of, 454. Vineland Historical and Antiquarian Society, 351. Virginia Historical Society, 371. Virginia school libraries, 56. Vogel's hibliography of catalogues and works re- lating to libraries, 73^. W, Wadsworth, James, his efforts iu behall' of school district libraries, 39. Walker, Gen. F. A., his remarks on the statistics of libraries in the Ninth Census , xvii, 759. "Washington and Lee University Lihrary, 124. Washington University, ^St, Louis,) library of, 990-991. Watts, Thomas, his article in Knight's Cyclopjbdia on libraries, 734. Wayland Free Library, origin of, 448. Wellesley College Library, 93, 94. Wesleyan University Library, Middletown, Conn., 64. West Virginia Historical Society, 373. Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society, 358. Western Theological fSeiuiuary, AUcghcDy, Va., library of, 155. Wight, Rev. John B,. author of Massachusetts town libiaries act of 1851, 418. Williams College Library, 95. Wines, E. C, his report on prisons quoted, 218, 221-225. Winsor, Justiu, his plan for a library huildiug, XX ; joins Mr, Sturgis and Mr. Brigham in I)rcpai'ing ideal plan of library building, 472 ; description of plan, 472-475 ; suggests that pub- lishers furnish with each hook a card with printed title, etc., of book, for insertion in library catalogue, 513, 514, note. Wiiiyaw Indigo Society, organized in 1740, 13. Wisconsin, school district libraries in, 52; free town libraries in, 452. Wisconsin State Historical Society, 373. Women should be emjdoyed as librarians, 430. Woodstock College, library of, 144. Works of reference for libraries, 686-710; their necessity and relative value, 686-687 ; selection of, 687-688; should he accessible to readers, 687-688; list of, 688-710. Wyoming Historical and Geological Society, 367. X. Xavier Union of New York, library of, 941. Yale College Library, 27; description of it:s early growth, 2S-29; sketch of, 65-07; Liuouian and Brothers Library. 30, (i7-68 ; Law School Library, 68; Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences, 69 ; Sheffield Scientific School Library, 69 ; Yale Theological Seminary Libraries, 69-70; Yale Medical School Library, 70 ; Yale School of Fine Arts Library, 70: Peabody Museum of Natural History Library, 70; Aniciican Oriental Society Library, 70-71. Yimng men's associations, statistics of, 3ri4. (See Mercaulile libraries.) Young men's Christian association libraries, 386-388; when begun, 336; present number aud extent of, 386 ; character of the collections and use of, 387; reading rooms connected with, 387, 462; statistics of, 368; sketch of library of Young Men's Christian Association of New York, 942-943. Young men's institutes, statistics of, 384. (See Mercantile libraries,) Youth, when to he ' excluded from public libra- ries, 413; their reading should he properly di- rected, 412-413; choice of bo^ks for, in public libraries, 415-418. SS CTCC d CCC CI cjo: Ci cxc d €1 cc 4^ ^- dec d C ex d< dXC CirdCd ^^ dcx di^ dec d c cc ce^c cce ddicc^c^ dd dd dc dd >P^^^ dc d dice d e dd d^ cse d c ^^d ddd: dec d c dd dd cc d d ^^^ 5X1 OC exec d ^- ^^^^^ ^^^ <^ rr^^^ djKtXcc dad' ccdec dXCTCC .Coc:cZ(. -c'^¥> SSc;cc:dcd:e ^.^5^ ^dcc: ccd'^'- /crec dTdCd dc c e^ec ccdcd dc c ec.dcc edcc ^' dec^ dec dee c ex dec dccd'^ dcr: dTC dc d cc d^dee dcCdX dCd'cC de d^c c cc:^ dL X dec. d cc; d^ c; < < dec di cc. dc d cc ddcc" cs'dxc ce dec crc^: <- d d ee did ee dc c c . d d ee ccd cd dd"' e d cc ' <: e- d d ^ ec d cj dd :¥:, T^.. f^* iP. .'^■:^^:^^vS - - #% v#. ._^_^^.._....Jv^*8k,:.