■ increased thickness of walls with Assembly Halls j Assembly — lo adJ for places of.. | 151 8 354 2 251 6 354 3 263 263 354 3 354 4 354 4 354 2 354 4 354 3 354 8 393 2 72 1 330 150 152 3 305 3 152 2 72 471 1 134 170 4 70 2 265 257 4 257 4 70 2 53 3 Asylums Auditorium : in theatres, interior walls for in theatres, roof of Authority : of Board of Estimate as to projections beyond building line of Superintendent to adopt rules as to construction Authorization of owner Automatic fire door, etc., defined Awnings projecting beyond building line B Backing of metal fronts Balconies for fire towers Balustrades projecting beyond building line Barns, car Base courses projecting beyond building line Bases for columns of iron and steel Bath houses Bath rooms — light and ventila- tion for Bay and show window construc- tion • Beam girders — separators for... Beams : anchoring of wood and girders — fireproofing of... and girders— lateral bracing for bridging for wood concrete tee cutting floor floor, concentrated load on . . method of design for steel floor supports for wood 15i: Buildinar Code (only) Sec 70 Subd. 2 522 531 174 7 3 370 1 2 170 4 312 155 170 i d i 70 4 170 4 8 302 70 2 133 446 303 2 280 4 351 3 303 4 280 3 335 2 445 53 4 53 4 280 2 \, Buil Art. ling Code (only) \' See. Subd. Par. Page Beams — Continued. web reinforcement of concrete 335 4 76 width of wood 280 1 67 wood, bearing for ends of.... 280 2 67 wood, bevel cuts for 280 280 2 5 a 67 wood, trimmed around flues . . 68 Bearing : capacity of soil — ^presumptive.. 231 2 55 for ends of wood beams 280 2 67 wall defined 250 253 1 b 60 Bedding stone masonry 62 Bevel cuts for wood floor beams 280 2 67 Blast furnace chimneys 395 99 Blocks: hollow concrete building .... 29 1 14 hollow terra cotta building... 29 2 14 Board of: estimate and apportionment- authority of, as to projec- tions beyond building line.. 174 48 survey on fire escapes 161 43 survey on unsafe conditions.. 683 1 136 survey — posting of report of.. 633 2 137 Bolt holes for cast iron columns 300 3 c 70 Bodies from wrecked buildings ^— rf^roverv of 638 1 140 i&UWV^lV vx ............. Bolting: of steel work 307 282 73 of wood construction 68 Bonding of: ashlar 257 252 4 a 64 brick masonrv 61 L/& A^^A^ A4AKAkJ\.r AAA J ..■■....■>«.«■* piers 251 5 61 stone masonrv 253 2 62 veneer on hollow block walls. 254 2 ' 62 walls at intersections .... 251 4 60 Booths for projecting machines in motion picture theatres.. 504 114 Bracing : forms for concrete 28 4 14 lateral, for beams and girders. 303 4 72 of walls during construction.. 251 8 61 1S3 Brackets and lugs — fireproofing of column Branding of approved materials Breeching, boiler, see smoke pipes Brick: arches for floors and roofs... arches for floors — rise of foundation walls — thickness of hollow masonry, bonding of quality of wetting of Brickwork stepped up from footings Bridging for wood beams Bronx : fire limits suburban limits Brooklyn : fire limits suburban limits Builders' shanties— construction of Building blocks : absorption of hollow hollow concrete hollow terra cotta Building Code: enforcement of general provisions of matters covered by remedial Building line : areas projecting beyond authority of Board of Esti- mate as to projections be- yond awnings and marquises pro- jecting beyond Building Code (only) Art Sec. Subd. | Par. 351 22 354 354 236 262 i 252 23 236 i ; 280 : 32 1 170 174 ! 170 i 90 2 91 2 90 3 91 3 vn 3 29 3 29 1 29 2 1 2 1 3 154 Building line — Continued. balustrades projecting beyond base courses projecting beyond columns projecting beyond... cornices projecting beyond encroachments beyond, main- tenance of fire escapes projecting beyond.. footings projecting beyond... hose connections projecting beyond mouldings projecting beyond. ornaments projecting beyond permissible projectings beyond pilasters projecting beyond... projections beyond projections beyond, general restrictions as to projections beyond, to be re- movable projections beyond, when al- tered rules . governing projections beyond rustications and quoins pro- jecting beyond steps projecting beyond structural supports projecting beyond vaults projecting beyond Buildings : altered, when to be fire- proofed altered, when permitted to be non-fireproof appointment of surveyors for damaged area of frame business, defined character of construction in enlarged frame classes of, designated classification of exhib ition 155^ Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. Page 170 4 d 46 170 4 R 46 170 4 c 46 170 4 f 46 173 47 170 ! 4 i 46 170 3 45 170 ; 4 1 47 170 1 4 e 46 170 1 4 c 46 170 4 45 170 4 c 46 45 170 : 1 45 170 ' 2 45 172 47 170 5 47 170 : 4 h 46 170 4 b 45 170 j 3 45 170 1 1 4 k 47 72 1 2 24 73 2 24 93 ' 2 1 33 471 1 j 107 70 4 22 92 ! 33 70 1 1 I i 21. 21 70 1 2 ! 22 fire- Buildings — Continued. extended, when to be proof fireproof frame, in process of construc- tion frame, permitted increased in heiglit, when to be fireproof new, when permitted to be non-fireproof occupancy of doubtful classification... of excessive area of mixed occupancy of public character of public character, defined... of public character — aisles and passageways in of public character — enforce- ment of Art. 23 of public character — exemp- tions office on same plot public defined repair of damaged repair or removal of required to be fireproof residence, defined survey of damaged thickness of walls for public thickness of walls for resi- dence Bulkhead : | construction of definition of roofs — special construction for Business Buildings : defined light and ventilation of rooms in thickness of walls for Buildins Code (only) Art. Sec Subd. Par. Page 72 2 a 24 72 1 23 95 33 96 34 72 2 b 24 73 1 24 70 21 70 5 22 72 1 1 23 70 6 22 23 490 111 111 491 1 111 492 111 493 111 70 4 1 22 136 37 70 2 22 630 136 630 136 72 23 70 3 22 93 2 33 257 3 63 257 2 63 426 2 104 426 1 a 104 354 6 83 70 4 22 131 85 257 3 63 156 Buttresses and piers : for reinforcement of walls... in lieu of increased wall thickness c Caissons : foundation piers and open pneumatic Capacity : estimate of floor of soil — presumptive bearing.. posting of floor revision of estimate for floor safe carrying, for materials and forms of construction.. Car barns Casing for ducts Cast iron Cast iron columns : bolt holes for flanges for inspection of joints for limitation of use of minimum dimensions of unsupported length of Cast iron lintels : maximum spans for minimum thickness of ma- terial for Cast steel Ceilings : cellar in theatres Cellar: ceilings drainage during construction. floors partitions Cement Building Code (only; Art. Sec. Subd. Par. 257 257 234 I 234 i 234 i 55 i 1 231 i 2 55 2 55 1 51 70 402 30 300 300 800 300 800 800 300 52 803 Page 63 03 01 57 57 20 55 21 20 16 22 100 14 70 70 70 70 70 69 69 18 71 303 1 71 30 2 i 15 440 106 584 126 440 1 106 198 50 441 ' 106 442 i '1 106 26 13 157 Cement and lime mortar Cement mortar : materials and proportions for prescribed use of Certificate, elevator Certificate of occupancy: contents of for altered buildings for existing buildings for new buildings Change in wall thickness to oc- cur at top of beams Change of occupancy Character of soil to be indicated in application for permit... Chases and recesses in walls — limitation of size and spac- ing of Chases in walls for pipes Chimneys and heating apparatus Chimneys : defined for cupolas materials and construction of raising and adjoining safety and cleanliness of supports for Churches : classified public safety of spires for Classes : of buildings of construction Classification : buildings of doubtful of buildings Cleanliness and safety of chim- neys Cleanout doors for smoke flues Building Code (only) Art Sec. Subd. Par. Page 27 27 256 563 5 5 5 I 5! 251 5 231 261 r 261 19 70 71 70 392 394 396 1 13 13 63 129- 10 60 9 55 67 67 93 390 i 1 a 93 395 99 392 1 95 392 9 96 392 7 96 392 2 95 70 i 2 ; 22 490 i 111 475 1 2 108 21 22 22 21 96 97 99 158 Clearance for smoke pipes Clip bonds or ties — increased thickness of walls with Closets — ducts in Closets — under non-fireproof stairs prohibited Closing : protectives for openings sidewalks streets Building Code (only) Art. Club houses . Coal pockets Coarse aggregate for reinforced concrete Cold air ducts Collapsed structures and unsafe buildings Colleges Column bases Columns : and compression members — unit stresses for cast iron and steel and lintels of stone in fire- proof construction and posts of wood bolt holes for cast iron brackets and lugs for — fire- proofing of ' eccentric loads on concrete . . . eccentrically loaded effective area of reinforced concrete fireproofing for, embedding pipes in, forbidden flanges for cast iron in exterior walls — fireproofing of in interior walls — fireproofing of inspection of cast iron joints for cast iron 31 Sec. ! Subd. Par. 403 257 402 153 52 330 375 5 638 3 638 3 651 2 70 3 70 4 72 1 332 2 402 8 70 2 302 352 1 281 300 3 351 ' 2 337 5 52 3 351 7 300 3 b 351 2 a 351 ! 2 b 300 5 300 3 ^ 1 I5d Columns — Continued. joints in steel . .' length of reinforced concrete, limitation of use of cast iron, live loading on — reduction of longitudinally and laterally re- inforced concrete longitudinally reinforced con- crete minimum dimensions of cast iron minimum thickness of metal for: cast iron steel projecting beyond building line reduction in live loading on reinforced concrete stay plates for steel structural steel and concrete.. unit stresses for wood unsupported length for con- crete unsupported length of unsupported length of steel.. working stresses for Combustible structures : in fire limits partly completed moved Compensation of surveyor Completion of frame structures in process of construction.. Compression members : and columns — unit stresses for of iron and steel trusses Computations for working stresses and loads Concentrated loads on floor beams Concrete : aggregate for tile floor construction aggregate for reinforced 160 Building Code (only) Art Sec. Subd. Par. 301 330 300 53 337 337 300 300 301 170 53 337 301 337 52 95 337 I 6 52 2 301 1 52 90 95 94 633 3 Page 52 4 305 4 1 50 53 4 28 2 ' 336 832 , 2 71 75 70 19 77 77 69 70 46 19 77 70 77 18 78 18 70 17 25 38 33 187 33 18 72 IS 19 14 76 75 Concrete — Continued. beams — web reinforcement for columns — eccentric loads on.. columns — effective area of re- inforced columns — longitudinally and laterally reinforced columns — longitudinally rein- forced columns — structural steel and columns — unsupported length for : columns — working stresses in reinforced consistency of construction — reinforced enclosure walls^rein forced . . for piles floor arches — material for .... floor arches — reinforcement for floor arches — segmental floor construction — fillers in . . . floor construction — thickness of flat footings forms for foundation walls — thickness of gravel for hollow building blocks in fireproof construction — re- inforced joints between old and new... joints in mass mixture of mixture for reinforced piles piles — allowable loads on . . . . piles, molded in place piles, premolded placing of reinforcement for.. precautions against freezing of Building Code (only) I Art. , Sec. ! Subd, Par. Page 16 335 337 330 837 337 337 337 337 28 338 235 354 354 354 336 353 28 I 28 ! 28 28 I 332 235 ■ 235 235 1 235 335 28 76 78 75 77 77 7r 78 77 14 74 78 58 82 82 82 78 854 4 d 82 283 8 56 28 4 14 236 3 59 28 2 i 14 29 1 1 14 81 14 14 14 13 75 58 58 58 58 76 14 161 Concrete — Continued. protection of reinforcement for previously adopted rules gov- erning reinforced reinforced, aggregate for slab floor construction, work- ing stresses for slabs — thickness of specifications for steel rein- forcement for steel fabric reinforcement for steel wire reinforcement for., structures — load test for rein- forced tamping of tee beams use of prohibited, after initial set working stresses for rein- forced Consistency of concrete Construction : classes of in enlarged buildings within fire limits — character of.. safeguards during to agree with plans Continuing violation — penalty for Convents Cooling towers — construction of. Coping for parapet walls Corner lot — theatre on Cornices and gutters: construction of repairs to Cornices projecting beyond building line Corridor levels in theatres Corridors and passageways in theatres, lights for Corridors in theatres Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par, 10 339 341 832 2 354 335 4 1 333 333 333 340 28 335 3 2 28 8 334 28 3 71 92 654 3 70 3 429 259 536 1 422 1 422 2 170 4 527 4 526 2 527 4 162 steel Corporation Counsel to insti- tute proceedings Corrosion, protection of and iron against Costs of proceedings Court houses Courts having jurisdiction in proceedings Courts : exits to for light and ventilation loads for Covering : for frame towers for steam and hot water pipes for theatre ceilings and walls of floors during construction.. Covers for tanks Crushing strength of reinforced concrete Cupboards in theatres Cupola chimneys Curb defined Curtain walls — thickness of Curtains in theatres — protective. Cutting fireproof floors Cutting floor beams Damaged buildings : appointment of surveyors for.. repair of survey of Dance Halls Dangerous buildings, safe- guards for Defective work, action of Su- perintendent in general as to. Demolition : notice of precautions to be taken during safeguards during construc- tion and Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. Page 652 310 652 8 70 2 652 3 527 2 135 53 9 475 3 404 2 534 2 195 428 4 332 1 534 5 395 2 257 9 530 354 10 445 93 93 93 70 638 652 3 200 10 2 1 2 2 2 1 3 163 / Department stores, public safety of Depots : freight passenger Design of : footings steel floor beams — method for. Designation of representative by owner Diagram of : exits of theatres lot to be followed Discontinuance of penalty action Disputes as to retaining walls... Door: automatic fastenings lintels self closing Doors : and windows — arches over. . . . and windows of roof houses. cleanout for smoke flues hanging of projecting beyond building line width of Doorways of exits Dormer : and mansard roofs and bulk- heads — special construction for windows — construction of .... Dormitories Doubtful classification Drainage of cellar during con- struction Dressing rooms in theatres .... Driving : of rivets wood piles Drying rooms Buildine Code (only) Art. Sec. j Sutd. Par. Page '490 111 70 ' 4 22 70 i 2 22 233 53 653 527 4 654 214 370 158 251 370 251 i 426 ' 394 : 396 i 158 158 158 527 ' 354 427 70 70 198 523 13 6 5 306 ! 5 235 I 2 398 \ 164 Ducts : casing for cold air defined horizontal hot air in closets in floors in general in partitions passing through partitions and floors Dumbwaiter shafts : defined enclosure for existing in non-fireproof buildings.... protection of openings in.... Duty of policemen and firemen as to fire escapes Dwellings classified Building Cade (only) Art. Sec Subd. Par. Page I 402 I 402 390 1 402 7 402 9 402 5 402 4 402 1 402 3 402 6 370 373 8 373 6 373 9 162 70 100 101 94 101 101 101 100 100 100 101 87 90 89 90 44 22 Eccentric loads on concrete col- umns Eccentrically loaded columns . . . Edge distance for rivets Egress from motion picture theatres Elevator : accidents and stair recesses in walls certificate definitions enclosure for existing freight, sign for grain It in one shaft — restricted num- ber of inspection of machinery compartment machinery — definition of roof house for 337 5 52 3 306 3 503 ^^ 568 261 1 563 560 373 7 566 72 1 70 4 373 13 565 373 12 426 1 78 18 73 113 130 66 129 128 90 130 23 22 91 129 91 104 165 BuiMing Code (only) Art. I Sec. Elevator — Continued. operators permits record of passenger rules — making of use of, restrictions as to Elevator shafts : defined in existing residence buildings protection of openings in ... Embedding of pipes in column fireproofing forbidden Emergency fund : purposes of sources of Emergency measures Enclosures : for existing dumbwaiter shafts for existing elevators for scaffolds for stairs — fireproof for stairs — non-fireproof of shafts at bottom of shafts at top openings in stair walls of reinforced concrete.. Encroachments : maintenance of existing Enforcement : I of Art. 10, safeguards during construction of Art. 11, partitions, fences I and walls ] of Art. 23, buildings of a pub- lic character of building code of Sec. 374, hoistway guards Engineers' ladders 32 567 562 564 561 566 370 373 373 351 639 639 651 638 373 373 194 153 153 373 373 153 338 i 173 190 215 492 374 152 Subd. Par. | Page 130 128 129 128 130 87 89 90 80 2 141 1 140 142 4 140 8 90 7 90 49 2 a 40 2 1 b 40 11 91 10 t 90 2 j e 40 78 47 48 53 111 141 91 166 Enlarged buildings within fire limits — character of con- struction in Entry of officers and employees of Bureau : general right of regarding floor capacities Estimates of floor capacities Excavations : affecting adjoining walls and foundations safeguarding Superintendent may act to protect walls adjoining .... when retaining walls are re- quired for Excessive : area — buildings of length — increased wall thick- ness due to span — increased wall thickness due to Exemptions, buildings of public character Exhibition buildings Exhibition buildings Existing : buildings — certificate of occu- pancy for buildings — exits for dumbwaiter shafts — enclosure for elevators, enclosure for encroachments beyond build- ing line — maintenance of projections beyond building line, when altered walls permitted — use of Exit : diagrams facilities facilities, buildings exempted. signs 167 Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Sutd. Par. 12 92 10 55 55 230 230 230 230 72 257 257 493 70 479 5 161 373 373 173 172 258 527 151 159 1 13 Exits : affected by alterations doorways of for dressing rooms in theatres for existing buildings from floor areas— number of. from galleries in theatres . . . from ground floor — number of from rooms — number of . . . . horizontal kind of lighting of location of obstruction of stairway to courts to streets Expense : for constructing and maintain- ing retaining walls for making examinations . . . . Expiration of permits by limita- tion Extensions to buildings, when to be fireproof 'Exterior : openings— protection of stacks stairways windows — fireproof frames for Extinguishing appliances — fire . . Eye bars F Fabric reinforcement for con- crete Factories : classified to be fireproof Factors of safety Fair and exhibition buildings . . . Fair and exhibition buildings . . . Fallen buildings False fireplaces Building Code (only) Art. Sec. 28 160 527 523 161 152 527 152 152 156 152 159 152 159 152 527 527 Subd. Par. 211 1 55 1' 4 4 72 2 375 894 4 154 357 305 5 333 70 4 72 1 i 50 2 479 70 2 688 893 6 Page 168 Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. Fastenings for doors Fences : and walls — enforcement of Art. 11 on partition and walls — partition t' construction and maintenance of frame temporary, during construction Fill for top of fireproof floors. Fillers in concrete floor con- struction Filling: for floors — fire tests of in walls of frame buildings... of floors during construction. Finish in fireproof buildings — general restrictions as to interior Fire: backs commissioner — jurisdiction of, over theatres doors, etc II II safeguards against spread of.. shutters stopping of studded-oflF spaces stops for wood-furred walls.. test for protectives for openings test of floor filling towers — ^balconies for towers — construction of towers required wall, defined walls — materials and construe- ' tion for I walls — openings in Fire escapes : board of survey on construction of duty of policemen and fire- men as to 169 11 18 158 215 210 51 477 4 1 109 192 ;l 49 354 9 84 336 76 354 5 ' a 83 473 1 107 195 50 356 1 1 i ! 85 393 1 97 537 127 371 2 87 376 ' 92 156 42 fir; 375 • 2 92 284 1 69 262 3 67 376 2 92 354 5 a 83 155 42 155 ; 42 152 3 d 39 370 a 86 371 1 87 371 2 87 161 43 162 1 ^ ; 44 162 4 ! i 44 Art. Sec. Subd. Par. Fire escapes — Continued. encumbering exit facilities incumbrance notice on openings to penalty for incumbrances on. projecting beyond building line for theatres Fire extinguishing: apparatus for theatres appliances appliances — general provisions Fire houses Fire limits : Bronx Borough Brooklyn Borough Manhattan Borough Queens Borough Fire partitions : construction and supports for defined in non-fireproof buildings openings in Firemen and policemen — duty of, as to fire escapes Fireplace : false ' heaters mantels fire-proof, defined Fireproof : alterations to buildings, when to be buildings increased in height, when to be buildings — interior finish iji.. buildings required to be building — walls for buildings — woodwork permit- ted in enclosures for stairs extensions to buildings, when to be BuildinK Code (only) 28 162 162 162 3 375 3 162 5 170 4 527 12 524 680 70 2 90 i 90 90 ! 90 ! 372 370 372 j 372 ! 162 393 5 393 3 393 4 71 2 72 2 72 2 356 1 72 350 356' 2 153 2 72 2 170 Building Code (only) Art. Sec Subd. Par. Fireproof — Continued. floors— cutting and finishing around pipes floors, omission of tierods from floors — tierods for floors — top fill for frames for exterior windows, materials and construction, test of new materials, previously granted approvals of when alterations are to be... j Fireproof construction : article on and materials — new approvals of for floors and roofs in gen- eral masonry in reinforced concrete in stone columns and lintels in.. when required Fireproof partitions : materials for method of construction and support of tests of Fireproofed wood Fireproofing : embedding of pipes in col- umn, forbidden for steel and ironwork — thick- ness of materials of beams and girders of column brackets and lugs. of columns in exterior walls.. of columns in interior walls... of steel and iron I 354 354 354 354 357 858 358 72 17 358 10 7 7 9 354 352 353 352&351-4 72 I 355 ^55 355 356 351 311 351 351 351 351 351 311 Page 84 83 83 84 86 86 24 79 81 80 81 80 23 85 85 85 80 74 80 79 79 79 79 74 171 Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. Page Fireproofing — Continued. of steel and iron lintels of trusses omitted from roof trusses ... protection of Fire towers ." Fire tower required Flanges for cast iron columns. Flat concrete floor construction — thickness of Flat terra cotta floor archeg... I Floor : \ lights I loads openings — protection of, dur- ing construction Floor arches : flat terra cotta material for concrete material for terra cotta reinforcement for concrete...! segmental concrete ! segmental terra cotta strength of terra cotta Floor areas : defined number of exits from Floor beams : I anchoring wood bevel cuts for wood concentrated load on steel .... cutting I Floor capacity: estimate of ] posting of ' revision of estimate Floor construction : j hollow block fillers, in con- j Crete thickness of flat concrete .... working stresses for concrete slab i i 58 55 55 I 4 5 5 2 3 3 4 3 351 351 351 351 155 152 300 354 354 444 53 196 854 354 354 354 854 354 354 150 152 280 4 280 i 2 53 4 445 336 ! 854 : 4 354 i 4 3 c 4 a 3 a 4 b 4 c 3 b 3 d a 3 c 79 80 80 79 42 39 70 82 81 106 19 50 81 82 81 82 82 81 81 37 38 67 19 106 20 21 20 76 82 82 172 Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. Floor filling : fire tests of load tests for maximum span for Floors : cellar ducts in loading of tierods for fireproof t to be covered or filled during | construction i top fill for fireproof ' Floors and roofs : < brick arches for i in general — fireproof construc- tion for Flues : cleanout doors for smoke.... defined for high-grade heat produc- ing devices i for low-grade heat producing ; devices for medium-grade heat pro- ducing devices or vent stacks containing | smoke stacks required — certain trimming wood beams around ; underground smoke j unlawful use of ' vent Footing stones ' Footings : brickwork stepped up from.. concrete design of loads to be used in determin- i ing pressure under ' materials for I pressure under projecting beyond building line 354 354 354 441 402 402 55 354 195 354 354 354 394 396 390 392 892 392 394 392 280 396 392 ! 401 233 9 2 1 1 1 5 3 4 6 6 5 8 2 236 4 233 3 233 6 233 5 233 1 233 5 1 i 170 3 Page 83 83 84 106 100 101 21 50 84 81 81 97 99 93 96 95 95 96 68 99 96 100 56 59 56 56 56 56 56 45 173 Forms for concrete Foundation piers and caissons.. Foundations : and excavations general requirements general requirements for pile protection of metal work in.. Foundation walls : defined materials for restricted use of hollow blocks in restricted use of rubble stone in thickness of Foyers in theatres Frame defined Frame buildings : alterations to area of ; article on construction of filling in walls of height of masonry walls in miscellaneous party walls in — construction of permitted plot area repairs to roofing roof construction for Frame : fences sheds defined Frame structures : in process of construction — completion of miscellaneous moved within fire limits | Frames for exterior windows — fireproof 174 Building Code (only) Art. , Sec. 28 234 12 22 232 235 232 236 236 236 236 236 527 71 480 471 472 473 470 481 479 473 96 471 474 474 477 477 95 479 94 90 857 Subd. Par. Page 2,3 14 57 Framing and connecting iron and steel work Freezing : of concrete — precautions against protection of masonry against Freight : depots elevators — sign for Fronts : backing of metal of galleries in theatres Frozen materials — use of, for- bidden Furring of hollow blocks on brick walls G Gallery : exits fronts in theatres staircases Garage defined Garages : occupancy one and two story when required to be fireproof.. non-fireproof non-fireproof non-fireproof Gas: connections in theatres piping — shut off valves in piping — tests of Gates and trap doors for exist- ing hoistways Girders : anchoring wood and beams — fireproofing of and beams — lateral bracing for steel Building Code (only) Alt. Sec. Subd. Par, 304 28 251 70 566 312 534 251 262 527 534 527 2 70 72 72 72 78 470 526 601 603 374 280 351 303 4 1 1 1 3 g g g 175 Building Code (only) Girders — Continued. riveted separators for double beam . . . Glass and wood or metal for partitions Glazing of skylights Grades of heat producing ap- paratus Gradients in theatre aisles Grade, raising to grade Grading of lots — regulation of.. Grain elevators Gravel for concrete Green-houses, on ground Green-houses, on roof, see sun- parlors Grillages, steel Ground floors— number of exits from Guards for existing hoistways.. Gutters and cornices : construction of repairs to H Halls : assembly , dance lecture Hallways Hand rails : for stairs in general for theatre stairs Hangers required — use of, for wood beams Hanging of doors Hazardous trade — buildings used for Headers for stone masonry Heat producing apparatus — grades of Heaters — fireplace 176 Sec. Subd. 303 8 303 2 355 1 424 2 391 527 i 623 I 212 i 70 i 72 I 28 479 j 426 ! 233 152 374 422 422 ! 70 2 22 70 2 22 I i 70 2 22 i 157 i 42 153 6 41 527 11 123 i 280 2 67 158 2 43 ! 72 1 h 23 253 1,2 62 ! 1 391 94 j 393 3 97 Heating : apparatus and chimneys apparatus^ — notice of installa- tion of plant for theatres Height : buildings increased in, when to be fireproof defined ' of frame buildings of metal smokestacks of retaining walls for exca- vations of wall in proportion to thickness tt It it it tt (( of wall, unsupported of walls measured to nearest tier of beams High grade heat producing ap- paratus : classification of . , flues for Hoistways : existing guards, gates and trap doors for Hoops for tanks Hollow Block: for walls — limitation of use of foundation walls — thickness of furring on brick walls in foundation walls — restrict- ed use of thickness of walls furred with walls — decrease in thickness of walls — terra cotta templates for walls — thickness of, for resi- dence buildings walls — veneering of Hollow brick Buildine Code (only) Art. Sec. Sulid. 'Par. Page 19 93 390 525 2 94 118 72 2 470 394 2 2 b g 24 S 107 98 230 257 250 257 2 1 c e 53 63 30 63 257 1 c 63 391 392 5 c 1 94 96 374 91 374 428 5 91 105 254 236 262 236 262 254 254 257 254 262 177 I Hollow building blocks : absorption of masonry of concrete of terra cotta Hollow walls Hoods over ranges Horizontal : exit defined exits ducts Hose: connections projecting beyond building line for theatres Hospitals Hot air : ducts registers Hot water and steam pipes: coverings for protection of Hotels : classification of public safety of I Incombustible trim, when re- quired Increased height — buildings of, when to be 'fireproof . . .* Increased thickness of walls, when required Incumbrance : notice — punishment for viola- tion as to notice on fire escapes on fire escapes — duty of po- licemen and firemen as to... Incumbering fire escapes Independent stacks 178 Building Code (only) Art , Sec. I Subd. 29 254 29 29 260 397 150 156 402 170 524 70 402 400 404 404 70 490 356 72 257 162 162 162 162 394 5 3 4 2 3 Par. Initial set, concrete may flot be used after ; Inspection : of cast iron columns of elevators Installation of heating appa- ratus — notice of Interior : finish in fireproof buildings — general restrictions as to ... . stacks stairs — materials for stairs — strength of walls and partitions for theatres walls for residences Iron and steel: construction fireproofing of general lintels — fireproofing of under water — protection of... work — framing and connect- ing Iron, cast Isolated piers Issuance and filing of certificate of occupancy J Jails Joints : in cast iron columns in concrete in steel columns Judgment in proceedings under building code Judicial : order — responsibility of lessee or occupant as to order to comply with notices . . order to vacate for violations proceedings — cost of Building Code (only) Art Sec. Subd. Par. 15 28 300 565 390 356 394 153 153 528 257 311 30 351 310 304 30 251 70 300 28 301 652 653 653 653 652 11 3 1 2 i 8 179 BuiUins Code (only) Art Judicial — Continued. proceedings instituted by Cor- poration Counsel review of survey . . . , Jurisdiction in penalty actions.. ■ Sec. Subd. (Par. . 652 i 2 634 1 654 4 Page 143 137 147 L Labor Law — buildings affected by Laboratories Laborers — employment of in emergency Ladders — engineers to roof Landings : and treads — supports for stair for stairs Lateral bracing: ) for beams and girders for trusses Lathing in theatres ! Law : j labor — buildings affected by... j tenement house, buildings af- j fected by i Leaders j Lecture halls j Legal proceedings : cost of ; instituted by Corporation j Counsel i Length : j for cast iron columns, unsup--! ported j " '"! for columns and compression j members, unsupported for concrete columns, unsup- { ported I , 72 70 1 4 638 152 425 4 6 153 153 1 5 1 303 305 534 4 2 4 72 1 72 423 70 1 2 652 8 652 ; 2 : 300 1 52 1 1 52 2 337 6 23 22 140 39 104 41 72 72 126 23 23 103 144 143 69 17 18 78 180 I Building Code (ooVy) Art. ! Sec. Subd. Par. Page Length — Continued. for steel columns, unsupported. it f tt ti of reinforced concrete col- umns of rivets — maximum unsupported for wood col- umns Lessee responsible as to judicial order Levels for corridors in theatres Liability : of officers of the building bureau — exemption from . . . of owners for expenses of in- spections Libraries Lien of judgment Light and ventilation : alterations affecting courts for for bath rooms and water closet compartments general of alcove rooms in residences of rooms in business buildings of rooms in public buildings.. of rooms in residence build- ings Lights : halls and stairs floor for corridors and passage- ways in theatres for theatres — adequacy of netting for protection of, in theatres on stage in theatres ventilators for, in theatres Lighting for exits in general — Lime : and cement mortar mortar quality of 181 301 52 330 806 52 658 527 652 55 70 652 137 135 133 ; 130 3 i 131 132 130 159 2 444 526 2 ' 526 1 526 5 : 526 6 1 526 7 1 159 2 i 27 2 27 3 25 70 17 75 73 18 145 120 145 20 22 144 37 36 35 34 34 35 35 34 43 106 118 118 119 119 119 43 13 13 13 Limitation : expiration of permit by of size and spacing of chases and recesses in walls of use of cast iron columns... of use of hollow blocks for walls Limits : fire, Bronx Borough fire, Brooklyn Borough fire, Manhattan Borough fire, Queens Borough fire, garages within suburban, Bronx Borough suburban, Brooklyn Borough . suburban, Manhattan Borough suburban, garages within ti (i ti Lining walls Lintels : and columns of stone in fire- proof construction fireproofing of iron and steel maximum span for cast iron minimum thickness of ma- terial for cast iron restriction of use of stone templates for timber window and door Lis pendens Lists : of approved materials of approved materials, appli- ances and construction — publication of ■ Load tests : for floor filling for reinforced concrete struc- tures Loading of floors Loads : and working stresses and working stresses — compu- tations for ^ 182 Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. 261 300 254 90 90 90 72 91 91 91 72 91 258 352 351 303 303 351 251 251 251 652 22 Page 8 354 5 340 55 3 50 67 70 62 25 27 25 28 23 30 31 30 23 30 65 80 79 71 71 80 61 61 61 144 12 11 83 78 21 15 15 Loads — Continued. concentrated on floor beams. . . court eccentric, on columns eccentric, on concrete columns floor moving office on columns — reduction of live on concrete piles — allowable. . . on pitched roofs on vertical supports — reduced on wood piles — allowable places of assembly residence roof schools and places of instruc- tion sidewalk to be used in determining pressure under footings vibratory wind yard Lobbies in theatres Location : of exits of tanks Lodge rooms Lodging houses [Note — Also see provisions of Greater New York Char- ter.] Lot: diagram to be followed dimensions of a regulation of lowering or raising to grade. Low grade Keat producing ap- paratus : classified flues for Lumber sheds 183 Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Far. 53 53 52 387 53 53 53 53 235 53 53 235 53 53 53 53 53 233 53 54 63 527 152 428 70 70 4 212 212 623 i 391 ! 392 : 479 3 8 5 5 9 4 4 3 2 3 Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. Pag M Machinery : compartment for elevators.... on floors roof houses for elevator Maintaining retaining walls — expense of Maintenance : of existing encroachments be- yond building line of fences and partition walls — construction and of retaining walls — ^neglect as to Manhattan : fire limits suburban limits Mansard, dormer and bulkhead roofs — special construction for Mantels — fireplace Markets Marking of approved materials Marquises projecting beyond building line Masonry : approved, defined approved materials for arches bedding of stone bonding of brick bonding of stone construction construction — materials for approved headers for stone hollow block, construction for walls of in fireproof construction protection against freezing of walls in frame buildings i Mass concrete | Materials ! |i 184 13 373 53 426] 2n' I 178 210 213 i 90 91 354 393 70 22 170 250 251 263 253 252 253 251 253 254 352 251 I 481 28 12 5 1 6 4 4 4 91 1£ 104 51 47 51 52 25 30 97 22 12 46 67 62 61 62 60 62 62 80 60 110 14 11 Meadow land— pile construction for Mechanical ventilation Medium grade heat producing apparatus : classified flues for Metal : fronts — ^backing of or wood and glass for parti- tions smokestacks — construction of.. smokestacks — height of structural members — protec- tion of work in foundations — protec- tion of Minor structures, frame sheds.. Miscellaneous : fire extinguishing apparatus for theatres frame structures requirements of Building Code mixed occupancy Mixture : for reinforced concrete of concrete Modifications : of the Building Code Mortar : cement cement and lime cement, prescribed use of lime Motion picture theatres : booths for projecting ma- chines construction of egress from existing, application of law to Buildine Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. 21 235 133 891 392 312 355 394 394 851 232 477 524 479 70 332 28 6 ! 27 ; 27 i 256 27 Par. ! 504 i 502 1 i 503 1 505 i 1 1 i i i'' ! Pagt 57 36 94 95 74 84 97 98 79 56 108 118 109 105 22 75 13 10 13 13 63 13 114 112 113 115 185 Building Code (only) Art Motion picture theatres — Cont. general open air plans for prohibited locations Mouldings projecting beyond building line Moving frame or combustible buildings Moving loads Museums N Nailing blocks in walls Natural cement Neglect to maintain retaining wall Net areas for tension members Nettings for protection of lights New: buildings — certificate of occu- pancy work in general — require- ments of code as to Non-bearing walls — thickness of Non-fireproof buildings — dumbwaiter shafts in buildings — fire partitions in — buildings — vent shafts in buildings — when permitted to be construction enclosures for stairs non-fireproof defined f garage ■{ I roofs for garages shafts — approved construction of when alterations to buildings may be 24 Sec. Subd. Par. 506 500 501 170 4 94 63 5 70 2 251 26 213 305 526 1 257 71 873 372 373 73 71 153 71 72 78 470 72 373 73 Page 111 116 112 112 46 33 19 22 7 61 18 52 3 72 5 119 1 '. 8 4 1 4 8 65 3 22 6 89 2 1 88 6 89 1 24 1,3 22 2 b 40 3 22 1 R 23 8 24 107 1 R 23 89 24 186 Notice : against incumbrances on fire escapes and record of unsafe building of demolition of installation of heating ap- paratus of requirements or of viola- tion, to be issued by Super- intendent of requirements or of viola- tion order — contents of of survey personal service of posting of to build retaining wall Number : of elevators in one shaft — -re- stricted of exits from floor areas of exits from ground floor. . . . of exits from rooms of occupants according to area o Observation towers Obstruction of exits Occupancy : and use of theatre buildings change of for altered buildings — certifi- cate of for existing buildings — certifi- cate of for new buildings — certificate of mixed of buildings, general temporary Occupant responsible as to ju- dicial order Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. 162 631 3 390 650 650 633 650 650 215 373 13 162 3 152 3 152 3 152 2 479 159 3 536 5 1 4 Page 44 136 6 94 141 141 136 141 142 53 91 c i 38 b I 38 a ! 38 j 38 109 48 126 9 ' 2 5 3 5 1 70 6 70 5 5 653 22 21 145 187 Bui'ldins Code (only) Occupants — number of, accord- ing to area Occupied, defined Office: buildings loads Old: and new concrete — joints be- tween material (iron and steel) — use of One story buildings — walls for.. One story buildings Opfen air motion picture theatres Open: caissons shaft defined shafts — construction of shafts — protection of openings in stair wells Openings : construction of protectives for exterior, protection of fire tests of protectives for in dumbwaiter shafts — pro- tection of in elevator shafts — protection of in fire partitions in fire walls in floors to be protected dur- ing construction in open shafts — protection of in stair inclosures in vent shafts — protection of in walls — allowed percentage of to fire escapes Operators — elevator Ordinary repairs Ornamental stairs Ornaments projecting beyond building line Art. Sec. Subd. Far. Pag« 152 2 70 53 28 313 257 74 506 234 370 378 373 163 376 375 376 373 373 372 371 196 373 153 373 257 375 667 3 158 170 d : i ci 22 19 14 74 64 24 115 57 87 90 40 92 91 92 90 90 88 87 50 90 40 90 64 92 130 7 40 46 188 Out houses — frame construction for Outlets for tanks — emergency... Overloading of scaffolding, etc., prohibited Overturning due to wind — sta- bility against Owner : authorization of defined designation of representative by liable for expense of exam- ination Building Code (only) Art. Sec. I Subd. 477 428 199 54 2 v 2 653 4 55 ! 1 Par. i Page 109 105 50 20 6 d 5 145 I 20 Painting of steel and iron work Parapet walls Partial approval of application for permit Partitions : and walls in theatres behind ranges cellar construction and supports for fire construction and support for fireproof ducts in fire, defined fireproof, tests of in non-fireproof buildings — fire materials for fireproof not to be used as supports for wood beams of glass and wood or metal.. openings in fire stud tests of fireproof 310 I 259 528 397 442 372 355 2 402 3, 402 6 370 355 3 372 2 355 280 2 355 1 372 3 283 355 3 73 66 7 124 99 106 87 85 100 101 86 85 88 84 67 84 88 69 85 189 Partition fences : enforcement of Art. 11, as to and walls and walls — maintenance of Party walls : and side walls — roofing on. . . . for frame buildings support of Passageways : and aisles in buildings of pub- lic character and corridors in theatres — lights for for theatres skylights over, protection of. . Passenger : depots elevators — record of Penalty : action — discontinuance of actions — jurisdiction in for failure to build retaining walls for incumbrances on fire escapes for violation of Building Code Pent houses : construction of defined Percentage of openings in wall — allowable Permissible projections beyond building line Permits : approval of application for... elevator expiration of, by limitation for construction or altera- tion — procedure to obtain. . . for projections beyond build- ing lines may be revoked ... partial approval of place of filing application for.. revocation of ; Building Code (only) Art. Sec. i Subd. Par. 11 215 210 1 I 421 473 i 230 I , 491 I I 526 527 424 70 564 654 654 215 162 654 426 426 257 170 4 562 4 171 4 3 4 2 2,3 4 Page BuildinK Code (only) , Art. 1 Sec. I Subd. Par. j Pag-e Permits — Continued. to be signed by Superintend- ent of Buildings Piazzas — construction of frame. Piers : and buttresses for reinforce- ment of walls and buttresses in lieu of in- creased wall thickness and caissons — foundation bonded into walls bonding of construction of erection of walls and proportions for Pilasters projecting beyond building line Pile; construction in meadow land. foundations foundations — general require- ments for Piles : concrete ^concrete, allowable loads on.. concrete for concrete, molded in place concrete, premolded tests for wood wood, allowable loads on and driving of wood, quality and size of wood, ranging timbers for . . . wood, spacing for Pins and pinholes Pipe: chases in walls for coverings for steam and hot water embedding of, in column fire- proofing, forbidden smoke, defined 191 Pipe — Continued. steam and hot water, protec- tion of Piping : gas, rules and regulations for systems of, rules for systems — shut off valves for.. tests for gas Pitched roofs : heights of buildings with loads on Place of filing application for permit Placing of reinforcement Plankinp' in roof construction.. Plans : for motion picture theatres... to be followed as to construc- tion Plastering : under wainscoting ; Plot: area of frame buildings buildings on same Plumbers : registration of Plumbing : and other systems of piping. . and other systems of piping, rules for tests of Pneumatic caissons Pocket — coal Police stations Building Code (only) Art. Sec. I Subd. Par, 29 404 600 600 601 603 2 53 3 335 421 500 4 5 284 2 471 2 136 604 600 602 234 I 72 1 70 1 2 Page 102 132 132 133 134 5 19 7 76 102 112 8 107 37 134 132 132 133 57 23 22 192 Building Code (only) Policemen and firemen — duty of, as to fire escapes Portland cement Posting : floor capacities of notices of report of board of survey. Postponement of judicial trial of survey Posts and columns — wood Precedence of survey proceed- ings Precept to abate unsafe condi- tions Premolded concrete piles Pressure : of wind of wind — stability against . . . under footings — loads used in determining Procedure as to adoption of rules governing construc- tion Proceedings : cost of judicial legal, to be instituted by Cor- poration Counsel Prohibited locations for motion picture theatres Projecting machines in motion picture theatres — ^booths for Projections beyond building line: alterations to areas ; ■ authority of board of esti- mate as to awnings and marquises balustrades base course Art. Sec. Subd. 162 4 26 55 2 650 4 633 2 634 3 281 634 2 634 4 235 3 54 54 2 233 5 7 2 652 8 652 2 501 504 172 170 4 174 170 4 170 4 170 4 193 Projections beyond building line — Continued. columns, pilasters and orna- mental projections cornices doois fire escapes footings general restrictions as to hose connections mouldings, etc ornamental features permissible pilasters rules governing rustications and quoins steps structural supports to be removable vaults Proportions for concrete Proscenium construction Protection of: adjoining roof and skylights during construction concrete against freezing exterior openings, when re- quired fireproofing floor openings during con- struction lights in theatres — netting for. masonry against freezing . . . . metal structural members metal work in foundations. . . openings in dumbwaiter shafts openings in elevator shafts .... openings in fire partitions . . . opening in fire walls openings in open shafts openings in shafts in general. openings in vent shafts reinforcement for concrete.... 194 Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. ( 170 4 c 170 4 f 158 2 170 4 ) 170 3 170 1 170 4 1 170 4 e 170 4 c 170 4 170 4 c 170 5 170 4 h 170 4 b 170 3 170 2 170 4 k 28 1 529 193 28 6 375 1 351 2 d 196 526 5 251 2 351 1 232 2 373 9 d 373 9 c 372 3 371 2 378 9 a 373 9 e 373 9 b 339 Protection of — Continued. skylights smoke pipes through partitions steam and hot water pipes .... steel and iron against corro- sion steel and iron under water. . . . steel and iron work against fire woodwork adjacent to lights. Protection from weather during construction Protective curtains in theatres.. Protectives : for openings^onstruction for for openings — fire tests for . . . to be closed Public : rooms and passageways — sky- lights over safety (in public buildings) . . Publication of lists of approved materials, appliances and construction Public Buildings : classified general light and ventilation in thickness of walls for Public character, buildings of.. aisles and passageways in classified enforcement of Art. 23 exemptions general Pumps in theatres Q Quality and size of wood piles.. Queens borough fire limits ..... Quoins projecting beyond build- i ng line 195 Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. 23 424 403 404 310 310 311 526 197 530 376 376 376 424 490 22 70 72 72 132 257 491 490 492 493 524 235 90 170 R Railroad depots — public safety of Rails for stairs Raising adjoining chimneys Raising or lowering to grade . . . Range hoods Ranging timbers for wood piles Ranges : kitchen partitions behind Recesses : and chases in walls — ^limita- tion of size and spacing of for alcoves stair and elevator, in walls. . . Record : and notice of unsafe building. of passenger elevators Recovery of bodies from wrecked buildings Reduction of live load on verti- cal supports Registers for hot air Registration : of plumbers Regulation of lots Reimbursement of city for ex- penses : floor capacity unsafe buildings Reinforced concrete: aggregate for beams and slabs — spans for. . . columns columns — effective area of ... Buildinc Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Far. 490 153 392 623 397 235 397 397 261 261 261 631 564 638 53 400 604 212 55 653 332 330 337 380 196 Reinforced concrete — Continued. columns — length of columns — structural steel and concrete columns — working stresses for construction crushing strength of defined enclosure walls fillers in, use of fine aggregate for in fireproof construction mixture for Reinforced concrete: previously adopted rules gov- erning structures — load test for use of working stresses for Reinforced terra-cotta, arches of Reinforcement : of walls — buttresses and piers for placing of Reinforcement for: concrete floor arches concrete — protection of concrete — specifications for steel concrete — steel fabric and wire webs of concrete tee beams... Remedial — ^building code Remission of penalty Removal : of retaining wall or repair of unsafe buildings. Repair : of cornices and gutters of damaged buildings of roofing _. . . of roofing on frame buildings. 197 Buildine Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. 16 330 337 337 332 330 388 386 382 853 332 841 340 331 834 354 257 335 354 339 333 333 335 1 654 211 630 422 93 421 474 Repair — Continued. or removal of unsafe build- ings ordinary Repeal of rules governing con- struction Report of survey board — post- ing of Requirements of code as to new work in general Residence buildings : classified tt elevator shafts in existing . . . piazzas for frame thickness of hollow block walls for thickness of walls for towers on walls for small windows required in rooms in. when to be fireproof Residences : classified interior walls for light and ventilation of alcove rooms in loads for sizes of rooms in Restaurants Restraining orders Restricted : areas locations for motion picture theatres use of elevators Retaining wall : construction of design and construction of . . disputes as to expense for constructing and maintaining for excavations — height of ... . in general 198 Building Code (only) Art Sec. Subd. Far. 630 3 7 633 1 70 70 378 476 257 257 475 257 130 72 70 257 180 58 180 70 6S2 501 566 211 287 214 211 230 211 Page 6 3 2 4 1 3 5 7 2 1 6 1 1 8 11 3 3 2 4 4 Retaining wall — Continued. neglect to maintain notice to build penalty for failure to build. . . removal of surplus to conform to street regula- tion to support adjoining earth when required for excavation. Review of survey — judicial Revision of estimate of floor capacity Revocation of permit Right of entry of officers and employes (( (f Art Sec. Subd. Par. 25 305 336 29 354 354 354 354 354 29 22 22 22 354 235 376 603 355 354 22 358 602 340 231 526 520 521 534 534 534 538 Theatres — Continued. exemptions fire escapes for foyers in gallery fronts in gas connections in handrails for stairways in ... . heating plants for hose for jurisdiction of Fire Commis- sioner over lathing in lights for corridors and pas- sageways in lights on stage in netting for protection of lights in on corner lots partitions and walls in passageways for protective curtains in public safety of pumps in roof gardens over scenery and fittings in shelving and cupboards in skylights over stages in spacing and supports for seats in sprinkler systems for stairways for, in general stand pipes for storage rooms and workshops in use and occupancy of build- ings for ventilators for lights in Theatres — Motion Picture : application of law to existing booths for projecting ma- chines in egress from general open air plans of ~ ^ 211 Building Code (only) 24 Sec. Subd. 493 527 12 627 4 534 3 526 4 527 11 525 524 1 537 534 4 526 2 526 6 526 5 536 1 528 527 4 530 490 524 3 536 2 533 3 534 5 533 2 532 524 2 527 10 524 3 536 536 526 7 605 504 503 506 500 Theatres — Motion Picture — Cont. restricted locations for Thickness : buttresses or piers in lieu of increased wall due to excessive length — in- creased wall due to excessive span — in- creased wall increasing of wall, not re- quired under more than one section of concrete slabs of curtain walls of fireproofing for steel and iron work of flat concrete floor con- struction of foundation walls of hollow block walls — de- crease in of hollow block walls for res- idence buildings of materials for steel col- umns — minimum of non-bearing walls of walls of walls furred with hollow blocks of walls to change at top of beams of walls, when required — in- creased Tie rods : for masonry arches general in fireproof floors minimum diameter of omission of, from fireproof floors Ties — increased thickness of walls with clip bonds or Tile and concrete floor construc- tion 212 Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. 501 257 257 257 257 335 257 311 354 236 254 257 301 257 257 262 251 257 263 308 354 308 354 257 336 7 ! 4 Timber : general in walls lintels Timbers for wood piles — rang- ing Top filling for fireproof floors... Towers : cooling, construction for fire fire, when required frame frame, covering for Towers — observation on churches on residence buildings Trade — buildings used for haz- ardous Trap doors and gates for exist- ing hoistways Treads : and landings — support for stair and risers Trim, when required to be in- combustible Trimmer arches Trimming wood beams around flues Trusses : compression members of iron and steel fireproofing of fireproofing of roof, omitted.. lateral bracing for of iron and steel tension members of iron and • steel Tubes — concrete filled steel u Underground smoke flues Undeveloped localities — con- struction in Unit stres ses 213 Buildine Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. 31 ' 251 7 1 251 6 235 2 c 354 9 429 155 152 3 d 475 475 3 479 475 2 475 1 72 1 h 374 153 1 c 153 4 356 3 393 2 280 5 a 305 4 351 5 a 351 5 b 805 2 305 1 305 3 285 3 a 396 1 5 51 Unlawful use of flues Unsafe : buildings and collapsed struc- tures building — record and notice of buildings — securing of conditions — board of survey- on conditions — voluntary abate- ment of Unsprinklered, defined Unsupported : height of walls length of cast iron columns... length of columns and com- pression members length of concrete columns length of steel columns V Vacating buildings Valves in piping systems — shut off Vaults projecting beyond build- ing line Veneering of hollow block walls Vent: ducts, requirements for flue, defined flues shaft, defined shafts in non-fireproof build- ing shafts — protection of openings in stacks' or flues containing smoke flues Ventilating machinery — roof house for 214 BuildinK Code (only) Art. 31 Sec. 392 681 651 633 632 150 257 62 300 52 337 52 301 651 638 601 170 254 402 390 401 370 373 373 394 426 Subd. Par. Ventilation : and light and light — alterations aflFect- ing and light — courts for and light of alcove rooms in residence buildings and light of rooms in busi- ness buildings and light of rooms in public buildings area of windows for mechanical of bath rooms and water closet compartments Ventilators for lights in theatres Vertical : separation of windows supports — reduction of loads on Vibratory loads Violation : a misdemeanor — when penalty for, of building code Voluntary abatement of unsafe conditions w Wainscoting — plastering under.. Wall: bearing, defined fire, defined height, defined heights heights measured to nearest tier of beams percentages of openings al- lowed in support of a party thickness thickness, for public buildings 215 Building Code (ojUy) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. 137 135 130 131 132 134 133 138 526 375 53 53 655 654 632 284 250 370 250 257 257 257 230 257 257 Wall — Continued. thickness for business build- ings thickness, for residence build- ings thickness, increased due to ex- cessive length thickness, increased due to ex- cessive span thickness, increasing of, not required under more than one section thickness, when increase is re- quired thickness, with hollow block furring thickness to change at tops of beams thickness of, for business buildings thickness of, with ashlar thickness of, with clip or tie bonds Walls : adjoining excavations — sup- port of and ceilings in theatres — cov-, erings for and partitions in theatres and piers — erection of bonded at intersections braced during construction . . buttresses and piers for rein- forcement of chases in, for pipes curtain, thickness of enclosure, reinforced concrete. enforcement of Article 10 on partition fences and existing, use of permitted fire, materials and construc- tion for fire, openings in for bulkheads for fireproof buildings 216 Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. 257 257 257 257 257 257 262 262 251 257 257 257 230 534 2 528 251 4 251 4 251 8 257 1 261 3 257 9 338 215 258 1 371 1 371 2 426 2 350 Walls — Continued. for one story buildings for pent houses for public buildings — thick- ness of for residence buildings — thickness of for residence buildings — thickness of hollow block... for roof houses for skeleton structures for small residence buildings for sun parlors foundation, defined foundation, materials for foundation, thickness of furred with wood — fire stops for furring of hollow blocks on brick hollow hollow block, decrease in thickness of hollow block, limitation of use hollow block, thickness of for residence buildings interior, for residences lining of masonry, in frame buildings., masonry, separating wood beams in nailing blocks in not to be built in advance of each other of auditorium — interior, for theatres of frame buildings, filling in.. openings in fire parapet partition, fences and partition, maintenance of fences and piers bonded into recesses in, for stairs and elevators Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. 11 257 426 257 257 257 426 257 257 426 236 236 236 262 262 260 254 254 257 257 258 481 280 251 251 522 473 371 259 210 251 261 5 3 3 2 7 3 10 6 5 1 2 3 3 2 1 3 7 11 2 Page 64 104 68 63 65 104 65 64 105 59 59 59 67 67 65 65 65 110 61 60 117 107 87 66 61 51 60 217 Walls — Continued. recesses in, limitation of size and spacing of retaining retaining, design and con- struction of retaining, disputes as to retaining, expense for con- structing and maintaining. . . retaining, penalty for failure to build reinforced by buttresses, piers or cross walls roofing over party and side... rubble, increased thickness of rubble, limitation of use of. . . . skeleton thickness of support of, adjoining an ex- cavation thickness — buttresses and piers in lieu of increased... thickness of curtain thickness of, for business buildings thickness of foundation thickness of non-bearing thickness of skeleton timber in unsupported height of veneering of hollow block when required to be increased in thickness Warehouses — classification of... Washers for bolting wood con- struction Water closet compartments — light and ventilation for Waterproofing Weather protection during con- struction Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. Page 261 211 237 214 211 215 257 1 421 2 257 4 253 3 257 10 230 3 257 1 257 9 257 3 236 3 257 8 257 10 251 7 257 1 254 2 257 4 70 4 282 133 443 197 67 51 59 52 51 53 63 102 64 62 65 54 63 65 63 59 65 65 61 63 62 64 68 35 106 50 218 Building Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. Page Web reinforcement for con- crete beams 335 21 251 527 158 527 153 280 54 54 54 54 54 446 251 426 251 357 134 523 130 375 376 333 280 280 280 280 280 280 ,9M 4 3 5 1 4 3 1 3 1 2 2 6 4 6 1 4 3 4 5 2 3 2 5 2 a b 76 ]9, 60 Width : of aisles in theatres nf doorwflvs ...,,.. 121 49. of foyers, lobbies, corridors and passageways in theatres 120 40 67 Wind: loads 20 loads— allowable stresses for.. 20 ao pressure — anchorage for pressure— stability against Window : construction — bay and show . . lintels 20 20 106 61 Windows : and doors for roof houses archer over 105 61 fireproof frames for exterior for ventilation — area of in dressing rooms of theatres required in rooms in resi- dence buildinfifs 86 36 117 34 vertical separation of Wire: ctIoss ti^e of 92 93 steel 75 Wood: beams and girders— anchor- in^ of 68 beams around flues — trimming beams— bearing for ends of., hpnms bridffinsf for 68 67 68 beams, hangers required for.. beams in masonry walls— sep- .67 68 beams not to be supported on 67 219 Wood — Continued. beams — stirrups for beams — supports for beams — width of columns and posts columns — working stresses for construction construction — bolting of fireproofed floor beams — bevel cuts for. . . girders — anchoring or metal and glass for parti- tions piles piles — allowable loads on piles — driving of piles — quality and size of piles — spacing of piles — ranging timbers for structures in fire limits pro- hibited structures moved Woodwork : adjacent to lights — protection of permitted in fireproof build- ings Working stresses : and loads and loads — computations for.. for columns and compression members of iron and steel.. for concrete slab floor con- struction for materials for old iron and steel material for reinforced concrete for steel and iron columns and compression members . . for wood columns in reinforced concrete col- umns Workshops in theatres Wrecked buildings — recovery of bodies from 220 BuildiDg Code (only) Art. Sec. Subd. Par. 14 280 280 280 281 62 282 356 280 280 355 235 235 235 235 235 235 90 94 526 356 50 52 354 51 313 334 52 52 337 535 638 4 2 4 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 2 1 4 4 4 5 1-4 1 APPENDIX NEW YORK PLASTERING LAW Chapter 156. An Act to amend the general city law, in relation to the supervision and regulation of plastering in cities of the first class. Became a law May 19, 1911, with the approval of the Governor. Passed, three-fifths being present. The People of the State of New York, represented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: Section 1. Chapter twenty-six of the laws of nineteen hundred and nine, entitled "An Act in relation to cities, constituting chapter twenty-one of the consolidated laws," is hereby amended by inserting therein a new article, to be article four-a thereof, to read as follows : Article 4-a. Supervision and regulation of plastering. Section 60. Supervision of plastering by building depart- ment. 61. Three coat work required on lath. 63. Key space. 63. First coat or scratch coat. 64. Second coat. 65. Finishing. 66. Cornices or coves. 67. Patent plasters. 68. §60. Supervision of plastering by building department The building department of every city, of the first class shall have jurisdiction over all plastering except where it conflicts with the duties of any other department oi conflicts with any law conferring on any other department supervision of any portion of plastering. For such purpose there shall be appointed in each building department in a city of the first class by the head thereof a sufficient nurn- ber of inspectors to perform such work as is necessary in the enforcement of this article who, in addition to such qualifications as may be required by the civil service law, shall be competent plasterers of at least ten years' practical experience. 221 §61. Three coat work required on lath. All plastering in tenements, apartments, hospitals, schools and other public buildings when on lath shall be known as three coat work, namely, scratch coat, brown coat and finish. §62. Key space. All ceilings, stud partitions and furred walls in tenements, apartments, hospitals, schools and other public buildings where plastered with lime on wood lath shall have not less than three-eighths space between lath. All grounds and jambs shall mean* not less than seven-eighths from the stud. §63. First coat or scratch coat. First or scratch coat shall be of first quality to be scratched thoroughly lo make a key to retain second coat; and shall be thoroughly dry or set before applying second coat. §64. Second coat. Second coat or brown mortar shall be of first quality. All browning must be straight, true with no unevenness or irregularity of surface. §65. Finishing. When white mortar, or any other material of a like character is used for finish coat, it shall be laid on regular and troweled to a smooth surface showing neither deficiencies or brush marks. §66. Cornices or coves. All cornices or coves shall be run straight, true and smooth. §67. Patent plaster. When patent plasters, such as ivory, acme, windsor, etcetera, are used, lathing, if of wood lath, shall not be less than one-quarter inch key space. First coat shall be thoroughly scratched to make key to re- tain second coat, and shall be set before second coat is applied. §68. Nothing in this article contained shall effect the tenement house act and the enforcement of the provisions thereof by the city of New York. Section 2. This act shall take effect January first, nineteen hundred and twelve. (*So in original. Should read "be.") 222 RULES FOR INSPECTORS OF PLASTERING 1. WOOD LATH. a. All wood lathing shall be done with the best quality sawn white pine or spruce lath set not less than ^ inch apart for lime or lime and cement mortars and not less than 54 inch apart for hard wall plaster mortars. b. The lath shall not be less than 1% inches x % inch, nor wider than 1}4 inches. c. The wood shall be well seasoned and free from bark, sapwood or dead knots. d. All wall and ceiling lath shall be nailed with at least four nails to each lath where studding or furring is 16 inches on centers, and with five nails to each lath where furring is spaced 12 inches on centers. e. Lath in walls shall be laid horizontally, and in ceilings shall run in one direction only. The joints shall be broken at least every tenth lath. f. Three-coat work, scratch, brown and finish coats, shall be required on wood lath. 2. METAL LATH. a. All expanded metal and sheet metal lath shall be not lighter than No. 27 U. S. gauge, galvanized, painted with an asphaltum compound, or japanned. b. All wire lath shall be not lighter than No. 20 U. S. gauge, galvanized, painted with an asphaltum compound, or japanned. c. All metal lath shall be lapped at least 1 inch at the ends, and at the sides of the sheet the lath shall be lapped in such a manner to insure a good job. d. All expanded sheet metal and wire lath shall be of a type suitable to form a proper key and firmly retain the plaster. e. In furring over structural sheathing or solid wood work, metal lath shall be kept at least }i inch away from the wood surface by furring strips. f. All metal lath without stiffeners shall be tied or laced at least every six inches vertically to the furring or studs with No. 18 U. S. gauge annealed, galvanized wire, and all lath with stifiFeners at least at 8-inch intervals; at lap joints horizontally, between the studs, a similar tie shall be pro- vided. The ends of all tie wires shall be twisted tight with a double turn and bent back flush with the face o.f the lath. g. Expanded or sheet metal lath of No. 24 gauge or less fastened to wood studs, shall be stapled at least at 6-inch 223 intervals and the laps between the studs securely laced. All stiffened wire lath on wood studs, shall be stapled over the rod or "V" stiffener, and the laps between studs properly tied. 3. FURRING AND STUDDING FOR METAL LATH AND PLASTER OR PLASTER BOARD PARTITIONS AND CEILINGS. a. All furring or studding for metal lath and plaster partitions shall have a minimum spacing of 12 inches and a maximum spacing of 16 inches corresponding to the lath as specified in Table 1. b. All furring in ceiling shall have a minimum spacing of 13 inches and a maximum spacing of 16 inches correspond- ing to the lath as specified in Table 1. c. Table 1. Types of Metal Lath U. S. Standard Gauge. Maximum Spacing of Studding or Furring. Hung and Solid and Clipped Hollow Ceilings. Partitions. No. 22 gauge expanded metal lath with ribs at least 3-32 in. wide, weighing at least 4 1-3 pounds per square yard 16-inch 16-inch No. 24 gauge expanded metal lath with ribs at least 2-32 in. wide, weighing at least 8 1-3 pounds per square yard 14-inch 16-inch No. 34 gauge expanded metal lath of less weight 12-inch 16-inch No. 27 gauge expanded metal lath or sheet metal lath 12-inch No. 18 gauge wire lath 2 by 2 mesh. 12-inch 14-inch No. 18 gauge wire lath 2^ by 2J4 mesh 12-inch 16-inch No. 20 gauge wire lath 2^^ by SJ^ mesh 12-inch 14-inch No. 20 gauge V-stiffened wire lath or with rods or stiffeners 7^2 or 8 inch on centers 16-inch 16-inch d. For both solid and hollow metal lath and plaster partitions, the studs or furring bars shall be 1-inch x J^-inch 224 X J/^-inch, channels or angles, tees or flats of equivalent sectional area and strength spaced 13-inch to 16-inch centers according to the lath used. Where necessary, the steel fur ring strips shall be properly braced and bolted laterally; and shall be securely fastened to floor and ceiling construc- tion by bent knees, slotted clips or runner plates of approved types. e. All furring for suspended or clipped ceilings shall be of sufficient weight and strength to support the load imposed and shall consist of at least J^-iich channels or their equivalent for spans up to five feet and not lighter than 1-inch x ^-inch X }^-inch channels or other approved sections of equivalent strength for spans up to seven feet. The spacing of fur- ring bars shall correspond with the type of lath used. For spans over seven feet, the sectional area and the strength of furring bars shall be increased proportionately or inter- mediate supports shall be provided, of hangers or clips securely fastened to the bottom flanges of steel beams or anchored to the arch construction above. All supporting clips used for the purpose of receiving and supporting the furring bars for ceilings shall be made from stock weighing not less than 0.4 pounds per lineal foot and of sufficient strength to sustain the dead load imposed. f. Cross-furred and suspended ceilings shall be constructed of continuous running bars equivalent in strength and sec- tional area to a IJ^-inch x 1^-inch x 3-16-inch angle sus- pended by hangers from the lower flanges of the structural steel framing. The cross-furring shall be securely bolted or clipped to or passed through the running bars. If "hair- pin" clips are used they shall be of not less than No. 9 annealed and galvanized wire and shall pass up on both sides of the furring bar and be securely hooked over the running bar. The hangers shall be. of not less than 1-inch x 3-16-inch flats, clamped to both sides of the steel beams. g. Clipped ceilings shall be not more than 4 inches below the steel beams. h. Bolts used for atttaching running bars to hangers shall be not less than J^-inch in diameter and for attaching furring irons to running bars not less than J^-inch bolts shall be used. i. In the case of heavy, ornamental ceiling work, special provision shall be made to sustain the load. j. Proper ventilation should be provided where hung, ceilings are used to take care of the condensation of moisture. k. Three-coat work, scratch, brown and finish coats, shall be required on metal lath. 225 4. PLASTERBOARD. a. All plaster boards consisting of plaster of Paris rein- forced with strong fibre shall be not less than ^-inch thick, except in tenement houses, where a minimum thickness of 54-inch is required, and shall be of a type approved by the Bureau of Buildings. b. The boards shall be spaced 54-mch apart on all sides and shall be nailed directly to all wood studding or furring with 154-inch wire nails at least No. 1154 gauge, with flat fl-inch heads. The nails shall be spaced not more than 6 inches apart for walls, and not more than 4 inches apart for ceilings. c. The joints shall be broken every other board horizon- tally on walls, and at right angles to the furring on ceilings. d. All Joints and spaces between plaster boards shall be filled with hard wall plaster mortar and allowed to thoroughly set before browning. e. When three-coat work is specified, the joints or spaces between the boards may be filled at the time of putting on the scratch coat, using the same material. f. Plaster boards shall not be wet before plastering. g. Two-coat work of hard plaster mortars shall be re- quired on plaster hoards of the above description. 5. LIME. a. Lime used for plastering shall be of the best quality evenly and thoroughly burned limestone. It shall be free from clinkers with not more than 15 per cent, of other im- purities. It shall slake readily in water, forming a fine, smooth paste without residue in excess of 15 per cent. 6. SAND. a. The sand shall be of angular grains, sharp, properly screened and free from loam and other deleterious sub- stances. 7. HAIR BINDER. a. The binder shall be water-soaked, well beaten, clean, long winter hair or approved vegetable fibre cut in S-inch to 3-inch lengths. 8. SCRATCH COAT. a. The scratch coat shall be at least 3-16-inch to J^-inch thick, and shall be well keyed into the lath. It shall be scored or scratched with diagonal lines nearly through its thickness. b. The mortar shall be mixed in the proportions of one barrel of lump lime, 2J4 barrels of clean, sharp sand, and the binder in the proportion of two pounds of hair or three 226 pounds of fibre to 100 pounds of lump lime. Or the mix may be proportioned as follows: to 1,000 pounds of un- slaked lime of standard quality, add one cubic yard of screened, sharp sand and 10 pounds of hair. 9. BROWN COAT. a. The brown coat shall be at least J4-inch thick and shall not be applied until the scratch coat is dry. It shall be brought to a true plane by screeding horizontally or some other acceptable method and floating to an even sur- face. The brown coat must be straight and true. b. The mortar shall be composed of one barrel of lump lime to five barrels of sand with binder in the proportion of one pound of hair or fibre to 100 pounds of lump lime. Or the mix may be proportioned as follows: to 500 pounds of unslaked lime add one cubic yard of screened, sharp sand and Zyi pounds of hair. 10. FINISH COAT. a. The hard finish coat shall be the best quality of pre- pared finish or well slaked lime putty gauged with plaster of Paris, or plaster of Paris with marble dust of white sand in combination. b. The mix shall be proportioned as follows : to one part of plaster add two parts of white mortar. c. If sand finish is used it shall be applied before the brown coat is quite dry, or if dry, the brown coat should be wet down and the sand coat trowelled or floated to the desired finish. 11. MIXING. a. Scratch coat. The lime shall be thoroughly slaked, the putty being allowed to cool before incorporating the hair to avoid burning. The proper amount of sand shall then be added and thoroughly mixed and the mortar banked for at least three days. b. Brown coat. The mortar shall be prepared as for scratch coat, and banked for at least three days before using, c. Finish coat or white mortar. The lime shall be thoroughly slaked in a box, mixing in a small proportion of white sand or marble dust. It shall be then run through a No. 10 mesh wire seive into a storage box and allowed to stand for at least 48 hours before gauging with plaster and applying the finish coat. d. Machine-mixed mortar shall be made from lime putty. e. Hydrated limes of approved brands may be used in place of lump lime. f. All frozen mortar shall be discarded. 227 13. PLASTERING NOTES. a. All plastering on lath in tenements, apartments, hospitals, schools and other public buildings shall be known as three- coat work, namely scratch coat, brown coat and finish coat. b. On brick and fireproofing, all plastering shall be done in the brown and finishing coats. Where waterproofing is applied to the interior surface of the wall, the same shall be furred down before plastering, or the mortar gauged with plaster of Paris. c. When plastering is applied to concrete surfaces, the surface shall be clean, free from oil and properly prepared for binding and keying the plaster; or the work shall be furred down. d. Walls of brick or stone must be thoroughly cleaned and the joints left rough or open before the plastering is applied. e. The brown coat shall 6e well floated to a true and even surface flush with the grounds. f. No "laid off" work shall be permitted but each coat shall be thoroughly dry or set before the next coat is ap- plied. g. All surfaces shall be straight edged in every direction, ceilings level and all jambs and angles straight and true. h. When plastering is done, the building shall be kept in working condition and properly enclosed against the weather. 13. GROUNDS. a. Base grounds. In all rooms and halls there shall be a base ground or what is known as a ribbon ground. Soldier grounds can be placed from floor to ribbon ground and if such are used, they must not extend out past ribbon grounds or partition plates on floor. Where picture moulding or Dutch shelf grounds, etc., are used, they should receive the same treatment as the base grounds. b. Window and door grounds. All windows shall be grounded top and bottom unless equivalent provision is made through the use of window frames. All door, portiere or grill openings shall be grounded top and sides with bucks formed by turning joist on 4-inch way, or with a plain ground which shall not extend past base or moulding grounds. c. On brickwork, concrete and terra cotta, }^-inch grounds shall be used. Where wood lath is used, the ground and jambs shall project not less than ^-inch from the stud, and where metal lath is used, not less than 5^-inch. 14. BATH ROOMS. TILE ON METAL LATH. a. Where bath rooms are furred with metal lath to receive tile, the mortar shall be composed of one part of Portland cement, three parts of clean, sharp sand and ten per cent, of lime putty or hydrated lime with sufficient hair. b. The scratch coat shall be well keyed into the lath and scratched with diagonal lines to receive the tile. 15. CORNICES, GROINED, DOME AND BARREL CEILINGS. a. AH cornices, coves and bull noses shall be run with moulds and properly furred and metal lathed. b. Ornamental ceilings shall be constructed in a manner similar to suspended ceilings with the necessary modifications of brackets, frames and supports to conform to the required outline. All furring should be bolted and clipped together and securely anchored. No furring shall be tied up. 16. PATENT OR HARD WALL PLASTERS. a. Hard wall plasters shall be of approved brands and shall be received at the building operations in the manu- facturers' original packages and shall be mixed and applied in accordance with his specifications. 17. KEENE CEMENTS. a. Keene cements shall be of approved brands, and shall be applied according to the manufacturers' specifications. b. The base coat may be prepared with Portland cement in the proportions of one part Portland cement, to three parts clean, sharp sand. c. The finish shall be well trowelled to a polished surface. 220 CITY OF NEW YORK CODE OF ORDINANCES. Excerpts from Chapter 23 — Streets. Abticle 13. OBSTRUCTIONS AND INCUMBRANCES. §140. Special uses of streets. No person shall, except as otherwise provided in this code, incumber or obstruct any street or sidewalk which has been opened, regulated or graded, according to law, with any article or thing whatso- ever. (Amended by ord. approved Aug. 8, 1916.) §141. Building construction, sidewalk bridges. Per- sons who desire to erect large buildings may erect and maintain a bridge, not to exceed 7 feet in height above the sidewalk and 6 feet in width, extending the whole length of the proposed building; the steps leading to the same to rest upon the sidewalk of the adjoining premises. §142. Building material. 1. Permit. The president of each borough shall have the power to grant permits to builders to occupy not to exceed one-third of the carriage- way of any street with building material; provided in his opinion the interests and convenience of the public will not suffer thereby. At the time of placing such material in the street, the permit so granted shall forthwith be posted in some conspicuous place on or near the material and shall be kept there so as to be readily accessible to inspection. (Amended by ord. effective May 2, Idle.) 2. Conditions. Such permits shall provide expressly that they are given upon condition that the sidewalks and gut- ters shall at all times be kept clear and unobstructed, and that all dirt and rubbish shall be promptly removed from time to time by the party obtaining such permit, and that all such permits may be revoked by the borough president, at pleasure. (Id.) 3. Deposits. Except as otherwise specifically provided in this article, no such permit shall be granted to any builder unless he shall, at the time said permit is granted, have on deposit with the borough president the sum of $50, as a guarantee that he will promptly comply with the conditions of all permits which may be so granted, including the prompt removal of all dirt and rubbish placed upon the street from time to time, and also for the prompt removal, after the 230 expiration or revocation of any such permit, of any building material placed upon any street thereunder. Each borough president is hereby authorized and empowered to use so touch of the moneys so deposited as may be required to effect the prompt removal of such dirt or rubbish as may, from time to time, be left upon the streets by the party making the deposit, and also for the purpose of removing any building material which may remain thereon, after the expiration or revocation of any permit, under which it was so . placed. In case any such deposit shall become impaired or exhausted, by its use by a borough president in the re- moval of dirt, rubbish, or building material, the amount shall be made up immediately, to the sum of $50, on notice from the borough president, and, in default thereof, all permits theretofore issued to the builder failing to com- ply with such notice shall be revoked, and no permit shall be thereafter granted to him until such deposit be made good. Any builder may, at any time, withdraw his deposit; pro- vided he shall hold no unexpired permits and have fully complied with all the conditions of all permits theretofore issued, otherwise said builder shall be only entitled to with- draw and receive as much of the deposit as may remain unexpended after the provisions of this section, relative to the use of said money for the removal of dirt, rubbish or building material, as the case may be, have been carried into effect. (Id.) 4. Restrictions, a. In placing building materials in a street, the material shall be so placed as not to occupy more than one-third of the width of the carriageway of the street. In a street upon which there is a railroad, materials shall not be placed nearer to the track than 2 feet. b. In no case shall building material be placed, nor shall mortar, cement or other material be mixed upon the pavement of a street paved with asphalt, asphalt block or wood, except under a permit issued by the borough president having jurisdiction, which shall contain a provision that such pavement shall be protected by first laying planks thereon. Borough presidents, or other officers issuing per- mits to builders to use the streets, shall insert in each such permit a clause requiring compliance with this provision. 5. Unauthorized obstructions. Whenever any wood, tim- ber, stone, iron or other building material has been or shall be put or placed in or upon any street, without a permit, the borough president having jurisdiction shall forthwith cause the same to be taken up and removed. §150. Storm-doors. Storm-doors not exceeding 10 feet in height, nor more than 2 feet wider than the doorway 231 or entrance of any building, may be temporarily erected with- in the stoop-lines; providing a permit therefor shall have been obtained from the borough president having jurisdic- tion; but in no case shall any storm-door extend more than 6 feet outside the house-line. No structure under the name of "storm-door" shall be lawful which shall practically be an extension of the building front or house front within the stoop-line, or an enlargement of the ground floor of any premises. CODE OF ORDINANCES. Chapter 23. Article 14. PROJECTION AND ENCROACHMENTS. Sectioj 160 of Article 14 of Chapter 23 of the Code of Ordinances. Projections prohibited. No areas, steps or other projections beyond the building line except those indicated in paragraphs c, d, e, f and h of sub- division 4, section 170, Chapter S of this Code of Ordinances, shall be built, erected or made upon the following streets, namely : (a) Grand Boulevard and Concourse, in the Borough of The Bronx, between East 161st Street and Mosholu Parkway; excepting that areas as defined by paragraph a of subdivision 4, section 170, chapter 5 of the Code of Ordinances may be erected in that section of the Grand Boulevard and Concourse in the Borough of The Bronx, located within a business use district as established by the building zone resolution adopted by the Board of Estimate and Apportionment; b. On Coney Island Avenue, from the Plaza at Park- side Avenue to Neptune Avenue, in the Borough of Brooklyn ; c. On Newkirk Avenue, between Flatbush Avenue and Coney Island Avenue, in the Borough of Brooklyn. (Amended as above April 24, 1920.) Section 161 of Article 14 of Chapter 23 of the Code of Ordi- nances. Areas; special restrictions. Every existing area that is open at the top shall be enclosed with an iron railing in front, and on the sides where there is an opening used for the purposes of ingress and egress, such 232 railing to be at least 3 feet high measured from the base and capable of sustaining a lateral weight of 300 pounds at any part thereof, the gates of which, if any, shall be so constructed as to open inwardly. (Amended as above July I'O, 1918.) Section 164 of Article 14, Chapter 23,'of the Code of Ordi- nances : Cellar steps; cellar doors. Every entrance or flight of steps, now existing and project- ing beyond the line of the street and descending into any cellar or basement story of any house or other building, where such entrance or flight of steps shall not be covered, shall be inclosed with a railing on each side, permanently put up, from 3 to 35^ feet high, with a gate to open inwardly, or with 2 iron chains across the front of the entranceway, 1 near the top and 1 in the centre of the railing, to be closed during the night, unless there be a burning light over the steps, to prevent accidents. Where such entrance is covered by a cellar door such door shall be kept in good repair, and shall not be permitted to remain open except when in actual use for ingress or egress of persons or for the loading or unloading of things out of or into such cellar or basement story. (Amended as above April 4, 1918.) CODE OF ORDINANCES. CHAPTER 23. Article 16. SIGNS AND SHOW BILLS. Section 210. General provisions 211. Ground signs and roof signs. 212. Ground signs, special provisions. 213. Roof signs, special provisions. 214. Signs on walls. 215. Illuminated signs. 216. Unsafe signs. 217.. Unlawful signs. 218. Alteration of existing signs. 219. Exemptions. 220. Retroactive effect. 221. Inspections. 222. Public signs, protection of. 233. Violations. §210. General provisions. Except as otherwise specified in the succeeding sections of this article, signs, showbills and 233 showboards may be placed on the fronts of buildings, with the consent of the owner thereof. They shall be securely fastened, and shall not project more than 1 foot from the house wall, except that signs may be hung or attached at right angles to any building, except a building in the Borough of Manhattan, on Fifth avenue, between Washington square north and 110th street, or on 34th street, between Fourth avenue and Seventh avenue, or on Madison avenue, between 34th street and '72d street, or on 57th street, between Lexington avenue and Broad- way, and extend, not to exceed 3 feet therefrom, in the space between the second floor and a point 8 feet in the clear above the level of the sidewalk in front of such building. Signs may be attached to the sides of stoops, but not to extend above the railing or beyond the stoop-line of any stoop. No sign, show- bill, or showboard shall be placed, hung 'or maintained except as prescribed in this article. (Effective Dec; 23, 1920.) §811. Ground signs and roof signs. 1. Permits re- quired. No ground sign or roof sign shall be erected until a permit therefor shall have been issued by the superintendent of buildings having jurisdiction. Each superintendent of buildings may prescribe suitable regulations, consistent with the provisions of this article, concerning the forms and con- tents of applications for the various forms of permits. (Ord. effective May 29, 1914.) 2. Plans and specifications. No such permit shall be is- sued unless plans and specifications, showing the dimen- sions, material and details of construction of the proposed sign, accompanied by the written consent of the owner or lessee of the property upon which it is to be erected, shall have been filed with the superintendent of buildings having jurisdiction, nor until all of the provisions of the Building Code, relating to such structures, shall have been complied with. (Id.) 3. Illuminated signs. In the case of a sign illuminated by electricity, a certificate must also be procured from the department of water supply, gas and electricity, certifying that the electric wiring and electric appliances of the pro- posed sign are in conformity with the rules and regulations of said department. (Id.) 4. Fees. Before any permit shall be issued under this section, a fee therefor shall be paid to the appropriate bureau of buildings as follows : For ground signs, $2 ; for roof signs having a tight, closed or solid surface, $5; for roof signs not having a tight, closed or solid surface, $10; provided that each face of any such sign structure, when fronting on different streets shall be considered to be a separate sign. (Id., amended Feb. 9, 1915.) 234 *5. Existing structures. Permits .shall be issued for signs existing on the 29th day of May, 1914, not conforming to the requirements of §§212 and 213 of this chapter, provided such signs were erected and are maintained in conformity with the legal requirements in effect when they were erected, but no fees shall be charged for permits or registration for existing signs. 6. Registration and identification. Every ground-sign and roof-sign existing or hereafter erected, shall be registered with the bureau of buildings of the borough in which such structure is situated, by the person maintaining the same, and shall have displayed upon the front thereof the name and address of such person, and the serial number of the permit issued for such structure. The bureau of buildings may issue permits in several series so as to distinguish be- tween existing signs and new sign structures erected in con- formity with this article, or between various classes of signs. (Id.) §313. Ground signs; special provisions. 1. Con- struction. No ground, fence, billboard or sign within the fire limits of the city, shall be at any point over IS feet above the ground ; provided that when the face of any sign, excepting the ornamental moulding thereof, shall be con- structed entirely of metal or of wood covered on all sides with sheet metal, the sign shall not be at any point over 34 feet above the ground. (Ord. effective May 29, 1914.) 2. Maintenance. Any persons occupying any vacant lot or premises with a billboard, sign or other advertising structure or device shall be subject to the same duties and responsibili- ties as the owner of the lot or premises, with respect to keep- ing the same clean, sanitary, inoffensive and free and clear of all noxious substances in the vicinity of such billboard, sign, structure or device, and with respect to the removal of snow from the sidewalk and curb in front thereof. (Id.) §213. Roof signs; special provisions. 1. Construction. All roof sign structures shall be so constructed as to leave a clear space of at least 7 feet between the roof level and the lowest part of the structure, and at least 5 feet between the vertical supports thereof; such structures shall be set back at least 6 feet from the face of the front and rear walls and shall not interfere with any openings in the roof or with any fire escape. Such structures, excepting the ornamental surface moulding thereof, shall be constructed entirely of metal, including the uprights, supports and braces for same, and shall.be required to bear a wind pressure of not less than 30 ♦Effective Feb. 27, 1917. 235 pounds to the square foot of area subject to such pressure. (Ord. effective May 29, ]915.) 2. Restrictions, a. No roof sign structure having a tight, closed or solid surface, shall be at any point over 31 feet above the roof level. b. Roof sign structures, not having a tight, closed or solid surface may be erected upon fireproof build- ings to a height not exceeding 75 feet above the roof level, and upon non-fireproof buildings to a height not exceeding 50 feet above the roof level, but the portions of such struc- tures covered and exposed to wind pressure shall not exceed 35 per cent, of the total area. (Id.) §214. Signs on walls. 1. Construction. No sign shall be erected upon the front, rear or side wall of any building so as to project above either the roof cornice or parapet wall, or above the roof level where there is no cornice or parapet wall ; except that a sign erected at a right angle to. the build- ing, the horizontal width of which sign, parallel to such wall, does not exceed 2 feet, may be erected to a height not ex- ceeding 2 feet above the roof or cornice or parapet wall, nor above the roof level where there is no cornice or parapet wall. A sign attached to a corner, and parallel to the vertical line of such corner, shall be deemed erected at a right angle to the building wall. (Ord. effective May 29, 1014.) 2. Restriction. No such sign shall be so erected as to cover the doors or windows of any building, or otherwise prevent free ingress or egress to. or from any window, door or fire escape on any building. (Id.) §215. Illuminated signs. 1. Application of preceding sections. Except as hereinafter specifically prescribed, all provisions of §§211 to S14, inclusive, of this article, shall apply to the continuance, construction, alteration, reconstruc- tion and maintenance of illuminated signs, as hereinafter defined. (Ord. effective July 24, 1912; amended by ord. effective May 2, 1916.) 2. Issue of permits. All permits for illuminated signs shall be issued by the city clerk, upon application therefor, approved by the commissioner of water supply, gas and electricity and the superintendent of buildings in the case of electric signs, and, in the case of gas signs, by the fire commissioner and the superintendent of buildings. A permit or renewal thereof issued hereunder, upon the expiration thereof or within 30 days thereafter, may be renewed for a period of 1 year; and, upon the payment by the applicant of the fee therefor and the surrender of the old permit, accompanied by satisfactory proof in the form of an affidavit that the illuminated sign is the same as when originally licensed, and that the wiring or piping 236 of the sign is in good condition the city clerk may issue the permit, excepting that no permits shall be issued under the provisions of this article for the erection and maintenance of illuminated signs, except carriage calls, and except illuminated signs existing upon theatres, or other places of amusement, upon December 13, 1921, on a building in the Borough of Man- hattan, on Fifth avenue betw^een Washington square north and 110th street, or on 34th street between Fourth avenue and Seventh avenue, or on Madison avenue between 34th street and 72d street, or on 57th street between Lexington avenue and Broadway. Each such permit shall be kept upon the premises whereon the sign is placed, either in the possession of the person in charge or his agent. (Approved by the-Mayor December 16, 1921.) 3. Definition. Any letter, word, model, sign, device or representation, used in the nature of an advertisement, an- nouncement or direction, illuminated by electricity or gas, extending over the sidewalk, shall be deemed to be an illumi- nated sign. No such sign shall be illuminated otherwise than by electricity or gas. (Amended by ord. approved Aug. 8, 1916.) 4. Fee for permit. The applicant for a permit to con- struct or maintain an illuminated sign shall pay to the city clerk an annual fee of 10 cents for each square foot of sign space or part of square foot of such sign space displayed on such sign, to be computed and collected by the city clerk. The square feet of sign space on one side of an illuminated sign, however, shall be deemed to constitute the entire number of square feet of sign space, for the purpose of computing the license fee referred to herein. (Id.) 5. Consent of owner of adjoining residence. No permit shall be issued for the erection of an illuminated sign upon a building which adjoins another occupied exclusively as a private residence, until the applicant for the permit shall have filed the written consent of the owner of such residence to the erection of the proposed sign. (Id.) 6. Restrictions, a. No illuminated sign shall extend more than 8 feet from the building line, except that on authorized marquise awnings the illuminated signs may extend the entire length and width of the awning, but not more than 2 feet above, nor 1 foot below said awning; nor shall any such sign be less than ten feet in the clear above the level of the side- walk beneath the same ; nor shall any such sign be placed upon leased premises by the owner of the fee or lessor without the consent in writing of the lessee or sub-lessee, as the case may be. No illuminated sign, except carriage calls, shall hereafter be erected on any building in the borough of Manhattan, on Fifth 237 avenue, between Washington square north and 110th street, or on 34th street, between Fourth avenue and Seventh avenue, or on Madison avenue, between 34th street and 72d street, or on 57th street, between Lexington avenue and Broadway, nor shall any existing illuminated sign on any such building be enlarged, nor shall any such sign on such building be replaced or reconstructed in part or in whole by the erection of a new illuminated sign or part thereof, whether under the same permit or a renewal thereof or under another permit, except that an illuminated sign not in the nature of an advertisement may be erected and maintained temporarily on Fifth avenue, 34th street, Madison avenue and 57th street, borough of Man- hattan, for a period of not more than one month in connection with the celebration of a patriotic occasion of extraordinary public interest not occurring annually. (Effective Dec. 16, 1921.) b. All illuminated signs shall be constructed entirely of metal or other incombustible material, except the insulation thereof, if such is to be illuminated by electricity, including the uprights, supports and braces for the same, and shall be properly and firmly attached to the building, and so con- structed as not to be or become dangerous. (Ord. effective June 20, 1916.) c. If such sign is to be illuminated by gas, the gas burners for same shall be located entirely inside of the sign and so arranged and protected as to prevent the flame from being extinguished by the wind. A shut-off valve shall be placed on the gas piping extending from the building to the sign, and so arranged as to permit of the shutting off of the gas from the sign on the outside of the building, in case of necessity. (Added by ord. effective May 2, 1916.) §216. Unsafe signs. Should any fence, sign, billboard or roof sign or sign structure be or become insecure, or in danger of falling, or otherwise unsafe, in the opinion of the superintendent of buildings, the owner thereof, or the per- son maintaining the same, shall, upon notice from the super- intendent, forthwith in case of immediate danger, and, in any case within 10 days, secure the same, under the super- vision of and in the manner to be approved by the superin- tendent, in conformity with the provisions of this article. (Ord. effective May 29, 1914.) §217. Unlawful signs. In any case any sign or sign structure shall be attached at other than a right angle to the wall of the building, extending outside the building line and projecting above the roof cornice or parapet walls or above the roof level, where there is no cornice or parapet wall, or shall be so erected as to prevent free ingress and egress to 238 and from any door, window or fire escape of any building, the fire commissioner shall notify, by registered mail, the owner or lessee thereof to alter such sign or structure, so as to comply with this article, or to remove the same. If such order is not complied with within 60 days, the fire commis- sioner shall remove such sign or sign structure at the expense of the owner or lessee thereof. (Ord. effective May 29, 1914.) §218. Alteration of existing signs. No existing fence, sign, billboard, roof sign or sign structure shall be enlarged, rebuilt, structurally altered or relocated, except in accordance with the provisions of this article; provided that this require- ment shall not apply to the relettering of illuminated signs except where such relettering requires a change of the wiring or piping of such signs. (Ord. effective May 29, 1914; amended by ord. effective May 2, 1916.) §219. Exemptions. No part of the foregoing sections of this article shall apply to walls constructed wholly or prin- cipally of stone, marble, brick, terra cotta, concrete or other like material, composing a masonry or monolithic wall; nor to back yard fences on the ground in the interior of a court; nor to picket fences and ornamental metal fences. (Ord. effective May 29, 1914.) §220. Retroactive effect. Except as expressly provided in §§216 and 217 hereof, this article shall have no retroactive effect. (Ord. effective May 29, 1914.) §221. Inspections. Every sign or sign-structure, for which a permit shall have been issued under any provision of this article, shall be inspected at least once in each calendar year, by or under the direction of the superintendent of buildings having jurisdiction. (Ord. effective May 29, 1914.) §2^. Public signs, protection of. No person shall injure, deface, obliterate, mar, remove, take down, loosen, destroy, or in any other manner interfere with or disturb any sign- board containing the name of any street or public place, whether it be upon public or private property. §223. Violations. 1. Punishment. No person shall vio- late any provision of this article under a penalty of $100 for each offense. No sign or sign structure shall be maintained, contrary to the provisions of this article, under a penalty of $10 for each day or part of a day the same shall be so main- tained. (Ord. effective May 29, 1914 ) 2. Abatement. Except as otherwise provided in this article, any fence, sign, billboard or roof-sign structure erected or maintained in violation of this article shall be subject, upon notice, to abatement by the superintendent of buildings having jurisdiction. (Id.) 239 MOVING PICTURES LAWS OF NEW YORK, CHAPTER 308. AN ACT to amend the general business law, in rela- tion to the operation of th'; cinematograph or any other ap- paratus for projecting moving pictures. Became a law April 17, 1913. Article 12-A. Public Entertainments or Exhibitions by Cinematograph or any Other Apparatus for Projecting Moving Pictures Section 209. Fireproof booth for cinematograph or any other apparatus for projecting moving pic- tures. 310. Construction of booth ; approval of plans and specifications. 211. This article not retroactive under certain conditions. 212. Inspection; certificate for permanent booths. 213. Portable booth for temporary exhibitions. 214. Exemption and requirements for miniature cinematograph machines. 215. Inspection; certificate for portable booths and inclosures for miniature cinematograph ma- chines. 216. Penalty for violating this article. §309. Fireproof booth for cinematograph or any other apparatus for projecting moving pictures. No cinematograph or any other apparatus for projecting moving pictures, save as excepted in §§211 and 213 of this article, which appparatus uses combustible films of more than ten inches in length, shall be set up for use or used in any building, place of public assemblage or entertainment, unless such apparatus for the projecting of moving pictures shall be inclosed therein in a booth or inclosure constructed of concrete, brick, hollow tile or other approved fireproof ma- terial or any approved fireproof framework covered or lined with asbestos board, or with some other approved fire re- sisting material, and unless such booth shall have been constructed as provided in §210 of this article and the cer- tificate provided in §212 of this article shall have been issued to the owner or lessee of the premises wherein such booth is situated. §310. Construction of booth; approval of plans and specifications. The booths provided for in §209 of this article shall be constructed according to plans and speci- fications which shall have been first approved, in a city, by the mayor or chief executive officer of the city department 240 having supervision of the erection of buildings in such city; in a village, by the president of such village; in a town outside the boundaries of a city or village, by the supervisor of such town. Provided, however, that no plans and speci- fications for the construction of such booths shall be ap- proved by any public official, unless the following require- ments are substantially provided for in such plans and specifications. 1. Dimensions. Such booths shall be at least six feet in height. If one machine is to be operated in such booth the floor space shall be not less than forty-eight square feet. If more than one machine is to be operated therein, an addi- tional twenty-four square feet shall be provided for each additional machine. 2. General Specifications. In case such booth is not con- structed of concrete, brick, hollow tile or other appproved fireproof material than asbestos, such booth shall be con- structed with an angle framework of approved fireproof ma- terial, the angles to be not less than one and one-quarter inches by three-sixteenths of an inch thick, the adjacent members being joined firmly with angle plates of metal. The angle members of the framework shall be spaced noi more than four feet apart on the sides and not more than three feet apart on the front and back and top of such booth. The sheets of asbe,stos board or other approved fire-resist- ing material shall be at least one-quarter of an inch in thick- ness and shall be securely attached to the framework by means of metal bolts and rivets. The fire-resisting material shall completely cover the sides, tops and all joints of such booth. The floor space occupied by the booth shall be cov- ered with fire-resisting material not less than three-eighths of an inch in thickness. The booth shall be insulated so that it will not conduct electricity to any other portion of the building. There shall be provided for the booth a door not less than two feet wide and five feet ten inches high, consisting of an angle frame of approved fireproof material covered with sheets of approved fireproof material one- quarter of an inch thick, and attached to the framework of the booth by hinges, in such a manner that the door shall be kept closed at all times, when not used for ingress or egress. The operating windows, one for ^ch machine to be op- erated therein and one for the operator thereof, shall be no larger than reasonably necessary, to secure the desired serv- ice, and shutters of approved fireproof material shall be provided for each window. When the windows are open, the shutters shall be so suspended and arranged that they will automatically close the window openings, upon the op- 241 crating of some suitable fusible or mechanical releasing device. Where a booth is so built that it may be constructed to open directly on the outside of the building through a window, such window shall be permitted for the comfort of the operator, but such booth shall not be exempted from the requirement of the installation of a vent flue as hereinafter prescribed. Said booth shall contain an ap- proved fireproof box for the storage of films not on the projecting machine. Films shall not be stored in any other place on the premises; they shall be rewound and repaired either in the booth or in some other fireproof in- closure. The booth in which the picture machine is op- erated shall be provided with an opening or vent flue in its roof or upper part of its side wall leading to the outdoor air. The vent-flue shall have a minimum cross- sectional area of fifty square inches and shall be fire- proof. When the booth is in use there shall be a con- stant current of air passing outward through said open- ing or vent flue at the rate of not less than thirty cubic feet per minute. §311. This article not retroactive under certain conditions. §§309 and 310 of this article shall not be retroactive for any booth approved by the appropriate pub- lic authority or official prior to this article taking effect, provided such booth have or be so reconstructed of the same material as to have dimensions as specified in §210 of this article; provided such booth conform to the speci- fication of §310 as regards vent flue, box for storage of films, .specifications for windows and doors, and provided such booth be of rigid fireproof material, and be insulated so as not to conduct electricity to any other part of the building and be so sep&ratfd from any adjacent com- bustible material as not tc communicate fire through in- tense heat in case of combustion within the booth. §213. Inspection; certificate for permanent booths. After the construction of such booth shall have been com- pleted, the public officer charged herein with the duty of passing upon the plans and specifications therefor shall with- in three days after receipt of notice in writing that such booth has been completed cause such booth to be inspected. If the provisions of §§209 and 210 of this article have been complied with, such public officer shall issue to the owner or lessee of the premises wherein such booth is situated a certificate statin? that the provisions of §§309 and 310 of this article have been complied with. §313. Portable booth for temporary exhibitions. Where motion pictures are exhibited daily for not more than one 242 month, or not oftener than three times a week, in educa- tional or religious institutions or bona fide social, scientific, political or athletic clubs, a portable booth may be substi- tuted for the booth required in §§209 and 310 of the article. Such booth shall have a height of not less than six feet and an area of not less than twenty square feet and shall be ,, constructed of asbestos board, sheet steel of no less gauge than twenty- four; or some other approved fireproof ma- terial. Such portable booth shall conform to the specifica- tions of §S10 of this article with reference to windows and door, but not with reference to vent flues. The floor of such booth shall be elevated above the permanent support on which it is placed by a space of at least one-half inch, sufficient to allow the passage of air between the floor of the booth and the platform on which the booth rests, and the booth shall be insulated so that it will not conduct electricity to any other portion of the building. *§214. Exemption and requirements for miniature cine- matograph machines. The above sections, two hundred and nine, two hundred and ten, two hundred and eleven, two hundred and twelve and two hundred and thirteen, referring to permanent and portable booths, shall not apply (a) to any miniature motion picture machine in which the maximum electric current used for the light shall be three hundred and fifty watts. Such miniature machine shall be operated in an approved box of fireproof material constructed with a fusible link or other approved releasing device to close in- stantaneously and completely in case of combustion within the box. The light in said miniature machine shall be com- pletely inclosed in a metal lantern box covered with an unre- movable roof, (b) To the use or operation of any so-called miniature motion picture apparatus which uses only an en- closed incandescent electric lamp and approved acetate of cellulose or slow burning films, and is of such construction that films ordinarily used on full-sized commercial picture apparatus cannot be used therewith. §215. Inspection; certificate for portable booths and miniature cinematograph machines. Before moving pic- tures shall be exhibited with a portable booth, under §213 of this article, and before a miniature machine without a booth shall be used as prescribed in §214 of this article, there shall be obtained from the appropriate authority, as defined in §210 of this article, a certificate of approval. §216. Penalty for violating this article. The violation of any of the provisions of this article shall constitute a mis- demeanor. This act shall not apply to cities which have local laws or ordinances now in force which provide for fireproof booths of any kind for moving picture machines or apparatus. ♦Amended April 11, 1916. 243 [ CHARTER GREATER NEW YORK Chapter 9. Title 2. Bureau of Buildings. Note — Portions of the text of no special interest to l the general public have been omitted. J Section 405. Appointment of superintendents; qualifica- tions; jurisdiction: salaries. 406. Duties of superintendents; appointment and removal of subordinates. 407. Continuation and repeal of existing laws; building code. 408. General provisions relative to existing build- ing laws. 109. Rules and regulations. 410. Repealed. 411. Determination of questions. 411a. Certificate of occupancy. 412. Accounts; annual estimates; expenditures. 413. Record of applications. 414. Books, plans, etc., to be delivered to borough presidents. 415 Annual registration of plumbers in Bureau of Buildings. 416. Carrying on business of plumber in New York City without registration, punishable by fine or imprisonment. §405. Appointment of Superintendents; qualifications; jurisdiction; salaries. There shall bt in the office of each borough president a bureau to be known as "the bureau of buildings for the borough of ." The presi- dents of the Boroughs of Manhattan, The Bronx and Brook- lyn shall, each within the borough for which he is elected, appoint a superintendent of buildings for the borough. The president.s of the Boroughs of Queens and Richmond may, whenever appropriation is riade therefor by the Board of Aldermen upon the recommendation of the Board of Esti- mate and Apportionment, each within the borough for which he is elected, in like manner appoint a superintendent of buildings for the borough. Ever;- superintendent of build- ings so appointed shall be a competent architect or builder 244 of at least ten years' experience. The president of a bor- ough may, whenever in his judgment the public interests shall require, remove the superintendent of buildings of his borough. Every such superintendent shall hold office until his successor is appointed and has qualified. * * * L. 1897, ch. 378, §644. *§406. Duties of superintendent; appointment and re- moval of subordinates. Each superintendent of buildings except as otherwise provided in this act, shall, within the borough in which he has jurisdiction, have exclusive jurisdic- tion and charge, subject to and in accordance with the general rules and regulations to be established by the bpard of standards and appeals, of the construction, alteration, structural changes in and removal of buildings and other struc- tures erected or to be erected within such borough, including sidewalk elevators, vaults, the covering thereof and entrances thereto. But, such jurisdiction shall not extend to water front property owned by the City of New York, bridges, tun- nels, subways and struttures appurtenant thereto nor be held to affect the powers or duties of the tenement house depart- ment. Each superintendent of buildings shall have exclusive jurisdiction to require that the construction and alteration of all buildings hereafter constructed or altered shall conform to such provisions of the labor law and other laws as may be applicable thereto and shall also have power to enforce in his borough the laws relating to the protection of persons em- ployed in the construction, alteration, or removal of buildings or structures, and to enforce the provisions of such ordinances as are or may be established by the board of aldermen, relating to the construction, alteration and removal of build- ings or the structures erected or to be erected within such borough. Each superintendent of buildings within the limits of his appropriation shall have the power to appoint subordi- nate officers, as follows: such chief inspectors of buildings, and such inspectors of buildings, engineers, clerks, messen- gers, assistants and other subordinates as in his judgment may be necessary and proper to carry out and enforce such rules and regulations and ordinances and the provisions of said laws and of this chapter within the borough under his jurisdiction. The chief inspector of buildings shall be a competent architect, engineer or builder of at least ten years' practice. The inspectors shall be competent men, either architects, engineers, masons, carpenters, plumbers, plasterers or iron workers, who shall have served at least five years as such. It shall not be lawful for any officer or employee in the building bureau of any borough to be engaged in con- *Amended May 10, 1916. 24o ducting or carrying on business as an architect, civil engineer, structural engineer, sanitary engineer, carpenter, plumber, iron worker, mason or builder, or, any other profession or business' concerned with the construction, alteration or equip- ment of buildings, while holding office in the bureau, or to be engaged in the manufacture or sale of automatic sprinklers, fire extinguishing apparatus, fire protection devices, fire prevention devices, or devices relating to means or adequacy of exit from buildings or of articles entering into the con- struction or alteration of buildings, or act as agent for any person engaged in the manufacture or sale of such articles, or own stock in any corporation engaged in the manufacture or sale ,of such articles. Each superintendent of buildings shall have power to designate in writing one of the inspectors so appointed by him to act on any survey authorized by law, or to perform such other duties as the said' superintendent may direct. Each superintendent of buildings may designate a chief inspector of buildings, who, during the absence or inability of such superintendent shall possess all the powers and perform all his duties so far as they relate to buildings. Each superintendent of buildings shall have power to punish any employee, for neglect of duty, or omission to properly perform his duty, for violation of rules, or neglect or disobedi- ence of orders, or incapacity, or absence without leave, by forfeiting and withholding pay for a specified time, or by suspension from duty with or without pay not exceeding thirty days, or subject to the requirements of the civil service law remove or dismiss any inspector of buildings or other subordi- nate appointed by him or by any predecessor in office from the service of the bureau at any time, provided, however, that no inspector of buildings or other subordinate in any of the bureaus of buildings of the several boroughs of the city of Nnv York, holding a position in the classified ciiuil service subject to competitive examination, shall be removed until he has been allowed an opportunity of making an explanation and in every case of a removal or a dismissal the true grounds thereof shall be forthwith entered upon the records of the office of ^ the borough president to which is attached the bureau of buildings from which said inspector of buildings or other subordinate shall be removed or dismissed and a copy filed with the municipal civil service commission. In case of removal or dismissal, a statement, showing the reason therefor shall be filed in the bureau of buildings from which such inspector of buildings or other subordinate is dismissed. Any officer or employee of or in the bureau of buildings of any borough or police officer thereto detailed, who shall ask, solicit or accept or receive any money or oliier compensation for enforcing or for modifying or changing any order or requirement of said bureau shall be guilty of a felony. (Amended May 11, 1918 ) 246 §407. Continuation and repeal of existing laws; build- ing code. The Board of Aldermen is authorized by or- dinance to regulate and restrirt the height of buildings to be hereafter erected in the city. » * * The building code which shall be in force in The City of New York on the first day of January, nineteen hundred and two, and all then existing provisions of law fixing the penalties for violation of said code, and all then existing laws affecting or relating to the construction, alteration or removal of buildings or other structures within The City of New York are hereby declared to be binding and in force in The City of New York, and shall continue to be so binding and in force except as the same may from time to time be revised, altered, amended or repealed as herein provided. No right or remedy of any character shall be lost or impaired or affected by reason of this chapter. This chapter shall not affect or impair any act done or right accruing, accrued or acquired or penalty, for- feiture or punishment incurred prior to the time when this act takes effect or by virtue of any law repealed or modified by this chapter, but the same may be asserted, enforced, prosecuted or inflicted as fully and to the same extent as if this act had not been passed or said law had not been re- pealed or modified. The board of aldermen shall have power from time to time to amend said building code and said laws and to provide therein for all matters concerning, affecting or relating to the construction, alteratjon or re- moval of buildings or structures erected or to be erected in The City of New York, and for the purpose of preparing or amending such code to appoint and employ a commission of experts. The said building code which is in force May first, nineteen hundred and four, shall constitute a chapter of the code of ordinances of The City of New York. (As amended by L. 1904, ch. 628, §2.) L. 1897, ch. 378, §647. Compare L. 1904, ch. 602, also amending this section. f408. General provisions relative to existing building laws. The superintendent of buildings appointed by the president of the Borough of Manhattan shall within such borough in addition to the powers, rights and duties express- ly conferred or imposed upon him by this act, possess and exercise all the powers, rights and duties, and shall be sub- ject to all the obligations heretofore vested in, conferred upon or required of the board of buildings of The City of New York and of the commissioner of buildings appointed for the Boroughs of Manhattan and The Bronx so far as they relate to the Borough of Manhattan and except in so far as the same are inconsistent with or are modified by thi* act. * * * L. 1897, ch. 378, §646. ^7 *§409. Rules and Regulations. Each president of a borough shall have power to estabhsh administrative rules and regulations for the conduct of the business and the regulation of the employees of the bureau of buildings of his borough. The superintendent of buildings of each borough shall enforce such administrative rules and regulations and administer the building bureau in his borough. •[■§411. Determination of questions. Each superintendent of buildings shall have power and it shall be his duty, subject to the provisions of law and the ordinances of the board of aldermen, and the general rules and regulations established according to law to pass upon any question relative to the mode, manner of construction or materials to be used in the erection or alteration of any building or other structure erected or to be erected within the borough under his juris- diction which is included within the provisions of this chap- ter, or of any existing law applicable to such borough relating to the construction, alteration or removal of buildings or other structures, and to require that such mode, manner of construction of materials shall conform to the true intent and meaning of the several provisions of this chapter and of the laws and ordinances aforesaid, and the rules and regulations applicable thereto, but, where there are practical difficulties in the way of carrying out the strict letter of the law, the spirit of the law shall be observed and public safety secured and substantial justice done, provided that variations from the strict letter of the law or the building code shall be approved by the borough president. But a superintendent of buildings shall not have power to vary from or proceed con- trary to the labor law, except as it may be modified by the board of standards and appeals as provided in this act, or contrary to a rule or decision of the board of standards and appeals or board of appeals, or contrary to an order of the fire commissioner, except as such an order may be modified by the board of appeals, nor of the tenement house commis- sioner. Whenever a superintendent of buildings to whom such question has been submitted shall reject or refuse to approve the mode, manner of construction or materials pro- posed to be followed or used in the erection or alteration of any building or structure, or when it is claimed that the rules and regulations of the board of standards and appeals or the provisions of law or of said ordinances do not apply, or that an equally good and more desirable form of construc- tion can be employed in any specific case, the owner of such ♦Section four hundred and ten of the Greater New York charter is hereby repealed. tAmended May 10, 1916. 248 building or structure, or his duly authorized agent, may appeal from the decision of such superintendent to the board of appeals. §5. The Greater New York charter is hereby amended by adding thereto a new section to be inserted after section four hundred and eleven and to be known as section four hundred and eleven-a, and to read as follows : *§411-a. Certificate of occupancy. 1. New buildings. No building hereafter erected shall be occupied or used, in whole or in part, for any purpose whatever until a certificate of occupancy therefor in such form as may be authorized by the building code and the board of standards and appeals, certifying that such building conforms to the requirements of all laws, ordinances and rules and regulations of the board of standards and appeals applicable thereto shall have been issued by the superintendent of buildings of the borough in which such building is situated. 2. Buildings hereafter altered. No building hereafter altered or converted from one class to another class shall be occupied or used in whole or in part for any purpose whatever, in case such building was vacant during the progress of the work, or in case such alteration did not necessitate the vaca- tion of the building during the progress of the work the occu- pancy or use of any such building shall not continue more than thirty days after the completion of such alteration, unless a certificate of occupancy shall have been issued by the super- intendent of buildings of the borough in which such building is situated in such form as may be authorized by the building code. 3. If there be in any building hereafter erected, altered or converted from one class to another class any auxiliary fire extinguishing appliances, stand pipes or other appliances required or intended to be used for extinguishing fires, the certificate of occupancy issued for any such building as pro- vided in subdivisions one or two . of this section shall be not deemed complete, unless the installation of the appliances mentioned in this subdivision has been inspected by the fire department, and approved in writing, either in a separate certificate or by endorsement upon the certificate of occu- pancy. 4. A certificate of occupancy issued as provided in subdi- visions one and two of this section shall not be binding on the fire commissioner with respect to any building which shall be or be intended to be used for the storage or use of chemicals, combustibles or explosives or for any trade, pur- pose or occupation which the board of standards and appeals may classify by general rule as being. hazardous. ♦Amended May 10, 1916. 249 5. Except as provided in subdivision four, every certificate of occupancy issued, as provided in subdivision one or sub- division two of this section, and approved, if required to be approved under subdivision three, shall until set aside or vacated by the board of appeals, be and remain binding and conclusive upon all officers, departments, commissions, boards and bureaus of the city, except upon the tenement house department, and shall be binding and conclusive upon the department of labor of the State of New York, as to all matters therein set forth, and no order, direction or requirement at variance therewith shall be made or issued by any officer, department, board or bureau of the said city, except the tenement house department, nor by the department of labor of the State of New York, or any com- mission, board, officer or member thereof. 6. Temporary certificates. The superhitendent of build- ings may on request of the owner or his authorized repre- sentative, issue a temporary certificate of occupancy for any part of a building or structure, provided that such tem- porary occupancy or use would not in any way jeopardize life or property. But no such temporary certificate shall be issued in the case of a tenement house unless and until a certificate is issued by the tenement house commissioner as provided in section thirteen hundred and forty-four. The word class as used in this section refers to the classifi- cation of buildings in the building code. §412. Accounts; annual estimates; expenditures. * * * L. 1897, ch. 378, §651. §413. Record of applications. Each superintendent of buildings shall keep a record of all applications presented to him concerning, affecting or relating to the construction, al- teration or removal of buildings or other structures. Such record shall include the date of the filing of each such appli- cation; the name and address of the applicant; the name and address of the owner of the land on which the structure men- tioned in such application is situated; the names and ad- dresses of the architect and builder employed thereon; a designation of the premises by street number, or otherwise, sufficient to identify the same ; a statement of the nature and proposed use of such structure; and a brief statement of the nature of the application, together with a memorandum of the decision of the superintendent upon such application and the date of the rendition of such decision. The books con- taining such records are hereby declared to be public records, and shall be open to inspection at all reasonable times. L. 1897, ch. 378, §653. §414. Books, plans, etc., to be delivered to borough presidents. ♦ ♦ * 250 §415. Annual registration of plumbers in bureau of buildings, (a). Once in each year every employing or master plumber carrying on his trade, business or calling in the City of New York shall register his name and address at the office of the bureau of buildings in the borough of the said city in which he performs work, under such rules and regulations as the said bureau prescribes, and thereupon he shall be entitled to receive a certificate of such registration from said bureau, if, at the time of applying for such regis- tration he holds a certificate from the examining board of plumbers of said city and is a citizen of the United States Each person obtaining such certificate from the examining hoard of plumbers after the date fixed by the bureau of buildings for registration, may, however, register with the bureau of buildings within thirty days after the issuance of such certificate. Such registration may be cancelled by the superintendent of buildings for a violation of the rules and regulations for plumbing or drainage of such city duly adopted, or in force pursuant to the provisions of this sec- tion, or whenever the person so registered ceases to hold a certificate from the examining board of plumbers or to be actually engaged in the business of master or employing plumber, after a hearing had before said superintendent, upon prior notice of not less than ten days. (b) The plumbing and drainage of all buildings, both public. and private in the City of New York, shall conform to the rules and regulations lawfully adopted by the super- intendents of buildings of the various boroughs. Said rules and regulations hereafter adopted, and any changes thereof, shall be published in the City Record on eight successive Mondays before they shall become operative. Suitable draw- ings and descriptions of plumbing and drainage shall in all cases be submitted and placed on file in the bureau of buildings of the borough in which the work is to be per- formed, and the same shall not be commenced or proceeded with until the said drawings and descriptions shall have been so filed and approved by the superintendent of buildings. Repairs and alterations of plumbing or drainage may be made without the filing and approval of drawings and de- scriptions in the bureau of buildings, where such repairs and alterations do not include the use of new vertical or hori- zontal lines of soil, waste, vent or leader pipes. Notice of such repairs or alterations, however, shall be given to the said bureau before they are commenced, in accordance with the rules and regulations of said bureau. The superintend- ents of buildings shall have power to require sworn state- ments from persons registering under thp provisions of this act before granting any permit to proceed with the work. 251 (c) The bureau of buildings in each borough is hereby, charged with the enforcement of the provisions of this sec- tion and the next succeeding section, and in addition to such officers or employees as are now provided by law, the super- intendent of buildings may appoint inspectors of plumbing, when appropriation for the salaries of the same shall have been duly made. Inspectors of plumbing shall, under the direction of the superintendents of buildings, in addition to their other duties, ascertain whether persons performing plumbing work in the City of New York are registered, as in this section provided, and shall file written reports in the . bureau as to their investigations. (Added by L. 1913, ch. 754.) §416. Carrying on business of plumber in New York City without registration punishable by fine or im- prisonment, (a). It shall not be lawful for any person or co-partnership to engage in, perform, or carry on the trade, business or calling pf employing or master plumber in the city of New York unless such person or each member of such co-partnership shall have been registered as provided in the foregoing section. (b) It shall be unlawful for any person or co-partner- ship in the city of New York, unless said person or co- partnership shall have complied with the requirements of tho preceding paragraph, to hold him or themselves out to the public as a master or employing plumber by the use of the word "plumber" or "plumbing" or words of similar import or meaning on signs, cards, stationery or in any other man- ner whatsoever. (c) No person registered as provided in the precedinc section, or who holds a certificate from the examining board of plumbers, shall, for the benefit of any person engaged in the plumbing business who is not so registered, apply for, receive or make use of, any permit granted to him by rea- son of being so registered, or holding such certificate from the examining board of plumbers. (d) Any person violating any of the provisions of this section or the preceding section shall be fined for such of- fense in a sum not exceeding two hundred and fifty dollars or by imprisonment for a term not exceeding three months, or by both, and in addition shall forfeit any certificate of the examining board of plumbers or any certificate of registra- tion he may hold at the time of such conviction. (e) Nothing in this section of the preceding section shall abrogate or impair any of the powers of the health depart- ment, the tenement house department, the board of alder- men, and the board of estimate and apportionment of the 852 city of New York, with respect to the regulation of plumb- ing and drainage in the said city. (Added by L. 1913, ch. T54.) ♦The Greater New York charter is hereby amended by adding thereto a new chapter, to be inserted after chapter fourteen and to be known as chapter fourteen-a and to read IS follows: CHAPTER XIV-A. Board of Standards and Appeals; Penalties for Violation of Orders, et cetera, of Board, of Superintendent of Build- ings and of Fire Commissioner. §718. Board of standards and appeals. 1. Constitution and apppintment. The board of standards and appeals is hereby established. The words " the board " when used ill this chapter refer to said board. It shall consist of the fire commissioner, the superintendents of buildings, the chief of the uniformed force of the fire department and six other members to be appointed by the mayor who are hereinafter referred to as the appointed members. Of the appointed me- bers first appointed by the mayor, two shall be appointed for terms of one year, two for terms of two years and two for terms of three years, and annually thereafter the mayor shall appoint two members for terms of three years each. At all times there shall be among the appointed members of the board persons qualified as follows : one, other than the chair- man, shall have had not less than ten years' experience as an architect ; one, other than the chairman, shall have had not less than ten years' experience as a structural engineer; one, other than the chairman, shall have had not less than ten years' practical experience as a builder. The mayor shall designate one of the appointed members of the board as chairman and shall also appoint a secretary. The board shall appoint a chief clerk and such other subordinates as may be needed, who shall receive such compensation as may be pro- vided pursuant to law. The clerk of the board of examiners is hereby transferred to the position of chief clerk of the board of standards and appeals. The chairman of the board shall be an architect or structural engineer of at least fifteen years' experience; he shall receive such annual compensation as shall be fixed by the board of aldermen upon the recom- mendation of the board of estimate and apportionment, he shall act as chairman of the board and of the board of ap- peals, and he shall not be engaged in any other occupation, ♦Amended May 10, 1916. 2d3 profession or employment. The appointed members of the board other than the chairman shall receive such compensa- tion as may be fixed by the board of aldermen upon the recommendation of the board of estimate and apportionment for each attendance at a meeting of the board. 2. Removal and filling vacancies. The mayor shall have power to remove any appointed member of the board, and the secretary of the board, and to fill vacancies occurring by such removal or other cause. Vacancies shall be filled for the unexpired term of the member whose place has become vacant. 3. Meetings. Meetings of the board and of the board of appeals shall be held at the call of the chairman and at such other times as such boards may determine. All meetings of such boards shall be open to the public. Each board shall keep minutes of its proceedings, showing the vote of each member upon every question, or if absent or failing to vote, indicating such fact, and shall also keep records of its exam- inations and other official action. 4. Bulletin; filing and publication of decision. Every rule, regulation, every amendment or repeal thereof, and every order, requirement, decision or determination of the board and of the board of appeals shall immediately be filed in the office of the board and shall be a public record. The board shall print and publish monthly or oftener at its option, a bulletin in which it shall publish every rule, regulation, every amendment or repeal thereof made by the board, and every order, requirement, decision and determination of the board of appeals, and the reasons therefor whenever it shall deem it practical to do so, and such other matters, including indices and digests, as the board may deem it advisable to publish. §718-a. Jurisdiction. The board shall: 1. Have power to test materials to be used pursuant to law, and to make investigations concerning all matters relating to the enforce- ment and effect of the provisions of this chapter, the building code, and the rules and regulations made by the board; 2. Make, amend and repeal rules and regulations for carry- ing into effect the provisions of the laws, ordinances and rules and regulations in respect of any subject or matter, jurisdic- tion whereof is conferred upon the board by this act, or upon a superintendent of buildings by title two of chapter nine of this act or by ordinance or upon the fire commissioner by title three of chapter fifteen of this act or by ordinance, and to include in such rules and regulations provisions applying to specific conditions and prescribing means and methods of practice to effectuate such provisions and for carrying into effect the powers of the board. Such rules and regulations shall take the place of rules and regulations made by a presi- 254 dent of a borough, a superintendent of buildings or the fire commissioner ; 3. Make, amend and repeal rules and regulations regarding the enforcenrent of those provisions of the labor law and other laws which relate to the construction, alteration, struc- tural changes in, plumbing and drainage of, elevators, fire escapes on, adequacy and means of exit from and fire alarm systems in all buildings, except tenement houses, within the city of New York. All rules and regulations made by the board pursuant to this section, shall take the place of the industrial code and of any rules or regulations of the labor department relating to the same subject matter. 4. Exercise exclusively with respect to buildings situated in the city of New York, the same powers as are conferred upon the industrial commission by chapter seven hundred and nineteen of the laws of nineteen hundred and fifteen. 5. During the month of December annually suggest to the mayor and corporation counsel changes or amendments to the law. §'718-b. Rules and regulations. 1. At least eight affirma- tive votes shall be necessary to the adoption, repeal or amend- ment of any rule or regulation by the board. At least ten days' notice of intention to adopt, amend or repeal any rule or regulation shall be given by publication in the bulletin of the board, and a public hearing shall be given before any action is taken thereon. The adopted rules and regulations and amendments and changes thereof, shall take effect not less than twenty days after the publication thereof in the bulletin of the board. 2. All rules and regulations heretofore lawfully adopted by a president of a borough, a superintendent of buildings, the fire commissioner or by any other officer, department, board or bureau of the city or by the labor department of the state or the industrial commission thereof relating to any matter within the jurisdiction of the board, shall continue in force until amended, repealed or superseded, and be enforced as rules and regulations of the board of standards and appeals. The corporation counsel shall, as soon as practicable after this act takes effect, compile, for the use of the board, a copy of such rules and regulations as he deems so continued in effect. §718-c. Inspection of buildings. Each member of the board and the secretary shall have all powers to enter, inspect and examine buildings and structures, that are conferred upon a superintendent of buildings or upon the fire com- missioner. 255 §718-d. Board of appeals. The appointed members of the board of standards and appeals and the chief of the uniformed force of the fire department, exclusive of the other members, shall hear and decide appeals from and review any rule, regulation, amendment or repeal thereof, order, re- quirement, decision or determination of a superintendent of buildings made under the authority of title two of chapter nine of this act or of any ordinance or of the fire commis- sioner under the authority of title three of chapter fifteen of this act or of any ordinance, or of the labor law. No mem- ber of the board shall pass upon any question in which he or any corporation in which he is a stockholder or security holder is interested. Hearings on appeals shall be before at least five members of the board of appeals, and the concurring vote of five members of the board of appeals shall be necessary to. a decision. The words board of appeals when used in this chapter refer to the said appointed members of the board of standards and appeals and the chief of the uniformed force of the fire de- partment, when acting under the powers conferred by this section. §718-e. Inspections. Whenever the board of appeals shall deem it necessary that an inspection shall be made of any building, structure or vessel which is the subject of an appeal from an order, requirement, decision or determination of the fire commissioner, the chairman of the board and not less than two members of the board of appeals designated by the chairman shall visit and inspect such building, structure or vessel, and shall report their findings to the board of appeals in writing. The members other than the chairman shall receive for each such visit or inspection, and for attendance at meetings of the board of appeals, the same compensation as is paid to appointed members for attendance at meetings of the board of standards and appeals. T19. Appeals. 1. What appealable. An appeal may be taken to the board of appeals from any order, requirement, decision or determination made by any superintendent of buildings under the authority of title two of chapter nine of this act or of any ordinance (except an order requiring an unsafe building, staging or structure to be made safe, and except an order punishing, removing or dismissing an em- ployee, inspector or other subordinate), or made by the fire commissioner under the authority of title three of chapter fifteen of this act or of any ordinance, and from any rule, regulation, amendment or repeal thereof relating to the con- struction, alteration, structural changes in, equipment, occu- pancy or use of any building or structure, or vaults and side- walks appurtenant thereto. 256 2. Who may appeal. Such appeal may be taken by any person aggrieved or by any oflficer, department, board or bureau of the citv. bureau of the city. 3. Appeal how taken. Such appeal shall be taken within such time as shall be prescribed by the board of appeals by general rule, by filing with the officer from whom the appeal is taken and with the board of appeals of a notice of appeal, specifying the grounds thereof. The officer from whom the appeal is taken shall forthwith transmit to the board all the papers constituting the record upon which the action appealed from was taken. 4. Stay. An appeal stays all proceedings in furtherance of the action appealed from, unless the officer from Vfhom the appeal is taken certifies to the board of appeals after the notice of appeal shall have been filed with him that by reason of facts stated in the certificate, a stay would, in his opinion, cause imminent peril to life or property, in which case proceedings shall not be stayed otherwise than by a restraining order which may be granted by the board of ap- peals or by the supreme court, on application, on notice to the officer from whom the appeal is taken and on due cause shown. 5. Hearing of and decision upon appeal. The board of appeals shall fix a reasonable time for the hearing of the appeal and give due notice thereof to the parties, and decide the same within a reasonable time. Upon the hearing, any. party may appear in person or by agent or by attorney. The board of appeals may reverse or affirm, wholly or partly, or may modify the order, requirement, decision or determina- tion appealed from and shall make such order, requirement, decision or determination as in its opinion ought to be made in the premises, and to that end shall have all the powers of the officer from whom the appeal is taken. Where there are practical difficulties or unnecessary hardship in the way of carrying out the strict letter of the law, the board of appeals shall have power in passing upon appeals, to vary or modify any rule or regulation or the provisions of any existing law or ordinance relating to the construction, structural changes in, equipment, alteration or removal of buildings or struc- tures, or vaults and sidewalks appurtenant thereto, so that the spirit of the law shall be observed, public safety secured and substantial justice done. The board of appeals shall not vary or modify the tenement house law nor any rule, regu- lation or ruling of the tenement house commission. The decision shall be in writing and shall be filed in the office of the board and promptly published in the bulletin of the board. Each decision shall so far as is practicable be in the 257 form of a general statement or resolution which shall be applicable to cases similar to or falling within the principles passed upon in such decision. 6. Review by board of appeals on its own motion. Any rule, regulation, amendment or repeal thereof and any order, requirement, decision or determination from which an appeal may be taken to the board of appeals under the provision of this section, may be reviewed by the board of appeals, upon motion of any member thereof, but no such review of a decision upon an appeal shall prejudice the rights of any person who has in good faith acted thereon before it is reversed or modified. The provisions of this chapter relating to appeals to the board of appeals shall be applicable to such review. §719-a. Certiorari to review decision of board of ap- peals.. 1. Petition. Any person or persons, jointly or sev- erally aggrieved by any decision of the board of appeals upon appeal or review had under section seven hundred and nineteen, or any officer, department, board or bureau of the city, or the industrial commission of the labor department of the state, may present to the supreme court a petition, duly verified, setting forth that such decision is illegal, in whole or in part, specifying the grounds of the illegality. Such petition must be presented to a justice of the supreme court or at a special term of the supreme court within thirty days after the filing of the decision in the office of the board, or its publication in the bulletin. 2. Writ of certiorari. Upon the presentation of such petition, the justice or court may allow a writ of certiorari directed to the board of appeals to review such decision of the board of appeals and shall prescribe therein the time within which a return thereto must be made and served upon the relator's attorney, which shall not be less than ten days and may be extended by the court or a justice thereof. Such writ shall be returnable to a special term of the supreme court of the judicial district in which the property affected, or a portion thereof, is situated. The allowance of the writ shall not stay proceedings upon the decision appealed from, but the court may, on application, on notice to the board and on due cause shown, grant a restraining order. 3. Return to writ. The board of appeals shall not be re- quired to return the original papers acted upon by it, but it shall be sufficient to return certified or sworn copies thereof or of such portions thereof as may be called for by such writ. The return must concisely set forth such other facts as may be pertinent and material to show the grounds of the decision appealed from and must be verified. 4. Proceedings upon return. If, upon the hearing, it shall 258 appear to the court that testimony is necessary for the proper disposition of the matter, it may take evidence or appoint a referee to take such evidence as it may direct and report the same to the court with his findings of fact and conclusions of law, which shall constitute a part of the proceedings upon which the determination of the court shall be made. The court may reverse or affirm, wholly or partly, or may modify the decision brought up for review. 5. Costs. Costs shall not be allowed against the board, unless it shall appear to the court that it acted with gross negligence or in bad faith or with malice in making the decision appealed from. 6. Preferences. All issues in any proceeding under this section shall have preference over all other civil actions and proceedings. §719-b. Penalty for non-compliance with orders, et cetera, of board, of superintendents of buildings and of fire commissioner. Any person who shall knowingly violate or fail to comply with any lawful order or requirement of the board made under the authority of this chapter or of a superintendent of buildings made under the authority of title two of chapter nine of this act or of the fire commis- sioner made under the authority of title three of chapter fifteen of this act, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor ; and shall in addition thereto, and in addition to all other liabilities and penalties imposed by law, ordinances, rules and regula- tions, forfeit and pay for each and every such violation and non-compliance respectively, a penalty in the sum of ^ot more than two hundred and fifty dollars, as may be fixed by the court awarding judgment therefor. An action may be brought for the recovery of any such penalty or penalties in any municipal court or court of record in said city in the name of the city. * Section seven hundred and seventy-four of the Greater New York charter, as amended by chapter four hundred and fifty-nine of the laws of nineteen hundred and fourteen, is hereby amended so as to read as follows : §774. Fire commissioner, duties of. The commissioner is empowered to enforce all laws and ordinances and the rules and regulations of the board of standards and appeals in respect of 1. The prevention of fires and danger to and loss of life and property therefrom ; 2. The storage, sale, transportation or use of combustibles, chemicals and explosives ; ■ Amended May 19, 1916. 239 3. The installation and maintenance of automatic or other fire alarm systems and fire extinguishing equipment; 4. The means and adequacy of exit, in case of fire, as provided in the labor law, the building code and the rules and regulations of the board of standards and appeals, in and from all buildings, structures, enclosures, vessels, places and premises in which numbers of persons work, live or con- gregate from time to time for any purpose except tenement houses ; 5. The investigation of the cause, circumstances and origin of fires and the suppression of arson ; 6. The use and occupancy of buildings and other struc- tures except tenement houses. The fire commissioner shall not vary from, proceed or issue any order contrary to the building code, a rule, regulation or decision of the board of standards and appeals, or of the board of appeals. The powers conferred upon the fire commissioner by this section are exclusive of the department of labor, and such department shall not exercise any of such powers in the city of New York. The powers conferred by this section shall not, however, extend to the enforcement of any provision of the sanitary code or the regulations of the board of health, nor interfere in any manner with the powers or duties of the department of health or of the health commissioner. §8. Subdivisions two and three of section seven hundred and seventy-five of the Greater New York charter, as amended by chapter four hundred and fifty-nine of the laws of nineteen hundred and fourteen, are hereby amended so as to read as follows : 2. Order, in writing, the remedying of any condition found to exist in, on or about any building, structure, enclosure, vessel, place or premises, except tenement houses, in violation of any law or ordinance or rule or regulation of the board of standards and appeals in respect to fires or to the pre- vention of fires or in respect to any of the matters men- tioned in section seven hundred and seventy-four, except as otherwise provided in this act and except the tenement house law; 3. Order, in writing, the installation, as prescribed by any law or ordinance or by the rules and regulations of the board of standards and appeals, in any buildhig, structure, enclos- ure, vessel, place or premises, of automatic or other fire alarm system or fire extinguishing equipment and the main- tenance and repair thereof; or the construction, as prescribed by any law or ordinance or rule or regulation of the board 260 of standards and appeals, of adequate and safe means of exit from all buildings, structures, enclosures, vessels, places and premises, except tenement houses; §9. Section seven hundred and seventy- five of the Greater New York charter, as amended by chapter four hundred and fifty-nine of the laws of nineteen hundred and fourteen, is hereby further amended by inserting therein after subdivision six thereof a new subdivision to be subdivision seven, and to read as follows : 7. The plans for all alterations and structural changes in and for the installation of fire extinguishing equipment to be made or installed in buildings or other structures pursuant to orders of the fire commissioner shall be filed in the office of the superintendent of buildings of the borough in which such building or structure is situated. §10. The Greater New York charter is hereby amended by adding a new section, to be inserted after section seven hundred and seventy-five and to be known as section seven hundred and seventy-five-a, and to read as follows : §775-a. Orders, at cetera, of fire commissioner. Every rule, regulation, amendment or repeal thereof, and every order, requirement, decision or determination of the fire com- missioner authorized by this title, shall be in writing. He shall deliver a copy of every order which involves the altera- tion of any building or structure to the superintendent of buildings of the borough in which such building or struc- ture is located. Each superintendent of buildings shall notify the fire commissioner when plans are filed to comply with any order of the fire commissioner, and when the work to be done pursuant to any such order is completed. In any action or proceeding founded upon a claim by the fire com- missioner that a lawful order made by him has not been com- plied with, the certificate in writing of the superintendent of buildings of the borough in which the building or structure is situated, shall be presumptive evidence of any matter stated therein concerning the filing of plans to comply with an order of the fire commissioner, the sufficiency of such plans to so comply and the completion or failure to complete the work required to be done pursuant to such an order. §11. Section seven hundred and seventy-five-a of the Greater New York charter is hereby renumbered seven hun- dred and seventy-five-b. §12. Section seven hundred and seventy-seven, as amended by chapter six hundred and ninety-five of the laws of nine- teen hundred and thirteen, section seven hundred and seventy- seven-a, as amended by chapter four hundred and fifty-eight of the laws of nineteen hundred and twelve and section 261 seven hundred and seventy-seven-b of the Greater New York charter, as amended by chapter eight hundred and ninety- nine of the laws of nineteen hundred and eleven are hereby repealed. §13. Sections seven hundred and seventy-eight and seven hundred and seventy-eight-a of the Greater New York charter, as amended by chapter eight hundred and ninety-nine of the laws of nineteen hundred and eleven, are hereby amended so as to read as follows : §778. Application for order to remove violations and to vacate buildings. In case any order to remedy a con- dition eminently perilous to life or property issued by the commissioner or the department is not complied with, or the commissioner certifies in writing that an emergency exists requiring such action, he may order any building or structure or part thereof to be vacated. Such order shall be addressed and served in the same manner as is prescribed in section seven hundred and seventy-five fey the service of orders. Whenever any order to vacate served as aforesaid shall not have been complied with, within the time designated therein, the commissioner, in addition to or in lieu of any other remedy or power, may apply to the supreme court, at a special term thereof, without notice, for an order directing the said commissioner to vacate such building or premises, or so much thereof as said commissioner may deem necessary, and pro- hibiting and enjoining all persons from using or occupying the same for any purpose until such measures are taken as may be required by such order. §778-a. Transmitting notice to owners. In case any order or notice mentioned in or given pursuant to sections seven hundred and seventy-five or seven hundred and seventy- eight shall be served upon or given to any lessee or person in possession or charge of the building, structure, enclosure, vessel, place or premises therein described it shall be the duty of such person to give immediately notice to the owner or agent of said building, structure, enclosure, vessel, place or premises named in the notice, if the same shall be known to such person personally, if such owner or agent shall be within the limits of the City of New York, and his residence known to such person; and if such owner or agent be not within said city, then by depositing a copy of such order or notice in any post oifice in the City of New York, properly enclosed and addressed to such owner or agent, at his then place of residence, if known, and with the postage prepaid. In case any lessee or person in possession or charge as afore- said shall neglect to give such notice as herein provided, he shall be personally liable to the owner or owners of said 262 building or premises for all damages he or they shall sustain by reason of such neglect. §14. Section thirteen hundred and forty-one of the Greater New York charter is hereby amended so as to read as follows : §1341. Transfer of powers of other departments. Such rights, powers and duties as are now possessed by the fire department and police department of the city of New York with respect to the prevention of incumbrance or obstruction of fire escapes on tenement houses are hereby transferred to and conferred upon the tenement house department. All rights, powers and duties now possessed by the bureaus of buildings and the department of health of the city of New York with respect to the light and ventilation of tenement houses, and with respect to the equipment of completed tene- ment houses with fire escapes, are transferred to and con- ferred upon the tenement house department. All rights, powers and duties now possessed by the department of health of the City of New York with respect to the construction of and structural changes in bakeries and confectioneries in tenement houses are transferred to and conferred upon the tenement house department. Nothing in this act contained shall be construed to abridge, restrict or diminish the jurisdiction or powers of the tene- ment house department as they existed prior to January first, nineteen hundred and sixteen. §15. No right or remedy of any character shall be lost or impaired or affected by reason of this act. The provisions of this act shall not affect or impair any act done or right accruing, accrued or acquired or liability, penalty, forfeiture or punishment incurred prior to the time this act takes effect, but the same may be asserted, enforced, prosecuted or inflicted as fully and to the same extent as if this act had not been enacted. All actions and proceedings, civil or criminal, commenced under or by virtue of statute, ordinance, rule or regulation creating and conferring powers or imposing duties trans- ferred by this act or for .the enforcement of statutes, ordi- nances, rules and regulations in relation thereto, and pending immediately prior to the taking effect of this act, may be prosecuted and defended to final effect by and in the name of the city of New York. Any investigations or examina- tions undertaken, commenced or instituted by a department, commission, board, body or officer of the city, or the state labor department, in relation to a matter or subject jurisdic- tion whereof is by this act transferred to or conferred on another department, commission, board, body or officer may be conducted or continued to a final determination as hereto- 263 fore provided by law. An order of a city department, com- mission, board, body or officer in the state labor department, in relation to a matter or subject, jurisdiction whereof is conferred by this title on a department, commission, board, body or officer of the City of New York is continued in full force and effect, notwithstanding the enactment of this act and may be enforced by such department, commission, board, body or officer of said city; but the procedure for such enforcement shall be pursuant to the provisions of *tris act. Any action heretofore taken by the department of labor of the state whereby after alterations or structural changes were made in any building in the city, such building was accepted as complying with the provisions of the labor law or of the industrial code, shall be accepted, and be binding upon, the fire commissioner, the superintendents of buildings, the board of standards and appeals and the board of appeals. §16. The board of estimate and apportionment may transfer employees and officers of any state or city depart- ment affected by this act to any other department in such manner as may be deemed by such board of estimate and apportionment necessary to carry into effect the provisions of this act. §17. When existing rights, powers, duties or functions of a department bureau, officer or employee of the city are, by or under the authority of this act, conferred or imposed upon or transferred to another department, bureau, officer or employee of the city, the board of estimate and apportion- ment shall designate and direct the transfer accordingly of all funds, property, records, books, papers and documents which it shall deem necessary for that purpose and the same shall thereupon be transferred and delivered as so directed. All unexpended appropriations made for the exercise of rights, powers, duties and functions so transferred may be apportioned and transferred, in whole or in part, by the board of estimate and apportionment in its discretion. §18. The department of labor shall transfer to the fire commissioner certified copies of all records in its office re- lating to the construction, alteration of and exits from build- ings in the City of New York. §19. The following sections of the Greater New York charter as enacted by this act, shall take effect immediately: Sections seven hundred and , eighteen, seven hundred and eighteen-a, except subdivision four thereof and seven hun- dred and eighteen-b, but the rules and regulations adopted by the board of standards, and appeals shall not take effect * So in original. 264 until October first, nineteen hundred and sixteen. Subdivision four of section seven hundred and eighteen-a shall take effect July first, nineteen hundred and sixteen. The rest of this act shall take effect October first, nineteen hundred and sixteen, except that the board of estimate and apportionment shall prior to such time take such action as may be deemed proper to put this act fully into force on said first day of October, nineteen hundred and sixteen. Any member of the board of examiners existing pursuant to section four hundred and eleven of the Greater New York charter, may be ap- pointed and act as a member of the board of standards and appeals, between the time of the passage of this act and said first day of October, nineteen hundred and sixteen, 266 City of New York Board of Estimate and Apportionment BUILDING ZONE RESOLUTION. (Adopted July 25, 1916) A Resolution regulating and limiting the height and bulk of buildings hereafter erected and regulating and determin- ing the area of yards, courts and other open spaces, and regulating and restricting the location of trades and industries and the location of buildings designed for specified uses and establishing the boundaries of districts for the said purposes. Be it resolved by the Board of Estimate and Apportion- ment of The City of New York: Article I. Definitions. §1. Definitions. Certain words in this resolution are de- fined for the purposes thereof as follows : (a) Words used in the present tense include the future; the singular number includes the plural and the plural the singular ; the word " lot " includes the word " plot" ; the word " building " includes the word " structure." (b) The " street line " is the dividing line between the street and the lot. (c) The "width of the street" is the mean of the distances between the sides thereof within a block. Where a street borders a public place, public park or navigable body of water the width of the street is the mean width of such street plus the width, measured at right angles to the street line, of such public place, public park or body of water. (d) The "curb level," for the purpose of measuring the height of any portion of a building, is the mean level of the curb in front of such portion of the building. But where a building is on a corner lot the curb level is the mean level of the curb on the street of greatest width. If such greatest width occurs on more than one street the curb level is the mean level of the curb on that street of greatest width which has the highest curb elevation. The " curb level " for the purpose of regulating and determining the area of yards, courts and open spaces is the mean level of the curb at that front of the building where there is the highest curb elevation. Where no curb elevation has been established or the building does not adjoin the street the average ground level of the lot shall be considered the curb level. 266 (e) A " street wall " of a building, at any level, is the wall or part of the building nearest to the street line. (f) The "height of a building" is the vertical distance measured in the case of flat roofs from the curb level to the level of the highest point of the roof beams adjacent to the street wall, and in the case of pitched roofs from the curb level to the mean height level of the gable. Where no roof beams exist or there are structures wholly or partly above the roof the height shall be measured from the curb level to the level of the highest point of the building. Where a building is a tenement house as defined in the Tenement House Law the height of the building on the street line shall be measured as prescribed in said law for the measurement of the height of a tenement house and such measurement shall be from the curb level as that term is used in said law. (g) The " depth of a lot " is the mean distance from the street line of the lot to its rear line measured in the general direction of the side lines of the lot. (h) A " rear yard " is an open unoccupied space on the same lot with a building between the rear line of the building and the rear line of the lot. (i) The "depth of a rear yard" is the mean distance be- tween the rear line of the building and the rear line of the lot. (j ) Lots or portions of lots shall be deemed " back to back" when they are on opposite sides of the same part of a rear line common to both and the opposite street lines on which the lots front are parallel with each other or make an angle with each other of not over 45 degrees. (k) A " court " is an open unoccupied space, other than a rear yard, on the same lot with a building. A court not ex- tending to the street or to a rear yard is an " inner court." A court extending to the street or a rear yard is an " outer court." A court on the lot line extending through from the street to a rear yard or another street is a " side yard." (1) The "height of a yard or a court" at any given level shall be measured from the lowest level of such yard or court as actually constructed or from the curb level, if higher, to such level. The highest level of any given wall bounding a -court or yard shall be deemed to be the mean height of such wall. Where a building is a tenement house, as defined in the Tenement House Law, the height of a yard or a court shall be measured as prescribed in such law. (m) The "least dimension" of a yard or court at any level is the least of the horizontal dimensions of such yard or court at such level. If two opposite sides of a yard or court are not parallel the horizontal dimension between them shall be deemed to be the mean distance between them. 267 (n) The "length of an outer court" at any given point shall be measured in the general direction of the side lines of such court from the end opposite the end opening on a street, or a rear yard, to such point. Article II Use Districts §2. Use Districts. For the purpose of regulating and restricting the location of trades and industries and the location of buildings designed for specified uses, the City of New York is hereby divided into three classes of districts : (1) residence districts, (2) business districts, and (3) un- restricted districts ; as shown on the use-district map which accompanies this resolution and is hereby declared to be part hereof. The use districts designated on said map are hereby established. The use district map designations and map desig- nation rules which accompany said use district map are hereby declared to be part thereof. No building or premises shall be erected or used for any purpose other than a purpose permitted in the use district in which such building or premises is located. §3. Residence Districts. In a residence district no build- ing shall be erected other than a building, with its usual accessories, arranged, intended or designed exclusively for one or more of the following specified uses : (1) Dwellings, which shall include dwellings for one or more families and boarding houses, and also hotels which have thirty or more sleeping rooms. (2) Clubs, excepting clubs the chief activity of which is a service customarily carried on as a business. (3) Churches. (4) Schools, libraries or public museums. (5) Philanthropic or eleemosynary uses or institutions, other than correctional institutions. (6) Hospitals and sanitariums. (7) Railroad passenger stations. (8) Farming, truck gardening, nurseries or green houses. In a residence district no building or premises shall be used for any use other than a use specified for which build- ings may be erected and for the accessory uses customarily incident thereto. The term accessory use shall not include a business nor shall it include any building or use not located on the same lot with the building or use to which it is acces- sory. A private garage for more than five motor vehicles shall not be deemed an accessory use. 268 §4. Business districts, (a) In a business district no building or premises sliall be used, and no building shall be erected which is arranged, intended or designed to be used, for any of the following specified trades, industries or uses : Ammonia, chlorine or bleaching powder manufacture. Asphalt manufacture or refining. Assaying (other than gold or silver). Blacksmithing or horseshoeing. Boiler making. Brewing or distilling of liquors. Carpet cleaning. Celluloid manufacture. Crematory. Distillation of coal, wood or bones. Dyeing or dry cleaning. Electric central station power plant. Fat rendering. Fertilizer manufacture. Garage for more than five motor vehicles, not in- cluding a warehouse where motor vehicles are re- ceived for dead storage only, and not including a salesroom where motor vehicles are kept for sale or for demonstration purposes only. Gas (illuminating or heating) manufacture or storage. Glue, size and gelatine manufacture. Incineration or reduction of garbage, _ offal, dead ani- mals or refuse. Iron, steel, brass or copper works. Junk, scrap paper or rag storage or baling. Lamp black manufacture. Lime, cement or plaster of paris manufacture. Milk bottling and distributing station. Oil cloth or linoleum manufacture, Paint, oil, varnish or turpentine manufacture. Petroleum refining or storage. Printing ink manufacture. Raw hides or skins — storage, curing or tanning. Repair shop for motor vehicles. Rubber manufacture from the crude material. Saw or planing mill. Shoddy manufacture or wool scouring. Slaughtering of animals. Smelting. Soap manufacture. Stable for more than five horses. Starch, glucose or dextrine manufacture. Stock yards. Stone or monumental works. 269 (40) Sugar refining. (41) Sulphurous, sulphuric, nitric, or hydrochloric acid manufacture. (42) Tallow, grease or lard manufacturing or refining. (43) Tar distillation or manufacture. (44) Tar roofing or tar waterproofing manufacture. (Amended Dec. 21, 1917.) (b) In a business district no building or premises shall be used, and no building shall be erected, which is arranged, intended or designed to be used for any trade, industry or use that is noxious or offensive by reason of the emission of odor, dust, smoke, gas or noise; but car barns or places of amusement shall not be excluded. (c) In a business district no building or premises shall be used, and no building shall be erected, which is arranged, intended or designed to be used for any kind of manufactur- ing, except that any kind of manufacturing not included within the prohibitions of paragraphs a and b of this section may be carried on, provided not more than 25 per cent, of the total floor space of the building is so used, but space equal to the area of the lot may be so used in any case, although in excess of said 25 per cent. The printing of a newspaper shall not be deemed manufacturing. No use permitted in a residence district by section 3 shall be excluded from a business dis- trict. §5. Unrestricted districts. The term "unrestricted dis- trict " is used to designate the districts for which no regula- tions or restrictions are provided by this article. §6. Existing buildings and premises, (a) Any use ex- isting in any building or premises at the time of the passage of this resolution and not conforming to the regulations of the use district in which it is maintained, may be continued therein. No existing building designed, arranged, intended or devoted to a use not permitted by this article in the district in which such use is located shall be enlarged, extended, recon- structed or structurally altered unless such use is changed to a use permitted in the district in which such building is located. Such building may, however, be reconstructed or structurally altered to an extent not greater than 50 per cent of the value of the building, exclusive of foundations, provided that no use in such building is changed or extended, except as authorized in paragraph b of this section, and provided, further, that no use included in any one of the numerated subdivisions of para- graph a of section 4 is changed into a use included in any other enumerated subdivisions of paragraph a of section 4 or into a use prohibited by paragraph b of section 4, and also pro- vided that no use prohibited by paragraph b of section 4 is 270 changed into another use prohibited by paragraph b of section 4 or into a use included in an enumerated subdivision of para- graph a of section 4. (b) Any use existing in any building or premises at the time of the passage of this resolution and not conforming to the regulations of the use district in which it is maintained may be changed, and such use may be extended throughout the building, provided that in either case : (1) No structural alterations shall be made in the building, except as authorized by paragraph a of this section, and (2) In a residence district no portion of a building devoted to a use included in subdivision 1 of section 3' shall be changed to any use prohibited in a residence district, and (3) In a residence district no building or premises, unless devoted to one of the uses that is by section 4 prohibited in a business district, shall bg changed to any of such uses, and (4) In a residence or business district no building or part thereof and no premises unless devoted to one of the uses that is by paragraph a or b of section 4 prohibited in a business district, shall be changed to any of such uses. If a use is changed as authorized in this section, the new use may thereafter be changed, subject to the limitations im- posed by subdivisions 1, 2, 3 and 4 of this paragraph. (Amended Dec. 21, 1917.) §7. Use district exceptions. The Board of Appeals, created by chapter 503 of the laws of 1916, may, in appro- priate cases, after public notice and hearing, and subject to appropriate conditions and safeguards, determine and vary the application of the use district regulations herein estab- lished in harmony with their general purpose and intent as follows : (a) Permit the extension of an existing building and the existing use thereof upon the lot occupied by such building at the time of the passage of this resolution or permit the erec- tion of an additional building upon a lot occupied at the time of the passage of this resolution by a commercial or industrial establishment and which additional building is a part- of such establishment; (b) Where a use district boundary line divides a lot in a single ownership at the time of the passage of this resolution, permit a use authorized on either, portion of such lot to extend to the entire lot, but not more than 25 feet beyond the boundary line of the district in which such use is authorized ; (c) Permit the extension of an existing or proposed build- ing into a more restricted district under such conditions as will safeguard the character of the more restricted district. (Amended March 23, 1917.) 271 (d) Permit in a residence district a central telephone ex- change or any building or use in keeping with the uses ex- pressly enumerated in section 3 as the purposes for which build- ings or premises may be erected or used in a residence district ; (e) Permit in a business district the erection or extension of a garage or stable in any portion of a street between two intersecting streets in which portion there exists a garage .for more than five motor vehicles or a stable for more than five horses at the time of the passage of this resolution. (Amended Dec. 21, 1917.) (f) Grant in undeveloped sections of the city temporary and conditional permits for not more than two years for structures and uses in contravention of the requirements of this article. (g) Permit in a business or residence district the erection of a garage provided the petitioner files the consents duly acknowledged of the owners of 80 per cent of the frontage deemed by the Board to be immediately affected by the pro- posed garage. Such permit shall specify the maximum size or capacity of the garage and shall impose appropriate con- ditions and safeguards upon the construction and use of the garage. (Amended Sept. 21, 1917.) Article III Height Districts §8. Height districts. For the purpose of regulating and limiting the height and bulk of buildings hereafter erected, the City of New York is hereby divided into six classes of dis- tricts : (a) three-quarter times districts, (b) one times districts, (c) one and one-quarter times districts, (d) one and one-half times districts, (e) two times districts, (f) two and one-half times districts ; as shown on the height district map which ac- companies this resolution and is hereby declared to be part hereof. The height districts designated oti said map are hereby established. The height district map designations and map designation rules which accompany said height district map are hereby declared to be part thereof. No building or part of a building shall be erected except in conformity with the regula- tions herein prescribed for the height district in which such building is located. (a) In a three-quarter times district no building shall be erected to a height in excess of three-quarter times the width of the street, but for each one foot that the building or a por- tion of it sets back from the street line one foot shall be added to the height limit of such building or such portion thereof. (Amended Nov. 25, 1921.) (b) In a one times district no building shall be erected to a height in excess of the width of the street, but for each one foot that the building or a portion of it sets back from the street line two feet shall be added to the height limit of such building or such portion thereof. 272 (c) In a one and one-quarter times district no building shall be erected to a height in excess of one and one-quarter times the width of the street, but for each one foot that the building or a portion of it sets back from the street line two and one-half feet shall be added to the height limit of such building or such portion thereof. (d) In a one and one-half times district no building shall be erected to a height in excess of one and one-half times the width of the street, but for each one foot that the building or a portion of it sets back from the street line three feet shall be added to the height limit of such building or such portion thereof. (e) In a two times district no building shall be erected to a height in excess of twice the width of the street, but for each one foot that the building or a portion of it sets back from the street line four feet shall be added to the height limit of such building or such portion thereof. (f) In a two and one-half times district no building shall be erected to a height in excess of two and one-half times the width of the street, but for each one foot that the building or a portion of it sets back from the street line five feet shall be added to the height limit of such building or such portion thereof. §9. Height district exceptions, (a) On streets less than 50 feet in width the same height regulations shall be applied as on streets 50 feet in width and, except for the purposes of paragraph d of this section, on streets more than 100 feet in width the same height regulations shall be applied as on streets 100 feet in width. (b) Along a narrower street near its intersection with a wider street, any building or any part of any building front- ing on the narrower street within 100 feet, measured at right angles to the side of the wider street, shall be governed by the height regulations provided for the wider street. A cor- ner building on such intersecting streets shall be governed by the height regulations provided for the wider street for 150 feet from the side of such wider street, measured along such narrower street. (c) Above the height limit at any level for any part of a building a dormer, elevator bulkhead or other structure may be erected provided its frontage length on any given street be not greater than 60 per cent, of the length of such street frontage of such part of the building. Such frontage length of such structure at any given level shall be decreased by an amount equal to one per cent, of such street frontage of such part of the building for every foot such level is above such height limit. If there are more than one such structures, their aggregate frontage shall not exceed the frontage length above permitted at any given level. 273 (d) If the area of the building is reduced so that above a given level it covers in the aggregate not more than 25 per cent, of the area of the lot, the building above such level shall be excepted from the foregoing provisions of this article. Such portion of the building may be erected to any height, provided that the distance which it sets back from the street line on each street on which it faces, plus half of the width of the street, equals at least 75 feet. But for each one per cent, of the width of the lot on the street line that such street wall is less in length than such width of the lot, such wall may be erected four inches nearer to the street line. (e) When at the time plans are filed for the erection of a building there are buildings in excess of the height limits herein provided within 50 feet of either end of the street frontage of the proposed building or directly opposite such building across the street, the height to which the street wall of the proposed building may rise shall be increased by an amount not greater than the average excess height of the walls on the street line within 50 feet of either end of the street frontage of the proposed building and at right angles to the street frontage of the proposed building on the opposite side of the street. The average amount of such excess height shall be computed by adding together the excess heights above the prescribed height limit for the street front- age in question of all of the walls on the street line of the buildings and parts of buildings within the above defined frontage and dividing the sum by the total number of buildings and vacant plots within such frontage. (f) Nothing in this article shall prevent the projection of a cornice beyond the street wall to an extent not exceeding five per cent, of the width of the street nor more than five feet in any case. Nothing in this article shall prevent the erection above the height limit of a parapet wall or cornice solely for ornament and without windows extending above such height limit not more than five per cent, of such height limit, but such parapet wall for cornice may in any case be at least five and one-half feet high above such height limit. (g) The provisions of this article shall not apply to the erection of church spires, belfries, chimneys, flues or gas holders. (h) Where not more than 50 feet of a street frontage would otherwise be subjected to a height limit lower than that allowed immediately beyond both ends of such frontage, the height limit on such frontage shall be equal to the lesser of such greater height limits. (i) If an additional story or stories are added to a building existing at the time of the passage of this resolution, the existing walls of which are in excess of the height limits 274 prescribed in this article, the height limits for such additional story or stories shall be computed from the top of the exist- ing walls as though the latter were not in excess of the prescribed height limits and the carrying up of existing, elevator and stair enclosures shall be exempted from the provisions of this article. Article IV. Area Districts. §10. Area districts. For the purpose of regulating and determ'ining the area of yards, courts and other open spaces for buildings hereafter erected, the City of New York is hereby divided into six classes of area districts : A. B. C. D, E and F ; as shown on the area district map which accommpanies this resolution and is hereby declared to be part hereof. The area districts designated on said map are hereby established. The area district map designations and map designation rules which accompany said area district map are hereby declared to be a part thereof. No building or part of a building shall be erected except in conformity witii the regulations herein prescribed for the area district in which such building is located. Unless otherwise expressly provided the term rear yard, side yard, outer court or inner court when used in this article shall be deemed to refer only to a rear yard, side yard, outer court or inner court required by this article. No lot area shall be so reduced or diminished that the yards, courts or open spaces shall be smaller than prescribed in this article. §11. A districts. In an A district a court at any given height shall be at least one inch in least dimension for each one foot of such height. §12. B districts. In a B district a rear yard at any given height shall be at least two inches in least dimension for each one foot of such height. The depth of a rear yard at its lowest level shall be at least 10 per cent, of the depth of the lot, but need not exceed 10 feet at such level. An outer court or a side yard at any given height shall be af least one inch in least dimension for each one foot of such height. An outer court at any given point shall be at least one and one-half inches in least dimension for each one foot of length. But for each one foot that an outer court at any given height would, under the above rules, be wider in its least dimension for such height than the minimum required by its length, one inch shall be deducted from the required least dimension for such height for each 24 feet of such height. A side yard for its length within 50 feet of the street may for the purposes of the above rule be considered an outer court §13. C districts, (a) In a C district a rear yard at any 275 given height shall be at kast three inches in least dimension for each one foot of such height. The depth of a rear yard at its lowest level shall be at least 10 per cent, of the depth of the lot, but need not exceed 10 feet at such level. An outer court or a side yard at any given height shall be at least one and one-half inches in least dimension for each one foot of such height. An outer court at any given point shall be at least one and one-half inches in least dimension for each one foot of length. On a lot not more than 30 feet in mean width an outer court or a side yard at any given height shall be not less than one inch in least dimension for each one foot of such height, and an inner court at any given height shall be either (1) not less than two inches in least dimension for each one foot of such height or (2) it shall be of an equiva- lent area as hereinafter specified in paragraph c of section 17. (b) If the owner or owners of any part of a C district set aside perpetually for the joint recreational use of the residents of such part designated by them, an area at least equal to 10 per cent, of the area of such part in addition to all yard and court requirements for a B district, such part snail be sub- ject to the regulations herein prescribed for a B district. Such joint recreational space shall be composed of one or more tracts, each of which shall be at least 40 feet in least dimen- sion and 5,000 square feet in area and shall be approved by the Board of Appeals as suitable for the joint recreational use of such residents. §14. D districts, (a) In a D district a rear yard at any given height shall be at least four inches in least dimension for each one foot of such height. The depth of a rear yard at its lowest level shall be at least 10 per cent, of the depth of the lot, but need not exceed 10 feet at such level. If a building in a D district is located in a residence district as designated on the use district map, the depth of a rear yard at its lowest level shall be at least 20 per cent, of the depth of the lot, but need not exceed 20 feet at such level. How- ever, for each one foot in excess of 10 feet of the depth of such rear yard at its lowest level, there may be substituted one foot of depth of unoccupied space across the whole width of the front of the lot at the curb level between the street line and the street wall of the building. (b) In a D district an outer court or a side yard at any given height shall be at least two inches in least dimension for each one foot of such height. An outer court at any given point shall be at least two inches in least dimension for each one foot of length. On a lot not more than 30 feet in mean width an outer court or a side yard at any given height shall be not less than one and one-half inches in least dimension for each one foot of such height. On such lot 276 an outer court at any given point shall be not less than one and one-half inches in least dimension for each one foot of length. On such lot an inner court at any given height shall be either (1) not less than three inches in least dimension for each one foot of such height or (2) it shall be of an equivalent area as specified in paragraph c of section 17. (c) In a D district no building located within a residence district as designated on the use district map shall occupy at the curb level more than 60 per cent, of the area of the lot, if an interior lot, or 80 per cent, if a corner lot. In computing such percentage any part of the area of any corner lot in excess of 8,000 square feet shall be considered an interior lot. ■" (d) If the owner or owners of any part of a D district set aside perpetually for the joint recreational use of the resi- dents in such part designated by them, an area at least equal to 10 per cent, of the area of such part in addition to all yard and court requirements for a C district, such part shall be subject to the regulations herein prescribed for a C district. Such joint recreational space shall be composed of one or more tracts, each of which shall be at least 40 feet in least dimension and 5,000 square feet in area and shall be approved by the Board of Appeals as suitable for the joint recreational use of such residents. §15. E districts, (a) In an E district a rear yard at any given height shall be at least five inches in least dimension for each one foot of such height. The depth of a rear yard at its lowest level shall be at least 15 per cent, of the depth of the lot, but need not exceed 15 feet at such level. If a building in an E district is located in a residence district as designated on the use district map, the depth of a rear yard at its lowest level shall be at least 25 per cent, of the depth of the lot, but need not exceed 25 feet at such level. However, for each one foot in excess of 10 feet of the depth of such rear yard at its lowest level there may be substituted one foot of depth of unoccupied space across the whole width of the front of the lot at the curb level between the street line and the street wall of the building. In an E district on at least one side of every building located within a residence district there shall be a side yard along the side lot line for the full depth of the lot or back to the rear yard. (b) In an E district an outer court or side yard at any given height shall be at least two and one-half inches in least dimensions for each one foot of such height. On a lot not more than 50 feet in mean width an outer court or a side yard at any given height shall be at least two inches in least dimension for each one foot of such height. An outer court at any given point shall be at least two and one-half inches in least dimension for each one foot of length. 277 (c) In an E district no building located within a residence district as designated on the use district map shall occupy at the curb level more than 50 per cent, of the area of the lot, if an interior lot, or 70 per cent, if a corner lot, and above a level IS feet above the curb no building shall occupy more than 30 per cent, of the area of the lot, if an interior lot, or 40 per cent, if a corner lot. In computing such per- centage any part of the area of any corner lot in excess of 8,000 square feet shall be considered an interior lot. §16. Rear Yards, (a) Except in A districts, for lots or portions of lots that are back to back there shall be rear yards extending along the rear lot lines of such lots or portions of lots wherever they are more than 55 feet back from the nearest street: Such rear yard shall be at least of the area and dimensions herein prescribed for the area district in which it is located at every point along such rear lot line. Within 55 feet of the nearest street no rear yards shall be required. No rear yard shall be required on any corner lot nor on the portion of any lot that is back to back with a corner lot. (b) Where a building is not within a residence district as designated on the use district map, the lowest level of a rear yard shall not be above the sill level of the second story win- dows, nor in any case more than 23 feet above the curb level. Where a building is within a residence district the lowest level of a rear yard shall not be above the curb level, except that not more than 40 per cent, of the area of the yard may be occupied by the building up to a level 18 feet above the curb level. In the case of a church, whether within or with- out a residence district, such 40 per cent, may be occupied up to a level of 30 feet above the curb level. (c) Chimneys or flues may be erected within a rear yard provided they do not exceed five square feet in area in the aggregate and do not obstruct ventilation. (d) Except in A districts, where a building on an interior lot between lots for which rear yards are required runs through the block from street to street or to within 55 feet of another street, there shall be on each side lot line above the sill level of the second story windows and in any case above a level 23 feet above the curb level a court of at least equivalent area at any given height to that required for an inner court at such height and having a least dimension not less than that required for an outer court at the same height. (e) When a proposed building is on a lot which is back to back with a lot or lots on which there is a building or build- ings having rear yards less in depth than would be required under this article, the depth of the rear yard of the proposed building shall not be required to be greater at any given level than the average depth of the rear yards directly back to back 278 with it at such level, but in no case shall the depth of siVch rear yard be less at any height than the least dimension prescribed for an outer court at such height. §17. Courts, (a) If a room in which persons live, sleep, work or congregate receives its light and air in whole or in part directly from an open space on the same lot with the building, there shall be at least one inner court, outer court, side yard or rear yard upon which a window or ventilating skylight opens from such room. Such inner court, outer court or side yard shall be at least of the area and dimensions herein prescribed for the area district in which it is located. Such rear yard shall be at least of the area and dimensions herein prescribed for an inner court in the area district in which it is located. In an A district, such inner court, outer court, side yard or rear yard shall be at least of the area and dimensions herein prescribed for a court in such district. The unoccupied space within the lot in front of every part of such window shall be not less than three feet, measured at right angles thereto. Courts, yards and other open spaces, if pro- vided in addition to those required by this section, need not be of the area and dimensions herein prescribed. The pro- visions of this section shall not be deemed to apply to courts or shafts for bathroom, toilet compartments, hallways or stair- ways. (b) The least dimension of an outer court, inner court or sideyard at its lowest level shall be not less than four feet, except that where the walls bounding a side yard within the lot are not more than 25 feet in mean height and not more than 40 feet in length, such least dimension, except in an E district, may be not less than three feet. Where any outer court opens on a street such street may be considered as part of such court. (c) The least dimension of an inner court at any given height shall be not less than that which would be required in inches for each one foot of .height for a rear yard of the same height, except that an inner court of equivalent area may be substituted for said court, provided that for such area its least dimension be not less than one-half of its greatest dimension. If an inner court is connected with a street by a side yard for each one foot that such side yard is less than 65 feet in depth from the street, one square foot may be deducted from the required area of the inner court for each 15 feet of height of such court. If the lot is not required under this resolution to have a rear yard, an outer court, not opening on a street, shall open at any level on an inner court on the rear line of the lot and such inner court shall be deemed a rear yard in such case. §18. Area district exceptions, (a) The area required in a court or yard at any given level shall be open from such 279 level to the sky unobstructed, except for the ordinary projec- tions of skylights and parapets above the bottom of such_ court or yard, and except for the ordinary projections of window sills, belt courses, cornices and other ornamental features to the extent of not more than four inches. However, where a side yard or an outer court opens on a street a cornice may project not over five feet into such side yard or outer court within five feet of the street wall of the building. And pro- vided that in an E district a one-family residence, detached on all sides and having on one side a side yard of a clear and unobstructed width of not less than five feet, may have a cornice or eave projecting not more than two feet six inches into a side yard on the opposite side. (Amended Sept. 21, 1917.) (b) An open or lattice enclosed iron fire escape, fireproof outside stairway or solid-floored balcony to a fire tower may project not more than four feet into a rear yard or an inner court, except that an open or lattice enclosed iron fire escape may project not more than eight feet into a rear yard or into an inner court when it does not occupy more than 20 per cent, of the area of such inner court. (c) A corner of a court or yard may be cut ofif between walls of the same building provided that the length of the wall of such cut-off does not exceed seven feet. (d) An offset to a court or yard may be considered as a part of such court or yard provided that it is no deeper in any part than it is wide on the open side and that such open side be in no case less than six feet wide. (e) If a building is erected on the same lot with another building the several buildings shall, for the purposes of this article, be considered as a single building. Any structure, whether independent of or attached to a building, shall for the purposes of this article be deemed a building or a part of a building. (f) If an additional story or stories are added to a building existing at the time of the passage of this resolution, the courts and yards of which do not conform to the require- ments of this article, the least dimensions of yards and courts shall be increased from the top of the existing yard or court walls, as though they were of the prescribed dimensions at such heights and the carrying up of existing elevator and stair enclousres shall be exempted from the provisions of this article. Article V General and Administrative. §19. Interpretation; purpose. In interpreting and apply- ing the provisions of this resolution, they shall be held to be the minimum requirements adopted for the promotion of the public health, safety, comfort, convenience and general wdfare. It is not intended by this resolution to repeal, abro- gate, annul or in any way to impair or interfere with any existing provision of law or ordinance or any rules, regula- tions or permits previously adopted or issued or which shall be adopted or issued pursuant to law relating to the use of buildings or premises ; nor is it intended by this resolution to interfere with or abrogate or annul any easements, covenants or other agreements between parties; provided, however, that where this resolution imposes a greater restriction upon the use of buildings or premises or upon heights of buildings or requires larger yards, courts or other open spaces than are imposed or required by such existing provision of law or ordinance or by such rules, regulations or permits or by such easements, covenants or agreements, the provisions of this resolution shall control. §20. Rules and regulations; modifications of provisions. The Board of Standards and Appeals, created by chapter 503 of the laws of 1916, shall adopt from time to time such rules and regulations as they may deem necessary to carry into effect the provisions of this resolution. Where there are practical difficulties or unnecessary hardships in the way of carrying out the strict letter of the provisions of this resolu- tion the Board of Appeals shall have power in a specific case to vary any such provision in harmony with its general pur- pose and intent, so that the public health, safety and general welfare may be secured and substantial justice done. Where the street layout actually on the ground varies from the street layout as shown on the use, height or area district map, the designation shown on the mapped street shall be applied by the Board of Appeals to the unmapped streets in such a way as to carry out the intent and purpose of the plan for the particular section in question. Before taking any action authorized in this section the Board of Appeals shall give public notice and hearing. No garage for more than five cars may be erected or ex- tended and no building not now used as a garage for more than five cars may have its use changed to a garage for more than five cars on any portion of a street between two inter- secting streets in which portion there exists an exit from or an entrance to a public school ; or in which portion there exists any hospital maintained as a charitable institution; and in no case within a distance of 200 feet from the nearest exit from or entrance to a public school ; nor within two hundred feet of any hospital maintained as a charitable institution. This pro- tection shall also apply to duly organized schools for children under 16 years of age, giving regular instruction at least five 281 days a week for eight months or more each year, owned and operated by any established religious body or educational cor- poration. This limitation on the location of garages shall apply to unrestricted as well as business and residence dis- tricts ; but in no case shall it apply to cases where applications for the erection or extension of garages or the conversion of existing buildings into garages may be pending before the Board of Appeals at the time of the adoption of this resolu- tion. (Amended June 6, 1919, and June 20, 1919.) §21. Unlawful use; certificate of occupancy. It shall be unlawful to use or permit the use of any building or premises or part thereof hereafter created, erected, changed or con- verted wholly or partly in its use or structure until a certifi- cate of occupancy to the effect that the building or premises or the part thereof so created, erected, changed or con- verted and the proposed use thereof conform to the pro- visions of this resolution shall have been issued by the superintendent of buildings of the borough in which such building or premises is located, or, in the case of a tenement house as defined in the Tenement House Law, by the tene- ment house commissioner. In the case of such buildings or premises it shall be the duty of the superintendent of build- ings or the tenement house commissioner, as the case may be, to issue a certificate of occupancy within ten days after a request for the same shall be filed in his office by any owner of a building or premises affected by this resolution, pro- vided said building or premises, or the part thereof so created, erected, changed or converted, and the proposed use thereof, conform with all the requirements herein set forth. Under rules and regulations of the Board of Standards and Appeals a temporary certificate of occupancy for a part of a building may be issued by the superintendent of buildings or the tenement house commissioner as the case may be. Upon written request from the owner, the superintendent of build- ings or the tenement house commissioner, as the case may be, shall issue a certificate of occupancy for any building or premises existing at the time of the passage of this resolution certifying after inspection the use of the building or prem- ises and whether such use conforms to the provisions of this resolution. §22. Enforcement, legal procedure, penalties. This resolution shall be enforced by the tenement house commis- sioner, the fire commissioner and by the superintendent of buildings in each borough under the rules and regulations of the Board of Standards and Appeals. The tenement house commissioner shall enforce the provisions herein contained in so far as they affect or relate to tenement houses as de- fined by the Tenement House Law. The superintendent of buildings in each borough shall enforce the provisions herein contained in so far as they relate to buildings or premises other than tenement houses. The fire commissioner shall enforce the provisions herein contained in so far as they relate to the use of completed buildings or premises, or part thereof, other than tenement houses. For any and every violation of the provisions of this resolution or of the rules and regulations adopted thereunder, the owner, general agent or contractor of a building or premises where such viola- tion has been committed or shall exist, and the lessee or tenant of an entire building or entire premises vvhere such violation has been committed or shall exist, and the owner, general agent, contractor, lessee or tenant of any part of a building or premises in which part such violation has been committed or shall exist, and the general agent, architect, builder, contractor or any other person who commits, takes part or assists in such violation or who maintains any build- ing or premises in which any such violation shall exist, shall be liable to the same legal procedure and the same penalties as are prescribed in any law, statute or ordinance for viola- tions of the Building Code, and for such violations the same legal remedies shall be had and they shall be prosecuted in the same manner as prescribed in any law or ordinance in the case of violations of said Building Code. §23. Amendments, alterations and changes in district lines. The Board of Estimate and Apportionment may from time to time on its own motion or on petition, after public notice and hearing, supplement or change the regulations and districts herein established. Whenever the owners of 50 per cent, or more of the frontage in any district or part thereof shall present a petition duly signed and acknowledged to the Board of Estimate and Apportionment requesting an amend- ment, supplement, change or repeal of the regulations pre- scribed for such district or part thereof, it shall be the duty of the Board to vote upon said petition within 90 days after the filing of the same by the petitioners with the secretary of the Board. If, however, a protest against such amendment, supplement or change be presented, duly signed and acknowl- edged by the owners of 20 per cent, or more of any front- age proposed to be altered, or by the owners of 20 per cent, of the frontage immediately in the rear thereof, or by the owners of 20 per cent, of the frontage directly opposite the frontage proposed to be altered, such amendment shall not be passed except by the unanimous vote of the Board. If any area is hereafter transferred to another district by a change in district boundaries by an amendment, as above provided, the provisions of this resolution in regard to buildings or premises existing at the time of the passage of this resolu- 283 tion shall apply to buildings or premises existing at the time of passage of such amendment in such transferred area. §24. Completion and restoration of existing buildings. (a) Nothing herein contained shall require any change in the plans, construction or designated use of a building for which a building permit has been heretofore issued, or plans for which are on file with the building superintendent or with the tenement house department at the time of the passage of this resolution, and a permit for the erection of which is. issued within three months of the passage of this resolution and the construction of which, in either case, shall have been diligently prosecuted within a year of the date of such per- mit, and the ground story framework of which, including the second tier of beams, shall have been completed within such year, and which entire building shall be completed according to such plans as filed within five years from the date of the passage of this resolution. Provided, however, that any plan, other than a plan for a garage for more than five motor vehicles, filed with the building superintendent or with the tenement house department on July 26, or July 27, 1916, and a permit for the erection of which is issued prior to December 25, 1916, shall be deemed to have been filed at the time of the passage of this resolution. Provided, also, that the Board of Appeals may, after public notice and hearing, extend for not to exceed one year, or, in cases where one such exten- sion may have been granted, may further extend for one year the time within which such ground-story framework, including the second tier of beams, shall be completed in any case, where, in the judgment of said Board, actual construction or fabrication was begun early enough to allow under the then existing conditions adequate time for completion as above specified, and where such construction or fabrication was diligently prosecuted and where such completion has been prevented by conditions impossible to foresee and beyond the control of the owner and builder. (Amended April 25, 1919.) (b) Nothing in this resolution shall prevent the restoration of a building wholly or partly destroyed by fire, explosion, act of God or act of the public enemy or prevent the con- tinuance of the use of such building or part thereof as such use existed at the time of such destruction of such building or part thereof or prevent a change of such existing use under the limitations provided in Section 6. Nothing in this resolution shall prevent the restoration of a wall declared unsafe by the superintendent of buildings or by a board of survey. §25. When effective. This resolution shall take eflFect immediately. 284 CODE OF ORDINANCES. CHAPTER 3. Article 2. Motion-Picture Exhibitions. Section 30. Definitions. 31. Control of motion-picture theatres. 32. Licenses. 32a. Exceptions. 33. Application for motion-picture theatre licenses. 34. Means of egress. 35. Fire prevention. 36. Fire extinguishing appliances. 37. Heating. 38. Lighting. 39. Ventilating. 40. Sanitation. 41. Public morals. 42. Private or non-professional exhibitions of motion-pictures. 43. Operators of motion-picture machines. 44. Violations. §30. Definitions. Unless otherwise expressly stated, whenever used in this article, the following terms shall re- spectively be deemed to mean; 1. Motion-pictures. A display on a screen or other device of pictures or objects in motion or rapidly changing scenery, whether or not such display shall be accompanied by a lec- ture, recitation or vocal or instrumental music ; 2. Motion-picture theatre. Any public hall or room in which motion-pictures are displayed, in which the seating capacity does not exceed 600 persons and in which there is no stage or scenery. 3. Open-air motion-picture theatre. Any public place or space in the open air, in which motion-pictures are exhibited and in which there is no stage or scenery. §31. Control of motion-picture theatres. The commis- sioner of licenses shall regulate and control all motion-picture theatres and open-air motion-picture theatres. The commis- sioner shall appoint such inspectors as may be necessary to carry out the provisions of this article. §32. Licenses. Issue and Reissue. All motion-picture theatres and open-air motion-picture theatres must be duly licensed. The commissioner may grant and issue any license required by this section. Motion-picture theatre licenses and open air motion-picture theatre licenses shall expire on the 285 30th day of June next succeeding the date of the issue thereof. 2. Fees. License fees shall be as follows : For each motion-picture theatre, $100; For each open-air motion-picture theatre, $50; For motion-picture theatre licenses, and open-air motion- picture theatre licenses issued between the 1st day of January and the 30th day of June, inclusive, of any year, one-half the above mentioned fee shall be paid. (Ord. effective Sept. 22, 1914.) §32a. Exceptions. All the provisions of this article ex- cepting the provisions of subdivision 2 of section 30, and subdivision 2 of section 32, and all the provisions of article 24 of chapter 5, excepting the provisions of section 501, subdivisions 1, 3 and 5 of section 502, subdivisions 2, 3 and 4 of section 503, and subdivisions 1, 2 and 4 of section 506, shall apply to any motion picture theatre in a hotel located at a summer resort, where the seating capacity does not exceed 1,000, and in which there is no stage or scenery, and to which no admission fee is charged or exacted ; provided, however, that no such motion picture theatre shall be operated above or below' the ground floor of any building and that the Commissioner of Licenses shall have power in his discretion to enforce the provisions of subdivisions 3 and 4 of section 503, relating to exits and courts. The license fee for a motion picture theatre as defined by the above paragraph shall be $100. §33. Application for motion-picture theatre licenses. Applications for motion-picture theatre licenses or for open- air motion-picture theatre licenses shall be made to the commissioner of licenses, who shall pass upon the location of the theatre and upon the character of the applicant for the license without delay. Upon the application for the issue or reissue of a license for a motion-picture theatre or an open- air motion-picture theatre, the commissioner shall request the fire department, the department of water supply, gas and electricity, the department of health, and the bureau of buildings of the borough in which such theatre is located, to inspect the same, and the said departments and the appro- priate bureau of buildings shall, within 10 days after receiv- ing such requests, file in the department of licenses detailed written reports, which shall include a statement of any viola- tion of law, ordinance, rule or regulation relating to such structure, and any dangerous condition existing therein. Upon the failure of any department or bureau to file such report, the commissioner may disregard such department or bureau and, in his discretion, may issue a license. Each applicant for a license for a motion-picture theatre or an 286 open-air motion-picture theatre, shall file plans and specifica- tions for the theatre with the bureau of buildings of the borough in which the theatre is situated, or is to be erected or constructed, and a copy of such plans and specifications, duly approved by the appropriate superintendent of buildings, shall be filed in the department of licenses with the application for the license. §34. Means of egress. 1. Indication. Over every exit there must be painted on the inside in letters not less than 6 inches high, the word " Exit " in legible type, and one red light or illuminated sign must be placed inside over each exit, and illuminated while the audience is present. 2. Obstruction prohibited. All exit doors and doors lead- ing to fire-escapes in all motion-picture theatres and open-air motion-picture theatres must be unlocked when the theatres are open to the public. All passageways and exits to the the street required by law or ordinance must be kept free and clear, and shall be used for no other purpose than for en- trance and exit to and from the theatre. No aisle, passage- way or space in the rear of the seats in such a theatre shall be obstructed by any camp stool, chair, sofa or settee, nor shall any person be permitted to stand or sit therein. §35. Fire prevention. 1. Care of films. Every booth in which a motion-picture projecting machine shall be operated shall contain an approved fireproof box for the storage of all picture films not on the projecting machine, and films shall not be stored in any other place on the premises. No film shall be rewound and repaired in a motion-picture theatre, except in the booth or in some other enclosure approved as fireproof by the fire commissioner. The requirements of this section shall apply to portable booths and booths in open- air theatres, as well as to motion-picture theatres. 2. Cellars. The basement or cellar under the auditorium shall be kept free and clear, except the space used for the heating apparatus, or for machinery connected with the theatre and for coal and except further that such basement or cellar, if separated from the auditorium by an unpierced floor, either of fireproof construction or covered on the under side with fire-retarding material approved by the fire com- missioner and superintendent of bureau of buildings, may be occupied for a business deemed by the fire commissioner not to be hazardous. §36. Fire extinguishing appliances. Portable fire ex- tinguishing appliances, approved by the fire commissioner, shall be provided in every motion-picture theatre and open- air motion-picture theatre, of the following kindand number: 1. 10-quart capacity buckets, painted red with the word "Fire" in black, the letters 4 inches high, to the number of 287 6 for places seating less than 300 without a gallery, and 2 additional if there be a gallery, and to the number of 10 in places seating over 300 persons, and 4 additional buckets if there be a gallery; 2. Fire extinguishers, approved by the fire commissioner, of which 2 shall be on the main floor and 2 in the gallery, if there be one, and 1 in the operating booth; 3. 4-pound flat-head axes, 2 of which shall be on the main floor and 2 in the gallery, if there be one; 4. 2 buckets filled with dry sand, to be kept in the operat- ing booth. §37. Heating. When the temperature of the outdoor air is below 60 degrees F.,- tlie air in a motion-picture theatre, while an audience is present, shall be maintained at a tem- perature not lower than 62 degrees F. nor higher than 70 degrees F. If gas stoves, oil stoves or other apparatus throwing off products of combustion are used to heat such a theatre, said products of combustion must be carried to the outside air by means of a fireproof flue or flues. No radiator shall be placed in the aisles of such a theatre so as to lessen the width below the minimum requirement. (C. O., §352e, subd. 2.) §38. Lighting. Every portion of a motion-picture theatre, as defined aforesaid, including exits, courts and corridors de- voted to the uses or accommodation of the public, shall be so lighted by electric light, during all exhibitions and until the entire audience has left the premises, that a person with normal eyesight should be able to read the Snellen standard test type 40 at a distance of 20 feet, and type 30 at a dis- tance of 10 feet; normal eyesight meaning ability to read type 20 at a distance of 20 feet, in daylight. Cards showing types 20, 30 and 40 shall be displayed on the side walls, together with a copy of this section. §39. Ventilating. Motion-picture theatres, as defined aforesaid having less than 200 cubic feet of air space for each person, or motion-picture theatres in which the outside win- dow and door area is less than J^ of the floor area, shall be provided with artificial means of ventilation which shall supply, during the time when the audience is present, at least 500 cubic feet of fresh air per hour for each person. Motion-picture theatres having more than 200 cubic feet of air space for each person, or having outside windows and doors the area of which is equal to at least }i of the floor area, shall be provided with artificial means of ventilation, that shall be in operation when the outside temperature requires the windows to be kept closed, and which shall supply, during the time the audience is present, at least 500 cubic feet of fresh air per hour for each person. When the 288 artificial ventilation is not in operation, ventilation by means of open doors and windows shall be sufficient to provide each person with 500 cubic feet, of fresh air per hour. Motion-picture theatres having more than 1,000 cubic feet of air space for each person and having outside windows and doors, the area of which is equal to at least H of the total floor area, shall not be required to have artiiicial means of ventilation, provided the air is thoroughly changed by freely opening doors and windows, immediately before the admission of the audience and at least every 4 hours there- after. No part of the fresh air supply required by any paragraph of this section shall be taken from any source containing vitiated air. The area of outside doors and windows shall mean the area capable of being freely opened to the outside air for ventilation purposes. When fresh air is supplied by means of ventilating openings, at least 1 inlet shall be situated at one end of the room, and at least 1 outlet at the other end of the room. Where exhaust or inlet fans are neces- sary, at least 1 of such fans shall be placed in an outlet opening. The inlet opening or openings shall be placed in the floor or within 2 feet from the floor, and the outlet opening or openings in the ceiling, or within 2 feet of the ceiling. The inlet openings and their surroundings shall be kept free from dust, so that the incoming air shall not con- vey dust nor stir up dust as it enters. During the time spectators are present, the air in the theatre shall be kept continuously in motion by means of fans to the number of at least 1 to every 150 persons. Such fans shall be placed in positions remote from the inlet and outlet openings. No person shall be exposed to any direct draft from any air inlet. §40. Sanitation. 1. Toilets. Separate toilets for each sex must be provided in every motion-picture theatre and open-air motion-picture theatre. 2. Cleanliness. All motion-picture theatres shall be kept clean and free from dust. Their floors, where covered with wood, tiles, stone, concrete, linoleum, or other washable material, shall be mopped or scrubbed with water, or swept with moisture or by some dustless method, at least once daily, and shall be scrubbed with water and soap or water and some other solvent substance, at least once weekly. All carpets, rugs and other fabric floor coverings in such theatres shall be cleaned at least once daily, by suction cleaning, beat- ing or dustless sweeping. Curtains and draperies shall be cleaned at least once monthly, by suction cleaning, beating or washing. Cornices, walls and other dust-holding places shall be kept free from dust by washing or moist wiping. The wood and metal parts of all seats shall be kept clean. _ Fabric upholstering of seats and railings and other fixed fabrics shall be cleaned by suction cleaning, or other dustless method, at least once monthly. §41. Public morals. The inspectors of the department of licenses shall investigate the character of exhibitions in motion-picture theatres and open-air motion-picture theatres, and shall report to the commissioner any offense against morality, decency or public welfare committed in said exhi- bitions. §42. Private or non-professional exhibitions of motion- pictures. The provisions of this article shall not apply to motion-picture exhibitions, with or without charge for admis- sion, conducted under the direct management of educational or religious institutions, or held or given in conjunction with and incidental to banquets, entertainments, lectures, receptions, expositions or dances, nor to motion picture exhibitions, without charge for admission, given or held not more than once a week in private residences or in bona fide social, scientific, political or athletic clubs, nor to any motion picture exhibitions in which the apparatus for projecting such mo- tion-pictures uses only an enclosed incandescent lamp, only cellulose acetate or other slow burning film of a size or perforation differing from the standard as used in theatrical machines, and is approved by the fire commissioner as being unsuitable for the use of inflammable motion-picture films. 1. Before motion pictures shall be exhibited, as above provided, there shall be obtained from the commissioner of licenses a permit for such exhibition, application for which shall have been filed in the department of licenses, at least 3 days prior to the date of said exhibition; 2. Before granting such permit, the commissioner shall cause to be inspected the premises where it is proposed that the exhibition shall be held, and shall grant the permit if, in his judgment, the safety of the public is properly guarded, and provided that, for an audience of more than 75 people, all chairs or seats shall be securely fastened to the floor or fastened together in rows; 3. The apparatus for projecting such motion-pictures shall be contained in a fire-proof booth or enclosure constructed as required by law; except the apparatus or motion-picture machine uses only cellulose acetate films, of a size or perfora- tion differing from the standard as used in theatrical ma- chines, and uses only an enclosed incandescent lamp, and is approved by the fire commissioner as being unsuitable for the use of inflammable motion-picture films. 4. Every such exhibition shall be subject to the inspec- tion of the officers and inspectors of the department of licenses, for the purposes of this article. 5. The commissioner of licenses may, in his discretion, impose a fee for the issuance of such permit, which said fee, however, shall not exceed $5 for one month or part thereof. 6. Nothing contained in the foregoing paragraphs of this section shall be so construed as to permit any person, asso- ciation or club to hold any motion picture exhibitions, except- ing exhibitions held under the direct management of religious or educational institutions, or given or held in conjunction with and incidental to, banquets, entertainments, lectures, receptions, expositions or dances, where an admission is charged, without the payment of such license fee as is pro- vided for in §32, article 2, chapter 3, of this ordinance. §43. Operators of motion-picture machines. 1. License required. No person shall operate any motion -picture ap- paratus or any connection thereof, unless he shall have been duly licensed as hereinafter provided. 2. Application for license. Any person desiring to act as a motion-picture operator shall make application for a license as such to the commissioner of water supply, gas and elec- tricity, who shall furnish to each applicant blank forms of application which he shall fill out and file with the commis- sioner. 3. Examination. The commissioner shall make rules and regulations governing the examination of applicants and the issuance of licenses and certificates ; provided that each appli- cant shall be given a practical examination, under the direc- tion, of the commissioner. 4. Issue of license and certificate. If, on such examina- tion, the applicant is found to be competent to operate motion-picture apparatus and its connections, he shall receive the license for which he has applied, within 6 days after his examination; which license shall continue in force for 1 year from the date of issue, unless sooner revoked or sus- pended. With every license granted there shall be issued to the person obtaining such license a certificate, made by the commissioner or such other officer as the commissioner may designate, setting forth that the person named therein is duly authorized to operate motion-picture apparatus and its connections. 5. Posting certificate. The certificate shall be displayed in a conspicuous place in the room in which the licensee operates a motion-picture apparatus and its connections. 6. Discipline. The license and certificate may be revoked or suspended at any time by the commissioner, in his dis- cretion, for cause. 291 7. Renewal of license. Every license, unless revoked or suspended, as herein provided, may, at the end of a year from the date of issue thereof, be renev^ed by the commis- sioner in his discretion, upon application and with or without further examination as he may direct, but every application for renewal of license must be made within the 30 days previous to the expiration of such license. 8. Unlicensed operators. No person, not licensed as pro- vided in this section, shall be employed to operate or be per- mitted to operate any motion-picture apparatus, or any con- nections thereof, in any motion-picture theatre, open-air motion-picture theatre or other place where motion-pictures are exhibited, to which the public is admitted, with or without charge for admission. §44. Violations. Any person who shall violate, or refuse or neglect to comply with, any provision of this article shall, upon conviction thereof, be punished by a fine of not more than $100, or by imprisonment not exceeding 30 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment; and any such person shall, also, for each offense, be subject to the payment of a penalty in the sum of $50, to be recovered in a civil action. Sects. 151 and 154, Art. XI, Chapter 10, Code of Ordinances. §151. Storage Garages. No permit for a storage garage shall be issued for any building, shed or enclosure — (a) Which is occupied as a tenement house, hotel or lodging house ; (b) Where paints, varnishes or lacquers are manufactured or kept for sale ; (c) Where dry goods or other highly inflammable materials are manufactured or kept for sale ; (d) Where rosin, turpentine, hemp, cotton or any explosives are stored or kept for sale ; (e) Which is situated within 20 feet of the nearest wall of a building occupied as a school, theatre or other place of public amusement or assembly, provided, however, that renewals of permits may be granted where the garage in question was in operation prior to the opening of the school, theatre or other place of public amusement or assembly, or has been in con- tinuous operation under a permit issued therefor prior to May 1, 1915, and further provided that a permit may be issued for a garage hereafter erected within 20 feet of a building, the occupancy of which is enumerated in this sub- division, where the garage has no frontage on the same street with any frontage of such building, and the wall or walls of the garage adjacent thereto are constructed of brick unpierced 293 for a distance of at least 20 feet therefrom. (Amended by ord., approved August 8, 1916.) §154. Garages in Buildings Having Dwelling Occu- pancies. — When permitted. A permit shall not be issued for a garage in a building occupied as a dwelling unless the ground floor area of the garage does not exceed 5,000 square feet and unless the occupants be the applicant or his em- ployees or the applicant and one other tenant, or the appli- cant's employee and one other tenant, and provided that not more than two stories above the garage are occupied or used as living apartments, which apartments shall be separated from the garage by fire-retarding walls and floors, not pierced except by one opening, protected by a fireproof self-closing door, and provided that there shall be an entrance to the living apartments direct from the street without passing through the garage. In case the building is occupied by two families and on two stories above the garage, a fire escape or other second- ary means of escape must be provided for each story above the garage. (Amended by ord., approved August 8, 1916.) 808 PLUMBING RULES RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR PLUMBING AND DRAINAGE, WATER SUPPLY, GAS PIPING AND VENTILATION OF BUILDINGS Adopted by the Superintendent of Buildings of the City of New York, effective April 23, 1912 ; as amended by the Board of Standards and Appeals July 6, 1917, and December 27, 1918; effective January 27, 1919. Filing of Drawings, Descriptions, Etc. 1. Drawings and triplicate descriptions, on forms fur- nished by the bureau of buildings for all plumbing and drainage, shall be properly filled in, and filed by the owner or architect in the said bureau. The plans must be drawn to scale in ink, on cloth, or they must be cloth prints of such scale drawings, and shall consist of such floor plans and sections as may be necessary to show clearly all plumb- ing work to be done, and must show partitions and methods of ventilating water-closet apartments. 2. The said plumbing and drainage shall not be commenced or proceeded with until said drawings and descriptions shall have been so filed and approved by the superintendent of buildings. 3. No modification of the approved drawings and descrip- tions will be permitted unless either amended drawings and triplicate descriptions, or an amendment to the original draw- ings and descriptions, covering the proposed change or changes, are so filed and approved by the superintendent of buildings. 4. The drainage and plumbing of all buildings, both public and private, shall be executed in accordance with the rules and regulations of the bureau of buildings. 5. Repairs or alterations of plumbing or drainage may be made without filing drawings and descriptions in the bureau of buildings, but such repairs or alterations shall not be construed to include cases where new vertical lines or hori- zontal branches of soil, waste, vent or leader pipes are pro- posed to be used. 6. Notice of such repairs or alterations shall be given to the said bureau before the same are commenced in such cases as shall be prescribed by the rules and regulations of the said bureau, and the work shall be done in accordance with the said rules and regulations. 7. Where repairs or alterations, ordered by the board of health or tenement house department for sanitary reasons, 294 include cases where new vertical and horizontal lines of soil, waste, vent or leader pipes are proposed to be used or old ones replaced, drawings and descriptions must be filed with and approved by the superintendent of buildings before same shall be commenced or proceeded with. 8. Repairs and alterations may comply in all respects with the weight, quality, arrangement and venting of the rest of the work in the building. Except when an existing soil, waste or vent line has been damaged by fire or other causes to the extent of 50 per cent, or more of its entire length, same must be replaced by new lines installed in accordance with the rules and regulations governing new lines. 9. No plumbing and drainage or any part thereof shall be commenced until the plumber who is to do the work shall sign the specifications and make affidavit that he is duly authorized to proceed with the work. Affidavit must give the name and address of owner and plumber, etc. No registered plumber shall sign the specifications and act as the agent for a plumber who has not obtained a certificate of competency from the examining board of plumbers as an employing or master plumber. A violation of this rule will be deemed sufficient reason by the superintendent of buildings for the cancellation of a certificate of registration, in accordance with chapter 803, Laws of 1896. 10. One set of specifications will be received for not more than ten houses, and then only when on adjoining lots and houses are exactly alike. 11. Written notices must be given to the superintendent of buildings by the plumber when any work is begun, and at such times as the work is ready for inspection. Definition of Terms. 12. The term "private sewer" is applied to main sewers that are not constructed by and under the supervision of the department of public works. 13. The term "house sewer" is applied to that part of the main drain or sewer extending from a point two feet outside of the outer front wall of the building, vault or area to its connection with public sewer, private sewer or cesspool. 14. The term "house drain" is applied to that part of the main horizontal drain and its branches inside the walls of the building, vault or area and extending to and contiecting with the house sewer. 15. The term "soil line" is applied to any vertical line of pipe having outlets above the floor of first story for water closet connections. 295 16. The term "waste line" is applied to any vertical line of pipe having outlets above the first floor for fixtures other than water closet. 17. The term "'vent pipe" is applied to any special pipe provided to ventilate the system of piping and to prevent trap siphonage and back pressure. Materials and Workmanship. 18. All materials must be of the best quality, free from defects, and all work must be executed in a thoroughly workmanlike manner. 19. All cast-iron pipes and fittings must be uncoated, sound, cylindrical and smooth, free from cracks, sand holes and other defects, and of uniform thickness. (Adopted March 8, 1921.) 80. Pipe, including the hub, shall weigh not less than the following average weights per linear foot: Weights per Linear Foot Diameters Standard Extra heavy 2 inches 3 3/5 5;4 pounds 3 inches 5 1/5 9 J^ pounds 4 inches 7 13 pounds 5 inches 9 17 pounds 6 inches 11 20 pounds 7 inches 14 27 pounds 8 inches 17 33J4 pounds 10 inches 23 45 pounds 12 inches 33 54 pounds Standard pipe may be used above ground in residence build- ings not exceeding two stories and basement in height. In all other buildings extra heavy pipe shall be used. (Adopted March 8, 1921.) 21. The size, weight and maker's name must be cast on each length of pipe. 22. All joints must be made with picked oakum and molten lead and be made gas tight. Twelve ounces of fine, soft pig lead must be used at each joint for each inch in the diameter of the pipe when extra heavy pipe is used, and nine ounces when standard pipe is installed. (Adopted March 8, 1921.) S3. All wrought iron and steel pipe must be equal in quality to "standard" and must be properly tested by the manufacturer. All pipe must be lap-welded. No plain black or uncoated pipe will be permitted. 296 84. All wrought iron or steel water supply, vent, waste and soil pipes must be galvanized. 25. Where galvanized wrought iron or steel pipe is re- quired the fittings used on same must also be galvanized. 26. Fittings for waste or soil and refrigerator waste pipes must be cast-iron recessed and threaded drainage fittings, with smooth interior waterways, and threads tapped, so as to give a uniform grade to branches of not less than one-fourth of an inch per foot. (Adopted March 8, 1921.) 27. Short nipples on wrought iron or steel pipe, where the unthreaded part of the pipe is less than one and one-half inches long, must be of the thickness and weight to correspond to weight of pipe. (Adopted March 8, 1921.) 28. The pipe shall not be less than the following average thickness and weight per linear foot: Weights Per Diameters. Thicknesses. Linear Foot. 1 J^ inches 14 inches 2.68 pounds 2 inches 15 inches 3.61 pounds 2^ inches SO inches S.74 pounds 3 inches 31 inches 7.54 pounds 3yi inches 22 inches 9.00 pounds 4 inches 23 inches 10.66 pounds iyi inches 24 inches 12.34 pounds 5 inches 25 inches 14.50 pounds 6 inches 28 inches 18.76 pounds 7 inches 30 inches 23.27 pounds 8 inches 32 inches 28.18 pounds 9 inches 34 inches 33.70 pounds 10 inches 36 inches 40.06 pounds 11 inches 37 inches 45.02 pounds 12 inches 37 inches 48.98 pounds 29. All brass pipe for soil, waste and vent pipes and solder nipples must be thoroughly annealed, drawn, brass tubing, of standard iron-pipe gauge. 30. Connections on brass pipe and between brass pipe and traps on iron pipe must not be made with slip joints or couplings. Threaded connections on brass pipe must be of the same size as iron pipe thread for same size of pipe and be tapered. 31. The following average thicknesses and weights per linear foot will be required: 297 Weights Per "Oiameters. Thicknesses. Linear Foot. 1 J4 inches 14 inches 2.84 pounds 2 inches 15 inches. 3.82 pounds 254 inches 20 inches 6.08 pounds 3 inches 21 inches 7.92 pounds 3;^ inches 22 inches 9.54 pounds 4 inches ■. 23 inches 11.29 pounds 4^ inches 24 inches 13.08 pounds 5 inches 25 inches 15.37 pounds 6 inches 28 inches 19.88 pounds 32. (A.) Where heavy pipe is used brass ferrules must be of best quality cast brass, not less than four inches long and two and one-quarter, three and one-half inches and four and one-half inches in diameter, and not less than the following weights : Diameters. Weights. 2J4 inches 1 pound ounces 3}4 inches 1 pound 12 ounces 4J4 inches 2 pounds 8 ounces (B.) Where light pipe is used brass ferrules must be of best quality cast brass, not less than 2 inches and 3 inches and 4 inches in diameter and not less than the following weights : Diameters. Weights. 2 inches 1 pound ounces 8 inches 1 pound 12 ounces 4 inches 2 pounds 8 ounces (Adopted October 21, 1921.) 33. One and one-half inch ferrules are not permitted. 34. Soldering nipples must be heavy cast brass or of brass pipe, iron pipe-size. When cast they must not be less than the following weights : Diameters. Weights. lyi inches pound 8 ounces 2 inches pound 14 ounces 21^ inches 1 pound 6 ounces 3 inches 2 pounds ounces 4 inches 3 pounds 8 ounces 35. Brass screw caps for cleanouts must be extra heavy, not less than one-eighth of an inch thick. The screw cap must have a solid square or hexagonal nut, not less than one inch high, with a least diameter of one and one-half inches. The body of the cleanout ferrule must be at least equal in weight and thickness to the caulking ferrule for the same size of pipe. 36. Where cleanouts are required by rules and by the ap- proved plans, the screw cap must be of brass. The engag- ing part must have not less than six threads of iron-pipe size and be tapered. Cleanouts must be of full size of trap up to four inches in diameter, and not less than four inches for larger traps. 37. The use of lead pipes is restricted to the short branches of the soil and waste pipes, bends and traps, roof connections of inside leaders. "Short branches" of lead pipe shall be construed to mean not more than: 8 feet of lyi inch pipe. 5 feet of 2 inch pipe. 2 feet of 3 inch pipe. 2 feet of 4 inch pipe. 38. All connections between lead pipes and between lead and brass or copper pipes must be made by means of "wiped" solder joint. 39. All lead waste, soil, vent and flush pipes must be of the best quality, known in commerce as "D" and of not less than the following weights per linear foot: Weights Per Diameters. Linear Foot. 1J4 inches (for flush pipes only) 2J4 pounds lyi inches 3 pounds 2 inches 4 pounds 3 inches 6 pounds 4 and iyi inches 8 pounds 40. All lead traps and bends must be of the same weights and thicknesses as their corresponding pipe branches. Sheet lead for roof flashings must be six-pound lead, and must ex- tend not less than six inches from the pipe, and the joint made watertight. 41. Copper tubing, when used for inside leader roof con- nections, must be seamless drawn tubing, not less than 22 gauge, and when used for roof flashings must be not less than 18 gauge.^ 299 General Regulations. 43. Each building must be separately and independently connected with a public or private sewer, or cesspool, ex- cept where a building is located on the rear of the same lot with another building, when its plumbing and drainage system may be connected to the house-drain of the front building behind the house trap and fresh air inlet which shall be used for both buildings if sewer-connected; or may be connected to an existing cesspool of front house and be provided with a separate house trap and fresh air inlet. 43. Every building must have its sewer connections di- rectly in front of the building, unless permission is other- wise granted by the Superintendent of Buildings. 44. Where there is no sewer in the street or avenue, and it is possible to construct a private sewer to connect in an adjacent street or avenue, a private sewer may be constructed, to be used in common for one or more buildings. It must be laid outside the curb under the roadway. (Adopted March 8, 1921.) 45. Cesspools and privy vaults will be permitted only after it has been shown to the satisfaction of the superintendent of buildings that their use is absolutely necessary. 46. When allowed, they must be constructed strictly in accordance with the terms of the permit issued by the Superin- tendent of Buildings. 47. Cesspools must not be used as privy vaults nor can privy vaults be used as cesspools. Cesspools and privy vaults must be located at least 15 feet from any building and on the same lot as the building for which their use is intended. Walls of cesspools and privy vaults when constructed of brick must be 8 inches thick; if of stone, 18 inches thick. Bottoms of cesspools and privy vaults must be of stone con- crete 6 inches thick. The entire interior surface of cess- pools and privy vaults must be finished with a coating of Portland cement mortar 1 inch thick. 48. As soon as it is possible to connect with a public- sewer, the owner must have the cesspool and privy vault emptied, cleaned and disinfected and filled with fresh earth, and have a sewer connection made in the manner herewith prescribed. 49. All -pipe lines must be supported at the base on brick piers, or by heavy iron hangers from the cellar-ceiling;; beams, and along the line by heavy iron hangers at inter- vals of not more than ten feet. 50. All pipes issuing from extensions or elsewhere, which would otherwise open within 20 feet of the window of any building, must be extended above the top of any window 300 located within such distance. When a building exceeds in height that of an adjoining building, and windows or openings are cut in the wall on the lot line within 20 feet of the roof terminal of any soil, waste or vent line now in place or sub- sequently installed in the lower building, the owner of the higher building shall defray the expense of extending said soil, waste or vent lines above the roof of the higher build- ing or shall himself make such alteration. 51. The arrangement of all pipes must be as straight and direct as possible. Offsets will be permitted only when un- avoidable. 53. All pipes and traps should, where possible, be exposed to view. They should always be readily accessible for in- spection and repairing. 53. In every building where there is a leader connected to the drain, if there are any plumbing fixtures, there must be at least one four (4) inch pipe extending above the roof for ventilation. Yard, Area and Other Drains. 54. All yards, areas and courts exceeding 15 square feet in area must be drained into the sewer. A shaft open at the top not exceeding S5 square feet in area, and which cannot be connected in back of a leader, yard, court or area drain trap, may be drained into a publicly-placed, water- supplied, properly-trapped and vented slop sink. 55. These drains, when sewer-connected, must have con- nections not less than three inches in diameter. They should be controlled by one trap — the leader trap, if possible. 56. Floor drains will only be permitted when it can be shown to the satisfaction of the superintendent of buildings that their use is absolutely necessary and arrangements made to maintain a permanent water seal in the traps. 57. Cellar drains may be connected in back of and con- trolled by a leader, yard, court or area drain trap which need not be vented. 58. Subsoil drains should discharge into a sump or re- ceiving tank, the contents of which if discharged by gravity may be discharged into a rain leader, yard, court or area drain behind the trap controlling same or may be discharged .through a properly trapped and vented, water supplied re- ceptacle. Where mechanical force is required to discharge ijthe contents into the plumbing and drainage system, a proper |ii;tomatic cut-off or check valve must be provided on the connection betvireen house-drain and apparatus used for raising the contents of sump-pit. 901 59. The contents of settling chamber or dust receptacles for vacuum cleaners may be discharged into a Plumbing and Drainage system, the same as sub-soil drain sump-pits. Leaders. 60. Every building shall be kept provided with proper metallic gutters and rain leaders for conducting water from all roofs in such manner as shall protect the walls and foundations from injury. In no case shall the water from any rain leader be allowed to flow upon the sidewalk or ad- joining property, but the same shall be conducted by proper pipes to the sewer. If there be no sewer in the street upon which the building fronts, then the water from said leaders may be conducted by proper pipes laid below the surface of sidewalk to the street gutter, or may be conducted by extra heavy cast-iron pipe to a leeching cesspool located at least 20 feet from any building. No plumbing fixtures shall dis- charge into a leeching cesspool. 61. Inside leaders must be made of cast iron, wrought iron or steel, with roof connections made gas and water tight by means of a heavy lead or copper-drawn tubing wiped to a brass ferrule or nipple caulked or screwed into the pipe. 62. Outside leaders may be made of sheet metal, but they must connect with the house drain by means of a cast-iron pipe extending vertically five feet above the grade level. 63. Leaders must be trapped with cast-iron running traps so placed as to prevent freezing. 64. Rain-water leaders must not be used as soil, waste or vent pipes nor shall any such pipe be used as a leader. The House Sewer, House Drain, House Trap and Fresh Air Inlet. 65. Old house sewers can be used in connection with the new buildings or new plumbing only when they are found, on examination by the plumbing inspector, to conform in all respects to the requirements governing new sewers. 66. When a proper foundation consisting of a natural bed of earth, rock, etc.,. can be obtained, the house sewer can be of earthenware pipe. 67. Where the ground is made or filled in, or where the pipes are less than three feet deep, or in any case where there is danger of settlement by frost or from any cause, and when cesspools are used, the house sewer must be of extra heavy cast-iron pipe, with lead-caulked joints. 68. No earthenv^are house-drain, when found in a leaky or defective condition, shall be repaired or replaced except with heavy cast-iron pipe. 302 69. The house drain and its branches must be of extra heavy cast iron when under ground, and of extra heavy cast iron or galvanized wrought iron or steel when above ground, except as provided in Rule 20 of these rules. (Adopted March 8, 1921.) 70. The house drain must properly connect with the house sewer at a point two .feet outside of the outer front vault or area wall of the building. An arched or other proper opening must be provided for the drain in the wall to pre- vent damage by settlement. 71. The house drain if above the cellar floor must be supported at intervals of ten feet by eight-inch brick piers or suspended from the floor beams, or be otherwise properly supported by proper hangers placed not more than 10 feet apart. 72. No steam-exhaust, boiler blow-ofif or drip-pipe shall be connected with the house-drain. Such pil)es must first discharge into a proper condensing tank, and from this a proper outlet to the house sewer outside of the building must be provided. In low pressure steam systems the condensing tank may be omitted, but the waste connections must be otherwise as above required. 73. The house-drain and house-sewer must be run as direct as possible, with a fall of at least one-quarter inch per foot, all changes in direction made with proper fittings, and all connections made with Y branches and one-eighth and one-sixteenth bends. 74. The house sewer and house-drain must be at least 4 inches in diameter when receiving the discharge of a water- closet. Where rain leaders are connected to the plumbing system, the sizes of house sewer, house drain and leader connections shall be computed according to the square feet of area drained into them. No house sewer or house-drain shall be of less diameter than the largest line of pipe con- nected thereon. The following table is the maximum area allowed to drain into pipes of given diameter: Diameter of Pipe. J4 Inch Per Foot. J4 Inch Per Foot. 3 1,200 square feet. 1,500 square feet. 4 2,500 square feet. 3,200 square feet. 5 4,500 square feet. 6,000 square feet 6 8,000 square feet. 10,000 square feet 7 12,400 square feet. 15,600 square feet 8 18,000 square feet. 22,500 square feet. 9 25,000 square feet. 31,500 square feet. 10 41,000 square feet. 59,000 square feet 13 69,000 square feet. 98,000 square feet. 303 75. Full size Y and T branch fittings for handhole clean- out must be provided where required on house-drain and its branches. No clean-out need be larger than 6 inches in diameter. 76. An iron running trap must be placed in the house- drain near the front wall of the house, and on the sewer side of all connections, except a Y fitting used to receive the discharge from an automatic sewage lift, oil separator, or a drip-pipe where one is used. If placed outside of the house or below the cellar floor, it must be made accessible in a brick manhole, the walls of which must be eight inches thick, with an iron or flagstone cover. When outside the house it must never be less than three feet below the surface of the ground. 77. When the plumbing system of any building is altered by the addition of new soil, waste or vent lines to the extent of fifty per cent or more and no house trap and fresh air inlet or leader trap exists on the house drain, same shall be provided. (Adopted July 27, 1920.) 78. The house trap must have two cleanouts, with brass screw cap ferrules caulked in. 79. A fresh-air inlet pipe must be connected with the house- drain just inside of the house trap and extended to the outer a.ir, terminating with open end at least one foot above the grade at most available point to be approved by the Superin- tendent of Buildings and shown on plans. The fresh-air inlet pipe shall be one-half the diameter of house-drain but not less than 4 inches in diameter. (Adopted March 8, 1921.) 80. No curb box or similar device with grating placed in sidewalk will be permitted for fresh air inlets. Soil and Waste Lines. 81. All main, soil, waste or vent pipes must be of iron, steel or brass. 82. When they receive the discharge of fixtures on any floor above the first, they must be extended in full calibre at least one foot above the roof coping, and well away from all shafts, windows, chimneys or other ventilating openings. When less than four inches in diameter, they must be en- larged to four inches at a point not less than one foot be- low the roof surface by an increaser not less than nine (9) inches long. 83. No caps, cowls or bends shall be afFixed to the top of such stack. 84. In all buildings, wire baskets must be securely fas- tened into the opening of each pipe in an accessible posj- 804 tion. When roofs are used for drying purposes or roof gardens, all pipes shall be extended to a height of seven feet. 85. Necessary offsets above the highest fixture branch must not be made at an angle of less than forty-five degrees to the horizontal. 86. Soil and waste pipes must have proper Y or TY branches for all fixture connections. 87. No connection to lead branches for water-closets or slop sinks will be permitted, except the required branch vent. 88. Branch soil and waste pipe must have a fall of at least one-quarter inch per foot. 89. Short TY branches will be permlte* on vertical lines only. Long one-quarter bends and long TYs are permitted. Short one-quarter bends and double hubs, short roof in- creasers and common offsets, and bands and saddles, are pro- hibited. 90. The diameters of soil and waste pipes must not be less than those given in the following table: Main soil stacks in buildings serving not more than two sets of fixtures in four or less stories 4 inches Main soil stacks in residence buildings serving not more than two sets of fixtures in five or six stories 4 inches Main soil stacks in all other cases 5 inches Branch soil pipes for not more than four closets.. 3 inches Branch soil pipes for more than four water-closets 4 inches Main waste stacks 2 inches Main waste stacks for kitchen sinks on six or more floors 3 inches Branch wastes for slop sinks 3 inches Branch waste-pipes for laundry tubs 1 J4 inches When set in ranges of three 2 inches Branch waste for kitchen sinks 2 inches Branch wa.ste for urinals 2 inches Branch waste for other fixtures 1 J^ inches A set of fixtures, as used in this rule, shall include not more than one water closet, one bath tub, one wash basin, one sink and two laundry trays. (Adopted March 8, 1921.) Vent Pipes. 91. All traps, except approved anti-siphon traps connected to main waste or soil lines or to the house drain by branch piping not over seven (7) feet in length with a fall not exceeding two (2) inches per foot, shall be protected from 305 siphonage and back-pressure by special lines of vent pipes; provided that where approved deep-seal siphon- jet water closet or slop. sink fixtures are installed with branch piping not oyer five (5) feet in length from fixture to main soil or waste Ime, the vent pipe may be omitted for such fixtures in buildings not over eight (8) stories in height, and where the main soil or waste line is made one inch larger in diameter _ than required by these rules, the vent pipe may also be omitted for such fixtures in buildings over eight (8) stories in height. 92. All vent pipe lines and main branches must be of iron, steel or brass. They must be increased in diameter and extended above the roof as required for waste-pipes.^ They may be connected with the adjoining soil or waste line well above the highest fixture, but this will not be permitted when there are fixtures on more than six floors. 93. All offsets must be made at an angle of not less than forty-five degrees to the horizontal, and all lines must be connected at the bottom with a soil or waste pipe or the drain in such a manner as to prevent the accumulation of rust scale. 94. Branch vent pipes shall be kept above the top of all connecting fixtures, so as to prevent the use of vent pipes as soil pipes or waste-pipes. Branch vent pipes should be connected not less than six inches nor more than two feet from crown of trap or side of lead bend. 95. Except where " yoke type " ventilation is installed, vent connections for water-closets and slop sinks must be made from the branch soil or waste-pipe just below the trap of the fixture, and this branch vent pipe must be so connected as to prevent obstruction, and no waste pipe connected between it and the fixture. Earthenware traps must have no vent horns. " Yoke type " ventilation shall be taken to mean a cross connection, by means of a horizontal branch soil or waste- pipe, between the main soil or waste line and the vent line, and in which the connection between the branch pipe and the vent line is made at least six (6) inches above the line of fixtures discharging into such branch pipe. 96. No sheet metal, brick or other flue shall be used as a vent pipe. 97. The sizes of vent-pipes throughout must not be less than the following: For main vents, two inches in diameter; for water-closets on three or more floors, three inches in diameter; for other fixtures on less than seven floors, two inches in diameter ; three-inch vent pipe will be permitted for less than nine stories ; for more than eight and less than sixteen stories, four inches in diameter; for more than fifteen and less than twenty-two stories, five inches in diam- 308 eter; for more than twenty-one stories the size of vent pipe shall be determined by the superintendent of buildings. For fixtures other than water-closets and slop sinks and for more than eight stories, vent pipes may be one inch smaller in diameter than above stated. For long brancH vent pipes over 10 feet in length but not exceeding 25 feet, two inches in diameter; when over 35 feet in length, but not exceeding 50 feet, three inches in diameter. No branch vent pipe can exceed 50 feet in length, nor can any main vent be of less diameter than the largest branch vent connecting to same. 98. When the plumbing fixtures installed in any building are arranged in groups or batteries, "yoke type" ventilation may be installed, provided that for batteries of water closets each fixture shall be set not more than two (2) feet distant from the horizontal branch soil pipe into which it discharges, and for batteries of fixtures other than water closets each fixture shall be so located that its trap will be not more than two (2) feet distant from the horizontal branch waste line into which it discharges. When the ordinary type of venting is installed and the number of branch or back vents from the traps of fixtures connecting to any main branch vent exceeds the number and size given in the following table, a 3-inch main branch vent must be provided for the additional vent connections. 2 — IJ^ inch branches on a IH inch main branch. 4 — 2 inch branches on a 2 inch main branch. 7 — 1J4 inch branches on a 2 inch main branch. . ,,, r inch branches on a 2 inch main branch. 4 — V/2 j J 3 1 , , T/ r inch branches on a 2 inch main branch. 5 — V/z J Traps. 99. No form of trap will be permitted to be used unless it has been approved by the Superintendent of Buildings or the Board of Standards and Appeals. No anti-siphon trap or deep-seal siphon-jet fixture shall be approved until it has successfully passed such test as may be prescribed by the Board of Standards and Appeals. (See page 339.) 100. No mason's cesspool, bell, pot, bottle or D-trap will be permitted, nor any form of trap that is not self-cleaning, nor that has interior chamber or mechanism, nor any trap except earthernware ones that depend upon interior parti- tions for a seal. Backwater or tide valves will only be 307 permitted when it can be shown to the satisfaction of the superintendent of buildings that their use is absolutely nec- essary and of a type as approved by him. 101. Every fixture must be separately trapped by a water- sealing trap placed as close to the fixture outlet as possible, and no trap shall be placed more than 2 feet inches from any fixture. 103. A set of not more than three wash trays may connect with a single trap, or into the trap of an adjoining sink, provided both sink and tub waste outlets are on the same side of the waste line, and the sink is nearest the line. When so connected, the waste-pipe from the wash-trays must be branched in below the water-seal. 103. The discharge from any fixture must not pass through more than one trap before reaching the house-drain. 104. All traps must be well supported and set true with respect to their water levels. 105. All fixtures, other than water-closets and urinals, must have strong metallic strainers or bars over the outlets to prevent obstruction of the waste-pipe. 106. All exposed or accessible traps, except water-closet traps, must have brass trap screws for cleaning the trap placed on the inlet side, or below the water level. 107. All iron traps for house-drain, yard and other drains and leaders must be running traps with handhole cleanouts of full size of the traps, when same are less than five (5) inches. All traps under ground must be made accessible by brick manholes with proper covers. 108. Overflow pipes from fixtures must in all cases be connected on the inlet side of traps. 109. All earthenware traps must have approved heavy brass floor plates properly secured to the branch soil pipe and bolted to the trap flange, and the joint made gas-tight. The use of rubber washers for floor connections is pro- hibited. All floor flanges must be set in place and inspected before any water-closet is set thereon. 110. No trap shall be placed at the foot of main soil and waste pipe lines. 111. Every plunge bath shall be provided with a trap at least four inches in diameter, the waste from trap to bath to be reduced to two inches in diameter and this waste to be controlled by a gate valve. Overflow pipes, if provided, must be connected on inlet side of trap. Except where an ap- proved anti-siphon trap is installed in the manner specified in Rule 91, such trap must be ventilated by a separate vent line extended above the roof, of the same size as trap and water connection. 112. The sizes for traps must not be less than those given in the following table: Traps for water-closets 4 inches in diameter. Traps for slop sinks 3 inches in diameter. Traps for kitchen sinks 2 inches in diameter. Traps for wash trays 2 inches in diameter. Traps for urinals 2 inches in diameter. Traps for shower-baths 2 inches in diameter. Traps for other fixtures 1}4 inches in diameter. Traps for leaders, area, floor and other drains must be at least 3 inches in diameter. 113. Every dental cuspidor must be separately trapped by a trap of at least one and one-half (1J4) inches in diameter, which shall be vented except where an approved anti-siphon trap is installed in the manner specified in Rule 91, and placed as close to the fixture as possible. The connection between trap and cuspidor may be three-quarters (%) of an inch in diameter. 114. No plumbing fixtures, except bar sinks, soda fountains or drinking fountains, shall be installed with an indirect waste connection to the plumbing and drainage system. The waste of every bar sink, soda fountain and drinking fountain if not directly connected, must discharge over a properly water-supplied, trapped sink, with trap vented, unless an approved anti-siphon trap is installed in the manner specified in Rule 91. The main waste lines shall be two (2) inches in diameter, and the branches to fixtures at least one and one- half {V/i) inches in diameter. Drinking fountains must be trapped and the waste line extended through the roof. No vent connections need be provided. Safe and Refrigerator Waste Pipes. 115. Safe and refrigerator waste-pipes must be of galvan- ized iron, and be not less than 154 inches in diameter nor larger than 1J4 inches in diameter with pipe branches at least 1 inch in diameter with strainers over each inlet. 116. Safe and refrigerator waste-pipes shall not be trapped. They must discharge over a properly water-supplied, trapped sink, with trap vented unless an approved anti-siphon trap is installed in the manner specified in Rule 91, such sink to be publicly placed, and not more than 4 feet above the floor. In no case shall any refrigerator or safe waste-pipe discharge over a sink located in a room used for living purposes. 309 117. The branches on vertical lines must be made by Y or TY fittings and carried up to the safe with as much pitch as possible. 118. Lead safes must be graded and neatly turned over bevel strips at their edges. 119. Where there is an offset on a refrigerator vifaste-pipe in the cellar, there must be cleanouts to control the horizontal part of the pipe. 120. In all lodgings and tenement houses the safe and refrigerator waste-pipes must extend above the roof. Water Closets, Sinks and Washtubs. (Good except as relating to tenement houses and factories.) 131. In all buildings, occupied as stores, dwellings, lodging or boarding houses, hotels, offices, lofts, work-shops, factories or storage houses, there must be at least one water-closet in each building. There must be sufficient water-closets so that there will never be more than 15 persons to each water- closet. In places of public assembly, the number of toilets and the most available location are to be determined by the superintendent of buildings. 122. Separate water-closets and toilet rooms must be pro- vided for each sex in buildings used as workshops, lofts, office buildings, factories, hotels and all places of public assembly. 123. In lodging houses, there must be one water-closet on each floor, and where there are more than 15 persons on any floor there must be an additional water-closet on that floor for every 15 additional persons or fraction thereof. 124. In tenement houses, lodging houses, factories, work- shops, and all public buildings, the entire water-closet apart- ment and side walls to a height of six inches from the floor, except at the door, must be made water-proof with asphalt, cement, tile, metal or other water-proof material as approved by the superintendent of buildings. 125. In all buildings, the water-closet and urinal apart- ments must be ventilated to the outer air by windows opening on the same lot as the building is situated on or by a venti- lating skylight placed over each room or apartment wherein such fixtures are located. 126. In all buildings, the outside partition of any water- closet or urinal apartment must be air-tight and extend to the ceiling or be independently ceiled over. When nec- essary to properly light such apartments, the upper part of the partitions must be provided with translucent glass. The 810 interior partitions of such apartments must be dwarfed partitions. 137. The general water-closet accommodation of any build- ing cannot be placed in the cellar, nor can any water-closet be placed outside of a building except to replace an existing water-closet. 128. In alteration work where it is not practicable to ventilate a water-closet or urinal apartment by windows or a skylight directly to the outer air, there may be provided a galvanized wrought iron vent duct extended to the outer air which must be equal in area to at least 144 square inches for one water-closet or urinal, and an additional 72 square inches for each water-closet added therein. 129. Where water-closets will not support a rim-seat, the seat must be supported on galvanized iron legs. 130. Every earthenware water-closet with connection through the floor in all new work, and in all alterations, must be set on an approved floor slab of porcelain, slate or other material impervious to moisture, same to be not less in size than the base of the water-closet set thereon. 131. All water-closets must have earthenware flushing rim bowls. They must be set entirely free and open from all enclosing woodwork. 132. Pan, plunger, offset-washout and washout, or othei water-closets having an unventilated space, or whose walls are not thoroughly washed out at each discharge, will not be permitted. 133. Long hopper water-closets will not be permitted, ex- cept earthenware hoppers where there is an exposure to frost. 134. Drip trays on water-closets will not be permitted. 135. Water-closets and urinals must never be connected directly with or flushed from the water-supply pipes, except when flushometer valves are used. 136. Each water-closet and urinal must be flushed from a separate cistern, the water from which is used for no other purpose, or may be flushed through flushometer valves. 137. Where "Flushometers" are used, they must be supplied from tank pressure, unless otherwise permitted by the super- intendent of buildings; the rising lines shall be at least one and one-half inches in diameter, and the branches shall be at least one and one-quarter inches in diameter for water- closets and three-quarter inch in diameter for urinals. 138. The overflow of cisterns may discharge into the bowls of the closet, but in no case connect with any part of the drainage system. 811 139. Iron water-closet and urinal cisterns and automatic water-closet and urinal cisterns are prohibited, unless ap- proved by the superintendent of buildings. 140. The copper lining of water-closet and urinal cisterns must not be lighter than ten (10) ounce copper. 141. Water-closet flush pipes must be not less than one and one-fourth inches and urinal flush-pipes one (1) inch in diameter, and if of lead must not weight less than two and one-half pounds and two pounds per linear foot. Flush couplings must be of full size of the pipe. 143. Rubber connections and elbows are not permitted on flush pipes. 143. Latrines, trough water-closets and similar appliances may be used only on written permit from said superintendent of buildings, and must be set and arranged as may be re- quired' by the terms of the permit. 144. All urinals must be constructed of materials imper- vious to moisture, and that will not corrode under the action of urine. The floor and wall of the urinal apartments must be lined with similar non-absorbent and non-corrosive ma- terial. 145. The platforms of treads of urinal stalls must never be connected independently to the plumbing system, nor can they be connected to any safe waste-pipe. 146. Iron trough water-closets and trough urinals must be enameled or galvanized. 147. In all houses, sinks must be entirely open, on iron legs or brackets without any enclosing woodwork. 148. Wooden washtubs are prohibited, except when used in hotels, restaurants or bottling establishments for washing dishes or bottles. Cement or artificial stone tubs will not be permitted unless approved by the superintendent of build- ings. Wafer Supply for Fixtures. 149. All water-closets and other plumbing fixtures must be provided with a sufficient supply of water for flushing to keep them in a proper anl cleanly condition. Flush tanks must have a capacity of eight gallons f6r water-closets and five gallons for urinals. 150. House service pipes must be connected to the street mams by means of taps, and a stop-cock or valve placed under the sidewalk at the curb, in compliance with the rules and under the supervision of the department of water supply eas and electricity. ^' ^ S12 151. A separate stop or valve must be placed upon the service pipe inside the front wall. 152. The diameters of street service pipe must not be less than three-quarters inch for dwellings and tenements occupied by six families or less; one inch for tenements or apartment houses occupied . by more than six families and one and one-half inch for hotels, factories and other mis- cellaneous buildings, provided that in no case can the diam- eter of the service pipes be less than the diameter of the tap installed under the supervision of the department of water supply, gas and electricity. Riser Lines. 153. The diameter of all riser lines in plumbing systems shall be not less than three-quarters (J4) inches; except that when lead or brass pipe is used, the minimum diameter may be one-half (J4) inch. Separate stop cocks or valves, so located as to he accessible at all times, shall be placed at the foot of each riser line and, in all buildings other than residence buildings occupied exclusively by one or two families or having not more than fifteen sleeping rooms, on each branch line from the riser for each isolated fixture or each group of fixtures such as bathroom fixtures, kitchen fixtures, etc.; except that only one stop cock or valve shall be required for the fixtures contained in any one apartment, suite, store or loft occupied by one tenant when all the fixtures contained in each such apartment, suite, store or loft are supplied from one branch line. 154. Diameters of branches to any fixtures must not be less than one-half inch, except when used to supply water- closets, cisterns or lavatories. When the material used is lead or brass pipe, the minimum diameter may be three- eighths inch. Branches for flush valves for water-closets must not be less than one and one-quarter inch in diameter and for urinals not less than three-quarters of an inch in diameter. 155. Where a hot water supply system is installed, the distance between the hot and cold water risers should not be less than six inches. Where it is impossible to place them six inches or more apart, the hot water riser must be covered with an approved insulating material and a method of cir- culation provided that will insure a prompt delivery of hot water at the faucet when required. 156. All risers and branches must be properly fastened. 813 157. When the water pressure is not sufficient to supply freely and continuously all fixtures, a house supply tank must be provided of sufficient size to afford an ample supply of water to all fixtures at all times. Such tanks must be supplied from the pressure or by power pumps, as may be necessary; when from the pressure, ball cocks must be provided. 158. House supply tanks must be metal-covered so as to exclude dust and so located as to prevent water contamina- tion by gas and odors from plumbing fixtures. 159. House supply tanks must be of wood or iron, or of wood lined with tinned and planished copper. 160. House tanks must be supported on iron beams. 161. The overflow pipe should discharge upon the roof, where possible, and in such cases should be brought down to within six (6) inches of the roof, or it must be trapped and discharged over an open and water-supplied sink not in the same room, not over three and one-half feet above the floor. In no case shall the overflow be connected with any part of the plumbing system. 162. Emptying pipes for such tanks must be provided, and be discharged in the manner required for overflow pipes, and may be branched into overflow pipes. Emptying pipes for tanks containing more than five hundred (500) gallons must be four (4) inches in diameter and provided with a valve of same size fitted with a wheel or lever handle. 163. Acid wastes must be "B" lead pipe or earthen pipe; if of lead pipe they must be at least two inches in diameter, and if of earthen pipe at least three inches in diameter. They must be extended through roof for ven- tilation and continued down to the lowest story of building and so arranged as to discharge into a lime box and diluting sink properly trapped and vented and connected inside of house trap. If the lime box and diluting sink is not used the acid waste must be extended to an earthen house sewer or separately and independently connected to a public or private sewer in street and provided with an accessible run- ning trap located just inside of front wall of building. AH branches and joints on lead acid wastes must be made by means of burnt lead joints. If earthenware pipe is used, vertical joints must be made with a mixture of asphaltum and cement. Each length of pipe on vertical runs and on horizontal runs when above the cellar floor must be supported at each hub by proper supports. All floor drains and fixture connections must be trapped and run as direct as possible. su Sewage Lifts. 164. When it is necessary to use a sump system and sewage lift to receive the discharge from the waste or soil connection of fixtures, same shall be arranged to be accessible. If discharged with compressed air it shall be connected to the house drain on the sewer side of all leader or area drain traps and fixture connections or may be connected to house drain on the sewer side of house trap. A separate trap and tresh air inlet must be provided on the inlet side of sump and a 4-inch pipe line continued from drain dis- charging into sump up to and above roof, for purposes of ventilation. Relief pipes must be provided on sewage re- ceptacles of sumps. Traps of fixtures connected to sump systems must not be vented to vent lines which are used to ventilate traps of fixtures on gravity system. Sump systems should be entirely separate both as to discharge and venting from rest of plumbing system in buildings Oil Separators. 165. Oil separators installed in any building where volatile fluids are used, must be arranged to be readily accessible. They must not receive the discharge of anj' water-closet, rain leader, yard, court or area drain. 166. They must, if discharged by gravity, be connected by a Y branch fitting to the house drain behind the house trap in such a manner that they will not interfere with the house drain and the rest of the plumbing and drainage sys- tem. When mechanical force is used to discharge the contents, the connection must be made by a Y branch fitting on the sewer side of house trap. 167. No separate running trap need be provided on the drain entering oil separators, but a separate fresh air inlet and vent line must be provided to keep the system of drain- age controlled by the oil separator entirely separate from the rest of plumbing and drainage system. 168. The size of fresh air inlet shall be determined by the size of inlet connection to oil separator, which shall be considered the same as the term house-drain for deter- mining the size of all fresh air inlets, which shall conform to the same requirements as regards size and arrangement of terminals for fresh air inlets as called for in regulations. 169. Vent lines shall conform in all respects to vent lines for plumbing fixtures as regards size and arrangement. 170. Relief pipes must be provided at least IJ^ inches in diameter. They may be connected to a vent line when installed as a separate system or must be carried indepen- dently above the roof. 315 Testing the Plumbing System. 171. The entire plumbing and drainage system within the building must be tested by the plumber, in the presence of a plumbing inspector, under a water test. All pipes must remain uncovered in every part until they have successfully passed the test. The plumber must securely close all openings, as directed by the inspector of plumbing. The use of wooden plugs for this purpose is prohibited. 172. The water test will be applied by closing the lower end of the main house-drain and filling the pipes to the highest opening above the roof with water. The water test shall include at one time the house drain and branches, all vertical and horizontal soil, waste and vent and leader lines and all branches therefrom to a point above the surface of the finished floor and beyond the finished face of walls and partitions. If the drain or any part of the system is to be tested separately, there must be a head of water at least six (6) feet above all parts of the work so tested, and special provision must be made for including all joints and connections in at least one test. 173. After the completion of the plumbing work in any new or altered building and before the building is occupied, a final smoke test must be applied in the presence of a plumbing inspector. Except that for a building not over 6 stories in height, a peppermint test may be applied. 174. The material and labor for the tests must be fur- nished by the plumber. When the peppermint test is used, two ounces of oil of peppermint must be provided for each line up to five stories and cellar in height and an additional ounce of oil of peppermint must be provided for each line when lines are more than five stories in height. Plumbing in Tenement Hcntscs. 175. All sections or parts of sections of the tenement house law relating to plumbing and drainage of tenement houses are to be observed, and are hereby made a part of these rules and regulations. Gas Piping and Fixtures. 176. Hereafter the gas piping and fixtures in all new buildings and all alterations and extensions made to the gas piping or fixtures in old buildings must be done in accordance with the following rules, which are made in accordance with the provision of section 89 of the Building Code. For additional requirements of public buildings, theatres, and places of assemblage, see Part XXI of the Building Code. 316 177. Before the construction or alteration of any gas piping in any building or part of any building, a permit must be obtained from the superintendent of buildings. This permit will be issued only to a registered plumber. Small alterations may be made by notifying the bureau of buildings, using the same blank forms provided for altera- tions and repairs to plumbing. 178. All gas pipe shall be of the best quality wrought iron or steel and of the kind classed as standard pipe, and shall weigh according to the following scale : ■ Weights per Diameters. Linear Foot. ii inch 0.56 pound 54 inch 0.85 pound 54 inch 1.12 pound 1 inch 1.67 pound Iji inch 2.24 pounds IH inch . . .' 2.68 pounds 2 inch 3.61 pounds syi inch 5.75 pounds 3 inch 7.54 pounds 3J4 inch 9.00 pounds i inch 10.66 pounds No pipe allowed of less than ^ inch in diameter. 179. All fittings (except stop-cocks or valves) shall be of malleable iron. 180. There shall be a heavy brass straightway cock or valve on the service pipe immediately inside the front foun- dation wall. Iron cocks or valves are not permitted. 181. Where it is not impracticable so to do, all risers shall be left not more than five feet from front wall. 182. No pipe shall be laid so as to support any weight (except fixtures) or be subjected to any strain whatsoever. All pipe shall be properly laid and fastened to prevent be- coming trapped, and shall be laid, when practicable, above timbers or beams instead of beneath them. Where running lines or branches cross beams, they must do so within thirty- six inches of the end of the beams, and in no case shall the said pipes be let into the beams more than two inches in depth. Any pipe laid in a cold or damp place shall be properly dripped, protected and painted with two coats of red lead and boiled oil or tarred. 183. No gas pipe shall be laid in cement or concrete un- less the pipe or channel in which it is placed is well covered with tar. 317 184. All drops must be set plumb and securely fastened, each one having at least one solid strap. Drops and outlets less than fi of an inch in diameter shall not be left more than one inch below plastering, centre-pieces, or wood- work. 185. All outlets and risers shall be left capped until covered by fixtures. 186. No unions or running threads shall be permitted. Where necessary to cut out to repair leaks or make ex- tensions, pipe shall be again put together with right and left couplings. 187. No gasfitters' cement shall be used, except in putting fixtures together. 188. All gas brackets and fixtures shall be placed so that the burners of same are not less than three feet below any ceiling or woodwork, unless the same is properly pro- tected by a shield, in which case the distance shall not be less than eighteen inches. No swinging or folding gas brackets shall be placed against any stud partition or woodwork. No gas brackets on any lath and plaster partition or wood- work shall be less than five inches in length, measured from the burner to the plaster surface or woodwork. Gas lights placed near window curtains or any other com- bustible material shall be protected by a proper shield. 189. Gas outlets for burners shall not be placed under tanks, back of doors or within four feet of any meter. 190. All buildings shall be piped according to the follow- ing scale: Diameter. Length. Burners. ^ inch 86 feet 3 Yt inch 36 feet 6 Ya, inch 60 feet 20 1 inch 80 feet 35 1J4 inch 110 feet 60 lYa inch 150 feet 100 8 inch 200 feet 200 ZYz inch 300 feet 300 3 inch 450 feet 450 ZYi inch 500 feet 600 4 inch 600 feet 750 191. Outlets for gas ranges shall have a diameter not less than required for six burners, and all gas ranges and heaters shall have a straightway cock on service pipe. 318 192. When brass piping is used on the outside of plaster- ing or woodwork, it shall be classed as fixtures. 193. All brass tubing used for arms and stems of fixtures shall be at least No. 18 standard gauge and full size outside so as to cut a full thread. All threads on brass pipe shall screw in at least 5-16 of an inch. All rope or square tubing shall be brazed or soldered into fittings and distributors, or have a nipple brazed into the tubing. 194. All cast fittings, such as cocks, swing joints, double centres, nozzles, etc., shall be extra heavy brass. The plugs of all cocks must be ground to a smooth and true surface for their entire length, be free from sandholes, have not less than J^ of ^u iich bearing (except in cases of special design), have two flat sides on the end for the washer, and have two nuts instead of a tail screw. All stop pins to keys or cocks shall be screwed into place. 195. After all piping is fitted and fastened and all outlets capped up, there must be applied by the plumber, in the presence of an inspector of the Bureau of Buildings, a test with air to a pressure equal to a column of mercury 6 inches in height, and the same to stand for five minutes; only mercury gauge shall be used. No piping shall be covered up, nor shall any fixture, gas heater or range be connected there- to until a card showing the approval of this test has been issued by the Superintendent of Buildings. 196. No meter will be set by any gas company until a certificate is filed with them from the Bureau of Buildings certifying that the gas pipes and fixtures comply with the foregoing rules. Modifications. 197. When for any reason it may be impracticable to comply strictly with the foregoing rules, the superintendent of buildings shall have power to modify their provisions so that the spirit and substance thereof shall be complied with. Such modifications shall be indorsed upon the per- mit over the signature of the superintendent of buildings. S19 ELEVATOR RULES RULES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION, MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION OF ELEVATORS, ADOPTED JULY 30, 1918, BY THE BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS, EFFECTIVE AUGUST, 26, 1918; AMEND- ED MAY 13, 1919, EFFECTIVE JUNE 9, 1919 NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN that Rules 2, 7, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21, 23, 33, 36 and 38, Rules for the Construction, Main- tenance and Operation of Elevators, were amended by the Board of Standards and Appeals on May 13, 1919, said amend- ments to be eflfective June 9, 1919, and that the amendments so made are incorporated in the following Rules : 1. Application of Elevator Rules. Every elevator, escala- tor, freight conveyor or amusement device, within the City of New York, in addition to conforming to all provisions of the labor law, building code or other laws or ordinances, as are applicable thereto, shall comply with the requirements of these rules. Existing and future installations shall at all times be main- tained by the owner in a safe condition and in conformity with the requirements of these rules. 2. Definitio'ns Relating to Elevators. (a) The terms "'elevator," "passenger elevator," "freight elevator" and "amusement device" shall have the meanings in- dicated in §560 of the building code. (b) The term "dtimbwaiter" shall apply to such special form of freight elevator, whether power driven or manually oper- ated, the dimensions of which do not exceed nine square feet in horizontal section nor four feet in height. (c) The term "hand power elevator" shall apply to such forms of passenger or freight elevators which are manually operated, the dimensions of which exceed nine square feet in horizontal section. (d) The term "sidewalk type elevator" shall apply to such special form of freight elevator, either power driven or manu- ally operated, the platform of which does not exceed fifty (50) square feet in area and is suspended or supported at one or more points on the underside. (e) The term "escalator" shall apply to a moving continuous inclined stairway or runway designed for elevating or lower- ing passengers. (f) The term "freight conveyor" shall apply to a device used for elevating or lowering freight in a vertical or in- clined direction on a continuous moving carrier without the services of an operator thereon. 320 (g) The terra "future installations" shall apply to any ele- vator, machinery or equipment used in connection therewith, installed after these rules become effective. (h) The term "existing installations" shall apply to any ele- vator, machinery or equipment used in connection therewith, either already installed, in process of installation, or for which plans are on file with the superintendent of buildings prior to August 26, 1918. (i) The term "alteration" shall include any essential change to the elevator car, counterweights, rails, machinery, safeties or other equipment or direct motive power ; except that any repair work made necessary by the ordinary operation of the elevator shall not be deemed an alteration. (j) Tlie term "power driven elevator" shall apply to any form of elevator except those operated by hand power, gravity in both directions, or through friction grip on the pull rope. 3. Permits. The application required by §562, building code, for the installation or alteration of elevators, amusement devices, etc., shall be in triplicate on blanks furnished by the superintendent of buildings, stating the size, manner of con- struction, speed, capacity, other essentials, and mode of opera- tion of the same, and accompanied by necessary drawings; except that applications for the installation of dumbwaiters, and conveyors or hoists may consist of a notice to the superin- tendent of buildings that such installation is to be made. 4. Alterations. In making alterations to existing installa- tions, the parts changed or altered must conform in every respect to the rules governing future installations, and where parts of the elevator are damaged from any cause, the dam- aged parts must be completely renewed, at the discretion of the superintendent of buildings. Where hand power elevators are changed to power-driven elevators, they shall conform to every rule governing power- driven elevators, except, that when the rise is not more than thirty-five feet and the capacity is not increased, existing wood guide rails may remain in use. In such conversions the use of a power-driven friction grip device is prohibited when the capacity exceeds 800 pounds. 5. Change of Classification. In future, no freight elevator shall be used for passenger service, unless such elevator con- forms to the rules governing future installations of pas- senger elevators In so far as they relate to safety enuipment, hoist ropes, carrying capacity, car enclosure, including gates and emergency exit, shaft openings and doors, and motive power. In existing installations where such change of classification is made and the hatchway is unenclosed, a substantial en- 321 closure of lawful partitions extending from floor to ceiling and flush with the hatchway shall be constructed, with all openings protected by proper shaft doors. 6. Tests of New Elevators. In future installations all ele- vators shall be tested as follows : The cars of all power-driven elevators shall be loaded to their maximum carrying capacity and operated up and down the shaft several times to test the lifting capacity of the machinery and the operation of the upper and lower auto- matic limit devices. The car shall be stopped at various levels in the shaft to test the operation of the machine brake. The cars of all power driven elevators having speeds exceed- ing one hundred (100) feet per minute, and of hand-power elevators with a rise of more than fifteen (15) feet, shall be loaded to their maximum carrying capacity, run to the top landing and made to travel downward beyond normal speed, so as to automatically operate the speed retarder or speed governor and car safety device and the slack rope device when required, and (except for hand-power elevators), to stop the machine. This rule shall not be construed, however, to require safe lift elevators to be tested with safe lift load. The cars of power driven elevators having speeds of one hundred (100) feet per minute or less shall be loaded to their maximum carrying capacity, run to the top landing and started down at normal speed. At this speed the governor shall be manually operated to test the action of the safety equipment. 7. Carrying Capacity. In existing installations the owner, lessee or other person having charge or control of any elevator, except a dumbwaiter, and in future installations the manufacturer of any such elevator, shall cause to be fastened in a conspicuous place in the car of said elevator a metal plate, having suitable letters and figures on same, which shall designate the number of pounds weight which said elevator can safely carry. Future installations shall be designed to sustain in all their parts a load per square foot of platform area inside the car of not less than the following: (a) 75 pounds for power-driven passenger elevators; (b) 50 pounds for power-driven freight elevators having platform areas not exceeding 100 square feet; (c) 50 pounds for hand-power passenger elevators. 8. Rules to he posted. In the car of every passenger elevator the superintendent of buildings shall cause to be posted and maintained, in a conspicuous place, for the guid- ance and information of operators and passengers, such of the rules relating to the operation of elevators as he may deem necessary to insure public safety, including the number of passengers that such car may carry at one time. 9. Full automatic push button elevators. In future installa- tions full automatic push button elevators must be so de- signed and equipped that the car, at its rated speed and load, will automatically stop when the car floor is level with or not more than three inches from the designated landing floor. The car gate and shaft doors shall be equipped with ap- proved devices that will prevent the operation of the car until the car gate is closed and the shaft door is closed and locked. The shaft door shall not be capable of being opened unless the floor of the car is within three inches of the land- ing. A push button to operate an alarm bell shall be provided in the car, for the purpose of notifying the person in charge of the premises, in case the car becomes stopped in the shaft from any cause. The shaft doors shall be so arranged that they cannot be opened after the car leaves the landing, except in emergency cases, and then only by a special key which must be provided and kept in the possession of the person having charge of the building. 10. Belt or chain drives. In future installations no hoisting machine driven by a chain or belt device from a motor or countershaft shall be used in connection with any passenger elevator. 11. Shaft openings. In shafts hereafter constructed for passenger elevators, no more than one opening shall be al- lowed in each story, and all openings in the several stories shall be located one above the other, except that doors may be located on opposite or adjacent sides in the several stories when the distance from the car operating device to the door lock does not exceed forty-eight inches and can at all times be fully controlled by the elevator operator without leaving the car operating device. Door openings may be located on opposite or on adjacent sides of the shaft in the first or main entrance story and in the top story, provided that the openings in the remaining stories are all on the same side of the shaft, that a satisfactory device is installed preventing the operation of the car while the car gate distant from the operator is open, that an attendant is always present to con- trol the shaft doors located in the first or top stories, and that there are no offsets or recesses on the inside of the shaft walls. No alteration not in compliance with the above provision shall be made to any existing passenger elevator shaft. 12. Hoistway enclosure. In existing and future installa- 323 tions where no enclosure of solid partitions is required around the hoistway by the provisions of the building code, labor law or these rules, there shall be provided a substantial vertical en- closure extending from the iioor for a distance of not less than six (6) feet on the side or sides where there are no openings in the car for loading purposes. On all other sides, gates or doors must be provided. Such enclosure may be constructed of mesh work, grill work or slatted partitions, provided that when mesh work is used it shall be of not less than No. 10 U. S. gauge wire of No. 13 U. S. gauge expanded metal, with mesh not exceeding one and one-half (1J4) inches; when grill work is used there shall be not more than one and one- half (154) inches space between any two members, except that where plain straight bars, not filled in with scroll, are . used, there shall be not more than one (1) inch space be-, tween members; when wood slats are used they shall be not less than three-eighths (5^) of an inch thick, spaced not more than one (1) inch between slats. In all cases where existing grille work permitted by law or regulation as a shaft enclosure is altered, such alteration shall be of substantial material and construction, properly braced and carried the full height of openings, with not more than one and one-half inch space between any two members; ex- cept that where straight bars, not filled in with scroll work, are used, there shall be not more than one inch between mem- bers. Where deemed necessary, existing grille work with spaces exceeding those specified in this rule shall be made safe by suitable screen or wire mesh, or wire glass construction. 13. Shaft doors. In existing and future installations all gates or doors leading to any shaft in which power-driven passenger elevators are operated (except full automatic push button elevators) shall be locked, bolted or securely fastened on the shaft side. Such shaft doors or gates shall be closed by the operator before the car is put in motion. In future installations of passenger elevators, keys for opening the shaft doors or gates from the outside of the shaft, in case of emergency, shall be provided and shall be restricted in use to persons in responsible charge of the building. In existing and future installations in factory buildings only, the openings in every passenger or freight elevator shaft or hoistway enclosure shall be protected in one of the following manners : (a) by properly constructed sliding doors; (b) by combination slide and swing doors; (c) by hinged or swinging doors equipped with approved devices to insure the shaft doors being closed and locked be- fore the car can start from the landing; 324 (d) by hinged or swinging doors, either manually operated or self-closing, with auxiliary gates not less than five (5) feet six (6) inches in height substantially constructed of wood or metal, with not more than two (2) inches space between any two parallel members, and the bottom of the gate not more than ten (10) inches from the floor, except at the top and bottom landings when the distance from the floor to the bot- tom of the gate may be increased to give the required head room, and shall close automatically upon the car leaving the landing in either direction; except further that for hand- power elevators having the pull rope located in front of the shaft entrance, gates may be two (2) feet six (6) inches in height. When shaft doors are equipped with electric contacts or other locking devices, an approved emergency release shall be provided on the car within easy reach of the operator. 14. Car gates. In existing and future installations, all en- trances to the cars of power-driven passenger elevators shall be provided with substantial folding or sliding gates or doors, and where floor tracks are used the same must be kept level with the finished floor surface of the car. All folding gates over three feet wide at the entrance to shaft or car shall have top and bottom braces, spaced not more than eighteen inches on centers when the gates are fully expanded. All car gates shall be closed by the operator before the car is put in motion. In future installations passenger elevator car gates shall be equipped with an approved device or devices that will pre- vent the operation of the car while the car gates are open, and an approved emergency release shall be provided on the car within easy reach of the operator. 15. Counterweights. In future installations all counter- weights shall have their sections securely bolted together with one Or more rods, as determined by the superintendent of buildings. Such rods must pass through all the sub-weights and at least one portion of the frame work. No continuous forged straps shall be permitted. In existing and future installations where counterweights run in the same shaft as the car, they shall, when at the uppermost position, be protected on all exposed sides the full length of the counterweight with substantial and properly secured shields of iron or steel not less than No. 16 U. S. gauge; except that for plunger or fixed stroke piston hy- draulic or traction type elevators no top shield shall be re- quired. Where no compensating chains or ropes are attached to the counterweight, similar shields shall be provided eighteen inches above the bottom of the counterweight runway and ex- tending upwards at least five feet. In existing installations, where the clearance between car and counterweight is not 325 more than one and one-half inches, neither top nor bottom shields shall be required, but in lieu thereof tell-tale metal chains not less than five feet long, spaced not more than six (6) inches on centers from rail to rail, shall be suspended from the bottom of the counterweight. 16. Speed governors. All power-driven elevators with a rise of more than fifteen feet not already equipped with a speed governor and safety (except sidewalk type elevators and existing freight elevators in buildings not exceeding five stories in height and direct plunger elevators) shall have at the top of the elevator shaft a governor properly connected to a safety device attached to the underside of the car platform, in such manner that the car will be brought to rest with an easy and gradual stop, or in a distance not greater than nine feet at a speed of seven hundred feet per minute, provided that on elevators having a speed of one hundred feet per minute or less, safeties *of the instantaneous type may be used. Every governor operating a car safety shall be set to trip the safety at a speed not exceeding forty per cent above the rated speed given in the application, but in no case exceed- ing eight hundred and fifty feet per minute; but this shall not require any governor to trip the safety at a speed less than one hundred and fifty feet per minute. When a speed governor has been set for the rated speed it shall be sealed. When safeties of the instantaneous type are used, a proper flexible means of application must be interposed between the safety and the governor. 17. Limit devices. In future installations all power-driven elevators shall have approved limit devices, as follows : (a) for Drum Type Electric Elevators, except sidewalk type elevators with speeds not exceeding seventy-five (75) feet per minute, limit switches on the machine and in the shaft or on the car; (b) for Traction Type Electric Elevators, limit switches in the shaft or on the car; (c) for Electric Drum Sidewalk Type Elevators, with speeds not exceeding seventy-five (75) feet per minute, ma- chine srutomatics will be required but stopping devices on the operating rope will be accepted in lieu of limit switches in the shaft or on the car ; (d) for Hydraulic Elevators, with speeds not exceeding one hundred and fifty (150) feet per minute, stopping devices on the operating rope; (e) for Hydraulic Elevators, with speeds, exceeding one hundred and fifty (150) feet per minute, limit devices on the machine ; 326 (i)ior Lever or Crank-Operated Hydraulic Elevators, limit devices on the machine. 18. Elevator brake. In future installations every electric elevator shall be equipped with an electric or electro-mechanical brake that will bring the car to rest when the car operating device is brought to the stop position or when any of the electric safety devices operate. When the elevator is driven by a belt from an electric mo- tor, the brake must be arranged to operate should the motor belt break or leave the pulleys. 19. Operating device. In future installations every eleva- tor driven by electric power and operated by hand rope,. lever, wheel or other non-self-centering device, shall be provided with an approved device preventing the operation of the car, after the interruption of the current, until the operating device has been first returned to the inoperative position, and electric car operating switches shall be self-centering and self-locking in the inoperative position. 20. Reverse phase relays. In future installations every ele- vator motor operated by polyphase alternating electric cui*- rent shall be equipped with a reverse phase relay. 21. Slack rope device. In future installations all power- driven elevators, including power-driven sidewalk elevators, operated by drum hoisting machines shall have approved auto- matic slack rope devices that will stop the machine if, from any cause, any car hoisting rope or chain attached to the drum becomes slack. 22. Car locking device. No elevator shall be used for the carrying of safes or other material of a greater weight than the normal lifting power of such elevator, unless the machine is provided with special equipment and the car is equipped with an approved locking device which will hold it at any landing independent of the hoisting ropes while such safe or other material is being loaded or unloaded. 23. Hand-power elevator safety devices. In future in- stallations every hand-power elevator (except sidewalk type elevators) with a rise of more than fifteen feet, shall be equipped with an approved safety device that will immediately stop and hold the car with a full load if the rope breaks, and with an approved automatic speed retarder and a hand-operated brake operating in both directions. Grip hoists and elevators operated by gravity in both direc- tions shall comply with the requirements for hand-power elevators. 24. Escalators. In future, every escalator installed shall be equipped with an approved safety device to prevent any acci- 327 dental downward reversal and with an approved stopping device. 25. Car construction. In future installations the car and car frame of every power-driven elevator and of every hand- power elevator with a rise of more than thirty-five (35) feet shall be of incombustible materials; except that the platform may be of wood covered on the underside with incombustible materials. The car enclosure and flooring may be of hard wood. The car, car frame and enclosure of every hand-power elevator with a rise of thirty-five (35) feet or less may be constructed of wood. 26. Passenger car enclosures. In existing and future in- stallations every passenger elevator car shall be fully enclosed on all sides not used for loading or unloading, and on the top, with substantial construction. In future installations where grille work is used for the car enclosure, including the top, it shall be constructed with not more than one and one-half inch space between any two mem- bys; except that where straight bars not filled in with scroll work are used there shall be not more than one inch space between members. When the clearance between car and counterweight is less than two (2) inches, that part of the car enclosure opposite the counterweight runway shall be of solid construction or screened with not more than one-half (J/^) inch mesh of not lighter than No. 16 U. S. gauge wire, to a height of not less than six (6) feet six (6) inches. In existing installations in factory buildings only, where the spaces exceed those specified for future installations, it shall be deemed satisfactory if the grille work is made safe by suit- able screen or wire mesh fastened to the car enclosure. 27. Emergency exit. In future installations every power- driven passenger elevator car shall have a trap door in the top, of such a size as to afford easy egress for passengers, but not less than sixteen inches in least dimension nor less than four hundred square inches in area. When there is more than one elevator in a shaft and the vertical distance between any two consecutive shaft door openings exceeds thirty (30) feet, there shall be provided in addition to the trap door an emergency side exit to the adjacent car. In existing installations not already provided with an emer- gency exit, a trap door as specified for future installations shall be provided ; except that when the cross head or car top construction renders it impracticable to provide such trap door, this requirement may be waived by the superintendent of build- ings, if egress, in case of emergency, is possible through shaft openings, or to an adjacent car. 328 \ 28. Freight car enclosure. In existing and future installa- fions in factory buildings only, every freight elevator car shall be enclosed on all sides not used for loading or unloading, with substantial construction, to a height of five (5) feet, six (6) inches, or to the cross head, when this is less than five (5) feet six (6) inches above the car platform. In future installations, where an enclosure of open construc- tion is used, the space between any two parallel members shall not exceed one inch. 29. Freight elevator cover. In existing and future installa- tions in factory buildings only, every freight elevator car shall be provided with a substantial cover or grating constructed of not less than No. 8 U. S. gauge wire or its equivalent in strength, and of a mesh that will reject a one and one-half (IJ^) inch diameter ball. Sections of the cover or grating may be arranged to swing upward for handling long material, but such cover or grating shall be closed at all other times. In covers hereafter installed (except where car gates are pro- vided) that part of the cover facing the entrances to the hoist- way, extending the full width of the car, shall be hinged on a line not less than eight (8) inches nor more than twelve (12) inches back from the edge of the landing, and the hinged sec- tion shall be self-closing. 30. Space between saddles and car. In future installations there shall be not more than one and one-quarter inch, nor less than three-quarters of an inch space between the floor of the car and the floor saddles, and where the saddles proj ect into the shaft the same shall be properly bevelled on the underside at an angle of not less than sixty degrees to the horizontal. 31. Lights. In existing and future installations the cars of all elevators shall be properly lighted at all times when in service. 32. Guide rails. In future installations, guide rails for both car and counterweights of all elevators (except dumb- waiters, and hand-power elevators with a rise of thirty-five feet or less) shall be of iron or steel. They shall be fastened to the sides of the shaft with wrought or cast iron brackets of such strength and design and so spaced that the guide rails and their fastenings shall be able to safely withstand the application of the safety when stopping a fully loaded car under test. For elevators requiring safeties, the guiding surfaces of the car guides shall be finished smooth and joints shall be tongued and grooved or dowelled, and rails shall extend to the level of or above the overhead beams and shall be bottomed on a suitable support. The weights of steel or iron guide rails shall be not less than given in the following table : WEIGHT OF GUIDE RAILS PER LINEAL FOOT. Weight of Weight of Counter- Total Weight of , — Car Guide Rails — » , — weight Guide Rails — , Car and Live With Without With Without Load, or Weight Guide Rail Guide Rail Guide Rail Guide Rail of Counterweight. Safeties. Safeties. Safeties. Safeties. 0-4000 lbs 7% 7% 7% 6% 4001-15000 " 14 14 14 7% 15001-40000 " 30 30 30 7% 33. Ropes. In future installations, all elevators (except dumbwaiters) shall have not less than two ropes independently connected to the car and to each set of counterweights. In drum type machines, the lifting and counterweight ropes shall have at least one full turn of the rope on the drum when they have reached the limit of travel. Every rope hereafter used shall have a factor of safety of not less than six for freight elevators, and not less than eight for passenger ele- vators. The diameter of any hoist or counterweight rope hereafter installed (except for hand-power elevators and side- walk type elevators) shall be not more than one-fortieth (1/40) of the diameter of any sheave or drum over which it passes. All ropes used in the operation of elevators shall be of steel, iron or marlin covered steel. Ropes of other material than metal may be used as hand ropes and brake ropes in hand-power elevators or as centering ropes in power-driven elevators with hand rope control. Where overhead machines are used equalizer arms will be permitted on the car and counterweights. Nothing in this rule shall prohibit the use of chains on sidewalk elevators instead of ropes. 34. Auxiliary freight compartments. In future installa- tions no elevator shall be permitted to have attached above, below or on the side of the car a freight compartment or similar device. In existing installations, entrances to freight compartments shall be protected by folding gates, as required for passenger elevators, and so arranged that the elevator cannot be operated until the gate is closed. 35. Overhead gratings. In every elevator shaft (except ex- isting elevator shafts, dumbwaiter shafts or the shafts of side- walk elevators outside the building line) immediately under the sheaves at the top of the shaft, or when the machine is located at the top of the shaft, at the level of the top of the machine beams, there shall be provided and placed a sub- stantial grating of iron or steel capable of sustaining not less than seventy-five pounds per square foot. No two members of such grating shall be spaced more than one and one-half inches apart. When such grating does not extend over the en- tire area of the shaft, the open edges shall be protected by substantial screened railings not less than three feet high. Every such grating shall extend at least two and one-half feet beyond the general contour of the sheaves or machinery. Deflecting sheaves extending below the machine level, or hoist and counterweight sheaves located at the sides of the shaft, shall be protected by gratings or cradles of a construction simi- lar to that required for the gratings. Fireproof floor con- struction shall be accepted as the equivalent of the grating. Nothing in this rule shall prevent the placing of a trap door in such a grating where other suitable access cannot be had. Any grating hereafter placed in an existing elevator shaft shall conform to the requirements of this rule. 36. Elevator pit. In every elevator shaft hereafter con- structed (except shafts for dumbwaiters, for sidewalk ele- vators and for hand-power elevators with a rise of less than thirty-five feet), the distance from the floor saddle of the lowest standing to the bottom of the pit shall not be less than four feet when the speed does not exceed two hundred and fifty feet per minute, not less than five feet when the speed exceeds two hundred and fifty but does not exceed four hundred feet per minute, and not less than six feet when the speed exceeds four hundred feet per minute, and in no case shall there be less than two feet in the clear be- tween the bottom of the pit and the lowest point of the underside of the car floor framing when the car is at the lowest possible position. In the case of power-driven sidewalk type elevators, the clear space between the bottom of the pit and underside of the car floor structure shall be not less than six inches. The pits herein required at the bottom of elevator shafts shall not be used for piping, machinery, or for any purpose not required for the elevator equipment; but this shall not prevent the encroachment upon such pits, in the case of new elevators installed in existing buildings, of the foundations of bearing walls and columns to an extent not exceeding twenty-five per cent of the area of the pit. 37. Overhead clearance for cars. For all elevator shafts hereafter installed (except shafts for sidewalk type elevators) there shall be provided a sufficient clear space, when the car is at the top landing, to allow a run-by of not less than two feet for elevators having a speed not exceeding one hundred feet per minute, not less than three feet for elevators having a speed exceeding one hundred feet per minute and not ex- ceeding three hundred and fifty feet per minute, and not 381 less than five feet for elevators having a speed exceeding three hundred and fifty feet per minute. 38. Overhead clearance for counterweights. In future in- stallations there shall be provided in all elevator shafts a sufficient clear space when the car has completely compressed the pit buffers to allow of a run-by of the counterweight of not less than two (2) feet for traction and hydraulic type elevators, and not less than three (3) feet for drum type elevators. 39. Machinery room. All parts of the elevator machinery for power-driven elevators shall be properly enclosed, and suitable light provided. In buildings hereafter erected free and safe access must be provided to all parts of the elevator machinery and there shall be not less than twelve (12) inches clearance at limit stop devices on machine and outboard bear- ings of motor. In future installations in existing buildings, such clearance shall be provided as deemed necessary by the superintendent of buildings, but need not exceed that specified for buildings hereafter erected. When the machine is located at the bottom of the shaft, it shall be protected with a sub- stantial pit pan. 40. Speed. The speed of all power-driven elevators shall not exceed seven hundred feet per minute. 41. Buffers. In future installations for all power-driven elevators (except sidewalk type elevators) there shall be pro- vided substantial spring buffers, pneumatic buffers, or oil buf- fers for the car and counterweights provided that for the cars and counterweights of all elevators having speeds of more than three hundred and fifty feet per minute, substantial oil buffers shall be installed. 42. Supporting beams. Supporting beams hereafter in- stalled for elevator sheaves or machinery (except in dumb- waiter shafts) shall be of iron or steel. 43. Determination of questions. When any existing installa- tion for either passenger or freight service is deemed by the Superintendent of Buildings to be in an unsafe or dangerous condition it shall be made safe in such manner as he shall pre- scribe, and all defective parts necessary of replacement shall conform, in so far as possible, with the rules governing future installations. Where there are practical difficulties in the way of carrying out the strict letter of the foregoing rules, the superintendent of buildings shall have power to vary their provisions so that the spirit of the law shall be observed and public safety secured and substantial justice done, provided that whenever such variations are granted by a superintendent of buildings it shall be indorsed in writing upon the permit over the signa- ture of such superintendent. 332 FIRE RETARDING CONSTRUCTION RULES ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS AUGUST 30, 1917; EFFECTIVE SEPTEMBER 26, 1917; AS AMENDED NOVEMBER 1, 1917. 1, Fire retarding materials, for garages, motor vehicle repair shops and oil selling stations. In garages, motor vehicle repair shops and oil selling stations any material or form of construc- tion shall be deemed fire-retarding within the meaning of §73, subdivision 3, of the building code, that resists the action of flame and heat when subjected to a continuous fire for one hour at an average temperature of seventeen hundred (1700) degrees Fahrenheit without the passage of flame, and with a maximum temperature rise to four hundred (400) degrees Fahrenheit on the side away from the fire. The point at which the temperature of transmitted heat is measured shall be protected from external air and weather conditions. When the test speciment is in the form of partition con- struction, the area under test shall be not less than one hundred (100) square feet and the least dimension shall be not less than nine (9) feet. When in the form of floor construction, the area under test shall be not less than two hundred (200) square feet and the least dimension shall be not less than fourteen (14) feet. During the fire, the floor construction shall support the live load for which it is designed, and after the fire shall safely sustain twice the designed live load with a maximum deflection of not more than one two-hundredth (1/200) part of the span. 2. Wood joisted floor construction. Wood joisted floor construction shall be accepted as fire-retarding construction in non-fireproof buildings used as garages, motor vehicle repair shops or oil selling stations when the beams are protected on the upper and under sides with the fire-retarding materials specified in rules for floor and ceiling coverings. 3. Floor covering. Any one of the following forms of construction shall be accepted as fire-retarding for the cover- ing of the upper sides of wood floor beams in joisted floor con- struction in non-fireproof buildings used as garages, motor vehicle repair shops or oil selling stations : (a) Seven-eighths (^) inch wood un d'erflooring protected with a membrane of two-ply waterproofing covered with not less than two and one-half (2^^) inches of 1 :2J4 :5 concrete or better, reinforced with not less than one-fourth (J4) of one (1) per cent, of steel mesh. (b) Two and one-half (2J4) inches of 1:2:4 concrete ap- plied directly to the top of the joists, with or without temporary 333 support, reinforced with hot less than one-fourth of one per cent, steel rods, mesh or steel lath, and having the tops of the joists coated with approved waterproof paint or protected by tar paper on the top and on the sides for a distance of three inches from the top. (Amendment, Nov. 1, 1917.) 4. Ceiling covering. Any one of the following- forms of construction shall be accepted as fire-retarding for the covering of the undersides of wood floor beams in joisted floor con- struction in non-fireproof buildings used as garages, motor vehicle repair shops or oil selling stations : (a) One-half (J^) inch plaster boards with pointed joints covered with No. 26 U. S. gauge sheet metal with one (T) inch lapped seams nailed to the wood beams when spaced not more than sixteen (16) inches on centers, or nailed to furring strips when the floor beams are spaced more than sixteen (16) inches on centers; (b) Two thicknesses of one-quarter {%) inch asbestos boards laid with tight staggered joints and nailed to the beams, when spaced not more than sixteen (16) inches on centers, or nailed to furring strips when the floor beams are more than sixteen (16) inches on centers ; (c) Metal lath weighing not less than three pounds per square yard, attached to furring strips and plastered with Port- land cement mortar at least three-quarters (54) inch thick. 5. Attachment to ceiling. Fire-retarding ceilings in non- fireproof buildings used as garages, motor vehicle repair shops or oil selling stations shall be attached to wood floor beams and girders in such manner as to maintain an air space between the wood beams, and all beams shall be seasoned before apply- ing the protective coat. 6. Openings in fire-retarding floors. Pipes or conduits which pass through floors shall be fitted with metal thimbles and made watertight for a height of three (3) inches above the floor. 7. Columns. All structural posts and columns in non-fire- proof buildings required to be fire-retarded shall be protected with the fire-retarding materials specified for ceiling coverings in these rules, or with any of the materials accepted in fire- proof construction; except that an air space shall not be re- quired around steel or cast iron columns. When necessary for protection against mechanical injury, the fire-retarding protection on columns shall be jacketed to a height of five (5) feet from the ground with No. 4 U. S. gauge metal. 8. Girders. All girders in non-fireproof buildings required to be fire- retarded shall be protected with the fire-retarding materials specified for ceiling coverings in these rules, or with 334 any of the materials acceptable in fireproof construction; except that an air space need not be provided around steel girders. 9. Shaft enclosures. Existing stairways and vertical shafts in non-fireproof business buildings hereafter converted to be used as garages, motor vehicle repair shops or oil selling stations shall be enclosed in fire-retarding partitions continued through the non-fireproof floor construction, and when unfilled wood stud partitions are used, the space between the floor beams shall be fire-stopped with incombustible materials. All openings in such partitions shall be protected with accepted metal-covered fire doors or windows. Wherever necessary for protection against mechanical injury, the partition shall be jacketed to a height of five (5) feet on the garage side with No. 4 U. S. gauge metal. Any one of the following forms of partitions shall be accepted for the enclosure: (a) Two by four inch wood studs, spaced not more than sixteen (16) inches on centers, covered both sides with metal lath weighing not less than three pounds per square yard, attached to furring strips and plastered with Portland cement mortar at least three-quarters (54) of an inch thick; (b) Two by four inch wood studs spaced not more than sixteen (16) inches on centers, covered both sides with seven- eighths {%) inch wood sheathing, one-half (J4) inch plaster boards with pointed joints and No. 26 U. S. gauge sheet metal with one inch lapped seams ; (c) Two by four inch wood studs spaced not more than sixteen (16) inches on centers, covered both sides with seven- eighths iYs) inch wood sheathing, two thicknesses of one- quarter (J4) inch asbestos boards laid with tight staggered joints and jacketed with No. 16 U. S. gauge metal on the garage side to a height of five (5) feet; (d) Two by four inch wood studs spaced not more than sixteen (16) inches on centers, filled in solidly between the studs with four inches of approved fireproof materials and covered on both sides with No. 26 U. S. gauge metal ; (e) Existing wood stud, lath and plaster partitions covered on the garage side with No. 26 U. S. gauge sheet metal with one-inch lapped seams. 335 EXIT RULES [REVOLVING DOORS] ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS SEPTEMBER 6, 1917; AS AMENDED FEB- RUARY 11, 1919; EFFECTIVE MARCH 10, 1919. 1. Classification of revolving doors. For the purpose of these rules revolving doors shall be classified as follows : (a) Type A. "Automatic collapsible" in which the indi- vidual wings are maintained in the normal revolving position, but which doors are so designed and constructed that in the event of excessive pressure being exerted on the wings, the braces or other devices which hold the wings in their normal position shall be disconnected, thereby permitting easy egress through the vestibule at least equivalent to that provided by a pair of swinging doors having the same width as the vestibule opening. No revolving doors shall be included in this classification if the pressure necessary to collapse any wing exceeds one hundred and fifty (150) pounds when exerted at a point three (3) inches from the outer edge of the wing, and three (3) feet six (6) inches above the floor, but shall be classified under type B. (b) Type B. " Rigid Brace " in which the individual wings are maintained in the normal revolving position by rigid braces or similar devices, but which doors are so designed and constructed that the braces or other devices which hold the wings in their normal position may be manually released by simple mechanical means, thereby permitting the individual wings to be manually collapsed and so arranged as to permit free egress through the vestibule. "2. Revolving doors — Prohibition. Revolving doors shall be prohibited in exit doorways from assembly halls, asylums, auditoriums, churches, dance halls, hospitals, motion picture theatres, schools, theatres, or from any room or space within a building where more than three hundred (300) persons congregate for purposes of amusement, instruction or worship ; except that the main entrance doorway to a hospital or sani- tarium may be equipped with either type A or B revolving doors when supplemented by swinging doors not less than three (3) feet eight (8) inches wide at this or other paths of egress. 3, Revolving doors — Department stores. Type A revolv- ing doors hereafter installed shall be accepted in exit doorways from department stores provided doorways aggregating at least fifty (50) per cent, of the legal required width, equipped 336 with swinging doors, are installed, and one or more such outwardly swinging doors are located immediately adjacent to each revolving door. Such swinging doors need not be equipped with handles on the outside, and shall have a mini- mum clear width of three (3) feet. 4. Existing reiiolving doors. Except where otherwise pro- hibited existing Type A revolving doors may be retained as required means of exit in doorways from buildings. Except where otherwise prohibited existing Type B revolv- ing doors may also be retained as required me;ans of exit in buildings, when, in the opinion of the admmistrative official having jurisdiction, no dangerous exit condition exists. If, however, such dangerous exit condition is deemed by him to exist, they shall be either replaced by Type A revolving doors, or supplemented by at least one swinging door not less than three (3) feet wide located adjacent to the revolving door, as the administrative official may direct. 5. New revolving doors. In buildings other than assembly halls, asylums, auditoriums, churches, dance halls, department stores, hospitals, motion picture theatres, schools and theatres, coming under the exit provisions of the building code, door- ways serving as required exits may hereafter be equipped with Type A revolving doors, or with Type B revolving doors, pro- vided such revolving doors, not exceeding three in a unit, shall have an outwardly swinging door at least three (3) feet wide located immediately adjacent thereto. 6. Revolving doors — Subway entrances. Required exit doorways from buildings which serve in addition as a means of subway entrance and exit may be equipped with Type A revolving doors, provided doorways of the legal required width equipped with swinging doors are also installed and one or more such outwardly swinging doors are located ad- jacent to each revolving door. 7. Samng clause. But nothing in these rules shall prevent the installation on the exit doors from a bank, trust company, jewelry store, or any store devoted to a single similar use, of a locking device which may be operated by electricity or other means from the interior of the building, to be used only in an emergency. (Adopted by the Board of Standards and Appeals, July 8, 1920.) 337 CONSTRUCTION OF FIRE ESCAPES RULES ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS JULY 2, 1918; EFFECTIVE JULY 29, 1918 1. In any building erected prior to October 1, 1913, now occupied or to be occupied as a factory, more than five stories in height and not exceeding nine stories in height, nor in any case more than 90 feet from curb level to top floor level, one of the required means of exit or escape tuider Section 271-1 of the Labor Law may consist of an outside fire escape, pro- vided that: (a) Any such fire escape hereafter erected shall comply with all the provisions of §273, labor law, and in addition thereto: (1) The balconies and stairs shall be protected on the out- side by substantial railings to a height of at least 4 feet 6 inches, measured from floor of balcony or center of stair tread, con- structed of bars at least one-half (j4) inch in diameter, spaced not more than six (6) inches on centres, or of substantial grill work, or of screening not less than No. 10 U. S. gauge wire with not more than one and one-half (1J4) inch mesh, all rigidly braced; (2) When there is safe egress from the roof of the building to any adjoining structure, the fire escape stairway shall con- tinue to the roof, and if there be no safe means of egress, a gooseneck ladder shall be provided from the top story balcony to the roof; (b) Any such fire escape erected prior to October 1, 1913, shall conform in every respect with the requirements of para- graph (a) of this rule, except that balconies may be not less than 3 feet in width; the connecting stairs not less than 20 inches in width, and placed at an angle not exceeding 60 degrees if the building is not over six stories in height, otherwrise at an angle of 45 degrees ; fire windows leading to balconies may be at window sill level if fixed steps not less than sixteen (16) inches wide are provided on the inside from floor level, leading thereto. (c) Any such fire escape erected subsequent to October 1, 1913, and prior to these rules taking effect, unless previously accepted as one of the required means of exit or escape by the administrative official having jurisdiction, shall conform in every respect to paragraph (a) of this rule. 2. A fire escape shall not hereafter be accepted as constitut- ing one of the required means of exit or escape under Section 271-1 of the labor law, in any building erected prior to October 1, 1913, now occupied or to be occupied as a factory, exceeding nine stories in height, or more than 90 feet from curb level to top floor level. METHOD FOR TESTS FOR ANTI-SIPHON TRAPS OR FIXTURES ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS, FEBRUARY 11, 1919 Resolved, That the following be and it hereby is adopted by the board of standards and appeals as the method pre- scribed for tests for anti-siphon traps or fixtures, which must be successfully passed before such traps or fixtures shall be approved under Rule 99, Rules for Plumbing and Drainage : Instructions. 1. The entire cost and responsibility for the installation of the necessary equipment for such test shall be borne by the person or firm submitting the appliance. 2. Such person or firm shall also furnish the board, together with the application for test, the following material and in- formation : (a) A stock trap of the size and design to be tested, which shall be of the P and S type and shall be of lead or brass, cast in one piece, and without interior partitions or mechanism. (b) A similar trap cut in half. (c) A similar trap, to be used in the test, provided with glass observation ports of sufficient size to permit clear observa- tion of the action occurring within the trap during test, and such observation ports shall be so located that the amount of water seal remaining after each test can be readily observed. (d) An affidavit that the three traps submitted are regular stock traps. (e) A list of all cities, towns or municipalities where such trap has been officially approved for use without back venting. The testing apparatus shall be located within the City of New York, and in a place," building or structure to meet the approval of the testing authorities. Such apparatus shall be so located that every part is easily accessible for inspection. Apparatus. The apparatus shall consist of the following : A tank of not less than fifty nor more than one hundred and fifty gallons capacity, with adequate water supply for refilling same during the test. A vertical wrought iron or steel pipe line fifty feet long, connected to the underside of the tank, and of the same in- ternal diameter as the trap to be tested. A quick-opening valve, located ten feet below the under- side of the tank. 339 A TY fitting located two feet below the quick-opening valve, with horizontal branch pipe connected thereto of the same diameter as the vertical line, this branch line not to exceed two feet in length, with a pitch towards the vertical line of two inches to the foot, and the trap to be tested shall be connected to this horizontal branch pipe. A wash basin, or fixture answering the same purpose, which can be conveniently connected or disconnected from the inlet side of the trap. The test shall be conducted as follows: For Anti-Siphon Qualities. For the purpose of determining the efficiency of the trap, the tank shall be completely filled, a water seal established in the trap; and: — The quick-opening valve shall be opened for five seconds, then closed for five seconds, and this alternating process re- peated five times. The quick-opening valve shall be opened and the entire contents of the tank discharged at one time. The wash basin shall be connected] to the trap, filled with water, and both wash basin and tank discharged simultaneously. The quick-opening valve shall be kept open until the entire contents of the tank has been discharged. The trap shall be disconnected and a bridge of solid soap formed across the lower half of the discharge end of the trap, so as to effectually block one-half of the clear water way, and the foregoing tests repeated. Each operation shall be repeated several times, if desired by the testing authorities. For Self-Cleansing Qualities. For the purpose of determining its self-cleansing qualities, the trap shall be filled with sand and the wash basin filled with water and allowed to discharge. A similar operation shall be repeated with tea leaves, coffee grounds, sawdust and grated soap. For Service Qualities. The service qualities of the trap may be tested as follows : A trap which has been in actual constant use for a period of not less than one year shall be removed under the supervision of a representative of the testing authorities, split into two halves,_ and submitted for inspection, for the purpose of de- termining whether sediment or coating of grease or other foreign matter has accumulated in the trap during service conditions. 340 Approval. An approval shall not be issued for any anti-siphon trap which has been subjected to the foregoing tests unless the trap has: 1. Maintained its water seal throughout the test. 2. Been successfully scoured of any foreign substances placed in the trap, when water has been discharged through same. 3. Upon inspection, after service, shown no excessive ac- cumulation of grease or other foreign substance. Deep Seal Siphon-Jet Fixtures, or Anti-Siphon Fixtures, Instructions: Applicants for approval of deep seal siphon-jet or anti-siphon fixtures shall submit the following with their application : (a) A stock fixture of the size and design to be tested. (b) A similar fixture, cut in half. (c) A similar fixture, to be used in the test, provided with glass observation ports of sufficient size to permit clear observa- tion of the action occurring within the fixture during test, and such observation ports shall be so located that the amount of water seal remaining after each test can be readily observed. (d) An affidavit that the three fixtures submitted are regular stock fixtures. Apparatiis. The apparatus shall be similar to that required foi- anti- siphon traps, except that vertical and horizontal pipes shall have an internal diameter of three inches for testing slop sinks and four inches for testing water closets; tank shall have a capacity of not less than one hundred gallons and the fixture shall be provided with its usual water supply so that same may be flushed when required. Test. For the purpose of determming the efficiency of the fixture to maintain a water seal, it shall be tested in a manner similar to that prescribed for anti-siphon traps, except that no soap bridge need be provided at the outlet. 341 USE OF HYDRATED LIME IN CONCRETE ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS, APRIL 19, 1920 The use of hydrated lime in all classes of concrete construc- tion shall not be prohibited when used in accordance with the conditions hereinafter set forth. The hydrated lime shall conform with the standard specifica- tions for this material which have been adopted by the Ameri- can Society for Testing Materials. The maximum amount of hydrated lime which may be used shall conform with the following table, all weights given being the amount of lime which may be incorporated for each ninety- five pound bag of Portland cement li-1^-3 Mix, 4 pounds of hydrated lime per bag of cement. 1-2-4 Mix, 5 pounds of hydrated lime per bag of cement. 1-2J4-5 Mix, 6 pounds of hydrated lime per bag of cement. For hand mixed concrete, the hydrated lime and Portland cement shall be well mixed while dry. Hydrated lime shall not be used in concrete which is to be deposited under water. 342 RULES COVERING THE DESIGN OF REIN- FORCED CONCRETE FLAT SLABS ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS, JULY 8, 1920. 1. Application. The rules governing the design of rein- forced concrete flat slabs shall apply to such floors and roofs, consisting of three or more rows of slabs, without beams or girders, supported on columns, the construction being con- tinuous over the columns and forming with them a monolithic structure. 2. Compliance with building code. In the design of rein- forced concrete flat slabs, the provisions of Article 16 of the building code shall govern with respect to such matters as are specified therein. 3. Assumptions. In calculations for the strength of rein- forced concrete flat slabs, the following assumptions shall be made : (a) A plane section before bending remains plane after bending; (b) The modulus of elasticity of concrete in compres- sion within the allowable working stresses is constant; (c) The adhesion between concrete and reinforcement is perfect; (d) The tensile strength of concrete is nil; (e) Initial stress in the reinforcement due to contraction or expansion in the concrete is negligible. 4. Stresses, (a) The allowable unit shear in reinforced concrete flat slabs on the bd section around the perimeter of the column capital shall not exceed one hundred twenty (ISO) pounds per square inch; and the allowable unit shearing stress on the bjd section around the perimeter of the drop shall not exceed sixty (60) pounds per square inch, provided that the reinforcement is so arranged or anchored that the stress may be fully developed for both positive and negative moments. (b) The extreme fibre stress to be used in concrete in com- pressions, at the column head section shall not exceed seven hundred fifty (750) pounds per square inch. 5. Columns. For columns supporting reinforced concrete flat slabs, the least dimension of any column shall be not less than one-fifteenth (1/15) of the average span of any slabs supported by the columns; but in no case shall such least dimension of any interior column supporting a floor or roof he less than sixteen (16) inches when round, nor fourteen (14) 343 inches when square; nor shall the least dimension of any ex- terior column be less than fourteen (14) inches. 6. Column capital. Every reinforced concrete column sup- porting a flat slab shall be provided with a capital whose diameter is not less than 0.225 of the average span of any slabs supported by it. Such diameter shall be measured where the vertical thickness of the capital is at least one and one-half (lyi) inches, and shall be the diameter of the inscribed circle in that horizontal plane. The slope of the capital considered effective below the point where its diameter is measured shall nowhere make an angle with the vertical of more than forty- five (45) degrees. In case a cap of less dimensions than here- inafter described as a drop, is placed above the column capital, the part of this cap enclosed within the lines of the column capital extended upward to the bottom of the slab or drop at the slope of forty-five (45) degrees may be considered as part of the column capital in determining the diameter for design purposes. 7. Drop. When a reinforced concrete fiat slab is thicker in that portion adjacent to or surrounding the column, the thickened portion shall be known as a drop. The width of such drop when used, shall be determined by the shearing stress in the slab around the perimeter of the drop, but in no case shall the width be less than 0.33 of the average span of any slabs of which it forms a part. In computing the thickness of drop required by the negative moment on the column head section, the width of the drop only shall be considered as ef- fective in resisting the compressive stress, but in no case shall the thickness of such drops be less than 0.33 of the thickness of the slab. Where drops are used over interior columns, corre- sponding drops shall be employed over exterior columns and shall extend to the one-sixth (li/6) point of the panel from the center of the column. 8. Slab thickness. The thickness of a reinforced concrete flat slab shall be not less than that derived by the formulae t = 0.024 L V~w -I- lyi for slabs without drops, and t = 0.02 L V w -|- 1 for slabs with drops, in which t is the thick- ness of the slab in inches, L is the average span of the slab in feet, and w is the total live and dead load in pounds per square foot ; but in no case shall this thickness be less than one-thirty- second (1/32) of the average span of the slab for floors, nor less than one-fortieth (1/40) of the average span of the slab for roofs, nor less than six (6) inches for floors nor less than five (5) inches for roofs. 9. Reinforcement, (a) In the calculation of moments at any section, all the reinforcing bars which cross that section 844 may be used, provided that such bars extend far enough on e^ph side of such section to develop the full amount of the strfess at that section. The effective area of the reinforcement at any moment section shall be the sectional area of the bars crossing such section multiplied by the sine of the angle of such bars with the plane of the section. The distribution of the reinforcement of the several bands shall be arranged to fully provide for the intermediate moments at any section. (b) Splices in bars may be made wherever convenient but preferably at points of minimum stress. The length of any splice shall be not less than eighty (80) bai: diameters and in no case less than two (2) feet. The splicing of adjacent bars shall be avoided as far as possible. Slab bars which are lapped over the column, the sectional area of both being in- cluded in the calculation for negative moment, shall extend to the lines of inflection beyond the column center. (c) When the reinforcement is arranged in bands, at least fifty (50) per cent of the bars in any band shall be of a length not less than the distance center to center of columns measured rectangularly and diagonally; no bars used as positive rein- forcement shall be of a length less than half (54) the panel length plus forty (40) bar diameters for cross bands, or less than seven-tenths (7/10) of the panel length plus forty (40) bar diameters for diagonal bands and no bars used as negative reinforcement shall be of a length less than half (}4) the panel length. AH reinforcement framing perpendicular to the wall in exterior panels shall extend to the outer edge of the panel and shall be hooked or otherwise anchored. (d) Adequate means shall be provided for properly main- taining all slab reinforcements in the position assumed by the computations. 10. Line of inflection. In the design of reinforced concrete flat slab construction, for the purpose of making calculations of the bending moments at sections other than defined in these rules, the line of inflection shall be considered as being located, one-quarter (J4) the distance, center to center, of columns, rectangularly and diagonally, from center of columns for panels without drops, and three-tenths (3/10) of such distance for panels with drops. 11. Moment sections. For the purpose of design of rein- forced concrete flat slabs, that portion of the section across a panel, along a line midway between columns, which lies within the middle two quarters of the width of the panel shall be known as the inner section, and those portions of the section in the two outer quarters of the width of the panel shall be known as the outer sections. Of the section which follows a panel edge from column to column and which includes the 345 quarter perimeters of the edges of the column capitals, that portion within the middle two quarters of the panel width shall be known as the mid section and the two remaining por- tions, each having a projected width equal to one-quarter of the panel width, shall be known as the column head sections. 12. Bending moments. In the design of reinforced con- crete fiat slabs the following provisions with respect to bending moments shall be observed. In the moment expressions used : W is the total dead and live load on the panel under con- sideration, including the weight of drop whether a square, rectangle or parallelogram ; Wi is the total live load on the panel under consideration ; L is the length of the side of a square panel center to center of columns ; or the average span of a rectangular panel which is the mean length of the two sides ; n is the ratio of the greater to the less dimension of the panel ; h is the unsupported length of a column in inches, measured from top of slab to base of capital; I is the moment of inertia of the reinforced concrete column section. A. Interior square panels. The numerical sum of the positive and negative moments shall be not less than 1/17 W L. A variation of plus or minus five (5) per cent shall be per- mitted in the expression for the moment on any section, but in no case shall the sum of the negative moments be less than sixty-six (66) per cent of the total moment, nor the sum of the positive moments be less than thirty-four (34) per cent of the total moment for slabs with drops ; nor shall the sum of the negative moments be less than sixty (60) per cent of the total moment, nor the sum of the positive moments be less than forty (40) per cent of the total moment for slabs without drops. 1. In two-way systems, for slabs with drops, the negative moment resisted on two column head sections shall be — 1/32 W L; the negative moment on the mid section shall be — 1/133 W L; the positive moment on the two outer sections shall be -f-l/SO W L and the positive moment on the inner section shall be -M/133 W L; and for slabs without drops, the negative moment resisted on two column head sections shall be — 1/36 W L, the negative moment on the mid section shall b-.'; — 1/133 W L, the positive moment on the two outer sections shall be -|- 1/63 W L and the positive moment on the inner section shall be +1/133 W L. 2. In four-way systems, the negative moments shall be as specified for Two- Way Systems; the positive moment on the two outer sections shall be -fl/lOO W L, and the positive moment on the inner section shall be +1/100 W L for slabs with drops ; and the positive moment on the two outer sections 346 shall be +1/74 W L, and the positive moment on the inner section shall be +1/100 W L, for slabs without drops. 3. In three-way systems, the negative moment on the column head and mid sections and the positive moment on the two outer sections, shall be as specified for Four-Way Systems. In the expression for the bending moments on the various sec- tions, the length L shall be assumed as the distance center to center of columns, and the load W as the load on the parallelo- gram panel. B. Interior rectangular panels. 1. When the ratio n does not exceed 1.1, all computations shall be based on a square panel of a length equal to the average span, and the reinforcement shall be equally distributed in the short and long directions according to the bending moment coefficients specified for interior square panels. 2. When the ratio a lies between 1.1 and 1.33, the bending moment coefficients specified for interior square panels shall be applied in the following manner : (a) In two-way systems, the negative moments on the two column head sections and the mid section and the positive moment on the two outer sections and the inner section at right angles to the long direction shall be determined as for a square panel of a length equal to the greater dimension of the rec- tangular panel; and the corresponding moments on the sections at right angles to the short direction shall be determined as for a square panel of a length equal to the lesser dimension of the rectangular panel. In no case shall the amount of reinforce- ment in the short direction be less than two-thirds (2/3) of that in the long direction. The load W shall be taken as the load on the rectangular panel under consideration. (6) In four-way systems, for the rectangular bands, the negative moment on the column head sections and the positive moment on the outer sections shall be determined in the same manner as indicated for two-way systems. For the diagonal bands, the negative moments on the column head and mid sections and the positive moment on the inner section shall be determined as for a square panel of a length equal to the average span of the rectangle. The load W shall be taken as the load on the rectangular panel under con- sideration. (c) In three-way systems, the negative and positive moments on the bands running parallel to the long direction shall be determined as for a square whose side is equal to the greater dimension; and the moments on the bands running parallel to the short direction shall be determined as for a square whose side is equal to the lesser dimensions. The load W shall be 347 taken as the load on the parallelogram panel under considera- tion. C. Exterior panels. The negative moments at the first in- terior row of columns and the positive moments at the center of the exterior panels on moment sections parallel to the wall, shall be increased twenty (20) per cent, over those specified above for interior panels. The negative moment on moment sections at the wall and parallel thereto shall be determined by the conditions of restraint, but the negative moment on the mid section shall never be considered less than fifty (50) per cent, and the negative moment on the column head section never less than eighty (80) per cent, of the corresponding moments at the first interior row of columns. D. Interior columns shall be designed for the bending moments developed by unequally loaded panels, eccentric load- ing or uneven spacing of columns. The bending moment resulting from unequally loaded panels shall be considered as 1/40 Wi L, and shall be resisted by the columns immediately above and below the floor line under consideration in direct proportion to the values of their ratios of I/h. E. Wall columns shall be designed to resist bending in the same manner as interior columns, except that W shall be substituted for Wi in the formula for the moment. The moment so computed may be reduced by the counter moment of the weight of the structure which projects beyond the center line of the wall columns. F. Roof columns shall be designed to resist the total moment resulting from unequally loaded panels, as expressed by the formulae in paragraphs (D) and (E) of this rule. 13. Walls and openings. In the design and construction of reinforced concrete flat slabs, additional slab thickness, girders or beams shall be provided to carry any walls or concentrated loads in addition to the specified uniform live and dead loads'. Such girders or beams shall be assumed to carry twenty (20) per cent, of the total live and dead panel load in addition to the wall load. Beams shall also be provided in case openings in the floor reduce the working strength of the slab below the prescribed carrying capacity. 14. Special panels. For structures having a width of less than three (3) rows of slabs, or in which exterior drops, capitals or columns are omitted, or in which irregular or special panels are used, and for which the rules relating to the design of reinforced flat slabs do not directly apply, the computations in the analysis of the design of such panels, shall, when so required, be filed with the superintendent of buildings. 348 FIRE WINDOW RULES ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF STANDARDS AND APPEALS, JANUARY 11, 1921, UNDER CAL. NO. 478-20-S Fireproof windows which meet the requirements of section 376, building code, constructed of metal frames and sash equipped with non-corrodible hardware and fittings consisting of counterbalancing arms with rollers on both upper and lower sash operating in vertical grooves and permitting the free adjustment of the sash by a light pull on the lower sash handles may be installed for use, without an automatically closing device arranged to operate under the action of heat, in all exterior openings of factory buildings except those located as described in paragraphs (a), (b), (c) and (d) of this rule, provided the window is fitted with an automatic sash- fast which holds the sash locked in the closed position: (a) Openings within thirty (30) feet in a direct line of another building not in the same vertical plane; (b) Openings on a court or space less than thirty (30) feet wide; (c) Openings within fifty (50) feet in a vertical direction above the roof of a building within thirty (30) feet thereof; (d) Openings along the course of fire-escape or other means of egress. 349 GREATER NEW YORK CHARTER Chapter 19. Table 7. Lodging Houses. Section 1304. Construction generally. 1305. Definitions. 1306. Roofs and stairs and fire-escapes. 1307. Sleeping rooms; ventilation. 1308. Water-closets, privies and sinks. 1309. Cellars and basements not to be occupied for living purposes, except in certain cases. 1310. Cellars and vaults not to be used for sleeping rooms. 1311. Certain occupations and business prohibited. 1314. Houses hereafter erected to comply with ad- ditional requirements. 1315. Construction of lodging-houses and spaces prescribed for building the same. 1316. Dimensions and ventilation of rooms. 1317. Penalties for violations of provisions. 1318. Power of bureau of buildings and of board of health to make other regulations relative to lodging-houses. §1304. Construction generally. Every house, building, or portion thereof, in The City of New York, used, occupied, leased or rented for a lodging-house must conform in its con- struction, appurtenances and premises to the requirements of this title; and its use and occupation shall be regulated subject to the ordinances of the sanitary code, applicable thereto, and the orders of the board of health duly made, pursuant to its authority, duty and powers conferred and enjoined upon it in this chapter. §1305. Definitions. A lodging-house shall be taken to mean and include any house or building, or portion thereof, in which persons are harbored, or received or lodged, for hire for a single night, or for less than a week at one time, or any part of which is let for any person to sleep in, for any term less than a week. A cellar shall be taken to mean and include every basement or lower story of any building or house of which, one-half or more of the height from the floor to the ceiling, is below the level of the street adjoining. §1306. Roofs and stairs and fire-escapes. The roof of every such house shall be kept in good repair, and so as not to leak, and all rain water shall be so drained or conveyed therefrom as to prevent its dripping on to the ground, or causing dampness in the walls, yards, or area. All stairs shall 350 be provided with proper banisters and railings, and shall be kept in good repair. Every such house shall be provided with a proper fire-escape, or means of escape in case of fire, to be approved by the bureau of buildings. §1307. Sleeping rooms; ventilation. Every house, build- ing or portion thereof in the city designed to be used, occupied, leased, or rented, or which is used, occupied, leased or rented for a lodging house, shall have in every room which is occupied as a sleeping room, and which does not communi- cate directly with the external air, a ventilating or transom window, having an opening or area of three square feet, over the door leading into, and connected with the adjoining room, if such adjoining room communicates with the external air, and also a ventilating or transom window of the same opening or area, communicating with the entry or hall of the house, or where this is, from the relative situation of the rooms, impracticable, such last-mentioned ventilating or tran- som window shall communicate with ah adjoining room that itself communicates with the entry or hall. Every such house, or building, shall have in the roof, at the top of the hall, an adequate and proper ventilator, of a form approved by the bureau of buildings. §1308. Water-closets, privies and sinks. Every lodging- house shall be provided with as many good and sufficient water-closets, improved privy sinks, or other similar recepta- cles, as the department of health shall require, but in no case shall there be less than one for every fifteen occupants. The water-closets, sinks, and receptacles shall have proper doors, soil pipes, and traps, all of which shall be properly ventilated to prevent the escape of deleterious gas and odors, soil pans, cisterns, pumps and other suitable works and fixtures, neces- sary to insure the efficient operation, cleansing, and flushing thereof. Every lodging-house situated upon a lot on a street or avenue in which there is a sewer, shall have a separate and proper connection with the sewer ; and the water-closets, sinks, and other receptacles shall he properly connected with the sewer by proper pipes made thoroughly air-tight. Such sewer connection, and all the drainage and plumbing work, water- closets, sinks and other receptacles, in and for every lodging- house shall be of the form, construction, or arrangement, location, materials, workmanship and description as may be required by the rules and regulations of the bureau of build- ings of The City of New York. Every owner, lessee and occupant shall take adequate measures to prevent impi-oper substances from entering such water-closets, or sinks, or their connections, and to secure the prompt removal of any im- proper substances that may enter them, so that no accumula- tion shall take place, and so as to prevent any exhalations 351 therefrom, offensive, dangerous and prejudicial to life or health, and so as to prevent the same from being or becoming obstructed. No privy, vault or cess-pool shall be allowed in, under, or connected with any such house except when it is unavoidable, and a permit therefor shall have been granted by the department of health, and in such case it shall be con- structed in such situation and in such manner as the bureau of buildings may direct. It shall in all cases be water-tight, and arched or securely covered over, and no offensive smell or gases shall be allowed to escape therefrom, or from any closet, sink or privy. In all cases where a sewer exists in the street or avenue, upon which the house or building stands, the yard or area shall be connected with the sewer, so that all water from the roof or otherwise, and all liquid filth shall pass freely into the sewer. Where there is no sewer in the street or avenue, or adjacent thereto, with which connection can be made, the yard and area shall be so graded that all water from the roof or otherwise, and all filth shall flow freely therefrom into the street gutter, by a passage beneath the sidewalk, which passage shall be covered by a permanent cover, so arranged as to permit access to remove obstructions or impurities. §1309. Cellars and basements not to be occupied for living purposes, except in certain cases. It shall not be lawful, without a permit from the bureau of buildings, to construct, during the erection of a lodging-house, nor after the completion of such lodging-house, any room or rooms in any basement or cellar to be occupied wholly or in part as a dwelling, nor shall it be lawful without a permit from the department of health to let, occupy, or suffer to be occupied separately as a dwelling, any vault, cellar, or underground room, built or rebuilt after July first, eighteen hundred and sixty-seven, or which shall not have been so let or occupied before said date. §1310. Cellars and vaults not to be used for sleeping rooms. No vault, cellar, or underground room shall be occupied as a place of lodging or sleeping, except the same shall be approved, in writing, and a permit given therefor by the board of health. No wall paper shall be placed upon a wall or ceiling of any lodging-house, unless all wall paper shall be first removed therefrom, and said wall and ceiling thoroughly cleansed. Every lodging-house, and every part thereof, shall be kept clean and free from any accumulations of dirt, filth, garbage or other matter in or on the same, or in the yard, court, passage, area or alley connected with it, or belonging to the same. The owner or keeper of any lodg- ing house shall thoroughly cleanse all the rooms, passages, stairs, floors, windows, doors, walls, ceilings, privies, cess- 352 pools and drains of the house or part of the house of which he is the owner or lessee, to the satisfaction of the depart- ment of health, so often as he shall be required by or in ac- cordance with any order of the board of health and any regula- tion or ordinance of said department, and shall well and suffi- ciently, to the satisfaction of the said health department, whitewash the walls an6 ceilings thereof once at least in every year. §1311. Certain occupations and business prohibited. Every lodging-house shall have the proper and suitable con- veniences or receptacles for receiving garbage and other re^ fuse matters. No lodging-house or premises, nor any por- tion thereof, shall be used as a place of storage for any com- bustible article, or any article dangerous to life or detrimental to health; nor shall any horse, cow, calf, swine, pig, sheep or goat be kept in said house or on the premises thereof. §1314. Houses hereafter erected to comply with addi- tional requirements. No house hereafter erected shall be used as a lodging-house, and no house, heretofore erected and now used for such purpose, shall be converted into, used, or leased for a lodging-house, unless, in addition to the require- ments hereinbefore contained, it conforms to requirements contained in the following sections of this title. §1315. Construction of lodging-houses and spaces pre- scribed for building the same. It shall not be lawful, without a permit from the bureau of buildings, to alter, erect or convert to the purposes of a lodging house, a building on any lot where there is another building on the same lot; nor shall it be lawful to build or to erect any building on any lot whereon there is already a lodging house, unless there is a clear open space exclusively belonging thereto, and extending upward from the ground of at least ten feet between said buildings if they are one story high above the level of the ground ; if they are two stories high, the distance between them shall not be less than fifteen feet; if they are three stories high, the distance shall not be less than twenty feet; if they are more than three stories high, the distance between them shall not be less than twenty-five feet, but when thorough ventilation of such open spaces can be otherwise secured, such distances may be lessened or modified in special cases by a permit from the bureau of buildings. At the rear of every building hereafter erected for or converted to the purposes of a lodging-house on any lot, there shall be and remain a clear open space of not less than ten feet between it and the rear end of the lot. No one continuous building hereafter constructed shall be built or converted to the purposes of a lodging-house in The City of New York, upon an ordinary city lot, and no existing lodging-house shall be enlarged or 353 altered, or its lot be diminished, so that it shall occupy more than sixty-five per centum of the area of said lot, but where the light and ventilation of said lodging-house are, in the opinion of the superintendent of buildings, materially improved, he may permit such lodging-hduse to occupy an area not exceeding seventy-five per centum of the sai6 lot, and the same proportion if the lot be greater or less in size than twenty-five by one hundred feet; but this provision shall not apply to corner lots, in which, however, no such building here- after constructed, above the first story, shall occupy more than ninety-two per centum of the area of a lot, and no such build- ing shall come within five feet of the rear of said lot, pro- vided, further that in all cases, both for corner and interior lots, the interior courts or shafts shall not be less than two feet four inches wid-e at their narrowest parts. In computing the amount of the lot covered by a building, any shaft or court of less than twenty-five square feet in area shall be considered as part of the building and not as part of the free air space. No shaft or court, over ten square feet in area, hereafter constructed in a lodging-house, except elevator shafts or staircase wells, shall be covered with a roof, sky- light or otherwise. The light and ventilation of all buildings hereafter erected for, or converted to the purpose of lodging- houses, must be provided in accordance with the requirements of this title, and the conditions of a plan and permit pre- viously approved in writing by the bureau of buildings, and no existing lodging-houses shall be enlarged or altered or its lot diminished without a similar permit. The bureau of buildiiigs .is hereby empowered an-d directed to make rules and regulations not inconsistent with the requirements of this title, and which, in addition to the requirements of this title, shall be the conditions of approval of the plans and permits ; the rules and regulations shall govern the arrangement and distribution of the uncovered area, size, lighting, location and arrangement of shafts, rooms, cellars, and halls. In case of any violation of the provisions of this section, or of any failure to comply with, or of any violation of the terms and conditions of the plan for such lodging-house approved by the bureau of buildings, or of the conditions of the permits granted as hereinbefore provided, or for the air, light and ventilation of the said house, or premises, any court of record, or any judge or justice thereof shall have power, at any time after service of notice ai violation, or of non-compliance, upon the owner, builder or other persons superintending the building, or con- verting any such house, upon proof by affidavit of any viola- tion or non-compliance as aforesaid, or that a plan for light and ventilation of such house has not been approved by the bureau of buildings, to restrain by injunction order, in any action by the bureau of buildings, or by the board of health, 354 the further progress of any violation as aforesaid. No under- taking shall be required as a condition of granting an injunc- tion, or by reason thereof. §1316. Dimensions and ventilation of rooms. In every such house hereafter erected or converted every habitable room, except rooms in the attic, shall be in every part not less than eight feet in height from the floor to the ceiling; and every habitable room in the attic of any such building shall be at least eight feet in height from the floor to the ceil- ing, throughout not less than one-half the area of such room. Every such room shall have at least one window connecting with the external air, or over the door a ventilator of perfect construction, connecting it with a room or hall which has a connection with the external air, and so arranged as to pro- duce a cross-current of air. The total area of window or windows in every room communicating with the external air shall be at least one-tenth of the superficial area of every such room ; and the top of one, at least, of such windows shall not be less than seven feet six inches above the floor, and the upper half, at least, shall be made so as to open the full width. Every habitable room of a less area than one hundred super- ficial feet, if it does not communicate directly with the ex- ternal air, and is without an open fireplace, shall be provided with special means of ventilation, by a separate air shaft ex- tending to the roof, or otherwise, as the board of health may prescribe. §1317. Penalties for violations of provisions. Every owner or other person violating any provision of this title shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by a fine of not less than ten dollars or more than one hundred dollars, or by imprisonment for not more than ten days for each and every day that such violation shall continue, or by both such fine and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. He shall also be liable to pay a penalty of ten dollars for each day that such offense shall continue. Such penalty may be sued for and recovered by the department of health in any civil tribunal of said city, and when recovered shall be paid over to the chamberlain. In every proceeding for a violation of this title, and in every such action for a penalty, it shall be the duty of the owner of the house to prove the date of its erection, or conversion to its existing use, if that fact shall become material, and the owner shall be, prima facie the per- son liable to pay such penalty, and after him the person who is the lessee of the whole house, in preference to the tenant or lessee of a part thereof. In any such action the owner, lessee, and occupant or any two of them, may be made defendants, and judgment may be given against the one or more shown to be liable, as if he or they were sole defendant or defendant^. 355 No part of chapter two hundred and seventy-five of the laws of eighteen hundred and ninety-two, or of any other act shall be so construed as to abrogate or impair the power of the department of health to sue for and recover such a penalty whether the liability to pay said penalty shall arise from a. violation of the laws, or ordinances or sections of the sani- tary code, in regard to light, ventilation, plumbing and drain- age, so far as the same affects the sanitary condition of the premises ; and except that the bureau of buildmgs shall have jurisdiction and cognizance over all matters and things in this title contained which relate to the construction or altera- tion of buildings or structures, or any part thereof, and_ as to the light, ventilation, drainage and plumbing of such build- ings when in process of construction or alteration. Any penalty herein above mentioned for a violation of the pro- visions of this title, in respect to the matter aforesaid, within the jurisdiction and cognizance of the bureau of buildings, shall be sued for' and recovered in the same manner as the violations of the building laws of The City of New York are now sued for and recovered by the bureau of buildings, and said penalties so collected shall be paid to the chamberlain of The City of New York to be applied as other penalties col- lected by said department are applied. §1318. Power of bureau of buildings and of board of health to make other regulations relative to lodging-houses. The bureau of buildings shall have authority to make other regulations as to the light and ventilation of all new lodging- houses consistent with the foregoing, when it shall be satisfied that such regulations will secure equally well the health and safety of the occupants; likewise the board of health shall have authority to make other regulations as to cellars and as to ventilation in completed lodging-houses, consistent with the foregoing, where it shall be satisfied that such regulations will secure equally well the health of the occupants. The board of health shall have power to appoint all the officers and agents of the department of health, of whatever name or character soever, and shall have exclusive charge and control of, and the exercise of, all the rights, powers, duties and privileges of said department, and for this purpose the terms "board of health" and "department of health," as used in this chapter, shall be deemed synonymous. M. B. Brown Printine & Binding Co., New York.