OLIN LIBRARY - CIRCULATION PATE DUE •BWS^ wmA.i i ] CAVLORO PRINTEOINU.S.A iii|i»™»»5r6r5' The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924028006645 A HANDBOOK ENGLISH POLITICS jFor tbe JLast J^alf^Centurp ACLAND AND RANSOME [PRICE ONE SHILLING] A HMttmoo ENGLISH POLITICS FOR THE LAST HALF-CENTURY BEING AN OUTLINE OF ENGLISH POLITICAL HISTORY CHRONOLOGICALLY ARRANGED WITH FULL LISTS OF MINISTRIES, NOTES, Etc. ARTHUR H.'^DYKE ACLAND, M.A. STEWARD OF CHRIST CHURCH, OXFORD CYRIL RANSOME, M.A. PROFE-SSOR OF MODERN LITERATURE AND HISTORY, YORKSHIRE COLLEGE, LEEDS RIVINGTONS WATERLOO PLACE, LONDON MDCCCLXXXni >1. r v^. o 1)A PREFACE. This small book is intended as a sort of companion for the readers of >4?^ewspapers and Magazine articles, wlio, while interested in modern English politic^- have not time to consult larger books, and often want to clear upi'points on which there may be some haziness, or to verify the surroundings of matters about which they read. It may be found useful in the reading of Biographies or Modern Histories ; it may help those who have not very good memories to keep events in their proper places. Every day with the spread of education there is more demand for Histories, Biographies, Strcial and Political Writings about our own time. Anything which may help people, especially among our more busy classes, to arrange in order the many scraps of historical and political information they pick up, and to get a tolerably clear idea of their setting, may be of some use. An accurate and a true knowledge of the undisputed facts of political history in the past may often do much to modify men's attitude towards many passing events, which are too often judged either adversely or favourably from a purely party point of view. The greater part of this book has appeared before as part of a larger Handbook, which covers the whole of English History. As it is possible that the book may be of use to busy persons who have not much time to spare for searching for the names of books on subjects in which they are interested, a list of books of History and Biography, and of books on social and economical subjects, has been added. In the Appendix lists of Acts connected with Labour, Factories, Trade-Unions, etc., have been added ; and Tables concerning the Reform Acts of 1832 and 1867-68, the House of Lords and the House of Commons. We have again to acknowledge the valuable help of Mr. Beaven and Mr. Watson, and we have to thank Mr. Lloyd Jones and Mr. Toynbee for important suggestions. November 1S82. EXPLANATIONS. Differences of Type. — Many of the more important events and the names of leading persons are in darker type. A few events of great importance are in large capitals. Events which are specially connected with Constitutional History are in italics when not already in larger type. The Foreign and Colonial column contains a selection of foreign events ■which have a special connection with English History, together with a few general foreign events of leading importance. Those more important events abroad which form an integral part of the general course of English History are to be found on the right-hand page. The Lists of the Ministries are not exhaustive, nor are they restricted to the members of Cabinets only. Members of Cabinets of the last quarter of a century are indicated by an asterisk. Tioo hlanJc pages are left at the end of the General Outline for the insertion of such current events as the reader may think of sufficient importance to he In consequence of the larger Handbook being printed from stereotyped plates, it has been necessary in the following pages to retain the paging of the larger book, and also a few references which are not appropriate to this book. Of these a list is here appended ; — Page 177, line 21, dele [See Summary: Catholic Relief, p. 270]. Page 180, line 27, dele [See Appendix III.']. Page 181, line 13-15, dele [See Summary: Parliament, Fart IV., p. 237, and Summary : Reform, p. 275]. Page 189, line 15 from bottom, dele [See Summary : Com Lares, p. 272]. Page 190, Notes, dele last line (For further history, see Corn Lau' Summary, p. 272). Page 193, line 17, dele [See Summitry : Corn Laws, p. 272]. Page 195, line 12, dele [See note 1823]. Page 199, lines 2, 3, dele [See note 1773]. Page 208, note (6), line 6, dele [For redistribution of seats see Appendix III.]. Page 215, line 14, dele [See Summary : Law Courts, p. 256]. TABLE OF CONTENTS. YJiAR PAGE Canning's Ministry .... 1827 . 175 Lord Goderich's Ministry . 1827 . 175 Duke of Wellington's Ministry . 1828 175 Lord Grey's Ministry . . 1830 177 Lord Melbourne's 1st Ministry . . 1834 , 183 Sir Robert Peel's 1st Ministry . 1834 . 183 Lord Melbourne's 2nd Ministry . 1835 . . .185 Sir Robert Peel's 2nd Ministry . 1841 . 189 Lord John Russell's 1st Ministry . . 1846 . 193 Lord Derby's 1st Ministry . . 1852 197 Lord Aberdeen's Ministry . . . 1852 197 Lord Palmerston's 1st Ministry , 1855 . 199 Lord Derby's 2nd Ministry . . . 1858 . . .203 Lord Palmerston's 2nd Ministry 1859 . . . 203 Lord Russell's 2nd Ministry . 1865 207 Lord Derby's 3rd Ministry . . 1866 . 209 Disraeli's 1st Ministry . . . 1868 . . 209 Gladstone's 1st Ministry 1868 . . 211 Disraeli (Lord Beacousfield's) 2nd Ministry 1874 . 215 Gladstone's 2nd Ministry . .1880 . 223 APPENDIX. I. Tlie House of Lords and the House of Commons — The Reform Acts of 1832 and 1867-68 . . . . . .230 IL Acts of Parliament and other matters relating to Labour, Trade- Unions, the Employment of Women and Children in Factories, etc. 235 III. List of Books of History and Biography connected with this period, and of Works on Political, Economical, and Social Subjects . 237 [Notes.] (ft) Canning's Ministry.— Ca-nmiig, First Lord of the Trea- siiiy and Chancellor of the Exchequer; Lord Lynd- hurst. Chancellor; Sturges- Bourne, Home Secretary; Lord Dudley, Foreign Hecretary ; Duke of Portland, Lord Privy Seal ; William, Duke of Clarence, Lord High Admiral ; Huskisson, Treasurer of the Navy and President of the Board of Trade ; Lord Anglesey, Ordnance; Lord Palmerston, Secretary at War; Lord Goderich, Colonial and War Secretary; Lord Har- rowby, President of the Council. (b) Lord Eldou, who now retires, had been Lord Chancellor (with the exception of one year, 1806-1S07) for twenty-six years. (c) Lord Goderich's Minist'ry. — Godericli, First Lord of the Treasury; Lord Lyndhurst, Chancellor ; Herries, Ex- chequer ; Lord Lansdo^viie, Home Secretary ; Lord Dudley, Foreign Secretary; Huskisson, War and Colonial Office ; Duke of Portland, Lord President of the Council ; Earl of Carlisle, Lord Privy Seal ; Tierney, Master of the Mint ; Grant, President of the Board of Trade ; Bourne, Woods and Forests ; Palmerston, Secretary at War ; Stanley, Under Colonial Secretary. (d) By the efforts of Huskisson, Lord Althorp, instead of Herries, Chancellor of the Exchequer, was named President of a Finance Committee. Both Huskisson and Herries threaten to resign, and Lord Goderich, overcome hy the difficulty, resigned himself. (c) l)u1ce of Wellington's JliinisfT-7/.— Wellington, First Lord of the Treasury ; Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Chancellor; H. Goulburn, Chancellor of Exchequer; Mr. (Sir Robert in May 1830) Peel, Home Secretary ; Lord Dudley, Foreign Secretary; Huskisson, Colonial and War Secretary; Palmerston, Secretary at War; Grant, Board of Trade. (/) "The annual Indemnity Acts, though offering no more than a partial relief to dissenters, left scarcely an ai-gument against the repeal of laws which had been so long virtually suspended" (May, iii. 157). Protests in the Lords against the repeal are signed by Cumberland, Eldon, Newcastle, Redesdale, and seven other peers. ([/) " Ca'miin(jitcs."—H.VLskisson, Lord Dudley, Palmerston, Charles Grant, Lamb, Lord Eliot, Duke of Portland, Lord George Bentinck, J. Evelyn Denison, Frauk- land Lewis. 171 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL, 1828. War between ' Russia and Turkey. Russians take Varna ; have to retire. Lord "William Bentinck Governor-General of India (to 1835). Prime Ministers of the Nineteenth Century before 1827. to 1801. William Pitt (from 1784). 1801 to 1804. Addington. 1804 to 1806. William Pitt (died January 23, 1806). 1806 to 1807. Lord Grenville (Fox, Foreign Secretary till his death. Sept 1.3 1806). 1807 to 1809. Duke of Portland. 1809 to 1812. Percival. 1812 to 1827. Lord Liverpool. [1827, 1828] ENGLISH. PrjME Ministers. CANNING. 1827. LOBD GODEBICH. 1828. DUKE OF WELLINGTON. Api'il. Canning becomes Prime Minister (a), and is joined by some of the Whigs. The Duke of Wel- lington and Peel refuse to join him. They, with Lord Eldon, retire (i). Treaty of London between England, France, and Russia for the pacification of Greece. Death, of Canning, Aug. 8. Lord Goderioh (formerly Robinson) becomes Prime Minis- ter (c). Oct. Battle of Navarino. Destruction of Turco Egyptian fleet. Lord Groderich resigns, unable to arrange difficulties within the Cabinet (rf). The Duke of Wellington becomes Prime Minis- ter (c). Lord John Russell's motion for the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts (/) is carried in the Commons by 237 to 193, and a bill founded on it passes both Houses. The duties on foreign corn are regulated in accordance with a sliding scale. A bill for disfranchising Penryn and giving its members to Manchester passes the Commons, tat is lost in the Lord.s. The Government opposing the transference of the fran- chise from East Retford to Birmingham, and Huskisson voting against Government, his offered resignation is accepted. is followed by Lord Palmerston, Dudley, Grant, Lamb (afterwards Lord Melboxime), and other ' ' Canningites " (jr). F. Burdett's resolution for committee on Catholic claims is carried in Commons by 272 to 266. The Lords refuse to concur by 181 to 137. O'Connell is elected for the county of Clare, but cannot sit, being a Catholic. The Catholic Association is revived in this year. 175 He Sir [Notes.] («) Roman Catholics are admitted by a new oatli to Parlia- ment, and almost all civil and political offices except those of Regent, Lord Chancellor, and Lord-Lieu- tenant of Ireland are opened to them, reel said, "The credit belongs to others and not to me; it belongs to Mr. Fox, to Mr. Grattan, to Mr. Plunket, to the gentlemen opposite, and to an illustrious and right honourable friend of mine who is now no more." Protests in the Lords are signed by Cumberland, Eldon, Sidmouth, Newcastle, Bexley, and thirty-four other peers. (&) The reason urged for this Act was that by the creation of small freeholds a large number of dependent voters had been created who were subject to the influence either of the landlords or the priests. (c) He said that the Legislature and system of representa- tion deservedly possessed the full and entire confi- dence of the country. (d) Lord Grey's Ministry. — Grey, First Lord of Treasury ; Lord Brougham, Lord Chancellor; Lord Althorp, Chancellor of Exchequer; Lord Melbourne, Home .Secretary ; Lord Palmerston. Foreign Secretary ; Lord Lansdo^vne, President of Council ; Lord Durham, Lord Privy Seal; Sir J. Gi-aham, Admir- alty; Lord Goderich, War and Colonial ; Stanley, Chief Becretai-y for Ireland ; Wynn, Secretary at War ; Spring Rice and Bllice, Secrotarios to the Treasury. Grant, Lord Holland, Lord Auckland, Lord John Eussell, Duke of Richmond. [Macaulay became Secretary to the Board of Control in 1832.] 176 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1829. Settlement made in Western Australia. The Cussians advance to Adrianople. France and England intervene. Treaty of Adrianople between Russia and the Porte. The Sultan acknowledges the independence of Greece. The French begin the conquest of Algeria. 18.TO. Revolution in Jvly 27. The "Three Days " begin. Arrival of Charles X. in England. Revolt and independence of Belgium. The crown of Greece offered to Leopold of Saxe-Ooburg and re- fused. [1829, 1830] ENGLISH. DUEE OF WELLINGTON. 1829. 1830. LORD GEEY. Feb. In the king's speech, after a reference to the dis- orders in Ireland caused by the revival of the Catholic Association, Parliament is recommended to consider whether the disabilities of Catholics cannot be removed. Peel now resigns his seat for Oxford [Feb. 4), but stands again. He is defeated by Sir E. Inglis by 146 votes. Fth. An Act suppressing the Catholic Association is March 3. The king finding that the supremacy oath is to be altered, refuses his consent to the bill for Catholic Emancipation, but on the resignation of the Duke of Wellington, Peel, and the Chancellor, he gives his consent in writing. March 5. The Catholic Relief Bill is carried in the Commons (a). (Third reading 320 to 142.) Duel between the Duke of Wellington and Lord 'V^'^inchilsea. Ayril. The bill passes the Lords. (Third readmg 213 to 109.) [See Summary : Catholic Relief, p. 270.] The Act disfranchising 40s. freeholders in Ireland and raising the qualification to £10 is passed (6). O'Connell is re-elected for Clare. He agitates for repeal of the Union between England and Ireland in this and following years. [The annual Act for suspending the militia ballot is passed this year for the first time.] Feb. Meeting of Parliament. Lord John RusseWs proposal to enfranchise Leeds, Bir- mingham, and Manchester is rejected by 188 to 140. June 26. Death of George IV. WILLIAM IV., 1830—1837 (7 Years). Born 1765 ; Married, 1818, Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen. July 24. Parliament is dissolved, and meets in Nov. Sept. Death of Huskisson at the opening of Liverpool and Manchester Railway. Recognition of Louis Philippe by England. The Duke of Wellington asserts that the House of Commons needs no reform (f). Parnell's motion on the Civil List is carried against the ministry by 29 (233 to 204). The Duke of Wellington resigns, Nov. Lord Grey becomes Prime Minister {d), and forms a ministry out of the old Whigs and the followers of Canning and Grenville. He at once stipulates that reform shall be a Cabinet measure. 177 M [Notes.] (m) "This prosecution nearly brought to a close the long series of contests between the Government and the press " (May, ii. 879). FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1831. Leopold of Saxe- Coburg becomes King of Belgium. He is sup- ported by a British fleet. Dec. Repeal of the Here- ditary Peerage Decree in France. 18.?2. Otho, son of the King of Bavaria, ia made King of Greece. 178 [1831, 1832] ENGLISH. Prime Ministers. LORD GREY. 1831. 1832. March 1. The Beform Bill is introduced by Lord John Russell. After D. debate of seven nights, seventy- one speakers having spoken, leave is given to bring in the bill. March 21. The bill is carried on the second reading by a majority of 302 to 301. April. General Gascoyne's amendment, that the number of members of Parliament for England and Wales ought not to be diminished, is carried in comniittee by 8 (299 to 291) against the Government. The king is persuaded by the ministers to dissolve. April 22. Parliament is suddenly dissolved by him in person, with a view of preventing Lord Whamcllffe's address in the Lords against a dissolu- tion being carried. June. The new Parliament meets. (Beformers in a great majority.) The Reform Bill is carried (second reading) by 136 (367 to 231). £30,000 is voted towards the support of undenomina- tional national schools in Ireland. Sept. 22. After many weeks of discussion and obstruction the Beform Bill passes the Com- mons by 345 to 236, but is rejected (Oct. 8) in the Lords by 41 (199 to 158). Several members of the House of Lords are insulted by the mob. Lord Ebrington's vote of confidence iu ministers is carried by 329 to 198. Nottingham Castle is burned down, and there are dis- turbances elsewhere. Riots in Bristol and destruction of property. A proclamation is issued for the repression of political unions. Cobbett is prosecuted by the Attorney-General (for inciting to violence by his writings), but unsuccess- fully, the jury not being able to agree (a). Dec. Parliament meets. A third Beform Bill io brought in and is carried (second reading) by 162 in the Commons. Adjournment for Christmas. Many outrages in Ireland this year, especially owing to the collection of tithes, which now becomes in many places impossible. An Ecclesiastical Commission of this year reports on the revenues of the English Church. Jan. Parliament resumes work. March. The Beform Bill passes the Commons. April 14. In the Lords the second reading is carried by 9 (184 to 175). Protests signed by 77 peers. 179 [Notes.] (o) The National Union (on May 3) stated that if the Lords threw out the bill there was reason to expect that the payment of taxes would cease, that other obli- gations of society would be disregarded, and that the ultimate consequence might be the utter extinction of the privileged orders. (6) This was a motion of Lord Lyndhurst that the con- sideration of the disfranchising clauses should be postponed till the enfranchising clauses had been first considered. Lord Grey stated that he should consider its success fatal to the measure. (c) The Reform Bill of 1832.— This measure disfranchised fifty-six nomination boroughs which returned 111 members, took away one member from thirty others, and two from Weymouth and Melcombe Eegis, thus leaving vacant 143 seats. It gave 65 additional mem- bers to the counties, two members each to Man- chester, Leeds, Birmingham, and nineteen large towns, including the metropolitan districts, and one member each to twenty-one other towns, all of which had been previously unrepresented. In the counties copyholders and leaseholders for years were added, as voters, to the 40s. freeholders, and tenants- at-will paying £50 a year (the Chandos clause) were enfranchised. In the towns a £10 household fran- chise was established, and the rights of freemen to vote were restricted. [See Appendix II L] (d) The number of members for Scotland is increased from 45 to 53, of whom 30 sit for counties, and 23 for cities and bui:ghs. The county franchise is given to all holders of property worth £10 a year, and to some classes of leaseholders. The burgh franchise is given to all £10 householders. (e) The number of members for Ireland is increased from 100 to 105; franchise, same changes as in England (but see 1829), except that the county occupation franchise is £20 (reduced to £12 in 1850, when the borough franchise was reduced to £8). (/) In 1813 private persons had been allowed to trade with India. The monopoly of the China trade is now taken from the Company. The Company's commer- cial property is sold, but its dominion over India is confirmed for twenty years. ' (g) Lord Grey stated that during 1832 over 9000 crimes had been committed, all connected with and growing out of the disturbed state of the country, (h) Two archbishoprics and eight bishoprics were sup- pressed. Many ecclesiastical incomes were reduccil and many sinecures swept away, and a commission was appointed to administer surplus revenues. At first it was proposed in the bill that any surplus beyond thatapplied to church building, etc., should be applied to such purposes as Parliament might direct. , This, however, involving the vexed question of "appropriation," was abandoned by ministers. (i) This loan was ultimately surrendered as a free gift. 0) Children under nine years of age not to be employed. Women and young persons under eighteen not to work more than twelve hours. (k) This grant was voted annually up to 1839, when it was increased. It was dispensed to the Kational Society and the British and Foreign School Society by tlie Treasury. (Z) It received a special impetus from the assize sermon preached by Keble at Oxford on the action of the Irish Church Commission in dealing with the Irish Church. 180 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1833. The East India Company's charter is renewed. It becomes now a political body, not commercial (/). 1834. Discontent in the Legislati ve Assembly in Canada. The ZolivtTtin or Com- mercial Union of Ger- many is formed, includ- ing all German States except Austria. [1832—1834] ENGLISH. Prime MmisTEES. LORD GKET. 1832. 1833. 1334. The Easter reoes3 follows. Ajpril 21. Great meeting of political unions at Birmingham. Numbers estimated at 150,000 (a). May 7. A motion in committee adverse to the bill carried in the Lords by 35 (6) (151 to 116). The king refusing to create newpeers, ministers resign. The Duke of Wellington fails to make a ministry. Ministers again propose to the king to create new peers if necessary. The king consents, and intimates to the Opposition peers his intention to do this if necessary. June. THE SEFOBM BILL PASSES THE LOKDS BY 106 TO 2S (c). [See Summary: Parliament, Part IV., p. 237, and Summary: Reform, p. 275.] Eeform Bills are passed for Scotland {d) and Ireland (e). Dec. Dissolution of Parliament. Jan. The first reformed Parliament meets. [Esti- mated strength of parties — Conservatives, 172 ; Liberals, etc., 486.] An Act is passed enabling Quakers, Moravians, and Sepa- ratists, on entering the House of Commons, to substi- tute an affirmation for an oath. March. A Coercion Act for Ireland (g) is passed giving special powers to prevent disturbances. Morning sittings are adopted by the Commons for de- spatch of business. A motion for reducing the malt-tax is carried in the Commons. Lord Althorp tenders his resignation, which is not received, and the motion is rescinded. The Church Temporalities (Ireland) Act, reducing and reforming the Irish Church and appointing a commission, is carried (/»). The Act for the Emancipation of Slaves passes the Lords, Aug. [Abolition of slavery in the colonies from Aug. 1, 1834, with a compensation to owners of £20,000,000.] A bill is passed on the subject of Irish tithes for collect- ing arrears of tithe and giving the clergy £1,000,000 on loan (i) in compensation for arrears. An Act is passed renewing the Bank charter. An Act is passed regulating the work of children in factories (by Lord Ashley) (j). An Act is passed making an education grant of £20,000 (h). The Jewish Relief Bill passes the Commons, but is rejected by the Lords in this and several following years till 1858. The Traotarian movement in the English Church dates from this year (I). Hume's motion on the Corn Laws is defeated by 157. 181 rNotes.] (o) The poor-rates had reached the sum of £8,600,000, and in many places were equal to or even greater than the annual rent of the land itself. Tlie new law confined relief to destitution, instituted the workhouse test to detect imposture, forbidding outdoor relief to the able-bodied. It united parishes into unions, and union workhouses were substituted for parish workhouses. (6) They are succeeded by Spring Rice, Colonial and War Secretary; Carlisle,' Privy Seal; Auckland, Admi- ralty; and Conyngham, Postmaster-General. fc) Lord Melbourne'B Ministry. — Lord Melbourne, First Lord of the Treasury ; Lord Brougham, Lord Chan- cellor ; Littleton, Irish Secretary ; Wellesley, Lord Lieutenant; Lord Althorp, Chancellor of Ex- chequer; Lord Duncannon, Home Secretary ; Lord Palmerston, Foreign Secretary ; Spring Rice, Colo- nial and "War Secretary; Poulett Thomson, Board of Trade; Ellice, Secretary at War; Lord J. Rus- sell, Paymaster; Sir George Grey, Under Colonial Secretary. (d) "All the accustomed grounds for dismissing a ministry were wanting. There was no immediate difference between them and the king, there was no disunion among themselves, nor were there any indications that they had lost the confidence of Parliament" (May, i. 14lj). (e) Sir Robert PeeVs Ministry. — Sir R. Peel, First Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer; Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Chancellor ; Goulburn, Home Secretary ; Duke of Wellington, Foreign Secretary ; Earl of Aberdeen, War and Colonial ; Sir H. Hard- inge, Secretary for Ireland; Hemes, Secretary at War ; Lord Wharncliffe, Privy Seal ; Earl de Grey, Admiralty; Alexander Baring (Lord Ashburton, 1886), Board of Trade; Lord Haddington, Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland ; Praed and Sidney Herbert, Secretaries of the Board of Control ; W. E. Gladstone, Under Secretary for the Colonies. 182 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1835. Lord Heytesbury appoiuted Governor- General of India by Peel, but the appoint- ment cancelled by the Whigs, and Lord Auck- land sent out in his place. KaflSr war. The eastern ^ province of South Africa becomes independent. Colonel de Lacy Evans, with English volun- teers, helps Queen Isa- bella of Spain against her uncle, Don Carlos. [1834, 1835] ENGLISH. Peimb Ministbes. LOBD GREY 1834. LORD KELBOURNE. SIR R. FEEL. 1835. Kipon's bill for relieving the bishops of their legisla- tive and judicial functions in the House of Peers is refused by 125 to 58. The Poor La'w Amendment Act is carried (on second reading) by 319 to 20 (a). April. The monster demonstration in Loudon by trades-unionists passes by without disturbance. O'Connell's motion for the repeal of the Union is thrown out by 523 to .38. May 27. Ward moves that the Church Establishment in Ireland exceeds the wants of the population^ and ought to be reduced. Stanley, Sir J. Graham, the Duke of Richmond, and Lord Eipon leave the Government on the Irish Church question (6). May 28. The king assures the Irish bishops, when pre- senting him with a birthday address, that he will defend their Church. June 2. Lord Althorp meets Ward's motion by announcing a special commission of inquiry (composed of laymen) into the revenues of the Irish Church, and the motion is lost by 396 to 120. The Irish Land-Tax Bill, proposing a substitute for tithes, is thrown out in the Lords by 189 to 122. Besignation of Lord Althorp (who did not wish the Coercion Bill to pass entire). Resignation of Lord Grey. Lord Melbourne becomes Prime Slinister (c), with the previous Cabinet, including Lord Althorp, July 17. The Irish Coercion Act is renewed in a modified form. The Central Criminal Court is established. Lord Althorp becomes Lord Spencer. Lord Melbourne is suddenly dismissed by the king {d), Nov. 15. The Duke of Wellington acts for Sir R. Peel during his return from abroad. Dec. Sir B. Peel forms an administration (e). Parliament is dissolved. [New charter granted to the Bank of England this year.] An Ecclesiastical Commission is issued to inquire into matters of income, patronage, and territorial divi- sions in the English Church. In the Tamworth Manifesto Sir E. Peel indicates his principles and the reforms which he desires. Feb. New Parliament meets. The Conservatives gain largely. [Estimated strength of parties— Conser- vatives, 273; Liberals, 380. Various reforming bills are introduced, and the ministry is beaten on several occasions. 183 [Notes.] (a) Lord Melbourne's Ministry. — Melbourne, First Lord of the Treasury, Great Seal in Commission (till 1836, then Pepys, Lord Cottenham) ; Lord Duncannon, Lord Privy Seal; Spring Rice, Chancellor of the Exchequer ; Lord J. Russell, Home Secretary ; Lord Palmerston, Foreign Secretary; Lord Glenelg (for- merly Charles Grant), War and Colonial; Lord Howick, Secretai-y at War; Mulgrave (afterwards Marquis of Nonnanby), Lord -Lieutenant of Ireland ; Lord Morpeth, Chief Secretary for Ireland. (b) The corporation of London alone is exempted from the operation of this Act. (c) It provided for the commutation of tithes in kind into a rent-charge upon the land payable in money, and reckoned according to the average price of corn for the seven preceding years. Tiie great tithes were levied on com and grass, the small tithes on other produce. By the bill of 1830 commissioners were appointed to carry out a commutation. (d) Under the Ecclesiastical Commissioners the establish- ments of some cathedrals have been reduced, and the surplus applied to the augmentation of small livings and to other purposes. Ancient dioceses have been rean-anged and new ones created. 184 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL, 1836. Lord Auckland Governor - General of India (to 1842). South Australia is first colonized, capital Ada-, laide. 1837. Natal isfoundedby Dutch settlers, placed under English rule in 1841. Rebellion in Canada. [1835-1837] ENGLISH. Pbimb Ministers. SIB B. FEEL 1835. lORD MELBOURNE. 1836. 1837. Sir R. Peel, assisted by Lord J. Russell, resists success- fully the efforts of many county members and others to repeal the malt-tax. (Motion defeated by 350 to 192.) April. Lord J. Russell carries his motion involv- ing the appropriation of the surplus revenues of the Irish Church to general moral and religious pur- poses by 285 to 258. April 8. Sir R. Peel resigns. Iiord. Melbourne becomes Prime Minister (a). June.. Another Ecclesiastical Commission is issued. Stpt. The Municipal Reform Act is fin.ally passed (6). (First elections under it in Nov. ) The Irish Tithe Bill, embodying the appropriation clauses, is passed by the Commons by 319 to 282. In the Lords tlie appropriation clauses are rejected by 138 to 41, and the bill accordingly abandoned. Feb. A committee on agricultural distress is appointed, sits four months, and makes no report. Nonconformists are allowed to celebrate their marriages in their own chapels (see 1753). June.. The Irish Municipal Bill having been carried in the Commons by 61, is altered by the Lords and ultimately rejected by the Commons. The Bill for Tithe Commutation in England is passed (c). Aug. The Irish Tithe Bill having been carried in the Commons, its "appropriation clause" is rejected by the Lords by 138 to 47, and the bill is aban- doned. The Division Lists of the House of Commons now begin to be published for the first time by the House itself. The newspaper stamp duty is reduced to one penny in this year. The Ecclesiastical Commissioners are incorporated in this year (d). March. Grote's motion for the ballot is thrown out by 265 to 153. April. Resolutions are passed about the disturbed state of Canada. The Government Church-Rates Abolition Bill being carried by 5 only in the Commons (287 to 282), is abandoned by the ministers. May. The Irish Tithe Bill (introduced for the fifth time) is afterwards dropped owing to the dissolu- tion. The Irish Municipal Bill is again defeated in the Lords. June 20. Death of William IV. [The Duke of Cumberland becomes King of Hanover.] 185 [Notes.] (a) "From the Eestoration to the death of George IV. no less than 187 capital offences were added to the criminal code. Year after year until his untimely death Sir Samuel Romilly struggled to overcome the obduracy of men in power. The Commons were on his side, but the Lords, under the guidance of their judicial leaders, were not to be convinced. It was computed that from 1810 to 1845 upwards of 1400 persons had suffered death for crimes which had since ceased to be capital" (May^ iii.). (&) The position of ministers had really been strengthened by the results of the commission. It was shown that the State Church included little more than one- tenth of the ijeople, that in 160 parishes there was not one Protestant, and in 860 parishes less than 50. The Lords had taken their stand upon a principle, and were not to be shaken. The settlement of tithes could no longer be deferred, and any concession from the Lords was hopeless. But the retirement of the Whigs from a position which they had chosen as their own battlefield was a grievous shock to their influence and reputation. (c) The People's Charter.— 1. Universal sufiVage. 2. Vote by ballot. 3. Annual Parliaments. 4. Payment of members. 5. Abolition of the property qualifica- tion. 6. Equal electoral districts. (d) The object of the bill was to suspend the constitution of Jamaica for five years in consequence of difficulties made by the Assembly in connection with the eman- cipation of slaves. The bill was opposed by Hume and the Radicals as well as by Sir R. Peel. (e) Melbourne Ministry reconstitttfed in 1839. — Francis Baring, Chancellor of the Exchequer; Marquis of Normanby, Home Secretary ; Lord J. Russell, Colo- nial and War Secretary; Labouchere, President of the Board of Trade; Macaulay, Secretary at War; Lord Ebringtnn, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland; Sir George Grey, Judge Advocate-General. (/) The bill excited much opposition, especially because it was supposed that inspection was an unwan-anted interference. FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 18C 1838. Tost Mahommed receives a Russian mis- sion at Cabul. Declara- tion of war against the Afghans, 1839. Capture of Can- dahar. Annexation of Aden. New Zealand is first per- manently colouized(and included in the colony of New South Wales). Beginning of the China War. 1840. Blockade of Can- ton by English fleet. Transportation of con- victs to New South Wales is discontinued. A popular constitution is granted to Canada, and thetwoCanadas united. [1837—1840] ENGLISH. Pkime Ministers. LORD M£LBOUEN£. 1837. 1838. 1839. 1840. VICTORIA, 1837— Boni, 1819 ; Married, 1810, Albert of Saxe-Coburg. Numerous remissions of capital punishment are carried on the recommendation of the Criminal Law Com- mission. The use of the pillory is wholly abol- ished (a). July, Parliament is dissolved. Nov. New Parliament meets. [Estimated strength of parties — Conservatives, 310 ; Liberals, 348.] Jan. Lord Durham is appointed Governor-General of Canada, amidst general approval. The ministers announce the placing of the Irish tithe question on a new footing, which implies the abandonment of the appropriation clauses. The bill passes both Houses (5). The Irish Poor Law Act is passed. The Irish Tithes Commutation Act, commuting tithes into a permanent rent-charge, is passed. Villiers' motion to consider the Corn Laws is thrown out by a large majority (300 to 95). An Act against non-residence of clergy is passed. The ministry having disallowed an ordinance issued by Lord Durham in Canada, after violent attacks from Lord Brougham {Oct.), Lord Durham resigns and leaves Canada. [In this year the People's Charter is finally agreed upon and adopted by the Chartists (c).] The Irish policy of ministers condemned in the Lords ia approved in Commons by 22 votes. May. The Jamaica Bill (tZ) is carried by 5 votes only in favour of the Government. The mrnisters resign. Sir Robert Peel, invited to form a ministry, declines to accept office, on the Queen's refusing to admit proposed changes in the ladies of the bedcliamber. Lord Melbourne takes office again (e). July. Rowland Hill's new postage scheme (for a time a fourpenny, then a penny postage rate) is adopted as part of the Budget and passed. The Government bring in a bill to increase the education grant (first made in 1833), to place it under the con- trol of a committee of Privy Council, and to subject the aided schools to inspection. It is carried by a majority of 2 only (/) (275 to 273). Nov. Chartist insurrection at Newport led by Frost and others. Feb. The Queen marries Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg. April. Sir J. Y. Buller's motion of want of confidence in the Government rejected by 308 to 287. 187 [Notes.] (a) Fifty-eight corpoi-atious were abolished, ten were re- constituted. Any borough with SOOO population might obtain a charter of incorporation. (&) Messrs. Hansard had been sued for a libel for matter published in a parliamentary report. The Court of Queen's Bench decided against the House of Com- mons. The bill now passed is to the effect that such actions shall be stayed on an affidavit that any paper the subject of such action has been printed by order of Parliament. Sir Robert Peel said, "Do you believe that slavery would have been abolished unless we had published to the world the abuses and horrors of slavery?" (c) Sir Robert PeeVs Ministry.^Bir B. Peel, First Lord of the Treasury; Lord Lyndhurst, Lord Chancellor; Goulbum, Exchequer; Sir J. Graham, Home Sec- retaiy; Lord Aberdeen, Foreign Secretary; Lord Stanley, "War and Colonial; Lord Ripon, President of the Board of Trade (succeeded) by Gladstone) ; Sir H. Hardinge, Secretary at War ; Sir E. Knatchbull, Paymaster; Dukeof Wellington, Leader of the Lords; Gladstone, Vice-President of Board of Trade ; Lord Whamcliffe, President of Council ; Duke of Buck- ingham, Lord Privy Seal ; Earl de Grey, Lord-Lieu- tenant of Ireland ; Lord Eliot (afterwards Earl of St. Germans), Chief Secretary for Ireland ; Sidney Herbert, Secretary to the Admiralty. FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1841. Hong-Kong ceded to England by treaty. The treatyis disavowed and war recommences. Nov. Insurrection at Cabul. Murder of Burnes and others. Hong-Kong is ceded to England. New Zealand becomes a separate colony. 188 1842. Jan. Evacuation of Cabul. Massacre of the army in the Khyber. Aug. The Treaty of Washington (better known as the Ashburton Treaty) is signed. Aitg. After various de- feats of the Chinese, the Treaty of Nankin, between China and England, is concluded. Sept. Cabul reoocupied. LordEUenboroughGover- nor-General of India (to 1844). 1843. Annexation of Scinde. Battles of Meeanee and Hydera- bad. [1840-1843] ENGLISH. Peimb Ministers. LORD MELBOUBNE. 1840. 1841. SIR R. FEEL. 1842, 1843. Aug. The Irish Mvmicipal Act (a) passes after six years' controversy and difficulties between the House of Commons and the House of Lords. In the, matter of StocMah v. Hansard, which began in 1837 and involved a question of privilege, a bill is passed preventing the recurrence of the difficulty (b). The agitation for the repeal of the Union is renewed in Ireland. Sept. The allied squadron takes St. Jean d'Acre. [The barrenness of the Queen's Speech excites much dis- content. ] Free-trade agitation during the spring under the leadership of Cobden. Meetings at Manchester, London, and elsewhere. May. After a discussion of eight days on the sugar duty and the Government's proposal of a fixed duty on corn, the Sugar Duty Bill of the ministers is rejected by a majority of 36 in a house of 598. A motion by Sir B. Peel of want of confidence in the ministry is carried by 1 vote (312 to 311). The ministry advise a dissolution. June. Parliament is dissolved. Aug. The new Parliament meets. [Estimated strength of parties— Conservatives, 367 ; Liberals, 286.1 Slinisters are defeated both in Lords and Commons by large majorities (168 to 96 in the Lords, 360 to 269 in the Commons). Lord Melbourne resigns. Sept. Sir E. Peel forms a ministry (c). [He is joined by seceders from Lord Grey's ministry- Lord Eipon, Lord Stanley, and Sir J. Graham.] Parliament meets, Sept. 16 ; is prorogued, Oct. 7. The Duke of Buckingham, well known to be opposed to any change in the Corn Laws, leaves the Cabinet. Feb. Anti-Corn Law League bazaar at Manchester. Peel carries his sliding scale. [See Summary: Com Laws, p. 272.] Kussell and Melbourne's amendment for a fixed duty lost by 349 to 226 in Commons, and 207 to 71 in Lords. Villiers and Brougham's amendment for total repeal lost by 393 to 90, and 109 to 5. Sir R. Peel proposes and carries a revision of the customs tariff, the repeal of many duties, and the substitution of an income-tax for a limited period. Lord Howick's motion for a committee to inquire into the cause of the prevailing distress is thrown out. A Government bill for compulsory education of pauper and factory children is introduced, but, being opposed by dissenters jealous of Church influence, has to be abandoned (June). 189 [Notes.] (a) Tlie Secession included more than one-third of the Scotch clergy. On census Sunday, eight years later, " in 1851, 228,758 persons attended morning service of the Established Church, 253,482 that of the Free Church. (h) The Anti-Corn Law League had been formed in 1838. Lord Melbourne, then Premier, in the couree of a debate in 1839 had said, *' To leave the whole agri- cultural interest T^ithout protection, I declare before God that I think it the wildest and maddest scheme that has ever entered into the imagination of man to conceive." (c) The amount of security upon which the bank may issue notes is to be £14,000,000. Above that sum the notes must correspond to the amount of bul- lion, and a full statement of the accounts of the bank is to be given week by week to the Govern- ment for publication. (d) KiBtory of the Com Laws up to 1815 : — Exportation of corn was entirely forbidden previous to 1436; the first proliibition by Act of Parliament was in 1360. In 1436 exportation was permitted when the price was below 6s. 8d. per quarter, in- creased to 10a. in 1562. Export duties of vaiying amounts were imposed by Acts of 1570, 1593, 1604, 1623, 1656, 1660, 1663, and 1670, the last being 6s. 4d. per quarter when the price was at 538. 4d. In 1689 the export duties were abolished, and a bounty of 5s. paid on exportation when the price was under 48s. The Act of 1773 prohibited exportation above 44s., giving bounty of 5s. below that price. In 1791 the prohibitory price was raised to 468., and in 1804 to 54s., the bounty ceasing at 488. In 1814 the bounties were abolished, and exportation permitted without duty. Importation was forbidden, by an Act of 1463, when the price was under 6s. 8d. per quarter. In 1670 tlie following scale of duties was imposed— 8s. per qr. when price is between 53s. 4d. and 80s. 16s. „ ,, „ 44s. and 5Ss. 4d. 21s 9d. ,, ,, at 44s. and under. By an Act of 1773 foreign corn was admitted at a nominal duty of 6d. when the price reached 48s., 2s, 3d. when it was between 448. and 488., 24s. 8d. when at 44s. and under. The Act of 1791 increased the respective limits to 64s. and 50s., and that of 1804 to 66s. and 638. v (For further history, see Corn Law Suvvmwry, p. 272.) 190 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL, IS44. The Boers being forced to submit, Katal is declared a British colony. Kecall of Lord Ellen borough. He is sue ceeded by Sir H, (afterwards Lord) Har- dinge, Governor-Gene ral of India (to 1848). 1845. Nov. War declared against the Sikhs. Dec. Battles of Moodkee and Ferozeshah. [1843—1845] ENGLISH. Prime Ministers. SIR B. FEEL. 1843. 1844. 1845. March. The House of Commons decline to entertain the petition of the General Assembly of Scotland (on the vexed question of patronage and the right of the civil courts in spiritual jurisdiction) by a majority of 135. May. Great Secession from the Scottish Church. Establishment of the Free Church in Scotland (a). The Irish Arms Act is passed. Disraeli and Smythe, leaders of the "Young England" party, speak against the Government. Anti-Com Law League (6), led by Cobden and Bright, begins monthly meetings in Covent Garden Theatre. Feargus O'Connor (who opposes at this time the efforts of the Anti-Com Law League) issues his land scheme. A monster repeal meeting at Clontarf, near Dublin, is forbidden by a Government proclamation. O'Con- nell and other repeal leaders are arrested. Trial of O'Connell. He is sentenced to a year's im- prisonment and a fine of £2000. This sentence is reversed by the House of Lords on a technical error in the indictment (Sept.). Mainly owing to a revival of commercial prosperity there is a surplus this year, and further duties are remitted. Inquiry into the opening of Mazzini's letters at the Post Office. July. Sir R. Peel's Bank Charter Act is passed (c). Gladstone leaves the ministry because the views of Government on the Maynooth grant, with which he now agrees, are at variance with his formerly published work on Church and State. Sir R. Peel proposes to renew the income-tax for three years. Takes 430 articles out of the tariff of duties, and reduces the sugar and other duties. A motion in favour of the agricultural interest, and demanding protection for all native industries, is supported by ultra-protectionists, and Disraeli states that under existing circumstances a Con- servative government is an organized hypocrisy. Sir R. Peel's Maynooth Act is passed augmenting and putting on a permanent basis the grant to May- nooth College (passed in Commons by 317 to 184). Sir R. Peel founds the Queen's Colleges in Ireland for the improvement of education without religious distinction. Oct. Newman, hitherto with Dr. Pusey, a, leader of the Tractarian movement, joins the Church of Rome. [The harvest for the first time since Sir R. Peel came into office is very bad.] The Irish potato crop fails. Dec. Sir B. Peel, proposing to his colleagues to repeal the Com Laws (d), on the dissent espe- cially of Lord Stanley, resigns. [Notes.] (a) Sir R. Fed's Ministry recoristituted. — In Jan, and Feb. 1846 Gladstone became Colonial and War Secretary ; Lord Haddington, Privy Seal ; Lord Ellenborough, Admiralty ; .Earl of Lincoln, Secretary for Ireland ; Lord Canning, Woods and Forests ; Earl St. Ger- mans, Postmaster-General. In Feb. 1845 Dalhousie had become President of Board of Trade, and Sidney Herbei-t Secretary at War. (b) Lcadin g Protectionists.— Lord Stanley f afterwards Derby), LordG, Bentinck, Disraeli, Buckingham, Richmond, Stanliope, Malmesbiiry, Newcastle, Rutland, Gran- by, Sibthorp, Christopher, Henley, Miles, Newdegate, Spootier, Sir R. Inglis, Sir J. Buller, George F. Young, Bankes, Lord J. Manners. (c) " He passed this last measure of his political life amid the reproaches and execrations of his party. He had assigned the credit of the Catholic Relief Act to Mr. Canning, whom he had constantly opposed, and he acknowledged that the credit of this measure was due to ' the unadorned eloquence of Richard Cobden,* the apostle of free-trade, whom he had hitherto resisted " (May, ii. 213). {d) Lord John Russell's Ministry. — Lord John Russell, First Lord of Treasury; Lord Cottenham, Lord Chancellor ; Sir C. Wood, Chancellor of Exchequer; Sir George Grey, Home Secretary ; Lord Palmerston, Foreign Secretary ; Lord Lansdowne, President of the Council ; Earl of Minto, Lord Privy Seal ; Earl Grey, Colonial and War Secretary; Fox Maule, Sec- retary at War; Sir J. Hobhouse, Board of Control; Lord Auckland, Admiralty ; Earl of Clarendon, President of Board of Trade; Milner Gibson, Vice- President; Morpeth (afterwards Carlisle), Woods and Forests; Macaulay, Paymaster. (i) Population of Ireland.- -1841 . 8,175,124 1851 . . 6,662,385 ISlil . 6,798,664 1871 . . 6,411,416 (/) Sir R. Peel said, " The test reparation that can be made to the last Government will be to assist the presei^t Government in passing this law." (g) Cobden says during the debate on this matter, " While the House frets over its sevenpence in the pound, the poor are paying twice that number of shillings in the pound in the great staples of their consumption. For every 20s. the working classes expend on tea they pay 10s. of duty, for every 2O3. they expend on sugar they pay 6s. of duty, on coffee 8s., on soap 6s., on beer 4s., on tobacco 16s., on spiritsl4s. . . . Both for the sake of trade and for the sake of the people you must diminish your expendi- ture or increase the amount of your direct taxation." (7t) Treason Felony Art. — By this, writing or speaking with a view to exdte sedition was constituted a new crime called treason felony, which could be pun- ished by penal servitude. (i) Mitchel, Smith O'Brien, Meagher, and Gavan Duffy belonged to the Young Ireland party, usually asso- ciated with the Nation newspaper, founded in 1842 ; but Mitchel had this year set on foot tlie United Irishman, which openly advocated re- bellion, 192 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1846. Jan. Feb. Battles of Aliwal and Sobr^on. Treaty of Lahore, and end of first Sikh war. 1847. The carrying out of the Spanish marriages under the influence of France causes coldness between France and England. 1848. Feb. Revolution in France. Abdication of Louis Philippe. March. He arrives in England. March. Insurrections in Austria, Italy, and elsewhere. Revolutions in Spain, Poland, Hungary, and Italy. Dec. Louis Napoleon is declared President- elect of the French Republic. Lord Dalhousie Gover- nor-General of India (to 1856). The Boers of the Orange Republic (or Free State) are forced to acknow- ledge the sovereignty of England. [The Orange Republic is separated from Eng- land again in 1853.] An attempt this year, by Order in Council, to transport convicts to the Cape of Good Hope ia foiled by the colon- ists. [1845-1848] ENGLISH. Prime Ministers. SIR B. FEEL. 1845. 1846. LORD JOHN RUSSELL. 1847. 1848. Lord Z. Russell fails to form a cabinet, as Lords Grey and Palmerston will not act together. Sir K. Peel resumes of&ce (a). Lord Stanley leaves him and ia replaced by Gladstone. Great meeting of Anti-Corn Law League at Manchester, £60,000 subscribed in an hour and a half. SIB B. PEEL PROPOSES THE GBABUAI. BEPEAIi OP THE COBN LAWS, AND CABBIES THE INTBODTJCTION OP COM- PLETE FBEE-TRADE IN COBN (to take final e£fect after three years). He is opposed both by protectionists (6) and by some free- traders. The bill is finally carried by 327 to 229, third reading. Sir R. Peel having frequently ascribed the honourof the measure to Cobden and his associates (c). The bill is carried in the Lords by 47 (second reading, 211 to 164). [See Summary : Com Laws, p. 272.] Protest signed by 89 peers. On their Irish bill demanding additional repressive powers the Government are defeated through the influence of the protectionists by 73 (292 to 219). June. Sir B. Peel resigns. Lord John Bussell becomes Prime Minister [d). Potato famine in Ireland, followed by wholesale emigra- tion (e). The Government grant £10,000,000 for the relief of Ire- land. Fielden's Factory Bill, limiting the work of those under eighteen to ten hours a day and eight hours en Saturday, is passed. Parliament is dissolved. Nov. The new Parliament meets. Rothschild returned for London (the first Jew elected). [Esti- mated strength of parties — Conservative Free- traders, 105; Protectionists, 226; Liberals, 325.] [Disraeli soon becomes established as leader of the Opposition in the Commons (Lord G. Bentinck leading till his death in 1848).] Government has to ask for a Coercion Bill for Ireland similar to that for which Sir R. Peel was turned out. It is passed by a large majority (/). [The Poor Law Board is constituted this year. ] Lord .1. Russell proposes a large increase of the income- tax, but has to abandon his proposal. The income- tax remains at 7d. in the pound (g). April. The Chartist meeting in London for the pre- sentation of their monster petition, after exciting much alarm, turns out a failure. Treason Felony Act passed Qi). Mitchel convicted of treason felony. Smith O'Brien and Meagher discharged without a verdict (i). 193 N [Notea] (a) The Queen's memorandum to Lord Palmerston : — " The Queen requires, first, that Lord Palmerston will distinctly state what he proposes in a given case, in order that the Queen may know as distinctly to what she is giving her royal sanction. Secondly, having once given her sanction to a measure, that it be not arbitrarily altered or modified by the minis- ter. Such an act she must consider as failing in sincerity towards the Crown, and justly to be visited by the exercise of her constitutional right of dis- missing that minister. She expects to be kept in- formed of what passes between him and the foreign ministers, before important decisions are taken, based upon that intercourse ; to receive the foreign despatches in good time ; and to have the drafts for her approval sent to her in sufficient time to make herself acquainted with their contents before they must be sent off." (6) Under the influence of the League in 1852, fifty tenant- ri£;ht advocates were elected, and Crawford's Tenant- Bight Bill of 1852 was introduced ; but when Sadleii and Eeogh Joined the Aberdeen ministry the old sectarian rivali-y broke out, and the League fell to the ground. 194 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1849. Capture of Mool- tan. Battle of Chillianwallali. Battle of Goojerat. Annexation of the Pun- jab. End of Becoud Sikh war. Bebellion in Hungary under Kosauth crushed by the aid of Russia. French troops occupy Rome. 1850. Sir C. Napier re- signs command of In- dian forces owing to the action of Lord Bal- hottsie. Victoria is made a sepa- rate colony, with Mel- bourne as capital. The Australian Colonies Bill is passed. [In the course of the next few years representa- tive governments are formed for New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Van Diemen's Land.] Great gold discoveries in Australia and Califor- [1848—1851] ENGLISH. Prime Mikisteks. LORD JOHN BUSSELL. 1848. 1849. 1850. 1851. Jewish Disabilities Bill passed by Commons, thrown out by Lords by 163 to 128. July. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended in Ireland. An abortive attempt at insurrection under Smith O'Brien is put down, and the leader transported. Gavan Duffy discharged without a verdict. The Irish Encumbered Estates Court is established, in accordance with an Act of last year, to facilitate the sale of encumbered properties. Bothschild is re-elected, but not allowed to sit. Navigation laws repealed by 275 to 214 in the Commons, and 173 to 163 in the Lords. [See note 1823.] Pirffius blockaded by the Mediterranean iieet in support of Finlay and Don Pacifico. Disraeli, ascribing the agricultural distress to the establishment of free-trade, asks for a committee of inquiry. He is supported by Gladstone and opposed by PeeL His motion is lost by only 21 (273 to 252). A motion to repeal the window-tax wholly is lost by 3 only. A motion to repeal the malt-tax is lost by 124. The, Queen sends a memorandum to Lord Palmerston as to business between the Crown and a Secretary of State {a). Eoebuok's motion of confidence in the policy of the Government towards Greece is opposed by Sir Robert Peel, but carried by 310 to 264. Jtdy 2. Death of Sir B. Peel. Irish Tenant League, including men of all parties, is formed (6). Sept. 30. A Papal Bull creating Roman Catholic bishops in England is issued. It causes much excitement. Convocation meets for business (for the first time since 1717) this year. Disraeli's motion that Government ought to introduce measures to alleviate agricultural distress is lost by only 14 (281 to 267). Feb. 17. The Budget causes much dissatisfaction. Feb. Locke King's motion, for assimilating county to horouijh franchise is supported by some Liberals, and carried against the Oovernment by 100 to 52. Feb. Lord J. Bussell resigns. Feb. Lord Stanley (became Lord Stanley by courtesy 1834, summoned to the Peers in his father's life- time 1844, succeeded as Earl of Derby June 1851) is unable to form a Ministry. March. Lord J. Bussell returns to office. Locke King's bill is thrown out by 299 to 83. May. Opening of the Great Exhibition. July. The Ecclesiastical Titles Act (Great Britain and Ireland) is passed, declaring the Papal Bull of 1850 195 [Notes.] (a) *' It was a protest against an Act of the Pope which had outraged the feelings of the peoi^le of England, but as a legislative measure it was a dead letter " {May^ iii. 235). It is repealed in 1871. (&) Lord Derby's Ministry.— liord Derby, First Lord of the Treasury; Lord St. Leonards (formerly Sir E. Bugden), Chancellor; Disraeli, Chancellor of the Ex- chequer ; Walpole, Home Secretary ; Lord Malmes- bury, Foreign Secretary ; Earl of Lonsdale, President of Council; Lord Salisbury, Privy Seal; Sir J. Pakington, Colonial and War Secretary; Herries, Board of Control ; Beresford, Secretary at War ; Henley, Board of Trade ; Earl of Hardwicke, Post- master-General ; Duke of Northumberland, Admi- ralty ; Lord Naas, Secretary for- Ireland ; Lord Stanley, Under Foreign Secretary ; Lord J. Manners, Chief Commissioner of Works. (c) Lord Aberdeen's Ministry. — Lord Aberdeen, First Lord of the Treasury ; Lord Cranworth, Lord Chancellor ; Gladstone, Chancellor of the Exchequer; Lord Palmerston, Home Secretary ; Lord John Russell, Foreign Secretary till Feb. 1853 (succeeded by Clarendon), tlien in Cabinet without office till June 1854; Duke of Newcastle, Colonial Secretary ; Sidney Herbert, Secretary at War ; Sir C. Wood, Board of Control; Card well, Board of Trade; Lord Canning, Postmaster-General ; Sir J. Graham, Admiralty ; Sir A. Cockburn, Attorney-General; Sir R. Bethell, Solicitor-General ; Lord St. Germans, Lord Lieuten- ant of Ireland ; Lord Granville, President of Council (succeeded by Lord J. Russell, June 1854, on becom- ing Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster) ; Duke of Argyll, Privy Seal ; Robert Lowe, Secretary to the Board of Control. FOREIGN AND' COLONIAL. 1851. Dec. 2. The covp d'itat in Paris. 1852. Jan. Louis Ka- poleori installed as Prince-President of the French Kepublio. Second war in Burmah. Annexation of Pegu. JDec. The President of the French is declared Emperor as Napoleon III. A constitution is given to each of six different colonies in New Zea- land. 1853. The KafEr war is brought to a close, hav- ing lasted for two years. British Kaffraria is an- nexed. July. Conference at Vienna. July. Russian troops pass the Pruth. Oct. Turkey declares war against Russia. Defeat of the Russians at Oltenitza. Nov. Destruction of a Turkish fleet at Sinope by Russia. 196 [1851—1853] ENGLISH. Prime Ministers. LORD JOHN RUSSELL. 1851. 1852. LORD DERBY. LORD ABERDEEN. 1853. null and void, and imposing a fine of £100 on all who try to carry it into effect (a). Lord Palmerstbn's resignation is required by Lord J. Kussell, on the ground of his having exceeded Ms authority as Secretary of State in his communications on his ovm authority to France with reference to the recognition of the coup d'etat of Dec. 2. Lord Granville becomes Foreign Secretary. Feb. Lord Palmerston carries an amendment to the bill for organization of the militia (arising out of fears of Napoleon IIL) by 11 (136 to 125). Lord J. Rus- sell resigns. Feb. Lord Derby becomes Prime Minister (6). A Bribery Act is passed providing for inquiry into corrupt practices on the appointment of a commission. Crawford's bill to secure and regulate the tenant-right of Ulster, to secure compensation for improvements, and to limit the power of eviction in certain cases, is thrown out on the second reading by 167 to 57. July. Dissolution of Parliament. Sept. Death of the Duke of Wellington. Nov. New Parliament meets. [Estimated strength of parties — Conservatives, 299 ; Liberals, 315 ; Peelites, 40.] Disraeli's Budget is much criticised, and is defeated by 305 to 286. Dec. Lord Derby resigns. Dec. Lord Aberdeen becomes Prime Minister, forming a Coalition ministry of Whigs and Peelites (c). [In this and other years great improvements were effected in the method of procedure both in Common Law and Equity.] Ajmil. Gladstone introduces his first budget. He points out the use of the income-tax in case of war. He proposes to retain it for one year at 7d. in the £, and gradually to diminish it so that it will expire in 1860. He abolishes the duties on soap, reduces 133 other taxes (the total amount of proposed re- missions being estimated at over five millions), and imposes a succession duty. Union of England and France to protect Turkey against Bussia. April. The Jewish Disabilities Bill is again rejected by the Lords. July. A conference of the four Powers, Great Britain, France, Austria, and Prussia, at Vienna, concerning the affairs of Bussia and Turkey begins. July. The advertisement duty repeal is carried by Milner Gibson against the Government by 200 to 169. 197 [Notes.] (o) The powers of the Company are only continued till Parliament shall otherwise provide. The Court of Directors is to contain six nominees of the Crown. The Civil Service is thrown open to competition. (&) Franchise to he reduced to £10 in counties and £0 (rating) in boroughs. Educational, savings-bank, and other "fancy" franchises. (c) GENEALOGY OP THE NAPIERS. Francis, 5th Lord Napier. "William, 6th Lord Charles. Napier (great- | grandfather of Sir Charles, Ad- Francis, 9th Lord miral (Acre, Napier, governor 1840; Baltic of Madras). Fleet, 1854), d. 1860. George m. Lady Sarah Lennox. I I I Sir Charles, General Sir George, Sir William (author of (conqueror of General "History of Penin- Scinde, 1843), d.l853. sular War"), d. 1860. (d) "In 1801 Lord Hohart succeeded to the office, and the departments of War and Colonies were united under one secretary. This arrangement continued till 1854, when, in consequence of the war with Russia, and the accumulated duties devolving on the Colonial Office, it was thought expedient to ap- point a distinct Chief Secretary of State to preside over each department" (A. Mills, "Colonial Consti- tutions," p. 13). (e) Lord Palm&rston's Ministry. — Lord Palmerston, First Lord of the Treasury ; Lord Cranworth, Chancellor ; Duke of Argyll (succeeded by Lord Harrowby), Privy Seal; Lord Granville, 'President of Council; Gladstone, Exchequer; Sir George Grey, Home Secretary ; Lord liOjasdowne, Cabinet without office ; Earl of Clarendon, Foreign Secretary ; Sidney Her- bert, Colonial Secretary; Lord Panmure (formerly Fox Maule), War Secretary ; Sir C. Wood, Board of Control ; Card well, Board of Trade ; Lord Harrowby, Duchy of Lancaster; Lord Canning (succeeded by Duke of Argyll), Postmaster-General ; Sir J. Graham, Admiralty ; Earl of St. Germans, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland ; Sir J. Young, Secretary for Ireland ; Sir A. Cockbum, Attorney-General; Sir B. Bethell, Solicitor-General ; Sir W. Molesworth, Commissioner of Works. On the resignation of the Peelites (Gladstone, Graham, St. Germans, Cardwell, Herbert, and Young) Sir G. C. Lewis Ijecame Chancellor of the Exchequer ; Lord J. Russell, Colonial Secretary; Lord Stanley of Alderley, President of the Board of Trade ; Sir C. Wood, First Lord of the Admiralty ; Vernon Smith, President of Board of Control; Earl of Carlisle, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland; Horsman, Secretary for Ireland (succeeded by Henry Herbert, 1857); Bouverie, Vice-President Board of Trade (succeeded by R. Lowe). 198 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1854. Unsuccessful siege of SiUstria by the Rus- sians {May). The first Cape Parlia- ment meets. (A re- sponsible government is not instituted till 1874.) Colonial and War Secre- taryships divided and a fourth Secretary of State appointed (c?). Newcastle retains the War Secretaryship. Sir G. Grey takes the Co- lonial 0£&ce. 1855. Sardinia joins England and France against Kussia. March. Death of the Emperor Nicholas of Russia. Succeeded by Alexander II. The conference of the European Powers at Vienna proves a fail- ure, because Russia re- fuses to agree to any limit being placed on the size of the Black Sea fleet. [1853—1855] ENGLISH. Prime Ministers. LOED ABEEDEEK. 1853. 1854. 1855. LORD PALMEESTON. A new India Bill is passed, the last charter of the East India Company is granted (a). [See note 1773.] Dec. Lord Falmerston resigns, really because he does not consider the Government's policy towards Russia sufficiently decided. The English fleet is ordered to enter the Black Sea. Lord Palmerston resumes o£Sce. Feb. The ultimatum of Xhigland and France is sent to St. Petersburg. March. A Reform Bill (6) is introduced by Lord J. Bus- sell, but ultimately witlidravm. Gladstone in his Budget proposes to double the income- tax for six months (this to be renewed if necessary) to meet the war expenditure. Tlie Corrupt Practices Act, providing for publication of accotints after parliamentary elections, and restraining candidates from paying any expenses except through authorized agents, is carried. March. The Baltic fleet under Sir C. Kapier (c) is des- patched. June. War and Colonial Secretaryships divided. June. The allied armies land at Varna under Lord Kaglan and Marshal St. Arnaud. Sept. The allied armies land in the Crimea. Sept. 20. Battle of the Alma. Oct. 17. The siege of Sebastopol begins. Oct. 25. Battle of Balaclava. Nov. 5. Battle of Inkerman. Dec. Parliament is assembled. Lord Derby charges the ministry with great mismanagement of the war. [The bad administration of the war is denounced strongly in the Times and by the public. ] Jan. Besignation of Lord J. Bussell, whose views as to the presence of a War Minister in the Hou.ie of Commons had not been carried out. Roebuck's motion to inquire into the conduct of the war is carried by 157 (305 to 148). Jan. Lord Aberdeen resigns. Lord J. Bussell and Lord Derby are unable to form administrations. Lord Falmerston becomes Prime IKIlnister (e). Gladstone, Sir J. Graham, S. Herbert, and other " Peelites " leave the ministry. The last penny of the newspaper duty is repealed. June. Further bombardments of Sebastopol. Death of Lord Raglan, succeeded by General Simpson. Resignation of Lord J. Kussell, who had succeeded Sidney Herbert, on notice being given of a motion expressing want of confidence in him for his action at the conference at Vienna. 199 [Kotes.] FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1856. Annexation of Oudh. Lord Canning Governor- General of India [Vice- roy 1858] (to 1862). Seizure of the lorcha Arrow by the Chinese. Sir M. Seymour bom- bards Canton. 1857. March. Treaty of peace between Eng- land and Persia signed at Paris. 200 [1855—1858] ENGLISH. PkIME MlNISTBES. LORD FAUtlERSTON. 1855. 1856. 1857. 1858. Smpt. 8. Fall and evacuation of Sebastopol. Nov. Surrender of General Williams after his long defence of Kars. A committee of the Lords report against the power of the Crown to admit life peers to Parliament, which it attempted to do in the case of Sir James Parke created Baron Wensleydale. The Government yield the point. March 30. Treaty of peace finally signed at Paris between Eussia and Turkey, England, France, and Sardinia. April. Lord John Russell's motions involving a scheme of national education are rejected (260 to 158). May. Miall's motion in favour of Irish Church disestab- lishment rejected by 70 votes (163 to 93). The education vote of this year is £451,000. A paid Minister of Education is appointed to act as Vice- President of the Council. In the Budget the income-tax is reduced from Is. 4d. to 7d. in the £ (proposed for three years). March. Cobden's motion condemning the violent mea- sures resorted to in the affair of the Arrow in China, and approved by Government, is carried by 16 votes (263 to 247). liord Palmerston gives notice of a dissolution and appeals to the country. Bright and Gibson are rejected at Manchester, and Cobdeu at Hudders- fleld. April. New Parliament meets. [Estimated strength of parties — Liberals, 366; Conservatives, 287.] Indian mutiny. Outbreaks at Meerut and Delhi, Lucknow and Cawnpore. June. Destruction of the Chinese fleet. July. Death of Sir H. Lawrence at Lucknow. The massacre at Cawnpore. Sept. Capture of Delhi. Relief of Lucknow under Generals Havelock and Outram, who, joining the garrison, await further relief. Nov. Final relief of Lucknow under Sir Colin. Campbell, commander-in-chief. Death of Have- lock. Commercial panic in England. Suspension of Bank Charter Act. Dec. Parliament meets. The Bank Charter Indemnity Act is carried. Dec. Capture of Canton by English and French. In punishment for the mutiny Sepoy rebels are blown from the guns. Orsini attempts to assassinate the Emperor of the French. [There is much irritation in France against England for harbouring assassin refugees, and much irritation 201 [Notes.] (o) Lord Derby's Ministry.— hoTd Derby,* First Lord of the Treasury ; Lord Chelmsford,* Lord Chancellor ; Lord Salisbury,* President of Council; Lord Hardwicke,* Privy Seal ; Disraeli,* Chancellor of the Exchequer; Walpole,* Home Secretary; Lord Malmesbury,* Foreign Secretary ; Lord Stanley* (succeeded by Sir E. Bulwer Lytton), Colonial Secretary; General Peel,* War Secretary; Lord EUenborough,* Board of Control (succeeded by Lord Stanley); Henley,* Board of Trade; Sir J. Paking- ton,* Admiralty ; Lord J. Manners,* Chief Commis- sioner of Works< Lord Colchester, Postmaster- General; Sir F. Kelly, Attorney-General: Cairns, Solicitor-General; Lord Naas, Irish Secretary; Hardy, Under Home Secretary ; Lord Carnarvon, Under Colonial Secretary; Egllnton, Lord-Lieu- tenant of Ireland. * In the Cabinet. (6) India Bill. — The territories and powers of the Company are transferred to the Crown. India is to be admin- istered by a Secretary of State for India and a Council of fifteen members. The Board of Control is abolished. (c) By the year 1859 church-rates had been refused in no less than 1525 parishes or districts. (eO Proposed R^orm BiH.— County and borough f^nchise to be assimilated, the latter remaining as before. Lodgers at £20 per annum to have votes. Educa- tional and other " fancy " franchises. Voting-papers to be allowed. (e) Sotheron Estcourt succeeded Walpole as Home Secre- tary ; Lord Donoughraore became President of the Board of Trade; Lord March (afterwards Duke of Richmond), President of Poor Law Board; Sir Stafford Northcote, Secretary to the Treasury. (/) Lord Palmerston's Jlfimstri/.— Lord Palmerston,* First Lord of the Treasury ; Lord Campbell,* Lord Chan- cellor (succeeded by Bethell (Lord Westbury) in 1861); Earl Granville,* President of Council; Duke of Argyll,* Privy Seal; Gladstone,* Chancellor of the Exchequer; Sir G. Lewis,* Home Secretary (succeeded by Sir G. Grey); Lord John Russell* (created Earl Russell 1861), Foreign Secretary; Duke of Newcastle * (succeeded by Card well). Colonial Secretary; Herbert,* War Secretary; Sir C.Wood,* Indian Secretary; Milner Gibson,* Board of Trade ; Sir G. Grey,* Duchy of Lancaster ; Duke of Somer- set,* Admiralty ; C. P. Villiers,* Poor Law Board ; Earl of Elgin * (succeeded by Stanley of Alderley*), Postmaster-General; Cardwell (succeeded by Sir Robert Peel), Irish Secretary ; Lowe, Vice-President of Council (succeeded by H. A. Bruce) ; Laing (suc- ceeded by Frederick Peel, and in 1865 by Childers), Secretary to the Treasury; Lord Carlisle, Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland (succeeded by Lord Wode- house 1864). Sir G. Lewis became War Secretary in 1861, and died in 1863 (succeeded by Earl de Grey and Ripon*) ; Card- well • became Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster in 1861, and was succeeded by Lord Clarendon* 1864. * In the Cabinet. 202 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1858. Gladstone is sent as commissioner to the Ionian Islands. Nov. The Queen of England is proclaimed Sovereign of India, Lord Canning receiv- ing the title of Viceroy as well as Governor- General. War with China resumed. 1859. War declared by France and Sardinia against Austria. The Austrians are defeated at Magenta and Sol- ferino. July. The Treaty of Villafrauca brings to a close the war between France and Austria. Lombardy ceded to Sar- dinia. Tuscany, Par- ma, and Modena unite themselves to Sardinia, but Savoy and Nice are ceded to France. Queensland is made a separate colony (Bris- bane capital), with a representative govern- ment. [1858, 1859] ENGLISH. Prime Ministers. LORD FALiyiEBSTON. 1858. LORD DERBY 1859. LORD FALIUERSTON. in England about the threats of certain French colonels and others.] Lord Palmerston introduces a bill transferring the government of India from the East India Company to the Crown. F&h. Lord Palmerston's Conspiracy to Murder Bill (relating to Orsini's late attempt on the Emperor), making conspiracy to murder a felony, is defeated on MiSier Gibson's amendment by 19 votes. Lord Palmerston resigns. Lord Derby becomes Prime Blinister (a). March. Capture of Lucknow under Sir C. Camp- bell and Outram. ■ Pinal suppression of rebels in India. Campaign of Sir H. Rose in Central India. May. A hill abolishing the property qvalification for English and Irish members of Parliament is intro- duced and afterwards passed. June. A new India Bill (6) is introduced, and after- wards carried. Secretaryship of State for India constituted ; Lord Stanley first Secretary. Jttne. A treaty is arranged between England and China at Tieu-Tsin. A bill for the abolition of church-rates is passed in the Commons and thrown out in the Lords (c). July. The admission of Jews to Parliament is at last, after many years' effort made by the House of Commons and resisted by the Lords, effected by a bill enabling either House by resolution to modify its oath, which is carried by 143 to 97. Feb. Lord Cowley is sent to Vienna to mediate between France and Austria concerning Italy. Disraeli announces the proposals of the Government on the reform of the franchise (d). [ Walpole and Henley had retired on account of these proposals (e).] March. Defeat of the ministry on the second read- ing of their Reform Bill by 39 votes (330 to 291). April. Dissolution of Parliament. May. The formation of volunteer rifle corps is sanc- tioned by the War Office. A declaration of neutrality in the war about to begin between Italy and Austria is issued by the Gov- ernment. May. The newParliament meets. [Estimated strength of parties^Conservatives, 305 ; Liberals, 348. ] June. The ministry is defeated in the amendment to the address by 13 votes (323 to 310). June. The Queen wishes Lord Granville to undertake the formation of a ministry. June. TJltimately Lord Palmerston becomes Prime IVCinister (/). 203 [Notes.] (a) County franchise to be reduced to £10, boroughs to £6. {&) " The object and intended effect of this Act was to Bubstitute, in the relation of landlord and tenant, for the just and equitable principles of common law or custom, the hard commercial principle of contract, and to render any right of the tenant, either as to duration of tenancy or compensation, dependent on expressed or implied contract" (Qiioted hy Barry O'Brien/rom Finlason's ^'La/nd Tenure," p. 106), FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 204 1860. Capture of Pekin. Treaty with China. Garibaldi frees Sicily and Naples, who decide to join Sardinia, and in March 1861 Victor Emmanuel is declared ^ King of Italy by the Italian Parliament. 1861. Jan. 1. Accession of William I., King of Prussia. Bismarck be- comes his chief adviser. The Boers of the Trans- vaal form themselves into a separate state. Jan. to May. Secession of ten of the states of the American Union, who form the Confede- rate States. April. Beginning of the American Civil War. June, Death of Cavour. July. Defeat of the Federals by the Con- federates at the battle of Bull's Run. 1862. After a long series of engagements Lee and Jackson force M'Clellan to retire be- hind the James River. Lord Elgin Viceroy of India (to 1863). Parliament resolves (on the motion of A. Mills) that those colonies which enjoy self-gov- ernment shall be re- sponsible for their own military defence. [1859—1862] ENGLISH. Prime Ministers. LORD PALMEESTON. 1859. 1860. 1861. 1862. [Cobden refuses the ofiSce of President of Board of Trade, ■which is offered him.] Budget. Gladstone adds 4d. in the £, of income-tax to incomes over £150. The Phoenix Club, under O'Donovan Rossa and Stephens, having become the nucleus of Fenianism, Rossa and others are tried and condemned, but released. Jan. A treaty of commerce between France and England, negotiated by Cobden, is signed. Feb. The Government scheme for remission of wine duties is introduced. March. A Government Reform Bill is introduced by Lord J. Russell, but withdrawn later (a). April. A Church-Rates Abolition Bill carried in the Commons but thrown out in the Lords. A Government bill abolishing the paper duty is carried on the second reading by 245 to 192, third reading by only 219 to 210. It is afterwards rejected by the Lords by 193 to 104. This causes much excitement in the Commons, as it is practically, though not in technical form, a Money Bill. Ultimately Lord Palmerston moves and carries resolu- tions which indicate that in future the Commons can guard their powers by so framing their bills as to make a repetition of the late proceeding impossible. An Act is passed to base the relation of landlord and tenant in Ireland on contract and not on tenure (b). The Oovemment make no mention of reform in the royal speech. Locke King's and Baines's motions for the reduction of the franchise are respectively negatived, the former by 248 to 229, the latter by 279 to 154. The whole financial scheme of Oovemment being embraced in one bill, the Lords are obliged to pass the abolition of the paper duty. Ten peers protest. The Church-Rates Abolition Bill is thrown out in the Commons by the Speaker's casting vote (274 on each side). Under the Bankruptcy Act of this year the imprison- ment of common debtors is abandoned and many debtors in confinement are set free. Nov. Forcible seizure of the Confederate Commissioners Slidell and Mason when under British protection on the West India mail steamer Trent. On remonstrance from England the American Govern- ment consent to restore them. Congress pass a vote of thanks to Captain Wilkes for the seizure. Dec. Death of the Prince Consort. Gladstone reduces the duty on tea to Is. in the pound. Central Relief Committee for the Lancashire distress, 205 [Notes] (a) Lord RusselPs Ministry. — Lord Russell,* First Lord of the Treasury; Lord Cranworth,* Lord Chancellor; Lord Granville,* President of Council; Duke of Argyll,* Privy Seal ; Gladstone,* Chancellor of the Exchequer; Sir George Grey,* Home Secretary; Lord Clarendon,* Foreign Secretary ; Earl de Grey* (suc- ceeded by Lord Hartington*), War Secretary; Card- well,* Colonial Secretary; Sir C. Wood* (succeeded by Earl de Grey), Indian Secretary; Milner Gibson,* Board of Trade; Goschen, Vice-President of Board of Trade ; Lord Stanley of Alderley,* Postmaster- General; Villiers,* Poor Law Board; Duke of Somerset,* Admiralty; Chichester Fortescue, Irish Secretary ; Wodehouse, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland ; Forster, Under Colonial Secretary; Hartington, Dnder War Secretary; Dufferin, Under Secretary for India. In Jem. 1866 Goschen* was made Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster, Monsell becoming Vice-Presi- dent of the Board of Trade. In the following month, on the resignation of Wood, De Grey and Ripon* became Secretary for India ; Hartington,* War Sec- retary; Dufferin, Under Secretary for War; and Stansfeld, Under Secretary for India. * In the Cabinet. (&) Proposed Reform Bill.— County fi'anchise, £14 rental ; borough franchise, £7 rental; lodgers paying £10 clear annual value. ;(c) Chief AduUamites. — Lowe, Horsman, Earl of Lichfield, Lord Elcho, Earl Grosvenor, Lord Dunkellin, Lord E. Grosvenor, Laing, Doulton, Major Anson. 206 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1863. Death of Lord El- gin. Succeeded by Sir John Lawrence as Vice- roy of India (to 1869). July. Lee defeated at Gettysburg. General Grant captures Vicksburg on the Mis- sissippi. 1864. Indecisive battle between Grant and Lee in the Wilderness. 1865. War against Den- mark. Sohleswig ceded to Prussia, Holstein and Lauenburg to Austria. Grant forces Lee to sur- render at Kichmond. Murder of President Lin- coln. Insurrection of negroes in Jamaica. 1866. Jwne. War de- clared by Prussia and Italy against Austria, Hanover, Bavaria, and Hesse. ■ Austrians defeat the Ita- lians at Custozza. July 3. Defeat of the Austrians at Kiinig- gratz (Sadowa). Bavarians and Hessians defeated at Kisaingen, Hanoverians at Lan- North Germany becomes united under the leader- ship of Prussia. [1862—1866] ENGLISH. Pkime Ministers. LORD FALMERSTON. 1862. 1863. 1864. 1865. LORD RUSSELL. 18C6. owing to the cotton famine, established. (The weekly loss of wages at one time was estimated at £168,000.) The Alabama is allowed to leave the Mersey under pretence that she is going for a trial trip. Carriage of tlie Prince of Wales to Princess Alexandra of Denmark. The Ionian Islands resolve in favour of separation from England and union with Greece, to which England consents. Gladstone takes Id. off the income-tax, but refuses to repeal the malt-tax. April. Locke King's County Franchise Bill {by 254 to 227) and Saines Borough Franchise Bill (by 272 to 216) are thrown out. A motion of want of confidence in ministers, on the f round of their lowering the influence of England y their behaviour in reference to the Danish war, is lost by 18 in Commons (313 to 295), carried by 9 in the Lords (177 to 168). The Poor Law Union Chargeability Bill is carried. Reduction of the income-tax from 6d. to 4d., and of the duty on tea to 6d. in the pound. Resignation of the Lord Chancellor (Westbury) after a motion of censure passed in the House of Commons, succeeded by Crauworth. July. Dissolution of Parliament. General election. Gladstone is defeated at Oxford University. Oct. Death of Lord Palmerston. Ifov. Lord Russell becomes Prime Minister (a). [The severe action of Governor Eyre in Jamaica this year produces later on much discussion in England. He is superseded by the Government. He is prosecuted, but the grand jury find no bill, and he is reimbursed for his expenses from the public funds.] Feb. The new Parliament is opened. Gladstone becomes leader of the House of Com- mons. [Estimated strength of parties — Conserva- tives, 294; Liberals, 361.] A biU suspending the Habeas Corpus Act in Ireland passed in both Houses. March. The Government Keform Bill is intro- duced by Gladstone (6). After many evenings' debate the Government Reform Bill is carried by 5 votes only (the division being 283 Conservatives and 32 Liberals against 318 Liberals and 2 Conservatives, including tellers), the small majority being chiefly owing to the seceding^ Liberal " Adullamites " (c), led by Lowe. The Government Distribution of Seats Bill is introduced. 207 tNotes.] (a) Lord Derby's Ministry. — Lord Derby,* First Lord of the Treasury; Lord Chelmsford,* Lord Chancellor; Duke of Buckingham,* President of Council; Lord Malmesbury,* Privy Seal ; Disraeli,* Chancellor of the Exchequer; Walpole,* Home Secretary; Lord Stanley,* Foreign Secretary; Lord Carnarvon,* Colonial Secretary; General Peel,* War Secretary; Lord Cranbourne* (succeeded as Marquis of Salis- bury 186S), Indian Secretary ; Sir Stafford North- cote,* Board of Trade ; Lord Devon,* Duchy of Lan- caster ; Lord J. Manners,* Commissioner of Works ; Sir J. Pakington,* Admiralty; Hardy,* Poor Law Board ; Duke of Montrose, Postmaster-General ; Lord Naas, Chief Secretary for Ireland; S. Cave, Vice-President of Board of Trade ; Marquis of Aber- com, Lord- Lieutenant of Ireland ; Cairns (created Lord Cairns 1867, Earl Cairns 1878), Attorney- General ; Ward Hunt, Secretaiy to the Treasury. In March 1867 Buckingham* became Colonial Secretary ; Pakington,* War; Corry,* First Lord of the Admi- ralty; Duke of Marlborough,* President of the Council; Northcote,* Secretary for India; Duke of Richmond,* President of Board of Trade. la May 1867 Walpole resigned oflfice, remaining in the Cabinet; Devon* became President of Poor Law Board; Hardy,* Home Secretary; Wilson Patten, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. * In the Cabinet. (6) Reform. Bill of 1867 (England).— In boroughs household sufi^^e was established, with a lodger franchise of £10; in the counties a £12 occupation franchise was established. In boroughs returning three mem- bers, each voter was only allowed to give two votes. [For redistribution of seats see Appendix III.] Reform Bills of 1868 (Scotland and Ireland) : — Scotland.— To provide seven additional seats for Scotland a farther disfranchisement was effected in England. The Scotch occupation franchise in counties was reduced to £14. Ireland.-~Th.e borough franchise was reduced from £8 to £4. Difiraeli's Ministry.— 'Disra.Gli,* First Lord of the Trea- sury ; Lord Cairns,* Lord Chancellor ; Duke of Marlborough,* President of Council; Lord Malmes- bury,* Privy Seal ; Ward Hunt,* Chancellor of the Exchequer ; Gathome Hardy,* Home Secretary ; Lord Stanley,* Foreign Secretary; Duke of Bucking- ham,* Colonial Secretary ; Sir J. Pakington* (created Lord Hampton 1874), War Secretary; Sir Stafford Northcote,* Indian Secretary; Duke of Richmond,* Board of Trade ; Corry,* Admiralty ; Lord J. Man- ners,* Commissioner of Works ; Colonel Patten (suc- ceeded by Colonel Taylor), Duchy of Lancaster; Duke of Montrose, Postmaster-General ; Lord Mayo (for- merly Naas), Chief Secretary for Ireland (succeeded by Colonel Patten) ; S. Cave, Vice-President of Board of Trade; Abercorn, Lord' Lieutenant of Ireland. In Sept. 1868 Wilson Patten succeeded Mayo as Secre- tary for Ireland, Colonel Taylor becoming Chancellor of the Duchy. * In the Cabinet. 208 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL, 1867. By the British North America Act, Canada, Nova Scotia, and New pruns wick are united into the " Do- minion of Canada. '' 18G8. Abyssinian expe- dition. [1866—1868] ENGLISH. Prime Ministers. LORD RUSSELL. 1866. LORD DEEBT. 1867. 1868. DISRAELI. May. Commercial panic in the City. The Bank Charter Act is suspended. June. The Government is defeated by 11 (315 to 304) on Lord Dunkellin's amendment to the Beform Bill to substitute rating for rental. The ministry resign {June). liOrd Derby becomes Prime Minister (a). Reform demonstrations and riot in Hyde Park. Feb. The new Government's Reform Bill is brought forward by Disraeli. March. General Peel, Lord Carnarvon, and Lord Cranboume resign on the Reform Bill question. Gladstone indicates various changes in the Gov- ernment measure which will be necessary to make it a sound measure. Most of these are ultimately adopted. Mill's amendment in favour of female suffrage is rejected by 196 to 73. A clause granting minority representation to "three- cornered " constituencies is inserted by the Lords, on the motion of Lord Cairns, and accepted by the Commons. July. The Reform Bill is read a third time with- out opposition. Auy. The Reform Bill passes the Lords (protest signed by Lord Ellenborough) (h). Sept. Rescue of Fenian prisoners at Manchester. Nov. Parliament is called together to sanction the Abyssinian expedition to rescue English prisoners from King Theodore. Dec. Fenian outrage at Clerkenwell Prison, the explo- sion causing the loss of twelve lives. Trades-union outrages in Sheffield and elsewhere. Lord Derby resigns (Feb.). Disraeli becomes Prime Minister (c). Gladstone moves resolutions advocating the disestab- lishment of the Irish Church. The Lords abandon the practice of voting by proxy. Election petitions are trans/erred from the House to be decided by the judges. Gladstone carries a bill for the abolition of compulsory Church-Rates. April. Capture of Magdala, in Abyssinia, by British troops. Gladstone carries his first resolution (against the Government) by 65 (265 to 330). Disraeli tenders his resignation, but agrees to appeal to the new constituencies in the autumn. June. Gladstone's bill for suspening the exercise of 209 [Notes.] (tt) Gladstone's Ministry.— G\a,dstoT\e* First Lord of the Treasury ; Lord Hatherley* (Page Wood), Lord Chancellor; Lord de Grey and Ripon* (created Mar- quis of Ripon 1871), President of Council ; Earl of Kimberley* (formerly Lord Wodehouse), Privy Seal ; Robert Lowe* (created Viscount Sherbrooke 1880), Chancellor of the Exchequer ; Bruce* (created Lord Aberdare 1873), Home Secretary; Lord Clarendon,* Foreign Secretary; Lord Granville,* Colonial Secre- tary; Cardwell* (created Viscount Card well 1874), War Secretary; Duke of Argyll,* Indian Secretary ; J. Bright,* Board of Trade ; Lord Dufferin,* Duchy of Lancaster; Lord Hartington,* Postmaster-Gene- ral; Childers,* Admiralty; Chichester Fortescue (created Lord Carlingford 1874), Secretary for Ire- land; Earl Spencer, Lord-Lieutenant; Grant Duff, Under Secretary for India ; Forster,* Vice-President of Privy Coiincil (Cabinet 1870) ; Goschen,* Poor Law Board; Layard (succeeded by Ayrton 1869), Works. On Lord Clarendon's death in 1870 Lord Granville* became Foreign Secretary; Lord Kimborley,* Colo- nial Secretary ; Lord Halifax* (Sir C. Wood), Lord Privy Seal. In Jan. 1871 Chichester Fortescue* succeeded Bright at the Board of Trade, Hartington* becoming Secretary for Ireland ; Monsell, Postmaster-General; Knatch- bull-Hugessen, Under Colonial Secretary ; Lefevre, Under Home Secretary. In March 1871 Goschen* succeeded Childers at the Ad- miralty ; Stansfeld* became President of Poor Law Board; Baxter, Secretary to the Treasury ; Lefevre, Secretary to the Admiralty ; and Winterbotham, Under Home Secretary. -In May 1872 Childers* succeeded Dufferin as Chancellor of the Duchy, and in the same year Lansdowne suc- ceeded Northbrook as Under War Secretary. In Oct. 1872, on the resignation of Hatherley,* Roundell Palmer (created Lord Selborne), became Lord Chan- cellor. In 1873 Ripon, Childers, Monsell, and Baxter retired ; Bright* re-entered the ministry as Chancellor of the Duchy ; Gladstone* took the Chancellorship of the Exchequer; Bruce* (created Lord Aberdare) was made President of the Council; Lowe,* Home Sec- retary; Ayrton, Judge Advocate-General; Adam, First Commissioner of Works; Dodson, Secretary to the Treasury; and Lyon Playfair, Postmaster- General. * In the Cabinet. (6) Irish Church Act— By this Act— (1) The Irish Church was disestablished and became a free Episcopal Church, governed by a synod of clergy and laity. fThe old Ecclesiastical Courts were abolished. The Irish bishops lost their seats in the House Lords. (4) The Maynooth grant to the Catholics and the Regiuin Donum to the Presbyterians were commuted. (5) The fabrics of the churches and cathedrals were handed over to the new Church. (6) All private endowments given since 1660 were handed over to the new Church. (7) The clergy and officials attached to the Church were compen- sated for their life-interest. (8) The remaining funds were to be applied, at the discretion of the Government of tho day, to the relief of unavoidable suffering. (c) See note (a), p. 212. (d) See note (&), p. 212. 210 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL, 1869. Lord Mayo Vice- roy of India (to 1872). Nov, Opening of the Suez Canal. Meeting of the (Ecumeni- cal Council at Kome, which declares (next year) the dogma of the infallibility of the Pope. 1870.^ May. Futile in- vasion of Canada by the Fenians. July. War declared by France against Prussia. A%ig. Red River expe- dition. Axig. Right wing of the French defeated at Worth, the left at For- bach. Aug. 14-18. Battles round Metz result in the siege of that town. Sfpt. 1, 2. Battles round Sedan result in the sur- render of the Emperor of the French and Mac- mahon's army. Bejpt. Proclamation of the French Republic. Siege of Paris formed. S&pt. Italian troops enter Rome. Oct. Surrender of Metz. Oct, Prince Gortschakoff issues a circular stating that Russia -will no longer be bound by the Treaty of 1856. [1868-1870] ENGLISH. Peime Ministers. DISRAELI. 1868. GLADSTONE. 1869. 1870. Eatronage in the Irish Church passes the Commons ut is thrown out by the Lords. The Irish Reform Bill is passed, reducing the borough franchise, but leaving that of the counties un- changed. No redistribution of seats is effected. The Scottish Reform Bill is passed, giving seven addi- tional members and reducing the francliise in coun- ties and burghs. {July 31. End of the last Parliament elected under the Reform Bill of 1832.] Nov. General election. [Estimated strength of parties — Conservatives, 265 ; Liberals, 393. ] Dec. Kesignation of Disraeli. Gladstone be- comes Prime Minister (a). March. A measure is introduced for the dis- establishment and partial disendowment of the Irish Church (6), the commutation of the Maynooth grant and the Regivm Dormm, and the subsequent organization of the Episcopal Church in Ireland. Second reading is passed by 368 to 250 {March), third reading by 361 to 247 (May) ; the second reading passes the Lords by 179 to 146 (July). The United States reject the settlement of the Alabama claims proposed by Lord Clarendon and Reverdy Johnson. The shilling duty still levied upon corn is abolished by Lowe's budget. The Endowed Schools Bill, founded on the report of the Schools Inquiry Commission, is passed, and the Endowed Schools Commission is appointed. The Scottish Education Bill, as amended by the Com- mons, is rejected by the Lords. Earl Russell's Life Peerage Bill is rejected by the Lords on the third reading by 106 to 77. The University Tests Abolition Bill is passed by the Commons, but rejected by the Lords by 91 to 54, and again in 1870. O'Donovan Rossa elected for Tipperary ; his election is declared void, no felon being eligible. . The Irish Land Act (c) is introduced by Glad- stone, and having passed both Houses of Parliament (second reading in the Commons by 442 to 11), receives the Royal Assent (Aug.). The Elementary Education Act (d) is intro- duced by Forster, and passes the second reading without a division. In committee the Cowper Temple clause is admitted by the Government, and the bill, after much opposition from the Noncon- formists, headed by the "Birmingham League," passes the third reading, and is accepted by the Lords. 211 Feb. Fel. [Notes.] (a) Irish Land Act.— By this Act — (1) The Ulster Tenant Right and similar customs in other parts of Ire- land received a legal status. (2) New rights were conferred on tenants witli reference to compensation for disturbance by the act of the landlord, except in the case of eviction for non-payment of rent. (3) Compensation was given for improvements. (4) Facilities were Riven for the loan by Govemment of two-thirds of tlie purchase-money to tenants de- sirous of buying their holdings from landlords who are willing to sell. (h) Elementary Education Act — By this Act, while the system of Government grants to schools supported by voluntary subscriptions is preserved, facilities are granted for the election, in districts wliere school accommodation is deficient, or where it is desired by the inhabitants, of a school board, which has the power to levy a rate and to erect and manage schools. All schools where religirms instruction is given, and which receive a grant, are obliged to conform to a conscience clause. By the Cowper Temple clause "al catechisms and distinctive dog- matic formularies are excluded from rate-supported schools." (c) Objects of the Home Government Association (from their resolutions) : — " It is hereby declared, as the essential principle of this Association, that the objects, and the only objects, contemplated by this Association are — " To obtain for our country the right and privilege of managing our own affaire, by a Parliament assembled in Ireland, composed of her Majesty the Sovereign, and her successors, and the Lords and Commons of Ireland ; " To secure for that Parliament, under a federal arrange- ment, the right of legislating for and regulating all matters relating to the internal affairs of Ireland, and control over Irish resources and revenues, sub- ject to the obligation of contributing our just pro- portion of the imperial expenditure ; *' To leave to an Imperial Parliamentthepower of dealing with all questions affecting the Imperial Crown and Government, legislation regarding the colonies and other depfindencies of the Crown, the relations of the United Empire with foreign states, and all matters appertaining to the stability of the Empire at large ; " To attain such an adjustment of the relations between the two countries, without any interference with the prerogatives of tjie Crown, or any disturbance of the principles of the Constitution." FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1871. King William of Prussia takes the title of German Emperor. Jan. 30. Capitulation of Paris. Feh. Peace signed be- tween France and Ger- many. March 18. Outbreak of the revolt of the Com- mune in Paris. The second siege of Paris, by theVersailles troops, lasts from March 18 to May 21. 212 1872. Lord Mayo, Vice- roy of India, is mur- dered. He is succeeded by Lord Northbrook (to 1876). The Emperor of Ger- many by arbitration assigns the island of St. Juan, on the west- ern coast of North America, to the United States, [1870—1872] ENGLISH. Peime Ministers. GLADSTONE. 1870. 1871. 187 the On Peace Preservation Act (Ireland) is passed. Beaumont's bill for removing the bishops from House of Lords is rejected by 158 to 102. the death of Lord Clarendon Lord Granville becomes Foreign Secretary (July) ; Lord Kim- berley, Colonial Secretary ; and Forster enters the Cabinet. Aug. The majority of appointments in the Civil Ser- vice are thrown open to competition. The Commander-in-chief is declared to be subject to the authority of the Secretary for War. The Home Government Association (c), afterwards the Home Rule League, founded in Ireland. A treaty is made vrith France and Germany to secure the neutrality of Belgium. Jan. In the conference on the Treaty of Paris of 1856 England agrees to the abrogation of the clause which secured the neutrality of the Black Sea. Feb. The Ballot Bill is introduced, and passes the second reading by 326 to 232 in the Commons, but is rejected by the Lords. April. Lowe's proposed tax on lucifer matches is re- ceived with great disfavour and is withdrawn. The bill to abolish religious tests at the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge is passed again by the Com- mons, and now passes the Lords. May. The Treaty of Washington, by which it is agreed to submit the Alabama claims to arbitration, is concluded with the United States. The bill for the better regulation of the army and the land forces of the Crown, which included among its provisions the abolition of the system of purchasing commissions in the army, passes the Commons. In the Lords, however, a motion of the Duke of Rich- mond postponing the purchase clause is carried. By the advice of ministers the Royal Warrant legalizing purchase is cancelled by the Queec. The Lords then pass the bill. An Act is passed by which the Crown resumes the authority over the militia, yeomanry, and volun- teers, which had formerly been vested in the lords- lieutenant of the counties. Miall's motion to disestablish the remaining Established Churches of the United Kingdom is rejected by 374 to 89 (in 1873 by 356 to 61). The dangerous illness of the Prince of Wales calls forth strong manifestations of loyalty. [The Local Government Board, superseding and em- bodying the Poor Law Board of 1847, is constituted this year.] The BaUot Bill having been again passed by the 213 [Notes.] (a) Irish University Bill. — It was proposed (1) to combine Trinity College, Dublin, Maynooth, and the Colleges of Cork and Belfast into a new University capable of granting degrees ; (2) to hand over the Theologi- cal Faculty of Trinity College, Dublin, to the Free Episcopal Church ; (3) to exclude theology, moral ]ilulosophy, and history from the curriculum of the new University ; (4) to create for the new Uni- versity a governing body nominated in the first instance by the Act, but iHtimately by the Crown, the Council, the Senate, and the Professors jointly ; (5) to provide the funds of the new University partly from existing funds and partly from fees and Govern- ment aid. (h) Disraeli's Ministry. — Disraeli,* First Lord of the Trea- sury ; Lord Cairns,* Lord Chancellor; Duke of Richmond,* Lord President of the Council; Lord Malinesbury,* Lord Privy Seal; Lord Derby,* Foreign Secretary ; Lord Salisbury,* Secretary for India; Lord Carnarvon,* Colonial Secretary; Ga- thorne Hardy * (Viscount Cranbrook 1S78), Secretary for War; Cross,* Home Secretary; Ward Hunt,* Admiralty; Sir Stafford Northcote,* Chancellor of the Exchequer; Lord John Manners,* Postmaster- General ; Lord Sandon, Vice-President of the Coun- cil ; Duke of Abercorn, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland ; Sir M. Hicks Beach, Secretary for Ireland; Sir Charles Adderley (Lord Norton 1878), President of the Board of Trade ; Sclater Booth, President of Local Government Board ; Clare 8. Bead, Secretary of Local Government Board ; Hon. R. Bourke, Under Secretary for Foreign Affairs ; Lord George Hamil- ton, Under Secretary, India Office ; W. H. Smith, Secretary to the Treasury. In July 187(3, on the resignation of Malmesbury, Lord Beaconsfteld took the Privy Seal in addition to the First Lordship of the Treasury. In Nov. 1876 Duke of Marlborough became Lord-Lieuten- ant of Ireland. In Aug. 187T, on the death of Ward Hunt, W. H. Smith* became First Lord of the Admiralty, and F. Stanley Secretary to the Treasury. In Feh. 1878, on the resignation of Lord Carnarvon, Hicks Beach* became Colonial Secretary, and Lowther* Secretary for Ireland; at tlie same time Noi-thumberland * became Privy Seal. in April 1878, on the resignation of Derby and Adderley, Salisbury* became Foreign Secretary; Hardy* (created Viscount Cranbrook), Secretary for India; F. Stanley,* War Secretary; Lord G. Hamilton, Vice-President of Privy Council ; Sandon, President of the Board of Trade; Edward Stanhope, Under Secretary for India. In the Cabinet. 2U FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1873. The Ameer of Af- ghanistan is made dis- satisfied by the result of some negotiations at Simla because the Viceroy refused to enter into a defensive alliance with him.' 1874. War with Ashantee in defence of the Gold Coast Settlements is concluded. [1872—1874] ENGLISH. Prime Ministers. GLADSTONE. 1872. 1873. 1874. DISRAELI. Commons, is at length passed by the Lords, with a clause limiting its operation to eight years. The Geneva tribunal awards over £3,000,000 to the United States as damages due from England for the escape of the Alabama and other vessels em- ployed by the Confederate States. A licensing Act is passed for the regulation of the sale of intoxicating liquors. Nov. A new commercial treaty made with France, somewhat modifying Cobden's treaty of 1860. ■ Jan. Death at Chislehurst of Napoleon III. Feb. Irish University Bill introduced. The Supreme Court of Judicature Act passes both Houses of Parliament. [See Summary : Law Courts, p. 256.] March. The Irish University Bill (a) is rejected on the second reading by 287 to 284. Ministerial crisis. Gladstone resigns, liut Disraeli refuses to take ofiice. Gladstone then agrees to remain in office, and the ministry is soon after re- organized. Lowe becomes Home Secretary ; Glad- stone Chancellor of the Exchequer as well as First Lord of the Treasury; Bruce, created Lord Aber- dare. President of the Council; Bright, who had retired through ill-health (Dec. 1870), returns as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster (Se2yt. ) instead of Childers. Fawoett's Bill for the Abolition of Religious Tests at Dublin University is passed. Nov. The Irish Home Government Association hold a great meeting at Dublin, where the title of Home Kule League is taken. [See note 1870. ] Jan. 24. Gladstone suddenly announces the dissolu- tion of Parliament. Feb. General election. Gladstone resigns and Disraeli becomes Prime Minister (b). Feb. The new Parliament meets. [Estimated strength of parties — Conservatives, 350 ; Liberals, 244 ; Home Rulers, 58.] (During the last Parliament the Conservatives had lost 9 seats, the Liberals 32. ) Lay patronage in the Scottish Church is transferred by Act of Parliament from the patrons to the male communicants of each kirk. A Licensing Act is passed, which slightly modifies the Act of 1872. May. Trevelyan's Bill for assimilating the County to the Borough Franchise is rejected by 287 to 173. The Public Worship Regulation Act is passed. July. Butt's motion on Home Rule is rejected by 458 to 61. Lord Sandon's Endowed Schools Act Amendment BUI [Notes.] (a) Agricultural Holdings Act. — It arranged for the compen- sation of agricultural tenants for unexhausted im- provements in cases where landlords and tenants have not objected to coming under the Act. FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 216 1875. Feb. Colony of Fiji is constituted. A central government is established for the whole of New Zealand. July. Outbreak of the insurrection in Herze- govina. . Oct. The Prince of Wales starts on his Indian tour, and returns (May) 1876. Andrassy Note submitted to the Powers by Aus- tria. 1876. Jan. LordLytton becomes Viceroy (to 1880). Carlist rebellion in Spain finally put down. May. An insurrection in Bulgaria is put down by the Turlis with great cruelty. Abdul Aziz deposed in favour of Murad V., who in turn is deposed (Aug.) in favour of Abdul Hamid. June. The Servians and Montenegrins declare war against Turkey, but are worsted. NofB. In consequence of an ultimatum from Russia the Turks grant an armistice of six weeks to the Servians and Montenegrins. A Russian army is concen- trated on the frontier. Dec. Meeting of a Euro- pean conference at Con- stantinople. New con- stitution proclaimed by Turkey. [1874r-1876] ENGLISH. Prime Ministers. DISEAELI. 1874. 1875. 1876. is passed in a modified form, and transfers the powers of the Endowed Schools Commissioners to the Charity Commissioners. Jan. Gladstone retires from the leadership of the Liberal party, and is replaced by the Marquis of Hartington. John Mitchel, who had been convicted of treason felony in 1848, and who had escaped from Tas- mania, is re-elected member for Tipperary, hut the, election was held void on the ground that a felon cmi- nol sit in the House of Commons, and the Dublin Court of Common Pleas assigns the seat to Captain Moore, the defeated candidate. The Artisans' DweUing Act, introduced by Cross, is The Regimental Exchanges Act is passed. The Peace Preservation Act (Ireland) is passed. Resolutions passed in the House of Commons that for the future strangers be excluded, not at the request of a single member, hut on the vote of the majority of the House. The SpeaTcer, however, still retains his power of closing the Hou^e. The Agricultural Holdings Act is passed (a). The Land Transfer Act, permitting holders of land, whether qualified or possessory, to register their titles, is passed. The Government having intimated their intention of allowing the Merchant Shipping Bill to drop, Plimsoll makes a personal attack upon some mem- bers of the House, and is forced to apologize. The Government then proceed with their bill, which is A Slave Circular is issued, which orders officers to sur- render slaves who have escaped on board a British man-of-war, when it is within the limits of the country from which they have escaped, on the demand being supported by the necessary proofs, and, in a revised version (Oct.), it is ordered that when the personal danger is over, the officer is no longer to permit the slave to remain on board. Nov. 1. The High Court of Justice, constituted by the Act of 1873, holds its first sitting. England purchases a number of shares in the Suez Cannl. Jan. Changes made in the relations between the Secre- tary of State for India and the Viceroy lead to the resignation of Lord Northbrook, who is succeeded by Lord Lytton. England agrees to the Andrassy Note, urging reform upon the Turks. The Additional Titles Bill, which enables theQueen toadd to her other titles that of Empress of India, is passed. 217 [Notes.] (a) County Franchise Bill.—Xn 1872 it had been rejected by 148 to TO ; in 1873 it was talked out ; in 1874 it was rejected by 287 to 173 ; in 1876 by 268 to 166 ; in 1876 by 264 to 165. (In 1878 it was rejected by 271 to 219, in 1879 by 291 to 226.) FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1876-78. Severe famine is prevalent in India. 218 1877. Jan. 1. The Queen is proclaimed Empress of India at Delhi. The proposals of the Con- ference of Constanti- nople rejected by Tur- key. A-pril 12. Transvaal an- nexed. April 24. Eussian troops cross the Pruth and the Asiatic frontiers of Tur- key. They are joined by the Roumanians and cross the Danube [June). For a time the Turks are successful, especi- ally at Plevna ; but after a severe defeat in Asia, Kars fell {Nov.), and Plevna (Dec). The Kussians then are joined by the Seri-ians and Montenegrins. They advance through Bul- garia and threaten Con- stantinople (Jan. 1878). [1876, 1877] ENGLISH. Peime Ministers. DISKAZLI. 1876. LORD BEACONSFIELD. 1877. April. Dixon's bill for the establishment of compulsory school boards is rejected by 281 to 160. England refuses to accede to the Berlin Note, which urges upon Turkey the necessity of fulfilling her promises of reform. May. Lord Granville's resolution on the Burials ques- tion rejected by 148 to 92. May. The British fleet is sent to Besika Bay. Aug. Disraeli is raised to the peerage as Harl of Beaconsfield. An Elementary Education Act is passed, giving facilities for indirect compulsion. Sept. Gladstone, at Blackheath, advocates autonomous government for the Christian provinces of Turkey, and many meetings are held in the country to ex- press indignation at the Bulgarian atrocities. Sept. 21. Lord Derby writes to Sir Henry Elliot at Constantinople, ordering him to lay before the Porte Baring's report on the Bulgarian atrocities, and to demand the punishment of the offenders. Lord Salisbury attends the European Conference at Constantinople. The Conference makes proposals for reform to Turkey, which are forestalled by the proclamation of a parliamentary constitution. Failure of the Conference at Constantinople, and return of Lord Salisbury. England agrees to a European Protocol on Turkish aflfairs, which leads to no results. A South African Bill, to permit the colonies of Natal and the Cape of Good Hope, the Orange Free State and the Transvaal, to form a confederation, is intro- duced and ultimately passed. April. Shaw's motion for a select committee to inquire into the causes of the demand for Home Kule is rejected by 417 to 67. May. Gladstone's resolutions condemning the action of Turkey in regard to Lord Derby's note of Sep- tember 1876 are rejected by 354 to 223. June. Trevelyan's motion for extending county franchise is rejected by 214: to 2\8 {a). July. During the debates on the South African Bill some of the Irish members, under Pafnell, begin a series of manoeuvres calculated to obstruct the busi- ness of the House of Commons, and on July 27 and 28 the House sits for twenty-six hours. Sir Stafford Northcote passes his resolutio-iis to the effect that when a member has been twice declared out of order by the Speaker, or by the Chairman of Com- mittees, a motion may be made that the inember be not heard during the remainder of the debate, and after the member complained of has been heard in, 219 [Notes.] (a) Treaty of San Stephano. — The chief provisions of thi8 treaty were these : A new self-governing state of Bulgaria was created, with a port on the iEgean Sea, and Russia received an accession of territory in Asia. (!)) Treaty of Berlin.— By this treaty (1) Bulgaria, north of the Balkans, was constituted an independent, autono- mous, and tributary principality; (2) Bulgaria, south of the Balkans (Eastern Roumelia),was retainedunder the direct rule of the Porte, but was granted adminis- trative autonomy; (3) the Porte retained the right of garrisoning the frontiers of Eastern Roumelia, but with regular troops only ; (4) the Porte agreed to ap- ply to Crete the organic law of 1S68 ; (5) Montenegro was declared independent, and the seaport of Anti- vari was allotted to it; (6) Servia was declared independent, and received an accession of territory ; (7) Rouniania was declared independent, and re- ceived some islands on the Danube in exchange for Bessarabia ; (8) Kars, Batoum, and Ardahan were ceded to Russia ; (9) the Porte undertook to carry out without further delay the reforms required iu Armenia ; (10) in the event of the Greeks and the Porte not being able to agree upon a suggested rec- tification of frnhtier, the Powers reserved to them- selves the right of offering their luediatiun. (e) Treaty of Gundamak. — For £60,000 a year the Ameer agreed to receive an English envoy at Cabul, and to surrender the Kumm, Pishin, and bibi valleys. (d) Irish University Act — By this Act (1) an examining body is created with power to confer degrees upon all approved persons, irrespective of their place of education : (2) these graduates, with the existing graduates of the Queen's University, are to form the Convocation of the new University ; (3) the Senate of the new University are empowered to fra,me a scheme of exhibitions, prizes, and fellow- ships, and to ask Parliament to make a grant for their support. 220 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 1878. March. Treaty of San Stephano (a) signed by Russia and Turkey. Freedom of the native press abolished in India. June. Meeting of the Berlin Congress, and Treaty of Berlin. Share Ali having received a Kussian embassy at Cabul, a British envoj' is sent, but is stopped at the Afghan frontier (Sfpt.\ Invasion of Afghanistan. Capture of Ali Musjid and the Peiwar heights. Flight and death (1879) of thu Ameer. 1879. Outbreak of the Zulu war. Defeat of the English at Isan- dlilwana [Jan.'). May. Treaty of Gun- damak signed' with Yakoob Khan, the new Ameer (c). Julij. English victory over the Zulus at Ulundi. Sept. The English envoy at Cabul, Sir Louis Cavagnari, having been murdered, the English again invade Afghani- stan. English victory at Charasiab, and entry of Cabul. Dec. Severe fighting in the neighbourhood of Cabul. [1878—1880] ENGLISH. Prime Ministers. LORD BEACONSFIELD. 1878. 1879. 1880. explanation, it be put to the vote witJwut further debate. Jan. 24. The British fleet is ordered to Constantinople. liOrd Carnarvon resigns. Lord Derby threatens to resign. The order is countermanded. Vote of credit of £6,000,000 demanded from Parliament. Feb. The Fleet is sent to Constantinople. March 28. Lord Derby leaves the ministry. Lord Salisbury becomes Foreign Secretary. Lord Cran- brook (formerly Gathorne Hardy) becomes Indian Secretary, and Colonel Stanley Secretary for War. April. The reserves are called out. April 12. Adjournment of Parliament for Easter. April 13. Native troops from India ordered to Malta. Great agitation takes place against war with Russia. May 23. Hartington's motion condemning the employ- ment of Indian troops out of India is rejected by 347 to 226. May 28. Death of Earl Kussell. May 30. Secret treaty signed with Russia, agreeing to the annexation by Russia of Batoum, Kars, and 13essarabia, and the division of Bulgaria into two districts. Jtme. Lord Beaoonsfield and Lord Salisbury attend the Congress of Berlin. June. Secret treaty made with Turkey, agreeing to the occupation of Cyprus by the British on a guarantee for the integrity of the Asiatic dominions of Turkey. July. Treaty of Berlin signed (6). Dec. Parliament is summoned on account of the declara- tion of war against Afghanistan. A vote of censure on the Afghan policy of the Govern- ment is lost by 328 to 227. Very severe distress in England owing to depression of trade. The Army Discipline and Regulation Bill is passed. The Irish University Act is passed {d). The office of Public Prosecutor is created. A commission is issued to inquire into the causes of agricultural depression. Oct. The Irish Land League is formed by Davitt. Anti-rent agitation begun in Ireland. Davitt and two other leaders are arrested, but released on bail. Gladstone visits Scotland and speaks against the Govern- ment. Very severe distress both in England and Ireland. In consequence of the protraction of the debates on the Address and on the Distress Bill by the Irish members, a resolution is passed enabling the Souse to suspend any member who has been named by the Speaker as qriilty of loilful obstruction, and orderinrj 221 [Notes.] (a) Gladstone's Ministry. — Gladstone,* First Lord of the Treasury and Cbancellor of the Exchequer; Lord Selborne,* Lord Chancellor ; Lord Spencer,* Presi- dent of the Council ; Duke of Argyll,* Privy Seal ; Lord Northbrook,* Admiralty; Sir W. Harcourt,* Home Secretary; Lord Granville,* Foreign Secretary; Childers,* War Secretary ; Kimberley,* Colonial Secretary; Hartington,* Secretary for India; Bright,* Duchy of Lancaster ; Chamberlain,* Board of Trade ; Dodson,* Local Government Board; Forster,* Chief Secretary for Ireland ; Fawcett, Postmaster-General; Adam, First Commissioner of Works; Wolverton, Paymaster ; Mundella, Vice-President of Council ; Osborne Morgan, Judge Advocate-General ; Grant Duff, Under Colonial Secretary ; Sir C. Dilke, Under Foreign Secretary; Lefevre, Secretary to the Ad- miralty; Earl Cowper, Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland. In Nov. 1880 Lefevre became First Commissioner of Works, and Trevelyan Secretary to the Admiralty. In May 1881, on the Duke of Argyll's resignation. Lord Carlingford* (Chichester Fortescue) became Privy Seal. In Aug. 1881 Courtney succeeded Grant Duff as Under Colonial Secretary, and Lord Rosebery be- came Under Home Secretary. In May 1882, on the resignation of Lord Cowper, Lord Spencer * became Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and on the resignation of Forster, Lord F. Cavendish became Chief Secretary for Ireland. On the mur- der of Lord F. Cavendish, Trevelyan became Chief Secretary. * In the Cabinet. (6) In the late Parliament, at its dissolution, there were 351 Conservatives, 250 Liberals, and 51 Home Rulers. (c) Compensation for Disturbance Clause.—It allotted to tenants evicted for non-payment of rent the com- pensation due to them had they left for other causes, and its operation was limited to the years 1880 and 1881. [See note 1870.] FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 222 1880. Marquis of Eipon, Viceroy of India. April. In Afghanistan English victorious at Ahmed Kiel. July 22. Abdurrahman is recog- nised as Ameer. July. English are de- feated at Maiwand by Ayub Khan, son of Shere Ali. March of Roberts from Cabul to Candahar, and victory of Pir Paimal. The Berlin Conference decided that Dulcigno should be handed over by Turkey to Monte- negro, and that Greece should receive an acces- sion of territory. To enforce this decision the allied fleet sails to Dulcigno, which is handed over to the Montenegrins (Nov.). Turkey agrees to hand over part of Thessaly to Greece, and the ■ Greek troops take pos- session {Aug.^. The Boers of the Trans- vaal revolt {Dec. ). [1880, 1881] ENGLISH. Prime Ministees. LORD BEACONSFIELD. 1880. GLADSTONE. 1881. that if a member be suspended three times in one session, his suspension shall continue for a week, and as much longer as the House shall determine. The Relief of Distress Act for Ireland is passed. A bill introduced by Cross for consolidating the London Waterworks causes a great rise in the value of the shares of the companies. March. Dissolution of Parliament and general election. April. Kesignation of Lord Beaconsfield. The Queen sends for Lord Hartington, and the next day for Lord Granville and Lord Hartington. Glad- Stone is then called upon to form a ministry {a). April 29. Meeting of the new Parliament. [Estimated strength of parties — 243 Conservatives, 349 Liberals, 60 Home Rulers (6).] Goschen is despatched on a special mission to Constan- tinople. A circular is sent by Lord Granville to the European Powers proposing a conference to secure the fuliil- ment of the unfulfilled parts of the Treaty of Berlin. Bradlaugh having been elected for Northampton, and claiming to make an affirmation of allegiance in- stead of taking the oath, is allowed, after long dis- cussion, to do so on his own responsibility, but it is decided by the courts of law that he is not eligible to make such an affirmation. Government announce their intention of not renewing the Irish Peace Preservation Act. A second Relief of Distress Act for Ireland is passed. A clause of this Act, known as the compensation for disturbance clause (c), is passed by the Commons by 303 to 237, but is rejected by the Lords by 282 to 51 (Aug.). The malt tax is abolished by Gladstone and a tax on beer substituted. Sir Wilfrid Lawson's resolution in favour of "Local Option " is carried by 229 to 203. The Burials Bill, granting relief to Nonconformists, is carried (second reading) by 196 to 77. The Ground Game Act is passed to secure farmers' crops from the depredations of hares and rabbits. The Employers' Liability Act is passed. Great agitation in Ireland, in consequence of evictions for non-payment of rent, organized by the Land League. Many agrarian outrages. Prosecution of Parnell and others for conspiring to in- cite breaches of the law. Jan. 6. Parliament meets. In the Irish State trial of Parnell and others the jury cannot agree upon a verdict and are discharged. 223 [Notes.] (a) Irish Land Bill.~lt provides that (1) any existing tenant may sell his interest in his holding to the best bidder, and that the purchaser acquires all the rights of the seller as a present tenant. (2) Every present tenant (or his assignee) has a right to apply to a court to fix a judicial rent, subject to statutory conditions. This judicial rent cannot be altered for fifteen years ; nor can the tenant be disturbed (except by his own act). At the end of fifteen years the tenant can apply for another term, subject to revision of rent. (3) The breach of any of the statutory conditions involves the determination of the present tenancy by compulsory sale, and the new tenant comes in with- out the rights of a present tenant. (Future tenants are those who enter into tenancies not now existing,) These are the main provisions, and there are details giving special safeguards — (1) English -managed estates are exempted from the Act. (2) The land- lord may object to a new tenant, and he has rights of pre-emption and resumption under conditions to be judged by the court. There are also provisions for the establishment of peasant proprietors, of per- petual leaseholders on fee-farm rent, for assisting emigration, and for the benefit of the labourers. [See notes on 1860, 1870, and 1880.] (b) " Two regiments of the line and two regiments of militia constitute gne territorial regiment of four battalions : these new regiments take theirtitle from the country or district of their dep6t, and in every respect tbey are assimilated as much as possible." — Childers. -FOREIGN- AND COLONIAL. 224 1881 . The English troops, advancing to the Trans- vaal, are defeated at Laing's Nek {Jan. ) and Majuba Hill {Feb. ), March. An armistice made with the Boers, who agree to accept self-government under the suzerainty of Great Britain. March. Assassination of Alexander, Czar of Kussia. Candahar is handed over to the Ameer of Af- ghanistan. April. The French land troops in Tunis, and oc- cupy all Tunisian terri- tory. Sept. Death of Presi- dent Garfield from the wound of an assassin. Sept. Ayoub Khan is defeated by Abdurrah- man Khan. Jfov. Gambetta becomes Prime Minister of France. 1882. Jan. Fall of Gam- betta. Arabi Bey (afterwards Arabi Pasha), a colonel in the Egyptian army, having become Under- Secretary for War, be- gins to plot against the power of the Khedive and the influence of England and France in Egyptian afifairs. April. A plot is discov- ered in Egypt to assas- sinate Arabi Pasha, the head of the army and leader of the national party in Egypt. May. Arabi Pasha con- vokes the Notables be- cause the sentence up- [1881—1882] ENGLISH. Pkime Ministers. GLADSTONE. 1881. 1882. Protection for Life and Property (Ireland) Bill intro- duced by Forster. Feb. 2. After a sitting of forty-one hours, largely occupied by obstruction, the Speaker declares that " a new and exceptional course is demanded," and at once puts the first reading of the bill, which is carried. Feh. 3. Thirty-six Irish members, defying the Speaker's authority, are one by one suspended and removed from the House. Fth. Resolutions are carried giving the Speaker special powers to restrict discussion when "urgency" has been voted in debate. March. Protection of Life and Property Bill, and Peace Preservation (Ireland) Bill, passed. April. Irish Land Bill introduced by Gladstone. Re- signation of the Duke of Argyll. April. Death of Lord Beaconsfield. Aug. The Irish Land Bill (a) passes the Commons, and after some improvement in detail by the Lords, receives the Koyal Assent. The Regulation of the Forces Act and the Army Act are passed (b). Oct. 13. Arrest of Pamell and other members of the Land League. Issue of the No-Rent Manifesto (Oct. 18). Proclamation of the Land League as "an illegal and criminal association" (Oct. 20). Feb. Bradlaugh is forbidden, by 286 to 228, "to go through the form of repeating the words of the oath. " Feb. 17. The Lords appoint a committee, by 96 to 53, to "inquire into the Irish Land Act, and its effect on the condition of the country." Feb. 20. Gladstone brings in his first rule on procedure in the House of Commons. Feb. 21. Bradlaugh takes the oath on a copy of the New Testament which he had brought with him, and is expelled, by 297 to 80, for violating the orders of the House, and a new writ for Northamp- ton is ordered. Feb. 27. Gladstone's motion condemning the House of Lord's committee on the Irish Land Act is carried by 300 to 167. , March 2. Bradlaugh is re-elected for Northampton. The resolution of February in his case is reaffirmed. Maij. Resignation of Lord Cowper and Forster, Lord- Lieutenant and Chief Secretary for Ireland. Gladstone announces that Parnell, Dillon, and O'Kelly, three Irish members, have been released, and that a measure is to be brought in "to strengthen the law and remove the difficulties in the way of the administration of justice." 225 p [Notes.] (a) Extract from Lord Granville's despatch to Lord Dufferiii, July 11. "Her Majesty's Government look upon the action thus taken (the Admiral's notice on July 10th that he would open fire in twenty-four hours unless the forts, on which hostile preparations had been made, were disarmed) as no more than a matter of simple and legitimate self-defence. The militaiy authori- ties at Alexandria had persisted in preparations of a threatening character in defiance of the orders of the Sultan, of the wish of the Khedive, and in con- travention of their own explicit assurances. . . . Her Majesty's Government now see no alternative hut a recourse to force to put an end to a state of affairs which has become intolerable. In their opinion it would be most convenient . . . that the force to be so employed should be that of the sovereign power. If this method of prucedure should prove im- practicable, in consequence of unwillingness on the part of the Sultan, it will become necessary to devise other measures. Her Majesty's Government con- tinues to hold the view . . . that any intervention in Egypt should represent the united action and autho- rity of Europe." FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. on those who plotted against him had been commuted by the Khe- dive. May 20. English and French fleets arrive at Alexandria. May 26. Resignation of the ministry of Arabi Pasha, who keeps com- mand of the army. Junt 7. Dervish Fasha arrives in Egypt, sent by the Sultan, but fails to re-establish the Khe- dive's authority. June, 11. Outbreak in Alexandria and murder of some Europeans. 226 [1882— ENGLISH. Pkimb Ministers. GLADSTONE. 1882. May 4. Lord Spencer becomes Lord-Lieutenant and Lord F. Cavendish Chief Secretary for Ireland. Murder of Lord P. Cavendish and of Burke, the Permanent Secretary, in Phoenix Park,Dublin. Trevelyan becomes Chief Secretary. May 11. The Prevention of Crimes Bill (Ireland) is in- troduced ; passes second reading by 383 to 45. May 15. The Arrears Bill (Ireland) is introduced ; passes second reading by 269 to 157. Jwne, 30 and July 1. All-night sitting of the House of Commons. Suspension of twenty-five Irish mem- bers for obstructing the passage of the Prevention of Crimes Bill through committee. July 11. Fortifications of Alexandria bombarded and destroyed by the British fleet (a). July 15. Bright leaves the ministry. Aug. Landing of British army in Egypt, and occupa- tion of Suez Canal. Se'pt. 13. Complete defeat of Arabi's army at Tel-el- Kebir by the British army under Sir Garnet Wolseley. Arabi taken prisoner at Cairo. Autumn session of Parliament. Nov. 10. Gladstone's resolution on Procedure in the House of Commons (arranging for the closing of debate, under certain conditions, provided that the motion for closing be not decided in the affirmative unless supported by more than 200, or opposed by less than 40 and supported by more than 100, members) is carried by 304 to 260. 227 [Notes.] FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. 228 ENGLISH. Prime Ministers. 229 APPENDIX. APPENDIX I. The House of Lords and the House op Commons. The House or Lords, its Members and their Kumbers. -c to bD 1 g 1 £ d M 1 1 1 c o > 1 1% 16 is r II 198 Jg' Is < 26 •E "ft CO 25 < 224 1st year of George III. 25 1 81 12 63 „ George IV. 26 IV 100 22 134 16 28 342 30 30 372 WiUiam IV. . 28 18 103 22 160 16 28 .S70 30 30 400 ,, Victoria . 24 19 111 19 192 16 28 409 30 30 439 1882, October 2V 19 118 20 261 16 28 495 26 26 521 The House of Commons, its Members, their Numbers and Distribution. County Borough University Total. Members. Members. Members. End of reign of Charles II. 92 417 4 618 The Union with Scotland (1707) 122 432 4 658 Ireland (1801) 186 467 5 668 From 1826 to 1832 188 465 6 658 After the Reform Bill of 1832 . 253 399 6 658 1861-1868 .... 256 396 6 638 After the Reform Bill of 1867-68 283 366 9 658 The members have thus been distributed :- England. Wales. Scotland. Ireland. 1707-1800 1801-1832 1832-1868 Since 1868 489 489 471 463 24 24 29 SO 45 45 53 60 100 105 106 CHANGES IN THE DISTRIBUTION OF SEATS BY THE REFORM ACTS OP 1832. England. Disfranchisement. Seats. 55 boroughs returning 2 members each, Higham ) *„».„„ j,„,,.„„„^. .j 1 Ferrers retuminfl member . )" totally disfranchised I jjj Weymouth and Melcombe Regis to return 2 members conjointly instead of 4 ) 30 boroughs returning 2 members each deprived of one member . . 30 230 APPENDIX. Enfranchisement. 22 cities and boroughs to return 2 members each . 19 boroughs to return 1 member each 2S counties divided, each division to return 2 members each Yorkshire, instead of 4 members, to have three divisions, each returning 2 members ...... Isle of Wight made a county in itself, and to return 1 member 7 counties to return 3 each instead of 2 . Leaving a net loss of 18 seats to England, which were assigned thus— Wales. — 3 counties, each an additional member ) 2 new boroughs, 1 member each . ) Scotlcmd. —Additional members to Edinburgh and Glasgow . . "^ Perth, Aberdeen, and Dundee (previously grouped with other burghs) ' to return a member each .... i*" Paisley, the Leith burghs, and Greenock, to return 1 each . ) JreZflTid.— Additional members to Dublin University, Belfast, Limerick, Gal- ) way, and Waterford . . . j" Seats. 63 Amersham Wendover Bossiney Callington Camel lord Bast Looe Fowey Lostwithiel Newport yt. Germans St. Mawes St. Michael's Saltash Tregony West Looe Beeralston Okehampton Plyinptou Corfe Castle Stockbridge Whitchurcti Newtown Yarmouth Weobley Queen borough Eomney Newton Castle Rising "in Cornwall. Vin Devonshire. in Dorset. ^ Isle of Wight in Herefordshire, j-in Kent. in Lancashire, in Norfolk. Boroughs totally Disfranchised. Braokley Higham Ferrers Bishop's Castle II Chester Milborne Port Minehead Aldeburgh Dunwich Orford Blechingley Gatton Haslemere Bramber East Grinstead Seaford Steyning Winchelsca Appleby Downton Great Bedwin Heytesbury Hindon Ludgershall Old Sarum Wootton Basset Aldborough Boroughbridge Hedon j-in Northamptonshire, in Shropshire. y in Somerset. Wn Suffolk. > in Surrey. in Sussex. in Westmoreland. in Hamp- shire. in Yorkshire. Each of the above returned 2 members except Higham Ferrers, which returned 1. Boroughs deprived of 1 Member each. Arundel. Droitwich. Launceston. Northallerton. Thirsk. Ashburton. Eye. Liskeard. Petersfield. Wallingford. Calne Grimsby. Lyme Regis. Reigate. Wareham. Christchurch. Helston. Malmesbury. Rye. Westbury. Clitheroe Horsham. Midhurst. St. Ives. Wilton. Dartmouth. Hythe. Morpeth. Shaftesbury. Woodstock. Weymouth and Melcombe Regis, returning 4 members, to return 2 in future. Cou)ities to he divided into two Divisions returning 2 Members each. Cheshire. Cornwall. Cumberland. Derbyshire. Devon. Durham. Essex. Gloucester. Hants. Kent. Lancashire. Leicester. Lincoln. Norfolk. Northampton. Northumberland. 231 Notts. Shropshire. Somerset. Stafford. Suffolk. Surrey. Sussex. SVarwick. Wilts. Worcester. Berks. Bucks. APPENDIX. Counties to retttm 3 Members instead of 2. Cambridge. Dorset. Hereford. Herts. Oxford. New County. Isle of Wight, to return 1 member. Yorkshire to be divided into three divisions, returning 2 each, instead of 4 members for the whole county. New Boroughs to return 2 Members each. Birmingham. Devonport. Leeds. Oldham. Stroud. Blackburn. Finsbury. Macclesfield. Sheffield. Sunderland. Bolton. Greenwich. Manchester. Stockport. Tower Ham lets. Bradford. Halifax. Marylebone. Stoke-on-Trent, Wolverhampton. Brighton. Lambeth. New Boroughs to return 1 Member each. Ashton-under Cheltenham. Huddersfield. Salford. WalsalL Lyne. Dudley. Kendal. South Shields. Warrington. Bury. Frome. Kidderminster. Tynemouth. Whitby. Chatham. Gateshead. Kochdale. Wakefield. Whitehaven. Additions to Representation of Wales. Carmarthenshire, Glamorganshire, and Denbighshire to return 2 members instead of 1. Swansea and Merthyr-Tydvil, new boroughs, to return 1 member each. Additions to Representation of Ireland. Additional members to Dublin University, Belfast, Galway, Limerick, and Waterford. Scotland. Clackmannan and Kinross shires, previously represented in alternate Parliaments, to be united to each other. Bute and Caithness shires, previously represented in alternate Parliaments, to return a member each. Cromarty and Nairn shires, previously represented in alternate Parliaments, to be united, the former to Ross and the latter to Elgin. Additional member to Edinburgh. The following groups of burghs rearranged as under ; — Before 1832. Aberdeen ■\ Montrose | Brechin >■ 1 Inverbervie | Aberbrothick J Crail ^ Anstruther, East Anstruther, West > 1 Kilrenny | Pittenweem } Forfar 'N St. Andrews Cupiir > 1 Perth Dundee ) Glasgow > Dumbarton I -. Renfrew ( Rutherglen ) After 1832. Aberdeen 1 Montrose '^ Brechin 1 InverberWe :- 1 Aberbrothick 1 Forfar J Perth 1 Dundee 1 St. Andrews \ Cupar Crail Anstruther, East . 1 Anstruther, West Kilrenny Pittenweem Glasgow 2 Kilmarnock \ Renft-ew Dumbarton V 1 Eutherglen 1 Port Glasgow ) Paisley, the Lelth Burghs, and Greenock to return 1 member each. 232 APPENDIX, CHANGES BY REFORM ACTS OF 1867 AND 1868. England. Dis/ra tichise ment. 6 boroughs returning 2 members | j^j^ny n^tTRnmsei 35 ,, „ 2 members, deprived of 1 member eadi E Jifranehisement. London University to return 1 member Salford to return 2 members instead of 1 , Leeds, Liverpool, Birmingham, Manchester, 3 members instead of 2 . Chelsea and Hackney to return 2 each 9 other new boroughs to return 1 each Yorkshire (West Riding) to be divided into three divisions instead of two, each returning 2 members ...... Lancashire to be divided into four divisions, each returning 2 members (instead of North 2 and South 3) ..... . 10 counties to be divided into three instead of two divisions, each returning 2 members ... . . . 17 35 Net loss, fi seats. These 8 seats were apportioned thus ; — An additional member to Merthyr-Tydvil . . 1 2 new Scotch University constituencies, each 1 member 2 Additional members to Glasgow and Dundee . . . .2 3 counties (Aberdeen, Ayr, Lanark) divided into two divisions, returning 1 each . . . . . . . -3 Peeblesshire and Selkirkshire to return 1 member conjointly, instead of 1 each 1 — 2 A member for the " Border Burghs" , 1 Honiton Lancaster Thetford Totnes Wells Yarmouth Andover. Bodmin. Bridgnorth, Bridport. Buckingham. Chichester. Chippenham. Cirencester. Boroughs totally Disfranchised. Arundel Ash burton returning 2 Dartmouth members each. Lyme Regis Reigate returning 1 member each. Boroughs deprived of 1 Member. Cockermouth. Huntingdon. Maldon Devizes. Knaresborough. Dorchester. Leominster. Evesham. Lewes. Guildford. Lichfield. Harwich. Ludlow. Hertford. Lymington. Richmond. Malton. Ripon. Marlborough. Stamford. Marlow. Tavistock. Newport (Isle of Tewkesbury. Wight). Windsor. Poole. Wycombe. New Constitiiencies. London University to return 1 member. Chelsea [■ to return 2 members. Hackney ji" Burnley Darlington Dewsbury Gravesend Middlesborough J- to return 1 member. Staleybridge Stockton The Hartlepools Wednesbury Cheshire. Derbyshire. Counties to he divide into three Divisions instead of two. Devonshire. Kent. Norfolk. Staffordshire. Essex. Lincolnshire. Somerset. Surrey. 233 APPENDIX. BOROUGHS DISFRANCHISED FOR BRIBERY. 1821, Grarapound. 1867. Lancaster. 1869. Bridgewater 1844. Sudbury. ,, Totnes. „ Beverley. 1852. St. Albaus. „ Yarmouth. „ Cashel. „ Reigate. ,, Sligo. Writs are at present (October 1882) suspended (for bribery at or subsequently to the General Election of 1880) for the following boroughs :— Boston. Gloucester. Sandwich. Oxford. Chester. Macclesfield. Wigan. Canterbury. 234 APPENDIX. APPENDIX 11. Acts of Parliament and other Matters relating to Labour, Trade- Unions, THE Employment of "Women and Children in Factories, etc. 1. Factory Acts, etc. *1S02. An Act for the preservation of the health and morals of apprentices, etc. 1819. An Af.t for Cotton Mills (children not to work under nine years of age, and children between nine and sixteen not to work more than 12 hours a day). 1825. Sir J. C. Hothouse's Act provides a partial holiday on Saturdays. 183] . Factory Act forbidding night work to all between nine and twenty-one, and limiting the work of all under eighteen to 12 liours a day and 9 on Saturday. *1833. Lord Althorp's Factory Act (following upon a Royal Commission, 1833) forbids night work in most factories to all under eighteen ; children from nine to thirteen not to work more than 9, young persons from thirteen to eighteen not more than 12 hours a day. Two hours' daily attendance at school is required. Factory inspectors are appointed, 1842. The Mining Act (following upon the Children Employment Commission of 1842 , obtained by Lord Ashley, afterwards Lord Shaftesbury) forbids underground work by women and by boys under ten. *1844, Factory Act. The work of children from eight to thirteen is limited to 6^ hours per day. Alternate 10-hour days for children are allowed. 1845. Print "Works Act. 1847. Ten Hours Act (can-ied by Fielden), limiting the work of all young persons and women to 10 hours a day and 58 hours a week. ["With this law the object of a nearly twenty years' agitation appeared to be accomplished."— Pie Jier.] **1850. Act amending Factory Acts. For five days young persons and women may work lOJ hours a day, but may not work alter 2 f.m. on Saturdays. 1860. Coal and Iron Mines Act, making provision for health, safety of life, etc. Bleaching and Dyeing Works Act. *1861. Lace Manufactories Act. 1862-1866. Commission of Inquiry (into the employment of young workers not working under the Factory Acts) obtained by Lord Shaftesbury. *1863. Bakehouse Regulation Act. *1864. Factory Acts Extension Act. This brings under the Factory Acts manufactories of earthenware, lucifer matches, percussion caps, cartridges, paper- staining and fustian- cutting. *1867. Factory Acta Extension Act. This brings under the Factory Acts (with certain modifi- cations) furnaces, iron and copper works, machine manufactories, paper-mills, glass- works, printing offices, and all trade establishments where fifty or more persons are employed in any manufacturing process. *1867. Workshop Regulation Act applying some of the provisions of the Factory Acts to small handicrafts (the Act to be carried out by local authorities). [" The inspectors of 1868 and 1869 stated that the Workshop Regulation Act was a dead letter throughout nearly the whole conntry. "—Plener.] *1870. Factory and Workshop Act. Bleaching, dyeing, and print works are brought under the Factory Act. 235 APPENDIX. *1871. Factory and Workshop Act. This transfers the carrying out of the Workshop Regula- tion Act, 1S67, to inspectors. 1872. Coal Mines Regulation Act. Metalliferous Mines Regulation Act. 1873. Agricultural Children Act. *1S74. Factory Act. The minimum age of a child ia raised to fourteen, except where a certain school examination has been passed. 1875. Commission upon the Factory Laws. 1878. The Factory and Workshop Act. This Act consolidated former legislation on the sub- ject. (For its provisions in detail see Notcutt, The Law relating to Factories and Workshops, Stevens.) By this Act the whole of the above Acts Tuarked * were, repealed, and parts of other Acts. 2. Labour Laws, etc. [In 1800 and in earlier years statutes, commonly called "The Combination Laws," were passed against associations of working men.] 1824. An Act is passed repealing the laws against combinations. 1825, The Act of 1S24 is repealed. The Combination Laws are again repealed, but many kinds of combinations of workmen are to be treated as conspiracies. 1838. A Committee of the House of Commons is appointed to inquire into the operation of the Act of 1825. 1856, 1860, and 1865. Select Committees are appointed to consider matters connected with raastera and workmen. 1867. Tlie Masters and Servants Act is passed (repealed 1875). Trade-Union Commission appointed. 1868. The first Trade-Union Congress* is held. Russell Gurney's Act. An Act to amend the Law relating to Larceny and Embezzle- ment. 1869. The first Co-operative Congress* (under the Co-operative Union) is held. 1871. The Trade-Union Act. 1872. The Arbitration Act. 1875. The Employers and Workmen Act. The Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act. The Friendly Societies Act consolidating previou.s Friendly Societies Acts. In the previous year (1874) it was mentioned in the Registrar's report tliat there were, " on the whole, about 8,000,000 of persons insured in these mutual voluntary relief fxmds out of 23^ millions of inhabitants, or about one insured member out of every six persojm, of wkovi the greater number belong to tin working classes." 1876. The Trade-Union Act Amendment Act. [" The general effect of these legislative changes (especially from 1871 to 1876) may be summed up as follows : The abolition of the special penal laws affecting workmen, breaches of contract of service made civil offences instead of criminal, and the abolition of conspiracy as applied to labour disputes." — Howell.] {For the details of this and other Acts mentioned above, see Howell, Handy-Book of the Labour Laws.) 1880. The Employers' Liability Act. * At the Trade-Union Congress of 1882, 152 delegates were present, representing over lialf a million members. At the Co-operative Congress of 1882, 217 delegates were present, the number of members of societies belonging to the Co-operative Union being at the end of 1881 about 600,000. 236 APPENDIX. £2 14 14 18 7 6 1 4 9 18 18 10 6 APPENDIX III. List of Books of History and Biography connected with this Period, AND OF "Works on Political, Economical, and Social Subjects. This list is in no sense exhaustive. It contains certain selected loolcs likely to be tise/ul to any one studying this period. The price is to some extent a guide as to the size of the hoolc. The great majority of the books can be easily obtained. A few only are out of print. I. History. 1. General Histories. IFaZpoZe, Hi.story of England from 1815 to 1841 (3 vols.) . Martineau, History of the Peace, 1816-1846 Molesworth, History of England, 1830-1874 ... ,, ,, ,, (abridged edition) M'Carthy, History of our own Times, 1837-1880 .... Browning, Modern England, 1820-1875 (Epochs of English History) Irmng, Annals of our Time, 1837-1878 ..... ErskHne May, Constitutional History of England, 1760-1871, the later part of various chapters ...... Amos (S.), Fifty Years of the English Constitution, 1830-1880 2. Histories, Memoirs, etc. , of Special Periods and Subjects. Greville's Journals of the Keigns of George IV. and William IV. . . 116 Reform Bill o/1832— Grey (Earl), Correspondence with William IV. . . 1 10 J/oZeswortt, History of Reform Bill of 1832 . . 10 6 M'Carthy, The Epoch of Reform . . . . 2 6 Cory, Guide to English Modern History (Part II.), 1830-1835 15 Free-Trade Movement, see Biographies, Cobden. Crimean War — Kinglake, The Invasion of the Crimea . . . 1 16 Hamley, Story of the Campaign of Sebastopol . .110 i?c/or}ft.ei««o/1866, 1867— Coa;, History of . .076 India — Kaye, History of the War in Afghanistan 16 iV^apiey (Sir IF.), Conquest of Scinde . . . 12 Kaye, History of Indian Mutiny . . 2 18 Malleson, History of Indian Mutiny . . • .300 Ireland — ScTCior, Journals, etc., relating to Ireland . .110 Mill {J. S.), Cliapters on the Irish Land Question 5 O'Brien, Parliamentary History of the Irish Land Question 6 Duffy, Young Ireland . . . . 110 Richev. The Irish Land Laws . . . • .036 237 APPENDIX. II. Biographies, Canning^ Life 'by Bell ,, Life by Stapleton . Oohbett, Life by E, Simtk Lord Grey, Life by General Grey Duke of Wellington, Life by Briolmont Wellington's Career by Hamley Lord Melbourne, Life by Torrens Lord G. Bentinck, Life by Disraeli Sir Jatnes Graham^ Life by Torre'ns S&" }in Lives of Chancellor., Canplell Sir R. Peel— Life by Stanhope and Cardwell Memoirs by Guizot Life by Doubleday Lord Palmerston, Life by Ashley Cobden — Recollections, etc., by Ashviorth Life by Morley „ ,, (cheap edition.) Lord Maeaulay, Life by Trevelyan . The Prince Consort, Life by Martin Lord Cam/pbell, Life by Hardcastle . Lord Beaconsfield — A Study by George Brandes . Public Life by Hitchinan John Bright, Life by Bamett Smith Gladstone, Life by Bamett Smith . Kaye's Lives of Indian Officers [Various lives in the Imperial Dictionary of Universal Biography] £0 9 16 7 14 15 2 1 12 2 1 12 16 ■ 15 14 1 1 12 7 6 1 12 1 12 4 6 1 10 10 6 1 12 1 4 5 10 6 III. WOKKS ON THE ENSLISH CONSTITUTION AND GOVERNMENT GENEEALLY. Bagehot, The English Constitution ..... ^mos (&), Primer of the English Constitution Todd (A.), Parliamentary Government in England . Leiais ( 6. Cornewall), On the Use and Abuse of some Political Terms Fonblanque, How we are Governed . . . . Smith (P. v.), English Institutions .... Traill, Central Government ... . . IFaZpofe (S.), The Electorate and the Legislature . Rogers (Thorold), Protests of the House of Lords, vol. iii. ii?(a;