oe Sat 262 ^* k= 1906 'I BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF $l*ttrg m. Sage 1891 d.ifl.ftii.1.. * -^ >-"*<,. of Fig. 7. — Section of Pebble-beds and Conglomerate near Runnington Parsonage. ySU a. False-bedded rock-sand. A"-* h. Sand -rock with pebbles irregularly dispersed, c. 7 feet of rubbly conglom- erate. South of Beer Farm, Con- glomerates were exposed dip- ping northward at 5° by the high road. The proximity of Lower Marls brought up by fault was suggested by a patch of swampy ground in the field in front of Beer Farm on the south. West of Beer Farm, 40 feet of conglomerate of worn limestone, grit and quartz stones was exposed. The matrix is less calcareous in the upper beds, frequently degenerating to red-brown sand-rock, the beds are also thinner and contain fewer and smaller pebbles chiefly of quartz. Some of the cracks are lined with dog - tooth spar. North of the above, near the south end of Langford Heathfield, a quarry showed massive bedded, rubbly conglomerate (the stones breaking from matrix) : an irregular capping of sand averaging 5 feet, indicates three or four small faults by its displacement. At one end of the quarry the descending section is as follows :— Brown sand with pebbles - 5 feet Conglomerate with pebbles of fossiliferous limestone generally large, grit, and quartz - - - 12 to 15 feet. Red clay-seam 6 inohes, effervescing slightly with acid, and passing upward into 6 inches of highly calcareous yellowish pasty sand with small slate and quartz stones. Conglomerate apparently, associated with some clay. In the northern part of Langford Budville the Conglomerates have a northerly dip. To the south of the village the upper part of the division presents the sandy character and local absence of stones referred to in the foregoing notes. The band of Conglomerate between the faults on the east of the village consists of hard sandstone with pebbles and subangular stones of quartz and grit. It passes under sandy and clayey basement-beds of the Upper Sandstones on the north, which are faulted against Con- glomerate exposed in the high road at Chipley Park. At Chipley Park the high road section in a distance of 60 yards, shows red coarse-grained pebbly calcareous sandstone overlain by sand-rock and harder sandstones with occasional stones. These beds are overlain by red sand-rock with clay bands. Near this, by a lane leading toward Bindon House, thin beds of disintegrated Conglomerate with quartz, grit and limestone fragments, seldom large, were noticed. This brashy conglomerate was termed " Grib " by the local quarry- men. Near Bindon House 40 feet of thiok-bedded red-brown Conglomerate with pebbles of grit and limestone, often large, and intercalated beds of tough TRIAS. 19 brown sandstone was exposed in a quarry. A southerly dip of 12°, obtained in the lane, indicates proximity of a faulted junction with the Lower Marls. Near Leigh Farm a north-easterly dip of 20°, also in proximity to a faulted junction with Lower Marls, was obtained in conglomerate with numerous large limestone pebbles. At a quarter of a mile from this, near the south- eastern termination of the mass, large grit pebbles are found in excess of quartz and limestone in the Conglomerate. Upper Sandstone. This division, which consists mainly of soft, rather fine-grained red sand and sand-rock with beds of calcareous and conglomeratic sandstone, exhibits a nearly continuous outcrop on the western borders of the area. Toward the base there are intercalated beds or seams of red clay. The sands are often false-bedded. The sandstones as a whole are less calcareous to the south than they are to the north of the Tone Valley. In the former case they rest on the Pebble-beds, whereas to the north of Wellington they overlie the Conglomerate with its limestone-fragments. Brecciated beds to which so much attention has been directed on the South Coast at Ladram Bay and Otterton point, are represented in this district at about 60 feet or so from the top of the division, and here and there lower down. A number of faults have been proved to affect the strata, but in many cases their prolongation could not be traced across the Sand- stone belt, and it is probable that other faults occur, the presence of which has not been detected. The major part of the division is cut out by fault at the southern border of the map, and at Hen- borough Farm south-east of Burlescombe. At Westford, near Wellington, the Upper Sandstones are cut out altogether by the system of faults shown on the map. By an error in colour-printing the Keuper Marls have been coloured on the map as Upper Sandstone at this place. The full thickness of this division probably exceeds 200 feet. In the tract that extends northwards through Kerswell and Orway, many sections are to be seen in the deep lane-cuttings, as noted by Mr. H. B. Wood- ward, who describes the beds as consisting of " red, brown and yellow sands and sandstone, with occasional seams of mottled clay : the whole exhibiting much false- bedding." Red false - laminated rock-sands, with darker streaks and impersistent loamy bands, were seen in the road-cutting near Pirzwell to be overlaid by a trough of rubbly sandstone, lined with black ironstone. Similar rock-sands, generally false-bedded and sometimes of bright orange hues, extend north- wards to the borders of the Culm Valley. . Gravel terraces conceal the higher beds of the Upper Sandstones on either bank of the Culm near Culmstock. Further north, near Prescott, the lower beds consist of pale red rock-sand with greenish-grey and whitish beds, that become coarser in grain and contain occasional seams of fine gravel as they pass downwards into the Pebble-beds. They are overlaid by mottled red clay with bands of coarse greenish sand. Somewhat similar associations of sand with loam and clay are seen here and there near Red Ball, and onwards to White Ball Hill. A north and south fault has been mentioned (p. 15) as cutting off con- glomerate near Woolcombe ; this fault, perhaps with intermediate shifting, most probably crosses Whiteball Hill Tunnel, and intersecting the area to 9381. b 2 20 NEW BED SANDSTONE SERIES. the south, is continued by the dislocation which cuts off Pebble-beds at Axon and Henborough Farms against the upper beds of the Sandstones on the east. By the high road, above the tunnel, buff and whitish sands were seen, with tabular patches of brown ironstone, near Werescote. At Whitehall and near Redhill Farm the Upper Sandstones consist of pale buff reddish and whitish fine-grained sands. The lane to Woolcombe has been cut through soft pale red, buff, and brownish sand with strings of black ironstone and occasional seams of clay. The Upper Sandstone outlier at Ridge Farm consists of fine-grained false- bedded pale red„soft sand-rock, intersected by nearly vertical seams of iron- stone in places, exposed to a depth of 6 feet, on sands with lenticular masses and bands of clay. Clayey seams occur in the sands at Marlands, probably in the lower beds of Sandstone, and in the north part of Sampford Arundel they occur in the upper beds, indicating a passage upwards into the Upper (Keuper) Marls. In places these clayey beds throw off springs, as appears to be the case near the canal north of Holywell Lake, in the road between Westford and Tonedale, and near Runnington. The road north of Holywell Lake is cut through a syncline of red brown sand-rock with nodules and rubbly imper- sistent beds of calcareous sandstone. Thick-bedded sandstones were exposed to a depth of 20 feet in a quarry between Perry Elm and Holywell Lake. In Wellington, a house situated midway between the market place and the new church was built on outcropping beds of slightly conglomeratic calcareous Sandstone. The high road between the new church and Rockwell Green is cut through massive beds of red sand-rock, with occasional dark red shaly consolidated loam or sandy clay partings. Near Rockwell Green two beds of rubbly calcareous conglomeratic sandstone (the uppermost thin and concretionary) are separated by a thick bed of red sand-rock. On the south of Wellington at and near the turning to Gillards Farm, the top of the Upper Sandstones consisted of beds of dark and" pale red sand-rock, in hard dark red sandy marl. The extension of the tongue of Keuper Marls across the High street in Wel- lington is doubtful. By the lane from Wellington towards Jurston Farm the upper beds of the Sandstone consist of thick layers of red sand-rock with a very coarse sandstone, of false-bedded sandstones with a slightly brecci- ated appearance in places, and, at their junction with the Keuper Marls, of shaly sandstones. A faw small grit pebbles were detected here and there in a partial exposure of red sandstones in the railway-cutting near Wellington Station. On the north of the Tone Valley the upper beds of this division are finely exposed in the road-cuttings east of Nynehead Church for a thickness of about 80 feet. Red sandstones mottled with pale buff streaks, spots and patches, with irregular nodular calcareous concretionary sandstone, and in one place a conglomeratic bed with small sandstone pellets in a matrix of coarse quartzose sand, exhibit here and there fine examples of false-bedding. A roadside quarry about 16 feet deep gave the following descending section : — False-bedded sandstones. Dark red sandstone with a grey streak. Chocolate shaly clay band, 6 inches. Pale red coarse sandstone, yellowish at top and bottom, 1 foot. Dark grey and brown mottled fine-grained sandstones. On the south-east side of Nynehead Church a lane -cutting gave the following downward succession :— 12. False-bedded red sandstones. 11. Red sandy marl or loam, mottled greenish. 10. Conglomeratic bed, red sandstone, with small pebbles throughout 9. Red shaly sandstones, mottled greenish — 4 feet. 8. Hard red rubbly conglomerate with fair-sized grit pebbles, 1 foot 10 inches. TRIAS. 21 7. Red sandy marls, likell, with impersistent beds of sandstone, 2 feet. 6. Thin beds of soft red sandstone, mottled pale green. 5. Conglomerate, many very small grit and quartz pebbles in a red sand- stone matrix, 1 foot. 4. Thin parting of sandy marl. 3. Conglomeratic bed, like 10, 3 feet 4 inches 2. Sandy marl, like 7 and 11, with impersistent beds of shaly sandstone, 3 feet. 1. Pale red sandstones, whitish in the upper part. Conglomeratic beds also occur in the Sandstones near their junction with the Keuper Marls at the north margin of the map, north of Block House Farm, and hard coarse beds with very small pebbles were here and there detected between Nynehead and Great Downs. By the road to the Farms east of Chipley Park the downward succession for about 40 feet is : — • Red false-bedded sand-rock. Red loam and clay, perhaps 4 feet. Whitish sand. Red sand-rock. Impersistent seam of. clay or loam. Reddish brown sand mottled with grey, white and yellow patches. Red sand with beds or seams of clay, and occasional lines of small rounded and subangular grit and quartz stones. The possibility of a fault bringing up lower beds must here be taken into account. On the West of Runnington and near Runnington Church the basement beds of the Upper Sandstones consist of sandstones with beds and seams of red loamy clay. The sandstones are in places very coarse grained and more or less brecciated toward the base. At Sandy Lane thick rubbly concretionary beds of calcareous sandstone, in places conglomeratic, occur n soft red moist sand with seams or patches of clay. The conglomeratic sandstones are of a pale greenish colour and contain small pellets of red and greenish sandy marl (the greenish pellets when broken generally show a reddish centre), and occasional small worn pieces or large grains of slate, or fine dark grey grit. The matrix often consists of fine crystalline carbonate of lime. A fault may cross the road obliquely, as on one side red sandstone with clay seams is shown ; and on the other side red sand and clay occur on 5 feet of hard red sandstone in places very cal- careous. Samples of the sands recently collected from three of the localities described above were submitted to Mr. H. H. Thomas, viz., (1) Whitehall by the road to Redhill Farm — " Sand whitish to buff in colour, grain fairly uniform, of medium size, sub-angular to angular in character. Flakes of white mica up to 1 mm., not plentiful." (2) Rockwell Green road section. Sand above conglomeratic bed, of "iron-coated medium grain. Grains sub-angular to angular, white mica common." Conglomeratic bed — " pale coloured cemented sandstone, calcareous matrix. Grains of medium size generally sub-rounded. Pellets of red marl up to J inch, white mica common. Grains chiefly quartz, but felspathic material also present in some quantity ; grains free from iron coatings." Sand below conglomeratic bed — " fine grained marly sandstone, angular in grain, highly ferruginous with a slightly calcareous matrix, mica abundant in very small flakes." (3) Samples taken at intervals from the Nynehead section : " Fine red-coated sand, paler and slightly coarser in bands. Grains sub-angular to angular according to size. White mica common in small flakes." Upper (Keuper) Marls. The Upper or Keuper Marls consist of red cuboidal and fissile marls, mottled with bluish and pale green patches, spots and bands. They contain gypsum in their upper beds ; and shaly bands of aand- "t. In. 9 7 1 2 8 4 6 22 NEW RED SANDSTONE SERIES. stone or sandy mudstone, probably the equivalent of the " ScJiUf " sandstone of the continent, in the lower. The full thickness may be about 1,000 feet. Impersistent intercalations of sandstone are locally found in the Marls below the gypsiferous beds, and of these there is a good ex- ample at Lype Hill between Wellington and Trull (see p. 24). In this part of the series at Ruishton, about midway between Hatch Beauchamp and Taunton (probably north of Henlade on the margin of the map), Charles Moore* obtained " teeth of Labyrinthodon, serrated teeth of Bdodon ?, Acrodus Keuperinus, etc." in sandstone, and Estheria minuta, Goldf. sf., in indurated marl. The exposure oonsisted of : — Blue, green, red and grey marls .... " Gritty conglomerate with occasional sandy bands and intermedi- ate layers of marl, with fish, reptile, and batrachian remains " Sandstone and subordinate fine sandy bed - - Thin bands of blue marl ... Red marl with bands of grey - - - Immediately under the Grey Marls of the Rhaetic Beds in the Hatch rail- way-cutting Moore f recorded a succession of regularly stratified beds (70 feet thick) of grey, green, blue, and red marls and marlstones (a few of the beds presented a honeycombed appearance), and they were without any trace of organisms. Gypseous Marls were exposed beneath them. He comments on the absence of gypsum in the upper beds here, in view of its presence im- mediately under the Rhaetic elsewhere, but the occurrence of the mineral on a definite horizon is very uncertain. The Keuper Marls have probably thinned somewhat northward, but at Compton Dundon about 10 miles north-east of this area they were proved to a depth of nearly 600 feet in a boring made in 1815. From Moore's references f to this boring the thick- ness of gypsiferous marls penetrated appears to have been 350 feet. At Langport in a boring, a depth of 190 feet of gypsiferous marl was encountered. At the West Somerset, Brewery, Taunton, marls with gypsum were sunk in to a depth of over 250 feet. It must be borne in mind that the fault which shifts the Rhsetic outcrop from Hatch to Stoke St. Mary, has a downthrow to the west of over 200 feet, so that the marls to the south-east of Taunton are higher in the series than those of Thorn Falcon. The Marls and overlying Rhaetic Beds are faulted against Lower Lias in the Yarty Valley above Howley, where, as noted by Mr. Reid, " near the fault the red marl contains masses of gypsum." These faults seem to be pre-Cretaceous. Though often concealed by gravelly and sandy washes and slips, the Keuper Marls are seldom obscured at their junction with the Greensand in the Yarty Valley. Near the sources of the Culm and Otter, slips and gravel washes leave the extension of the Marl up the valleys un- certain. In the Culm valley many small marl pits were to be seen, viz. west of Clayhidon Turbary, east of Carlingwark, and west of Stapley. A slip of Greensand was noticed east of Garlandhayes. On the flanks of Blackdown Common, Culm Davy Combe and Hackpen Hills, and on the north of Buckland Hill, the Marls are extensively concealed by debris of sand and clay with chert stones. By this the junction of the lower beds with the Upper Sandstones is much obscured near Nicholashayne and Almshayne Farm north of Culmstock. * Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. xxiii., p. 468., see also vol. xvii. p., 490. f Ibid., vol. xxiii., p. 468. j Ibid., vol. xxiii., pp. 457, 8. TEIAS. 23 Near Broadhembury on the west of the Greensand Mr. Woodward notes that the lower beds of the Marls are " mainly composed of red and mottled clay, in places effervescing feebly with hydrochloric acid, as in the lane by Northill Farm, but on the whole the beds are not calcareous." The same remark applies to the large outlier at Ashill Moor, on the north-east side of which loamy sand occurs at the junction of the Marls and Upper Sandstones. On the hill between Ashill Church and Rull House, beds of red and grey rock-sand occur in the Marls at or near their base. At North End two beds of grey and black shaly ironstone, or pan, were noticed in the Marls, which near their base, near Tucker's Farm, North End, and by the stream at Upcott, seem to be associated with beds of greyish sandstone. Between Sampford Arundel and Cordwents Farm red marl was exposed on 4 feet of whitish and buff sand, apparently underlain by red marl with greenish nodular calcareous bands. The sandstone band seems to be repeated by fault at a valley crossing the road near by, which it follows to the next road, north-north-east, where blue-grey false-laminated sand-rock was seen under the Marls at their faulted junction with the Upper Sandstones. In the lane at Nowers Farm, south of Wellington, 8 feet of red and grey sandstone was exposed under marls, marl being visible in the stream below. In the stream bed proceeding toward Bryants intercalated beds of red and grey sandstone were seen. As these occurrences he between the prolon- gations of the Westford faults, it is possible that they denote the presence of sandstones on a higher horizon in the Marls, such as the Upper Keuper Sandstones of Lype Hill. Between the faults and south of their faulted junction with the Lower Marls at Westford, the Keuper Marls were evidenced by red clay exposed to a depth of 10 feet at the entrance to the Factory in May, 1876. At Poole, north-east of Wellington, there are extensive Brick-pits which extend for 200 yards or more from east to west. Owing to a north-easterly dip the sections give a total thickness of about 120 feet. The upper portion is exposed in the eastern part of the pits to a depth of 60 to 70 feet, and con- sists of red marls splitting irregularly and but slightly calcareous, with bright pale blue-green bands, one of which at 8 feet from the surface is about 3 feet thick. Beneath it there is a hard more or less pulverulent marl for about 3 feet, which is considered suitable for tile-making. In the western pits near the deepest excavation, from 5 to 10 feet of marl with irregular green mottling is met with; this affords the worst material, owing to the dissemination of crystalline calcareous particles through it. Under this, fine pulverulent clunchy marl is worked for a depth of 4 feet for tiles ; below this for a further depth of 4 feet the marl is clunchy and only fit for bricks. The eye however fails to detect any dividing line between these varieties. Immediately under is a bed or beds of green sandstone varying from 1 to 3 feet in thick- ness and irregularly associated with more calcareous matter. On the surface are numerous markings and circular projections suggestive of worm-burrows, whilst large green slightly striated casts of reed (or ? equisetoid stems) are also found. This bed comes to the surface, or nearly, so in the shallow westernmost part excavated. In the deepest excavation east of this the dark red underlying marls contain an impersistent band of harder calcareous sandstone varying from an even band of an inch or two to a foot in thickness. All the marls are used in brick-making except where calcareous master is too much mixed with the rock to allow of it, and where the few feet found to be suitable for tile manufacture are met with. Mr. Sully (of Messrs. Thomas i-.,l oi..i»„ i Kha?tic. BS. Black Shales. /. Faults. I Lias Limestones and shales have been quarried north of Bishops Wood east of Colly Farm, south of Bishops Wood, east of North Common on the west bank of the Yarty, and on Longlie Common. Mr. Reid noted the occurrence of lenticular seams of lignite in the Lower Lias at Buckland St. Mary. Lias clay was exposed in the valley near Wambrook, and about a mile south of the church the limestones were opened up in a quarry (see p. 3). In the description of the area to the south it was pointed out that the Blue Lias stone-beds of Lyme Eegis appear to diminish in thickness towards the north, a large part of the zone of Coroniceras bucklandi being represented by clays with subordinate bands of stone .f Limestones and blue clays were exposed in the Abbey * Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. xvii., pp. 485, 490. t " Geology of the country near Sidmouth and Lyme Regis," p. 38. ; LOWER LIAS. 31 and Barrington Hills, south-east of Bickenhall, and these beds may belong to the zone of Coroniceras bucklandi. The clayey division, covered here and there with chert-gravel, extends southwards from Isle Abbots, Capland and Ashill, and from Bickenhall and Curland, across a broad vale to near Ilminster and Donyatt, and along the borders of the Isle valley. South-west of Castle Neroche there is an expanse of clay country. The clays were proved to a depth of 80 feet at Ashill, as recorded by Moore, and to a depth of 90 feet at Broadway, as noted by Mr. C. Reid. Here and there the clay is white at the surface, as north of Radigan Farm, north-east of Ashill.* At the Ship Inn, near the Reservoir at Chard, according to information obtained by Mr. Reid, a well was sunk 22 feet to black shale, which burnt but had a very offensive smell. Doubtless it was this shale which many years ago led to a fruitless trial for coal, when about £3,000 was uselessly expended. A shaft was then sunk for 100 feet, and a boring was continued for 300 feet in the " Lias."f The Reservoir is based on a platform of Lias limestone, probably the equivalent of that below noted at Forton. The Lower Lias Clays also occur along the valley south-east of Chard, by Chard Road Station and Forde Abbey. Very little information has been obtained with regard to the zones in this series of clays, as the surface of the ground is largely covered with cherty detritus, and there are few excavations for brick making. Most of the brickyards indeed have been long abandoned. A specimen of Deroceras davcei, J. Sow. sp., from the neighbour- hood of Ilminster (now in the Bath Museum) is indicative of the zone of Amblycoceras capricornus. Blue clay with selenite and pyrites, was exposed by the railway north-east of Coombses, east of Tatworth. A road-cutting east of the railway near Fortont south-east of Chard, showed the following section : — Feet- Gravel ... - - about 4 Lower Lias stiff blue clay with Septaria : Belemnites and other fossils 12 to 15 Sandy limestones about 4 From the clay Mr. Reid obtained Cardinia listeri, J. Sow. and Cryptcenia rotdlceformis, Dunk, sp. He also noted that the sandy limestone appeared in the stream south-east of Forton, with a dip of 60° N. 15° E. Such a high dip is suggestive of a fault, and it is not improbable that it extends north and south along this valley, as originally depicted by De la Beohe (see p 33). By the stream near Touches, south of the Chard Reservoir, there was an exposure of stiff clay with thin seams of " beef " (fibrous carbonate of lime), and dark blue flaggy and earthy limestone. These beds had a sharp dip to the north-west, a disturbance connected with the probable line of fault. * See analyses of blue and white clays from the Lower Lias near Keinton Mandeville, by Dr. W. Pollard, in " Summary of Progress of the Geological Survev," for 1904, p. 169. f De la Beche, " Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset," p. 515 ; H. B. Woodward, " Geology of East Somerset and the Bristol Coalfields," 1876, p. 48. X Noted by mistake as Horton (near Ilminster) in " Jurassic Rocks of Britain," vol. iii., p. 76. 32 LIAS. Middle Lias. In the neighbourhood of Ilminster, the home at one time of Charles Moore, there are many sections, and the strata and their fossils have been described in much detail by that geologist.* The following is the general section, based on Moore's observations, of the beds beneath the Upper Lias at Ilminsterf : — Ft. in- / Middle Lias. Marls tone. Zone of Pcdtopleuroceras Zone of Amaltheus margaritatus. fQ. Pale earthy and sandy limestone with large Belemnites 5. Greenish and ferruginous sandy marl with Belemnites paxillosus 4. Brown sandy and iron-shot limestone in thick beds (the workable stone of the district) with many fossils 8 to 12 '3. Sands with ironstone-nodules 20 2. Yellow and blue micaceous brick-marls with sandstones ; Amaltheus mar- garitatus ■ - - 30 1. Blue and grey micaceous marls and clays with intercalated nodular limestones 100 5 4 Amaltheus margaritatus, Montf. „ engelhardti, d'Orb. sp. Paltopleuroceras spinatum, Brug. sp Belemnites breviformis, Voltz. „ compressus, Stahl. „ cylindricus, Simps. „ paxillosus, Schloth. Gryphsea cymbium, Lam. „ gigantea, J. de C. Sow.' The Marlstone has been opened up in quarries on the north of Ilminster, at Tortwood Hill and Moolham, and east of Donyatt. The rock consists of irregular beds of reddish-brown iron-shot limestone, sometimes sandy and micaceous, yielding the following species J : — Pecten asquivalvis, J. Sow. Pholadomya ambigua, J. Sow. Pleuromya costata, Y. & B. sp. Rhynchonella acuta, J. Sow. sp. „ serrata, J. de C. Sow. sp. „ tetrahedra, J. Sow. sp. Terebratula punctata, J. Sow. Waldheimia quadrifida, Lam. sp. var. comuta, J. de C. Sow. „ resupinata, J. Sow. sp. Moore has given a long list of species from the Marlstone of Ilminster, including Plant-remains, Sponges, Foraminifera, Echino- dermata, Crustacea, Fishes (Hybodus and Lepidotus), and Saurians (Ichthyosaurus). Numerous Gasteropods are recorded, and these include species found in the Transition Bed of Northamptonshire. Of Pleurotomaria Moore obtained one example " 2 ft. in circum- ference by 1\ in. in height." The fact that the uppermost band of Marlstone, which is some- times much iron-stained, is separated from the main mass of the rock by a few inches of sandy marl or clay, is a general feature in this neighbourhood. The stone is quarried to a depth of from 5 to 10 feet, a ferruginous sandy clay being usually met with at * See Memoir of C. Moore, by the Rev. H. H. Winwood, Proc. Bath Xat. Hist. Club, vol. vii., p. 232. t Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiii., pp. 120, 164. t See Memoir on " The Jurassic Rocks of Britain," vol. iii., p. 203. MIDDLE LIAS. 33 the base of the stone-beds. The rock has been used for building- purposes ; it forms a durable material, and is locally known as the " Moolham Stone." It has also been burnt for lime; but is more commonly employed for road-mending. At Ashwell, north of Ilminster, beds of micaceous sands with hard limestone have been opened up. A sandy brickyard at Cross, south of Ilminster, showed blue micaceous sandy clays with Amaltheus margaritatus, Montf. ; and Moore has published a list of species from the iocality.* A cutting by the old canal (south of the tunnel) near Cross, showed 15 feet, of laminated micaceous sandy clay, with bands of very tough bluish nodular limestone, containing much iron-ore. This is no doubt Middle Lias ; the southern fault, doubtfully inserted on the map, should have been omitted. In the railway-cutting at Donyatt, blue and brown micaceous sandy beds, with a layer of hard sandy limestone, were shown to rest on blue micaceous sandy clay, with a dip a little to the east of south. Owing to the lack of definite evidence the boundary between the Middle and Lower Lias must be regarded as an approximate one. In the original geological Survey of Dorset and Somerset the boundary line was drawn at the base of the porous sandy shales of the Middle Lias (No. 2 in the Table, p. 32). This would be about the horizon of the Starfish Bed of Golden Cap on the Dorset coast, where there is usually a marked feature in the ground, as the underlying blue marls and clays (a portion of the zone of Amaltheus margaritatus) throw out springs. During the re-survey of the area in 1874 but little alteration was made in the boundary owing to the fact that few sections were to be seen, and few fossils could be obtained. At Tudbeer Farm, south of Chaffcombe, Mr. Reid obtained specimens of Paltopleuroceras spinatum, Brug. sp., and Nautilus ; while near Forton other fossils indicated the presence of Lower Lias clays (see p. 31), It is not improbable, as mentioned, that a fault extends along the valley as shown on the original geological survey ; its course would be rather to the east than the west of the railway, but insufficient evidence was obtained to mark its precise position. The tract of Middle Lias shown on the old map at Forton has been abolished, and from the evidence since obtained near Forde Abbey a lesser amount of Middle Lias has been shown on the new map south of the Axe Valley, f A re-examination of the ground in 1903 failed to yield definite evidence of the Marlstone in the area near Cricket Malherbie and Knowle St. Giles. As a rule this rock-bed was opened up in old times when every parish, if pos- sible, supplied material for mending roads ; but no old pits were met with, and the evidence tended to show that only sands and clays of the Middle Lias were present north of Spray's Hill, where a tract of Midford Sands had been coloured on the old edition of the map. Much chert detritus is spread over the slopes below the Greensand. To the south of Walscombe Farm near Chaffcombe there are old and over- grown pits where sandy beds of the Middle Lias, or possibly Marlstone, had been obtained, and this in the latter case would accord with the evidence of specimens of Paltopleuroceras spinatum obtained at Tudbeer Farm. If this be so the clay that occurs on the hill south-east of Walscombe Farm may be Upper Lias ; and possibly also the stiff clay met with to the east of Chaffcombe Church. The hill to the west of the church is sandy loam. A well at Avishays, * Proc. Somerset Aich. and Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. xiii., p. 162. t " Geology of the Country near Sidmouth and Lyme Regis," p. 38. 9381. C 34 HAS. . . as noted by Mr. Reid, was sunk through sandy loam and blue clay with pyrites, to a depth of 45 feet, the locality being on the borders of the Greensand and Idas", where loamy beds at the base of the Greensand may be present. Upper Lias. The Upper Lias in the neighbourhood of Ilminster was studied in detail by Charles Moore, to whom we are indebted for our know- ledge of its rich fauna. The lower beds are usually exposed in the quarries where the Marlstone is worked, while the higher strata are seldom opened up : they pass into the Sands at the base of the Inferior Oolite. At Ilminster the Upper Lias seems to be included in a -thickness oi about 10 feet, as estimated by Moore. The sections at Tortwood Hill showed the following succession of beds : — Ft. In. / Rubbly limestone and clay \ Pale grey compact limestones and marly clay ; Stepheoceras annvlatum, Hildoceras bifrons, Dacty- 3 9 lioceras commune, Tropidoceras levisoni, T. serpen- Upper Lias. \ tinum, Bdemnites - J Clay with lenticular masses of pale earthy limestone with yellowish coating (Fish Bed);Tr.serpentinum ; 10 Clay with " race " and occasional band of earthy limestone - - ft. 9 in. to 1 4 Pale earthy and sandy limestone, much iron-stained; 1 with large" Bdemnites paxillosus (abundant) ) 6 Sandy marl - J Middle Lias ) Brown sandy and grey iron-shot limestones, much (Marlstone). \ jointed and iron-stained ; Bdemnites (abundant), Pecten -mquivalvis, Oryphosa gigantea, Terebratula - punctata, Bhynchonella tetrahedra . 7 n Ferruginous sandy clay . n. 6 ^Limestone as above, seen to depth of 3 Locally Moore found it convenient to make the following divisions : — * ' Ammonite Beds or Upper Cephalopoda Beds. Upper Lias - Saurian and Fish Beds. . Leptaena Clays. These beds were exposed in a quarry at Strawberry Bank, on the north of Ilminster, and from this quarry Moore obtained most of his Saurian and Fish remains. Its exact position on the borders of Beacon Hill was never indicated by him, and he stated in 1865 that the section had been filled in. TheLeptama Clays are locally present in immediate contact with the Marlstone, and consist of about 18 inches of green, yellow, and brown laminated clays, yielding Koninckella bouchardi, Dav. sp. and K: moorei, Dav. sp., at the base, and higher up Thecidium rusticum, Dav. sp., Alaria unispinosa, Moore, Spiriferina ilmin- sterensis, Dav., and Zellania liasiana, Moore. Foraminifera and Ostracoda likewise occur, as well as Terebratula gldbulina, Dav. * Proc, Somerset Arch, and Nat, Hist. Soc, vol. xiii., pp. 120 132. UPPER LIAS. 35 Rhynchonella pygmcea, Morris, Stepheoceras annulatum, J. Sow. sp., Bildoceras bifrons, Brug. sp., Dactylioceras commune, J. Sow. sp., Tropidoceras serpentinum, Rein, sp., etc., and occasional remains of Fishes and Saurians. These beds were not observed at Moolham. The Saurian and Fish Bed consists of clay with nodular yellow earthy limestone, usually blue-hearted, and occurring in fiat irregular elongated and lenticular masses, rarely more than five inch- thick and sometimes septarian. These enclose various organisms, Saurians, Fishes, Cephalopods, Insects, and Crustacea. Copro- lites are also found in the nodules. As remarked by Moore the shape of the nodules conforms roughly to that of the enclosed organism, so that his experienced eye enabled him to predict with confidence the fossil that would be presented to view when particular nodules were split open. It must, how- ever, be stated that a large proportion of the nodules yield no organisms, and this fact has created disappointment to those who have gone in search of the bed, and apparently failed in their efforts to find it. The Saurians are represented by Ichthyosaurus acutirostris, Owen, and Pelagosaurus. Of the Pelagosaurus, very fine examples were obtained by Moore, one belonging to a diminutive reptile only 13 inches long. These and other specimens are placed in the Bath Museum. The Fishes include Pachycormus macropterus, Blainv. sp., P. curtus, Ag., P. esocinus, Ag, sp., Leptolepis bronni, Ag., and species of Hybodus, &c* The Cephalopoda (in addition to Tropidoceras serpentinum, Dactylioceras commune, &c.) include Geoteuthis and Teudopsis, and as Moore remarks " the softer parts of these cuttle fishes have perished, leaving only the internal cuttle bone, in the centre of which the ink-bag is usually found, still charged with its black pigment," Among other Mollusca, Moore records Inoceramus dubius, J. de C. Sow., Posidonomya bronni, Voltz, &c. The Crustacea (determined by Dr. H. Woodward) include Eryon moorei, H. Woodw., Palinurina pygmcea, Miinst., Penceus latipes, Oppel, Eryma elegans, Oppel, Hefriga, and Glyphwa. Insects and Plant-remains were also found, the latter including a specimen of fossil wood, bored by Lithodomi, and with a number of Cirripedes attached to it. The Ammonite or Upper Cephalopoda Beds yielded to Moore a long list of fossils, including, in addition to the Ammonites recorded from the lower beds, Stepheoceras crassum, S. fibulatum, &c. Their thickness was noted as 7 feet at Ilminster. The Upper Lias has been exposed in quarries at Down Lane (Heme Hill), east of Donyatt ; at Moolham and Tortwood Hill ; and by the lane leading to Ashwell, on the north of Ilminster. * See A. S. Woodward, Cat. Fossil Fishes in British Museum, 1889-1901. 9381. c 2 36 lias — lower oolite. Midford Sands. The Sands, with bands of calcareous sandstone, and occasional shelly limestone, which intervene between the Upper Lias clay and the Inferior Oolite, are grouped as the Midford Sands ; and they include, when fully developed, the representatives of the zones of Lytoceras jurense and Lioceras opalinum. It has been recognised that the sandy conditions came in earlier in some localities than in others, and therefore the limits affixed by the geological boundary- lines cannot be strictly chronological.* Hence other names have locally been introduced by geologists : such as Upper Lias Sands, Yeovil Sands and Bridport Sands. The name Midford Sands is, however, generally useful to designate the sandy strata that come between the Upper Lias clay and Inferior Oolite. In the Ilminster district the lower portion of the Zone of L. jurense — the subzones in ascending order of Haugia variabilis, Grammoceras striatulum, and Grammoceras dispansum, are stated by Mr. S. S. Buckman to " occupy the upper six feet of the so-called ' Upper Lias ' — marly clay and limestone mixed ; and these Ammonite-horizons are extremely well-defined, although the matrix is the same through- out, and in fact does not differ from the matrix of the Commune and Falciferum- zones below." He adds that " The Dumortieria- beds [with Dumortieria radians, etc.] are the lower part of the yellow, incoherent sands (Yeovil Sands). "f In our present district the Midford Sands are exposed only over a small area north of Ilminster, and the thickness has not been ascertained. A little further east at White Lackington (Sheet 312) a thin bed of arenaceous marl beneath the sands yielded Lytoceras jurense, Hammatoceras insigne, Grammoceras dispansum, etc. J (See also p. 33.) * H. B. Woodward, Geol. Mag. 1872, p. 513. t Joum. Northamptonshire, Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. v., 1890. J Buckman, Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. xlv., 1889, p. 450. 37 CHAPTER VI. CRETACEOUS. Upper Geeensand (Selboenian.) These rocks belong to the Upper Cretaceous series and consist of a lower group of sand with chert beds near the top, called Upper Greensand on the map, and an upper group of Chalk which is con- fined to the Chard district from the river Yarty eastward. No lithological representative of the Gault has been found. The terms Upper Greensand and Gault, adopted by Fitton in 1836, were taken as applicable to divisions both lithologically and chrono- logically distinct. Referring to the Blackdown series he observed " it is difficult to decide whether this be a condensed, equivalent of the whole group between the chalk and the lowest green-sand, or (which seems to be more probable), pnly a continuation of the lower part of the Upper green-sand."* De la Beche in 1839, in alluding to the absence of the Gault clay, remarked that " some of the Devon sands may have been arenaceous equivalents nearer the shores of dry land."f The latter opinion was supported and amplified by Godwin -Austen in 1850. " The differences," he says, " between the fauna of the Devizes and Blackdown beds and that of the Upper Gault of Folkestone are only such as might be expected between arenaceous and argillaceous portions of the same zone. The Gault, moreover, as not an independent formation, but merely the accumulation of a given condition of deep sea, synchronous as a whole with that portion of the Cretaceous deposits which we call ' Upper Green- sand.' "$ Edward Forbes took the same view in 1852.§ The subsequent stages of opinion, and the reasons which led him to propose the term Selbornian, are given by Mr. A. J. Jukes- BrowneJI In referring to this district he remarks that " The Greensand of Chard and the Blackdown Hills is the equivalent of the Gault and Upper Greensand of Dorset, Wiltshire and more eastern counties. For this formation the single name Sel- bornian has recently been proposed, because it was found that when followed from east to west the argillaceous portion or Gault becomes more and more sandy till in West Dorset, Devon and Somerset, it is almost wholly composed of sand. Consequently it was desir- able that this formation should receive a name which would be equally applicable to all its different local aspects or facies."1l * Trans. Oeol. Soc, ser. 2., vol. iv., p. 322. f " Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset," p. 254. { Quart, Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol. vi., pp. 461 and 472, § Decade IV. of Mem. Oeol. Surv., p. 3. || " Cretaceous Rocks of Britain," vol. i., pp. 27-31, 1900. II Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xlix, 1903. 38 CRETACEOUS. The Upper Greensand, where fully developed in the neighbour- hood of Chard, comprises the following subdivisions, as noted by Mr. Jukes-Browne* : — Feet. /Hard nodular calcareous grit passing down into softer sandstone with calcareous lumps, and sometimes largely composed of shell-sand 8 to 9 Chert Beds. ; I Soft greyish fine-grained sand, sometimes Zone of ( cemented into a sandstone by calcite, en- closing lenticular layers and nodules of black chert • 25 to 30 Hard calciferous glauconitic sandstone, passing down into coarse greenish glaucon- \ conitic sand, with lumps of calcareous grit. 8 to 10 /Green sand with broken shells and lenticular lumps of impure sandy chert 10 to 12 Soft fine greenish-yellow sand, consisting of small grains of quartz and glauconite. Similar yellowish sand becoming slightly micaceous in the lower part ; base not seen - 120 or more Pecten asper. Blackdown Beds Zone of Schloenbachia rostrata. About 180 Mr. Jukes-Browne has observed that " The topmost bed is chiefly remarkable for containing the remains of small crabs in some abundance, mostly in a broken state ; some other fossils have also been found, notably Lima clypeiformis, Pecten (Neithea) quinque- costatus, Trigonia affinis, and some Brachiopoda, such as Rhynohonella dimidiata, Rh. grasiana, Terebratula ovata and Terebrirostra lyra. " The upper surface of this bed is a well-marked plane, which has been waterworn to some extent by the action of a current before the deposition of the overlying stratum." f The junction with the Lower Chalk was noted by Mr. Jukes- Browne in a quarry by Knapp Cottages, half a mile east-south-east of Chaffcombe, the section being as follows: — • Feet. Soil and rubble of Chloritic marl - - - 2 (Hard calcareous grit with small Bhynchonella, and frag- ments of Crustacea (claws, &c.) 6| Soft white shell -sand and sandstone - 3 Chert-beds, fine siliceo-calcareous sand with lenticular lumps of flinty chert 10 21* The following notes are by the same observer : — " At Snowdon Hill, west of Chard, there are large quarries where the chert- beds are quarried, and the Chalk above the Chloritic marl is burnt for lime> so that a fine section is exposed. The calcareous grit is here between 8 and 9 feet thick, very hard and quartzose throughout. The chert beds consist of grey glauconitic sandstone cemented by calcite, with lenticular seams of chert, and nearly 30 feet of them are exposed." Further north are pic- turesque old quarries and caves, whence the sandstone and chert-beds have * " Cretaceous Rocks of Britain," vol. i.. p. 181. ■\ Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xlix., 1903. UPPER OREENSAND. 39 formerly been dug for building-stone. " The beds dip at about 5° to the west, and are broken by two parallel faults running nearly north and south, and about 30 feet apart, the block between them being raised five or six feet "( see Fig. 10). " It is a curious fact that Pecten asper has not been found in the calcareous sandstone of this district, but is common in the over-lying nodule-bed at the base of the Chalk. " The soft sands which form the lower portion of the Greensand are not often exposed near Chard, but a sand-pit on Foxdon Hill, near Wadef ord, shows about 30 feet of them. The upper seven or eight feet are green sand, with lenticular nodules of very impure sandy chert ; the lower part consists of clean yellowish-green sand, without fossils or cherts. This appears to be about 100 feet above the base of the Greensand. " Sand which appears to be about 30 or 40 feet above the base is dug by the road to Crewkerne, about a mile east of Chard, and consists chiefly of small even-sized quartz-grains, with enough disseminated glauconite to give it a greenish tint, and a smaller quantity of mica. " There is also a small outlier of sand at a place called Hornsbury, a mile and a half north-east of Chard, the highest part of which cannot be more than 20 feet above the base, and yet the sand here is not markedly micaceous ; it is much weathered and oxidised to » yellow colour, and is capped by a patch of gravel. Dr. Spicer, of Chard, possesses some lumps of shelly sand which were said to have come from Hornsbury Hill pits. The fossils are silicified and resemble Blackdown specimens. Among them are Cardium Mllanum, Trigonia dmdalea, Trigonia scahricola ? Cytherea sp., Cytherea caperata ? and Avellana incrassata. If they really came from this locality they are interesting as connecting the basal sands of the Chard district with those of the pits at the western termination of the Blackdown Hills."* At Bewley Farm, south-west of Wambrook, a pit-section noted in 1874 by Mr. Woodward, showed about 7 feet of chert-beds, beneath which there was 9 feet of greenish quartzose and glauconitic sandstone, with nodular beds of sandstone and bands of chert ; some layers were sufficiently calcareous to be burnt for lime. Sections of the Chert-beds were noted on Buckland Hill, north of Buckland St. Mary, and east of Castle Neroohe ; by Mount Fancy Farm, and near Feltham on the north of Staple Hill, where also the underlying brown and green sands were exposed. Near Feltham the lowest beds were grey and greenish sandy loam with concretions of hard grey sandstone. Chert-beds were again seen south of Blagdon. North of Simon's Burrow, to the south-east of the Wellington Mounment, buff and green sands with ferruginous nodules were exposed. The western portions of the hill-ranges are formed mainly of the sands covered by the Plateau deposits, and in this region further south were the extensive excavations for scythe stones. The Black Down Hills have long been famous for the well-pre- served fossils that occur in the Greensand. These were obtained for the most part along the- brow of the escarpment which extends from Blackborough and Ponchydown to North Hill, in the south- western part of the area. There, in the early part of last century, numerous quarries were open for the purpose of extracting material for whetstones, the principal supply of which was then obtained from this locality. On this account the organic remains came prominently into notice, and many of them were figured in the works of Parkinson and James Sowerby. Gonybeare, writing in 1822, remarked that the quarries of Blackdown had yielded 150 species, * " Cretaceous Rocks of Britain," vol. i., p. 178. 40 CRETACiEbTJs\ remarkable for their beautiful state of preservation, " the original calcareous matter of the fossil being entirely replaced by an infiltra- tion of chalcedony. In this state, it is often easy to detach them completely from the loose sandy matrix ; and they then appear, although having undergone a thorough conversion of substance, with all the sharpness and character of recent specimens."* To Fitton, however, we have been mainly indebted for our know ledge of the strata and their fossils, his observations being supple- mented, many years later, by the Rev. W. Downes. The following particulars were recorded by Fittonf : — " The strata which afford the whetstones are about 80 feet below the top of the hill, to which they are parallel. The mines (or ' pits ' as they are called) are driven in direct lines into the hill, almost horizontally, and in some cases to considerable distances. The stony masses from which the sithe- stones are cut, are concretions of very irregular figure, imbedded in looser sand, nearly resembling those which occur in the upper division of the Lower green- sand near Sandgate ; and though very irregular in shape, marks of the strati- fication of the sand can be traced on their outside. The masses of which the sithe-stones are made, vary from 6 to about 18 inches in diameter, and the beds which afford them would form a total thickness of about 7 feet, of which about 4 are fit for that purpose; the looser stone at the top and bottom being employed for building. " The following is a sectional list of the beds in one of the principal sithe-stone pits at Punchey Down, which I was informed, was a fair representative of the whole -' : — 1. Reddish sand rock, extending upwards to the top of the hill. 2. " Pine vein." Concretions of firmer consistence ; the best for sithe-stones - - - - 2 in. to 1 ft. [Shells are found in all the strata here, but abound in this one, and in the " rock " beneath it.] 3. " Top sand-rock " ; sand with irregular concretions ; of no use - .... 3 to 4 ft. 4. " Gutters " ; concretions of stone in 4 or 5 courses, in the sand. This bed is that most commonly used for sithe-stones ... 3 to 5 ft. 6. " Burrows " ; stone and sand of the same kind, but used only for building - • - - 2 to 3 ft. 6. " Bottom stone " ; a range of concretions, affording excellent sithe-stones. [These concretions some- times extend downwards, even to 5 feet, in the sand] 2 to 6 in. 7. " Rock sand " ; chiefly sand, with fewer concretions ; of no use 4 ft. 8. " Soft vein ; " concretions which afford excellent sithe- stones -2 to 6 in. Pitton remarked that " the whole thickness of the sandy strata above the red marl in this part of the country seems to be about 100 feet," and this estimate was subsequently confirmed by Mr. Downes. Mr. Downes, writing in 1881, J remarked that " In the days of Dr. Pitton pits were being worked at Blackdown almost continuously for a mile and a half, and at intervals still further. At the present date three only are being worked on the eastern side of the ridge, and all have been closed on the western escarpment." ♦"Outlines of the Geo'ogy of England and Wales," 1822, p. 128. : f Trans. Oeol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. iv., p. 236. % Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc., vol, xxxviii., 1882, p. 80. ttPPEE GREENSANB. 41 Mr. Downes made the organic remains of the Blackdown Green- sand his special study. Commenting on the admixture of fossils from localities wrongly included in the Blackdown area, he points out " that no true Blackdown fossil is calcareous." In his papers full lists of the Blackdown fossils are given, together with the following section, which is in an abbreviated form and in descending order, as follows : — Ft. In. 12. Sand with layers of cherty sandstone passing into " chert". Fossils as a rule scarce. Pecten quadricostatus characteristic. Tri- gonia dcedalea, Pectunculus subloevis and Exogyra mostly broken about 25 11. Variegated fine sand with thin lenticular and impersistent shell bands (about 2 in. thick). Pectuncvlus sublcevis and Tri- gonia afflnis abundant - 18 10. " Red Rock "=Fitton's Bed 1. Very fossiliferous sandstone in layers divided by sand and with vertical joints, 1 to 3 ft. apart, cutting through hard chalcedonic fossils. The prevailing fossil is Cyprina cuneata ; Exogyra conica common ; Tri- gonia scabricola mainly confined to this bed. In all forty- six species were found in this bed ; many ranging down- wards, but few upwards - - about 3 9. " Hard Fine Vein "=Fitton's Bed 2. Thin layer of concretions used for scythe stones. 8. & 7. Very fossiliferous beds in sand with fossils in clusters ; in the upper bed Turritdla granulata prevails, and Siphonia pyri- formis seems to be peculiar ; in the lower Pectunculus umbo- atus is most abundant ; and Murex cilcar is often found perfect. These beds together=Fitton's Bed 3. Their joint thickness is ■ about 4 6. " Gutters "=Fitton's Bed 4. Sind and concretionary layers, few fossils, including Inoceramus sulcatus and Pectunculus umbonatus - about 5 5. " Burrows." Beds of concretions rather coarser than below, chiefly used for building, sometimes for whetstones ; they are separated by layers of sand. Few fossils, chiefly Inoceramus sulcatus and Trigonia aliformis. 4. " Bottom Stones "=Fitton's Bed 6. Concretions used for whet- stones. Trigonia aliformis, Pectunculus umbonatus^ Inoce- ramus sulcatus: varying from a few inches to about 5 3. " Bottom Rock " — Fitton's " Rock sand " Bed 7. Brownish sand-rock, few fossils : Trigonia aliformis perhaps prevalent about 4 2. " Soft Fine Vein " — Fitton's Bed 8. Thin layer of concretions used for scythe stones, generally a few inches thick. 1. " White Rock." Unfossiliferous homogeneous whity-brown sand-rock. No current bedding - - about 30 The following are the more abundant fossils recorded from the Blackdown beds : — Siphonia tulipa, Zittel Nuculana lineata, J. de O. Sow. sp. Serpula conoava, J. Sow. sp. Pecten milleri, J. de C. Sow. „ filiformis, J. de C. Sow. „ (Neithea) quadricostatus, J. Alectryonia frons, Park. sp. Sow. Astarte formosa, J. de C. Sow. Pectunculus sublsevis, J. de C. Sow. Corbula elegans, J. de C, Sow, „ umbonatus, J. Sow. sp. Cuoullsea glabra, Park, Protocardia hillana, J. Sow. sp. Cyprina angulata, J. Sow, sp. Tellina insequalis, J. de G. Sow. „ cuneata, J. de 0. Sow. „ striatula, /. de C. Sow, 42 CRETACEOUS. Cytherea caperata, ./. de G. Sow. sp. „ plana, /. Sow. sp. Dreissensia lanoeolata, /. de O. Sow. sp. Exogyra conica, J. de C. Sow. Gervillia rostrata, /. de C. Sow. sp. „ sublanceolata, d'Orb. Inoceramus sulcatus, Park. Lima (Limatula) fittoni, d'Orb. Lucina orbicularis, J. de C. Sou . Maotra angulata, /. de G. Sow. Nucula antiquata, J. de G. Sow. impressa, J. de G. Sow. „ obtusa, /. de C. Sow. Thetis gigantea, J. Sow. sp. Trigoaia affinis, /. Sow. „ aliformis, Park, „ dsedalea, Park. „ scabricola, Lycett Venus sublaevis, J. de G. Sow. Aporrhais (Dimorphosoma) cal- carata, J. Sow. sp. „ parkinsoni, Mant. sp. Avellana inerassata, J. Sow. sp. Natica genti, /. Sow. sp. Turritella granulata, J. de C. Sow. Anahoplites splendens, /. Sow. sp. Schloenbachia goodhalli, /. Sow. sp. „ varicosa, /. de C. Sow. sp. In addition, corals, echinoids, Crustacea, bryozoa, and plant-remains, including silicified wood, are met with. For a fuller list, see Rev. W. Downes, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxviii.. 1882, pp. 85-92. See also a paper by B. B. Tawnev, " On the Collection of Upper Greensand Fossils in the Bristol Museum," Proa. Bristol Nat. Soc, vol. vii., 1873, p. 41. The Collection inclvdes the specimens obtained by •T. S. Miller from the Blackdown pits ; and referred to by Fitton. 43 Middle Chalk CHAPTER VII. CRETACEOUS (continued). Chalk. The Ciialk represented in the present area is divided as follows : — Zones Feet Upper f Hard Chalk „ , , , „ Chalk 1 (Chalk Rock) Holasler planus 3 I White Chalk with Terebratulina \ (scattered flints and SSOtolOO \ hard nodular chalk Rhynchonella cuvieri J / White Chalk with v few siliceous nodules \ Ho i aster sub gio bosus 6 5 Lower grains of quartz and f Chalk \ g lauoonite: \ Fossiliferous base- ^ ment bed, nodular /Hystrichoceras varians- 3 \ and phosphatic / We are indebted mainly to the observations of Mr. Jukes-Browne for our knowledge of the zonal subdivisions of the Chalk in this area. As he has remarked, these divisions have not yet been com- pletely surveyed, but he has published a geological sketch-map of the country round Chard, on which he has marked the areas of Lower, Middle and Upper Chalk, irrespective of the coverings of Clay with flints and chert.* His interpretation of the structure differs from that depicted on the Geological Survey map ; he has introduced a greater number of faults. It was, however, deemed inadvisable to modify the mapping carried out during the re-survey of the area, in the absence of a fresh and detailed survey on the six-inch scale. Lower Chalk. Attention was called to the rich basement-bed of the Chalk near Chard by Davidson, from particulars supplied to him by J. Wiest, and he then remarked on its agreement with the Crcrie CMoritee, near Rouen, in France.f It has since been generally known as the Chlbritic Marl, but Mr. Jukes-Browne does " not regard it as the equivalent of the Chloritic Marl of Wiltshire and the Isle of Wight, but rather as a condensed representative of the lower part of the Chalk Marl."J He now suggests that the whole of the Chalk Marl, or zone of Hystrichoceras varians, may be represented by this basement-bed and the overlying two feet of sandy glauconitic chalk. * Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xlix. 1903. ■f Monog. Brit. Fossil Braohiopoda, Part II. Cretaceous Brachiopoda pp. 114, 115. % Jukes-Browne, " Cretaceous Rocks of Britain," vol ii., p. 119. 44 CETACEOUS. This bed has been well exposed in the large quarry on Snowdoii (or Snowdown) Hill, west of Chard, when the section was as follows :* Ft. In. Irregular capping of clay. White chalk with a few siliceous nodules ; and in the (lower part containing grains of glauconite - - 15 Hard sandy glauconitic caalk - -2 " Chloritic Marl," very fossiliferous band, nodular and phosphatic - - about j Greenish calcareous sandstone, some layers full of quartz Greensand \ grains with calcareous cement, false-bedded in places 7 \ Chert beds seen to depth of 15 There was a sharp plane of demarcation at the top of the Upper Greensand. Lower Chalk Upper 1 Fig. 10.— Section at Snowdon, Chard (A. J. J. B.). I During the re-survey of the area in 1874 the following fossils (with the exception of those marked x) were collected by H. B. Woodward and C. Reid from the " Chloritic Marl " at Snowdon near Chard, and identified by R. Etheridge : — f Conulus castanea, Brongn. sp. Holaster subglobosus, Leshe, sp. xSerpula sp. Terebratula biplicata, J. Sow. „ semiglobosa, J. Sow. Cardium sp. Cucullaea mailleana, d'Orb, sp. Cyprina quadrata, d'Orb. Cytherea sp, x Exogyra oonica, J. de 0. Sow. X Lima (Limatula) flttoni, d'Orb. Myoconcha cretacea, d'Orb. x Pecten (Aequipecten) asper, Lam. Spondylus sp. Thracia carinifera, d'Orb. sp. Trigonia sp. X Trigonoarca passyana, d'Orb. sp. x Unicardium ringmeriense, Mant. sp. Avellana cassis, d'Orb. x Pleurotomaria cassisiana, d'Orb. x „ mailleana, d'Orb. Pterocera sp. Trochus sp. x Turbo rotomagensis, d'Orb. Calycoceras naviculare, Mant. sp. Hystrichoceras coupei, Brongn. sp. „ varians, J. Sow. sp. Mantelliceras Mantelli, /. Sow. sp. Metacanthoplites rotomagensis, Defr. sp. Scaphites sequalis, J. Sow. Turrilites wiesti, Sharpe. Nautilus expansus, J. deO. Sow. * A section of this pit was published in 1876, by H. B. Woodward, " Geology of England and Wales," p. 245, Ed. 2, p. 392. t " Geology of East Somerset and the Bristol Coal-fields," 1876, p. 141. CHALK. 45 The additional species were recorded by Mr. Jukes-Browne.* A fuller list was also published by him, including specimens from Chardstock partly in the area of Sheet 326. f Mr. Jukes-Browne mentions that at Snowdon quarry the phosphatic basement-bed passes up into sandy glauconitic chalk about 2 feet thick, in which there are fewer quartz grains ; in this sandy bed large Holaster sub- gldbosus and Discoidea cylindrica occur. It probably belongs to the zone of Holaster subglobosus. " In the overlying soft whitish chalk very few fossils of any kind have been found, Holaster trecensis being the only one I saw ; the thickness of this chalk is probably from 30 to 35 feet, but only the lower part is seen at Snowdon." The higher part was seen in "a quarry near Combe Wood, about two miles north-west of Chard " where from 25 to 30 feet of whitish chalk was seen under about 12 feet of soft grey marl, the full thickness of which there was no means of ascertaining. Mr. Jukes- Browne has remarked that this higher bed may be the Belemnite Marl (sub- zone of Actinocamax plenus) or a band of marl at a lower horizon. % Pits showing 25 or 30 feet of chalk are to be seen north of Snowdon Hill north of Clayhanger, and south of Combe St. Nicholas. At the last named locality there was in 1874 a remarkable section showing about 15 feet of greyish chalk, in thin layers, much disturbed, resting on white chalk exposed to a depth of about 30 feet. There were clayey pipes on the surface of the upper bed, but there were also two clayey pipes between the divisions along the plane of junction. From Chard the Lower Chalk extends in a south-westerly direction toward Membury in Sheet 326, whence its rapid attenuation southward and alteration in character is described in the Memoir on that Sheet. The fossiliferous basement-bed (" Chloritic Marl") was exposed west of South Chard, and near Whitehouse on the southern margin of the area, about one and a half miles south of Wambrook. Chalk (probably Middle Chalk) was exposed south of Bewley Farm, south west of Wambrook, the upper portion thin-bedded ; a nodular bed occurred about 9 ft. from the surface. East of Churchingford and between Martin's Farm and Watchford a patch of Chalk was shown at a place called Brice Moor on the old Map. Within the southern limit of this patch near Watchford, there is a pit in glauconitic sand with broken shells capped by chert fragments. On the summit above, which extends over Brown Down westward, no evidence of Chalk was obtained, chert and flint stones, quartz and hard slaty rock and grit pebbles, are scattered over the surface. The flints are nearly always worn, or fragments of pebbles, and the subsoil usually consists of greenish clay or loam with buff and orange staining. A rather stiff clay of a drab colour is occasionally met with on the summit, and at a pond in the valley at about half a mile east of Stout Mill Pit. On the sides of this valley which rises near » farm that was an inn about eight years ago (Traveller's Rest on the old Map), and near the head of a tributary valley opening into it at Watchford, there are numerous overgrown pits (marked in the map as Old Clay Pits), some of large size as above Watchford. These pits afford similar evidence to that detailed above. Pebbles of flint and chert stones more or less worn, and small pebbles of quartz and of hard slaty rock being more or less common, occasionally pieces of hard chalk rock with worn quartz grains are met with, but no signs of Chalk in situ were anywhere seen. The farmer, Mr. Goodland, in answer to enquiries respecting these pits stated that Mr. Knight (the former landlord, when the farm was an Inn) told him that the pits were dug for Chalk. It is possible that enough chalk material may have been found amongst the gravelly Tertiary debris to account for this statement. On the other hand it is possible that Chalk was really got out, but in the years which have since elapsed all traces of it * Proc. Somerset. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xlix., p. 5. j- " Cretaceous Rocks of Britain," vol. ii, p. 122. i " Cretaceous Rocks of Britain," vol. ii., p. 120, 46 CRETACEOUS. have been obliterated by the washing down of overlying Tertiary debris. If this is the case the limits of the outlier concealed by Tertiary detritus most probably extended from Robin Hood's Butts cross-roads on the north, to Birch Hill on the south, and from the tract called Brice Moor on the old Map and Luxen Hill on the west, to Highwood, North Common, and New Barn on the east. De la Beche's mention of Marl (see p. 48) having been dug above Ridge south-west of Chard, in an area shown as Chalk on his map, is con- firmatory of this view.* Nevertheless in the absence of any exposures of Chalk in the tract above defined, it has been thought better not to indicate its occurrence on the Map. Middle Chalk. As described by Mr. Jukes-Browne, the lower part of this division (the zone of Rhynchonella cuvieri) consists of beds of rough and rather hard nodular chalk, passing up into a looser lumpy kind of chalk, and this passes into firm white chalk with scattered black flints (the zone of Terebratulina). " The total thickness is probably from 80 to 100 feet, but owing to the frequent faults there are few places where an estimate can be formed." " The upper part of Snowdon Hall, west of Chard, consists of this chalk, and it runs some way down the western slope of the hill. It is exposed in a quarry on the south side of the Honiton road, a little over a mile west of Chard, and here the characteristic Middle Chalk fossils have been found, e.g., Rhyn- chonella cuvieri, Inoceramus mytiloides and Galerites subrotundus. At White- staunton a small tract of this chalk has been let down between faults and a quarry is opened in it which has yielded the same fossils together with Cardi- aster pygmceus." Mr. Reid noted a pit near Whitestaunton Church showing 30 feet of chalk without flints, " and traces of disturbed chalk with flints." "South of Chard a tract of Middle Chalk comes in between Forton and Chardstock House. A quarry less than half-a-mile west of Porton exposes hard nodular chalk, passing up into loose nodular chalk which is crowded with shells of Inoceramus mytiloides. The outcrop of this hard chalk makes a fairly marked feature which can be traced southward toward Tatworth, and there is another large but rather shallow quarry opposite Tatworth Vicar- age, where 12 to 14 feet of similar beds are exposed." f Mr. Reid observed that at Tatworth the chalk without flints is about 50 or 60 feet in thickness. In a small pit in the Middle Chalk near the south margin of the Map (about two-thirds of a mile north-east of Chardstock Church), Mr. Jukes-Browne obtained a specimen of Schluetericeras nodosoides, a species not very common in England and only found in the zone of Rhynchonella cuvieri. The higher zone of Terebratulina " has not been positively identified in any of the quarries near Chard, though two quarries near Wambrook show white chalk with scattered flints which may belong to it; and its highest beds are visible in the quarry on the hill north-west of Combe (two and a half miles from Chard)." Upper Chalk. Only the basal beds of the Upper Chalk belonging to the zone of Holaster planus were recognized by Mr. Jukes-Browne in the country around Chard. * "Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon and West Somerset," pp. 237, 256. f From " The Geology of the Country around Chard," by A. J. Jukes- Browne, Proc. Som. Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc., vol. xlix., 1903 ; see also ' Cretaceous Rocks of Britain," vol. ii., p. 429. CHALK. 47 At the base of this zone there occur " some beds of very hard cream-coloured limestone," representing the Chalk Rock. This rock " does not seem to contain any layers of green-coated phos- phatic nodules as it does further east," but it includes bits of brown phosphate and some greenish lumps - and grains of glauconite. In the Map accompanying his paper, Mr. Jukes-Browne shows two outliers of Upper Chalk south-west of Wadeford in a faulted tract of Middle Chalk, and part of a large outlier on Combe Beacon Hill.* At the last-named locality in a chalk-pit half a mile north-west of Combe St. Nicholas, the section disclosed under a capping of from 3 to 7 feet of clay- with-nints, was as follows : — • Ft. In. (Hard chalky limestone breaking up into small lumps and blocks, yielding Solariella gemmata (a cast), Symndylus spinosus, Rhynchonella cuvieri, Rh. reedensis, cast of a coral (Parasmilia) about 3 (Nodular chalk less hard than above, with Plicatula barroisi, Rhynchonella reedensis and Discoidea dixoni - - - 3 More massive chalk, still rather nodular - 3 White blocky chalk - : 16 25 Mr. Jukes-Browne considers that there may be a sufficient thickness of Upper Chalk on Combe Beacon Hill, the summit of which is about 815 feet, to bring in the zone of Micraster cortestudinarium, but no exposure of this division was seen by him. * Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xlix., p. 1. 48 , . CHAPTER VIII. PLATEAU DEPOSITS. ; Clay with Flints and Chert (in part Eocene.) These consist of (a) Tertiary Deposits, and of (&) an admixture of argillaceous Tertiary and insoluble Cretaceous materials, known as Clay with flints or Clay with flints and chert ; andthey vary from a few feet up to 50 feet in places. Their occurrence is co-extensive with the remains of the Tertiary planing of the Cretaceous rocks, or plateau summits. They were described by De la Beche " as Supracretaceous or Tertiary Deposits." He observed* " It would appear that, subsequently to the deposit of the cretaceous series its upper surface became worn away, even through the whole depth of the chalk, in parts of Devonshire, so that the deposits were after- wards formed upon an uneven base, sometimes of chalk, at others of greensand, and often of both." De la Beche seemed to have regarded the Tertiary sands and worn gravels as subsequent to the clay with flints and chert, although including both in " the plastic clay series." "Whether or not he knew of the existence of the patch of gravel on Leigh Hill, on the northern Blackdown range, north of Burnworthy Farm, mapped between 1871 and 1874,f depends on the interpretation given to his mentionj of an isolated patch " at Blackdown " as evidence of the denudation of the " plastic clay." Further on he alludes to " some marls upon the Chalk above Ridge on the south-west of Chard " as " above these lower flint and chert gravels." Of these marls above Ridge we have no record, but it is a significant fact that in the vicinity of several old pits (see p. 45) between Brown Down and Higher Stout, said to have been Chalk quarries, the surface stones are well worn, the evident relics of Tertiary gravels ; and in places a dark drab -coloured clay without stones was seen. The possibility of these clays being Tertiary material in situ is suggested. With the exception of these clays, of the gravel patch on Leigh Hill north of Burnworthy Farm, and of certain sandy tracts, the plateau covering consists of " clay with flints and chert." This accumulation varies with the rocks it covers, being a brown or red-brown clay with unworn and broken flints where it rests on Chalk ; and varying from a yellowish or brown clay with fragments * " Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon, etc.," pp. 255-260 ■ see also Memoir on Geology of Sidmouth and Lyme Regis, p. 66, and Jukes Browne, " The Clay with flints ; its Origin and Distribution," Quart Jr„, r ~ Oeol. Soc, xlii., p. 132. n ' t Quart. Journ. Oeol. Soc, vol.^xxxiv., 1878, pp. 449, 452, ± Report, p._256, PLATEAU DEPOSITS. 49 of flints and of chert, to a more or less loamy clay with chert frag- ments, where it rests on Greensand. Owing to the commingling of the materials of which it is composed by the slow and irregular corrosive action of percolating water, charged with carbonic acid, on the more or less calcareous Cretaceous surface, with its overlying relics of Tertiary deposition, waterworn materials are often dispersed through the clay ; and broken-up chert beds have been slowly let down from their original position as on Combe Hill, south of Welling- ton Monument, and west of Eosemary Lane south of Clayhidon. Owing to this admixture it has not been found practicable to ascertain the exact relations of the Tertiary or reassorted Tertiary materials to the clay with flints and chert. The probable limits of the gravel patch, which on Leigh Hill south of Angersleigh seems to rest directly on the Greensand, are indicated on the map, but they are neither shown by feature nor exposed in section. In its lower part on the escarpment, the gravel contains large worn stones of quartz, flint, and dark blue-grey slaty grit. Fig. 11. — Pit in Tertiary gravel, north of Bumworthy Farm, north-east of Chwrchstanton. a. Reddish-brown loam ^ „ M mottled with irregular f^^f^^^T^f^T. whitish streaks running "g-^_ through it in all directions, containing quartz pebbles disseminated throughout : from 3 to 4 feet, resting irregularly upon — . . . . . 6. Pale buff and reddish- g>^%^J£^|g^3o?33lls«!? brown sand with whitish ogg o^3opS£SaoS> c=2?^_ mottling, containing an lm- <^S^S < ^,f^^P : S p ^o^?-^^^ C persistent seam of fine l°t%%^£^gf>~§si?J&fs quartz gravel more or less °<^pSl°-. c waterworn. Prom 2 to 3 feet. c. Reddish-brown gravel, chiefly composed of small irregular quartz pebbles close together in a clayey matrix, with angular chert and rag (or cherty sandstone) fragments. Beds of finer gravel and of coarse sand occur here and there, exposed to a depth of 5 feet. At Culm Head south of Blagdon the hill is capped by brown loam with angular chert stones and occasional irregular pebbles of quartz and fine dark blue-grey grit. , The hill north-north-east of Culmstock is capped by pale yellow-brown and grev clay with angular chert stones, mostly small, and small worn stones of quartz and of a dark grey slaty rock ; and by sand with coarse rounded grains, in places bound in an argillaceous matrix and forming a paleyellow- br S™th°s a I uth-west of Clayhidon a pit, west of Rosemary Lane, showed two bands of chert stones, often large, separated by reddish and yellowish- brown loamy clay with an impersistent grey band, and red sandy loam with qU On StapteHill by the road to Mount Fancy Farm, a white gravel was seen, composed of partly worn and broken flint and chert stones, small flint pebbles and a few of quartz and dark blue-grey fine grit. 9381 1} 50 PLATEAU DEPOSITS. By the road between Bishops Wood and Brown Down, sections near a little Inn disclosed yellowish loam, sandy in places, containing small angular pieces of flint and chert, also pebbles of flint and chert and smaller pebbles of quartz. Near the seventh milestone by the high road west of Otterford there were several pits. In one of these, reddish-brown clay with whitish spots (race) and small quartz pebbles disseminated through it, was seen on pale buff loamy sand with red streaks and occasional small quartz pebbles and chert fragments. In an adjoining pit nests of small quartz pebbles were visible in red clay with white (race) patches. North of Otterford quartz pebbles were detected in reddish clay with chert. In the district between Brown Down, Higher Stout and Cliffhayne Farm, in which the marl pits occur (already referred to as probable signs of Ter- tiary clay), stream-sections were seen displaying yellowish clay with race, chert and flint unworn, and flint, quartz and chert pebbles, probably a re- assortment of the plateau materials. East of Higher Stout and north of Knightshayne Farm, a pit displayed greenish-grey clay, carbonaceous in places, overlain by an impersistent bed of flint and quartz gravel, for the most part well worn. At about 40 yards south of this, orange quartzose sand and a few quartz pebbles were evidenced. South of Churchingford, between Lambpark Farm and South Down, there was evidence of a considerable patch of sand, either Tertiary or Greensand. Sand was also noticed on the plateau, on the hill-spur east of Blackborough ; on North Hill to the south ; at the head of the valley near Southayes Farm, south-south-west of Dunkeswell ; and at about three miles west of Luppit. North of Clayhidon and west of Wiltown Farm quartz grains occur in the clay with chert. Between Howley and Whitestaunton and to the west of Mannings Common, north of Knightshayne Farm, north-north-west of Yarcombe (see Fig. 12), the plateau drift, shown to a depth of 7 feet, consists of clay with a seam of gravel containing chert, broken unworn flints, flint and quartz pebbles, some of large size, and very occasionally small bits of chalk ; on which account Mr. Woowdard, who visited the section in 1874, remarked on its resemblance to Boulder-clay.* One boulder of quartzite was then observed. Fig. 12. — Section in Clay-pit near Yarcombe. (H.B.W.) Ft. In. Clay 1 6\ g= Gravel- 1 6[ Plateau 'S£_ Greenish - yellow car- f drift. ^=^ *=-^S^_ = =E5^=S- bonaceous clav 4 oj :;■".■"/ V'-'-.-'.-. : '"'--V : . ; V.' : '. : : :;■'■>■■'■ Reddish brown sand 3 01 t.-,":"'t:-;— -^■■^v^;>-££ [ Upper ■ ' -_J- 1: ' ■ •' _:•' '• Buff sand - 2 I Greensand? The following information is supplied by Mr. Beid's notes :— Near Buckland St. Mary, Buckland Hill is capped by "coarse sand and angular chert, no foreign pebbles." The plateau material " north of Buckland Hill and on the faulted Chalk south of Buckland St. Mary " contains an " abundance of rolled flints, quartz and black grit." The materials capping the Chalk at Stony Down near Combe St. Nicholas include "numerous black grit pebbles up to half a pound weight, and a boulder of angular flint conglomerate." At Belcombe Farm half a mile west of Combe Beacon a " quartz boulder * Geol. Mag., 1874, p. 335. The locality was given as north-north-east instead of north-north-west of Yarcombe. PLATEAU DEPOSITS. 51 in the stream, as large as a ocoanut," has evidently come from the accumu- lation above. At Avishays, east of Chard, a quartz conglomerate boulder of about 50 lbs. weight has doubtless come from a similar source. C. Reid. Mr. Woodward records a, large sandstone boulder measuring 5 feet by 3 feet by 2 feet, as occurring east of Castle Neroche. On the north of Staple Fitzpaine, at Corfe and elsewhere, boulders of grey- wether sandstone and conglomerate with flint pebbles are met with. These are often of large size, one of them measured 6 by 5 by 5 feet 4 inches, and they were left in the wearing back of the tableland, and subsequently gravi- tated to lower levels as denudation proceeded. Prof. T. Rupert Jones has referred to the numerous Sarsens or Greywethers on the road from Taunton to Staple Pitzpaine. One of the larger examples is locally known as the Devil's Stone, and this is " the most western of the Sarsens " that he had noted. One block, " which had the appearance of a Sarsen," was found, on micro- scopic examination by Mr. P. Chapman, to be " largely composed of angular and subangular chips of quartz and chert, cemented by a kind of paste of fine quartz sand and limonite." Some of the chert fragments contained Oldbigerina cretacea, d'Orb. ; and one of the larger pieces, crowded with Radiolaria, was regarded by Dr. G. J. Hinde, as most probably of Palaeozoic age. A fragment of flint was found ; also " a few chips of a somewhat brecciated rock, not unlike a decomposed rhyolite in character." * Mr. Reid notes " 15 feet of angular clayey gravel, resting on Greensand,'- in a well a quarter of a mile south of Chard Church. No drift is here shown on the map. It has also been omitted on the outlier near Hornsbury where Mr. Woodward says, " the Greensand is capped by a deposit of reddish sand and clayey drift with fragments of chert, which runs down in pipes into the Greensand." A section showing Chalk overlaid by clay with flints, chert, rolled flints, pebbles of quartz, flint and grit was also recorded by Mr. Woodward about three quarters of a mile west of Chard on the Honiton Road. By the high road from Yarcombe to Upottery » thickness of 20 feet of reddish clay and loam with broken unworn flint and chert stones was seen, and it might be inferred from information as to a well at Martin's Farm east of Churchingford, that the clay with flints and chert is there 34 feet thick. * Oeol. Mag., 1901, pp. 122, 123. 9381. D 2 52 CHAPTER IX. VALLEY DEPOSITS. There are no deposits marking the earlier stages in the denudation and breaking up of the Cretaceous tableland, nor could such be expected to survive. The recession of the abrupt Greensand slopes under present day conditions is accompanied by the irregular dispersion of talus by rain, springs and brooks over the gentler slopes, and — as at Hemyock in the Culm Valley, at Upottery and east of Hartridge Hill in the Otter Valley, and about Yarcombe in the Yarty Valley — these materials furnish acceretions to the deposits formed or forming in the valley-bottoms. The broad stretches of comparatively level ground through which the Tone and its tributary brooks flow near Bradford, Angersleigh, Pitminster, Taunton, Thurlbear and Stoke St. Mary, and north and south of Donyatt in the watershed of the Isle, denote the infillings of valleys which were probably excavated during or toward the close of the " Head " period. The remains of gravel terraces directly connected with these lines of drainage, as between Beam Bridge and Rockwell Green, at Chelston Heathfield, Pitminster, and at Isle Abbots, Ashill, and south of Horton, represent earlier stages in the erosion of the valleys. Gener- ally speaking, these gravels seem to have been formed during the occupation of the country by extinct mammals, as the late W. Bidgood, curator of the Somerset Archaeological Society's Museum, obtained remains of reindeer (Rangifer tarandus, Boj. sp.) and of Bison priscus, Linn., under about 12 feet of gravel near Taunton Station (Sheet 295) ; these and remains of Cervix giganteus, Blum, sp., found in excavations at the Gas Works, Tangier, Taunton, are to be seen in the Taunton Museum. In excavations made at Taunton Gaol (on the northern border of Sheet 311) in 1853 remains of Rhinoceros antiquitatis, Blum., were found. The excavations were described by the Rev. W. R. Crotch,* who gave the following interesting section, in which a thickness of about 4 feet, perhaps made soil, seems to have been omitted above the vegetable bed : — Feet. 1. Yellowish clay with a thin blue seam in the middle, nearly 8 2. Seam of blue clay q 3. Reddish clay 5 4. Blue clay - - about 1 5. At 18 feet from the surface. A vegetable bed of matted leaves belonging to willow, hazel and oak, with a quantity of acorns and hazel nuts, and roots and trunks of oak (blackened) and alder (wood red) lying pell mell. One part of a trunk was found to be " 60 feet long and 2 feet thick," another 40 feet long and 4 feet 4 inches thick. The bed thickens in a northerly direction from 1 to 5 6 Blue clay, nearly - 1 * Proc, Somerset Arch, and Nat, Hist, Soc, for 1854, p. 129, Valley deposits. 53 The rhinoceros remains (skull, teeth and some bones) were found " in excavating a further portion of the ground at the gaol," on the horizon of the upper surface of the reddish clay, at 6 feet above the vegetable bed. The Rev. W. A. Jones * and Ayshford Sanford f referred to this discovery in later years, without however, throwing any additional light on the position of the remains in regard to the vegetable bed. The former describes the matrix .of the remains, as an alluvial deposit of marly earth with flint and chert stones. In the vegetable bed we seem to have a proof of forest growth in Taunton vale roughly synchronous with the submerged forests on the coast, and it is inconceivable that the deposits in which the rhinoceros remains were found, unless derived from older terrace gravels, could be newer, or strati- graphically above them. The most probable hypothesis seems to be that the rhinoceros remains were found in an older gravel and that the peat and over- lying beds are the more modern infillings of a channel subsequently cut through it. As regards the more isolate! patches of gravel, it is uncertain whether some of these, which occur on the higher slopes below the Greensand outcrop as near Pleamore Cross, Beacons Lane Farm, Ford Street, Chelmsine Farm and Curland Common, may not be in part, or altogether, relics of old washes or talus fans. South of West Buckland the higher ground is covered by a gravelly soil, which is whitish on the west of Budgetts Cross, probably the remnant of an old talus fan. This is not indicated on the map, and as it is impossible to distinguish redeposited marl or Lias Clay from the weathered soil of these rocks, many old alluvia] deposits may have escaped detection. The following notes refer to deposits in the various watersheds : — For a mile from its source the valley of the Culm is covered with cherty detritus. At Culmstock the alluvium is flanked by gravel terraces, for three miles on the south side. Part of a higher gravel is shown on Gaddon Down south-west of Twenty Acres ; it consists of angular and subangular whrte coated chert stones in blackish and yellowish soil. There were many shallow pits west of Block House Farm ; a patch of gravel at 30 to 40 feet above the nearest alluvium, is shown to a depth of 5 feet in a pit. It consists of pebbles and subangular fragments of grit, quartz and chert, with no apparent signs of stratification. At the north border of the map the patch of gravel at Ford Farm is exposed to a depth of 3 feet near its western extremity, where it is composed of sub- angular fragments of coarse and fine grit and of quartz pebbles in brown sand giving place to red at base. The patch of gravel between Rockwell Green and Beam Bridge was exposed to a depth of 10 feet in the road ea-t of Beam Bridge, where it is composed of brown loam and sand with angular and subangular chert stones ; at base it is about 40 feet above the stream at Beam Bridge. A small patch of chert gravel was exposed on New Red sand-rock by the high road between Wellington Station and Tone Bridge ; its base is about 25 feet above the alluvium at Tone Bridge. West of Angersleigh, the hill south of Budleigh Farm is capped by 5 feet of gravel of chert and quartz stones, chiefly the former, exposed at the turning to Ruggin Farm, at 20 feet or more above the neighbouring streams. South of Runwell a gravel patch containing quartz pebbles was noted by the path to Castleman's Hill. The gravel patches between Thorn Falcon and Wrantage are composed of worn chert, quartz, and grit fragments in red clay or redeposited Keuper Marl. Near Broughton Farm, west of Stoke St. Mary, the stream bank showed from 3 to 4 feet of reddish loam with occasional patches of gravel on an irregular bed of worn flint and chert gravel. On the west of Heale the stream bank showed well-worn flint and chert gravel on Keuper Marl. The flat between Thurlbear and Orchard Portman is largely composed of redeposited Lias Clays and Keuper Marls. * Ibid., vol. vii., pt. 2, p. 31, 185u. ■j- Ibid., vol. xiii., p. 256, 1867. 54 VALLEY DEPOSITS. The valley deposit at Pitminster consists of gravel and loam. Isle Watershed. — In the district between Hatch Beauchamp and Castle Neroche the clay soils east of Bickenhall church and south of Folly Farm contain chert stones, and the patches of gravel shown on the map may be little more than stony soils. Large subangular chert stones are met with in Hatch Park, and also in clay soil on the west of Two Waters Farm south-west of Broadway. The banks of the stream south of Hatch Station showed brown loam on a band of fair-sized subangular chert stones. North of Ashill the soil is sandy and contains angular and subangular chert stones and a few quartz pebbles. South of Isle Abbots Church the soil is sandy in places, and patches of gravel occur in the clay. Between Isle Abbots and Badbury, in draining a field, a seam of gravel was met with in yellow-brown clay. By the stream at Ashford Farm angular and subangular flint gravel was seen. On the east of Oldway, near Ilton, brown brickearth is associated with gravel. Between Oldway and Cad Green the stream banks showed a foot of gravel on blue clay on one side, and 3 feet of angular and subangular chert gravel on the other. The following notes are by Mr. Woodward : — A pit north-east of the Chard Reservoir showed 10 feet of coarse subangular gravel, formed chiefly of chert and quartz, resting on sand with seams of gravel, of which about 12 feet was shown. The reservoir itself is situated on a gravelly and loamy drift, as Mr. C. Reid has ascertained. He has also mapped a trace of gravel above Eleigh water. Just out of Chard, on the Crewkerne Road, a gravel pit showed 9 feet of coarse angular gravel, made up chiefly of chert with a few flints and much quartz, also a few small pebbles of hard grit. On the Middle Lias area on Chard Common, south of Rozel House, loamy and clayey drift, and greenish sand with chert stones, was shown in drains to a depth of 3 or 4 feet. At Chard Station there was to be seen 10 feet of gravel, over 6 feet of Upper Greensand. East of the railway near Forton the road-cutting showed 3 to 4 feet of gravel resting on the Lias Clays. The Lower Lias Clay in the neighbourhood of Ilminster is covered here and there by irregular deposits of gravel, not clearly separable from the alluvium, which occupies a broad tract between Winterhay Green and Jordan's. In the smaller streams, as at Broad Street, near Beer Crocombe, Radigan Farm, and near Rapps, narrow strips of alluvium occur, bordered either by gravel or Lias Clay, or with here and there a trace of gravel. On the East of Broadway Hill a brick-earth has been dug in several places and may be traced beneath the gravel outlier south of Horton. Its extent and thickness are so irregular that no definite boundary can be drawn for it, nor oould we ascertain whether it is a drifted deposit or merely a superficial alteration of the Lias Clays. Near Thickthorn, 6 feet of gravel has been dug ; it consists chiefly of quartz and angular and subangular chert and flint. The pit south of Horton showed about 6 feet of coarse gravel, with flint, chert and quartz pebbles, resting upon bluish-brown brick-earth. Between Rapps and Ashill a very thin and irregular coating of gravel occurs. By Sea, south-west of Ilminster, the gravel was exposed in several pits. The railway-cutting east of Hornsbury showed a very thin capping of gravel resting upon blue micaceous clay ; other patches occur here and there near Forton and Chard Road Station. H. B. W. 55 CHAPTER X. ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. Building Stones. As noted by De la Beche * the conglomerate with the magnesian cement between Williton and Thorn St. Margaret is in places used for common building-purposes ; to this the numerous quarries along its outcrop near Thorn St. Margaret, Runnington and Lang- ford Budville bear ample testimony. The lower beds are generally massive and vary from a comparatively rubbly rock to a stone so hard that the included fragments break with the cementing matrix when quarried. The thin band of conglomerate which crops out below the Lower Marls east of Bathealton has also been quarried for local building-purposes. It is the representative in this district of the " fairly indurated conglomerate . . . worked . . . between Halberton and Sampford Peverell " as a local building- stone. The Lower Lias quarries near Fivehead, Curry Mallet, West Hatch, Badger Street and Staple Fitzpaine also furnish local building-stone such as the " Thurlbear Stone." The rock is often used for walls, and where the jointing, etc., permits, for paving stone, but as pointed out by De la Beche when used for building the stone is liable to decomposition through weathering. The Marlstone of the Middle Lias also affords a local building- stone of a more durable character. Chalk flints and Greensand chert are often employed in the construction of common houses and walls ; and in one instance, the Wellington Monument, they have been quarried at Northay near Combe St. Nicholas for works of more architectural appearance, f Sandstones and chert in the upper part of the Greensand have been quarried for building-stone in several parts of the area. On Snowdon Hill, near Chard, there are numerous quarries whence much stone has been extracted, but some have been abandoned. The lack of good building-stone is compensated for; however, by good materials for brick-making. Lime. The area is rich in lime-producing rocks. The Culm limestones which just enter the western border of the map ; the large limestone fragments contained in the New Red Conglomerate near Thorn St Margaret and northward ; the Lower Lias limestones, between * Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset, p. 489. fDe la Beehe, Ibid., p 489. 56 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. Fivehead and Feltham, and in the Yarty yalley ; and the Chalk at Northay, Whitestaunton, Combe St. Nicholas and Chard, all having been burned for lime, chiefly for agricultural purposes. The Lias limes being stronger and much more binding, would be more pro- fitably used in the manufacture of hydraulic lime and cement. Brick Clay. Taunton and Wellington are chiefly composed of brick built houses. The lower beds of the Keuper Marls have been extensively worked for red and white bricks and tiles in the Poole Brickyard north-east of Wellington ; and in higher beds in the same series several brick pits have been opened at Bishop's Hull by Taunton. {See -p. 23.) The Lower Lias clays have been used for brickmaking west of Chard Road Station ; and perhaps the brick earth that has been worked south of Horton, west of Ilminster, is the result of the surface decomposition of the Lower Lias clay. (See f. 54.) The loamy clays of the Middle Lias near Ilminster are worked for brickmaking ; and stiffer clays nearer the base of the Middle Lias were worked north-east of Cricket Malherbie, about one-third of a mile S.W. of Oxenford Farm. Road Metal. The road-metal most used for the high roads of Taunton and Wellington is Culm limestone from the Westleigh quarries (in sheet 310). The most plentiful material suitable for road-metal in our area is furnished by the Greensand cherts, the Plateau accumulations, and the numerous' gravels derived from them. This material is obtained from the valleys, and largely used for the roads on and near Black- down. Materials from the New Red pebble-bed and conglomerate are locally used as roadstone, and the Marlstone in the neighbourhood of Ilminster is also broken up for the purpose. Mr. Jukes-Browne observes that " Chalk Rock has been quarried in many other counties for road metal, and it makes a very good road-bed, and even a good surface, if mixed with flints that are broken up into smaller pieces than those of the Rock."* He also states that "Cherts, when broken small enough, make a good road for winter wear and for so long as they are kept wet by rain, but they break up into dust and sharp chips of stone in dry weather, and the road then becomes loose and bad, especially for rubber tyres. The surface lasts better if they are mixed with ragstone or some hard kind of limestone." f Scythe Stones. Particulars have been recorded (p. ■±0) of the strata whence the scythe-stones, whetstones, or Devonshire " Batts " have been * Proc. Somerset Arch. Soc, vol. xlix., 1903. I Cretaceous Rocks of Britain, vol. i., p. 434. SCYTHE STONES. 67 obtained. In 1899 only one working on Ponchydown (or Punchey- down) was open. The stone is met with irregularly in the greenish sands, the good stone being sharply jointed and occurring in larger and smaller masses, together with a few irregular and fantastically formed nodules of cherty sandstone. The stone is soft when taken from the workings, and it can then be readily shaped and afterwards rubbed down (with water) into proper form. On drying it becomes very hard. Even now there is a demand greater than the very limited supply which can be obtained from one working, but the useful beds are said to be nearly exhausted. They have been worked along the steep scarp of the hills, where they occur beneath a head of cherty detritus. They are about 25 feet thick, and rest on 20 or 30 feet of yellow sand-rock.* The whetstone rock as described by Dr. G. J. Hinde : — " Is filled with sponge-spicules and their empty easts, cemented together by chalcedonic silica. Quartz-sand and glauconite grains are also present, but no calcite, and only a small amount of mica. . . . The spicules are chiefly of chalcedonic silica ; some appear to be partly of crystalline silica, . . . . the cementing silica, which renders this material suitable for whetstones, is derived from the solution of the spicules, and the chalcedonic silica, which has replaced the calcite of the molluscan shells in the same beds, may be attributed to the same source." f The following account of the industry is quoted from that given by Dr. Eitton in 1836 :— % The total thickness " of the strata which furnish the material for sithe- stones, including the rejected sand and rubbish, is from 12 to 18 feet ; the whole of which is removed in cutting the drifts or galleries." " The mines (or " pits ' as they are called) are driven in direct lines into the hill, almost horizontally, and in some cases to considerable distances. The stony masses from which the sithe-stones are cut, are concretions of very irregular figure, imbedded in looser sand." " They vary from 6 to about 18 inches in diameter." " When first taken out, the stone is greenish and moist, and can be cut or chopped with ease. The tools employed are a sort of axe or adze with a short handle, called a ' basing-hammer,' which is ground to a sharp edge." " For the purpose of cutting the stones, a vertical post of wood, or ' anvil,' is so fixed in the ground as to stand between the knees of the workman, who sits upon a sort of bench built of stone, with some strong pieces of old leather as a defence to his left knee. He first with the edge of his ' basing- hammer ' splits from the blocks, upon his knee, long portions approaching to the shape of the sithe-stones ; and then cuts or chops them down, nearly to the required size, upon the anvil and his knee, just as a carpenter cuts timber with an adze. After being thus rudely shaped, the stones are hewn to the proper dimensions with a larger ' hammer,' and then rubbed down with water by women, on a large stone of the same kind ; when dried they are fit for sale." " The stones when finished vary from about 10 inches to 12 inches in length ; some have the shape of a portion of an almond, with the ends and sides cut square, and about 2 inches by 1£ inches in thickness ; others are almost cylin- drical, but smaller at each end, with the sides a little curved, the diameter in the middle about 2 inches. A good workman can cut out of the blocks about seven dozen of the stones per day." * H. B. Woodward, Proc. Oeol. Assoc., vol., xvi., p. 143. t Phil. Trans., 1885, p. 421. I Trans. Geol. tSoc, ser. 2, vol. iv., p. 237. 58 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. Iron-Ore. Moore* gave the following analysis of the Ilminister Marlstone Carbonate of iron - 36 '53 Carbonate of lime (with a little of carbonate of magnesia, manganese, etc.) - 30' 14 Insoluble sand and clay - - 33 '33 100- The total quantity of metallic iron present is calculated at 15*91 per cent., too small an amount to be of economic value. P. 0. Hutchinson in 1872 called attention to the so-called " Iron- pits " met with on Ponchydown Hill, and other parts of the Black- down Hills, including Dunkeswell Common in the area to the south ; and to the finding of pieces of iron-ore, slag and cinders, suggesting that here and there a bloomary or smelting-place had long ago existed. The " surface iron," as it was called, was probably bog-iron ore ; and he mentions on the authority of James Blackmore, of Clivehays, Churchstanton (1865), that a few years since several tons of the ore were dug from a space about 10 feet square s and the material was placed " beside the garden wall." Hutchinson remarked that " there is a valley near Church Stanton known as Sindercombe, or Cindercombe."f Soils. With exception of some rich loamy arable land resulting from the decomposition of the Marlstone, the most fertile land in the area is afforded by the Keuper Marls where uncovered by superficial gravels. Though chiefly under grass, these marls afford excellent crops, and form fine garden soil. Formerly apple-orchards were grown largely in Taunton Vale, and the Culm, Otter, and Yarty valleys, yielding excellent cider. The Lower Lias districts, although very inferior to the Keuper, furnish fair tillage-land in the limestone, and grass-lands in the clay districts. Here also cider apples are grown. The plateau deposits which cover most of the Cretaceous area form a more or less poor soil for tillage, and in some places where the stones are embedded in stiff impervious clay the land is almost irreclaimable. Parts of the tableland are given over to heath and scrubby vegetation. The soil along the borders of the Greensand uplands is everywhere modified more or less by down washes of Greensand and especially of the chert detritus. Water Supply. The principal water-bearing strata in the area comprise (1) the Lower Sandstone and Breccia, the Pebble-beds and Conglomerate, and the Upper Sandstone of the Trias and Permian ; and (2) the Upper * Proe. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiii., pp. 129, 130. f Trans. Devon. Assoc, vol. v., p. 47. WATER SUPPLY. 59 Greensand and Chalk. The water from these strata would be moderately hard, and the larger permanent supplies are to be expected in the Upper Sandstone, where the plane of saturation would be less affected than on the Cretaceous uplands. The water in the Greensand and Chalk is naturally to a large extent drained off by springs and streams which issue from number- less points along the steep and ramifying scarps ; in the broader tracts of these uplands, good supplies are, however, to be obtained. Of the other water-bearing strata, the limestones of the Culm- measures occupy too limited an area to be of consequence. Sandy beds in the Keuper Marls may locally yield small supplies, but the water might be exceptionally hard from the presence of gypsum in the strata. The Lower Lias limestones and White Lias yield a limited supply of hard water. Springs are thrown out above the black Rhsetic Shales along the scarps ; and occasionally they are thrown out along the dip-slope, as between West Hatch and Little Creech Farm, north-east of Staple Fitzpaine, near the lip of the overlying Lower Lias clays. The sandy beds of the Middle Lias yield supplies of water, but these beds are not very prominently developed in the area, much of the Middle Lias being of a clayey nature. The Marlstone and the Midford Sands occupy very small tracts in the area. The Valley gravels yield more abundant supplies of water in the low-levels, but too often the sources are polluted. The more gravelly beds on the uplands may also yield supplies, sometimes independently held up, above the Greensand. Taunton derives its water from springs given out by the Greensand on the northern slope of the Black Downs. The water is collected in pipes com- municating with the main, and passes over filter beds before reaching the reservoirs. There are three collecting reservoirs above Angersleigh and one above Ruggin, West Buckland. The waterworks were established in 1858. The storage capacity is 40,000,000 gallons, supplying a population of 21,078. The total daily rate of consumption is 20 gallons per head. The water is considered very soft and pure.* In 1875 the wells in Taunton weresaidf to have been sunk at sites approxi- mately from 60 to 100 feet above sea level to depths of from 25 to 75 feet, in Keuper Marls under a few feet of gravel. The water was found to contain about six grains of sulphate and carbonate of lime to the gallon. When pumped dry the water was generally found to fill again in twelve hours in the deeper wells. Wellington water-supply is obtained from Westford Spring, an abundant permanent spring close to Westford stream ; thence it is piped a quarter of a mile N.N.E. to the pumping station at Westford Bridge, where it is pumped up to a water-tower tank at the school near All Saints Church at Rockwell Green. A well had previously been sunk at Westford Bridge to a depth of 40 feet and a boring thence carried to a total depth of 100 feet. At Wellington the wells in 1875J yielded constant supplies of hard water unaffected by looal rains. A well was sunk in the centre of the town at a * The Waterworks Directory and Statistics, London, 1903, p. 287. t Rep. Brit. Assoc, for 1875, pp. 117 and 132. % Ibid., pp. 118, 133. 60 ECONOMIC GEOLOGY. height of 230 feet above the sea, with a diameter of 6 feet, to a depth of 48 feet > in loose sandstone covered by about 2 feet of clay. Pure but particularly hard water was obtained, and a daily supply of 120 gallons was pumped. Ordinary pumping did not perceptibly alter the water level, but it was generally 2 feet lower in summer. In the opinion of well sinkers the general water level at Wellington had sunk from one to two feet in the twenty years prior to 1875. Mr. F. T. Elworthy gave details of a well sunk at his house " Foxdown," on the hill south of the new church, to a depth of 100 feet in the Upper Sand- stones, in which the water level stands at 70 feet from the surface. He said that water was obtained at the same relative level at a house 20 feet lower down the hill, and further down where the faulted Keuper Marls come on it was nearly at the surface. Buckland St. Mary is supplied by a spring rising a short distance north of the village. Thorn Faloon. Here wells were sunk to depths of from 25 to 45 feet, and very hard water was obtained from a bed of sand, probably on or about the horizon of the fossiliferous beds near Ruishton mentioned by Moore. {See p. 22). Cttrry Mallet. The well at the Rectory at the south-east end of the village was deepened from 12 feet to 19 feet 6 inches in 1895. The rocks penetrated are alternating layers of Lias clay, shale, and limestone. WELLS IN UPPER GREENSAND AND CHALK. The farmer at Martins Farm, east of Churchingford (prior to 1894), fur- nished the following information : A well sunk by the farm reached sand at a depth of 34 feet, and in it a bed of chert was encountered at a further depth of 15 to 20 feet. The following are from Mr. Reid's notes : — Above Belcombe Farm, half a mile west of Combe Beacon, a well was sunk to a depth of 125 feet in Chalk. At Red Barn, on the Yarcombe Road, at a mile and a half from Chard, Chalk proved to a depth of 140 feet in a well. Tatworth. — A well was sunk through 10 feet of clay with flints, and 52 feet of Chalk, at the vicar's house. An abundant supply of water is given out at the base of the Greensand north-east of Tatworth. On the north of the village water stood at about 40 feet from the surface in a well. Forton. — A well sunk through chert beds on the north west of the houses. At Mr. Forward's house, 10 feet of angular chert gravel on 14 feet of Greensand were penetrated before encountering water. At Cranway, near Chard, 10 feet of gravel on 10 feet of Greensand was sunk through in a well. At Mr. Salter's, High Street, Chard, 52 feet of sand was penetrated before reaching water. At Mr. Thompson's Collar Works a well was sunk in rock for 23 feet when an abundant supply was obtained. Between the Great Western Railway Station and Chard Union a well was sunk through 10 feet of angular chert gravel in 22 feet of sand. At the London and South- Western Railway Station 22 feet of sand was also penetrated. At the Hearts of Oak Inn, near Chard reservoir, two wells were sunk ; one in firm sand, the other in quick sand. A well at Avishays, near Chaff combe, was sunk through sandy loam and blue clay with pyrites, to a depth of 45 feet. At Knapp Farm a well was sunk to a depth of 63 feet in the Greensand with- out encountering water. At Buckland St. Mary a well was sunk through 50 feet of Greensand to water at Mr. Grant's house. C. Rbid. WATER SUPPLY. 61 Mr. Woodward notes a well-sinking about a quarter of a mile south of Chard Church, in which about 15 feet of gravelly clay was encountered upon sand excavated to a depth of 5 feet. Mineral Waters. CapTiATTD Spa, between Ashill and Hatch Beauchamp, is a chalybeate spring (sulphate of iron, chloride of sodium), given out by the lower beds of the Lower Lias. Mr. Woodward was told in 1874 that persons then went to this spring to seek relief from sundry diseases. At Horton, west of Ilminster, a saline spring is given out in the Lower Lias. In 1854*, the Rev. W. R. Crotch mentioned the discovery of a petrifying spring on Pickeridge Hill. * Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. v., p. 131. 62 APPENDIX. APPENDIX. List of Principal Works on the Geology of the District. 1839. De la Beche, H. T. Report on the Geology of Cornwall, Devon, and West Somerset. 8vo. London. (Geol. Survey.) 1836. Fitton, Dr. W. H. Observations on some of the Strata between the Chalk and the Oxford Oolite, in the South-east of England. Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. iv., pp. 233-243. 184D. Sedgwick, Rev. Prof. A., arid [Sir] R. I. Mtjrchison. On the Physical Structure and Older Stratified Deposits of Devonshire. Trans. Geol. Soc, ser. 2, vol. v., p. 643. 1858. Pring, J. D. On the Gravels at Taunton, in Somersetshire. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xiv., p. 164. 1860. Wright, Dr. T. On the Zone of Avicula contorta, and the Lower Lias of the South of England. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvi., pp. 384, 385. 1861. Moore, C. On the Zones of the Lower Lias and the Avicula contorta Zone. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xvii., pp. 483-516. . 1867. Moore, C. On the Middle and Upper Lias of the South-west of England. Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xiii., pp. 119-244. 1872. Hutchinson, P. O. Iron Pits. Trans. Devon Assoc, vol. v., pp. 47-50. 1874. Woodward, H. B. Glaciation of the South-West of England. Geol. Mag., pp. 335, 336. 1875. Barrois, Dr. C. L'age des couches de Blackdown (Devonshire). Ann. de la Soc Geol. du Nord., t. iii., pp. 1-8. 1875. Ussher, W. A. E. On the Sub-divisions of the Triassic Rocks, be- tween the Coast of West Somerset and the South Coast of Devon. Geol. Mag., pp. 163-168. 1876. Ussher, W. A. E. On the Triassic Rocks of Somerset and Devon. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxii., pp. 367-394. 1878. Downes, Rev. W. The Fossils of the Culm Measure Limestones around Holcombe Rogus. Trans. Devon. Assoc, vol. x., p. 330. 1878. Newton, E. T. A Catalogue of the Cretaceous Fossils in the Museum of Practical Geology. 8vo. London. (Geol. Survey.) 1878. Ussher, W. A. E. The Chronological Value of the Pleistocene De- posits of Devon. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiv. pp. 449-458. 1878. Ussher, W. A. E. On the Chronological Value of the Triassic Strata of the South-western Counties. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxiv., pp. 459-470. 1879. Champernowne, A., and W. A. E. Ussher. Notes on the Structure of the Palaeozoic Districts of West Somerset. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxv., p. 532. 1879. Downes, Rev. W. The Limestones of Westleigh and Holcombe Rogus. Trans. Devon. Assoc, vol. xi., p. 433. 1882. Downes, Rev. W. The Zones of the Blackdown Beds, and their Correlation with those of Haldon, with a List of the Fossils. Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc, vol. xxxviii., pp. 75-92. 1882, Downes, Rev. W. Chert Pits. A Stray Note on Blackdown. Trans. Devon. Assoc, vol. xiv., p. 317 APPENDIX. 63 1892. Winwood, Rev. H. H. Charles Moore, F.G.S., and his Work. With a List of the Fossil Types and Described Specimens in the Bath Museum, by E. Wilson. Proc. Bath Nat. Hist. Club, vol. vii., pp. 232-292. 1893. Woodward, H. B. The Jurassic Rocks of Britain. Vol. iii. The Lias of England and Wales (Yorkshire excepted). 8vo. London) (Geol. Survey.) 1899. Woodward, H. B. Excursion to Blackdown. Proc. Geol. Assoc, vol. xvi., pp. 143, 144. 1900-1904. Jukes-Browne, A. J. The Cretaceous Rocks of Britain. 3 vols. 8vo. London. (Geol. Survey.) 1901. Ussher, W. A. E. The Culm Measure types of Great Britain. Trans. Inst. Mining Eng., vol. xx., p. 630, plate xvi. 1902. Thomas, H. H. The Mineralogioal Constitution of the Finer Material of the Bunter Pebble Bed in the West of England. Quart. Joum. Geol. Soc, vol. lviii., pp. 620-632. 1902. Ussher, W. A. E. The Geology of the Country around Exeter. 8vo. London. (Geol. Survey.) 1903. Jukes-Browne. A. J. The Geology of the Country round Chard. Proc. Somerset Arch, and Nat. Hist. Soc, vol. xlix., pp. 1-11. 1904. Hind, Dr. W. On the Homotaxial Equivalents of the Lower Culm of North Devonshire. Geol Mag., pp. 392-403, 526, 584-587. 1906. Woodward, H. B. and W. A. E. Ussher, with contributions by A. J. Jukes-Browne. Geology of the country near Sidmouth and Lyme Regis. 8vo. London. (Geol. Survey.) 64 INDEX. Abbey Hill, 30. Almshayne Farm, 22. Analysis of Marlstone, 57. Angersleigh, 24, 49, 52, 53. Appley,6. Arber, E. A. Newell, 7. Ash, 24. Cross, 24. Ashbrittle, 7. Ashford Farm, 54. Ashill, 4, 23, 31, 52, 54, 61. Moor, 23. Ashwell, 33, 35. Avishays, 33, 51, 60. Axe River, 1. Valley, 33. Axon, 20. Ayshford Sanford, W., 53. Badbury, 54. Badger Street, 29, 30, 55. Bampton (Duvale Quarry), 8. Barnngton Hill, 31. Barrois, Dr. C, 62. Bath, 25. Museum, 31, 35, 62. Bathealton, 6, 12, 55. Bazeley Farm, 13-15. Beacon Hill (Ilminster), 34 Beacons Lane Farm, 53. Beam Bridge, 52, 53. Beer Farm, 18. Crocombe, 25-27, 29, 30, 54. Belcombe Farm, 50, 60. Belemnite Marl, 45. Belmont, 29, 30. Bewley Farm, 38, 45. Bickenhall, 31, 54. Bideford, 7. Bidgood, W., 52. Bindon House, 17, 18. Birch Hilh 46. Bishops Hull, 24, 56. Wood, 28, 30, 50. Blackborough, 24, 39, 50. Black Down, 4, 48, 56. Beds, 5, 37, 38, 41. Common, 22. Hills (Blackdowns), 1-3, 28, 37, 39, 48, 58. -Fossils, 39, 40, 41. Blackmore, James, 58. Blagdon, 39, 49. Hill, 28. Block House Farm, 21, 53. Bradford, 52. Brendon Hills, 4, Brice Moor, 45, 46. Brick Clay, 56. Bridgewater Canal, 27. Brinscot, Higher, 8. Lower, 8. Bristol Channel, 1. Broad Street, 54. Broadway, 31, 54. Hill, 54. Brodie, Eev. P. B., 27. Broughton Farm, 53. Brown Down, 45, 48, 50. Bryants, 23. Buckland Hill, 22, 39, 50. St Mary, 28, 30, 39, 50, 60. Buckman, S. S., 36. Budleigh Farm, 53. Budgetts Cross, 53. Building stones, 55. Burlescombe, 1, 7, 13, 14, 15, 19. Burnworthy Farm, 48, 49. Cad Green, 54. Capland, 31. Spa, 61. Cannington Park Limestone, 7. Carboniferous, 7, 8. Carlingwark, 22. Castle Cary, 3. Castleman's Hill, 24, 53. Castle Neroche, 1, 31, 39, 51, 54. Chaffcombe, 33, 38, 60. Chalk, 43-47. Rock, 47. Chalybeate Spring, 61. Champernowne, A., 6, 62. Chapman, F., 51. Chard, 1, 3, 31, 37, 38, 43-46, 48, 51, 54-56, 60. Common, 54. Reservoir, 54, 60. Road Station, 1, 31, 54, 56. Chardstock, 45. House, 46. Chelmsine Farm, 53. Chert beds (Culm)., 6, 7. (Cretaceous), 38, 39, 49, 56. Chelston Heathfield, 52. Chipley Park, 17, 18. , Farms east of, 21. Chloritic Marl, 43-45. Churchingford, 45, 50, 60. Churchstanton (Church Stanton) 49, 58. Clayhanger, 45. Clayhidon, 49, 50. INDEX. 65 •Clayhidon Turbary, 22. Clay with flints and cHert, 48-51. Cliifhayne Farm, 60. ■Clivehays, 58." Colly Farm, 30. ■Combe (2Jm. from Chard), 46." Beacon, or Beacon -Hill, "4.7, 50, 60. - Hill, 22, 49. St. Nicholas, 45, 47, 50, 55, 56. Wood, 45. Compton Dundon boring, 22. Conybeare, Bev. W. D., 39. •Conygore Wood, 10. Coombses, 31. Cordwent's Farm, 23. Corfe, 1, 24, 51. Cotham (Landscape) marble, 28. Cothay Abbey, 10. Cranway, 60. „ _"' ■Cretaceous, 37-47. Cricket Malherbie, 33, 56. Cross, 33. Crotch, Eev. W. B., 52, 61. Culliford Farm, 15. Culm Davy Hill, 22. Head, 49. ' __ "River 1 22 Valley, 13j 14,- 19, 22, 28, 52, 53, 58. limestone features, 2, 4; Culmstock, 4, 19, 22, 49, 53. Curland, 31. Common, 53. Curry Mallet, 29, 30, 55, 60. Cutsey, 24. Davidson, T., 43. De la Beche, Sir H. T., 3, 31, 37, 46, 48, 55, 62. Dewstone (Dhu stone), 26, 27. Devil's Stone, 51. Devonian, 6. Donyatt, 31-33, 35, 52. Downes, Eev. W., 15, 40-42, 62. Down Lane (Heme Hill), 35. . Dunkeswell, 50. Earth Movements, 2, 3. Eastbrook, 15. Economic Geology, 55-61. Eleigh Water, 54. Elworthy, F. T., 60. English Channel, 1. Etheridge, K., 44. Exmouth, 11. Faults, 3. Feltham, 29, 39j_56 Fivehead Hill, 27. Folly Farm, 54. Folkestone, 37. Forbes, Prof. E, 37. l Ford Farm, 28, 53. Street, 53. Forde Abbey, 31, 33. Forton, 31, 33, 46, 54, 60. Fox, Howard, 7. Foxdon Hill, 39. Gaddon Down, 53. Gamlins, 8. Garlandhayes, 22. Gillards Farm, 20. Godwin- Austen, E. A. C, 37. Golden Cap, 33. Goodland, Mr., 45. Great Batch, 28. Downs, 21. Greenham, 10. . Barton, 7, 10, 13. • Quarry, 8. Green Mill, 12, 13. Greywethers, 51. 'Grib', 18. Griffin Farm, 28. Giimbel, Dr. C. W., 25. Gypsum, 22. Hackpen Hill, 22. Halberton, 55. Ham, 24. Hamwood Farm, 24. Harpford Farm, 16. Hartridge Hill, 52. Hatch Beauchamp, 1, 3, 22, 24, 54, 61. Park, 54. Eailway cutting, 22, 25, 27, 29. Heale, 53. Hemyock, 4, 52. Henborough Farm, 15, 19, 20. Henlade, 22. Higher Brinscot, 8. Cross, 15. Stout, 48, 50. Wellisford, 13. Highwoodj46. Hind, Dr. Wheelton, 7, 63. Hinde, Dr. G. J., 51, 57. Holywell Lake, 16, 20. Inn, 14, 16. Hornsbury Hill, 38, 51, 54. Horton, 31, 52, 54, 61. Howley, 22, 50. Hull, Prof: E, 9. Hutchinson, P. Q., 58, 62. Ilminster, 1, 3, 31-36, '54, 56, 58, 61. Ilton, 54'. Fitton, Dr. W. H., 5, 15, 37, 40, 42, Inferior Oolite (Sands), 36 57, 62. Irving, Eev. Dr. A., 9, 14. Five Fords, 15. Isle Abbots, 31, 52, 54. Fivehead, 1, 29, 55, 56. — Eiver, 1, 52, 54. 9381. 66 INDEX. Jones, Rev. W. A., 53. Jordan's, 54. Jukes-Browne, A. J., 37, 38, 43-48, 56, 63. Jurassic, 29. Jurston Farm, 20. Keinton Mandeville, 31. Kentisbeare, 15. Kerswell, 13, 14, 19. Keuper, 9, 20-24. Kittisford, 4, 6, 12. Barton, 6. Knapp Cottages, 38. Farm, 28, 60. Knightshayne Farm, 50. Knowle St. Giles, 33. Kossener Schichten, 25. Ladram Bay, 19. Lambpark Farm, 50. Langford Budville, 1, 3, 13, 17, 18, 55. Heathfield, 10, 11, 18. Langport, 3. Leigh Farm, 13, 19. Farms, 17. Hill, 48, 49. Lias, 29. Lime, 55, 56. Little Creech Farm, 59. Longlie Common, 30. Lower Brinscot, 8. — Culm Chert Beds, 6, 7. Lias, 29-31. Marls, 9, 13. Sandstone & Breccia, 9-13. Lowton, 24. Luxen Hill, 46. Lyme Regis, 30. Lype Hill, 22, 23, 24. Mannings Common, 50. Marlands, 15, 20. Marlstone, 32-34, 55, 56, 58, 59. Martin's Farm, 45, 51, 60. Membury, 45. Middle Lias, 32-34. Midford Sands, 33, 36. Miller, J. S., 42. Milverton,14. Mineral Waters, 61. Modelling Clay, 24. Moolham, 32, 35. Stone, 33. Moore, Charles, 5, 22, 24, 25-27, 29- 35, 58, 60, 62, 63. Moorseek Farm, 30. Moss, Mr., 24. Mount Fancy Farm, 39, 49. Murchison, R. I., 6, 7, 62. Neroche Forest, 4. (See also Castle Neroche.) New Barn, 46. New Red Sandstone Series, 2, 9-24- Newton, E. T., 62. Newton Ferrers, (in Cornwall), 7. Nicholashayne, 22. Northay, 55, 56. North Common, 30. Curry, 24. End, 23. Northill Farm (near BroadhemburyX 23. North Hill, 39. Common, 46. Nowera Farm, 23, 24. Nynehead, 20, 21. Oldway, 54. Orchard Portman, 53. Orway, 19. Ostrea-beds, 29. Otter, River, 1, 22. Valley, 28, 52, 58. Otterford,50. Otterton Point, 19. Oxenford Farm, 56. Parkinson, James, 39. Payton, 17. Pebble Beds and Conglomerate, 9,. 13-19. Pendleside Series, 7. Penny, Messrs. 24. Permian, 9. Perry Elm, 20. Phillips, Prof. J., 6, 7. Phosphatic Beds, 45, 47. Pickeridge Hill, 61. Pilton Beds, 6. Pirzwell, 19. Pitminster, 28, 52, 54. Plateau Deposits, 48-51. Pleamore Cross, 53. Poleshill, 11, 12. Pollard, Dr. W., 31. Ponchydown, 39, 40, 57, 58. Poole Brick Pits, Works, 23, 24, 56, Prescott, 19. Pring, J. D., 62. Punchey Down. (See Ponchydown;> Pyles House, 24. Radigan Farm, 31, 54. Radiolaria, 51. Rapps, 54. Red Ball, 19. Barn, 60. Redhill Farm, 20, 21. Reid, O, 22, 28, 30, 31, 33, 34, 44, 46, 50, 51, 54, 60. Rhsetic Beds, 25-28. Ridge (near Chard), 28, 46, 48. ' Farm, 16, 20. Inn, 16. Road Metal, 56. Robin Hood's Butts Cross, 46. IKDEX. 67 Rockwell Green, 20, 21, 52, 53, 59. Kosemary Lane, 49. Rozel House, 54. Ruggm Farm, 53, 59. Rull House, 23. Rumiington, 16-18, 20, 21, 55. Rurtwell, 53. Sampford Arundel, 20, 23. Peverell, 55. Sandy Lane, 21. Sanford, W. A. t 53. Sarsens, 51. Saurian and fish bed, 35. "Schilf " Sandstones, 22, 23. Scythe stones, 40, 56, 57. Sea (S.W. of Ilminster), 54. Sedgwick, Rev. A. and Sir R. I. Mur- chison, 6, 7, 62. Selbornian, 37. Simon's Burrow, 39. Smith, William, 26. Snowdon Hill, 38, 44, 46, 55. — quarry, 44, 45. Soils, 58. Southayes Farm, 50. Southdown Farms, 13, 15. South Chard, 45. • * Coast, 19. — Down, 50. — — Hill Farms, 15. Sowerby, James, 39. Spicer, Dr. N. W., 38. Spray's Hill, 33. Stancombe Farm, 11. Staple Fitzpaine, 51, 55, 59. —Hill, 1,39,49. Stapley, 22. Stawley, 6. Stoford, 24. Water 14. Stoke St. Mary, 1," 3, 22, 26, 52, 53. Stony Down, 50. Stout Mill Pit, 45. Straight Point, 11. Strawberry Bank (near Ilminster), 34. Sully, Mr.(Messrs. Thomas & Co.), 23. Sun Bed, 26, 27. Table of Strata, 2. Tangier (Taunton), 52. Tatworth, 31, 46, 60. Taunton, 1, 4, 22, 24, 52, 56, 59. ■ Museum, 6, 52. Vale, 1, 2, 4, 53, 58. Tawney, E. B., 42. Tertiary, 48-50. Thickthorn, 54. Thomas, H. H., 10, 14, 15, 21, 23, 63. — — — — and Co., Messrs., 23, 24. Thorn Falcon, 22, 53, 60. Thome St. Margaret, 1, 9, 14, 16, 17, 55. Thurlbear, 1, 3, 30, 52, 53. Thurlbear Stone, 55. Tone Bridge, 53. River, 4, 12, 17, 52. Valley, 9-11, 13, 19, 20. - Tonedale, 20. Tortwood Hill, 32, 34, 35. Touches, 31. Tracebridge, 6, 8. Travellers Rest, 45. Trias, 9. Trull, 22. Trusham, 7. Tucker's Farm, 23. Tudbeer Farm, 33. Twenty Acres (Gaddon Down), 53. Two Waters Farm, 54. — Upcott, 23. Upper Chalk, 46, 47. Greensand, 37-42. Lias, 34-36. Marls, 9, 21-24. Sandstones, 9, 19-21. Upottery, 3, 51, 52. Upper Keuper Sandstone, 22, 23, 24. Ussher, W. A. E., 6, 7, 10, 62, 63. Valley Deposits, 52-54. Wadeford, 39, 47. Walscombe Farm, 33. Wambrook, 38, 45, 46. Fault, 3. Valley, 23, 30. Watchford, 45. Water Supply, 58-61. Wavellite Schistus, 7. Weaver, T., 7. Wellington, 1, 3, 4, 13, 17, 19, 20, 22-24, 56, 59, 60. - — ■ Monument, 39, 49, 55. — Station, 20, 53. Wellisford Manor, 10, 11. Wells, 59-61. Werescote, 20. West Buckland, 24, 53, 59. Westford, 13, 17, 19, 20, 23. — • Bridge, 59. West Hatch, 28, 55, 59. Leigh, 7, 56. Whitehall, 20. Hill, 19. Tunnel, 3, 13, 15, 16, 19. Whitehouse, 45. White Lackington, 36. Lias, 29. Whitestaunton, 3, 46, 50, 56. Wiest, J., 43. Williams, Rev. D., 7. Williton, 55. Wilson, K, 63. Wiltown Farm, 50. Winterhay Green, 54. Winwood, Rev. H. H, 32, 63. 68 IJJDEX. 33. 31. ■ Aniblycoceras capricornus, Wiseburrow Farm, 13. Zone Woodward, A. Smith, 35. 31. Dr. H., 35. ■ .-- H. P., 19, 23, 31, 136; 3&, 44,50,51,54,57,61-63. Woolcombe, 14, 15, 19, 20. 44. Wrantage, 27, 28, 53. , Wright, Dr. T., 25, 27, 62. . Yarcombe, 4, 50-52. Yarty Eiver, 1, 28, 30, 37. Valley, 1, 3, 22, 28, 52, 56, 58, Yartyford, 28. Yondercott, 15. Zone of Aciinocamax plentis, 45. Amaltheus margaritatus, 32, 46. 47. 32 of Coroniceras bucklandi, 30, — Holaster plqnm, 43,. 46. , .' subglobosus^ 43-45. — Hystrichoceras varicms, 43, ■ Lioceras opalinwn, 36. - Lytoceras jurense, 36. - Micraster cortestudm&riitm, Paltopleuroc$ras spinatupl, — Pecten asper, 38. — Psiloceras ptanorbis, 29. Mhynchcmella cuvieri, 43, Schloenbachia rostfuta, 38. TerebrqtulinQ,, 43, 46. GENERAL MEMOIES. SUMMARY OF PROGRESS of the GEOLOGICAL SURVEY tor 1897, 1898, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904 & 1905. Each 1». PLIOCENE DEPOSITS of BRITAIN. By C. REID. 5s. 6cf. 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