fH[ ■ i > : i •* 'i ■!> i 1 1 J i 1 '1 ■ i i ■' t 1 ■,* 1 .J* i i r B j > t ■> L ■ Cornell University Library HD1471.U5 AS 1916 + Plantation farming in tiie United States. 3 1924 032 397 899 oiin Overs DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS SAM. L. ROGERS, DIRECTOR PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES WASHrNGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1916 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE PERMANENT CENSUS BUREAU BUREAU OF THE CENSUS SAM. L. ROQERS, Dibector The following circulars of information copceming the Bureau of the Census will be sent upon request TEMTATIVE PROORAM, 1915-1919. UST OF PTTBUCATIONS. THE STORY OF THE CESSUS: 1790-1916. FEDERAL POPOTATION ESTIMATES AND SOTERVaSION OF LOCAL CENSUSES. For list of Thlrteentli Census pubUcattons, see back of cover. Note.— The following is a complete Mst of the pubUcations of the permanent Bureau of the Census. A hmited number of some of tihe reports of the Tenth, Eleventh, and Twelfth Censuses are available for distribution, lists of which may be had on appUcation au cen^ bulletins and reports are of quarto size (9i by Hi inches), but a, number of the miscellaneous pubhcafaons axe ot oc^yojH w Ia^pVSvIv or irregular sizes. Those publications marked with an asterisk (*) are not available for distnbution by the Censu? Bureau, but eeneraiiy may te purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C; Publications available for distribution may oe naa on application to the Director of the Census, Department of Commerce, Washiogton, D. C. Benevoleqt Institutions: 19M and 1910. The blind and the deaf : 1900. Blind population pf the United States: 1910. Cancer in the registration area of the United States; 1914. Central electric light and power stations: 1D02, *1907, and 1912. A century of population growth from the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth: 1790-1900. Deaf in the United States: 1910. Electrical industries: 1902. Express business in the United States: 1907. Financial Statistics of States: 1915. Fisheries of the United States: 1908. Indians in the United States: 1910. Insane and feeble-minded in hospitals and institutions: 1904 and 1910. Manufactures: 1906: Part I— United States by industries. ■ *Part II— By states and territories. ♦Part Ill^Selected industries: Including , com- bined textiles; cotton; hosiery and knit goods; wool; silk; flax, hemp, and jute products; dyeing and flaisblng textiles; buttons; needles, pins, and hooks and eyes; oilcloth and linoleum; boots and shoes; leather, tanned, curried, and finished; fether gloves and mittens; butter, cheese, and con- REPORTS Manufactures: 1905— Part III— Continued. densed milk; flour-mill and gristmill products; starch; canning and preserving;^ rice, cleaning and polishing; beet sugar; slaughtering and meat packing; manulactuied ice; salt; cottonseed products; tobacco; lumber and timber prod- ucts; turpentine and rosin; paper and wood pulp; prmting and publishing; pens and pen- cils; glass; clay products. *Part IV— Selected industries: Including u-on and steel; tin and teme plate; copper, lead, and sine, smelting and refmtag; agricultural implements; electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies; metal-working machinery: musical instruments, attachments, and materials; automobiles; bi- cycles and tricycles; Carriages and wagons; ship- building; , the steam and street railroad car iiidustry; chemicals and allied products; coke; petroleum refining; power employed; earnings of wage earners. Marriage and divorce: 1867-1906: ♦Part I— Summary, laws, foreign statistics. Part II — General tables. Mines and quarries: 1902. Mortality statistics: 190O-1904, 1905, 1906, 1907, »1908, 1909, *1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, and 1914. Negroes in the United States. Paupers in alrohouses: 1904 and 1910. Plantation farming in the United States. Prisoners and juvenile delinquents in institutions: 1904. Religious bodies: 1906: Part I— Summary and general tables. Part H-^Separate denominations: History, de- scription, and statistics. „„„„„ Statistics of cities having a population of over 30,000. 1905, 1906, 1907, *1908, 1909, *1910, 1911, 1912, Md 1916. (The 1913 and 1914 statistics were issued as Bulletm Street and electric railways: 1902, *1907, and 1913. Telephones and telegraphs: 1902. _ Telephones: -1907 (for Telegraph systems: 1907, see Bul- letin 102). ■ , . ', ^ - a Telephones and telegraphs and municipal electric Are- ■ alarm and police-patrol signaling systems: 1912. Transportation by water: 1906. United States life tables; 1910. , ^ ,t Wealth, debt, and taxation: 1913— Volumes I and II. (The various subjects included in these volumes were also issued in a series ol 8 bulletins.) , ^ , ♦Women at work, statistics o( (based on schedules ol the Twellth Census, 1900). BULLETINS NoTE.-The following is a complete list of the buUetins of the permanent Census Bureau. Many of these bulletins contain important statistical matOTtol not to be found in any other^ publications of Ithe bureau. Many others are made up practically of literal extracts or chapters.tak.en from forthcomtag rmorfs of the censi^ or of such important praluninary statistics as may be rapidly tabulated. , Still others represent a condensation or summarization of material contamed in the repOTtspr^er Th^jicts anrtgures are presented in thil form fa order that separate distribution may be made of material bearing on particular subjects, or for the purpose of more prompt presentation thereof __^^ ,, ^^ Bull. No. 13 68 127 21 Bull. No. Abstract of Financial Statistics ot Cities having a population of over 30, 000: 1915 Abstract of special buivtlns. Wealth, debt, and taxation: 1913 (unnumbered). Age statLstics, a discussion of: 1880, 1890, 1900 ... . Assessed valuation of property and amounts and rates of levy: 1860-1912 (unnumbered). BUnd population ot the United States: 1910 130 ♦Central electric light and power stations: 1902.. 6 Same, 1912..... 124 •Child labor in the District of Columbia: Twelfth OpTlsil'^ 1900 . .>.....-.-----.----■--- Child labor inthe tfnlted States: Twellth Cen- sus, 1900 - Chinese and Japanese in the United States: 1910. Commercial valuation of railway operating property in the United States: 1904 Cotton ginned in the United States: Crops ot 1899 to 1902, inclusive - *Same, crops ol 1899 to 1903, inclusive 10 *Same, crops of 1900 to 1904, inclusive 19 Cotton production: 1905. (The statistics of cottonseed products, gathered at the quin- quennial consius ot manufactures, are also shown in this bulletin) , 40 Same, 1906 -■.-• 76 Same,1907 86 *Same. 1908 100 Same,1909...- ■ 107 - same, 1910. (The statistics of cottonseed products, gathered at the quinquennial census 01 manufactures, are also shown in this bulletin) 1" Same,1911 IJj Same,1912 116 Same, 1913 -- 125 Cotton supply and distribution lor the year end- ing August 31, 1905. .. . 25 *Same, 1906 - '• g Same,1907.. 90 Same, 1908 • ,97 Same, 1009 106 Same, 1910 JW Same,1911., ■ J}? 3ame,1912 - JIJ Same, 1913 -- •- !£ Same, 1914 -.-- 128 Cotton production and distribution: 1914-15 131 ♦Same, 1915-16 ■„—■•„•■• ^^ County and municipal indebtedness, 1890-1913; and sinking fund assets, 1913 (unnumbered). County revenues, exponditures, and public prop- erties: 1913 (unnumbered). Deaf and dumb population of f he United States: 1910 (unnumbered). , ,_ - Eamiogs of wage earners (a study based on the census of manufactures, 1906) m Electrical industries of Porto Eico: 1907 99 Estimated value of national we^th: 1860-1912 (unnumbered). . . Estimates ot population: 1904, 1905, 1906 71 Same, 1910, 19U, 1912, 1913, 1914 122 Same, 1910, 1911, 1915, 1913, 1914, 1915, and 1910 - 133 Estimates Of population of tho larger cities of the United States in 1901, 1902, aiid 1903 7 Exeontive civil service of the United, States, sta- tistics of em|jlo.Ve.:ji: IW 12 Same, 1907. - 9< Geographical distribution ot population: 1880, 1890, and 1900 i lUlteracy jn the United States (a study based on reports of the TweKth and preceding censuses) - 26 Increased population: l890tol9C0,adiscus6ion.. 4 Industrial districts: 1906. Manulactures and population - - , 101 Insane and feeble-minded in institutions: 1910.- 119 Insular and municipal finances in Porto Rico for the fiscal year 1902-3 24 Irrigation in the United States: 1902 16 ♦Marraigeand divorce: 1887-1906.... 96 Mineral industries of Porto Bico: 1902 6 Mines and quarries: 1902 9 Mortality statistics: 1908 104 ♦Same, 1909 108 Same, low 109 Same.l9U 112 Municipal electric fire-alarm and police-patrol systems: 1902 Same, 1912 Municipal revenues, expenditures, and public properties: 1913 (unnumbered). National and state indebtedness: 1893-1913 (un- numbered). National and state revenues and expenditures, 1913 and 1903, and value of public properties, by states, 1913 (unnumbered). ♦Negroes in the United States: 1900 Same, 1910 129 Paupers in almshouses: 1910... 120 Population of Oklahoma and Indian Territory: 1907 89 Prisoners and juvenile delinquents: 1910 121 Proportion of children in the United States (a study based on reports ol the Twelfth and preceding censuses) Proportion of the sexes In the United States (a study based on reports ot the Twelfth and preceding censuses) 14 Religious bodies: 1906 (2d ed., revised and enlarged) , 103 Statistics of cities having a population of 8,000 to 25,000:1903 45 Statistics ot cities having a population of over 25,000: 1902 and 1903 : 20 Statistics of cities having a population ot over 30,000:1904 60 Same, 1907... 105 ♦Same, 1912 118 Same, 1913 128 Same, 1915 133 Same, 1915 (Abstract) 132 ♦Street and electric railways: 1902 3 Same,19l2.. , 124 Supervisors' districts for the Thirteenth Census: 1910 98 Taxation and revenue systems of state and local governments (a digest ot constitu- tional and statutory provisions relating to taxation in the different states in 1912) (un- numbered). ' Teachers, statistics ot (a study based on reports ot the Twelfth and preceding censuses) 23 Telegraph systems: 1907 , 102 Telephones and telegraphs: 1902 17 Same, 1912..... 123 Transportation by water, United States: 1906. . . 91 Vital statistics ot the Twelfth Census: 1900 ...... 15 (List ot publications cphtinued an page 3 ot cover.) u 123 8 22 MANUFACTURES, CENSUS OF 1905 (The bulletins presenting the 1009 census of manufac- tures will be found listed on page 3 ot the cover.) SPECIAL INDUSTRIES (The statistics presented in these bulletins are reproduced in Parts III and IV ot the Report on Manufactures: 1905.) Bull. No. Agricultural implements 75 Automobiles and bicycles and tricycles 66 Boots and shoes, leather, and leather gloves and mi ttens 72 Butter, cheese, and condensed milk, flour-mill and gristmlli products, and starch — 64 Canning and preserving, rice cleaning and pol- ishing, and the manufacture of beet sugar ; 61 Carriages and wagons, and the steam and street / railroad car industry . S4 Chemicals and allied products 92 Copper, lead, and zinc, smelting and refining , 86 Coke - ...-: 65 Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies. .. >■ 73 Glass and clay products 62 Iron and steel and tin and teme plate i 78 Lumber and timber products 1 77 Metal-working machinery 67 Musical instruments, attachments, and materials 82 ♦Paper and wood pulp 80 Pens and pencils, buttons, needles, pins, and hooks and eyes, oilcloth and linoleum, and turpentine and rosin 85 Petroleum refining 70 Power employed in manufactures 88 Printing and publishing 79 Shipbuilding... 81 ♦Slaughtering and meat packing, manufactured ice,andsalt 83 ♦Textiles 74 Tobacco 87 STATES AND TERRITORIES (The statistics presented in these bulletins are reproduced in Part II ot the Report on Manu- factures: 1905.) ♦United States ,...;... 57 Separate bulletins for each state were printed, and copies are still available tor distribution. MANUFACTURES, CENSUS OF 1914. SPECIAL INDUSTRIES. This series wUl comprise about 60 bulletins, and it is expected to issue all of the series durtog 1916. The lollowing have been issued: Power laundries, 28 p. Rice cleaning and polishing, 9 p. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE BUREAU OF THE CENSUS SAM. L. ROGERS, Director PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1916 tht ADDITIONAL COPIES OP THIS pubuoahon may be peocueed fbom THE SUPEEINTEKDENT OF DOCUMENTS GOVEEHMENT PEINTINO OFFICE ■WASHINGTON, D. C. AT 10 CENTS PEK COPY CONTENTS. Letter of transmittal 5 Preface 6 General summary and analysis 7-16 Introduction 7 Significance of Statistics of Plantations 7 Table 1. — Farms or plantations, land in farms, and value of improved land in farms, and of land and buildings in eleven Southern states:. 1850 to 1910 8 Table 2.— Averages for the North and the South: 1850 to 1010 8 E-vidences of Division of Plantations 8 Table 3. — Farms and Farm Land — Population, number of farms, total land area, and acreage of all farm land and of improved farm land, with increase, by divisions: 1850 to 1910 9 Table 4. — ^Farm Property — Value of all farm property, and of land and buildings, implements and machinery, and live stock, with increase, by divisions: 1850 to 1910 10 Increases and decreases in farms and farm land, by geographic divisions and sections: 1850 to 1910 11 Table 5. — Increases, by geographic divisions and sections: 1850 to 1910 11 Distribution of farms and farm land, by geographic divisions and sections: 1850 to 1910 12 Table 6. — Percentage distribution of farms and farm land, by divisions and sections: 1850 to 1910 12 Average total acreage and improved acreage per farm, by geographic divisions and sections: 1850 to 1910 12 Table 7. — Average acreages, by divisions and sections: 1850 to 1910 12 Table 8. — Average value per farm and per acre of land in farms, of all farm property, and of land and buildings, implements and machinery, and live stock, by divisions and sections: 1850 to 1910 14 Definition of a tenant plantation 13 Method of investigation of plantations and scope of the statistics 14 Extent of the tenant plantation bystem in the selected territory 16-29 Summary 16 Table 9. — Tenant plantations in 325 counties of eleven Southern states: 1910 16 Plantations, classified according to number of tenants 18 Table 10. — Plantations, classified by number of tenants 18 Plantations with complete reports 19 Plantations without complete reports 19 Averages for plantations and plantation farms 19 Table 11. — Average acreage and value of all tenant plantations, with and without complete reports, in 325 selected counties of eleven Southern states: 1910 20 Plantations, by states 21 Table 12. — Number, acreage, and value of land and buildings of all tenant plantations, and of landlord farms and tenant farms on tenant plantations, in 325 selected counties of eleven Southern states: 1910 22 Plantation averages, by states 23 Table 13. — Average acreage and value of all tenant plantations, by plantations and landlord and tenant farms, in the 325 selected counties of eleven Southern states: 1910 24 Comparison of plantations with other farms 26 Table 14. — Number, acreage, and value of all farms and of plantation farms in 325 counties of eleven Southern states, by states: 1910 26 Distribution of all farms and total farm acreage 26 Table 15. — Distribution of farms operated by plantation landlords 27 Table 16. — Distribution of farms operated by other than plantation landlords 27 Table 17. — Distribution of farms operated by plantation tenants 27 Table 18. — Distribution of farms operated by tenants not on plantations , 28 Table 19. — Supplemental statistics showing probable errors from duplications and omissions 28 Table 20. — Summary, with percentage distributions, for all farms and fai-m land in 825 selected counties in eleven Southern states, by status of operators: 1910 28 Extent of wage labor plantation system 29-37 Table 21. — Total number of farms and number of farmers reporting the employment of labor, by divisions and states: 1909. 32 Table 22. — Average expenditures for labor per farm and per acre, of all land and of improved land in farms, by divisions and states: 1909 and 1899 32 (3) 4 CONTENTS. Extent op wage labor plantation system — continued. Wage labor plantations 30 Table 23. — Farms reporting expenditures of $1,000 and over for labor, by divisions and states: 1909 33 Table 24. — Farms reporting expenditures of $500 and less than $1,000 for labor, by divisions and states: 1909 34 Table 25. — ^Farms reporting expenditures of $500 and over for labor, by divisions and states: 1909 34 Wage labor on small farms 30 Table 26. — Farms reporting expenditures of less than $500 for labor, by divisions and states: 1909 34 All farms employing wage labor 31 Table 27. — Farms reporting expenditures for labor, by divisions and states: 1909 35 Expenditures for wage labor: 1909 and 1899 31 Table 28. — Expenditures for labor for 1909 and 1899, with amounts and percentages of increase 35 Wage labor plantations in eleven Southern states 31 Table 29. — Farms reporting expenditures for labor in eleven Southern states, classified byamount of expenditures: 1909 and 1899 36 IIAP. Selected plantation area, boundaries of cotton belt, and counties having 50 per cent or more of negro population: 1910 17 Appendix 38-40 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL DEPARTMENT OP COMMERCE, Bureau of the Census, Washington, B. C, December 1, 1916. Sir: I transmit herewith a report of the Census Bureau, "Plantation Farming in the United States," which presents the results of special studies and analyses of the enumerators' returns from which were derived the sta- tistics contained in Chapter XII — "Plantations in the South" — of Volume V of the Thirteenth Census Reports. Because of the very great importance of the plantation system in the South, where are located nearly half the farms in the United States, this work was undertaken in order to obtain as much information as possible for use in connection with the study of rural life problems and the administration of the various congressional enact- ments for the benefit and extension of American agriculture. The results of the investigations made during the Thirteenth Census period, as published in Chapter XII of Volume V, were compiled imder the direction of Dr. John Lee Coulter, then ia charge of the division of agri- culture, by William Lane Austia, who was in immediate charge of the inquiry. This report was also prepared tmder the direction of Dr. Coulter. The special studies upon which the statistics of the report are based were made by the following agents of the Census Bureau: C. E. Allen, of the Alabama Presbyterian University; R. P. Brooks, of the University of Georgia; A. C. Cance, of the Massachusetts Agi'icultural College; L. C. Gray, of the University of Wisconsin ; and George McCutcheon, of the University of South Carolina, Respectfully, Sam. L. Rogers, Director of the Census. To Hon. William C. Redfield, Secretary of Commerce. (5) PREFACE. During the period covered by the Thirteenth Decennial Census some study of the subject of Plantations in the South was made, the results of which appear as Chapter XII in Volume V of the reports of that census. At that time some controversy arose as to the meaning of the term "farm." It was pointed out that in the South there were scattered through 325 coimties approximately 40,000 plantations with an average size of about 725 acres, the improved parts of which were operated by some 400,000 tenant farmers, who lived on small "cuts" or "parcels" of land averaging less than 40 acres. Some authorities contended that each plantation should be counted as a farm, while others held that each tenant tract should be recognized as a separate unit or farm. The practice for half a century has been to treat the tenant tracts as separate farms, and after careful considera- tion of the various contentions it seemed advisable to follow that practice in 1910 in order to make the statistics from decade to decade comparable for the period beginning with 1840, when the &st statistics pertaining to agriculture were collected, but to make a more thorough investigation of the matter before work begins on the Fourteenth Decennial Census. After the original pubhcation of the statistics now contained in Chapter XII of Volume V, many inquiries for additional statistics concerning the plantation area of the South were received from investigators and citizens generally in other sections of the country, who desired them for use in connection with the investiga- tion of agricultural conditions generally and the administration of the Federal farm loan act, the Smith-Lever agricultural-education extension act, and other Federal legislation for the benefit of agriculture. To meet the demand for information of this character, special studies of the returns from the plantation area in the South were made by experts from leading colleges in various sections of the United States, and have been embodied in the following pages. As a result of these special studies, it has been strongly recommended by various authorities that in making preparations for collecting the agricultural statistics at the Fourteenth Decennial Census the following policy be pursued: First, that the bureau secure individual schedules for all farms in the United States, whether North or South or East or West ; whether operated by white or by colored farmers, or by owners, tenants, or managers ; whether fully recognized tenant farms or merely small cuts or parcels of plantations. This would correspond in a complete way with the practice during the last half century, and all data secured would be comparable with those obtained at prior censuses. Second, that the bureau provide a supplementary plantation schedule to be placed in the hands of aU the enumerators in all parts of the country, to be used by the enumerators and later by the office force for the assembling of certain essential facts concerning tenant systems. The enumerator woidd be called upon to prepare the supplementary schedule in every case where he found two or more farms owned by one landlord and operated by tenants or managers. This supplementary schedule would be drawn in the name of the land- owner and would be submitted to him for verification and signature wherever possible, while the original indi- vidual schedules would be drawn in the names of the tenant operators or managers. It is pointed out that under this poHcy it would be possible to avoid duplication such as has been common in the past in cases where information has been secured from tenants and later the landowners have unwit- tingly furnished duplicate schedules; no tenant farms would be overlooked, as xmdoubtedly has occurred at times ; and greater accuracy would be secured with practically no additional cost. This poUcy would furnish a basis for a study of land ownership which would be the most thorough ever attempted in this country and would be comparable with si m ilar studies in other countries. It would also provide a basis for intelligent state and national legislation to prevent an increase in tenancy. (6) PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES. GENERAL SUMMAEY AND ANALYSIS. INTEODTJCTION. Prior to the Civil War there were many large farms in the South which were mostly worked by slave labor. These were ordinarily called plantations. There was no sharp line of distinction at that time, nor is there at present, between plantations and other farms, the term "plantation" being apphed simply to large farms usually comprising several hundred or even thousands of acres. Before the war each planta- tion was, of course, a single agricultural unit and was so reported by the Census Bureau, being counted as one of the farms of the country. During the period of reconstruction after the CivU War the owners of the plantations largely tried to work them by hiring labor. In most parts of the South where the plantation system predominated a movement soon began, however, for the substitution of the tenant system of operation. Under this system a plantation was subdivided into small tracts — com- monly called "parcels" or "cuts" — each of which was operated by a tenant. The tenants were designated by various terms, such as"cropper," "standing renter," and the like. Since there were considerable numbers of tenant farms in the North as well as in the South, the Census Bureau very naturally adopted the practice of treating the tenant farms in the South in the same manner as those in the North; that is to say, each tract of land operated by a tenant was treated as a separate farm. As a matter of fact, however, a large proportion of the tenants in the South actually occupied a very difiFerent economic position from that usually occupied by ten- ants in other parts of the country. The plantation as a unit for general purposes of administration has not disappeared, and in many cases the tenants on planta- tions are subjected to quite as complete supervision by the owner, general lessee, or hired manager as that to which the wage laborers are subjected on large farms in the North and West, and indeed in the South. Where this is the case a tenant is very similar in his economic position to the hired farm laborer, practically the only difference being that he confines his work to a particular parcel of land which he works by himself and that he is paid by a share of the crop instead of by wages. Aside from this difference it is often true, par- ticularly in the North and West, that the wage laborer is unmarried, or if married, the wife and children are left behind. In the South the wage laborer, hke the tenant, generally has a family. There are still several thousand plantations in the South which are operated by wage labor. The distinction drawn in popular speech is still based on the size of the agricultural unit and not on the form of organization, but for statistical pmposes it has been necessary to keep separate data for plantations operated by tenants and those worked by wage laborers. SIGNIFICANCE OF STATISTICS OF PLANTATIONS. From what has been said it is evident that the sta- tistics of agriculture for the South, when each tenant holding is treated as a separate farm, are in some respects not comparable with those for other parts of the country. In the North and the West a tenant farm generally is very similar in its method of opera- tion to a farm operated by the owner himself. The owner ordinarily exercises very Httle supervision over the operations of the tenant, and the latter has sub- stantially an independent economic status. Tenant farms in the North and West are in general quite as large and as valuable as the farms operated by their owners, and the tenant farmer often employs hired labor to assist him. In the South, on the other hand, a very large proportion of the tenant farms are de- cidedly small, containing no more land than can be effectively worked by the tenant alone, with perhaps the assistance of his own family. The tenant farm, when a part of an active plantation, is almost univer- sally smaller than the separate unsupervised tenant farm. Moreover, many, though not all, of the tenants are subjected to very thorough supervision by the owner, general lessee, or manager of the plantation of which the farm is a part. As the result of this dif- ference in conditions, the average farm in the South, when each separate tenant farm is counted as a unit, is very much smaller than in the North or the West, and the statistics give an impression which does not cor- respond to actual conditions. In so far as plantations contkiue to be operated by wage laborers no violence is done and comparisons are accurate. The effect of the practice of the Census Bureau in treating each tenant farm in the South as a separate unit is brought out to some extent by a comparison of the changes in the number of farms in that section dur- ing the last 50 years with the changes in farm acreage and the value of farm land and buildings. In order to permit such a comparison Table 1 is presented, which shows, for the eleven Southern states in which the plan- tation system is of importance taken together, the number and total and improved acreage of farms and value of land and buildings as reported at each census from 1850 to 1910, inclusive, together with averages. (7) PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES. FARMS OR PLANTATIONS, LAND IN FARMS, AND VALUE OF IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS AND OF LAND AND BUILDINGS IN ELEVEN SOUTHERN STATES:' 1850 TO 1910. Table 1 FABMS OK PLANTATIONS. ALL LAND IN FARMS. IMPROVED LAND IN FABMS. VALtTE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS. AVERAGE FEB FAEM. CENSX7S YEAB. Number. Per cent of increase. Acres. Per cent of mcrease.2 Acres. Per cent of increase." Amoimt. Per cent of inciease.* Total acreage. Im- proved acreage. Value of land and buUd- ings. 1910 2,491,509 2,128,882 1,524,948 1,252,249 692,076 549,109 412,043 17.0 39.6 21.8 95.4 26.0 33.3 287,275,869 300,169,285 217,246,062 197,002,545 156,791,224 200,476,346 148,479,380 -4.3 36.8 10.3 25.6 -21.8 35.0 109,189,849 94,016,661 86,844,124 67,350,802 46,987,274 56,832,154 42,684,965 16.1 8.3 28.9 43.3 -17.3 33.1 15,411,779,196 2,337,027,934 1,847,425,688 1,234,958,624 781,714,004 1,850,708,493 793,344,268 131.6 26.5 49.6 58.0 -67.8 133.3 115.3 141.0 142.5 157.3 226.6 365.1 360.3 43.8 44.2 56.9 53.8 67.9 103.5 103.6 12,172 1900 1890 1880 1,098 1,211 986 1870 1,130 1860 3,370 1850 1,925 'Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. "A minus sign (— ) denotes decrease. During the half century between the census of 1860, the last census before the process of breaking the plan- tations up into tenant farms commenced, and that of 1910, the amount of land in farms in the eleven Southern states covered by Table 1 increased only 43.3 per cent, whUe the number of farms, as returned by the census, increased from somewhat more than half a miUion to about two and a half million, or 353.7 per cent. In 1860 the average farm contained 365.1 acres, of which 103.5 acres were improved, and the average value of land and buildings per farm was $3,370. In 1910 the average farm had decreased in size to 115.3 acres, of which 43.8 acres were improved, the average value of land and buildings being $2,172 per farm. In the East South Central and South Atlantic divisions the average total acreage in 1910 was ma- terially lower than that for all of the states covered by the table, the latter being increased by the presence of many very large ranches in the West South Central division, particularly in Texas. The table shows further that there has been a continuous decline since 1860 in the average size of farms in the plantation states, the greatest decrease taking place between 1860 and 1870. The effect of the method of classifying farms in the South is further shown in Table 2 by a comparison of the average total and improved acreage and value of land and buildings for that section with the correspond- ing averages for the North. Table a CENSUS TEAK. AVERAGE ACRES OF LAND PER FARM. AVERAGE IMPROVED ACEES PEE FAEM. AVERAGE VALUE OF LAND AND BUILDINGS PEE FARM. The South. The North. The South. The North. The South. The North. 1910 114.4 138.2 139.7 153.4 214.2 335.4 332.1 143.0 133.2 123.7 114.9 117.0 126.4 127.1 48.6 48.1 68.8 66.2 69.2 101.3 101.1 100.3 90.9 87.8 76.6 69.2 68.3 65.4 32,,S74 1,251 1,402 1,224 1,456 3,455 2,051 38, 182 1900.. 4,190 1890 3,721 3,314 1880.. 1870 3,4C3 I860 3,180 2 380 1850 . . . It would be highly desirable that, in addition to statistics in which each tenant farm in the South is counted as a unit, statistics should also be presented in which each plantation operated by tenants — ^pro- vided the tenants are subjected to a considerable degree of supervision — should be treated as a unit among other farms. If this were done the average size of farms in the South would be very much greater than the averages based on the present method of defining farms. For reasons more fully explained hereafter, however, it has been foimd impossible to carry out this plan in its entirety, and it is doubtful whether it wiU ever prove possible to do so in the future. Nevertheless it is highly desirable that some attention should be paid to the plantation system in the South, and the Census Bureau has therefore under- taken to collect statistics relating to it and to present them so far as they were foTind clear and satisfactory in their significance. EVIDENCES OF DIVISION OF PLANTATIONS. The extent of the movement resulting in the break- ing up of plantations is brought out more clearly when the smaller sections of the South represented by geo- graphic divisions are contrasted with similar groups of states in the other parts of the coimtry, as is shown in Tables 3 and 4. Table 3 gives the population of the United States and of the various geographic di- visions, with the number of farms, the total land area, and the acreage of all farm land and of improved land in farms, with increases, from 1850 to 1910, while Table 4 shows for the United States and the various geographic divisions the value of all farm property and of land and buildings, implements and machinery, and live stock, with increases, for the same period. It needs only a glance at the statistics shown in Tables 3 and 4 to strikingly bring out the extent of the movement toward the division of plantations. Be- tween 1860 and 1870 the number of farms in the South Atlantic states increased 23.9 per cent, while the acreage of land in farms actually decreased 15.3 per cent and the acreage of improved land in farms de- creased 13.5 per cent During the following decade 1870-1880 the number of farms in the South Atlantic division increased 72.3 per cent, while the acreage of land in farms increased only 12.4 per cent, and the acreage of improved land increased 19.8 per cent. The same general trend is found for the East South Central and the West South Central geographic divisions. GENERAL SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS. FARMS AND FARM LAND— POPULATION, NUMBER OF FARMS, TOTAL LAND AREA, AND ACREAGE OF ALL FARM LAND AND OF IMPROVED FARM LAND, WITH INCREASE, BY DIVISIONS: 1850 TO 1910. rA minus sign (— ) denotes decrease.] Table 3 POPULATION. NUMBER OF FARMS. Approximate land area (acres). ALL LAND IN FARMS. IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS. DIVISION. Number. Increase. Number. Increase. Acres. Increase. Acres. Increase. Number. Per cent. Number. Per cent. Acres. Per cent. Acres. Per cent. United States. 1910 . . 91,972,266 75,994,575 62,947,714 50,165,783 38,658,371 31,443,321 23,191,876 15,977,691 13,046,861 12.791,931 11,597,412 7,115,050 8,251,445 21.0 20.7 25.5 30.1 22.6 36.6 6,361,502 6,737,372 4,564,641 4,008,907 2,669,985 2,044,077 1,449,073 624,130 1,172,731 565,734 1,348,922 615,908 595,004 10.9 25.7 13.9 50.7 30.1 41.1 1,903,289,600 1,903,461,760 1,903,337,600 1,903,337,600 1,903,337,600 1,903,337,600 '1,884,376,680 878,798,325 838,591,774 623,218,619 536,081,835 407,735,041 407,212,538 293,560,614 40,206,551 215,373,155 87,136,784 128,346,794 522,503 113,651,924 4.8 34.6 16.3 31.5 0.1 38.7 478,451,750 414,498,487 357,616,755 284,771,042 188,921,099 163,110,720 113,032,614 63,953,263 56,881,732 72,845,713 95,849,943 25,810,379 50,078,106 15.4 1900 15.9 1890 . . 25.6 1880 50.7 1870 15.8 I860 - . 44.3 Geographic Divisions. new england. 1910 6,652,681 5,592,017 4.700,749 4,010,529 3,487,924 3,136,283 2,728,116 19,315,892 15,454,678 12,706,220 10,496,878 8,810,806 7,458,985 6,898,735 18,260,621 15,985,681 13,478,305 11,206,668 9,124,517 6,926,884 4,523,260 11,637,921 10,347,423 8,932,112 6,157,443 3,856,594 2,169,832 880,335 12,.194,895 10,443,480 8,857,922 7,597,197 5,853,610 5,364,703 4,679,090 8,409,901 7,547,757 6,429,154 5,585,151 4,404,445 4,020,991 3,363,271 8,784,534 6,632,290 4,740,983 3,334,220 2,029,965 1,747,667 940,261 2,633.517 1,674,657 1,213,935 653,119 315,385 174,923 72,927 4,192,304 2,416,692 1,888,334 1,114,578 675,125 444,053 105,891 960,664 891,268 690,220 522,605 352,641 407, 167 17.2 19.0 17.2 16.0 11.2 14.9 188,802 191,888 189,961 207,232 180,649 183,942 167,651 468,379 485, 818 468,808 488,907 420,946 380,993 322,103 1,123,489 1,135,823 1,009,031 985,273 761,735 686,717 368,177 1,109,948 1,060,744 914,791 712,695 363,343 185,448 69,420 1,111,881 962,225 749,600 844.429 374,102 301,940 248,196 1,(M2,480 903,313 655,786 669,739 371,968 271,150 223,436 943,186 754,853 431,006 316,909 139,030 99,223 43,378 183,446 101,327 49,398 25,043 13,774 8,812 4,676 189,891 141,581 96,480 68,680 34,438 25,852 2,038 -3,086 1,927 -17,271 26,683 -3,293 16,291 -1.6 1.0 -8.3 14.7 -1.8 9.7 39,664,640 39,664,640 39,864,640 39,684,640 39,664,640 39,664,640 39,664,640 64,000,000 64,000,000 64,000,000 64,000,000 64,000,000 64,000,000 84,000,000 157,180,960 157,032,320 167,032,320 167,032,320 167,032,320 167,032.320 157,032,320 326,914,660 326,914,660 326,914,660 328,914,560 328,918,400 459,490,660 184,172,800 172,205,440 172,206,440 172,204,160 172,204,160 172,204,160 172,204,180 172,204,160 114,885,760 114,885,760 114,885,760 114,885,760 114,885,760 114,885,760 114,885,760 276,037,440 275,037,440 276,037,440 275,037,440 275,037,440 275,037,440 275,037,440 549,840,000 549,859,200 549.869,200 649,869,200 649,865,380 342,776,680 298,981,120 203,580,800 203,882,400 203.739,520 203,739.620 203,739,620 278,247,040 280,420,480 19,714,931 20,548,999 19,755,684 21,483,772 19,569,863 20,110,922 18,367,458 43,191,058 44,860,090 42,987,941 46,501,868 43,174,621 40,970,623 38,795,377 117,939,148 118,340,761 106,786,825 105,784,212 87,449,392 72,696,843 50,188,875 232,648,121 201,008,713 160,800,169 101,197,945 61,766,877 35,202,747 12,497,615 103,782,255 104,297,506 100,157,673 101,419,583 90,213,055 106,520,771 93,401,610 81,620,629 81,247,643 78,999,359 76,872,951 66,323,611 74,776,865 58,661,870 169,149,976 178,491,202 77,448,935 56,627,272 33,019,636 44,216,310 19,083,598 59,533,420 46,397,284 14,765,862 3.976,377 1,7.63,690 1,560,938 337,420 51,328,789 47,399,678 32,516,371 22,217,875 14,465,498 11, 166, 729 4,326,793 -834,068 793,415 -1,728,188 1,913,909 -541,059 1,743,484 -4.1 4.0 -8.0 9.8 -2.7 9.5 7,254,904 8,134,403 10,738,930 13,148,466 11,997,540 12,215,771 11,150,594 29,320,894 30,786,211 31,699,094 33,237,166 29,119,645 26,766,140 22,805,574 88,947,228 88,670,271 78,774,847 75,589,373 64,899,646 41,186,414 22,912,190 164,284,862 135,643,828 105,617,479 61,252,946 23,509,863 11,122,285 3,768,142 48,479,733 46,100.226 41,677,371 36,170,331 30,202,991 34,900,942 30,009,323 43,946,846 40,237,337 35,729,170 30,820,882 24,218,478 25,891,024 19,023,415 58,264,273 39,770,530 30,559,654 18,985,889 6,870,297 7,341,202 3,015,531 15,915,002 8,402,576 5,460,739 2,213,300 576,200 240,625 182,534 22,038,008 18,753,105 17,569,671 13,362,689 7,526,439 3,446,317 185,311 -879,499 -2,604,527 -2,409,538 1,150,926 -218,231 1,065,177 -10.8 1900 -24.3 1890 . . -18.3 1880 9.6 1870 . . —1.8 1860 9.6 1860 MIDDLE ATLANTIC. 1910 3,861,214 2,748,458 2,209,342 1,686,072 1,351,821 1,560,260 25.0 21.6 21.0 19.1 18.1 26.4 -17,239 17,010 -20,299 67,961 39,953 68,890 -3.6 3.6 -4.2 16.1 10.5 18.3 -1,689,034 1,872,149 -3,513,927 3,327,347 2,203,898 4,175,246 -3.7 4.4 -7.6 7.7 6.4 11.3 -1,465,317 -812,883 -1,638,072 4,117,621 2,353,505 3,960,566 -4.8 1900 -2.0 1890 -4.9 1880 14.1 1870. 8.8 1860 17.4 1850 EAST NOETH CENTRAL. 1910 2,265,040 2,507,276 2,271,637 2,082,151 2,197,633 2,403,624 14.2 18.6 20.3 22.8 31.7 63.1 -12,334 126,792 23,768 223,538 175,018 218,640 -1.1 12.6 2.4 29.3 29.8 59.4 1,588,387 10,553,936 2,813 18,334,820 14,752,649 22,507,968 1.4 10.0 (') 21.0 20.3 44.8 2,276,957 7,895,624 3,186,274 20,689,727 13,713,232 18,274,224 2.6 1900 10.0 1890.. . 4.2 1880 37.7 1870 33.3 1880 79.8 WEST NORTH CENTRAL. 1910 1,290,498 1,415,311 2,774,669 2,300,849 1,686,762 1,289,497 12.5 15.8 45.1 59.7 77.7 146.5 49,204 145,953 202,096 349,352 177,895 116,028 4.6 16.0 28.4 96.1 95.9 167.1 31,639,408 60,208,544 49,602,224 49,432.068 16,563,130 22,705,132 15.7 33.3 49.0 95.5 47.1 181.7 28,641,034 30,126,349 44,284,533 37,743,083 12,387,678 7,364,143 21.1 1900 28.6 1890 72.3 1880 160.5 1870 111.4 1860 . . 196.2 1850 SOUTH ATLANTIC. 1910 1,761,416 1,585,558 1,260,725 1,743,587 488.907 685,613 16.8 17.9 16.6 29.8 9.1 14.7 149,656 212,625 105,171 270,327 72,162 53,744 15.6 28.4 16.3 72.3 23.9 21.7 -515,251 4,139,933 -1,261,990 11,208,508 -16,307,716 13,119,161 -0.5 4.1 -1.2 12.4 -15.3 14.0 2,379,507 4,422,855 5,507,040 5,987,340 -4,897,951 4,891,619 5.2 1900... 10.6 1890 15.2 1880 19.8 1870 -13.5 I860 18.3 1850 EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. 1910 862,144 1,118,603 844,003 1,180,708 383,454 657,720 11.4 17.4 15.1 26.8 9.5 19.6 139,167 247,647 88,027 197,771 100,818 47,714 15.4 37.7 15.1 53.2 37.2 21.4 272,986 2,248,284 2,126,408 10,649,340 -8,463,044 16,214,785 0.3 2.8 2.8 15.9 -11.3 27.7 3,709,609 4,508,167 4,908,288 6,602,404 -1,672,546 6,867,609 9.2 1900 12.6 1890 15.9 1880 . . 27.3 1870 -6.5 1860 36.1 1850 WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. 1910 2,252,244 1,791,307 1,406,763 1,304,255 282,298 807,416 34.5 37.8 42.2 64.2 16.2 85.9 188,333 323,847 114,097 177,879 39,807 55,845 24.9 75.1 38.0 127.9 40.1 128.7 -7,341,226 99,042,287 20.821,663 23,607,636 -11,196,674 26,132,714 -4.2 127.9 36.8 71.5 -25.3 131.7 18,493,743 9,210,876 11,573,765 12,115,592 -470,905 4,325,671 46.5 1900 30.1 1890. .. 61.0 1880 178.3 1870 ... -6.4 I860 143.4 1860 MOUNTAIN. 1910 968,860 460,722 660,816 337,734 140,482 101,996 57.3 38.0 85.9 107.1 80.3 139.9 82,119 61,929 24,355 11.269 4,962 4,136 81.0 105.1 97.3 81.8 56.3 88.5 13,138,136 31,631,422 10,789,485 2,222,787 192,652 1,223,518 28.3 214.2 271.3 126.8 12.3 362.6 7,512,428 2,941,837 3,247,439 1,637,100 335-576 58,091 89.4 1900 53.9 1890 146.7 1880 284.1 1870 139.5 I860 31.8 PACIFIC. 1910 1,775 612 528,368 773,766 439,453 231,072 338,162 73.5 28.0 69.4 65.1 52.0 319.4 48,310 45,101 37,800 24,242 8,586 23,816 34.1 46.7 64.4 70.4 33.2 1,169.7 3,929,213 14,883,205 10,298,496 7,762,379 3,308,767 6, 829, 936 8.3 45.8 46.4 63.6 29.7 167.9 3,284,903 1,193,434 4,208,982 5,826,250 4,080,122 3,281,006 17.5 190O 6.8 1890 31.5 1880 77.4 1870 118.4 1860 . . 1,984.8 1 1 Includes 297,976,960 acres of imorganized territory. 2 Less than one-tenth of 1 per cent. 10 PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES. FARM PROPERTY— VALUE OF ALL FARM PROPERTY, AND OF LAND AND BUILDINGS, IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY, AND LIVE STOCK, WITH INCREASE, BY DIVISIONS: 1850 TO 1910. [Values reported in gold in 1870. A minus sign (-) denotes decrease.] Table 4 United States. 1910. 1900. 1890. 1880. 1870. 1860. 1850. Geogeaphic Divisions. new ENGLAND. 1910. 1900. 1890. 1880. 1870. 1860. 1850. MIDDLE ATLANTIC. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1910. 1900. 1890. 1880. 1870. 1860. 1850. EAST NORTH CENTRAL. "WEST NORTH CENTRAL. 1910. 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 SOUTH ATLANTIC. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1850. 1910. 1900. 1890. 1880. 1870. 1860. 1850. EAST SOUTH CENTRAL. 1910. 1900. 1890. 1880. 1870. 1860. 1850. I 1910. 1900. 1890. 1880. 1870. 1860. 1850. 1910. 1900. 1890., 1880., 1870. , I860., 1850. . WEST SOUTH CENTRAL. ALL FARM PROPERTY. Value. $40,991,449,090 20,439,901,164 16,082,267,689 12,180,501,538 8,944,857,749 7,980,493,063 3,967,343,580 867,240,457 639,645,900 5^5,267,817 671,846,058 566,353,951 561,467,417 435,154,525 2,959,589,022 2, 310, 886, 728 2,384,703,476 2,624,721,419 2,381,103,898 1,892,664,457 1,249,643,065 10,119,128,066 5,683,925,367 4,751,184,987 4,158,388,413 3,090,625,976 2,028,817,467 805,787,277 13,535,309,511 5,820,994,481 3,766,511,744 1,949,743,846 1,018,032,607 494,589,405 108, 883, 147 2,951,200,773 1,4.54,031,316 1, 333, 395, 489 1, 053, 156, 575 740,833,437 1,207,375,444 706,206,481 2,182,771,779 1,195,868,790 1,054,730,138 846,707,677 705,564,773 1,169,024,049 494,085,395 3,838,154,337 1,619,954,613 835, 791, 560 443, 589, 488 201,412,394 503,093,122 151, 172, 760 1,757,573,368 601,264,180 349,550,941 122,598,635 19,571,627 10,984,059 4,169,566 2,780,481,777 1,113,329,789 1,021,131,537 409,749,627 221,359,086 112,477,643 12,237,364 Increase. 520,551,547,926 4,357,633,475 3,901,760,151 3,236,643,789 964,364,686 4,013,149,483 227,594,557 54,378,083 -86,678,241 105,492,107 4,886,534 126,312,892 648,702,294 -73,816,748 -140,017,943 143,617,521 488,439,441 643,021,392 4,435,202,699 932,740,380 592,796,574 1,067,762,437 1,061,808,609 1,223,030,190 7,714,315,030 2,054,482,737 1,816,767,898 931,711,239 523,443,202 385,704,258 1,497,169,457 120,635,827 280, 238, 914 312,323,138 -466,542,007 501,166,963 986,902,989 141,138,652 208,022,661 141,142,804 -463, 459, 276 674,938,654 2,218,199,724 784,163,053 392,202,072 242, 177, 094 -301,680,728 351,920,362 1,156,309,188 251, 713, 239 226, 952, 406 103,026,908 8,687,568 6,814,493 1,667,151,988 92, 198, 262 611,381,910 188,390,541 108,881,443 100,240,279 Per cent. 100.5 27.1 32.0 36.2 12.1 101.2 35.6 9.3 -12.9 18.6 0.9 29.0 28.1 -3.1 -5.5 6.0 25.8 51.5 78.0 19.8 14.3 34.5 52.3 151.8 132.5 64.5 93.2 91.5 105.8 364.2 103.0 9.0 26.6 42.2 -38.6 71.0 82.5 13.4 24.6 20.0 -39.6 136.6 136.9 93.8 88.4 120.2 -60.0 232.8 192.3 72.0 185.1 526.4 78.2 163.4 149.7 9.0 149.2 85.1 96.8 819.2 LAND AND BUILDINGS. Value. $34,801,125,697 16,614,647,491 13,279,262,649 10,197,096,776 7,444,054,462 6,645,045,007 3,271,676,426 718,544,808 628,267,748 489,670,178 580,681,418 468,133,979 476,303,837 372,348,543 2,442,949,103 1,948,997,940 2,049,630,359 2,222,761,984 2,059,090,179 1,645,644,638 1,082,660,252 8,873,991,694 4,912,697,440 4,101,406,702 3,629,140,732 2,646,744,323 1,735,742,858 671,678,075 11,614,665,870 4,661,282,998 2,968,360,452 1,500,300,355 804,867,937 394,270,606 80,046,068 2,486,436,474 1,206,349,618 1,136,319,670 891, 774, 157 610, 428, 194 1,008,613,066 576,590,683 1,738,397,839 933,780,823 827,514,447 677,848,031 543, 550, 620 929,440,929 371,934,332 3,128,596,882 1,138,891,068 612, 508, 151 303,707,658 134,716,055 384, 540, 766 107,629,651 1,319,396,873 338,619,672 198, 546, 200 58,078,360 8,961,817 4,343,081 1,965,721 2,478,146,254 955, 860, 184 896,397,490 332,804,081 167,671,358 66,145,239 6,723,211 Increase. Amount. $18,186,478,206 3,335,394,842 3,082,155,873 2,763,042,314 799,009,455 3,373,469,581 190,277,060 38, 697, 570 -91,111,240 112,647,439 -8,169,858 103,955,294 493,951,163 -100,632,419 -173,131,625 163,671,805 413,445,541 562,984,386 3,961,394,154 811,190,738 472,265,970 982, 396, 409 911,001,465 1,064,064,783 6,963,382,872 1,682,922,546 1,468,060,097 695,442,418 410,587,332 314,225,547 1,280,086,856 71,029,948 243,546,613 281,345,963 -398,184,871 432,022,482 804,617,016 106,266,376 149,666,416 134,297,411 -386,890,309 557,506,697 1, 989, 705, 814 526, 382, 917 308,800,493 168,991,603 -249,824,700 276,911,104 980,777,201 140,074,472 140,466,840 49, 116, 643 4,618,736 2,377,360 1,522,286,070 59,462,694 563,593,409 165,232,723 101,426,119 59,422,028 Per cent. 109.5 25.1 30.2 37.0 12.0 103.1 36.0 7.9 -15.7 24.0 -1.7 27.9 25.3 -4.9 -7.8 7.9 25.1 52.0 80.6 19.8 13.0 37.1 52.5 158.4 149.7 56.7 97.8 86.4 104.1 392.6 106.1 6.3 27.3 46.1 -39.5 74.9 86.2 12.8 22.1 24.7 -41.5 149.9 174.7 85.9 101.7 126.4 -65.0 257.3 289.6 70.6 241.8 548.1 106.3 120.9 159.2 6.6 169.3 153.3 883.8 IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINEBY. Value. $1,266,149,783 1 749,776,970 494,247,467 406,620,056 270,913,678 246,118,141 151,587,638 50,798,826 36,551,820 23,783,288 22,096,563 18,042,446 16,468,564 12,937,290 167,480,384 116,253,270 93,084,964 84,986,863 71,636,120 57,366,104 41,232,970 268,806,560 166,694,220 126,454,149 119,804,675 84,717,847 56,810,880 30,393,629 368,935,544 197,367,840 125,771,166 86,428,597 38,858,215 16,005,656 5,170,375 98,230,147 53,318,890 36,444,018 30,812,107 20,025,259 34,045,771 24,656,646 75,339,333 48,767,236 31,323,896 27,464,111 19,612,753 32,200,065 21,417,837 119,720,377 177,925,050 27,019,876 19,124,613 10,234,828 29,083,003 15,329,938 49,429,975 18,807,620 7,969,430 3,440,196 896,252 446,887 162,248 66, 408, 647 34,090,025 22,396,680 12,362,430 6,890,958 3,701,221 286,906 Increase. Amount. $615,373,813 256,528,503 87,727,412 135,606,377 24,795,537 94,630,503 14,247,006 12,768,532 1,686,725 4,064,117 1,573,882 3,531,274 61,227,114 23,168,306 8,098,101 13,351,743 14,279,016 16, 123, 134 102,112,330 40,240,071 6,049,474 36,086,828 27,906,967 26,417,351 171,567,704 71,596,674 39,342,569 47,570,382 22,862,559 10,835,281 44,911,257 16,874,872 5,631,911 10,786,848 -14,020,612 26,572,098 17,443,339 3,859,785 7, 851, 358 -12,587,302 10,782,218 41,795,327 50,905,174 7,895,363 8,889,685 -18,848,176 13,753,065 30,622,355 10,838,190 4, 529, 234 2, 543, 944 449, 365 284, 639 32,318,622 11,693,345 10,034,260 5,471,472 3,189,737 3,414,315 Per cent. 68.7 51.7 21.6 60.1 10.1 62.4 39.0 63.7 7.6 22.5 9.6 27.3 44.1 24.9 9.6 18.6 24.9 39.1 61.3 31.8 5.6 41.4 49.1 86.9 56.9 45.5 122.4 142.8 209.6 84.2 46.3 18.3 53.9 -41.2 38.1 54.5 56.7 14.1 40.0 -39.1 50.3 53.6 188.4 41.3 162.8 136.0 131.7 283.8 100.6 175.4 94.8 52.2 81.2 79.4 86.2 1,190.1 LIVE STOCK. Value. $4,926,173,610 3,075,477,703 2,308,767,573 1,576,884,707 1,229,889,609 1,089,329,915 544,180,516 97,896,823 74,826,332 71,914,351 69,068,077 80,177,526 68,695,016 49,868,692 349,159,535 245,635,518 241, 988, 153 216,972,572 250,378,599 189,663,715 125,749,843 976,329,922 604,633,707 523,324,136 409,443,006 359, 163, 806 236,263,729 103,715,673 1,651,708,097 972,343,643 672,380,126 363,014,894 174,316,455 84,313,144 23,669,714 366,634,152 194,362,808 161,631,801 130,570,311 110, 379, 984 164,716,608 104,961,363 369,034,607 213,320,732 196,891,795 141,395,435 142,401,400 207,383,065 100,733,226 589,837,078 403, 138, 495 196,263,533 120,757,317 56,461,511 89,469,364 28,213,171 388,746,520 243,836,888 143,036,311 61,079,979 9,713,558 6,194,091 2,041,597 235, 926, 876 123, 379, 580 102,337,367 64,583,116 46,896,770 42,631,183 5,227,247 Increase. $1,849,695,907 766,710,130 731,882,866 346,995,098 140,559,694 645,149,399 Per cent. 60.1 33.2 46.4 28.2 12.9 100.2 23,070,491 2,911,981 2,846,274 -11,109,449 11,482,510 18,826,324 103,624,017 3,647,365 25,015,581 -33,406,027 60,714,884 63,913,872 371,696,215 81,309,571 113,881,130 50,279,200 122,900,077 132,548,056 579,364,454 299,963,517 309,365,232 188, 698, 439 90,003,311 60,643,430 172,171,344 32,731,007 31, 061, 490 20,190,327 -54,336,624 59,755,265 165,713,875 17,428,937 54,496,360 -1,005,965 -64,981,665 106,649,839 186,698,583 206,874,962 75,506,216 64,295,806 -33,007,863 61,256,193 144,909,632 100,800,577 81,956,332 51,366,421 3,519,467 4,162,494 112,547,296 21,042,213 37,754,251 17,686,346 4,265,687 37,403,936 30.8 4.0 4.1 -13.9 16.7 37.8 42.1 15.1 11.5 -13.3 32.0 50.8 61.5 15.5 27.8 14.0 52.0 127.8 44.6 86.2 108.2 106.7 256.2 88.6 20.3 23.8 18.3 -33.0 56.9 73.0 8.9 38.5 -0.7 -31.3 105.9 46.3 105.4 62.5 113.9 -36.9 217.1 59.4 70.5 134.2 528.8 56.8 203.4 91.2 20.6 58.6 37.7 10.0 715.5 1 As to the comparability of the figures for 1910 with those for 1900, see text discussion. GENERAL SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS. 11 In contrast to the movement shown by the statistics of the three groups of Southern states it should be noted that no such movement is found for the northern and western geographic divisions. Thus during the decade 1870-1880 the number of farms m the West North Central division increased 96.1 per cent, the total acreage in farms increased 95.5 per cent, and the acreage of improved land ia farms increased 160.5 per cent. In other words, all land in. farms and improved land in farms kept pace in a general way with the number of farms. This may be said of most of the northern and western groups in striking contrast to the figures shown for the South. INCREASES AND DECREASES IN POPULATION, NTXMBEE OF FARMS, ALL FARM LAND, AND IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND SECTIONS: 1850 TO 1910. Table 5 shows, for the United States, the geographic divisions, and the larger sections of the country, the amounts and percentages of increase iu population, the number of farms, the acreage of aU land in farms, and the acreage of improved farm land, for the two 30- year periods from 1880 to 1910 and from 1850 to 1880, and also for the entire 60-year period from 1850 to 1910. In compiling the statistics of the report the arrange- ment of the states in the tables by geographic divi- sions follows the plan adopted in the Thirteenth Cen- sus, which was based partly on physical and partly on historical conditions. The states included in each division are shown in the tables on pages 32 to 35. These nine geographic divisions are sometimes grouped in the text tables into three great sections— the North, which includes the New England, Middle Atlantic, East North Central, and West North Central divisions; the South, which includes the South Atlantic, East South Central and West South Central divisions ; and the West, which includes the Mountain and Pacific divisions. INCREASES AND DECREASES, IN FARMS AND FARM LANDS, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND SECTIONS: 1850 TO 1910. Table 5 OEOQEAPHIO DIVISION AND SECTION AND PEBIOD. United States. 1880-1910— Amount Per G6Tlfj 1850-1880— Amount ! .' ." .' '. Percent 1850-1910— Amount Per cent NEW ENGLAND. 1880-1910— Amount . Percent. 1850-1880— Amount . Per cent. 1850-1910— Amount . Per cent . MIDDLE ATLANTIC. 1880-1910— Amount . Per cent . X8S0-1S80— Amount . Percent. 1850-1910— Amount . Percent. east NOBTH CENTRAL. 1880-1910— Amount Percent 1850-1880— Amount Percent 1850-1910— Amount Percent WEST NOBTH CENTRAL. 1880-1910— Amount 1850-1880— Amount '.'.'.'.... Per cent 1850-1910— Amount Percent SOUTH ATLANTIC. 1880-1910— Amount . Percent. 1850-1880— Amoimt . Percent. 1850-1910— Amount . Per cent . EAST SOOTH CENTRAL. 1880-1910— Amount Per cent 1850-1880— Amount Percent 1850-1910— Amount Percent INCREASE.! Population. 41,816,483 83.4 26,963,907 116.3 68,780,390 296.6 2,542,152 63.4 1,282,413 47.0 3,821,565 140.2 8,819,014 84.0 4,598,143 78.0 13,417,157 227.5 7,043,953 62.9 6,683,408 147.8 13,727,361 303.5 5,480,478 89.0 5,277,108 599.4 10,757,586 1,221.9 4,597,698 60.5 2,918,107 62.4 7,515,805 160.6 2,824,750 50.6 2,221,880 66.1 5,046,630 150.0 Number of farms, 2,352,595 68.7 2,559,834 176.7 4,912,429 339.0 —18,430 -8.9 39,581 23.6 21, 151 12.6 -20,528 -4.2 166,804 61.8 146,276 46.4 138, 216 14.0 617,096 167.6 755,312 205.2 397,253 55.7 643, 275 926.6 1,040,528 1,498.8 467,452 72.5 396,233 159.6 863,685 348.0 472, 741 83.0 346,303 155.0 819,044 Acreage. All land In farms. 342,716,490 63.9 242,521,221 82.6 585,237,711 199.4 2,362,692 2.3 8,017^953 10,380',645 11.1 4,647,678 6.0 18,311,081 31.3 22,958,759 39.2 Improved land in farms. 193,680,708 68.0 171,738,428 151.9 365,419,136 323.3 -1,768,841 -8.2 3,116,314 17.0 1,347,473 7.3 -5,893,562 -44.8 1,997,872 17.9 -3,895,690 -34.9 -3,310,812 -7.1 9,708,491 26.4 6,395,679 17.4 -3,916,272 -11.8 10,431,592 45.7 6,515,320 28.6 12,144,936 11.5 55,595,337 110.8 67,740,273 135.0 13,357,865 17.7 52,677,183 229.9 66,035,038 288.2 131,450,176 129.9 88,700,330 709.8 220,150,506 1,761.6 103,031,916 168.2 57,484,804 1,526.5 160,516,720 4,259.7 12,309,402 34.0 6,161,008 20.5 18,470,410 61.5 13,125,964 42.6 11,797,467 62.0 24,923,431 131.0 GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION AND SECTION AND PERIOD. WEST SOUTH CENTRAL, 1880-1910— Amount Per cent 1850-1880— Amount Percent 1850-1910— Amount Per cent MOUNTAIN. 1880-1910— Amount Per cent 1850-1880— Amount Percent 1850-1910— Amount Percent PACIFIC. 1880-1910— Amount Per cent 1850-1880— Amount Per cent 1850-1910— Amount Per cent The North. 1880-1910— Amount Per cent 1850-1880— Amoimt '. Per cent 1850-1910— Amount Per cent The South. 1880-1910— Amount Percent 1850-1880— Amount Per cent 1850-1910— Amount Per cent The West. 1880-1910— Amount Per cent 1850-1880— Amount Per cent 1850-1910— Amount Percent Population. 5,450,314 163.5 2,393,969 254.6 7,844,283 834.3 1,980,398 303.2 580, 192 795.6 2,560,590 3,511.2 3,077,726 276.1 1,008,687 952.6 4,086,413 3,859.1 23,885,597 74.9 17,841,072 127.2 41,726,669 297.4 12,872,762 77.9 7,533,956 83.9 20,406,718 227.2 5,058,124 286.1 1,588,879 888.5 6,647,003 3,717.2 Number of farms. 626,277 197.6 273,531 630.6 899,808 2,074.3 158,403 632.5 20,367 435.6 178, 770 3,823.1 131,211 223.6 66,644 2, 782. 1 187,855 9,226.7 496,511 20.7 1, 466, 756 158.2 1,963,267 211.7 1,566,470 102.3 1,016,067 197.3 2,582,537 501.4 289,614 345.9 77,011 1,147.4 866,625 5,462.2 Acreage. AUland in farms. 112,522,704 198.7 37,543,676 196.7 150,066,380 786.4 55,557,043 1,397.2 3,638,957 1,078.5 59,196,000 17,543.7 29,110,914 131.0 17,891,082 413.5 47,001,996 1,086.3 138,515,459 50.4 157,118,472 133. 3 295,633,931 250.9 119,533,074 50.9 63,872,710 37 3 183, 405', 784 107.2 84,667,957 323.2 21,530,039 461.6 106,197,996 2,276.9 Improved land in farms. 39,278,384 206.9 15,970,358 629.6 55,248,742 1,832.1 13,701,702 619.1 2,030,766 1,112.5 15,732,468 8,618.9 8,685,319 65.0 13,187,378 7,977.3 21,872,697 13,231.2 106,579,937 58.2 122,591,451 202.2 229,171,388 377.9 64,713,750 75.3 33,928,833 65.2 98,642,583 189.5 22,387,021 143.8 15,218,144 4,375.0 37,605,165 10,810.9 1 .V minus sign ( — ) denotes decrease. 12 PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES. The statistics in Table 5 bring out the general move- ment just described even more effectively, and easy contrast is presented in the East North Central and the East South Central geographic divisions. During the 60-year period 1850-1910 the number of farms in the East South Central division increased 366.6 per cent, whUe the total acreage of land in farms increased only 39.2 per cent. On the other hand, the number of farms in the East North Central division increased 205.2 per cent, while the total acreage of land in farms increased 135 per cent. In the East South Central division the acreage of improved land in farms in- creased 131 per cent, or about one-third as rapidly a& the number of farms, while the acreage of improved land in farms in the East North Central division increased 288.2 per cent, or considerably faster than the number of farms. DISTEIBUTION OF FARMS AND FARM LAND, BY GEO- GRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND SECTIONS: 1850 TO 1910. In Table 6 the percentage distribution of the number of farms, the acreage of farm land, and the acreage of improved farm land, for each decade from 1850 to- 1910, is shown. PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTION OF FARMS AND FARM LAND, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND SECTIONS: 1850 TO 1910. Table 6. PER CENT OF UNITED STATES TOTAL. GEOGRAPHIC DIVISION AND SECTION. Number ol farms. All land in farms. Improved land in farms. 1910 1900 1S90 ISSO 1870 1860 1850 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 United States 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 New England ...... 3.0 7.4 17.7 17.4 17. S 16.4 14.8 2.9 3.0 3.3 8.5 19.8 18.5 16.8 15.7 13.2 1.8 2.5 4.2 10.3 22.1 20.0 16.4 14.4 9.4 1.1 2.1 5.2 12.2 24.6 17.8 16.1 14.2 7.9 0.6 1.5 6.8 15.8 28.6 13.7 14.1 14.0 5.2 0.5 1.3 9.0 18.6 28.7 9.1 14.8 13.3 4.9 0.4 1.3 11.6 22.2 25.4 4.8 17.1 15.4 3.0 0.3 0.1 2.2 4.9 13.4 26.5 11.8 9.3 19.2 6.8 5.8 2.5 5.3 13.9 24.0 12.4 9.7 21.0 5.5 5.7 3.2 6.9 17.0 24.2 16.1 12.7 12.4 2.4 5.2 4.0 8.7 19.7 18.9 18.9 14.3 10.6 0.7 4.1 4.8 10.6 21.4 12.7 22.1 16.3 8.1 0.4 3.5 4.9 10.1 17.9 8.6 26.2 18.4 10.9 0.4 2.7 6.3 12.5 17.1 4.3 31.8 19.9 6.5 0.1 1.5 1.5 6.1 18.6 34.3 10.1 9.2 12.2 3.3 4.6 2.0 7.4 20.9 32.7 11.1 9.7 9.6 2.0 4.5 3.0 8.8 22.0 29.5 11.7 10.0 8.5 1.5 4.9 4.6 11.7 26.5 21.5 12.7 10.8 6.7 0.8 4.7 6.4 1.5.4 29.1 12.4 16.0 12.8 3.6 0.3 4.0 7.5 16.4 25.3 6.8 21.4 15.9 4.5 0.1 2.1 9.9 Middle Atlantic 20.2 East North Central a). 3 West North Central South Atlantic 3.3 28.5 Bast South Central 16.8 2.7 Mountain 0.2 Pacific n.i The North 45.4 48.7 5.9 50.1 45.7 4.2 56.6 40.2 3.2 59.7 38.2 2,1 64.9 33.3 1.8 65.4 32.9 1.7 64.0 35.5 0.5 47.1 40.3 12.6 46.6 43.2 11.2 51.2 41.2 7.6 51.3 43.8 4.9 49.5 46.5 4.0 41.5 55.4 3.1 40.1 58.3 1.6 60.6 31.5 7.9 63.0 30.4 6.6 63.4 30.2 6.4 64.3 30.2 5.5 63.3 32.4 4.3 56.0 41.8 2.3 53.fi The South 46.0 TheWest n.s The very great significance of this movement is brought out in a different way in the percent- ages presented in Table 6. While in 1850 only 35.5 per cent, or about one-third of all farms in the United States, were found in the South, in 1910 nearly one-half (48.7 per cent) of all farms were found in that section. This is clearly an evidence of the separatiag of plantations into great nmn- bers of smaller parcels or lots, as shown by the fact that while the number of farms was increasing in this way the percentage of aU land in farms was moving in the opposite direction. Thus 58.3 per cent of all land in farms was in the South in 1850, while by 1910 this percentage had been re- duced to 40.3 per cent. In the case of improved land in farms the same movement is shown even more effectively. The percentages were 46 per cent in 1850 and only 31.5 per cent in 1910. The opposite move- ment is shown for the North. AVERAGE TOTAL ACREAGE AND IMPROVED ACREAGE PER FARM, BY GEOGRAPHIC DIVISIONS AND SECTIONS: 1850 TO 1910. Table 7 shows, for each census year from 1850 to 1910, the average number of acres per farm and the average improved acreage per farm for the United States and for the several geographic divisions and sections. Table 7 AVERAGE ACRES Of LAND PER FARM. SECTION. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 United States 138.1 146.2 136.6 133.7 153.3 199.2 202.6 104.4 92.2 105.0 209.6 93.3 78.2 179.3 324. S 270.3 107.1 92.4 102.4 189.5 108.4 89.9 233.8 457.9 334.8 104.0 91.7 104.8 164.8 133.6 120.5 179.7 298.9 337.0 103.7 95.1 107.4 142.0 157.4 134.9 178.7 168.8 378.6 108.3 102.6 114.8 142.5 241.1 178.3 237.6 127.3 420.0 109.3 107.5 123.9 189.8 362.8 275.8 445.6 177.1 431.6 109.6 114. 2 East North Central 136.3 West North Central . . 180.0 376.3 East South Central 262.1 West South Central 439.9 72.2 Pacific 2, 126. 1 The North 143.0 114.4 296.9 133.2 138.2 386.1 123.7 139.7 324.1 114.9 153.4 312.9 117.0 214.2 336.4 126.4 335.4 366.0 127.1 332.1 TheWest 694.9 GEOGBAPHIO DU'ISION AND AVER AG EIMPRC )VED .« RES PE] K FARM. SECTION. 1910 1900 1890 1880 1870 1860 1850 75.2 72.2 78.3 71.0 71.0 79.8 78.0 38.4 62.6 79.2 148.0 43.6 42.2 61.8 86.8 116.1 42.4 63.4 76.3 127.9 47.9 44.5 52.7 82.9 132.5 56.5 67.4 78.1 116.3 65.6 54.5 70.9 110.5 182.0 63.4 68.0 76.7 86.9 66.1 64.1 69.9 88.4 227.6 66.4 69.2 72.1 64.7 80.7 65.1 49.4 41.8 218.6 66.4 70.3 70.2 60.0 115.6 95.5 74.0 27.3 133.3 66.5 Middle Atlantic 70 8 East North Central . . 62.2 West North Central South Atlantic 120 9 86 1 West South Central 69 5 39.0 Pacific 81 2 The North 100.3 48.6 101.7 90.9 48.1 111.8 87.8 58.8 167.8 76.6 56.2 185.9 69.2 69.2 168.1 68.3 101.3 106.4 65 4 The South 101 1 TheWest 51 8 GENERAL SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS. 13 AH of the statistics presented in the preceding tables lead to the conclusion that the average size of farm for the South is rapidly decreasing, due to the breakiag up of plantations, while on the other hand the average size of farm for the North has increased, due to the introduction of improved machinery, wage labor, improved farm methods, etc. This is brought out most cleariy by Table 7. In 1850 the average acre- age of land per farm for the North was 127.1 acres, while in 1910 it was 143 acres. This is a definite up- ward movement. In contrast the average farm ia the South decreased in size from 332.1 acres in 1850 to 114.4 acres in 1910. In order to eliminate the un- improved land from consideration. Table 7 presents similar averages with reference to improved land in farms and the same movement is brought out even more effectively. The average farm in the North con- tained 65.4 acres of improved land in 1850 and 100.3 acres of improved land in 1910, while the reverse situ- ation is presented for the South where the average farm contained 101.1 acres of improved land in 1850 and only 48.6 acres in 1910. All of these figures per- tain to the North as a whole and the South as a whole. If the figures were presented more specifically for plan- tation states ia the South, or better still for plantation counties, the significance of the movement would ap- pear much more effectively. In order to complete the contrast in movement and to better understand what follows Table 8 (pp. 14, 15) is presented, which shows for each census year from 1850 to 1910 the average value per farm and per acre of all farm property and separately of land and buildings, implements and machinery, and hve stock. This table is so clear that it needs no detailed discussion. DEFINITION OF A TENANT PLANTATION. As already stated the definition of a plantation in popular usage in the South is primarily based on the size of the agricultural unit and not on its method of organization. There would, however, be no particular utility in presenting statistics for plantations, merely in the sense of large farms, in the South any more fully than they are presented for large farms elsewhere. So far as a plantation is operated by wage labor, it differs in no significant respect from large farms oper- ated by wage labor elsewhere, and the mere name "plantation" gives no added significance to the agri- cultural unit. Each plantation operated by wage labor in the South is treated as a single farm in the census statistics, just as it would be if it were in any other part of the country. Following the section on tenant plantations a detailed statement and statistics are presented show- ing the extent to which large farms or plantations operated by wage labor are found in aU sections of the United States. What is required to permit a true picture of condi- tions in the South to be obtained is information regard- ing those plantations which are operated by tenants, which in many cases differ in their method of organi- zation from any form of agricultural unit at all commonly foimd in other parts of the country. In order to make a clear distinction with reference to the plantations concerning which statistics were desired, the Census Bureau adopted the following definition of a "tenant plantation": A tenant plantation is a continuous tract of land of considerable area under the general supervision or control of a single individual or firm, all or a part of such tract being divided into at least five smaller tracts, which are leased to tenants. This definition, in the first place, eliminates from consideration as plantations groups of tenant farms which are not contiguous. In the South, as in the North, a single individual may own several separate farms, each of which is leased to a tenant, but it is obvious that these holdings, taken as a whole, in no sense constitute a plantation. In the second place, the tenant plantation, as defined by the Census Bureau, must be a tract of land of considerable size and containing at least five tenant holdings. It not infrequently happens in the South, as elsewhere, that a single individual owns a tract of land of moderate size which he leases to two or three different ten- ants; but to treat such a holding as a plantation wotdd be going distinctly contrary to the popular usage of the term and would serve no particular pur- pose. The definition further involves the idea of super- vision or control over the tenants on the part of the owner or his representative. There are, however, widely differing degrees of supervision in different cases, and, while some special information regarding the methods and degree of supervision was obtained in regard to a limited number of plantations, it was found impossible to obtain such information of a clear and conclusive character with regard to aU plantations. Consequently, of necessity, the Census Bureau had to treat as a plantation any tract of land conforming to the other features of the definition above set forth, without regard to the exact character or degree of supervision exercised over the tenants. It is probable, therefore, that in some cases tracts of land have been treated as plantations, on which each tenant occupies approximately as independent an economic position as tenant farmers in other parts of the country. Be- yond question, however, in most instances the planta- tions for which statistics are hereafter presented are those on which very considerable supervision is exer- cised over the tenants and on which the position of the tenants is in many respects not far different from that of wage laborers. 14 PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES. AVERAGE VALUE PER FARM AND PER ACRE OF LAND IN FARMS, OP ALL FARM PROPERTY, AND OF LAND Table 8 GEOGEAPHIO DIVISION AND SECTION. United States New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . . West North Central. . South Atlantic East South Central . . . West South Central.. Mountain Pacific The North The South The West United States New England Middle Atlantic East North Central. . . West North Central. . South Atlantic East South Central. . . West South Central. . Mountain Pacific TheNorth The South The West AVERAGE VALUE PEK PAEM. 1910 All farm property. $6, 444 4,593 6,319 9,007 12,196 2,654 2,094 4,069 9,681 14,643 9,507 2,897 12, 165 lyand and build- ings. 5,471 5,216 7,899 10, 464 2,236 1,668 3,317 7,192 13, 050 8,132 2,374 10, 172 Imple- ments and ma- chinery. S199 269 358 239 332 88 72 127 269 350 296 95 310 Live stock. S774 519 745 869 1,398 330 354 625 2,119 1,242 1,029 428 1,673 1900 All farm property. $3, 563 3,333 4,759 5,004 5,488 1,511 1,324 2,146 5,934 7,864 5,030 1,629 7,059 Land and build- ings. 2,753 4,013 4,325 4,385 1,264 1,034 1,509 3,342 6,751 4,190 1,261 5,329 Imple- ments and mar chinery. S131 147 186 55 54 103 186 241 180 69 218 Live stock. $536 390 606 532 917 202 236 634 2,406 871 660 309 1,612 1890 All farm property. S3, 523 3,081 6,089 4,709 4,117 1,779 1,608 1,939 7,076 10,584 4,448 1,756 9,396 Land and build- ings. $2,909 2,577 4,374 4,065 3,245 1,515 1,262 1,421 4,019 9,291 3,721 1,402 7,606 Imple- ments and ma- chinery. $108 125 199 126 137 49 48 63 161 232 143 52 Idve stock. S606 379 516 519 735 216 299 455 2,896 1,061 585 -iVEEAGE VALUE PEK ACEE OF LAND IN FAEMS. $46.64 $39. 60 $1.44 $5.60 $2437 $19.81 $0.89 $3.67 $25.81 $21.31 $1.79 $3.70 43.99 36.45 2.58 4.97 31.13 25.71 1.78 3.64 29.63 24.78 1.20 3.64 68. .'52 66.66 3.88 8.08 61.51 43.45 2.59 6.43 65.47 47.68 2.17 5.63 85.81 76.25 2.28 8.28 48.86 42.23 1.43 5.20 44.91 38.77 1.20 4.95 68.18 49.92 1.59 6.67 28.96 23.14 0.98 4.84 24.98 19.68 0.83 4.46 28.44 23.96 0.95 3.53 13.94 11.67 0.51 1.86 13.31 11.34 0.36 1.61 26.78 21.32 0.92 4.63 14.72 11.49 0.60 2.63 13.35 10.47 0.40 2.48 22.69 18.50 0.71 3.49 9.18 6.45 0.44 2.28 10.79 7.91 0.35 2.63 29.52 22.16 0.83 6.63 12.96 7.30 0.41 5.26 23.67 13.45 0.54 9.69 54.17 48.28 1.29 4.60 23.49 20.17 0.72 2.60 31.40 27.57 0.69 3.16 66.46 67.20 2.07 7.20 37.77 31.46 1.35 4.96 35.97 30.09 1.16 4.73 26.31 20.75 0.83 3.74 11.79 9.06 0.60 2.24 12.56 10.04 0.37 2.16 40.93 34.24 1.04 6.63 18.28 13.80 0.56 3.92 28.99 23.16 0.64 5.19 The statistics presented in this report, therefore, relate to tenant plantations conforming to the above definition. For brevity, the term "plantation" alone is frequently used in the text and in the tables, but it should be distinctly understood that none of the tables include plantations operated by wage labor unless specifically stated. Ordinarily the land in a tenant plantation is not wholly subdivided into tenant farms. The owner of the plantation or the general lessee or a manager com- monly retains in his own possession part of the land. The land thus retained usually contains the owner's house, bams, and other bmldings, his kitchen garden, and the major part of the uncultivated land of the plantation. In some cases, moreover, the owner or manager retains a considerable quantity of unproved land which he operates with his own labor or with wage labor. Consequently, in the census statistics of farms, as ordinarily presented, each plantation is represented by the number of farms operated by tenants, plus one farm operated by the owner or his representative. In the special statistics regarding plantations presented in this report, data regarding the farms retained by landlords are presented separately from those regard- ing the tenant holdings. In the tables which foUow, the term "landlord" is used to designate the owner of the plantation or the person who, as general lessee or local manager or overseer, represents the owner in the management of the plantation, while the term "tenant" refers to any individual who leases a tract of land on the planta- tion and pays for its use a share of the crops, or a fixed amount of money, of cotton, or of other products. The acreage retained by the landlord, together with the total acreage of all the tenants, make up the acre- age of the plantation. All land of every description in the plantation which is not leased or subleased to tenants constitutes the landlord's part of the plantation. METHOD or INVESTIGATION OF PLANTATIONS AND SCOPE OF THE STATISTICS. The special investigation of plantations undertaken by the Census Bureau in 1910 was the first that had ever been made by this bureau, although, of course, prior to the Civil War the agricultural statistics treated plantations as farms along with the other farms of the country. In its conduct of the planta- tion investigations in 1910 this bureau made use of a special plantation schedule in addition to the ordi- nary agricultural schedule. The plantation schedule, which was also placed in the hands of the enumera- tors, was to be fiUed out by interviewing the landlord or his representative. This schedule called for infor- mation regarding the plantation as a whole, regarding the land retained by the landlord for his own use, and regarding each tenant holding. A copy of this spe- cial schedide is presented in the appendix. In addi- tion to making use of this plantation schedule the Census Bureau continued the practice of previous oen- GENERAL SUMMARY AND ANALYSIS. 15 AND BUILDINGS, IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINERY, AND LIVE STOCK, BY DIVISIONS AND SECTIONS: 1850 TO 1910. AVERAGE VALDE PER FARM. 1880 1870 1S60 1860 Land Imple- Land Imple- Land Imple- Land Imple- All farm and ments Live AU larm and ments Live All farm and ments Live All farm and ments Live property. build- ings. and ma- chinery. stoolc. property. build- ings. and ma- chinery. stock. property. build- ings. and ma- chinery. stock. property. build- ings. and ma- chinery- stock. »3,038 $2,544 $101 $393 $3,363 $2,799 $102 $462 $3,904 $3,251 $120 8533 $2,738 $2,258 $105 $376 1 3,242 2,802 107 333 3,135 2,691 100 444 3,062 2,589 90 373 2,696 2,221 77 297 2 5,164 4,546 174 444 5,667 4,892 170 595 4,968 4,319 151 498 3,880 3,361 128 390 3 4,221 3,683 122 416 4,067 3,475 111 472 3,468 2,958 97 403 2,189 1,824 83 282 4 2,736 2,105 121 509 2,802 2,215 107 480 2,667 2,126 86 465 1,668 1,163 74 341 5 1,634 1,384 48 203 1,980 1,632 54 295 3,999 3,340 113 546 2,845 2,323 99 423 6 1,486 1,190 48 248 1,897 1,461 63 383 4,311 3,428 119 765 2,211 1,665 96 451 V 1,400 968 60 381 1,449 969 74 406 5,070 3,876 293 902 3,485 2,481 353 660 8 4,895 2,319 137 2,439 1,421 651 66 706 1,246 493 51 703 892 420 36 437 9 6,983 5,672 211 1,101 6,428 4,866 200 1,362 4,361 2,669 143 1,649 6,010 3,302 141 2,567 10 3,887 3,314 131 442 4,087 3,463 124 500 3,723 3,180 110 433 2,803 2,380 97 327 11 1,631 1,224 51 257 1,862 1,466 66 349 4,283 3,465 142 687 2,624 2,051 119 454 12 6,358 4,669 189 1,601 4,997 3,662 162 1,174 3,562 2,033 120 1,409 2,444 1,295 67 1,083 13 AVEEA GE VALUE PEE ACKE OF LAND IN FAEMS. $22. 72 $19.02 $0.76 $2.94 $21.94 $18.26 $0.66 $3.02 $19.60 $16.32 $0.60 $2.68 $13.51 $11. 14 SO. 52 $1.85 14 31.27 27.03 1.03 3.21 28.94 23.92 0.92 4.10 27.92 23.68 0.82 3.42 23.69 20.27 0.70 2.72 15 54.29 47.80 1.83 4.67 65.15 47.69 1.66 6.80 46.20 40.17 1.40 4.63 33.96 29.42 1.12 3.42 16 39.31 34.31 1.13 3.87 35.34 30.27 0.97 4,11 27.91 23.88 0.78 3.26 16.06 13.38 0.61 2.07 17 19.27 14.83 0.85 3.59 19.67 16.65 0.75 3.37 14.05 11.20 0.45 2.40 8.71 6.40 0.41 1.89 18 10.38 8.79 0.30 1.29 8.21 6.77 0.22 1.22 11.33 9.47 0.32 1.56 7.56 6.17 0.26 1.12 19 11.01 8.82 0.36 1.84 10.64 8.20 0.30 2.15 15.63 12.43 0.43 2.77 8.44 6.35 0.37 1.72 20 7.83 5.36 0.34 2.13 6.10 4.08 0.31 1.71 11.38 8.70 0.66 2.02 7.92 5.64 0.80 1.48 21 30.83 14.61 0.87 15.36 11.16 5.11 0.61 6.64 7.04 2.78 0.29 3.97 12.36 5.83 0.48 6.06 22 18.44 14.98 0.56 2.91 16.30 11.58 0.48 3.24 10.08 5.93 0.33 3.82 2.83 1.55 0.07 1.21 23 33.84 28.85 1.14 3.85 34.94 29.60 1.06 4.28 29.46 26.16 0.87 3.43 22.06 18.73 0.76 2.57 24 9.98 7.97 0.33 1.61 8.69 6.80 0.26 1.63 12.77 10.30 0.42 2.05 7.90 6.17 0.36 1.37 2,") 20.32 14.92 0.60 4.80 14.85 10.88 0.48 3.49 9.71 5.64 0.33 3.84 3.52 1.86 0.10 1.56 26 suses in obtaining a separate agricultural schedule for each farm in the plantation — that is to say, one sched- ule for each tenant farm and one for the land retained by the landlord. These general agricultural sched- ules for the tenant farms were, under the instructions to the enumerators, to be filled out by interviewing the tenants themselves, although doubtless in some cases at least part of the information for them was furnished by the landlord. The plantation schedules obtained from landlords were carefully compared in the office with the general agricultural schedules obtained for the tenant and landlord farms in the same plantation. In fact, one of the objects of the use of the plantation schedule was to furnish a check upon the figures returned by the tenants and the landlord and also to avoid dupH- cation in the statistics. At prior censuses considerable difficulty was encountered from the fact that owners of plantations, misunderstanding the inquiry, not in- frequently gave information regarding the entire plantation, while at the same time the information regarding the small farms operated by tenants was secured from the tenants, thus involving dupUcation of acreage, value of farm property, and even of the production of crops and other agricultural products. The plantation schedule being novel and more or less complex, it was but natural that some of the enumerators failed to secure plantation reports from all plantations in their territory. They secured the separate reports for the tenant holdings and for the land retained by the landlord, but not the general report covering the plantation as a whole. In order to remedy this deficiency in the returns the Census Bureau carefully examined the schedules for tenant farms in the leading plantation counties and assembled into groups those which showed the same landlord. In case, for example, it was found that there was a re- turn for a certain farm operated by its owner and a return for five or more tenant farms in the same locality, each of which reported such owner as the owner also of the tenant farm, it was assumed that these returns represented the parts of a single planta- tion, and the figures for the several tenants and for the farm of the owner were assembled into totals in the Census Bureau. Where it was evident that the tenant farms reported as having a single owner were not con- tiguous, or where, although perhaps contiguous, there was no return for the farm operated by the owner himsetf, no such assembhng of the statistics was made. It is beHeved that the figures for plantations thus assembled in the Census Bureau represent in the great majority of cases true plantations, comparable with those for which plantation schedules were actually secured through the enumerators, but nevertheless in the more important tables hereafter presented a dis- tinction is made between the "plantations with com- plete reports " and the " plantations mi^owi complete reports." 16 PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES. Although the plantation schedule was placed in the hands of enumerators throughout the South, it was known in advance that the plantation tenant system is for the most part confined to certain sections of the South, following primarily the sweep of the great cot- ton belt and of the belt containing a very large pro- portion of Negro population. After examination of the schedules it was deemed desirable to confine the tabulation of the plantation statistics to those parts of the South in which the plantation system is extensively developed. Accordingly 325 counties distributed through the Southern states were selected for tabula- tion. For most of the other counties in the South the number of plantations reported was small, and in some of them a great many of the plantation sched- ules were not very satisfactorily filled out, presumably because of the rarity of the plantation system and the ignorance of the enumerators as to its characteristics and significance. The 325 selected counties for which statistics are pre- sented in this report are distributed through eleven states, as follows: 47 in Alabama, 23 in Arkansas, 1 in northern Florida, 70 in Georgia, 29 in Louisiana, 45 in Mississippi, 21 in North Carolina, 35 in South Carolina, 11 in southern Tennessee, 41 in eastern Texas, and 2 in southern Virginia. The map opposite this page shows these counties, and also indicates the boundaries of the cotton belt and shows which counties contain 50 per cent or more Negro population. It will be seen that in the great majority of the cotmties for which plantation statistics are presented the Negroes constitute at least half of the total population, and that, on the other hand, there are comparatively few counties outside of the area for which plantation statistics are presented in which the proportion is as high as 50 per cent. It will be noted from the map that in some cases the boundary of the area for which plantation statistics are presented is very irregular, and that there is a large territory in northern Alabama and Mississippi and southern Tennessee for which plantation statistics are not presented, although entirely surroimded by counties for which plantation statistics are presented. These irregularities are largely due to differences in the topographical and soil conditions. In some counties these conditions are such that cotton can not be raised on a large scale; and the plantation system, which is usually closely associated with cotton production, is not extensively developed in them. EXTENT OF THE TENANT PLANTATION SYSTEM IN THE SELECTED TERRITORY. SUMMARY. Table 9 summarizes the principal facts for aU tenant plantations and the farms comprised in them in the 325 selected counties of eleven Southern states for 1910. It includes the data for the plantations without complete reports. Table 9 Number of plantations or farms . Total acreage Improved acreage Average total acreage Average improved acreage Per cent o£ total acreage improved. . Value of land and buildings . Land Buildings Average value of land and buildings per plantation or farm Land Buildings Average value of land and buildings per acre of land Land Buildings TENANT plantations: 1910 Plantations. 39,073 28,296,815 15, 836, 363 724.2 405.3 56.0 $676,802,983 659,457,268 117,345,715 17,322 14,319 3,003 23.92 19.77 4.15 Landlord farms. I 39,073 12,929,417 3,384,040 330.9 86.6 26.2 8256,494,386 210,401,728 46,092,658 6,564 5,385 1,179 19.84 16.27 3.57 Tenant farins.2 398,905 15,367,398 12,452,323 38.5 31.2 81.0 $420,308,597 349,055,540 71,253,057 1,054 875 179 27.35 22.71 4.64 1 Parts of tenant plantations retained by landlords. 2 Parts of tenant plantations leased to tenants. There were 39,073 tenant plantations of five or more tenant farms in the restricted territory under consideration. These plantations contained 28,296,815 acres of farm land, of which 15,836,363 acres were improved. The improved land represented 56 per cent, or more than one-half, of the total acreage ia farms in these counties. The combined value of the land and buildings of these plantations was $676,803,000. The average plantation contained 724.2 acres of land, of which 405.3 acres were improved. The value of its land and buildings was $17,322. In acreage it was more than five times as large and ia value of land and buHdings three times as great as the average farm of the United States. As the average farm of the South was smaller and of less value than in the country as a whole these differences are wider espe- cially ia that of value, when comparisons are confined to the South. However, the average value of land and buUdiags per acre of farm land ia the United States as a whole, $39.60, was higher than that for the plantations which was only $23.92. In the selected territory, however, the opposite is the case, for plantations are usually located in the more fertile and productive sections of a community. On these tenant plantations the farms retained and operated by landlords, the owner, manager, or general lessee, contaiaed 12,929,417 acres, or 45.7 per cent of the total plantation acreage. The value of this land with its buUdmgs was $256,494,000. Only 26.2 per cent of aU the land in the landlord farms was improved, much being woodland and other land yet to be opened to cultivation or was incapable of cultivation. (a) -il— oTZ9£f; 18 PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES. The average farm retained by the landlord was 330.9 acres. The land and buildings of this farm were valued on the average at $6,564, with nearly 18 per cent, $1,179, representing buildings. With more than four-fifths of its value in land and almost three- fourths of its acreage still unimproved, the average value of land and buildings per acre for the landlord farm was only $19.84. Besides the farms of landlords, on these tenant plantations, there were also 398,905 farms operated by tenants. These tenant farms covered 15,367,398 acres of farm land — 54.3 per cent of the total planta- tion acreage — of which 12,452,323 acres, or 81 per cent, were improved in striking contrast with the corresponding percentage, 26.2, for the farms retained by landlords. The improved land in tenant farms represented 78.6 per cent of the total improved acreage of the plantations. The tenant farms were valued at $420,309,000, or 62.1 per cent of the total value of the plantations. The average tenant farm contained only 38.5 acres and of this acreage 31.2 were improved. Its value in land and buildings was little more than $1,000, of which only $179 represented buildings, yet its average value per acre was $27.35. The most fertile land on the plantations is usually leased to tenants. There were thus on the tenant plantations of the selected counties more than ten times as many tenant farms as farms of landlords; yet the total acreage of the tenant farms was not very much greater than that of the landlord farms, the average size of tenant farms being much less than that of the landlord farms. The tenant farms, however, were nearly all imder cultiva- tion, while only a Uttle over one-fourth of the land in the landlord farms was improved. This difference can be accounted for by the fact that the tenant Tisually leases only such land as he can put into active use. This is the "law of the land" on the larger and more closely supervised plantations. While the average farm of the landlord contained more than eight times as many acres of land as that of the tenant and had an average value of land and buildings per farm six times as great, the average value of land and buildings per acre was highest in tenant farms. The higher value of tenant farms per acre was doubtless due principally to their larger pro- portion of improved land. PLANTATIONS, CLASSIFIED ACCORDING TO NUMBER OF TENANTS. Table 10 shows statistics as to plantations, grouped according to the number of tenants. The number of individual tenant farms into which each plantation is divided is usually regulated by the acreage of improved land in the plantation. The table presents combined statistics for aU tenant plantations and also separate statistics for those with and those without complete reports. Tenant planta- tions with complete reports are practically all true plantations with a high degree of supervision on the part of the landlord or his representative, but, as already explained, a few, at least, of the tenant plantations without complete reports may not be real units at all. Moreover, a good many of these plantations are doubtless more or less loosely organ- ized, some of them being old plantations with practi- cally aU their improved land subdivided into tenant holdings. Some of these plantations without com- plete reports are presumably now in the transition stage, passing from the class of true plantations to that of independent farms or possibly in some cases the reverse. Table lO All Tenant Plan- tations. Nambei: Plantations landlord farms Tenant farms Acreage of all land: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant (arms P.c.in tenantfarms. Acreage of improved land: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms P. c. in tenant farms. Value of land and build- ings: Plantations dols. Landlord farms, -dols. Tenant farms dols, P.o.in tenantfarms. TENANT PLANTATIONS WITH COMPLETE KE- POBTS. Number: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Acreage of all land: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms P.c. in tenant farms. Acreage of improved land: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms P.c. in tenantfarms. Value of land and build- ings: Plantations dols. Landlord farms, .dols. Tenant farms dols P.c. in tenant farms. TENANT PLANTATIONS OF- All 39,073 39,073 398,905 28,296,815 12,929,417 15,367,398 54.3 15,836,363 3,384,040 12,452,323 78.6 676,802,983 256,494,386 420,308,597 22,157 22, 157 228,123 19,219,098 11,117,225 8, 101, 873 42.2 9,569,705 2,726,469 6,843,236 71.6 440,456,195 214,751,896 225,704,299 51.2 TENANT PLANTATIONS "WITHOUT COMPLETE EEPOKTS. Number: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Acreage of all land: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms P.O. in tenant farms. Acreage of improved land: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms P.c. in tenant farms Value of land and build- ings: Plantations dols . Landlord farms. . dols . Tenant farms dols. P.c. in tenant farms. 26,562 26,662 168,089 13,147,956 6,038,777 7, 109, 179 541 7,273,782 1,732,611 303,295,830 120,546,973 182,748,857 60.3 5 to 9 tenants. 9,160 9,160 118,862 8,731,179 4,015,807 4,715,372 54.0 4,838,608 978,337 3,860,271 79.8 206,617,622 76,709,209 128,908,413 62.7 14,861 14, 861 94,304 8,568,800 4,984,336 3,584,519 41.8 4,293,487 1,333,361 2,960,126 68.9 189,138,833 96,172,995 92,965,838 49.2 16, 916 16,916 170,782 9,077,717 1,812,192 7,265,625 80.0 6,266,668 657,571 5,609,087 236,346,788 41,742,490 194,604,298 82.3 10 to 19 tenants. 2,939 2,939 82,404 4,961,152 2,308,518 2,652,634 63.6 2,865,315 552,212 2,313,103 80.7 125,452,839 46,649,652 78,903,187 62.9 5,336 5,336 69,390 6,150,486 3,592,689 2,557,797 41.6 3,016,191 825,841 2,190,350 72.6 138,085,521 67,266,983 70,818,538 51.2 20 to 49 tenants. 50 tenants and over. 1,734 1,734 48,456 3,546,782 2,076,135 1,476,647 41.5 1,786,172 468,240 1,317,932 73.8 87,542,053 41,010,226 46,531,827 53.2 412 412 29,550 1,456,528 666,315 890,213 61.1 858,658 120,880 737,778 85.9 42,436,692 12,688,562 29,748,140 70.1 226 226 15,973 952,975 464,065 488,910 51.3 473,856 99,027 374.828 79.1 25,689,288 10,301,692 15,388,096 59.9 11, 701 11, 701 73,785 4,579,101 1,054,441 3,624,660 77.0 2,980,295 399,250 2,581,045 114,156,997 24,373,978 89,783,019 78.- 3,824 3,824 49,472 2,580,693 423,118 2,167,575 83.6 1,822,417 152,496 1,669,921 91.6 1,205 1,205 33,948 1,414,370 232,383 1,181,987 1,079,143 83,972 995,171 92.2 67,532,101 37,910,786 9,442,226 6,539,426 68,089,876 32,371,360 86. 86. 4 186 186 13,577 503,553 102,250 401,303 79.7 384,803 21,853 362,960 94.3 16,746,904 2,386,860 14,360,044 85.7 EXTENT OF THE TENANT PLANTATION SYSTEM. 19 Table 10 shows that there were 26,562 plantations (68 per cent of the total number) having from 5 to 9 tenants; 9,160 (23.4 per cent), from 10 to 19 tenants; 2,939 (7.5 per cent), from 20 to 49 tenants; and 412 (1.1 per cent), 50 tenants or more. There were some plantations which had more than a himdred tenants. In general, the large plantations with many tenant farms are better organized and more closely supervised than the smaller plantations. In some localities these larger plantations still have many of the characteristics of the older regime. Plantations with complete reports. — For reasons already suggested, the statistics for tenant plantations with complete reports are in some respects more sig- nificant than those for all plantations. This class of plantations niunbered 22,157 in the 325 counties. They contamed 19,219,098 acres of land, of wh;ch 9,569,705 acres were improved. The farms retained by landlords contained 11,117,225 acres, or consid- erably more than half the total acreage, while the 228,123 tenant farms contained 8,101,873 acres. Of the land in the landlord farms, only 24.5 per cent was improved, much the larger part consisting of woodland and imimproved land, a good deal of which is capable of cultivation. The opportunity for future agricul- tural development on many of these plantations is large. On the other hand, more than five-sixths (84.5 per cent) of the land in the tenant farms on plan- tations with complete reports was under cultivation. In many cases, in fact, the tenant farms were entirely \mder cultivation except for the small area occupied by buildings and yards. The land and buildings of the plantations with complete reports were valued at $440,456,000, of which a little less than half, $214,752,000, was represented by the farms retained by the landlords, and $225,704,000 by the farms of tenants. Of the plantations with complete reports, there were 14,861 (67.1 per cent of the total) having from 5 to 9 tenants, 5,336 (24.1 per cent) having from 10 to 19 ten- ants, 1,734 (7.8 per cent) having from 20 to 49 tenants, and 226 (1 per cent) having 50 tenants or more. Plantations mthout complete reports. — The Census Bureau has compUed statistics for 16,916 planta- tions without complete reports in the selected coun- ties. As already stated, some of these may not be true plantations. Certainly the conditions with respect to the group, taken asajvhole, were somewhat different from those with respect to the plantations with com- plete reports. The plantations without complete reports contained 9,077,717 acres of farm land, of which 6,266,658 acres, or 69 per cent, consisted of improved land, the percentage being much higher than in the case of plantations with complete reports. Of the total farm acreage in these plantations, only 1,812,192 acres, or one-fifth, was held by landlords, the propor- tion contrasting markedly with that in the case of plantations with complete reports. The 1 70,782 farms of tenants contained 7,265,525 acres. The com- paratively small acreage reported as held by land- lords is one of the indications that many of the plantations in this class are in a transitory state or have ceased entirely to be agricultural imits. It is possible that in some cases the landlords failed to report their entire holdings, some of the unimproved tracts perhaps not being looked upon as constituting farms at all. Of the land retained by landlords in the case of tenant plantations without complete reports, the pro- portion improved, 36.3 per cent, was decidedly higher than that in the case of tenant plantations with com- plete reports, 24.5 per cent. There was no very great difference between the two classes of plantations with respect to the percentage of the land in tenant farms which was unproved, although the percentage for the plantations with complete reports, 84.5, was somewhat higher than that for the other plantations, 77.2. The distribution of the plantations without complete reports with respect to size, as indicated by the number of tenants, was not materially different from that of the plantations with complete reports. AVERAGES FOE PLANTATIONS AND PLANTATION FARMS. Table 1 1 presents averages ana percentages derived from the preceding table regarding plantations, land- lord farms, and tenant farms. The average plantation in the selected counties in 1910 contained 724.2 acres of land, of which 405.3 acres were improved. These averages are based on all plantations, including those without complete reports. The value of the land and buUdings of the plantation was, on the average, $17,322. The average plantation was more than five times as large as the average farm in the United States as a whole, and the average value of its land and buildings was three times as great as that for the average farm in the country as a whole. The average value of land and buildings per acre of land for the plantations was $23.92. This average was considerably lower than that for the United States as a whole, $39.60, a fact attributable to the generally lower values of land in the South than in the North. In the territory where the plantations are found, how- ever, the average value of land and buildings per acre is higher in the case of plantations than in the case of other farms, since the plantations are usually located in the more fertile and productive sections of a community. The average amount of land retained by the land- lords of all the plantations was 330.9 acres, the value of which, including that of buildings, was $6,564, the value of buildings representing 18 per cent of the total. In view of the fact that almost three-fourths of the acreage of the landlord farms was still unimproved, it 20 PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED S'I'A'i'ES. is not surprising that the average value of land and bmldtngs per acre for the landlord farms was compara- tively low, 119.84. The average tenant farm on these plantations con- tained only 38.5 acres of land, of which 31.2 acres were improved. The average value of the land and build- ings of the tenant farm was $1,054, of which only $179 represented the value of buildings. The average value of land and buildings per acre, however, $27.35, was decidedly higher than that for the land retained by the landlords, this being the natural result of the fact that the greater part of the land in tenant farms is improved and that the most fertile land on plantations is usually leased to tenants. AVEKAGE ACREAGE AND VALUE OF ALL TENANT PLANTATIONS, WITH AND WITHOUT COMPLETE REPORTS. IN 325 SELECTED COUNTIES OF ELEVEN SOUTHERN STATES: 1910. Table 1 1 All Tenaht Plantations. Average total acreage per planta- tion or farm Average improved acreage per plan- tation or larm Per cent of total acreage improved. . Average value of land and build- ings per plantation or farm Land Buildings Average value of land and buildings per acre of land Land Buildings TENANT PLANTATIONS WITH COM- PLETE EEPOETS. Average total acreage per planta- tion or farm.. Average improved acreage per plan- tation or farm Per cent of total acreage improved. . Average value of land and build- ings per plantation or farm Jband Buildings Average value of land and build- ings per acre of land Land Buildings TENANT PLANTATIONS WITHOVT COMPLETE KEPOKTS. Average total acreage per planta- tion or larm Average improved acreage per plantation or farm Per cent of total acreage improved. . Average value of land and build- ings per plantation or farm Land Buildings Average value of land and build- ings per acre of land Land Buildings TENANT PLANTATIONS OP— All classes. Planta- tions. 724.2 405.3 56.0 817,322 14,319 3,003 $23.92 19.77 4.15 867.4 431.9 49.8 J19,879 16,474 3,405 822.92 18.99 536.6 370.5 69.0 $13,972 11,495 2,477 $26.04 21.42 4.62 Land- lord farms. 330.9 86.6 26.2 $6,564 5,385 1,179 $19.84 16.27 3.57 123.1 24.5 $9,692 8,009 1,683 $19.32 15.96 3.36 107.1 $2,468 1,947 521 $23.03 18.17 4.86 Ten- ant farms. 31.2 81.0 $1,054 876 179 $27.35 22.71 4.64 35.5 30.0 84.5 822 167 $27.86 23.15 4.71 32.8 77.2 $1, 139 946 193 $26.78 22.23 4.55 5 to 9 tenants. Planta- tions. 495.0 273.8 55.3 $11,418 9,325 2,093 $23.07 18.84 4.23 576.6 288.9 50.1 $12,727 10,383 2,344 $22.07 18.01 4.06 391.3 254.7 65.1 $9,756 7,982 1,774 $24.93 20.40 4.53 Laud- lord farms. 227.3 65.2 28.7 $4,538 3,628 910 $19.96 15.96 4.00 89.7 26.8 $6,471 5,209 1,262 $19. 30 15.53 3.77 34.1 37.9 $2,083 1,621 462 $23.12 17.99 5.13 Ten- ant farms. 42.3 33.0 78.0 $1,087 900 187 $25.71 21.28 4.43 38.0 31.4 82.6 815 171 $25.94 21.45 4.49 35.0 73.2 $1,217 1,009 $25.47 21.12 4.36 10 to 19 tenants. Planta- tions. 953.2 528.2 55.4 $22,447 18,720 3,727 $23.55 19.64 3.91 1,152.6 565.3 49.0 $25,878 21,641 4,237 $22.45 18.78 3.67 674.9 476.6 70.6 $17,660 14,643 3,017 $26. 17 21.70 4.47 Land- lord farms. 438.4 106.8 24.4 $8,374 6,969 1,405 $19. 10 16.90 3.20 673.3 154.8 23.0 $12,606 10,577 2,029 $18. 72 15.71 3.01 110.6 39.9 36.0 $2,469 1,934 $22. 32 17.48 4.84 Ten- ant farms. 32.5 81.9 $1,085 906 179 $27.34 22.83 4.51 36.9 31.6 85.6 $1,021 851 170 $27.69 23.08 4.61 43.6 33.8 77.4 $1, 174 982 192 $26.92 22.53 4.39 20 to 49 tenants. Planta- tions. 1,688.0 974.9 57.8 $42,686 35,673 7,013 $25.29 21.13 4.16 785.5 187.9 23.9 $15,839 13,414 2,425 $20.16 17.08 2,045.4 1,030.1 60.4 $50,486 42,606 7,880 $24.68 20.83 3.85 1,173.8 895.6 76.3 $31,461 25,696 5,766 S26.80 21.89 4.91 Land- lord farms. 1,197.3 270.0 22.6 $23,651 20,184 3,467 $19.75 16.86 2.89 69.7 36.1 $4,697 3,672 925 $23.84 19.04 4.80 Ten- ant farms. 32.2 28.1 87.3 $968 794 164 $29.75 24.66 6.09 27.2 89.6 802 158 $31.64 26.44 5.20 34.8 29.3 84.2 $954 782 172 $27.39 22.45 4.94 50 tenants and over. Planta- tions. 3,535.3 2,084.0 59.0 $103,002 86,024 16,978 $29.14 24.33 4.81 4,216.7 2,096.7 49.7 $113,672 94,483 19, 189 $26.96 22.41 4.55 2,707.3 2,068.8 76.4 $90,037 76,745 14,292 $33.26 27.98 6.28 Land- lord farms. 1,374.6 293.4 21.3 $30,797 26,122 4,675 $22.41 19.00 3.41 2,053.4 438.2 21.3 $45,583 38,116 7,467 $22.20 18.56 3.64 549.7 117.5 21.4 $12,832 11,549 1,283 $23.34 21.01 2.33 Ten- ant farms. 30.1 25.0 $1,007 835 172 $33.42 27.72 5.70 30.6 23.5 76.7 $963 797 166 $31.47 26.06 5.41 29.6 26.7 90.4 $1,058 880 178 $35.78 29.75 6.03 There are very material differences between the average shoAvn in the table for the plantations with complete reports and those for the plantations without complete reports, particularly with respect to the land- lord farms. The average plantation with a complete report was very much larger than the average planta- tion without a complete report, but it contained com- paratively Uttle more improved land, the percentage of farm land improved being much lower. The average value of land and buildings for the plantations with complete reports was $19,879, as compared with $13,972 for those without complete reports. The average value per acre, however, was considerably higher for the plantations without complete reports. $26.04, as compared with $22.92 for the plantations with complete reports, a difference naturally resulting from the greater proportion of improved land in plan- tations of the first-named class. The average amoimt of land retained by landlords of plantations with complete reports was no less than 501.7 acres, while for the plantations without complete reports the corresponding average was only 107.1 acres. This difference, as already suggested, may probably be attributable to the fact that some, of not many, of the plantations without complete reports are either not true plantations at all or are in a transitory state. Since, however, a larger proportion of the land- lord farms consists of improved land in the case of the EXTENT OF THE TENANT PLANTATION SYSTEM. 21 plantations without complete reports, the average value of land and buildings per acre is higher for them than for the plantations with complete reports. There are no very great differences between the tenant farms on plantations with complete reports and those on plantations without complete reports. On the average the latter are somewhat the larger and consequently have the greater value of land and buUdings, but the average value of land and buildings per acre for such farms is slightly lower than for those on plantations with complete reports — a natural result of the smaller proportion of improved land. It is noteworthy that, whereas ia most parts of the country the very large farms contain a much smaller proportion of improved land than farms of moderate size, and consequently have a lower value per acre, this is by no means true with respect to plantations. The large plantations of the South are for the most part located in the most fertile sections. Confining atten- tion to the tenant plantations with complete reports as being most typical, it will be seen that there is prac- tically no difference between the different classes of plantations, based on the number of tenants, with respect to the proportion of farm land improved, about half being improved in each case. The average value of land per acre, however, increases with the num- ber of tenants, being $18.01 in the case of planta- tions with complete reports having from 5 to 9 ten- ants, and rising gradually to $22.41 in the case of plantaTtions having 50 or more tenants. There is no such uniform movement in the averages for the value of buildings per acre of land, but this average for plan- tations of 50 or more tenants is higher than for those of any other class. The magnitude of the agricultural operations con- ducted on some of the southern plantations may be judged from the fact that the 226 plantations with complete reports having 50 tenants or more each con- tained on the average 4,216.7 acres, of which 2,096.7 acres were improved, and that the average value of land and buildings for such plantations was $114,000. As might be expected, the landlords of the very large plantations retain a somewhat smaller propor- tion of the total acreage in their own hands and lease a larger proportion to tenants than the landlords of the smaller plantations. In the case of some of the large plantations the greater part consists of unproved land which is leased to tenants. In the case of the tenant farms, however, a somewhat smaller proportion of the land is improved on the very large plantations than on the smaller plantations. PLANTATIONS, BT STATES. Table 12 presents statistics regarding plantations, classified according to number of tenants, by states, the plantations without complete reports being in- cluded with the others. In comparing the figures for different states, and particularly in considering the relation between these figures and those for aU farms in the several states, it should be borne in mind that the statistics do not cover all the counties of any state, and that for some of the states they cover a much larger proportion of the total number of coun- ties than for others. There are of course some planta- tions in counties not covered by the table, although they are largely confined to the counties covered. The concentration of the plantation system is due to the fact that it is chiefly found in districts which produce large quantities of cotton and which have a large Negro population. Some of the plantations in the sugar cane districts of Louisiana, however, are very highly organized. It should be borne in mind that while the plantations may represent only a very small part of the total farm area in some of the states, yet in some of the counties of such states plantations may be the dominant form of agricultural operation. There is httle doubt that the plantation system is both absolutely and relatively more important in Mississippi than in any other state. On the 7,960 plantations in this state for which the Census Bm-eau has tabulated statistics there were 99,432 tenant farms. These plantations contained more than 5,000,000 acres of farm land, of which more than 3,000,000 acres were improved. The value of the land and buildings of the Mississippi plantations was over $140,000,000. The plantation system is probably more firmly fixed in the Yazoo-Mississippi delta than in any other area of the South. The fertile soU and climatic conditions favorable for cotton raising, together with the large Negro population, make the plantation the dominant form of agricultural organization in the delta. In two other states, Alabama and Georgia, the area of the plantations for which statistics were tabulated by the Census Bureau exceeded 5,000,000 acres. South Carolina ranked fourth, with more than 3,000,000 acres in such plantations. The planta- tions in Alabama contained 3,028,979 acres of im- proved land, and those in Georgia 2,855,402 acres of such land. There was more improved land in the plantations of Texas, as tabulated by the bureau, than in those of South Carolina. On the 7,287 plantations in Alabama for which statistics were tabulated there were 76,746 tenant farms; on the 6,627 plantations in Georgia there were 57,003 tenant farms; and on the 5,105 plantations in South Carolina there were 43,624 tenant farms. In the value of the land and buildings of plantations the states did not rank in the same order as in acreage. Mississippi was first, with more than $140,000,000 Georgia was second, with more than $100,000,000 South Carolina third, with more than $92,000,000 Texas fourth, with more than $91,000,000; and Ala- bama fifth, with over $81,000,000. There are some dif- ferences among the states with respect to the relative importance of the plantations with complete reports and those without complete reports. In every state, however, the former are the more numerous, and contain the greater acreage. 22 PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES. NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OP LAND AND BUILDINGS OF ALL TENANT PLANTATIONS, AND OF LANDLORD FARMS AND TENANT FARMS ON TENANT PLANTATIONS, IN 325 SELECTED COUNTIES OF ELEVEN SOUTHERN STATES: 1910. Table 12 NumlDer: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant larms Acreage of all land: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Per cent in tenant farms. Acreage of improved land: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Per cent in tenant farms. Value of land and buildings: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Per cent in tenant farms. . Number: Plantations , Landlord farms Tenant farms Acreage of all land: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Per cent in tenant farms. , Acreage of improved land: P&ntations Landlord farms Tenant farms Per cent in tenant farms. . - Value of lands and buildings: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Per cent in tenant farms. . . TENANT PLANTATIONS 01^ All Classes. 5 to 9 tenants. 10 to 19 tenants. 20 to 49 tenants. 50 tenants and oyer. THE SOUTH (325 COtTNTIES). Number: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Acreage of all land: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms -. . Per cent in tenant farms. Acreage of improved land: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Per cent in tenant farms. Value of land and buildings; Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Per cent in tenant farms. Number: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Acreage of all land: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Per cent in tenant farms.. Acreage of improved land: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Per cent in tenant farms. Value of land and buildings: Plantations Landlord farms Tenant farms Per cent in tenant farms. . . 39,073 39,073 398,905 !, 298, 815 !, 929, 417 i, 367, 398 54.3 i, 836, 363 1,384,040 1,452,323 78.6 5676,802,983 420, 494,386 308,597 62.1 28,562 26,562 168,089 13,147,956 6,038,777 7,109,179 64.1 7,273,782 1,732,611 5,541,171 76.2 $303,295,830 120,546,973 182,748,857 60.3 9,160 9,160 118,862 8,731,179 4,015,807 4,715,372 54.0 4,838,608 978,337 3,860,271 79.8 $205,617,622 76,709,209 128,908,413 62.7 2,939 2,939 82,404 4,961,152 2,308,518 2,652,634 53.5 2,865,315 552,212 2,313,103 80.7 $125,452,839 46,549,652 78,903,187 62.9 412 412 29,550 1,456,528 666,315 890,213 61.1 858,658 120,880 737,778 85.9 $42,436,692 12,688,552 29,748,140 70.1 ALABAMA (47 COUNTIES). 7,287 7,287 76,746 1,379,047 !, 439, 140 !, 939, 907 54.7 1,028,979 603,769 1,425,210 80.1 .,185,493 ,364,848 1,800,645 61.4 4,703 4,703 30,113 2,274,619 1,038,089 1,238,530 64.4 1,288,647 291,563 975,084 77.0 $34,254,344 13,772,233 20,482,111 69.8 1,907 1,907 1,758,736 786,699 970,037 55.2 1,009,879 198,805 810,874 80.3 $26,645,689 9,986,628 16,868,961 62.6 616 616 17,309 1,100,244 513,694 686,550 63.3 613, 151 100,272 512,879 83.6 $17,111,918 6,700,759 10,411,157 60.8 61 61 4,385 247,448 102,658 144,790 58.5 139, 502 13, 129 128,373 90.6 $3,153,844 905,228 2,248,416 71.3 AEKANSAS (23 COUNTIES). $57, 16, 40, 2,674 2,674 35,179 .,646,424 673,884 972,640 59.1 ,054,049 181,580 892, 469 84.7 378,476 799, 121 679,365 70.7 1,518 1,518 9,659 494,955 194,212 300,743 60.8 312,274 51,500 260,774 83.5 $15,531,841 4,779,731 10,752,110 69.2 714 714 9,488 418,244 151, 211 267,033 289,357 42,807 246,550 86.2 $14,568,644 3,605,717 11,062,827 75.9 364 364 10,426 497,410 228,988 268,422 64.0 303,783 48,254 255,629 84.1 $17,558,547 5,574,839 11,983,708 68.2 235,815 99,473 136,342 57.8 148, 635 19,019 129,618 87.2 $9,719,544 2,938,834 6,780,710 MISSISSIPPI (45 COUNTIES). 7,960 7,960 99,432 5,281,155 2,400,807 2,880,548 64.5 3,196,834 701,269 2,496,566 78.1 $140,381,389 51,062,344 89,319,045 63.6 4,735 4,735 30,311 1,878,528 919, 918 958, 608 51.0 1, 118, 594 306,008 812, 586 72.6 $40,312,784 16,570,899 23,741,885 2,098 2,098 27,892 1,551,981 728,178 823, 803 53.1 924, 169 203,184 720,986 78.0 $39,800,581 14,977,005 24,823,566 62.4 938 27,101 1,233,020 532,054 700,966 66.9 796,644 147,580 649,084 81.5 $39,389,665 13,570,332 25,819,333 65.5 14,128 617,628 220,457 397, 171 64.3 357,427 44,497 312,930 87.5 $20,878,379 5,944,108 14,934,271 n.5 All classes. 5 to 9 tenants. 10 to 19 tenants. 20 to 49 tenants. 50 tenants and over. FLOEIDA (1 COtlNTY). 84 84 912 70,275 29,893 40,382 67.5 47,577 10,819 36,768 77.3 $948,669 406,417 540,252 57.1 53 53 366 30,481 15,248 15, 215 49.9 20,774 7,141 13,633 65.6 $442,301 233,462 208,839 47.2 24 24 279 22,615 10,657 11,958 14,263 3,248 11,015 77.2 $294,785 133,775 161,010 54.6 6 179 8,481 80 8,401 99.1 7,795 70 7,725 99.1 $118,013 1,500 116,513 98.7 8,718 3,910 4,808 55.2 4,745 360 4,385 92.4 $91,570 37,680 53,890 GEORGIA (70 COUNTIES). 6,627 6,627 57,003 5,219,146 2,100,219 3,118,926 59.8 2,856,402 504,605 2,350,797 $100,583,489 37,270,897 63,312,692 62.9 4,948 4,948 31,186 2,796,142 1,123,963 1,671,179 1,661,605 300,972 1,250,533 80.6 $65,883,235 21,084,103 34,799,132 62.3 1,417 1,417 18,071 1,670,449 666,919 1,003,530 60.1 905,327 144,650 780,677 84.0 $31,612,477 11,516,962 19,995,525 63.5 6,171 621,270 280,236 341,034 54.9 313,408 48,953 264,455 84.4 $10,689,535 4, 165, 842 6,623,693 61.0 23 23 1,575 132,284 29,101 103,183 78.0 85,162 10,030 75,132 88.2 $2,498,242 504,000 1,994,242 79.8 LOUISIANA (29 PARISHES). 2,480 2,480 29,854 2,241,840 1,499,264 742,686 33.1 1,190,599 495,038 695,661 58.4 $59,641,048 33,862,955 25,778,093 43.2 1,419 1,419 • 9,115 737,825 484,009 253,818 34.4 426,189 192, 110 234,079 54.9 S19,700,185 11,470,447 8,229,738 41.8 8,976 804,030 574,414 229,616 28.6 389, 118 155,250 213,868 57.9 $20,669,380 12,610,392 8,058,968 39.0 329 329 9,302 585,080 374, 182 210,918 36.0 323,140 120,938 202,204 62.6 $16,159,281 8,275,807 7,883,474 34 34 2,261 114,905 66,669 48,236 42.0 72,152 26,742 45,410 62.9 $3,112,222 1,508,309 1,605,913 51.6 TENNESSEE (11 COUNTIES). 1,413 1,413 12,074 690,462 244,583 445,879 64.6 449,506 88,601 361,005 80.3 $19,241,636 5,935,670 13,305,966 69.1 1,069 1,069 6,696 388,937 151,783 237,154 81.0 258,817 61,493 197,324 76.2 $10,990,884 3,893,842 7,097,042 64.6 286 286 3,638 217,879 72, 879 145,000 68.6 134,973 22,215 112,758 83.5 $8,015,790 1,583,798 4,431,992 73.7 53 53 1,473 69,840 12,941 56,899 81.5 49,049 4,447 44,602 $1,909,857 393,900 1,515,957 79.4 13,806 6,980 6,826 49.4 6,667 346 6,321 94.8 $325,105 64,130 260,975 80.3 EXTENT OF THE TENANT PLANTATION SYSTEM. 23 NUMBER, ACREAGE, AND VALUE OP LAND AND BUILDINGS OP ALL TENANT PLANTATIONS, AND OF LANDLORD FARMS AND TENANT FARMS ON TENANT PLANTATIONS, IN 325 SELECTED COUNTIES OP ELEVEN SOUTHERN STATES: 1910— Continued. Table 12-€ontlnued. TENANT PLANTATIONS OF— All classes. 5to9 10 to 19 tenants. 20 to 49 tenants. 50 tenants and over. AH classes. 6to9 tenants. 10 to 19 tenants. 20 to 49 tenants. 50 tenants and over. NOETH CAKOIJNA (21 COTJHTttS). TEXAS (41 COUNTIES). Number: 1,775 1,775 13,548 1,161,100 568,150 592,950 51.1 530,830 124,819 406,011 76.5 $30,660,981 12,562,638 18,098,343 59.0 1,447 1,447 8,887 776,813 390,256 386,557 49.8 352,029 89,222 262,807 74.7 $20,881,149 8,896,845 11,984,304 57.4 292 292 3,623 291,942 131,141 160,801 55.1 139,374 28,630 110,744 79.5 $7,573,907 2,891,583 4,682,324 61.8 36 36 1,038 92,345 46,763 45,592 49.4 39,427 6,967 32,460 82.3 $2,205,925 774,210 1,431,715 64.9 3,468 3,468 29,190 2,972,057 1,201,772 1,770,295 59.6 1,752,524 302,793 1,449,731 82.7 $91,400,589 25,354,658 66,045,931 72.3 2,659 2,659 16,522 1,697,810 708,680 989,130 58.3 971,546 181,790 789,756 81.3 $49,604,454 14,139,606 35,464,848 71.5 662 662 8,414 872,572 330,636 541,936 62.1 535,083 72,393 462,690 86.5 $29,549,695 7,359,754 22,189,941 75.1 138 138 3,704 358,213 144,642 213,671 59.6 218,374 43,127 175,247 80.2 $10,807,326 3,431,103 7,376,223 68.3 9 T.anHlnrfi| farms 9 550 Acreage of all land: 43,472 T,anr]lor(l f?irTn<5 17,814 Tenant farms. 25,658 Per cent in tenant farms 59.0 Acreage of improved land: 27,521 T,n.TiHlnrH fftrm.«5,. 5,483 22,038 Per cent in tenant farms 80.1 Value of land and buildings: $1,439,114 424,195 TftTiant farms, 1,014,919 Per cent in tenant farms 70.5 SOUTH CABOLINA (35 COUNTIES). VmOINIA (2 COUNTIES). Number: 8,105 5,105 43,624 3,458,985 1,718,318 1,740,667 1,652,865 373,162 1,279,703 77.4 $92,530,700 40,834,910 51,695,790 55.9 3,849 3,849 24,247 1,961,896 986,059 975,837 49.7 942,205 238,008 704,197 74.7 $53,750,740 25,034,600 28,716,140 53.4 1,029 1,029 13,145 1,071,880 541,658 530, 222 49.5 498,937 103,464 395,483 79.3 $28,229,857 11,824,282 16,405,575 68.1 215 215 5,574 382,757 171,348 211,409 55.2 194,876 30,426 164,450 84.4 $9,331,231 3,611,960 5,719,271 61.3 12 12 658 42,452 19,253 23,199 54.6 16,847 1,274 15,573 92.4 $1,218,872 364,068 854,804 70.1 200 200 1,543 176,315 53,597 122,718 69.6 77,198 17,685 69,513 77.1 $2,872,513 1,039,928 1,832,585 63.8 162 162 997 110,972 28,562 82,410 74.3 53,202 12,804 40,398 75.9 $1,943,913 671,205 1,272,708 65.5 33 33 419 52,851 21,415 31,436 59.5 18,328 3,701 14,627 79.8 $757,057 319,323 437,734 57.8 5 5 127 12,492 3,620 8,872 71.0 5,668 1,180 4,488 79.2 $171,543 49,400 122,143 71.2 T,anrllorH farms.. Acreage of all land: Plantations . T'ft"(llord farms Acreage of improved land: Trfi.Tidlnrd ffti'Trvs TftTiflrTit fnrms Value of land and buildings: Pl(i,ntat7onR PLANTATION AVERAGES, BY STATES. Table 13 shows averages and percentages with ref- erence to the plantations and plantation farms in each of the eleven selected states. While the average size of all the plantations in the 325 counties of the South for which statistics were tabulated was 724.2 acres, six of the eleven states in- cluded in the statistics showed higher averages than this, the highest being in Louisiana, 904 acres, and the lowest in Tennessee, 488.6 acres. The percentage of improved land in the plantations of the several states varied considerably, the highest percentage, 67.7, being in Florida, where, however, statistics were tabulated for only one county, and the lowest, 43.8, in Virginia, where the number of counties covered was also small. The average value of land and buildings per plan- tation was highest in Texas, $26,355, equal to $30.75 per acre. The figures for Texas do not include Hve stock ranches, since these are not commonly operated by tenants. They are iacluded with large farms or plantations operated by wage labor, considered fully in a later section of this report. Louisiana ranked second and Arkansas third in respect to the average value of land and buildings of plantations, but the average per acre was higher in Arkansas than in any other state, $34.85, this high average being, no doubt, due to the fertility of the cotton lands in the river deltas, where the plantation system is found. 24 PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES. AVERAGE ACREAGE AND VALUE OF ALL TENANT PLANTATIONS, BY PLANTATIONS AND LANDLORD AND TENANT FARMS, IN THE 325 SELECTED COUNTIES OF ELEVEN SOUTHERN STATES:' 1910. Table 13 The South (325 counties). Average total acreage per plantation or farm Average improved acreage per plantation or farm Per ceat of total acreage improved TENANT PLANTATIONS OF— All classes. Planta- tions. Land- lord farms. Average value of land and buildings per planta- tion or farm Land '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'. Buildings """[[\\. Average value of land and buildings per acre of land Land !!!i!'!!!.".^ Buildings '.'.'.'.'.[". Alabama (47 counties). Average total acreage per plantation or farm.... Average improved acreage per plantation or farm Per cent of total acreage improved Average value of land and buildings per planta- tion or farm Land Buildings "]""[][[[[[[. Average value of land and buildings per acre of land Land Buildings. Aezansas (23 coimties). Average total acreage per plantation or farm. . . Average improved acreage per plantation or farm Per cent of total acreage improved Average value of land and buildings per planta- tion or farm Land Buildings 724.2 405.3 66.0 817,321 14,318 3,003 S23.92 19.77 4.15 330.9 S6,664 5,385 1,179 $19.84 16.27 3.67 738.2 415.7 66.3 811, 138 8,904 2,234 Ten- ant farms. 38.5 31.2 81.0 81,054 875 179 $27. 35 22.71 4.64 334.7 82.9 24.8 84,304 3,483 821 $15.09 812.86 12. 06 10. 40 3. 03 2. 46 Average value of land and buildings per acre of land Land Buildings. Floeida (1 county). Average total acreage per plantation or farm Averagelmproved acreage per plantation or farm Per cent of total acreage improved Average value of land and buildings per planta- tion or farm Land , Buildings Average value of land and buildings per acre of land Land Buildings ' Geoegia (70 counties). Average total acreage per plantation or farm Average improved acreage per plantation or farm Per cent of total acreage improved 615.7 394.2 64.0 821,458 18,271 3,187 $34.85 29.67 5.18 836.6 666.4 67.7 $11,270 9,293 1,977 813. 47 11.11 2.36 787.6 430.09 54.7 Average value of land and buildings per planta- tion or farm Land Buildings Average value of land and buildings per acre of land Land Buildings. Louisiana (29 parishes). Average total acreage per plantation or farm. . . Average improved acreage per plantation or farm Per cent of total acreage improved Average value of land and buildings per planta- tion or farm Land Buildings Average value of land and buildings per acre of land 815, 178 12,183 2,996 $19.27 15.47 3.80 9040 480.1 53.1 824,049 19,857 4,192 $26.60 land 21.96 Buildings 4.64 252.0 60.4 24.0 $6,282 5,325 957 824 93 21.13 3.80 355.9 128.8 36.2 84,838 ■:,069 769 313.60 11.43 2.17 316.9 76.1 240 86,624 4,518 1,106 817. 75 14 26 3.49 604 5 199.6 33.0 813,664 11,370 2,284 $22. 68 18.81 3.77 31.6 82.5 8649 515 134 816. 94 13.44 3.60 27.6 25.4 91.8 81, 154 984 170 $41. 73 35.60 6.13 44.3 40.3 91.0 $592 481 111 513.38 10.87 2.51 54 7 41.2 75.3 $1, 111 891 220 820.30 16.29 401 25.0 23.5 93.7 5 to 9 tenants. Planta- tions, 495.0 273.8 S6.3 811,418 9,326 Land- lord farms. Ten- ant farms. 227.3 65.2 28.7 84,538 3,628 910 33.0 77.9 $1,087 900 187 823.07 819.96 18. 84 15. 96 4. 23 4 00 710 169 834 71 28.34 6.37 483.7 269.3 65.7 87,284 5,732 1,662 815. 06 11.85 3.21 326.1 205.7 63.1 $10, 232 8,628 1,604 $31.38 26.46 4 92 574 7 392.0 68.2 $8,345 6,914 1,431 $14. 52 12.03 2.49 564 9 313.6 56.5 811,294 8,964 2,330 $19.99 16.87 412 522.0 300.3 67.8 $13,883 11, 490 826.70 22.09 4 61 220.3 62.0 28.1 $2,928 2,285 643 $13.29 10.37 2.92 127.9 33.9 26.5 $3, 149 2,634 616 824.61 20.68 4 03 287.7 134 7 84,405 3,638 767 $15. 31 12.65 2.66 227.2 60.8 10 to 19 tenants. Plantar tions. 41.1 32.4 78.7 $680 538 142 816. 54 13.09 3.45 31.1 27.0 86.7 $1, 113 942 171 $36. 75 30.25 5.50 953.2 528.2 65.4 $22, 447 18,720 3,727 $23.55 19.64 3.91 Land- lord farms. 921.2 629.6 57.5 813,973 11,183 2,790 815. 17 12.14 3.03 585.8 405.3 69.2 820, 404 17,349 3,055 $34 83 29.62 5.21 438.4 106.8 24.4 $8,374 6,968 1,406 $19. 10 16.90 3.20 Ten- ant farms. 42. 7 942. 3 3 594 3 .7 63. 1 $4,261 3,330 931 818. 76 14 66 410 341.1 135.4 39.7 $8,083 6,724 1,369 823.69 19.72 3.97 $587 $13. 73 11.41 2.32 53.6 40.1 74 8 81,116 894 222 320.82 16.68 414 27.8 25.7 92.2 742 161 $32. 42 26.64 5.78 812,283 9,915 2,368 $13. 03 10.52 2.61 1, 178. 9 638.9 54 2 822, 239 18,023 4,216 $18. 86 16.29 3.57 1, 151. 9 628.8 45.9 $29,612 24,954 4,658 $25.71 21.66 5.04 412.5 104 3 25.3 85,237 4,221 1,016 812.69 10.23 2.46 211.8 60.0 28.3 $4, 910 4,149 761 $23.18 19.59 3.59 440.0 135.3 30.5 $5,674 4,605 969 39.7 32.5 81.9 81,085 906 179 $27.34 22.83 4 61 20 to 49 tenants. Plantar tions. Land- lord faims. $12. 55 10.37 2.18 470.7 102.1 21.7 $8, 128 6,680 1,448 $17.27 1419 822.9 222.4 27.0 $18,066 15,489 2,577 $21.96 18.82 3.14 32.5 83.6 $668 532 136 $17. 17 13.69 3.48 28.2 26.0 92.3 $1,168 995 173 $41.43 35.30 6.13 42.9 39.5 92.1 $577 467 120 1,688.0 974 9 57.8 $42,686 35,673 7,013 $25.29 21.13 416 813. 46 10.66 2.80 55.5 42.1 75.8 81, 106 889 217 $19.93 16.02 3.91 25.6 23.8 93.1 736 162 $35.09 28.77 6.32 1, 786. 1 995.4 65.7 $27,779 22,815 4,964 $15. 55 12.77 2.78 1,366.5 834 6 61.1 $48,238 41,270 6,968 $35. 30 30.20 5.10 1,413.5 1,299.2 91.9 $19,669 16,306 3,363 $13. 91 11.54 2.37 2,699.5 1,311.3 50.4 $44,726 36, 815 7,911 $17. 21 1416 3.05 1,778.4 982.2 55.2 785.5 187.9 23.9 $16, 839 13,414 2,425 $20.16 17.08 Ten- ant i^rms. 50 tenants and over. Planta- tions. Land- lord farms. 833.9 162.8 19.5 $10,878 9,398 1,480 813. 04 11.27 1.77 629.1 132.6 21.1 815,315 13,059 2,256 $24.35 20.76 3.59 13.3 11.7 87.5 $250 208 42 $18. 76 15.62 3.13 1, 172. 5 204 8 17.5 817,430 15,090 2,340 $14 87 12.87 2.00 1,137.3 367.6 32.3 $49,116 39,574 9,542 $27. 62 22.26 6.36 32.2 28.1 87.2 $958 794 164 $29. 75 24.66 5.09 $25, 154 20,126 6,028 $22. 12 17.69 4 43 33.9 29.6 87.4 $601 477 124 817. 75 14 09 3.66 25.7 245 96.2 $1,149 985 164 $44.65 38.26 6.39 46.9 43.2 92.0 $661 540 111 813. 87 11.60 2.37 55.3 42.9 77.6 $1,067 841 216 $19. 13 15.22 3.91 22.7 21.7 96.9 $848 688 160 $37.38 30.34 7.04 3, 536. 3 2,084.1 59.0 $103,002 86,024 16,978 $29.14 24.33 4 81 ■Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia. 4,056.5 2, 286. 9 56.4 $51,699 41,739 9,960 $12. 74 10.29 2.45 3,023.3 1,906.6 63.0 $124,610 107,048 17,662 $41. 22 35.41 5.81 8,718.0 4,745.0 54.4 $91,570 78,380 13, 190 $10.60 8.99 1.61 6,751.5 3,702.7 64 4 $108,619 88,808 19, 811 $18. 89 15.44 3.45 3,379.6 2,122.1 62.8 $91,536 73,618 17,918 $27.08 21.78 5.30 1,3746 293.4 21.3 830, 797 26,122 4,675 $22.41 19.00 3.41 1,682.9 216.2 12.8 $14,840 12,962 1,878 $8.82 7.70 1.12 1,275.3 243.8 19.1 $37,677 32,369 5,308 $29.54 25.38 416 3,910.0 360.0 9.2 $37,680 37,180 600 $9.64 9.51 0.13 1,265.3 436.1 34 5 $21,913 17,074 4,839 $17. 32 13.49 3.83 1,960.9 786.5 40.1 844,303 35,994 8,309 $22. 58 18.35 4 23 Ten- ant 30.1 26.0 82.9 $1,007 835 172 $33.42 27.72 6.70 33.0 28.8 87.3 $613 400 113 $15.53 12.12 3.41 242 23.0 95.1 $1,205 1,035 170 $49.73 42.72 7.01 49.1 44 7 91.2 $560 420 130 $11. 21 8.57 2.64 65.5 47.7 72.8 $1,266 1,047 219 $19. 33 15.99 3.34 21.3 20.1 941 $710 566 144 $33.29 26.52 6.77 EXTENT OF THE TENANT PLANTATION SYSTEM. 25 AVERAGE ACREAGE AND VALUE OF ALL TENANT PLANTATIONS, BY PLANTATIONS AND LANDLORD AND TENANT FARMS, IN THE 325 SELECTED COUNTIES OF ELEVEN SOUTHERN STATES:' 1910— Continued. Vable 13— Continued. Planta- tions. Mississippi (45 counties). Average total acreage per plantation or farm Average Improved acreage per plantation or farm Per cent of total acreage improved Average value of land and buildings per plan- tation or farm Land Buildings Average value of land and buildings per acre of land Land Buildings NoKTH Carolina (21 counties). Average total acreage per plantation or farm Average improved acreage per plantation or farm Per cent of total acreage improved Average value of land and buildings per plan- tation or farm Land Buildings Average value of land and buildings per acre of land Land Buildings South Cakolina (35 counties). Average total acreage per plantation or farm. . Average improved acreage per plantation or farm Per cent of total acreage improved Average value of land and buildings per plan- tation or farm Land Buildings Average value of land and buildings per acre of land Land Buildings Tennessee (11 counties). Average total acreage per plantation or farm. . . Average improved acreage per plantation or farm Per oentoftotal acreage improved Average value of land and buildings per plan- tion or farm Land Buildings Average value of laud and buildings per acre of land Iiand Buildings Texas (41 counties). Average total acreage per plantation or farm. . Average improved acreage per plantation or farm Per cent of total acreage Improved Average value of land and buildings per plan- tation or farm Land Buildings Average value of land and buildings per acre of land Land Buildings VntGraiA (2 counties). Average total acreage per plantation or farm. . Average improved acreage per plantation or form Per cent of total acreage improved Average value of land and buildings per plan- tation or farm Land Bmldlngs Average value of land and buildings per acre of land Land Buildings TENANT PLANTATIONS OF- AU classes. 401.6 60.5 $17,636 14,388 3,248 $26.58 21.69 4.89 299.1 45.7 817,274 13,977 3,297 $26.41 21.37 6.04 677.6 323.8 47.8 $18, 125 15,078 3,047 $26. 75 22.25 4.50 488.6 318.1 65.1 $13, 618 11,178 2,440 $27. 87 22.88 4.99 857.0 505.3 59.0 $26,355 23,286 3,069 $30.75 27.17 3.58 881.6 386.0 43.8 $14,363 10, 470 3,893 $16.29 11.88 4.41 Land- lord farms. 301.6 S6,415 5,246 1,169 $21.27 17.39 3.88 70.3 22.0 $7,078 6,708 1,372 822. 11 17.83 4.28 73.1 21.7 $7,999 6,531 1,468 $23.76 19.40 4.36 173.1 62.6 36.2 $4,201 3,266 935 $24.27 18.87 5.40 346.5 87.3 25.2 $7,311 6,282 1,029 $21.10 18.13 2.97 268.0 88.4 33.0 $5,200 3,396 1,804 $19.40 12.67 6.73 Ten- ant farms. 29.0 25.1 86.6 732 166 $31.01 25.26 5.75 30.0 68.5 $1,336 1,084 252 $30.62 24.76 5.76 39.9 29.3 73.5 $1, 185 1,000 185 $29.69 25.07 4.62 36.9 29.9 81.0 $1, 102 926 176 $29.84 25.07 4.77 49.7 81.9 $2,263 2,020 243 $37.31 33.31 4.00 79.5 38.6 48.5 $1, 188 917 271 $14.93 11.53 3.40 5 to 9 tenants. Planta- tions. 396.7 236.2 69.5 $8,514 6,738 1,776 $21.46 16.98 4.48 243.3 45.3 $14,430 11,640 2,790 $26. 88 21.68 5.20 609.7 244.8 48.0 $13,966 11,496 2,469 $27.39 22.65 4.84 242.1 66.5 $10,281 8,306 1,976 $28.26 22.83 S.43 638.6 365.4 57.2 $18,655 16, 298 2,357 $29.22 25.62 3.70 685.0 328.4 47.9 $11,999 8,686 3,313 $17.52 12.68 4.84 Land- lord farms. 194.3 64.6 33.3 $3,600 2,748 752 $18.01 14.14 3.87 61.7 22.9 86,148 4,887 1,261 $22. 80 18.12 4.68 256.2 61.8 24.1 $6,604 6,231 1,273 $25.39 20.43 4.96 142.0 57.5 40.5 $3,643 2,773 870 $25.65 19.53 6.12 68.4 26.7 $5,317 4,448 869 $19. 95 16.69 3.26 176.3 79.0 44.8 $4,143 2,572 1,571 $23.50 14.59 8.91 Ten- ant farms. 31.6 26.1 84. J $783 623 160 .$24. 77 19.71 6.06 68.0 $1,349 1,100 249 $31.00 25,28 6.72 40.2 29.0 72.2 $1,184 994 190 $29.43 24.71 4.72 35.4 29.5 83.2 $1,060 883 177 $29.93 24.94 4.99 59.9 47. f 79. f $2, 147 1,907 240 $35.85 31.85 4.00 40.5 49.0 $1,276 993 283 $15.44 12.02 3.42 10 to 19 tenants. Plantar tions. 739.7 440.6 69.6 $18,971 15,560 3,411 $25.65 21.03 4.62 477.3 47.7 $25,938 20,978 4,960 $25. 94 20.98 4.96 1,041.7 484.9 46.6 $27,434 23,111 4,323 $26.34 22.19 4.15 761.8 471.9 61.9 $21,034 17, 068 3,366 $27. 61 23.19 4.42 1,318.1 808.3 61.3 $44,637 39,883 4,764 $33.87 30.26 3.61 1,601.6 655.4 34.7 $22,941 16,935 6,006 $14. 32 10.67 3.75 Land- lord farms. 347.1 96.8 27.9 $7, 139 5,874 1,266 $20. 57 16.92 3.66 449.1 98.0 21.8 $9,903 8,084 1,819 $22.05 18.00 4.05 100.6 19.1 $11,491 9,497 1,994 $21.83 18.04 3.79 77.7 30.5 4,401 1,137 $21.73 17.27 4.46 109.4 21.9 $11,117 9,803 1,314 $22. 26 19.63 2.63 648.9 112.2 17.3 $9,676 6,912 2,764 $14.91 10.66 4.26 Ten- ant farms. 29.5 25.8 87.5 $890 729 161 $30. 13 24.67 5.46 44.4 30.6 $1,292 1,039 253 829.12 23.41 5.71 30.1 74.6 $1,248 1,066 182 830.94 26.42 4.52 39.9 31.0 77.8 $1, 219 1,044 175 $30.57 26.17 4.40 56.0 85.4 $2,637 2,366 271 $40.95 36.74 4.21 76.0 34.9 46.5 $1,045 790 255 20 to 49 tenants. Planta- tions. 1,314.5 849.3 64.6 $41,993 34, 848 7,145 $31.95 26.51 5.44 1,095.2 42.7 $61, 276 51,110 10, 166 $23.89 19.92 3.97 1,780.3 906.4 60.9 $43,401 36,647 6,754 $24.38 20.58 1,317.7 925.5 70.2 $36, 035 29,967 6,068 $27.35 22.74 4.61 2,595.7 1,582.4 61.0 $78, 314 70, 486 7,828 $30.17 27.15 3.02 2,498.4 1,133.6 46.4 834,309 25,691 8,718 $13.92 $13.73 10. 52 10. 24 3.40 3.49 Land- lord farms. 567.2 157.3 27.7 814,467 12,141 2,326 $25.51 21.40 4.11 1,298.7 193.5 14.9 821,506 19,318 2,188 $16.56 14.88 1.68 797.0 141.5 17.8 816,800 14,608 2,292 $21.08 18.20 2.88 34.4 $7,432 6,246 1,186 $30.44 25.58 4.86 1,048.1 12.5 $24, 863 22,345 2,618 $23.72 21.32 2.40 724.0 236.0 32.6 6,880 3,000 Ten- ant farms. 25.9 23.9 92.6 $953 786 167 836.83 30.39 6.44 43.9 31.3 71.2 $1,379 1,102 $31.40 25.10 6.30 37.9 29.5 77.8 $1,026 854 172 $27.05 22.51 4.54 38.6 30.3 78.4 $1,029 853 176 $26.64 22.10 4.54 57.7 47.3 82.1 $1,991 1,793 $34.64 31.11 3.43 69.9 36.3 50.6 $962 737 225 3,267.9 1,891.1 67.9 $110,468 91, 496 18,972 833.80 28.00 5.80 $13.65 $13.77 9. 50 10. 54 4.16 3.23 60 tenants and over. Planta- tions. 1,166.4 236.4 20.2 $31,450 26,638 4,812 $26.96 22.84 4.12 3, 537. 7 1,403.9 39.7 $101,573 88,780 12,793 $28.71 25.09 2,761.2 1,333.4 48.3 $65,021 54, 701 10,320 $23.54 19.81 3.73 3,057.9 63.3 $169,902 143,377 16,525 $33.10 29.68 3.42 Land- lord forms. 1,604.^ 106.2 6.6 $30,339 26,089 4,250 $18.90 16.26 2.64 1,396.0 69.2 5.0 $12, 826 12,226 600 $9.19 8.75 0.44 1,979.3 609.2 30.8 $47,133 42,711 4,422 $23.81 21.68 2.23 Ten- ant farms. 28.1 22.1 78.8 $1,057 868 189 $37.60 30.86 6.74 35.3 23.7 67.1 $1,299 1,143 166 $36.84 32.43 4.41 25.4 23.5 92.6 $970 789 181 $38.23 31. U 7.12 46.7 40.1 86.9 $1,845 1,647 $39.55 36.31 4.24 ' Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Tejcas, and Virginia. 26 PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES. COMPARISON OF PLANTATIONS WITH OTHEK FARMS. Table 14 presents a comparison between tbe total number, acreage, and value of all farms in the 325 counties covered by the plantation statistics and the number, acreage, and value of farms on tenant plantations. Corresponding statistics are also pre- sented for each of the eleven states. In this table the number of tenant plantation farms given represents the total number of farms retained by landlords, plus the number leased to tenants. In the selected territory under consideration, the census of 1910 reported 1,182,099 farms. Of this number, 437,978, or 37.1 per cent, were plantation farms. Of the total acreage of farms in these counties, 31.5 per cent was in plantations, and of the total im- proved acreage, 33.4 per cent. Of the total value of land and buildings of farms in these counties, 32.8 per cent was represented by that of plantations. NUMBER ACREAGE, AND VALUE OF ALL FARMS AND OP PLANTATION FARMS IN 325 COUNTIES OF ELEVEN SOUTHERN STATES, BY STATES: 1910. The relative importance of the plantation system varies considerably in the different states. Thus, in the 45 counties of Mississippi which are covered by the tabulation, plantation farms constituted 53.7 per cent of the total number of farms, contamed 44.1 per cent of the total acreage, and represented 55.4 per cent of the total value of land and buildings, these being the highest proportions shown for any state. On the other hand, in the two counties in Virginia in which any considerable number of plantations existed, plan- tation farms constituted in 1910 only 14.8 per cent of the total number of farms and contained 16 per cent of the total farm acreage. Aside from Mississippi, there was only one state — ^Louisiana — in which as much as two-fifths of the farm land in the comities covered by the investigation was in plantations, and only three others — Georgia, Alabama, and Arkansas — in which the proportion was as great as one-third. Table 14 The South (325 counties). All farms Plantation farms Per cent plantation farms represent of total Alabama (47 counties). All farms Plantation farms Per cent plantation farms represent of total Arkansas (23 counties). All farms Plantation farms Per cent plantation farms represent of total , Florida (1 county). AU farms Plantation farms Per cent plantation farms represent of total Georgia (70 counties). All farms Plantation farms Per cent plantation farms represent of total LOTJisiANA (29 parishes). All farms Plantation farms Per cent plantation farms represent of total ACREAGE. Number of farms. Value of land and buildings. All land. Improved land. 1,182,099 437,978 89,923,619 28,296,815 47,435,641 15,836,363 $2,061,014,705 676,802,983 37.1 31.5 33.4 32.8 205,969 84,033 15,434,159 5,379,047 7,920,638 3,028,979 217,811,434 81,165,493 40.8 34.9 38.2 37.3 77,749 37,853 4,837,379 1,646,424 2,678,643 1,054,049 126,635,955 57,378,476 48.7 34.0 39.4 45.3 4,096 996 375,603 70,275 181,537 47,577 4,477,980 946,669 24.3 18.7 26.2 21.1 169,234 63,630 14,195,823 6,219,145 7,693,857 2,855,402 285,072,287 100,583,489 37.6 36.8 37.1 35.3 73,207 32, 134 5,322,169 2,241,840 3,033,031 1,190,599 143,258,552 59,641,048 43.9 42.1 39.3 41.6 Mississippi (45 counties). All farms Plantation farms Per cent plantation farms represent of total North Carolina (21 counties). All farms Plantation farms Per cent plantation farms represent of total South Carolina (35 counties). All farms Plantation farms Per cent plantation farms represent of total Tennessee (U counties). All farms Plantation farms Per cent plantation farms represent of total Texas (41 counties). All farms Plantation farms Per cent plantation farms represent of total Virginia (2 counties). All farms Plantation farms Per cent plantation farms represent of total Number of farms. 199,903 107,392 53.7 79,609 15,323 150, 299 48,729 48, 910 13, 487 27.6 161, 322 32,658 20.2 11, 801 1,743 14.8 All land. 11,986,264 5,281,155 44.1 6,626,469 1, 161, 100 17.5 11,077,189 3,458,985 3,175,211 690,462 21.7 15,794,068 2,972,067 18.8 1,099,285 176,315 16.0 1 Improved land. 6,678,649 3,196,834 47.9 2, 703, 683 530,830 19.6 5, 368, 766 1, 652, 865 30.8 1,898,586 449, 606 23.7 8,760,980 1, 752, 524 20.0 517,271 77, 198 14.9 Value of land and buildings. $253,297,355 140,381,389 55.4 159, 722, 629 30,660,981 19.2 301,326,320 92, 530, 700 30.7 86,390,245 19,241,636 22.3 463,557,191 91,400,589 19.7 19,464,757 2,872,513 14.8 DISTRIBUTION OF ALL FARMS AND TOTAL FARM ACREAGE. In order to show the relative importance of the different types of farming in the 325 counties under consideration a special effort has been made to account for all the farms in these 325 counties, and also to account for aU land reported to be in farms. Table 15 shows the number of plantations whether operated by owners, general lessees, or managers. It also shows the proportion which these farms form of the total number of farms in the coimties considered. The acreage of land in farms is similarly shown together with the proportion which this acreage forms of all land in farms in these counties. In each case the average size of farm is shown. A total is given for the 325 counties as well as for the counties under re- view in each state. It will be seen that while the 39,073 plantations in the 325 counties are unevenly distributed the actual numbers represent quite uniform percentages of all farms in the counties under consideration. In the 325 counties the plantations represent only 3.3 per cent of all farms. In Mississippi and Georgia they represent 3.9 per cent; in Alabama, 3.5 per cent; in Arkansas, 3.4 per cent; and in Louisiana and South EXTENT OF THE TENANT PLANTATION SYSTEM. 27 Carolina, 3.3 per cent. On the other hand, in Florida, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia they represent a somewhat smaller proportion. Considera- tion of these conditions helps to locate more accurately the real plantation area. Table IS Num- ber ol coun- ties. Total (11 states) Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas ■ Virginia 325 23 1 70 29 45 21 35 11 41 2 FAKMS OPERATED BY PLANTATION OWNERS, MANAGERS, AND GENERAL LESSEES. Farms. Num- ber. 39,073 7,287 2,674 84 6,627 2,480 7,960 1,775 6,105 1,413 3,468 200 Per cent of all farms in coun- ty. 3.3 3.5 3.4 2.1 3.9 3.3 3.9 2.2 3.3 2.8 2.1 1.6 All land in farms. Acreage. 12,929,417 2,439,140 673,884 29,893 2,100,219 1,499,254 2,400,607 568,150 1,718,318 244,583 1,201,772 53, 597 Per cent of all farm land In county. 14.4 15.8 14.7 7.9 14.7 28.1 20.2 8.5 15.5 7.7 7.6 4.8 Aver- size of farms. 331 "334 214 355 316 604 301 320 336 173 346 267 In turning to the acreage of land in plantations, it is f oimd that it forms a much larger proportion of all land in farms in the counties considered. Thus in the 325 counties it represents 14.4 per cent of all land in farms. The variations here are much the same as the variations in the case of the numher of farms, but range from three to five times as large. This is accounted for entirely by the fact that the plantations are much larger than the average for all farms in the plantation area. The average size of plantation is 331 acres. Here again is f oimd remarkable imiformity. Only in Louisi- ana, where the average runs to 604 acres, is there found any exceptional variation, and this is accounted for by the considerable acreage of unimproved land sometimes included. In contrast to the farms operated by plantation owners, general lessees and managers, there is pre- sented in Table 16 simUar statistics for farm owners and managers other than those on plantations. For the same 325 counties there are 347,475 such farms, or 29.4 per cent of the total number in these counties. This is practically nine times as many as operated by plantation owners. Again there is found wonderful uniformity, with again exceptions in sections where there are considerable numbers of small land owning farmers such as in Florida. Tiiming to the acreage of land in these farms, we find nearly 41,000,000 acres, or only about three times the acreage shown in Table 15. This again is ac- counted for by the fact that farms operated by their owners or managers other than plantation operators are only about one-third the size of the plantations, the average being only 118 acres. The same general uniformitv maintains. Table 16 Total (11 states) Alabama Arkan.sas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North CaroUna South Carolina Termessee Texas Virginia Num- ber of coun- ties. 325 FARMS OPERATED BY OTHER FARM OWNERS AND MANAGERS. Farms. Number. 347,475 61,906 20,046 2,150 37,943 21, 681 39,948 34,095 43,536 16,509 64,429 5,232 Per cent of all farms in county. 29.4 30.1 25.7 52.4 22.2 29.6 19.4 42.8 28.9 33.7 39.9 44.3 All lands in farms. Acreage. 40,982,970 6,937,787 2, 191, 743 253,575 4,975,721 2,153,186 4,572,348 4,409,088 4,829,965 1,661,575 8, 412, 825 585, 157 Per cent of all farm land in county. 45.6 44.9 45.3 67.5 35.1 40.4 38.1 66.5 43.6 52.3 53.2 53.2 Aver- sizeof farms. 118 112 109 117 131 99 HI 129 111 100 130 111 Turning now to the farms operated by tenants, we have presented in Table 17 statistics for tenants living on plantations, and find 398,905 of these, or 33.7 per cent of aU farms in the 325 counties. The same gen- eral imiformity is here found from state to state. The niimber of farms operated by tenants hving on planta- tions is ten times the number of plantations and is greater even than the number of farms operated inde- pendently by farm owners and managers. In striking contrast, all of these tenants living on plantations occupy only a sHghtly larger total acreage than that occupied by one-tenth as many plantation owners, general lessees, and managers. In other words, the plantation owners or their representatives operate as much as 13,000,000 acres, while the tenants living on their plantations operate only about 15,000,000 acres. This again is accounted for by the small average size of farms operated by plantation tenants, the average size being only 39 acres, in con- trast to 331 acres retained by the plantation owners or their representatives. Table 1 7 Num- ber of coun. ties. Total (11 states), Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi North Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia FARMS OPERATED BY TENANTS ON PLANTATIONS. Farms. 325 Number. 398,905 76,746 35,179 912 57,003 29,654 99,432 13,548 43,624 12,074 29,190 1,543 Per cent of all farms in county. 33.7 37.2 45.2 22.2 33.6 40.5 49.7 17.0 29.0 24.6 18.0 13.0 All land in farms. Per cent of aU farm land in county. 15,367,398 2,939,907 972,540 40,382 3,118,926 742,586 2,880,548 592,950 1,740,667 445,879 1,770,295 122,718 17.1 19.0 20.1 10.8 21.9 13.9 24.0 8.9 15.7 14.0 11.2 11.1 Aver- age size of farms. 39 38 27 44 54 25 28 43 60 79 Referring now to tenants not on plantations, we find (Table 18) 375,010 such tenants, or 31.7 per cent of all farm operators in these coimties. Thus the 28 PLANTATION FARMING IN THE UNITED STATES. independent tenant operators are almost equal in number to the plantation tenant operators, and are greater in number than all of the small farm owners and managers, being equal to all owners, managers, and general lessees. These independent tenants who do not live on plan- tations operate much larger farms than the plantation tenants, the average farm being 57 acres, in contrast to 39 acres operated by plantation tenants. This dif- ference is likely largely due to the fact that tenants on plantations rent almost exclusively improved land, while tenants not on plantations are likely to secure farms with considerable amounts of imimproved land. Table 18 Num- ber of coun- ties. FAEMS OPEKATED BY TENANTS NOT ON PLANTATIONS. Farms. All land in farms. Number. Per cent of all farms in county. Acreage. Per cent of all farm land in county. Aver- age size of farms. Total (11 states) 325 375,010 31.7 21,559,411 23.9 57 47 23 1 70 29 45 21 35 11 41 2 66,943 18,863 1,206 60,764 15,381 40,857 31,934 55, 620 20,039 58,621 4,782 32.5 24.2 29.4 35.9 21.0 20.4 40.1 37.0 40.9 36.3 40.5 3,708,892 990,713 68,501 3,739,055 769,004 1,844,345 1,841,786 2,852,500 957,506 4,453,506 333,603 24.0 20.4 18.2 26.3 14.4 15.3 27.7 25.7 30.1 28.2 30.3 55 53 Florida 56 Georffia ... 62 49 45 North Carolina 57 South Carolina. . 51 42 Texas 75 Virginia 71 The four classes of farms which have been very carefully separated into groups as shown above — (1) Plantation owners, managers, and general lessees; (2) Other farm owners and managers; (3) Tenants on plantations; and (4) Tenants not on plantations — do not account for all farms and all land in farms. In other words, there is a small margin of error. In order to make the study complete, a search was made which shows 6,954 tenants on plantations representing six-tenths of 1 per cent of all farms in the counties. They operate 377,529 acres of land, or four-tenths of 1 per cent of all farm land in these counties. The jiverage size of the farms for these tenants was 54 acres. The number found in this search was so small and influenced the total so Httle that they may be disregarded in any study, but are presented in order to show the probable amount of error in this item. On account of the average size of the farms it is quite possible that these should be consolidated with the tenant farms not on plantations. In many counties the totals presented above exceed the entire number of farms, and in other counties they fall somewhat short. The same is true of the acreage of land in farms. In Table 19, which follows, will be found a record of the excess or deficiency. In no state does the error amount to more than 6 per cent in the number of farms. These figures are pre- sented so that any attempt to make a detailed study in which aU land is to be accounted for may be made with aU factors presented. Table 19 Num- ber of coun- ties. FAEM3 OPEKATED BY TENANTS ON PLAN- TATIONS (SUPPLEMENTAL). STATE. Farms. All land in farms. Number. Per cent of all farms in county. Acreage. Per cent ofaU farm land in county. Aver- age size of farms. Total (11 states) 325 6,954 0.6 377,529 0.4 64 47 23 1 70 29 45 21 35 11 41 2 1,293 315 15 1,527 228 810 589 1,293 420 423 41 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.3 76,583 10,796 787 97,379 6,604 27,343 36,343 65,203 22,457 30,704 3,330 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.1 0.3 58 34 Florida 52 63 29 33 62 50 53 72 Virginia 81 NOT ACCOUNTED FOK.l Alabama . 47 23 1 70 29 45 21 35 11 41 2 -8,206 672 -271 6,370 3,783 10,896 -2,332 1,121 -1,545 5,191 3 -0.3 0.8 -0.01 3.1 5.1 6.4 -2.9 0.7 -3.1 6.0 0.02 -668,150 -2,297 -17,535 164,523 151,535 261,576 -821,848 -129,464 -156,789 -75,034 880 -4.3 -0.04 -4.6 1.1 2.8 2.1 12.4 1.1 -4.8 0.4 0.1 81 Florida 64 Georp:ia 30 40 24 352 South Carolina 115 101 Texas -- 293 1 A minus sign (— ) denotes deficiency. In Table 20 a summary has been compiled presenting, by states, totals of all farms and farm land, with per- centage distributions, to show the relative importance of the study, by states. The same table presents separately comparable data for each of the four chief classes of farm operators, by status. SUMMARY, WITH PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS, FOR ALL FARMS AND FARM LAND IN 325 SELECTED COUNTIES IN ELEVEN SOUTHERN STATES, BY STATUS OP OPERATORS: 1910. Table 20 Total (11 states) Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi N orth Carolina South Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia Num- ber of coun- ties. 325 ALL EAEMS AND ALL LAND IN PAP.MS IN 325 COUNTIES IN 11 STATES. All farms. Number. 1,182,099 205,969 77, 749 4,096 169, 234 73, 207 199,903 79,609 150, 299 48,910 161, 322 11,801 Per cent of total. 100.0 17.4 6.6 0.4 14.3 6.2 16.9 6.7 12.7 4.1 13.7 1.0 All land in farms. 89,923,619 15,434,159 4,837,379 376,603 14,195,823 5, 322, 169 11,986,264 6,626,469 11, 077, 189 3, 175, 211 15, 794, 068 1,099,288 Per cent of total. 100.0 Average acreage per farm. 76.1 17.2 5.4 0.4 16.8 5.9 13.3 7.4 12.3 3.5 17.6 1.2 74.9 62.2 91.7 83.9 72.7 60.0 83.2 73.7 64.9 97.9 93.2 FAEMS OPERATED BY PLANTATION OWNEES, MANAGEES, AND GENERAL LESSEES. Farms. Number. 39,073 7,287 2,674 84 6,627 2,480 7,960 1,775 5,105 1,413 3,468 200 Per cent of total. 100.0 18.7 6.8 0.2 17.0 6.3 20.4 4.5 13.1 All land in farms. Acreage. 12,929,417 2,439,140 673,884 29,893 2,100,219 1,499,254 2,400,607 668,150 1,718,318 244,683 1,201,772 63,597 Percent Qf total. 100.0 18.9 6.2 0.2 16.2 11.6 18.6 4.4 13.3 1.9 9.3 0.4 EXTENT OF THE TENANT PLANTATION SYSTEM. 29 SUMMARY, WITH PERCENTAGE DISTRIBUTIONS, FOR ALL FARMS AND FARM LAND IN 325 SELECTED COUNTIES IN ELEVEN SOUTHERN SATES, BY STATUS OF OPERATORS: 1910— Continued. Table ao— Continued. Num- ber of coun- ties. Total (11 states), Alabama Arkansas Florida Georgia Louisiana Mississippi N orth Carolina Soutli Carolina Tennessee Texas Virginia FAEMS OPERATED BY OTHER FAEM OWNERS AND MANAGERS. Farms. Number. 347,475 61,906 20,046 2,150 37,943 21, 681 39,948 34,095 43,536 16,609 64,429 5,232 Per cent of total. 100.0 17.8 5.8 0.6 10.9 6.3 11,5 9.8 12.5 4.8 18.5 1.5 All land in farms. Acreage. 40,982,970 937, 787 191,743 253,575 975, 721 153,186 572,348 409,088 829,965 661, 575 412,825 585, 157 Per cent of total. 100.0 16.9 5.3 0.6 12.1 5.3 11.2 10.8 11.8 4.1 20.5 1.4 FARMS OPERATED BY TENANTS ON PLANTATIONS. Farms. Number. 398,905 76, 746 35, 179 912 57,003 29,654 99, 432 13,548 43,624 12, 074 29,190 1,543 Per cent of total. 19.2 8.8 0.2 14.3 7.5 24.9 3.4 11.0 3.0 7.3 0.4 All land in farms. Acreage. 15,367,398 2,939,907 972, 540 40,382 3,118,926 742, 586 2,880,548 692,950 1,740,667 445, 879 1, 770, 295 122, 718 Per cent of total. 100.0 19.1 6.3 0.3 20.3 4.8 18.8 3.9 11.3 2.9 11.5 0.8 Number. FARMS OPERATED BY TENANTS NOT fH 1 > 1 1 1 "S Value of implements and ma- chinery owned by landlord. (See instructions.) it •|| •sg 3 a 11 «5 Is is a^ lit Si; ■s 1 1 13 Cotton. Com. Other prin- cipal crop (ffany). (Insert name of crop.) 1 n < n 1 ■a? So 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 g 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 X X X Farm of landlord. (Being that portion of the plantation not leased to ten- ants.) X X X (Name of landlord.) Farms of tenants. NAMES OF TENANTS. 1 2 3 4 o LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF THE PERMANENT CENSUS BUREAU-Continucd FOREST PRODtrCTS (These publicationsj of octavo size, iasned _yearly , were compiled in cx)opcratloii with tlio Forest Service, Department of Agricultnre. The only publication of this series issued for 1912 was Lumber, lath, and shin- gles. The compiling of these statistics lias been dis- continued by the Bureau of the Census, but will be contumed by the Forest Service in less comprehensive form.) Pulp-wood consumption: *1907, 190.5, 1909, 1910, and 1911. Lumber, lath, and singles: *1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, 1911, and 1912. Black cooperage stoolt: 1907, *1908, 1909, *1910, and 1911. Tanbark and teaming extracts: 1907, 1908, and 1909. (This pamphlet was not issued in 1910 and 1911.) Excelsior: 1911. Veneers: 1907, 1908, 1909,*I910, and 19H. Tieht cooperage stock: 1907, *190S, 1909, *191o, and 1911. Wood distillation: 1907, *1908, 1909, 1910, and 1911. Crossties purchased: 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, and 1911. Poles purchased: 1907, 1908, 1909, 1910, and 1911. Forest products of the United States: *1907, 1908, and 1909. (TtUs pampUet not issued for 1910 and 1911.) t™ HEADS OF FAMILIES— FIRST CENSUS OF THE UNITED STATES: 1790 (These volumes, of quarto size, are paper bound and vary in size from 72 pages for Rhode Island to 420 pages for Pennsylvania, and are lor sale only, at $1 tor each state. Remittance should accompany the request, addressed to the Director of the Census. A circular giving full information as to the character and con- tents of these yolimies can be tiad on application to the Director of the (Census.) v The First Census covered the present.states of Con- neoticntj Delaware, Georgia, Kentucky, Maine, Mary- land, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Vermont, and Virginia. The returns for Delaware, Georgia, Ken- tucky, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Virginia were de- Toe loUovring volumes liave been issued: Connecti- cut, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts.'New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Is- land; South Carolina, Vermont, and Virginia. The volume tor Virginia contains the state enumerations <»ly from 1782 to 1785. For (Contmued from page 2 of cover) MISCELLANEOUS PUBLICATIONS , PHILIPPINE ISLANDS, CENSUS OF 1903 ^' (On September 25, 1S02, pursuant to act of Congress approved July 1, 1902, the President directed thaTthe census of the Philippine Islands bo taken by the Philip, pine Commission, and tiiat the United States Census Bureau compile and tabiolate the returns and print and distribute the completed reports. These reports were issued in English and Spamsb; both editions are now exliausted.) *Volume I— Oeography, liistory, and population, *Volnme II— Population. ." i-i- ♦Volume III — Mortality, defective classes, education, families and dwellings. ♦Volume IV-.^Agrlcultnre, social and industrial sta- tistics. (Bulletins, compiled from the reports, Sngliah tnUy.) No. J— Population of the Philippines. No. 2 — Climate of the Philippines. No. 3— Volcanoes and seismic centers of the Philippine ArcMpelago. CUBA, CENSUS OF 1907 (The Cuban Census of 1907 was taken by order of the provisional government, and the material was com- piled and published, under the direotlon of the Director of the Cuban Census, by the Bureau of the Census. The report was printed in Spanish: In order to meet the demand in the United States for information re- garding Cuba, the provisional governor of the Repub- lic authorized the Director of the Cuban Census of 1907 to prepare a compendium, printed in English. Both volumes are of oct avo size, ) *Censo de la Repiiblica de Cuba: 1907 (report). *Cuba: Population, history, and resources: 1907 (com- pendium). VITAL STATISTICS ♦Extension of regbtratlon area for births and deaths; a practical example of cooperative census methods as applied to the state of Pennsylvania: 1906. Federal registration service of the United States; Its development, problems, and defects: 1916. International classification of causes of sickness and death: 1910. Legal importance of registration of births and deaths: a908. Legislative requirements for registration of vital sta- tistics: 1903. ♦Manual of international elassifloation of causes of death (adopted by the Census Office for compilation of mor- tality statistics): 1902. Manual of international list of causes of death: 1911. *Uedlcal education In vital statistics: 1903. Modes of statement of cause of death and duratlan of Illness upon certiflcatee of death: 1907. Physicians' pocket reference to the international list of causes of death: 1910, 1913, and 1916. Practical registration methods: 1903. ♦Registration of births and deaths: 1903. ♦Relation of physicians to mortality statistics: 1903. ♦Statistical treatment of causes of death: 1903. Tuberculosis in the United States: 190S. Vital statistics of the United States: 1900. (Bulletin 16.) MISCELLANEOUS American census taking: 1904. Census Office and coordination of statistics: 1909. Collaboration in Federal and state statistical work: 1904. Cooperation and unification in Federal and state sta. listical work: 1903. Cotton ginning reports: Issued in card form (4 by 6 inches) at intervals during the cotton-ginning season. Federal population estimates and supervision of local censuses. History and growt.h of United States Census: 1790-1890. Index to occupations, alphabetical and classified. Leaf tobacco. Reports on quantity held by dealers and manufacturers: April 1 and October 1 of each year since 1912. List of publications. Report of the pirector of the Census to the Secretary of Commerce and Labor concerning the administraF . tion of the permanent bureau: 1903. Reports of the Director of the Census to the Secretary of Commerce concerning the operations of the bureau for each fiscal year, *1903-4, 1904-5 to 1915-16. Special population censuses: El Paso, Tex. Jan. 15, 1916; Hamtramck, Mich., June 25, 1915; Hastings, Nebr., Deo. 13, 1916: Highland Park, Mich., Nov. 15, 191.5; St. Clair Heights, Mich., Nov. IS, 1915; TnJsa, Okla., Apr. 15. 191S. Standard form tor reporting the financial statistics of public schools: 1911. Statistical atlas of the United States: 1914. ♦Suggested standard forms for reports>of the financial transactiotis and physical statistics of parks: 1911. Summary of State laws relating to the dependent classes: 1913. Tentative program 1916-1919. The story of the Census: 1790-1916. Unilorm accounts as a basis for standard forms for re- porting financial and other statistics of health depart- ments; 1912. Uniform accounts for systems of water supply: 1911. Uniform municipal accounting: ^1904 and IW. list of Thirteenth Census publications, see following page. W i ' vol' THIRTEENTH CENSUS (1910) PUBilCATIONS. AH of the volumea of the final censils reports, giving the results of the Thirteenth Decennial Census of 1910, have been issued. The volumes, numbered I to XI (comprising 10,879 pages), conatituting the complete reports of the censUB, which are listed below, were J^]^™ in Umited editions, intended chiefly for libraries, institutions, and special students of Btatistics. Because of the restricted dis- tnbution any individual who desires to receive any or all of the volumes is asked to accompany his request by; an explanatory statement which will justify the Director of the Census in placing his name upon the mailing list. The following list gives the title or description 01 each of the reports and bulletins issued in connection with the Thirteenth Census: knal eepobts of the thieteenth cemsd3. Poptoation: Vol. I.— General report and analysis, 1369 p. (Each chapter of {his volume was printed as a separato. The titles are listed below.) Vol. II.— Reports by states, with statistics for counties, cities, and other civil divisions— Alar bama to Montana, liedp. ; Vol. III.— Same— Nebraska to Wyoming; Alaska, ", Hawah, and Porto Hioo. 1225 p. Vol. IV.— Occupation statistics. 013 p. AOBtCDlTURE: Vol. v.— General report and analysis. 927 p. (Each chapter of this volume was printed as a separate. The titles are listed below.) Vol. VI.— Keports by states, with statistics for counties- Alabama to Montana. 977 p. Vol. VII.— Same— Nebraska to V^yoming; Alaska, Hawaii, and PortoRido. lOlSp. Majtofactures: Vol. VlH.-^Oeneral report and analysis. 845 p. Vol. IX.—Reports by states, with statistics for principal cities. 1404 p. Vol. X.— Reports for principal industries. 975 p. (Each of the reports for the indnstries shown In this volume was printed as a separate bulletin. The titles are given below imder the heading "Manufactures Industry bulletins.") MnnNG: Vol. XI.— Mines and quarries. 369 p. BEPEINIB OF OHAPTEBa OF FINAI, KEP0BT3. Each q! the chapters of Volume I of the final reports, which is the general rei)ort and analysis (rf the popula- tion statfetlcs, was reprinted as a separate. The tltlfe of thechaptersare'as follows: I. Number of inhabitants. 104p. n. Color or racS, nativity, and parentage. 122 p. m. Sex distribution. 42 p, IV. Age distribution. 218 p. V. Marital condition. 182p. VI. State Of birth. 92 p. Vn.Coilntry of birth. 94 p. VIII. Foreign white stock. 84 p. IX. Mother tongue. 58 p. X. Yearofimnilgration. 16p. XI. Voting and militia ages. 64 p. XII. School attendance, 88 p. XIII. imteraey. sop. Xrv. Inability to speak English. 20 p. ■XV. Dwellings and families. 8 p. XVI. Ownership of homes. 74 p. The following tables frpm Volume TV, Occupation statistus, have been reprinted as separates: HI. Occdpations: Cities of 100 000 and over. 67 p. rv. Occupations: Cities of 25,000 and over. 85 p. V and IX. Occupation statistics: Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico. 19 p. The titles of the chapters of Volume V, the general report and analysis of the statistics of agriculture, each of which waa reprinted as a separate, are as follows: I. Farms and farm property. 70 p. II. Farm tenure; 60 p. III. Farm mortgages. 12 p. rv. Statistics of farms, classified by raoe, nativity, and tenure of farmers. 88 p. V. Size of farms. 70 p. VI. Live stock on farms and elsewhere. 146 p. VII. Live-stock products and domestic animfis sold or slaughtered on farms. 58 p. VUl, Summary for aU crops. 34 p. IX. Individual crops. 170 p. X. igrioultural statistics, by ooUnties. 92 p. XI. Irrigation. 60 p. XIl. Plantations in the South. 13 p. The following tables of Volume VIII, the general report and analysis of the statistics of manuftetnres, have been reprinted as separates: Tables V and VI. 243 p. Table V.— Comparative summary— Principal industries, by states, 1909,1904, and 1899. Table VI.— Number of establishments, persons engaged, power, capital, expenses, and value of products— Industries by states, 1909. Chapter XV and Table I Description of indi- vidual industries with principal statistics for each. 146 p. : . , The following section of Volume X , Reports for princi- pal industries, has been reprinted as a separate: Statistics of manufactures for metropolitan dis- tricts, 1909. 77p. ' . ABSTBACT OF THE CENSUS WITH STATE SUPPLKMEHTS. The Abstract of the Census, a volume of 569 pages, which is intended lor general distribution, is prepared in such a way as to ineet the needs of most persons de- siring information concerning the results of the census. It contains in tabular form all imporf^ant census statis- tics for the United States as a whole and for each state and principal cities, together with a briei text and diagrams and maps explaining the figures and their meaning. The Abstract, therefore, is a condensation of the complete census reports, both tables and text, andnotmerely a compilation of tables. , The Abstract is issued in special editions, one tor each state, each edition containing a supplement giving detafled statistics for counties, cities, and other civil divisions of the state to which it relates, de- signed to meet the needs of persons resident in that sfite or especially interested in it. Tlie supplement contains also both tables and text. The information for each state thus printed in the Abstract is also found tn the several series of state b'llletins noted below, and in the volranes entitled "Reports by Etat^ " (Vols. I, III, VI, VH, and IX). As a compact reference work of general and local in- terest the Abstract is more convenient (or most persons than the voluminous final reports. The following list gives a summary of the chapters: iwtboduciion. Population: 1. Number and distribution of inhabitants. 2. Color or race, nativity, and parentage; sex; population 21 years of age and over; males of muitla age. 3. Age and marital condition. 4. State of birth of native population. 5. Population of foreign birth and foreign parent- age, by country of origin. 6. Foreign-bom population— Date of immigration. 7. School attendance and illiteracy. 8. Dwellings and families. Aqbicultube: 9. Farms and farm property, 10. Tenure, mortgage indebtedness, color and na- tivity of farmers, and size of farms. 11. Live stock on farms and elsewhere. 12. Live-stock products, and domestic animals sold or slaughtered Ou farms. 13. Farm crops— Acreage, production, and value. 11. irrigation and irrigated crops. MANUTACTtrRES; . ' 15. Statistics fOr states, cities, and industries. Mnros ANo QUAREiEs: 16. Mines and quarries. ST.ATE BUU.ETIII3. The state bulletins, of which a few copies are avail- able lor disti-ibutioh, give, each for a particular state, de- tailed results of the census for the mam branches of popujatlan, agriculture, irrlg^tioii, and manufactures. These fall into several distloct series, as follows: I'OPULATlOK: First aeries.— hy counties and minor civil divi- sions. Gives the population of the state, the den- ,sity of ^population, and the urban and rural pop- ulation, with tables showing the population in 1910 and 1900 f9r each county and for each minor civil division within the county. Second series. — (Jives composition and character- istics of the population, statistics of color, nativity, parentage; sex, citizenship, llllteraoy, school at- tendance, and dwellings and families, with tables for all counties, and for cities having 2,600 or more inhabitants. The contents of these bulletins were printed as Volumes II and III of the final reports. AiSBlCULTUEK: First serMJ.— Number of farms, farm property, live stock, principal crops, and farm expenses. Second aeries. — Reproduces the material for the first scries, and gives additional information In re- gard to tenure, live-stock products, and minor crops, and presents a complete record for" each state and for each county of all the agricultural data gathered at the census of 1910. The contents of these bulletins were printed as Volumes VI and VXI of the final reports. IbbIqatiOn: Statistics of irrigation, larms and acreage irri- gated, irrigation works, cost of construction, cost of operation and maintenance, and crops irrigated, issued separately for the foUowhig states: Arizona, Califoml3,Colorado,Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New Mexieo,Orcgon,XJ tab, Washington, and Wyoming, and maslnglebulletin for Kansas,Nebraska, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Bouth Dakota, and Texas. Th6 contents of these bulletiiis were printed ta Volumes VI and VII in connection with the agri- cultural statistics of the states to which they relate. ManuJactukes: Statistics for manufactures for the states and for principal cities and industries. The contents of these bulletins, which were issued for each state, and for principal industries, were reprinted as Vol- ume IX) Reports by states. With statistics for prin- cipal cities, and Volume X, Reports for principal industries. , ABSIBACT BULLETINS. "^ Abstract bulletins give the general results of the cen- sus for the country as a whole by states, and, -where applicable, by larger cities. AU of the matter contained in them has been reprinted in greater detail in the final reports. The following bulletins were Issued: Population: Number and distribution of inhabitants. 55 p. ' Color or race, nativity, parentage, sex, and males ol voting and militia ages. 44 p. Schoolattendance and illiteracy. 39 p. Ago and m.irltal condition. 47 p. CoTintry of birth. 32p. State of birth. 18 p. Occupation statistics. 107 p. AGBicnLTUEE: Farms and farm property. 20 p. General farm crops. 28 p. Live stock on farms and elsewhere. 34 p. Tenure, mortgage indebtedness, color and nativity of farmers, and size of farms. 24 p. Crops. 69 p. Live-stock product?. 16 p. Ibbiqation: Irrigation in the Vnlted States. 12 p. MAKtWACTUKES; Manuf^tures— States, Cities, and Industries. 96 p. Mines: . Mining industries in the United States, 24 p. Coalmining. 65 p. Iron mining. 25 p. MANUPACTUBES nrorsTBT BtJlLETDJB. All of the matter contained In these bulletins wm reprinted -^vlthout change in Voltima X, Reports lor principal industries, of the final volumes. Agricultural implement industry. I2 p. Automobiles, including bodies and parts. 17 p. Bicycles, motorcycles, and parts, op. Blast-furnace, steel-WOTks, and rolling-mlll, wlro, and tinplate and temeplate industries. 80 p. Boots and shoes, tooluding cut stack and findings. aOp. Butter, cheese, and condfiDsed-millc industry. 23 p. Canntog and preserving. 23 p. Carriage and wagon todusliy. 17 p. Chemicals. 22 p. Clay-products industry. 26 p. Coke. lOp. Cordage and twine and jute and linen goods. II p. Cotton goods, Inolndiijg cotton small wares, 30 p. Dyetog and finishing textilftSi 10 p. Dyestufis and extracts. 7 p. Electrical machinery, apparatus, and supplies. 17 p. Essential oUs. 6 p. . rr •-. Explosives. 7 p. Fertilizer mduslry. 13 p. Flom-mUl and gristmai industry. 24 p. Fur-felt hat industry, 8 p. Gas. 19p. Glass, lip. ' QlucoSe and starch. 8 p. Hosiery and Itnlif-gOfids todustry. 25 p. Ice. 15 p. Leather glove and mitten industry. 12 p. Leather industry. 19 p. Lumber industry. 24 p. Mnsteal bistruments and pbanOgrapbs and etspto Shraies. 17 p. cloth and Imoleum, 7 p. Paint and Vtaildi industry, as p. Paper ai)d wood-pulp industry. 16 p. Petroleum refining- M p. Prniting and publishing industry. 41 p. Rlye cleaning 6nd polishing. 9 p. Salt. 7p. Shipbuilding, including boat building. 19 p. Silk manufactures. 25 p. Slaiightering and meat-packing industry. 23 p. Soap. 11 p. SiKar, 15p. Sulphuric, nitric, and mixed acids. 9 p. St^m laundries. 15 p. Turpentine aiid rosin industry. IS p. Woolen, worsted', and felt goods, and wool hats, OMpets and rugs, and shoddy. 48 p. MISCELLANEOUS BULLETINS. Besides abstract and state bulletins, which are de- signed for more general distribution, there have been Issued toe following bulletins containing additional data wd diswssion regardtog selected topics. AU ol the miitter contained in these bulletins appears bi the fln^ volumes to which they pertoin. Population of counties and equivalent subdivisions. 30 p. Total population and area of the United States, by states and territories. 16 p. Population of cities pf 2,500 iBhabitants and over. 46 p. Center of population and median lines, continental united States. 8 p. Population of counties and minor civil divisions, 1910, 1900, and 1890. 596 p. ' Cities and their suburbs. 6 p. Population of incorporated ^oes. HI p. Occupation statistics. 107 p. This buuetta contains the principal statistics for oc