r-MORTON MEMORIAL BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME FROM THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF iients W. Sage 1891 -d^oiu^if ' HU/mio 1 r 5901 Cornell University Library T 171.S84 1905 Morton memoriaija history of the Stevens 3 1924 021 892 819 The original of this book is in the Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924021892819 \iV9jlAAAAJi .\ 1 \j3\Jro-Vt MORTON MEMORIAL A HISTORY OF THE STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY \ATTH BIOGXAPHIKS OF THE TRUSTEES, FACULTY, AND ALUMNI AND A RECORD OF THE ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE STEVENS FAMILY OF ENGINEERS EDITED BY FRANKLIN DE RONDE FURMAN, M.E. PROFESSOR OH MECHANICAL DRAWING AND DESIGNING WITH AN INTRODUCTION BY ALEXANDER CROMBIE HUMPHREYS, M.E., Sc.D., LL.D. PRESIDENT OF STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY HOBOKEN, N. J. STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 190S 1 -■ cf Copyright, 1^05, by The Alumni Association of the Stevens Institute OF Technology TO THE MEMORY OF HENRY MORTON, Ph.D., Sc.D., LL.D. FIRST PRESIDENT OF STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY 187O-I9O2 RESOLUTIONS ADOPTED BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES OF STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY " With profound sorrow the Trustees record the death of Henry Morton, the first and only President of the Stevens Institute of Technology. " It is not possible to convey our sense of the great loss which we have sustained in his death. The full measure of his devotion to the Institute cannot he expressed in words. " His gifts of money for its welfare were generous, but the crowning gift was him- self. — heart, mind, and strength. Its fame was his highest ambition; its success his greatest happiness in life; it stands a monument to his memorv, more enduring than 'marble or the gilded monuments of princes.' He brought it up from a doubtful experiment in education to an assured position of renown at home and abroad. On its roll of honor his name stands first, and on his students he has left the impress of his faithful industry in the pursuit of truth, his conscientious devotion to high scientific ideals and his sincere personal interest in their success. " The sons of Stevens will rise up and call him blessed." S. B. DOD, President of the Board of Trustees. HoBOKEN, X. J., i\Iay 12, 1902. Preface In connection with the exercises of the Twenty-fifth Anniversary of tlie Stevens Institute of Technology, held in February, 1897, Pi'esident Morton planned a souvenir book to include a full and complete account of the banquet and of the exhibition of the work of the Alumni, a ^'ery brief history of the Institute, biographies of the Trustees and Faculty, detailed accounts of the professional work of the Stevens Graduates, and numerous extracts from original documents concerning the pioneer engineering work of John, Robert L., and Edwin A. Stevens. The purpose and plan of the book having been established, a publication committee, consisting of Professor Adam Riesenberger, M.E., '76, Mr. Johannes H. Cuntz, M.E., '87, and Mr. Rudolph V. Rose, M.E., '97, the latter then an un- dergraduate, was appointed in 1896 to assist President Morton. The efforts of the committee were directed chiefly to obtaining the records of the Alumni ; and this work, upon the graduation of Mr. Rose a few months later, and the absence of Mr. Cuntz, fell almost entirely upon Professor Riesenberger. He continued until the spring of 1898, when he had completed the records of the technical work of all those who had been graduated with the earlier classes down to and including the Class of 1896. Meanwhile, President Morton was giving his time to the collection of data for the other portions of the book as outlined above. He was also attending to the preparation of many illustrations, personally employing prominent artists, either to produce original pictures, or to touch up photographs from which half- tone plates were subsequently made. The money spent in this way amounted to more than $1,500. The collection of data regarding the engineering achievements of the Stevens family was by far the most voluminous part of the work undertaken by President Morton. During the fall of 1900 President Morton called upon the writer to assist him, and the work of compiling and arranging these data, as presented in Part II of this book, was begun. Upon the completion of this task in 1901, the technical records of the graduates down to and including the Class of 1896 were supple- ix X THE STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY mented by bringing tbem to date; and notices of tbose graduating since 1896 were prepared. In Marcb, 1902, this work was completed, and President Morton, who liad continued to devote himself to various features of the book, felt for the first time that it had reached the standard he originally set. But it was too late for him to see the book completed. His death occurred on the 9th of May. Among the papers left by President Morton were found numerous docu- ments relating to the book, and considerable time was expended in reviewing these and in selecting and adding desirable material thus found. This work was com- pleted in January, 1903. During the years that the book had been in preparation, six classes had been graduated, and the number of the Alumni had increased 43 per cent. The records of these new men added largely to the size of the book, and this, together with the accumulated material for other portions of the work, carried it far be- yond the scope of the original plan. Furthermore, much of the material which had been prepared several years before had lost a considerable portion of its interest. It therefore became impracticable to issue the book under the old plan as a Twen- ty-fifth Anniversary Volume. New plans were considered, and in March, 1903, it was decided by the Ex- ecutive Committee of the Alumni Association to give the book its present character as a memorial to the late Dr. ]\Iorton, commemorating the initial period of the In- stitute's historv, during which he served as its President. Much more space in the new book was allotted to the historv <)! the Institute, and less to the Twenty- fifth Anni\-ersar_y celebration, complete accounts of which are recorded in the " Stevens Institute Indicator " for April, 1897. The sections relating to the en- gineering work of the Stevens family and the biographies of the Trustees and Faculty remain essentially as originally planned. The professional records of the Alumni were largelv condensed where detailed descriptions of a technical nature appeared, and were generally rewritten and rearranged in conformity with the new plan : the space thus sa\ed being de\'oted to portraits and the presentation of such facts as are usually found in biographies. As soon as the revision of the data for the Alumifi records was completed, the new manuscripts were sent for correc- tion and appro\'al to the graduates or to the relatives of those deceased; accom- panying each manuscript was a circular letter setting forth the new plan and the reasons for its adoption. In all, 987 letters covering the classes from the begin- ning {1871) to 1902 inclusive, were sent out. An unexpectedly large number of favorable and generous replies were prom])tly recei\"ed from 75 per cent of these, PREFACE xi about 80 per cent of whom, in turn, subscribed for one or more copies of the book. Such a response is, we believe, unsurpassed in the annals of an educational institu- tion, and is highly gratifying as an indication of the interest which the Alumni of Stevens Institute take in their Alma Mater. Since the earlier forms of this book went to press, several notable additions and changes pertaining to the Institute's history have been made. Chief among these is the purchase by the Institute, through the liberal co-operation of Mrs. Lewis H. Hyde (formerly Mrs. John Stevens), of four and a half acres from the estate known as Castle Point. This property includes all that part extending southward from a continuation of Seventh Street to the old Institute grounds, and runs east- ward to the high bank along the Hudson River. These newly accjuired grounds, with a rising elevation, command a splendid view of New York city and harbor, and afford an unrivalled location for a campus. The construction of the Morton Laboratory of Chemistry (illustrated on page 17 from an advance drawing) will be begun early in 1905. It will be located, however, on the plot of ground at the corner of River and Sixth Streets, directly in front of the residence of the late Dr. Morton, instead of on the main block of land as represented in the picture. This new location, in addition to being most appropriate, was made necessary by the recent rapid growth of the Institute and the consequent provision for possible future extension of the Carnegie Laboratory of Engineering. President Humphreys, in addition to his endowment, in 1902, of a scholar- ship in memory of his son Harold (as mentioned on page 17 of this book), has further contributed $5,000 to create a scholarship dedicated to the memory of his younger son, Crombie Humphreys. Among the customs of the Institute we welcome the advent of the tradi- tional cap and gown, worn, for the first time, at the last commencement exercises, by the faculty, guests, and members of the graduating class. The regulation cos- tume fitting the Stevens degree of Mechanical Engineer consists of the Bachelor's gown and hood, and the cap. The hood is lined with silk in the Ste\'ens colors of red and gray, and trimmed with orange velvet. This latter color was adopted by Stevens to symbolize the profession of Engineering, which heretofore had not been represented by a distinguishing color in the academic costume. Those of the alumni who are members of college faculties are entitled to substitute the Master's for the Bachelor's gown and hood. In presenting the biographical sketches of the Alumni every effort has been xii THE STRVENS INSTITETE OE TECHNOLOGY made to o-ive each one uniform treatment along the following lines: Name in full; ]>i>rtrait: place and date oi birth: parents' names; Ijrief note of ancestry and of any circumstances of general interest in early life and education: record ot prcifessional work, including list of positions held \yith titles and dates, and also a Ijrief description of the nature (^f the emplo^'ment, or of any S])ecial or excep- tional ^\■ork accomplished, \yith illustrations of the same: names and dates of patents talcen (.)ut, with short descriptions: titles and dates of Ijooks published, of papers presented to engineering or prominent societies, and of articles contributed to technical or other journals: names of engineering societies, clubs, fraternities, commissions, etc., in which membership is or has been held; and, if married, the date of the marriage, the wife's name, and the names of the children. Eyery effort has Ijeen made t(j have the information in this book accurate and up to date, and it is l:)elieyed that it is as nearly so as is possible in a AV(.irk of this kind. After the biographies had been set up in type, proof-sheets were sent out to eyery alumnus before going to press, for the \-erification of names, dates, etc., and for the addition of such facts as were necessary to complete each sketch. In this connection the editor wishes to emphasize the fact that the spellings of christian names, which in some cases ma\- be found to be at \-ariance with stand- ard methods, haye been carefully yerified. No pains haye been spared in securing data and in yerifying doubtful points in general. Of special value to the writer in compiling this volume has been the experience obtained some vears ago as Corre- sponding Secretary of the Alumni Association, and later as editor of the " Ste^'ens Institute Indicator." In concluding this preface the writer desires to thank those who, by their contributions or their counsel, ha\'e assisted in the preparation of this book. Among these should be mentioned President Alexander C. Humphreys, ALE., Sc.D., LL.D. : Professor Adam Riesenberger, ALE. ; Professor Edward Wall, A.AL; Air. Harry W. Johnson, ALE. ; Air. Elford E. TrefTry; Air. William A. Alacy, secretary of the Hoboken Land & Improvement Company: and Col. George Harve}-, president of Harper & Brothers. ERAXKLIN De RONDE EURMAN. Hoboken, N. J., January, 1905. Introduction In complying with the request of the Editor to write an Introduction to this historical sketch of the Stevens Institute of Technology and its people I wish first to emphasize the peculiar appropriateness of offering this volume as a me- morial of the man who unsparingly devoted thirty years of his life to the Insti- tute's service. The Editor has explained that, at first, this work was intended to com- memorate the Institute's Twenty-fifth Anniversary. The original conception was a modest one, but under Dr. Morton's enthusiastic direction and generous support the scheme was so broadened and enriched that the great amount of detail work caused the date of publication to be postponed from year to year. This delay, however, was found to be a blessing in disguise, when, shortly after Dr. Morton's untimely death, it was realized that the project over which he had so lovingly lab- ored could be developed into a record of the thirty years of his presidency. Our gratitude is due to the Editor for suggesting this change and carrying the work to so successful an issue. Dr. Morton particularly desired that the book, as originally outlined, should show that not onl)^ " Stevens " men, but our country and the world at large, rest under a great debt to our founder and his father and brother. The record of the Stevens family of engineers wdiich follows in Part II, — made up of an article by T. C. Martin, E.E., prepared at the instance of Dr. Morton; addresses at the Twenty-fifth Anniversary Banquet, made by Abram S. Hewitt, Admiral Melville, and Dr. AVatkins ; a brief biographical record of the Ste\-ens family; and a classi- fied record of the engineering work of J<-ihn, Robert L., and Edwin A. Ste\ens, — should serve Dr. Morton's long'-cherished purpose of paying a more adecjuate trilj- ute to the pioneer engineering achievements of the members of this remarkable family. The members of the engineering profession kniiw in an indefinite way, larg-ely from fragmentary articles that ha\"e appeared from time to time, and from special and often obscure references in technical literature, that John Stevens and his twii sons did much for engineering science: let them read this record and learn more fully of the truth. xiii xiv THE STEVENS LXSTITUTE OE TECHNOLOGY Pioneers in railroading, steamboat engineering, and modern naval construc- tion ; inventors of the T-rail, the railroad spike, the " sleeper "' method of track-con- struction, and elongated shells for cannon ; designers of the present form of fer- ry boats and ferrv slips, and of the yacht " Maria," the fastest yacht of her day and victor over the " America " ; and the fathers of a great class of minor though im- portant utilities exemplified in the pilot-house and the two-horse dumping-wagon, — their in\-entions and improvements are now benefiting thousands who accept these benefits \vithout knowledge of or gratitude to their jjenefactors. It was eminently appropriate that Stevens Institute should have been founded through the liberality of an active member of this Eamily of Engineers, and that its buildings should be erected upon ground where some of their epoch- making experiments were conducted. This alone should be an inspiration, con- tinually renewed, to those charged with the responsibility of maintaining the good name of " Stevens." Edwin A. Stevens died in 1868, and by his will left a block of land in Ho- boken, a building-fund and an endowment-fund, and directed that his executors should erect on this land " an institution of learning for the benefit of the vouth residing from time to time in the State of New Jersey." The work of the Stevens Institute began in 1870 under the guidance of Mrs. E. A. Stevens, William Ship- pen, and S. Bavard Dod, who constituted the first Board of Trustees. Upon Mr. Dod chiefly devolved the dut}- of determining what the character of the new institution should be. After full consideration and against the advice of educators and practical men, it was decided to organize a school of Mcchatiical Engineering, a line in which Edwin A. Stevens, his father, and his brother, had so efficiently lajjored. There had already been established schools of engineering dif- ferentiated in favor of the Civil or the Mining branches of Engineering, but so far it had been contended that Mechanical Engineering should be taught only in the slumps. This seems to-dav to be remarkable when we reflect that all successful engineering is based upon the same fundamentals of mathematics and natural science combined with practice in the field, the mine, the factory, and in business. While their plans were still in a nebulous condition the trustees called to their assistance, as President of the new institution, not an engineer, not even an experienced educator, but a young man trained for the law who through natural inclination and opportunity had been led into the paths of science. Henry Morton grasped the idea, quickly gave it definite form, and, displaying his executive capa- city, promptly called to his support a Faculty small in number, but singularly well INTRODUCTION xv qualified to develop and carry out a new line of educational work. And let it not be forgotten that the plan outlined in 1870 in its main feature — the co-ordina- tion of theory and practice — has been retained to the present time and remains the backbone of the Stevens educational scheme. Concerned with practical things, as I have been all my working life, it seems to me nothing short of marvelous that a man educated as was Henry Morton should have been found capable of initiating a course of instruction so essentially practical. Morton was a firm believer in the employment of the imagination in the development of scientific truths ; he, himself, was unusually qualified in this re- gard, and his record as the first president of Stevens Institute demonstrated that he was able to carry his powers of imagination into the realm of practical things. He was that rarity, — a genius endowed with balance of character. Shortly after Dr. Morton's death I was called upon to write of his life for the " Stevens Institute Indicator." I undertook the work with many misgivings, for I keenly appreciated my inability to do justice to so many-sided and brilliant a personality. Since then I have had some two years of experience as the head of the institution he created, and in this position I have been led more keenly to appreciate my insufficiency as his biographer. But in this volume we have the his- tory of Stevens Institute for the thirty years of his stewardship, and in the records of the thousand Alumni can be read how faithfully and efficiently this steward- ship was administered for the benefit of his fellows and in the service of his Master. President Morton's wonderful capacity for the rapid acquisition of e.xact knowledge in every branch of science, combined with a like ability accurately to appraise the value of evidence, enabled him early in life to earn an unrivalled repu- tation as a scientific expert in patent causes. His extra labors in this field enabled him to meet from time to time the Institute's most pressing pecuniary needs. And we may believe that it was Andrew Carnegie's sympathetic appreciation of Dr. Morton's qualities of head and heart that influenced him to build and endow the Carnegie Laboratory of Engineering. Henry Morton gave his great ability, his substance, and — yes — his very life to Stevens Institute ; for I am convinced that in large measure it was the worry occasioned by the insufficiency of the Institute's endowment, made apparent by the growth due to his successful administration of its afi^airs, that finally broke down his frail body, never strong enough to keep pace with the demands of his pfreat heart and intellect. xvi THE STE\'ENS INSTITUTE OE TECHNOLOGY I feel that this ^•(^kune, with its record of the Stevens Family, President Alorton, the L^aculty, the Trustees, and the Alumni, should ser\e as an inspiration and encduragement to continue Henry }\Iorton's work; and abo\"e all I hope that it will ser\-e still more closely to unite tke .Vlumni in the ser^•ice of their Alma Mater. The Institute has many loyal sons; may tkis yolume go out to strengthen them in their liive for " Ste\ens " and to cpiicken the loyalty of those who are now but lukewarm. The educational bounty which we have received let us in turn ex- tend to others in need. ALENANDER C. HUMPHREYS, Prcsiih-iit of Stevens Institute of Technology. Contents Page ix . xiii . xix PREFACE INTRODUCTION BY PRESIDENT HUMPHREYS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS I HISTORY OF THE INSTITUTE INTRODUCTION i ORGANIZATION 2 THE ORIGINAL FACULTY 6 FORMAL OPENING 6 ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT AND COURSE OF STUDY 7 EARLY SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR LECTURES 9 GROWTH OF THE INSTITUTE: GOVERNMENT u FINANCE 13 ADVANCEMENT IN THE COURSI^: OF STUDY 17 SCHOLARSHIPS AND PRIZES 25 ATTENDANCE 27 THE FACULTY 29 ALTERATIONS TO MAIN BUILDING. AND NEW BUILDINGS ... 35 STEVENS SCHOOL 40 THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNIVERSARY CELEBRATION OF TFIE FOUNDING OF THE INSTITUTE : THE BANQUET 41 EXHIBITION OF THE WORK OF THE FACULTY AND ALUMNI . . 46 DEDICATION OF THE CARNEGIE LABORATORY OF ENGINEERING . . 55 INAUGURATION OF PRESIDENT HUMPHREYS 61 xvii xviii THE STEVENS INSTITUTE OE TECHNOLOGY Page THE ALUMNI ASSOCIATION 62 " STEVENS INSTITUTE INDICATOR" 65 STUDENT ENTERPRISES: SOCIAL LIEE 66 ENCINEERING SOCIETIES 68 ATHLETICS 69 PUBLICATIONS 72 MUSICAL CLUBS 74 MISCELLANEOUS CLUBS AND COLLEGE CUSLOMS 75 II the stevens family a ea^iily oe engineers 81 re:miniscences 95 recognition of the engineering aghiea'ements oe john, rob- ert l., and edwtn a. ste\'ens 99 brief biographical record 103 classified record of engineerin(; a\'ork: introdcgtdn and den'eloparent of the steam-engine for boat-propulsion 106 early days of the loco^^ioti \'e and the steam railroad iii invention of the t-rail and spike 117 invention of the elongated shell for cannon .... 121 the ste\'ens battery 122 miscellaneous in\'entions 136 su:mm.\ry of engineering aa'ork 143 III BIOGRAPHIES THE TRUSTEES 147 THE FACULTY 165 THE ALUMNI 286 List of Illustrations Page Henry Morton Frontispiece Edwin A. Stevens i Stevens Institute of Technolo(;y 3 Old Engineering Lecture Room 5 Old Lecture Hall lo Old Workshop 12 Carnegie Laboratory of Engineering 15 Morton Laboratory of Chemistry (proposed) 17 Ground Floor of the Carnegie Laboratory of Engineering 19 Old Wood-Turning Room 21 Electrical Instrument Laboratory 23 One of the Enlarged Drawing-Rooms 33 New Wood-Working Room in East Basement 34 New Mach ink-Shop in West Basement 35 Forge and Molding-Room, with Foundry 35 New Auditorium in Central Wing of the Main Building 36 Stevens Institute, Showing Main Building with Terrace Removed, and Carne- gie Laboratory of Engineering 37 Dyn.\mo-Room in Electrical Labor.vtory 39 ExtiiBiTioNS of Work at Twenty-fifth Annivers.\ky : Exhibits in the Physical L.mioratory, — Two \Tevvs 47, 49 Descriptive Geometry Models 50 Lltminous Electric TtrpES 51 Exhibits in the Library 53 Andrew Carnegie 56 Silver Box Containing a Piece of the Stevens or T-Rail of 1831 57 Allis-Corliss Cross Compound Engine in Carnegie Laboratory 59 Models of Bessemer Converter, Ingot Molds, Open-Hearth Furn.\ce, and Blast Furnace 60 Colonel John Stevens 82 xix XX THE STEVENS INSTEfUTE OE TECHNOLOGY Page Original John Stevens Boat-Engine of 1804 85 The Locomotive "John Bl;ll" 86 The " Phcenix." the First Sea-CiOing Steamsuii' 87 'J'liE Yagiit " ]\1aria " Rig(;ei) as a Sloop .... 89 Edwin A. Stevens 90 The Stevens B.\ttery Shelling an Ene:my's Fleet in the B.\y oi' New \'ork . . 93 The Steyens Battery Dr.\wing Back After R.vmming a Erklate 94 Castle Point Homeste.xd in 1802 103 Colonel Iohn Stevens 104 Castle Point Homestead in 1904 105 I'iRST Train on the Camden and Amp.oy R.\ilro.\d 113 Experimental Locomotive on Pkin'ate Track, Houoken, N. L, 1826 115 Robert L. Ste\'ens 117 Facsimile of Original Sketch of Cross-Section, SiDE-ELE\'Ar]oN, ,\nd Grolind- Plan of the I'^irst T-Rail 118 I'^ACSiMiLE OF Bill for Altering Rolls Dam,\ged in I\L\king the First T-Rails . . 120 The Stevens Battery in Her Dry Dock 123 The Stevens B.xttery, Pl.\n, Elevation, and Cross-Section 126 The " Xaug,\tcck " 127 The ^'.\cht " I\L\ria " Ri(;(;eii .\s a Schooner 139 Race Between Yachts " America " and '' M.vria " 140 The " Piiil.\delphia," or " Old S.\l " 141 Reduced Copy oi- P.\ge 66 of "The Rosetta Stone Report" 167 Lecture iiy Henry Morton in Academy of }iLisic, Philadelphia 169 BuRNTNi; A Sword Dciring the Course of a Lecture 171 Solar I'Tlipse, Ali(;ust 7, 1S69 173 Henry A[orton 17^ The Living H.\nd on the Screen 187 Illi'STRATIon for .\ Humorous Poem 191 Chrom.\tic Photometer 20s Acol'stic Experiment 207 Adjustakle Model Showin(; Six Geometric. \l Surf.\(.es 220 The Battle Between the " AFonitor " and the " Merrimac " 221 ]\Iodel Showing Intersecting Cones 222 Recording Instruments for T'ressi're, Temper. \ture, and Electricity . 266, 267, 268 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXI THE TRUSTEES Page Page Mrs. E. a. Stevens 147 Alexander T. McGill 154 William W. Siiippen 147 Edwin A. Stevens 155 Samuel Bayard Dod 147 Richard Stevens 156 Henry Morton 150 Henry R. Tovvne 157 Andrew Carnegie 151 Alfred R. Wolff 159 Alexander C. Humphreys .... 152 Cjeorge B. M. Harvey 161 Charles Macdonald 153 A. P. Trautwein William Kent William HEVifiTT E. B. Wall . . Durand Woodman F. E. Idell . G. M. Bond . . H. deB. Parsons . THE ALUMNI TRUSTEES . ... 158 L. H. Nash 160 . . . . 158 J. W. LiEB, Jr. . . ' 160 . 158 G. J. Roberts, Jr 162 . 158 A. S. Miller 162 . 158 W. L. Lyall . . 162 . . . . 160 C. H. Page, Jr 162 160 E. A. Uehling 162 .... 160 THE FACULTY 164 T. B. Stillman 254 Henry Morton .A.. C. Humphreys 194 A. M. Mayer 203 R. H. Thurston 210 Edward Wall 218 C. W. MacCord 219 A. R. Leeds 223 C. F. Kroeh 229 De Volson Wood 234 F. L. Pryor W. E. Geyer 239 F. L. Sevenoak J. E. Denton 241 li. R. Knapp 277 J. B. Webb 245 W. J. Moore 279 Coleman Sellers 250 C. O. Gunther 279 D. S. Jacobus Adam Riesenberger C. A. Carr . . W. H. Bristol A. F. Ganz . . F. DeR. Furman S. D. Graydon 257 263 264 265 270 272 274 275 276 xxii THE STEVENS INSTTrUTE OF TECHNOLOGY THE FACULTY— Continued Page Page F. J. Pond 280 L. A. Martin 283 C. B. LePage 281 H. W. Johnson 283 W. A. Shoudy 282 F. J\I. FIuMMEL 284 Portraits of the Alumni and Illustrations of Their \\'ork, Arranged in Al- phabetical Order 287-630 Portraits of Associate Members of the Alumni Association^ and Illustrations OF Their Work 631-634 The Class of 1903 636 The Class of 1904 640 I History of the Institute isZ^t-^'T-' ^t-l^-T^-Wj^ I History of the Institute INTRODUCTION THE official history of the Stevens Institute of Technology dates from April 15, 1867, when Mr. Edwin Augustus Stevens, in his will, be- queathed a block of land adjoining the family estate at Castle Point, Hoboken, N. J., $150,000 for the erection of a building, and $500,000 as an en- dowment, for an " institution of learning." Although unexpressed in his will, it is known that Mr. Stevens had in mind an institution devoted to the advancement of the mechanic arts, to which he had contributed in no small degree. He was the surviving member of a family trio — father and two sons — of pioneer engineers whose achievements gave the first great impetus to mechanical engineering in America. Of the remarkable work accomplished by these three men, the world at large knows but little, doubt- less owing to their medesty and to their absolute independence of public support, which permitted them to carry on quietly and unobservedly the construction of steam engines and machinery at a time when such devices were little known and were looked upon with distrustful eyes. And then, when these men demonstrated, by actual operation, the success of their work, there were none whose financial interest prompted them to herald the news far and wide. In those days there were no great newspapers, no telegraphs, no railroads, no steamboats. Before the close of the eighteenth century. Col. John Stevens was engaged in constructing a private steamboat which he operated on the Hudson River in 1804, three years before Fulton's " Clermont " was employed as a commercial enterprise. In 1808 he placed in commission the " Phcenix," which, in its trip from Hoboken to Philadelphia under the supervision of his son Robert Livingston Stevens, was the first steamboat to brave the ocean. While the construction of the Erie Canal was under discussion by the legislators of New York State in 1 81 2, Col. John Stevens earnestly petitioned them to construct a railroad instead of the canal, and ventured to predict that an average speed of thirty miles per hour could be attained, and that sixty miles might be. Twenty years later he built as a private venture, on his own estate in Hoboken, the first locomo- 2 THE STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY tive and railroad track in America. This was soon followed by the construction of the Camden & Amboy railroad, now a part of the Pennsylvania System. During the war with England, in 1813, Robert L. Stevens invented the elongated shell to be fired from cannon, the secret of which he disposed of to the United States government. In 1814 Col. John Stevens projected a circular iron fort to be revolved by steam, and under his direction his son Edwin Augustus carried on experiments to determine the results of firing cannon against iron plating. As a result, the brothers Edwin and Robert conceived the plan of ap- plying iron plating to war-vessels, and in 1841 entered into negotiations with the United States for the first armor-plated battle-ship. Such were the great inventions and enterprises of the Stevens family of engineers. In the development of their plans, however, it was necessary to invent many matters of detail in themselves of no small importance. Thus, when John Stevens invented the tubular boiler and applied the principle of the screw to pro- peller-blades, there was no patent protection in this country, and so, on his peti- tion, the patent law of April 10, 1790, was passed. In connection with the work of railroad development Robert L. Stevens invented, in 1830, the T-rail which is now in universal use for track-construction on steam roads. Not only these, but many other inventions, could be credited to the Stevens family of engineers at this point ; but that would not be in line with the purpose of this section of the volume, which is to relate the history of Stevens Institute. In this brief mention of the work of these three men, the curtain has been drawn for a vision of the real beginning of the history of the Stevens Institute of Technology, — unofficial, of course, but history none the less, for it reveals the solid foundation on which rests the name of Ste\'ens. In this firm substructure the Stevens man will ever take the deepest pride. The prestige not only of a great name in his profession, but of a name that must be for ever associated with the earliest engineering achie^-ements, is his. Technical literature contains no theme of more surpassing interest than, collectively, do numerous family records, commercial papers, and government doc- uments relating to the work of John, Robert L., and Edwin A. Stevens. These muniments, now widely distributed and in the aggregate voluminous, have been assembled, and extracts made for incorporation in this volume. Those who de- sire to pursue further this portion of the Institute's early tributary history will find the material in Book II. ORGANIZATION The death of ]\Ir. Edwin A. Stevens occurred in 1868. His will provided that within two years after his decease his executors should erect a suitable build- ing " of some substantial but economical material," and that they should within ORGANIZATION 3 three years " establish the institution for the benefit, tuition, and advancement in learning of the youth residing, from time to time hereafter, within the State of New Jersey." The executors of his will were also appointed Trustees of the new institu- tion. They were : Mrs. Edwin A. Stevens, his wife ; Mr. W. W. Shippen, his friend and co-worker in his later years ; and Mr. S. B. Dod, his brother-in-lavv^. Soon after the death of Mr. Stevens the executors began the fulfillment of their trust. They decided that the new institution should be a school of technol- Stevexs Ixstitute of Technology ogy, and accordingly an act incorporating the Ste\'ens Institute of Technology was approved FeJjruary 15, 1870. Plans for the building were drawn by Mr. R. M. Upjohn, a prominent New York architect. They called for a more pretentious building than the one con- structed, including a spire rising fiftv feet above the present tower, as well as two smaller spires thirty-five feet high, one at each of the rear corners of the main building, directly over the side entrances : but for economy's sake and other rea- sons these ornaments were dispensed with, as was also the east wing, which, however, was added a year later to make room for the Stevens High School, which was then organized by the Trustees. During the summer of 1870 Professor Henry Morton, who then occupied the Chair of Chemistry at the University of Pennsylvania, and who was at the 4 THE STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY same time secretary and editor of the " Journal of the Franklin Institute," was selected as President of the new institution. With absolutely no precedent for a course of stud}' in mechanical engi- neering, Mr. Dod and President Morton engagetl upon the preparation of a gen- eral plan which was adopted at the start, and has endured without essential change to the present day. The subjects of Electrical Engineering and Business Engineer- ing, which have tle\'eloped in recent years, have been added, and the original sub- jects pruned and grafted to meet advancing requirements; but the general plan as stated in the first Catalogue, or Announcement, in 1871, remains substantially as the foundation for the present course. That this can be said after a test of thirty- three years speaks well for the wisdom and foresight shown in the preparation and adoption of the original plan, which was as follows: " It was determined, as has been stated, to create a school of mechanical engineer- ing, and as this was to be of a high educational order, and to involve a general and not a merely industrial training, it was thought best to give to the new Institute the title of ' Technology,' and thus, in memory also of its munificent founder, it is called The Stev- ens Institute of Technology. " The plan of instruction to be pursued is such as may best fit young men of ability for leading positions in the department of mechanical engineering, and in the pursuits of scientific investigation, from which this and all the sister arts have derived, and are daily deriving, such incalculable benefits. " With this view it is intended, — " I St. To afford a thorough training in the elementary and advanced branches of mathematics in so far as these are useful means of investigation and of work, and not themselves the ends and objects of labor. ''2d. To give a thoroughly practical course of instruction in physics, by means of physical laboratories, in which the students will be taught to make, and caused to make for themselves, experimental researches as to the laws of nature bearing upon the sub- jects of their special study. Thus the student will be made to develop for himself the laws of flexure of beams variously supported, of torsional, compressive, or tensile strain, and the relations of strength to form and nature of material ; doing all this b}' means of apparatus which will be ]jut into his own hands, and wliich he will be taught to use. " Or, again, he will be instructed in the relations of temperature to tension of vapor, of specific and latent heat, of radiation and absorption of heat, and the like ; not by lessons learned from a book, or a preceptor alone, but by experiments conducted by himself and with instruments actuallv in his own hands. " By such means as this, not only will the facts and laws be impressed in a manner which no other process can approach, but a training will be given in methods of investi- gation wliich will be in\-aluable for the master of the always new and varied problems of actual work. " 3d. The subject of mechanical engineering, in reference to the theory and prac- tice of construction of machines, will form, like the others, a distinct department under the charge of a special Professor, experienced in the practical relations of his subject, and enaliled to devote his entire attention to this branch. "4th. The subject of mechanical drawing, which may well be called the language of engineering", comprising the use of mathematical instruments and water-colors, elemen- ORGANIZATION 5 tary projection and perspective, with descriptive geometry, including orthographical, iso- metric, and spherical projection, will likewise form a separate department, to which a large amomit of time and attention will he devoted. " 5th, The subjects of chemistry and metallurgy will likewise be thoroughly taught, with all the modern appliances of working laboratories, etc., as will be seen on reference to the plans of the various stories of the building. . . . " The reduction and working of the useful metais will be included in this depart- Engineering Lectuke Room 'ment, and will be practically illustrated by means of a series of metallurgical furnaces constructed for this purpose. " 6th. The French and German languages will be an essential part of the course of instruction, since they are of incalculable value to the engineer and man of science, as the vehicles of a vast amount of new information in his special subjects, and also as afford- ing that kind of mental culture which mathematical and physical science, if followed ex- clusive, would fail to supply. " 7th. A department of belles-lettres will also he included, and will furnish the means of acquiring that cultivation of literary taste and the facility of graceful use of language, both in speaking and writing, which is as desirable in the engineer and man of science as in the classical student." 6 THE STE\^EXS IXSTEfUTE OF TECHNOLOGY THE ORIGINAL FACULTY During the time that the plans were thus being matured and the build- ing untler C(;>nstructi(_in, the Trustees, again assisted by President Morton, were selecting the following Eacult^'. Their pre\'ious positiims are given in parenthe- ses following the names ; Henry Morton, Ph.D President (Professor of Cheniistr\-, Unixersitv of Pennsylvania; and Secretary, and Editor of tlie "(onrnal," of the Franklin Institute) Alfred I\I. jMayer, Ph.D Professor of Physics (Prot'essor of Physics and Astrnnnniy, I.ehi^h P'niversity) Robert H. Ti-iurston, C.E Profcssoi- of Mechanical Eiigiueeriiig (F^ns^ineer Ufticer, United States Na\ ■^■, detailed as Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy at the I'niteil States Na\-al Academy) Lieut. -Col. PI. A. H.\sc.\LL Professor of Matheinatics Charles AX'. ]\I.\cCord, A.^M Professoj- of ilfecliaiiieal Di'aK'iiig (Chief Dran!;;'htsnian for Captain ]iihn Ericsson) Ali'.ert R. Leeds, A.^I Pi'ofcssor of Clieiiiistry (Professor of Chemistry in Philadelphia Dental College, followed by study and research at the l'ni\"ersit>- i)f fierlin) Cu.vRLEs F. Kroeii. A.IM Professor of Languages (Protessor ot French and Oerman, Lehi.i;"h Unixersily) Re\'. Ed\\'.\rd \\'.\ll, A.^I Pi-ofessor of Belles-Lcttres (En.5aged in the Ministry) C)wing to ill health Prof. Hascall taught only a few months, and was suc- ceeded at the end of the first \-ear b\- Prof. I)e \'olson AA'nod. who was the lirst to carrA' (jut a plan for the Department c>i Afatiiematics, and \\-ho might therefore l)e said to be practically its first Professor. ]^rof. W'lxxl came froiu the L'ni\'ersity of ^lichigan, \\here he bad occupied the Chair of Ci\'il Engineering. FORMAL OPENING The summer of 187 1 found all the essential iireliminarN' arrangements practicalh' completed, and on the third Wednesday (.>f September of that year the doors of Ste\-ens Pistitute \\-ere first thrown open for the recei)tion of stitdents. During the first year 21 students were in attendance, — 2 Juniors, 3 Sophomores, and 16 Freshmen. In June, 1S73, the Institute graduated its first class, which C(insisted of but one menilter, T\[r. J. Augustus Henderson, \\ho thus ])ecame the first to re- ceiA'e the legal degree of Mechanical Engineer. After graduatiiin Mr. Hender- son was in the iron shiplmilding lousiness in this countr\- and in Russia, and later in the L'nited States Xa\-A', froin which he is now retired, li\-ing at State Colle"'e, Center C( )unt\'. Pa. ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT ORIGINAL EQUIPMENT AND COURSE OF STUDY That the plan for the course of study might be carried out in the most efficient manner, no effort was spared in securing a complete equipment of ap- paratus to exemplif)^ the teaching of the theoretical part of the course. The ec[uipment of the Physical Laboratory was unusually complete, and, it is believed, second to none in the country at that time. It included valuable in- struments for illustrating actions in molecular physics, elementary mechanics, acoustics, heat, electricity, and optics, most of which came from Salleron, of Paris, Koenig, Simon, Beclard, Graham, Bunsen, Ritchie, and others ; a chron- oscope from Hipp, of Neuchatel, sufficiently delicate to measure the one-thou- sandth part of a second and demonstrate the law of falling bodies at a height of i8 inches; many instruments used in the classical researches of Dalton, Gay- Lussac, Dumas, and Regnault ; an electro-magnet weighing nearly a ton, and containing in its eight spools some 2,000 feet of wire one fifth of an inch in diam- eter, — the largest then in existence ; also the then famous collection of optical instruments purchased from the estate of Charles N. Bancker, of Philadelphia. This latter collection co^'ered the whole range of optical discovery, and was said by Abbe Moigno (" Cosmos," 1859, p. 557) to be " the most numerous and bril- liant that exists in the world." The Department of Chemistr)- started \\'ith a large ctjllection, including a cabinet of minerals, rocks, fossils, and models of crystals, comprising in all about 5,500 specimens ; a cabinet of ores and metallurgical products; a cabinet of chemical substances arranged according to their chemical relationships; cab- inets of applied and industrial chemistry ; and a museum of apparatus pertaining to chemical physics and applied chemistry. The Department of Mechanical Drawing was ecpiipped with a set of models of geometrical surfaces by Olivier, of Paris; a set of models of problems in descripti\'e geometry from Schroder, of Darmstadt; and a large collection of drawings. The executors of the Stevens Estate and a large number of indi\'iduals and prominent engineering firms are recorded as luuing shown their interest in the proposed work of the new institution by making interesting and useful and in many cases valualile contributions of engines, machinery, engineering apparatus, iron and steel samples, etc., to the Enginsering Department. These contributions were frequently augmented from government and commercial and pri\ate sources, so that in a few years the practical equipment of this Department was unusually complete. This entire equipment ser\-ed as a \alual3le supplement to the detail of the curriculum, a brief statement of which is given in a later subdivision on the "Ad- vancement in the Course of Study" (p. 17) Eor the present purpose it is suffi- cient to outline the foundation on which the Trustees and the President had 8 THE STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY planned their futnre work in the class-room, laboratory, and shop. This is re- vealed in the " Requirements for Admission " as they appeared in the first Cat- alogue, or Announcement, which was issued in the year 1871, from which the following is quoted : " Candidates for admission to the first year of the course should not be less than sixteen years of age, and must be prepared to pass a satisfactory examination in English grammar, geography, arithmetic, algebra — including quadratic equations, plane geometry, as given in Davies's ' Legendre,' plane trigonometry — solution of plane triangles. " Candidates for admission to the higher classes must be prepared to pass a satis- factory examination in the studies previously pursued by the classes which they propose to enter. " Advanced students and men of science desiring to avail themselves of the ap- pliances of the laboratories of Stevens Institute, to carry on special investigations, may make arrangements to that end with the President." It may be of interest briefly to compare these requirements with those of the present day, as set forth in the Institute Catalogue of 1903-04. The terms of admission to the Freshman class in 1903 were that the candidate should be seventeen years of age and pass satisfactory examinations in arithmetic, algebra — " all the matter contained in any good University '^-Vlgebra,' not including the solution of ecjuations higher than the second degree nor the general theory of equations " ; all of plane, solid, and spherical geometry : all the fundamental for- mulae of plane trigonometrj'; English classic literature; American history; me- chanics, hydrostatics, and pneumatics in physics; and "as mtich of chemistry as is contained in the first eleven chapters, and in chapters 15, 16, and 17, of Newth's ' Elementary Inorganic Chemistry '." From the start there has been but Cjue regular course of study, and this leading only to the degree of Mechanical Engineer. During the early history of the Institute, however, when there were accommodations for more than the num- ber of regular stttdents then in attendance, special students were received, and graduates from other institutions were allowed to piu'stie a special cotu'se of study in either the Physical or Chemical Laboratory, or both, at the satisfactory conclusion of which the Institute gave the degree of Bachelor of Science or of Doctor of Philosophy. Although a number of special students availed themselves of the opportunity thus offered for a special training in physics or chemistry, only se^'en received degrees, as follows : William E. Geyer, B.S., 1877, Ph.D., 1880 William M. Dougherty, B.S., 1878 John F. Kelly, B.S., 1878, Ph.D., 1897 Wilbur V. Brown, B.S., 1880, Ph.D., 1888 Brown Ayres, B.S., 1878, Ph.D., 1888 Durand Woodman, B.S., 1880, Ph.D., 1887 Thomas B. Stillman, Ph.D., 1883 All other graduates of the Institute have the degree of Mechanical En- gineer. lows ; EARLY SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR LECTURES 9 At different times the Institute has conferred honorary degrees as fol- DocTOR OF Philosophy Prof. Henry Wurtz, 1877 Prof. Samuel P. Langle}', 1881 Prof. John P. Rice, 1880 Prof. A. A. Michelson, 1887 Doctor of Engineering E. D. Leavitt, Jr., 1884 Francis B. Stevens, 1890 R. H. Thurston, A.M., LL.D., 1885 Rear-Adm. George W. Melville, U.S.N., 1896 Coleman Sellers, 1888 J. Elfreth Watkins, 1900 Honorary Degree of Electrical Engineer John W. Howell, 1899 Joseph Wctzler, 1899 Honorary Degree of Mechanical Engineer Clarence A. Carr, 1884 Walton Clark, 1903 Frank M. Leavitt, 1899 EARLY SCIENTIFIC AND POPULAR LECTURES At the time of the opening of tlie Institute lectiu'es were given weekly dttr- ing the college year for several years, in addition to the regular collegiate course. These courses of lectures were divided into two classes, Popular and Technical, which were open not only to the students but to the general public on the pur- chase of tickets. These lectures were held in the evenings in the large lecture hall, which had a seating-capacity of over 600. This hall was situated in the cen- tral wing of the main building, where the machine-shop was located for many years. To quote from the Catalogue of 1871 : " The Popular course will be composed of lectures on such general subjects as would be likely to interest the public at large ; and the Technical course will consist of lec- tures by experts in various branches bearing on the general objects of this school, and pre- sumably of interest chiefly to engineers and men of science." Popular Course Prof. G. F. Barker, M.D., of New Flaven. On Spectrum Analysis. Four Lectures. Prof. Stephen Alexander, LL.D., of Princeton. On the Nebular Hypothesis. Two Lec- tures. Prof. A. M. Mayer^ Ph.D., of the Stevens Institute. On Magnetism. Two Lectures. Prof. A. R. Leeds, A.M., of the Stevens Institute. On Chemistry. Two Lectures. Prof. Chandler, Ph.D., of Columbia College. On Water. One Lecture. Pres. Henry Morton, Ph.D., of the Stevens Institute. On the Eye and Vision, and on Polarized Light. Two Lectures. lO THE STEVENS L\'STITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Technical Course Mr. a. S. Holley, C.E., of Troy. N. Y. On Bessemer ^^"orks. Two Lectures. Mr. Coleman Sellers, C.E., of Philadelphia, Pa. On Transmission of Motion. Prof. J. E. Hilgard, U. S. Coast Surve\', Washington. D. C. On Alethods of Precision in Weighing and Measuring. One Lecture. Prof. R. H. Thurston, M.E., of the Stevens Institute. On the History of the Modern Steam Engine and the Direction of Its Future Development, and on the Relations of the School to the Workshop. Two Lectures. Old Lecture Hall GROWTH OF THE INSTITUTE ii GROWTH OF THE INSTITUTE GOVERNMENT The Stevens Institute of Technology is governed by a Board of Trustees which originally consisted of the three members appointed by Mr. Edwin A. Stevens in his will. They were, as already stated, Mrs. Martha B. Stevens, Mr. William W. Shippen, and Mr. Samuel B. Dod, who conjointly managed the affairs of the Institute for sixteen years until the death of Mr. Shippen, which occurred in 1885, when President Henry ^Jorton, Ph.D., was elected to fill the vacancy. During the year 1886 the Alumni Association, which had then been in existence for more than ten years, and which was not without influence in the aft'airs of the Institute, resolved that it was important to the best interests and the most satisfactory growth of the Institute " to have representation by one of its members, who was to be known as the Alumni Trustee, in the government of the institution," and embodied this resolution in a memorial to the Board of Trustees, which promptly expressed its approval. .Vccording to the conditions of its charter it was necessary for the Board of Trustees to elect its own members, and the Alumni Association was therefore instructed to present two or more names to the Trustees for their action. This was done, with the result that Mr. Alfred P. Trautwein, M.E., of the Class of 1876, was selected in 1887 to serve as Alumni Trustee for a term of three years, at the expiration of which time Mr. AVil- liam Kent, M.E., '76, was elected to succeed him. In the year 1891 the Board of Trustees deemed it expedient still further to increase its membership, and accordingh^ five new permanent Trustees were then elected, as follows : Messrs. Andrew Carnegie, Alexander C. Humphreys, M.E., and Charles MacDonald, C.E., of New York city ; Alexander T. McGiH, Chancel- lor of New Jersey, Jersey City ; and Col. Edwin A. Stevens, of Hoboken. In December of 1891 the Trustees granted to the Alumni Association two additional representatives on their Board, making three in all. The two Alumni Trustees then elected were Mr. William Hewitt, ]\I.E., ' 74, for two years, and Mr. Alfred R. Wolff, ]\I.E., "76, for three years, provision having been made that in the future there should always be three .Vlumni Trustees to serve three years each, one Ijeing elected each vear. In 1893 Mr. Kent was suc- ceeded by Mr. Edward Wall, M.E., '76, who died the following year: ^Ir. Du- rand Woodman, Ph.D., '80, being elected to fill the ^•acancy. At the same time Mr. Frank E. Idell, M.E., 'y/, was elected for a full term; and since then Mr. George M. Bond, M.E., '80; Mr. Harry de B. Parsons, M.E., '84; :\Ir. Lewis PI. Nash, M.E., '77; Mr. John W. Lieb,' Jr., M.E., '80; ^Mr. George J. Roberts, M.E., '84; Mr. W. L. Lyall, M.E., '84;' Mr. Alten S. Miller, M.E., '88; Mr. Car- ter H. Page, Jr., M.E., '87, and Mr. Edward A. Uehling, M.E., 'yy, — have been elected. o H a < u GROWTH OF THE INSTITUTE 13 111 1899 the Board of Trustees lost by death Mrs. Martha B. Stevens, and in 1900 Chancellor Alexander T. McGill. Mr. Richard Stevens, a son of the founder, was elected a member of the Board of Trustees in 1896, and Mr. Henry R. Towne, senior member of the Yale & Towne Manufacturing Co., in 1900. In the latter year Mr. Alfred R. Wolff, M.E., of the class of '76, was elected a permanent trustee. Col. G. B. M. Har- vey is the latest member of the Board of Trustees, having been elected in Feb- ruary, 1903. In June, 1903, Mr. MacDonald resigned. The officers of the Board of Trustees at the present time are : Mr. Samuel Bayard Dod, President; Mr. Andrew Carnegie, Vice-President; Col. E. A. Stevens, Treasurer; President Alexander C. Humphreys, M.E., Sc.D., LL.D., Secretary. FINANCE The founding of the Institute was, as has been stated, the result of the be- quest, by Mr. Edwin A. Stevens, of a block of land, a building fund of $150,000, and an endowment fund of $500,000. The $500,000 endowment fund was depleted at the outset to the extent of $45,000, levied by the United States government as a "collateral inheritance tax." This tax was the result of Congressional legislation passed, along with many other special taxes, to replenish the coffers of the United States government, which had been very much diminished by the Civil War. The Trustees of the Institute promptly paid their assessment, which amounted to a little more than the above- mentioned sum, early in the year 1869. Not more tlian six or seven months after this, all those who had delayed, or who had not made payment, as well as all others, were exempted from this tax. Under these circumstances the Trustees made a number of attempts, and brought to bear the influence of prominent men at Washington, to have this much-needed money refunded, but without avail. The income from the endowment fund, and a tuition fee of $75 a year from each student, were the means at first available to maintain the Institute. But the development of the course of instruction upon the high educational plane which had been mapped out involved the expenditure of large sums of money for maintenance and operation of machinery and apparatus, for which the income derived from the above sources was soon found inadequate. For this reason the tuition fee was increased in 1875 to $150 per an- num ;' and with this addition to the receipts, the requirements of the Institute were satisfactorily met for a number of years. When, however, in 1881, the need of better facilities in the shop-work course became pressing, tjiere were no funds available for the purpose. At this time President Morton came to the assistance of the Board of Trustees by con- 1 This tuition fee of $150 is for students residing in tlie State of New Jersey. Non-residents cliarged $75 extra under a clause in Mr. Stevens's will. 14 THE STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY tributing the sum of $10,500 toward fitting up the workshop in the middle wing of the building. In 1883 the Department of Apphed Electricity was established, toward which President ]\Iorton contributed $2,500 for electrical apparatus, and addi- tional amounts to defray the running expenses for two years. In 1889 he en- dowed the Chair of Engineering Practice, contributing for the purpose the sum of $10,000. In 1892 President ]\Iorton supplemented this contribution with an- other of $20,000 for the same purpose, with the proviso that the income be ap- plied to the Alumni Building Fvmd until the amount recjuired for the Alumni Building is complete. At the time of the Twenty-fifth Anni^-ersary of the Institute in 1897 President ^Morton presented to the Trustees, for the Alumni Building Fund, se- curities which were sold the next year for $24,000; and during 1900-01, at a cost of $15,000, he erected, in connection with the Carnegie Laboratory of En- gineering, a boiler-house to supply steam for the entire group of buildings. In 190 1 President ]\Iorton placed in the hands of the Trustees $50,000, in five per cent first-mortgage bonds, as an endc)\\'ment fund, primarily for the care and maintenance of the proposed Alumni Building, for which $60,000 had then been collected. Tc» this was added, at P'resident Morton's suggestion, the $30,000 before given l>v him for the f(iunding of a Chair of Engineering Practice, the entire fund being designated, by a resolution of the Trustees, as " The Henry ]Mi>rtntact with the outside engineering and business world, which is constantly offering important engineering problems for solution. For a number of years pre\'ious to 1881 the shop-work course was arranged so that, after a prescribed set of exercises in carpenter-work and wood-turning, millwrighting and steam-fitting, machinist-work, blacksmithing, molding, found- ing, and pattern-making had been performed by a class, the students were permit- ted to complete the course by constructing some machine. Thus the Class of 1876 built a Thurston autographic testing-machine. GROWTH OF THE INSTITUTE 19 several important features of the design liaving lieen previously planned in the drawing-room. The Class of 1877 built a lubricant testing-machine. A part of the Class of 1878 assisted in the design and construction of a large oil-tester, while other portions of the class designed and constructed a Prony dynamometer, a small horizontal engine, and a small oscillating engine. The Class of 1879 built an autographic transmitting dvnamometer. The Class of 1880 assisted in the construction of a 3 '-^ -horse-power com- pound condensing engine. Ground FYoor of the Carnegie Laboratory of Engineering The construction of a machine as a final exercise in the shop was there- after discontinued. Subsequent classes de\-oted the time which had been so spent to the performance of more extended series of exercises in the various branches of the shop course. About the time this change took effect, the shop course was also consid- erably extended, and a course in experimental mechanics inaugurated. This course included, as then planned, a series of sixteen experimental exercises comprising, among others, a test of the e\-aporative power f Experimental Mechanics and Shop-Work. ]n 18S3 a Department of Applied Electricity was established. The W(3rk of this Department has constantly and rapidly deyeloped, keeping pace with the \'ast strides that ha\'e been made in the practical application of electricity as a motive po\\er. In 1903 the name was changed to the Department of Electrical Engineering. The \\ork of this coiu"se begins with — — " a study of electrical measurements during the first term of the third }'ear. During the second and third terms continuous currents and continuous-current machinery are studied. The fourth year is devoted to alternating currents and to alternating-current machin- ery. A course of lectures is given on the mathematical theory of alternating currents, and both the analytical and the graphical methods are taught. The students are prepared for this course b>' special instruction in complex quantities and in differential equations, given in the Department of jXIathcmatics. The theoretical work in electricity is supplemented by systematic laboratory practice in the electrical laboratory and in the dynamo-room, which are provided for this purpose with a large variety of apparatus and machinery." The laboratory course consists r>f thirt\--nine (bstinct exercises callino' for experiments, and the obtaining of data from which calculations are made and tabulated as in regular professional practice. \A'hile there is no separate course in electrical engineering a tboroueh training in electricity is given in coniuncti(.)n with the course in mechanical eno-i- neering. The advisability of establishing a separate course has been carefully considered, and the crmclusion reached that everything taught in the mechanical course is of direct ^ alue to the practising electrical engineer. The regular course in engineering is therefore broadened to include the necessary instruction in elec- tricity. The correctness of this plan is abundantly shown jjy the ability of our graduates to secure engagements in electrical establishments and by the number of such graduates now in prominent positions. In 1886 the importance of a more extended course in analytical chemistry, adapted to the special wants of the mechanical engineer, was recoo-nized by the establishment of the Department of Anal\-tical Chemistry, the work of which was accomplished entirely by laboratory practice. GROWTH OF THE IXSTTfUTE ^l Qualitati\'e analj'sis was taken up during the second year ; and in the third year, after prehminary work in quantitati\-e analysis, the determination of the percentages of the principal ingredients in the following substances comprised the regular laboratory v.-ork, namely, iron ore, copper ore, limestone, manganese ore, coal, alloys, lubricating oils, furnace gases, iron pyrites, and steel and cast n'on. The second year was chiefly occupied with the subject of fuels, their com- position, preparation, and calorific powers — gases for illuminating and heating; Electrical Instrument Laboratory then the fluxes, minerals, and ores used in iron, copper, lead, zinc, and tin smelt- ing. The properties of the metals commonly used, and the influence of impindties upon their strength and durability, were studied so far as the practical needs of the engineer are concerned. Finally, the description and management of furnaces, together with the chemical phenomena of smelting and extraction of ores, was taken up. These exercises were the foundation for the present laboratory course, which is now conducted as a part of the Department of Engineering Chemistry, established, after the death of Dr. Leeds, by merging the departments of Chemis- try and of Analytical Chemistry. 24 THE STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY In 1888 the course was further improved by the addition of the Depart- ment of Engineering Practice, in which the student was given instruction as to shop practice, management of workmen, etc. Dr. Coleman Sellers, who was ap- pointed to the new Chair, imparted this instruction in a series of lectures con- taining suggestions based upon his many years of practical experience in the building of machine tools, locomotives, etc. Prof. Sellers delivered his first lecture May 16, 1888. With the exception of one year, 1890, when he was in Europe in connection with the International Committee appointed to utilize the power of Niagara Falls, Prof. Sellers contin- ued to deli\'er a series of lectures each year until 1894. The following are the titles of some of the lectures delivered by him ; " Drawing-Room Practice" ; " Transmission of jNIotion " ; " Observations Made in Europe on the Question of Water- AA'heels " ; "Utilization of the Power of Niagara"; "Transmission of Power by Compressed Air"; "The Machine-Shop " ; "Ball Bearings"; "Arti- ficial Molding Sand " ; " Personal Conduct " ; " Value of Practice in Mathematics and Use of Exact Expressions " ; " Broadening the Field of Study Is Widening the Path of Life." In Ibis connection the London " Engineer " of Jnly 15, 1892, in an article regarding Stevens Institute, states that — — " the practical character of the training given is assured by the choice of the Professors. Thus, when we mention the name of Dr. Coleman Sellers as one of the lecturers on mechan- ical engineering, many experienced engineers will envy the students of this fortunate insti- tution their great advantages in having as a teacher a man of such varied and extensive practical experience." From time to time during the course special lecturers have been secured to address the students on engineering topics connected with their regular work. In 1888 Mr. G. L. Strong, of the Strong Locomotive Works, and Mr. J. M. Allen, President of the Hartford Steam Boiler Inspection & Insurance Co., delivered lectures. Mr. C. J. Field, M.E., has lectured several times, first in 1892 on electric railroad equipment. In recent years Mr. J. W. Lieb, Jr., M.E., has lectured quite regularly to each Senior class on electrical subjects. Mr. W. D. Forbes, Col. E. A. Stevens, and Col. H. G. Prout have also given the undergrad- uates the benefit of their engineering experience. These lectures, along with others that ha\'e been delivered, but, unfortunately, not recorded, have been more or less informal, having been brought about by the efforts of a Department or by the Engineering Society. In 1896 and 1897 an official course of lectures on patent law was delivered to the Senior class by Mr. Richard A. Dyer, of the firm of Dyer & Driscoll, of New York, and also during the latter year a course of lectures on business methods was added. The latter dealt with the subjects of double-entry bookkeep- ing, banks and banking, and with the more general question of the engineer in his business as distinct from his professional relations. GROWTH OF THE INSTITUTE 25 These lectures, introduced by Mr. A. C. Humphreys, were designed to im- part to the student a knowledge of those business methods which are essential to success in engineering work and in all lines of manufacture. They were as fol- lows : " Double-Entry Bookkeeping " by Mr. George Turnbull, Vice-President of the Guaranty Trust Co. of New York; "Banks and Banking" by Mr. W. Sherrer, Manager of the New York Clearing-House. For several years preceding 1903 the services of Mr. T. C. Roberts, an expert accountant, were secured to give instruction in business methods and bookkeeping. The above-mentioned lectures and instruction led to the establishment of the Department of Business Engineer- ing as a regular feature of the Institute's course in 1903, President Humphreys then taking personal charge of the Department. The development of the new features in the course of study as outlined above has been made possible in many instances by timely gifts of necessary funds and apparatus by friends of the Institute. First and foremost in supplying the smaller needs of the Institute, as he was in supplying the larger, as already mentioned under the title " Finance," comes our late President, Henry Morton. From him and from others, including individuals largely numbered among our Alumni, business houses, and graduating classes, have come valuable apparatus. The gifts from the graduating classes have been made by each man of the class contributing the deposit money left with the Treasurer at the time of enter- ing the Institute. These gifts have proved opportune and valuable in carrying on the Institute's work, and are as follows : Class of 1886, a Kelvin balance. Class of 1895, a lo-kilowatt Westinghouse two-phase converter and a 20-horse-power high-speed Payne engine. Class of 1896, a 2-horse-power S. K. C. two-phase induction motor. Class of 1897, aided by the Trustees and Faculty, Nash gas engine, directly con- nected to a 15-kilowatt electric generator. Class of 1898, two 5-kilowatt alternators. Class of 1899, a lo-horse-power Crocker-Wheeler motor-generator. Class of 1900, two 4-kilowatt phase changing transformers and one 7 J4 -horse-power three-phase General Electric induction motor. Class of 1901, metal-testing machine having a capacity of 100,000 pounds. Class of 1902, and W. D. Forbes & Co., Hoboken, N. J., Forbes engine compound high-speed, directly connected to a 25-kilowatt Sprague electric generator. Class of 1903, a large slate switchboard. SCHOLARSHIPS AND PRIZES In order to encourage ambitious young men who desire to pursue a course of study at the Institute, scholarships have been established at various times. A scholarship confers the privilege of attending the entire course of the 26 THE STE\'EXS JXSTFrUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Institute f(jr four }-ears, free of all cliarge fi>r tuition, pro\'ided, of course, that the student holding the scholarship keeps up, in all cases, with the standard of pro- ficiencv and i;'0(.)d conduct recjuired. The " Ste\ens School Scholarships," of which there are four, one heing gi\en each }'ear to the graduate of the Stevens Sch(.>ol who passes the best ex- amination at the end of the Spring Term, were estal:)lished in 1877. At the same time three scholarships were founded for the benefit of the students of the pujjlic sch(jo]s of Eloboken. In 1893 these three scholarships were made to include the Ho[)oken Academy, and in 1895 vvere further extended to include all the public schools in the county, proxiding the scholarships were not filled by students of the lioboken schools. They have since l)een known as the "Hudson County Schools Scholarships." In addition to these sclnilarships six others ha\^e been established through the contrilnitions already mentioned on p. 16. They are known as the " Morton Scholarship " ; " The American Railway Master Mechanics' Association Scholar- ships," of Avhich there are fuur; and the " Harold Humphreys Scholarship." I^rizes ha\-e also l)een awarded bx' those interested in the various lines of the Institute's work, the first being that \\hich is known as the Priestley Prize, in honor of the renowned disco\-erer of oxygen, and instituted in the year 1877 by means of funds contributed by Mr. A\'. W. Shippen, Mr. wS. B. Dod, President Henry Morton, and Prof. A. R. Leeds. "The income, amounting to $25, is annuallv be- stowed as a prize on the student wIk) has most distinguished himself in the De- partment of Chennstry." This ]M"ize has been awarded to the following persons: John F. Kelly, '78 John Lyman Cox, '87 William E. Jacof).s, '79 Artliur A. Fuller, '88 Durand \A'oodman. '80 Alfred G. Mayer, '89 Edward E. IMas-overn, 'Si ' Henry Torrance, Jr., '90 ^^'ilmer G. Cartwright, '82 Johann M. Hansen, Jr., '91 John B. Adger, '83 Gieo. W. Colles, Jr., '94 James Beatty, Jr., '84 Charles B. Peck, '96 Otto Pfordte, '85 Henry Donald Tieman, '97 J. Lester Woodbridge. '86 F. A. Welles, '98 John A. McCulloch, '86 G. G. Hollins, '04 William E. Ouimby, '87 R. L. Penney, '04 In 1882 Mr. AA'illiam A. Alacy, of Hoboken, contributed $100, the proceeds of which were to be awarded to that student, entering the Institute from the pub- lic schools of Hoboken, who had the best standing at the end of the Freshman year. In 1903 Mr. Alacy increased his contribution to $250, and specified further that the prize should be awarded at the end of the Sophomore year instead of the Freshman year, proxdded the standing does not fall below 75. This prize was awarded to Xorth AlacLean in 1882, E. H. Kiernan in 1884, Embury MacLean 1 The stanrlinij of Messrs. r<:h\'ard E. Magovern and William T. Magriider was equal, and the award of prize, having been decided by lot, fell upon Mr. Magovtrn. GROWTH OF THE INSTITUTE 27 in 1885, W. H. Rogers, Jr., in 1889, F. C. Freeman in 1900, H. Koester in 1901, and to A. T. McAIeer in 1902. Mr. E. G. Soltman, in 1884, offered a drawing-table as a prize to the mem- ber of the Junior class whose work was of superior excellence in the Department of Mechanical Drawing. This prize was continued for five years, during which time it was awarded to Henry Abbey, '85 ; Edwin J. Cook, '86 ; AV. E. Parsons, '87; Arthur A. Fuller, '88; William J. Beers, '89. ATTENDANCE The following tabular statement will serve to show the growth of the In- stitute in point of attendance, number of graduates each year, etc. The second column includes all the Professors, Assistant Professors, and Instructors, who Table Showing Growth of Institute Nttmbers in the Saime Class in Successix'e. Years M 0) , 1871^72 1871-72 I87I--72 1872-73 1873-74 1S74-75 1875-76 1S76-77 1877-78 1878-79 1S79-80 1880-S1 18S1-82 1882-83 1883-S4 iSS4-8t l885-Si5 1886-87 1887-88 1888-S9 1889-90 1890-91 1891-92 1892-93 1893-94 1894-95 1895-96 1899-97 1S97-9S 1898-99 1899-00 1900-01 1901-02 1902-03 1903-04 14 15 15 17 17 u UJU bi S p ^ 25 49 61 881 95' 79 89 132 152 1 78 1 68 176 174 185 19b 204 211 210 264 255 263 263 261 230 214 223 241 261 290 346 73 '74 '75 '76 '77 ■78 '79 83 '84 '85 '86 ■87 '88 '89 '90 '91 '92 '93 '94 '95 ■96 '97 ■98 '99 '04 '05 '06 '07 27 24 40 29 21 36 24 25 48 53 48 58 52 59 58 57 60 66 60 71 lOQ 86 76 70 78 62 58 66 93 86 iiS 146 3 15 14 26 19 ■9 47 43 37 44 48 44 50 52 61 63 58 57 49 56 51 73 64 85 3 15 IQ 8 27 17 42 42 36 36 42 39 43 49 44 48 59 58 4 3 9 17 9 19 12 19 41 36 33 30 39 36 39 46 5^ 47 70 63 67 63 62 58 53 53 54 54 47 40 57 54 48 49 56.3 59.2 41-7 55- o 51-7 38. I 41-7 50. o 76. o 85-2 67.9 66.7 51-7 73-1 61.0 67.2 78.9 65.0 65-1 65.0 63-4 57.8 73-3 76.3 75-7 69. 2 64.5 93- I 74.3 0! Q u i-5 = ^-: X '{■ 0) J So h;^« •^n < 2 43-8 4 44.4 3 29.1 2 =^0.0 3 41.4 I 33-3 4 30.6 3 37.5 9 40.0 14 56.3 9 50-9 8 50.0 4 44.8 12 so. 6 50.8 7 55. 1 9 63.2 3 60.0 3 60.6 7 53-3 8 52.1 6 52. 3 4 68.6 6 68.4 c o K 'Si WW h > 27 24 26 44 49 46 .53 95 59 56 46 42 45 3,S 44 39 77 ^ In the year 1874-75 there were twelve " Partial Students;" that is, students who were taking special subjects, but not purstiing the course for the degree of M.E. During the year 1875-76 there were ten such students. 2 The figures in these two columns are based on the number that were regularly graduated, and not on the number given in the " S::nior " column. 28 THE STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY have been or are engaged in class-room \\'ork. In addition to these a nnmber of assistants have been engaged constantly since 1875 ''^ &iving mannal instruc- tion in the mechanical laboratory and workshops. Their number has grown from two in 1875 to ten at the present time (1904). In connection with that part of the table giving the " Numbers in the Same Class in Successive Years," President Morton made some interesting de- ductions which were published in the " Stevens Indicator," January, 1896, p. 64, and which are cjuoted below : "When the Institute opened in 1871 we had the following problem to face: " To educate in four years, from such material as we could secure from the pre- paratory schools of the day, young men who, when graduated, should have information enough to make them useful in positions involving some responsibility in the machine-shops of the country. " To accomplish this with ease to the student, it would have been necessary that he should have been considerably in advance of those entering ordinary colleges in his prepa- ration, so that he might have time, during his four years' course, for all the technical studies reciuired to make him a Mechanical Engineer in fact as well as in name. " Students so far prepared, however, were not to be found except in the advanced classes of other colleges, and accordingly we were obliged to compromise matters and place our requirements for admission low enough to let in the l)est graduates of preparatory schools, and then do our best to carry these imperfectly prepared students through the re- Cjuisite curriculum. " The result of this, as might be expected, was that many dropped out and our percentage of graduates was low. For example, in 1877, the graduating class represented but 29 per cent of those entering in 1873. It is, however, interesting to notice that every one of those who survived this severe struggle for existence has shown himself to be a man of exceptional ability in his professional career. "As time went on, however, a constant pressure was kept up in the direction of rais- ing the standard of requirements for admission, and this was most effectively done by the es- tablishment of the Stevens School as a Preparatory Department, in which students might be adequately prepared for admission to the Institute course as well as for colleges giving classical courses. " Time was of course required both for the preparation of students entering the Stevens School and for the growth of its reputation, so that the number coming from it should constitute a sufficient proportion of our class to show its effect. Thus, though the School was opened in 1873, it was not until 1880 that it furnished a notable proportion of our entering class. In that year it sent us thirteen students, and the result at once appeared in the rise of the percentage of graduates from 40 per cent to 56 per cent. " Again, in 1887, a fresh impulse was given to the work of the Stevens School by the erection of a new building for its accommodation, wdiich enabled it to increase its own numbers and thus to furnish us with a larger proportion of entering students. The effect of this was seen in 1888, when we received 44 from the Stevens School, and our percent- age of graduates rose to 60 per cent from about 50 per cent. " Of course there are many other reasons, besides a failure to keep up with the studies of the course, which withdraw students from a class prior to graduation. Sickness, change of residence, financial conditions, and sometimes tempting offers of employment, have withdrawn many able and promising students before they reached the end of the course; GROWTH OF THE INSTITUTE 29 but as the statistics show, and as I know from numerous individual instances, the control- Hng element is an adequate preparation, combined, of course, with a reasonable concentra- tion of effort and avoidance of bad influences. " It is not necessary that a young man should be a genius to make a successful en- gineer. I could point out among our graduates many who were by no means brilliant schol- ars, but who were well prepared and faithful to their work, who are now occupying such positions as should satisfy the ambition of any reasonable man. " There are a few other points which it may be worth while to notice. For ex- ample, the class of '95 entered in 1891, 71 strong, and at the end of their first year had lost but 10 of their number, say 14 per cent, while the next class, that of '96, entering 109 in num- ber, lost in the first year 30, or more than 27 per cent, — in other words, nearly a double percentage. " The reason of this is not far to seek if the facts are known. " In 1891 the applicants for admission numbered over 100, but, our accommodation being limited, only the best among the applicants were admitted, and more than 30 were rejected, among whom were many who were sufficiently prepared to have been admitted had there been room. " In 1892, arrangements had been made to divide the classes into two sections, and thus double our accommodations; as a result of this, of the 130 who applied and were ex- amined all were admitted who fairly met the recjuirements, and there was no such prelim- inary sifting- as had been necessary in 1891. " The sifting in the first year, however, brought the class of '96 into the same con- dition of efficiency as the class of '95, and after this the losses were substantially alike in each. " During the first ten years of the Institute there were considerable and irregular fluctuations in the average ratios of graduates and also in the actual number of students ; but these fluctuations do not afl^ord any sound basis for deduction, because they resulted in part from the small number, which gave a high proportionate value to small accidental variations, and because during this period the Institute was in a formative state as to its requirements, course, and the reputation by which desirable students were attracted. What the figures of this period do show when compared with those of later years is that there has been a decided improvement in the proportion of ' finished product ' to ' raw material,' and this in spite of the fact that in consequence of the large number of engineering schools established during this quarter-century we no longer draw so many especially able students from distant points throughout the country." THE FACULTY For the vast detail of the course of stticly, as subsequently evolved and pursued, there was the original plan which has already been quoted. This plan, the execution of which has proved it to be most efficient, was carefully super- vised and extended by the late President Morton. The Department of Physics was organized in 1871 by Prof. Alfred M. Ma3'er, Ph.D. The Department of Mechanical Engineering was organized by Robert H. Thurston, A.M., C.E., in 1870; and as there was not at that time, or for a number of years afterward, special departments of Experimental Mechanics and Shop-Work, of Tests, and of Engineering Practice, the work in this Depart- ment covered a much more extensive field than at present. 30 THE STEVENS IXSTEFUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Lieut. -Col. H. A. LLiscall, who was Professor of ^Mathematics at West, Point ^lihtary Academy, was secured early in the year 1871 to organize and take charge of the Department of Mathematics; but when the Institute opened in Sep- tember, Prof. Hascall's healtii would not permit of his assuming the work, and yir. Richard H. Buell, of New York, was secured as temporary Listructor. A few months later Prof. Hascall undertook to assume the duties of this Department, but was soon com])elled to abandon the work, and again the Department was under temporary management until the end of the college year. During the summer of 1872 Prof. De Volson Wood, C.E., then Professor of Civil Engineering at the Lhiiversity of Michigan, was secured to organize and conduct the work of this Department, and at the opening of the second college year in 1872 assumed the Chair. Prof. C. W. iXLacCord laid down the course in mechanical drawing. Prof. Albert R. Leeds organized the course in theoretical and practical chemistry. The course in languages was organized Ijy Prof. Chas. E. Kroeh, and the course in belles-lettres by Prof. Edward Wall. Additi(.)ns to the Facult^', as it was thus originally constituted, were made from time to time as the course of studies was extended and modified and the at- tendance of students increased. These additions t(3 the Eaculty, and also the changes due to resignations and to other causes, follow herewith in chronological order. Li 1879 James E. Denton (ALE. '75) took temporary charge of the De- partment of Engineering, and of the Alechanical or Testing Laboratory, for more than a }'ear during the continued illness of Prof. Thurston. At the end of Air. Denton's temporary charge the Department of Experimental Mechanics and Shop- Work was organized in 1880 and 1881, and in 1882 he was made Professor of Experimental Mechanics and Shop-Work. In the year 188 1 Adam Riesenberger (ALE. '76) was appointed Instruc- tor in the Department of Alechanical Drawing, and in 1887 was made Assistant Professor. In the }-ear 1882 Prof. Wood recei\ed the assistance of Clarence A. Carr, who then came to Stevens and established a course of Alarine Enginering, of which he was Professor, besides being an Instructor in Alathematics. Air. Carr was .Vssistant Engineer in the United States Xa\-y, and took up this work under lea\-e of absence from the Xa\'v Department. Owing to the ad\'ance ^vhich had been made in the application of electricity to engineering construction, a special De]3artment of x\pplied Electricity was in- stituted in 1883 through the generosity of President Alorton, and Dr. William E. Gever \\'as made its head. In 1885 Prof. Thurston accepted a call from Cornell University t(j take charge of the Siljley College of Engineering, then organized, and Prof. De Volson Wood, who had been in charge of the Department of Alathematics and Alechanics, GROWTH OF THE INSTITUTE 31 was transferred to the vacant Chair of Mechanical Engineering. At this time, also, Prof. J. Burkitt Webb was appointed to the Chair of Mathematics and Me- chanics which was made \'acant Ijy the transfer of Prof. \^^ood to the Chair of Mechanical Engineering. In 1886 William H. Bristol (M.E. '84) was appointed Instructor in Mathematics, and in 1887 became Assistant Professor. A division of the work in the Department of Chemistry occurred in 1886, Prof. Leeds retaining the Chair of Chemistrv, and Thos. B. Stillman, Ph.D., tak- ing the Chair of Analytical Chemistry. Prof. D. S. Jacobus (ALE. '84), who was an assistant in charge of Mold- ing and Blacksmithing from 1884 to 1886, was made Instructor during the latter year, and in 1887 became Assistant Professor of Experimental "Mechanics and Shop-W^ork. The Chair of Engineering Practice was created in 1888 and Avas filled by Prof. Coleman Sellers, E.D., with a view to establishing a course of lectures on the Practice of Engineering to be delivered during each year, after the ])lan adopt- ed in medical schools and known as clinical instruction. In the year 1889 Johannes H. Cuntz, C.E., (M.E. '87), and William J. Beers (M.E. '89), were appointed Graduate Assistants, and they carried on the work of instruction in the departments of Drawing and Analvtical Chemistry until the year 1892. Harry D. King ( ^I.E. '92) was appointed Graduate Assist- ant in 1892 and occupied the position one year. In 1891 Robert M. Anderson (M.E. '87) was appointed Instruct(jr, taking charge of the calculation of tests during the Supplementary Term, and later of other branches of the work. In 1892, when measures were taken to relieve Prof. MacCord from giv- ing personal attention to the lower classes, anrl to enable him to devote his entire attention to the two higher classes, Prof. Riesenberger was placed in full charge of the Ereshman and Sophomore classes in drawing. Prof. Bristol had charge of the same classes in mathematics. On account of an increased number of students in the entering class in 1893 it was di\-ided into two sections, Robert M. Anderson being appointed Assistant Professor of Applied Mathematics. In 1892 Samuel D. Graydon (M.E. '75) was appointed Assistant Profes- sor of Mechanical Drawing, and a year later, when the Ereshman and Sophomore classes were divided into two sections, assumed charge of one section of each. He also assisted Prof. MacCord in the work with the two higher classes. Geo. L. Manning (M.E. '91) was appointed Assistant Professor of Physics and Chemis- try, dividing his time between these two departments. In the summer of 1893 Eranklin DeR. Furman (iM.E. '93) was appoint- ed Assistant in Mechanical Drawing and was assigned to the Freshman and So- phomore classes. He also assisted Prof. Bristol fiM" two }'ears in the surveying exercises. In the same year Prof. Kroeh received the assistance <.)f A. R. Lawton, A.M., who was at that time made Instructor of Languages. In 1895 Morgan E. Craft (M.E. '95) was appointed Assistant to Pnjf. Leeds. 32 THE STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECFINOLOGY For a numlier of years the work of the Department of AppHed Electricity required the services of an assistant, and in 1892 Horace S. Verley was appointed, and was succeeded two years later hy G. M. Maynard, who remained one year. In 1895 Albert F. Ganz (M.E. '95) was appointed Instructor to assist Dr. Geyer in this Department. The deaths of Prof. AVood and of Prof. Mayer, which occurred in 1897, created vacancies in the chairs of Mechanical Engineering and of Phj'sics. Prof. Denton was appointed to succeed Prof. AA^ood, with the title of Professor of Mechanical Engineering and Shop-Work. The work in Physics was, however, divided. Dr. Geyer took charge of General Physics, together with Applied Elec- tricity, and Prof. Jacobus was appointed Professor of Experimental Mechanics and Engineering Physics. At the same time Prof. Anderson was transferred from the Department of Mathematics to the Department of Experimental Mechanics and Engineering Physics, with the title of Assistant Professor, and Frederick L. Pryor ( M.E. '97) was appointed Instructor in Mathematics. In 1897 the title of Mr. Ganz was changed from Instructor in Applied Electricity to Assistant Professor of Applied Electricit}^ and General Physics, and W. I. Thomson (M.E. '97) was appointed Instructor in Applied Electricity. When Prof. Anderson severed his connection with the Institute in 1898 to take up professional engineering work, he was succeeded by Mr. Pryor, who was appointed Instructor in Experimental ■Mechanics and Engineering Physics. In 1901 ]\Ir. Pryor's title was advanced to that of Assistant Professor in the same Department. In 1899 the titles of Prof. Riesenl^erger and Prof. Bristol were changed from Assistant Prcifessur to Pr(.)fess(jr, and yir. Eurman was advanced from In- structor to Assistant Professor in the Department of ^Mechanical Drawing. The instructorship in the Department of Languages, which became va- cant in 1897, iMr. A. R. Lawtiju resigning, was not filled until 1899, when Mr. Charles W. Clayton was appointed. At this time, also, a change was made in the Department of Drawing. Prof. Graydon"s work with tlie Juniors and Seniors was assigned to Prof. Eur- man, who also continued to give a part of his time to the Freshman and Sopho- more classes. On the other hand Prof. GraA^don's entire time was then given to the Freshman and Sophomore classes. A year later the appointment of E. R. Knapp (jM.E. '97) as Instructor in the Department enabled Prof. Eurman to de- vote his time to assisting Prof. ^MacCord in the two upper classes. Mr. Thomson resigned his position as Instructor in Applied Electricity in 1900. and \Vm. J. Moore flM.E. '00) was appointed to fill the vacancy. In the fall of 1900 the Faculty membershi]^ was further increased: R. M. McKenzie, Ph.D., was appointed to assist Prof. Leeds in his lectures and class-room work, and Prof. Stillman in the laboratory work: and Charles O. Gunther (M.E. '00) was appointed Instructor in Mathematics to assist Prof. Bristol. GROWTH OF THE INSTITUTE 33 After the death of Dr. Leeds, which occurred in 1902, the departments of Chemistry and of Analytical Chemistry were combined and placed in charge of Prof. Stillman. Dr. McKenzie was advanced from Instructor to Assistant Pro- fessor of Chemistry. In 1902 Prof. MacCord's title was changed from Professor of ^Mechanical Drawing to Professor of Mechanical Drawing and Designing, and Prof. Fur- man's title, frcjm Assistant Professor to Associate Professor in these subjects. One of the Enlarged Drawing Room? Upon the death of President Morton in 1902, ..Vlexander C. Humphreys, (M.E. '81) was, at the request of the Faculty and Alumni of Stevens Institute, unanimously elected President of Stevens Institute of Technology by the Board of Trustees. President Humphreys entered upon his duties in September, 1902. The lectures in Physics, which had been given by President Morton up to the time of his death, fell naturally to Dr. Geyer, who in addition to this was called upon to organize a laboratory course in Physics for the Sophomore year. In order to give the necessary attention to this work, Dr. Geyer was, at his own 34 THE STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY request, relieved of the work in Applied Electricity, and was made Professor of Physics. Prof. Ganz was given charge of the work in the Electrical Department. In the spring of 1903 Clifford B. Le Page (M.E. '02) was engaged as Assistant in Physics to help Dr. Geyer. In the summer of 1903 Prof. Denton was relieved of the supervision of the courses in Shop-Work, the same being assigned to Prof. Pryor. Prof. Charles O. Gunther was transferred to the Drawing Department, assisting in the work of the Freshman and Sophomore classes. Louis A. Martin, Jr., (M.E. '00), was engaged as Assistant in Mathematics. Francis J. Pond, Ph.D., was appointed Assistant Professor of Engineering Chemistry to succeed Dr. R. M. New Wood- Working Room in East Basement McKenzie, resigned. In the fall of 1903 Prof. Pryor took temporary charge of the Department of Engineering Practice during the continued absence of Prof. Denton. At the same time AA'illiam A. Shoudy (M.E. 99) was engaged as In- structor in the Department of Experimental Engineering, and H. W. Johnson (M.E. '03) as Instructor in the Department of Mechanical Drawing and De- signing. Of the assistants in the Department of Shop-Work mention should be made of those whose connection with that Department has continued for a con- siderable length of time. Mr. Matthew C. Lackland, who is the Supervising Me- chanic of the Shops, came to the Institute in 1876. Mr. Louis T. Becker, whose GROWTH OF THE INSTITUTE 35 connection with the Institute has been in various capacities, entered the service of the Institute in 1873. He now has charge of the boilers, engines, etc., in the capacity of engineer. Mr. Charles Bischoff, who has charge of the instruction in carpentry, wood-turning, and pattern-making, has been an assistant in this Depart- ment for about fourteen years. Mr. James W. Denton instructed in blacksmithing and mokhng for ten years up to the time of his death, which occur- red in 1900. Mr. Sam- uel Slingerland, who is now in charge of the machine-shop, and Mr. Irwin Stephens, now in charge of blacksmith- New Machine-Shop in Basement of Main Building ing and molding, each came to the Institute in 1892. Mr. George W. Allen has been em- ployed as fireman since 1 89 1. Messrs. Becker, Bischoff, Slingerland, Stephens, and Allen have also acted as assistants in conducting the Junior and Senior exercises in the Department of Experimental Mechanics. Forge and Molding-Room, with Foundry in Rear ALTERATIONS TO MAIN BUILDING, AND NEW BUILDINGS The original plan of the building called for a main structure 180 feet long and 44 feet deep, with three projecting wings ; the entire plan being similar in form to the letter E. The east and west wings are each 30 feet wide and 60 and 80 feet long respectively. The central wing is 50 feet wide and 80 feet long. 36 THE STEVENS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY The I)uilding' was cunstructecl in 1870, as planned, with the exception of the east wing, whicli was added in 1872 to provide room for the Stevens School then organized on its present basis. Since that date two small additions ha\'e been made to the main bnikling and nnmeri)us alterations made in the interior,-, such as the rearrangement and enlargement of rooms bv the remo^'al of hallways, par- titions, etc., the most important of which will l^e briefly referred to. In 1878 the central wing, which had been used as a lecture-hall for tech- nical and popular lectures, was con- \-erted into a gymna- sium. It was used as such imtil 1881, when it was fitted up cated bv the Ste\"ens School, which then mo^-ed into its new building adjoining'. Front and Re.\r Views of New Auditorium, Main Building OF THE Institute The room thus secured was apportioned Ijetween the Department of Applied Electricity (two floors), whose laboratory work had l)een conducted in the p-al- lery tliat had been built over the shop in the central wing, and the Department of Applied Mathematics (top floor) On May i, 1888, a small fire occurred in the private lalioratory of Dr. Leeds on the top floor of the \\-est wing-, but was soon extinguished by the municipal Eire Department with the assistance of the undergraduates. The loss by fire and water am(-)unted to about $700. GROWTH OF THE INSTITUTE 37 In 1889 an extension (26 39 feet) was added t