262 1915 Y-. . BOUGHT WITH THE INCOME OF THE SAGE ENDOWMENT FUND THE GIFT OF HENRY W. SAGE 1891 r" cornel. Unlvr^tyUtwry 1; 1 QE 262 F22W68 1913 Thes Cornell University Library The original of tinis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924004553313 MEMOIRS OF THE eEOLOGICiL SURYEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. EXPLANATION OP SHEET 316. THE <^EOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY NEAR FARE HAM AND HAVANT. BY H. J. OSBORNE WHITE, F.G.S. FUBLISBDD BY OSDBE OF THE LOBDS OOUMISSIONEBS OF HIS UAJKSTT'S TBEASUBT. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY DARLING & SON, Ltd., 34-40, BACON STEEET, B, And to be purohnsed from E. STANFOED, 12, 13, and 14, Losa Acbb, London; W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., 2, St. Andkkw SCjuabb, Edinbhegh ; HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., Grafton Stbeet, Dublin ; From any Agent for the eale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any Bookseller, from T. FISHER tTNWIN, 1, Adblphi Tehbaob, London, W.C, who is the Sole Wholesale Agent to the Trade outside the County of London. 1913. Pnce One Shilling and Ninepence. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF ENGLAND AND WALES, AND ', MUSEUM OF PRACTICAL GEOLOGY. (OfriQK : fe,' Jebutn Stbbbt, ioNpoif, a.^.) LIST OF PUBLICATIONS. The publieationB include Maps, Hemoirs, MuseTim CatalogueB/CateltignB of Fhotographs, Ouidea, &e, A complete list can be obtained from the Ordnance Survey Office, Southampton, price 6(1. The Maps and Memoirs can be obtained from the Ordnance i^nrTer, or from Agents. MuBeuiq Catalogues, Guides, &o., are sold at the MuSeuni. »■, ,; ■;■ ^ .. '. INDEX MAP OF THE BRITISH ISLES. On the scale ol 1-S6tb inch to the mile U to 1684000). Price— Coloured, 2»., Unoolonred, Is. QUABIEB-INCH UAP OF ENGLAHO AND Sheet. Solid. SriA. 1 with 2. (ALNWICK, BEBWIOK, , &c.) .. ..2 6 — 3. rCAELISLE and I. OP MAN) ... 2 6 — 4. (NEWCASTLE, STOCKTON, *0.) i B - 6 with 6. (LANCASTER and ISLE OF MAN) 2 6 — 7. (MANOHBSTEH, LEEDS, &o.) .. 2 6 - 8. (FLAMBOKO', HEAD ind ' GBIMSBT) .. .. i. .. 2 S 9 with 10. , (HOLYHEAD, SHBEW8- ■ BUB^iJio.') ... ,. .. ..2 6 — 11. (STAEPOBD, DEBET, LINCOLN, &e.) ... .. .iv .. ..2 8 — 12. (LOUTH and TARMOOTH) ..2 6 2 6 WALES (Hnch to the mile, or 1 to 263440). SbcEit. Solid. «. d. 13 with part of 11. (FISHGUARD, MILFOBD) ■• .. .\ 14. (ABEHTSTWTTH, HEBEFOBC) 15. (BIBUINQHAM, OXFORD) .. 16. (CAMBRIDGE, IPSWICH) 18. (BRISTOL, CABDIFF, &c.) 19. (BATH, GUILDFORD,: SOUTH- AMPTON) .. .- 20 with 24. (LONDON, DOVER, and BRIGHTON) 21 with 25. (FALMOUTH with ISLES OF SCILLY) .. .; . .. .. _ . 22. (PLYMOUTH and LYME REGffi!) 2 6 23. (BOURNEMOUTH to- SBLSEY BILL) .. ..V 2 Drift. 2 6- 2 6 2 6 2 6 2 fl 2 6 — 2 6 2 6 2 6 ONE-INCH MAP, NEW SERIES (1 inch to the mile, or 1 to 63360) WITH ACCOMFANriNG HEUOISS. These are published in either a "Solid" or a " Drift " Edition, or in both. The majority of them are accompanied by Explanatory Memoirs. New Series Sheets 1 to 73 correspond to the Quarter Sheets of the Old Series Map 91 to 110. Some of these are now colour-printed, and are given In the table below ; the rest are still issued as sheets of the Old Series Map. Price of Map. Solid. Drift. Memoir, J. d. s. d. s. d. 33. STOCKTON .. . 34. GUISBROUGH .. . 6 3 1 6 5 3 1 6 1 6 35 and 44. SGALBY and WHITBY .. ' . — 1 6 __ 42. NORTHALLERTON . » 1 6 1 6 43. EGTON .. .; • . -10 6 1 6 1 6 62. EIPON and THIBSK . 9 9 1 6 with 42 S3. PICKERING .. . 9 1 6. 1. B4. SCAEBOEDUGH 65. FLAMBOROUGH 6 9 1 6) 1 ei 4 6 1 6 62. HARROGATE .. . 8 3 2 6 63. YORK .... . 9 9 1 6 1 6 64. DEIFFTET.D 4 6 1 6 9 66. BRIDLINGTON .. . 1 6 1 6 1 71. SELBY 3 9 1 6 1 e 72. BEVERLEY 5 3 1 6 73. HORNSEA 110. MACCLESFIELD, CON 1 6 — GLETON — 1 6 2 6 113. OLLERTON 1 S 2 123. STOKE-UPON-TRENT 1 6 16 1 6 125. DERBY and WIEKS WORTH .. 126. NEWAEK and NOT- TINGHAM 141. LOUGHBOROUGH and BURTON 142. MELTON MOWBRAY ^50. ATHEESTONE and OHAENWOOD .. 156. LEICESTER 187. HUNTINGDON .. 203. BEDFORD , ., . 229.- CARMARTHEN ., . 2.10. AMMANFORD ... 231. MERTHYR TYDFIL . 2.'i2. ABERGAVENNY. 246. WEST GOWEE .. 247. SWANSEA 248. PONTYPEIDD .. 249. NEWTOBT (MON.) .. 254. HENLEY-ON-THAMES 261-2. BRIDGEND 2li3. OAEDJFF .. 267. BUNQEEFOBD and NEWfiURY 268. READING ,. 282. DEVIZES .. 283. ANDOVER ,t84. BASINGSTOKE .. 296. TAUNTON and BlBIDG. WATER .. 2P8. SALISBURY S99, WINCHESTER 300. ALRJBSFORD - 1 '6 3 fl,. - 1-6 2 3 __ 1 8 2 — ' 1 6 2 3 11 3 1 8 2, 8 3 -1 6 3 6 9 9 1 6 1 6 2 1 6 1 1 2 6 1 6 1 1 6 1 6 1 6 2 1 6 1 6 8 1 6 1 6 2 6 1 6 1 8 1 8 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 2 U i~e 1 6 1 6 1. 8 1 6 2 ._. 1 6 2 8 9 1 8 •1 6 — 1 6 1 ». 1 6 1 8 — 1 6 2 _ 1 8 2 — 1 6 1 3 — 1 6 1 8 — 1 8 2 31U WELLINGTOt? " an(i CHARD 314. EING WOOD .. 316. SOUTHAMPTON .. 316. HAVANT .. 317. ohiohbstee .. .. 32.5. exetee;. .. 326 and 340. .„ 350. TORQUAY 351 and 368. LAND'S END DISTRICT .. 352. FALMOUTH and' TRURO. . 353. MEVAGI8SBY ■ 355. KINGSBiBfflDGB 366. START POINT 357 and m, &m OF BCSLtY .k .. 350. LIZARD LONDON (4 Sheets), each ISLE OP MAN (Sheets 36, 45, 46,66 and .67) .. .. U ISLE OF WIGHT (Special • Sheert . .. . ., .. — NOTTINGHAM (Special Sheet) ^ _. OXFORD (SPfecial Sheet) — Price of Map. Solid. Drift. Memoir s, d. 8, d. i. d,- - 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 3 1 Q 1 6 1~0 2 5~3 8 6 6 1 6 1 4 7 6 6 — 6 S 2 6 a 8 - a - I 6 11 6 2 3 \ 6 6 6 ") 3 2 3 3 4 V 10 6 3 - 6- 4 11 e 1 6 3 2 - . 2 6 2 6 -- 6 w 7 6 1 6 I 6 E B 6 6 1 5 1 17 9 12 2 6 8 6 1 6 1 6 2 2 3- MEMOIRS OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. ENGLAND AND WALES. EXPLANATION OF SHEET 316. THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY NEAR FAREHAM AND HAVANT. BY H. J. OSBORNE WHITE, F.G.S. PanLISHED BY OnDEn of the LOKDS COMMISSIONKnS OF HIS MAJESTY'S TBEASUnY. LONDON : PRINTED FOR HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE, BY DARLING & SON, Ltd., 34-40, BACON STREET, E. And to be purchased from E. STANFORD, 12, 13, and 14, Long Acre, London; W. & A. K. JOHNSTON, Ltd., 2, St. Andkkw Squaee, Edinbuegh ; HODGES, FIGGIS & Co., Grafton Street, Dublin ; From any Agent for the sale of Ordnance Survey Maps ; or through any Bookseller, from T. FISHER UN WIN, 1, Adblphi Terrace, London, W.C, who is the Sole Wholesale Agent to the Trade outside the County of London. 1913. Price One Shilling\and Ninepence. u W!3 /\^Soc>o w PREFACE. The area covered by Sheet 316 of the New Series one-inch map is included in the Old Series Sheets 11, 10, and 9, and was originally surveyed by H. W. Bristow. Sheet 10 was published in 185G and Sheet 11 in 1858, with a new edition in 1868, while Sheet 9 followed in 1864, with a revision of the Chalk and Tertiary areas in 1893 by C. Reid. The re-survey on the six-inch scale, from which the one-inch Sheet 316 has been reduced, was carried out by W. Whitaker, C. Reid, and C. E. Hawkins, apd was published in the Drift Edition as a hand-coloured map in 1900. In 1905 the Sheet was issued in colour-printed form. Except for some observations included by A. J. Jukes-Browne in the General Memoir on the Cretaceous Rocks of Britain (1900- 1904), and some well-sections contained in the Water Supply of Hampshire (1910) and in the Water Supply of Sussex (1899 and 1911), no explanation of the geology of Sheet 316 had been published. It was fortunate, therefore, that Mr. Osborne White was able to undertake the preparation of this Sheet Memoir, and to add thereby one more to the list of valuable memoirs for which we are indebted to him. The volume is founded largely on original observations made by Mr. White himself, but he desires also to acknowledge assistance rendered by Messrs. R. M. Brydone, LI. Treacher, W. D. Lang, T. H. Withers, and A, S. Kennard and Dr. A. W. Rowe. J. J. H. TEALL, Director. Geological Survey Office, 28, Jermyn- Street, London. 3Td November, 1913. C29477— 17.) Wt. 653—56, 500. 2/li, B & S, IV CONTENTS. PAGE Peei'ace by the Director iii Chapter I. — Introduction 1 „ II.— Lower Greensand : Sandgate and Folkestone Beds 4 „ III.— Selbornian Beds : G-ault and Upper Greensand ... 6 „ IV.— Chalk ; Lower Chalk 10 „ V. — Middle Chalk 15 I, VI.— Upper Chalk 19 „ VII.— Upper Chalk (continued), List of Fossils 23 „ VIII.— Reading Beds 41 „ IX. — London Clay 45 „ X. — Bagshot Sands 53 „ XI. — Beacklesham Beds 58 „ XII,— Tectonic Structure. Land Forms 61 „ XIII.— Clay-with-Flints 68 „ XIV. — Raised Beach, Gravels, and Brickearth 70 „ XV.— Alluvium 82 ,, XVI.— Economic Geology 84 ILLUSTRATIONS. Pig. 1. Stratification and Current-bedding in Folkestone Beds, West Heath Common ... 4 „ 2. Section from Porchester Castle to Southwick 26 „ 3. Step-faults in Chalk near Porchester 27 „ 4. Arrangement of Tabular Flints, Bedhampton 28 „ 5. Normal and Oblique Bedding in Chalk, Downend 29 „ 6, Marl-seams in Chalk, Bedhampton 33 „ 7. Section in Reading Beds, Fareham 44 „ 8. Sections on the Netley Railway, near Fareham ■ 48 „ 9. Section in Bagshot Sands and Bracklesham Beds, Shidfield ... 54 „ 10. Section in Bagshot and Bracklesham Beds, and Plateau Gravel, near Fareham 60 „ 11. Sketch Map of the Fareham District, showing lines of Folding 62 „ 12. Cleavage-bands in Chalk, near Porchester 65 „ 13. Section from Great Posbrook to Curbridge 73 „ 14. Section from Stubbington to Fontley 74 „ 15. Section in Combe Rook, Rowland's Castle 76 „ 16. Section from Chidham to Walderton Down 77 „ 17. Section at Langstone Harbour, near Warblington 79 THE GEOLOGY OF THE COUNTRY NEAE FAREHAM AND HAVANT. CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION. Area and Location. — ^The country represented on the Fareham Sheet (No. 316) of the one-inch Ordnance Survey Ma]) has an area of between 216 and 217 square miles, of which about 170 are in the south-eastern part of Hampshire, and the remainder in south-western Sussex. Of the four small towns included. Fare- ham, Havant, and Emsworth lie in the south, and Bishop's Waltham in the north-west. These, and the villages of Titchfield, Wickham, Hambledon, East Meon, and Buriton, belong to the Hampshire division of the district, while the Hartings, West- bourne, and Bosham are among the Sussex villages that fall within its limits, towards the east. The principal lines of communication are the highways from Portsmouth and from Gosport to London, the coast road connect- ing Southampton and Chichester, and the London and South Western and London, Brighton, and South Coast Railways.^ Physical Features. —^Ihq westernmost division of the South Downs, culminating in the dome-like mass of Butser (889 feet), extends through the northern part of the district, for a distance of about 10 miles, to the natural termination of the range at Old Winchester Hill. From the deeply-indented crest-line east of Butser Hill there is a steep descent northward, of 400 or 500 feet, to the malmatone terrace which supports the villages of Buriton and Harting ; and beyond this comes another quick descent, of 100 feet or so, to the low ground on the Gault and Lower Greensand near Peters-, field, in the area of the Weald. ' The current issue of the colour-printed edition of Sheet 316 (dated 1905) shows neither the Meon Valley Branch of the London and South Western Railway nor the Cosham and Horndean Light Railway. The former follows the Meon Valley down to a point about two miles south-west of Wickham, and bears thence south-eastward to Fareham. The latter follows the Portsmouth- Guildford (and London) road. 2 ts'iKootctio^. West of Butser, tlie converging ranges of the South Downs and the Alton Hills close in around the broad, compound oo™^'j*^ or vale of East Meon,-and unite in the neck of high ground at Uld Winchester Hill, which separates that combe from the neighbour- ing vale of Warnford and Exton. Southward from the crest of the Downs, the Chalk country- furrowed, as elsewhere, by numerous branching valleys — falls away at a moderate inclination to the woo3ed tract of the Eorest of Bere, on the Eocene strata, 4 or 5 miles distant; the general decline being interrupted, however, in many places, by isolated hills and outstanding masses of downland, such as Windmill Hill (635 feet), between Chalton and Clanfield. Villages hereabouts occur almost as frequently on the ridges as in the bottoms. In the belt of clayey and sandy country that extends through Havant Thicket, the Forest of Bere, and Waltham Chase, the relief is mostly slight, the greater part of the ground lying below the contour of 200 feet, and exceeding the 300 feet level nowhere save in the wooded hill above Rooksbury (315 feet), east of Wick- ham. Here the older villages, such as Southwick and Wickham, are few and widely spaced, but of late years residential settle- ments of considerable size have grown up about some of the hamlets, as at Waterloo (now Water loo ville), Shidfield, and Curd- ridge. Southward again, there comes the long, grassy chalk-ridge of Portsdown, contrasting in form and hue with the undulating- heath and woodland of the Forest, from which it rises with a graceful curve. The Down declines gently eastward and westward from a point above 400 feet near Southwick : on its quarry-scarred southern face the ground falls steeply at first, and then with a moderate inclination, that merges at length in the levels along the coast. The view from the summit of Portsdown embraces the greater part of the area under consideration. North and north-ea.stward, it is true, the prospect is limited by the broken sky-line of the South Downs, but in other directions the field of observation is wide indeed ; and the outlook over the coastal plain, with its broad island-dotted harbours, scattered farmsteads, and smoking towns, is ainong the most remarkable in the south of England. The district is traversed by no important stream, unless the Wallington River be so regarded, on account of interests and senti- ments associated with its estuary, Portsmouth Harbour. The whole of tile local surface-drainage is carried to the English Channel; partly by the Rother-Arun, of which the Criddell and other small branches rise near Ramsdean, Buriton, and South Hurting; but mainly by a iiumber of independent streams that run directly to the coast, and include the Rivers Hanible, Meon (or Titchfield), Wallington, and Ems; and the Havant and Bed- hampton brooks. All are fed by springs from the Chalk, and most of them have their origin in such springs. The Meon, indeed, receives little water from any other source ; whereas the Hanible and the Wallington are supplied largely by surface-water from the clay grounds of Waltham Chase or the Forest of Bere. lirdrKODUCxriON. 3 Geological Formations. — The following formations, represented at the surface in this district, are distinguished in the colour- printed edition of Sheet 316 : — Recent Alluvium ( Brickearth. Pleistocene < River and Valley Gravel. ( Raised Beach. Pleistoceneand Pliocene? I aj-^-SSs. f Bracklesham Beds. Eocene \ Bagshot Sands. ] liondon Clay. t Reading Beds. f Upper Chalk. I Middle Chalk. Upper Cretaceous ,..-{ Lower Chalk. ^ Upper Greensanajg^,,^^^.^^ Lower Cretaceous ... -j a„nj„s,4.g Beds '" f ^°^^'' Greensand. No rocks older than the Sandgate Beds are known to have been reached in any local boring, but it is highly probable that the inferior members of the Lower Greensand, and the Weald Clay, which crop out near Rogate immediately to the north, and also in the Isle of Wight about 12 miles to the south, underlie the Upper Cretaceous throughout the district. It is little less prob- able that the Wealden Beds pass down into the Purbeck, which elsewhere in the south of England rests on Portlandian strata, and these in turn on older stages of the upper Jurassic Series. The descending succession may well resemble that seen on the Dorset coast ; and, in any case, it is likely that the Cretaceous Beds are separated by a great thickness of older Secondary sedi- ments from the sunken platform of Primary or Palaeozoic rocks below. The chances in favour of Coal Measures being met with at a woi'kable depth are, therefore, discouragingly small. The tectonic structure of the district — as far as the visible rocks are concerned— is discussed in Chapter XII. Industries.— 'BQaiAes, agriculture, the local industries closely connected with geology are quarrying, lime-burning, and the manufacture of bricks, tiles, pottery, and whiting. Some remarks on these subjects, and on the water supply, will be found under the heading of Economic Geology, at the end of this memoir. CHAPTEE II. LOWER GREENSAND. Sandgate Beds. These are mapped as outcropping in a little triangular area by the brook east of Habin, near the north-eastern corner of the district. A short distance north of this (in the area of Sheet 300) the banks of the River Rother, and of the hollow lanes nearer Rogate, show interbedded brown loams and sands, with the characteristic small, polished pebbles of iron-ore. The formation is estimated to be about 70 feet thick in this neighbourhood. Folkestone Beds. The highest division of the Lower Greensand here consists of yellow and white sands, with some thin seams of pale red-grey laminated clay near their upper limit. The sands vary in tex- ture from bed to bed, but are mostly rather coarse and micaceous in the upper parts, and finer below. They are strongly current bedded, the prevailing inclination or dip of the laminae being towards the south. Near the middle of the formation, especially, parts of the sand are strongly ferruginous, and contain seams of iron-sandstone (carstone), which, however, are much less de- veloped than in the country north of Petersfield. Fig, 1. — Stratification and Current-hedding in the Folkestone Beds, West Heath Common. Scale ! 1 inch = 10 feet. In the area tinder consideration, neither the lowest nor the highest beds are exposed. In the adjoining area of the Chichester map (Sheet 317), to the east, a thin bed of crimson ironstone grit occurs at the junction with the Gault. Locally, the Folkestone Beds seem to be about 150 feet thick. They are not known to be fossiliferous, but careful examination of the carstone concretions might reveal casts of wood and or marine lamellibranchs, such as are occasionally met with else- where in the Wealden area. tOWER GBEENSAUT). 5 Notes of Exposures. A well-boring at the " Jolly Sailors " inn, at the Causeway, proved 107 feet of light-coloured sands and soft sandstone below beds referred to the Gault. Small exposures of yellow sand are to be seen to the west of Heath Pond. At West Heath a pit on the eastern side of the road to West Harting shows about 30 feet of dark yellow, ironstained, mica- ceous sand, near the upper limit of the formation. The sand, which has a ' fore-set ' structure, is divided into definite beds by partings of silty clay that indicate a dip of 3° to 4° south (Fig. 1). A good section of beds at about the same horizon is presented in a pit at the southern end of the deep road-cutting by Sandhill House. About 50 feet of lower beds, consisting of light yellow to pure white sand (the former with concretionary ironstone), appear in the cutting itself, and in an adjacent pit in the western side of the road. Here the clay-seams are wanting, but the stratification is clearly marked by planes which are independent of the current-bedding. Under the microscope, the fine white sand exposed near the northern end of the road-cutting is seen to consist of clear quartz-grains, of sharply angular to sub- angular forms, with a small proportion of well-rounded grains of larger size than the rest. CHAPTER III. SELBORNIAN BEDS : GATJLT AND UPPER GREENSAND. As far as can be seen, the Selbprnian lias much the same facies as in the neighbourhood of the Hampshire village whence it derives its name. Here as there, the dark grey clays and marls forming its lower, or Gault, division are succeeded by the grey siliceous and calcareo-siliceous malmstone mapped as Upper Greensand ; but at the top of the series there is a small thickness of glauconitic sand or sandstone which is wanting at Selborne, 6 or 7 miles to the north. The Selbornian Beds are usually grouped under the following 2onal headings, which are given in descending order: — Zone of Pecten asper and Cardiaster fossarius. „• Schloenbaohia rostrata \ Sub-zone of Schloenb. goodhalli, " ' i „ Schloenb. varicosus. „ Hoplites lautus. „ Hoplites interruptus. ;, Douvilleiceras mammillatum. The succession so far made out in the western part of the Wealden area, between Eamham and Petersiield, is as follows : — a d5 Ohloritic Marl (base ? Zone of ) D Pecten asper. ) ' 7. Zone of Schloenbaohia rostrata. O Zone of Schloenbaohia rostrata. Zone of Hoplites interruptus. Zone of Douvilleiceras i mammilatum. / Sand (top of Lower 1, of the Ohalk). Green sand and sandstone. Soft, marly, micaceous, grey malmstone, with some glauconite, passing down into harder, blocky or massive grey malmstone — partly calcareous, partly purely siliceous, — alter- nating with thinner laminated beds of softer, silty malm, and containing regular courses and impersistent bands of grey-blue calcare- ous malmstone, and ill-deflned masses of bluish chert. Soft, non-calcareous, silty brown-grey malm in thin beds, becoming increasingly argillaceous towards the base. Grey-brown silty clay, passing into (S. varicosus Sub-zone) StifE, dark grey-blue clay and marl, with selenite and phosphatic nodules. Clay and marl, like that above. StifE, dark blue-grey clay ; partly calcareous, and containing phosphatic nodules, some selenite, and bands of impure limestone. Dull greenish-grey and brown sandy clay, with small quartz-pebbles and phosphatic nodules, passing down into pebbly loam and sand with similar nodules. Greensand). In the present district, the lowest and highest beds of the Gault, aiid the inferior parts of the Upper Greensand, are either invisible or but poorly exposed. At Stroud Common, west of Petersfield and half a mile beyond the northern boundary of Sheet 316, the lowest part of the Gault is loamy sand, with a seam SELBOKNlAK BEDS. 7 of quartz-pebbles, but without the phospliatic nodules, such as have preserved relics of the Mammillatum-zone fauna near Farn- ham; while near Midhurst, to the east, the clay is separated from the Folkestone sand by a band of red grit, only a few inches thick. It is probable that the bulk of the local Gault clays belong to the Zone of Hoplites vrderruptus, as in the vicinity of Selborne, and that the Zone of Schloenbachia rostrata includes their highest beds, together with the whole of the overlying malmstone. This last is a fine-grained rock, composed mainly of colloid silica in minute granules and spheriods, mixed with siliceous sponge- spicules and a small proportion of fine arenaceous and argillaceous sediment. Some of_ the malmstone beds — chiefly the higher — are markedly calcareous. These 'rag' beds can usually be distin- guished from the purely siliceous beds by their greater density and hardiness : they frequently have a blue tint. Nodules of chert and small phosphatic concretions are common. Fossils seem generally scarce; the few noticed by the writer occurred in the upper beds. Of the greensand which immediately underlies the Chalk, no satisfactory sections are at present to be seen. It merges into the malmstone below and the Chloritic Marl above; and its thick- ness at Barrow Hill, near East Meon, has been diversely estimated as about 4 feet and 16| feet. It is composed mainly of glauconite grains in a fine siliceous ground-mass, similar to that of the malm- stone. Fine quartz sand is present, and in the upper parts^ at least, there is some admixture of marl. The greensand was not seen eastward of Barrow Hill within the present district, but it may be continuous with the similar deposit observed at Barlav- ington and Bury, south of Petworth. Professor C. Barrois has suggested its correlation with the Zone of Peoten asper.^ Notes of E.iposures. Gault. — The only good section in the Hoplites interruptus Zone is given in the brickyard soutli-west of Rogate railway station, and north-east of the disused brickyard marked on the map. The pits there show about 40 feet of marly clay; brown, silty, and containing impersistent bands of light-grey argillaceous limestone, in the upper part; dark-grey to black, tenacious, and containing much race and nodular phosphatic matter, in the lower part. In the dark, clay fossils are plentiful, btit badly decayed. Those identified were Inqceiamus concentricus Park., Lima (Mantellum) gaultina Woods, and lioplitex interniptuis (Brug.), the first and last of these being abundant. Poor exposures of beds at about the same horizon were seen in the brickyards at the Causeway. Dark-grey laminated silty clay, in the upper part of the Gault, is dug in shallow brick-pits in a meadow a quarter of a mile north of West Harting. Fossils occur in the form of phosphatic casts, but they are scarce, and the writer can record only ' " Becherches sur le terrain Cretac^ superieur de I'Angleterre, &c." Mem. Soc. Giol. du Nord, 1876, p. 36. 8 SELBORNiAN SfebS. Grcmularia sp., I'noceravius concentricus Park, (small form), ? Parahoplites vesicostatus (Mich.), and a few indeterminable ammonoid fragments. Malmstone. — This division of the Selbornian seems to be about 150 feet thick near Buriton and South Harting. The soft pass- age-beds into the Gault, outcropping along the foot of the malm- stone escarpment, are generally overspread by wash from the higher ground and are seldom exposed. On the other hand, sections in the firm rock which constitutes the bulk of the Upper Greensand are to be seen in the banks of most of the roads which ascend the malmstone escarpment, as well as in many hollow ways and ravines to the south of that feature. There are note- worthy exposures of this sort on the road from South Harting to Rogate Station ; at Nursted Rocks north-west of Nursted, and in the ravines to the south-east of that hamlet; on the road north of Bolingehill Farm, and on that east of Twentyways Farm. Beds of bluish rag have been quarried by the road-side west of Nursted. They are interstratified with speckled grey stone, in which a foraminifer (Rotalia sp.) is common. At the north-eastern end of Buriton a small pit shows 10 _ feet of light blue-grey, flaggy rock with phosphatic concretions, alternating with thinner bands of friable grey malm. Opaque white chert occurs in nodules and in veins filling joint-fissures. Small Ostreae and Pecten (Syncyclonevia) orbicularis J. Sow., are common, and casts of the tubes of some boring animal are noticeable in the bluish stone. -^ In the road-cutting a quarter of a mile east of Twentyways Farm, near Ramsdean, an 18-inch band of bluish-grey rag is shown, the weathered surface of which exhibits an irregular ridging, suggestive of a deformed lenticular structure within. West of the cutting, and at a rather higher level, a field-pit north of the road shows about 10 feet of grey and bluish blocky malmstone in well-marked beds. Near the top of the working is a layer of dark-grey siliceous stone, wbich undergoes spheroidal exfoliation on exposure. The beds in the middle and lower parts of the section are fossiliferous, the most common forms being — Grammatodon carinatus (J. Sow.), Ostrea vesiculosa J. Sow., Pecten (Neithea) quinqueco status J. Sow., P. {Syncyclonema) orbicularis J. Sow., Plicatula gurgitis Pict. and Roux., and Schloenhachia rostrala (J. Sow.). In some cases the tests of lamellibranchs are silicified. Light-grey calcareous malmstone, looking much like chalk, and containing a little bluish chert, is shown in the banks of the road through Ramsdean, and in a pit at the eastern end of the village. Greensand. — The late William Topley, writing about the year 1875, states that " the whole thickness of the greensand may be ' R. I. Murohison (Trans. Geol. Soc, vol. ii, 1829, p. 99) records the following Upper Greensand ('flrestone') fossils, " chiefly from Nursted and Buriton" — " Ammonites rostratus, Pecten orbicularis, Gryphaea vesiculosa, Avicula sp., Echinospatagus, Fish : 2 fin, of Batistes." W. H. Fitton {ibid. ser. 2, vol. iy, 1836, pp. 156, 157) gives a longer additional list, from the " vicinity of Petersfleld," which includes " Pecten asper." SELBOEITIAN BEDS. 9 aeen by the road-side to the north-west of Barrow Hill. The chalk marl in its lowest beds contains a few green grains, which increase in number below, the beds at the same time becoming sandy, and thus pass into greensand. This is whitish in its upper part, but becomes darker below. Still lower it passes as gradually into Malm Eock. The thickness from good Chalk Marl to good Malm Rock is 8 to 10 feet, of good greensand about 4 feet." 1 Professor Barrels' account of this section differs from the above in several particulars. He writes, "to the north of Barrow Hill, at the point where four roads meet, the banks are in a coarse quartzose greensand alternating with harder layers of the grey sandstone [malmstone] of Langrish : Pecten laminosus \P. (Syncyclonema) orbicularis] is here abundant. Following the road which leads thence towards East Meon, the beds of sandstone [Pmalmstona] are seen to become less frequent, the greensand alone continuing, and being ultimately covered by a bed of marly limestone [Chloritic Marl] with numerous dark-green grains of glauconite and brown phosphatic nodules."^ This section has long since become obscured. In 1909 a little dark-green sand, yielding P. orbicularis, was exposed in the ruts of the cartway leading southward to Barrow Hill. Nearer East Meon the sand reappears, as a small inlier, in the hollow lane a quarter of a mile north of Lower House Farm. " The banks for some distance on the south side of the lane," writes Topley, " are formed of this bed, and a good opportunity is afEorded of seeing its horizontal variations. Generally it is a soft and somewhat clayey greenish sand, but hardening sometimes into an irregularly bedded green sandstone, and elsewhere into a bed somewhat resembling Malm Rock, but still with green grains. Phosphatic nodules occur, but are not very plentiful. The thick- ness seen is from 6 to 8 feet." Some of this sand and sandstone is still to be seen in the channel of the brook that flows beside the lane. Samples examined by the present writer consisted of closely-compacted, rounded and rod-shaped grains of dark-green glauconite, in a paste of light-grey malm, or of malm and marl. ' 'Geology of the Weald,' Mem. Geol. Surv , 1876, p. 157 ' ' Recherches sur le terrain Cr^tac^, &c,' 1876, p. 36, w CHAPTER IV. CHALK. Excluding the portions covered by the Eocene depositSj the Chalk occupies rather more than half of the country under con- sideration. Its thickness is not known exactly, but probably does not fall short of 1,200 feet in the southern part of this district, where the formation is most fully developed. The three stages into which the Chalk is divided on the map are distinguished by certain broad lithological features, of which a synopsis is given below : — Upper Chalk — Typically a pure white chalk ; mostly soft to firm and homogeneous, but becoming hard and nodular, and assuming a greyish tint, towards the base. Flints are abundant almost throughout. Middle Chalk. — White to greyish white ; mainly soft to firm, but contain- ing hard nodular beds in the lower part, and, to a less extent, in the higher part also. Flints are scarce, save in the highest beds. Lower Chalk. — Pale yellowish-white, firm chalk in the upper part; grey- blue to grey-brown marl and marlstone in the lower part ; speckled green glauconitic (' Chloritic ') marl at the base. Flints are absent, or exceedingly rare. In the absence of a well-marked hard bed, such as the Chalk Rock, at the base of the Upper Chalk, the junction of this stage with the Middle Chalk is diffcult to follow in the field. The boundary of the Upper Chalk as shown on the map appears to have been drawn, as a rule, along the base of the markedly fiint-^ bearing beds, that is to say, at a horizon rather below the top of^the Middle Chalk. Of the zonal and sub-zonal divisions generally recognised in the English Chalk, the following have been here identified ; — Zones. Sub-Zones. Belemnitella mucronata. Actinocamax quadratns. Marsapites testudinarius ... { SaSus^Brnd. * Micraster corangninum. Micraster cortestudinarium. Holaster planus. Terebratulina lata. Rhynchonella cuvieri Holaster subglobosus ... j Actinocamax plenus " ( (at summit of zone). Schloenbachia varians. Other divisions of sub-zonal rank, however, will be noticed in the sequel. Existing knowledge of the features of the Chalk formation in this part of England is due mainly to the researches of Professor C. Barrels, Mr. William Hill, and Mes.sfs, C, Griffith ^.ni R. M. Brydone, CHAI.K. 11 Professor Barrois appears to have made a rapid traverse of the district along the line of the Meon Valley from East Meon to Soberton; passing thence to Portsdown, where he identified the Zone of Belemnitella mucronata. His notes relate chiefly to the latter area. Mr. W. Hill visited some sections in the Lower and Middle Chalks near East Meon and Buriton about 1897, and a little information obtained by him was incorporated by Mr. A. J. Jukes-Browne in the second volume (1903) of his " Cretaceous Rocks of Britain," which also includes a few notes of observa- tions made in the same neighbourhood by the officers of the Geological Survey who mapped or revised the geological boundaries on the six-inch scale. The third volume of the " Cretaceous B,ocks of Britain " (1904) includes a list of fossils from the neighbourhood of Clanfield, contributed by Messrs. C. Griffith and R. M. Brydone, whose brochure on " The Zones of the Chalk in Hants," ^ published in 1911, furnishes a great deal of fresh information concerning sections in the Upper Chalk at Portsdown, and near the boundary of the Eocene Beds east and west of Bishop's Waltham. Mr. Brydone's " Stratigraphy of the Chalk of Hants," ^ which forms a kind of supplement to the last-named work, and which appeared while the present memoir was in hand, contains a zonally classified and annotated list of almost all the principal, and a great many of the minor, exposures of ihe Chalk in H^n^P- shire (and in the Fareham district), illustrated by an excellent zonal map on the one-inch scale, and accompanied by palaeonto- logical notes, remarks on structural features, &c. Lists of fossils from four quarries in Portsdown and one near Butser Hill, with sketch-maps showing the position of the work- ings, are given in Mr. C. Griffith's " Geological Notes,"" also published in 1912. As will be seen, the following account of the local Chalk embodies much information derived from the above-named soxirces. LoAVEE, Chalk. The district includes that part of the main outcrop in the South Downs which lies between Beacon Hill above Elstead and Old Winchester Hill near East Meon, together with an inlier, having an area of rather more than two square miles, in the Meon Valley between Exton and Warnford. The so-called Chloritic Marl is about 3 feet thick. In its constituents it resembles the Selbornian greensand into which it passes, but tbe calcareous element is more strongly developed, seams and lenticles of brown-grey laminated marl being inter- bedded with the speckled glauconitic rock. This latter contains the usual angular and rounded phosphatic concretions, and is traversed by borings filled with marl of a lighter tint. The Chloritic Marl passes up, in the space of a few inches, into an obscurely-laminated silty marl, which is succeeded by ' London : Dulau & Co., Ltd., 1911. » London : Dulau & Co., Ltd., 1912. ' ''^'inchester Coll, Nat, Sist. Soc, 1912, Winchester : P. and O. Wells, 12 LOWER CHAtK. indistinctly-bedded bluish marls with bands of marlstone acquir- ing a brownish tint, and revealing a roughly-laminated or shaly structure, on "exposure to the weather. These bluish marls, which are fairly fossiliferous, are approximately coextensive with the Zone of Schloenbachia varians. They pass up into yellowish- white chalk with small rusty spots and nodules of marcasite of sub-spherical and sub-cylindrical forms. Massive bedding and curved jointing characterise this yellowish chalk, which is referred to the Zone of ' Ijster subglobosus on stratigraphical rather in palaeontological grounds, for distinctive fossils are remarkably scarce. The top of the Lower Chalk is plainly marked by the " Belemnite," or Actinocamax plenus, Marls — a thin group of beds here comprising (or including) two bands of grey laminated marl, each about 1 foot thick, separated by a bed of firm white chalk about 4 feet thick.. The marls are at present but poorly exposed, but have yielded a few examples of the characteristic belemnoid. The thickness of the Lower Chalk near South Harting appears to be about 220 feet, of which rather more than half belongs to the Varians Zone. Zone of Schloenbachia varians. In the inlier near Exton the grey marls and marlstones of this zone are to be seen in the banks of the lane west of Gatcombe Farm, and in the cutting in the Meon Valley Railway south of that lane. In material removed from a well at Beaconhill Farm, a mile north of Exton Church, Mr. B.. M. Brydone noted^ Rhynchonella mantelliana J. de C. Sow., R. ms/rtini Mant., and Baculitds baculoides d'Orb. Small exposures of "the Chloritic Marl appear in road-banks north and north-west of Lower House Farm near East Meon (see above, p. 9). In a bared patch of yellowish flaggy marlstone, a few feet above the marl, the writer noiei-r-Rhynchonella martini Mant., Kingena lima Defr., and Pecten (Syncyclonema) orbicu- laris J. Sow. The section of Chloritic Marl formerly to be seen north of Barrow Hill was noticed in the last chapter (p. 9). Another exposure, also now much obscured, was observed by Mr. W. Hill at the junction of two lanes 330 yards west-north-west of Twenty- ways Farm. " Here the bright greensand of the Upper Green- sand is capped by a bed of hard concretionary masses, containing Am. [Schloisnb.] varians and another species, and above this a pale grey very glauconitic marl is seen to pass up to Chalk Marl. "2 Mr. Jukes-Browne states^ that fragments of concretionary masses full of Schloenbachia varians were seen in hedgerows and ploughed land along the boundary of the Lower Chalk between this point and Buriton. ' ' Stratigraphy of the Chalk of Hants,' 1912, p. 41. ' In Jukes-Browne's ' Cretaceous Rooks of Britain ' (Mem. Geol. Sum.'), vol. ii, 1903, p. 60. ' Ihid., loc. cit. VAHIANS ZOKE. 13 • The upper part of the Chloritic Marl and its passage into the beds above are distinguishable in a road-bank and ditch north- west of the cross-roads a quarter of a mile uortli-\v'»st of Biiriton Church. Some of the upper beds of the Varians Zone are exposed in a disused quarry by the 15th milestone on the Portsmouth-Guild- ford road, north-west of Buriton. The qiiarry — about 50 feet deep — is much degraded, but shows at its northern end bhiish, bviff-mottJed, marly chalk, with few fossils, passing up into firmer and lighter chalk in which casts of Inorert^ivs crlppsi Mant., and of ammonoids (notably Metacanthoplites rotomagensi.i (Brong.) and Calycocems nariruhire (Mant.)) are abundant. Among other fossils found in the higher beds here were Stephanu- phyllia howerhanhi Edw. and Haime, KliyncJionella martini Mant., Terehniiulina strintn Dav., rieiirotomnrm pei-.specti rti'f Mant., Scapltites aequalis J. Sow., Turrilifes xrJievclizeiianus Bosc.^ Farther east, hard grey chalk with Schloenhnchia rniimix was noted by Mr. C. E. Hawkins by the farm-road on the eastern side of Hemner Hill. By the cross-ways at the north-western end of Torberry Hill an old quarry shows abotit 30 feet of bluish marl and marlstone, with the common Rhynchonellae , Inocevamvs cripp.ti Mant.. I'licntula gurgitis Pict, and Eoux., overlain by about 40 feet of lighter greyish-yellow beds, containing masses of Plocoscyphia iiuiendrina Goldf., Nautilus elegans '■: J. Sow., Metacanthoplites rotomagensis (Brong.). A well-preserved guard of Belevinites uJ.i linns d'Orb, now in the British Museum (Natural History), was found about midway between the top and bottom of the section. Bluish-grey marlstone, yielding Discoidea cylindrica (Lam.), Inoceramus crlppsi Mant., &c., appears in the bank of the high road by the reservoir a quarter of a mile south of South Harting church; and the two species named, with Rhynchonellae, Plicntiila gurgitis, and Navtilus elegans ?, were found in the lowest of the small road-side quarries on the northern face of TTarting Hill. From grey marly clialk, exposed in a quarry (now run down) on the north-western end of Beacon Hill, Mr. J. Rhodes (of the Geological Survey) collected 14 fossil species, including Rhyn- rhonella diniidlnta J. Sow., Barvlites hacvloides d'Orb., Srliloenhaohia varians (J. Sow.), and Tiirrllites rnstatiis Lnm.^ Zjone of Holaxter svhglohosiis. Excellent sections, displaying almost the whole thickness of this zone, are to be seen near Buriton, in the qiiarries at the Lime Works soiith-west of the village, and on the eastern side of the Portsmouth-Guildford road about three-quarters of a mile to the north-west. These show from GO to 80 feet or more of ' See also C. Griffith, 'Geological Notes,' W!>irli<'>:ler Coll. Ay//. Hisl. Soc, 1912, p. 32. » ' Cretaceous Rocks of Britain' (Mem. (ieoL Suri:), vol. ii, 1903, p. 66. 29477 B 14 LOWER CHALK. pale-yellowish and greyish-wliite chalk, mostly in massive, boldly- jointed beds, but in places a good deal shattered by earth move- ments. Nodules of more or less oxidised marcasite are common and often of large size. Excepting snaail, thick-shelled Ostreae (0. vesicularis (Lam.), 0. hippopodium Nilss., &c.), and casts of borings and of little rod-like, objects having a fascicular arrangement, fossils, as already remarked, are very scarce. The same sort of chalk has been worked in a road-side pit below the contour of 400 feet on the northern slope of Harting Hill. The group of beds forming the sub-zone of Actinocanfiiax plenus is just distinguishable in the rubbly, grass-grown sides of the deep cutting in which the Portsmouth road crosses the crest of the South Downs east of Butser Hill. The descending succession there is : — Feet. Melbourn Rock : Hard, subnodular white chalk seen, 2 to ,3 Act. ( Light-grey laminated marly chalk ... 1 plenus \ Compact white chalk ... ... ... about 4 Subzone. t Light-grey laminated marly chalk ... 1 passing into Greyish chalk with faint marly streaks — A small exposure of the upper marl bed was seen at the south-eastern end of road-side qxiarry one furlong north-north-east of the Tower on Tower Hill, near South Harting. The writer failed to find Actinocaviax plenus, but Mr. R. M. Brydone records two examples from a section (now obscured) near the southern end of the cutting on the Meon Valley Railway east of Warnford Park. According to that author, the cutting referred to showed about 40 feet of Subglobosus Chalk below the Plenus Subzone, to which he assigns a thickness of 10 feet. The marls are still distinguishable at the northern end of the cvitting, on the same railway, half a mile north-east of Meonstoke church . Hoi. Subglobosus Zone. 15 CHAPTER V. MIDDLE CHALK. In the neighbourhood of South Harting, where conditions are favourable for the making of a close estimate, the thickness of this division appears to be about 200 feet ; and this agrees witli the measurement made by Mr. Brydone in the railway cutting (partly outside the area of Sheet 316) east of Warnford Park.^ The Zone of Rli/i/nchonella cu vi e ri, ahoiit TO feet thick, is composed largely of alternate beds of lumpy and nodular white chalk, 1 or 2 feet thick, and of thinner, fissile or roughly- laminated chalk, of pale greyish tint, and in many cases dis- tinctly marly. Owing to this alternation, the Cuvieri Zone has a more obviously stratified appearance in section than any other part of the Chalk formation. In the few exposures of the junction with the Lower Chalk, the basal part of the Cuvieri Zone is a bed of firm sub-nodular white chalk, 2 to 4 feet thick, which rests with slight unevenness in the Plenns Marl. It is not clear whether this bed represents the whole, or only the lower part, of the Melbourn Rock of other districts. Some geologists probably would include part of the overlying chalk in the ' Melbourn Rock,' though it is difficult to see where, in that rase, any satisfactory upper limit could be drawn. The fissile and nodular structures become less distinct upwards, and the highest beds, with those in the lower part of the succeeding zone, are mostly firm, homogeneous, white chalk. The greater part of the Terebratulina lata Zone consists of white chalk with widely-spaced seams of light grey marl ; but towards the top nodular bands occur, and the chalk, which becomes coarser in texture, assumes a light greyish tint. Here, too, flints become common: they are mostly small, elongate, and tapered; grey throughout, or with thick grey rinds. This zone appears to be aboiit 120 to 130 feet thick. The outcrops of Middle Chalk are confined to the northern part of the district. The mapping of an inlier at Stoughton, in the Ems Valley, is an error, probably due to certain hard beds (in the Z(me of Actinooamax quadratus) having been mistaken for others at a much lower horizon. Zone of Rhynchonella cuvieri. Chalk with Inoceramus labiatus is exposed in the banks of the lane leading from Exton to Beacon Hill, at a spot one-fourth of a mile south-west of Exton church; also in the railway-cutting at Meonstoke. ' ' Stratigraphy of the Chalk of Hants,' 1912, p. 37. 2P477 B 2 16 MIDDLE CHALK. From tlie complete section' of this zone, formerly exposed in the railway-cutting east of Warnford Park, Mr. Brydone records the following fossils: — Bourgueticririus, Discoidea dixoni Forbes, Hemiaster minimus Agas., lihynchonella cvvieri d'Orb., Anomia papyracea d'Orb., Inoceiamus labiatus v. Schloth. On Wether Down, south of East Meon, a recent road-side work- ing by an old lime-kiln shows 12 feet of lumpy chalk with an ironstained conglomeratic band, about 6 inches thick, composed of pieces of firm chalk in a matrix of grey marl. Inoceramus labiatus is plentiful, and lihijnchonella cuvieri. fairly common, in this section and in small exposures among the talus covering some older workings at a higher level hard by. On the sides of the deep road-cutting east of Butser Hill, the ' Melbourn Rock ' and some other hard beds higher in the zone stand out in slight relief from the grass-grown rubble. Above the I'im'e-kilns east of the road by the northern end of this cutting a quarry exposes about 40 feet of alternating lumpy to nodular and greyish flaggy beds. The riodular structure is best developed in a conspiciioiis rusty bed, a foot thick, about one- third of the way up the section. Besides Inoceramus labiatus, which is abundant in the lower beds, the fossils noted include Cidavis hiriido Scirig., Rhynchonella cucieri d'Orb., Inncei- amvs Intnfii-rki Park., Osfien vesicularis (Lam.). A similar section to the last, also in the lower half of the zone, is given in the upper quarry at. Buriton Lime Works, at the northern end of Heath Down. The zonal base was observed by the high road on the northern slope of Tower Hill near Hartihg {see p. 14), while a few feet of beds with much Inoceramus, jilst above it, can be seen in small workings near the same spot, and -to the south of Down Place, farther east. 7,one: of Terehratulina lata. The best exposures are sitixated in the inlying area of Middle (,'halk around Exton. To the east of Warnford Park, and again to the south-east of Meonstoke, the Meon Valley Railway runs through cuttings in i^^hite to greyish chalk with regular seams of grey marl. In ihe Warnford cutting, where the bedding dips northward at angles of -15° to 18° or 20°, Teiebratulina lata Eth. and a few other fossils were got" by the writer near the bridge by Hayden Barn, just north of the boundary of Sheet '316. Mr. R. M. Brydone,^ who records Connlus subrotundus Mant., from this section, refers 126 feet of the beds, there exposed to the Terehratulina Zone, but with some doubt as to the exact position of the lower zonal limit, which is usually difficult to determine in inland exposures. The highest beds, dipping about 5° a little west of south, appear in the Meonstoke cutting near the Rectory, but a more practicable section of tliese exists to the west of Exton, by the Op, cii., pp. 36, 37, 46. MlDDLS CHALK. 17 side of the road to Beacon Hill, at the spot where a southward dip of 2° is marked on the map. The descending succession in a small quarry here is : — Feet. Zone of { ^' W^i*® chalk ; coarse, firm to hard, and sub- JIoJ nlanus 1 nodular in places. A few small flints (like ■" ■ ( those below) at the base seen 8 f 2. Grey laminated marl, with thin lenticles and I rolled pieces of white chalk OJ Zone of I ^' ^'■^y'^^ chalk ; coarse and with ill defined Tprehr,it„rmn J ^^.Ti^As of nodular yellowish, ironstained chalk, the highest and most distinct of which is between 2 and 3 feet from the top. Scattered thick-rinded flints, mostly small, grey, and elongate seen 15 lata. lied (1) is notably fossiliferous in its higher part, Inoceramux laiiuu-ckl Park, (including 1. hrongni